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 HISTORY 
 
 BALTinopc, Maryland 
 
 ITS I'OUNDING AS A TOWN TO THE CUPPCNT YCSR 
 
 1729-1595 
 
 IT EARLY SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT; A DESCRIPTION OF 
 ITS HISTORIC AND INTERESTING LOCALITIES ; POLITICAL, 
 MILITARY, CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS STATISTICS; BIOG- 
 RAPHIES OF REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS, 
 ETC., ETC. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 5. \\ NIll^OM, PUI3LISHi:i? 
 I o9o 
 
n^'^< 
 
 
 WW 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 fN the present work, which is submitted to the discriminating 
 judgment of an enlightened communit}', the design of the 
 Publisher has been to exhibit in clear, simple and concise language 
 the origin, growth and expansion of the city of Baltimore. It ha 
 been his purpose to trace its development from lowly origins, through 
 a series of changes aud vicissitudes material, political, commercial, to 
 its present highl}' organized and complex state, as one of the chief 
 world centers of enterprise, energy, advancement in moral and intel- 
 lectual, as well as in purely practical and tangible spheres of progress 
 and achievement. In accordance with the recognized principle enun- 
 ciated by Thomas Carlyle, that "history is the essence of innumerable 
 biographies," the lives of many of those who have contributed to 
 the renown and accomplished greatness of Baltimore in every phase 
 of human effort and human activity' — trade, commerce, finance, law, 
 medicine, science, theology', education, literature, art, statesmanship, 
 manufacturing, are exhibited not in elaborate narrative, but lucidly 
 and succinctl}', as concrete examples of the results attained by in- 
 dividual genius and energy, in the broadening, indeed in the creation 
 of a rich and harmonious civilization. 
 
The absence of many names which should properly find a place 
 in the biographical section of the history, while deeply to be regretted, 
 is one for which the Publisher is in no sense responsible. The failure 
 to take advantage of so rare an opportunity will prove a cause of 
 genuine disappointment, if not to the persons immediately concerned, 
 at least to their descendants. The several features of the work have 
 been assigned to the following gentlemen : 
 
 Hon. Wm. T. Brantley. 
 
 Rev. Arthur Chilton Powell. 
 
 Rev. Lucien Johnston, by appointment of Cardinal Gibbons. 
 
 J. H. Hollander, Ph. D. 
 
 John Morris, M. D. 
 
 Col. Geo. W. F. Vernon. 
 
 Frederick B. Hubbell, Esq. 
 
 Hon. W. M. Marine. 
 
 Col. W. H. Love. 
 
 Richard Grady, M. D., D. D. S. 
 
 H. E. Shepherd, LL. D., Editor-in-Chief. 
 
 Their names alone are a guarantee of thoroughness of execution, 
 as well as accuracy in detail. The Publisher trusts that a critical 
 and dispassionate perusal of the book will demonstrate that his 
 estimate of its general excellence is not an unfounded and pretentious 
 claim, and that in following the development of Baltimore from humble 
 beginnings to its present condition of assured rank in tlie intellectual. 
 
as well as in the material world, tlie reader will find a conspicuous 
 illustration of the profound truth, so simply and gracefully embodied 
 by the sovereign of form and of philosophic wisdom in contemporary 
 poetry : 
 
 " I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs, 
 And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns." 
 
 S. B. Nklson, Piiblislicr. 
 
# 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 Chapter I. Early History, 9-30 
 
 Chapter II. Military and Naval History, 31-51 
 
 Chapter III. The Educational Institutions of Baltimore, 52-69 
 
 Chapter IV. The Political History of Baltimore, 70-89 
 
 Chapter V. Events from 1835101859 90-1 11 
 
 Chapter VI. Events from i860 to 1 866 112-168 
 
 Chapter VII. Events from 1S67 to 1874 169-200 
 
 Chapter VIII. Events from 1875 to 1895, -. 201-245 
 
 Chapter IX. A Historical Sketch of the Bench and Bar of Baltimore City, 246-263 
 
 Chapter X. Hon. Thomas Yates Walsh, 264-286 
 
 Chapter XI. Church History (Roman Catholic), 287-310 
 
 Chapter XII. The Protestant Churches of Baltimore, 311-444 
 
 Chapter XIII. Some Successful Preachers Who Have Occupied Baltimore 
 
 Pulpits 445-475 
 
 Chapter XIV. Medical Profession in Baltimore 476-504 
 
 Chapter XV. Dentistry and the Dental Profession, 504-514 
 
 Chapter XVI. Railroad History, 515-53° 
 
 Chapter XVII. The Monuments of Baltimore 531-535 
 
 Chapter XVIII, Biographical Sketches, 536-1032 
 
 Chapter XIX. The Modern City 1033-1048 
 
 Index 1049-1058 
 
>m:';, 
 
HISTORY or BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— Early History. 
 
 Col. Wm. H. Love. 
 
 " It was convenanted on the part of the King, that neither he nor his successors should ever 
 impose customs, taxes, quotas or contributions whatsoever upon the people, their property' or 
 their merchandable commodities laden within this province." — Charter. 
 
 It would be well before going into the 
 history of the city, to make some inquiry 
 into the origin of the name and its meaning. 
 Baltimore is a compound word — Bal is a 
 corruption of Baal or Beal, the Sun-god Ti 
 is the Irish for spot, place and circle. It also 
 means burning. More is the same word as 
 the Irish or Celtic Mor, which means great 
 or large. A writer sums up the meaning as 
 follows: "Eeal-Ti-Mor, as the great place 
 or circle of Baal. That is to say. The Great 
 Temple of Baal. It has also been translated 
 "The place of the Great House." Baal was 
 the Sun-god of the Egyptians, Persians, 
 Syrians, Phoenicians and Irish. It is uncer- 
 tain whether the Irish adored the sun before 
 the Phoenicians landed on their shores un- 
 der IMilesius in the time of Dana the 
 Psalmist. Learned writers, however, think 
 that the Irish, like the ancient Phoenicians, 
 worshiped the sun with outstretched arms, 
 just as the other sun-worshipers did. To this 
 ancient name and title, George Calvert, 
 
 principal Secretary of State to James I of 
 England, fell heir, his title being "Baron 
 Baltimore of Baltimore in Ireland." This 
 town, whose history, perhaps, is as old as 
 the Pyramids of Egypt, is beautifully situ- 
 ated on a fine harbor in St. George's chan- 
 nel, and has for some years been prospering 
 under the patronage of the Baroness Bur- 
 dett Coutts, who has revived the fishing 
 industry. The first settlement on land in- 
 cluded in the present site of Baltimore, was 
 made in 1662. Charles II was King of 
 England, and Charles Calvert, Governor of 
 the province. Oliver Cromwell had been in 
 his grave only four years. The English 
 people had been making history very fast, 
 and among their most brilliant achieve- 
 ments was the planting of successful col- 
 onies in various parts of the world, notably 
 the \'irginia colony, the Massachusetts 
 plantations and the Province of Maryland, 
 founded in 1634. So that the first actual 
 settlement on land, within the present city 
 
10 
 
 HISTORY OP BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 limits, was made only twenty-eight years 
 after the landing of the first colonies at St. 
 jMary's. 
 
 1662. 
 
 The investiture of the Lords of Baltimore 
 with the royal prerogatives enjoyed by the 
 Bishop of Durham within the Palatinate of 
 Durham in England, made them sovereign 
 princes, with the exception and limitations, 
 namely: "That the laws were to be enacted 
 by the Lord Proprietary with the advice 
 and approbation of the freemen and free- 
 holders, or their deputies; and secondly, that 
 no interpretation of the Charter was to be 
 made whereby God's Holy Rights and the 
 Christian Religion, or the allegiance due the 
 sovereign of England may in anywise suf- 
 fer by change, prejudice or diminution," so 
 that Christianity was the only religious 
 limitation on the rights of conscience, some- 
 thing unknown in the Old World, and a 
 good foundation for the first province of the 
 great British Empire. 
 
 In the year 1662, the year after the first 
 county court was held, contracts were made 
 for tobacco deliverable at North Point, 
 which would show that commerce had 
 already gained a foothold in this locality. 
 I\Ir. Abraham Clark, a shipv.-right, was 
 among the first settlers on the north side of 
 the Patapsco river. But to Mr. Charles 
 Gor.such, of the Society of Friends, belongs 
 the honor of first settler, as in that year he 
 took up and patented 50 acres of land on 
 Whetstone Point, the present site of Fort 
 McHenry, it being the practice while there 
 were few competitors, to take up Init little 
 waste land, though the purchase money was 
 only four shillings. The quit rent four shil- 
 lings per annum, and alienation four shil- 
 lings sterling per 100 acres, payable in 
 
 specie, tobacco or other products. The next 
 land taken up within the city's present limits 
 \\as the glade or bottom on each side of the 
 run, now called Hartford run, at present 
 under Central avenue, in 1663, by Mr. Alex- 
 ander Mountenay, for 200 acres, and called 
 Mountenay's neck. In 1665 Timber neck, 
 lying between the heads of the middle and 
 north branches of the Patapsco. was pat- 
 ented for by Mr. John Howard, and in the 
 same year the tract north of it. upon which 
 the first town of Baltimore was laid out, was 
 granted to Mr. Thomas Cole, for 550 acres, 
 and called Cole's Harbor. 
 
 This tract of land extended from Mounte- 
 nay's land, westerly, across the north side of 
 the river one mile, and northwardly from 
 the river about half a mile, but in the form 
 of a rhomboid divided into two equal parts 
 by the stream, afterwards called Jones's 
 Falls. Copu's Harbor, Long Island Point, 
 Kemp's addition and Parker's Haven on the 
 east, Lunn's lot and Chatworth on the west, 
 on the south David's Fancy and on the 
 north Salisbury plains, Darley Hall and 
 Callow Barrow, were patented for different 
 persons at later periods, and have been ad- 
 ded to the town with many others since. 
 Mr. Thomas Cole left an only daughter, who 
 became ih . wife of Mr. Charles Gorsuch, 
 and they sold and conveyed separately, in 
 1679 and 1682, the tract of land called Cole's 
 Harbor, to David Jones, who gave.his name 
 to the stream, which rises in the beautiful 
 "Green Spring \'alley," and passing down 
 through the present city, is crossed by 21 
 bridges, many of which are very fine. There 
 being no evidence to the contrary, it is 
 almost certain that David Jones was the first 
 resident on the north side of the Harbor. 
 He erected a house on the east side of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 11 
 
 stream, near the head of the tidewater, on 
 what was called the Great Eastern road, 
 crossing the stream at a point near what 
 is now called French street. It is sup- 
 posed that this road crossed what is now 
 the bed of Baltimore street, at or near 
 Sharp street, McClellan's alley being the 
 actual bed of the old road. The alley now 
 known as Elbow lane, running from Fay- 
 ette to Lexington street in a northeasterly 
 direction towards what was known as the 
 "Parish Church Lot" (St. Paul's), passing 
 down a gulley northeast of it, then turning 
 easterly across the "Falls." Mr. James 
 Todd, step-son of David Jones, came into 
 possession of Cole's Harbor and also the 
 whole part of Mountenay's neck, having in- 
 termarried with the owner's daughter. In 
 1696, Mr. Todd re-surveyed the first tract 
 and procured a new patent for it, by the 
 name of Todd's Range, for 510 acres; and in 
 1702, Todd and wife jointly conveyed 135I 
 acres of Cole's Harbor to Mr. John Hurst, 
 who was an Inn-keeper and kept an Inn at 
 or near Jones's, and the balance of the latter 
 tract to Charles Carroll, Esq., the agent of 
 the Lords proprietors. In the same year 
 John Hurst mortgaged his 300 acres to 
 Capt. Richard Colegate, one of the county 
 commissioners, whose residence was on a 
 creek bearing his name to-day, and which 
 enters the Patapsco at Point Breeze. In 
 171 1, Mr. Charles Carroll sold 31 acres of 
 his part of Cole's Harbor, together with a 
 mill seat, to Mr. Jonathan Hanson, mill- 
 wright, who erected the mill of which some 
 of the remains were standing as late as 1821. 
 Mr. Edward Fell, a member of the Society 
 of Friends, and a merchant from Lanca- 
 shire, England, who had settled on the east 
 side of Jones's Falls in 1730, took an escheat 
 
 warrant and employed Mr. Richard Gist to 
 survey Cole's Harbor or Todd's Range, and 
 the next year purchased the right of it of 
 Mr. John Gorsuch, son of Charles, but the 
 sons of Mr. Carroll, deceased, entered a 
 caveat, and prevented a sale. 
 
 During the seventeenth century we find 
 our statute books burdened with many 
 laws creating town after town on paper, 
 as many as thirty-three having been 
 created, three of them being within the 
 boundary of what was then called Balti- 
 more county. By the act of the General 
 Assembly of 1706, a town was to be 
 established on \Mietstone Neck on the Pa- 
 tapsco river. Xo name was given to the 
 town in the Act. Another town, called 
 Baltimore, was located near the mouth of 
 Bush river on its eastern side. This town 
 is show-n in the map made by Augustus 
 Herrman, the Bohemian, in 1670, and 
 some fourteen years after the actual found- 
 ing of the present city, the General Assem- 
 bly ordered another Baltimore to be laid out 
 on Indian river in Worcester county. 
 Nothing was ever done in regard to this 
 last town, the county surveyor refusing to 
 proceed with the work. 
 
 Then came the true founding of the city 
 of Baltimore, by the passage of an act en- 
 titled "An act for erecting a town on the 
 north side of Patapsco, in Baltimore coun- 
 ty, and for laying out in lots sixty acres 
 of land in and about the place where one 
 John Flemming now lives." (1729, chap- 
 ter 12.) 
 
 A deed now in possession of the Ridgley 
 family, of this city, in the handwriting of 
 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, gives posi- 
 tive evidence as to the location of the first 
 stake in the survev of Baltimore town. It 
 
12 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 reads as follows: "This indenture, made 
 
 this day of in the year of our Lord 
 
 one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
 . . . . , between Charles Carroll, of Carroll- 
 ton, of Anne Arundel county, esquire of the 
 first part, and Benjamin Griffith, Philip 
 Hall, John McClellan and Leonard Helm, 
 of Baltimore county, gentlemen of the other 
 part. Witnesseth, that the said Charles Car- 
 roll, for and in consideration of the sum of 
 eight hundred and fifty pounds, common 
 current money of Maryland, to him in hand 
 paid before the unsealing and delivery of 
 these presents by the said Benjamin, Philip, 
 John and Leonard, the receipt whereof of 
 us hereby acknowledged, hath bargained 
 and sold, aliened, released, enfeoffed and 
 confirmed; and by these presents doth bar- 
 gain and sell, alien, release, enfeol? and 
 confirm unto them the said Benjamin, 
 Philip, John and Leonard, their heirs 
 and assigns, forever all that tract, pieces 
 or parcel of land, situate and lying and 
 being in Baltimore county aforesaid, be- 
 ing part of a tract of land called "Cole's 
 Harbor," and afterwards resurveyed antl 
 called "Todd's Range," beginning at a 
 stump where is planted a young locust tree, 
 on a bank near a bridge built of brick and 
 stone in Charles street, which said stump 
 is the beginning of a tract of land called 
 "Deep Point," and stands zvithin thirteen feet 
 of a locust post, the beginning of Baltimore 
 
 ToK'll." 
 
 The bridge referred to must have been 
 about the intersection of Uhler's alley and 
 Charles street, over the stream which 
 emptied into the head of Harbor or Bason, 
 as it is written in all the acts of Assembly. 
 
 Baltimore county, in which the town was 
 to be located, had been formed by proclama- 
 
 tion as early as 1659, and included at first 
 all land lying to the north cf Anne Arundel 
 county on both sides of the Chesapeake 
 Bay. The whole sixty acres mentioned 
 above were purchased by the commission- 
 ers appointed for the purpose for about six 
 hundred dollars of our present money. As 
 the selection of the site was a most happy 
 one, a particular description of it will not 
 be out of place. 
 
 "Beginning at a point near the northwest 
 intersection of what are now called Pratt 
 and Light streets, and running northwest- 
 erly along or near Uhler's alley, towards 
 the Great Eastern road, and a great gulley 
 or drain at or near Sharp street; then across 
 Baltimore street, east of the gulley, north- 
 easterly with the same road, afterwards 
 called Church road and now McClellan's 
 alley, to the precipice which overhung the 
 falls at or near the southwest corner of St. 
 Paul street (now Saratoga) and St. Paul's 
 lane; then with the bank of that said stream, 
 southerly and easterly various courses unto 
 the low grounds, ten perches west of Gay 
 street; then due south along the margin of 
 those low grounds to the bank on the north 
 side of the river, and then by that bank va- 
 rious courses, nearly as Water street runs, 
 westerly and southerly to the first men- 
 tioned point." 
 
 The time was most fortunate for the 
 founding of a commercial city. Sir Robert 
 Walpole, the great minister of George I and 
 n, saw what no statesman had till then seen, 
 that the wisest course a statesman can take, 
 in the presence of a great increase in na- 
 tional industry and national wealth, is to 
 look quietly on and let it alone. He said 
 th.at nothing would more conduce to the 
 extension of commerce than to make the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMOBE, MARYLAND. 
 
 exportation of our own manufactures, and 
 the importation of the commodities used in 
 the manufacturing of them, as practicable 
 and easy as may be, and in the very year 
 of the actual founding of Baltimore, 1730, 
 he allowed Georgia and the Carolinas to 
 export their rice direct to any part of 
 Europe. 
 
 The result was that the rice of America 
 soon drove that of Italy and Egypt from 
 the market. 
 
 So the town started on the tract of land 
 commonly known as "Cole's Harbor." 
 The owner of the land had the first choice 
 for one lot, the remaining lots were taken 
 up by others ; but no one was allowed to take 
 up more than one lot during the first four 
 months, nor was any lot allowed to be 
 taken up by any but inhabitants of the 
 County within six months after laying out. 
 After that time, however, vacant lots were 
 taken up by other persons on payment to 
 the owner of the land, the valuations of the 
 sixty acres proportionately to their lots, 
 which gave such purchasers, their heirs and 
 assigns an absolute estate, in fee simple, in 
 the said lots. 
 
 It was further stipulated tb.at if any person 
 who had taken up a lot or lots should 
 neglect to build thereon within eighteen 
 months a house that would cover 400 square 
 feet, the contract with the commissioners 
 should be void, and they could sell to some 
 other person, who Vs-as obliged to build a 
 house of the same dimensions. 
 
 The commissioners were directed to em- 
 ploy a capable clerk to make true and im- 
 partial entries of their proceedings, upon 
 oath, which entries shall be made up into 
 a well bound book, and lodged with the 
 
 clerk of Baltimore county, for the inspec- 
 tion of any one, 
 
 "Saving to the Crown, the Lord proprie- 
 tor, all bodies politic and corporate, and all 
 others not mentioned in this act, their sev- 
 eral rights." 
 
 The well bound book mentioned above 
 is now under lock and key in the Cit)^ Li- 
 brary, City Hall, its old-time worn pages 
 bound in vellum, the Alpha, if not the 
 Omega, of the story of Baltimore. 
 
 About two years after the founding of 
 Baltimore town an act was passed entitled 
 "An act for erecting a town on a creek, di- 
 vided on the east from the town lately laid 
 out in Baltimore county, called 'Baltimore 
 Town,' on the land whereon Edward Fell 
 keeps a store." (1732, c. 14.) 
 
 Commissioners were appointed and em- 
 powered to purchase (by agreement with 
 the owner or in case of such owner's re- 
 fusal, etc., by valuation of a jury) ten acres 
 of land, lying most convenient to the water 
 and to lay out the same into twenty lots, 
 etc. 
 
 Almost the same conditions were to gov- 
 ern lot holders as in the first town, and the 
 name of this town was to be "Jones's 
 Town." A proviso was also inserted that 
 the possessors of lots were to pay one penny 
 current money per annum to the Lord Pro- 
 prietary and his heirs fo.rever. 
 
 The next step for the enlargement of the 
 original town was the passage by the Gen- 
 eral Assembly of the act of 1745, c. 9, fifteen 
 years after the founding. This act was 
 passed on the joint petition of the inhab- 
 itants of Baltimore and Jones's Town, that 
 the two towns be incorporated into one en- 
 tire town, and for the future to be called 
 and known by the name of Baltimore Town 
 
14 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, JIARYLAND. 
 
 and bv no other name. It was stipulated 
 that the bridge built l)y the inhabitants on 
 the branch that divided the said towns shall 
 for the future be deemed a public bridge. 
 
 In order to encourage the building of 
 wharves at this early period, it was stipu- 
 lated in this last act that all improvements 
 of what kind soever, either wharves, houses 
 or other buildings, that have or shall be 
 made out of the water, or where it usually 
 f^ows, shall be forever deemed the right, ti- 
 tle and inheritance of such empowers, their 
 heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 By the provisions of this act none are 
 permitted to keep or raise any swine, geese 
 or sheep within the said town, unless they 
 be well enclosed in lot or pen. 
 
 The town was again enlarged two years 
 later by the act of 1747, c. 21, on petition 
 of the inhabitants by the addition of eigh- 
 teen acres, which was not included in 
 Jones's Town nor in Baltimore Town. In 
 this year the lanes and alleys were found 
 to be so narrow that by consent of the own- 
 ers of lots they were enlarged. 
 
 This act of 1747 is very interesting from 
 the fact that it provided for two annual 
 fairs, one to begin on the first Thursday of 
 October and the other on the first Thursday 
 of May. These fairs are to be held for 
 three days, and during the continuance of 
 such fair or fairs all persons ivithin the bounds 
 of said tozcii shall be privileged and free from 
 arrests, except for felony or breach of the 
 peace, and all persons coming to or return- 
 ing therefrom shall have the like privilege 
 for one day before the fair and one day on 
 their return therefrom. 
 
 At this time we begin to find the first laws 
 and ordinances for the better government 
 of the town, but all rules and orders of the 
 
 commissioners must be consistent with the 
 laws of the province, and the statutes and 
 customs of Great Britain. 
 
 The first provision for preventing fire was 
 made at this time, a fine of ten shillings cur- 
 rent money being placed on any one who 
 permitted his chimney to take fire so as to 
 blaze out at the top. 
 
 All persons who owned houses in use 
 were required to have a ladder high enough 
 to extend to the top of the roof or pay a 
 fine of ten shillings. And in this same act 
 it was especially provided that the commis- 
 sioners or inhabitants shall not elect or 
 choose any delegate or delegates, burgess 
 or burgesses, to represent the town in the 
 General Assembly of the province. 
 
 The town was again enlarged in 1750, by 
 the addition of 25 acres on the north and 
 east side of the original Jones's Town, and 
 again in 1753, on its western side, by an ad- 
 dition of 32 acres. 
 
 The growing commerce of the town ap- 
 pears to have called for stringent laws to 
 prevent an injury to navigation, and in the 
 last mentioned a rigid law was passed by 
 the General Assembly to prevent the open- 
 ing or digging into the banks of Patapsco 
 river for iron stone, which caused large 
 quantities of earth and sand to be washed 
 into that river. It was made unlawful for 
 any person or persons to permit or allow 
 his servants or slaves to lay or put on the 
 beach or shore of the said river, earth, sand 
 or dirt, except it be "well secured by stone- 
 walls, dove-tailed log pens, so that nothing 
 could wash into the river." 
 
 In 1765 another addition to the town was 
 made on petition of Cornelius Howard and 
 other persons, consisting of thirty-five acres 
 on the west and south sides of the town. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 15 
 
 We now come to the gigantic work of re- 
 claiming "Harrison's Marsh," it having 
 been declared a nuisance in 1766, and 
 Thomas Harrison, Alexander Lawson and 
 Brian Philpot are named as the owners of 
 said marsh. They were required to abate 
 the nuisance by wharfing in all the marshy 
 ground next the water, by a good and suf- 
 ficient stone wall, not less than two feet 
 thick and two feet high above the level of 
 the common flood tides, or at their option 
 they could use hewed logs. These gentle- 
 men had to give bonds to be approved by 
 Robert Alexander. John Smith, William 
 Smith, Jonathan Plowman, William Speer, 
 Andrew Stygar, Charles Ridgely, Jr., John 
 Merryman, Jr., and Benjamin Griffith, and 
 they had two years in which to complete 
 the work. Otherwise these commissioners 
 were empowered to sell the property to the 
 highest bidder, first giving notice in the 
 Maryland and Pennsylvania Gazettes for 
 sixty days. 
 
 The town was again enlarged by the act 
 of June, 1773, by the addition of eighty acres 
 on the east and southeast which were by the 
 act declared part of the town, to all intents 
 and purposes whatsoever, as if included 
 originally therein, and have the same im- 
 munities and privileges as the rest of the 
 said town has or by former laws ought to 
 have; saving to his most Sacred Majesty, 
 his heirs and successors, and all bodies poli- 
 tic and corporate. 
 
 In the same year, by the authority of the 
 Right Honorable, the Lord Proprietary, by 
 and with the advice and consent of his Gov- 
 ernor, and the upper and lower houses of 
 Assembly, certain lands, the property of 
 John Moale and Andrew Stigar, were in- 
 corporated into the fast growing town, 
 
 "Moale" having six acres and one hundred 
 and ten square perches, and "Stigar" eleven 
 acres and fifty-six square perches; and 
 again in the same year (1781) the same 
 amount of land was added by the act of the 
 General Assembly of Maryland, the lots be- 
 ing the property of John Moale and Andrew 
 Stigar. A large part of the property of Wil- 
 liam Fell was also taken into the town by the 
 same act. In fact the growth of the town 
 was such that in 1782 "Lun's Lot," "How- 
 ard's Timber Neck," "Parker's Haven," 
 "Kemp's Addition" and "Gist's Inspection" 
 were incorporated with it. 
 
 A tax of twelve shillings and si.x pence 
 was levied this year on every foot front im- 
 proved and unimproved lots in those parts 
 of the streets fixed on to be paved or that 
 may have been already paved by the special 
 commissioners. A four-wheeled riding car- 
 riage was taxed thirty shillings per year; 
 chairs or sulkies, fifteen shillings per year. 
 
 The play house was taxed fifty pounds 
 per year. An additional tax of thirty shil- 
 lings was imposed on every chimney catch- 
 ing fire. A householder who neglected to 
 sweep into the cartway, the dirt off of the 
 footway, was to be fined five shillings. 
 
 And so from time to time, the laws 
 and ordinances were made which now in 
 a large measure make up the present "city 
 code," a volume which contains upwards of 
 a thousand pages. 
 
 The original Baltimore Town and Jones's 
 Town had been joined together in 1743, and 
 thirty years later (1773) "Fell's Point" was 
 added. 
 
 Fell's Point was always a nest of sailors, 
 and at the time of which we write and for 
 many years afterwards, was the centre of 
 the shipping industry of the port. Here 
 
16 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 lived captains, petty officers and thousands 
 of native sailors. Tar and pitch were pre- 
 eminent. Rope walks abounded, joiner 
 worker shops, ship-smiths forges, and were 
 sandwiched between sailors' boarding 
 houses and ship chandlers' stores. Large 
 and growing ship-yards lined the water 
 front, and the stocks were burdened with 
 the vessels of the time, all very much 
 smaller than the leviathans of to-day, but 
 amounting in the year 1790, for the small 
 town of Baltimore, having not more than 
 13,000 inhabitants, to the following enor- 
 mous total of twenty-seven ships, one snow, 
 thirty-one brigatines, thirty-four schooners 
 and nine sloops, a total of one hundred and 
 two vessels. 
 
 To the Point came the rich English and 
 Irish planters, to purchase their trades peo- 
 ple and schoolmasters, for be it remembered 
 that a large plantation had its own black- 
 smiths, shoemakers, weavers, masons, car- 
 penters and schoolmasters, etc., and in the 
 very rich families, hairdressers and teachers 
 of polite deportment, and the use of the 
 small sword and rapier. 
 
 The newspapers of the day contained 
 many advertisements that appear to us al- 
 most incredible, our habits, customs and 
 modes of life having undergone more 
 change than ever before in the history of 
 the world in the same period of time. Here 
 is one from a paper of this period: 
 
 Baltimore, Nov. 8th, 1774. 
 "Just arriving in the ship Neptune, Capt. 
 Lambert Wilkes, from London, a num- 
 ber of likely, healthy, indented servants, viz: 
 Tailors, butchers, barbers, masons, black- 
 smiths, tanners, carpenters, turners, stay- 
 makers, schoolmasters, brass founders, 
 grooms, brickmakers, clothiers, clerks, saw- 
 
 yers, gardeners, scourers and dyers, watch 
 and clock-makers, weavers, printers, silver- 
 smiths, biscuit bakers, several farmers and 
 laborers, several women, viz: spinsters, 
 mantua-makers, etc., whose indentures are 
 to be disposed of on reasonable terms by 
 John Corntwait, James Williamson and the 
 Captain on board." 
 
 Soon after this advertisement was printed 
 another appeared, which should also have 
 place. 
 
 Nov. 1 2th, 1774. 
 
 "On board the Neptune lying at Balti- 
 more, L Williams, late vinturer in 
 
 London, who has served as valet de cham- 
 ber to several noblemen. His last place 
 was that of Butler to the Duke of Bolton, 
 and for these few years past kept a large 
 tavern, but through honest principals sur- 
 rendered his all and was thereby reduced 
 to bankruptcy. He shaves, dresses hair, is 
 thorough master of the wine trade and tav- 
 ern business, likewise understands brewing 
 and cookery; would willingly engage with 
 any gentleman, hair-dresser or tavern 
 keeper: — Also a young man, who has a col- 
 lege education, would be glad to engage as 
 an usher or private tutor in a gentleman's 
 familv — He can teach the minuet, cotillion, 
 etc., etc.. and writes all the law hands. Any 
 gentleman wanting such persons by apply- 
 ing to the above ship, within fourteen days 
 from the date thereof, will be treated with 
 on the most reasonable terms." 
 
 During the Revolution, Baltimore was a 
 most important factor not only from the 
 circumstance that as part of the State her 
 quota of troops for the patriot armies was 
 always full, but she kept the struggling col- 
 onies supplied with iron, the product of 
 more than fiftv furnaces, and with bread and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 17 
 
 flour, of which enormous quantities were 
 manufactured. The following letters will 
 be interesting in this connection: 
 
 PROViDfiNca, Feb. i8, 1777. 
 Sir: The very great scarcity of flour, bre'ad 
 and iron in this State, and the danger of the 
 inhabitants suffering for want of these nec- 
 essary articles, have induced the council of 
 war to fit out the sloop "Diamond," Tim- 
 othy Cofiiin, Master, to your address to pro- 
 cure them. 
 
 We enclose you a draft upon the conti- 
 nantal treasurer for a sufficient sum of 
 money to take her, and desire that you will 
 put on board ten tons of bar iron, if to be 
 procured, otherwise fifteen tons of pig iron, 
 to fill her hold with flour, and her steerage 
 and cabin with as much bread as she can, 
 with any convenience take in. 
 I am in behalf of the State sir, 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 Nicholas Cooke, Governor. 
 To 
 Samuel Purviance, Esq., 
 Baltimore, Maryland. 
 The inscription on Cooke's monument in 
 Providence says he "merited and won the 
 approbation of his fellow-citizens, and was 
 honored with the friendship and confidence 
 of Washington." 
 
 Portsmouth, New England, 
 
 Feb. 20, 1777. 
 Gentlemen: — 
 
 I lately received an order from the hon- 
 orable continental marine committee, to 
 send two small vessels to Baltimore for iron 
 and flour on account of the continent, to 
 your address; in consequence of which I 
 have sent the schooner "Dove," Capt. 
 James Miller, by whom this will be handed 
 
 you, and by whom you will please ship as 
 much iron and flour as the schooner will 
 carry with safety, on account of the United 
 States of America. As I am in much want 
 of iron, you will please ship as large a pro- 
 portion of that article as the vessel will 
 bear. I shall want, for the use of the con- 
 tinent, at least forty tons of iron this sea- 
 son, the whole of which I hope will be sent 
 or more in the "Friend's Adventure," which 
 will sail in a few days for your place. Pray 
 let about two and a half tons of iron be in 
 very wide bars, suitable for making fire 
 places on board ships: should also be glad 
 of about two tons of nail rods assorted. 
 
 Col. \\'hipple, who is one of the hon- 
 orable committee, has wrote me from Bal- 
 timore, that you would load and dispatch 
 the vessel on account of the continent. I 
 am, with all due respect, gentlemen. 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 John Langdon. 
 To 
 Messrs. Saml. & Robert, 
 Purviance, Baltimore. 
 In view of the fact that the bloodiest bat- 
 tle of the late war was fought at "Antietam," 
 in this State, it is most interesting to know 
 that the guns for the infant navy and army 
 of the Revolution were made at the same 
 place. The writer has seen a letter from, 
 ;\!r. S. Hughes, who operated the "Antie- 
 tam Furnace," in which he says, under date 
 of March 10, 1776: "It gives me great con- 
 cern to hear of your being in so much dan- 
 ger in Baltimore, and my not having it in 
 my power to send so many guns as I ex- 
 pected. 
 
 "I have sent one yesterday and three go 
 to-day, which have stood the proof of 7^ 
 bbs. powder, two balls and two wads at first 
 
18 
 
 ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and 6 bbs. powder, two balls and two wads 
 the second time. 
 
 "I shall continue to send as many as will 
 stand this proof and as fast as we can finish 
 them." 
 
 The following extract from a letter writ- 
 ten by Gen. Richard Henry Lee, dated 
 Philadelphia, May 6, 1776, will show the 
 kind of men the English Government sent 
 over to subdue the colonists. He says: "A 
 late arrival from Port L'Orient, with thir- 
 teen tons of powder and thirty tons of salt- 
 petre, brings us a Cork paper near the mid- 
 dle of March, by which we learn that more 
 than 40,000 men would sail from Ports- 
 mouth and Greenock, about the first of 
 April, for North America. They consist of 
 Hessians, Hanoverians, Mecklenburgers, 
 Scotch Hollanders and Scotch Highland- 
 ers, with some British regiments." 
 
 In June, 1770, a town meeting was held 
 in Baltimore complaining of the inhab- 
 itants of Newport, in Rhode Island, having 
 violated the "non-importation agreement," 
 which had been entered into by the people 
 of Baltimore, in May, 1769, according to 
 the resolutions of Boston of August, 1768. 
 
 Philadelphia had also broken the agree- 
 ment, so that in the year 1770. October 24th, 
 it was resolved that the people of Baltimore 
 were determined to depart from the non- 
 importation agreement, and import every 
 kind of goods from Great Britain, such only 
 excepted on which duties are or hereafter 
 may be imposed by the Parliament of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 After the passage of the British Parlia- 
 ment of the bill known as the "Boston Port 
 Bill," which was intended to shut out the 
 people of Boston from all commercial inter- 
 course with every part of the world, a town 
 
 meeting was called at "Fanueil Hall," Alay 
 13, 1774. It was voted that if the other col- 
 onists would come into a joint resolution 
 to stop all importations from Great Britain, 
 and every part of the West Indies, till the 
 act authorizing the blockade of the harbor 
 be repealed, the same will prove the salva- 
 tion of North America and her liberties. 
 
 The resolutions were transmitted to the 
 people of Baltimore, in a letter from Mr. 
 Samuel Adams, to Mr. William Lux, 
 of Baltimore. "From a very early period 
 the various colonies had been trying to form 
 some kind of a confederation, and in the 
 mother country the same idea had taken 
 root, for immediately after the restoration 
 Charles II created a council for Foreign 
 Plantations, which strange to say met on 
 July 4, 1660. The following extract is taken 
 from their report and will show the trend 
 of their thoughts: "We have judged it 
 meete and necessary that so many remote 
 Colonies and Governments, soe many ways 
 considerable to our crowne and dignitie and 
 to wch wee do beare soe good an esteeme 
 and affection, should now longer remain in 
 a loose and scattered but should be col- 
 lected and brought under such an uniform 
 inspeccon and conduct that Wee may the 
 better apply our royale councells to their 
 future regulacon seciiritie and improve- 
 ment." It was made the duty of this body 
 to correspond with the Governors of the 
 colonies, and to devise means to bring them 
 into "a more certain civil and uniform gov- 
 ernment." 
 
 The first invitation came from Maryland 
 in 1677, when an invitation was sent to \'ir- 
 ginia and New York, to meet at Albany 
 and conclude a treaty of peace with the Sen- 
 eca Indians. In August of that year a con- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 19 
 
 ference was held with that tribe; at tliis 
 meeting the North and the South met for 
 the first time. One after another of the 
 colonies or their foremost statesmen made 
 and published various plans, the last 
 offered before the final adoption of the 
 present Constitution being the one offered 
 by the immortal Benjamin Franklin, July 
 21, 1775, in which among the many 
 novel propositions was one calling on any 
 and every colony of Great Britain upon the 
 continent of North America, viz: West In- 
 dia Islands, Quebec, St. John's, Nova 
 Scotia, Bermudas and the East and West 
 Floridas, and Ireland. 
 
 A meeting was called May 27th of "the 
 freeholders and gentlemen of Baltimore 
 county" by a committee composed of the 
 following named gentlemen: Robert Alex- 
 ander, Robert Christie, Sen. Isaac VanBib- 
 ber, Thomas Harrison, John Boyd, Samuel 
 Purviance, Jr., Andrew Buchanan, William 
 Buchanan, John Moale, William Smith, 
 William Lux and John Smith. After pass- 
 ing a series of patriotic resolutions, which 
 wound up with an order to publish the pro- 
 ceedings "to evince to all the world the 
 sense they entertain of the invasion of their 
 constitutional rights and liberties." 
 
 They appointed a committee to a general 
 meeting at Annapolis. 
 
 What makes this Baltimore meeting so 
 important in the history of our city and 
 country, is the fact that the first suggestion 
 of a general congress of all the colonies 
 was made by it. The 4th resolution, read- 
 ing, "For the appointment of delegates to 
 attend a general congress of deputies from 
 each county in the State, to be held at An- 
 napolis, and delegates to attend a general 
 congress from the other colonies." 
 
 The reply of the Virginia Committee to 
 the letter, enclosing the resolutions of the 
 Baltimore Committee, dated August 4th, is 
 as follows: "The expediency and necessity, 
 however, of a general congress of deputies 
 from different colonies was so obvious, that 
 the meeting have already come to the reso- 
 lutions respecting it," so that we may con- 
 clude that the first immortal congress of 
 these United States was conceived in Balti- 
 more. A body of men, which as Lord 
 Chatham says, "for solidity of reasoning, 
 force of sagacity and wisdom of conclusion 
 under such a complication of difficult cir- 
 cumstances, no nation or body of men can 
 stand in preference to the general congress 
 at Philadelphia." 
 
 Before the three settlements of "Jones's 
 Town," Fell's Point" and "Baltimore 
 town," are forever blotted out and incor- 
 porated under the grander and more im- 
 posing title of the "City of Baltimore," let 
 us see what was their general character and 
 appearance. 
 
 "Jones's Town" was the oldest: at least 
 one hundred and seven years had passed 
 since David Jones had located on Jones's 
 Falls, somewhere about the neighborhood 
 of Centre street, and sixty-seven years had 
 passed since William Fell had built his first 
 store house on the "Point," .and set up in 
 business as a ship carpenter. He was an 
 old-fashioned English carpenter, plodding 
 along, building short stumpy brigs and the 
 curious looking vessels of the period called 
 ketches, rigged with two masts, which were 
 placed in nearly the position of the main 
 and mizzen-masts of a ship, thus leaving a 
 clear deck forward of the main-mast, and 
 bay sloops, which for a long time main- 
 tained themselves as the common carriers 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of our inland sea. Seventy-five years later, 
 on the very spot, were produced those won- 
 ders of the sea, the "Baltimore clippers," 
 many of them capable of making 14 to 17 
 knots, and in their construction and rigging 
 so far in advance of any that had existed 
 that they soon revolutionized ship building 
 all over the world. "Jones's Town" at this 
 period, was, so to speak, a very old town 
 for the colonies, and the original log houses 
 must have given way long before the year 
 1797, the year of the consolidation, to better 
 ones of frame and brick; in fact we know 
 that this did take place, because many brick 
 houses are still standing more than a hun- 
 dred years old in the streets and alleys of 
 what was "Jones's town, now known as 
 Limerick." The occupations followed by 
 the inhabitants differed materially from the 
 maritime callings of "Fell's Point." 
 
 Here flour millers, blacksmiths, turners, 
 staymakers, tanners, brass founders, rag car- 
 pet weavers, mantua-makers and sawyers 
 manufactured and lived according to the 
 primitive methods then in vogue. Every- 
 body had some trade or occupation as 
 shown by the old directories. All the 
 "Quality," with one or two exceptions, 
 lived on their estates far from busy towns, 
 with the exception of Annapolis, which 
 from a very early period had been the home 
 of the best people of the province, who pre- 
 ferred a town at all, to the magnificent es- 
 tates and manors of their relations and 
 friends who liked the freedom of the "For- 
 est." 
 
 The Hon. John P. Kennedy, late Secre- 
 tary of the Navy, has given a most inter- 
 esting picture of Baltimore town soon after 
 the Revolution. "It was a treat," says he, 
 for our ancestors to look upon this little 
 
 Baltimore town, springing forward with 
 such elastic bound to be something of note 
 in the great Republic. 
 
 Market street had shot like a snake out 
 of a toy box, up as high as "Congress 
 Hall," with its variegated range of low- 
 browed, hip-roofed wooden houses, stand- 
 ing forward and back out of line like an ill- 
 dressed regiment. Some houses were 
 painted blue, some yellow, some white, 
 and here and there a more pretending 
 mansion of brick, with windows after 
 the pattern of a multiplication table, 
 square and many paned, and great wastes 
 of wall between the stories; some with 
 court-yards in front, and trees in whose 
 shade truant boys and ragged negroes 
 "skyed coppers" and played marbles. This 
 avenue was enlivened with matrons and 
 damsels; some with looped skirts, some in 
 brocade luxuriantly displayed over hoops, 
 with comely bodies supported by stays dis- 
 closing perilous waists, and with sleeves 
 that clung to the arm as far as the elbow, 
 where they were lost in ruffles that stood 
 off like feathers on a bantam. 
 
 And then such faces, so rosy, spirited and 
 sharp; with hair drawn over a cushion tight 
 enough to lift the eye-brow into a rounder 
 curve, giving pungent, supercilious expres- 
 sion to the countenance ; and curls that fell 
 in cataracts upon the shoulders. 
 
 Then they stepped away with such a 
 mincing gait, in shoes of many colors with 
 formidable points at the toes, and high tot- 
 tering heels delicately cut in wood and in 
 towering peaked hats, garnished with 
 feathers that swayed aristocratically back- 
 ward and forward at each step, as if they 
 took pride in the stately pace of the wearer. 
 
 "In the train of these goody groups came 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 21 
 
 the gallants, who upheld the chivalr_v of the 
 age, cavaliers of the old school, full of starch 
 and powder; most of them the iron gentle- 
 men of the Revolution, with leather faces, 
 old campaigners, renowned for long stories 
 ^not long enough from the camp to lose 
 their military brusquerie and dare-devil 
 swagger; proper roystering blades, who 
 had not long ago got out of harness and 
 begun to affect the elegancies of civil life; 
 all in three-cornered cocked hats and 
 powdered hair and cues, and light colored 
 coats with narrow capes and long backs 
 and pockets on each hip, small clothes and 
 striped stockings, shoes with great buckles, 
 and long steel watch chains suspended on 
 agate seals, in the likeness of the old sound- 
 ing boards above pulpits. 
 
 "It was a sight worth seeing when one of 
 these weather-beaten gallants accosted a 
 lady. There was a bow which required the 
 width of the pavement, a scrape of the foot 
 and the cane thrust with a flourish under 
 the left arm and projecting behind in a par- 
 allel line with the cue. And nothing could 
 be more piquant than the lady's return of 
 the salutation, in a courtesy that brought 
 her with bridled chin and most winning 
 glance half way to the ground." 
 
 Having glanced at the homes and indus- 
 tries of the people composing the other 
 towns, which were to be co-partners in the 
 consolidation about to take place, let us see 
 what kind of a place was "Baltimore town." 
 Sixty-seven years had passed since Philip 
 Jones, the surveyor, had driven his first 
 stake; the rough ravine scarred sixty acres 
 had been slowly taking form and shape, 
 streets, lanes, alleys and wharfs gave the 
 town somewhat the appearance of an Eng- 
 lish colonial seaport. Here were combined 
 
 many of the characteristics which obtained 
 in the other two, together with the world- 
 encircling business of the merchants. Here 
 then in this new town were founded the- 
 princely merchant houses, which did busi- 
 ness with farthest India, Liverpool, Bristol,. 
 London, Cork and Belfast, the Canary Is- 
 lands and every port of the Mediterranean. 
 In many other ways it partook of the 
 characteristics of the other towns. Many 
 small factories started, such as cordwaining, 
 rope making and the forging of all kinds- 
 of ships' irons, froin the very largest anchor, 
 with its necessary chains, to a dead-eye bolt 
 or a marling spike. From a very early 
 period, the exportation of tobacco had been 
 the principal business of the Province, and 
 much of it had been loaded in the small bay 
 ports or in creeks and rivers in front of 
 the large plantations, but now that the Eng- 
 lish Province had changed its political char- 
 acter and become one of the Free and In- 
 dependent States, the bulk of the tobacco- 
 crop was either hauled in wagons or ship- 
 ped to Baltimore by small bay vessels, and 
 the English "Factors," who had been lo- 
 cated at various accessible points, notably 
 at Elkridge Landing, near Baltimore, An- 
 napolis and in St. Mary's and Calvert coun- 
 ties, had gone home, this profitable busi- 
 ness having passed into the hands of Ger- 
 man and American tobacco merchants. 
 These enterprising men soon built up a 
 market for the great Maryland staple in 
 France, Germany, Holland and Italy, as 
 well as in England. It is noteworthy that to- 
 day we sell the French Government about 
 twelve thousand hogsheads, or, say, one- 
 third of our crop, and Italy, which also has 
 a Government monopoly of tobacco, takes 
 
22 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 a large quantity of our home-grown pro- 
 duct. 
 
 Tobacco was to Baltimore what coal is to 
 Newcastle, and to-day the venerable State 
 warehouses built for the accommodation of 
 the planters and for the proper storage and 
 handling of the crop, attest by their enor- 
 mous size its importance, in fact for many 
 years it was the medium of exchange, cur- 
 rency and barter. 
 
 To-day, now nearing the twilight of the 
 nineteenth century, and more than two hun- 
 dred and fifty years since it was first planted 
 in the Province, it holds its own and gives 
 employment to thousands of persons in 
 every stage of its cultivation, curing and 
 manufacture. The growing of tobacco, 
 corn and wheat required many slaves and 
 indentured servants, and while the laws for 
 their proper protection were just and wise, 
 they were in fact very severe upon master, 
 mistress or overseer. If a man or woman 
 was "hired for wages," or by indenture, 
 they were liable to be taken up as "run- 
 aways" if caught ten miles from home with- 
 out written permission, and ten days service 
 was added for each day's absence. 
 
 Thus in the three small settlements, 
 "■'Jonestown," "Fell's Point," and "Balti- 
 more Town," were at the time of the final 
 consolidation full of all the essentials that 
 go to make up a great cit}'. Crude and un- 
 couth in many ways, the houses, ships and 
 stores, no doubt very small and primitive 
 judged by our modern standard, but like 
 all the efforts of the race that landed at 
 Ebbsfieet, under Hengest, they came to 
 stay, and of all the races of men the Anglo- 
 Saxon is the best colonist, because he can 
 more easily adapt himself to the climate, 
 conditions, advantages and defects of what- 
 
 ever country he makes his home than any 
 other race. 
 
 The advantages of this particular locality, 
 however, over-balanced any drawbacks, 
 and the early colonists of Maryland could 
 not find words fine enough to express their 
 affirmation of the place in which their for- 
 tunes were cast. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States 
 having gone into effect in 1789, one of the 
 first acts of the Government was to take a 
 census of the inhabitants, which was accom- 
 plished in the following year, 1790. The 
 population of "Baltimore Town, "was found 
 to be 13,503. This was seven years previous 
 to the consolidation of the three towns un- 
 der discussion, an event the most important 
 in their history, as it marked the birth of 
 one of the great cities of the world. 
 
 It is to be regretted that we have no pic- 
 ture of the young and growing municipal- 
 ity, but we know this that it was larger then 
 than any other town in the State to-day, its 
 harbor filled with ships of all rigs and car- 
 goes of every kind, and from almost every 
 port in the world: the great merchants be- 
 came noted for the custom of selling only 
 l)y the cargo. 
 
 No event in the history of the city ever 
 gave it such an impetus as the opening of 
 the great National Road, which commenced 
 at Cumberland, the road connecting Balti- 
 more with that place being a much older 
 one, being constructed and owned by as- 
 sociations or individuals, the two together 
 constituting the National Roacf. This road 
 is the only highzvay of its kind ever ivholly 
 constructed by the Government of the United 
 States, and was to Baltimore what the "Ap- 
 pian \\'ay" was to Rome, and the present 
 citv is about twice the size of Rome. The 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 23 
 
 honor of its conception has been given to 
 Henry Clay, but recent research makes it 
 evident that the first suggestion of the wis- 
 dom of building such a road must be ac- 
 corded to Albert Gallatin, the Swiss, who 
 had come to the United States in 1780, 
 against the wishes of his family, his excuse 
 being that he wanted to "drink in a love for 
 independence in the freest country of the 
 universe." He was at the time he made the 
 suggestion Secretary of the Treasury under 
 Jefferson. 
 
 The act of April 30, 1802, for the admis- 
 sion of Ohio, provides that one-twentieth 
 part of the net proceeds of the lands lying 
 within the said State sold by Congress from 
 and after the 30th of June next shall be ap- 
 plied to laying out and making public roads 
 leading from navigable waters emptying 
 into the Atlantic to the Ohio, to the said 
 State and through the same, such roads to 
 be laid out under the authority of Congress, 
 with the consent of the several States 
 through which the road shall pass. A com- 
 mittee of the Senate reported that the net 
 proceeds of the sales of land in the State of 
 Ohio from July i, 1802, to September 30, 
 1805, amounted to $632,604.27, and two per 
 cent, on this sum was $12,652. This was 
 the first money available for the building of 
 the great road. Its final cost was $6,824,- 
 9'9-33- 
 
 The road when finished traversed seven 
 States, and was about eight hundred miles 
 long. In 1822 a single house at Wheeling 
 unloaded 1,081 wagons, averaging 3,500 
 pounds each, and paid for the transporta- 
 tion of the goods $90,000. 
 
 Hundreds of the original wagoners have 
 become rich and respected members of 
 
 The late distinguished Johns Hopkins 
 was fond of relating a story showing what 
 could be done with a six-horse team: In 
 1838 he engaged Daniel Barcus to haul a 
 load of merchandise, weighing 8,300 
 pounds, from his store corner Pratt and 
 Light streets, to Mount Vernon, O. He 
 delivered the goods in good condition at 
 the end of thirty days from the date of his 
 departure from Baltimore, the distance be- 
 '"g 397 miles. Mr. Hopkins paid him 
 $4.25 per hundred; on the return trip he 
 loaded 7,200 pounds of Ohio tobacco, hogs- 
 heads, at $2.75 per hundred. 
 
 One of the peculiarities of the old wagon- 
 ers was the manner of stating the amount of 
 their loads, thus twelve thousand pounds 
 was "one hundred and twenty hundred." 
 Everything came to Baltimore, and for 
 many years the city enjoyed a perfect 
 monopoly of this great western traf^.c. Mil- 
 lions of hogs, turkeys and sheep were 
 driven from across the Ohio. It was also 
 no unusual thing to see many gangs of 
 slaves handcuffed together and made fast to 
 a rope, marching two and two down the 
 dusty pike. The Appian Way is a thing of 
 the past, and so is the old National Road. 
 On various parts of its bed the steel rails 
 and overhead wires of the "trolley" have dis- 
 placed everything else, and in that way it is 
 still useful. To the old merchants and 
 wagoners who used it and to hundreds of 
 thousands of others it was a source of never 
 failing riches, and to the City of Baltimore, 
 until the coming of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad, the main artery of its trade and 
 trafific. 
 
 About this time men began to look about 
 for some means of transportation to our sis- 
 ter cities and towns, and companies were 
 
24 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 organized to run stages on land and packet 
 sloops on water. These sloops, with spacious 
 cabin accommodations, ran to Chestertown, 
 Annapolis and the head of the bay, all 
 starting from Bowley's Wharf at the foot 
 of South street. Most of the stages started 
 from the old Fountain Inn on Light street, 
 where the Carrollton Hotel now stands. 
 The journey to Philadelphia was made in 
 twentv-six to twenty-eight hours if every- 
 thing went well, and the charge, $8.00. An 
 allowance of fifteen pounds of baggage was 
 made to each person. 
 
 The whole community felt the impetus of 
 peace and prosperity, and among the no- 
 table enterprises of the time was the organ- 
 ization of the Susquehanna Canal Com- 
 pany, said to be the first in the United 
 States. Then came the Potomac Canal 
 Company. The Chesapeake and Delaware 
 did not organize until 1799, but it had been 
 talked about and virtually originated by 
 Augustine Herman (or Heermans), more 
 than a hundred years before, at his home 
 on Bohemia Manor, in Cecil county. By a 
 strange coincidence the same manor was 
 the birthplace of the first inventor who ever 
 propelled a vessel by the use of steam, 
 James Rumsey. 
 
 The Assembly at Philadelphia, in :\Iarch, 
 1785, gave him the exclusive right for ten 
 years "To navigate and build boats calcu- 
 lated to work with greater ease and rapidity 
 against rapid rivers." In 1787 he was 
 granted the right of navigating the rivers 
 of New York, Maryland and A'irginia, after 
 his success in running a steamboat on the 
 Potomac river. He made a successful trip 
 on the river Thames, England, in 1792. 
 The Legislature of Kentucky, in 1839, pre- 
 sented a gold medal to his son "Com- 
 
 memorative of his father's services and high 
 agency in giving to the world the benefits 
 of the steamboat." 
 
 The First Sugar Refinery 
 Was established in the year 1784, and the 
 glass works which had been located on the 
 Monocacy river in Frederick county, as 
 early as 1784, were removed to Baltimore 
 in 1788, the plant being located on the south 
 side of the basin. 
 
 In the ten years between 1790 and 1800, 
 which were marked by the most wonderful 
 activity in commerce and manufactures, the 
 increase was about loo per cent., or 26,514. 
 Now we come to the period when the city 
 was mistress of the West India trade, and 
 did the chief part of the carrying trade be- 
 tween the West Indies and Europe. For 
 the former this was one of the principal 
 markets of the world, the products of the 
 Islands in large part first coming here and 
 then being reshipped to the port of final 
 destination. Almost all the sales on the 
 wharves, as was stated before, were made 
 by cargoes. This was the special feature of 
 the Baltimore market. 
 The First ^^Iarine Insurance Com- 
 panies 
 Were established in the year 1795, before 
 which time the merchants took risks them- 
 selves, or some private capitalists would 
 take the risk on ship and cargo. 
 
 In 1787, the year the Federal Constitu- 
 tion was adopted, this city had 36,305 tons 
 of registered vessels, and 7,976 licensed and 
 enrolled, and in eight years afterwards 48,- 
 007 tons of shipping, and 27,470 licensed 
 and enrolled. In the same year 100 ships, 
 162 brigs, 350 sloops and schooners, and 
 5.464 bay craft and small coasters passed 
 into the harbor. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 25 
 
 The First Market. 
 
 The open market, in which the producer 
 deals directly with the consumer, is and al- 
 ways has been, one of the pleasant features 
 of domestic life in our city. The first was 
 established at the northwest corner of Gay 
 and Baltimore streets in 1763. We can now 
 boast of eleven, which feed at least 300,000 
 people. Our system always excites lively 
 interest in strangers. 
 
 The First Court House. 
 
 As far back as 1768 it was thought best 
 for the interest of the town and county to 
 remove the Court House from Joppa, on 
 the Gunpowder, which had for a long time 
 been the county seat. 
 
 Our first Court House building was 
 erected on the spot now occupied by the 
 "Baltimore Monument," called by common 
 consent to-day the Battle Monument; in 
 front of this structure was placed the whip- 
 ping post, stocks and pillory. 
 
 First Custom House. 
 
 During the Revolution the business of 
 the town prospered and grew, and the West 
 Indian trade assumed large proportions, so 
 that it soon became necessary to afford 
 some kind of relief from the vexatious de- 
 lays imposed on merchants and shippers 
 by having to enter and clear all their ves- 
 sels at the Annapolis Custom House. This 
 relief was at last accomplished by the es- 
 tablishment of a Custom House in 1780. 
 The First Port Wardens. 
 
 Of course all this maritime prosperity en- 
 tailed additional duties and responsibilities 
 on the authorities of the port, and the depth 
 of water and general condition of the har- 
 bor became a matter of serious considera- 
 tion, so that in 1783 a board of nine port 
 2 
 
 wardens was appointed and clothed with 
 authority to make a survey and chart of the 
 upper basin harbor and Patapsco, to make 
 a full report of the depth of the channel and 
 its course, and the best means for clearing 
 the same. 
 
 To provide means for this work an im- 
 post of one penny a ton was laid upon all 
 vessels entering or clearing the port. This 
 tax was afterwards increased to two-pence. 
 
 Fort McHenry, on the end of Whetstone 
 Point, which is, so far as the writer can 
 ascertain, the first United States fort, was 
 erected in 1794, and named after the dis- 
 tinguished Irish gentleman James Mc- 
 Henry. 
 
 He studied medicine under Dr. Benjamin 
 Rush, of Philadelphia, and afterwards ac- 
 companied Gen. Washington to Cambridge 
 as assistant surgeon. Very soon he was 
 appointed medical director, and on May 15, 
 1778, he became secretary to Washington, 
 and his relations with him continued 
 through life to be those of a trusted friend 
 and adviser. He filled almost every posi- 
 tion in the gift of his fellow citizens. He 
 defeated Luther Martin and Samuel Chase 
 in securing the ratification of the Constitu- 
 tion by Maryland, was made Secretary of 
 War in 1796, and died in Baltimore May 3, 
 1816. 
 
 The milling of fine flour had been going 
 on in the vicinity of Baltimore since 1774, 
 and twenty years later a large number of 
 mills, estimated at fifty, were located in and 
 about the city. The reputation of this flour 
 has remained to the present time, and a 
 virtual monopoly of the South American 
 trade existed for many years. 
 
 During the second war with England the 
 city was a perfect hot-bed of patriotism. 
 
26 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The very large number of ships of all rigs 
 owned here, the thousands of experienced 
 sailors of all ranks, made it easy to man any 
 number of vessels. History will show that 
 this State and' city did about one-third of 
 the fighting for the thirteen States. The 
 United States Navy list for 1816, published 
 after the close of the war, shows that Mary- 
 land furnished more officers to the Navy 
 than New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Con- 
 necticut and Massachusetts. Nine more 
 than New York, twenty-four more than 
 New Jersey, eleven more than Pennsylva- 
 nia. Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, 
 says, "Maryland furnished both absolutely 
 and proportionately the greatest number of 
 officers, and in the matter of fitting out 
 privateers against the enemy," he says, 
 "Baltimore again heads the list." -The first 
 vessel captured from the British was the 
 schooner "Whiting," Lieut. Maxey, in 
 Hampton Roads, by the privateer "Dash," 
 Capt. Carroway, of Baltimore, twenty-two 
 days after the declaration of war. We can- 
 not close this page without saying a word 
 for Capt. Thomas Boyle, of the brig "Chas- 
 seur," of Baltimore, described by Capt. 
 George Coggeshall, a New England man, 
 as follows: "The Chasseur was called 'The 
 Pride of P>altiniore;' she was indeed a fine 
 specimen of naval architecture, and per- 
 haps the most beautiful vessel that floated 
 on the ocean. She captured H. B. 
 Majesty's schooner St. Lawrence, Lieut. J. 
 C. Gordon, in fifteen minutes, exchanged 
 broadsides with an English frigate in the 
 English Channel, and in the same waters 
 was surrounded by two frigates and two 
 brigs of war, and made her escape by out- 
 manoeuvering and out-sailing them all; the 
 loss inflicted on the P.ritish bv this one ves- 
 
 sel amounted to one million five hundred 
 thousand dollars, and this vessel was only 
 one of hundreds." 
 
 In connection with the battle of North 
 Point, a word must be said for the gallant 
 soldiers and sailors who defended this city 
 against the victorious veterans of Welling- 
 ton — the heroes of the Peninsular cam- 
 paign. An English officer said, "As indi- 
 viduals, they were at least our equals in the 
 skill with which they used the weapon — • 
 our soldiers moved forward with their ac- 
 customed fearlessness, and the Americans, 
 with much coolness, stood to receive them. 
 The Americans were the first to use their 
 small arms ; having rent the air with a shout, 
 they fired a volley, begun upon the right 
 and carried away regularly to the extreme 
 left, and then loading again, kept up an un- 
 intermitted discharge." This was very gal- 
 lant conduct for men who had never been 
 under fire before and reflects the highest 
 credit on the courage of our countrymen. 
 
 We can hardly dismiss this subject with- 
 out saying something for the gallant sol- 
 dier, Armistead, who fought his guns so 
 well in Fort McHenry, or Francis Scott 
 Key, who embalmed that noted fight in the 
 immortal song which will last as long as the 
 American Republic. Armistead was a 
 regular officer. He and four brothers all took 
 an active part in the war. He was promoted 
 major of the Third Artillery, March 3, 1813, 
 and distinguished himself at the capture of 
 Fort George from the British, May 27, 
 18 1 3. His defense of Baltimore against the 
 conceited .Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, 
 places him in the front rank of .Vmerican 
 soldiers. He was brevetted lieutenant 
 colonel for his steadfast bravery in the 
 fight. He died here on April 25. 1818. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 27 
 
 Of Key it may be said that his song has 
 placed him among the "Immortals," writ- 
 ten on the back of an old letter, the song 
 was placed in the hands of Capt. Benjamin 
 Eades, of the Twenty-seventh Baltimore 
 Regiment, who after it had been set up in 
 type, hurried to the old tavern next to Hol- 
 liday Street Theater, which was much fre- 
 quented by actors. Key had directed his 
 friend to have the song sung to the air 
 "Anacreon in Heaven," and an actor, Fer- 
 dinand Durang, mounted a chair and sung 
 the "Star Spangled Banner" for the first 
 time. A fund is now being raised in this 
 State to place a monument over his (Key's) 
 grave, and James Lick, of San Francisco, 
 bequeathed the sum of $60,000 for a monu- 
 ment to him in Golden Gate Park in that 
 city. This was executed by William W. 
 Story, in Rome, 1885-87. 
 
 The tremendous loss inflicted on the Brit- 
 ish by the city of Baltimore had made them 
 vindictive, and anxious and eager for re- 
 venge; and while Boston, New York and 
 Philadelphia were passed by, they kept a 
 very large force in the Chesapeake, and 
 burned, ravished and robbed the people of 
 this State, our loss in killed and wounded 
 being more than all the other States to- 
 gether. 
 
 Poverty and deep distress had overtaken 
 the English agricultural classes, for in the 
 years 1817, 1818 and 1819 the wheat crop 
 failed, and a strong demand for our wheat 
 sprung up. Soon the old West Indian and 
 South American trade came back, and trade 
 with the far East and to China commenced 
 with renewed vigor. It is worthy of remark 
 that this China trade, after remaining dor- 
 mant for about forty vears, has again 
 
 opened, and direct cargoes of China goods 
 are being landed at our piers. 
 
 During the period between 181 5 and 
 1829, the demand on the banks for money 
 caused them to suspend the payment of 
 specie and to issue a paper currency. This 
 method of making ready capital was at once 
 simple and very attractive; but was followed 
 by its own retribution to the dismay of all 
 concerned. 
 
 After reason in a measure had resumed 
 her sway it was proposed as a cure-all to 
 make a uniform currency for the whole 
 country by the re-establishment of a Na- 
 tional Bank — we say re-establishment be- 
 cause the original Bank of the United 
 States had expired by limitation in 181 1. 
 So it came to pass that a new bank of the 
 United States was established in the year 
 1816. The total capital stock was $28,000,- 
 000, of which amount $4,014,100, or more 
 than one-seventh, was furnished by our 
 merchants. While this bank was founded 
 on a specie basis it did not prove an unal- 
 loyed blessing, because it acted as a severe 
 check upon the people who had been get- 
 ting accommodation on a paper basis. 
 
 Much distress among the trading class 
 was the immediate result. Financial mat- 
 ters adjusted themselves in the course of 
 years, and the general business of the city 
 kept pace with its increasing population. 
 The last bank failure in this city took place 
 in 1834, and was caused by the removal of 
 the Government deposits from the United 
 States Bank by President Andrew Jackson, 
 Roger B. Taney being at the time Secretary 
 of the Treasury. Another very trying time 
 was the financial exigency of 1837, which 
 brought on a crisis that came near destroy- 
 ing the whole monetary and commercial 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 fabric on which the country depended for its 
 verv existence, but the remarkable elasticity 
 and nerve always displayed by the people 
 of this city partakes of the character of the 
 willow bending to the blast of the storm 
 and arising fresh and strong after it had 
 passed. 
 
 The city had been much further increased 
 by the act of 1816, so that at the period of 
 which we are writing it embraced about ten 
 thousand acres, a first-class school of medi- 
 cine had been established in 1820, and in 
 1839 the College of Dental Surgery. This 
 was the first dental college in the world, and 
 its diploma is to-day recognized all over the 
 civilized universe as a guarantee of profes- 
 sional skill, and the most eminent dentists, 
 with few exceptions, at home and abroad, 
 are graduates of this institution. 
 
 The Merchants Exchange had been be- 
 gun in 1815, and was finished in 1820. This 
 building is now used for the Custom 
 House. The beauty of the proportions of 
 the interior of the dome cannot be excelled, 
 and the late William T. Walters never tired 
 of looking at and admiring it. 
 
 Steamboats had been doing business on 
 oui- waters as early as 1813, the first line 
 running to Frenchtown, and connecting 
 with the stages to Philadelphia and the 
 North and East. 
 
 The charter of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad Company had been granted in 
 February, 1S27. This was the first charter 
 given in the United States. A feverish de- 
 sire appears to have animated our fore- 
 fathers to be first in everything, and works 
 of internal improvement took hold of the 
 people of the period we speak of to such 
 an extent that nothing appeared too great 
 for them to undertake. On the same dav 
 
 that Charles Carroll, the last survivor of 
 the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, laid the corner-stone of the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Railroad, July 4, 1828, the 
 President of the United States, John 
 Ouincy Adams, laid the corner-stone of the 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, so to speak, by 
 digging the first spade full of earth from the 
 spot selected for its commencement. Of 
 the capital stock, amounting to $3,609,400, 
 Maryland subscribed $1,000,000. 
 
 The survey for the canal was made by 
 Gen. Simon Bernard, who had a most ro- 
 mantic history; having been appointed as 
 a charity scholar in his native town. Dole, 
 he received a scholarship in the Polytechnic 
 School in Paris, w-ent on foot to get it, and 
 almost died from cold; but with wonderful 
 ability gained the second place in his class 
 of engineers at the final examination; served 
 under Napoleon, led the assault upon Ivrea 
 in 1800, fortified Antwerp and defended 
 Torgau during its terrible siege, for which 
 Napoleon made him lieutenant general of 
 Engineers. Pie was at Waterloo, then en- 
 tered the service of Louis XVHI. The most 
 extensive work of a defensive character ex- 
 ecuted by him in this country was Fortress 
 Alonroe, at Old Point, Va. 
 
 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, was born 
 in Annapolis, 1737. He came from a very 
 ancient family in Ireland, who were princes 
 and lords of Ely from the 12th to the i6th 
 century, and had intermarried with the 
 great houses of Ormond and Desmond in 
 Ireland, and Argyle in Scotland. The late 
 John H. B. Latrobe, one of the most dis- 
 tinguished lawyers the State has ever pro- 
 duced, and the biographer of Carroll, said: 
 "After I had finished my work I took it to 
 Mr. Carroll, whom I knew verv well indeed, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and read it to him, as he was seated in an 
 arm-chair in his own room in his son-in- 
 law's house in Baltimore. He listened with 
 marked attention and without comment un- 
 til I had ceased to read, when, after a pause, 
 he said: 'Why, Latrobe, you have made a 
 much greater man of me than I ever 
 thought I was ; and yet really you have said 
 nothing in what you have written that is 
 not true.' " Mr. Latrobe said further that 
 at the time of this interview Mr. Carroll was 
 very old and feeble, but his manner and 
 speech were those of a refined and courte- 
 ous gentleman. This forms a beautiful in- 
 cident in the history of the city, and links 
 together in the lives of two of her most 
 talented sons the extreme past and mighty 
 present. 
 
 It appears almost superfluous to state in 
 this article that among the many things ac- 
 complished by our forefathers was the 
 adoption of illuminating gas for lighting 
 the streets, as early as 1816; this is claimed 
 to be the foundation of its use in this coun- 
 try. 
 
 There can be no doubt in regard to the 
 first chartered railroad being the Baltimore 
 & Ohio in 1827, nor has it ever been de- 
 nied that its successful completion, driven 
 as it was through endless rock, was up to 
 that time the most gigantic engineering- 
 work attempted on this Continent. 
 
 Baltimore has the further distinction of 
 being chosen by Professor Morse as the 
 place from which to send the spark which 
 electrified the world — 1844. 
 
 In 1829 the Susquehanna Railroad was 
 commenced. This occurred on the one 
 hundredth anniversary of the passage of the 
 act which created the Town of Baltimore. 
 August 8, in 1S37, the Philadelphia, Wil- 
 
 mington & Baltimore Railroad was opened 
 for travel. 
 
 Thoroughly ec|uipped now to do business 
 with all parts of the country by railroad 
 lines, together with the dauntless energy 
 of her merchants, who by means of fast sail- 
 ing vessels, manned by as able sailors as 
 the world has ever seen, there is little won- 
 der that the city made rapid progress in 
 every direction, so that the town of 1790. 
 with only 13,503 inhabitants, had grown to 
 169,054 in 1850. 
 
 This article on the early history of Bal- 
 timore touches only upon the many beauti- 
 ful and interesting facts of her brilliant past. 
 \\'ith an assured future by land and by sea, 
 with limitless resources for sustaining a 
 population of millions, with pure air and 
 \\ater, sitting on her many hills, her dia- 
 dem of green parks and limpid lakes, flash- 
 ing and vivid, her diamonds and emeralds, 
 crowned Queen of the Chesapeake, 
 mother of brave men and beautiful women, 
 it is the hope of all true sons of Maryland 
 that she will embrace her golden opportuni- 
 ties. 
 
 We cannot close this article without giv- 
 ing to our readers a most beautiful event 
 in the life of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 
 
 In 1826, when all the signers of the 
 Declaration had passed away, a committee 
 waited on Charles Carroll to obtain from 
 him a copy of the document, and again 
 signed by his own hand, this copy was to be 
 deposited in the City Hall. After he had 
 signed the paper he wrote the following 
 supplemental declaration: 
 
 "Grateful to Almighty God for the bless- 
 ings which, through Jesus Christ our Lord, 
 he has conferred on my beloved country in 
 her emancipation and on myself in permit- 
 
30 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ting me. under circumstances of mercy, to 
 live to the age of 89 years, and to survive 
 the fiftieth year of American Independence 
 adopted by Congress on the 4th day of July, 
 1776, which I originally subscribed on the 
 2d day of August of the same year, and of 
 which I am now the last surviving signer, 
 I do hereby recommend to the present 
 and future generations the principles of that 
 
 important document as the best earthly in- 
 heritance their ancestors could bequeath to 
 them, and pray that the civil and religious 
 liberties they have secured to my country 
 may be perpetuated to remotest posterity 
 and extended to the whole family of man."' 
 Charles Carroll, 
 
 of Carrollton. 
 Au^. 2, 1S26. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 Military and Naval History, 
 
 Bv Col. Geo. W. F. Vernon. 
 
 Called upon to write a brief military 
 and naval history of Baltimore, from early 
 colonial days to the present date, neces- 
 sarily involved not only a diligent search of 
 the chronicles of the past and their segre- 
 gation, but when the time came for a reag- 
 gregation, an exercise of discretion as to 
 what incidents and events would prove 
 most interesting to the present inhabitants 
 of tliis city, I therefore did the best that was 
 possible under the existing conditions, with 
 a full knowledge that what might be of in- 
 terest to one would prove of no interest 
 whatever to another. 
 
 I have endeavored to write a fair, just and 
 impartial history, briefly reciting such facts 
 and incidents as are embraced within the 
 scope of my commission. I have freely 
 quoted from "Events in Baltimore during 
 the Revolutionary War," by Robert Purvi- 
 ance; "Baltimore Past and Present," 
 "Chronicles of Baltimore," Scharf; "Me- 
 moirs of a Volunteer in Mexico," Kenly; 
 and "Records of War Department," and 
 have availed myself of verbal information 
 received from the representatives of a day 
 and generation long passed away. 
 
 The incidents of the late Civil War were 
 indelibly impressed upon the minds of many 
 of our people now living, and of many of 
 which we were eye-witnesses. 
 
 I have arranged the work into epochs, 
 pertaining to the various wars in which our 
 city was participant, and trust that my 
 
 labors may meet with reasonable approval. 
 Geo. W. F. Vernon. 
 Baltimore, Md., May, 1897. 
 
 Epoch I. 
 From Scttlcincut of Baltimore to the Revolu- 
 tionary War, ij2g-i/i4. 
 
 The early history of Baltimore was not 
 characterized by a warfare with the abor- 
 iginal savages. The pacific policy pursued 
 by the colonial authorities of Maryland in- 
 sured a peaceful settlement to the pioneers 
 of Baltimore and vicinity. 
 
 The French and Indians wars waged by 
 the English and French for supremacy in 
 North America from the years A. D. 1754 
 to 1763 did not disturb the equanimity of 
 its inhabitants. 
 
 The great Colonies of Virginia and Penn- 
 sylvania, surrounded and protected in large 
 measure the borders of Maryland from in- 
 cursions by either the French or Indians; 
 although the capture of Colonel (afterwards 
 General) George Washington, at "Little 
 Meadows," and his command of American 
 troops, exposed the western borders of 
 Maryland for a brief period to depredations 
 by the Indians, nevertheless Baltimore was 
 not called upon to furnish troops to repel 
 the invaders, but its people contributed 
 their share of the sinews of war to aid their 
 sturdy brethren in western Maryland, who 
 not only helped to drive the enemy from the 
 borders of the State, but marched with their 
 
32 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 colonial brethren and the English troops to 
 expel the French and savages from Ft. 
 Duquesne, now Pittsburg. 
 
 Epoch II. 
 The Revolutionary War, i'/74-iyS3. 
 
 The events that transpired prior to the 
 Revolutionary War, through the efforts of 
 the English Government to impose a tax 
 on her Colonies in America, created at once 
 a spirit of determined resistance in Balti- 
 more and Maryland. 
 
 The grant of Charles the First to Lord 
 Baltimore, set forth '^That it was cove- 
 nanted on the part of the King, that 
 neither he nor his successors should ever 
 impose customs, taxes, quotas or contri- 
 butions whatsoever upon the people, their 
 property or their merchantable commodi- 
 ties laden within the province," and the 
 people of Baltimore were foremost in the 
 movements, not only in forming commit- 
 tees headed by that sturdy patriot, Samuel 
 Purviance, to correspond with committees 
 from other American Colonies, in the for- 
 mation of non-importation leagues, &c., but 
 the military spirit was rife for resistance by 
 force of arms, if necessary. A military 
 company of infantry was formed in Balti- 
 more as early as December, 1774, by Capt. 
 Mordecai Gist, subsequently promoted 
 major, colonel and brigadier general. 
 This company subsequently became a part 
 of Col. Smalhvood's regiment in the Mary- 
 land Line, in the War for Independence, 
 and in 1775 seven complete companies of 
 infantry had been organized. 
 
 A Baltimore writer, in February, 1775, 
 writing to a friend in England, said: "We 
 are a little behind New England mustering, 
 purchasing- arms, ammunition, &c." 
 
 The preliminary work of the struggle for 
 freedom and independence in the War of 
 the Revolution devolved upon committees 
 of patriotic citizens throughout the thirteen 
 Colonies, which afterwards constituted the 
 United States of America, and amongst the 
 most active, patriotic and energetic of 
 these committees was "the Baltimore Com- 
 mittee of Observation." Even after the 
 British authority had ceased to exist within 
 the Colonies, and new local governments 
 had been created by the people, these com- 
 mittees, notably the Baltimore Committee, 
 continued in their sphere of usefulness dur- 
 ing the War of the Revolution, and to a 
 certain extent exercised authority which 
 was respected by a liberty-loving people 
 throughout the entire war. 
 
 After the passage by the British Parlia- 
 ment in 1774 of the Boston port bill, "a bill 
 intended to shut out the people of Boston 
 from commercial intercourse with every 
 part of the world," it was self-evident to all 
 of the Colonies that a blow at the liberties 
 and freedom of one was a blow at all, and 
 the appeal of the Bostonians for a concert 
 of action, by the united Colonies, in de- 
 fense of their freedom, met a willing and 
 ready response from Maryland, especially 
 from Baltimore. 
 
 Meetings were held by the people, resolu- 
 tions of commercial non-intercourse with 
 the mother country adopted as well as for 
 a concert of action throughout the Colonies. 
 The sequel of these movements resulted in 
 a Continental Congress at Philadelphia in 
 September, 1774, which in turn recom- 
 mended the formation of permanent Town 
 and County Committees throughout the 
 Colonies: accordingly a meeting of the citi- 
 zens of Baltimore was held at the court 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 33 
 
 house in Baltimore on the I2th of Novem- 
 ber, 1774, when the following committee 
 was chosen for Baltimore, viz: Samuel 
 Purviance, Jr.; John Smith, Andrew Bu- 
 chanan, Robert Alexander. Wm. Lux, John 
 Moale, John Merryman, Richard Moale, 
 Jeremiah T. Chase, Thos. Harrison, Archi- 
 bald Buchanan, Wm. Smith, James Cal- 
 houn, Benjamin Griffith, Gerard Hopkins, 
 John Deaver, Baret Eichelberger, Geo. 
 Woolsey, Hercules Courtney, Isaac Griest, 
 Mark Alexander, Francis Sanderson, Dr. 
 John Boyd, Geo. Lintenberger, Philip Rog- 
 ers, David McMechen, Mordecai Gist and 
 Wm. Spear. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Purviance, Jr., was chosen 
 chairman ana his ardor, energy and execu- 
 tive abilities were soon made manifest; a 
 greater part of the correspondence of the 
 committee was prepared by him. 
 
 In the meantime the sympathy of the 
 patriotic people of Baltimore and Mary- 
 land for their suffering brethren in Bos- 
 ton, for liberty and the common cause, had 
 assumed a tangible shape, as will appear 
 from the following abstract from a Boston 
 paper dated August 29, 1774: 
 
 "Yesterday arrived at Marblehead Capt. 
 Perkins, from Baltimore, with three thou- 
 sand bushels of Indian corn, twenty barrels 
 of rye and twenty-one barrels of bread, sent 
 by the inhabitants of that place for the bene- 
 fit of the poor of Boston, together with 1 ,- 
 000 bushels of corn from Annapolis sent in 
 the same vessel for the same benevolent 
 purpose." 
 
 As an incident of the stirring event of the 
 times and the military spirit inspired there- 
 by, might be mentioned the arrival in Bal- 
 timore on the 5th day of May, 1775, of the 
 Hon. Peyton Randolph, Edmund Pendle- 
 
 ton, George Washington, Benjamin Harri- 
 son and Richard Henry Lee, of \'irginia, 
 and Richard Caswell and Joseph Hewes, 
 of North Carolina, delegates on their 
 way to the Continental Congress at 
 Philadelphia. They were met by three 
 companies of militia and escorted to the 
 "Fountain Inn," an old hostelry that occu- 
 pied the site where the Carrollton hotel now 
 stands. The militia fired three volleys of 
 musketry in front of the hotel in honor of 
 the distinguished guests. 
 
 On the following day four companies of 
 militia were drawn up on the common and 
 reviewed by Col. George Washington (af- 
 terwards commander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
 can armies and the first president of the 
 United States). In the afternoon the dele- 
 gates, accompanied by the reverend clergy 
 and principal citizens of Baltimore, pre- 
 ceded by Capt. Mordecai Gist's inde- 
 pendent company and the officers of the 
 other companies, walked to the new court 
 house (which then stood on the site of the 
 present monument to the Defenders of Bal- 
 timore in the War of 1812), where an enter- 
 tainment was provided; amongst the toasts 
 given by the delegates was the following: 
 "May the Town of Baltimore Flourish and 
 the Noble Spirit of the Inhabitants Con- 
 tinue Till Ministerial Despotism be at an 
 End." 
 
 In a regiment of Maryland troops or- 
 ganized in 1775 and commanded by Col- 
 onel, afterwards Gen. Smallwood, we find 
 the names of such officers as Mordecai Gist, 
 Samuel Smith, David Plunkett, Brian Phil- 
 pot and Wm. Ridgely, who recruited their 
 men in Baltimore. 
 
 Amongst the inducements offered to 
 have companies of militia raised in Balti- 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 more in 1776, to reinforce the Continental 
 army, it was set forth "that each man be 
 allowed a month's pay in advance and 
 bounty of three pounds sterling (about fif- 
 teen dollars). 
 
 In March, 1776, the British sloop of war, 
 "Otter," which had been cruising in tne 
 Chesapeake Bay, made a demonstration 
 with small boats in the Patapsco which 
 created alarm in Baltimore, when the ship 
 "Defence," Capt. Nicholsen, of Bahimore, 
 was immediately sent to the rescue. 
 They drove the marauders from the 
 Patapsco river and captured five of their 
 boats. Batteries were erected at Fell's 
 Point and Whetstone Point (now Locust 
 Point), where Fort McHenry now stands, 
 and floating cables were used to protect the 
 harbor of Baltimore from the British fleet. 
 
 In April, 1776, Capt. James Barron, in 
 command of a Baltimore vessel, fell in with 
 and captured with valuable papers a small 
 vessel that had been sent by Lord Dunmore 
 (who was at the time on board of one of 
 the British squadrons stationed in the Ches- 
 apeake Bay) to communicate with An- 
 napolis. 
 
 ( )n the 29th day of July, 1776, the Decla- 
 ration of Independence by the United 
 States of America was read at the court 
 house in Baltimore. It was received by 
 the people with great acclamation and at 
 night the town was illuminated, at the same 
 time the effigy of King George III was 
 carted through the town and then com- 
 mitted to the flames. 
 
 On the 20th day of December, 1776, the 
 Congress removed from Philadelphia to 
 Baltimore and commenced their session 
 here. In consequence of the approach of 
 the British armv under Gen. Howe to Phil- 
 
 adephia Congress adjourned March 3, 
 1777, to reconvene in Philadelphia. 
 
 Whilst Congress remained in Baltimore, 
 they met in a large building then located on 
 the southwest corner of Liberty and Balti- 
 more streets. This building was then the 
 extreme western limit of Baltimore. A tab- 
 let recently erected by the Old Volunteer 
 Firemen Association of Baltimore now 
 commemorates this historic spot. 
 
 Baltimore contained in 1776 a population 
 of 6,755 ^""^ 645 houses. Its territorial ex- 
 tent, including Fell's Point and Jones 
 Town, reached from Fell's Point on the east 
 to the corner of Baltimore and Liberty 
 streets on the west: from Light and Pratt 
 streets on the south to St. Paul's church, 
 corner of Saratoga and Charles, on the 
 north. 
 
 Congress selected Baltimore as one of the 
 points for building a navy, as its peculiar 
 fitness for the building of vessels was ap- 
 parent and a number of vessels that after- 
 wards became celebrated for the injury they 
 inflicted on the enemy were built there, 
 amongst them being "The Virginia Frig- 
 ate," the defence sloops "Bucksin," "Enter- 
 prise," "Sturdy Beggar," "Harlequin," 
 "Fox," &c. 
 
 In August, 1776, we find the Maryland 
 regiment, under ]\Iaj. Mordecai Gist, with 
 its large Baltimore contingent in line of 
 battle with the Continental army, under 
 Gen. Washington on Long Island, New 
 York, performing prodigies of valor, not 
 only in endeavoring to prevent the advance 
 of an overwhelming British army, but as a 
 matter of historic fact, with fearful sacrifice 
 of life, really saving that army from demor- 
 alization and annihilation. 
 
 This Maryland regiment was considered 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 35 
 
 the best drilled and disciplined command in 
 the Revolutionary Army at that date. 
 Their loss in this battle numbered two hun- 
 dred and fifty-six in killed, wounded and 
 missing. 
 
 In February, 1777, Baltimore was called 
 upon for a contingent of militia to assist 
 other troops in stamping out an insurrec- 
 tion in behalf of the English, by the Tories 
 of Worcester and Somerset counties, on the 
 eastern shore of Maryland. 
 
 The expedition sailed from Fell's Point, 
 the whole being under the command of 
 Gen. Smallwood and Col. Mordecai Gist of 
 the Maryland line, who happened to be in 
 Maryland at the time, recruiting their de- 
 pleted ranks. In a brief campaign the in- 
 surrection was completely suppressed. 
 
 September 11, 1777, we find Col. Gist'j 
 regiment was one of the two Maryland 
 regiments which had time to form and take 
 part in the ill-fated battle of Brandywine. 
 
 In March, 1778, we find Count Pulaski 
 organizing in Baltimore under the orders 
 of Congress an independent corps, consist- 
 ing of a company of cavalry and two com- 
 jianies of infantry. 
 
 This corps did gallant service and the flag 
 of the corps, which was saved at the time of 
 the death of the gallant Pulaski at Savan- 
 nah, Ga., in 1779, by a gallant lieutenant 
 who received fourteen wounds, is now pre- 
 served in the rooms of the Maryland His- 
 torical Society, corner of St. Paul and Sara- 
 toga streets. 
 
 The State of Maryland should perform a 
 proud and patriotic duty by gathering up 
 these priceless relics of all of her companies, 
 battalions, regiments and batteries which 
 took part in all the wars in which her gal- 
 lant sons were ever engaged, and carefully 
 
 guarding them for the future at the State 
 Capitol, where they should be exhibited as 
 the evidence of the prowess of her citizen 
 soldiery. 
 
 At the battle of Alonmouth, N. J., June 
 28, 1778, the Maryland Line bore a distin- 
 guished part. 
 
 In August, 1780, the movements of the 
 British army under Lord Cornwallis 
 created an impression that Baltimore was 
 its objective point. A force of 2,800 men 
 was assembled within two days from Balti- 
 more and the adjacent counties. Advices 
 were soon received that Virginia was the 
 objective point, when the troops were dis- 
 missed. This was the last serious alarm 
 which excited the people of Baltimore dur- 
 ing the Revolutionary War. 
 
 In 1 78 1, whilst the Marquis de LaFay- 
 ette, then a major general in the American 
 army, was on the march to the Southern 
 States, he halted in Baltimore. A ball was 
 given in honor of his arrival. One of the 
 fair daughters of Baltimore, observing '"that 
 he appeared sad," inquired the cause, when 
 he replied, "I cannot enjoy the gayety of 
 the scene while so many of the poor soldiers 
 are in want of clothes." "We will supply 
 them," said the ladies, and the ball room 
 was turned into a clothing factory; fathers 
 and husbands furnished the materials, wives 
 and daughters did the sewing. 
 
 -Vll the private blankets possible were 
 gathered up and sent to the armies in the 
 field: in fact no sacrifice was too great for 
 the people of Baltimore to make for the 
 noble cause in which they were engaged. 
 
 A large part of the Baltimore contingent 
 was serving with the Southern armies in 
 1780, "81 and "82: whilst they performed 
 magnificent service, their suffering and pri- 
 
.HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 vations were excessive. They had not re- 
 ceived a shilling of pay, real or nominal, 
 during all this period; with hardly a decent 
 supply of clothes and no subsistence except 
 what they could seize from the country 
 through which they operated, already 
 devastated, and in a great degree attached 
 to the enemy. 
 
 At the battles of Camden, Cowpens, Guil- 
 ford and Eutaw, the soldiers of the Mary- 
 land line particularly distinguished them- 
 selves, and that at close quarters with the 
 bayonet Baron DeKalb and Gen. Green 
 both bore testimony to the gallantry of the 
 Maryland troops in these battles, and es- 
 pecially that of such splendid officers as 
 Gen. Mordecai Gist, Col. Jno. Eager How- 
 ard, CoL Otho Williams and Samuel Smith. 
 
 The surrender of the British army of 
 Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va., Octo- 
 ber 19th, 1781, virtually ended the War of 
 the Revolution, although peace was not for- 
 mally declared until 1783. 
 
 On the 27th day of July, 1783, Brig. Gen. 
 Mordecai Gist (who as Capt. Gist had raised 
 a company in 1774) returned to Baltimore 
 in command of the remnant of the Mary- 
 land line, consisting of only 500 men, from 
 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 The announcement of the joyful news of 
 independence and peace was celebrated in 
 Baltimore April 21, 1783, with great enthu- 
 siasm. 
 
 The greater part of the Baltimoreans who 
 went into the army during the Revolution 
 and held commissions returned to Balti- 
 more at the close of hostilities and were 
 soon followed by such persons as Gen. 
 Otho H. Williams, Col. Ramsey, Col. Mc- 
 Hcnry, Gen. Swann, Col. Bankson, the 
 Tilgmans, Clemms, Ballards, Strickers and 
 
 Harrises, names prominent and familiar in 
 Baltimore history. 
 
 Throughout the entire Revolutionary 
 War, Maryland had been distinguished for 
 its zeal in support of the common cause. 
 Besides those recruited in the independent 
 corps, the State companies and the marines 
 and naval forces, she had furnished 15,229 
 men and 5,407 militia, or an aggregate of 
 20,636 men. Baltimore contributed her full 
 contingent to Maryland's quota at every 
 call for troops from the time she furnished 
 three of the original nine companies that 
 constituted the Maryland line regiment in 
 July, 1776, which marched to Long Island 
 under Col. Smallwood, and were incorpo- 
 rated in Lord Sterling's brigade of the 
 American army, covering themselves with 
 imperishable renown in that campaign 
 down to the close of the war as well as in 
 all the principal campaigns in the Northern 
 and Southern States. 
 
 The gallant "Pulaski Legion" was a Bal- 
 timore command. The Baltimore sailors 
 had performed noble service, so that impar- 
 tial history can truly say that on land or sea, 
 the sons of Baltimore performed a heroic 
 part in the successful struggle for freedom 
 and independence during the Revolution- 
 ary War. 
 
 Epoch HL 
 
 Second 1/ ar Willi Great Britain, 
 
 1S12-1S15. 
 
 The constant interference by England 
 with the commerce of America and an in- 
 fringement on her rights as a nation, more 
 especially the seizure of American citizens 
 on American vessels, even on the waters of 
 the Chesapeake Bay, led to a declaration of 
 war against England, June nth, 1812. 
 
 Baltimore in the first vear of this war felt 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the advantage of her fleet, and from her su- 
 perior vessels (really models of naval archi- 
 tecture) that had been so successful in com- 
 mercial enterprises, were fitted out nu- 
 merous privateers. These Baltimore pri- 
 vateers were authorized by Congress and 
 were granted letters of marque and reprisal. 
 They were built in Baltimore and vicinity, 
 fitted out here, carried from six to ten can- 
 non, with a long swivel gun (long Toms, 
 so called in that day) mounted amid ship. 
 The crew usually numbered about sixty 
 officers and seamen, being plentifully sup- 
 plied with muskets, cutlasses and board- 
 ing pikes. They were commanded by such 
 men as Captains Barney, Boyle, Stafford, 
 Levely, Richardson, Wilson and Miller. 
 
 About four months after the declaration 
 of war, Baltimore had sent to sea forty-two 
 armed vessels or privateers carrying three 
 hundred and thirty guns and manned by 
 three thousand officers and men. 
 
 The whole number of privateers that 
 were granted letters of marque and reprisal 
 by the United States during the war with 
 Great Britain in the years 1812, 1813 and 
 1814 aggregated two hundred and fifty sails, 
 of which Baltimore furnished 58; New 
 York, 55; Salem, 40; Boston, 32; Philadel- 
 phia, 14; Portsmouth, N. H., 11; Charles- 
 ton, 10; Marblehead, 4; Bristol, 4; Port- 
 land, 3; Newburyport, 2; Norfolk, 2; New- 
 bern, 2; New Orleans, 2, and i from each 
 of the following named ports, viz: New 
 London, Newport, Providence, Barnstable, 
 Fair Haven, Gloucester, Washington City 
 and Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 It will thus be observed that Baltimore 
 took the lead in our naval afifairs during this 
 war. These privateers were a great thorn 
 in the side of our inveterate enemy. They 
 
 harassed and annoyed the British in every 
 quarter of the globe, and even at the en- 
 trance of their own ports in old England 
 herself. 
 
 They fought and captured ships and ves- 
 sels off North Cape, in the British and Irish 
 Channels, on the coasts of Spain and Portu- 
 gal, in the East and West Indies, off the 
 Capes of Good Hope and Horn, and in the 
 Pacific Ocean. Wherever a British ship 
 floated a Yankee cruiser went in quest of 
 her; they took and destroyed millions of 
 property and were beyond all doubt tne 
 happy instruments under God in bringing 
 about a permanent peace with a proud, 
 haughty and overbearing nation. 
 
 The war continued about three years, 
 with a loss to Great Britain of two thousand 
 ships and vessels of every description, in- 
 cluding men-of-war and merchantmen. 
 
 To enumerate even approximately the 
 names, commanders, engagements, capture 
 and victories of our Baltimore cruisers in 
 the second war with England would require 
 a large volume of itself, but without any 
 inviduous distinction, it would be eminently 
 proper to briefly sketch the successful 
 cruises of a few. 
 
 As early as July 10, 1812, the privateer 
 "Dash," of Baltimore, captured the "Whit- 
 ing," a British dispatch vessel, in Plampton 
 Roads. 
 
 On the 26th of July, 1812, the privateer 
 "Dolphin," of Baltimore, sent an English 
 vessel into Baltimore heavily laden with 
 valuable cargo. In August, 1812, the Brit- 
 ish ship "Braganzine," mounting twelve 
 guns and heavily laden, was captured by 
 the Baltimore privateer "Tom" after a fight 
 of forty-five minutes, and sent into Balti- 
 more as a prize. The privateer "Rosie," 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Capt. Barney, of Baltimore, made numer- 
 ous captures about tliis time, and sent them 
 either into other friendly ports or destroyed 
 them, including one lot of one ship, one 
 schooner and five brigs, captured and de- 
 stroyed. The privateer "Globe," of Balti- 
 more, captured a British ship of twenty-one 
 guns and sent her under a prize crew into 
 the Chesapeake Bay. An extract from the 
 log book of the privateer "Globe," of Balti- 
 more, sets forth: * * * "July 31st, 1812, 
 saw a sail ; we gave chase ; she hoisted Brit- 
 ish colors. * * * Got close enough, began 
 to fire broadsides (charged with round shot 
 double shotted) ; she returned broadside for 
 broadside, when, within musket shot, fired 
 several volleys into her; she struck, after a 
 brisk engagement of an hour and a half. 
 She proved to be the English letter of 
 marque ship 'Boyd' and mounted ten 
 guns." 
 
 Up to the 30th day of August, 181 2, the 
 privateer "Rosie," of Baltimore, Commo- 
 dore Barney, had captured fifteen vessels, 
 of 2,914 tons and valued at $1,289,000.00. 
 An extract from the log book of this vessel 
 sets forth amongst other incidents the fol- 
 lowing, showing the splendid sailing quali- 
 ties of our Baltimore built vessels, viz: 
 * * * "July 23, 1812, was chased by a 
 Ih-itish frigate, fired twenty-five shots at us, 
 outsailed her. July 30, 1812, chased by a 
 frigate, outsailed her. July 31, took and 
 burned ship 'Princess Royal.' August i, 
 took and manned ship 'Kitty.' August 
 2, took and burnt the following: Brig 
 'Farm,' brig 'Devonshire,' 'schooner 
 'Sciuid;' took the brig 'Brothers,' put on 
 ])oard of her sixty prisoners and sent her 
 to St. Johns to be exchanged for as many 
 .Xmericans; a pretty good day's work. * "' * 
 
 August 9, 1812, took the ship 'Jenny' after 
 a short action; she mounted twelve guns. 
 ■' * * September 9, 1812, chased by three 
 ships; we outsailed them without difficulty. 
 September 16, 18 12, severe action with his 
 Britanic majesty's packet ship "Princess 
 Amelia,' at close quarters; it lasted nearly 
 an hour, and during the greater part of the 
 time within pistol shot distance." The 
 "Rosie" had one lieutenant and six men 
 wounded, whilst the captain and sailing 
 master of the "Princess Amelia" were 
 killed and the master's mate and six men 
 wounded. September 28, 1812, the pri- 
 vateer "Norwich," of Baltimore, Capt. 
 Levely, carrying twelve pound cannonades 
 and between eighty and ninety men, fell in 
 with a ship and a schooner carrying the 
 English flag, off the Island of Martinique; 
 the ship was armed with sixteen 18-pound 
 cannonades and two hundred men and the 
 schooner six 4-pounders and sixty men. An 
 engagement immediately ensued and lasted 
 over three hours, and notwithstanding the 
 disparity in numbers, armament and men 
 the gallant privateer, although severely crip- 
 pled, with the loss of four killed and six 
 wounded, compelled her adversaries to beat 
 an inglorious retreat. 
 
 On the 25th day of January, 1813. the 
 privateer "Dolphin," of Baltimore, whilst 
 ofif Cape St. Vincent and cruising along the 
 coasts of Spain and Portugal, fell in with 
 the British ship "Hebe" and a British brig. 
 She attacked them without delay, although 
 the "Hebe" carried sixteen guns and the 
 brig ten guns, whilst the "Dolphin" only 
 carried ten guns. She compelled the sur- 
 render of both of the Englishmen with but a 
 loss of four men. 
 
 On the 14th day of January, 1813, the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 39 
 
 Baltimore privateer "Comet," Capt. Boyle, 
 of the coast of Pernambuco, attacked 
 an English ship of fourteen guns and 
 two brigs of ten guns each, under con- 
 voy of a Portugese brig mounting twenty 
 32-pounders, or a total of fifty-four guns 
 and 165 men. After a desperate engage- 
 ment the "Comet" captured the three Brit- 
 ish vessels. The "Comet" was subse- 
 quently attacked by the British frigate 
 "Surprise" and man-of-war "Swaggerer," 
 but outsailed them both with ease, and con- 
 tinued her career of conquest and capture. 
 
 The Baltimore privateer "Chasseur," 
 otherwise known as "The Pride of Balti- 
 more," Capt. Boyle, a splendid specimen 
 of naval architecture and perhaps the most 
 beautiful vessel then afloat, performed pro- 
 digies of valor and carried dismay and ter- 
 ror to her enemies, alone capturing eighty 
 British vessels valued at $400,000. Whilst 
 cruising ofif the coast of England in 
 1814-15, in response to the numerous paper 
 blockades, decreed by British squadrons 
 which were off the American coasts, he is- 
 sued the following burlesque proclamation, 
 and sent it into the English capitol of Lon- 
 don to be posted at Lloyds Coffee House, 
 viz: "By Thomas Boyle, Esq., commander 
 of the privateer armed brig 'Chasseur,' &c., 
 &c.: Proclamation: Whereas, it has be- 
 come customary with the Admirals of Great 
 Britain commanding small forces on the 
 coast of the United States, particularly Sir 
 John Borloise Warren and Sir Alexander 
 Cochrane, to declare all the coast -of the 
 United States in a state of strict and rigor- 
 ous blockade, without possessing the power 
 to justify such a declaration or stationing an 
 adequate force to maintain said blockade, I 
 do therefore, by virtue of the power and 
 
 authority in me vested (possessing sufficient 
 force) declare all the ports, harbors, bays, 
 creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands and 
 seacoasts of the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland in a state of strict and 
 rigorous blockade, and I do further declare 
 that I consider the force under my com- 
 mand adequate to maintain strictly, rigor- 
 ously and effectually the said blockade, and 
 I do hereby require the respective officers, 
 whether captains, commanders or com- 
 manding officers under my command, em- 
 ployed or to be employed on the coasts of 
 England, Ireland and Scotland to pay strict 
 attention to this, my proclamation, and I 
 do hereby caution and forbid the ships and 
 vessels of all and every nation in amity and 
 peace with the United States from entering 
 or attempting to enter or from coming or 
 attempting to come out of any of said ports, 
 bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands 
 or seacoasts under any pretense whatso- 
 ever, and that no person may plead ignor- 
 ance of this, my proclamation, I have or- 
 dered the same to be made public in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 "Given under my hand on board the 
 'Chasseur,' day and date as above. 
 
 (Signed) Thomas BoylE. 
 
 "By Command of the Commanding Officer, 
 
 (Signed) J. S. Stansbury, 
 
 Secretary." 
 
 The English Government was fully alive 
 to the danger to be apprehended from the 
 splendid Baltimore clippers and early in the 
 year 1813 had sent a squadron under Ad- 
 miral Warren to operate in the Chesapeake 
 Bay and to declare and enforce a blockade, 
 if possible, but as a matter of fact, the Balti- 
 more privateers and their prizes were con- 
 
40 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 stantly passing through the so-called block- 
 ading squadrons. 
 
 The squadron under Admiral Warren 
 was reinforced in 1813 by another fleet un- 
 der Admiral Cockburn, consisting of four 
 ships of the line and six frigates. 
 
 Cockburn directed operations along the 
 unprotected shores of the Chesapeake Bay, 
 especially isolated farm houses and county 
 seats, seizing and destroying private prop- 
 erty. Expeditions were sent against the 
 villages of Frenchtown, Havre-de-Grace, 
 Fredericktown on the eastern shore and 
 Georgetown, which were taken, plundered 
 and burned. Nevertheless these plunder- 
 ing expeditions were not always successful. 
 The sturdy yeomanry oftentimes speedily 
 assembled and drove the marauding bands 
 away. 
 
 Whilst the British fleet visited the 
 Patapsco river, they did not deem it pru- 
 dent to attack Baltimore, whose spirited 
 citizens were constantly on the alert. 
 
 When the British squadron under Ad- 
 miral Warren entered the Chesapeake Bay, 
 the citizens of Baltimore did not wait for 
 the government at Washington to protect 
 them, but took prompt measures to protect 
 themselves. A fleet of thirteen barges and 
 the schooner "Scorpion" were sent down 
 the bay to watch and harass the British 
 squadron. 
 
 The military spirit was rife. The militia 
 were thoroughly organized and like the 
 minute men of 1776 prepared for service on 
 short notice. 
 
 . As early as October 5th, 1812, a company 
 of infantry, numbering 100 men, command- 
 ed by Capt. Stephen H. Moore, were 
 fitted out in the most substantial manner 
 by the citizens of Baltimore and presented 
 
 by the patriotic ladies of the Seventh Ward 
 with an elegant silk flag. 
 
 They promptly marched to the Canadian 
 borders and joined Col. Winder's regiment, 
 which a short time thereafter with the 
 American army under Gen. Pike invaded 
 Canada at the capture of York (now known 
 as the city of Toronto, Canada), April 27, 
 1813. Capt. Moore, of the Baltimore com- 
 pany, was wounded and Lieut. Nicholson 
 killed. 
 
 In June. 1813, volunteering for the army 
 by regiments and companies was so active 
 in this city that the superior ofificers were 
 compelled to suppress it and give prece- 
 dence to the oldest organizations. 
 
 The management of military afifairs at 
 Baltimore was placed in the hands of Gen. 
 Samuel Smith, of this city, who had dis- 
 tinguished himself during the War of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 The infantry regiments and artillery com- 
 panies assembled twice a week, marched to 
 Fort McHenry and other points, manoeu- 
 vred and prepared themselves in every way 
 for active fiel 1 operations, often remaining 
 at the garrison for a week at a time. 
 
 Col. Wadsworth, of the United States 
 engineer corps, superintended the erection 
 and completion of the fortifications for the 
 defense of the city. 
 
 As an evidence of the alacrity with which 
 the volunteer militia of the city responded 
 to the calls of danger, it appears that on the 
 5th day of May, 1813, a demonstration of 
 the British fleet in the Patapsco river caused 
 the alarm guns to be fired between 11 a. m. 
 and 12 m., and within a few minutes up- 
 wards of 5,000 men were under arms and in 
 their proper places and within an hour regi- 
 
.^^^"^^^-.^L^^^ ^,^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORfi, MARYLAND. 
 
 nient after regiment marched to points of 
 danger in regular order. 
 
 On this day the 5th Maryland Regiment 
 of Infantry, just returned to Baltimore from 
 a week's duty at Fort McHenry (having 
 been relieved by the 6th), made a forced 
 march of fifteen miles to North Point. They 
 were followed by the 39th Regiment and 
 some troops of Cavalry and batteries of Ar- 
 tillery. 
 
 The 27th and 51st Regiments were kept 
 under arms and in readiness for action. 
 
 The defenses of Baltimore were being 
 pushed at Fort McHenry, Patapsco river, 
 the Cove and the Lazaretto. 
 
 In the unfortunate battle of Bladensburg, 
 Md., August 24th, 18 14, for the defense of 
 the National Capitol, no reflection could 
 possibly be made upon the gallant sailors 
 and marines from Maryland, under Com- 
 modore Barney, and the Sth Maryland In- 
 fantry Regiment who participated in that 
 engagement, and who repulsed the enemy 
 with loss in their own immediate front as 
 long as they had any support, and when the 
 British army and navy flushed with triumph 
 at their success in capturing Washington 
 City and the destruction of the Capitol, &c., 
 advanced up the Patapsco to "occupy Bal- 
 timore for their winter's quarters," in the 
 language of Gen. Ross, the survivors of 
 these gallant Maryland commands were on 
 hand, enthusiastic for the fray. 
 
 The combined British fleet, consisting of 
 about fifty sails, arrived at the mouth of the 
 Patapsco river on the loth day of Septem- 
 ber, 1814; a number of the vessels pro- 
 ceeded up the Patapsco river towards Bal- 
 timore, whilst others proceeded to North 
 Point at the mouth of the Patapsco, about 
 twelve miles from Baltimore, and com- 
 
 menced the disembarkation of the troops 
 under Gen. Ross, on the nth. They 
 landed about 5,000 soldiers, 2,000 sailors 
 and 2,000 marines. The sailors and ma- 
 rines were under the command of Admiral 
 Cockburn. The troops were a part of the 
 Duke of Wellington's army, fresh from 
 their victories over the armies of the great 
 Napoleon in Spain, and styled themselves 
 "Wellington's Invincibles." 
 
 To confront this formidable army, we 
 find the Baltimore Brigade, some of the 
 troops of Gen. Winder's army who had 
 been engaged in the battle of Bladensburg, 
 and volunteers from Maryland, Virginia 
 and Pennsylvania, with a few regular 
 troops, also a small but splendid body of 
 sailors and marines under Commodore 
 Rogers, Major General Smith being in su- 
 preme command. 
 
 The Baltimore Brigade was composed of 
 the 5th, 6th, 27th, 39th and 51st Regiments 
 of Infantry, commanded respectively by 
 Lieutenant Colonels Sterett, McDonald, 
 Long, Fowler and Amy. In the 5th Regi- 
 ment was incorporated a uniformed com- 
 pany of volunteers from York, Pa., under 
 Capt. Spangler, and in the 39th Regiment, 
 Capt. Metzger's company from Hanover, 
 Pa.; Capt. Ouantrell's company from Hag- 
 erstown,Md.,and in the 6th Regiment Capt. 
 Dixon's company from Marietta, Pa., 
 the whole including Capt. Montgomery's 
 battery of Artillery with six 4-pounders 
 amounting to 3,200 men. 
 
 The Baltimore Brigade with the Rifle 
 Corps, Capt. Aisquith, one company of cav- 
 alry and one company of artillery, moved 
 forward to a point eight miles from Balti- 
 I more and four miles from North Point. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 This column was placed under the com- 
 mand of Gen. Strieker. 
 
 The main line of battle of Gen. Smith 
 was formed behind breastworks running 
 along the high ground, now included within 
 the limits of Patterson Park, with other de- 
 tachments at various defences. The naval 
 contingent having small batteries on a line 
 between the Philadelphia Road and Spar- 
 row's Point, on the Sparrow's Point road, 
 and to the right of the Sparrow's Point 
 road a few marines were also in the en- 
 trenchments. This was the disposition of 
 the American forces on the north bank of 
 the Patapsco, confronting the British army. 
 
 x\bout I p. m. on the I2th of September, 
 1813, the British troops under Gen. Ross, 
 who had debarked at North Point and 
 marched four miles on the road to Balti- 
 more, attacked a detachment of Gen. 
 Strieker's brigade, consisting of two com- 
 panies of the 5th Regiment and Capt. Ais- 
 quitn's Rifle Corps and one piece of ar- 
 tillery^. This detachment retired fighting to 
 the brigade, and the action became general 
 along the whole line. Gen. Strieker had 
 formed his command in three lines, the 5th 
 and 27th Regiments in the front line, the 
 39th and 51st Regiments in the second line 
 and the 6th Regiment in the third line, and 
 as a reserve; a brisk artillery and musketry 
 fire continued for an hour, inflicting severe 
 loss upon the enemy, but their over- 
 whelming numbers soon enabled them to 
 outflanK the .\fnerican forces, who retired 
 in good order; about 1,700 of Gen. 
 Strieker's command were actually engaged. 
 
 The enemy followed up slowly the re- 
 treating column to a ])oint within two miles 
 of the American entrenchments. Gen. 
 Smitli immediately made disposition to at- 
 
 tack the British flank as soon as they at- 
 tacked the American front; upon the dis- 
 covery of these movements, together with 
 the discouragement occasioned by the news 
 of the failure of the naval attack at Ft. Mc- 
 Henry and the attempt to land in the rear 
 of this fort, and the death of their leader. 
 Gen. Ross, who was killed by two young 
 men of the Baltimore Rifle Corps, Messrs. 
 Wells and McComas, they deemed it pru- 
 dent to retire under the cover of night to 
 North Point. 
 
 The operation of the enemy's naval con- 
 tingent in the Patapsco was both active and 
 earnest, and in unison with the movements 
 and attack of the enemy on the north bank. 
 Their frigates, bomb ketches and small ves- 
 sels ascended the river and arranged them- 
 selves in a formidable line to bombard Ft. 
 McHenry and the city. The attack on Ft. 
 McHenry, which was garrisoned by the 
 command of Col. Armistead, was severe 
 and magnificent, if not effective. The 
 enemy's vessels in a half circle opened a 
 bombardment at a safe distance from the 
 guns of the fort and the batteries at 
 Lazaretto Point, opposite their range, be- 
 ing superior to that of the American guns, 
 and kept it up continuously from 6 a. m. 
 all day and night until i a. m. of the follow- 
 ing day, once or twice venturing within 
 range of the American guns, when they 
 were speedily driven ofT; failing to make 
 any impression on Ft. McHenry, they sent 
 a force of 1,200 men, under the escort of 
 rocket and bomb vessels, up the Patapsco 
 river, passed Ft. McHenry under cover of 
 night, and attempted a landing in rear of 
 the fort. The defenses of Locust Point be- 
 tween Ft. McHenry and the city of that 
 day consisted of Ft. Covington, located 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 43 
 
 within the present limits of Riverside Park, 
 and batteries at Ferry Branch. 
 
 The naval contingents were under the 
 command of Lieuts. Webster and New- 
 comb. This attack met with a most 
 disastrous defeat. The six-gun battery of 
 Webster especially did frightful execution 
 amongst the enemy's barges, and the whole 
 force retreated rapidly with severe loss un- 
 der the fire of every gun that could be 
 brought to bear upon them in their retreat, 
 including the guns from Ft. McHenry and 
 the Lazaretto. 
 
 After the repulse the enemy's long guns 
 resumed the bombardment of Ft. McHenry, 
 but daylight found the old flag still floating 
 proudly over the fort. It was the sight of 
 this that inspired Francis Scott Key, of 
 Maryland, then a prisoner on board of the 
 British frigate "Surprise," to compose the 
 American national anthem, "The Star 
 Spangled Banner." 
 
 The entire British forces both of the army 
 and navy speedily retired from their ill-fated 
 attempt to capture Baltimore, whose forti- 
 fications were to have been destroyed in 
 two hours and then terms offered to the 
 city. 
 
 The "Wellington Invincibles" had fallen 
 back before the despised citizen soldiers of 
 the Republic; the enemy's prisoners and de- 
 serters stating "that they had never before 
 experienced so destructive a fire." 
 
 The 2ist Regiment (British) who landed 
 500 men, alone reported a loss of 171 in 
 killed, wounded and missing. 
 
 The total loss to the army of Gen. Ross 
 was estimated at 700, including Maj. Gen. 
 Ross, then Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 The loss to the American forces was 
 
 twenty killed, ninety wounded and forty- 
 seven missing in action and prisoners. 
 
 This was the last demonstration by the 
 British against Baltimore during the war. 
 Her privateers continued active, until the 
 definite conclusion of peace between Great 
 Britain and the United States, February 
 15th. 1815. 
 
 The splendid record made by Baltimore 
 in its military and naval history, has been 
 happily appreciated by all patriotic Balti- 
 moreans as a priceless heritage to posterity. 
 The Wells and McComas and Battle monu- 
 ments attest this fact. 
 
 Our splendid 5th Regiment, National 
 Guards of Maryland of the present, recol- 
 lect with patriotic pride the gallant acts 
 of their predecessors, if not their progeni- 
 tors, of an earlier date; but the pride with 
 which other patriotic Americans regard the 
 contribution of Baltimore to the common 
 cause in the War of 1812-15 has been most 
 effectively described by a northern writer 
 of that date, who said, "When I call to mind 
 the spirit and acts of the Baltimoreans dur- 
 ing the war with England, I am inspired 
 with a feeling of esteem and veneration for 
 them as a brave and patriotic people, that 
 will endure with me to the end of my exist- 
 ence. During the whole struggle against 
 an inveterate foe, they did all they could to 
 aid and strengthen the hands of the gen- 
 eral government, and generally took the 
 lead in fitting out efficient privateers and 
 letters of marque to annoy and distress the 
 enemy and even to beard the old lion in 
 his den, for it is well known that their pri- 
 vateers captured many English ■vessels at 
 the very mouth of their own ports, in the 
 British Channel. When their own beauti- 
 ful city was attacked by a powerful fleet and 
 
44 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 army, how nobly did they defend them- 
 selves against the hand of the spoiler. 
 
 "The whole venom of the modern Goths 
 seemed concentrated against the Balti- 
 moreans, for no other reason but that they 
 had too much spirit to submit to insult and 
 tyrannical oppression. Many of the east- 
 ern people made a great mistake in count- 
 ing on the magnanimity of the British na- 
 tion to do them justice by mild and persua- 
 sive arguments. 
 
 "In making the remarks in praise of Bal- 
 timore I do not mean to disparage the noble 
 patriotism of many other cities of this glori- 
 ous Union, but I do mean to say that if the 
 same spirit that fired the hearts and souls 
 of the Baltimoreans had evinced itself 
 throughout our entire country, it would 
 have saved every American heart much 
 pain and mortification, and would, in my 
 opinion, have shortened the war." 
 
 Epoch IV. 
 The Mexican War, 1845-1S4S. 
 
 The annexation of the State of Texas by 
 the United States gave great umbrage to 
 our neighboring Republic of Mexico, al- 
 though as a matter of fact the gallant^ Tex- 
 ans had declared their independence of 
 Mexico and made that declaration good in 
 one of the most successful and glorious 
 struggles in which a people contending for 
 freedom had ever engaged ; moreover, their 
 independence had been acknowledged by 
 other powers besides the United States as 
 a separate and independent State. 
 
 The Republic of Texas applied for and 
 was duly incorporated in the United States 
 of America, and a small army of Americans 
 had been sent into Texas to protect its bor- 
 
 ders and for garrison duty. Their presence 
 upon the banks of the Rio Grande was re- 
 garded by Mexico as an act of war and a 
 Mexican army invaded the territory of the 
 United States and attacked the American 
 troops April 25th, 1846, under Gen. 
 Zachary Taylor. The American forces not 
 only defeated the Mexicans at the battles 
 of Palo Alto and Resaco de la Palmer, May 
 8-9, 1846, but promptly crossed the Rio 
 Grande and carried the war into Mexico. 
 
 On tlie 13th day of May, 1846, in pursu- 
 ance of a call for a meeting of the citizens 
 of Baltimore favorable to the raising of 
 volunteers to reinforce Gen. Taylor, an im- 
 mense concourse of citizens assembled in 
 Monument Square and were addressed by 
 Coleman Yellott, Esq.; Hon. Francis Gal- 
 lagher (afterwards a captain in Cole's Cav- 
 alry, JSIaryland \'olunteers. Civil War, 
 1861-65), and Wm. P. F'reston, Esq. Steps 
 were immediately taken to raise and eejuip 
 volunteers for the war and on the 4th day 
 of June, 1846, a company known as "Balti- 
 more's Own" left this city for Washington. 
 They were mustered into a regiment known 
 as the Baltimore andWashington Battalion. 
 The officers of the command were as fol- 
 lows: Capt. John R. Kenly, subsequently 
 promoted major (and during the Civil War 
 from 1861-65, the colonel of the ist Mary- 
 land Infantry — Federal — and major gen- 
 eral United States Volunteers); F. B. 
 Schaefifer, 1st lieutenant; Oden Bowie, 2nd 
 lieutenant. (Lieut. Bowie afterwards be- 
 came Governor of Maryland.) 
 
 This command with other Baltimoreans 
 who had enlisted in both the regular army 
 and navy, speedily departed for the seat of 
 war in Mexico. Three other companies, 
 making four in all, were subsequently 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 45 
 
 raised and assigned to the Baltimore and 
 Washington Battahon, under the command 
 of Lieut. Col. Watson. They served with 
 the army of Gen. Taylor in its attack upon 
 and capture of Monterey, Mex., Sept. 21, 
 1846, where they charged in the most gal- 
 lant manner on a battery under a galling 
 fire and were amongst the first to enter the 
 enemy's city, exposed during the attack to 
 a destructive fire from several batteries. 
 Lieut. Col. Watson was killed whilst lead- 
 ing his battalion, with nine of his gallant 
 comrades, when the command devolved on 
 Capt. Kenly, who handled it bravely during 
 the remainder of the day. 
 
 The battalion v.as subsequently trans- 
 ferred from the army of Gen. Taylor in 
 Northern IMexico to the army of invasion 
 under Gen. Winfield Scott, then advancing 
 from Vera Cruz to the capitol city of Mex- 
 ico. The Baltimore Battalion distinguished 
 itself in many hard-fought battles, and 
 gained a name worthy of the State of Mary- 
 land and the city of Baltimore. They were 
 mustered out of service on the expiration of 
 their term of enlistment at Tampico, Mex., 
 I\Iay 30th, 1847. 
 
 In a letter dated Tampico. Mex., May 
 31st. 1847, written by Maj. Robert C. 
 Buchanan, 4th U. S. Infantry (a gallant son 
 of Baltimore), addressed to the Hon. Jacob 
 C. Davies. Mayor of Baltimore, we find the 
 following: 
 
 "The term of service of the Baltimore 
 Battalion having expired, it becomes neces- 
 sary to make a suitable disposition of the 
 flag under whose folds it so gallantly 
 fought and so faithfully sustained the toils 
 and privations incident to the last twelve 
 months campaign. The officers of the 
 Battalion desire that it should be presented 
 
 to the corporation of the city, to be kept 
 in the City Hall as a memorial of their re- 
 gard for Baltimore : it therefore became my 
 agreeable duty to forward the flag to you, 
 the Chief Magistrate of the city, with the 
 request that it may be disposed of in accord- 
 ance with the wishes of the donors. By 
 our fellow-citizens it may well be regarded 
 with feeling of pride as having been the 
 standard of a body of their friends which 
 for 'good discipline, soldierly deportment 
 and efficiency, for hard service, stood in a 
 most enviable position. The Rio Grande, 
 Monterey, Victoria and Tampico will all 
 bear witness to the service of the Battalion. 
 Sergt. ]\Iaj. Wm. T. Lennox, who carried 
 the flag in the battle of Monterey, after 
 Hart was wounded, and who has been the 
 color bearer since that time, will be in- 
 structed with the duty of delivering it to 
 you." 
 
 After the muster-out of the Baltimore 
 Battalion, another battalion was recruited 
 in Baltimore and Washington, known as 
 the iSIaryland and District of Columbia 
 Regiment. Its commander was Lieut. Col. 
 Geo. W. Hughes, and Capt. John R. Kenly 
 was made major. Three companies of 
 Baltimoreans formed a part of this regi- 
 ment; they returned to the seat of war and 
 left Mexico with the American army June 
 22, 1848. 
 
 \\'hilst Baltimore did not have any other 
 distinctive organizations that took part in 
 the war with Mexico, its citizens volun- 
 teered freely and did splendid duty in both 
 the army and navy during this war. 
 
 The Legislature of Maryland adopted 
 
 resolutions expressive of the losses the 
 
 State sustained in the death of Col. Wat- 
 
 I son, of Baltimore, as well as those other 
 
46 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 gallant Marylanders, viz: Col. Truman 
 Cross, ;Maj. Samuel Ringold, Maj. Wm. 
 Lear, Capt. Randolph Ridgley and Passed 
 ^Midshipman John R. Hynson, all of whom 
 fell in the war with ^lexico. 
 
 The peace that was proclaimed in 1848 
 saw an empire added to the United States 
 of America, out of which many States have 
 been erected. In the acquisition of this 
 splendid addition to American territory, the 
 sons of Baltimore performed a noble part. 
 
 Epoch V. 
 The Civil War, 1860-1863. 
 
 The long contest coexistent with the 
 United States of America and the adoption 
 of its Constitution relative to the status, ex- 
 istence, legality and protection of African 
 slaven.- within the borders thereof, cul- 
 minated in November, i860, upon the elec- 
 tion of Abraham Lincoln as President of 
 the United States by the Republican party, 
 upon a platform "pledged to a policy cir- 
 cumscribing the limits of slavery" within 
 the bounos of what were then known as 
 the Southern or Slave States. 
 
 Although nearly ever}- one of the original 
 thirteen States that established the Ameri- 
 can Union had recognized the legality of 
 African slavery within their respective lim- 
 its, or were engaged in the African slave 
 trade itself, more especially with the South- 
 ern States, nevertheless they had seen fit 
 to abolish slaven,^ The Constitution of the 
 United States had abolished the .African 
 slave trade and subsequent legislation by 
 the L'nited States declared it piracy; and 
 although the principle of gradual emanci- 
 pation had made headway, as both a moral 
 and economic measure, even in some of the 
 Southern States, more especially in Mary- 
 
 land, which had at the time of the opening 
 of the Civil War more free colored people 
 than slaves within her borders, and had es- 
 tablished the largest and most prosperous 
 State in the Colony of Freemen at Liberia, 
 Africa, yet the slavery question had become 
 a political one, the pro-slavery party had 
 proclaimed "that the slavery question was a 
 paramount issue" and threatened to with- 
 draw or secede from the Union unless they 
 were not only guaranteed and assured of 
 protection to slaver}- within their limits, but 
 granted the same rights as to their property 
 in slavery within the new territories of the 
 I L'nited States until such a time as the new 
 States should decide whether or not they 
 would legalize slavery. 
 
 The election of Mr. Lincoln was looked 
 upon by many in the Southern States 
 as the acme of an irrepressible conflict, 
 and some of the Southern States attempted 
 to secede from the L'nion and establish an- 
 other Confederacy, which in the language 
 of the Hon. .Alexander Stevens, of Georgia, 
 who was elected their vice-president, 
 "should have slaver}- as its corner-stone." 
 
 Commissioners were sent to ^laryland 
 from some of the Southern States to in- 
 duce the State to "go and do likewise," but 
 although Maryland's business and social re- 
 lations were to a large extent connected 
 with her sister States of the South, never- 
 theless she had a large business connection 
 with the free States of the North and West. 
 Her slave-holding interest was small in 
 comparison with the other Southern Sates, 
 and it was self-evident to a majority of her 
 j people that it would be suicidal policy to 
 I link their fortunes with the Southern cause. 
 The divided sentiment in Baltimore and 
 Maryland caused manv of her sons to take 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 47 
 
 prompt individual action in the premises, 
 and hundreds and thousands of her citizens 
 upon the establishment of a government 
 and army in the Southern States, which 
 styled themselves "The Confederate States 
 of America," bid farewell to their old neigh- 
 bors and friends, oftentimes to father, or 
 son. or brother, who not only adhered to 
 but signified their intention "to fight for the 
 maintenance of the Federal Union," and 
 went South to enlist in the Confederate 
 arm\ and navy. 
 
 Meetings had been held in Baltimore in 
 behalf of the Union and also in behalf of 
 the Southern Confederacy; collisions be- 
 tween Union men and Southern sympa- 
 thizers had occurred, in one of which a se- 
 cession flag was torn down on Federal Hill 
 and a cannon engaged in saluting it pitched 
 into the harbor. Excitement was intense 
 when, on the 19th day of April, 1861, the 
 6th ]Massachusetts Regiment of Infantry 
 was attacked in the streets of Baltimore 
 whilst on tneir way to defend the National 
 Capitol. The railroad tracks on Pratt 
 street were blockaded (and most singular to 
 report) in part by the volunteer efforts of 
 colored people. The attack was not pre- 
 meditated or organized, and the local au- 
 thorities tried to preserve the peace. This 
 was the first blood shed in the Civil War, 
 four soldiers and twelve citizens were killed 
 besides a large number wounded on both 
 sides. The result was that the Southern 
 sympathizers pushed to the front and con- 
 trolled matters in Baltimore for a few days 
 subsequent to the affair, shaping the con- 
 duct of the civil authorities, &c. 
 
 The Union sentiment, although quiet, 
 was determined and demanded of the Fed- 
 eral authorities that thev should receive its 
 
 protection; "that Union troops should be 
 sent to Baltimore at once and an opportu- 
 nity given them to organize, not only for 
 their own protection, but to help fight for 
 the preservation of the Union itself." 
 
 After the Union troops entered Balti- 
 more, May 13, 1861, Gen. John R. Kenly, 
 of the Maryland Militia, tendered several 
 fegiments of militia to the General Govern- 
 ment, but the War Department declined the 
 offer because they wanted three years and 
 not three-months men. 
 
 The 1st Maryland Regiment of Infantry 
 was then organized in Baltimore, May, 
 1861, for three years, and John R. Kenly 
 made its colonel, who marched without de- 
 lay to the seat of war on the upper Potomac. 
 A draft of Baltimore seamen a short 
 time thereafter was sent to the flotilla of 
 Commodore Foote, in its movement from 
 Cairo southwards in that splendid struggle 
 that opened the Mississippi for navigation. 
 The military authorities suspended, re- 
 moved ana arrested such of the civil au- 
 thorities and citizens as they deemed un- 
 friendly or dangerous to the Union cause; 
 a new civil police force was created under 
 the auspices of the military authorities, and 
 no effort was spared to recognize, create and 
 maintain Union sentiment in Baltimore. 
 
 The Union element controlled the situa- 
 tion in Baltimore during the remainder of 
 the Civil War. 
 
 A regiment of Marylanders composed to 
 a great extent of Southern sympathizers 
 from Baltimore had been organized within 
 the Confederate lines on the upper Potomac 
 at Harper's Ferry, Va., by June, 1861. Ihis 
 regiment was commended for its gallantry 
 by Gen. Beauregard, C. S. A., especially 
 for its conduct at the battle of Manassas, 
 
48 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 or 1st Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861. 
 This regiment subsequently participated 
 in all of the severe campaigns and 
 battles incident to the movements of the 
 Confederate armies under Gens. R. E. Lee 
 and Stonewall Jackson in Virginia, in 1861, 
 and up to August 17, 1862, the date of ex- 
 piration of the original term of their en- 
 listment. 
 
 The surviving members of this disbanded 
 infantry regiment re-enlisted in other com- 
 mands and branches of the service of the 
 Confederacy and many of them were after- 
 wards in a legion known as the "Maryland 
 Line," composed of different arms of the 
 service — Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry — 
 commanded by Col. Bradley T. Johnson, 
 subsequently promoted brigadier general. 
 
 Another battalion of infantry composed 
 in part of Baltimoreans, known for a time 
 as the 1st Maryland Battalion of Infantry, 
 C. S. A., commanded by Lieut. Col. 
 James R. Herbert (who became one 
 of the police commissioners of Balti- 
 more after the war), was also organized. 
 Capt. J. Lyle Clark, a prominent Balti- 
 morean, also organized and commanded a 
 battalion in the Confederate States armv; 
 quite a number of Baltimoreans also went 
 South and enlisted in Col. Brown's ist 
 Maryland Cavalry Regiment, C. S. A., 
 which was organized at Winchester, \'a., 
 November 25th, 1862. 
 
 Maj. Harry Cilmore's Maryland Bat- 
 talion of Cavalry, C. S. A., was composed 
 largely of Baltimoreans; other Balti- 
 moreans joined the artillery and many en- 
 listed in regiments from other Southern 
 vStates. 
 
 The Maryland .Artillery connnancls in the 
 Confederate armv were known as "The 
 
 Baltimore Light Artillery" and the "Chesa- 
 peake Artillery." 
 
 All of the Alaryland regiments and bat- 
 teries which served in the Confederate 
 army were in constant active field duty 
 during the Civil War. They were noted 
 for their gallantry and devotion to the Con- 
 federate cause. 
 
 The 2nd Maryland Infantry (Federal) 
 was organized at Baltimore, Md., June, 
 1861, and immediately left for North Caro- 
 lina to join the expedition that so success- 
 fully reclaimed the coast region of that 
 State for the Union. 
 
 The 3rd Regiment Infantry, Maryland 
 X'olunteers, was organized at Baltimore, 
 Md., June 18, 1861, and shortly thereafter 
 joined the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 The 5th Maryland Infantry Regiment 
 was organized at Baltimore, Md., Septem- 
 ber, 1861, and shortly thereafter joined the 
 Army of the Potomac under Gen. McClel- 
 lan, in his Peninsular Campaign before the 
 Confederate Capitol of Richmond, &c. 
 
 Both the 2nd and 5th Regiments of In- 
 fantry and Purnell Legion of Infantry, 
 Maryland Volunteers, with Rigby's and 
 Snow's Baltimore Batteries, participated in 
 the battle of Antietam, Md., September 
 17th, 1862. They were conspicuous and 
 suffered severely in killed and wounded at 
 the Burnside Bridge and Bloody Lane, on 
 the right and left flanks, in that, the most 
 sanguinary one-day's battle of the Civil 
 War. 
 
 The I St Marj'land Infantry formed a part 
 of the army under Gen. Banks in the 
 Shenandoah Valley in 1862, and whilst sta- 
 tioned at Front Royal. Va., was attacked 
 May 23, 1862, by an overwhelming force 
 under Gen. Stonewall Jackson, and nearly 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 49 
 
 annihilated after a protracted struggle, but 
 their self-sacrifice, like that of the "Old 
 Maryland Line" of yore on Long Island 
 during the Revolutionary War, saved the 
 army of Gen. Banks from capture and de- 
 struction. 
 
 The Purnell Legion, composed of a 
 regiment of Lifantry, three companies of 
 Cavalry — A, B and C — and two batteries 
 of Artillery — Capt. Rigby's and Snow's A 
 and B — was organized from October to 
 Decemoer, 1861. 
 
 In July, August and September, 1862, 
 the famous Maryland Brigade, originally 
 composed of the 1st, 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th 
 Regiments of Infantry and Alexander's 
 Baltimore Battery of Light Artillery (with 
 the exception of the 1st Regiment), was or- 
 ganized at Baltimore for three years' ser- 
 vice. They were immediately assigned to 
 the defense of Baltimore as against Gen. 
 Lee's Confederate Army then invading 
 Maryland, which, however, simply made a 
 demonstration in the direction of Baltimore 
 and manoeuvred his army to environ and 
 capture the Federal army at Harper's 
 Ferry, Va. The Maryland Brigade was 
 then sent to reinforce the Army of the Poto- 
 mac at that time in western Maryland. 
 
 The 1st Maryland Cavalry was partially 
 organized at Baltimore in August, 1861, 
 and completed in western Maryland in 
 1862. 
 
 A large number of Baltimoreans enlisted 
 in other Maryland regiments at divers 
 times and in regiments from other States; 
 quite a number went to Frederick, Md., and 
 enlisted in that famous body of Cavalry 
 known as "Cole's Maryland Cavalry,' who 
 did sucn splendid service during the Civil 
 War (and included the Hon. Francis Gal- 
 
 lagher, who had been a prominent Demo- 
 cratic leader in Baltimore prior to the war). 
 
 The 9th Maryland Infantry (six months' 
 men) was organized in Baltimore August 
 12, 1863. 
 
 The loth Maryland Infantry (six months' 
 men) was organized in Baltimore June and 
 July, 1863. 
 
 The nth Marj-land Infantry Battalion 
 (one year men) was organized in Balti- 
 more September, 1863, subsequently in- 
 creased to a regiment by consolidation 
 with the 1st E. S. Infantry, Maryland Vol- 
 unteers. 
 
 The I2th Maryland Battalion of Infantry 
 (100 days men) was organized in Balti- 
 more July 30, 1864. 
 
 Two Independent batteries known as A 
 and B (six months men) were organized 
 at Baltimore July 14, 1863, and another 
 battery known as D was organized at Bal- 
 timore February 29, 1864. 
 
 While a large number of these regi- 
 ments were composed of Marylanders from 
 all parts of the State, nevertheless the Bal- 
 timore contingents were very numerous in 
 all of them; moreover, quite a number of 
 companies i f Infantry and Cavalry were 
 recruited in Baltimore for regiments or- 
 ganized in other parts of the State, notably 
 for "Cole's Cavalry," ist Regiment P. H. B. 
 Cavalry, ^Maryland \'alunteers, ist Regi- 
 ment Maryland Potomac Home Brigade 
 Infantry and 13th Maryland Infantry. 
 
 The 1st, 2nd, 3d and 5th Regiments of 
 Maryland Infantry, the ist Maryland Cav- 
 alry and Cole's Battalion Maryland Cavalry 
 "veteranized" in 1864. or re-cnlisted for the 
 war, a short time prior to the expiration of 
 their term of original enlistments. 
 
50 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The 1st Maryland Infantry performed 
 splendid service in Maryland, Virginia and 
 West Virginia, its original colonel, John R. 
 Kenly, was promoted brigadier and 
 major general and two of the colonels 
 who succeeded Kenly, namely, Dunshane 
 and Wilson, were killed in battle at the head 
 of their regiment. Col. David L. Stanton, 
 the last surviving colonel of the regiment, 
 who was promoted from the ranks through 
 the various grades and made brevet brig- 
 adier general, was made collector of inter- 
 nal revenue subsequent to the war. 
 
 The ist, 4th, 7th and 8th Regiments of 
 Infantry Maryland Volunteers constituted 
 the Maryland Brigade when it became a 
 part of Gen. U. S. Grant's army in the 
 famous Virginia Campaign that ended in 
 the surrender of Lee's army at Appomat- 
 tox, Va., April 9th, 1865. 
 
 The record of one regiment of the ]\Iary- 
 land Brigade is virtually the history of all. 
 They did splendid service and were an 
 honor to the State and city of Baltimore. 
 Col. Edwin H. Webster, of the 7th Regi- 
 ment, became a member of Congress and 
 subsequently collector of customs at Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Col. Charles E. Phelps, who succeeded 
 Col. Webster, was severely wounded and 
 promoted brevet brigadier general; he was 
 also elected a member of Congress and is 
 now one of the judges of the Supreme 
 bench of Baltimore City. 
 
 The colonel of the 8th Regiment. .\n- 
 drew W. Dennison, lost an arm in battle, 
 was made postmaster of Baltimore after the 
 war. Col. Harrison Adreon, of the 4th 
 Regiment of Infantry, was also made post- 
 master at Baltimore after the close of the 
 war. 
 
 The 2nd Regiment of Infantry was at 
 the famous siege of Knoxville, Tenn., No- 
 vember 17 to December 4, 1864, and served 
 creditably to the close of the war. 
 
 The 3rd Regiment made a fine record in 
 Virginia and at the battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 The 5th Regiment fought bravely at An- 
 tietam, Winchester and with Grant's army. 
 
 The 6th Regiment was known as the 
 "Fighting Sixth," and became a part of the 
 famous 6th Army Corps mentioned by 
 Lossing as one of the famous 300 fighting 
 regiments of the war, as Winchester, the 
 Wilderness, Cedar Creek and Appomattox 
 will attest. 
 
 The 9tl., loth, nth, 12th and 13th Regi- 
 ments of Infantry performed creditably the 
 duties assigned them. Col. Wm. E. W. 
 Ross, of the loth Regiment, who lost a leg 
 in battle, was brevetted brigadier general 
 and made assessor of internal revenue and 
 deputy postmaster at Baltimore after the 
 war. 
 
 The :st Regiment of Cavalry had a bril- 
 liant record and participated in all of tne 
 severe cavalry engagements of the Civil 
 War, especially at Brandy Station, \'a.., and 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 "Cole's Cavalry" made a splendid record 
 and receiveu a letter of commendation from 
 the General-in-Chief of the Army of the 
 United States for good conduct on the bat- 
 tle field, at London Heights, Va., January 
 10th, 1864. This command refused to sur- 
 render with the troops at Harper's Ferry, 
 \'a., September 15th, 1862, and headed the 
 cavalry who cut their way through the 
 army of Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Col. 
 Henry A. Cole, of this regiment, has been 
 an officer in the United States internal reve- 
 nue service at Baltimore for a number of 
 
HISTORY OF Baltimore:, Maryland. 
 
 5r 
 
 years. Col. Geo. W. F. Vernon, of the 
 same regiment, who lost an eye in battle, 
 was surveyor of customs at the port of Bal- 
 timore several years ago. 
 
 The 1st Regiment P. H. B. Infantry 
 Maryland \'olunteers, 3rd Maryland Infan- 
 try, 1st E. S. Infantry Maryland Volun- 
 teers, 1st Maryland Cavalry and Rigby's 
 Baltimore Battery of Light Artillery did 
 splendid service at the battle of Gettysburg 
 July I, 2 and 3, 1863. 
 
 Rigby's, Snow's and Alexander's Bat- 
 teries of Light Artillery, principally Balti- 
 moreans, did excellent service at the bat- 
 tles of Malvern Hill, Antietam, Winches- 
 ter, Gettysburg and Monocacy. 
 
 The navy of the United States contained 
 large contingents of Baltimoreans, both 
 white and colored, during the entire Civil 
 War and in every important naval engage- 
 ment of the war, whether on the Mississippi 
 with Conmiodore Foote, at New Orleans 
 and Mobile with Admirals Farragut and 
 Porter, off Charleston, at Wilmington, &c., 
 the gallant Baltimore sailor w-as repre- 
 sented. 
 
 The 4th, 7th and 39th U. S. Colored 
 Troops, although recruited at Baltimore, 
 were raised under the auspices of the 
 United State authorities and not classified 
 as jMaryland troops. They rendered very 
 creditable service. 
 
 Ihe official records show that the State 
 of Maryland furnished 50,316 soldiers and 
 3,925 sailors and marines to the armies and 
 navies of the United States during the Civil 
 War, and the records of the Confederate 
 War Department show that upwards of 
 
 20,000 Marylanders served in the Confed- 
 erate armies. A very large percentage in. 
 the L^nion and Confederate armies and the 
 L^nion navy were Baltimoreans. 
 
 The close of the Civil War in 1865 en- 
 abled the Government to promptly dis- 
 charge the armies. The Maryland com- 
 mands gladly returned to their homes in-: 
 Baltimore and Maryland amidst the plaud- 
 its of their fellow-citizens. The survivors 
 of the Maryland Brigade were welcomed 
 home by the Governor of Maryland and 
 ^layor of Baltimore at Druid Hill Park. 
 
 The passions, prejudices and hatreds of 
 the greatest civil war in history are rapidly 
 passing away, the cause of the war has been^ 
 removed. The prowess of the sons of Bal- 
 timore and Maryland, on land or sea, dur- 
 ing the Civil War remains a glorious as 
 well as a priceless heritage to posterity. 
 
 Baltimore and Maryland can and ought 
 to feel a just pride in the heroism and devo- 
 tion to duty of all her sons without regard 
 to the side on which they fought. Those of 
 the survivors who are physically able and 
 their children, many of whom are, at the 
 date of this writing, in the ranks of Balti- 
 more's splendid militia regiments, viz: the 
 4th and 5th Regiments Infantry, Maryland 
 National Guards, are ready and willing in 
 the present and future to fight for the old' 
 fiag and the honor of a common country. 
 
 The military and naval history of Balti- 
 more can be read with pride and pleasure 
 by the present and future generations. It 
 is a record of honor, patriotism and devo- 
 tion to principles and duty. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Educational Institutions of Baltimore. 
 
 J. H. Hollander, Ph. D., Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 The most remarkaljle development of 
 Baltimore in other than material and in- 
 dustrial affairs within recent years has un- 
 questionably been in the educational field. 
 Without losing any of its distinctive char- 
 acteristics, the city has become one of the 
 great educational centres of the country, 
 recognized as such in every quarter of the 
 globe, and attracting large bodies of stu- 
 dents from widely removed localities. The 
 Johns Hopkins University has attained the 
 front rank among higher institutions of 
 learning almost within the years which sim- 
 ilar institutions have devoted to mere tenta- 
 tive efforts. The activity of the Woman's 
 College has made the city an important 
 centre for the collegiate instruction of 
 women. In medicine, law, dentistry and 
 pharmacy, local institutions afford ample 
 facilities for study and research. Instruc- 
 tion in primary, secondary, collegiate, nor- 
 mal and technical studies is provided by a 
 graded system of public schools and by a 
 number of well-conducted preparatory 
 schools. Public libraries, choice art collec- 
 tions, musical opportunities, accessible lec- 
 ture courses, the incidental features of uni- 
 versity activity — supplement means of posi- 
 tive instruction and combine to make Bal- 
 timore of increasing attractiveness as a city 
 of residence and of increasing influence 
 upon American society. 
 
 I'rnLic Schools. 
 
 The ]niblic school system of Baltimore 
 dates from 1827, in which year an ordinance 
 
 creating a board of commissioners of pub- 
 lic schools and investing them with power 
 to establish schools was passed by the city 
 council. Two years later the first school 
 was opened. Instruction was at first ele- 
 mentary in character, but as tlie system ex- 
 panded and developed, secondary schools 
 were added to the primary schools then in 
 activity. The present system consists of 
 primary, grammar and high schools, in- 
 cluding the Baltimore City College, a Poly- 
 technic Institute and a higher school for 
 colored boys. Co-education does not en- 
 ter into any part of the system. Separate 
 schools are provided for colored children. 
 The school buildings are distributed over 
 the city and are for the most part modern, 
 substantial structures of brick and stone. 
 Instruction as well as text-books and sup- 
 plies arc provided entirely free of cost to all 
 residents of Baltimore. The administra- 
 tion of the system is in the hands of an 
 unpaid board of school commissioners, 
 composed of nine members appointed by 
 the Mayor for a term of six years. 
 
 The Baltimore Polytechnic Institute was the 
 first institution for manual training estab- 
 lished in the United States as an integral 
 part of any public school system. It is de- 
 signed less for teaching the details of par- 
 ticular handicrafts than for acquainting the 
 pupil with the general principles of techni- 
 cal activity. The institute is located in 
 specially adapted quarters on Courtland 
 street, with accommodations for five hun- 
 
ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 dred students. The older building con- 
 tains the workshops of the school. On the 
 ground floor are the boiler-room, sheet 
 metal and forge shops, with a steam blower 
 and steam exhaust fan. The machine 
 shops, pattern making shops and steam en- 
 gineering shops take up the third floor, 
 while the fourth is divided into two rooms, 
 used as carpentry and wood-carving shops. 
 The fifth floor of the new building is 
 planned for a natatorium and a covered 
 play and drill ground for the boys. A large 
 hall on the second floor is conveniently fur- 
 nished with opera chairs. On the third and 
 fourth floors are the hat, office, cloak, library 
 and recitation rooms and physical and 
 chemical laboratories. The fifth story is 
 divided into four large rooms, one each for 
 freehand and mechanical drawing, model 
 and exhibition. The hallway of this floor 
 is used as an armory. 
 
 The State Normal School, designed for the 
 training of teachers of both sexes and sup- 
 ported by State appropriations, is located 
 on the northwest corner of Lafayette and 
 Carrollton avenues. It occupies an at- 
 tractive building of red brick with sand- 
 stone trimmings, well arranged and equip- 
 ped for educational purposes. Each county 
 in the State is entitled to send two students 
 for each representative in the General As- 
 sembly. A limited number of other pupils 
 are admitted on payment of fixed tuiton 
 fees. 
 
 University of Maryland. 
 
 The genesis of the University of Mary- 
 lantl is found in the charter granted by 
 the General Assembly — 1807 — for the crea- 
 tion of the College of Medicine of Mary- 
 land. Five years later authority was con- 
 ferred by the Legislature, in ap enlarged 
 
 charter, for the addition of faculties of di- 
 vinity, law and arts. Of these, the power 
 relative to a faculty of divinity was never 
 exercised. Two attempts were made to or- 
 ganize a faculty of arts, but without endur- 
 ing success. The faculty of law after a 
 term of uncertain existence was revived 
 and reorganized in 1869, and has since con- 
 tinued in growing and successful activity. 
 It occupies a building adjoining the medi- 
 cal college on Lombard street. The depart- 
 ment has seven professors and over one 
 hundred students and the course of instruc- 
 tion extends over three years. 
 
 In point of continuous existence and of 
 relative importance the faculty of medicine 
 has thus far been the most noteworthy sec- 
 tion of the L^niversity of Maryland. In age 
 it is said to be the fifth medical school in 
 the United States. 
 
 The location of the university was deter- 
 mined by the purchase in 181 1 of a plot of 
 ground on the corner of Lombard and 
 Greene streets. Necessary funds having 
 Deen proviaed by a public lottery au- 
 thorized by the Legislature, a building, sug- 
 gested by the Pantheon at Rome, was 
 erected. At the time of its erection, this 
 structure formed one of the architectural 
 features Oi the city and was probably the 
 finest medical college building in the 
 country. Renovated and altered in the in- 
 terior, it stui remains the principal building 
 of tne university. For many years a for- 
 bidding wall enclosed tne site. This has 
 recently been removed and pleasant, grass- 
 covered slopes substituted. 
 
 In 1823 the Baltimore Infirmary or "Llni- 
 versity Hospital" was erected on the oppo- 
 site corner, a site which it still occupies in 
 much enlarged form. Connected with the 
 
M 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 university are a training school for nurses, 
 a free lying-in hospital on Lombard street, 
 . and a dental department organized in 1882. 
 The influence of the University of Mary- 
 land upon medical instruction in this coun- 
 try has been important. The original mem- 
 bers of the medical faculty and their suc- 
 cessors "introduced hygiene and medical 
 jurisprudence into their curriculum (1833); 
 they endeavored to increase the opportuni- 
 ties for instruction by voluntarily lengthen- 
 ing their course to six months; they early 
 taught auscultation and percussion (1841); 
 they instituted lectures on pharmacy 
 (1844); they gave a complete course on op- 
 erative surgery (1845) and pathology 
 (1847); they encouraged preparatory medi- 
 cal schools ; they were either first or second 
 to enforce dissection; they established com- 
 pulsory courses in experimental physiology 
 and microscopy (1854); they were among 
 the first to introduce the study of specialties 
 and first to make an independent chair of 
 • diseases of women and children." 
 
 Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 In the central part of the city, conve- 
 niently located and easily accessible, a 
 group of substantial but unostentatious 
 buildings house the activities of the Johns 
 Hopkins University, the most important 
 educational institution of Baltimore. The 
 various academic buildings abut upon 
 Howard, Eutaw, Monument and Little 
 Ross streets and occupy the greater portion 
 ■of the block included within these streets. 
 
 The Johns Plopkins University with its 
 sister institution, the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
 pital, owes its foundation to the large muni- 
 ficence of the Pjaltimore merchant whose 
 name it bears. A corporation was formed 
 in 1867, (luring the life-time and at the 
 
 request of the founder, and three vears 
 later a board of trustees was formally 
 organized. Upon the death of Johns Hop- 
 kins on December 24, 1873, it appeared 
 that the principal part of his fortune had 
 been bequeathed in practically equal parts 
 to the university and the hospital. Doc- 
 tor Daniel C. Oilman was vested with the 
 executive control of the institution in the 
 spring of 1875, and in the autumn of 1876 
 the work of instruction was formally in- 
 augurated. 
 
 The organization, method and scope of 
 the university have been described by Pres- 
 ident Oilman as follows: "The university 
 is organized upon the principle that it is a 
 body of teaciiers and scholars * * * In 
 this society are recognized two important 
 grades — the collegiate students who are as- 
 pirants for the diploma of Bachelor of Arts 
 
 and the university students, including 
 
 the few who may be candidates for a higher 
 diploma * * * and a large number who 
 without any reference to a degree are 
 simply continuing their studies for varying 
 periods. Corresponding to the wants of 
 these two classes of students, there are two 
 methods of instruction — the rule of the col- 
 lege, which provides discipline, drill, train- 
 ing in appointed tasks for definite periods; 
 and the rule of the university, the note of 
 which is opportunity, freedom, encourage- 
 ment and guidance in more difficult studies, 
 inquiries and pursuits." 
 
 In the twenty-one years of academic ac- 
 tivity since the opening of the university, 
 3,146 individuals have been enrolled as stu- 
 dents. Of these 1,054 have came from Bal- 
 timore; 1,299 from Maryland and ^,847 
 from sixty-two other States and countries. 
 ( )f the aggregate student body, 1,919 have 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 55 
 
 entered as graduates and 1,227 ^s under- 
 graduates; 532 persons have received the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts; 436, that of 
 Doctor of Philosophy; and 15 that of Doc- 
 tor of Medicine. The enrollment in 1897 
 was 520, of whom 344 were graduate 
 students and 176 undergraduates. Of the 
 graduate students, 134 vk^ere in attendance 
 in the medical department. The academic 
 staff numbered in the same year 109 
 teachers. 
 
 The buildings occupied by the university 
 have been erected in succession to meet the 
 growing needs of the institution. For 
 many years it was believed that the Howard 
 street site was merely temporary and that 
 the university would be ultimately located 
 at Clifton, the county seat of the founder. 
 The superior convenience of urban location 
 asserted itself, building after building has 
 been constructed in the city, and now there 
 is little probability of a change of site. 
 
 At the corner of Howard and Little Ross 
 streets stands the first university building 
 occupied — the nucleus of the academic 
 plant. It is now devoted to administrative 
 purposes and contains the offices of the 
 Johns Hopkins Press and of the Mary- 
 land Geological Survey and United States 
 Weather Bureau. Adjacent to it on the 
 west is the geological laboratory. On 
 the lower floor of this building is Hopkins 
 Hall, the first general lecture hall of the 
 university, now used as the principal chemi- 
 cal lecture hall. Situated next to this build- 
 ing on Little Ross street is the chemical 
 laboratory opened in its present form in 
 1883. It is a plain but substantial struc- 
 ture of pressed brick covering an area of 
 about fifty by one hundred feet, and con- 
 taining three full stories and a basement. 
 Well equipped laboratories for elementary 
 
 and advanced work, lecture rooms and 
 rooms for special chemical operations are 
 contained within the building. 
 
 At the southeast corner of Eutaw and 
 Little Ross streets stands the biological 
 laboratory, a well-lighted brick structure 
 harmonizing in style and symmetry with 
 the chemical laboratory. It is supplied 
 with lecture rooms and laboratories anS is 
 provided with the necessary equipment for 
 practical biological work. 
 
 The largest of the scientific laboratories 
 is the physical laboratory, on Monument 
 street. It is a fine structure of sand brick 
 laid in black mortar and trimmed with sand- 
 stone, with a broad flight of stone steps to 
 a large vestibule, the opening of which is 
 finely arched. In addition to ordinary 
 laboratory facilities, the building is 
 especially fitted for advanced research in 
 physical and electrical science. Motive 
 power is generated in an opposite building 
 and conveyed to the engines in the base- 
 ment of the laboratory. 
 
 The humanities are centered in McCoy 
 Hall, the largest and most prominent of 
 the university buildings. Its name com- 
 memorates the generosity of John W. Mc- 
 Coy, of whose estate the university was the 
 residuary legatee. The first floor contains a 
 large and a small lecture room and a series 
 of administration offices. The second and 
 third floors are devoted to the libraries, 
 class rooms, seminary rooms and pro- 
 fessors' studies of the departments of an- 
 cient and modern languages and of history, 
 politics and economics. The general li- 
 brary of the university is located on the 
 fourth floor. 
 
 At the northeast corner of Eutaw and 
 Little Ross streets, and directly connected 
 
56 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 with McCoy Hall, stands Levering Hall, 
 the home of the Johns Hopkins Y. M. C. 
 A. It was given by Mr. Eugene Levering, 
 and is the centre of much of the -social life 
 of the university. The lower floor is de- 
 voted to a pleasantly appointed library and 
 reading room, a chapel room and a com- 
 mittee room. The second floor contains the 
 main hall of the building. 
 
 A new gymnasium has been erected, fac- 
 ing upon Garden street and extending east 
 to Howard street. It contains in addition 
 to the gymnasium proper, dressing rooms, 
 baths, etc., a spacious "cage" for indoor 
 practice of outdoor sports. 
 
 The educational plant of the medical 
 school is located in immediate proximity 
 to the Johns Hopkins Hospital in East 
 Baltimore. 
 
 One of the most important scientific ac- 
 tivities of the Johns Hopkins University 
 and the agency through which its largest 
 clientele is reached is the publication of sci- 
 entific journals and monographs. For a 
 term of years serials devoted to mathemat- 
 ics, chemistry, philology, biology, history 
 and assyriology have been published under 
 the editorial guidance of members of the 
 academic stafT and with the financial sup- 
 port of the university. Special scientific 
 monographs have been issued from time to 
 time by the John Hopkins Press, and in 
 the office of President Gilman is to be found 
 a remarkable collection of many hundred 
 volumes and brochures • representing the 
 scientific contributions made to almost 
 every department of learning by persons 
 at some time or other connected with the 
 university. 
 
 The library of the university includes 
 some 84,000 well-selected volumes, incor- 
 
 porating certain valuable special collections 
 such as the "McCoy library," rich in works 
 relating to the history of art; the 
 "Bluntschli library," in historical and po- 
 litical science, and "the Dillman library," 
 in Semitic philology and literature. The 
 choice collections of the Peabody Institute, 
 numbering 130,000 volumes, admirably 
 supplement the university library and 
 place a rich bibliographical apparatus at the 
 disposition of the student and investigator. 
 
 To the ordinary visitor one of the most 
 interesting portions of the university is 
 the department of History, Politics and 
 Economics, occupying a series of seven 
 rooms on the third floor of the McCoy Hall. 
 The largest room contains the Bluntschli 
 library and is used as a general seminary 
 room. Here are preserved the Bluntschli 
 MSS. and certain papers of his friend 
 Lieber and Laboulaye. Adjoining are 
 smaller rooms devoted to European history 
 and politics. Across the corridor are a large 
 department lecture room, the ofifice of the 
 director of the department, and rooms de- 
 voted to jurisprudence and to Southern his- 
 tory. The end of the corridor is pleasantly 
 fitted with chairs and carpet and serves for 
 conversation and social intercourse in the 
 intervals between formal academic appoint- 
 ments. The walls of the several rooms are 
 adorned with portraits and prints, and mu- 
 seum cases contain interesting collections 
 which at various times have been presented 
 to the department. 
 
 The recent years of the university have 
 been characterized by anxiety regarding its 
 financial position. The difificulties in which 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad has become 
 involved, deprivethe university of an annual 
 
 income of $150,000. enjoyed in the early 
 
.<SW'^^^-(^-ri.^ 
 
 Tv^CS^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAND. 
 
 57 
 
 years of the institution. Citizens of Balti- 
 more and other persons interested in the 
 progress of higher education have upon 
 two successive occasions came forward and 
 provided by generous subscriptions consid- 
 erable "emergency funds" for the prosecu- 
 tion of the university work. This support 
 has made it possible for the university to 
 continue its work ' without contraction. 
 But, on the other hand, diminished re- 
 sources have made impossible the expan- 
 sion and development necessary to a great 
 university. In a recent public statement 
 President Oilman, referring to the shrink- 
 age in income, said: "It is easy to see what 
 might be done if such a sum could now be 
 added to our income — how many improve- 
 ments might be made, what enlarged op- 
 portunities could be here afforded for the 
 advancement of knowledge and the educa- 
 tion of youth." It is earnestly to be hoped 
 that the possibility thus suggested may be 
 speedily realized, and the recent action of 
 the State of Maryland in granting $100,000 
 in aid of the university be supplemented 
 by individual gifts. 
 
 The Wo.max's College of Baltimore. 
 An enduring memorial of the centennial 
 anniversary of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church is the Woman's College of Balti- 
 more. The institution was projected by the 
 Baltimore Annual Conference at the ses- 
 sion of 1884 held in Washington. Incor- 
 poration was effected on January 26, 1885. 
 Instruction was actually begun on Septem- 
 ber 17, 1888. On April 3, 1890, a special 
 act of the Maryland Legislature amended 
 and enlarged the original charter and con- 
 ferred upon the institution its present name. 
 In September, 1890, the Girls' Latin School 
 
 was organized for the purpose of preparing 
 candidates for collegiate matriculation. 
 
 The remarkable growth and expansion of 
 the college since its foundation have largely 
 been made possible by a series of generous 
 gifts from persons interested in the col- 
 legiate education of women. The most 
 noteworthy contributions of this character 
 have been made by Dr. John F. Goucher, 
 the present executive head of the college; 
 Mr. Henry Shirk, Sr., Mr. B. F. Bennett, 
 Mr. Alcaeus Hooper, Mr. Francis A. Crook 
 and Mr. William E. Hooper. The endow- 
 ment and plant of the college are valued at 
 the present time at about one and a quarter 
 million dollars. 
 
 The buildings of the college form a group 
 of imposing structures in the northern sec- 
 tion of the city, centering about the fine 
 First Methodist Episcopal Church and its 
 stately campanile of granite capped with 
 dark red tiles, at the northwest corner of 
 St. Paul and Twenty-second streets. Im- 
 mediately adjoining the church and occupy- 
 ing the remainder of the block is Goucher 
 Hall, the most important building of the 
 college. Directly opposite on the north 
 side* of Twenty-third street is Bennett Hall, 
 the college gymnasium. Immediately be- 
 hind Bennett Hall and connected therewith 
 is Bennett Hall Annex. The three "college 
 homes" for resident students are situated 
 in close proximity on Twenty-third street. 
 At the northeast corner of St. Paul and 
 Twenty-fourth street is the Girls' Latin 
 School. Goucher Hall, Bennett Hall and 
 Bennett Hall Annex are fine granite struc- 
 tures of the Romanesque types. The 
 "homes" are pleasing brick buildings. 
 
 Goucher Hall has been named by request 
 of the trustees of the college after its donor. 
 
58 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 President John F. Goucher. It is a massive 
 granite building, four stories in heighth, of 
 Romanesque architecture, one hundred and 
 sixty-five feet long and ninety feet deep. 
 It is arranged in three pavilions, which are 
 connected by corridors. A large galleried 
 hall open to the roof constitutes the middle 
 pavilion, while those at either end are di- 
 vided into lecture rooms. The administra- 
 tion rooms are arranged upon each side of 
 the connecting corridors. In the construc- 
 tion of the building special attention has 
 been paid to secure the best results in light- 
 ing, heating and ventilation. 
 
 Bennett Hall, the college gymnasium, and 
 the gift of Mr. B. F. Bennett, is a massive 
 granite structure, two stories in heighth, 
 harmonizing with the group of buildings of 
 which it forms a feature. It contains a 
 swimming pool, a walking track, bowling 
 alley, baths of various kinds, and is provided 
 with a complete equipment for general and 
 special gymnastic exercise. From the 
 foundation of the college, the physical cul- 
 ture of students has been made an import- 
 ant feature of its activity. It has throughout 
 been represented upon the faculty of the 
 college, and every efifort is made by sys- 
 tematic and carefully supervised exercises, 
 both indoor and outdoor, to attain the end 
 in view. 
 
 Bennett Hall Annex is united Ijy an en- 
 closed archway from the second floor with 
 Bennett Hall, with which it harmonizes in 
 architectural style. It was also the gift of 
 Mr. Bennett, who presented it to the college 
 in November, 1893. The upper floor is 
 available for gymnastic exercise, while the 
 lower floor is employed as a scientific labor- 
 atory. 
 
 The college homes are essentially alike 
 
 and are designed to accommodate about 
 seventy persons each. Each home is in 
 charge of a matron and is devoted exclu- 
 sively to the purpose of residence. The 
 buildings are fitted throughout in hard- 
 wood, are well heated and lighted, and are 
 made conveniently accessible by elevator 
 service. 
 
 The primary purpose of the institution is 
 the collegiate training of young women. 
 The studies necessary for this degree are 
 distributed over a four years' course, cul- 
 minating in a baccalaureate degree, al- 
 though under special circumstances stu- 
 dents are permitted or encouraged to devote 
 a longer or shorter period of time thereto. 
 The entire collegiate course combines re- 
 quired and elective studies in nearly equal 
 proportion. This freedom is however sub- 
 ject to important modification. The elec- 
 tive studies must harmonize both with one 
 another and with the required courses, and 
 the required studies must ordinarily be 
 taken at a definite stage of the course. 
 
 Tlie tendency of the college has been de- 
 s*.ribed by the dean of the faculty. Rev. 
 John B. VanMeter, as follows: "This col- 
 lege is denominational, planted, fostered, 
 maintained and governed by the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church. It is not, in any 
 narrow sense, sectarian. It may be per- 
 mitted to define a sectarian institution as 
 one that seeks through educational influ- 
 ences to determine the minds of its students 
 in favor of the tenets or methods of some 
 one religious organization. This is no part 
 of the idea which lies at the foundation of 
 this college. Its projectors recognized the 
 obligations of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church to do its part in the general work 
 of education, ami felt especially its responsi- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 59 
 
 bility to provide ample educational facilities 
 for the young women of its communion." 
 
 St. Mary's Seminary of St. Sulpice. 
 At the corner of Paca and St. Mary's 
 streets, occupying a series of brick build- 
 ings enclosed by a high wall, is located the 
 oldest Roman Catholic theological semi- 
 nary in the United States, St. Mary's Semi- 
 nary of St. Sulpice. The history of the in- 
 stitution is most interesting. To save his 
 society from the destruction to all religious 
 orders, threatened by the French Revolu- 
 tion, the Rev. Andre Emery, Superior Gen- 
 eral of the Society of St. Sulpice, conceived 
 the idea of promoting the specific object of 
 his order, the training of candidates for the 
 priesthood, in the New World. He con- 
 sulted in England, Rev. John Carroll, who 
 had just been appointed in Baltimore to the 
 first episcopal see in the United States. The 
 newly consecrated bishop urged that a new 
 home for the Sulpicians should be founded 
 in Maryland, and in 1791 a little body of 
 four Sulpicians and five seminarians crossed 
 over from Paris and began their labors upon 
 the very site now occupied by the institu- 
 tion. 
 
 The number of young men presenting 
 themselves f^r theological training was at 
 first limited. Accordingly the faculty en- 
 larged the scope of their activity and 
 founded St. Mary's College for the secular 
 education of young men. At first the stu- 
 dents were limited to Spaniards and French; 
 but in 1803 this qualification was removed 
 and the college was open to all young men, 
 without distinction of birth or even religion. 
 In January, 1805, St. Mary's College was 
 raised to the rank of university by the Mary- 
 land Legislature, and vested with power to 
 admit its graduates to any of the degrees 
 
 ordinarily conferred by European or Ameri- 
 can higner institutions of learning. Acad- 
 emic degrees were for the first time con- 
 ferred in August, 1806. Thus auspiciously 
 launched, the college continued for many 
 years in successful activity, enjoying a dis- 
 tinguished reputation in the educational 
 world and exercising an important influence 
 upon the community. Many of the figures 
 most prominent in Maryland public life dur- 
 ing the first half of the century received 
 some part of their intellectual training from 
 this institution. 
 
 But the original purpose of the founda- 
 tion was never forgotten and in 1852, much 
 to the regret of a large element in the com- 
 munit3% St. Alary's College and its work of 
 secular education was discontinued. This 
 action was nastened by the success attend- 
 ing the operations of St. Charles College, 
 an institution designed for preparatory 
 clerical training, and founded on lands in 
 Howard county donated by Charles Car- 
 roll, of Carrollton, the venerable signer of 
 the Declaration of Independence. It was 
 also understood that the Jesuit fathers 
 would speedily fill the vacant place. This 
 was actually done by the foundation of 
 Loyola College. Something of the educa- 
 tional influence of St. Mary's College upon 
 the city of Baltimore and the State of Mary- 
 land will be realized when it is understood 
 that among the graduates of the college 
 during the half century of its activity were 
 included William Howard, Charles H. Car- 
 roll, Frederick Pinckney, John H. B. La- 
 trobe, Ferdinand E. Chatard, Courtney 
 Jenkins, S. Teackle Wallis, Clement C. Bid- 
 die, Reverdy Johnson, Jr., Oden Bowie, A. 
 Leo Knott, E. Edward Hambleton and 
 many other distinguished citizens. 
 
60 
 
 HISTORY OF Baltimore;, Maryland. 
 
 New buildings were erected from time to 
 time, and in 1877 the first part of the pres- 
 ent series of structures was occupied. A 
 corresponding influx of candidates made 
 necessary in 1886 a division of the divinity 
 course. Some years earlier the two depart- 
 ments of philosophy and theology had been 
 separated, and special lines of development 
 marked out for each. At the present time 
 the prosperity of St. Mary's Seminary is 
 pronounced, and the number of students — 
 about two hundred and fifty pursuing theo- 
 logical and philosophical studies — is pri- 
 marily limited by the accommodations of 
 the buildings. 
 
 After the separation of the college from 
 the seminary the affairs of the latter institu- 
 tion steadily grew in prosperity. The build- 
 ings could be modified to meet the needs 
 of students of theology and philosophy, and 
 the seminarians were no longer diverted 
 from their primary interests by academic 
 duties. The number of priests in attendance 
 in the fifty-eight years from 1791 to 1849 
 was only one hundred and fourteen, while 
 in the eleven years from 1850 to 1861 there 
 were one hundred and twelve, belonging to 
 twenty-six dioceses, and including many 
 ecclesiastics since distinguished among the 
 Catholic clergy in the United States. 
 
 Within the past decade at least three 
 events notable in the history of the Roman 
 Catholic Church in the United States have 
 been celebrated within the walls of St. 
 Mary's Seminary. In tlie autunni of 1885 
 the sessions of the Third Plenary Council 
 were held there. In October, 1891, oc- 
 curred the centenary of the founding of the 
 college, and the anniversary was celebrated 
 \\-ith imposing and prolonged ceremonies. 
 A feature of the occasion was the reunion 
 
 of graduates of the college and the forma- 
 tion of an alumni association "to transmit 
 to the future generations of students the 
 sweet memories of the centenary." A third 
 great occasion was the celebration of the 
 silver episcopal jubilee of the most distin- 
 guished alumnus of the college, his Emi- 
 nence, Cardinal Gibbons. The institution 
 also took appropriate part in the impressive 
 ceremonies attending the centennial anni- 
 versary of the Baltimore Metropolitan See 
 and the inauguration of the Catholic Uni- 
 versity of America in Washington on No- 
 vember 10, 1889. 
 
 Connected with St. Mary's Seminary is 
 St. Joseph's Seminary for the education of 
 colored priests. 
 
 Medical Colleges. 
 
 Perhaps no city in the United States af- 
 fords superior opportunities for instruction 
 in medicine and surgery than is provided 
 by Baltimore. jMention has already been 
 made of the medical departments of the 
 Johns Hopkins University and of the Uni- 
 versity of ^laryland. Other important in- 
 stitutions offering medical instruction are 
 described in the following paragraphs. 
 
 The Medical and Chiriirgical Faeidty of 
 Maryland is entitled to priority in this con- 
 nection. It was incorporated in 1799 for 
 the purpose of disseminating medical 
 knowledge throughout the State, and is an 
 examining rather than a teaching body. 
 The home of the organization is on Hamil- 
 ton Terrace, where its valuable library is 
 preserved and where periodic meetings are 
 held. 
 
 The College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 is an outgrowth of the Washington Med- 
 ical College, formed in 1872 by a dissenting 
 
HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 61 
 
 element of the faculty of the latter institu- 
 tion. The institution rapidly expanded and 
 in 1877 it absorbed the older body. The 
 college now occupies a well appointed struc- 
 ture at the corner of Calvert and Saratoga 
 streets. It has control over the Baltimore 
 City Hospital, whose building adjoins its 
 own, and over the Maryland Lying-in Asy- 
 lum. It has also the privileges of Bay View 
 Asylum, Children's Nursery and Hospital 
 and other institutions. 
 
 The Baltimore Medical College was organ- 
 ized in 1881, and is thus the third oldest 
 medical school in Baltimore. It occupies 
 a line building at the corner of Linden ave- 
 nue and Madison street, and controls the 
 Maryland General Hospital, whose build- 
 ings adjoin its own. 
 
 The Baltimore Unii'ersity was founded in 
 1S84 by former members of the Baltimore 
 Medical College. Established originally as 
 a medical school, the institution has since 
 availed itself of the broad provisions of its 
 charter and added dental, veterinary and 
 law departments to the original medical 
 school. The institution is located on Bond 
 street. 
 
 The Woman's Medical College was organ- 
 ized in 1882 and is located at the corner of 
 Hoffman and McCulloh streets. It was the 
 first institution in Baltimore to afford thor- 
 ough medical instruction to women, and in 
 this respect may be regarded as the forerun- 
 ner of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, 
 where the two sexes are now received upon 
 the same terms. 
 
 The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery 
 was chartered by the Legislature of Mary- 
 land in 1839, and is thus the oldest dental 
 college in the world. The site of the in- 
 
 * Prepared by Dr. P. R. Uhler. 
 
 stitution has changed with its growth, and 
 is at present the southeast corner of Frank- 
 ling and Eutaw streets, where a well equip- 
 ped building is occupied. 
 
 Mention should also be made of the 
 Maryland College of Pharmacy, at the corner 
 of Fayette and Asquith streets, and of the 
 Southern Homoeopathic Medical College, on 
 Saratoga near Charles street. 
 
 Private Schools. 
 An important part of the educational 
 work of Baltimore is performed by institu- 
 tions which may be conveniently described 
 as private schools. Especially notable are 
 Calvert Hall, occupying a fine building at 
 the corner of Mulberry and Cathedral 
 streets, and managed by the Brothers of 
 Christian Schools, a fraternity of the Roman 
 Catholic Church ; Bryn Mazi'r School, whose 
 model building at the corner of Cathedral 
 and Preston streets is the gift of ]\Iiss i\Iary 
 Garrett; The Oliver Hibernian Free School, 
 on North street, founded as a free school 
 for poor children of Irish parentage; 
 Academy of the Visitation, at the corner of 
 Centre street and Park avenue; Loyola Col- 
 lege, under the direction of the Jesuit Fath- 
 ers, on Calvert and ]\Iadison streets. 
 
 The Peabody Institute. '■' 
 This great institution was endowed by 
 George Peabody, an American banker, who 
 at the time of its foundation resided in Lon- 
 don, but who had made the first part of his 
 great fortune in Baltimore between the 
 years 1815 and 1836. A strong friendship 
 for the people of this city led him to deter- 
 mine that he would found an institution 
 which would advance the intellectual and 
 moral culture of the whole communitv. In 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the year 1854, after consultation with friends 
 in Baltimore as to the kind of institution 
 which might best fulfill his purposes, he pro- 
 ceeded to develop the scheme. With the 
 aid of the Hon. John P. Kennedy and one 
 or two other associates he matured a plan 
 which he embodied in a letter, dated Feb- 
 ruary 12, 1857, to twenty-five gentlemen of 
 this city, whom he selected to be trustees to 
 carry his designs into eflect. At the same 
 time he placed a fund of $300,000 at their 
 disposal, to be expended in securing a site, 
 erecting a building and maintaining an edu- 
 cational establishment of the highest order, 
 which should include a library, a school of 
 lectures, an academy of music, a gallery of 
 art and a system of premiums to the high 
 schools of the city. These gentlemen ac- 
 cepted the trust in the sprit of the founder, 
 and immediately proceeded to secure a piece 
 of ground for a building. A site was se- 
 lected on Mount Vernon Place, near the 
 Washington Monument, and a massive 
 white marble building, one hundred and 
 fifty feet long by seventy-five feet wide, was 
 begun in 1858, and the cornerstone laid on 
 the sixteenth of April, 1859. This wing was 
 finished and ready for use in the autumn of 
 1861. 
 
 In the meantime Mr. Peabody increased 
 his gift to $500,000, and on the occasion of 
 his visit to Baltimore in 1866 he raised the 
 endowment to $1,000,000. To this princely 
 sum, in 1869, he added Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee bonds, which brought the fund to a 
 total of $1,240,000. This west wing when 
 completed was provided with a lecture hall, 
 occupying the entire lower floor, and above 
 it was placed a library apartment, one hun- 
 dred feet long by forty feet wide, separated 
 by a longitudinal partition from a large 
 
 reading room and offices for public busi- 
 ness. Before the building was finished the 
 Rev. Dr. John G. Morris resigned his place 
 in the board of trustees to take the position 
 of librarian. The functions of this office he 
 exercised with wonderful ability from i860 
 to the summer of 1867, and he also assisted 
 the committees in securing able lecturers 
 and accomplished concert masters. 
 
 During the first three years the collec- 
 tions of books grew less rapidly than later, 
 because of the high rates of exchange and 
 the necessity of importing books from 
 Europe. Only books of scholarly value 
 were to be collected, and much time was 
 spent in preparing printed lists of such as 
 were suitable for a library of reference. 
 From 1861 to the month of May, 1866, 
 about 15,000 volumes had been collected, 
 and their titles written on cards, were placed 
 in drawers for the use of all persons who 
 came to read in the library. As an appro- 
 priation of $100,000 had been made for 
 books and maps, large orders were sent to 
 the three agents in Europe, and great num- 
 bers of volumes were shipped to the insti- 
 tute before the close of the year 1866. 
 
 The library, which had been placed and 
 arranged on the second floor of the west 
 wing, was formally opened to the public on 
 October 25, 1866, in the presence of the 
 founder. On this occasion Mr. Peabody 
 received the citizens of Baltimore at the in- 
 stitute, and listened to an address written 
 by the Hon. John P. Kennedy, which in his 
 absence was delivered by Judge George W. 
 Dobbin. To this Mr. Peabody replied in 
 a sympathetic tone which deeply impressed 
 the large audience that crowded the hall. 
 The Governor of the State, Hon. Thomas 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 63 
 
 Swaiin, was also present and spoke in honor 
 of the occasion. 
 
 The work of the institute was now in full 
 Operation, the library was open to the pub- 
 lic from nine until four o'clock daily ex- 
 cept Sunday; courses of lectures were de- 
 livered in the autumn and winter; public 
 concerts of orchestral music were given in 
 the large hall, and premiums of money and 
 gold medals were annually conferred upon 
 the most distinguished graduates of the city 
 high schools. 
 
 In the month of June, 1867, the Rev. Dr. 
 Morris withdrew from his position in the 
 institute, and the assistant librarian, Mr. P. 
 R. Uhler, remained in charge of the library 
 until the autumn, when Mr. Nathaniel H. 
 Morison, the newly elected provost, entered 
 upon his duties as chief executive officer of 
 the institute. At this time the library had 
 secured more than 22,000 bound volumes, 
 and the written catalogue included about 
 100,000 cards. Two years later a more 
 complete organization of nearly all depart- 
 ments of the institute had been developed 
 and plans of management adopted which 
 have mostly continued to the present time. 
 
 Mr. Peabody placed the library first in 
 his scheme of organization, and recognizing 
 this fact the new provost directed his most 
 earnest attention to the steady increase of 
 the already valuable collection of books, un- 
 til at the time of his death in November, 
 i8go, the library contained 100,000 volumes. 
 He also superintended the construction of 
 the catalogue, directed the series of lectures, 
 attended to the general interests of the con- 
 servatory of music, and regulated the busi- 
 ness of the institute in connection with the 
 committee controlling the several depart- 
 ments. 
 
 In the month of April, 1875, a new wing 
 of the building was begun, and every sttge 
 of its construction studied and watched by 
 the provost until its completion in July, 
 1878. This new division extended the front 
 to a width of nearly one hundred and sev- 
 enty-five feet, and gave place for a library 
 hall and work rooms capable of accommo- 
 dating nearly 500,000 volumes, a reading 
 room with space for seating one hundred 
 persons, two large rooms on the second 
 floor to hold statuary, and a basement di- 
 vided into two fine lecture halls, with the 
 accompanying smaller rooms and janitor's 
 apartments. 
 
 After the completion of the building the 
 library, numbering 40,000 volumes, was re- 
 moved to the new wing, and the old hall 
 was fitted for and occupied by the gallery 
 of paintings. Upon the death of Dr. Mori- 
 son, the librarian. Dr. P. R. Uhler, was 
 made provost of the institute. 
 
 The institute building is now occupied by 
 a library of costly scholarly books, number- 
 ing about 130,000 volumes; a gallery of 
 art, embracing the Garrett, Rinehart and 
 McCoy statuary, and the collections of oil 
 paintings, also left to the institute by Mr. 
 McCoy. A large part of the west wing, 
 above the lecture hall, is occupied by the 
 conservatory of music, where the director, 
 Mr. Asger Hamerick, assisted by six profes- 
 sors, conducts the studies of advanced pu- 
 pils, who after critical examination have 
 been admitted to the privileges of the de- 
 partment of music. In the large hall lec- 
 tures and symphony concerts of the highest 
 grade are given during the winter season, 
 and in the smaller halls musical recitals and 
 students' concerts are conducted through 
 the scholastic term. Bv a recent decision 
 
64 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of the trustees the library is kept open dur- 
 ing all the fall and winter months from nine 
 o'clock in the morning until 10.30 at night. 
 
 This "university for the people" is now 
 carrying tlie blessings of the higher educa- 
 tion down to the every-day life of this com- 
 munity, and touching all the outlying sec- 
 tions of the neighborhood with the benedic- 
 tions pronounced by Mr. Peabody. By its 
 valuable library, including every depart- 
 ment of human thought, and by the splen- 
 did culture afiforded by its musical and ar- 
 tistic opportunities, this institute is doing 
 the benevolent work designed by its 
 founder. 
 
 .'\t the present time the lil:)rary numbers 
 many volumes, distributed throughout al- 
 most every branch of knowledge. Free to 
 all, and as accessible as it can be readily 
 made, it is meant to be the study of the 
 student and the resort of the investigator. 
 
 The gallery of art contains an extensive 
 collection of antique casts, presented by the 
 late John W. Garrett; a choice collection 
 of paintings, largely the gift of the late John 
 W. McCoy; some of the best works of Rine- 
 hart, including Clytie, the masterpiece of 
 the distinguished American sculptor. The 
 gems of the gallery are a series of marbles 
 and bronzes, the legacy of John W. McCoy, 
 contained in the Clytie room. The gallery 
 has recently received important accessions 
 from the estate of the late Mr. Charles J. 
 M. Eaton, of Baltimore. 
 
 The Maryland Institute. 
 The prospect of an institution in Balti- 
 more for popular technical and scientific 
 education seems to have been suggested by 
 the Franklin Institute, organized in Phila- 
 delphia in 1824. On January 10, 1826, the 
 
 first Maryland Institute was incorporated 
 by the State Legislature. Its purpose was 
 the dissemination of scientific information 
 by series of popular lectures, by periodic 
 industrial exhibits and by similar agencies. 
 Several exhibitions of American manufac- 
 tures were held, and a permanent home for 
 the institute was secured in the Athenaeum 
 Building, on the corner of Lexington and 
 St. Paul streets. Here were provided lec- 
 ture and instruction rooms, laboratories and 
 a library, and regular courses of instruction 
 in science. The prosperity of the institute 
 was brought to an a!:>rupt termination by the 
 destruction of the Athenaeum by fire on 
 February 7, 1835. The entire equipment 
 of the institution was there destroyed, and, 
 although the membership then included 
 more than seven hundred persons, the 
 catastrophe virtually destroyed the organi- 
 zation. 
 
 Twelve }'ears later the plan of the orig- 
 inal institute was revived, and on Febru- 
 ary 15, 1850, an act of incorporation was 
 passed by the Maryland Legislature. Au- 
 thority was secured a little later for the erec- 
 tion of the present building on Marsh Mar- 
 ket Space, and in 185 1 the first industrial 
 exhibition in the new building, the fourth 
 in all, was held. For a term of years such 
 exhibitions were held annually, the last tak- 
 ing place in 1878. Lecture courses were 
 also given in the institute by many of the 
 men most distinguished in American public 
 life. The associations connected with the 
 hall of the institute are noteworthy. 
 "There, in 1851, a reception was given to 
 Kossuth, and a year later both the Demo- 
 cratic and the Whig national conventions 
 met within its walls. In 1836 the old-line 
 Whig convention indorsed Fillmore there. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and there in 1857 the reception to George 
 Peabody was held, and the body of Dr. 
 Kane, the Arctic explorer, lay there in 
 state. In i860 the first embassy from Japan 
 to our country was received there, and 
 there, too, met the bolting Democratic con- 
 vention which nominated Breckenridge for 
 the presidency." 
 
 The present activity of the institute cen- 
 tres in its "Schools of Art and Design," 
 wherein systematic instruction, arranged in 
 courses of from three to four years, is af- 
 forded in drawing, painting, sketching and 
 modeling. There are two departments of 
 the schools, holding their sessions respec- 
 tively in the day and at night, and it is esti- 
 mated that since the inauguration of the 
 work some seventeen thousand students 
 have embraced these opportunities and re- 
 ceived more or less continuous instruction 
 in art. The night school is especially de- 
 signed for affording technical instruction to 
 -young men engaged or about to engage in 
 activities wherein skill in drawing is of ad- 
 vantage, and who by reason of other pur- 
 suits are not able to attend the day school. 
 
 A useful but less prominent feature of the 
 institute's activity is a commercial school, 
 designed for the instruction of young men 
 and women in bookkeeping, penmanship 
 and commercial arithmetic. The school 
 term extends for six months from October 
 1st, and both day and evening courses are 
 offered. 
 
 A circulating library containing twenty 
 thousand volumes supplements the educa- 
 tional worK of the institute. 
 
 Enoch Pr.att Free Library. 
 Like so many other of the important edu- 
 cational and philanthropic agencies of Bal- 
 
 more, the Enoch Pratt Free Library owes 
 its existence to individual generosity. 
 Enoch Pratt, a native of North Middlebor- 
 ough, Mass., became a resident of Baltimore 
 in 1 83 1. By industry and integrity he 
 amassed a large fortune, a considerable part 
 of which he determined to devote during his 
 lifetime to founding an important educa- 
 tional agency. In 1882 he presented a plan 
 to the Mayor and City Council of Balti- 
 more for the establishment of a circulating 
 library for the benefit of all residents of Bal- 
 timore. He proposed to erect a large, prop- 
 erly equipped central building to contain 
 the main collection of books and in addi- 
 tion a number of branch libraries, with 
 smaller collections, in various parts of the 
 city. As an endowment for the library Mr. 
 Pratt proposed to give to the city the sum 
 of eight hundred and thirty-three thousand, 
 three hundred and thirty-three and one- 
 third dollars, provided the city would create 
 in return a perpetual annuity of fifty thou- 
 sand dollars for the support and main- 
 tenance of the library, payable to a board 
 of trustees, selected in the first instance by 
 Mr. Pratt, and vested with powers of self- 
 perpetuation. The proposition was ac- 
 cepted by the city and the institution was 
 promptly established. 
 
 The central building is located on Mul- 
 berry near Cathedral streets, and has a 
 frontage of eighty-two feet, with a depth of 
 one hundred and forty-two feet. It is a fine 
 white marble structure of the old Roman- 
 esque style, with characteristic semi-circu- 
 lar forms, relief mouldings, enriched by 
 carvings and embellishments. The book 
 stacks, with a capacity of about two hun- 
 dred thousand volumes, are on the lower 
 
 floor, where are also the rooms for the de- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 livery and return of books. The second 
 floor is devoted to a large, well-lighted read- 
 ing room, and to the librarian's and admin- 
 istration offices. The branch libraries are 
 attractive brick structures one story in 
 height and forty by seventy feet in dimen- 
 sions, with reading rooms, and a capacity 
 for about twenty thousand volumes each; 
 there are now five of these branch libraries 
 in operation, located as follows: No. i, cor- 
 ner of Fremont and Pitcher streets; No. 2, 
 corner of Hollins and Calhoun streets; No. 
 
 3, corner of Light and Gittings streets; No. 
 
 4, corner of Canton and O'Donnell streets; 
 No. 5, corner of Broadway and Miller 
 streets. 
 
 The central building was completed and 
 turned over to the trustees in 1884. Dr. 
 Lewis H. bteiner was selected librarian and 
 the prospective work of the institution was 
 organized under his administration. The 
 library was opened to the public in January, 
 1886, and has since that time continued its 
 work without interruption and with increas- 
 ing usefulness. Dr. Steiner died in 1892 
 and was succeeded by his son, Bernard C. 
 Steiner, Ph. D., the present librarian. 
 
 The founder of the library in his letters 
 to the board of trustees expressed the wish 
 that its facilities should be "for all, rich and 
 poor, without distinction of race or color, 
 who, when properly accredited, can take 
 out the books, if they will handle them care- 
 fully and return them." This has been the 
 policy pursued in the organization of the 
 library. Any resident of Baltimore above 
 the age of fourteen years, upon registering 
 and furnishing a guarantee, can secure 
 books, while temporary sojourners can en- 
 joy the same privilege upon making a small 
 cautionary deposit. 
 
 Other Libraries. 
 In addition to the great collections al- 
 ready described, a number of special and 
 important libraries are located in Baltimore 
 easily accessible to the special classes of 
 readers for whom they are designed. The 
 Whittinghmn Memorial Library contains 
 about twenty thousand volumes, be- 
 queathed by the late Bishop Whittingham 
 to the Maryland Diocese of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, and is especially rich in 
 theological works; the Bar Library, col- 
 lected and maintained by members of the 
 Baltimore Bar : the Nczv Mercantile Library 
 has a delightful home on Charles near Sara- 
 toga streets, with over twenty thousand 
 volumes and a subscription membership 
 The Independent Order of Odd Fellows has 
 a collection of more than twenty thousand 
 volumes accessible to members of the order. 
 It has been estimated that within a radius 
 of a half mile from Washington Monument 
 there are a half million of books accessible 
 to the reader and student. 
 
 Maryland Historical Society. 
 
 In 1844 the- Maryland Historical Society 
 was organized for the purpose of collecting 
 and preserving materials relating to the his- 
 tory of i^Iaryland, and of encouraging re- 
 search into the history of the State, as well 
 as diffusing the results of such investigation. 
 The society now possesses a valuable library 
 of some thirty thousand volumes, particu- 
 larly rich in materials relating to Ameri- 
 can and to local history ; an interesting gal- 
 lery of paintings and portraits, and a unique 
 collection of historical relics. 
 
 By act of the State Legislature the society 
 has been made the custodian of the ^lary- 
 land Archives, from the colonial period 
 
HISTORY Of BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 down to the peace with Great Britain in 
 1783. Moderate appropriations have been 
 made for a term of years by the General 
 Assembly for the publication of these rec- 
 ords, and a series of quarto volumes have 
 already been issued under scholarly editor- 
 ship. A fund of money left by George Pea- 
 body provides an income, out of which the 
 society has published a number of valuable 
 historical contributions. 
 
 The society owns and occupies the 
 Athenaeum Building, at the corner of St. 
 Paul and Saratoga streets. The first floor 
 contains the library and reading room and 
 a vault where are stored the archives and 
 records in the custody of the society. Three 
 connecting galleries on the floor above con- 
 tain the art collections of the society. 
 
 Walters Art Gallery. 
 
 A competent critic has expressed the 
 opinion that there is no collection in Amer- 
 ica that equals in importance and interest 
 the art collections made by the late William 
 T. Walters, and now the property of his son, 
 Mr. Henry Walters. The same critic has 
 indeed added that few collections, public 
 or private, in Europe surpass it in its 
 high standard of excellence or in the variety 
 of the schools represented. The collection 
 is housed in IMr. Walters' residence on Mt. 
 \'ernon Place, and has for a term of years 
 been open to the public on certain days in 
 February, March and April. A nominal 
 admission fee is charged, of which the pro- 
 ceeds are devoted to a local charity. An 
 excellent account of the gallery and its 
 treasures appeared in the "New York 
 Tribune" of February 7, 1884, from which 
 the following paragraphs are derived. 
 
 The large parlors of the mansion contain 
 
 bronzes, cases of rare old silver, and groups 
 of Royal Worcester, Dresden and Sevres 
 which elsewhere would be counted note- 
 worthy. There is a dainty chamber fitted 
 up in blue, with furniture and wall hangings 
 of the time of Marie Antoinette. There is 
 another furnished in the old Dutch style, 
 with a richly-carved cabinet, a delightful 
 writing desk, with brass mountings. An- 
 other upper room contains bronzes and 
 water colors by Barye, who was among 
 French artists in bronze what Rosa Bon- 
 heur is among painters. Rare French vases 
 and bronzes catch the eye in the panelled 
 dining-room. 
 
 The first gallery at the rear of the house 
 is lined and nearly filled with cases of porce- 
 lains. On the walls hang tapestries with 
 colors as soft as those of the Persian rugs 
 upon the floor. In the centre, upon a stand 
 of teak wood and brass, is a bronze some 
 eight feet high, with dragons writhing upon 
 its sides toward the figure of a daimio on 
 top. The slight ebony framework of these 
 great cases presents no interference with the 
 splendid effect of the porcelains within. 
 Here are vases fashioned under the famous 
 :\Iing dynasty, 1368-1649; others of the 
 early eighteenth century, showing in their 
 decorations the effect of European influ- 
 ences; here is a stately array of blue and 
 white ware, with the so-called hawthorn, 
 really plum-blossom, decoration, and near 
 by is a little vase, perhaps rarest of all to 
 connoisseurs, with white panels relieved by 
 black, upon which the hawthorn pattern 
 reappears. I have no time now to dwell 
 upon the solid colors, the bullock's blood, 
 Chinese white, turquoise, mustard yellow, 
 sage green and tea color, or upon the hun- 
 dred and fifty examples of egg-shell porce- 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 lain. There are more than 1.400 specimens 
 of the Chinese ceramic art. 
 
 Japanese as well as Chinese art finds a 
 place in this gallery. There is a case of 
 genuine Satsuma, whose creamy yellow and 
 pale chocolate hues and delicate crackle are 
 known to most people only through imita- 
 tions. There are 400 Japanese porcelains 
 and potteries, and the whole ceramic display 
 illustrates the history of the art for over 
 eight hundred years. Nothing now can be 
 said of the drawers fdled with Chinese 
 fiacons and Japanese sword guards, pipes 
 and 150 swords, "the jewelry of Japan." 
 
 In a covered bridge extending over an al- 
 ley from this first room to the picture gal- 
 lery are scores of bronzes, including several 
 by Saymin and Gorosa, among which is a 
 little group of the most exquisite porce- 
 lains in the collection, examples of the bul- 
 lock's blood, peach-blow and coral splashes. 
 In the picture gallery are four large cases 
 containing royal laccjuers, and rows of 
 drawers filled with Netsukes, ivory carvings 
 and Inros. 
 
 The 150 oil paintings represent a simi- 
 larly intelligent and catholic process of se- 
 lection. The collector. I judge, has had it 
 in mind to illustrate the art history of the 
 century l:)y examples of men whose influ- 
 ence has been most strongly felt. In 
 French art expressions of the religious sen- 
 timent of Ary Schefifer and the fiery spirit 
 of Horace Vernet are followed by examples 
 of Delacroix and Delaroche. and these by 
 examples of Jalabert and Yvon: four works 
 by Gerome, including the "Diogenes" and 
 "Christian Martyrs;" five by Millet, four by 
 Rousseau, three by Corot, three by Fromen- 
 tin, four by Daubigny, three by Dupre and 
 a Trovon. 
 
 One group of four landscapes, which in- 
 cludes Rousseau's magnificent "Winter 
 Solitude," is the artistic center of the col- 
 lection. Couture, Decamps, Gleyre, Isabey, 
 aint Jean, Plassan, with Meissonier, Her- 
 bert, Schreyer, De Neuville, Detaille, 
 Jacque, \'an Marcke and Ziem — these 
 names may serve to indicate the extent to 
 which French art is represented. 
 
 Fortuny, Jiminez and Rico illustrate the 
 Franco-Spanish school; Baron Leys' 
 "Edict of Charles V." speaks for modern 
 Belgian art ; the Achenbachs, Preyer, Vau- 
 tier and Hiddeman represent Dusseldorf; 
 Gallait and Clays, Brussels; Prof. Muller, 
 \'ienna; Carl Becker and Knaus, Berlin, 
 ]\lillais, Alma Tadema and Boughton, Eng- 
 land ; and America is represented by Gilbert 
 Stuart, A. B. Durand, C. L. Elliott, George 
 A. Baker, F. E. Church, Eastman Johnson 
 and H. Bolton Jones. Necessarily in so 
 small a collection the representation is little 
 more than an incomplete expression of the 
 collector's purpose. Among other pictures 
 Millet's original design in black and white 
 for the "Angelus" easily stands first in point 
 of interest. 
 
 The water color room opening from the 
 first gallery contains water colors by Alma 
 Tadema, Green, Fortuny, Meissonier, a 
 drawing in India ink by Rousseau, and an- 
 other in ink and pastel, together with stat- 
 ues by Rinehart and Palmer. 
 
 Maryland Academy of Sciences. 
 
 This organization was formed in 1863 for 
 the study and collection of specimens relat- 
 ing to the fauna and flora and natural his- 
 tory of Maryland. Large and valuable col- 
 lections were made during the early period 
 of the academy's history. In 1883 the build- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ing occupied by the society, on Mulberry 
 near Cathedral streets, was condemned in 
 order to extend Cathedral street, and the 
 specimens of the academy were removed to 
 the Atlienaeum building. Interest in the 
 work of the academy languished and its nat- 
 ural history collections were turned over 
 to the Johns Hopkins University. Soon 
 thereafter Mr. Enoch Pratt purchased and 
 presented to the academy the old building 
 of the Maryland Club, corner of Cathedral 
 and Franklin streets. New life was infused 
 into the organization by this welcome gift, 
 and its subsequent activity has been unin- 
 terrupted. 
 
 Charcoal Club. 
 An important factor in the artistic de- 
 velopment of Baltimore within recent years 
 has been the activity of the Charcoal Club. 
 This organization was formed for the pur- 
 pose of afTording a common meeting- 
 ground for local artists and laymen inter- 
 ested in art. Starting from a small begin- 
 ning, it has now comfortable headquarters 
 at the northwest corner of Howard and 
 Franklin streets. Here an admirable art 
 school is conducted under efificient instruc- 
 
 tion. The Charcoal Club has done much 
 to educate local art appreciation. Its at- 
 mosphere is rationally Bohemian and serves 
 to unite the art lover and the artist in asso- 
 ciation as profitable as it is enjoyable. 
 Decor.ative Art Society. 
 
 The purpose of this organization is to 
 encourage the practice of decorative art (i) 
 by ofTering instruction in the proper prin- 
 ciples of art to persons desirous of fitting 
 themselves for self-support by such work, 
 and (2) by affording opportunities for the 
 sale of finisl.ed work. Classes in various 
 branches of decorative art are maintained. 
 Articles, if up to a required standard of ar- 
 tistic merit, are received and ofifered for sale, 
 the society retaining ten per cent, of the 
 proceeds. In addition the society receives 
 orders for special work of any kind, and af- 
 fords constant employment to a number of 
 persons. An inviting display of artistic 
 handiwork can always be seen at the rooms 
 of the society, 315 North Charles street. 
 
 The Woman's Industrial Exchange, 
 North Charles street, affords similar oppor- 
 tunities for the sale of domestic handiwork. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Political History of Baltimore — Gathered from Various 
 Sources and Extracted from Speeches of the Interpre- 
 ters OF Campaign Issues. 
 
 By William M. Marine. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 There is not so much as a skeleton of the 
 political history of Baltimore City in exist- 
 ence. This effort is to fill the vacuum. 
 
 The narrative has been arranjjed into 
 convenient divisions of five chapters, synop- 
 sis of the substance of each chapter preced- 
 ing them. 
 
 Chapter one deals with "fragments of 
 early history, including a few editors in poli- 
 tics." Chapter two, "events from 1835 to 
 1859, or a preface to the debate of arms." 
 Chapter three, "events from i860 to 1866, 
 or the war and its trail." Chai^er four, 
 events from 1864 to 1874, "a period of 
 Democratic supremacy." Chapter five, 
 "events from 1875 to 1895, or reformers and 
 Republicans in alliance defeat the Demo- 
 cratic party." At this point the history 
 terminates. 
 
 The happenings of a few years of Balti- 
 more town are added. Those events seemed 
 so clearly related to the main subject as not 
 to warrant their omission. 
 
 In the early period of Baltimore there 
 was not printed any accounts of its stump 
 oratory. In the forties and fifties fragmen- 
 tary reports of speeches were occasionally 
 found. After i860 satisfactory reports were 
 numerous. Whenever speeches existed 
 
 suitable for this purpose extracts were taken 
 from them, to present the issues of the sev- 
 eral campaigns to which they referred. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 FragiHciits of Early History. A Fczv Ed- 
 itors in Politics. 
 
 Baltimore town was a thoroughly inde- 
 pendent place; it was "the home of the 
 brave," whose daring was audacious, and 
 on its feet roaming broad circuits at will. 
 Baltimore City is strikingly like its parent, 
 and in its infancy learned how to fire a can- 
 non and sail a privateer. 
 
 The aggressive spirit of certain lawless 
 elements of Baltimore society has some 
 times regarded an election as a day of bat- 
 tle : accordingly the contending parties have 
 usually been so managed by their manipu- 
 lators as to prevent elections at such times 
 from being tame affairs. 
 
 1776. 
 In this memorable year the Constitution 
 of Maryland provided that freemen above 
 twenty-one years of age, who were owners 
 of fifty acres of land, where they resided or 
 offered to vote, and all freemen having 
 property in the State worth thirty pounds 
 current monev who have been residents in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the county where offering to vote, one year 
 next preceding the election shall have a 
 right of suffrage in the election of delegates 
 to the Legislature. 
 
 A property qualification was necessary to 
 vote until 1802, when it was abolished. 
 Previously to 1802, persons of color who 
 were free had enjoyed the right of fran- 
 chise when possessing the necessary prop- 
 erty qualifications. That privilege under 
 the law of 1802 was denied them and a re- 
 turn to viva voce voting re-established. 
 
 At an election held in Baltimore, in 1776, 
 within its limits, four hundred and seventy- 
 two votes were polled. Including "Fell's 
 Point," there was a population of six thou- 
 sand seven hundred and fifty-five people. 
 
 So important an event as the public read- 
 ing of the Declaration of Independence at 
 the court house door must not be omitted. 
 The audience was immense and the public 
 acclaim generous and enthusiastic. King 
 George the Third was carted in efifigy 
 through the town and burned. The sheriff 
 having refused to read the "Declaration,"' 
 was compelled to leave town, a proceed- 
 ing which threatened to incite a riot and 
 serve the sheriff with a coat of tar and 
 feathers. 
 
 Prior to 1776, Baltimore was without in- 
 dependent recognition in the election of 
 delegates to the Legislature. At that time 
 the power was conferred on it to elect two 
 representatives to that body. At the close 
 of the Revolution the struggle between the 
 Federalist party and their opponents for su- 
 premacy at once began. The people of 
 Baltimore, however, showed intense feeling 
 as to their political representation in the 
 Legislature, and it had its birth with the 
 •commencement of parties inside its borders. 
 
 October 6th, the election for delegates to 
 the General Assembly begun as provided 
 by statute and continued under its pro- 
 visions. It was not until 7.30 o'clock of the 
 evening of the loth that the polls were 
 closed. 
 
 The Federal candidates were James Mc- 
 Ilenry and John Coulter. The candidates 
 of the anti-Federalists were Samuel Chase 
 (a signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence) and David McMeahen. The vote 
 stood: AIcHenry, 635; Coulter, 622; Chase, 
 502, and McMeahen, 494. The following 
 account of how that election was conducted 
 has survived. On the first day, McHenry's 
 and Coulter's partisans had a large parade. 
 In their procession was a ship and a pilot 
 boat. Drums were beating, fifes playing 
 and colors flying. A large body of citizens 
 were in line, some of them the most respect- 
 able people in the city, and there was also in 
 the procession a large percentage of persons 
 who were not entitled to vote. They kept 
 in line with those who were, and took pos- 
 session of the voting place and blockaded 
 it throughout the first day. The casting of 
 ballots, the highest exercise of a freeman's 
 will, was for that day at their pleasure. 
 
 On the second day of the election the 
 adherents of Chase and McMeahen, think- 
 ing there were advantages to be gained in 
 holding the window, took possession of it. 
 They must have been correct in their sur- 
 mises after they had held it long enough 
 to learn the value of it. The McHenry and 
 Coulter forces considered they had best re- 
 take the window, so they manoeuvred the 
 Chase and McMeahen contingent to the 
 rear and stationed themselves well up to the 
 front. 
 
72 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Such proceedings on the part of our 
 fathers in the good old times long ago dis- 
 gusted some of their more sober and sedate 
 fellow-citizens, who, hearing of what was in 
 progress, declined to go to the polls. 
 Others who made the attempt were not suc- 
 cessful in reaching there. The town was 
 served with hand-bills every evening, in 
 which threats were made to publish the 
 names of the respectable participants in the 
 election outrages; it was a mild way of ap- 
 pealing to them to behave or take the con- 
 sequences. 
 
 1789-1790. 
 
 The first constitutional election for mem- 
 bers of Congress and for Presidential elect- 
 ors was held in January. The total vote 
 cast in Baltimore was 1,200; the Federalist 
 ticket was successful. 
 
 The Maryland Journal of January 13th, 
 said: "Long has been the struggles be- 
 tween the Federal and anti-Federals in this 
 town, and every artifice and exertion has 
 been used by the latter to unfetter them- 
 selves from the disgraceful, just and self- 
 acquired name of anti-Federalists. They 
 disclaimed the title but they would not aban- 
 don the detested principles. This town has 
 been truly distinguished, and we hope, 
 known and honored through America as 
 truly Federal. The election for representa- 
 tives to Congress and electors of President 
 and Vice-President was finally to establish 
 the political character of the citizens of 
 Baltimore, and therefore both parties ex- 
 erted their utmost power to maintain the 
 character they set up. A very respectable 
 committee of this place address.;d the Fed- 
 eralists and called upon them U- sup[)ort 
 the Federacy ticket in which William Smith, 
 Esq., of this town, a genuine Federalist, a 
 
 merchant of the first reputation, of an inde- 
 pendent fortune and considerable family 
 connections, was named for this district 
 against whom the anti-Federalists ap- 
 pointed Mr. Samuel Sterrett, a young gen- 
 tleman with fair character and reputable 
 connections. The contest lasted four days 
 (almost the whole time allowed by law) and 
 the Federals were crowned with success, 
 j\Ir. Smith having at the close of the polls a 
 majority of seven votes. Thus our beloved 
 Constitution was triumphant over its base 
 enemies and the triumph of Federalism 
 drowned the dying cries of the anti-Fed- 
 eralists of this town. The Federalists have 
 used their victory with temperance and 
 moderation. 
 
 " Now all our factions, all our wars shall cease 
 And Federals rule our happy land in peace." 
 
 Mr. Smith had a fewer number of votes 
 than his associates on the ticket. Of the 
 anti-Federalists Mr. Sterrett had the largest 
 number of votes. In Baltimore county, Mr. 
 Sterrett polled five times as many votes as 
 Mr. Smith, consequent upon the county al- 
 ways going anti-Federal and Sterrett being 
 influentially connected; besides, reports 
 were spread prejudicial to Mr. Smith's char- 
 acter for the purpose of rendering him un- 
 popular. 
 
 It was charged that three hundred and 
 eighty aliens were naturalized in Baltimore 
 in October by Judge Hanson while the 
 election was progressing; fifty of them of- 
 fered to vote for Smith, and twenty-two for 
 Mr. Sttrrett. The judges of election re- 
 fused to receive their votes, declaring it to 
 be their opinion that a foreigner naturalized 
 .nccording to act of Assembly for naturaliza- 
 tion, passed July session, 1779. was not en- 
 titled to vote, unless such foreigner resided 
 
^»^^ 1^' 
 
HISTORY OF BAI.TIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 73 
 
 in Baltimore Town one year after such 
 naturalization, although such foreigner had 
 lived in Baltimore Town one year preceding 
 the day of holding the election and was oth- 
 erwise qualified to vote. The judges held 
 that the foreigner coming into the State to 
 settle was immaterial and they would not 
 take his oath to that efifect. 
 
 In Ottober of this year James JMcHenry 
 and Samuel Sterrett were elected to the 
 General Assembly from Baltimore Town 
 without opposition. At the same time three 
 persons were chosen comptrollers and four 
 delegates to the General Assembly were 
 elected from Baltimore county. Under the 
 Constitution of the United States, Mary- 
 land originally sent si.x members to Con- 
 gress from separate districts into which the 
 State was divided. The entire vote of the 
 State was necessary to the election of each 
 of them. In 1789, Baltimore Town cast a 
 small vote, nearly equally divided between 
 the two sets of candidates. That result 
 called attention to the method of election 
 which was emphasized afterwards when the 
 town became dissatisfied with the records 
 made by tive of the delegation. Previous 
 to holding the election for their successors, 
 in 1790, the dissatisfied citizens held a cau- 
 cus and nominated for Congress Philip 
 Key, Joseph Seney, William Pinkney, Sam- 
 uel Sterrett, William Vans Murray and Up- 
 ton Sheredine. The counties were agitated 
 over such a procedure and called a conven- 
 tion and designated Baltimore as its place 
 of meeting to nominate other candidates. 
 The convention was held on the 23rd of 
 September, 1790, Michael Jenifer Stone, 
 Benjamin Contee, George Gale and Daniel 
 Carroll were re-nominated and James 
 Tilghman, of James, and Samuel Sterrett 
 
 nominated. The presiding ofificer of the 
 convention was Gen. William Smallwood, a 
 soldier of courage and success in the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 Baltimore. undaiMited, went into the con- 
 flict with colors flying and drums beating. 
 At the election which followed she gave her 
 nominees each three thousand votes. Six 
 votes was the highest any one of the county 
 convention candidates received. The vote 
 in the counties was divided between the two 
 tickets ; in consequence the Baltimore ticket 
 was successful by an immense majority. 
 That act was not to be repeated; at the en- 
 suing session of the Legislature in 1790 a 
 change was made in the method of electing 
 members of Congress and the district sys- 
 tem was inaugurated. 
 
 1792. 
 The Maryland Journal of October 12th, 
 assailed the city fathers because "of lack of 
 watchmen and lights." It was a serious 
 shortcoming, reflecting " on a place rapidly 
 developing in wealth" and prosperity. 
 There was too much politics at the root of 
 the evil as is shown by this concluding para- 
 graph: "The heat and battle of election 
 having at length subsided, and two gentle- 
 men having been chosen to watch over the 
 interests of the town," it is presumed there- 
 after tlie lamps were lighted and the watch- 
 men on their beats. 
 
 1796. 
 When James CaUwini administered the 
 ordinances as Alayor under the charter of 
 the City of Baltimore passed by the Legis- 
 lature of Maryland the 31st day of Septem- 
 ber, 1796, and amended the following year 
 so as to make it perpetual, he had no splen- 
 did quarters richly fitted up to cause him 
 
74 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 to be envied in the enjoyment of power. 
 He had been one of the elected town com- 
 mittee, under a recommendatory resohition 
 that passed Congress, and in 1776 he was 
 designated to be one of a committee author- 
 ized by Congress to sign bills of credit or 
 money, and he was also at that time a jus- 
 tice of the peace, familiar with ordinary pro- 
 cess and having had considerable experi- 
 ence in affairs, he was selected to head the 
 long line of Mayors without regard to who 
 shall end them. 
 
 The Mayors of Baltimore have been: 
 
 James Calhoun 1791 
 
 Thoregood Smith, 1804 
 
 hdward Johnson, 1808 
 
 George Stiles, 1816 
 
 Edward Johnson 1819 
 
 John Montgomery, 1820 
 
 Edward Johnson, 1823 
 
 Jacob Small, 1826 
 
 William Stewart, 1831 
 
 Jesse Hunt, 1832 
 
 Samuel Smith 1835 
 
 Samuel Smith 1837 
 
 Sheppard C. Leakin, 1838 
 
 Samuel Brady, 1840 
 
 Solomon Hi lien, Jr., 1842 
 
 James O. Law, 1843 
 
 Jacob G. Davies 1844 
 
 Elijah Stansbury, 1848 
 
 J. H. T. Jerome, 1850 
 
 J. Smith Hollins, 1852 
 
 Samuel Hinks 1854 
 
 Thomas Swann, 1856 
 
 George W. Brown, i860 
 
 Jolni L. Chapman 1861 
 
 John L. Chapman, 1862 
 
 Robert T. Banks, 1867 
 
 Joshua Vansant, 1871 
 
 F. C. Latrobe 1875 
 
 George P. Kane, 1877 
 
 F. C. Latrobe, 1878 
 
 F. C. Latrobe, 1879 
 
 Wm. P. Whyte, 
 
 F. C. Latrobe 
 
 James Hodges, 
 
 F. C. Latrobe, 
 
 Robert C. Davidson, 
 
 F. C. Latrobe, 
 
 F. C. Latrobe 1893 
 
 Alcacus Hooper 1895 
 
 William T. Malster, 1897 
 
 The town over which Mr. Calhoun pre- 
 sided had one hundred and thirty-one 
 streets, lanes and alleys. Baltimore street 
 was three-quarters of a mile in extent. The 
 dense part of the city was in the area be- 
 tween Howard street and the Falls. There 
 were eleven churches, thirty-five hundred 
 houses, one hundred and seventy ware- 
 hL jses and other buildings mostly of brick. 
 The principal articles of trade and mer- 
 chandise were sugar, rum, tobacco, snuff, 
 cordage paper, wool, cotton cards, nails, 
 saddles, boots and shoes, and there were 
 mills, factories and forges. The inhabi- 
 tants numbered eighteen thousand, ani- 
 mated by those aims and purposes that de- 
 velop and expand cities and communities. 
 
 1797. 
 Among Mayor Calhoun's early acts was 
 to write George Washington a letter of 
 congratulation on his return through Bal- 
 timore to hio home at Mount Vernon at 
 the expiriition of his second term as Presi- 
 dent. General Washington closed his short 
 reply by saying: "Let me reciprocate most 
 cordially all the good wishes you have been 
 pleased to extend to me and my family, for 
 our temporal and eternal happiness." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 75 
 
 1798. 
 Commenting on the congressional elec- 
 tion canvass of this year, the New York 
 Daily Advertiser said: "The election in 
 Baltimore for members of Congress which 
 takes place this week is very warmly con- 
 tested. Mr. Winchester and General Smith 
 are the rival candidates. For several weeks 
 the papers of that town have been almost 
 exclusively devoted to the canvassing the 
 respective merits of these gentlemen. Party 
 spirit ran high. No means are left imem- 
 ployed by either side to secure its object. 
 The public conduct and private walks of 
 the two candidates have been scrutinized 
 with the closest and keenest eyes. Deposi- 
 tions are brought forward, conversations 
 are related and the most sacred secrets are 
 unfolded to general view. Nor have their 
 exertions of zeal rested here; to rouse their 
 partisans, entertainments have been given, 
 toasts drunk and processions formed. Some 
 houses have been threatened and one or 
 two actually assaulted to work up the pas- 
 sions of the multitude to the highest pitch. 
 The adheients of the respective champions 
 have resolved to distinguish themselves by 
 different badges on the day of election." 
 
 The Federal Gazette, reviewing the fore- 
 going, addea: "Unfortunately heated as 
 the minds of the people were after election, 
 and as they ever will be in large cities where 
 votes are taken viva voce," what occurred 
 was not remarkable, "but one house was 
 assaulted" and "the contest terminated 
 more peaceably than could have been ex- 
 pected.' 
 
 The first anti-slavery society formed in 
 Maryland was in Baltimore Septem- 
 ber 8th. It was known as "The Maryland 
 Societv for Promoting the Abolition of 
 
 Slavery ana the Relief of Free Negroes and 
 Others Unlawfully Held in Bondage." This 
 society was the fourth of its kind in the 
 world, succeeding those formed in Phila- 
 delphia, New York, London and Paris. 
 
 To punish disorderly elections the Legis- 
 lature this year divided Baltimore City into 
 voting districts and in 1801 the use of bal- 
 lots were required at elections. 
 
 1800. 
 
 After the census of 1800, Baltimore City 
 and county constituted the 5th Congres- 
 sional District of the State. Gen. Smith, 
 of the city, and Col. Nicholas A. Moore 
 were elected to Congress. The General 
 subsequently was elevated to the United 
 States Senate and William McCrury took 
 his place in Congress. 
 
 October 6th, two members of the General 
 Assembly were elected; the members of the 
 First Branch of the City Council and the 
 electors to choose a Mayor. 
 
 On November 3rd, the electors charged 
 with the election of a Mayor assembled for 
 that purpose. The charter required that the 
 wards when electing members of the First 
 Branch should, viva voce, elect one person 
 as elector cf the Mayor and of members 
 of the Second Branch. James Calhoun 
 was re-elected Mayor for a term of two 
 years. 
 
 November loth. G. Duval received 1,497 
 votes for Presidential elector and J. T. 
 Chase 439. The State was equally divided 
 on the Presidency between the Federals and 
 anti-Federalists. 
 
 1801. 
 The election this year was for two mem- 
 bers of the General Assembly, in which the 
 Federals and anti-Federalists had their us- 
 
76 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ual bout. The eight wards elected the mem- 
 bers of the First Branch of the City Coun- 
 cil. Baltimore was anti-Federal and was 
 so recorded. 
 
 1802. 
 
 At the election held October 5th of this 
 year an average vote of 3,269 was cast. 
 Two members of the Legislature, sixteen 
 members of the First Branch of the Coun- 
 cil and the electors to designate who should 
 be Mayor WL-re selected. Mr. Calhoun was 
 a third time the recipient of that honor. 
 1804. 
 
 An election was held October ist lor 
 members of Congress, First Branch City 
 Council, electors for Mayor and for mem- 
 bers of the General Assembly. William 
 McCrury received 1,795 votes, Nicholas R. 
 Moore 1,152 and Robert G. Harper t^j for 
 Congress. Edward Johnson was chosen 
 Presidential elector and Andrew Ellicott 
 and John Stevens to the lower house of the 
 Legislature. The electoral college on No- 
 vember 5th decided on Thoregood Smith 
 for Mayor. 
 
 Edward Johnson received 378 votes for 
 Presidential elector, George P. Keeport 463 
 and John Johnson 758. Andrew Ellicott 
 and John Stevens were elected to the lower 
 house of the General Assembly. 
 1805. 
 
 An eiiort was put forth in the Legislature 
 this year to increase the representation of 
 the city and permit it three representatives. 
 On the second reading of the bill it was 
 defeated by a vote of sixty-two nays to two 
 yeas. 
 
 The election for Assemblymen and for 
 the Firrt Branch of the City Council was 
 held October 7th. Aquila Miles had been 
 
 elected a member of the Council and it was 
 afterwards ascertained that he was ineligi- 
 ble, not being assessed in taxation as re- 
 quired by the act of incorporation. He 
 proceeded to acquire the necessary quali- 
 fications and at a called election was re- 
 elected. 
 
 1806. 
 In the Congressional election of this year 
 William McCrury received 1,889 votes; 
 Joshua Barney 1,143 votes; John Scott 245 
 votes and N. R. Moore 3,046 votes. There 
 were seven candidates for the General As- 
 sembly, of whom E. Aisquith received 1,430 
 votes and R. Stewart received 1,170 votes, 
 were elected. The Mayoralty electoral con- 
 vention chosen this year continued Thore- 
 good Smith in his office. 
 
 1807. 
 
 Ten ca.ididates were announced for the 
 House of Delegates this year. The great- 
 est number of votes cast for any one of 
 them was 927, received by T. B. Dorsey. 
 The lowest number was 82, cast for T. 
 Bland. The yearly election for members 
 of the First Branch of the City Council was 
 also held. 
 
 j^uther Martin, the great lawyer, who 
 wa.; counsel for Aaron Burr when tried in 
 Richmond for treason, was in effigy paraded 
 tiirough the streets of Baltimore in Novem- 
 ber and at the end of the route publicly 
 Inirned amid the vehement execrations of 
 the crowd. 
 
 1808. 
 General elections were held this year. 
 October 3rd, McKim received 3,539 votes 
 for Congress, Moore 3,553 and Winder 814. 
 McKim and Moore were called Republi- 
 cans and Winder Federal. Edward Johnson 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and John Johnson were elected anti-Fed- 
 eral electors for the district of which tne 
 city was a part, receiving a vote of 3,012 to 
 1,281 in Baltimore cast for the Federals. 
 Edward Johnson was elected Mayor by the 
 electoral college. 
 
 Boltimoreans were always partial to po- 
 litical displays; so on the occasion of Mr. 
 Johnson's elevatio.i to the chief magistracy 
 of his city one was gotten up to commemo- 
 rate that event. The indispensable boat 
 was mounted on wheels and drawn by 
 horses ; on board of it was the mayor-elect. 
 The chariot might convey the Roman citi- 
 zen in his triumphal procession, but the 
 conquest of ancient arms was insignificant 
 compared to the mastery over the wave by 
 the boat that baffled its billows and landed 
 the pilgrim fathers on the golden sands of 
 the Western world. A bon-fire was kin- 
 dled on Callow's Hill and six pipes of im- 
 ported gin from Holland, which in com- 
 ing over had paid tribute to England, were 
 added to the fire to give its flame a brighter 
 glow. 
 
 1809. 
 
 Two Assemblymen, T. Bland and Mr. 
 Martin, were elected, in the fall of this year, 
 island had 2,338 votes and JNIartin 1,707 
 votes. At an election for members of the 
 First Branch the old members were elected, 
 except in the Second Ward, where a resig- 
 nation compelled another nomination. 
 
 1810. 
 
 Besides the Council election, the election 
 for electors to name a Mayor and Second 
 Branch Council, there was also held one for 
 Congress. McKim had 2,811 votes, Moore 
 2,480, Little 2,604, and Barney 2,256. 
 
 James Lowery Donaldson was elected 
 this year to the Legislature, and a Mr. Pe- 
 chim as his associate. Their votes were re- 
 spectively 1,593 and 1,634. A Mr. Martin 
 polled 1,163 votes. At the election for 
 members of the First Branch, fraud was 
 charged; it was alleged that four tickets 
 were illegally cast, two being folded to- 
 gether in two separate parts. Five others 
 were said to have been irregular. The 
 judges of election were asked what they 
 were going to do with them. They an- 
 swered tartly, "Count them." 
 
 On th.' i6th of May, 1812, a war meeting 
 was held at the Fountain Inn, occupying 
 the site of the present Carrollton Hall. Jo- 
 seph H. Nicholson, a prominent citizen, 
 who occupied a seat in Congress and who 
 was the brother-in-law of Francis Scott 
 Key, whose name is associated with Key's 
 in connection with the publication of the 
 "Star Spangled Banner," presided. Mayor 
 Johnson was secretary. Nicholson closed 
 an animated speech in favor of war with this 
 peroration: "We have assembled here to- 
 night for tlie purpose of determining wheth- 
 er we will give it our support in the 
 mighty struggle in which it is about to 
 enter. This, my countrymen, is the awful 
 subject for deliberation, and on such a sub- 
 ject can there be any difference of opinion? 
 Shall we suffer any matter of local con- 
 cern to withhold us from a cause like this ? 
 Is there an American heart that does not 
 pant with resentment? Is there an Amer- 
 ican sword that will not leap from its scab- 
 bard to avenge the wrongs and contumely 
 under which we have so long suffered? No, 
 
78 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 my countrynien! it is impossible! Let us 
 act with one heart, with one hand; let us 
 show to an admiring world- that however 
 we may differ among ourselves about some 
 of our internal concerns, yet in the great 
 cause of our country the American people 
 are animated by one soul and by one spirit." 
 
 The resolutions adopted by the meeting 
 were of the most radical order. They were 
 favorable to preparation for war. The 
 spirit of the assemblage was indicative of 
 the undaunted determination of Baltimore, 
 which was gloriously maintained through- 
 out the N ar, until the foeman was driven 
 from her doors to take refuge on board his 
 ships. 
 
 The Federal Republican opposed the war. 
 Its editor u^ed vigorous language and 
 brought upon himself the fury of a mob 
 that destroyed his paper. After an interval 
 of weeks he resumed its publication on 
 Charles street. Anticipating another mob 
 visitation, he armed his office with his 
 friends, among whom were Generals Henry 
 Lee and James H. Lingan, officers of the 
 Revolution, and the eminent lawyer, David 
 Hoffman. 
 
 The mob on the outside and the armed 
 men inside the office were brought face to 
 f:.ce. The authorities marched the office 
 garrison to jail under the promise of pro- 
 tection which was not afforded. The jail 
 was broken open on the evening of July 
 27th by the connivance of the keeper and 
 Gen. Lingan was killed. Gen. Lee and 
 others were brutally wounded. Prior to 
 this a Dr. Gale was shot and killed by 
 the firing of a gun from the Charles street 
 house. 
 
 The October election returned Lowery to 
 the Legislature by a vote of 2,835. Barney 
 
 received -,523 and Pechim 1,406. For 
 Congress, McKim polled 2,999 ^"d Little 
 2,146, while Moore brought up the rear 
 with 1,788 votes. City electors and Presi- 
 dential electors were chosen as also the 
 Councilm.en of the First Branch. The city 
 electors re-elected Mayor Johnson his own 
 successor, and the Presidential electors 
 were favorable to Madison, who received 
 2,624 votes to Clinton's 81 J. The General 
 Assembly elected Levin Winder, Governor. 
 
 1813. 
 Barney and Donaldson were elected to 
 the lower branch of the Legislature. The 
 former received 2,355 votes and the latter 
 1,939. Mr. Hughes had 1,373 votes. This 
 was Donaldson's last election, save to fame. 
 Before another was held he lay dead on the 
 North Point battlefield. 
 
 1S14. 
 In the Congressional election of this year 
 William Pinkney had 2,516 votes, Moore 
 2,408 and Howard 1,284. Barney and Kell 
 were elected to the Legislature and Johnson 
 was again elected Mayor. 
 
 1815. 
 L'pon the conclusion of the war in 18 15, 
 the majority of the people realized that the 
 minority had long been in control of the 
 State Government. One man in certain 
 counties exercised political privileges equal 
 to ten men in certain other counties. This 
 inequality was forcibly illustrated in the fact 
 that Annapolis and Baltimore had each one 
 elector of the Senate. The counties were 
 respectively allotted two; Annapolis con- 
 tained 260 voters, Baltimore 5,000. At an 
 election held in 1815 seven counties and 
 two cities having a majority of 9,000 voters 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 were represented by 32 members. A minor- 
 ity of twelve counties had 48 members. The 
 realization of this fact kindled in Baltimore 
 an irrepressible agitation, which did not 
 ceare until a remedy had been effected. 
 Stewart, who had 2,580 votes, and Hughes, 
 who received 2,496 votes, were elected to 
 the lower branch of the General Assembly. 
 
 1816. 
 A bitterly contested election was con- 
 ducted in the fall of the year 1816. The 
 Federalists had no resources but their party 
 battle cry, and with a nerve that proved 
 them courageous they arranged themselves 
 in line and advanced gaily to the fray. 
 Their opponents were in the possession of 
 the patronage of both the State and United 
 States Governments. This early campaign 
 opened in the dead of winter, when fire-side 
 logs were blazing on the hearth. Those 
 who believe polluted elections are controlled 
 by corruption of modern origin will be 
 startled to learn that the opponents of the 
 Federalists transported voters from their 
 preponderating voting districts to those 
 where the Federalists had slim majorities 
 and thus overcome them. A number of 
 United States troops were dispatched from 
 Baltimore to Annapolis to vote for corpora- 
 tion officers of that town. The scheme 
 failed in consequence of their inability to 
 reach the ancient city six months prior to 
 the election. In Baltimore money was bar- 
 tered for votes. Papers, pamphlets and 
 publications, thick as leaves in autumn, and 
 teeming with perversions of the truth, were 
 scattered broadcast by both parties. The 
 tide of defamation reached its highest 
 flood. Under such benign and civilizing 
 influences Smith had 5,326 votes for Con- 
 
 gress; Peter Little polled 3,974 and Mr. 
 Stansbury 3,337 votes. Stewart by a vote 
 of 3,688 and Kell by one of 3,636 were sent 
 to the General Assembly. The members 
 of the electoral college elevated George 
 Stiles to the Mayoralty. 
 
 1817. 
 This was a rare year; unanimity pre- 
 vailed. Messrs. Thomas Kell and E. G. 
 Woodyear were without opposition in their 
 election to the Legislature. The election of 
 the members of the First Branch of the 
 Council does not seem to have disturbed 
 the smooth surface of the political sea. 
 Verily, how delightful it was to behold such 
 heaven-born unity. Such calms are always 
 ominous; clear weather means foul weather 
 (it presages the coming storm). 
 
 1818. 
 At the election held in 1818, the anti- 
 Federalists voted the soldiers stationed at 
 Fort McHenry, and also the sailors and 
 marines on board the United States ves- 
 sels. They were furnished with ballots, 
 marched to the polls and exercised the pre- 
 rogatives of freemen with all the vim of 
 qualified citizens. A sergeant distributed 
 the ballots while the soldiers were on pa- 
 rade. During the contest made to give 
 Baltimore a larger representation in the 
 Legislature, the Federalists opposed that 
 measure. They maintained that it would 
 concentrate the power of the State in the 
 city of Baltimore. The anti-Federalists or 
 Democrats in that place, v.-ere styled "Jaco- 
 bins," in consequence of their revolutionary 
 conduct and disregard of law and order on 
 election days. They were charged with 
 being one-third foreigners attached to the 
 governments of their nativity, whose object 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in obtaining a residence in this country was 
 to obtain riches, which the disturbed con- 
 dition of Europe in consequence of the 
 Napoleonic wars, rendered impossible. The 
 Federalists maintained that the contest was 
 between the city and counties for su- 
 premacy, and that the potential question 
 which every voter going to the polls should 
 put to himself is, "Shall I vote for the man 
 who will assist in effecting changes which 
 will pass the great agricultural communities 
 into the clutches of merchants, bank specu- 
 lators, brokers, the lottery office, keepers of 
 the fair grounds and the mob of Balti- 
 more ?" 
 
 Such questions have had all time for their 
 birth and are not new as some political phil- 
 osophers, who have developed in the pres- 
 ent era, have supposed. The Democratic 
 party at that day was severely arraigned for 
 monopolistic tendencies and their adversa- 
 ries were in return denounced by them in 
 the following vigorous manner: "Shall I 
 give my support to those who will lower the 
 honor, the dignity and independence of the 
 cultivators of the soil ?" 
 
 There were so many persons announcing 
 themselves candidates for the First Branch 
 of the Council this year that the editor of 
 the Federal Gazette cried out to them to 
 spare hnu and the space in his paper; he 
 positively declined to print any further an- 
 nouncements. Kell and Breckenridge were 
 sent to the Legislature, receiving respect- 
 ively 3,739 and 2,986 votes. The city was 
 now divided into twelve wards and entitled 
 to twenty-four members of the First Branch 
 and twelve members of the Second Branch 
 01 the City Council. The electoral college 
 continued Stiles as Mayor. Smith and Lit- 
 
 tle were elected to Congress without oppo- 
 sition. 
 
 1819. 
 
 General Andrew Jackson reached Balti- 
 more February 27; he was received with 
 great eclat. The Mayor called on him, ac- 
 companied by the Council, and his Honor 
 made an address to which "Old Hickory" 
 responded. 
 
 In the fall Legislative contest, Mr. Mont- 
 gomery, by a vote of 3,166, and Mr. Breck- 
 enridge, by a vote of 1,741, were privileged 
 to represent Baltimore in the Legislature. 
 1820. 
 
 The Congressional election resulted in 
 sending General Samuel Smith and Peter 
 Little to Congress and Barney and Ken- 
 nedy to the Legislature. Of the candidates 
 for Mayor, Montgomery received for that 
 office 3,319 votes, and Johnson 2,917 votes. 
 
 A question which assumed importance 
 as early as 1816 in Legislative session was 
 comprehended under the head of "The Jew 
 Bill." Only a few people were affected by 
 it, at that time there being not over one 
 hundred and fifty of that nationality resid- 
 ing in the State. They were politically pro- 
 scribed and could neither vote nor hold 
 places of public trust. 
 
 1821. 
 
 The usual election of two members from 
 each ward took place in the fall of this year 
 for the First Branch of the City Council, 
 and for members of the General Assembly. 
 For the latter office Kennedy received 4.958 
 vote3 and Barney 4,564. They were both 
 elected over opposition. 
 1822. 
 
 Smith, by a vote of 5,558, and Little, by a 
 vote of 5,143. were returned to Congress. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 81 
 
 Kennedy and Purviance were elected to 
 the Legislature. The electors favorable to 
 Montgomery for Mayor received 3,500 
 votes and those favorable to Johnson 3,518 
 votes. 
 
 The question of removing the disabilities 
 of the Jews would not down. A bill for 
 that purpose was introduced in the Legis- 
 lature of this year and passed. Under the 
 Constitution before it could become a law 
 it needed confirmation by the next succeed- 
 ing Legislature. It was in its inception an 
 unpopular proposition. Of forty members 
 v.r.o voted for the bill only sixteen were 
 returned to the Assembly of 1823. The 
 measure developed ultimately into a popu- 
 lar one. In Baltimore City delegates nomi- 
 nated for the Legislature were required to 
 avow themselves upon it. Finally on Sat- 
 urday, i^'ebruary 26, 1825, the "Jew Bill," 
 or a bill to alter the Constitution so as to 
 relieve from political qualifications certain 
 persons on account of their religious opin- 
 ions, again passed. It was successful in 
 the House by a vote of twenty-six for to 
 twenty-five against, fifty-one of the eighty 
 members responding to the roll call. On 
 its final ratification by the Assembly in the 
 fall of 1825 the vote in its favor was forty- 
 five and the negative vote thirty-two. Mr. 
 John ^^anLear McMahon was the author 
 of the bill; he interested himself in the 
 measure, and the association of his distin- 
 guished name with it, and the influence he 
 personally exerted in its behalf, was largely 
 the bias that ensured its success. The He- 
 brews in Baltimore have grown in w-ealth 
 and influence ; they have not made the 
 €vent a ceremonial one, nor have they hon- 
 ored. Mr. McMahon who honored them- 
 
 selves, with a statue of bronze, such as his 
 eloquence, learning and skilfulness in the 
 law entitle him to receive. 
 1823. 
 
 Stewart, by a vote of 2,906, and W. G. 
 D.Worthington, by one of 2,736, were 
 elected to represent the city in the lower 
 popular branch of the Legislature. Twen- 
 ty-four new members from the twelve wards 
 of the city were chosen to seats in the First 
 Branch of the Council. 
 1824. 
 
 The election this year was one of import- 
 ance. The Jackson Presidential electors 
 were elected over the Adams electors. The 
 highest vote polled in the city was for 
 Cloud, Jackson's elector. His vote was 
 3,904; Winchester, his associate, had 3,903. 
 Messrs. Warner and Dorsey, the Adams 
 electors, had each 3,004 votes. 
 
 The two Congressmen elected from the 
 city were Little, by a vote of 6,270, and 
 Barney, by one of 3.502. Benjamin C. 
 Howard and J. S. Tyson were sent to the 
 Legislature. For Mayor the Montgomery 
 electors defeated those of Johnson by 339 
 majority. The two branches of the Council 
 were also elected; the First Branch by the 
 people and the Second Branch by the elec- 
 tors chosen for that purpose. 
 1825. 
 
 Howard and Tyson secured from the peo- 
 ple a renewal of the right to represent them 
 in the Legislature. A vote was taken in 
 the Twelfth Ward for and against the pub- 
 lic school system. Sentiment came near 
 being unanimous. Out of 621 votes polled 
 only fourteen were unfavorable. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1826. 
 
 SmalFs electors for Mayor this year re- 
 ceived 4,841 votes and Montgomery 2,646 
 votes. J. S. Tyson and J. Stucke were 
 elected to the Legislature, and Peter Little, 
 by a vote of 4.750, and John Barney, by a 
 vote of 4.467, were returned to Congress. 
 Among the twenty-four First Branch Coun- 
 cilmen elected were Solomon Etting and 
 Joshua L Cohen, Israelites. They were the 
 first of their nationality to be so honored in 
 Baltimore. 
 
 1827. 
 
 George H. Stewart, by a vote of 4,078, 
 and John Y. L. McMahon, by a vote of 
 4,303, were elected to the General Assem- 
 bly. They ran on the Jackson ticket and 
 stood for the cause of that great soldier. 
 In the following year they were again re- 
 turned. Small was elected Mayor over 
 Mosher. The two Jackson electors, Sell- 
 man and Howard, were elected respectively 
 by a vote of 4,783 and 3,150. 
 
 The Council had on the 20th of March 
 passed an ordinance for the registration of 
 all qualified voters of the city of Baltimore, 
 which was the first law of its character in 
 Maryland. When submitted to the Mayor 
 he approved of it. The wrong course was 
 pursued when, in 1830, it was repealed, by 
 an ordinance approved January igth of that 
 year. 
 
 1S30. 
 
 In the legislative contest of this year Bal- 
 timore elected to the lower house of the 
 General .Assembly Mr. Hunt, who received 
 4,471 votes, and Mr. Nicholas, who received 
 4,268 votes. They were elected as Jack- 
 sonians over Mr. Stewart, who polled 4,087 
 votes, and Mr. Finlcy. who had 3,902 votes. 
 
 The defeated candidates were designated on 
 their ticket as anti-Jackson. 
 
 In the fall of this year Mr. Small was 
 elected Mayor, receiving 4,844 votes to 
 3,824 cast for his opponent, Mr. Barry. 
 
 1831. 
 
 The anti-Masonic convention met in Bal- 
 timore on the 26th day of September; it 
 was the first convention held to nominate 
 a President, and was composed of one hun- 
 dred and twelve delegates, who assembled 
 in the Athenaeum. Its work was speedily 
 accomplished. William Wirt, who had a 
 fondness for being a citizen of Virginia and 
 then of Maryland, was at the moment of his 
 nomination bona fide of Maryland. On the 
 ticket with him was Amos Ellmaker, of 
 Pennsylvania, nominated for the Vice Pres- 
 idency. This movement was. more serious 
 than the one that nominated St. John and 
 Daniel for the same places at a later date. 
 It actually received the seven votes of \'er- 
 mont in the electoral college. 
 
 The National Republican party, or Whig 
 party, met in convention in Baltimore De- 
 cember the I2th, Gov. Barber, of Vir- 
 ginia, presiding. There were present one 
 hundred and forty members. Henry Clay 
 was unanimously nominated for President, 
 and on the T4th John Sergeant, of Penn- 
 sylvania, received the selection of his run- 
 ning mate for the Vice-Presidency. The 
 previous year Mr. Clay was in Baltimore; 
 he came by the steamer Patuxent; when 
 he landed on the wharf there was a dense 
 crowd present and the cheering was loud 
 and enthusiastic. Mr. Clay was spirited of? 
 to Barnam's, on the porticos of which he 
 often stood and addressed vast crowds. 
 The following day, from 1 1 to 2 and from 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 7 until 9, he was called upon by the masses. 
 A constant throng passed before him. 
 
 In the contest for seats in the National 
 House of Representatives Benjamin C. 
 Howard and Mr. Worthington were elected 
 by the Jacksonians. They received the fol- 
 lowing vote: Howard, 4,625; Worthington, 
 4,261. 
 
 1832. 
 
 General Jackson, whilst serving out his 
 first term, had announced that he would be 
 a candidate for re-election, and his party 
 friends made no opposition to that arrange- 
 ment. A National Democratic Convention 
 was thought to be necessary only to deter- 
 mine upon a candidate for the Vice-Presi- 
 dency. With an eye single to that purpose 
 the convention assembled in Baltimore, on 
 May 1st, avowedly to nominate Van Buren, 
 of New York, for the second place. The 
 convention adopted the two-thirds rule as 
 necessary to a choice, and that nile has 
 since governed nominations of lilvc charac- 
 ter in National Democratic conventions. 
 
 During the sessions of this particular con- 
 vention they were divided between being 
 held in the Athenaeum Club and Warfield's 
 Church, located in St. Paul street near Sar- 
 atoga street. This building was afterwards 
 put to a better use than its consecration to 
 any political party could ordain, by its dedi- 
 cation to the education of female youths, 
 under the tutelage of the gifted Nathaniel 
 C. Brooks, who resides in Philadelphia, an 
 alien to Baltimore, where his useful and 
 brilliant poetical and educational life was 
 spent. In the fall election Messrs Jenkins 
 and Harper were sent to the Legislature. 
 Hunt, Jacksonian, by a vote of 5.269, beat 
 Small, anti-Jacksonian, who received 3,532 
 
 votes. Jackson for President had 5.025 
 votes and Clay 4,248 votes. Thursday, the 
 29th day of December, Baltimore citizens, 
 regardless of party, met at the call of the 
 Mayor to consider the ordinance of nulli- 
 fication adopted by the South Carolina Con- 
 vention. Mayor Jesse Hunt was called to 
 the chair. On motion of Judge R. B. Ma- 
 gruder William Patterson and Robert Oli- 
 ver were selected vice-presidents and E. L. 
 Finley and J. S. Nicholas secretaries. The 
 president in a speech stated the question at 
 issue between South Carolina and the Fed- 
 eral Government administered by President 
 Andrew Jackson. A series of resolutions 
 was offered by Hon. Isaac McKim; they 
 recited that "the peace, safety and inde- 
 pendence of these United States depend es- 
 sentially on the preservation of the Union, 
 and the support of the Constitution and 
 form of Government established by the peo- 
 ple, the only legitimate source of power and 
 authority;" that "certain proceedings char- 
 acterized by unjustifiable violence and based 
 on a mistaken and rash policy have taken 
 place in the State of South Carolina, which 
 threaten disunion, all the horrors of civil 
 war, and eventually the destruction of 
 the finest fabric ever erected to liberty." 
 
 "The President of the United States has 
 issued his proclamation, denouncing such 
 proceedings as unconstitutional and illegal, 
 so far as they assume a paramount author- 
 ity to nullify an act of Congress, to inter- 
 rupt the collection of the public revenue, 
 and to dissolve the sacred bond of our 
 Union." 
 
 "An expression of public opinion at this 
 momentous crisis is proper and becoming 
 a free people ;" and it was resolved "that the 
 proceedings of the State Convention of 
 
84 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 South Carolina, and the poHtical principles 
 avowed in the extraordinary and unprece- 
 dented document, styled 'an ordinance,' are 
 disapproved by this meeting as tending to 
 disturb the harmony of Government, men- 
 acing the integrity of the Union, violating 
 good faith, and impairing if not destroying, 
 the prosperity of the Union;"' "that we high- 
 ly and entirely approve the opinions and 
 sentiments avowed in the proclamation of 
 the President of the United States. In this 
 important public act we recognize the wis- 
 dom of the statesman, the firmness and in- 
 flexible integrity of the patriot, and the deep 
 feeling of solicitude becoming a Father of 
 his Country, in the existing crisis of diffi- 
 culty and danger — with him we proclaim 
 The Union must be preserved;" "that the 
 Union party of South Carolina has earned 
 and deserves the high distinction of fearless 
 and true patriots — tlieir course is honorable 
 and must lead to success, supported, as it is, 
 by the approbation of all good citizens, who 
 liave not been artfully drawn into the de- 
 stroying vortex of nullification nor enlisted 
 under the banner of mad ambition." 
 
 .A. committee to consider and report upon 
 the resolutions was selected by the chair- 
 man ; he named the following representative 
 Baltimoreans: Gen. George H. Stewart, 
 Isaac McKim, Judge N. Brice, Judge R. B. 
 jMagruder, Gen, S. C. Leakin. Talbot Jones, 
 P. Laurenson, Luke Tiernan, Col. \V. E. 
 Stewart, Charles Howard, of John Eager, 
 John E. Stansbury and William George 
 Read. The committee recommended the 
 adoption of the resolutions without amend- 
 ment and that a copy be transmitted to the 
 President and published in the city papers, 
 and it was unanimously so ordered. 
 
 1833. 
 
 Henry Clay was a frequent visitor to Bal- 
 timore; its prominent citizens were his 
 friends and delighted always to entertain 
 him. On such occasions he avoided public 
 receptions. On the 8th of October he 
 reached the city, and was tendered a public 
 dinner, which he declined, but received a 
 number of citizens who called. 
 
 The election in the fall of this year was 
 for Congress. Upton Heath, in the Fourth 
 Baltimore City district, received 2,805 votes 
 and Benjamin C. Howard 2,592 votes. 
 
 The vote in the five wards of the city, 
 apart of the Fifth district, resulted in Mc- 
 Kim, Democratic candidate, receiving 2,049 
 votes, and Stewart, Whig candidate, receiv- 
 ing 1,678 votes. 
 
 1834. 
 
 Greater reverence was paid public men 
 then than is customary now. Hero worship 
 was pronounced and worth possibly more 
 inspiring. Saturday, April 19th, four promi- 
 nent public men, well-known in the annals 
 of the county, Messrs. McDuffie, Preston, 
 Binney and Webster, reached Baltimore. 
 They were escorted by five thousand en- 
 thusiastic citizens to the Exchange and to 
 Barnam's, rival hotels. Each of the gentle- 
 men being called upon for that purpose, 
 made speeches. 
 
 The 23d of April Monument Square was 
 filled to its utmost capacity -with a concourse 
 of people which was phenomenal. It was 
 a curious episode that took place. Former 
 supporters of President Andrew Jackson, 
 differing from him as to his policy and his 
 protest to Congress, had ceased longer to 
 follow his political fortunes and were pres- 
 ent to give expression to their sentiments of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 85 
 
 disapproval. Gen. William ilcDonald was 
 the presiding officer. The orators who 
 spoke in turn were John P. Kennedy, 
 Charles G. Harper, Joshua Jones and John 
 V. L. McMahon. The resolutions sus- 
 tained the Senate and were pronounced for 
 the formation of a State Whig organiza- 
 tion. The supporters of Gen. Jackson 
 were not at all pleased with either the dem- 
 onstration or what they termed the apostasy 
 of some of their leading lights, of whom 
 there were a greater number than those who 
 addressed the meeting. The disorderly re- 
 sorted to violence and an attempt was made 
 to break up the meeting, which was unsuc- 
 cessful, and those undertaking to do it were 
 driven out of the square. The following 
 evening a renewal of violence occurred, 
 which caused the young Whigs to form a 
 military association on South street. The 
 Mayor and his posse, by timely action, sup- 
 pressed the rioters. 
 
 R. B. Taney, former Secretary of the 
 Treasury under President Jackson, after re- 
 turning to Baltimore on the nth of July, 
 was met on the outskirts of the city by two 
 hundred persons, who escorted him to the 
 Columbian Garden. Here was assembled 
 a multitude which was addressed by Mr. 
 Taney, Mr. Benton and Mr. Allen, a Con- 
 gressman from Ohio. A heavy storm of 
 wind and rain suddenly made its appear- 
 ance; the awnings over the tables were 
 swept away and the company drenched. 
 Mr. Benton was in the midst of his speech 
 when the storm descended. 
 
 The Baltimore "Republican," in its issue 
 of Saturday, May loth, under the head of 
 "Attention," published the following proc- 
 lamation: "Those young men of Baltimore 
 who are willing to pledge life, fortune and 
 
 sacred honor in the support of their patriotic 
 Chief Magistrate, against the lawless course 
 of a factious Senate, are requested to as- 
 semble on Thursday evening next, the 15th 
 instant, at half-past 7 o'clock, at the Colum- 
 bian Gardens. The object of the meeting 
 will be explained in an address, from a 
 friend, to the cause of equal rights and uni- 
 versal suffrage." The meeting was a large 
 one, whereat resolutions were passed in sup- 
 port of the administration of President Jack- 
 son and denunciatory of the Whig Senate. 
 
 The 7th of May a Jackson Republican 
 Convention in the city of Baltimore issued 
 a call for an administration mass meeting 
 in Monument Square on the evening of that 
 day. Col. Upton S. Heath organized the 
 meeting and William Frick was chairman. 
 The resolutions were laudatory of Gen. 
 Jackson s administration and condemnatory 
 of the Whigs. Col. Benjamin C. Howard, 
 Samuel Brady, William George Reed, John 
 Nelson and Col. Heath were the orators. 
 
 In October the Whig party issued an ad- 
 dress signed by Hezekiah Niles, S. H. 
 Barnes, Isaac ]\Ionroe, Robert Purviance 
 and William P. Dunnington, in which oc- 
 curred these sentences: "Thousands of 
 citizens became alarmed at the desperately 
 daring encroachments of the President. 
 The noble experiment we are accomplish- 
 ing in the science of government must make 
 us become the laughing stock of nations. 
 I will it or I forbid it, says the king. 'I 
 take the responsibility,' says the President." 
 
 The Jacksonians issued an address signed 
 by William Krebs, Benjamin C. Howard, 
 Elijah Stansbury and John F. Haas; in it 
 they said Jackson had no desire to over- 
 throw American institutions and his life was 
 a refutation of that assertion. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The Whigs elected Joseph Gushing and 
 John Jones to the General Assembly this 
 year. Gushing had a vote of 5,660 and 
 Jones of 5,530, a total of 11,190, to a Demo- 
 cratic total of 10,562. For Mayor Jesse 
 Hunt received 5,468 votes and Mr. Small 
 
 4>4i5- 
 
 1829. 
 
 A Fczv Editors in Politics. 
 
 Samuel Barnes, editor-in-chief of the 
 "Ghronicle," published in the twenties of the 
 present century, had a fondness for political 
 discussion. Such articles were potential 
 with a certain class of his readers. He was 
 an enthusiastic Whig, and his political ar- 
 ticles favorable to his party doctrines were 
 dry and caustic; some people thought him 
 even morose and misanthropic on account 
 of his extremely luminous nose, which 
 caused those who did not know him to sup- 
 pose that he was intemperate. It was quite 
 the reverse; Mr. Barnes was a very ab- 
 stemious man. His misfortune was caused 
 by the bite of a rat; the nose became in- 
 flamed and he was disfigured for life. 
 
 Billy Pechim, a popular man in his day, 
 could write a scathing political article, rasp- 
 ing his adversaries in the columns of the 
 "American." When appearing on the hust- 
 ings and indulging in speech he was ultra 
 in character denouncing and decrying his 
 opponents, his shrill clarion voice penetrat- 
 ing a long distance and thus drawing a 
 crowd, who good naturedly stood amused at 
 his violent gesticulations. 
 
 Doctor Edward J. .\lcock was editor of 
 the "Jefiferson Reformer;" he has been 
 characterized as "'a man of attractive man- 
 ners and brilliant etlucation, though a vio- 
 lent and headstrong politician." The editor 
 
 was merciless with his pen, and apprehen- 
 sive that his severity in the treatment of his 
 political adversaries might endanger nis 
 life. He supported with zeal and enthu- 
 siasm the administration of President An- 
 drew Jackson. "His feelings frequently 
 burst the bounds of control." Finally he 
 published "a severe philippic" and in "some 
 allusions to the family of the Stuarts," gave 
 offense. A young member of that family 
 sent him a challenge, which was declined, 
 for the reason that he was near-sighted. 
 Young George Stuart, the challenger, one 
 night, when Alcock was seated in his ofifice, 
 on North Gay street, shot him, inflicting a 
 fatal wound. Alcock was a member of the 
 Marion Rifles, commanded by the poet, 
 John H. Hewitt; he was buried by the com- 
 pany with military honors. 
 
 William Lloyd Garrison, in 1829, was a 
 resident of Baltimore; he was a member of 
 an anti-slavery society which organized at 
 that time in this city. It established a paper 
 edited by Benjamin Lundy. Garrison was 
 a contributor to its columns, and in one of 
 his articles he charged Francis Todd, of 
 Newburyport, of acquiring wealth by an in- 
 human traffic in flesh and blood. A suit 
 for criminal libel was instituted by Todd 
 against Garrison in the Griminal Gourt of 
 Baltimore. Garrison, after trial, was found 
 guilty and Judge Nicholas Brice imposed 
 a fine of fifty dollars and costs, and in de- 
 faidt of payment Garrison was sent to jail. 
 
 The "Minerva" taunted him forbecoming 
 a voluntary inmate of prison, saying "if he 
 had not the money in his pocket to pay his 
 fine, he could easily have raised it among 
 his friends." His only cause of incarcera- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 87 
 
 tion "being failure to comply with an order 
 of court was not of itself a mandate for im- 
 prisonment." 
 
 Garrison issued a reply, ending with this 
 paragraph: "I understand that his Honor, 
 Judge Brice, opines that Mr. Garrison is 
 ambitious to become a martyr; to which I 
 beg leave to reply, that if the suspicion of 
 his Honor be correct, he is equally am- 
 bitious to collect the faggots and apply the 
 torch." 
 
 Garrison shortly afterwards found a 
 friend to serve him in Arthur Tappan, who 
 paid his fine and costs so that he was re- 
 leased, and being threatened with violence 
 left the State. The issue prominently pre- 
 sented by Garrison did not leave with him; 
 it showed itself in 1836, when the reforming 
 of the Constitution of the State was dis- 
 cussed before the people. Apprehensions 
 existed that if a convention was called the 
 relations between master and slave might 
 be more liberally defined. To prevent fu- 
 ture abolition agitation a constitutional pro- 
 viso was inserted, declaring "that the rela- 
 tion of master and slave in this State shall 
 not be abolished unless a bill for that pur- 
 pose shall be passed by unanimous vote of 
 both branches of the General Assembly. 
 It was further provided that it should be 
 published three months before a new elec- 
 tion, and unanimously confirmed by the 
 succeeding Legislature." A further re- 
 quirement was that full compensation 
 should be received by the master for his 
 slave. Such a result was unquestionably 
 brought about by the efforts of Lunday, 
 Garrison and their contemporaries in the 
 cause of the liberation of the slave. The 
 divinity of slavery and the fanaticism that 
 afterwards characterized its pretensions had 
 
 not yet become deep seated. Conditions 
 were provided in the bill for emancipation, 
 difficult of attainment and intended to fa- 
 vor the slave master; nevertheless in them 
 was the recognition of the right to liberty, 
 and private manumissions were numerous. 
 Slavery in Maryland was not regarded fa- 
 vorably for a long period of time after the 
 Revolution; and in Baltimore City the pro- 
 portion of slaves to its white population was 
 less than in any one of the slave-holding 
 sections of Maryland. 
 
 The temper of the people of Baltimore, 
 with whom were associated a few philan- 
 thropic persons residing in the counties, is 
 best illustrated by the establishment of the 
 Maryland Colonization Society, incorpo- 
 rated in 1832. On the 24th of March there 
 met in Judge Brice's office in the court 
 house George Hoffman, John Gibson, Nich- 
 olas Brice, who had pronounced the penalty 
 of the law upon Garrison in the libel case 
 of Todd; Peter Hoffman, Charles Howard, 
 Thomas Elliott, Luke Tiernan, Moses 
 Sheppard, Solomon Ettinge and John H. 
 B. Latrobe. George Hoffman was presid- 
 ing officer and John H. B. Latrobe secre- 
 tary. Previous efforts had been made to 
 establish colonies on the western coast of 
 Africa for the settlement of emancipated 
 blacks. A branch society was formed in 
 Maryland, but, being subject to a national 
 society, the relations of the two were not 
 harmonious. Independence and a separate 
 colony were therefore resolved upon. 
 There was a large free black population and 
 an annual appropriation of twenty thousand 
 dollars was granted by the Legislature. 
 Three commissioners were to represent the 
 State in the management of this trust. Set- 
 tlers were yearly sent to Cape Palmas. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 where the colony was located, and a regular 
 packet sailed between it and Baltimore. 
 
 At a subsequent meeting of the board 
 Dr. James Hall was selected as an agent 
 of the society to superintend the location 
 and management of those willing to move 
 to Cape Palmas, and John Hersey as his 
 assistant. Father Hersey, as he was fa- 
 miliarly called, was a plain-garbed Metho- 
 dist evangelist, who wore hooks and eyes 
 in place of buttons on his coat; he would 
 eat but simple fare, fasting on Fridays. He 
 slept on a straw bed and was rigid in his 
 devotional duties. He was the offspring of 
 parents of good antecedents and when a 
 young man embarked in business, losing 
 all his money in the venture and thereby 
 was burthened with creditors; he preached 
 far and near with great success and signal 
 ability; wrote numerous works and from 
 the proceeds of their sale, finally, late in life, 
 paid off his entire indebtedness. In early 
 years, when financial reverses overtook him, 
 he made a vow to sacrifice all personal com- 
 fort until his last dollar of indebtedness was 
 paid. He had difficulty in finding those who 
 represented his one remaining unpaid cred- 
 itor; they were his children, living in des- 
 titute circumstances in New York City. He 
 settled with them in full, both principal and 
 interest, and wrote in his diary, "Thank 
 God, John Hersey is now a free man." 
 
 Mr. Latrobe first met Mr. Hersey in his 
 house on Mulberry street, where Mr. Her- 
 sey was escorted by Moses Sheppard, who 
 introduced him. Before Hersey would en- 
 ter upon the subject of assistant agent in 
 Liberia he insisted on prayer; he and Mr. 
 Latrobe knelt, while Moses Sheppard, with 
 his face showing disapprobation for mixing 
 religion with business, inclined his head and 
 
 body forward, his hands resting upon his 
 cane, which he firmly clutched by the head. 
 Hall and Hersey sailed from Baltimore in 
 the ship Ann on the 24th of November, 
 1833, with eighteen emigrants on board; 
 they were Joshua Stewart, twenty-four 
 years of age; Louisa, his wife, twenty-three 
 years, and their infant son, Joseph, one 
 year; James Stewart, nineteen years; Par- 
 nially Delworth, fifteen years; William 
 Connell, twenty-five years; Francis, his wile, 
 thirty-one years, and Charles, their son, two 
 years; all of whom were from the city of 
 Baltimore. The others were from Fred- 
 erick county; their names were: Jacob 
 Gross, forty-five years, and Rosanna, his 
 wife, thirty-three years, accompanied by 
 their children, Clarisa, ten years, Margaret, 
 eight, Nancy, five, Caroline, three, and 
 Roasana, eight weeks old. The comple- 
 ment was made up by Nicholas Thompson, 
 forty years, and Oden Nelson, nineteen 
 years. The ship reached Cape Palmas the 
 6th of February, 1834, and an enterprise, 
 that proved subsequently a failure, was in- 
 augurated. It was a novelty of the times, 
 conceived for a good purpose, but imprac- 
 ticable. The movement was fanned into a 
 flame like similar ones by agitation con- 
 ducted by the press, in which Lundy and 
 Garrison were no small factors. 
 
 Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, in sketching 
 the life of Garrison, gives this incident: 
 
 "The articles in Garrison's paper, how- 
 ever, attracted the attention of a little, ob- 
 scure, old man, a Quaker, who was labor- 
 ing in the city of Baltimore for the cause 
 of the suffering slaves with a devotion and 
 self-sacrifice worthy of the primitive Chris- 
 tians. 
 
 "Benjamin Lundy, a quiet, persistent, 
 
O-^.^^^,.^^ •Z^-4'^^it 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYL4ND. 
 
 89 
 
 drab-clothed, meek, old man, one of those 
 valiant little mice who nibble undismayed 
 on the nets which enchain the strongest 
 lions, was keeping up, in the city of Balti- 
 more, an anti-slavery paper which was read 
 only by a few people who thought just as 
 he did, and which was tolerated in southern 
 society only because everybody was good- 
 naturedly sure that it was no sort of matter 
 what it said. 
 
 "Benjamin, however, took his staff in 
 hand and journeyed on foot up to Benning- 
 ton, Vt., to see the man who wrote as if he 
 cared for the slave. The strict Baptist and 
 the meek Quaker met on the common 
 ground of the cross of Christ. Both were 
 agreed in one thing; that here was Jesus 
 Christ, in the person of a persecuted race, 
 hungry, thirsty, sick and in prison, with 
 
 none to visit and relieve, and the only ques- 
 tion was, would they arise and go to His 
 help. 
 
 ■'So Mr. Garrison went down to the city 
 of Baltimore to join forces with Benjamin 
 Lundy. 'But,' as he humorously ob- 
 served, 'I wasn't much help to him, for he 
 had been all along for gradual emancipation, 
 and soon as I began to look into the matter 
 I became convinced that immediate aboli- 
 tion was the doctrine to be preached, and I 
 scattered his subscribers like pigeons.' " 
 
 Garrison was imprisoned in the Baltimore 
 jail in a cell once occupied by a man hanged 
 for murder. "He wrote sonnets on the wall 
 of his prison." When discharged from it he 
 renewed his fight against slavery, making 
 his name renowned as one of its most for- 
 midable assailants. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Events from 1835 to 1859 ; or, A Preface to the Debate of Arms. 
 
 The summary that follows is a narrative 
 of events that succeeded one another in reg- 
 ular succession without doing more than 
 rousing the feelings of partisanship. If the 
 days of nullification and the war with Mex- 
 ico be excepted, there is left only the rival- 
 ries of contending parties. While it is 
 strictly true that the era was broad in its 
 partisanship, it was insidious, and its subtle 
 poison was distilling itself through the 
 veins of our national life. The epoch can 
 properly and appropriately be characterized 
 as the preface to the debate of arms that 
 woke the heroism of the people to deeds 
 of sublime daring. 
 
 The decline and fall of the memorable 
 Whig party and the failure of its pacific 
 measures to stay the oncoming wave of 
 blood; the rise of Americanism, to live a 
 brief and troubled day, and to hide itself 
 in its shroud, while fast in its wake rolled 
 the chariot of red-handed war, which the 
 "Union party" could not check or stop, will 
 not be passed over carelessly by those who 
 peruse these pages. 
 
 1835- 
 
 The 20th of May the National Demo- 
 cratic Convention met in the Fourth Pres- 
 byterian Church, Baltimore. Martin Van 
 Buren was nominated for President and 
 Richard M. Johnson for Vice-President. 
 
 Andrew Stevenson, of Virginia, was 
 chairman of the convention; his address 
 was graceful, fluent and conciliatory. A 
 committee was appointed to draft and pub- 
 
 li^h an address to the people of the United 
 States, embodying the cardinal principles 
 of the party. It was composed of Silas 
 Wright, of New York ; Upton S. Heath, of 
 Maryland; Jared W. Williams, of New 
 Hampshire ; Robert Strange, of North Car- 
 olina, and Samuel A. Cartwright, of Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 The committee informed the convention 
 that it would be unable to report the address 
 in time for its adoption, so it was author- 
 ized to issue it after its adjournment. In 
 August the address made its appearance; 
 it was long and cumbersome, much too 
 long for a campaign document ; it deplored 
 sectional animosities and the hostile opin- 
 ions of those opposed to slavery. On this 
 subject appeared this sentence: "Congress 
 has no right to interfere with the domestic 
 relations of master and apprentice in Massa- 
 chusetts or master and servant in Virginia 
 any more than they have to meddle with 
 similar social relations in Great Britain. 
 France or Spain." 
 
 Jesse Hunt having resigned the mayor- 
 alty in consequence of the Bank riot, it was 
 necessary to elect a successor to him; it 
 was also the year of congressional election. 
 Gen. Samuel Smith was the Democratic 
 candidate for Mayor and Moses Davis the 
 Whig candidate. Benjamin C. Howard and 
 Isaac McKim were the Democratic nomi- 
 nees for the House of Representatives and 
 C. R. Stewart and James P. Heath the Whig 
 candidates, and George H. Stewart was an 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 91 
 
 independent candidate. The last named 
 gentleman in his tour of the city complained 
 of the rough usage to which he was sub- 
 jected. He issued an address to the public 
 in which he charged that disorders and riots 
 had prevented his addressing town meet- 
 ings in the Bel Air and Lexington markets, 
 and to rebuke such manifestations he sum- 
 moned the friends of law and order to meet 
 in Monument Square Friday evening, Oc- 
 tober 2d, at seven o'clock. 
 
 At the municipal election Smith received 
 5,190 votes and Davis 1,611 votes. 
 
 At the congressional election October 
 5th Howard had 5,622 votes, McKim had 
 5,599, Stewart had 4,910, Heath had 4.960 
 and George H. Stewart had 189. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Gen. William Henry Harrison reached 
 Baltimore Thursday afternoon, September 
 22d, from Washington. Accompanying 
 him was a delegation of citizens of Balti- 
 more. From Carroll's bridge a procession 
 of people on horseback escorted him to the 
 place at which he joined the main body of 
 processionists on Pratt street. After a line 
 of march through Pratt, Bond and Balti- 
 more streets, the Eutaw House was reached, 
 where the General was entertained during 
 his visit. He was received on arriving at 
 the hotel by Judge Hanson, who delivered 
 a speech of welcome, to which the General 
 responded. 
 
 The question of representation in the 
 Legislature, and the inequality of the then 
 existing system, was again agitated. Dis- 
 cordant elements were united in one pur- 
 pose and a convention was proposed of re- 
 formers without distinction of party, to be 
 held in the citv of Baltimore. When the 
 
 convention assembled on June 6th it was 
 found that Baltimore, Harford, Cecil, Mont- 
 gomery, Frederick, Washington counties 
 and Baltimore City were represented. The 
 convention issued an address calling upon 
 the people to send delegates to the State 
 Legislature who were pledged to introduce 
 and support a bill for taking the sense of 
 the voter on reforming the Constitution of 
 the State, through a constitutional conven- 
 tion. The Assembly of 1835 passed an act 
 directed towards enlarged representation in 
 more populous districts, which required 
 confirmation at the ensuing session of the 
 Legislature in order to become a law. The 
 act provided for two additional delegates in 
 Baltimore City. Carroll county was carved 
 out of Frederick and Baltimore counties, 
 giving four more representatives to the 
 western section of the State, which had the 
 effect of encouraging the reformers in their 
 demands. 
 
 Interest in the absorbing question inten- 
 sified. September 15th an election was held 
 for members of the Electoral College, who 
 should chose a State Senate. It resulted in 
 the election of twenty-one Whigs and nine- 
 teen \'an Buren electors, known in the 
 Democratic parlance of the times as "the 
 glorious nineteen." At the date fixed for the 
 meeting of the Electoral College at An- 
 napolis it was unable to assemble, in con- 
 sequence of the absenteeism of the "glorious 
 nineteen." They declined to take their seats 
 unless promised in advance that eight mem- 
 bers of the Senate should be selected friend- 
 ly to the reforms at issue. The Whigs re- 
 fused pledges in advance, and a deadlock 
 ensued which lasted until November the 
 19th. Joshua Vansant and others, who rep- 
 
92 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 resented Baltimore, were active in their ob- 
 structive tactics. 
 
 The adjourned reformed convention was 
 reassembled in Baltimore November i6th; 
 it resolved eloquently and adjourned to 
 meet in Cambridge at a later date. The 
 General Assembly was convened and con- 
 firmed the acts of the previous session re- 
 lating to reform; increasing representation 
 in Baltimore City to four delegates. In the 
 election of representation from the city to 
 the Legislature the Whigs polled 5,502 and 
 the Democrats 5,793 votes. Smith, Demo- 
 crat, was elected Mayor over Small, having 
 a vote of 5,261 to Small's 4,651. The Presi- 
 dential vote resulted in Van Buren receiv- 
 ing 5,740 and Harrison 5,630 votes. 
 
 1837- 
 In March the Legislature passed a law 
 ultimately leading to the granting of most 
 of the desired changes. The power of elect- 
 ing the Governor was vested in the people; 
 the Senate was reconstructed; one member 
 was assigned to each county, and one to 
 Baltimore City to be elected by popular 
 vote; Baltimore City was given five mem- 
 bers of the House of Delegates, and it was 
 provided that after 1840 counties having a 
 population of 35,000 should be entitled to 
 elect six delegates, and Baltimore City was 
 vested with the same privilege. The elec- 
 tion for members of Congress this year de- 
 veloped considerable acrimony. Benjamin 
 C. Howard and Isaac McKim were the 
 Democratic candidates and John P. Ken- 
 nedy and Charles S. Ridgely the Whig can- 
 didates. The Democrats charged Kennedy 
 with political apostasy, and being an attor- 
 ney hired by the banks and the author of a 
 resolution stopping specie iiaymcnts, and 
 
 causing the interests of Baltimore to be im- 
 paired by the construction of a canal from 
 Havre de Grace to Philadelphia. He was 
 also charged with denouncing gold and sil- 
 ver and with being pledged to rag money. 
 It was said of Ridgely that he was the au- 
 thor of a gag law and numerous other de- 
 vices and schemes; an echo of Kennedy and 
 a tool of the bank aristocracy. 
 
 The Whigs retorted. McKim was ar- 
 raigned for being a silent member of Con- 
 gress; it was said he got up one day to 
 leave the house when his eye met the speak- 
 er's, and the Speaker recognized him, "the 
 gentleman from Maryland." He wanted no 
 recognition, but managed to say "Mr. 
 Speaker, I move to adjourn." The House 
 had only been in session a short while and 
 the motion did not prevail. 
 
 Both Howard and McKim were severely 
 criticised in the usual style fashionable dur- 
 ing such campaigns. It was "a Roland for 
 an Oliver" throughout the entire struggle. 
 
 The vote stood in the twelve wards of 
 Baltimore City, that being the number 
 then existing, Howard, 6,062 votes; Mc- 
 Kim, 6,031; Kennedy, 5,794; Ridgely, 5,- 
 732 votes. 
 
 1838. 
 The first Democratic State Convention 
 met in Baltimore May 31st. The result of 
 its choice for the Gubernatorial nomination 
 was William Grayson, of Queen Anne 
 county. The Whigs opposed him with John 
 L. Shelly. The campaign was energetically 
 conducted by both parties. After the 
 votes had been polled in the city, a crowd 
 composed of persons belonging to each of 
 the parties gathered before the newspaper 
 offices on Gav street and awaited the an- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 93 
 
 noiincement of the result. Loud cheering 
 and some hisses were indulged in. There 
 was but one outcome of an exhibition of 
 hostile feelings to be anticipated, and it oc- 
 curred at II o'clock — a most desirable hour 
 for the police. A brisk fight took place; 
 stones and brick bats went flying through 
 the air and many persons were wounded. 
 The interest in the result of the election was 
 kept up in such a manner until after the 
 nocturnal hour of 2 o'clock a. m. The City 
 Guard then appeared and informed the gen- 
 tlemen present, who were anxious to know 
 who had been elected by the people, the 
 first Governor of Maryland, that it was time 
 to go home; that they would be furnished 
 the information next morning by the news- 
 papers. Accordingly, in no good humor, 
 the crowd took to its heels, and when it 
 learned the result, it was ascertained that 
 Grayson had in the city 6,074 votes, and 
 Shelly 6,191 votes. 
 
 During its session this year, the Legisla- 
 ture passed an act requiring a registration 
 of voters in Baltimore City. It was sub- 
 mitted to the voters for approval or rejec- 
 tion and adopted by a majority of 52 votes 
 out of a total vote of 13,316. Those not 
 voting were counted in favor of the meas- 
 ure, which gave it an apparent majority of 
 716 votes. The mode of its adoption se- 
 cured its repeal the 5th day of January, 
 1840. 
 
 1840. 
 
 May the 1st the Young Men's Whig Con- 
 vention, composed of delegates from the 
 several States of the Union, assembled in 
 Baltimore. The city was crowded with visi- 
 tors and accommodations were not to be 
 had at a premium, hundreds could not find 
 shelter. The day of the great parade Balti- 
 
 more street from Paca street to Jones' Falls 
 was swarming with a dense crowd. At 10 
 o'clock the procession moved. Mayor 
 Leakin and Daniel Webster were in a ba- 
 rouche at the head of the line. The dele- 
 gations of the several States carried ban- 
 ners which were saluted by cheers. There 
 were such devices as stags horns, antlers, 
 beaver traps, log cabins and coons. Hun- 
 dreds of men had on hunters' shirts and ex- 
 hibited the rusticity of frontier life and its 
 perils, faithfully, as far as appearances could 
 do so. 
 
 The grounds of the Canton race course 
 was the objective point of the procession. 
 Hard cider was liberally dispensed along 
 the route and at the grounds where the 
 meetings took place. 
 
 Twenty thousand men were called to or- 
 der at Canton, the Rev. Henry Bascom, a 
 friend of Clay, supplicated the Throne of 
 Divine Grace. The appearance of the mul- 
 titude was that of a large army drawn up 
 in front of its commander. The stand be- 
 fore which the audience stood was beauti- 
 fully decorated. During the Rev. Mr. Bas- 
 com 's prayer, heads were uncovered and 
 bowed in reverence. 
 
 The incomparable Daniel Webster; the 
 magnetic Henry Clay, the compromiser; 
 the famed John Sargeant, William C. Pres- 
 ton; the eccentric Henry A. Wise and other 
 distinguished gentlemen inspired the audi- 
 ence until it went wild and rent the air with 
 acclaiming sounds. 
 
 During Mr. Clay's visit on this occasion 
 or some other one, George R. Richardson, 
 the eloquent lawyer, was selected to make 
 an address of welcome and introduce him 
 to the people from the portico at Barnum's 
 Hotel. ]\Ir. Richardson suffered himself to 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 become frightened at the august presence 
 of the great man and was unable to speak. 
 After Mr. Clay made his speech, he turned 
 to Mr. Richardson and said. "Why, Mr. 
 Richardson, what was the matter with 
 you ?" 
 
 The National Democratic Convention 
 met in the city the 5th of May, at the As- 
 sembly Rooms. Martin Van Buren was 
 nominated for President. The convention 
 adjourned without naming the nominee for 
 Vice-President, leaving that important of- 
 ficer to the Democracy of the States for 
 their selection. 
 
 The Whigs in the October State election 
 met with exhilirating success. So elated 
 was the State Whig Committee, located in 
 Baltimore City, over the result that it is- 
 sued an address to the voters of the State, 
 calling it a "signal and unexpected triumph 
 which had crowned their efforts." The 
 committee claimed "an overwhelming pre- 
 ponderance of Whigs in the Legislature, by 
 so large a popular majority as to deprive 
 the Democrats of the slightest hopes of suc- 
 cess in the final result in November." 
 
 The House consisted of ninety-nine 
 members, of which the \Vhigs elected sixtv 
 and the Democrats nineteen. The Senate 
 consisted of twenty-one members, the 
 Whigs returned fifteen and the Democrats 
 six. 
 
 The 23d of October a further address was 
 put forth iiy the Whig Committee. It 
 closed: "Remember, to relax now is to in- 
 cur defeat and to forfeit all honors and ad- 
 vantages of our past success. It is the last 
 charge: Let the whole Maryland Line ad- 
 vance in solid column and in the language 
 of the hero who was never beaten, 'The day 
 is ours.' " 
 
 Dufif Green, a self-willed and eccentric 
 newspaper man, an advanced courier of 
 the National American party, who edited 
 the "Pilot," in the issue of his prospectus 
 for his paper, expressed sentiments which 
 did not meet with popular approval. He 
 served notice of his intentions after the elec- 
 tion was over to continue these utterances, 
 especially "as to religious sects." The 
 Whig Committee fearing his avowals might 
 embarrass their party, issued an address in 
 which they said, "General Green has an un- 
 doubted right to take such a course as his 
 own judgment may approve." The com- 
 mittee had protested against his doing so, 
 as a Whig party organ, and went on to an- 
 nounce their previous action. He had been 
 repeatedly requested "not to do so; we now 
 emphatically declare that the Whig party is 
 not in any way, or to any extent, responsible 
 for what has heretofore been published in 
 the 'Pilot' on the subject of 'Catholicism 
 and Naturalized Voters,' " and "will not be 
 responsible for what General Green may be 
 pleased hereafter to do." 
 
 A stirring Presidential campaign had fol- 
 lowed the nominations of both parties. In 
 Baltimore, from beginning to end, they 
 worked to their uttermost. It was a closely 
 contested struggle. The Democrats won 
 by a majority of 31 votes. Partisans neg- 
 lected business during the campaign, and 
 excitement and enthusiasm were at their 
 height. Lyceums, places of amusement 
 and recreation were neglected under the 
 commotion electioneering created. On the 
 3d of November, after nightfall, a collision 
 took place between the rivals. The Whigs 
 were at their usual place of assembling in 
 front of the "Patriot" ofifice when a fire 
 alarm sounded and the engines passed on 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMOEE, MARYLAND. 
 
 95 
 
 their \va\- to it. On their return from Old 
 Town, the firemen were stopped by the 
 dense crowd when they undertook to force 
 their way througli it. They met with op- 
 nosition, and a battle with brick-bats was 
 waged. A number of people were injured. 
 The Mayor made a public address of the 
 usual pacific character on such occasions, 
 and peace was restored. At the fall election 
 for President the city gave Mr. Van Buren 
 7.326, and Gen. W. H. Harrison 7,295 
 votes. 
 
 1S41. 
 ^^'iIliam C. Johnson was the nominee of 
 the Whigs and voted for by them at the 
 election of this year for Governor. He was 
 opposed by Francis Thomas, the Demo- 
 cratic nominee. The result of the battle 
 was for the former 6,386, and for the latter 
 
 7435- 
 
 1842. 
 
 At the municipal election Solomon Hil- 
 len. Democrat, received 7,296 votes, being 
 elected over Mr. Small, his Whig competi- 
 tor, who polled 2,853 votes. 
 
 1843- 
 Daniel Webster was tendered a dinner in 
 Baltimore the i8th of May by merchants of 
 the city. It was sumptuously gotten up by 
 the proprietor of the Exchange Hotel. 
 Around the festive board was that talent 
 and wealth for which the city was famous. 
 Mr. Webster, when responding to the toast 
 allotted to him, referred to our agricultural 
 pursuits ; to our commerce on the seas ; our 
 manufactures in the shops and the necessity 
 of tarifif protection to the products of our 
 home industries. In commerce we had 
 rivals, but not superiors, and we should 
 
 guard all our energies by perpetually pro- 
 tecting them. 
 
 The election for members of the Legisla- 
 ture this year in the city resulted in a Whig 
 vote of 6,564 and a Democratic vote of 
 6,484. 
 
 1844. 
 
 May 1st the Whig Convention assembled 
 in the city of Presidential nominating con- 
 ventions, holding its sessions in the Univer- 
 salist Church. Great men made burning 
 speeches, and Henry Clay, doomed never to 
 be President, was once more placed in 
 nomination for that high office. Theodore 
 Frelinghuysen was elected as the nominee 
 for \ ice-President. 
 
 May the 2d was surrendered to a civic 
 procession and a mass meeting held on the 
 Canton race course grounds, under the au- 
 spices of the Young Men's National Whig 
 Convention, which assembled contem- 
 poraneously with the nominating conven- 
 tion. The decorations on Baltimore street, 
 down which the procession passed, were 
 on a magnificent scale. An arch stood at 
 Baltimore and Hanover streets, and one 
 other at Calvert street. The ship Tarift 
 was full rigged and manned with National 
 banners flying. Implements of husbandry 
 were represented and flags waved along the 
 entire line. One banner, more artistically 
 beautiful than all others, was of silk, having 
 on it a perfect likeness of Henry Clay. It 
 now hangs suspended in one of the rooms 
 of the Maryland Historical Society. 
 
 When Canton was reached, the nomina- 
 tions were ratified. Daniel Webster was 
 the lion of the meeting and cheered to the 
 echo. Berrier, Thomas Ewing, John J. 
 Crittenden, Metcalf Reynolds, George 
 Evans, of Maine; Reverdy Johnson, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Thomas Yates \\'alsh, of Baltimore, and 
 Clayton Botts; each in his turn was re- 
 warded with the greatest gift an audience 
 can bestow upon those who inspire it — 
 spontaneous applause. 
 
 May the 27th the Democratic National 
 Convention assembled in the city. The ses- 
 sions were held in the Odd Fellows' Hall 
 on Gay street. James K. Polk, of Tennes- 
 see, was its nominee for President. Silas 
 Wright was selected for the second place on 
 the ticket, which honor he declined with 
 thanks, and in doing so refused the Vice- 
 Presidency. Mr. Wright was replaced by 
 George N. Dallas, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The 27th of May, at Calvert Hall, a hand- 
 ful of Tylerites, whose chief had been ig- 
 nored by the Whigs, whom he had aban- 
 doned, and by the Democrats who needed 
 far more available material than existed in 
 Tyler's construction, nominated that states- 
 man for re-election. He does not appear 
 to have been a factor in the ensuing con- 
 test, as this one act was his appearance and 
 exit. 
 
 The State Whig Committee was unusu- 
 ally strong during this Presidential contest. 
 Among those composing it were the follow- 
 ing Baltimoreans: William Schley, George 
 R. Richardson, Samuel H. Taggart, 
 Thomas Yates Walsh. William H. Gat- 
 chell, John P. Kennedy and others, who 
 were perhaps not so well known, but were 
 of the highest standing in the community 
 where they resided. The conmiittee issued 
 an address July 3, 1844, to the voters of the 
 State, in which they said: "The accumulated 
 confidence of our countrymen with the un- 
 wavering steadiness, the calm courage, the 
 indomitable perseverance w^ith which the 
 great Whig party of the Union has stood to 
 
 its principles, under the extraordinary vicis- 
 situdes which it has been doomed to en- 
 counter, is a proud heritage. The occur- 
 rences in the career of the Nation through 
 which the Democracy have piloted us is 
 humiliating history. The offspring of Ty- 
 lerisni, it bears the mark of its paternity 
 throughout, nor are its features mended by 
 the new squint thrown into them by the in- 
 fusion of Calhoun nullification." The 
 threat of disunion was asserted to be held 
 out to enforce the preponderance of a new 
 issue. Mr. Polk was declared to be "a fit 
 representative of the movement of imme- 
 diate annexation." He was also arraigned 
 and identified as a supporter of Mr. Cal- 
 houn in opposing the protection system, 
 and the policy of distributing among the 
 States the proceeds of public land sales. 
 The question of the annexation of Texas 
 was deplored as a bad precedent to be 
 hurled into a political canvas. The commit- 
 tee charged that their opponents "had 
 sought to turn to party purposes and action 
 unfortunate occurrences in Philadelphia 
 and other places, where differences arose 
 between native born and naturalized citi- 
 zens, mingled more or less with differences 
 of religious opinions and observances. It 
 may be sufficient to say that with these 
 things we have nothing to do. They do not 
 belong to the sphere of political contro- 
 versies. The rights which the Constitution 
 guarantees to naturalized citizens we would 
 guard as sacredly as those which are the 
 birth-right of the native born citizen; and 
 as for the undisturbed enjoyment of re- 
 ligious belief, it is hardly to be expected 
 that anything would be countenanced in 
 Maryland that would infringe upon this 
 holy right of conscience." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 97 
 
 The address discussed the policy of the 
 Whig party; its protective system and 
 sound tariff for revenue, "adequate to sup- 
 ply the Treasury abundantly with money," 
 and also the purpose of the party "to sus- 
 tain»the interest of domestic labor against 
 the sinuous competition of pauper labor 
 from abroad." 
 
 On the subject of the National currency 
 the address was equally explicit, declaring 
 "that the Government should have the con- 
 trol over it to such an extent ag the sound- 
 ness and safeness of the public convenience 
 demand." 
 
 At the November election, Mr. Clay re- 
 ceived in the city of Baltimore 8,413 votes, 
 and Air. Polk had 8,887 votes. Pratt, 
 Whig, for Governor, received 7,968 votes, 
 and Carrol, Democrat, 9,190. James O. 
 Law, Whig, for Mayor, polled 7,971 votes, 
 and John G. Davis, Democrat, 8,468, at the 
 previous election in October. 
 
 The dawn of a movement was nearing 
 which was to diversify American politics by 
 a novelty unrivaled and unprecedented. 
 
 The American party had existence in 
 Baltimore as early as November 5th, 1844. 
 The Baltimore "Clipper" announced that it 
 intended to support the principles of the 
 American, Republican or native American 
 partv. 
 
 1845. 
 
 May the 5th a city convention of Na- 
 tional Americans was held. May 13th an 
 address to the public was issued. The ob- 
 ject of the party was set forth to be the 
 correction of prevailing abuses : the extirpa- 
 tion of foreign influence in American af- 
 fairs; the prevention of fraud and .America 
 for yVmericans. 
 
 The 29th of August the American party 
 
 nominated its first ticket in Baltimore. Its 
 nominees were; For Congress, Fourth 
 Congressional District, a Mr. Duncan; for 
 the House of Delegates, David Taylor, 
 Joseph Breck, John C. Holland, David 
 Parr and Josiah Balderston. The Ameri- 
 can candidate for Congress received 1,147 
 votes; John P. Kennedy, the Whig candi- 
 date, had 4,962 votes, and William Fell 
 Giles, the Democratic candidate, was the 
 recipient of 5,804 votes. Had Mr. Ken- 
 nedy received Mr. Duncan's vote, he would 
 have been elected over Mr. Giles by 395 
 majoritv. Probably he could not have ob- 
 tained it, as the American party was com- 
 posed of both former Whigs and Demo- 
 crats. 
 
 In the city a Temperance ticket was 
 nominated for the lower House of the 
 General Assembly. At the election it re- 
 ceived 212 votes. On the general result in 
 the city, the Democrats elected their Con- 
 gressman, the sheriff and the delegates. At 
 the election held under the management of 
 wards there were from twelve to twenty 
 councilmen in consequence of increased 
 population. The Democrats returned 
 seventeen out of the twenty members com- 
 posing the First Branch, and nine of the 
 ten in the upper branch. 
 
 1846. 
 
 At the election held on the 17th day of 
 October, 1846, one of the issues before the 
 people was the question of holding the ses- 
 sions of the Legislature biennially. Balti- 
 more gave a majority of 694 against the in- 
 novation. The State secured the adoption 
 of the measure by registering a majority in 
 its favor of 4,655 votes. 
 
 The Whigs scored a triumph in the city, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 securing both branches of the Legislature. 
 Charles M. Keyser, Whig, for Senator, ob- 
 tained over Joshua Vansant, Democrat, a 
 majority of one vote, out of a total of 14,- 
 871. A subsequent recount increased his 
 majority to three votes. 
 
 Col. Jacob G. Davis, Democrat for 
 Mayor, was elected over Aaron R. Lever- 
 ing, Whig, by 106 votes. 
 
 1847. 
 In 1847, Philip Francis Thomas, Demo- 
 crat, was elected Governor; his majority in 
 Baltimore City over his Whig opponent, 
 William T. Goldsborough, was 1.566. 
 Goldsborough. although supported by the 
 Whigs, declined to acknowledge his alle- 
 giance to that party. He was clearly an 
 independent, disclaiming all party attach- 
 ments, and appearing before the people 
 without one-sided political opinions. L: 
 the Congressional contest McLean, Demo- 
 crat, received 7,649 votes, and John P. Ken- 
 nedy, Whig, 7.108 votes. 
 
 1848. 
 
 A State Convention of tne friends of Gen. 
 Zachary Taylor, presided over by Alexan- 
 der Randall, was held in Baltimore April 
 26, 1848, in the Law Building. The gen- 
 tlemen composing it professed to have pre- 
 viously belonged to both the leading par- 
 ties. They were influential and many of 
 them of intellectual caliber. This so-called 
 State Conventinn "took time by the fore- 
 lock," and without delay nominated their 
 favorite for President. 
 
 This convention comi^letely ignored tar- 
 iff, finance, admission of Te.xas. war with 
 Mexico and all other political questions, as 
 no longer those of prominence. Thev is- 
 -sued a s])irited address, ambitiously to the 
 
 people of the United States, in which they 
 said: "The only remarKable thing that char- 
 acterizes this movement of ours consists, 
 we may presume, in this, viz: That we have 
 met together in our representative capacity, 
 as citizens, in the exercising of the rights of 
 citizens without regard to party restrictions, 
 and being of the opinion that Gen. Tay- 
 lor is the only man who can unite the 
 moderate men of all parties, and thus pre- 
 pare the country for the severe ordeal 
 through which our institutions may have to 
 pass in the course of approaching events, 
 we have chosen, without waiting for the 
 permission of hasty conventions to act upon 
 that conviction, and to unite our country- 
 men, who may upon reflection adopt the 
 same views and resolve to act in conjunc- 
 tion with us." The convention was cer- 
 tainly the first to nominate Gen. Taylor. 
 
 The National Convention of the Demo-, 
 cratic party, met in Baltimore in the Uni- 
 versalist Church, May 22, 1848, and nomi- 
 nated Gen. Lewis Cass for President and 
 Gen. William O. Butler for Vice-President. 
 
 Gen. Samuel Houston, in the interval be- 
 tween the temporary and permanent organ- 
 ization of the Convention, was loudly called 
 upon to make a speech. He finally com- 
 plied and defended the constitutional right, 
 the morality and justice of the war with 
 Mexico. Andrew Stevenson, of Virginia, 
 was selected president of the convention, 
 which proceeded vigorously to business. 
 Mr. Humphreys, of Maryland, had intro- 
 duced a resolution which was under discus- 
 sion, declaring that a majority of all the 
 votes of the convention, as regulated by the 
 electoral votes of the several States, should 
 be sufficient to nominate candidates for the 
 1 'residency and Vice-Presidency, and that 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 99 
 
 such nominations afterwards receive the 
 unanimous votes of the convention, when a 
 panic was created by a crashing noise in the 
 left gallery. The auditors began to disperse 
 in the midst of great confusion. Some per- 
 sons in the gallery in their eagerness to es- 
 cape climbed down the posts which sup- 
 ported it. Those who were seated under- 
 neath the gallery hastily vacated their seats. 
 One person leaped to the floor below. The 
 alarm, it was afterwards learned, was caused 
 by the breaking of the back of a pew, al- 
 though a few doubting Thomases main- 
 tained that the gallery had settled two 
 inches. What they said had its effect and 
 the gallery was closed. The convention 
 lasted five days and ended in a blaze of en- 
 thusiasm. It was followed by the holding 
 of a ratification meeting in the square, and 
 the usual amount of campaign oratory. 
 
 The nominations of Gen. Taylor and Mil- 
 lard Fillmore, made by the Whig National 
 Convention, were received with delight in 
 Baltimore. Tuesday evening, June 20th, a 
 public meeting was held in Monument 
 Square. Daniel Webster had promised to 
 be present, but was prevented by indispo- 
 sition and the advice of a physician to take 
 care of himself. Hugh Burkhead presided. 
 J. Morrison Harris and Robert W. Thomp- 
 son, of Indiana, made the great speeches on 
 the occasion. 
 
 The 28th of August presented a strange 
 scene to the gaze of Baltimoreans. A Free 
 Soil Convention met in Union Hall at 
 noon. It was composed of twelve persons. 
 There were no plaudits ; no bands of music 
 nor waving of flags. At i o'clock a tem- 
 porary organization was effected, with Dr. 
 John Rose in the chair and J. J. Wolcott 
 and W. Lee secretaries. The declaration 
 
 of principles of the Free Soil party was read 
 and several persons subscribed their names 
 approvingly thereto. The convention then 
 adjourned until 4 o'clock. When it reas- 
 sembled thirty persons were in the room. 
 It first proceeded to elect permanent of- 
 ficers. David Gambril, of Frederick City, 
 President: Dr. John Rose and Robert 
 Gardner, of Baltimore City; Edmund H. 
 Lewis, of Baltimore county, and George W. 
 Buck, of Prince George's county, Vice- 
 Presidents. The secretaries were J. E. 
 Snodgrass, J. J. Wolcott and Edwin 
 Thomas. A State Central Committee, con- 
 sisting of Dr. John Rose, John N. Buck, 
 Darius Thomas, T. H. F. Lanford, Robert 
 Gardner, William Gunnison, E. B. Cun- 
 ningham and William Shepherd, was form- 
 ed. Mr. Clayton, of Easton, A/'a., in his 
 speech made an attack on slavery. Elec- 
 tors-at-large were named. They were 
 David Gamble, of Frederick; Dr. R. F. 
 Allen, of Kent county, and J. Hampton 
 William3, of Baltimore City. All other 
 electors were to be announced by the State 
 Central Committee. 
 
 The Whig State Central Committee, all 
 of whom, as usual, were Baltimoreans, had 
 among others composing it during the year 
 the names of Isaac Nevitt Steel, Thomas 
 Swann, Isaac Monroe, J. P. Kennedy, 
 Trueman Cross, Stephen Collins, George 
 Brown, J. H. Duvall, George E. Sangston, 
 O. C. Tiffaney, John Pickell, William 
 Chestnut and J. Morrison Harris. 
 
 November 2, 1848, they issued an address 
 from which the following is extracted: 
 "You have been told that General Taylor is 
 a mere military chieftan without the requi- 
 site capacity or experience for the exalted 
 station to which the people would desire to 
 
100 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 elevate him. It is true that his life has been 
 spent in the active service of the camp. He 
 has grown grey in the faithful performance 
 of duties which no man could have dis- 
 charged with more ability than himself. 
 But who has witnessed his past career, bril- 
 liant and successful as it has been, who 
 would hesitate to place himself under the 
 guidance of such a leader. During the long 
 life of varied and reasonable public duty an 
 honest man has yet to appear who would 
 detract from the spotless purity of his 
 name." 
 
 The result of the election in Baltnnore 
 City was, that Taylor received 10,406 votes ; 
 Cass, 10,990 votes, and Van Buren (the 
 Free Soil candidate) 71 votes. In the four 
 years' growth of population since the 
 Presidential election of 1844, neither party 
 increased its vote to any appreciable ex- 
 tent to the disadvantage of the other. 
 
 1849. 
 
 At the State election, held in the fall of 
 1849, in se.eral of the counties of the State, 
 the Whigs and Democrats united their 
 forces under the name of Reform. In Bal- 
 timore both parties were pledged to a new 
 State Constitution. The Democrats elected 
 their ticket by an average majority of 2,118 
 for the House of Delegates. There was also 
 an election for members of Congress this 
 year, held Tuesday, October 4th. In the 
 Fourth District Robert M. McLane was the 
 Democratic candidate, he received 7,276 
 votes, which elected him over John R. Ken- 
 ly, who polled 6,326 votes. 
 
 In the Third District, composed of the 
 16th to the 20th wards and Baltimore, 
 Howard and Carroll counties, Edward 
 Hammond, the Democratic candidate re- 
 
 ceived over Mr. Gre>^ majority in Balti- 
 more City of 1,056 votes. 
 
 The Court House clique was active at 
 this juncture. It was a junta of leading 
 lawyers who confederated to control the 
 policy of the Whig party, and to shape its 
 ends for usefulness. 
 
 1850. 
 
 At the election in Baltimore for Governor 
 in 1850, Enock Lewis Low, Democratic 
 candidate, received a majority of 2,759 
 votes, and John H. T. Jerome, Whig candi- 
 date for Mayor, had a majority over Ma- 
 bury Turner of "JJJ votes. 
 
 It wdc the practice of both parties to 
 "coop" voters and supply them with 
 whiskey and conduct them from polling 
 booth to polling booth and vote them as 
 often as convenient to do so. It was the 
 practice of those having charge of the alms- 
 house to permit the inmates to be conduct- 
 ed to the "coop" and incarcerated in readi- 
 ness for their itinerary on election day. The 
 Democrats usually had the advantage of the 
 almshouse vote. One poor unfortunate 
 about this period died in the "coop;" un- 
 daunted by the presence of a lifeless body 
 the keepers of the place took his remains to 
 a medical dissecting room and there sold it 
 for five dollars and used the proceeds in 
 rum for courage and solace on election day. 
 1850. 
 
 At the election held in 1850, the man- 
 agers advanced a step further; they 
 "cooped," as previously, and kidnapped as 
 well. This was done by capturing their op- 
 ponents and imprisoning them in some se- 
 cure place and keeping them there until the 
 polls were closed. Some of the most promi- 
 nent citizens of the town were subjected to 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 101 
 
 such an indignity and afterwards laughed at 
 for their misadventure. The Mayor of the 
 city had a hairbreadth escape. The "coop- 
 ers" sought to capture him on the day of 
 the election prior to his voting, and only the 
 fleetfootedness of his horse enabled him to 
 escape their clutches. 
 
 1851. 
 
 The new State Constitution was adopted 
 on June 4th, and Baltimore City was di- 
 vorced from Baltimore county, and its 
 legislative representation increased to ten 
 uclegates. 
 
 The Congressional campaign was a lively 
 one in the fall of this year. Thomas Yates 
 Walsh, Whig, received in the Fourth Dis- 
 trict 6,683 votes, defeating William Pinkney 
 Whyte, who received 6,454 votes. 
 
 In the Third District Lynch, Independ- 
 ent, had in the city wards 1,333 votes, and 
 Hammond, Democrat, 2,210 votes. 
 
 1852. 
 
 The National Democratic Convention as- 
 sembled in the J*Iaryland Institute in Balti- 
 more, June I, 1852, to nominate candidates 
 for Presiuent and Vice-President. Its ses- 
 sions were intensely exciting. Congress 
 adjourned to enable Senators and represen- 
 tatives to leave their seats in the National 
 counsels and be present at the deliberations 
 of the convention. The city was filled with 
 the strong men of the Democratic faith not 
 members of the convention, but present for 
 consultation. 
 
 On the third day the convention com- 
 menced balloting for a nominee for Presi- 
 dent, and forty-nine ballots were taken, 
 when Gen. Franklin Pierce, who had seen 
 service in Mexico, was nominated. William 
 
 R. King, of Alabama, received the nomina- 
 tion for Vice-President. 
 
 June i6th the Whig National Convention 
 assembled in the Maryland Institute, and 
 on the fifty-third ballot nominated Gen. 
 Winfield Scott for President, and William 
 A. Graham, of North Carolina, for Vice- 
 President. 
 
 The evening of the 30th of June, a mon- 
 ster meeting of the Whigs was held in Mon- 
 ument Square. The Mayor presided with 
 a list of Vice-Presidents headed by Thomas 
 Yates Walsh. They were there to ratify 
 the nomination of Scott and Graham. 
 Twenty thousand persons attested by their 
 presence their enthusiasm for their candi- 
 dates. Numoers at a mass meeting were 
 not conclusive factors as subsequent events 
 demonstrated. 
 
 The 29th of August, 1845, the Native 
 American party placed its first ticket be- 
 fore the public. Scott was the last of the 
 Whig candidates for the Presidency. Clay 
 and Webscer, its illustrious leaders, were 
 dead before another nominating convention 
 took place and Whiggery died with them. 
 The Whig organization was a patriotic cir- 
 cumstance of the past, worthy of the regrets 
 and the tears that were shed over its fate. 
 The Democratic party was the gainer by its 
 dissolution. Reverdy Johnson, J. Nevit 
 Steel, Severn Teackle Wallis, Thomas 
 Yates Walsh, Charles H. Pitts, Richard D. 
 Merrick, William H. Gatchel and many 
 other Baltimoreans, whose names adorned 
 the city's history, passed over into active 
 membership of the Democratic party. 
 
 Throughout the years of the Whig party's 
 existence in Maryland, it was composed of a 
 membership not hostile to slavery, but dis- 
 posed to yield the olive branch to the Dem- 
 
102 
 
 HISTORY OF BALrTIMGRE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ocracy: the sensitive champions of the right 
 to hold in chains the colored man. The 
 defenders of the "peculiar institution" 
 charged the Whigs with being in league 
 with the abolitionists and all their cam- 
 paigns were vocal with such assertions. 
 The agitation of the slavery question en- 
 tered into every Congressional election and 
 continued to do so until the hour when the 
 clock of destiny sounded its doom. 
 
 1852. 
 In the afternoon of July 26th, a conven- 
 tion of the free colored people of the State 
 met at Washington Hall, on Ploughman 
 street. Its object was to consider the con- 
 dition of the free colored people and to ad- 
 vance the improvement of their race status. 
 James A. Handy was temporary chairman 
 and James H. Walker temporary secretary. 
 Disorder prevailed, caused by the action of 
 many delegates who opposed the call, fear- 
 ing hostility to their race would result in 
 consequence. The auditors were out of har- 
 mony with the managers, and when some 
 dissenting delegates asked permission to 
 withdraw, they applauded with shouts of 
 "That's right." It was reported that the 
 Colonization Society had suggested to the 
 convention to aid its scheme of sending im- 
 migrants to Liberia. This rumor caused 
 the withdrawal of several delegates who left 
 the convention. John H.Walker secured the 
 floor and held it for one-half hour, dur- 
 ing which time he emphatically denied the 
 accusation. He declared the convention 
 was held to inquire into the most feasible 
 plan for improving the actual and intellect- 
 ual condition of the colored race. If it was 
 found this could not be effected on Mary- 
 land soil, then the en(|uiries would be ex- 
 
 tended to those counties to which the col- 
 ored people were advised to immigrate, and 
 inducements for such immigration would 
 be examined and reported to the people. 
 If, then, they saw fit to leave their homes 
 and repair to those distant lands they could 
 do so with a certain knowledge what would 
 be their condition on reaching there. 
 
 Order was out of the question, and a riot 
 seemed imminent. A dozen delegates were 
 speaking at the same time. Rev. Darius 
 Stokes, pastor of a Baltimore colored con- 
 gregation, was saved from the clutches of 
 the mob; ten or twelve of its ringleaders 
 were arrested and then the convention to 
 prevent further disorder adjourned for the 
 day. 
 
 The 27th, it resumed its labors with Wil- 
 liam Tasky permanent president. The 
 morning session was consumed in discuss- 
 ing the advisability of charging an admit- 
 tance fee, but the proposition was dropped. 
 A committee was selected on a platform of 
 principles adopted, whereupon the conven- 
 tion adjourned until 2 o'clock. When the 
 convention reassembled a preamble accom- 
 panied by a series of resolutions was before 
 it for discussion. The resolutions were dis- 
 cussed singly and two of them adopted; all 
 the other resolutions with the preamble 
 were laid on the table. Progress was re- 
 ported and the convention adjourned. 
 
 The 28th, the third day of the conven- 
 tion, dawned. It met and recommended to 
 the committee on a platform that they re- 
 port a resolution in favor of immigration to 
 Liberia. A discussion was precipitated; 
 there were those of the opinion that such 
 an expression as the voice of the convention 
 would have a salutary influence on the col- 
 ored people, and after investigation, incline 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 103 
 
 them favorably to a new home in a foreign 
 clime. And there were others who were 
 not in sympathy with this view; they be- 
 lieved such a position would be demoraliz- 
 ing. Several of the speeches showed talent, 
 research and a familiarity with the subject. 
 
 The motion was laid upon the table and 
 the following preamble and resolutions of- 
 fered by John H. Walker as a substitute and 
 as the platform were adopted with but a 
 single negative vote. 
 
 Whereas, The present age is one emi- 
 nently distinguished for enquiry, investiga- 
 tion, enterprise and improvement in physi- 
 cal, political, intellectual and moral sciences, 
 and 
 
 Whereas, Among our white neighbors 
 every exertion is continually being made 
 to improve their social and moral condi- 
 tion, and develop their intellectual facul- 
 ties, and 
 
 Whereas, It is a duty which mankind 
 (colored as well as white) owe to themselves 
 and their Creator to embrace every oppor- 
 tunity for the accomplishment of this men- 
 tal culture and intellectual development and 
 general social improvement; and 
 
 Whereas, We, the free colored people of 
 the State of Maryland, are conscious that 
 we have made little or no progress in im- 
 provement during the past twenty years, 
 but are now sunken into a condition of so- 
 cial degradation which is truly deplorable, 
 and the continuing to live in which we can- 
 not but view it as a crime and transgres- 
 sion against our God, ourselves and our 
 posterity; and 
 
 Whereas, We believe a crisis in our his- 
 tory has arrived when we may choose for 
 ourselves degradation, misery and wretch- 
 edness on the one hand, or happiness. 
 
 honor and enlightenment on the other, 
 merely by pursuing one of two paths which 
 are now laid before us for consideration and 
 choice; may we not, therefore, hope that 
 our people will awaken from their lethargic 
 slumbers and seek for themselves that fu- 
 ture course of conduct that will elevate them 
 from their present position and place them 
 on an equality with the other more ad- 
 vanced races of mankind. May we not 
 hope that they will consider seriously the 
 self-evident proposition that all men are 
 created equal, and endowed by the Creator 
 with the same privilege of exerting them- 
 selves for their own and each other's bene- 
 fit; and 
 
 Whereas, In view of these considera- 
 tions, and in order to commence the great 
 and glorious work of our moral elevation 
 and of our social and intellectual improve- 
 ment, we are of the opinion that an organi- 
 zation of the friends of this just and holy 
 cause is absolutely necessary for effecting 
 the object so nuich to be desired, and we 
 are therefore 
 
 Resolved, That we will, each and every 
 one, here pledge ourselves to each other and 
 to our God, to use, on every and all occa- 
 sions, our utmost efforts to accomplish the 
 objects set forth in the foregoing preamble; 
 and that we will now and forever hereafter 
 engraft this truth in our prayers, our hopes, 
 our instructions to our brethren and our 
 children; namely, that degradation is a sin 
 and a source of misery, and it is a high, an 
 honorable and a blessed privilege we enjoy 
 — the right to improve ourselves and trans- 
 mit to posterity, happiness instead of our 
 misery — knowledge instead of our ignor- 
 ance. 
 
 Resolved, That while we appreciate and 
 
104 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 acknowledge the sincerity of the motives 
 and the activity of the zeal of those who, 
 during an agitation of twenty years, have 
 honestly struggled to place us on a footing 
 of social and political equality with the 
 white population of the country, yet we 
 cannot conceal from ourselves the fact that 
 no advancement has been made towards a 
 result so desirable, but that, on the con- 
 trary, our condition as a class is less de- 
 sirable now than it was twenty years ago. 
 
 Resolved, That in the face of an emi- 
 gration from Europe, which is greater each 
 year than it was the year preceding, and 
 during the prevalence of a feeling in regard 
 to us, which the very agitation intended for 
 good has only served apparently to embit- 
 ter, we cannot promise ourselves that the 
 future will do that which the past has failed 
 to accomplish. 
 
 Resolved, That we recognize in our- 
 selves the capability of conducting our own 
 public afTairs in a manner at once creditable 
 and well calculated to further among us 
 the cause of religion, virtue, morality, truth 
 and enlightenment — and to acquire for our- 
 selves the possession and enjoyment of that 
 elevated refinement which so much adorns 
 and beautifies social intercourse among 
 mankind, and leads them to a proper appre- 
 ciation of the relations existing between 
 man and Deity, man and his fellow-men, 
 and man and that companion whom God 
 has bestowed upon him to console him in 
 the hour of trouble and darkness, ov enjoy 
 with him the blessings that heaven vouch- 
 safes occasionally to shower upon our path- 
 way through life. 
 
 Rksoi.vI'D. That in a retrospective sur- 
 vey of the past we see between the while 
 and colored races a disparity of thought. 
 
 feeling and intellectual advancement which 
 convinces us that it cannot be that the two 
 races will ever overcome their mutual pre- 
 judices toward each other sufficiently to 
 dwell together in harmony, and in the en- 
 joyment of like social and political privi- 
 leges, and we therefore hold that a separa- 
 tion of ourselves from our wdiite neighbors, 
 many of whom we cannot but love and ad- 
 mire for the generosity they have displayed 
 towards us from time to time, is an object 
 devoutly to be desired and the consumma- 
 tion of which would tend to the mutual ad- 
 vantage of both races. 
 
 Resolved, That comparing the relative 
 advantages afforded us in Canada, the West 
 Indies and Liberia— these being the places 
 beyond the limits of the United States to 
 which circumstances have directed our at- 
 tention — we are led to examine the claims 
 of Liberia particularly, for there alone we 
 have been told that we can exercise all the 
 functions of a free republican government, 
 and hold an honorable positon among the 
 nations of the earth. 
 
 Resolved, That this convention recom- 
 mend to the colored people of ]\Iaryland 
 the formation of societies in the counties 
 of the State and the, city of Baltimore, who 
 shall meet monthly, for the purpose of rais- 
 ing the means to establish and support free 
 schools for the education of our poor and 
 destitute children, and for the appointment 
 each month of a person whose duty it shall 
 be to collect such information in relation 
 to the condition of colored emigrants in 
 Canada, West Lidies, Guiana and Liberia, 
 as can be obtained by him from all avail- 
 able sources; which information shall be 
 brought to these monthly meetings above 
 alluded to and read before them for the 
 
"^■^ 
 
 ^£. 
 
 C4y/Cg,^ 
 
 /^^. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 105 
 
 instruction of all in order that when they 
 are resolved, if they should so resolve, to 
 remove from this country to any other, 
 they must know what will be their wants, 
 opportunities, prospects, &c., in order to 
 provide beforehand for any emergencies 
 that may meet them on their arrival in their 
 new homes. 
 
 Resolved, That as this subject is one of 
 great importance to us and the considera- 
 tion of which, whatever may be the result, 
 cannot be put aside, we recommend to our 
 people of this State to establish and main- 
 tain an organization in regard to it, the 
 great object of which shall be enquiry and 
 discussion which, without committing any, 
 may lead to accurate information and that a 
 convention like the present one composed 
 of delegates from the respective counties in 
 the State and from Baltimore City, ])e held 
 annually at such times and places as may be 
 hereafter designated. 
 
 Resolved, That in thus expressing our 
 opinions, it is not our purpose to counsel 
 emigration as either necessary or proper in 
 every case. The transfer of an entire peo- 
 ple from one land to another must neces- 
 sarily be a work of generations. Each in- 
 dividual now and hereafter must be gov- 
 erned by the circumstances of his own con- 
 dition, of which he alone can be the judge, 
 as well in regard to the time of removal as 
 to the place to which he shall remove; but 
 deeply impressed ourselves that sooner or 
 later removal must take place, we would 
 counsel our people to accustom themselves 
 to the idea. 
 
 Resolved, That this convention recom- 
 mend the ministers of the gospel among the 
 free colored population of Maryland to en- 
 deavor, by contributions from the congre- 
 7 
 
 gations and by other means, to raise funds 
 for the purpose of forwarding the benevo- 
 lent object of educating the children of des- 
 titute colored persons of this State; and 
 that they also impress upon the minds of 
 their hearers the benefit which would neces- 
 sarily result from the development of their 
 intellects and the bringing into fullest use 
 those mental powers and reasoning facul- 
 ties which distinguish mankind from the 
 brute creation; and that this be requested 
 of them as a part of their duty as ministers 
 of our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ. 
 
 A committee of five was appointed to 
 draw up a memorial to be presented to the 
 Legislature asking that they "be apprised 
 beforehand of any action it might take in 
 regard to the free colored people of Mary- 
 land." The resolution passed and J. H. 
 Walker, J. A. Handy, William Perkins, 
 Thomas Fuller and Daniel T. Ross were 
 named for the purpose. The committee 
 may have discharged its functions but there 
 is no record that the Legislature ever ap- 
 prised beforehand either the committee or 
 anybody else butr themselves of their pur- 
 pose, as suggested. 
 
 After the appointment of an Executive 
 Committee charged with attending "to all 
 matters affecting colored interests" within 
 the State, the convention finally adjourned. 
 
 This was Mayoralty year. The candi- 
 date of the Whigs was Mr. France and of 
 the Dem.ocrats Mr. Hollins. 
 
 The election resulted in Gen. Scott re- 
 ceiving 9,558 votes, Pierce 14,035 votes, 
 France 8,981 votes and Hollins 1,265 votes. 
 
 1853- 
 The Whigs re-nominated Thomas Yates 
 Walsh for Congress. He was opposed by 
 Henry May, the Democratic candidate. 
 
106 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mr. May, in his canvass, vigorously as- 
 sailed the record of his opponent in Con- 
 gress, which had been of the most honor- 
 able and distinguished character. A vote 
 which Mr. Walsh had given to establish a 
 line of steamers from New York to a for- 
 eign port in Europe furnished the text. It 
 was charged that he should have sought to 
 have had Baltimore made the terminus. 
 
 October 19, 1853, Mr. Walsh addressed a 
 mass meeting of his supporters at the cor- 
 ner of Madison and Eutaw streets. 
 
 It was an able address in which, re- 
 ferring to his past political career, he said: 
 "I retired from the arena of politics to the 
 practice of my profession thinking I had 
 finally abandoned political life, but two 
 years ago I was most unexpectedly nomi- 
 nated for the representation of the Fourth 
 District, and I was solicited by a large body 
 of citizens to accept the office of their rep- 
 resentative in the hall of the Federal Legis- 
 lature. I succeeded, but no personal exul- 
 tation was mingled in my feelings of satis- 
 faction at that success. Death had scat- 
 tered those whom it woujd have most re- 
 joiced." 
 
 On the subject of a protection tariff, JNIr. 
 Walsh said: "I believe our native indus- 
 tries ought to be protected. There were 
 indications of a tendency to do justice to 
 the mechanical portion of the population. 
 Our navies and merchant marine are now 
 equipped with Russian hemp which has 
 driven our own rope makers out of the 
 market. Is this unpardonable condition of 
 things to be permanent? President Jack- 
 son had advrcated the protection policy for 
 materials requisite for national defense." 
 
 In tiie campaign, Henry Winter Davis 
 made his first appearance on tlvj Baltimore 
 
 stump. Tuesday, November 4th, he was 
 advertised to speak with Mr. Walsh, R. T. 
 Merrick and William H. Traverse in the 
 Fourth Ward. He subsequently spoke at 
 other meeting. 
 
 Both Mr. May and Mr. Walsh were able 
 men, foemen worthy of one another's steel. 
 They conducted active canvasses. The re- 
 sult was May's election, he receiving 5,630 
 votes to 5.300 votes cast for Walsh. 
 
 A Governor was elected at the same time, 
 Bowie, the Whig candidate, receiving in the 
 city 8,327 votes, and Ligon, Democrat, 
 10,876 votes. 
 
 In Baltimore the supporters of the Maine 
 Liquor Law made a successful fight on that 
 line, electing ten delegates by 964 majority. 
 Their platform was warm with words de- 
 nouncing the manufacture, sale and con- 
 sumption of intoxicating liquors. The dele- 
 gates chosen were pledged to extirpate the 
 traffic by remedial and effective legislation. 
 
 1854. 
 In the fall of 1854 the National American 
 party nominated a straight ticket for the 
 municipality of Baltimore. Samuel Hinks 
 was the candidate for jMayor. He was op- 
 posed by William G. Thomas, the Demo- 
 cratic nominee. The religious sentiment 
 and fervor of the community was violently 
 roused and hostility to the Roman Catholics 
 was bitterly engendered. Hinks was elect- 
 ed by 2,744 majority. The National Amer- 
 icans secured fourteen members of the First 
 Branch and eight members of the Second. 
 
 1855- 
 In the election of members for the First 
 Branch of the City Council in 1855, the 
 Democrats carried Baltimore by 1,029 ma- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 107 
 
 jority. Fraudulent elections of the grosser 
 order had not yet held high carnival. 
 
 1856. 
 
 In October, the Mayoralty election oc- 
 curred. Thomas Swann, a millionaire and 
 a gentleman of high social position, was the 
 American cafididate for Mayor; he was 
 elected over Robert Clinton, the Demo- 
 cratic candidate, by 5,067 votes. The elec- 
 tion was the scene of disturbance, and great 
 disorder prevailed. It was charged that il- 
 legal voting was practiced unblushingly. 
 
 October 17th, the National American 
 party assembled in Baltimore. Its sessions 
 were held in the Maryland Institute. Mil- 
 lard Fillmore was chosen its nominee for 
 President, and Andrew Jackson Donaldson 
 for Vice-President. At the election held in 
 November, Baltimore recorded for Fill- 
 more 16,900 votes, and for Buchanan 9,870 
 votes. Fremont, the Republican candidate, 
 received 214 votes. 
 
 A battle royal took place in the Bel Air 
 market house. The redoubtable Eighth 
 Ward Limerick club marched to the Sixth 
 Ward to participate in conducting the elec- 
 tion. The boys there wanted no assistance 
 and with guns and cannon they drove the 
 invaders in the market house, where a 
 systematic battle was kept up until dark. 
 One cannon was captured by the Limerick 
 contingent, but tumbled off the wheels 
 while being hauled away. The Sixth Ward- 
 ers were much exposed during the battle 
 but kept up their aggressions. Throughout 
 the city episodes of a similar character took 
 place. Eight persons were killed and one 
 hundred and fifty wounded. Those unpen- 
 sioned warriors have never been applicants 
 for a bounty. A squad of police marched 
 
 to take the Eighth Warders prisoners but 
 were themselves captured and finally pa- 
 roled and released without exchange. 
 
 1857- 
 
 The American party held a nomination 
 convention in Baltimore, at Temperance 
 Temple, July 23rd, A. R. Sellers, of Calvert 
 county, presiding ofificer. James B. Ricand, 
 of Kent; Wm. H. Purnell, of Worcester; C. 
 C. Cox, of Talbot, and Thomas Holliday 
 Hicks, of Dorchester, were the Guberna- 
 torial candidates in nomination. Seven bal- 
 lots were taken, the last with the following 
 result: Ricard, 47; Purnell, i; Hicks, 48. 
 Previous to announcing the vote. Dr. Jar- 
 ett, of Harford, changed his vote to Hicks, 
 giving him a majority. The convention ad- 
 journed until half-past three, when Mr. 
 Hicks appeared before it accepting the 
 nomination, and in doing so, he said: ''Tt 
 did his very soul good to talk about the 
 doctrine that 'Americans should rule Amer- 
 ica.' He understood that a groom had 
 been singled out for the nag that they had 
 this day selected, but neither whip nor spur 
 would be necessary for the animal they had 
 put on the course." Wm. H. Purnell was 
 nominated for Comptroller; Daniel H. Mc- 
 Phail for Lottery Commissioner, and W. L. 
 W. Seabrook for Commissioner of the Land 
 Ofifice. Mr. Hicks reached his home at 
 Cambridge by the steamer Kent, which was 
 decorated with flags. As it glided down 
 the river and bay it was loudly cheered 
 by passing steamers. When at Cambridge, 
 a cannon planted on the wharf belched forth 
 its welcome. The entire population of the 
 town escorted him to the court house, 
 where a reception was held. 
 
 The Democratic Convention met in the 
 
108 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Maryland Institute Thursday, July 30th, 
 and was presided over by Wm. T. Hamil- 
 ton. Col. John C. Groome, of Cecil coun- 
 ty, was nominated for Governor; Joshua R. 
 Nelson, for Lottery Commissioner; James 
 Murray for Commissioner of Land Office, 
 and Bradley T. Johnson, Comptroller. The 
 Fourth District American Congressional 
 Convention assembled August 12th and 
 nominated Henry Winter Davis for Con- 
 gress. At the municipal • election held in 
 Baltimore, October 13th, the American 
 ticket was elected with the exception of the 
 Council candidate in the Eighth Ward. 
 It received 11,898 votes to 2,000 votes for 
 the Democratic ticket. The "American" of 
 the 15th said that the election was a 
 mere mockery of the elective franchise, ac- 
 companied by riot and bloodshed. The 
 fighting men of both parties were out. 
 Peaceable citizens abstained from the polls; 
 naturalized citizens were not allowed to 
 vote in some of the wards, and a native 
 citizen could not vote in the Eighth, in 
 the last named ward, a serious riot took 
 place in wliich one police officer was killed 
 and another wounded. In consequence of 
 the disorder. Governor Watkins Ligon or- 
 dered the major general of the militia to 
 hold himself in readiness to preserve order 
 on the November election. His authority 
 was disputed by Mayor Swann and a 
 lengthy correspondence ensued between 
 them. The Mayor was sustained by the 
 legal opinion of Milton Whitney that per- 
 sons enrolled and acting under the Gov- 
 ernor's proclamation were not protected 
 from individual responsiblity to the crim- 
 inal law for ofTenses conmiitted by order of 
 any officer in command, which opinion was 
 concurred in bv Frederick Pinknev, and a 
 
 further opinion of Grafton Dulaney, Wm. 
 Price and Thomas S. Alexander. The Gov- 
 ernor notwithstanding the counter opinion 
 of Reverdy Johnson and others, was com- 
 pelled to revoke his orders calling out the 
 militia. Special police was appointed by 
 Mayor Swann for the preservation of peace. 
 Notwithstanding this there was much disor- 
 der which they were unable to quell. Mr. 
 Hicks received 16,237 votes for Governor 
 against 6,616 votes for Mr. Groome. J. 
 Morrison Harris, in the wards of the Third 
 Congressional District received 6,741 votes 
 against 3,519 votes for William Pinkney 
 Whyte. Henry Winter Davis, in the Fourth 
 District, received 9,492 votes against 3,073 
 polled for Henry P. Brooks. 
 
 A reform movement developed itself in 
 the fall of this year, but the time was not 
 ripe for its expansion and assured success. 
 Th-: candidate of those associated in this 
 cause was Col. A. P. Shutt, for Mayor. 
 Early in September, 1858, they proclaimed 
 their platform of principles, arraigning the 
 dominant party for its violence. Col. Shutt, 
 during the existence of Whiggery, had fol- 
 lowed the fortunes of "Harry of the West." 
 Since its demise he had remained without 
 the pale of parties. In his acceptance he 
 asserted: "The citizens of adjoining places 
 are afraid to come to this city to transact 
 business and their wives do not wish them 
 to do so, fearing they may suffer violence." 
 Mr. Swann having been re-nominated, in 
 acknowledging the compliment, maintained 
 that the percentage of lawlessness was not 
 greater in Baltimore City than in other mu- 
 nicipalities of its size. He was re-elected 
 the I3tli o. October by a rcturn-jd majority 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of 19,149. So farcical was the performance 
 that at noon of election day Col. Shutt 
 withdrew from the contest and called on his 
 friends to desist from further attempts to 
 exercise the elective franchise. A curious 
 feature in t.iis election was, that the Fourth 
 Ward gave Mr. Swann 2,507 votes out of a 
 poll of 2,866 votes, and the Eighth Ward 
 returned a majority of 3,307 votes for Col. 
 Shutt. The latter was reported to have re- 
 ceived 4,859 votes in the city, of which 3,428 
 were represented to have been cast in one 
 ward, leaving 1,430 votes as the sum total 
 of ballots cast in the other wards for Mr. 
 Shutt. Disorderly proceedings were ram- 
 pant in all the wards. The American 
 ticket was marked on the back with a blue 
 checkered stripe. Those who did not vote 
 it were easily recognized. Stuffing the bal- 
 lot box by men and boys was a mere pas- 
 time. For this outrage the American party 
 has always been condemned. 
 
 Such a rankorous growth could not 
 longer be permitted. The 15th of Novem- 
 ber subsequent to the election the City Re- 
 form Association met and issued an indig- 
 nant address, setting fortlr its future plans 
 and purposes. 
 
 1859. 
 In the campaign ensuing, sledge hammer 
 blows were given by reformers that roused 
 the public to action. The Baltimore Amer- 
 ican espoused their cause and as always 
 happens in such a crisis, some of the most 
 influential men in the American party co- 
 operated with the reformers for its over- 
 throw. Ten thousand people assembled in 
 Monument Square on the 8th of September, 
 William Woodward, presiding officer. The 
 
 President and Vice-President, according to 
 the adopted resolutions, were instructed to 
 appoint a committee of twenty of Balti- 
 more's representative citizens, one from 
 each of the wards, and they, at an early day, 
 were to nominate candidates without regard 
 to party; the best, most reliable and compe- 
 tent in the community. 
 
 JMayor Swann was invited to co-operate 
 with the Reformers and throw his social 
 and ofhcial influence with them. He de- 
 clined and continued steadfast with his 
 party friends. 
 
 The American party held a meeting in' 
 Monument Square November 2d. A pro- 
 cession of clubs marched through the 
 streets of the city and filed into the crowded 
 square where the meeting was in progress. 
 Fire works and cannon were discharged. 
 The Blood Tubs had the right of the line, 
 One of their transparencies represented the 
 operation of dipping the head of a voter in 
 a tub of blood. The "Acdrns," the "Live 
 Oak Club" and the "American Pioneer 
 Club" had cannon which they fired ofif from 
 furniture wagons. The "Rough Skins" of 
 the Third Ward; the "Red Necks of '76;" 
 the Ashland Club of the Sixth Ward, and 
 clubs from the Seventh Ward; the "Spar- 
 tan Band," of the Eighth Ward; the United 
 American Club;" the "Black Snakes" of 
 the Eleventh Ward, with a motto, "Swin- 
 dled but not Conquered;" the "Thunder 
 Club" of the Sixteenth Ward; the "Tigers;" 
 the "Decatur;" the "Enbolt Club," of the 
 Seventeenth Ward, and the Alount Clair 
 Club, of the Eighteenth Ward, were 
 among those in line. The latter club had a 
 blacksmith's forge on wheels with men at 
 work making awls. "The Regulators," of 
 
no 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the Tenth Ward, appeared with Citizen 
 Crab Ashby at their head, mounted on a 
 mettlesome black steed. He was marshal 
 of the club and wore a blue r.nd pink satin 
 sash, and held in his hand an awl about 
 four feet in length: he proceeded to the 
 speaker's stand, by riding rough shod 
 through the audience, who gave way at his 
 approach, and from a large chandelier he 
 suspended his awl over the heads of the 
 speakers. When he had retired the awl was 
 removed. The stand had as ornamentation 
 American flags with the inscription, "Henry 
 Winter Davis, Fourth District, Union for 
 the Sake of the Union, Baltimore City, O. 
 K., J. Morrison Harris, Third District, Pro- 
 tection to American Labor," and in the cen- 
 tre was the picture of a swan, emblematical 
 of Thomas Swann, one of the great political 
 leaders of that party. 
 
 United States Senator Anthony Kennedy 
 spoke of it "As a glorious demonstration 
 and those who "were present were doubtless 
 influenced by the same motives which en- 
 livened and enkindled the party in 1856, 
 they were now called upon to act with the 
 same vigilance and to make the same efforts 
 that were then made as great and important 
 issues would probably grow out of the pres- 
 ent campaign. They were not dismayed by 
 party misrepresentations or personal malev- 
 olence. The American party had the same 
 high aims to animate them, the same du- 
 ties to perform; the same cardinal virtues 
 to develop and the same great platform 
 to uphold. They had indeed great national 
 princij)lcs to carry out, and to do this all 
 sectional strife, squatter sovereignty and 
 alien suffrage must needs be repudiated. It 
 was in defense of great national principles 
 that thev were called once more to rallv 
 
 around the great national standard of the 
 party. The American party stood up for 
 the rights of the States; the Union of the 
 States for the sake of the Union, and for 
 protection in the fullest sense to the rights 
 of American citizens throughout the 
 world." 
 
 Henry Winter Davis commenced his 
 speech by saying: "The grand army of 
 Americans is marching for the fifth time to 
 victory. They were not about to engage in 
 battle against a new enemy, but an old 
 enemy disguised in a new uniform and 
 called by new names ; it had new lieutenants 
 in front and old generals behind. Why, 
 then, should Americans fear? They had 
 smitten them in 1855, and in 1856 they had 
 fought and conquered them in the disguise 
 of independent candidates, and now it was 
 neither Independents nor Democrats, for 
 their opponents had revived and dug up the 
 .dried bones of the old court house clique 
 and arrayed them for the conflict. There 
 were the foreign legions for their left wing, 
 the old Democrats in the centre and on the 
 right the old line Whigs who had helped to 
 elect James Buchanan, with a few renegade 
 Americans to keep them company." 
 
 "The Reformers had declared war and he 
 was ready for it, and no child's play, either. 
 If they called the leader of his party a dema- 
 gogue, he would return the compliment and 
 say tnat they surpassed that. Come out on 
 election day, not for the purpose of vio- 
 lence, but to put it down and to see that 
 the laws are observed." 
 
 At the October election the Refonners 
 carried the Eighth, Tenth, Twelfth, Four- 
 teenth and Nineteenth Wards, notwith- 
 standing the asserted bad faith of the muni- 
 cipal authorities. The November election 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 followed for Comptroller, members of Con- 
 gress and of the Legislature. At 2 o'clock 
 the Reformers abandoned the field except 
 in the Eighth Ward, where a native Ameri- 
 can always experienced the same difficulty 
 in voting that the Democrats did in the 
 other wards. 
 
 The 17th of November, a Reform con- 
 vention was held. Severn Teackle Wallis 
 called it to order and nominated George M. 
 Gill, president. A committee on elections 
 was selected to collect evidence of fraud and 
 violence used at the late election and to 
 present it to the Legislature. The commit- 
 tee was composed of William Henry Norris, 
 Philip Francis Thomas, L Nevitt Steele, S. 
 T. Wallis and Nelson Poe. 
 
 The committee collected a mass of ex- 
 parte statements in relation to the Novem- 
 ber election, it evidencing a lamentable con- 
 dition of affairs. Adam B. Kyle was struck 
 at the polls and raised his stick to resent 
 the blow when he was surrounded by a 
 crowd who struck him and fired pistols at 
 him. His brother George, who had been 
 shamefully set upon in a similar manner, 
 went to his assistance, firing into the crowd. 
 When within a few feet of Adam, he saw 
 him fall, and as he did so, place his hand to 
 his groin. He was mortally wounded and 
 died that evening. 
 
 Mr. Wallis, in his testimony, described 
 how the Tenth Ward polls we.tf taken pos- 
 session of by "Know Nothing" rioters, who 
 assaulted Democratic voters with bricks 
 and firearms, holding the place and permit- 
 ting access only to those whom it was their 
 pleasure to allow to vote. 
 
 Mr. Charles D. Hinks described Gregory 
 Barrett in action, drawing his pistol and 
 firing it five times. When he was tired of 
 
 toying wuth the pistol he called for rifles, 
 raving and swearing that he would take the 
 blood of Reformers. It did not appear that 
 the rifles were produced or that Gregory 
 killed any one. A man named McGonni- 
 gan, a curious name for a native American, 
 who was one of the "Rip Raps," swore that 
 no Reformer should vote unless he was 
 dead, and the suffrage was exercised over 
 his body. 
 
 The old practice of "cooping" seemed to 
 have been restored; indeed it is doubtful if 
 that well recognized and methodized plan 
 of campaign procedure knew an interrup- 
 tion up to this period. John Justus Ritzus 
 related how he and several others were 
 conducted by a mysterious winding from 
 one house to another until they were led 
 into a dark room and kept there a few min- 
 utes; how several persons were cruelly 
 beaten when discovered making an effort 
 to escape; how they w^ere searched and 
 articles on their persons taken from them; 
 how they were pushed and tumbled down 
 into the cellar and found themselves in a 
 dark hole full of men with one soHtary can- 
 dle; how they were kept cooped and finally 
 separated into parties of threes and fours, 
 given the American ticket and led up to the 
 polls and compelled to vote it. Ritzus had 
 a varied experience; he voted sixteen times. 
 He changed his clothing seven times with 
 other cooped individuals. The captain 
 changed clothes with them. They were 
 driven around in omnibuses packed full and 
 voted ad libitum. Specific cases of cruelty 
 w^ere given. Crab Ashby was said to have 
 set fire to the beard of an old German by 
 the use of a lighted candle, burning the 
 beard entirely off the poor man's face. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Events from iS6o to iS66 ; or, The War and Its Trail. 
 
 In the succeeding pages events of thrill- 
 ing interest will be narrated. A nation in 
 the throes of war presents the highest op- 
 portunity for its people to exhibit the love- 
 liness of virtue and the abomination of vice; 
 the elevation of a lofty spirit of patriotism 
 and the degeneracy of national character. 
 
 The United States, in its great conflict, 
 escaped as a people the loss of prestige; it 
 came out of the struggle purified and 
 healthier for the conflict. The succeeding 
 pages invite attention not to the way in 
 which men fought but spoke. In the ad- 
 dresses will be perceived the feelings that 
 prevailed at the all critical hour when the 
 fate of the Union lay trembling in the bal- 
 ance. 
 
 This chapter includes the aftermath of 
 the war properly characterized, in the rec- 
 ord of the years 1865 to '66. 
 i860. 
 
 The Legislature which assembled this 
 year was Democratic and several measures 
 presented by the Reform committee were 
 enacted into laws. Among them were the 
 police law, the election law and the jury law. 
 
 A movement was early made in the 
 House of Delegates to expel! the delegation 
 from Baltimore. They were Charles C. 
 Krafift, Thomas Booze, Robert L. Seth, 
 George R. Berry, P. C. Crowley, Robert A. 
 McAlister, Thomas M. Smith, Robert Tur- 
 ner and Marcus Dennison. These gentle- 
 men made a vigorous defense of their rights 
 
 to seats and it was not until the last day of 
 the session that they were declared vacant. 
 
 The police bill resulted in changing the 
 personell of the force. George P. Kane 
 was made marshal instead of Marshal Her- 
 ring, and it was speedily transformed into an 
 organization whose sympathies were Dem- 
 ocratic. 
 
 Mayor Swann, on the passage of the sev- 
 eral reform bills, disputed their legality and 
 was vested by the Council with authority 
 to test the constitutionality of the police 
 bill. The commissioners of police named 
 in the bill Charles Howard, William H. 
 Gatchell, Charles D. Hinks and John W. 
 Davis, after subscribing to their oath of 
 office, applied to Judge Robert North Mar- 
 tin, of the Superior Court, one of the most 
 learned and impartial jurists of his time, for 
 a mandamus to compell the surrender of the 
 station houses and their equipments. Judge 
 Martin upheld the constitutionality of the 
 act, which was affirmed by the Court of 
 Appeals. 
 
 .\t a mass meeting of the Union party 
 held in Carroll Hall, Tuesday, April 13th, 
 William Price said: "Henry Clay gave the 
 assurance thrt a time was coming when 
 a Union party would be organized to op- 
 pose a corrupt and profligate administra- 
 tion. It is fit and appropriate that on this 
 day such a party should assemble; for it 
 is the day on which the eye of that great 
 man first saw the light of heaven and his 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 113 
 
 prophetic vision predicted the coming of 
 this hour." 
 
 John P. Kennedy: "It is the birth- 
 day of Henry Clay; it is well to begin work 
 on the fairest day of the vernal season. The 
 effulgent rays of the sun had gilded the 
 horizon in the early hour of the morning 
 and would set in glory. A fit emblem of 
 the man who was born on that day. It 
 was a fortunate omen to meet on such a 
 day and rally around the Constitution and 
 express their veneration for that sacred 
 document. But three or four months had 
 passed since the whole land was in agita- 
 tion, when men talked of a dissolution of 
 the Union, and even the gloom of that mo- 
 ment had not yet passed off into unclouded 
 happiness. Men still had a feeling of mis- 
 trust for each other." 
 
 /. Morrison Harris: "A period in the 
 history of our country had arrived when 
 men must look around them. As the mari- 
 ner who goes to sea in fair weather and 
 suddenly finds a storm raging around him, 
 and prepares to meet it, just so it has been 
 with this American people. The great ship of 
 State has been hitherto sailing in safety, but 
 fanaticism, foul and black, has raised a 
 storm which it could alone engender, and 
 this noble ship of State is sailing in a sea 
 of agitation, and it behooves the people, the 
 great American people, to say, peace, peace 
 be still." 
 
 In the evening a meeting was held in 
 Monument Square, at which Robert W. 
 Thompson, of Indiana, spoke. He said: "I 
 would rather be stricken dead than east a 
 vote for any man who would dare to assail 
 the Union." 
 
 Zcbiilon B. Vanee, of North Carolina: 
 "The Democratic party could not save the 
 
 Union. They could not spare the time to 
 save the spoils. They say the only way to 
 save the Union is to join the Democratic 
 party. I would sooner have the biggest 
 awl in Baltimore run in me than do such a 
 thing. How is it that the only party that 
 can save the Union is the oiie always talk- 
 ing about dissolving it?" 
 
 Horace Maynard: "Persons talk of dis- 
 solving the Union — of a peaceable dissolu- 
 tion of it. The thing is impossible — the 
 overthrowers would be crushed out in the 
 attempt." 
 
 Thomas Szvann: "I am not one of those 
 who believe this Union will be dissolved. 
 I do not think it is in the power of politi- 
 cians to effect such an end. Our existence 
 as a nation is not to be counted by days, 
 but I trust by centuries." 
 
 Wednesday, May 9th, the National Con- 
 stitutional Union Convention met in Balti- 
 more at the Presbyterian Church, Fayette 
 and North streets. The platform adopted 
 recognized no political principles other than 
 "The Constitution of the Country," "The 
 Union of the States" and "The Enforce- 
 ment of the Laws." The convention pledg- 
 ing itself "to maintain, protect and defend, 
 separately and unitedly, those great princi- 
 ples of public liberty and national safety 
 against all enemies at home and abroad; be- 
 lieving that thereby peace may once more 
 be restored to the country, the just rights 
 of the people and of the States re-estab- 
 lished and the Government again placed in 
 that condition of justice, fraternity and 
 equality which, under the example and con- 
 stitution of our fathers has solemnly bound 
 every citizen of the United States to main- 
 tain "a more perfect Union, established jus- 
 tice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for 
 
114 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the common defense, promote the general 
 welfare and secure the blessing of liberty to 
 ourselves and our posterit)'." 
 
 A more thoroughly patriotic convention 
 never assembled. It consisted of delegates 
 of national reputations. The oratory was 
 of a high order and abounded in love for the 
 Union. Excellent speeches were made by 
 Mr. Girard, of New York; William L. Shar- 
 key, of Mississippi; Andrew Jackson Don- 
 aldson, of Tennessee; Washington Hunt, 
 of New York; the president of the conven- 
 tion, Mr. Bowie, of Maryland; Mr. Inger- 
 soll, of Pennsylvania; Mr. Hilliard, of Mas- 
 sachusetts; Governor Brown, of Tennessee; 
 Mr. Watson, of Mississippi; Hill, of 
 Georgia; Thompson, of Indiana, and Mr. 
 Henry, of Tennessee, the last named a 
 grandson of Patrick Henry, who proved to 
 have inherited the fire and eloquence of his 
 ancestor. The following extract is from his 
 speech: "I cannot fight under any banner 
 upon the earth than that which looks to 
 the glory, the honor, and perpetuity of our 
 glorious country as one whole country. 
 The revolutionary blood that beats and 
 throbs in my veins would prevent me from 
 bearing aloft any other banner. There is 
 a cry that comes to me from the battlefields 
 of the Revolution. It comes! It is ringing 
 in my ears! It is in the air that is around 
 me! It comes from the bloody field of 
 Guilford! It is the cry of my father's blood 
 that appeals to me from the ground; the 
 blood that was shed upon the field of Guil- 
 ford— to be true to the Union. I intend 
 to obey that voice and respond to that senti- 
 ment." 
 
 Mr. Henry showed himself to possess a 
 keen sense of the humorous a,s the follow- 
 ing extract will i)rovc: "The other dav I 
 
 saw some of the delegates returning from 
 Charleston, and I declare to you that I 
 never saw a more broken down and des- 
 ponding set. They were tired, sleepy and 
 disheartened, and I may say without any 
 figure of speech, they were 'unwashed.' I 
 said to them: 'Gentlemen, what upon the 
 earth is the matter with you now? What 
 has happened to you ?' 'Oh,' says one man, 
 'Our National Democracy is broken up, 
 and the lamentations of the whole world, I 
 reckon, will attend it.' 'Oh, yes,' said I, 'I 
 shed oceans of tears over the result.' They 
 looked to me like the broken columns of 
 Napoleon's army when they returned dis- 
 comfitted from Moscow.' " 
 
 He closed his speech with this perora- 
 tion: "When I came to this beautiful city, 
 I went to visit the Washington Monument. 
 I was not satisfied to stand upon the ground 
 and look upon his form up in the clouds, 
 but I went up two hundred and fifty steps 
 until I got as near as I could to George 
 Washington himself. I wanted to get close 
 up to him — I wanted to reillume my fires of 
 patriotism from his glorious countenance 
 and beaming eye — and I thought when I 
 saw him standing there with that paper in 
 his hand, that it was his farewell address to 
 the American people, and I thought I heard 
 the marble lips say to me: "Do all you can 
 here in Baltimore to save the Union." 
 
 "I thought I saw the inspiration every- 
 where upon his countenance — whether upon 
 canvas or in marble — whether upon the 
 sideboard of the common tavern, or in the 
 creations of Stuart; I thought I saw upon 
 his countenance an approving smile that 
 seemed to sanctify our deed and hallow our 
 enterprise. I heard as distinctly as I ever 
 heard anv word uttered, "Frown down all 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 115 
 
 attempts to sever the Union and to break 
 the cords that bind us together as one peo- 
 ple." This is the glorious mission you 
 are called upon to discharge; this is 
 the glorious undertaking that has brought 
 us here. Our cause is right; our cause is 
 just, and in the language of one of Mary- 
 land's best and most glorious patriots, now 
 dead, upon whose grave the tears of a na- 
 tion have been shed — he who, from his pri- 
 son ship upon your own waters saw the 
 enemy, and looked forth anxiously to see 
 if the flag of the Union still floated from the 
 battlements of your fort — in his language 
 I will say: 
 
 " Conquer we must, for our cause it is just, 
 And this is our motto, in God is our trust." 
 
 The convention nominated John Bell, of 
 Tennessee, for President, and Edward Ev- 
 erett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. 
 In the evening of the day of their nomina- 
 tions, a ratification meeting was held in 
 Monument Square. A large platform had 
 been erected, on which were patriotic dev- 
 ices and at each end portraits of Clay and 
 A\^ashington. The center of the stand was 
 adorned with an arch on which was 
 mounted the coat of arms of the several 
 States. In the center of the arch was a 
 representation of the American Eagle; flags 
 waved round it, while the Goddess of Lib- 
 erty crowned the arch surrounded by a 
 halo of glory. 
 
 The square was crowded by a mass of 
 human beings, many of whom could not ap- 
 proach within hearing distance of the stand. 
 Senator Anthony Kennedy presided. Henry 
 Fuller, of Pennsylvania; Robert W. Thomp- 
 son, of Indiana; Baillie Payton, of Tennes- 
 see: Zebulon B. Vance, of North Carolina; 
 Johnson, of Virginia; Suitzter, of Missouri; 
 
 Ridgway, of the Richmond Whig, and Gar- 
 net, of Virginia, in succession entertained 
 the audience nearest them. The Presby- 
 terian Church received the overflow to the 
 extent of its capacity. Thomas Swann pre- 
 sided, and introduced Andrew Jackson 
 Donaldson, of Tennessee. "He had no 
 doubt that the people of the United States 
 would be perfectly satisfied with the nomi- 
 nations and would rally round their stand- 
 ard with glad enthusiasm and in such a 
 manner as to spread terror in the ranks of 
 those whose chief aim was to dissolve the 
 Union. He was sure if Gen. Jackson were 
 alive he would rebuke the spirit of faction 
 and again declare that "the Union it must 
 be preserved." For thirty years he had 
 lived with the sage of the hermitage, a 
 purer patriot or a more thoroughly hon- 
 est man never lived. He should ever feel 
 grateful to Maryland and to Baltimore for 
 the support they gave to Fillmore and Don- 
 aldson in 1856." Parson Brownlow and 
 Mr. Kendrick, both of Tennessee, closed 
 the speaking. In the church it was Ten- 
 nessee's evening, as all the orators were 
 from that State. 
 
 The Democratic nominating conven- 
 tion at Charleston had adjourned to meet in 
 Baltimore June i8th. It re-assembled at 
 the Front Street Theatre. At 11 o'clock 
 Caleb Gushing appeared on the platform at 
 the hour for the meeting and thirty min- 
 utes later called the convention to order. 
 The States of South Carolina, Georgia, 
 Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, 
 Arkansas and Texas were not called. They 
 had seceded at Charleston. The question 
 that perplexed the convention was the ad- 
 mission to their seats of other representa- 
 tives. It was claimed bv several members 
 
116 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 that those who left could return and by oth- 
 ers that right was strenuously denied. It 
 was proposed that no delegates could be 
 seated who would not pledge himself to 
 abide by the action of the convention. A 
 debate lasting six hours was conducted 
 with acrimony. Excitement within and 
 without the convention was at fever heat; 
 madness ruled the hour; dispassionate judg- 
 ment took its flight; those whom the Gods 
 would destroy were violently mad. Slavery 
 in the Southern States received its vital 
 wound in Baltimore. At night excited men 
 had possession of the pavements ; they filled 
 the hotel corridors and stood on the cor- 
 ners of the streets and discussed and quar- 
 relled. Cabals were in session and intrigues 
 darkened counsel and confounded wisdom. 
 Two sets of meetings were addressed by 
 Democratic speakers, who were as rad- 
 ically apart as the gold fields of Alaska are 
 from the tea gardens of China. 
 
 The next morning the contesting dele- 
 gations were referred to the Credentials 
 Committee. The committee divided and on 
 the fourth day of the session two differing 
 reports were made to the convention. The 
 majority was favorable to the seating of 
 the Douglas delegates in the place of the 
 seceders from Louisiana and Alabama, and 
 of individual delegates from other States. 
 The minority warned against such admis- 
 sions and a quarrel instead of a discussion 
 ensued. The bone of contention was shown 
 to be the greed of slavery to obtain the van- 
 tage ground and to hold it. Fierce speeches 
 of great vehemence were made by its advo- 
 cates. One of the delegates from Texas 
 was a dealer in slaves and thus expressed his 
 belief: "Slavery has done more to advance 
 the prosperity and intelligence of the white 
 
 race, and the human race, than all else to- 
 gether. I believe it founded upon the law 
 of nature and upon the law of God." He 
 gloried in being a slave dealer and thought 
 he should "live to see the day when the 
 doctrine" he "advocated would be the doc- 
 trine of Massachusetts and the North." He 
 was mistaken, as yet the roll of Georgia 
 slaves has not been called by Mr. Toombs 
 beneath the shadow of Bunker Hill Monu- 
 ment. 
 
 On the 22d the majority report was 
 adopted and the seats of the seceders were 
 occupied by Douglas men. Virginia, rep- 
 resented by thirty-seven delegates, with- 
 drew. North Carolina, California and Ore- 
 gon united with the Mother of States. Ken- 
 tucky and Tennessee had not deliberately 
 lost their heads and waited a while longer 
 in retirement before doing so, consulting 
 what course was most expedient. Scattered 
 members from the Maryland ai;«i Missouri 
 delegations were ready to join the bolters 
 and finally accomplished that feat. The 
 scene was dramatic and far more of a his- 
 torical poi-traiture than it has thus far been 
 represented. No scene in that theatre was 
 ever half so tragic. Said Mr. Smith, of Cali- 
 fornia, when on the eve of leave taking: 
 "This convention has properly been held in 
 a theatre, and upon that stage a play has 
 been enacted this evening that will prove a 
 tragedy of which the Democratic party will 
 be the victim." The convention adjourned 
 for the day, but night witnessed the con- 
 tinued commotion which its proceedings 
 had provoked. Under the gas lamps per- 
 spiring men raised the tumult of their voices 
 in a storm of discussion. 
 
 The next morning an explosion that 
 shook tlie nation was heard when the con- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 117 
 
 vention was called together; the chairman, 
 Caleb Gushing, and others from Massachu- 
 setts seceded. Benjamin F. Butler was of 
 the number; he excused them for their con- 
 duct by saying: "We put our withdrawal 
 before you upon the simple ground, among 
 others, that there has been a withdrawal, 
 in part, of a majority of the States; and fur- 
 ther (and that perhaps more personal to my- 
 self) upon the ground that I will not sit in 
 a convention where the African slave trade 
 — which is piracy by the laws of my coun- 
 try — is approvingly advocated." Those ut- 
 terances produced a sensation far different 
 in character from the radical sentiments 
 that at that time had been expressed. 
 
 David Todd, of Ohio, took the chair. 
 Quite a sprinkling of Southern delegates 
 who were in favor of Mr. Douglas' doc- 
 trine of non-intervention and popular sov- 
 ereignty remained. Several of them made 
 speeches in which devotion to slavery rather 
 than to the Union was predominant. 
 
 Of the one hundred and ninety-four and 
 one-half votes cast on the second ballot for 
 a Presidential nominee, Stephen A. Douglas 
 received one hundred and eighty-one and 
 a half. On motion of Mr. Hoge, of Vir- 
 ginia, he was declared the unanimous nomi- 
 nee. The convention and the galleries 
 frantically yelled, shouted and cheered. 
 The band struck up "Hail to the Chief;" for 
 a long while the shouting continued. It 
 greeted a politically dead gladiator who lay 
 lifeless in the Coliseum at the feet of the 
 Lion of Secession. 
 
 Senator Fitzpatrick, of Alabama, amid 
 shouts of approval, was nominated for the 
 Vice-Presidency. In two days' time he re- 
 tired from the ticket. Herschel V. John- 
 :Son, of Georgia, was substituted in his stead. 
 
 Was it an omen of the fearful overthrow 
 awaiting the Democratic party, when from 
 the centre of the floor one hundred and 
 fifty delegates sunk below? The Creden- 
 tials Committee had made its report when 
 that event happened. The floor fell three 
 feet and threw the settees and those on them 
 into one wedged mass; they extricated 
 themselves and fled. 
 
 Let us peep into the Maryland Institute 
 and see what is going on there. Another 
 chapter in convention history is being 
 prepared. Two preluding chapters they 
 may be called of a volume of subsequent 
 ones which were written in pages of blood. 
 
 The delegations from Louisiana and Ala- 
 bama, which were refused admission to the 
 Douglas Convention, and the seceding dele- 
 gates from that body, began their sessions 
 Saturday, the 23d of June. The roll call 
 was answered by New York, Vermont, Vir- 
 ginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Georgia, 
 California, Oregon, Florida, Alabama, 
 Louisiana, Missouri, Texas, Mississippi, 
 Massachusetts, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ar- 
 kansas, Delaware and Pennsylvania, Caleb 
 Gushing president; he informed them that 
 their purpose was to organize "the true Na- 
 tional Democratic Convention." Delegates 
 whose purposes were the same as those in 
 the convention assembled, who had been 
 elected to one proposed to be held at Rich- 
 mond, were invited to and accepted seats in 
 this convention. The minority report made 
 at the Charleston Convention and repudi- 
 ated was offered and adopted.' It set forth 
 the slavery ideas prevailing among "the fire- 
 eating" wing of the Democratic party. 
 George B. Loring, of Massachusetts, nomi- 
 nated John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, 
 for President: he had ei<rhtv-one ballots 
 
118 
 
 ^ 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and ^Sanuiel S- Dickinson twenty-four. 
 Breckenridge was unanimously nominated, 
 Mr. Dickinson being withdrawn. Joseph 
 Lane, of Oregon, was selected the nominee 
 for the Vice-Presidency. 
 
 The speeches delivered during the ses- 
 sions of the convention were inflammatory 
 appeals, unhealthy in tone and influence. 
 One by the gifted and eloquent Wniiam 
 L. Yancey was especially rancorous and 
 productive of harm. It closed the proceed- 
 ings of the convention. 
 
 The partisans of Breckenridge and Lane, 
 after their nominations, held a ratification 
 mass meeting in Monument Square. The 
 speakers' stand presented a brilliant aspect. 
 On an arch of canvas lighted with gas from 
 behind was this inscription: "The Gallant 
 Defenders of the Constitution and the 
 Union and of the Equality of the States," 
 on each end of which was full length por- 
 traits of the candidates. Another motto 
 was "Equal protection for the citizens of the 
 States." 
 
 Six or seven thousand persons were in 
 the square. No processions marched to the 
 meeting; it was an enthusiastic gathering 
 of earnest voters. J. Mason Campbell pre- 
 sided; in his short address he made the 
 following hit, which was greatly relished: 
 "The opposition was nothing but a giant. 
 I am not afraid of giants, especially when 
 they were little giants, like Douglas. Breck- 
 enridge's name is Jack, and from time im- 
 memorial Jack had always been a giant 
 killer, so there is not much to fear from 
 Douglas while Jack is in the field." 
 
 Humphry Marshall, a gentleman of port- 
 ly stature, delivered a vigorous speech ; he 
 said among other things: "The present 
 development in Northern politics of the 
 
 abolition element is a most serious obstacle 
 to the peace and prosperity of the country." 
 He regarded "the position of Judge Doug- 
 las in no other light than a tender to the 
 Lincoln locomotive." He believed tne 
 slave States should take a firm stand or they 
 would "be provincialized." He was "a non- 
 intersectionist." The disregard of that doc- 
 trine was the cause of all the trouble in the 
 party. "The question of going into a ter- 
 ritory with or without slaves, of the med- 
 dling or non-interference of Congress in the 
 matter, had given rise to nearly all the dif- 
 ferences between the two branches of the 
 party." "Shall the South submit to any- 
 thing like this? To the people here assem- 
 bled I will put this question and ask if they 
 will submit to it? [Cries of "No! No!"] 
 "This, then, is the issue — the only issue — 
 and you have assured me of the position 
 you occupy in the premises." 
 
 Ex-Govcrnor Enoch Louis Lozu evoked 
 the memories of the place where the meet- 
 ing was held, saying: "Once more I have 
 the honor to stand in a spot consecrated not 
 only by the memories of the illustrious men 
 whose patriotism is inscribed upon yonder 
 marble' monument, but which is connected 
 still more sacredly because it has been for 
 more than a quarter of a century past dedi- 
 cated to the gathering of the people when 
 consulting upon the destinies of their coun- 
 try." "I would be false to my heart, I would 
 belie the everlasting truth of nature, if I 
 concealed the profound and inexpressible 
 sorrow that I feel this night at the thought 
 of having for the first time in my life to ad- 
 dress a divided Democracy." 
 
 "If asked why I do not support Douglas, 
 why I cling to the other wing of the party, 
 it is because in the vSouthern section of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 119 
 
 party I find a united South. The entire Pa- 
 cific and all the sound North were in the 
 same ranks. Like Caleb Gushing, like Hal- 
 let, the framer of the Cincinnati platform; 
 like Benjamin F. Butler, like Franklin 
 Pierce and like Daniel S. Dickinson. We 
 love the power of the party, we would love 
 to keep it united, but we love the Constitu- 
 tion, as interpreted by Judge Taney, far 
 better. That being the case, if part we 
 must, in God's name, then let it be in peace. 
 You stand by your favorite man — we stand 
 by no man but by the Constitution." 
 
 "So long as Northern fanaticism can arm 
 men, and squatter sovereignty prevails, 
 where, I ask, is the territory that a Southern 
 man can inhabit. A Southerner moves from 
 his home into a territory where a squatter 
 principle prevails, a county where the squat- 
 ter on the public lands is entitled to regu- 
 late slavery. What chance, I ask, has he? 
 There is not a man within the sound of my 
 voice who does not know, under this state 
 of things, that the Southern man could not 
 compete with Northern abolitionism. The 
 result would be that citizens of one section 
 would be excluded from the common prop- 
 erty of the Nation." 
 
 "I am no disunionist, but I now announce 
 and let it go abroad that I repudiate com- 
 promise forevermore. I say that a people 
 who compromise principle after principle 
 will soon have no rights to lose. I am in 
 favor of coming back to first principles and 
 taking the Constitution alone for our guide. 
 The South has never been sectional; she 
 has always stood on the Constitution, ex- 
 cept when it was compromising her consti- 
 tutional rights." 
 
 "Douglas says that the Kansas-Nebraska 
 act states clearly his principle of non-inter- 
 
 vention, but I say the principles of that act 
 are in the Cincinnati platform and mean 
 this — that Congress shall not establish or 
 exclude from any territory or State slavery." 
 
 A distinguished lawyer of Maryland says 
 that he argued this case before the Supreme 
 Court and that certain matters, now at is- 
 sue, were not included in the record, but 
 he forgets that Judge Taney anticipated the 
 objection, and says it is not outside the rec- 
 ord. I hold that any man present, who has 
 the power to understand anything, can take 
 up Judge Taney's opinion and understand 
 it as well as any lawyer in the land." 
 
 "What does the Judge say ? That no Af- 
 rican is a citizen of the United States within 
 the meaning of the Constitution. Aye, and 
 the Court goes further, and when the ques- 
 tion was presented as to whether or not the 
 party was entitled to freedom and to citizen- 
 ship, having been by his own confession a 
 slave, and removing into free territory, then 
 the question arose as to the constitutionalit} 
 of the Missouri line, and the Court decided 
 that Congress could not exclude the prop- 
 erty of any citizen from any Territory, and 
 that there could not be found in the Con- 
 stitution any clause giving any less protec- 
 tion to slavery than to other descriptions ot 
 property. And if the Constitution recog- 
 nizes slaves as property, no tribunal acting 
 under it could dare to maintain that it was 
 not. Hence no power, either legislative, 
 executive or judicial, has the right to draw 
 any such distinctions between States of the 
 same confederacy." 
 
 "Is it not then decided that squatter 
 sovereignty is an absurdity? If Congress 
 has no power to extend slavery, surely a 
 territorial legislature, a creation of Con- 
 
120 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 gress, cannot exercise powers not vested in 
 the creator." 
 
 Senator Lczuis T. IVigfaU, of Te.xas, in his 
 speech said he was "a Union man." To the 
 last part of it he asked who would go into 
 Lincoln's Cabinet from the South. He was 
 proceeding to state who when a voice called 
 out, "Henry Winter Davis." "Yes," re- 
 sponded the Senator, "you have one man;" 
 a voice suggested two, and named Reverdy 
 Johnson as the other person who would go 
 into Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet. Mr. Wigfall 
 proceeded to mention John Minor Botts, of 
 Virginia; Pierce Soule, of Louisiana, and 
 Sam Houston, of Texas, as gentlemen who 
 would accept such honors. Continuing, he 
 said, "There are, doubtless, a few others 
 who would have the hardihood to outrage 
 public sentiment." A voice suggested John 
 Bell, of Tennessee, at which there were 
 hisses. "Yes," repHed the speaker, "and 
 John Bell, of Tennessee. They would prob- 
 ably accept because by doing so they would 
 go to Washington, for they could scarjzely 
 stay at home without securing a coat of tar 
 and feathers in the service of such an ad- 
 ministration." 
 
 The Senator closed his speech with the 
 following paragraph: "But, fellow-citizens, 
 if we lose this election, I tell you that trou- 
 blesome times are at hand. We may then 
 have a L^nion, but not a Union of thirty- 
 three States. [A. voice: "No, never."] I 
 believe that the success of the Democratic 
 party is the only means of saving this Union, 
 and I further believe that without the suc- 
 cess of the Democratic party it will be a 
 ITnion not worth saving." 
 
 The Douglas wing of the Democratic 
 party assembled in Monument Square the 
 evening of July 9th to ratify their nomina- 
 
 tions for the Presidency and Vice-Presi- 
 dency. From eight to twenty thousand per- 
 sons were present. Patriotic mottoes such 
 as "The Federal Union it must and shall be 
 preserved" were displayed in burning let- 
 ters. Henry May was chairman of the meet- 
 ing. Reverdy Johnson, Lambert Gittings, 
 Thomas M. Lanahan, Dr. Milton N. Tay- 
 lor, Robert T. Banks, Robert J. Brent, A. 
 Leo Knott, Robert H. Carr, Henry F. 
 Garey, Amos F. Musselman, S. J. K. Handy 
 and William S. Reese were among a nota- 
 ble list of vice-presidents. 
 
 Mr. May closed his address with this in- 
 vocation: "We are worshipers at the shrine 
 of the LTnion, of the Union of the United 
 States, with all its living burning pruici- 
 ples. Let us carry those principles in our 
 breasts and impart them to our children, 
 and follow the teachings of the Father of 
 our Country in his farewell address, let us 
 love the Union and care for it with a zealous 
 solicitude, as the palladium of our political 
 liberties." 
 
 After a patriotic speech by the Hon. John 
 S. Carlisle, of Virginia, and a further one 
 from the Hon. F. J. Morse, of Louisiana, 
 Col. U'illiavi P. Malsby, of Frederick, was 
 [iresented to the audience. Extracts are 
 given from his speech. 
 
 "It was thus the Democratic party stood 
 before the country at the moment of the 
 nomination of Stephen A. Douglas; a band 
 of seceders then left the convention and 
 made a separate nomination, their object 
 being to divide and distract the National 
 Democratic party. Even if the Democratic 
 party had stood united and harmonious- the 
 contest with the black Republicans would 
 have been a severe and doubtful one at the 
 best. Under these circumstances, gentle- 
 
y^■^^^n.:ii-^a^, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 121 
 
 men calling themselves Democrats make 
 another nomination in the name of the De- 
 mocracy — they make another platform. 
 Did it occur to any individual of them that 
 they were contributing to strengthen the 
 Democratic party in its contest with the 
 Black Republicans? Was not their act 
 plainly one of division and disunion? Was 
 not the inevitable effort of their nomination 
 to divide and distract the Democratic party 
 and render it an easier victim to the fanat- 
 ical party of the Xorth? The monstrous 
 part of this spectacle is this. There are in 
 the community in which we live scores of 
 those who have heretofore lived as Demo- 
 crats now combining to defeat its nominees, 
 and do what? nothing more or less than the 
 promotion of the election of Abraham Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 "Now, my fellow-citizens, what is this so- 
 called Southern party? They call them- 
 selves, I believe, the Constitutional Demo- 
 cratic party. 'A rose by any other name 
 would smell as sweet.' But let us look to 
 the necessary results of their conduct. I 
 have never understood the word 'nomma- 
 tion' to mean anything else than the choice 
 of the duly elected delegates. The assem- 
 blage in the Maryland Institute was there- 
 fore as unauthorized and bold an attempt 
 as was ever undertaken in the history of 
 this country. They made their nomina- 
 tions and set up a platform, the main feature 
 of which was Congressional intervention in 
 opposition to territorial sovereignty. There 
 never has been a party in this country 
 claiming to be Democratic, until its inaug- 
 uration by the seceders, that maintained 
 this doctrine of Congressional intervention. 
 It is a new doctrine in contravention of the 
 platform of the Democratic party, under the 
 
 doctrine of which they have so often march- 
 ed to victory. We, as Democrats, have al- 
 ways maintained that slavery shall neither 
 be protected or prohibited by Congress in 
 the Territories. 
 
 "The doctrine of intervention is the 
 Black Republican doctrine. They demand 
 Congressional intervention to prevent the 
 introduction of slavery in the Territories. 
 And the Southern seceders demand inter- 
 vention to protect and establish it in the 
 Territories. It is a doctrine, in either case, 
 calculated to hold up our beloved country 
 as a victim to the spirit of fanaticism. 
 
 "I have sought for an explanation as to 
 why our Southern friends have left the 
 Democratic party to follow after strange 
 Gods. The only answer I have received is 
 that he leaves you to go to a "united South" 
 — a combination of Southern States desert- 
 ing those who have stood by them at the 
 North. Is there any difference, I ask, is 
 there anything more objectionable in a 
 united South than in a united North ? Sec- 
 tionalism is as objectionable in the one case 
 as the other. It is a contemptible thought 
 to conceive of a united South or a united 
 North — one is as objectionable to every pa- 
 triotic principle and sentiment as the other 
 is dangerous to the permanency of the 
 Union." 
 
 The Democratic City Convention was 
 split during the Presidential contest of this 
 year. There was a Douglas and a Brecken- 
 ridge wing and they hurled at one another 
 resolutions less harmful than had they been 
 cannon balls. 
 
 At the Breckenridge Convention in Bal- 
 timore Thursday, August 9th, John Ritchie 
 during his speech said: "The Bell men had 
 no platform; the Republicans had a sec- 
 
U'> 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tional one; the Douglas men had one of 
 expediency. The only course to pursue was 
 to fight for the right and submit to nothing 
 wrong." 
 
 Gen. McKaig, of Allegany: "I am sorry 
 to say that in my county, Lincoln will poll 
 a good vote among the Scotch and the 
 Welsh." 
 
 Bradley T. Johnson: "It is the duty of 
 the true Democracy to abide by the doc- 
 trines received from our fathers, to accept 
 of no compromise, but if right to battle for 
 those rights and maintain them." 
 
 Barnes Compton: "The Democratic party 
 cannot be killed while defending the Con- 
 stitution. It is the duty of all true lovers 
 of this country to come forward and subdue 
 fanaticism." 
 
 Thursday, August i6th, the Douglas 
 wing of the Democracy met in convention 
 in Baltimore. They decided on no com- 
 promise with the Breckenridge element. 
 William P. Maulsby said: "We are not en- 
 gaged in battling for a forlorn hope. I for 
 one trust that our efiforts will succeed in 
 crushing the conspiracy at present existing 
 to dissolve the Union." 
 
 John B. Rowan, of Cecil county: "The 
 reason the Breckenridge men seceded was 
 a preconceived scheme of the Taney party 
 to divid the Democratic party and thus ef- 
 fect the election of Lincoln as a pretext for 
 the dissolution of the Union." 
 
 The Reformers were now in the saddle 
 and a fair field in front of them. They held 
 a meeting in the saloon of the Law Building 
 in reference fo who should be Mayor and 
 Councilmen. Dr. Alexander C. Robinson 
 ])resided. A committee of one from each 
 ward was selected to report Independent 
 Reform candidates. On the 29th of August 
 
 George William Brown was announced as 
 the mayoralty candidate. Thomas Swann 
 declined to be the standard bearer of the 
 forces he had formerly led. 
 
 Mr. Douglas reached Baltimore Thurs- 
 day, September 6th, and on the evening of 
 that day spoke in Monument Square. "It 
 was charged by him that Northern aboli- 
 tionists and Southern secessionists agreed 
 in principle. He was for burying Northern 
 abolitionists and Southern secessionists in 
 one grave." Charles F. Mayer, who intro- 
 duced Mr. Douglas, spoke of him as "the 
 missionary of the Constitution, bearing the 
 flag of the Union, imperial in the wreaths 
 of glorious principle and in the lustre of 
 our national rank and power." 
 
 Wednesday, September 19th, the Ameri- 
 can party nominated Samuel Hindes for 
 Mayor; he received for the nomination 
 fifty-two votes to forty-eight cast for C. L. 
 L. Leary. Mr. Hines in his speech of ac- 
 ceptance said "if elected he would take a 
 pride in the administration of municipal af- 
 fairs with scrupulous economy." 
 
 On Tuesday evening, September 27th, 
 Henry Winter Davis spoke for two hours 
 at the New Assembly Rooms. The follow- 
 ing extract is taken from his speech. After 
 declaring himself in favor of Bell and Ever- 
 ett for President and Vice-President, he 
 said: "Is the Democratic party fit to be 
 intrusted with the power of the sword which 
 has allowed innocent and honest American 
 citizens to be shot down in the streets of 
 Washington by American soldiers? Is it 
 fit to be intrusted with the power of the 
 sword which has converted the army of the 
 United States into a posse comitatus. to 
 enforce the service of process and to sub- 
 ject the people of the Territories to military 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 123 
 
 rule? Are they fit to be intrusted with the 
 sword who have wielded it so weakly in 
 Utah, so illegally in Paraguay? Are they 
 fit to be intrusted with the power of the 
 sword who forgetful of all the obligations 
 of international law have fired into neutral 
 vessels in the port of Vera Cruz, so flagrant- 
 Jy and illegally that the very courts of the 
 country had to discharge the captured ves- 
 sels as not legal prize?" 
 
 "Are they fit to be intrusted with the 
 finances who in a time of profound peace 
 have run up a debt of some $40,000,000 for 
 the ordinary expenses of the Government 
 during one year to nearly or over $80,000,- 
 000; who thought the crisis of 1857 was a 
 passing storm — a mere slight breeze that 
 ruined the surface of our mercantile trans- 
 actions and did not go to the bottom of 
 them — did not turn up from its very depths 
 the sea of commerce, and leave strewn all 
 along the vast coast of this Republic our 
 greatest firms, and wrecked irredeemably 
 .by that great break up the commerce of 
 the country?" 
 
 Saturday night, October 6th, the Reform- 
 ers held a meeting in Ashland Square. S. 
 T cackle Wallis spoke and said: "There is 
 an absence of brick bats here to-night, as 
 Mayor Swann would say. I suppose I am 
 down among 'the infuriated Irish.' On the 
 occasion of my last speaking in this square 
 a pole had been erected here in honor of 
 Henry Clay and I was on that side of the 
 question. Since then until now I have not 
 taken much interest in politics. The various 
 changes of parties left nie at sea, none of 
 the parties having picked me up." He then 
 proceeded to present the cause of Reform 
 and Brown. 
 
 October loth the municipal election took 
 
 place. Brown received 17,771 votes and 
 Hinds 9,575 votes. Mr. Brown was sere- 
 naded, and in a speech he said: "The reign 
 of terror is over and we have asserted the 
 supremacy of the laws which were passed 
 at the recent session of the Legislature." 
 
 During the fall campaign of i860 a mam- 
 moth procession of "Minute Men," in favor 
 of "the Union, the Constitution and the en- 
 forcement of the laws," and desirous of the 
 election of Bell and Everett to the Presi- 
 dency and Vice-Presidency, paraded the 
 streets of Baltimore. There were two thou- 
 sand and eighty-nine persons in line. The 
 men wore capes and caps and were pro- 
 vided with torches that flamed through the 
 streets through which the procession 
 moved. It was claimed to have been the 
 largest political gathering in Baltimore 
 since the Whig rally at Canton in 1840. 
 
 Cheers rose long and loud, while notes 
 of music floated on the air from the throats 
 of numerous bands. Transparencies, flags 
 and banners made an imposing display. 
 The windows of many houses were filled 
 with ladies, who waved handkerchiefs and 
 showered boquets and flowers upon the pro- 
 cessionists. Bells, large and small, filled the 
 air with their clangor. The horses of the 
 marshals had sleigh bells in profusion. 
 Along the route of the procession many 
 houses were illuminated; all Baltimore 
 seemed to be on the sidewalks and enthu- 
 siasm was unbounded. The American de- 
 scribed the scene at Washington Monu- 
 ment in this wise: It "was grand beyond 
 the power of language to express. At an 
 early hour every available position for view- 
 ing the procession in the neighborhood of 
 the monument was occupied and on the 
 broad platform that forms the base of the 
 
124 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 noble column was gathered a large number 
 of ladies, and from this point the view was 
 exceedingly fine. The approach of the pro- 
 cession, as it came gliding over the rising 
 ground a few squares south of the monu- 
 ment, was heralded by the glow of colored 
 fires, which ever and anon shot up their 
 blue and crimson rays. At first they resem- 
 bled the delicate tints of the northern light, 
 and then, as the coming multitude drew 
 nearer and nearer, threw a broad glare over 
 the living streams of gallant, manly forms 
 that marched proudly on, cheered by the 
 continuous plaudits of the masses of specta- 
 tors that thronged the sidewalks, and the 
 waving handkerchiefs and smiling greetings 
 of the ladies. Soon the procession encircled 
 the monument, and passed off westward 
 toward Cathedral street, whilst as far as the 
 eye could reach down Charles street came 
 a stream of flaming torches, lighting up the 
 whole thoroughfare and throwing a broad 
 glare of light up to' the very summit of the 
 monument, illuminating the features of the 
 Father of his Country and producing a 
 most striking effect." 
 
 A mass meeting was held in Monument 
 Square, presided over by the able chancery 
 lawyer, Thomas S. Ale.xander. There was 
 a long list of vice-presidents, selected from 
 the most eminent citizens in the community. 
 Mr. Alexander had never before presided 
 over a political meeting. In his address he 
 said: "The country wanted an adjustment 
 of this difficulty upon principles satisfactory 
 to the Union and to insure peace and quiet 
 m all coming times. They must promote 
 it by the exercise of a spirit of conciliation, 
 by the election of men whose associations 
 and antecedents and professions all assured 
 them that the Union was the object of their 
 
 affections and aims, and the maintenance 
 of it what they lived for." 
 
 Charles F. Goldsborough: "If Lincoln 
 is elected no man can tell whether the sun 
 that rises that day shall set in all his 
 glory, or go down the western hills baptized 
 in the blood of his country. There was yet 
 within the border States a feeling true to the 
 Union which would say to the North 
 'stand back" and to the South 'come no 
 farther,' and to the politicians who have 
 been gambling with the interests of the 
 country 'stand back and make room for 
 better men.' When the people come forth 
 it would be with a universal shout in behalf 
 of the Union as it is and the Constitution 
 as our fathers made it." 
 
 A. B. Hagncr, in the course of his re- 
 marks, observed: "The Presidential cam- 
 paign was characterized by sectional feel- 
 ing, and I do not hesitate to say that the 
 Democratic party was wholly answerable 
 for it. The Wilmot proviso contributed to 
 this result and who but the great Union 
 party could remedy it?" 
 
 John E. Smith, of Carroll county, spoke 
 in favor of perpetuating the unity of the 
 States, and the inseparable relation of each 
 of them to the other, and declared that "the 
 Union candidates will restore the country 
 to a state of quietude and peacefulness." 
 
 There was an incident of a different cast 
 in the events of the night. The first Re- 
 publican procession marched through the 
 streets, and the first mass meeting of that 
 party in Baltimore was held in the Front 
 Street Theatre. 
 
 The torchlight procession of the. Wide 
 Awake Republicans was formed at the cor- 
 ner of Gay and Fayette streets ; it was com- 
 posed of native born and German citizens, 
 most of its personel were laboring people. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 125 
 
 They numbered one hundred and sixty per- 
 sons. Their chief marshal was ex-Coun- 
 cilman William Beale, who had as his aid 
 Gregory Barrett. The men in the ranks 
 were provided with green capes and slate- 
 colored caps with trimmings of red, and 
 they had with them lighted torches. They 
 proceeded in single file to the Holiday 
 Street Theatre, where they were joined by 
 the German Turners. The Minute Men 
 were in occupancy of the square, but re- 
 ceived them in silence and without demon- 
 stration of any kind; conduct exhibited by 
 them at other points later on in the even- 
 ing, when the Wide Awakes were guarded 
 by the police and followed by a derisive 
 howling mob. 
 
 In front of Marshal Kane's office the an- 
 gry crowd threw stones and rotten eggs. 
 The marshal of the police appeared, fol- 
 lowed by fifty policemen, who made a way 
 for the procession by pressing aside the 
 crowd. Shriner's brass band headed the 
 line, followed by a pioneer corps of thirty 
 Chinese lanterns; immediately behind the 
 band was borne a transparency on which 
 was emblazoned the names of Lincoln and 
 Hamlin. 
 
 The procession began its march, ani- 
 mated by inspiring strains of music; then 
 pandemonium seemed unloosed. On Bal- 
 timore street it passed through dense 
 crowds, yelling and hissing, cursing, swear- 
 ing, and pressing toward the men in line 
 as close as the police would permit. At 
 the end of the line the rabble, to the shouts 
 of "Breck and Yancey forever," rushed 
 along like a mad wave set in motion by an 
 earthquake, showering epithets and indulg- 
 ing in expressions of derision and con- 
 tempt. At the comer of Charles and Balti- 
 
 more streets the marchers were saluted with 
 "cheers for Breckenridge" and shouts of 
 "down with the niggers." The crowd in- 
 creased and when Howard street was 
 reached a rush was made for the line, with 
 yells and hisses. The police resisted man- 
 fully and drove the masses back. Down 
 Eutaw to Pratt and thence to Charles street 
 there was less hostile demonstration, al- 
 though the mad crowd still followed. At 
 the corner of Charles and Lombard streets 
 the Wide Awakes encountered the head of 
 the Minute Men's procession; they made 
 an opening for them to pass down Lombard 
 street. And now the disorderly element 
 groaned and shouted and threw stones and 
 eggs furiously; a half brick destroyed the 
 only transparency borne in the line; its 
 lights were not extinguished and it -was held 
 aloft above the moving column. Fresh in- 
 stalments of rotten eggs were produced 
 every minute, even women joining in the 
 violence. To the credit of the Bell and 
 Everett men it can be said they uttered no 
 word of unkindness nor committed a single 
 act of violence. At Franklin's Lane and 
 Lombard street the crowd compelled the 
 Wide Awakes to make their way through 
 the people on the sidewalks. After strug- 
 gling through they reformed and proceeded 
 on the route to the eastern section of the 
 city, retracing their steps to the Front Street 
 Theatre, where a Republican meeting was in 
 progress. Passing a house on High street 
 several women were seen with a basket 
 filled with rotten eggs pelting those in the 
 procession. The Wide Awakes reached the 
 theatre at nine o'clock, and passed through 
 another exciting ordeal; they were pelted, 
 hissed and stoned until the last man had 
 passed into the building. 
 
126 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The meeting in the theatre was a large 
 one, many ladies being present occupying 
 seats in the dress circle. The second tier 
 was filled by persons some of whom were 
 disposed to be disorderly. The parquette 
 having been reserved fqr the processionists, 
 was occupied by them. 
 
 On the announcement of William E. 
 Coale as president of the meeting the as- 
 sent was drowned by hisses from the gal- 
 lerico. The vice-presidents were Charles 
 Carroll McTavish, Edmund Smith, Dr. 
 George Edward Weiss, Francis S. Corkran, 
 James F. Wagner, Leopold Blumenberg, 
 Dr. George Harris, W. Greenfield, James 
 Bruner, Dr. William E. Waterhouse, W. 
 Rapp, Daniel Donally, Dr. W. W. Handy, 
 James C. Coale, John Bradwood, Dr. A. 
 Wisner, H. J. C. Tarr, G. W. Martinet, Wil- 
 liam P. Kimball, John Brooks, R. S. Curtis 
 and M. D .McComas. The secretaries were 
 Dr. Henry Risler, J. M. Grant, W. Parkhill, 
 G. S. W. Sloan, W. Christopher, A. C. 
 Fowler and W. E. Coale, Jr. It is needless 
 to say that they received the uncompli- 
 mentary hisses called forth on that consti- 
 tutional occasion for the e.xercise of freedom 
 of speech. 
 
 During the delivery of the chairman's ad- 
 dress he was interrupted by great hissing 
 in the galleries. While he was proclaiming, 
 "free speech is tolerated and like freemen 
 we are permitted to utter to the world our 
 sentiments," hisses and shouts drowned his 
 voice. When he claimed his political rights 
 as a citizen he was stormed at by a volley 
 of abuse. Stung to the quick, he exclaimed : 
 "I have for years been followed and am now 
 followed by a pack of paid puppies, who — " 
 He was not permitted to finish his sentence; 
 the excitement in the galleries swept be- 
 
 yond all bounds of decorum; hiss followed 
 hiss in unbroken volume until they spent 
 themselves and were succeeded by a shout 
 of applause. 
 
 TIic Rcz: French S. Evans, a local 
 preacher in the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, a gentleman of culture and intel- 
 ligence, of good character and standing, 
 made a moderate speech, in which he said: 
 "All of us are bound by the same ties to Bal- 
 timore and her glorious renown." The sen- 
 timent, although a good one, was hissed. 
 He proceeded: "When we all look to yon- 
 der shaft, raised to the memory of our coun- 
 try's greatest and best — when we look upon 
 that monument erected to the memory of 
 those who fought and bled for liberty, is it 
 any matter of wonder that we should feel 
 the same patriotic emotions? We are one 
 people. We must be one people, however 
 we may diiifer in opinion." There were 
 those in the audience who did not share in 
 the patriotic sentiment ; they greeted it with 
 hisses and cries of "No! No!" The speaker 
 proceeded: "Can any one think of a separa- 
 tion of those ties that bind us; can any man 
 for a moment think of the suicidal policy 
 of destroying the Government, of spreading 
 devastation and internal strife, with all the 
 horrors of civil war upon the greatest coun- 
 try the sun shines on?" That appeal was 
 met with an outburst of "Yes! Yes!" and 
 more hisses. Undaunted, Mr. Evans, as 
 though searching for a common ground ac- 
 ceptable to all who were present, continued: 
 "There are the different factions arrayed 
 against each other. There are the Douglas 
 men, the Breckenridge men, the Bell and 
 the Lincoln men. Now which of these 
 themselves are in opposition to their coun- 
 try. None of them. Tliev all have their 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 127 
 
 way of doing things. I believe as stern a 
 patriotism prevails among the Brecken- 
 ridge men as in other parties. I believe all 
 have one common end." The disorderly 
 part of the audience was determined on dis- 
 agreeing, so they shouted "No! No!" and 
 raised a storm of hisses. Changing his tac- 
 tics, the speaker went on to say: "I stand 
 here to-night to reason with you. I stand 
 here as a Southern man." The declaration 
 was thought to be funny and provoked im- 
 mediate laughter, with a repetition of a vol- 
 ley of hisses, some irreverent scamp shout- 
 ing, "The old grey-headed ." His next 
 
 sentences being met with similar interrup- 
 tions, Mr. Evans folded his arms and pa- 
 theticaly exclaimed, "Father, forgive them; 
 oh ! forgive them, they know not what they 
 do." A renewal of the disorderly scenes 
 followed. The speaker persisted in getting 
 off his speech to its finish; he went on to 
 say: "You cannot make me angry, I will 
 not reply to you in harsh terms." Then, 
 after uttering a few more sentences, he 
 came to a dead halt for several minutes. A 
 rotten egg had been thrown from the up- 
 per lobby through a half opened door and 
 instead of falling upon the head of the 
 speaker, as was intended, it struck upon one 
 of the columns supporting the third tier 
 and broke, splattering over a large number 
 of people, who upon the instant scattered 
 as if a uomb had exploded. The disorderly 
 hissed and shouted. The speaker attempted 
 to go on. His remarks for several minutes 
 could not be heard, and when he sought to 
 resume he was interfered with by coughs, 
 laughter, shouts and the blowing of noses. 
 At this hour the Wide Awakes entered the 
 building, greeted with groans and "bahs" 
 for "Lincoln" and "down with the Wide 
 
 Awakes." The galleries groaned and the 
 Wide Awakes cheered, shouting aloud to 
 drown the hisses. Finally the rivalry died 
 out and Mr. Evans attempted to resume 
 his address, but was unable to go on. He 
 asked them to look at his grey hairs, but 
 was answered by the question, "Is your 
 sister white?" Exhausted and disgusted 
 he gave up the struggle and retired. 
 
 The Hon. E. Joy Morris, of Philadelphia, 
 next ran the gauntlet, when hisses and 
 groans were indulged in. Cheers for Breck- 
 enridge and Lane rang through the build- 
 ing; three groans for Lincoln were given; 
 there were cries of "Woolly heads and nig- 
 gers" in the pit. The Wide Awakes, goaded 
 to madness, started to invade the galleries 
 where the disorderlies were stationed, but 
 abandoned the movement. The Brecken- 
 ridge contingent in the house were deter- 
 mined to suppress the speaking, and for 
 ten minutes they succeeded in their pur- 
 pose. At the end of that time Mr. Morris 
 succeeded in uttering a few further sen- 
 tences, when shouts and jeers broke forth 
 again. A. C. Williams, a Wide Awake who 
 enjoyed a reputation among the old volun- 
 teer firemen as a man of grit and personal 
 courage, appeared on the stage and cried 
 out to his comrades: "On 'em and turn 'em 
 
 out. Put every out." With a shout 
 
 the Wide Awakes leaped over the barriers 
 out into the lobby; the Breckenridgites 
 swarmed downstairs and the advance guard 
 of both parties became engaged. Williams 
 was early disposed of, being pitched down- 
 stairs. The police stationed themselves be- 
 tween the contesting parties, when with 
 shouts and imprecations the combatants re- 
 tired to their former positions. Williams 
 had an inconsistent career in politics; dur- 
 
128 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ing the Union war he was pronounced in 
 his advocacy of it, and usually a member of 
 his party's conventions. He held office un- 
 der Governor Swann and followed him into 
 the Democratic fold, and died a member in 
 good standing in that organization. 
 
 Mr. Morris made one more ineffectual ef- 
 fort to be heard; his gesticulations could be 
 seen, but his voice was inaudible. A cry 
 arose, "Wade in Republicans;" Gregory 
 Barrett and four others, Barrett flourishing 
 a revolver, leaped into a stage box. The 
 police were again successful in quelling the 
 movement; they cleared the upper galleries. 
 The lobbies were occupied and hootings re- 
 commenced. Mr. McTavish undertook to 
 be heard; he was called "a d — d English- 
 man" and commanded to sit down and hush 
 up. A song service was introduced, when 
 the police drove every person in the build- 
 ing outdoors but the Wide Awakes. It was 
 a late hour and no further effort was at- 
 tempted at speech-making. And this is the 
 history of the first effort of the Republican 
 party to hold a public meeting in the city 
 of Baltimore, in behalf of "free speech, free 
 soil and free press." 
 
 The Wide Awakes returned to their 
 headquarters, Gay and Fayette streets. 
 Stormy scenes would have taken place but 
 for the intervention of the police. When 
 the line was broken, cheers were given for 
 Lincoln and Hamlin, and the members dis- 
 persed. 
 
 A union, or Bel! and Everett mass meet- 
 ing was held Saturday, November 3d. John 
 V. L. Findlay spoke, and in the course of 
 his remarks said: "By next Tuesday the 
 Breckenridge party will be dead, and on 
 that day we will place this epitaph on its 
 stone, 'Here lies the Democracy, it lied 
 
 during life, and here still it lies. The party 
 was so discredited and dead, that even 
 Spauldin's glue, which has the merit of hav- 
 ing mended a dog which had been cut to 
 pieces could not again cement its shattered 
 fragments." 
 
 /. Monison Harris: "There is a black 
 cloud hanging over our country like a pall 
 which will give great trouble if Lincoln is 
 elected. If Breckenridge is elected there 
 will be a continuance of the agitation, but if 
 Bell should be elected the whole country 
 will have cause for rejoicing." 
 
 At the Presidential election in Baltimore, 
 Bell received 12,619 votes; Breckenridge, 
 14.850 votes; Douglas, 1,502 votes, and 
 Lincoln, 1,084 votes. 
 
 Wednesday, November 26th, a Palmetto 
 flag was displayed by the Southern Volun- 
 teers' Association at the Liberty Engme 
 House. It was unfurled amid hisses and 
 groans. The association was pledged to 
 go to the assistance of South Carolina 
 when that State should secede. Mr. Frank 
 Panncl Brooke made a speech, in which he 
 said, "That a force of at least five thousand 
 brave souls should be organized at once, 
 and in a little while it would amount to fif- 
 teen thousand, to resist the invasion of the 
 peoples rights." 
 
 Saturday night, December ist, Robert 
 C. Barry delivered a speech concluding as 
 follows; "The light of the sun on his bright 
 passage from the golden portal of the 
 Orient until he sinks amidst the gorgeous 
 radiance of declining day, streams on no 
 land more lovely, more blest with every- 
 good perfect gift than ours. By the conse- 
 crated memories of the past, by the blood 
 of our patriotic fathers that has fertilized, 
 bv their dust that has hallowed to us this 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 129 
 
 soil of liberty, I conjure each one and all, 
 at all times and under all circumstances, to 
 use every fair and honorable effort to ad- 
 vance its interests and elevate its destiny. 
 Let us pledge each to the other 'our lives, 
 our fortunes and our sacred honors,' that 
 in the hour of National darkness and Na- 
 tional danger, if need be, the blood cham- 
 bered in our hearts shall flow in one com- 
 mingled stream in defense and preservation 
 of our liberties and the Federal Constitu- 
 tion, the rock whereon is builded the glor- 
 ious fabric of our National prosperity, 
 greatness and union." 
 
 Hon. A. H. Handy, a native Marylander, 
 who had located in Mississippi, was ac- 
 credited by the Governor of that State to 
 call on the Governor of Maryland, in ad- 
 vocacy of concerted action between all the 
 Southern States. Governor Hicks declined 
 to receive him. Mr. Handy visited Balti- 
 more, and on the night of December 19th, 
 i860, delivered an address to fifteen hun- 
 dred people in the Maryland Institute. On 
 the rostrum were Zenas Barnum, Beal H. 
 Richardson, William G. Harrison, George 
 W. Herring, William D. Hughes, William 
 H. Purnell, William Nelson and Coleman 
 Yellott. Mr. Harrison presided. Mr. Han- 
 dy was received with three cheers. The 
 purport of his speech was "that he had been 
 appointed by the State of Mississippi a com- 
 missioner to the State of Maryland to coun- 
 sel with the authorities in the present crisis. 
 Not for the purpose of rousing or exciting 
 the feeling of the Marylanders upon the 
 great questions pending. His father and 
 grandfather were Marylanders and he was 
 born upon her soil. He wished to secure 
 the co-operation of Maryland and Missis- 
 sippi to defend those sacred institutions left 
 
 by the fathers to the people of the South. 
 Mississippi, as heretofore, was for the pres- 
 ervation of the Union and the maintenance 
 of the Constitution. If any man said that 
 Mississippi is disloyal, that man he would 
 brand a libeller. Should Mr. Lincoln be 
 elected the institutions of the South would 
 be prostituted and subverted. In Missis- 
 sippi the people believed that the institu- 
 tion of slavery was ordained by God and 
 sanctioned by humanity. 
 
 "It was an institution ordained for the 
 amelioration of the condition of the slave, 
 and there is a moral duty imposed upon the 
 slave-holder to protect his slave. Those at 
 the North say slavery is forbidden by God — 
 is not sanctioned by humanity, and that 
 slaves cannot be held without sin. These 
 ideas have long been entertained and in- 
 stilled into the Northern mind until they 
 now believe such teachings to be the truth. 
 They have agitated the subject and de- 
 nounced the institution until the country is 
 shrouded in gloom. Commerce and every 
 source of prosperity has been submerged 
 by the 'irrepressible conflict,' which has de- 
 termined that all States must either be free 
 or slave. The South cannot do without 
 slavery; the cotton and other interests will 
 not admit of it, and we do not intend to be 
 without it. 
 
 "The project of the North is first to abol- 
 ish slavery in all the new territories, at the 
 military posts and in the District of Colum- 
 bia. Thus slavery would be confined to the 
 States where it now exists, and in a few 
 years would be excluded altogether, be- 
 cause the new States to be admitted as free 
 will have such a preponderance, that they 
 will overpower and crush out the last ves- 
 tio^e of slaverv. 
 
130 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 "Mr. Lincoln's position is, that slavery 
 shall be kept where it now is, and no one 
 will be permitted to travel beyond the lim- 
 its of his own State with his slaves. W« 
 have as much right to sell them as we have 
 to sell our horses and cows, or any other 
 property. Another movement to be inau- 
 gurated in Congress was, that Northerners 
 shall be permitted to express their abolition 
 views in Southern States — to send incen- 
 diary publications throughout those States, 
 calculated to incite insurrection and cause 
 the slaves to cut the throats of their mas- 
 ters. 
 
 "It is not their intention to interfere with 
 slavery where it exists, but they intend to 
 e.xcite the minds of the slaves and make 
 them so much dreaded that the States hold- 
 ing them will be forced for their own safety 
 to set them free. Abraham Lincoln would 
 have postmasters and other officers 
 throughout the South, to facilitate the cir- 
 culation of those incendiary documents, 
 and thus encourage slaves to rise and kill 
 their masters. 
 
 "It is argued on the other hand that Lin- 
 coln has yet done no overt act, and that it 
 is to be hoped he will not perform any act 
 contrary to the Constitution. That he will 
 not dare to carry them out. Let me tell 
 you that Abraham Lincoln is a brave and 
 self-willed man, and will not betray the par- 
 ties that elected him upon those pledges. 
 We have his promise and pledge made 
 when a member of Congress, and when he 
 ran against Mr. Douglass in Illinois, that he 
 will do so, and his acts will be violations of 
 our rights. 
 
 "They have trampled under foot the Con- 
 stitution by passing laws nullifying its pro- 
 visions with regard to slaverv, and wc can 
 
 but expect that he as their representative 
 will carry them out when in the Presiden- 
 tial chair. The election of Abraham Lin- 
 coln is a violation of the Constitution, and 
 shall we wait until he acts?" [Cries of 
 "No."] "Men are already elected to exe- 
 cute their laws of oppression upon you, and 
 will you submit?" [Cries of "No," "No."] 
 
 "Mr. Lincoln is approaching with the 
 sword of office in his hands, and when he 
 gets in, you may rest assured he will act. 
 We have expostulated, prayed and be- 
 seeched those people to recognize and ac- 
 cord us our rights, but they have scorned 
 and spoken of it only as Southern thunder. 
 We of Mississippi are of one opinion that 
 these things cannot longer be endured. We 
 must now stand upon and demand our 
 rights. 
 
 "It is said that Congress has power to set- 
 tle the question. Why, they have appoint- 
 ed a committee of thirty-three, and they are 
 now busily engaged in doing nothing. This 
 committee consists chiefly of Northeners. 
 One of them is from your State." [Hisses.] 
 Referring to Henry Winter Davis. 
 
 A scene of wild excitement ensued, sev- 
 eral persons who had been intently listening 
 to the speaker rose from their seats and 
 cheered for Henry Winter Davis, others re- 
 sponded in hisses, some one crying out 
 "Oh! he is a black Republican." Cheers 
 rang out for Bell all over the hall, and there 
 was counter-cheering for Breckenridge, 
 mingled with cries of "put him out." After 
 further cheering and hissing the disturb- 
 ance calmed down. 
 
 Mr. Handy, proceeding, said: "This is no 
 party matter, every son of the South was 
 deeply interested in it. Some of the warm- 
 est advocates of Mississippi's course were 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 131'. 
 
 friends of ^Ir. Bell. This committee for 
 the most part were black Republicans, and 
 will never recognize slavery as a Constitu- 
 tional right. Just put the question to them : 
 Do you recognize slavery as a Constitu- 
 tional right?* and they will explode imme- 
 diately. There is nothing to be expected 
 from them except a delay that will ruin 
 the country. The fugitive slave law has 
 been disregarded and set aside. They won't 
 believe in it, and if they won't believe in 
 Moses and the prophets, they won't believe 
 in any one, though he comes from the dead. 
 
 "Mississippi was opposed to calling a con- 
 vention of all the slave-holding States. 
 There is not time for it between this and the 
 4th of March. Legislatures would have to 
 be called together, and this could not be 
 done in season. Maryland and Texas have 
 difficulties in the way of an immediate con- 
 vening of their Legislatures. But suppose 
 the convention was called, was there any 
 probability that they would agree before 
 the 4th of March. Not at all. It would 
 take longer time to deliberate. But there 
 was a still stronger objection. It was con- 
 trary to the Constitution. 
 
 "It would be a meeting of the States held 
 in the Union to deliberate on the dissolu- 
 tion of the Union. This they cannot do. If 
 the Union is to be broken up, each State 
 must act in her sovereign capacity. They 
 must go out of the Union one by one as 
 they came into it. We of Mississippi do 
 not see that there is to be anything gained 
 by a convention of all the Southern States. 
 Our views, as I present them for your con- 
 sideration, are that each Southern State 
 shall secede from the Union." 
 
 At this point further disorder transpired. 
 There were hissings and cheerings and cries 
 
 of "put the black Republicans out." Then 
 followed cheers for the Union; cheers for 
 Governor Hicks; cheers for South Caro- 
 lina, and hisses. 
 
 The speaker resumed when the confusion 
 died out, saying "he was not there to arouse 
 their passions. He was in his native State 
 to speak the truth and he could not be de- 
 terred by hisses. If the views he presented 
 were not sound ones reject them. We 
 have tried all expedients to secure our 
 rights which the wits of man could devise, 
 but have failed. We do not take this step 
 for the purpose of breaking up the Union, 
 but to have our rights guaranteed. 
 
 "Our fathers fought to make these States 
 free and sovereign, and afterwards agreed 
 to enter into a compact with the other 
 States. This is the contract that has been 
 trampled upon. We want our rights under 
 the Constitution and we are determined to 
 have them out of the Union if we cannot 
 have them in. It is said the Constitution 
 has nothing in it giving a State power to 
 secede. This is true. It has nothing in 
 it giving you the power to have a legis- 
 lature or municipal government in \our 
 city, but all powers not given to the 
 General Government and enumerated in the 
 Constitution were reserved to the States, 
 and they have the power to resume their 
 sovereign rights whenever they shall see fit 
 to do so. 
 
 "Suppose, for example, that the State of 
 Maryland, for the preservation of her 
 rights, should withdraw from the Union, 
 would not the act of coercion to bring her 
 back make her subjugated and disgraced, 
 and not equal to the rest of the States by 
 reason of her subjugation. Therefore, the 
 act of coercion is, in itself, the destruction 
 
132 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of the Union, because it destroys the equal- 
 ity of the States. Permit me to say some- 
 thing upon secession. We do not propose 
 to go out of the Union for the purpose of 
 breaking up the Union. We go out for the 
 purpose of getting our rights in the Union. 
 The withdrawing is to have amendments 
 made by the Northern States, so that we 
 may have guaranteed us our rights forever. 
 We only want our rights protected, and we 
 want the guarantee that they shall not again 
 be trampled upon. We want them now and 
 forever. If the question is not settled now 
 and finally we will go out and form a pro- 
 vincial government, and wait until it is set- 
 tled, and then come back. If it is never set- 
 tled we will stay out. We want no new 
 laws, we are satisfied with the Constitu- 
 tion and the Supreme Court, but we want 
 those laws we have fully and faithfully en- 
 forced. This is the position of Mississippi, 
 and I think it is the position of Maryland. 
 
 "If the Southern States are severed from 
 the Northern States — which I hope may 
 not be the case — it will be as the amputation 
 of an arm to save the body. He would not 
 advise Maryland, but before Mr. Lincoln 
 comes into power Mississippi will be out of 
 the Union. We do not intend that Lincoln 
 and his myrmiilons shall have power and 
 dominion over us, unless such amendments 
 are made to the Constitution as will settle 
 the question forever. 
 
 'Tt has been said that if the South secedes 
 she will be overrun by troops. For this we 
 are prepared, as is also South Carolina, and 
 if Northern men are disposed to make a 
 raid upon us like the John lirown raid or 
 any other, we will say to them come on. 
 But before they do so wc would advise 
 them to contemi)!atc the bravery of South 
 
 Carolina troops at Cherubusco, and of the 
 Mississippians at Monterey and Buena 
 Vista, and then try to imagine how the sons 
 of the South will stand when their homes 
 are besieged an(i the lives of their wives, 
 daughters and sisters are at stake." 
 
 A. K. Handy, subsequent to the Civil War, 
 returned to Maryland and settled in Balti- 
 more, where he practiced law. He did not 
 live a great while after his return, but died 
 and was buried in his native State. 
 
 Saturday, December 22d, a meeting was 
 held at the Universalist Church on Calvert 
 street to request Governor Hicks to con- 
 vene the Legislature, in order that Mary- 
 land's attitude in the pending trouble might 
 be determined. Judge John C. Le Grand 
 said: "Whether to convoke the Legislature 
 is proper I know not. I entertain, myself, 
 some doubts upon the subject. But 1 
 will say that no man whom it would be 
 safe to trust outside of a lunatic asylum 
 will doubt for a moment that the times are 
 full of peril and alarm, and that the time for 
 decided action has come." 
 
 Jl'illiain H. Ryan: "Maryland must be 
 the great battle ground, and if Mr. Lincoln 
 shall be inaugurated on the 4th day of 
 March next, I see not how a disruption of 
 the Government can be averted. The fear- 
 ful calamity must come, but woe unto that 
 man and party by whom it comes." 
 
 Mr. William H. Norris: "The leading 
 ideas of the Republican party are free 
 speech, free press and free soil. The first 
 meant the right of Beecher and Seward to 
 go into Southern fields and preach insurrec- 
 tion as a sacred duty, and the second meant 
 the dissemination of documents which 
 would incite a servile pojnilation to murder 
 and ra]iine." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 133 
 
 The election was a thing of the past and 
 a new era opened up. Governor Hicks re- 
 fused to do the bidding of the "Peace Men ;" 
 "The Neutralists" or "Secessionists." He 
 had been a Whig; a Native American and 
 was undoubtedly a Union man. He was 
 not a Republican, nor was he a Radical, but 
 a Conservative, who had owned slaves, and 
 while not wedded to that institution, he 
 made no war upon it. He was determined 
 to keep the State out of the Southern vor- 
 tex, and his conduct applauded at the North 
 was denounced at the South. The "Peace 
 Men," "The Neutralists" and "The Seces- 
 sionists" undertook to coax, flatter, cajole 
 and to drive him, and were unsuccessful at 
 each turn. An unwise letter, written in a 
 vein of sarcasm and irony, was used to im- 
 peach his fidelity and was the justification 
 offered derisively by many a speech-maker 
 for his secessionism. The history of that 
 letter was this: Governor Hicks at the date 
 of its writing, November g, i860, was doing 
 all in his power to thwart the wishes of 
 those who were against the Union. Edwin 
 H. Webster, a Union man, intimate with 
 the Governor, wrote to him about furnish- 
 ing a Bel Air military company arms. Mr. 
 Webster, on receiving the Governor's reply 
 regarded the answ^er as pleasantry and 
 handed it to the captain of the company. 
 The letter follows: 
 
 "I have pleasure in acknowledging re- 
 ceipt of your favor introducing a very clever 
 gentleman to my acquaintance (though a 
 Demo). I regret to say that we have at this 
 time no arms on hand to distribute, but as- 
 sure you that the earliest possible moment 
 your company shall have arms; they have 
 complied with all required of them on their 
 part. We have some delay in consequence 
 
 of contracts of Georgia and Alabama ahead 
 of us, and we expect at an early day an ad- 
 ditional supply, and of the first received 
 your people shall be furnished." Here was 
 a good place for the Governor to have 
 signed his name, but he broke ofif into lev- 
 ity and furnished the means of wronging 
 himself by his enemies. It was not dig- 
 nified for a Governor to jocosely suggest of 
 the company, "Will they be good men to 
 send out to kill Lincoln and his men? If 
 not, suppose the arms would be better sent 
 South. How does the late election sit with 
 you? 'Tis too bad. Harford has nothing 
 to reproach herself for." 
 
 That communication has been character- 
 ized as of murderous and treasonable im- 
 port by Mr. Scharf, who must have known 
 better. Horace Greeley ignorantly quoted 
 it seriously. Webster, to whom it was writ- 
 ten, maintained it was a jest. He was a 
 steadfast Unionist; he and the Governor 
 voted for Bell and Everett. In the election 
 referred to by the Governor, Harford coun- 
 ty cast its vote for the Union ticket. Web- 
 ster was an adviser of the Governor's 
 against the cabalistic Southerners. He 
 subsequently commanded a Federal regi- 
 ment and was a Union Congressman — a 
 queer sort of a man for any one to make a 
 suggestion of a treasonaf)le purpose. 
 
 1861. 
 Thursday, January loth, a mass meeting 
 of the Union people of Baltimore was held 
 in the Maryland Institute, at which Archi- 
 bald Sterling, Sr., presided. IVm. H. Col- 
 lins speaking, said: "Maryland is not our 
 country, she is but a part of it, though a 
 grand pageant part. She has but an area 
 of 10,000 square miles, whilst our country 
 
134 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 contains 3,000,000. She has less than i,- 
 000,000 people, whilst our country numbers 
 30,000,000. The people of Baltimore know 
 that our true country extends from the 
 great lakes of the North to the Gulf of 
 Mexico, the Rio Grande and the sunny re- 
 gions of the South, and from the resound- 
 ing shores of the Atlantic over lowland and 
 mountains, valley and hills and plains to the 
 Pacific, where we look out upon China and 
 Japan. 
 
 Augustus]]' .Bradford: "How shall Mary- 
 land best act to avert the dangers of dis- 
 union. Maryland is the heart of this Union 
 so long as it can be preserved. Maryland, 
 the Belgium of this Union, so soon as it 
 shall be dissolved, her local position, the 
 conservative character of her people, by a 
 long and well known attachment to the 
 Constitution and the Union, demand that 
 they shall well consider the step that is so 
 important to her weal or woe." 
 
 Rcvcrdy Johnson: "Let it be our purpose 
 and our ardent wish to take counsel with 
 our countrymen, our brethren, East, West, 
 North and South. Patriotism knows no 
 latitudes when true to the teachings of a 
 noble ancestry. It clings as we do with a 
 loyal attachment to the Union of our 
 fathers, which they gave and commended to 
 us as the ark of our political safety. Let us 
 be faithful to all the obligations which the 
 I'nion imposes on States and citizens, and 
 to all the rights and powers which it confers 
 .on the united whole. Let us resolve that 
 prudent counsel, ])atriotic efforts, gratitude 
 and reverence for the great dead, and solici- 
 tude for the peace, honor and happiness of 
 the living and love for the countless gener- 
 ations that are to follow and respect for the 
 o])inion of the world, already condemning 
 
 us in anticipation of our possible treason 
 against hope, willing, anxious, resolved to 
 sacrifice individual opinion, yield conflict- 
 ing prejudices, frown down party, flattery, 
 strife, the gratin^ voice of the demagogue 
 leading to nothing but political partisans, 
 drive into exile the designing traitor and in 
 a patriotic and fraternal spirit resolve to 
 amend what may be defective, define what 
 may be doubtful in the charter of our 
 liberty." 
 
 A conference meeting of citizens was held 
 in Baltimore January loth and iith for the 
 purpose of ascertaining the proper position 
 of the State of Maryland in the then 
 crisis. Wm. Grason was elected president. 
 A series of resolutions were adopted, asking 
 the Governor to convoke the General As- 
 sembly. In the event of his refusal, the 
 committee was to prepare an address to the 
 people -of Maryland, requesting them to 
 send delegates to a convention to assemble 
 in the city of Baltimore at the earliest prac- 
 tical day. Wm. Henry Norris said in his 
 speech: "They were all Unionists in the 
 truest sense of the word. He wanted no 
 war, nor do we want a black Republican 
 master. Mr. Henry May was of the opin- 
 ion that the people should take the reins 
 of Government in their hands. He had an 
 abiding faith that Governor Hicks would 
 act with wisdom and prudence. 
 
 A meeting was held at the Maryland In- 
 stitute Friday, February 12th, Dr. A. C. 
 Robinson in the chair. He said: "At a 
 period of such danger to the L'nion from 
 whatever source that danger flows, does 
 it become Maryland to shrink from her 
 duty and remain silent? Are her people 
 unite and cannot talk, cowards and dare not 
 speak?" 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 135 
 
 JV. H. Norris: "Our great Confederacy 
 is on the eve of dismemberment, if it has 
 not already been finally disrupted. Yet at 
 this time when State after State is falling 
 from its Confederation, when Maryland 
 might do so much to avert by her counsel, 
 and her noble example, the last dreadful 
 disaster, her influence has been paralyzed, 
 and her high fame tarnished by an unwise 
 and degrading inactivity." 
 
 Robert M. McLane: "They have entered 
 their protest through Mr. Lincoln's chief 
 minister, who had from his place in the 
 Senate counseled his people to fight for the 
 Union as a last resort; fight with whom? 
 With our brethren of the South? By the 
 living God, if the Administration dare to 
 bring its black Republican cohorts to the 
 banks of the Susquehanna for such a pur- 
 pose, that river shall run red with blood 
 before the first man shall cross it. I for one 
 pledge my life and my means to march with 
 you to the banks of the Susquehanna, to 
 forbid the passage of these invaders." 
 
 5. Teackle Wallis: "The State of Mary- 
 land, so far as the expression of the will of 
 the people is concerned, was the State of 
 Mr. Hicks and his clique. The Governor 
 mistrusted the Legislature. If he does not 
 call it together, the next best thing is for 
 the people to call it. We see that six States 
 have gone out of the Union. The idea of 
 bringing them back by coercion is falla- 
 cious." 
 
 E. Lcivis Lome: "We only ask one thing, 
 that we should be permitted to decide Mary- 
 land's destiny at the ballot box; if an arbi- 
 trary Governor refuses our request, we will 
 raise the standard of revolt against him." 
 A Maryland conference convention met 
 
 at the Universalist Church, Calvert street, 
 13th of March. The delegates had been 
 elected at meetings called for that purpose 
 throughout the State. One hundred and 
 sixty-five accredited representatives were 
 elected, not all of whom were in attendance. 
 The sessions of the convention lasted two 
 days, and were controlled by the ultra 
 Southern sympathizers. Men of State 
 prominence were J. H. Gordon, William 
 Walsh, Thomas J. McKaig, James M. 
 Schley, Thomas G. Pratt, Luther Giddings, 
 S. T. Wallis, William H. Norris, Benja- 
 min C. Presstman, Joshua Vansant, Charles 
 H. Pitts, Ross Winans, Ezra Whitman, 
 John C. Brune, Albert Ritchie, George S. 
 Brown, Robert M. McLane, Dr. J. Han- 
 son Thomas, Henry C. Dallam, T. Parkin 
 Scott, W. F. Frick, John Swan, Robert C. 
 Barry, Pleasant Hunter, John Merryman, 
 William P. Whyte, D. M. Ferine, Daniel 
 Jenifer, James T. Briscoe, Walter Mitchell, 
 Dr. Jacob Showers, John C. Groom, Hiram 
 McCullough, Col. Jacob Wilson, Daniel M. 
 Henry, Washington A. Smith, E. Griswold, 
 Bradley T. Johnson, E. Louis Low, John 
 Ritchie, J. M. Kilgour, John C. Walsh, Eze- 
 kiel F. Chambers. Joseph W. Wickes, Wil- 
 liam D. Bowie, John Contee, Ex-Governor 
 Grayson, Judge R. E. Carmichael, Isaac D. 
 Jones, Levin Woolford, Chapman Billings- 
 ley, Dr. C. C. Cox, George Freaner, R. H. 
 Alvey, A. K. Syster and J. Thompson Ma- 
 son. Several anomalies presented them- 
 selves, Dr. Cox and his colleagues, of Tal- 
 bot, were not to take their seats "unless a 
 majority of the people of the State shall 
 sanction a call of the convention." Wor- 
 cester county was represented by two sets 
 of delegates, one of them a Union repre- 
 sentation and the other in sympathy with 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the objects of the convention. The latter 
 was admitted. J^tdge Chambers on assum- 
 ing the duties of permanent president of 
 the convention, spoke in part: "Much di- 
 vision of opinion exists among the people 
 of Maryland as to the proper course to be 
 pursued in this grave emergency. But both 
 parties, it must be conceded, are composed 
 of able and earnestly patriotic citizens, each 
 anxiously desiring to promote the best in- 
 terests of the State, and neither can be jus- 
 tified in justice and reason for holding in 
 any less charitable or respectful considera- 
 tion those differing from them in opinion." 
 
 This convention, as I understand it, is 
 called for the purpose of ascertaining — so 
 far as could be ascertained by consultation 
 with the representatives of all sections of 
 the State — the course which is best for 
 Maryland to pursue in the present crisis." 
 
 Mr. Chambers declared himself to be "for 
 the Union as long as there is a prospect of 
 maintaining it." He was "for the Union 
 just so long as it could be maintained con- 
 sistently with the honor and dignity of 
 Maryland," and did not think any reason- 
 able man should go further. 
 
 The sentiments of the convention were 
 best expressed in the resolutions and the 
 address to the public, which were unani- 
 mously adopted. 
 
 The resolutions were to the effect that 
 Maryland "in the present crisis" should be 
 represented by agents "authorized to confer 
 and act with our sister States of the South, 
 and particularly with the State of Virginia. 
 That "authority" can only be conferred "by 
 a convention of the people of the State." 
 "In the opinion of this meeting, the Legis- 
 lature not being in session, a full and fair 
 expression of the popular will is most likely 
 
 to be heard by a convention, called by the 
 recommendation of the Executive." It was 
 asserted that the Governor was inclined to 
 such action in the event of the Peace Con- 
 gress failing in its objects. Such contem- 
 plated conduct of the Governor was ap- 
 proved. And to allow him time for action, 
 "the convention will adjourn until the I2th 
 day of March, unless intermediately the 
 State of Virginia should secede from the 
 Union." In that event and the failure of 
 the Governor "to call a sovereign conven- 
 tion of the people of the State," that con- 
 vention was to be reassembled by its presi- 
 dent, to recommend "to the people of the 
 State, the election of delegates to such a 
 sovereign convention." It was "the sense 
 of the convention that the secession of the 
 seven slave-holding States" was caused "by 
 the aggression of the non-slave-holding 
 States, in violation of the Constitution of 
 the United States." That Maryland was 
 geographically so situated that it must "act 
 with Virginia," and if they failed in assert- 
 ing the "Constitutional rights" of their 
 "citizens in the Union," then to confederate 
 "with our sister States of the South." "The 
 honor of" Maryland forbade that "it should 
 permit its soil to be made a highway for 
 Federal troops sent to make war upon our 
 sister States of the South." It was the 
 "opinion of" the "convention that an at- 
 tempt" of the United States "to coerce" the 
 seceded States would result in war and the 
 destruction of the Government itself." 
 
 The address to the people of Maryland in 
 part said: "The Southern Rights, men of 
 Maryland, have been persistently charged 
 with being secessionists and disunionists. 
 Ihis accusation is most unjust and inex- 
 cusable, inasmuch as their policy has ever 
 
/^Mr^ 
 
 a^^*i^=,^g^. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 137 
 
 been clearly and frankly defined and pro- 
 claimed. Immediately after the election of 
 Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency of the United 
 States by a sectional party — which avowed 
 principles and purposes in violation of the 
 Federal Constitution and hostile to the 
 honor, peace and sovereign equality of fif- 
 teen States of the Union — it becomes ap- 
 parent to many wise and patriotic men in 
 this and other border slave-holding States, 
 that an eflfort would be immediately made 
 by the secessionists of the cotton States to 
 effect a disruption of the Confederacy. 
 There was good reason, however, to be- 
 heve that in Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, 
 Alabama, Mississippi and Texas, a majority 
 of the people were sincerely in favor of the 
 L'nion, provided that the non-slave-holding 
 States would immediately, by Constitu- 
 tional amendments, give to the South reli- 
 able assurances of protection in their rights 
 of property, and a complete recognition and 
 guarantee of their political equality. It was 
 evident that these States designed only the 
 co-operation of the border slave States. 
 That such co-operation was not obtained 
 is greatly to be regretted. Hence the seces- 
 sionists of the cotton States were left in 
 absolute control of the public sentiment, 
 and succeeded in inaugurating the policy 
 of separate State action, which resulted in 
 separate State secession, and has culmi- 
 nated in the establishment of a Southern 
 Confederacy, the leading spirit of which 
 now informs the country that the time for 
 reconciliation has passed and all hopes of 
 a reconstruction of the Government gone. 
 It was precisely to prevent this calamitous 
 result that the Southern Rights men of 
 Maryland, as early as |ast November, most 
 earnestly recommended the early election 
 
 of a contention of the people of Maryland. 
 
 They believed then, and believe now, that 
 if Maryland had taken a decided stand her 
 example would have been followed by the 
 other border slave States, not one of which 
 in fact has so deep an interest in this crisis 
 as herself. Her geographical position — 
 making her the seat of war in the event of 
 collision — and her relations with the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, continue to render her 
 position in this crisis one of paramount dif- 
 ficulty. We were satisfied that the border 
 slave States — that is, Delaware, IMaryland, 
 Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri — acting 
 in concert with North Carolina and Ten- 
 nessee, b) calling a convention of all the 
 Southern States, last November or Decem- 
 ber, could have controlled the action of the 
 cotton States by the adoption of a manly 
 policy. If they had adopted such a basis 
 of settlement as the Crittenden resolutions, 
 and presented it to the North as the ulti- 
 matum of the South, we believe that it 
 would have been adopted; that public opin- 
 ion at the North would have driven the 
 leaders of the black Republican party into 
 submission to a demand so clearly right and 
 moderate, and that the Union would have 
 been saved. Ihe co-operation of the cot- 
 ton States, who were then really in the ma- 
 jority, would have been enabled to stem the 
 torrent of secession, which they were pow- 
 erless to do in the absence of aid and en- 
 couragement from the border slave States. 
 
 At all events, even if it be possible to sup- 
 pose that the Northern States would have 
 deliberately rejected so reasonable an offer 
 of peace and fraternity tendered by a united 
 South, it cannot be considered probable 
 that fanaticism would have -eturned to 
 draw the sword of Civil War against fifteen 
 
138 
 
 HISTORY OF BAI^TIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 States and eight millions of brave and war- 
 like people. Civil war would have been im- 
 possible. It is untrue, therefore, that the 
 Southern Rights men of Maryland desired 
 the election of a sovereign convention in 
 order that they might carry Maryland out 
 of the Union. Their earnest purpose, on 
 the contrary, was to prevent secession and 
 disunion by a formidable movement to ob- 
 tain such a settlement as could alone pre- 
 serve the Union, and failing in that, then to 
 avert the calamities of fratricidal war by a 
 peaceful separation. Maryland did not per- 
 form that great duty. We do not design to 
 cast reflections on any who dififer from us 
 in opinion. They may be honest; but that 
 they have pursued a fatal policy events have 
 rapidly demonstrated. 
 
 The inaction of the border slave States 
 has resulted in the secession of seven States 
 and the establishment of a Southern Con- 
 federacy, and what is infinitely more, dis- 
 astrous to the hopes of the friends of the 
 Union, it has given time and opportunity 
 to the uncompromising leaders of the black 
 Republican party to arouse the war spirit 
 of their people, under the plausible pretext 
 of enforcing the laws and protecting the pub- 
 lic property, and to consolidate the masses 
 of the Northern States in a determination 
 to coerce the South, as indicated in the re- 
 cent speeches of Mr. Lincoln; and we all 
 understand that coercion is civil war. It is 
 useless to argue the right or proprieties of 
 coercion. There stands the fact that the 
 seceded States have officially declared that 
 any attempt to retake the forts or to collect 
 revenue within their limitG Will be resisted 
 by force of arms, and we know that such 
 a war commenced in any one State will 
 necessarily become general. 
 
 Thus it happens that the peace, honor 
 and safety of the border slave States are 
 involved in events which they have not in- 
 augurated and cannot master. Instead of 
 being the arbiters of Southern destiny, they 
 are now driven to accept consequences 
 which they might have controlled. 
 
 It is now, we fear, too late to remedy this 
 great error, or to accomplish reconstruction 
 by the instrumentality which we solemnly 
 believe would have prevented disunion. 
 Nevertheless, "whilst there is life there is 
 hope," and we regard it as the most sacred 
 duty, as it is the highest interest of the bor- 
 der States, to make this last effort to re- 
 establish the noble Government which was 
 constructed by the genius and baptized in 
 the heroic blood of our fathers. In any 
 event, it is now left for them to decide their 
 future destiny, if dissolution be final. In 
 that case, we suppose there can be no 
 doubt that the sentiment of an overwhelm- 
 ing majority of the people of Maryland is 
 loyally and thoroughly with the South. 
 Maryland wculd never subordinate her ac- 
 tion to that of any other State, yet she can- 
 not forget that the power, conservative 
 principles and geographical position of 
 Virginia make it eminently proper, if not 
 absolutely necessary, that she should unite 
 her fortunes to those of that State. Vir- 
 ginia will not leave the Union unless it be- 
 comes impossible for her to adhere to it 
 consistently with her honor, her Constitu- 
 tional rights, her independent sovereignty 
 and her domestic peace and safety. Mary- 
 land stands precisely upon that ground. If 
 Virginia is compelled to go, Maryland will 
 certainly be unable to remain; because the 
 interests and rights of both States are iden- 
 tical. Hence the Southern Rights men of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Maryland are prepared to co-operate with 
 X'irginia in all her patriotic efforts to re- 
 construct the Government upon a sound 
 Constitutional basis; or if the sad alterna- 
 tive is forced upon them, then unite the for- 
 tunes of Maryland with those of Virginia 
 and the South, hoping for peace yet pre- 
 pared for war, should that condition of her 
 independence be ruthlessly imposed upon 
 her by the fanatical cohorts of the irrepres- 
 sible conflict. 
 
 Having waited anxiously for the action 
 of our State authorities, and being still anx- 
 ious to obtain the sanction of official recog- 
 nition, we nevertheless believe it to be the 
 right and duty of the people to act for them- 
 selves, with decision and promptness, in this 
 crisis. Maryland, therefore, should place 
 herself in position to be ready to act in con- 
 cert with Virginia and the other border 
 slave States at a moments warning, which 
 can only be done authoritatively through 
 a sovereign convention. We still hope the 
 Governor will convene the Legislature 
 without further delay, or advise by procla- 
 mation the election of a convention; but 
 should he fail to do so, we shall hereafter 
 call upon the people to assert their sover- 
 eign power and to decide for themselves 
 the destiny of their children and their chil- 
 dren's children, as their revolutionary fath- 
 ers did in the face of the greatest Empire of 
 Europe. All that we ask — all that we shall 
 demand and insist upon — is that the people 
 of Maryland may settle at the ballot box 
 those great issues which no other power on 
 earth has the right to decide for them." 
 
 Henry Winter Davis, a member of Con- 
 gress from Baltimore City, in an address is- 
 sued January 2d, 1861, to the voters of the 
 Third Congressional District, set forth the 
 
 views of the Unionists of the city and State, 
 wjjich were unfavorable to the convening of 
 the Legislature or to the calling of a con- 
 vention; he wrote: "There are yet men in 
 Maryland who seem madly bent on revolu- 
 tion; and conspirators beyond her limits 
 instigate and aid their efforts. To the suc- 
 cess of their schemes the convocation of the 
 Legislature is essential. In securing that 
 object many unite, who are strangers to 
 their purposes and blind to the conse- 
 quences of what they are doing — men who 
 honestly think there is danger it might 
 avert, or that there ought to be an agree- 
 ment or understanding with Virginia, or 
 who are moved by sympathy with neigh- 
 boring agitators, or wish to gain party ad- 
 vantages, or play a politcal game, or are in- 
 terested in the corrupt and active lobby." 
 
 "They are all the allies, conscious or un- 
 conscious of the revolutionists." 
 
 "The revolutionary agitators existing 
 elsewhere in the Republic, will be aggra- 
 vated by a call of the Maryland Legislature. 
 It will look like sympathy with the revolu- 
 tionary States. It will dishearten the friends 
 of the Government of those States. It will 
 inspire the revolutionists in the central 
 States, now in a hopeles minority, with new 
 hopes. It will tend to destroy the moderate 
 feeling of the free States in dealing with the 
 existing discontents. It will greatly embar- 
 rass the President, who must maintain the 
 authority of the laws, and is entitled to the 
 individual support of the people of Mary- 
 land for that purpose." 
 
 "The halls of legislation will immediately 
 become the fruit of revolutionary conspir- 
 acy. Under specious pretexts the people 
 will be implicated, by consultations with 
 other States, by concerted plans, by inad- 
 
140 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 missible demands, by extreme and offensive 
 pretensions, in a deeply laid scheme of sim- 
 ultaneous revolt in the event of the inevit- 
 able failure to impose on the free States the 
 ultimatum of the slave States. Maryland 
 will find herself severed from more than 
 half the States, plunged in anarchy and 
 wrapped in the flames of civil war, waged 
 by her against the Government in which 
 we now glory."' 
 
 "In the face of such consequences what 
 justification, what excuse is there for con- 
 vening the Legislature?" 
 
 "Within its Constitutional power it can 
 do nothing and there is nothing for it to 
 do." 
 
 "The only danger to Maryland in the 
 present crisis is that rebellious States may 
 destroy the United States; and that to her is 
 absolute ruin ; but against that her only and 
 her sufficient security is the power of the 
 United States Government, supported by 
 the loyal devotion of the people outside of 
 the disaffected States. Maryland cannot 
 suppress revolution in South Carolina, and 
 neither South Carolina nor any other State 
 threatens Maryland with invasion or any 
 other danger. Congress and the President 
 are vested exclusively with the power to 
 enforce the laws of the Union; and every 
 person in Maryland, as well as in all the 
 other central .slave States, is bound to obey 
 the orders of the President for that purpose, 
 anything in their laws to the contrary not- 
 withstanding. The Legislature can there- 
 fore do nothing in the matter." 
 
 "But many persons clamor for the Legis- 
 lature, in order that it may agree with Vir- 
 ginia, or with other slave States on a course 
 of conduct. The Constitution forbids anv 
 
 agreement between Maryland and any 
 other States for any purpose." 
 
 "Not only does the loth section of the 
 first article of the Constitution declare that 
 "no State shall enter into any treaty, alli- 
 ance or confederation;" but it also says 
 "No State shall, without the consent of 
 Congress, enter into any agreement or com- 
 pact with any other State or with a foreign 
 power." And act sixth declares this Con- 
 stitution to be the supreme law of the land 
 of Virginia, as well as of Maryland, and that 
 the members of the several State Legisla- 
 tures, and also executive and judicial of- 
 ficers of the several States, shall be bound 
 by oath or affirmation to support this Con- 
 stitution." 
 
 "Are the members of the Legislature to 
 violate their oath? If not, there can be no 
 Constitution. If they are, then it is not to 
 preserve the Constitution, but to promote 
 its destruction by revolution, that the 
 Legislature is to be convened. 
 
 The. Legislature can, within its Constitu- 
 tional power do nothing. It is unconstitu- 
 tional to make any agreement with Virgi- 
 nia as it would be with England and 
 France. 
 
 An argument to consult, to have any 
 common purpose, any concerted action, is 
 expressly forbidden; for, if allowed, the 
 United States might be defied by a coalition 
 too powerful to be suppressed without 
 arms, and the laws of the Union be enforced 
 only at the hazard of civil war. The pre- 
 vailing discontent, the inflamed state of 
 public feeling, which now prompt men and 
 States to consult, are the very dangers the 
 Constitutional prohibition was intended to 
 guard against. Southern States only now 
 think of a coalition; but what should we 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 141 
 
 say of a free State coalition to repeal the 
 Constitutional guarantee of the slavery in- 
 terest? 
 
 A convention of the central slave States 
 is equally unconstitutional, dangerous and 
 needless. Whatever it can do, which is not 
 unconstitutional and mischievous, can be 
 better done without it. Is it to propose 
 amendments to the Constitution? 
 
 No body authorized to amend could even 
 consider the proposals. 
 
 But Congress, on the application of the 
 Legislatures of two-thirds of the States, can 
 call a convention of all the States, and that 
 can remedy every grievance. 
 
 Is it to secure agreement on the same 
 amendments? Their representatives in 
 Congress are the Constitutional representa- 
 tives of the States, in the only body where 
 the States are permitted to consult; and 
 they can then move any amendments they 
 may concur in, thought to be necessary; 
 and those amendments will, under the Con- 
 stitution, be formally sent for approval to 
 all the States. 
 
 Is it to agree upon demands to be made 
 on the free States, on refusal of which noth- 
 ing is to follow ? 
 
 Then, why assemble it? 
 
 But, is the purpose of it to combine the 
 central slave States in demands on the free 
 States, accompanied with the menace of 
 revolution, in the event of their refusal to 
 submit to the dictation? 
 
 Then, the convention is a treasonable as- 
 sembly to levy war for the overthrow of the 
 Government. 
 
 Such a consultation among the central 
 slave States, when no voice from the free 
 States will be heard, and their feelings and 
 wishes will be wholly disregarded, and when 
 
 the more extreme opinions of the slave 
 States will predominate is likely to result in 
 a demand of concessions wholly impossible 
 to be obtained, accompanied by the implied 
 pledge not to be satisfied with anything 
 less; and on the refusal of the free States to 
 submit to terms thus dictated without any 
 consultation with them, the revolutionists 
 will precipitate the whole of the consulting 
 States into revolution. This, I believe to 
 be the most natural result of the proposed 
 consultation. I presume the revolutionists 
 have not been so dull as to overlook it. 
 
 Maryland is not ready to be entrapped. 
 Her people are the best guardians of their 
 own interests, duty and honor. It is for 
 them now to demand of those who counsel 
 a convention of the slave States to specify 
 whether there are, in the words of President 
 Jackson, "any acts so plainly unconstitu- 
 tional and so intolerably oppressive" to 
 them that they are willing to tear the Gov- 
 ernment to pieces in pursuit of redress. 
 
 If there be such acts, then convene the 
 Legislature; assemble a convention: con- 
 cert with Virginia measures of resistance in 
 default of redress; but also let the people 
 prepare their hearts for war and their fields 
 for desolation and their children for slaugh- 
 ter. Let them prepare for an era of pre- 
 scriptions, complications and exiles. To 
 be followed by anarchy and to be closed 
 by the rude disposition of the sword." 
 
 February 8th, the States Rights City 
 Convention convened at the Law Building 
 and debated the calling of the Legislature 
 in special session. 
 
 5". Tcacklc Wallis: "Governor Hicks as- 
 sumes to act for the people without their 
 authority." 
 
 H. Clav Dallam: "Marvland's voice 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 shall no longer be stifled by the usurpa- 
 tions of her executive. She must declare 
 in no uncertain sounds that if the crisis 
 must come, that then her destinies are with 
 the Southern States." 
 
 Henry May wrote: "The course of Gov- 
 ernor Hicks in denying the sovereignty of 
 the people in this crisis is an abuse of pub- 
 lic trust and a violation of the cardinal prin- 
 ciples of free government." 
 
 Tuesday, March 12th, the State Confer- 
 ence Convention resumed its sessions in 
 the city; few of its delegates were present. 
 Resolutions defining the position of the 
 body were presented, discussed and passed. 
 
 On the second day of the session, a pro- 
 position was reported for a Border State 
 Convention; the delegates to be elected by 
 Congressional Districts or State Conven- 
 tions. A committee of five was appointed 
 to visit the \'irginia Convention and assure 
 them oi the cordiality and sympathy of 
 Maryland. 
 
 The i8th of April, a Union mass meeting 
 was called for the 22nd of that month, in 
 Monument Square. It never assembled. 
 The exciting events of the 19th created a 
 riot and an uproar that subdued every ves- 
 tige of Union sentiment. At a meeting in 
 Monument Square on the 19th, the Mayor, 
 George W. Brown, uttered in his speech 
 these words: "I do not wish my position 
 misunderstood. I deplore the unhappy oc- 
 currances of to-day. Disagreeing with the^ 
 spirit and object of the President's call for 
 troops, Maryland being yet a member of the 
 United States, regularly summoned to the 
 National Capitol, I have felt it my duty to 
 protect them at the risk of my life." The 
 last declaration of the Mayor was received 
 with a storm of groans. 
 
 William P. Preston: "Let no more 
 troops pass through Baltimore." The 
 crowd thundered in response, "We won't, 
 indeed. Never."' 
 
 Severn Teaekle JVallis: "If the blood of 
 our brethren shed in the streets of Balti- 
 more to-day does not speak to the heart of 
 every man in Maryland, then the human 
 voice may well be dumb." 
 
 A Mr. Wetherd, an ex-member of Con- 
 gress, in his remarks informed the palpi- 
 tating crowd "that the 7th Regiment of 
 New York was on the way to fight through 
 Baltimore." The announcement set it wild 
 and shouts of defiance caused the air to 
 shake and tremble at the vehemence dis- 
 played. 
 
 Judge IVilliani L. Marshall (he was after- 
 wards elected by the Unionists judge of 
 the Court of Common Pleas), condescend- 
 ingly announced "that he was ready to do 
 whatever Mr. ]\IcLane thought he ought to 
 do." 
 
 Air. Robert 'AI. McLane was regarded as 
 a warrior on the scent for rivers of blood 
 and bent on extracting it from Yankee 
 veins. He had let the troops slip over the 
 Susquehanna without procuring a drop of 
 the precious elixir. He now informed the 
 town "that he stood pledged to resist the 
 passage of troops through Baltimore," 
 when he heard "blood was being shed in 
 the streets of Baltimore," he visited the 
 Mayor's office "to ofifer his services." 
 
 And asked the Governor, whom he met 
 there, whether he would lead them ? Where- 
 upon the crowd showed its sympathetic feel- 
 ings for that official by asking why Mr. 
 McLane did not choke him? To which 
 he replied, believing the Governor "intend- 
 ed to place the State in an official attitude 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 143 
 
 of honor," he had told him he stood ready 
 "to fight under him as a lieutenant." 
 
 [The name of Mr. McLane nowhere ap- 
 pears in the captured roster of the army of 
 the Confederate States. His postoffice ad- 
 dress during the war was Paris, France.] 
 
 At this juncture, William L. Marshall, 
 the gentleman above alluded to, a Ken- 
 tuckian, a brother of Thomas F. Marshall, 
 and a professing Republican, in great ex- 
 uberance of soul was moved to exclaim: 
 "Oh! we'll fight 'em without arms. They 
 ran from our stones to-day!" His declara- 
 tion was greeted with laughter and vocifer- 
 ous cheering. They were possibly laugh- 
 ing at the remark, more likely at the man 
 who made it. 
 
 George M. Gill was about pronouncing 
 one of his ponderous solemn orations when 
 a body guard of citizens appeared with Gov- 
 ernor Hicks. The Governor informed the 
 audience "that he had ever been devotedly 
 attached to the Union. The Union was 
 now apparently broken, but he trusted its 
 reconstruction might be brought about." 
 
 He had stirred up the hornets; vehement 
 shouts of "Never!" "Never!" groans and 
 hisses darkened council and interrupted 
 free speech. 
 
 The Governor regained his breath and 
 changed his tactics, resuming, he meekly 
 added, "But if otherwise, I bow in submis- 
 sion to the mandate of the people. [Cheers.] 
 If separate we must, in God's name, let us 
 separate in peace, for I would rather this 
 right arm should be separated from my 
 body than raise it against a brother." 
 
 The Governor on concluding his address 
 received slight cheers. He immediately 
 proceeded to the Fountain Hotel. On his 
 way he w^as followed by a crowd who held 
 
 him in slight regard. Those composing it 
 eyed him unfavorably but did not commit 
 any overt acts. 
 
 Governor Hicks called the Legislature in 
 special session at Annapolis, Friday, April 
 26th. "For the safety and comfort of the 
 members, a change was made in the desig- 
 nated place, and Frederick was named by 
 proclamation of the Governor, dated April 
 24th. While "safety and comfort" were al- 
 leged, the real reason was to surround the 
 Legislature by the influences of the Union 
 sentiment of Frederick. 
 
 The Know Nothing members from Balti- 
 more City, in the Legislature, had been, on 
 the last day of its session, deprived of their 
 seats, and a special election was held to fill 
 those vacancies. The Constitution required 
 ten days' notice of an extra session, and the 
 code three weeks' notice of all special elec- 
 tions. The sherifT, by authority of the war- 
 rant of the Democratic speaker of the 
 House of Delegates, gave notice of the elec- 
 tion. The Board of Police directed the 
 holding of the polls and a revolutionary 
 election in defiance of law was conducted. 
 
 John C. Brun, Ross Winans, Henry W. 
 Warfield, J. Hanson Thomas, S. Teackle 
 Wallis, Charles H. Pitts, William G. Har- 
 rison, Lawrence Sangston, T. Parkin Scott 
 and Henry M. Morfit, a few days before the 
 "called election" had been placed in nomi- 
 nation by the Democratic party. On the 
 day of election they received 9,249 votes 
 out of a total voting population of 30,148- 
 They were unopposed and took the seats 
 of men in the Legislature whose title ad- 
 mitting its taint was better than their own. 
 
 The meagerness of the vote encouraged 
 and emboldened the Union men of the city, 
 April so.L'nion meetings were addressed by 
 
144 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Roberts, Baltus H. Kennard, J. 
 M. Kimberly and William Price. The 
 Federal appointees returned from hiding. 
 Henry W. Hoffman, Collector of the Port; 
 William H. Purnell, Postmaster, and 
 Franklin Corkran, Naval officer, took the 
 places to which they had previously been 
 appointed by President Lincoln. 
 
 In answer to an invitation of Lambert 
 Gittings, W. H. C. Wright and G. L. Dula- 
 ney, who^ had addressed a communication 
 to Henry May, asking him to become a 
 candidate for Congress in the Fourth Dis- 
 trict. Mr. May responded affirmatively un- 
 der date of May 13th. On the 17th of the 
 same month, Henry Winter Davis was 
 nominated over John P. Kennedy, the Un- 
 ion candidate, to oppose Mr. May. Davis 
 received in the convention 41 votes, and 
 Kennedy 18 votes. Mr. Davis, in accept- 
 ing his nomination, made this denial: 
 "Those who charge me with having en- 
 couraged rowdyism at the polls were ma- 
 licious and deliberate libellers." 
 
 An efTort was made to induce Mr. Ken- 
 nedy to become an Independent Union can- 
 didate for Congress. It was encouraged 
 by Mr. C. C. Fulton, editor of the "Ameri- 
 can" Mr. Kennedy declined, saying, "There 
 are already two candidates before the peo- 
 ple to distract the vote of the district — a 
 decision sufficiently perilous to the hopes 
 of the friends of the Union." 
 
 May 2 1st, the Union Convention of the 
 Third Congressional District reassembled 
 in Temperance Temple. It had adjourned 
 to enable the rival candidates for the nomi- 
 nation, who were John B. Seidenstricker, 
 Robert Turner, A. W. Bradford, C. L. L. 
 Leary and J. Morrison Harris, to communi- 
 cate in writing to the convention their views 
 
 on the issues of the hour. Mr. Harris' let- 
 ter was objected to as non-committal, and 
 Dr. Brooks offered a resolution "That we 
 will nominate no man for Congress who is 
 not willing to uphold the Constitution and 
 laws of the United States by force of arms 
 or by any other Constitutional or lawful 
 measures which may be deemed necessary." 
 
 Mr. Harris had set forth in his letter "The 
 idea of subjugating and holding the seced- 
 ing States, I believe to be neither prac- 
 ticable nor wise. While, at the same time, 
 I would sustain the general Government 
 against aggression and defend the Capitol 
 of the country against assault." 
 
 C. L. L. Leary, whose letter was a ring- 
 ing declaration pledging himself to support 
 the Federal Government in every emer- 
 gency, was nominated on the si.xth ballot. 
 In his speech before the Convention Mr. 
 Leary said: "So long as there remains a 
 single thread of the flag to hang to, there 
 will I be found." 
 
 A Maryland Union Convention, ignoring 
 party lines, consisting of delegates from the 
 counties and city of Baltimore, assembled 
 in the latter city in the large audience hall 
 of the Maryland Institute. It was com- 
 posed of leading and influential citizens of 
 the Commonwealth, among whom were 
 Hugh Ely, Robert S. Rogers, S. Morris 
 Cochran, Gen. Edward Shriver, James T. 
 McCullough, William A. McKillip, J. D. 
 Gough, S. A. Gray, J. B. Ricand, Anthony 
 Kimmel.A. Bowis Davis, William P. Mauls- 
 by, Joshua Lynch, C. L. L. Leary, James 
 L. McDougal, Dr. Perry Kinneman, Wil- 
 liam S. Reese, James L. Parr, Job Smith, 
 Robert Turner, Rev. Fletcher E. Marine, 
 William Silverwood, Benjamin Deford, R. 
 S. Matthews, John W. Woods, John C. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 145 
 
 King, Joshua Harvey, August Mathiot, J. 
 Paris IMoore, Samuel T. Hatch, Robert 
 Tyson, P. G. Sauerwein, John J. Danaker, 
 Edmund Wolf, Henry Stockbridge, John 
 E. Smith, Col. J. Merrick, James A. Gary, 
 Gayson Eichelberger, Lawrence J. Brengle, 
 James Cooper, Frederick Schley, Charles 
 E. Trail, Thomas Gorsuch, Upton Burman, 
 George Vickers, James M. Vickers, Jesse 
 K. Hines, Howes Goldsborough, George 
 R. Goldsborough, John S. Sellman, William 
 Mead Addison, Alexander B. Hagner, Wil- 
 liam L. Seabrook, Frank H. Stocket, 
 George M. Russum, P. W. Downs, John 
 W. Wilson, Augustus W. Bradford, Rich- 
 ard J. Gettings, William B. Hill, Dr. 
 Thomas Fisher, James L. Ridgley, Dr. D. 
 S. Gittings, Dr. William H. Mace, John C. 
 Holland, Christian Gore, Rev. John T. Von 
 Bokkelin, Pleasant Hunter, William Kirk- 
 wood, Malcolm Wilson, Henry W. Arch- 
 er, John Silver, George W. Kenley, J. J., 
 Michael, Edwin H. Webster, Samuel S. 
 Moffit, William J. Jones, James W. Clay- 
 ton, Alexander Evans and John B. Seiden- 
 stricker. It is apparent from the forego- 
 ing names that it was a representative gath- 
 ering of leading citizens of standing and 
 notable from the fact that it was the initia- 
 tory of the organization of the Union party 
 which existed in Maryland throughout the 
 war. 
 
 Hon. J. B. Ricaiid in accepting the per- 
 manent presidency, in his speech said: "We 
 have met in troublous times, our once 
 happy country has been rent, divided, sun- 
 dered ; State after State has withdrawn from 
 the Union until eleven have gone from us, 
 and left to the remainder the noble duty of 
 doing all they can for the Constitution and 
 the Union." "Let the spirit of compromise 
 
 actuate us that we may speak words of 
 peace to our distracted country. We are 
 one of the old thirteen; one of the seven 
 States yet composing the Union, and by our 
 efforts, seconded by old Kentucky, Mis- 
 souri and Delaware, peace and unity may 
 yet be restored." 
 
 The Convention adopted an address to 
 the people of Maryland, written by S. S. 
 Moffit, strongly denunciatory of secession 
 and declaring that the violated law must 
 be vindicated. The resolutions adopted 
 declared that the revolution in progress 
 "was without excuse or palliation;" that it 
 had "in view one object — the destruc- 
 tion of the Government and the division of 
 our country into two or more fragments — 
 and that the redress of actual or supposed 
 wrongs in connection with the slavery ques- 
 tion forms no part of their views or pur- 
 poses." The resolutions expressed a dis- 
 belief "that the masses of people" in the 
 bounds of "the so-called seceded States are 
 justly chargeable with the crime of revo- 
 lution" and affirmed "that the people of 
 Maryland are unalterably determined to 
 maintain and defend the Government of the 
 United States of America," and to that end 
 "will support the Government of the United 
 States in all legal and Constitutional meas- 
 ures, the adoption of which may be neces- 
 sary to resist the revolutionists in the 
 States." The previous Legislature was ar- 
 raigned for charging that the people of 
 Maryland were "humiliated" or "subju- 
 gated," that intimation was characterized as 
 a "gratuitous insult to the people." The 
 ninth resolution set forth "that whilst the 
 people of this State will sustain the Govern- 
 ment in the rnost efficient, active and thor- 
 ough measures necessary for the suppres- 
 
146 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORB, MARYLAND. 
 
 sion of the rebellion," yet "they will insist 
 that no spirit of animosity or vindictiveness 
 towards the seceded States shall enter into 
 those measures. They will insist on the 
 people of those States being recognized and 
 treated as brethren and fellow-citizens of a 
 common country, whose errors must be re- 
 strained, but in a spirit of fraternal kind- 
 ness, whenever and as soon as that spirit 
 shall be enabled to find an opportunity for 
 its ministrations." The position of the Un- 
 ion men of Maryland was defined in the fol- 
 lowing resolution: "While they concur 
 with the present executive of the United 
 States that the unity and integrity of the 
 National Union must be preserved, their 
 view of the nature and true principles of 
 tlie Constitution, of the powers which it 
 confers, and of the duties which it enjoins, 
 and the rights which it secures, as it re- 
 lates to and affects the question of slavery 
 in many of its essential bearings, is directly 
 opposite to the view of that executive. They 
 are fixed in their convictions amongst oth- 
 ers, that a just comprehension of the true 
 principles of the Constitution forbids utterly 
 the formation of polhical parties on the 
 foundation of the slavery question. The 
 Union men of Maryland will oppose to the 
 utmost of their ability all attempts of the 
 Federal Government to commingle in any 
 manner its peculiar views on the slavery 
 question with that of maintaining and de- 
 fending the just powers of the Government. 
 It is at the same time just to declare that 
 these avowals are induced by a jealous anx- 
 iety to avoid further difficulties and com- 
 plications rather than by a conviction that 
 anything to which they relate has occurred 
 in the historv of the Government since the 
 
 assumption of power by the present execu- 
 tive." 
 
 A time for holding a State Convention 
 was fixed for the 15th of the following Aug- 
 ust, when candidates for Governor and 
 Comptroller were to be nominated and the 
 President of the Convention was charged 
 with appointing a State Central Committee 
 of ten persons from the city of Baltimore 
 and two from each county in the State. 
 How long the party was to subscribe in the 
 language of Mr. Schley "to the beautiful 
 platitudes" which it had promulgated we 
 shall see in the course of this narrative. 
 Mr. Bradford, in urging the adoption of the 
 resolutions, said he "was no advocate of the 
 present executive of the country." He had 
 "for one week occupied a room adjoining 
 his, yet had never had the curiosity even 
 to look at hnn," but he was "bound to 
 declare that the world had witnessed no 
 such statesmanlike forbearance as that 
 evinced in the course pursued by the pres- 
 ent administration." 
 
 Thursday, August 15th, the Union Con- 
 vention, William H. Collins presiding, nom- 
 inated Augustus W. Bradford for Gover- 
 nor. The vote stood Bradford, 54; Xesbit, 
 20; Pearce, 21, and Weisel, I. A change 
 made in the vote gave Bradford 93, when 
 he was unanimously nominated. The Con- 
 vention resolved "that the Constitution of 
 the United States and the Acts of Congress 
 are the supreme laws of the land." 
 
 Thursday, September loth, a State Peace 
 Convention met in Baltimore. I. Nevitt 
 Steele, in the chair. Henry W. Archer and 
 Gen. Benjamin C. Howard were contestants 
 for the Gubernatorial nomination; Howard 
 was successful, receiving 71 votes to 25 
 cast for Archer. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 147 
 
 September 13th, Mayor Brown and the 
 following members of the Legislature were 
 arrested by order of the military authori- 
 ties: Ross Winans, Henry M. Warfield, J. 
 Hanson Thomas, T. Parkin Scott, Henry 
 AI. Morfit, S. Teackle Wallis, Charles H. 
 Pitts, William G. Harrison, Lawrence 
 Sangston and the following newspaper 
 men: Thomas W. Hall, Frank Key How- 
 ard, also Henry May, member of Congress; 
 Leonard G. Quinlan and Mr. Dennison, 
 delegates from Baltimore county. They 
 were taken to Fort McHenry. September 
 i8th, further arrests of members of the Leg- 
 islature followed. They were incarcerated 
 in Fort McHenry. 
 
 Wednesday evening, October 16th, Henry 
 Jl'inter Davis, at the request of a large num- 
 ber of merchants, mechanics and business 
 men, delivered an address at the New As- 
 sembly Rooms, which was a marvel of logic 
 and rhetoric. In the course of that address 
 he said: "And Maryland, too, is she dis- 
 loyal? ["No, no."] "There are those who 
 say so in our midst; there are those who 
 say so abroad; there are those in power who 
 believe it, and there are those who are not in 
 power, but who skulk about in the darkness 
 of the alleys of this great city and carry 
 whispering to the ear of power their slan- 
 ders on their fellow-citizens, or spread them 
 broadcast by the press all over the coun- 
 try, until Maryland stands almost in as ill 
 repute as if she had lifted her hand in arms 
 against the Government that she adores and 
 will maintain; and because of one deplor- 
 able and humiliating event, the result of 
 weakness in some of our rulers and of 
 treachery in others, there are those in one 
 great region of this country who treat the 
 State of Maryland as the whole South late- 
 
 ly treated the whole North." * * * * is 
 Maryland then disloyal ? Has she ever for 
 a moment, hesitated, even ? It is more than 
 can be said for any other State south of 
 Mason and Dixon's line, but Delaware. 
 Have the people of Maryland ever hesitated 
 as to the side they should take in this great 
 struggle ? Did she hesitate when the com- 
 missioners from Alabama and from Missis- 
 sippi sought to associate her to the plotting 
 of their treason. Did she hesitate when 
 her Governor resolutely for three decisive 
 months refused to convene her traitorous 
 Legislature, lest they might plunge her in 
 the vortex of rebellion ? Did she ever hesi- 
 tate when cunning politicians pestered him 
 with their importunities, when committees 
 swarmed from every disloyal quarter of the 
 State, when men of the first position sought 
 him and attempted to brow-beat him in his 
 mansion ? Did she swerve when they, fail- 
 ing to compel him to call the Legislature, 
 attempted the vain formality of a mock vote 
 throughout the State to call a sovereign 
 convention by the spontaneous voice of the 
 traitors of Maryland? Did they hestitate 
 when in almost every county, even in those 
 counties which were strongly secession, at 
 the election for that Convention, the dis- 
 loyal candidates were either defeated or got 
 votes so insignificant as to create nothing 
 but disgust and laughter throughout the 
 State ? Did they hestitate when that wretch- 
 ed remnant of a Convention met here amid 
 the jeers and the scofTs of the people of 
 Baltimore at the Maryland Institute — to do 
 nothing and go home? What was it that 
 enabled the Governor to resist the perpetual 
 applications for the convocation of the Leg- 
 islature? Are we to suppose he had cour- 
 age and resolution to face down and over- 
 
148 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 bear the will of the great majority of the 
 people of Maryland ? or was it not because, 
 knowing the people who had elected him, 
 their temper and their purposes, he felt that 
 however severe the pressure might be on 
 him, where one person sought the meeting 
 of the Legislature there were thousands 
 who stood by him in his refusal to convene 
 them." * * * * "And had Maryland been 
 then as people now presumptuously assert 
 that she is, Abraham Lincoln might have 
 taken the oath before a magistrate in the 
 corner of some magistrate's office in Penn- 
 sylvania, but he would not have been in- 
 augurated where his predecessors were in- 
 augurated in the august presence of tlie 
 Capitol of the country." 
 
 On the expiration of Governor Francis 
 Thomas' term of office as Governor in 1850 
 he retired to the top of a high mountain in 
 the Allegheny range beyond Cumberland, 
 in consequence of domestic troubles. There 
 he had built two log cabins; one of them he 
 occupied and the other sheltered two men 
 servants. When the Union question as- 
 sumed fiery prominence he left his hermit- 
 age and appeared among the people of 
 western Maryland, thrilling them with his 
 eloquent invocations to stand by the Fed- 
 eral Government. He was nominated and 
 elected to Congress, an honor he had pre- 
 viously enjoyed for a period of years. 
 He was invited to Baltimore to speak; his 
 past prominence drew an immense turn- 
 out to the Front Street Theatre, where he 
 appeared on the evening of Tuesday, Octo- 
 ber 29. 1861. Such [larts of his speech as 
 are given are personal to himself. 
 
 "Fifteen years of my life have been passed 
 in seclusion and retirement. During that 
 time events have transpired that have 
 
 brought about the terrible calamity with 
 which the country is now afflicted. Old 
 party associations have been broken up and 
 the people have come out under new or- 
 ganizations, formed under motives and in- 
 ducements that I have had no opportunity 
 to understand and properly judge. 
 
 "Yes, fellow-citizens, it was here in this 
 hall that the first step in that terrific drama, 
 in which we are all called to take a part, 
 was taken. 
 
 "Their purpose was too transparent; I 
 never could have been a lilind tool in their 
 hands to demoralize the great Democratic 
 party and thus open the way for their ter- 
 rific conspiracy, having for its purpose the 
 destruction of our great and glorious Na- 
 tion. 
 
 "All their clamor about Southern rights 
 and the protection of slavery in the Terri- 
 tories was the most shallow and miserable 
 pretense in the world. We were told that 
 the enforcement of the fugitive slave law 
 was the essential element of Southern rights 
 without which a dissolution was inevitable. 
 
 "During ten years of Congress I never 
 joined in any debate on the subject of 
 slavery. I always shunned it as a subject 
 for demagogues, and clearly forsaw that it 
 was introduced for the purpose of bringing 
 about the designs of disloyal ambition. And 
 I contend that this is a war of ambition— a 
 war of plunder — a war for the destruction 
 of the very institution we are called upon 
 to draw our swords to defend. 
 
 When they ask me to sympathize in their 
 rebellion because those engaged in it are 
 slaveholders, I loath with contempt the im- 
 putation of pecuniary motive conveyed by 
 the plea. They might as well ask me to 
 s\mpathize with them because they own 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 149 
 
 horses. I am a Marylander and a slave- 
 holder, but whilst I glory in being a Mary- 
 lander I also glory in the revolutionary re- 
 nown of our ancestors. I glory in the re- 
 sult of their labors, because I am a citizen 
 of this great Nation, with no sectional affini- 
 ties, and no local animosities. My proudest 
 title is to be considered an American citizen. 
 
 Although prepared myself for this rebel- 
 lion, I ought not to be surprised that many 
 Marylanders did not see the catastrophe. 
 Being able to stand at the standpoint I have 
 now reached, and looking down through 
 the vista of the past, I hope it will not be 
 tiresome to my hearers for me to . repeat 
 some of the reasons that impelled me long 
 since to look forward to the consummation 
 of the unholy purposes of these dema- 
 gogues. 
 
 Full twenty years since, when occupying 
 my seat in the House of Representatives, 
 I was surprised one morning after the as- 
 sembling of the House to observe that all 
 the members from the slave-holding States 
 were absent. Whilst reflecting on this 
 strange occurrence, I was asked why I was 
 not in attendance on the Southern caucus 
 assembled in the room of the Committee of 
 Claims? I replied that I had received no 
 invitation. 
 
 I then proposed to go to the committee 
 room to see what was. being done. When 
 I entered I found that little cock sparrow, 
 Governor Pickens, of South Carolina, ad- 
 dressing the meeting, and strutting about 
 like a rooster around a barn-yard coop, dis- 
 cussing the following resolution, which he 
 was urging on the favorable consideration 
 of the meeting: 
 
 "Resolved, That no member of Con- 
 gress representing a Southern constituency 
 
 shall again take his seat until a resolution is 
 passed satisfactory to the South on the sub- 
 ject of slavery." 
 
 I listened to his harangue, and when he 
 had finished I obtained the floor, asking to 
 be permitted to take part in the discussion. 
 I determined at once to kill their treason- 
 able plot, hatched by Calhoun, the Cataline 
 of America, by asking questions. 
 
 I said to Mr. Pickens, "What do you pro- 
 pose we shall do ? Are we to tell the people 
 that Republicanism is a failure? If you are 
 for that, I am not. I came here to sustain 
 and uphold American institutions — to de- 
 fend the rights of the North as well as the 
 South — to secure harmony and good fel- 
 lowship between all sections of our com- 
 mon country. 
 
 They dared not answer these questions. 
 The Southern temper had not then been 
 gotten up. As my questions were not an- 
 swered, I moved an adjournment of the 
 caucus sine die. Mr. Craig, of Virginia, 
 seconded the motion and the company was 
 broken up. 
 
 We returned to the House and Mr. In- 
 gersoll, of Pennsylvania — a glorious pa- 
 triot, then as now — introduced a resolution 
 which temporarily calmed the excitement. 
 
 I am not afraid to address a Maryland au- 
 dience, and to express my peculiar views on 
 this exciting subject, even here in Balti- 
 more. In all this question of slavery I 
 boldly assert that the South has been the 
 aggressor; not the people of the South, but 
 the demagogues of the South. 
 
 I stand where Mr. Clay stod when he 
 said, "So help me God, I will never vote for 
 the introduction of slavery in a territory 
 where it does not exist," and there I will 
 ever stand so long as I have power to give 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Utterance to my sentiments. I may be called 
 a black Republican, an Abolitionist, but I 
 care not. When I was charged in western 
 Maryland as being unsafe, as being an 
 Abolitionist, I was the owner of sixteen 
 slaves. Why, sir, the puny fellows who 
 thus assail me if blacked would not have 
 sold for as much as some of my little black 
 boys. 
 
 The principles on which I place myself 
 have been sanctioned in western Maryland, 
 and even from my boyhood have I main- 
 tained them. They have been vindicated by 
 the people selecting me as their representa- 
 tive in Congress by 10,000 majority, given 
 by a generous and confiding people, who 
 on the same enunciation of these opinions 
 chose me as the chief magistrate of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 The secessionists of this State in control 
 of its Legislature have in a most non-pa- 
 triotic manner, sought to cripple the Gen- 
 eral Government. I am favorable to the 
 utmost exercise of all the powers of the 
 Government to prevent such aims." 
 
 The address was of two hours duration, 
 and took a wide range, discussing all ques- 
 tions prominent at that time as National 
 issues. 
 
 During the Gubernatorial canvass a meet- 
 ing was held in Monument Square Monday 
 evening, November 4th. irUliaiu H. Col- 
 lins presided. His fatherly speech is given: 
 "People of the city of Baltimore — of all 
 political parties, who are in favor of the 
 Constitution of the United States and the 
 Union of all the States thereunder, as the 
 grand and master principle, to the promo- 
 tion and perpetuation of which all political 
 <l\icstions and opinions are to be held in 
 strict subordination — I am here by your 
 
 side, with life and fortune. In this strug- 
 gle, honor cannot be lost, though life and 
 fortune may; for honor and love of country, 
 like the twins of Siam, walk hand in hand, 
 bound together by indissoluble ties. 
 
 In my younger days the country was di- 
 vided into two grand old parties, one led by 
 Clay and Webster, the other by the fiery 
 courage of Andrew Jackson. In those days 
 there was no question about the Union. 
 All were for it. On this question those 
 great leaders occupied common ground. 
 When the Union was assailed the two great 
 parties and their leaders stood shoulder to 
 shoulder, forgetful, for the time, of all other 
 issues. In reverent homage to this high 
 example, we now propose to plant the 
 standard of our country on this ancient 
 and sacred platform. We invite all Breck- 
 inridge and Douglas Democrats, who are 
 faithful to the ancient Democratic creed, 
 'Our Union it must be preserved.' We 
 invite the old line Whigs, the more modern 
 Americans, and all others, without destruc- 
 tion of party name, who are for the Consti- 
 tution and liberty — and Union now and for- 
 ever one and inseparable — to unite with us 
 in one common efTort to revive and restore 
 the fading patriotism of our people, and to 
 plant our country once more in the bonds of 
 a common brotherhood, with her founda- 
 tions resting deep and sure on the rock of 
 the people's love. These are our objects; 
 and he who can serve our country best and 
 loves her most, let him be our leader, no 
 matter where he lives, or by what name he 
 may heretofore have been known. 
 
 Our object is to maintain the unity of our 
 Government in the full extent of its Consti- 
 tutional powers; to remove all just causes of 
 complaint on the part of our people, whether 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 151 
 
 in the South or the North, in the East or 
 the West ; to strike dead the hydra of aboli- 
 tion and secession which is seeking to se- 
 duce the loyalty of our people as did the 
 serpent the innocence of our parents in the 
 Garden of Eden; to win back, in a council of 
 all the States of our Union, the affections 
 of those who are discontented by every 
 just, generous and brotherly concession. 
 
 Let no one propose to divide this, our 
 country. Broad as is its area, and various 
 as are its climate and productions, we are 
 one people — bound together by the ties of 
 common interest, blood, language, religion, 
 laws and history. She was not the mother 
 who consented to divide the living child. It 
 was the counterfeit who said "Let it be 
 neither mine nor thine, but divide it." The 
 ear of the Hebrew King caught the tones 
 of nature and he wisely decided that she 
 was the mother who said "O, my Lord, give 
 her the living child and in no wise slay it." 
 
 We have always been one people. In 
 our Colonial days, in our revolutionary 
 struggles, in the days of the old articles of 
 confederation, in the declaration and sub- 
 sequent acknowledgment of our independ- 
 ence, under the present Constitution, we 
 have always been one people. He who seeks 
 to divide this people seeks to divide that 
 which God has joined together by indis- 
 soluble ties. 
 
 To the people of Baltimore, who, thirty- 
 five years since, received me a flaxen-haired 
 youth, and who have ever treated me with 
 a kindness and indulgence far beyond my 
 merits, until I am now a worn and shattered 
 man; to the people of the Eastern shore, 
 the home of my ancestors from the early 
 period of its settlement, where, on the 
 waters of the Pocomoke, the Annamesex, 
 
 the Monokin and the Wicomico, my young 
 thoughts took their earliest form, where my 
 affections, without a shadow of subsequent 
 diminution, became bound up in my coun- 
 try, whose history and early struggles it 
 was my delight to study, whose future gran- 
 deur was shadowed forth to my young im- 
 agination to an extent scarcely equal to the 
 records of her history since; to the State of 
 Maryland, not the less dearly loved because 
 it embraces these, the cradle of my youth 
 and the home of my manhood; to these 
 dear objects of my love — subject and sub- 
 ordinate only to the sacred homage I owe 
 to my country — the heart of the old man 
 turns with an affection not so fresh but 
 stronger and truer than in the days of his 
 youth. 
 
 Bound as I am to the State of Maryland 
 by every tie that can rivet human affection, 
 I thank God that her safety and honor, in 
 my best judgment, can only be maintained 
 in the Union; thank God that I am not 
 called on by that higher and holier alle- 
 gience to my country, which I acknowledge 
 and will ever pay, to sacrifice the welfare of 
 the State of jMaryland on the altar of my 
 country's safety. 
 
 To the people of Baltimore, to the people 
 of the Eastern and Western Shores, I here 
 declare my deep conviction that your only 
 safety is in the arms of the Union, under the 
 Constitution. At the same time I choose — 
 for the sake of the rising generation, and 
 in the humble hope that the words I now 
 utter may rest in the memory of some of 
 you after my heart has ceased to beat — to 
 say to you now, that in my poor judgment, 
 American patriotism claims for our country 
 a higher, holier, wider and more lofty alle- 
 gience than that we owe to the State of our 
 
152 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 birth. Our country! Our Union! It is 
 our glory, our strength, our shield, our sup- 
 porter, our protector, and when I contem- 
 plate its grandeur, I feel that my poor heart, 
 when it gives its first deepest, truest and 
 most reverential homage but feebly repays 
 the unmeasured blessings it bestows. 
 
 "Allow me, fellow-citizens, to express my 
 profound acknowledgments for the honor 
 conferred by appointing me to preside over 
 this meeting and to give utterance to my 
 most fervent prayer to the Almighty God 
 that he may be pleased to stand by us in 
 these our terrible trials, as he did by our 
 fathers in the days that are past, and that 
 we may once more present to the world a 
 noble example of Constitutional liberty, 
 resting for its support on the affections of 
 a people always faithful and loyal to the 
 Constitution and the Union." 
 
 Augustus W. Bradford, the Union party 
 nominee for Governor, said: "To be nomi- 
 nated for chief magistrate of the State was 
 an honor," but as far as personal considera- 
 tions were concerned, he neither desired or 
 solicited it. The office was surrounded by 
 cares, responsibilities and difficulties that no 
 man would seek; the circumstances of the 
 times alone induced him to accept the nomi- 
 nation. 
 
 From his youth up he had been taught to 
 reverence the country in which he lived 
 second only to that of the Deity, and he 
 could not, if it was in his power, prove rec- 
 reant to his duties in that respect. He had 
 been taught to attribute all the blessings 
 and privileges which the people of the coun- 
 try enjoyed to the spirit of the Constitution 
 and the importance of the Union of the 
 States. It was a school in which all had 
 received their political education, not only 
 
 those native to the soil, but those of all 
 lands finding for the first time in their lives 
 political protection for themselves and their 
 interests. 
 
 He denounced the cunningly devised fa- 
 ble of the secessionists as being more cruel 
 than was even practiced by the ambitious 
 tyrants of the Old World. Such were the 
 great benefits of the country in the New 
 World that the people scarcely knew they 
 had a Government, and such was the confi- 
 dence the Government had reposed in the 
 people that it had scarcely ever resorted to a 
 strong exhibition of its power. But a new 
 policy of statesmanship had sprung up, and 
 it was based upon a sort of individual com- 
 bination to plunder the Government, to 
 seize the public property, to rob and im- 
 prison the people, and to declare that State 
 sovereignty was superior in every respect to 
 that of the whole country. Tiiere were acts 
 of gross usurpation which should be con- 
 demned and reprehended by every man. 
 
 It was not necessary to go beyond the 
 bounds of Maryland for illustrations of the 
 ruinous eflfects of secession. The old flag 
 which had been baptised in blood and can- 
 onized in the War of 1812 had been repudi- 
 ated on the 19th of April, under the edict 
 of a few miserable politicians. The patri- 
 otic men of Massachusetts were cowardly 
 assailed on their march to the Capitol. Some 
 of the men who voted $500,000 for the de- 
 fense of the city and $200,000 for the pur- 
 chase of arms to prevent the passage of 
 Government troops through the city, were 
 now daily preaching peace, and praying at 
 night that the morning's sun would witness 
 the triumphal entry of JefT Davi» into Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 The South fostered a spirit of aristocracy. 
 
Jh^.(/iu^/4^/c/i. 
 
 ^//^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 153 
 
 the very bane of a true Democratic form of 
 Government, and that unholy ambition was 
 the cause of secession. 
 
 Let Mr. Pratt and his aristocrats attempt 
 to despise these men as mudsills of society, 
 posterity will write them down as the heart 
 of the Union. It had been alleged that 
 Maryland would follow Virginia. Follow 
 her? No, never! xA.bandon the Union? 
 No! for in that Union she has advanced to 
 such a degree of prosperity, her inhabitants 
 enjoying such protection that they never 
 would think of abandoning the glorious old 
 flag. 
 
 Rcvcrdy Johnson: "Our path is clear to 
 remain faithful to duty and honor. To stand 
 by with unfaltering attachment to the Un- 
 ion." 
 
 October 9th, the Union Councihnen were 
 elected by a vote of 9,250. At the election 
 in November, Bradford, Union candidate 
 for Governor, received 17,722 votes to 3,347 
 in the city, recorded for Howard. The re- 
 mainder of the Union ticket was elected by 
 similar majorities. 
 
 Hon. John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, 
 arrived in Baltimore and stopped at the 
 Eutaw House, where two thousand of his 
 friends collected with a band and serenaded 
 him in the evening, after which he was 
 called upon for a speech. Mr. Brecken- 
 ridge appeared upon the eastern portico of 
 the hotel and was enthusiastically received. 
 When he attempted to speak, the crowd 
 which had increased rapidly, showed signs 
 of turbulence. There were, cheers for the 
 Union, for "General Scott" and for "Henry 
 Winter Davis." The friends of Mr. Breck- 
 enridge loudly cheered him, the cheers last- 
 ing several minutes. Upon their conclu- 
 sion, he returned his thanks for the honor 
 10 
 
 paid him, and then referred to the position 
 of Maryland, whose citizens had again and 
 again been outraged in their dearest Consti- 
 tutional rights, and in all respectful in- 
 quiries as to the charges against those who 
 had been suddenly torn from their homes 
 and families, nothing but contemptuous re- 
 sponses were returned. "Do you," he 
 asked, "call this liberty?" [Cries of "No, 
 no," with hisses and shouts of "Oh, dry up, 
 you traitor," &c., &c.] 
 
 Resuming, Mr. Breckenridge claimed 
 that he was "pleading not the cause of the 
 rich and the powerful but of the poor and 
 the weak." [A voice: "You lie and you 
 know it," followed by general hisses.] 
 
 The speaker suggested that those who 
 did not desire to hear him need not con- 
 tinue present. This sentiment was cheered 
 by a part of the audience and hissed by an- 
 other portion of it. The two elements set 
 in motion towards each other and the po- 
 licemen engaged in using their espantoons. 
 
 Mr. Breckenridge said: "Those who m- 
 terrupteJ him with opprobrious epithets and 
 with hisses, were poor fellows who were 
 tightening the degrading fetters that bound 
 them," which was the signal for renewed 
 cheering and hissing, followed by more dis- 
 turbance. 
 
 "You poor fellows may hiss me," said the 
 speaker, "but your children will bless me." 
 [Here a voice exclaimed: "Oh! go to South 
 Carolina and be d — d to you." This propo- 
 sition was discounted by vehement cheers 
 for John C. Breckenridge. The police and 
 the crowd who were creating the disorder 
 made a rush toward the crowd who were 
 cheering, when several men were severely 
 beaten by the police.] 
 
 Mr. Brcckcnridzc: "If vou don't intend 
 
154 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 to allow me to speak, then disperse the 
 crowd. I did not volunteer to address you, 
 remember. If I did not know that the 
 squad of men now disturbing this assem- 
 blage were no exponents of the sentiments 
 of the people of Baltimore, I should despair 
 of your city. Since the times when Consti- 
 tutions were designed as limits to des- 
 potic power, nothing so outrageous as those 
 enacted by the administration had ever oc- 
 curred. Liberty existed before the Consti- 
 tution was formed, and whenever the issue 
 is presented between that on the one hand, 
 and a mere form of government on the 
 other, the form would perish but the prin- 
 ciple would survive." 
 
 At almost every sentence the speaker was 
 interrupted with cheers and hisses; there 
 were cheers for Jefiferson Davis and cheers 
 for Gen. Scott. A large number of men 
 suffered at the hands of the police, so that 
 Mr. Breckenridge sorrowfully exclaimed: 
 "I feel personally responsible for the poor 
 fellows so rudely treated. I grieve to think 
 any one should be hurt on my account." 
 The audience shouted "Go on Mr. Breck- 
 enridge," and then three cheers were pro- 
 posed and given for "Jeff Davis," and the 
 "Southern Confederacy." A fight took 
 place, which had the elTect of thinning out 
 the crowd, the timid ones making a stam- 
 pede. 
 
 Mr. Breckenridge: "It is evident the dis- 
 turbers are but few in numbers. Are they 
 afraid to hear a Senator speak words of 
 truth?" The inquiry was met by personal 
 allusions not complimentary to the speaker, 
 which were replied to by persons in the 
 crowd, "Oh! never mind them: they are 
 from the almshouse and the jail: they are 
 the Dodge police." These cries were re- 
 
 plied to in this wise, "You had us on the 
 19th of April, now we have got you." "Re- 
 member the week of terror." 
 
 Mr. Breckenridge: "1 have attentively 
 watched the faces of those around me to- 
 night, and I feel bound to say that this dis- 
 turbance has been occasioned by a handful 
 of men carrying sticks and wearing brass 
 badges. Here, as in the United States Sen- 
 ate, I will enter my protest against the 
 usurpations of the administration, and I 
 trust in God that the day is near at hand 
 when the evil career of these bad men will 
 receive a summary check." He then re- 
 tired into the reception room, where he was 
 surrounded by his friends. Loud calls were 
 made for Mr. Vallandingham, who declined 
 to appear. 
 
 1862. 
 
 A Union meeting was held Monday, July 
 28th, in ]\Ionument Square. Governor 
 Bradford presided, and in the course of his 
 speech said: "It is hardly necessary for me 
 to tell you that there are continually lurking 
 in our midst those who are constantly look- 
 ing for some means to aid, comfort and as- 
 sist those now seeking to crush us. The 
 rebels who openly avow themselves com- 
 mand your admiration, but the private, 
 skulking, conspiring traitor, the moral 
 guerilla of this war, is the most despicable 
 of all traitors, without the courage to fight 
 for his own country, or any other." The 
 Governor spoke of his efiforts to raise four 
 regiments for the United States service, and 
 said: "I have assurances that when these 
 four regiments are completed, they shall 
 form a Maryland brigade with a Maryland 
 man in command." 
 
 Henry W. Hoffman hoped that the Union 
 men throughout the State would realize 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 155 
 
 the fact that the time had arrived for decided 
 operation; there was a class of quasi Union 
 men who were clamorous for the Constitu- 
 tion as it was. 
 
 William H. Collins: "The Government 
 has called for more troops in order to put 
 down rebellion. It wants additional sol- 
 diers in order to replace those lost in and 
 about the Chickahominy." 
 
 Christopher C. Cox: "In such a contest 
 there can be no neutrality. Every man is 
 either a friend to the Government or aiding 
 the insurrection." He closed with this 
 peroration: "Be thou enthroned above that 
 banner. God of battle, guard it with thy 
 lightning, fan it with thy breeze, avenge it 
 with thy thunder, may it advance as now, in 
 a cause holy as thy light, may the hand 
 that would dare pluck one star from its 
 glory be palsied, may treason fall blighted 
 beneath its shade." 
 
 One of the resolutions proposed a test 
 oath to be administered by the military 
 authorities to the disloyal, who were to sub- 
 scribe to it or be sent South. 
 
 Wednesday, August 20th, Gen. Cochrane, 
 was the guest of the municipality of Balti- 
 more and made a speech in Monument 
 Square, in the evening at a meeting pre- 
 sided over by Mayor Chapman. Gen. 
 Cochrane's speech was devoted to his prison 
 e.xperiences in the South, in favor of prose- 
 cuting the war, and defending his Irish fel- 
 low-countrymen from sympathy with the 
 South. He was followed by Richard O 'Gor- 
 man, who discussed the subject of secession. 
 Patrick McLoughlin, of the Baltimore Bar, 
 called on his Irish fellow-citizens "to rally 
 to the defense of the Union and the Con- 
 stitution." 
 
 At a meeting of the Union State Central 
 
 Committee, Wednesday, August 26th, Mr. 
 Swann was elected chairman of the commit- 
 tee and Mr. J. V. L. Findlay secretary. 
 
 Mr. Sivann spoke, saying: "Repelling 
 again and again all claims on the part of 
 the general Government, or any State Gov- 
 ernment, to interfere in our domestic con- 
 cerns, and deeply sympathizing with the 
 holders of slave property, whose interests 
 have become so seriously compromised by 
 the existence of this war, I cannot but in- 
 dulge the hope, that the impartial counsel 
 we may give to the subject, will receive the 
 consideration to which it is so eminently 
 entitled. 
 
 1863. 
 
 The members of the Unconditional Union 
 State Central Committee held a meeting 
 Wednesday, September 29th. This body 
 was appointed by virtue of resolutions 
 passed by the Union League State Conven- 
 tion. They were the radical element of the 
 Union party, and the advocates of uncon- 
 ditional emancipation. William B. Hill was 
 elected president, John Needles secretary, 
 and Henry W. Hoffman treasurer. An ad- 
 dress was issued to the people of Maryland, 
 urging them to vote for the ticket which 
 the State Convention had placed in the 
 field. 
 
 Friday, September nth, the Union State 
 Central Committee issued an address to the 
 people of the State, signed by Thomas 
 Swann, John P. Kennedy, Columbus 
 O'Donnell.John B. Seidenstricker, Thomas 
 C. James, George Manly, Augustus M. 
 Price and John V. L. Findlay, in which they 
 expressed themselves conservatively on the 
 subject of the extinction of slavery. They 
 said: "The only regular and Constitutional 
 method of dealing with a subject like this 
 
156 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORfi, MARYLAND. 
 
 is by direct appeal to the people, in the mode 
 which they have chosen to indicate. Any 
 effort to participate in a speedy settlement 
 of the question, unless by common consent, 
 is hardly likely to receive the countenance 
 of any large portion of our citizens either 
 for or against slavery in Maryland." The 
 views set forth in the foregoing address 
 condemned the advocates of peremptory 
 emancipation, and declared "that Maryland 
 would never consent to be driven by vio- 
 lence, in the regulation of her domestic 
 concerns." 
 
 Tuesday, September 15th, the Uncondi- 
 tional Union party issued an address to the 
 people of the State, which was signed by 
 William B. Hill, Henry W. Hoffman, Hor- 
 ace Abbott, James E. Dwindle, S. F. 
 Streeter, John A. Needles, Robert Tyson, 
 Milton Whitney, William H. Shipley and 
 William H. Baltzell. There was no dodg- 
 ing the question with bated breath, but the 
 planting of themselves firmly on the policy 
 of President Lincoln on the subject Jt 
 emancipation, and favoring the proposition 
 for a State Convention. 
 
 The 23d of June Henry H. Goldsborough 
 was nominated for Comptroller and William 
 L. W. Seabrook for Commissioner of Land 
 Office by tne Unconditional Union party. 
 The address to the people pronounced 
 "slavery already dead, and that only the 
 skeleton was left. The sooner the skeleton 
 is removed tiie better it will be for the true 
 interests of the State and Nation. At the 
 same time, we are fully persuaded that this 
 can only be accomplished by at once bring- 
 ing the people face to face with it, in the 
 election of such men only as are willing to 
 discharge their whole Constitutional duty, 
 by accepting their full measure of respon- 
 
 sibility in calling a Constitutional Conven- 
 tion at the earliest moment practicable." 
 The address was lengthy, and in details 
 bristling with points unanswerable. The is- 
 sue between the Unconditional and Condi- 
 tional Union parties had now becom.e a 
 wide gulf. The Conditional Union men 
 pruned the regular ticket of the names not 
 satisfactory to them and nominated Reverdy 
 Johnson, Jr., for Judge of the Circuit Court 
 against William Daniels, who was the can- 
 didate of the Unconditional Union party. 
 William Alexander had been regularly nom- 
 inated for Judge by the City Convention, 
 but being objectionable to both factions of 
 the party, they made nominations against 
 him. 
 
 The evening of Wednesday, October 
 28th, a meeting of Unconditional Unionists 
 was held in Monument Square. The 
 bright gas jets over the stand formed these 
 words, "The Union, Emancipation, Golds- 
 borough." The Eighteenth Ward had a 
 transparency on which was emblazoned: 
 "Freedom dawns in Maryland. We go for 
 emancipation. There is but one Union 
 ticket." The Washington Union League 
 bore a transparency at the head of their 
 line, on which was inscribed: "Slavery de- 
 grades labor. No fellowship with Treason. 
 No parley with Traitors." 
 
 Joliii Lee Chapman presided. 
 
 Henry Winter Davis: "We have pre- 
 sented resolutely the question of emancipa- 
 tion, and on the 4th of November twenty 
 thousand majority will ratify in advance the 
 opinion of the people of Maryland. 
 
 "Three years ago Abraham Lincoln re- 
 ceived in the State of Maryland only about 
 2,000 votes ; now his administration receives 
 a support of three-fourtlis of all the people 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 157 
 
 in Maryland, receives the unanimous sup- 
 port of every loyal man in Maryland, and 
 stands opposed by no one but the traitors 
 of Maryland, and now instead of being a 
 small fragment of your population, strug- 
 gling for recognition, we have to state that 
 the administration is supported by the whole 
 body of the people of Maryland, and the ad- 
 ministration recognizes those people as its 
 supporters." 
 
 Other speakers on this occasion were S. 
 P. Chase, D. F. Claudy, of Louisiana; 
 James A. Garfield, William B. Kelly, Sam- 
 uel Galloway and Hon. John Covode, H. 
 H. Goldsborough, Unconditional Union 
 candidate for Comptroller, defeated S. S. 
 Mofiitt, Conditional Union candidate, re- 
 ceiving in the city 10,545 to 367 for MofStt. 
 Edwin H. Webster, Union candidate for 
 Congress in the Second Dist., had no oppo- 
 sition; his vote in the seven lower wards 
 was 4,436. Henry Winter Davis, in the 
 upper Baltimore district, was elected with- 
 out opposition by a vote of 5,965. John L. 
 Thomas, Jr., regular Union party nominee, 
 defeated J. V. L. Findlay for the ofifice of 
 States Attorney, the former receiving 8,709 
 and the latter 1,905 votes. The vote for 
 Judge of the City Circuit Court was: Dan- 
 iels, Unconditional Union Independent can- 
 didate, 3,168; Johnson, Conditional Un- 
 ion Independent candidate, 1,315; Al- 
 exander, regular party nominee, 6,109. The 
 "American" in commenting upon the result 
 of the election in its issue of November 5th 
 said: "Maryland yesterday proclaimed it- 
 self a free State. The vote for Goldsbor- 
 ough was the test on speedy emancipation, 
 and Baltimore has given a vote so nearly 
 unanimous on the question, so far as the 
 loyal voters are concerned, leaving no room 
 
 for doubt, after the aggregate result in the 
 State. A Legislature largely in favor of 
 emancipation, and three at least of the five 
 Congressmen are avowed emancipation- 
 ists." This same paper editorially stated: 
 "The candidates for Judge of the Court 
 and States Attorney were elected, they have 
 the gratification of knowing, however, that 
 they owe us no thanks for their success." 
 
 1864. 
 
 April the ist of this year a meeting of 
 those favorable to a Constitutional Conven- 
 tion was held in the Maryland Institute. 
 Henry Winter Davis said: "We have made 
 our nominations; our enemies have made 
 theirs ; and the question is, which of the two 
 are to fill the seats of the convention? Are 
 we to have a convention opposed to eman- 
 cipation, and trust to the moral power of 
 the coercion of the popular vote to compel 
 them to discharge their duties? Or shall 
 we have a convention composed of the gen- 
 tlemen we have nominated, who go there 
 for the purpose of executing the will that 
 the people have expressed, and who, when 
 they get there, will have the manliness and 
 the resolution to act up to the duties that 
 have been prescribed for them? That and 
 that only is the question. * * * * 
 
 "The slavery interest, of course, strug- 
 gles vigorously to maintain its domination. 
 It has been heretofore your master as well 
 as the master of the slaves. One-fourth of 
 the people of the State have ruled it by the 
 existing Constitution. They have used 
 their power to take to themselves the lion's 
 share of our political honor and to cast upon 
 you the ass's share of every political bur- 
 den. The political power has been down in 
 the rotten borough counties of St. Mary's, 
 
158 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Charles, Calvert, Prince George's, Anne 
 Arundel, and over in Somerset, Talbot and 
 Queen Anne's. Their slaves have been ex- 
 empt from equal taxation. 
 
 "Their laws have compensated slavehold- 
 ers everywhere for their slaves when they 
 forfeited their lives by violation of the law. 
 The taxes have been imposed upon the city 
 of Baltimore; the taxes have been imposed 
 upon the northern and western portions of 
 the State. The laws have been passed at 
 the dictation of the southern portion; the 
 burthens have been borne by the northern 
 portion. In the south, south of the Patap- 
 sco river and south of the Sassafras river, 
 you have about one-fourth of the white pop- 
 ulation of the State, and you have one-half 
 of all its political power." 
 
 Tuesday, June -th, the National Union 
 Convention met amid unbounded enthusi- 
 asm in the Front vStreet Theatre, and nomi- 
 nated Abraham Lincoln for President and 
 Andrew Johnson for Vice-President. When 
 Lincoln was first a candidate for the high 
 ofSce to which he was elected, a small band 
 of his followers were suppressed in their 
 efforts to express their preference for him 
 in that place. At noon Edwin D. ^Morgan, 
 of New York, chairman of the National 
 L^nion Executive Committee, called the 
 convention to order and nominated Rev. 
 Robert J. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, presi- 
 dent pro tem. The reverend gentleman sev- 
 eral years previous was the pastor of the 
 Presbyterian Church on the corner of Bal- 
 timore and Lloyd streets. William Denni- 
 son, of Ohio, was subsequently made per- 
 manent president. Some of the greatest 
 men of the Nation were members of that 
 convention. It was two days in session and 
 spent the greater part of its time over con- 
 
 testing delegates and the admission of dele- 
 gates from Southern States. Glowing 
 speeches were made and genuine outbursts 
 of true eloquence were heard. The plat- 
 form was pronounced for maintaining the 
 Union; punishing rebels; in favor of the 
 extirpation of slavery within the limits of 
 the L^nited States; extending thanks to the 
 soldiers and sailors who had defended the 
 flag, and promising what has since been 
 fulfilled to the letter, that to them "the Na- 
 tion owes some permanent recognition of 
 their patriotism and their valor, and amp'e 
 and permanent provision for those of their 
 survivors who have received disabling and 
 honorable wounds in the service of the coun- 
 try; and that the memories of those who 
 have fallen in its defense shall be held in 
 grateful and everlasting remembrance." 
 
 Other planks in the platform approved 
 and applauded "the practical wisdom," "un- 
 selfish patriotism" and "unswerving fidelity 
 of Abraham Lincoln" in discharging the 
 duties of his high ofifice; his Emancipation 
 Proclamation and the employment of slaves 
 as soldiers and demanding for them the laws 
 and usages of civilized nations; the fostering 
 of foreign immigration and the speedy con- 
 struction of a railroad to the Pacific; that 
 the faith and credit of the Nation must be 
 kept inviolate and declaring that the people 
 of the United States "can never regard with 
 indifference the attempt of any European 
 power" to overthrow a Government on the 
 Western Continent. 
 
 Lincoln received the votes of all the 
 States for nomination — four hundred and 
 eighty-three — save the twenty-two votes of 
 Missouri, which were cast for Gen. Grant. 
 They were transferred to Mr. Lincoln he- 
 fcire the vote was announced. Two ballots 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 159 
 
 were necessary for the selection of the Vice- 
 Presidential candidate. On the last ballot 
 Andrew Johnson received four hundred and 
 ninety-four votes, Daniel S. Dickinson sev- 
 enteen, and Hannibal Hamlin nine. The 
 convention accepted an invitation to visit 
 Patterson Park Hospital, where over one 
 thousand wounded soldiers from all the 
 loyal States of the Union were being cared 
 for. Thanks were expressed to the Mayor 
 and City Council of Baltimore "for the ex- 
 cellent arrangements they had made for the 
 accommodation and comfort of the conven- 
 tion." 
 
 It will be observed that the convention 
 met not as a Republican convention, but as 
 the National Union Convention. During 
 the war the Republican party was so called; 
 it included men of distinctive opinions on 
 all other subjects but the paramount pur- 
 pose of maintaining the Union. 
 
 The evening of the day on which the con- 
 vention adjourned sine die, a ratification 
 meeting was held in Monument Square. A 
 prominent motto was, "The Heel of the old 
 Flag Stafif shall Bruise the Rattlesnake's 
 Head." Mayor John Lee Chapman pre- 
 sided. Thomas Swann was the first speaker, 
 followed by Parson Brownlow, Horace 
 Maynard and the Rev. Mr. Gaddis, of Ohio. 
 Brownlow four years previous had been in 
 the Bell and Everett Convention; he had 
 declared his intention to have his coffin so 
 constructed that openings would be at its 
 head and foot, so that if "a secessionist or 
 an abolitionist came in at one end he could 
 go out at the other." His political advance- 
 ment to Republicanism was the natural out- 
 come of being a Unionist. 
 
 Mr. Swann, among other things, had this 
 to say: "Abraham Lincoln is the first, last 
 
 and only choice of the Union party of the 
 State of Maryland. We mean to support 
 him because the rebellion commenced with- 
 out provocation under his administration, 
 and we desire it shall terminate before any 
 one else is permitted to hold the place which 
 he now holds so acceptably to the people." 
 "It cannot be denied that negro slavery 
 has been the cause of this rebellion." "A 
 practical emancipationist, I have endeav- 
 ored to keep pace with the public judgment, 
 which has been progressive ever since the 
 war commenced." "In Maryland slavery 
 has fallen by the hands of the rebellion. 
 Maryland is virtually a free State now, and 
 will be free by a vote of her people in a very 
 few days. As well might we tamper with 
 the force of a mighty torrent as to under- 
 take to curb the determination of the people 
 upon the subject of slavery." "The doom 
 of slavery is fixed, and the shackles will be 
 stricken from the hands of every bondman 
 within the limits of this free country." 
 
 The Legislature provided for a Constitu- 
 tional State Convention, which assembled 
 in June of this year. After a session of 
 eighty-nine days, the new Constitution 
 abolishing slavery was on the 27th of Au- 
 gust ordered to be submitted to a vote Oc- 
 tober I2th for ratification or rejection. By 
 one of its features the Maryland soldiers in 
 the Federal service, in the field, were per- 
 mitted to exercise the right of suffrage un- 
 der provisions providing for the taking of 
 their vote. 
 
 Baltimore City, under the new Constitu- 
 tion, had its representative basis in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly fixed at three Senators and 
 eighteen delegates. 
 
 The Unconditional LTnion Convention on 
 the 23d of June nominated Archibald Ster- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ling, Jr,. as its candidate for Mayor of Balti- 
 more. John Lee Chapman on the same day 
 by another body of Unionists was placed 
 in nomination for that office. September 
 22d the Unconditional Union men of East 
 Baltimore held a meeting on Broadway and 
 Eastern avenue. The resolutions adopted 
 were favorable to the election of Lincoln 
 and Johnson and denounced the nomina- 
 tion of McClellan and Pendleton as a 
 method to embarrass the Government and 
 prevent its restoration to its rightful au- 
 thority. They declared that the new Con- 
 stitution received their cordial support, and 
 the principle of emancipation was dearest 
 to their hearts. John Lee Chapman was 
 held to be the regular nominee of the party 
 and not Archibald Sterling, Jr., the nominee 
 of D. H. Hoopes and the men who sympa- 
 thized with him. They declared that Reverdy 
 Johnson in supporting the Copperhead can- 
 didate nominated at Chicago, does not as- 
 tonish that portion of the people of Mary- 
 land who know him best. Thomas Swann 
 made a speech setting forth the reasons why 
 the new Constitution should receive the 
 support of every true Union man. 
 
 A Maryland Democratic Convention met 
 in Baltimore September 29th at the New 
 Assembly Rooms. Oden Bowie called the 
 convention to order. He observed: "There 
 were two roads on either of which they 
 could travel. One is through a relentless 
 war of subjugation and extermination, and 
 the other is by the peaceful counsels of the 
 Democrats of the country." The nomina- 
 tions of McClellan and Pendleton for Presi- 
 dent and Vice-President were heartily ac- 
 quiesced in. The platform of the party was 
 approved. The electors were named and 
 the oath prescriijed by the convention to be 
 
 taken by all voters before voting for the 
 adoption or rejection of the new Constitu- 
 tion was denounced as illegal. 
 
 During the interval between the submis- 
 sion of the new Constitution and its adop- 
 tion by the people a wordy warfare for and 
 against it was carried on in the columns of 
 the different newspapers, participated in by 
 the leading minds of the State. 
 
 On the night of October 10, 1864, the 
 supporters of Lincoln and Johnson, and the 
 proposed new Constitution of the State 
 abolishing slavery, met in Monument 
 Square. Gen. John R. Kenly was the chair- 
 man of the meeting. He delivered the fol- 
 lowing address: 
 
 FcUoiv-Citizcns of Baltimore: "I thank 
 you for the distinguished honor you have 
 conferred by calling me to preside over this 
 meeting. I esteem myself especially for- 
 tunate that a kind Providence has permit- 
 ted me to be in your midst at this time, to 
 unite with you in freeing our State from 
 the blight of slavery, and to assist you in 
 your efforts to re-elect that honest citizen, 
 that fearless and incorruptible patriot, Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, to the Presidency of the 
 United States. I am proud of this oppor- 
 tunity to express to you, my own fellow- 
 citizens of Baltimore, that I stand now 
 where I stood nearly four years ago in your 
 midst, to uphold \yith you this Federal Gov- 
 ernment of the people, and to stand to the 
 death by the man of the people, Abraham 
 Lincoln. To aid you, my fellow-citizens of 
 Maryland, in ridding yourselves of slavery, 
 I shall cast my vote for the adoption of the 
 Constitution about being submitted for your 
 suffrages. I shall do so because by the 
 adoption of this Constitution we shall re- 
 lieve our State of the blighting influences 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 161 
 
 of that institution, which has ever been a 
 curse and a hindrance to the prosperity and 
 happiness of those people in whose midst 
 it has existed. As long back as I can re- 
 member, I have been a consistent and con- 
 scientious opponent of slavery, and there 
 are some in your midst who can bear tes- 
 timony to this fact; and if I can, by any act, 
 aid in removing this blight from the people 
 of Maryland I shall consider it more praise- 
 worthy ana manly than any other political 
 act of my life. 
 
 "Some fourteen years ago this square was 
 filled with citizens of Baltimore, agitated by 
 the discussion of a question somewhat simi- 
 lar to the one before you. A new Consti- 
 tution was about to be submitted to the 
 people: parties were divided; all was con- 
 fusion so far as party organization existed, 
 because there was one element in that pro- 
 posed new Constitution which shook old 
 prejudices, and hence broke up old parties. 
 The main feature of that new Constitution, 
 the Constitution under which we now live, 
 was the abolition of imprisonment for debt. 
 Most of my old party, most of my profession 
 differed. I cared for nothing else than that 
 feature. I looked to that through all the 
 intricacies, and all the doubts, and all the 
 influences of the wise men, and the distin- 
 guished lawyers, who were appealed to at 
 that time. I looked to that. I voted to 
 adopt that Constitution because it abolished 
 imprisonment for debt. And can any man 
 doubt, entertaining the views which I did 
 then, that I would now do other than vote 
 for the abolition of slavery? May God grant 
 that we may be as successful in our efforts 
 at this time. 
 
 "Another object of this meeting is to re- 
 elect Abraham Lincoln and to give him a 
 
 worthy coadjutor in Andrew Johnson. The 
 suppression of this rebellion and the main- 
 tenance of the authority of the Federal Gov- 
 ernment over the entire Nation will be, in 
 my judgment, fully accomplished with the 
 gallant army which we have in the field, by 
 the re-election of Mr. Lincoln to the Presi- 
 dency of the United States, for "the last 
 ditch" of the rebellion is the hope of the 
 defeat of our ticket and the election of the 
 nominees on the Chicago platform. Rebels 
 in arms in the Southern States, those not in 
 arms in the Northern States, aye, and every 
 opponent of the Federal Government, are 
 now by every specious and varied pretext 
 directing their efforts to prevent the elec- 
 tion of Mr. Lincoln. 
 
 "These are not the only classes that know 
 that the election of Mr. Lincoln will not 
 alone crush the rebellion, but will give peace 
 to this country. I beg leave to refer to a 
 few extracts from the last confession of Mr. 
 Jefferson Davis made a few days ago in 
 Macon. He regretted that he was meeting 
 the people in a time of adversity, and he 
 called their attention to the absolute neces- 
 sity of sending him more troops; his lan- 
 guage is remarkable as coming from him, 
 because it exposes that which I and thou- 
 sands of others knew to be true, but which 
 has ever been ignored by the press of the 
 Rebel States. He spoke thus: [The Gen- 
 eral read from the speech of Mr. Davis, that 
 two-thirds of his soldiers were absent, sick 
 and wounded, but most of them without 
 leave.] It appears then from this despond- 
 ent language that two-thirds of their army 
 was away — two-thirds, mark you. Some 
 were sick, some were wounded, but most of 
 those two-thirds were absent without leave. 
 There are at this time a hundred thousand 
 
162 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 men waiting for you to give them peace 
 by the re-election of Mr. Lincoln. Come 
 forward then, my fellow-citizens of Mary- 
 land, drop and forget all your private feuds, 
 all your sectional differences. Come up, 
 shoulder to shoulder, and keep step once 
 more, as you have heretofore done, to the 
 music of the Union, and on November next 
 you will give the homage of free Maryland 
 and her electoral vote to Abraham Lincoln 
 and Andrew Johnson." 
 
 A letter of Mr. Lincoln's, which has been 
 forgotten by the public, dated from the Ex- 
 ecutive Mansion, October lo, 1864, and 
 addressed to Henry W. Hoffman, was read. 
 "A convention of Maryland has framed a 
 new Constitution for the State; a public 
 meeting is called for this evening at Bal- 
 timore to aid in securing its ratification by 
 the people; and you ask a word from me 
 for the occasion. I presume the only feature 
 of the instrument about which there is se- 
 rious controversy is that which provides 
 for the extinction of slavery. It need not 
 be a secret, and I presume it is no secret, 
 that I wish success to this provision. I de- 
 sire it on every consideration. I wish all 
 men to be free. I wish the material pros- 
 perity of the already free, which I feel sure 
 the extinction of slavery would bring. I 
 wish to see in process of disappearing that 
 only tiling which ever could bring this Na- 
 tion to Civil War. I attempt no argument. 
 Argument upon the question is already ex- 
 hausted by the abler, better informed and 
 more immediately interested sons of Mary- 
 land herself. I only add that I shall be 
 gratified exceedingly if the good people of 
 the State shall by their votes ratify the new 
 Constitution." 
 
 The vote on the Constitution in Baltimore 
 
 was for the adoption 9,660, and against 
 2,079; Chapman, for Mayor, 11,334; Ster- 
 ling, 3,284. 
 
 The Union Convention met in Baltimore 
 Tuesday, October i8th, and nominated 
 Thomas Swann for Governor. He was 
 made the unanimous choice of the party. 
 Christopher C. Cox for Lieutenant Gover- 
 nor received sixty-two votes against forty 
 for Capt. William Frazier. Mr. Swann, the 
 nominee of the convention, had announced 
 that no matter who saddled the horse of 
 emancipation, he meant to ride it. He ap- 
 peared before the convention and declared 
 "that not the least of our causes for thank- 
 fulness and congratulation, when we shall 
 have emerged from the war in which' we 
 are now engaged, will be that Maryland 
 will find herself in the category of free 
 States. 
 
 One of the resolutions adopted congratu- 
 lated the Union men of the State that Rev- 
 erdy Johnson had left them and was with 
 the traitors to his country; that the opinion 
 lately announced by him, which was to the 
 effect that any one could take the oath pre- 
 scribed by the new Constitution and violate 
 it without perjuring himself, was a pretext 
 of the rebel voters of the State to swear to 
 wilful perjury. 
 
 Friday, October 21st, Charles E. Phelps 
 was nominated for Congress by the Union 
 Convention in the Third Congressional 
 District. John V. L. Findlay, Baltis H. 
 Kennard and John P. Kennedy were placed 
 in nomination, all of whom were subse- 
 quently withdrawn, excepting Col. Phelps, 
 who was nominated by acclamation. In ac- 
 cepting the nomination he maintained that 
 he "had always looked to the Constitution 
 with reverence and its test should be his 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 16a 
 
 guide. It became necessary, however, in 
 treating with those who had disregarded all 
 the principles and rights under the Consti- 
 tution, in tearing that instrument to pieces, 
 that precedent should be made and followed 
 too, and that recourse should be had to the 
 highest law, the safety of the people; that 
 when danger to the great cause was threat- 
 ened, and the old paths entirely covered 
 from view, that it would be necessary to 
 press on, even out of beaten paths. He 
 should support Lincoln and not McClellan, 
 for the country would be in an ignominious 
 position should McClellan be elected Presi- 
 dent. He had been in favor of the move- 
 ment having for its object the framing of 
 the new Constitution. In peace he was 
 a conservative, in war a radical." 
 
 The nominee of the Democratic party for 
 Governor was Ezekiel Chambers and for 
 Lieut. Governor Oden Bowie. Afthe elec- 
 tion on November 8th Abraham Lincoln 
 received in Baltimore 14,826; McClellan 
 2,890. Webster, for Congress, in the lower 
 seven wards, 6,233 votes; Kimmell, Demo- 
 crat, 1,136. In the Third District Phelps 
 had 8,468; A. Leo Knott, Democrat, 1,648; 
 Swann received for Governor 14,446, Cham- 
 bers 2,337; Co.x, for Lieutenant Governor, 
 14,725, Bowie 2,827. 
 
 The Democracy was totally wrecked. 
 Its leading members were in retirement and 
 out of politics. A few men sought to ele- 
 vate its banner and keep it floating to the 
 winds. A young lawyer, since dead, An- 
 drew J. Wilco.x, and associated with him, A. 
 Leo Knott, William Kimmel and others 
 guided its destinies in these its darkest 
 hours. 
 
 1865. 
 At the election in Baltimore, Tuesday, 
 
 November the 7th, John L. Thomas, Jr., 
 Unionist, who was nominated to succeed 
 Webster, appointed Collector of the Port of 
 Baltimore, received in the seven lower 
 wards for Congress 2,040 votes, and Wil- 
 liam Kimmel, Democrat, received 54 votes. 
 The vote as cast was 5,504 in the twenty 
 wards of the city; 10,842 were registered 
 and 5,338 did not vote. 
 1866. 
 
 The Constitution of 1864 disqualified 
 from the exercise of suffrage those who 
 sympathized with the Southern States in 
 their rebellion against the Government of 
 the United States. 
 
 Soon after the inauguration of Thomas 
 Swann as Governor he conceived the idea 
 of repealing that part of the Constitution 
 disfranchising certain citizens. This was 
 then the issue in the State. 
 
 On Wednesday, January 24th, a conven- 
 tion met in Baltimore, presided over by 
 Montgomery Blair, favoring the repeal of 
 the registry law of Maryland. As a result 
 of its deliberations an address was issued 
 to the people in favor of restoring to their 
 political rights those who had been disfran- 
 chised. A committee was appointed to 
 visit Annapolis to urge on the Legislature 
 the repeal of the objectionable Constitu- 
 tional proviso. The committee waited on 
 the Legislature on January 26th. 
 
 Mr. Blair made a lengthy address, and 
 Mr. Pilkington, of Baltimore City, moved 
 a resolution of censure, which was laid on 
 the table. 
 
 On Friday, February 2d, the City Union 
 Convention met at Temperance Temple and 
 adopted a series of resolutions opposed to 
 the repeal of the disfranchising provisions 
 of the State law. 
 
164 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mr. C. Herbert Richardson moved to 
 endorse the votes of Francis Thomas and 
 John L. Thomas in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, and disapproving of the vote of 
 Charles E. Phelps, on the subject of fixing 
 the basis of representation, which was 
 adopted. This resolution, with others 
 passed, were presented to Governor Swann 
 by a committee appointed for that purpose. 
 The Governor regarded one of them as re- 
 flecting upon himself. 
 
 A meeting favorable to the policy of An- 
 drew Johnson was held in Baltimore Mon- 
 day evening, February 26th. It was at- 
 tended by the friends of Governor Swann 
 and the Democrats. A new party was pro- 
 posed to be known in Maryland as the 
 Democratic Conservative party. Lieuten- 
 ant Governor C. C. Cox presided and led 
 ofif in a speech unlike those he had hereto- 
 fore delivered in his active political career. 
 Of the other Baltimore speakers, there were 
 William Price, John M. Frazier, Speaker of 
 the House of Delegates, and I. Nevitt 
 Steele. The tone of the speeches was laud- 
 atory of President Johnson, for his policy 
 towards the Southern States, on the sub- 
 ject of their readmittance into the Union, 
 and of the attitude of Governor Swann in 
 determining to overthrow the disfranchis- 
 ing provisions of the Registration Law. 
 
 The Union party was now divided into 
 two wings, the Swann wing having allied 
 itself with the Democrats, while the Simon 
 pure Unionists met the counter movement 
 of their opponents and formed the Repub- 
 lican party. 
 
 A meeting for such a purpose was adver- 
 tised in the Baltimore American on the 28th 
 of February, to be held in the Front Street 
 Theatre, Thursday evening, March 2d. The 
 
 call was addressed to "those who voted for 
 Abraham Lincoln," and who wished "to 
 support the loyal men of the Nation, 
 through their representatives in Congress," 
 and to "provide terms of admission for the 
 rebellious States." By this movement the 
 Unconditional Union party passed out of 
 being in Maryland, and for a second time 
 the Republican party was ushered into ex- 
 istence and became a permanent organiza- 
 tion in this State. 
 
 Those who were its sponsors at its second 
 birth were William J. Albert, J. H. Stick- 
 ney, Coates and Brothers, E. M. Keith, 
 George B. Cole, Joseph M. Gushing, J. B. 
 Eastman, Henry James, George A. Pope, 
 Henry W. HofTman, George C. Maund, 
 William Daniel, R. H. Stirling, James Ca- 
 rey Coal, Alexander Murray, H. M. Hut- 
 chinson, E. Merrifield, John A. Nedles, 
 George Rost, R, Stockett Matthews, C. 
 Herbert Richardson, Henry Stockbridge, 
 William B. Hill, Dr. W. R. Way, F. C. 
 Meyer, Charles Crozier, Oliver M. Disney, 
 William Abbott, H. Katz, Joseph S. Lynch, 
 John S. Blades, William H. Hebden, 
 Thomas A. Bean, John W. Randolph, An- 
 drew W. Denison, Robert Tyson, John J. 
 Jacobson, Marcus Dennison, A. Stirling, 
 Jr., Gen. Francis Segel, Orlando F. Bump, 
 Henry W. Drakely, Michael Warner, John 
 L. Reed, George L. Perry, George A. Miles, 
 
 E. F. M. Faetz, H. Richardson, C. W. Dun- 
 lap, WiUiam M. Marine, Christian Bartell, 
 
 F. Taylor Darling, J. Clayton, Joseph E. 
 Pilkington, W. G. Smithers and Son, Wil- 
 liam Schauffner, Daniel Holiday, John B. 
 Hays, William Fensley, John Hughes, Wal- 
 ter Mo.xly, Jr., H. C. Larabee, John C. 
 Graham. Joseph J. Madhouse, Daniel Plow- 
 man, George G. Stevens, William T. Price, 
 
HISTORY or BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Sdgar T. Taylor, Caleb B. Hines, Jehu B. 
 Askew, John T. Graham, Patrick H. Mc- 
 Gill, Clemens Lamping and Henry C Deni- 
 son. 
 
 1866. 
 Mr. Cox and his committee, March ist, 
 presented President Johnson the resolutions 
 of the meeting of his friends in Baltimore, 
 and on the evening of that day Front Street 
 Theater was filled with the shouts of Repub- 
 licans, William Daniel called the assemblage 
 to order and William J. Albert presided. 
 There were seventy-two vice-presidents, 
 among whom were Gen. Franz Sigel (at 
 that time a citizen of Baltimore); Michael 
 Warner, Henry W. Drakely, Marcus Deni- 
 son, William H. Cathcart, William Adreon, 
 Alfred Mace, R. Stockett Matthews, W. B. 
 Hill, J. H. Stickney, Mitchel B. Fields, 
 Henry Stockbridge, Gen. A. W. Denison, 
 Samuel M. Evans, J. B. Askew, Archibald 
 Sterling, Jr., S. T. Hatch, J. T. Randolph, 
 William Daniel, Randolph Norwood, Jos. 
 M. Gushing, W. M. Marine, Anton Weis- 
 kettle, William SchnaufTer, E. F. M. Faetz, 
 C. Bartel and Joseph J. Mailhouse. 
 
 The resolutions recognized Congress as 
 the law making power and called for the 
 punishment of those who had been en- 
 gaged in treason and approved Governor 
 Swanns position on the Registry Law of 
 the State and announced their belief that he 
 would uphold it. 
 
 Senator Crcszvell spoke, caying: "Con- 
 gress will endeavor to impose such terms 
 upon the admission of rebels as will insure 
 their loyalty and protect the loyal people." 
 Senator Trumbull, Congressman McKee, 
 of Kentucky, Senator Nye and Hon. John 
 L. Thomas, Jr., spoke. The latter gentle- 
 man said: "Is it right to the loyal millions 
 that the people who went into rebellion 
 
 should receive all the benefits of the Union 
 until they can give to us some guarantees 
 of future peace and security?" 
 
 Tuesday, May ist, the Executive Com- 
 mittee of the Union party, held a meet- 
 ing in the Post Ofifice Building. Those 
 present were W. H. Purnell, the Postmas- 
 ter, and chairman, who called the meeting. 
 Thomas H. Mules, Robert M. Proud, Wil- 
 liam Price, E. H. Price, Samuel M. Evans, 
 L. Blumenberg, John V. L. Findlay, Wil- 
 liam Thomson, W. Kimball, J. L. Thomas, 
 Jr., and J. M. Frazier. 
 
 Mr. Findlay introduced a series of resolu- 
 tions, one of which "endorsed the restora- 
 tion policy of Andrew Johnson as wise, 
 patriotic and Constitutional, and in har- 
 mony with the loyal sentiment and purpose 
 of the people in the suppression of the re- 
 bellion." Another resolution "believed Mr. 
 Swann in accord with" the resolution and 
 pledged support of his Administration. 
 
 Those resolutions caused counter-resolu- 
 tions. Mr. Thomas introduced one in rela- 
 tion to a repeal of the Registration Law and 
 opposing it, and moved its adoption as a 
 substitute for Mr. Findlay's. 
 
 Mr. Evans presented a resolution deny- 
 ing the right of the Committee to lay down 
 a party platform, and ordering the calling of 
 a State Convention. 
 
 A general discussion occurred, and it was 
 ascertained that the body was divided radi- 
 cally. A State Convention was refused by 
 a vote of 4 in its favor to 8 against it. Those 
 in the affirmative were Evans, Thomas, 
 Proud and Kimball. The Registry Law 
 resolution of Mr. Thomas was defeated by 
 a vote the same as the previous one. 
 
 The reconstruction policy of Congress 
 and the endorsement of Governor Swann's 
 administration was disposed of by Evans 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and Company voting for the Congressional 
 method and against the Swann resolution. 
 The other eight held to their views with 
 equal tenacity and voted for Johnson, 
 Swann and Democracy. 
 
 In the "American" of May 4th appeared 
 an address to the people of Maryland signed 
 by Thomas, Evans, Proud and Kimbal, 
 charging that the Democrats were engaged 
 in overthrowing the Registration Law and 
 that the President and Governor were in 
 sympathy with them, and calling on the 
 people of the State to organize and pre- 
 vent it. 
 
 May I2th a card appeared in the "Ameri- 
 can" under the signature of Governor 
 Swann endorsing the course pursued by 
 Purnell, Price, Findlay, Blumenberg and 
 those other gentlemen who acted with them 
 and deploring the attacks on President 
 Johnson. 
 
 May 24th the Unconditional Union Con- 
 vention endorsed and sustained the recon- 
 struction policy of Congress, and demand- 
 ed the rigid enforcement of the Registration 
 Law of Maryland, and pledging its support 
 to the convention called for the 6th of June, 
 recognizing in the call for it the reason 
 which induced the policy of emancipation 
 that made Maryland a free State. 
 
 The followers of Governor Swann and 
 President Johnson met on the same even- 
 ing and endorsed the jiolicy of both of these 
 statesmen. They jilacetl themselves on 
 record as opposed "to any and all of the 
 wiles and hybrid schemes by which parti- 
 san agitators are seeking to retain or secure 
 political power by using the negro as a bat- 
 tering ram against our securities and in- 
 alienable rights." 
 
 The Unconditional Union Party of the 
 State met in the Front Street Theater on 
 June 6th, Mr. David Scott, of Cecil county, 
 in the chair temporarily. 
 
 Mr. Archibald Stirling: "There are some 
 people who have left the Union Party for 
 its good, and this convention is here to-day 
 to say that the men who adopted the new 
 Constitution, the men who elected Abraham 
 Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, that the 
 Union men of the State stand to-day where 
 they have always stood, and if there is any 
 difference it is because some people have 
 deserted it. We do not intend to go either 
 to the Democratic party, the Andrew John- 
 son party, or any other party, except the 
 great National Union Party, and if Andrew 
 Johnson don't stand on our platform it 
 must be because he has left us." Senator 
 Ohr, of Allegheny, was made permanent 
 president of the convention. 
 
 He said: "It is not for us to submit to 
 rebel dictation, but it is for us to dictate, 
 what are the issues and what is to be their 
 fate." 
 
 Resolutions were passed in favor of main- 
 taining the Registry Law, and a State Cen- 
 tral Committee was constituted and ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 June 2 1st a mass meeting was held of the 
 friends of Johnson and Swann in ]\Ionu- 
 ment Square. One of the mottoes that em- 
 Ijlazoned the stand was "No affiliation with 
 Rebels or Radicals." 
 
 Mr. Szi.'anu said: "I wish to be under- 
 stood as standing between those who are 
 endeavoring to force universal negro suff- 
 rage on the one side, and the support of 
 disunionists on the other." 
 
 July 2ist the Conservative Convention 
 met in the new assembly rooms. Mr. Pur- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 167 
 
 nell called the meeting to order. He said: 
 "A portion of the Union State Central 
 Committee endeavored to drag us into the 
 trail of men who are prostituting the prin- 
 ciples of Free Government for the purpose 
 of securing and perpetuating partisan 
 power. They have endeavored to divide 
 the Union party of the State, and have par- 
 tially succeeded. The blood be upon their 
 heads." 
 
 John Frazier was made president of the 
 convention. He said: "That the people of 
 this country will stand by Andrew Johnson. 
 The bolters from the State Central Commit- 
 tee are favorable to negro suffrage." 
 
 Montgomery Blair: "What are the guar- 
 antees upon which the Republicans desire 
 power, there is a little bit of negro in the 
 case. A little while ago I was a black Re- 
 publican, I am progressing and getting 
 white rapidly." 
 
 After the adjornment of this convention 
 it was ascertained that the large majority of 
 its delegates held places under President 
 Johnson in the Federal offices of Maryland. 
 
 A Democratic City Convention met in 
 Baltimore August 6th, and it endorsed the 
 policy of Andrew Johnson. Of Governor 
 Swann it said : "He merits our earnest com- 
 mendation for having unmasked the fallacy 
 of the radical faction in this State, for the 
 zealous support of the President's policy 
 and for the spirit of impartial justice he has 
 manifested in regard to the execution of the 
 Registry Law." The Registry Law was 
 declared to be "oppressive and unjust, 
 which must be submitted to while on the 
 statute book, but which should be re- 
 pealed." The invitation of the State Union 
 Convention to co-operate with them in 
 sending delegates to the Philadelphia Con- 
 vention, was adopted. A Democratic State 
 
 Convention met in Baltimore August 8th, 
 which strongly endorsed "President John- 
 son and his conciliatory policy and nomi- 
 nated delegates to the Philadelphia Con- 
 vention, commonly known at the time as 
 a Peace Convention. 
 
 The Unconditional Union Convention 
 met in Baltimore August 15th, George W. 
 Sands in the chair. The policy of Congress 
 was endorsed and it was resolved to sustain 
 the Registry Law. Robert Bruce, of Alle- 
 gheny, was nominated for comptroller. 
 
 The nominees of the Unconditional 
 Unionists for Congress in the Baltimore 
 districts were John L. Thomas, Jr., in the 
 Second, and Joseph J. Steward in the 
 Third. 
 
 At a convention of Conservatives, held 
 Augtist 31st, Charles E. Phelps, was re- 
 nominated for Congress in the Third Dis- 
 trict, defeating George W. Herring for the 
 nomination by a vote of 51 to 14. 
 
 September 7th Mr. Phelps accepted the 
 nomination in a speech in which he said: 
 "In connection with the diseases that 
 trouble men, the Radicals may catch their 
 malady, the Johnson epidemic, after No- 
 vember, and perhaps die by it." Mr. Phelps 
 charged that his opponent, Mr. Stewart, 
 was in favor of negro ascendancy and white 
 degradation." He then asserted: "I have 
 never been a Republican, I am not a Demo- 
 crat, and I do not expect to be. I believe 
 in Republican principles, and though the 
 majority must rule, the minority must be 
 heard." 
 
 In the "American," Tuesday, September 
 nth, appeared an address of the Boys in 
 Blue to the public, denouncing "Conserva- 
 tives and Copperheads," and endorsing 
 "Congress," and proclaiming "that the sol- 
 diers and sailors of Maryland would be 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 found in the front line of the battle contend- 
 ing foot to foot and hand to hand with 
 traitors." It was extensively signed. 
 
 A soldiers' convention was called of those 
 who believed in President Andrew John- 
 son's policy of reconstruction for the pur- 
 pose of sending delegates to the convention 
 which was to assemble in Cleveland. Gen. 
 John \V. Horn was made chairman of the 
 meeting. He said: "They had put down 
 one rebellion, and now another was loom- 
 ing up, and he saw no difference between a 
 rebellion at one end of the road and 
 another at the other end. They must put 
 down the latter and administer a rebuke to 
 those engaged in it, to be felt from one end 
 of the country to the other. The resolu- 
 tions applauded President Johnson for ad- 
 hering to his policy unaltered by threats 
 and denunciations. 
 
 Col. Phelps in a speech declared "That 
 he believed that the danger to the country 
 came from the North, where it was least 
 likely to be looked for. No one should be 
 frightened by the cry of rebel sympathizers 
 and Copperheads." One hundred dele- 
 gates were elected to the Cleveland Con- 
 vention. 
 
 September 13th a meeting to unify the 
 Unconditional Union men of the seven 
 lower wards was held in the Third ward. 
 Hon. John L. Thomas: "God has made the 
 white the superior race, and he who fears 
 the social or political advancement of the 
 negro degrades himself." 
 
 IV. M. Marine: "The restoration of the 
 party to power of which Andrew Johnson 
 is high priest, would be to the impairment 
 of the Union. Johnson and Swann in their 
 leagued betrayal of the Union party fmd 
 themselves in harmonious accord." 
 
 The convention of the Boys in Blue on 
 the 19th of September was an enthusiastic 
 concourse of ex-Federal soldiers. They 
 mustered in strength to offset the three 
 hundred that formed the previous Johnson 
 soldiers' convention gathered together un- 
 der the direction of Gen. Horn, a brave and 
 accomplished Federal officer. Col J. K. 
 Pangborn, of New Jersey; Gen. Franz 
 Sigel, of Baltimore, and Capt. L. M. Haver- 
 stick, editor of the "Baltimore County 
 Union," delivered addresses at the conven- 
 tion. Party fealty seemed to be the only 
 object of the convention after the passage 
 of patriotic resolutions and the making of 
 speeches it adjourned. 
 
 Sturdy Gen. Andrew W. Dennison, im- 
 passive as a statue, uttered this sentence, 
 closing his speech: "Organize in your dis- 
 tricts, in your counties and in your wards. 
 In your precincts organize! Organize! And 
 then, in October and November, when you 
 see the enemy advancing, let a glad shout 
 ring out of "up boys and at them." 
 
 Gen. Sigel: "The time has come when we 
 must speak boldly. When we see the 
 President of the United States with all his 
 vast powers attempting to make himself the 
 umpire of ti»c issues of the day it becomes 
 the duty cf the people to hold the balance of 
 power." 
 
 In the October election, John Lee Chap- 
 man, Unionist, received for Mayor 5,392 
 votes, and Harvey, Democrat, 2,601 votes. 
 At the November election John L. Thomas, 
 Jr., in the seven lower wards, obtained 2,- 
 869 votes, and Stevenson Archer 3,026 
 votes. In the upper wards of the city 
 Joseph J. Stewart, Republican, received 4,- 
 596 votes, and Col. Charles Phelps, Con- 
 servative r.nd Democrat, 5,548 votes. 
 

CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Events 1S67 to 1874 inclusive, Comprising a Period of 
 
 Democratic Supremacy. 
 
 In 1866 the election was adverse to the 
 Union party and it was dislodged from 
 power. By the Constitution of 1867 the 
 Democrats entrenched themselves in place 
 and remained fortified without serious at- 
 tack until 1874. 
 
 The Republican party was unpopular in 
 consequence of its advocacy of colored 
 education and the bestowal upon the col- 
 ored man of the right of suffrage. It made 
 small impress upon public sentiment. Im- 
 perceptibly, as time passed, the embers of 
 dislike and prejudice on the part of the 
 calm thinking Democrats, inch by inch 
 gave way, and hostility was engendered to 
 the continuance of the reigning party in 
 power. The story which this chapter un- 
 folds relates to the years of Democratic 
 ascendancy, when it held sway unchecked 
 and unfettered in the city of Baltimore. 
 1867. 
 
 The Democrats opened an early cam- 
 paign this year. On the evening of Sep- 
 tember loth they were massed in Monu- 
 ment Square. Governor Swann was now 
 an oracle of that faith; he delivered an ad- 
 dress on the ratification of the new Consti- 
 tution; on national affairs and the Radicals, 
 whom he charged with dividing the coun- 
 try. "No State could be kept out of the 
 Union. The moment you recognize the 
 right of Congress to separate one vState, 
 11 
 
 that moment you break up the Union. Ten 
 States are transferred from the Anglo- 
 Saxon to the negro race. That issue is pre- 
 sented." 
 
 A Baltimore City Republican Conven- 
 tion charged with the nomination of candi- 
 dates for Judges of the Supreme Bench, 
 Sheriff and other municipal and State 
 officers, was held Saturday evening, Octo- 
 ber the 5th. 
 
 The proceedings of the convention 
 proved interesting from the fact that Robert 
 North Martin, judge of the Supreme 
 Court, had declined to be a candidate for 
 further judicial honors, having been legis- 
 lated out of the judgeship of the Superior 
 Court of the city under the new State Con- 
 stitution of this year. In disgust he retired 
 to private life. 
 
 Judge Martin was a native of the Eastern 
 Shore. He had been sent to Congress when 
 twenty-five years of age, and early in life 
 was promoted to the bench. He ranked as 
 a great and impartial judge. He was ec- 
 centric and unsociable, recognizing only a 
 few acquaintances. In early life a false and 
 cruel pride caused him to insist upon his 
 brother fighting a duel, in which he was 
 killed. The offense was slight and an hon- 
 orable adjustment possible. The death of 
 his brother darkened the remaining days of 
 the judge, whose life and personal conduct 
 
170 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 has liad no parallel in the romance of ec- 
 centricity. 
 
 Judge Martin was personally disliked 
 but judicially popular. The universal wish of 
 the Bar was for his retention on the bench. 
 He had been a Democrat, but during the 
 war was an uncompromising Union man. 
 He decided the first case testing the con- 
 stitutionality of the legal tender act, up- 
 holding it. When passing upon the various 
 prayers submitted to him, he grew eloquent, 
 and his metaphors were finely wrought. He 
 spoke "of the plumes of the Nation dragged 
 in the mire of secession, compelling Con- 
 gress to resort to the measure to save the 
 existence of the Union." Ex-Governor 
 Bradford, of New York, who was engaged 
 in the trial of the case, on his return home, 
 gave it as his opinion that "there was not 
 such a clear-headed judicial mind in all New 
 York State as Judge Martin." 
 
 Before the date for holding the conven- 
 tion, Judge Martin was prominently men- 
 tioned for nomination. It was thought he 
 might be elected on the Republican ticket, 
 as he had refused the Democratic profifer of 
 selection in their convention. The Judge, 
 to prevent the further consideration of his 
 name by his Republican friends, published 
 a card of declination. The convention met, 
 and for Chief Justice of the Supreme Bench 
 he was placed in nomination. The Ameri- 
 can report of what transpired stated: 
 "William M. Marine nominated Judge 
 Robert N. Martin, and moved to make the 
 nomination unanimous." 
 
 Sanniel T. Hatch said that before having 
 this motion put he wished to have some one 
 there present vouch for Judge Martin's Re- 
 jniblican princi]>les. The party had already 
 had too much of taking things for granted, 
 
 and a crisis had now come when no one 
 who did not- stand fairly on the platform of 
 the party should be put forward as a candi- 
 date. 
 
 Henry C. Harris (a colleague of Mr. 
 Marine from the Fourth ward) said that he 
 believed every delegate there present was a 
 true man or else he would not have been 
 sent there, and he thought that the gentle- 
 man's remarks were an insinuation upon 
 the gentleman who had nominated Judge 
 Martin. 
 
 Mr. Hatch disclaimed any such intention. 
 
 Mr. Marine said that personally he could 
 not speak of Judge Martin's politics. Dur- 
 ing the war he had been a Union man; he 
 was opposed to the judiciary system of the 
 new Constitution. Since the close of the 
 war he had refused to admit rebel lawyers 
 to practice in the Superior Court; after the 
 Court of Appeals had decided in these law- 
 yers' favor. Judge Martin had doubted his 
 own power to admit them. In a case in- 
 volving the legality of the legal tenders of 
 the Government, Judge Martin had charged 
 most eloquently on behalf of the contention 
 of the Government. 
 
 The motion to make Judge Martin's 
 nomination unanimous was lost by two 
 votes. Mr. Marine withdrew his name; the 
 only hope for his acceptance was thought 
 to be in his unanimous nomination. Col. 
 Faetz nominated Gen. John R. Kenly, 
 and a delegate renewed the nomination of 
 Judge Martin. Kenly received 66 votes and 
 Martin 34 
 
 The nominees of the convention were for 
 Chief Judge, John Iv. I\.enly; Associated 
 Judges, Hugh L. P.ond. John C. King, 
 George C. Maund and William Daniel 
 Bond declined, being subsequently nomi- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 171 
 
 nated for Governor, and Cornelius L. L. 
 Leary was substituted. 
 
 William Alexander, who was one of the 
 retiring judges elected by the Union party, 
 and whose service on the bench was 
 popular, became a convert to the Demo- 
 cratic theory in politics. He was a 
 candidate for renomination as judge of the 
 Circuit Court of Baltimore City, before the 
 Democratic judicial nominating conven- 
 tion, receiving only a few votes. That Con- 
 vention nominated for Chief Judge of the 
 Supreme Bench Thomas Parkin Scott, and 
 for Associated Judges George W. Dobbin, 
 Henry F. Garey, Campbell W. Pinkney 
 and Robert Gilmor, Jr. Robert T. Banks, 
 Democrat, was opposed by Gen. Andrew 
 W. Denison, Republican, for Mayor. 
 
 Tuesday evening, October 22, a mass 
 meeting wa^- held by the Republican 
 supporters of Bond for Governor and Deni- 
 son for Mayor, at the square bounded by 
 North, Holiday, Fayette and Lexington 
 streets. The foundation walls of the pres- 
 ent City Hall, then in course of erection, 
 were on a level with the streets, and a plat- 
 form was laid over the entire space. The 
 stand stood near the corner of Fayette and 
 North streets, facing east, and the audience 
 packed every inch of available room. 
 
 Archibald Stirling, Jr., presided. He 
 said in the course of his speech: "The ban- 
 ner which we carry to-night covers neither 
 turncoats (an allusion to Governor Swann), 
 nor traitors. It does not cover the man we 
 have placed in power, who has turned to 
 cringe at the feet of rebels. The little band 
 of voters in this city, consisting of nine or 
 ten thousand men, stand ready to vote their 
 principles. During the war the Union men 
 kept the city and State in peace, and every- 
 
 body, friend and foe of the flag, slept calm- 
 ly under the protection of a loyal police." 
 
 Judge Hugh L. Bond, arraigned the 
 convention held at Annapolis: "It had left 
 the Legislature to say whether the common 
 people should have any education or not. 
 The Republican party advocated free edu- 
 cation to all. In every engineering work in 
 this State, where scientific ability was to be 
 employed, we had to take a man educated 
 out of the State, or get one from abroad, and 
 the reason of this was that Maryland was 
 without free public schools. The Republi- 
 can party pledges itself that they shall be 
 had. In Charles county, in 1790, there were 
 ten thousand negroes and the same number 
 of whites, and now there were only four 
 thousand eight hundred whites in the coun- 
 ty; unable to find employment, many per- 
 sons had moved away. In Baltimore there 
 was work for ten thousand men to do, and 
 twenty thousand men to do it. What was 
 to become of the children of these men? 
 The Republican party said 'educate them.' 
 
 "Every citizen had a right to bear arms, 
 and yet an order had been issued similar to 
 those issued in April, 1861, depriving men 
 of their rights. If the authorities could not 
 suppress a riot without resorting to illegal 
 means, they ought to resign and let some 
 one have their offices that could." 
 
 Gen. Adam E. King: "The party would 
 give the ballot to the negro because he was 
 a man. Equal rights before the law was 
 the party's platform. It had been the cry of 
 every struggling Nation since the world be- 
 gan. More than two hundred years ago, 
 a soldier in one of the fruitless struggles for 
 liberty lay dying upon the shore of the 
 ocean, and with the last remnant of his 
 strength he traced upon the shifting sands 
 
172 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the words 'Liberty and Brotherhood.' The 
 soldier died, but the motto lived and has 
 come down to us through all the changes 
 of time to be the motto of the Republican 
 party." 
 
 R. Stockett Mathezvs: "We come here to 
 address ourselves to your intelligence. We 
 belong to a party that places its heart 
 against the bosoms of the liberty loving 
 people of all climes. We leave to the other 
 side the effete and obsolete issues of the 
 past. We do not belong to that class of 
 people who make a living by digging up 
 dead bodies and selling them. The Repub- 
 lican party is a living thing of the present. 
 In the beginning of that party its advocates 
 were stoned and driven from the rostrum, 
 and yet the party grew. War broke out 
 and it prospered. 'It struck a barren 
 treasury and money poured forth; it stood 
 upon the sea shore and called for a navy, 
 and its sails whitened the sea;' it stood upon 
 the mountains and called for troops, and 
 their tread shook the country. No epoch 
 poet can speak of the glory of the party be- 
 fittingly for all it has done. And yet the 
 rebels of this State say it is dead. They 
 could not kill it with the bayonets of their 
 soldiers, nor can they dig its grave by their 
 ballots. It stands to-day stronger than 
 ever, because all the traitors have left it, 
 and the dog (a reference to Governor 
 Swann) has returned to his vomit. Let 
 them raze your school houses to the 
 ground, they know well each is an army 
 full of weapons to destroy them. To finish 
 their work and do full service to the devil, 
 they should not only oppose education, but 
 should t:^:u- down the churches and destroy 
 not er.ly the common school system, but 
 also the conunon church svstcm. The 
 
 Democrats might as well try to back up the 
 waters of the Chesapeake until they over- 
 flow the Blue Ridge as to try to crush out 
 the Republican party in this State. It may 
 be a fight of one hundred years, but we will 
 win. Democrats could not lead and de- 
 ceive the people of Maryland, when all over 
 the world men were putting the crystal gob- 
 let of liberty to their lips." 
 
 Gen. Hollcn Richardson: "When I came 
 to Baltimore two years ago there were not 
 one hundred red-hot Radicals in the State, 
 now there is a legion." 
 
 Balfiis H. Kcnnard: "Ask the Democrats 
 who saved the country, and in candor they 
 must answer, the Republican party. Dur- 
 ing the war Democrats turned up their 
 noses at L^nion men holding the offices, now 
 they are willing to take them by means of a 
 revolution." 
 
 William M. Marine: "Henry Winter 
 Davis in his grave clothes we idolize. 
 Thomas Swann in his Gubernatorial robes 
 we despise. One was a true, courageous 
 leader, sincerely honest; the other, a cha- 
 meleon without fixed political principles. 
 Swann and his adherents are dwellers in the 
 enemy's camp. We who are the followers 
 of Henry Winter Davis are an army of 
 thirty thousand honest advocates of uni- 
 versal manhood suffrage in this State; de- 
 termined to contest every inch of ground 
 with our opponents. We are not to be dis- 
 mayed by temporary defeats. The Republi- 
 can party is composed of men who have 
 done the work of a century in a year, by 
 striking the shackles from the limbs of the 
 slaves. We have i)laced ourselves squarely 
 upon our platform of principles, and we 
 will fight it out on this line, not if it takes 
 all siunmcr, but if it requires from now un- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 173 
 
 til the dawn of eternity. We will unfalter- 
 ingly move on, constantly pressing upon 
 the heels of our enemy, until our advancing 
 columns shall be greeted with the plaudits 
 of victory. 
 
 "It is a source of pride to me that I am 
 a member of Maryland's grand army of 
 freedom. There is not here a black face 
 that is not an index of as honest a heart 
 as those possessed by the responsible Po- 
 lice Commissioners, who issue oppressive 
 proclamations without warrant of law. I 
 favor the enfranchisement of the blacks not 
 because their votes are desirable, but be- 
 cause it is a great matter of right. Our 
 grand army of freedom is marching on to 
 victory, and the question for Maryland to 
 determine is, will it join in this forward 
 movement, which is bound to triumph, no 
 matter what conclusion may be reached by 
 the majority of the people of this State at 
 the coming election. 
 
 "The policy of inaction on our part must 
 not prevail because we are in a minority. 
 Now is the time to press the fight in earnest. 
 We must call to our aid the courage and 
 conviction that guided us safely through 
 the Civil War. When Mr. Lincoln issued his 
 Emancipation Proclamation, dissatisfaction 
 prevailed and the Democrats were success- 
 ful in the elections that followed. Think 
 you on the subject of opposition to emanci- 
 pation they could carry the country now? 
 No sane man will say so. When there shall 
 be an ending of the discussion of the ques- 
 tion of universal manhood sufifrage, we shall 
 behold written upon the tablets of leglisla- 
 tion a higher law than any the country has 
 heretofore known, which shall give to all 
 men, not alone the right of liberty, but of 
 the ballot for its protection." 
 
 Shortly after the foregoing meeting 
 another was held by the Republicans in 
 Hollins' Hall. The principal speech was 
 delivered by Gen. John R. Kcnly. He con- 
 cluded as follows: 'T am unequivocally in 
 favor of giving the colored man the right of 
 suffrage, and in making him eqiial before 
 the law, because it is right, because it is just, 
 and because I believe in the brotherhood of 
 man. I believe that if situations were re- 
 versed and the whites had been the slaves 
 to the blacks, that there would have been 
 found those of that color who would have 
 fought to free the whites. I hold that tax- 
 ation without representation is as much 
 tyranny now as it ever was; that the pay- 
 ment of taxes and good behavior constitute 
 a claim to citizenship which, if denied by a 
 community, indicates a want of intelligence 
 and a lack of Christianity unworthy a civil- 
 ized State. And why with these views some 
 of our friends may ask, do you oppose ac- 
 tion which may give the ballot to the col- 
 ored citizen of Maryland? I answer: Be- 
 cause in caring for the rights of the colored 
 man I do not want to infringe upon the 
 rights of the white man; because I want the 
 colored man when he gets the ballot to get 
 it with the friendship and not the enmity of 
 the white ; and because I love peace, and be- 
 lieve to attempt to force the white people of 
 this State to accept the interference of Con- 
 gress would be unwise, and fraught with 
 evil to our whole people. The evil is that 
 our white fellow-citizens do not understand 
 the colored, for it is their misfortune that 
 there are black fools as well as white ones. 
 
 "Men of Maryland, native born Mary- 
 landers, you know our colored people well; 
 you know that their women nursed and 
 waited upon your mothers and your sisters 
 
174 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tenderly and watchfully without money and 
 without price; you know that the hands of 
 colored women have smoothed the dying 
 pillow, moistened the parched lips, wiped 
 the clanmiy brow and closed the eyes of 
 your kinsmen and friends. You know this 
 in your hearts, and that many of the play- 
 mates of your childhood, the companions 
 of your boyhood and the friends, yes, the 
 friends of your manhood, are yet to be 
 found among the colored men of Maryland. 
 Who among you, yea of the bitterest foes 
 of the peace of his country, that has not at 
 least one friend a negro; one man of color 
 whom he is glad to meet when misfortune 
 befalls him, and in the warmth of whose 
 grasp he does not feel a friendly and help- 
 ing hand? Yet you, individually, are lend- 
 ing your countenance and support to the 
 enemies of your country in maltreating and 
 robbing your friend, in cruelly degrading 
 and punishing him because, in the Provi- 
 dence of God, he is now a free man. Is this 
 worthy a white man? No; it is shameful; it 
 is cowardly; it is base in you thus to use the 
 power you hold on the prejudices of the 
 masses, to abuse those who wish to con- 
 tinue your friends as they have been from 
 childhood." 
 
 Gen. Kenly's speech was received with 
 respectful attention, but it was apparent 
 that his audience did not agree with many 
 of his utterances. The point of disagree- 
 ment was his opposition to Congressional 
 action in behalf of colored suffrage. 
 
 George C. Mauud voiced the general sen- 
 timent present when he said: "Negro suf- 
 frage was a logical consequence of our vic- 
 tories, and any man who was unwilling to 
 acquiesce in it was ungrateful to God for the 
 victories that had been achieved. The ques- 
 
 tion with the people of the United States 
 should be, 'shall these people who ofifer to 
 perform all the duties of citizenship be de- 
 barred from the privileges of citizenship?' " 
 
 Robert Lyon Rogers spoke in a similar 
 strain. He derided the men who when rebel 
 banners were gleaming in sight of the Capi- 
 tol talked about Constitutionality. The 
 negro had been declared a citizen, liable to 
 pay taxes and do military duty, and it was 
 injustice to deny him the rights of citizen- 
 ship. Congress should pass a law giving 
 him suffrage. 
 
 Mr. Marine succeeded Air. Rogers, and 
 ridiculed the idea that this is a white man's 
 Government, and declared that all men, 
 white and black, should "enjoy the right of 
 suffrage," sentiments endorsed by Col. 
 John C. Holland, the last speaker of the 
 meeting. 
 
 At a Democratic mass meeting held in 
 Monument Square Friday evening, Novem- 
 ber 1st, Joshua Vansant presided, and gave 
 the key-note of the meeting: "The political 
 issues before the country were whether this 
 Government should be what our fathers 
 made it, a Government of white men or 
 what the fanatics would have it, a Govern- 
 ment solely for the benefit i f the black inan. 
 The Republicans would not only make the 
 negro the equals of the white man by en- 
 franchising hi:u, but they would disfran- 
 chise the white man and subvert the Con- 
 stitution of the United States." 
 
 The election resulted in the Democratic 
 judges of the Supreme Bench being elected 
 with the remainder of the Democratic tick- 
 et. The Democratic judgeship candidates 
 received upwards of 18,000 votes. The Re- 
 publicans nearly 5,000. The other candi- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 175 
 
 dates polled a similar vote with their asso- 
 ciates on their respective tickets. 
 1868. 
 
 The Republican State Convention met in 
 Baltimo'-e May 14th. John E. Smith was 
 president. It was called to elect delegates 
 to a convention to nominate a Presidential 
 ticket at Chicago, and to select a State elec- 
 toral ticket. 
 
 Mr. Smith, on taking the chair, spoke of 
 "Swann and Johnson" as "twin traitors." 
 Referring to Gen. Grant's name having 
 been hissed at a Democratic meeting in 
 Baltimore City, he said, " 'twas a copper- 
 head that hissed." 
 
 John A. J. CrcszJkll claimed to have been 
 "among the first to advocate Emancipa- 
 tion," also that he had "long ago espoused 
 the cause of manhood suffrage." He de- 
 fended himself from assaults and said he 
 was like the breast-plate of the ancient 
 knight, the more his record is rubbed the 
 brighter it will shine." He spoke warmly 
 of nominating Gen. Grant whom he styled 
 "£ man of deeds and not of words." 
 
 Gen. Hollen Richardson, a Wisconsin 
 soldier, who had settled in Baltimore after 
 the war, where he resided a few years prior 
 to returning to his native State, said that 
 while in favor of manhood suffrage he 
 thought as "it had been recently defeated in 
 several of the great States of the North, 
 they should be silent upon the subjectj 
 Maryland should not attempt to dictate a 
 platform to the Republican party." 
 
 While Gen. Richardson was speaking, 
 George W. Sands read a telegram from An- 
 napolis announcing the second defeat of 
 Governor- Swann in his effort to be made a 
 United States Senator. The Convention 
 went wild over the news. 
 
 Thei v.as a contest ever the seats of 
 the Baltimore City delegation. The con- 
 testants were headed by Hugh L. Bond. 
 The Committee on Credentials reported fa- 
 vorably to seating the contestees and in- 
 viting the contestants to seats in the Con- 
 vention. A minority report was submitted 
 to admit both delegations, privileged to cast 
 one vote, to be divided between them. 
 Pandemonium unloosed itself during the 
 discussion on the two reports. A vote be- 
 ing taken, the majority report was adopted 
 by 67 yeaF to 13 nays, whereupon Judge 
 Bond and his rejected delegates accom- 
 panied by Dr. W. R. Wilmer, of Charles 
 county; Joseph F. Carter, of Howard coun- 
 ty; James H. Larcombe, Charles E. Cofifin 
 and Thomas Quinn, of Prince George; B. 
 F. M. Hurley and a few others, withdrew 
 from the Convention, which proceeded, 
 however, as though nothing unusual had 
 occurred. The committee presented its 
 resolutions and they were adopted. The 
 reconstruction. measures of Congress were 
 endorsed; the principles of impartial man- 
 hood suffrage approved, and the lessening 
 of taxation through economy recommen3ed. 
 
 Gen. Grant was pronounced to be in full 
 accord with the loyal people of the country 
 and the man for the times ; he was endorsed 
 by the Convention for President. The dele- 
 gates to the National Convention were to 
 vote as a unit and employ all honorable 
 means to secure the nomination of Gen. 
 Grant for President and Mr. Creswell for 
 Vice-President. 
 
 The defeats of 1867 were characterized 
 as reversing the triumph at Appomattox 
 and Republicans throughout the State were 
 exhorted to an efficient canvass. 
 
 John A. J. Creswell was eulogized as the 
 
176 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 choice of Maryland for the Vice-Presidency. 
 His identification with the cause of human 
 freedom; his services in Congress and his 
 fideHty and sagacity were dwelt upon. 
 
 The Republicans of Maryland, it was pro- 
 claimed, sustained Congress in bringing 
 Andrew Johnson to the bar of the Senate 
 for transgressions against the Constitution 
 and degradation of his high office. Con- 
 fidence was expressed in Benjamin Wade, 
 who, in the event of Johnson's removal, 
 would be his successor. 
 
 Doctor Wilmer's resolution, that dele- 
 gates to the Chicago Convention shall em- 
 phatically announce in the platform that im- 
 partial manhood suffrage is a cardinal prin- 
 ciple of the party to be advocated in theory 
 and practice throughout the Union, was re- 
 jected, whereupon the Doctor retired. This 
 Convention witnessed John A. J. Creswell, 
 through the advice of James W. Clayton, 
 co-operating with its controlling spirits 
 Charles C. Fulton, editor of the Ameri- 
 can; John L. Thomas, Jr.; R. Stockett 
 Mathews and their allies. It caused a tem- 
 porary break in the political relations exist- 
 ing between Mr. Creswell, Judge Bond, 
 Archibald Stirling, Jr., and Henry W. HofT- 
 man. 
 
 The Bolters Convention met in the New 
 Assembly Rooms, Dr. Wilmer, of Charles 
 county, temporarily in the chair. Eight 
 counties were without representation; there 
 was a sprinkling of colored delegates pres- 
 ent. Judge Bond, Louis P. Fiery and Fred- 
 erick Schley declined to address the Con- 
 vention. Gardiner Weiner, a colored dele- 
 gate from Baltimore county, was induced 
 to say something. He charged boldly for 
 manhood suffrage, saying: "There were 
 some Republicans wlui had faltered and 
 
 they were milk and water men." It was 
 "necessary to have a stronger beverage" 
 and he wanted "vinegar and water mixed 
 with molasses, to stimulate such people to 
 action." 
 
 Judge Bond, on being made permanent 
 president, said: "We come here to re-or- 
 ganize, and we would take in those other 
 gentlemen if they are earnest Republicans 
 and keep them out if they are not. So far 
 as the party is concerned, we intend to make 
 the negro an active participant and don't 
 propose to insult him by making him a con- 
 sulting member." 
 
 The resolutions as adopted set forth, 
 among other things, tliat the Constitution 
 of Maryland is anti-Republican, denymg 
 political rights to one-third of the loyal pop- 
 ulation and granting franchises to thou- 
 sands who were in armed rebellion and be- 
 cause of its unjust representation in the 
 Legislature without regard to wealth, pop- 
 ulation or territorial extent. Hailing with 
 unbounded satisfaction the impeachment of 
 Andrew Johnson, the great apostate and 
 disturber of the Nation's peace. Lauding 
 Benjamin Wade as a faithful statesman who 
 would see the laws impartially executed. 
 Tendering to Edwin M. Stanton acknowl- 
 edgments for his firmness in resisting execu- 
 tive usurpation and commending his dis- 
 charge of his difficult duties. Proclaiming 
 Gen. Grant their only choice for the Presi- 
 dency, the country needing him to complete 
 in peace what he won in war. A direct slap 
 was made at Mr. Creswell in the last reso- 
 lution; therein it was declared "that in view 
 of the sad experience of the last three years" 
 it would be best "that the Vice-Presidential 
 candidate should not be taken "from a slave 
 or a border State." Especially not from a 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 177 
 
 State "ridden over by rebels," who cannot 
 aid the party by its vote. The second place 
 is due to one of the Northern States and 
 Benjamin F. Wade ought to be the Vice- 
 Presidential candidate. 
 
 A delegation was sent to the Presidential 
 Nominating Convention and an electoral 
 ticket named. At night a mass meeting 
 was held, at which not one of the adver- 
 tised drawing cards was present. At Chi- 
 cago the Creswell-Fulton combine were 
 recognized and the Bolters returned home 
 and withdrew their electoral ticket. 
 
 In the October election, the First Branch 
 of the Council was returned unanimously 
 Democratic. The Grant Republican elect- 
 ors received 9,052 votes and the Seymour 
 electors 21,593 votes. In the seven lower 
 wards the Republican candidate for Con- 
 gress received 3,290 votes and Stevenson 
 Archer, Democrat, 7,758. In the Third 
 District, Adam E. King, Republican, re- 
 ceived 5,608 votes, and Swann, 12,961. 
 
 The white friends of colored suffrage 
 were numerically stronger in Baltimore 
 than they had proven to be for colored edu- 
 cation. In an evening near the close of 
 the year 1869 a meeting of colored Repub- 
 licans was held at Douglas Institute, at 
 which A. Ward Handy presided. R. 
 Stockett Mathews and William M. Marine 
 were the invited speakers. Mr. Mathews, 
 in consequence of family affliction, was not 
 present. 
 
 Mr. William AI. Marine: "No danger 
 need be apprehended by any one that evil 
 will befall our interests in consequence of 
 African suffrage being consummated. No 
 large body of people whose hereditary lot 
 
 is cast with us and is politically inseparable 
 from us, can be deprived of the right to vote. 
 In order to make ours an exemplary Re- 
 public, and one worthy to take the lead 
 among the nations of the world, there must 
 be no race or color restriction, but univer- 
 sal suffrage. Our political principles arc 
 adopted in other climes. You make the 
 black man a citizen of the United States 
 and he will be respected as such the world 
 over, and the starry folds of our flag his 
 certain assurance and protection." 
 
 Rev. Henry M. Turner, of Georgia: "I 
 want the colored man to be clothed with 
 political as well as civil rights and if the 
 Nation does not do it, so help me God, I will 
 never fight for it again. If the thirty mil- 
 lion of white people in this country are 
 afraid to cloth the four million colored peo- 
 ple with the right to vote, they had better 
 tell them at once they are afraid of them. 
 The white father who would cause his ofif- 
 spring to be tainted in color, and then deny 
 him his rights, despised his children and 
 could not go to heaven." 
 
 The fall elections were for Council, 
 Comptroller, Sheriff and members of the 
 General Assembly. Both branches of the 
 Council were unanimously Democratic. 
 The result for Comptroller represents the 
 vote polled. Levin Woolford, Democrat, 
 received 13,642, and ^^'illiam A. IMcKillip, 
 5-237- 
 
 1870. 
 
 On the evening of the 22nd of February 
 the colored State Central Committee met in 
 Douglas Hall and adopted the following 
 several resolutions; 
 
 "Whereas, The fifteenth amendment to 
 the Constitution of the United States has 
 
178 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 been ratified by more than the requisite 
 number of States ; therefore 
 
 Resolved, That we feel grateful to an 
 overruling God and the National Republi- 
 can party (His agent) for conferring equal 
 political rights on all American citizens by 
 securing the adoption of said amendment; 
 that while we acknowledge a sense of grati- 
 tude for this sacred right, yet we feel it was 
 one which was always guaranteed us under 
 the Constitution of the United States and 
 Declaration of Independence — a right 
 which we should have enjoyed from the 
 earliest history of our Government to the 
 present period; 
 
 Resolved, That we fully endorse the Ad- 
 ministration of President U. S. Grant, who 
 country on the glorious success of the 
 amendment, regarding it as the greatest 
 blessing ever conferred upon us aside from 
 our physical freedom. In consideration 
 thereof, we call upon the colored people of 
 Maryland to acknowledge this blessing by 
 assembling in Baltimore City, May 4th, 
 1870, to celebrate the adoption of the fif- 
 teenth amendment in grand procession and 
 in other festivities. 
 
 Resolved, That we fully endorse the Ad- 
 ministration of President U. S. Grant, who 
 so fearless and terribly in earnest in the 
 war, is yet to-day the embodiment of peace, 
 the conservator of public justice, the firm 
 friend of equal rights and the hope of the 
 loyal millions. 
 
 Whereas, The colored man is now a 
 legal voter in Maryland. He is occupying 
 eminent and influential positions under 
 President Grant's administration; also in 
 the District of Columbia and in all of the 
 States South. His vote secured the loyalty 
 of those States to the Republican party. 
 
 It is through this colored vote of 45,000 or 
 50,000 that the Republican party of this 
 State will be redeemed from Democratic 
 rule. It is to the colored men that the 
 white Republicans are looking to keep this 
 new voting element intact, and to organize 
 them preparatory to a vigorous campaign. 
 That the local Federal offices occupied in 
 this city came indirectly through the vote 
 of the South and the prospective colored 
 vote of Maryland ; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That even in the considera- 
 tion of the above facts, not a single influ- 
 ential appointment has been made by col- 
 ored Republicans in any of the local Fed- 
 eral department. 
 
 Resolved, That we, the representatives 
 of the people of Maryland, in State Con- 
 vention assembled, do earnestly request the 
 chiefs of departments here to appoint col- 
 ored men to positions in keeping with the 
 progress of the National Republican party. 
 We ask this as a measure of wise policy, 
 to encourage the active workingmen who 
 are doing all they can to build up the party 
 and invigorate their race. To keep down 
 suspicions of selfishness, we ask that it be 
 done. That colored men are like white 
 men, they want encouragement, too. 
 
 Resolved, That this State Convention 
 do fully and unequivocally endorse the ac- 
 tion of the committees who waited on Hon. 
 John L. Thomas, consisting of Samuel M. 
 Evans, Doc. H. J. Brown, Wm. M. Marine, 
 Esq.; A. Ward Handy, Esq.; Col. William 
 U. Saunders, N. C. M. Groom, Esq.; E. R. 
 Petherbridges, Esq.; V. C. S. Eckert, Esq., 
 and all others who advocated the principles 
 enunciated in the above resolutions. 
 
 Resolved, That the above committee did 
 not demand the removal of Republicans, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 179 
 
 but did request, and shall continue to re- 
 quest, the appointment of a respectable 
 number of colored men to positions. 
 
 Resolved, That the committee shall 
 never cease its labors until we shall have 
 Maryland Republicanism in practice as well 
 as theory. That it is not our province to 
 say how these appointments should be 
 made, for that is the prerogative of the heads 
 of departments. 
 
 Whereas, The bone sinew, the laboring 
 men of the State, are but poorly paid for 
 their incessant toil, therefore, 
 
 Resolved, That we deem it necessary 
 that they should form labor unions in each 
 county for mutual protection and support. 
 
 Resolved, That it is the duty of every 
 land owner or employer to have colored 
 men hired under them; to see that they re- 
 ceive fair living wages for their labor. 
 
 Whereas, Our people, from the fact of 
 being held as slaves, are poor; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That it is one of the duties 
 of our people to labor and economize their 
 means until they secure for themselves and 
 children land, homes and education, with- 
 out which we are but mere ciphers, and 
 subjected to some extent to the caprice and 
 dogmatism of others. 
 
 Resolved, That colored men know their 
 rights and know their friends up to whom 
 they look for justice. The day is fast ap- 
 proaching when, with their ballots, they will 
 compensate those who remembered them. 
 
 Resolved, That we are opposed to a dis- 
 solution of the Colored Republican State 
 Central Committee until we are taken into 
 full political fellowship in the party, official 
 and otherwise; that we believe in Republi- 
 canism in practice and not in theory; that 
 we place the power of dissolution in the 
 
 hands of the Colored Executive Committee 
 whenever, in their judgment, they may think 
 a proper recognition is made. 
 
 Resolved, That we recommend to the 
 consideration of colored people the Na- 
 tional Freedmen's Savings Bank, No. 12 
 South Gay street, as one of the safest banks 
 in the country into which the colored peo- 
 ple of the city and State should deposit 
 their moneys. 
 
 Resolved, That two thousand copies of 
 these resolutions be printed for distribution 
 and 
 
 Whereas, We have waited patiently for 
 an expression of sympathy by our Govern- 
 ment in behalf of the Republic of Cuba; and 
 
 Whereas, We have silently regretted the 
 unfavorable action of many of our cham- 
 pions of freedom, thereby retarding the at- 
 tainment of their heaven-born rights ; there- 
 fore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That we, the State Central 
 Committee, representatives of the colored 
 citizens of Maryland, in Convention assem- 
 bled, petition the Congress of the United 
 States, in behalf of the Republic of Cuba, 
 as follows: 
 To THE Honorable, the Senate and 
 
 House oe Representatives of the 
 
 Congress of the United States: 
 
 We, the colored citizens of Maryland, 
 moved by the suffering of many t^iousand 
 of our colored brethren, the freedmen of 
 Republican Cuba, do petition your honor- 
 able body, who have so kindly regarded and 
 provided for the freedmen of the United 
 States to give such timely aid to the Cuban 
 patriots and freedmen who share in their 
 sufferings as may bring relief, by putting 
 an end to Spanish tyranny in their island. 
 
 Furthermore, we petition in behalf of 
 
180 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 those colored brethren who still groan in 
 bondage under cruel Spanish masters. They 
 are branded with hot irons with the letters 
 of their master's names. Thev are treated 
 worse than their cattle — tormented to con- 
 fess crimes of which they are not guilty, and 
 are then put to death in the most horrible 
 manner. 
 
 The Spaniards have ever been the leaders 
 of slavery and the slave trade. The Cuban 
 planters have long wished to emancipate 
 their slaves. F'or this they have suffered 
 persecution from the Spanish Government 
 until they resolved to achieve their inde- 
 pendence, and on the loth day of April, 
 1869, the Cuban Congress adopted the Con- 
 stitution, the twenty-fourth article of which 
 is as follows: "All the inhabitants of the 
 Republic of Cuba are absolutely free." 
 
 We therefore humbly petition your hon- 
 orable body to extend friendly aid to the 
 freedmen of Cuba, and the bondsmen under 
 Spanish masters by assisting the patriots to 
 free the island from Spanish rule and slav- 
 ery, both of the blacks and whites, in duty 
 bound, we will ever pray, &c. 
 
 Whereas, There is crimination and re- 
 crimination between certain colored Repub- 
 licans; and 
 
 WiiERKAS, This political crimination is 
 working against consolidation of the col- 
 ored working Republicans ; 
 
 Resolved, That we ask these aspirants 
 for leadership to settle their personal dif- 
 ferences between themselves and not to 
 create any political dissensions in the work- 
 ing Republicans of the State. 
 
 Resot,ved, In the words of the immortal 
 Andrew Jackson, "By the Eternal," we, the 
 colored workingmen, will stump this State 
 in our own interest if these aspirants do 
 
 not seal their pledge of consolidation by 
 stopping their recriminations. 
 
 The new voters did not tire of the novel- 
 ties of meetings. There was a constant re- 
 currence of them. A large one was held at 
 the Broadway Institute, ratifying the adop- 
 tion of the fifteenth amendment of the Con- 
 stitution of the United States. Edington 
 Fulton presided, with forty-three white and 
 colored vice-presidents. There were eleven 
 secretaries and eleven sergeants-at-arms. 
 
 Mr. Fulton, in his speech, admonished 
 the newly enfranchised voter that he should 
 remember that exercising the suffrage 
 "brings new duties, new responsibilities and 
 perhaps new perils." He exhorted him to 
 "prepare to meet them fairly, fully and hon- 
 estly," saying: "The right of citizensaip 
 which we white Republicans have asked the 
 law to give to the colored man must be 
 granted also by us, individually, without any 
 grudging, in no half-way sense, but willingly 
 as a matter of right and justice. And the 
 colored citizen, who will soon be called 
 upon to exercise the right of suffrage, must 
 remember that the Republican party has 
 contended for its rights against many ob- 
 stacles, under many discouragements, and 
 that, though we have won the field, we have 
 still to make sure its defense against a pow- 
 erful and vigilant enemy. He will need to 
 bring to the exercise of his new duties, cour- 
 age and forbearance, steadfastness and pa- 
 tience, and above all, an abiding confidence 
 that the Republican party, whatever may 
 be the hesitancy or timidity of individuals 
 belonging to it — means to remain true to its 
 principles and true to the rights of all men." 
 
 Archibald Stirling, Jr., said: "He never 
 had been scared off in times past by the 
 talk of negro equality, so nuich feared by 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the Democratic politicians. He was not 
 afraid of any man on the globe getting 
 ahead of him. If a man could do so, let 
 him do it. He trusted when they next met 
 it would be to congratulate each other that 
 Maryland was governed by the Republican 
 party with the offices held by both blacks 
 and whites." 
 
 Dr. Henry J. Brown, a colored man, 
 urged that the claims of his race to posi- 
 tions should be recognized to a certain 
 extent. The colored man desired educa- 
 tion for his children and would not be sat- 
 isfied with a modest recognition. Sambo 
 had gone from the cornfield to the Senate 
 chamber. 
 
 Col. William U. Saunders, colored: "The 
 Republican party enters upon a new career 
 of glory reinforced by a half million of 
 those whose representatives did not hesti- 
 tate to snatch liberty and the fruits of vic- 
 tory from Lee at Appomattox — reinforced 
 by a quarter million of men, not one of 
 whom would vote for the Deriiocratic 
 party." 
 
 A. Ward Handy, colored: "We know 
 what our sufferings have been in the past, 
 in chains and bound. No black man has 
 a right to cast a ballot except it be for the 
 Republican party, which, when we were in 
 the water was the only party to throw a 
 rope to us. If any one attempts to stop 
 the consolidation of the black element of 
 the party from the white he had better 
 stand from under or he will be crushed." 
 
 William M. Marine: "The present status 
 of the colored race is hopeful; they are 
 marching toward the promised land; they 
 have left Egypt and passed over the Red 
 Sea. Their Moses was Abraham Lincoln, 
 who, like the Israelitish leader, had his Pis- 
 
 gah on which he was fated to die. The 
 Emancipation Proclamation is still a pillar 
 of fire and is leading onward. Andrew John- 
 son is not Joshua but a political renegade, 
 expelled from this camp." 
 
 On the evening of January 14th, a meet- 
 ing was held at Douglas Institute, ratify- 
 ing an effort made to unite Republicans 
 throughout the city and States. 
 
 Mr. William M. Marine: "The day of 
 shaking among the dry bones of the ante- 
 diluvian anti-progressive Democracy of 
 Maryland is at hand and lo! the graveyards 
 are yawning. One after another the diffi- 
 culties in the path of the onward march of 
 Republican triumph in Maryland are being 
 removed. The storm of denunciation which 
 v.-as unmercifully showered upon the men 
 who advocated the principles of universal 
 franchise has now somewhat abated. It was 
 a great tornado and the heavens were very 
 black and the whole scene dreary enough 
 to appall the bravest. To-night this meet- 
 ing declares that the colored element of this 
 State is consolidated within the lines of the 
 Republican party; that differences are ex- 
 tinguished; that the ranks stand unbroken; 
 that voting is a prelude to securing proper 
 legislation in the perpetuation of freedom; 
 that such an end is to be obtained by a co- 
 operation with the friends of emancipation 
 and not with its foes. I am not in favor 
 of universal suffrage because it will make 
 the Republican party stronger, but for the 
 higher reason, justice and the public good 
 demand it. 
 
 "The Republican party in this State has 
 done what it consistently could do in the 
 past for colored citizens. That more has 
 not been accomplished is due to the fact 
 
182 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 that the odds have been overwhelmingly 
 against us. Give us strength surpassing 
 that of the Democratic party and we 
 will not inquire why the fifteentli amend- 
 ment should be defeated. Nor will we 
 ask what rights are denied the negro 
 when we know that he is not permitted a 
 fair chance in the race of life, and is in all 
 respects by the legislation of the party in 
 power in this State, regarded as a distin- 
 guished jurist of Democratic faith once de- 
 cided, as 'having no rights that a white 
 man is bound to respect.' " 
 
 Dr. H. J. Brozvn was trustful "that every 
 colored man will march to the polls and cast 
 a Republican ballot when the amendment 
 shall be adopted. Governor Bowie had 
 filled a paragraph of his message with 
 sophistry regarding the colored citizen. He 
 writes such words believing he cannot be 
 induced to vote the Democratic ticket. 
 There is an intuition in the mind of the col- 
 ored man which teaches him who are his 
 friends. Governor Bowie has commented 
 on the number of colored people in the 
 penitentiary; who is to blame for that? It 
 is partly owing to the fact that the Demo- 
 cratic and rebel policemen frequently ar- 
 rest colored people when they do not ar- 
 rest white people for similar causes." 
 
 Col. William U. Saunders: "There are 
 some gentlemen who still retain their old 
 fogy notions respecting the necessity of 
 the black code. There are others who 
 think that possibly in the future the col- 
 ored vote will be divided, and that the Dem- 
 ocratic party will receive the support of a 
 large portion of that vote. Among these 
 T think will be Governor Bowie, whose 
 views on the subject made up portions of 
 a long-winded document." 
 
 On the ratification of the amendment and 
 its being ofificially announced by President 
 Grant, a large mass meeting of colored citi- 
 zens was held April 7th, at the corner of 
 Howard and Little Montgomery streets. 
 
 Capt. Perky R. Lovejoy: "The hours 
 of slavery's nights were numbered when 
 Abraham Lincoln issued his Emancipation 
 Proclamation; the day of freedom dawned 
 clearly over the landjwhen the fourteenth 
 amendment gave to all the protection of 
 the courts and equality — before the law; but 
 the glorious sun of liberty rose up high in 
 the heavens only when the fifteenth amend- 
 ment proclaimed a full recognition of man- 
 hood, with the power of the ballot-box to 
 maintain it." 
 
 Judge Hugh L. Bond said "that if he did 
 not believe that God had made of one blood 
 all the nations of the earth he would trem- 
 ble for the result. But believing in the 
 universal brotherhood of man, he knew that 
 no colored man was better than a white 
 man of the same capacities, and no white 
 man was better than a colored man, except 
 as he had the opportunities of making him- 
 self better. No white man, if he is igno- 
 rant, is better qualified to vote than a black 
 man equally ignorant. He should insist 
 tliat before the black man takes a promi- 
 nent part in the administration of the Gov- 
 ernment, he must be educated. The Dem- 
 ocratic orators talk a great deal about the 
 common people. Under the fifteenth 
 aiuendmcnt, the rights and privileges of all 
 men would l)e so guarded, there would be 
 such an equality of advantages, that there 
 would be no common people. All classes 
 would participate in the common benefits. 
 The colored people up to this time have 
 had no advantages. They had not even 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 had the privilege of talking with people of 
 much sense. The first thing they must do 
 is to get education, and how are they to 
 get it except through the common schools 
 of the State?" 
 
 The Judge referred to his difficulties in 
 finding the place of meeting. At last on 
 Howard street, a man told him to keep 
 straight on, and he would find the place. 
 "The colored people have started on a new 
 and untried road. For years they were 
 grouping in dark alleys and devious and 
 crooked ways, until they finally reached 
 emancipation. Now, since the fifteenth 
 amendment has been adopted, they have got 
 to Howard street, and all they have to do is 
 to keep right straight on. How are yon 
 going to walk? That is a question you 
 must answer for yourselves. No act of As- 
 sembly can help you. Everything you arc 
 to be hereafter must be the work of your 
 own hands. You must start from the plane 
 of the fifteenth amendment and make your- 
 selves whatever you have the capacity to be. 
 Every white man must do the same. We 
 cannot pass an act of Congress to make 
 men seven feet high. He has to eat mush 
 and potatoes and grow seven feet high. 
 
 "Before long the Democratic politicians 
 will be after your votes. That party is like 
 a shark that desires gudgeons. An Eastern 
 Shore paper contained an article in which 
 it was proposed to divide the colored vote 
 with whiskey. The writer was as much in 
 need of a school as any of the colored peo- 
 ple and rather more in need of a church. 
 If the negro voter is above the Democratic 
 party; if his political walks are on a higher 
 plane; if he has better and nobler aspira- 
 tions, let's credit him with them, but 
 here is a man who proposes to drag 
 
 him down to his own level by giving him 
 whiskey. No matter how far the Republi- 
 can party overstepped the law in the stormy 
 times gone by, and grasped men by the 
 throat who were striking at the Nation's 
 life, sometimes without legal warrant, there 
 was always a tone of moral feeling about 
 its ways and methods; but this man pro- 
 poses to debase you with whiskey. Spurn 
 such a man as you spurn the cup he offers; 
 shun him as you would the enemy of your 
 life and soul. 
 
 "He did not believe that it was a duty to 
 whip everybody who was a rebel in 1861. 
 If a rebel comes into court and pleads the 
 statute of limitations, we will allow him the 
 benefit of the statute. If the man who after 
 emancipation took a cart load of little negro 
 children to the Orphans' Court and had 
 them bound to him and they were brought 
 before that fanatical Judge Bond and set 
 free — if that man comes into court and says 
 he is not the man, all right; give him the 
 benefit of his denial. 
 
 "If the Republican who, in 1867, said that 
 Judge Bond was a fire brand and disor- 
 ganizer of the party, when he asserted that 
 the safety of the Nation demanded the en- 
 franchisement of the colored man, comes in 
 and repents, we will all say, welcome! with 
 the proviso, however, that he is soundly 
 converted. If he is willing to come in on 
 our platform, let him come. Let us have 
 a meeting for the conversion of sinners. 
 Now is the day of salvation. 
 
 "We must have a good school system. 
 Better provide for education than build rail- 
 roads in Virginia. If we must build them, 
 let it be to Leonardtown. I can go to 
 Omaha before you can get to Leonardtown 
 by the quickest route. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 "The Bill of Rights says 'the right of the 
 citizen to bear arms shall not be infringed.' 
 The Board of Police Commissioners passed 
 a law forbidding you to bear arms — not the 
 Commissioners. They have no more right 
 to pass a law — but the Board of Police 
 Commissioners. They have no more right 
 to prohibit you from bearing arms than 
 wearing a hat. It is the privilege of every 
 man to bear arms if he don't disturb the 
 peace. Ihe black people have as much 
 right to organize for the defense of the State 
 as the white people. The colored people 
 had more important duties to perform, how- 
 ever, than to walk around the streets with 
 muskets; there were matters of industry and 
 education to engage their attention. 
 
 "The moment you show yourself worthy 
 of citizenship by supporting none but good 
 men for office, that moment nine-tenths of 
 the barriers will be removed that now stand 
 in the way of the full exercise of your rights. 
 There will be hardships endured. Some 
 men will be knocked down for attempting 
 to exercise the rights of a citizen ; some will 
 lose their places; but this is a part of the 
 price that must be paid. We all must suf- 
 fer; we all have suffered, as the men who 
 have gone before us have suffered and died 
 on the battlefield. Whoever suffers in this 
 cause will be a martyr and the blood of the 
 martyrs is the seed of the church. Exercise 
 your privileges then with manly determina- 
 tion, and although you may suffer at first, 
 victory will come at last." 
 
 John H. Butler, colored: ''In 1850 the 
 Fugitive Slave Law was passed and an at- 
 tempt was made to start all the people of 
 the country on a hunt for negroes. Thank 
 Almighty God, the negro hunt is over. 
 When the slave owners of the South at- 
 
 tempted to found a Confederacy on the 
 cornerstone of human bondage, they did 
 not know that they were lighting the fires 
 that were to burn until the love of liberty 
 glowed in the bosom of every black man." 
 
 William M. Marine: "The elevation of 
 your race to higher conditions of manhood 
 will be greatly aided by the church and 
 the school house. We want in the future a 
 cessation of agitations whose hate keep 
 alive discord and fanaticism. Act conscien- 
 tiously, so that your progress and advance- 
 ment may insure to the permanent good of 
 our common country." 
 
 So important an event as the adoption of 
 the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution 
 of the United States could not be passed 
 over by the colored people of the city of 
 Baltimore with local meetings. A great 
 demonstration was arranged for the 19th of 
 May, in ^Monument Square. Numerous 
 important personages were invited, includ- 
 ing the President and Vice-President and 
 the President's cabinet and other prominent 
 statemen and chieftains. Frederick Doug- 
 las was there. It was his first public ap- 
 pearance to speak in Baltimore. The stand 
 at the hour of the opening exercises fell 
 and its occupants were thrown in layers on 
 top of one another. Douglas and Creswell 
 went down together. No one was injured. 
 The meeting was addressed from the bal- 
 cony of Gilmore's Hotel. 
 
 In November, 1870, at the Congressional 
 election, the colored citizen for the first 
 time voted in Maryland. Seven wards in 
 the eastern section of Baltimore City were 
 part of the Second Congressional District, 
 while the thirteen upper wards constituted 
 the Third District. On Thursday, Septem- 
 ber 1st, William M. Marine was nominated 
 
J.^^e/z/'A^UA , 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 187 
 
 in Convention at the Broadway market hall 
 by the Republicans of the Second District 
 over Edwin A. Abbott, by a vote of 65 for 
 Alarine and 35 for Abbott. In the prima- 
 ries of the party, he had defeated ]\Ir. Ab- 
 bott and John T. Ensor, both of whom had 
 combined in one common cause. The vote 
 in the primaries of the seven wards was 
 Marine, 2,313; Ensor, 571; Abbott, 293. 
 Ensor's name was not presented to the Con- 
 vention, the Seventh District of Balti- 
 more county, of which county he was a 
 resident, having pronounced against him 
 with the city wards and Harford county. 
 
 In the Third District, R. Stockett Ma- 
 thews and Adam E. King contested the 
 honor of the nomination. In the primaries, 
 Mathews had 2,802 votes, and King 2,142. 
 A "locking of horns" took place in the Con- 
 vention. Major William H. Weigel was 
 placed in possession of the chair through 
 the adroitness of Samuel T. Hatch, who re- 
 fused all demands for recognition and put 
 the motion to make Weigel chairman, and 
 decided the result in his favor. Dr. Wil- 
 liam J. Nichols claimed to have been elected 
 and after a stormy scene, Archibald Stir- 
 ling, Jr., moved an adjournment. Weigel 
 submitted the motion and although two- 
 thirds of the delegates voted no, he de- 
 clared the yeas had it, and with the King 
 contingent left the hall. The Mathews men 
 remained and organized themselves as the 
 Convention and adjourned. The dispute 
 was settled by the State Central Committee, 
 and resulted in Matthews' and King's with- 
 drawal and the nomination of Washington 
 Booth. 
 
 An active canvass was conducted. Mr. 
 Marine explained in one of his speeches the 
 attention paid the colored voter. He said: 
 
 "It is well known that the uneducated con- 
 dition in which our colored friends found 
 themselves as the result of their not here- 
 tofore having participated in discussions of 
 party politics, had required more attention 
 to them than was usually paid to voters. 
 This was necessary to prevent their being 
 deceived and to enable them to discharge 
 the duties of citizenship in accordance with 
 their own desires. Nor is this work ended. 
 The white voter, who has often much to 
 learn in politics, will not begrudge the col- 
 ored man the same privilege he exercises 
 himself, especially not when it consists only 
 in ascertaining how to protect his own 
 rights." 
 
 The largest meeting of Mr. Marine's 
 campaign was held at Jackson Square. 
 From the west side of the Square to Broad- 
 way, bounded by Fairmount avenue and 
 Fayette street, was, at the time the meeting 
 was held, vacant ground. The main stand 
 was in pro.ximity to the Square; a stand 
 for German speakers was near to Fayette 
 street. Both stands were elaborately deco- 
 rated with gas-jets, flags, chandeliers, Chi- 
 nese lanterns and similar decorations. At 
 the German stand the tri-colored banner of 
 the North German Confederation was dis- 
 played. 
 
 A procession marched through the prin- 
 cipal streets. "Mr. Marine's name was the 
 subject of many puns." "Marines have be- 
 come good sailors;" "Marines are not to 
 be terrified by Archers;" "Sixth Ward Ma- 
 rine Corps;" "We believe in universal suff- 
 rage, and we want no man to sufTer without 
 cause;" "Result of the Democratic Admin- 
 istration in Maryland — $40,000,000." The 
 Seventh Ward delegation had a banner or- 
 namented with a picture of a street car, on 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 whicli was the company's advertisement: 
 "Colored Persons Admitted into This Car." 
 "Democratic Judges are SpirituaHsts — 
 They receive Dead Men's Votes on Elec- 
 tion Days." 
 
 Ex-Mayor John Lcc Chapman presided 
 at the main stand. In the course of his re- 
 marks, he said: "I want you to remember 
 that the City Hall will cost five times what 
 a Republican Administration contracted to 
 have it built for; that railroad interests 
 amounting to millions have been sacrificed; 
 that your police force is costing more than 
 twice what it did under Republican rule; 
 that nearly all the leading positions filled 
 by the Democratic party under the present 
 city government are receiving double the 
 pay annually that they received under Re- 
 publican rule." 
 
 During his speech the ex-Mayor spoke 
 of an investigation of his administration, fol- 
 lowing his having been legislated out of of- 
 fice by a committee appointed for that pur- 
 pose. It resulted in nothing being un- 
 earthed against him, but discoveries were 
 exposed of Democratic indiscretions in the 
 sale of city stock, whereupon the committee 
 "dropped the curtain, fearing a more hid- 
 eous evil." 
 
 Hon. John M. Langstou elaborated the 
 following points in his speech: "The Re- 
 publican party has given practical signifi- 
 cance and force to the cardinal doctrines 
 of our declaration of independence; it has 
 secured the accomplishment of the great na- 
 tional purposes announced by the fathers of 
 the American Government in the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States. These purposes 
 are set forth in the preamble of the Consti- 
 tution itself, as follows: To form a more 
 jicrfcct Union. To establish justice. In- 
 
 sure domestic tranquility. Provide for the 
 common defense. Promote the general wel- 
 fare and to secure the blessings of liberty 
 to ourselves and posterity. The Republi- 
 can party has accomplished the abolition of 
 slavery; it has enfranchised the colored 
 American; it has put in his hand the ballot; 
 to fix the abolition of slavery, the citizen- 
 ship of the negro, and to render the denial 
 to him of political powers, an impossibility, 
 it has secured the adoption of the Thir- 
 teenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amend- 
 ments of the United States Constitution ; to 
 secure the immediate and entire respect of 
 these rights and powers so lately guaranteed 
 in this manner to the freedmen, it has en- 
 acted what is known as the enforcement 
 bills." 
 
 7?. Stockctt Mathews directed his re- 
 marks incidentally to the charge against Mr. 
 Marine, that he was too young to represent 
 the District in Congress. He referred to 
 that section of the Constitution of the 
 United States which declares that a man 
 must have attained to the age of twenty-five 
 years before he is eligible to a seat in the 
 lower house of Congress. Said Mr. Ma- 
 thews: "We hear but one objection against 
 Mr. Marine and that is, he is too young 
 for the nomination. Other men have been 
 nominated and sent to Congress not older 
 than he who were a match for some of the 
 oldest members. He has attained to the 
 Constitutional age and if he is too young, 
 the founders of the Government were mis- 
 taken in their opinions as to a man's ca- 
 pacity at the age of twenty-five. 
 
 Mr. Marine spoke as follows: ".'\bra- 
 ham Lincoln, standing upon the battlefield 
 at Gettysburg, surrounded by the graves of 
 eleven hundred loyal soldiers who fell upon 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 189 
 
 that historic ground to perpetuate our Un- 
 ion, summed up in those brief, yet expres- 
 sive, simple words, the ground work of the. 
 Republican party's faith, when he declared 
 'that the Nation shall, under God, have a 
 new birth of freedom, and that governments 
 of the people, by the people, and for the 
 people, shall not perish from the earth.' 
 
 "In that memorable yearof 1776, the birth 
 of freedom dawned upon this Continent; 
 during the intervening years to 1850, 
 slavery changed the spirit of the Govern- 
 ment from its original intendment. Neither 
 the Whig nor Democratic parties had the 
 wisdom to shape legislation so as to correct 
 abuses that for an unbroken series of years 
 were constantly creeping into and becoming 
 a part of the fundamental law of the land. 
 The Republican party came forth a re- 
 former, 'that the Nation under God might 
 have a new birth of freedom.' There were 
 abuses to correct — a longer continuance of 
 them assured anarchy. It is true, the rights 
 of one portion of our citizens were guar- 
 anteed them; but another class of people 
 were oppressed. To liberate and elevate the 
 down-trodden, establish free speech, free 
 soil and a free press, untrammel thought 
 and maintain a Government of liberty, reg- 
 ulated by law, were the high missions of 
 the Republican party; the pledges made by 
 it in its origin have all been kept and faith- 
 fully executed. It has done more than main- 
 tain fealty to party principles. It has not 
 swerved in allegience to the Federal Un- 
 ion. Can our Democratic opponents say 
 so much for themselves? 
 
 "Democracy in Maryland, as expounded 
 by our opponents, means not only anti-pro- 
 gression, but slavery in a qualified form. 
 Our statute books have their pages encum- 
 
 bered with a multiplicity of laws unequal in 
 operation, and dispensing with an illiberal 
 hand the privileges of the State. On the 
 bases of cast and color the rights of some 
 men are withheld, to add to the preroga- 
 tives of some others. The gentlemen who 
 have made; those who have interpreted, and 
 those who have executed the laws of Mary- 
 land for three years past, have used but 
 one volumj of precedents; their guide has 
 been the dusty, antiquated old book that 
 was used by the Democratic politicians of 
 the last century; its pages are filled with 
 the ideas of a dead age. The results of such 
 an influence upon the men who govern us 
 is working disastrously to the State. 
 
 "It is a fact that Democratic legislation 
 was never liberal in its operations. In the 
 days of slavery its enactments were framed 
 in the interests of an aristocracy who held 
 in bondage the spirit and bodies of a peo- 
 ple to enrich themselves. When, since the 
 origin of that party, has it ever devised a 
 measure to promote the interests of the peo- 
 ple? What prominent improvement in 
 this Nation exists to testify to the advance- 
 ment and wisdom of Democratic legisla- 
 tion? Under their administration of the 
 Government sectional issues were fostered 
 and encouraged; immigration and progress 
 hindered in their onward march to the west- 
 ern territories, within whose boundaries 
 Democratic legislation inhaled the foul 
 breath of slavery. The adventurous pioneer 
 who succeeds by toil, kept from them, if in- 
 formed that the peculiar institution 'was 
 established within their jurisdiction.' He 
 could not succeed where slave labor ex- 
 isted; he would not hazard the chances of 
 success by such experiment. We hear to- 
 day a clamor throughout the land emanat- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ing from Democratic sources, charging the 
 RepubHcan party with having legislated in 
 the interests of the black man, and having 
 overlooked more readily our white citizens. 
 This charge is easier made than sustained. 
 The Democratic party in power busied 
 themselves in securing the interests of the 
 slave holder. To do so, they sacrificed 
 school systems and internal improvements; 
 they abandoned all thought about the in- 
 terests of the great masses. Republican 
 legislation has endeavored to correct the 
 evils Democratic misrule instituted. It is 
 not amazing that what Republicanism has 
 done in the interests of the masses is dis- 
 tasteful to the so-called aristocracy. So long 
 did that class influence the Government in 
 the exercise of illegal power to build up for 
 themselves success in their schemes to the 
 ruin of other interests, that now they cannot 
 appreciate the change in internal condi- 
 tions. 
 
 "The Republican party has not deprived 
 any one of his prerogatives under the funda- 
 mental organism of the land; it has de- 
 prived a class of the power of controlling 
 the liberties of another class, who are en- 
 titled to the protecting shield of the Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 "The spirit of Democracy, infused into 
 National legislation, has permeated in a 
 more disastrous form the management of 
 our State concerns. In Maryland, the only 
 true Republicanism we have is derived 
 more from the Constitution of the United 
 States and the legislation of Congress than 
 from our present State Constitution and the 
 laws passed in pursuance thereof. Every 
 advanced liberal sentiment found in the 
 State Constitution of 1867 is drafted from 
 the Constitution of 1864, the work of the 
 
 Unionists: or placed there by compulsion 
 in consequence of the passage of the Thir- 
 teenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amend- 
 ments to the National Constitution. The 
 Democratic party has never accomplished 
 a single act in the line of advancing human 
 rights. How are they conducting affairs? 
 Your internal school system is a farce; only 
 for three months in a year, in Baltimore 
 and Harford counties, parts of this Congres- 
 sional District, are the school house doors 
 open for the reception and tuition of schol- 
 ars. You have game laws discriminating in 
 favor of land owners and against the poorer 
 class of toilers who heretofore have main- 
 tained themselves and their families by gun- 
 ning at the mouth of the Susquehanna. So 
 onerous is this last law' that the gunners 
 of Havre de Grace find their occupations 
 so interfered with that they contemplate 
 with dread the approaching winter in their 
 unprepared state to resist its rigors. They 
 dare not enter a boat and proceed to the 
 middle of the Susquehanna and shoot game 
 that belongs in common to all citizens. The 
 Democratic Legislature of Maryland, at its 
 last session, has given the exclusive privi- 
 lege to do so to the land owners on the line 
 of that waterway, and to the sportsmen who 
 come from outside localities to indulge 
 themselves in the pleasures of gunning. 
 
 "A committee was sent the other day to 
 request Governor Bowie to divide the oyster 
 fleet and send one part of it to look after 
 the depredators of the oyster beds and the 
 other half to be stationed so as to protect 
 inviolate the sanctity of the game law. If 
 our gallant navy could be rendered as zeal- 
 ous in enforcing the laws of the State for 
 which it was purposely created, as it has 
 been serviceable in the transportation of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 191 
 
 race horses of the Governor from Annapolis 
 to Baltimore, that they might competitively 
 appear on the track at Pimlico, it would be 
 worthy of the objects of its creation. 
 
 "Fellow-citizens, we have had enough of 
 the reign of the Democratic party in Na- 
 tion and State. Does not the high rate of 
 taxation in our Commonwealth indicate 
 that there should be a change in the admin- 
 istration of our affairs ? JNIany persons are 
 unconscious of the transformations that 
 have been taking place in the past ten years. 
 The Nation has been redeemed from old 
 forms and ceremonies. We may as well ac- 
 cept the results wrought by the revolution in 
 political events recentlyas accomplished and 
 irrevocable facts, and regard the political 
 regeneration of the Republic as a purifica- 
 tion of the States. Heresies which have been 
 swept from existence by national fiat must 
 be permitted to sleep the sleep of death. 
 The South no longer is in a position to 
 dictate what shall be governmental policy. 
 Its right to do so was forfeited by nurturing 
 and developing — rebellion. Nor can cap- 
 tious resistance to the law, as it is consti- 
 tuted, do more than cause agitation and 
 prevent tranquility. The adherence to er- 
 roneous political theories, allowing their 
 spirit without substance to be engrafted into 
 legislation for compromise and temporary 
 make-shifts has passed beyond the suffer- 
 ance of this generation. When such facts 
 are recognized, political sentiment now ex- 
 isting in Maryland, and bequeathed to this 
 age as a remnant of slavery, will cease, and 
 we shall have a new birth of freedom. The 
 Democrats evince some alarm at the prac- 
 tical workings of their creed and are giving 
 forth to the public explanations of what 
 
 they do mean which may satisfy themslves 
 but not the great body of the people. 
 
 "At a mass meeting of our opponents in 
 this section of the city the other night, ref- 
 erence was made by Governor Swann to the 
 decline in the shipbuilding industry. If 
 that branch of trade alone had suffered, bad 
 as its results are felt, we might- forgive the 
 offense. It is not one craft or profession 
 that is affected; all alike are impaired. And 
 why? Not as Mr. Swann says, by reason 
 of the odious tariff breaking up the indus- 
 try. The war of the rebellion has had more 
 to do with its prostration than all other 
 causes. The prejudices of our politicians 
 and people have prevented its revival by 
 their course of folly and stupidity. When 
 the Union party held power in Maryland 
 our prosperity was greater in every depart- 
 ment of trade than at any ticre in the same 
 number of years previous. The moment the 
 Democrats attained to office — in the first 
 year of their reign — a change commenced 
 for the worse, and to-night the material and 
 commercial interests of Baltimore are more 
 thoroughly impaired than tliey were twelve 
 months ago. The reason is apparent. A 
 State and its chief metropolis which are 
 yearly accumulating their public debt and 
 burthening their people by increased taxa- 
 tion, until the amount paid into their treas- 
 uries by their citizens is unprecedented 
 either in our country or Europe, cannot ex- 
 pect prosperity. You may go North and 
 West, yea into the South, where the blight 
 of war seared rock and dell, but you cannot 
 find a State that taxes its people propor- 
 tionately at the same ratio as is done in 
 ^Maryland. It is a subterfuge to say the 
 tarifT has caused the measure, when it is ap- 
 parent sectionalism has produced the re- 
 
192 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 suit. We had a tariff before the war; under 
 it shipbuilding reached its highest prosper- 
 ity. Both Mr. Swann and Mr. Archer were 
 strong protectionists at one time. Of course 
 they are looking out to protect themselves 
 politically now, and the doctrine of tariff 
 is not preached in Democratic pulpits; 
 hence the necessity for a change of their 
 opinions upon that subject. 
 
 "Fellow-citizens, in the conscious sat- 
 isfaction that our cause is right, let us move 
 on in the good work in which we have been 
 engaged and add one more brilliant chap- 
 ter to the history of Maryland. Let it be 
 that we shall commence to rid the Common- 
 wealth of its governing incompetents by 
 changing the political complexion of things 
 on the incoming 8th of November. Mary- 
 land then can claim a place with the States 
 of the Union who are thoroughly in accord 
 witn national sentiment; then will free ideas 
 expand within our borders; our unrivaled 
 water power, where no hum of machinery is 
 now heard, will be occupied with factories; 
 the wilderness places of the State shall be 
 transformed into habitations desirable for 
 the homes of men; our mineral resources 
 will be developed, our agricultural interests 
 protected; railroads built to run through 
 sections of our State at present difficult of 
 access to and from our great metropolis; 
 and they shall pour the fruits of agricul- 
 tural toil into the markets of Baltimore. 
 With a reduction in the present rate of taxa- 
 tion, prosperity can be looked for again; 
 but until there is a change in existing city 
 and State administrations and measures our 
 Maryland will continue to be more pitiable 
 than she was in the dark days of slavery. 
 Left to develop her resources, they will with- 
 out outside aid forever remain an unfruitful 
 
 treasure. There has not been a spirit of ac- 
 tivity and enterprise manifested by the na- 
 tive born citizens of Maryland sufificient to 
 cause our' State to appear advantageously 
 in the ranks of her sister States. We have 
 wealth in the bowels of the earth untouched, 
 and it will not be of any service until the 
 reign of the Democratic witches is dispelled. 
 That can only be done by the people refus- 
 ing longer continuance in power of a party 
 that reached place by prejudice and retains 
 its hold upon it by sectionalism and abuse 
 of their opponents, misrepresenting their 
 sentiments, and resorting to devices un- 
 worthy of those claiming the suffrages of 
 the people of a free Republic. I trust the 
 day is not far distant when an end of these 
 things will greet us." 
 
 The Republican supporters of Mr. Wash- 
 ington Booth held a large meeting in Ex- 
 change Place, Monday evening, October 
 17th. It was preceded by a procession 
 which paraded the streets and arrived at 
 Exchange Place shortly after the meeting 
 was opened. There were numerous devices 
 and transparencies. Among the blazoned 
 banners were the following: "We cast our 
 ballots as we cast our bullets," "God hath 
 made all men of one blood," "John Brown's 
 soul is still marching on," "We remember 
 Fort Follow," "For Congress, Washington 
 Bootli," "Henry Winter Davis, his princi- 
 ples still live," "The safeguards of liberty — 
 the ballot box, the jury box, and the wit- 
 ness box." 
 
 At the r.iain stand Charles C. Fulton pre- 
 sided; he said of Governor Swann; He "has 
 been to Maryland what Andrew Johnson 
 was to the Nation; his defeat will therefore 
 be hailed all over the land as a national tri- 
 umph. ***** 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 193 
 
 "Mr. Swann has accomplished nothing, 
 and has no more influence than if his seat 
 was occupied by one of Mrs. Jarley's wax 
 figures. He votes with Morrissey, Wood 
 and Brooks, and occasionally helps to re- 
 tard legislation. He speaks his pieces to 
 empty benches, prints them and draws his 
 pay." 
 
 Air. Washington Booth, among other 
 things, said: "One principal question at is- 
 sue in this election is, whether this Third 
 District shall continue to be represented by 
 a delegate who, Avhile he declares that he 
 did not go to Washington for the purpose 
 of opposing Gen. Grant, yet seeks a re-elec- 
 tion because of such implied opposition and 
 in fact, though claiming the votes of the 
 Democrats, does not represent the Demo- 
 cratic party. For it is not the nomination 
 by a party, or by a part of a party calling 
 itself the whole, that confers the representa- 
 tive character upon the nominee. And no 
 true Democrat will admit that the gentle- 
 man who has been declared the nominee of 
 that party in this district is by any political 
 antecedent or opinions or course of life, or 
 the different doctrines he has at different 
 times maintained and enforced, entitled to 
 be considered a Democrat or the represen- 
 tative of that party. The doctrines and 
 practices of the Democratic party are com- 
 pletely at variance with the doctrines which 
 my opponent upheld and especially from 
 the practices which secured him political 
 prominence. He opposed the Confederates, 
 whom the Democrats sustained. He up- 
 held the war for the Union and was against 
 the South, which war the Democrats op- 
 posed. He declared that the reconstruc- 
 tion of the Southern States should be made 
 exclusivelv on the basis of continued lovaltv 
 
 during the Rebellion and wished to exclude 
 those whom he then called rebels from suf- 
 frage because they had been in the Confed- 
 erate service — the very men by whose votes 
 he now hopes to be elected. But there is 
 another gulf between the Democratic party 
 and any representation of it by my oppo- 
 nent, too deep and too broad, and of too 
 long standing to be bridged over or con- 
 cealed by any management in securing their 
 nomination. The Democratic party has al- 
 ways sustained the right of the immigrant 
 and naturalized citizen to vote and hold of- 
 fice. That party has :Llways emphatically 
 proclaimed itself the friend and upholder 
 of the extension of suffrage to the foreign 
 born citizen. Now what is the record of my 
 opponent on these points? Surely I need not 
 remind my German born fellow-citizens, or 
 those whom Mr. Swann called 'infuriated 
 Irish of the Eighth Ward,' of what was said 
 and done by him in that respect. He was 
 first elected to office because he opposed, 
 and by reason of the fact that he prevented, 
 them from voting. How then does he rep- 
 resent the Democratic party? But another 
 and far more important question than the 
 choice of persons involved in this election 
 for us is whether we in Maryland shall con- 
 tinue to occupy the political position now 
 held by the State, or whether we shall place 
 ourselves among those whose ideas and 
 policy direct the measures and shape the 
 good fortune of the Republic. Are we to 
 continue among the inactive, the opposers, 
 the breakers down, or to enroll ourselves 
 among those who accept progress and what 
 has been achieved and who endeavor to go 
 on to still better things. Shall this district 
 be represented in the next Congress by one 
 who in a helpless minority is powerless for 
 
194 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 our good, without the advantage that must 
 accrue to the district from influence or a 
 voice among the powers that be, or will you 
 send there a representative of and among 
 the majority upholding the administration, 
 not opposing it, and who would from that 
 fact necessarily secure those practical ad- 
 vantages and real results to our commerce 
 and harbor, which are the things all men 
 desire here. Which of these two consid- 
 erations will be the best for our city?" 
 
 John A. J. Creswcll said: "We have seen 
 our best friends, whose only sin was that 
 they had been true to their country, driven 
 from every office of honor and trust and a 
 universal Democratic saturnalia established 
 from Allegany to Worcester. We have 
 been mercilessly excluded from all partici- 
 pation in State or local government. The 
 power of our enemies being supreme, we 
 have been as perpetually quarantined from 
 public favor as though we had been cursed 
 with an ineradicable plague spot. To make 
 our ostracism endurable by comparison 
 witli our other sufferings, they have sys- 
 tematically proceeded to plunder us of our 
 property. Under Democratic management, 
 corruption has rioted and fattened in the 
 city and State, and with insatiate greed has 
 continually demanded that the burthens of 
 an already insupportable taxation should be 
 still further increased. Powerless as we 
 have been to redress our wrongs, we have 
 yet in all our adversity preserved our or- 
 ganization intact, waiting hopefully for the 
 good day when, recruited and reanimated, 
 we should again be able to respond with 
 confidence and exultation to every call that 
 our much abused and long suffering people 
 might make upon us. At last we know 
 that tho time of our deliverance is fast ap- 
 
 proaching. The aurora that heralds the 
 coming of that auspicious day now glad- 
 dens our eyes as it warns us that the present 
 is the time for action. Adopting the 
 most liberal sentiments and forgetting past 
 differences, we should open our ranks to 
 receive cordially every good soldier of every 
 race or creed who will join heartily in the 
 great war before us. We should extend 
 our line until it shall stretch in compact and 
 unbroken array from the mountains to the 
 sea. 
 
 "If thus inspired and organized, when the 
 appointed day of battle shall be announced 
 we may confidently unfurl our old beloved 
 flag with its lately obscured stars glittering 
 with reillumined lustre and here upon the 
 soil of our ^laryland we may crown it anew 
 with the glorious insignia of victory, bravely 
 and magnanimously won." 
 
 R. Stockett Mathews uttered these senti- 
 ments: "Every man should have adequate 
 opportunities to grow up to the full stature 
 of manhood — to the cultivation of every 
 moral faculty and the employment of every 
 intellectual attribute for his own good and 
 the welfare of his race. When God created 
 manhood He exhibited the perfection of His 
 creative power, and every act of moral re- 
 striction which has desecrated that work 
 has to that extent opposed the intention of 
 the Creator. The creation was designed to 
 reflect the benevolence and love of the Su- 
 preme Omnipotence, from the cradle to the 
 grave. 
 
 "That A\ ; are a black man's party is upon 
 the face of it a self-evident falsehood; ours 
 is a national party, founded upon the prin- 
 ciples that thrilled the hearts and nerved 
 the arms of our forefathers, when they be- 
 gan their glorious work and established 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 195 
 
 American liberty as the utmost altitude 
 which mankind had then reached in their 
 efforts to crystalize human aspirations, hu- 
 man happiness and freedom into institutions 
 of law and order. 
 
 "The Democracy has forced us to do 
 right in the sight of God and man, in spite 
 of ourselves. They compelled us to adopt 
 the Thirteenth Amendment, by virtue of 
 which slavery was abolished throughout 
 the country. Then came the Fourteenth 
 Amendment and the capstone was laid up- 
 on our national temple when the Fifteenth 
 Amendment became the irreversible edict 
 of the American people that ours should 
 be a Nation of freemen without a slave. 
 
 "Wake up, people of Maryland! Wake 
 up, I say! and feel that there is something 
 worth living for, even in Maryland! Let 
 us cast aside superstition, ignorance, preju- 
 dice, pride and aristocracy. Down with 
 aristocracy and let the common man, the 
 poor man, the masses of the people, enjoy 
 the richest blessings that the Government 
 can bestow." 
 
 Gen. Adam £. King, among other se- 
 rious. and humorous things, spoke the fol- 
 lowing: "Every officer in the State, from 
 the Governor down to the most pitiable 
 loafer, that wears the livery of Thomas 
 Swann, is a Democrat." He said "the navy 
 of Maryland drifts listlessly away and allows 
 the bold oystermen of Virginia to gobble 
 up our citizens, put them in prison, carry off 
 their vessels as prizes to their own ports, 
 where stranded on the sandy beach their 
 sails idly flap in the autunaa wind and the 
 October suns open up ghastly seams in 
 their hulls. 
 
 "When the Virginia fleet bore down on 
 the oyster craft of Maryland the captain 
 
 and his officers retired below decks to their 
 cabins, exclaiming, "All is lost! All is lost — 
 but our salaries!' " 
 
 "If oysters could run races Governor 
 Bowie would take interest in them, but oys- 
 ters have no legs and horses have." 
 
 A combination mass meeting of the Dem- 
 ocrats favorable to the election of the Hon. 
 Stevenson Archer in the Second and 
 Thomas Swann in the Third Congressional 
 Districts was held in Monument Square on 
 the evening of Monday, October 31st. 
 There was a great outpouring of people and 
 the procession was a lengthy one. It pre- 
 sented an impressive scene; a flame of fire 
 far as the eye could reach lit up the ranks 
 of men in marching columns. There were 
 bands of music, floats, designs and displays 
 of lighted boxes ad libitum. Some among 
 the numerous mottoes on a sea of trans- 
 parencies were as follows: "The sons of old 
 Ireland ever true to the Democratic party," 
 "We want no ]\Iarines in Baltimore," "No 
 Grant wanted here, we have no presents to 
 give," "Sailors wanted no Marines; Up in 
 a balloon — Billy Marine," "The Hon. Ste- 
 venson Archer will once more save Mary- 
 land," "An old sailor before a Marine any 
 time," "The arrows from our Archer's bow 
 will carry terror to the common foe," "The 
 best Government the country ever had — 
 tell that to the Marines, old sailors won't 
 believe it," "The arrows of the Archer will 
 stick among the corruptionists of the radical 
 Congress," "Our Swann, the Limerick boys 
 say he must go back to Congress," "The 
 Limerick boys will make Wash. Booth's 
 coffin," "Ballots against bayonets," "Cres- 
 well says his allies will carry the Fourth and 
 Fifth Districts; he may tell that to the 
 young Marines, but not to old soldiers," 
 
196 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 "Swann for President in 1872," "Wanted — 
 honest officials— apply at the Custom 
 House." This last motto was strangely 
 enough on several of the transparencies and 
 referred to the irregularities of two promi- 
 nent officials. "The white Swann of Mary- 
 land," "Tom Swann gave us our liberty and 
 it is for white men to preserve it," "We want 
 no amalgamation in Maryland," "The doom 
 of Washington Booth has been written by 
 a quill plucked from our Swann," "The only 
 hope for Washington Booth, Mount Hope," 
 "Booth cannot go to Washington for a seat 
 is engaged for Tom Swann," "When will 
 General Grant's Cabinet be completed? 
 Echo answers, 'when.' " 
 
 The Governor of the State, Odcn Bowie, 
 was presiding officer of the meeting. The 
 resolutions passed denounced unsparingly 
 the administration of President Grant; they 
 declared his policy "a crime so heinous in 
 morals and law as to merit the most indig- 
 nant condemnation and the severest rebuke 
 that a free and enlightened people can in- 
 flict." 
 
 Sfariison Archer said: "It is for us to 
 think of the living present, and so to act as 
 to secure the liberties of the people, now 
 so deeply endangered. The first and grav- 
 est issue that confronts us is the Fifteenth 
 Amendment. It is now law — a part of the 
 Constitution; not a part which our fathers 
 gave us, but still a part, and we Democrats 
 who have always adhered to the Constitu- 
 tion and laws will not now reject it or seek 
 to evade it. 
 
 "How does the Fifteenth Amendment 
 apply in the State of Maryland ? Maryland 
 has registered 38,000 of the negro race ; the 
 Democratic majority last fall was 31,000; 
 our majority for Governor was 40,000, and 
 
 it is for you now to say whether the Demo- 
 cratic party will poll 40,000 majority to over- 
 come this 38,000. 
 
 "The Republican party did not give the 
 negro the right to vote for any affection it 
 had for him. No, they made him a voter to 
 crush the Democratic party; but when the 
 negro finds out his strength he will crush 
 the radical party. 
 
 "What friendship had the radicals for the 
 negro in 1864? Why did they not give him 
 the right to vote then ? They had no such 
 intention in 1864 or 1866. They all declared 
 to me if they believed their party had any 
 such intention they would vote the Demo- 
 cratic ticket. 
 
 "The negro will turn on the radical party 
 yet, in this and every other Southern State, 
 because he will have the penetration to dis- 
 cern by bitter experience, if no other way, 
 his friends from his foes. The negro can- 
 not long believe the radical party his friends. 
 
 "The Chinese Empire numbers upwards 
 of four hundred and fifty millions of beings, 
 and from these hordes the radicals wish to 
 swamp us with a system of slavery as bad, 
 if not worse, than the worst forms of negro 
 slavery known to us. They surround the 
 negro with protection against intimida- 
 tion and every sort of coercion; do they 
 protect the white laborer and mechanics in 
 Massachusetts from their avaricious mas- 
 ters, who seek to intimidate them into allow- 
 ing Chinese to eat up and deprive them of 
 the legitimate fruits of their honest indus- 
 try?" 
 
 Hon. Thomas S-c^'auii said: "The demon- 
 stration of the evening might well be de- 
 scribed as an outpouring of the white men of 
 Baltimore. I have resided in this city for 
 more than a half of a century, and I have 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 19T 
 
 been a good deal mixed up with the affairs 
 of the city and State, but I have never be- 
 fore witnessed such a scene as this one to- 
 night. My views on national affairs have 
 been very well ventilated. In other sections 
 of the city and throughout this State I have 
 spoken of the outrages and abuses heaped 
 upon the people by the Administration. I 
 have been the subject of attack by Post- 
 master General Creswell. For weeks that 
 distinguished radical, who has hung like 
 a barnacle to the administration of Gen. 
 Grant, has hounded me through the city 
 and State. He had come to Baltimore for 
 the purpose of making war upon her people 
 and upon the best interests of the city. He 
 liad come here to marshal his negro crowd 
 of voters and with attempts to overawe the 
 Democracy with threats of what the Presi- 
 dent woula do with his soldiers. I have the 
 best feelings for the negroes; he will do well 
 enough and behave himself if let alone by 
 the radical disorganizers, who only care for 
 his vote." 
 
 Excitement prevailed during the canvass ; 
 it was remarkable that no breaches of the 
 peace occurred. Arrangements to preserve 
 order were amply provided for under the 
 National and State latvs. 
 
 The vote in the seven lower wards of Bal- 
 timore City was: Marine, Republican, 4,- 
 835; Archer, Democrat, 8,859. I" the 
 Third Congressional District Booth, Re- 
 publican, received in the thirteen upper 
 wards 10,414; Swann, Democrat, 15,137. 
 The strength of the colored vote was in the 
 upper wards, which gave Mr. Booth a larger 
 proportionate vote than that received by 
 Mr. Marine. 
 
 The tickets used in the Second District 
 by the Republicans had printed on them the 
 
 bust of Abraham Lincoln, which has con- 
 tinued the party emblem, and above it the 
 words, "Republican Ticket;" beneath were 
 the additional words, "With malice towards 
 none — with charity for all." Below the bust 
 was the name of the district, the candidate's 
 name and date of election. The Democratic 
 ticket was headed, "White Man's Ticket." 
 Below it was an eagle perched upon a rock ; 
 in its back a streamer, on which was in- 
 scribed the word "Constitution." In the 
 left hand corner was a moving train ; in the 
 right a plow and a sheaf of garnered wheat; 
 below was a line which read "For Con- 
 gress, 2d Congressional District," and un- 
 derneath it another line, "Hon. Stevenson 
 Archer." 
 
 The Baltimore American said editorially 
 of the result: "The prejudice which is en- 
 tertained against the voting of the colored 
 people contributed more to our defeat than 
 all other causes combined. The negro has 
 proven to be an element of weakness and not 
 of strength, and it will take time to educate 
 tiie masses up to an appreciation of the 
 justice of his enfranchisement." 
 
 1871. 
 Wednesday evening, October 23d, a 
 Democratic mass meeting favorable to the 
 election of Joshua Vansant for Mayor took 
 place in Monument Square. Mr. Vansant 
 declared his devotion "to the Constitution 
 of the United States, as it was handed down 
 by the patriots, statesmen and sages of the 
 Revolution. The days of the radical party 
 should be numbered and they not many, 
 because it was necessary to restore the 
 economy of the Government and to reassert 
 the principles that underlie the Constitu- 
 tion and the glory of the people. The pres- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ent administration treated the Southern 
 States as a barbarous power would treat 
 their conquered provinces." 
 
 The Mayoralty election was held Wed- 
 nesday, October the 25th. Mr. Yansant 
 was opposed by Charles Dunlap, Independ- 
 ent and Reformer, who polled most of the 
 Republican vote. Vansant received 18,311 
 votes and Dunlap 10,973. 
 
 1872. 
 
 Horace Greeley, Democratic candidate for 
 President, delivered an address at Pimlico 
 Fair, Thursday afternoon, October loth. 
 On the evening of that day he was sere- 
 naded at the Carrollton Hotel and made a 
 speech. A letter of welcome from Mayor 
 Vansant and a special commitee of the City 
 Council was presented to Mr. Greeley, after 
 which he said: "People dififer radically in 
 ideas. It was this difference which led to 
 the Civil War. 
 
 "They fought it out gallantly and when 
 the end came I was very anxious that peace 
 should be restored as speedily as possible. 
 My life since then has been given to this 
 work. I have been most grossly abused 
 for the efforts I have made to procure a last- 
 ing peace. The country should be cemented 
 together by reconciliation, not by subjuga- 
 tion. Peace is only war in another shape 
 unless the country is reconciled on this ba- 
 sis. It cannot be done at once. If it takes 
 years to accomplish it people must not be 
 impatient. I do not judge harshly those 
 wlio differ with nie in opinion. I think 
 them honest. I have been anxious that this 
 people should be in heart united, and they 
 will be some day. The time will come when 
 we shall hold conventions to exult at the 
 consummation of this result. Those who 
 
 fought against the Union were gallant men, 
 but they were mistaken. Let us be friends 
 again." 
 
 The mass meetings held in Baltimore 
 during the campaign were spiritless on the 
 part of the Democrats. Those of the Re- 
 publicans were more lively and energetic. 
 The Democrats held their last grand rally 
 in Monument Square on the night of Thurs- 
 day, October 31st. The principal speaker 
 was William Pinkney Whyte, who excused 
 Democrats voting for Mr. Greeley on the 
 ground "that the wisest statesmanship is 
 that which forgets the past and uses the les- 
 sons learned to mould the future for those 
 who may come after them." The speaker 
 further said: "Let us accept the circum- 
 stances of to-day as they are. It makes no 
 difference what Horace Greeley was, we all 
 know what he is now, and we take him be- 
 cause the radicals have always taught us 
 that he was honest; because he has been 
 honest enough to come out of bad company 
 and join the Democrats." The Republi- 
 cans held their last meeting of consequence 
 in Monument Square, Friday night, No- 
 vember 1st. Hon. Henry Wilson, of Massa- 
 chusetts, said he had "been held up as an 
 enemy to the South, but he had never had 
 an unkind word towards that section." 
 Postmaster Crcsivcll said he "was once a 
 Democrat, but he thanked no man to re- 
 mind him of those the five meanest years 
 of his life. He was amazed to see that gal- 
 lant old party that had carried the flag of 
 the country through all its wars with for- 
 eign States with success and glory, which 
 once had a Jefiferson and a Jackson, who 
 left as a legacy to it the immortal words, 
 'The Union— it mustand shall bepreserved," 
 now led by Horace Greeley and Charles 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Sumner, who had taken a bail bond of it 
 to keep the peace." As for him, Hke the 
 French knight, he would pass it by without 
 a blow, but with a prayer that more kindly 
 elements would shed their influences on it." 
 The vote in Baltimore City resulted: 
 Greeley, 24,702 votes, and Gen. Grant, 19,- 
 523 votes. William O'Brien, Democrat, de- 
 feated Robert Turner, Independent, in the 
 Third Congressional District by a vote for 
 the former of 9,675 over 8,346 for the latter. 
 In the Fourth District Thomas Swann re- 
 ceived 12,148 votes and Elias Griswold, In- 
 dependent, 10,916 votes. 
 
 1873. 
 The contest this year was waged in the 
 city of Baltimore between the Reformers, 
 who nominated Mr. David Carson for 
 Alayor, and the Democrats, who renomi- 
 nated Joshua Vansant. The Republicans 
 made no nominations; a part of that organi- 
 zation, under the leadership of Collector of 
 the Port, Washington Booth, supported Mr. 
 Carson. The city campaign had no life in- 
 fused into it. Several meetings were held, 
 but were poorly attended. The election 
 took place Wednesday, October 22d. Car- 
 son received 12,657 votes and Vansant 22,- 
 75 1 . A Reformer was elected from the First 
 Ward to the First Branch of the City Coun- 
 cil ; the others in both branches were Demo- 
 crats. 
 
 The Republicans nominated a regular 
 State ticket for Comptroller and Clerk of 
 the Court of Appeals. They were voted for 
 November 4th. At the same time the clerks 
 of the various courts, the sheViff, city sur- 
 veyor and members of the Legislature were 
 elected. Otis Spear, Reform candidate for 
 Clerk of the City Court, died two days prior 
 
 to the election; he received 8,389 votes, 
 though dead. 
 
 In Baltimore City Henry Goldsborough, 
 Republican candidate for Comptroller, re- 
 ceived 13,637 votes, against 28,221 cast for 
 Levin Woolford. 
 
 Postmaster General Creswell, in a po- 
 litical speech, referred to the rottenness and 
 corruption existing in municipal affairs, an 
 attack which elicited a vigorous reply from 
 Governor IVhyte, who paid his respects to 
 the Postmaster General in this manner: "If 
 brass should be made a legal tender and 
 Creswell be used up, the national embar- 
 rassments for want of currency might be 
 speedily cured. Creswell's speech in the 
 New Assembly Rooms recalled to many an 
 aged negro the old Mississippi song of 
 
 " 'Wheel about, and turn about and do just so, 
 And every time you jump about, you jump Jim 
 Crow.' 
 
 "Monbaddo has said that man is such an 
 imitative animal that he must have been at 
 one time a monkey, and it seems very likely 
 now that Maryland will imitate Ohio. The 
 Custom House army and reform recruits 
 will scarcely be able to stop it. This bal- 
 loon party will be torn into more tatters 
 than Inskip's tent. The Reform party, 
 swaddled in the Custom House and nursed 
 by the United States District Attorney, is 
 an infant that will not live long." 
 
 The Governor said "a boy had been sent 
 to a doctor's shop; he got scared at a skele- 
 ton and ran across the street. The doctor 
 called the boy back, but he kept running 
 away, saying, 'You are the same old skele- 
 ton, only you have clothes on.' We have 
 now the Custom House Radical party with 
 its Reform clothes on." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1874. 
 
 On Tliursday, September 17th, Thomas 
 Swann was again nominated for Congress 
 in the upper Baltimore district, and William 
 J. O'Brien in the lower one. The chairman 
 of the convention announced Mr. O'Brien 
 nomination for the Forty-fifth Congress, 
 when it should have been the Forty-fourth. 
 Mr. O'Brien's opponents amused them- 
 selves by saying there was no Democratic 
 nomination for the Forty-fifth Congress. 
 
 In the upper Baltimore district the Re- 
 publicans nominated John R. Cox and in 
 the lower James S. Suter for Congress. 
 Neither of the candidates were speech- 
 makers. It was in all probability as dull 
 a political campaign as ever was held in 
 modern times. The Democrats did not hold 
 any grand rallies, and only one was held 
 
 by the Republicans. That meeting was on 
 Friday night, October 30th, in the New- 
 Assembly Rooms. Mr. R. Stockett Ma- 
 thews, in the course of his speech, said, "no 
 one had seen an explanation of the creation 
 of the floating debt of $3,000,000 that we 
 were called on to fund. Who can tell of 
 the costs of that monstrous City Hall, with 
 its monstrously ugly dome? Who can tell 
 of the bills paid to the most aristocratic up- 
 holsterer outside of New York? Who can 
 tell why it was necessary to increase the 
 taxes in Baltimore, which are already oner- 
 ous? The streets are badly paved and but 
 for the rains of heaven the city would be 
 decimated by pestilence." 
 
 At the election in November Swann had 
 10,024 votes and Cox had 6,910 votes. 
 O'Brien had 9,287 votes and Suter had 
 4.834. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Events from 1875 to 1895 Inclusive; or, Reformers and Republicans 
 IN Alliance Defeating the Democratic Party. 
 
 The dissensions in the Democratic party 
 on the subject of bossism and corruption 
 made a serious break in its ranks. The dis- 
 senters, led by men of influence, of whom 
 were ex-Confederate soldiers, raised the 
 standard of revolt against the regulars in 
 the cause of good government, and allied 
 themselves with the Republicans. The 
 facts as succeedingly presented exemplifies 
 that there is no peril in a false ballot that 
 can overtake the State, when the masses 
 are incorruptible. 
 
 This chapter sets forth the dislodgement 
 of the Democratic party from power and 
 the installation of the Republican party in 
 its place, after defeats and discouragements 
 without a parallel in the history of local 
 politics. 
 
 The first serious attempt at reform in 
 State and municipal methods was inaugu- 
 rated in Baltimore this year. Tuesday, Sep- 
 tember 7th, a meeting of Independent Dem- 
 ocratic ana Conservative voters was held in 
 the Masonic Temple, H. Clay Smith pre- 
 siding. He submitted a statement of the 
 enormous increase in taxation, declaring 
 there was a demand for reform in every 
 branch of municipal government. John S. 
 Rccsc said: "The object of the meeting is to 
 rebuke the leaders of the Democratic party 
 because they have nominated men for the 
 ofifice of the Citv Council, and the Legisla- 
 
 ture of the State, who by common and uni- 
 versal consent are utterly unfit." Mr. Reese 
 asked, "Who is the Democratic party?" 
 when a voice answered, "Thomas Swann," 
 amid laughter and applause. 
 
 Skipwith VVilmer: "We are tired of see- 
 ing men intrusted with the management of 
 the finances of the State whom we would 
 not trust around the corner with a five dol- 
 lar bill." 
 
 Judge William P. Malsby: "The Demo- 
 cratic Conservative party has been in con- 
 trol of the State since 1866." Here he was 
 interrupted by some one saying, "And they 
 always will be," to which he replied: "I trust 
 for my country's sake they always will be, 
 but for my country's and party's sake that 
 it will no longer continue under the present 
 leadership." 
 
 Henry M. Warfield was nominated for 
 Mayor of Baltimore by Reformers and en- 
 dorsed by Republicans. A committee ap- 
 pointed by the State Republican Conven- 
 tion met a similar committee appointed by 
 Reformers, and J. Morrison Harris was 
 agreed upon as nominee for Governor, S. 
 Teackle Wallis for Attorney General, and 
 Edward Wilkins for Comptroller. 
 
 The campaign was aggressive on the part 
 of both parties. The Democrats nominated 
 for Governor John Lee Carroll; Attorney 
 General, Charles J. M. Gwinn: Comptroller, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Levin Woolford, and Mayor of Baltimore, 
 Ferdinand C. Latrobe. The first grand 
 rally of the Democrats was held Friday, 
 September 17th. Hon. Reverdy Johnson 
 presided. He was on account of blindness 
 unable to read his speech, which act was 
 performed for him by J. A. McClure. 
 
 The speech was a defense of the nominees 
 and of the right to organize rings, which 
 constituted the first division of his remarks. 
 His second division was "the particular ob- 
 jection to Mr. Carroll is that he is a Roman 
 Catholic." On that point Mr. Johnson 
 said: "But what is the rehgious faith whose 
 followers would consign to political servi- 
 tude. It is the religion of Jesus. Every 
 Roman Catholic believes in it as firmly as 
 any one belonging to other religious sects. 
 They have different mode of worship. So 
 have other sects. But the essentials of the 
 faith are conmion to all. They believe in 
 the divinity of Jesus, in the Trinity and the 
 Atonement. Let all Christians believe in 
 those essentials of faith. Have Catholics 
 ever failed to be good citizens?" 
 
 The third part of Mr. Johnson's speech 
 was a defense of the municipal government. 
 His closing paragraph was: "Do, then, as 
 I am sure you will, roll up such majorities 
 for your candidates as was recently done by 
 your Democratic associates in California 
 for theirs, thus carrying dismay and assur- 
 ing a signal defeat to the enemies of the 
 dominant party and satisfying the good men 
 of all parties that our institutions will be 
 preserved from farther encroachment and 
 enlightened liberty maintained." 
 
 John Lee Carroll closed his speech with 
 these sentences: "Who can deny that the 
 administration of our laws has been faith- 
 ful and impartial, that the credit of the State 
 
 has been firmly maintained in the midst of 
 financial storms, that education has been 
 dispensed with a liberal hand, and that or- 
 der and good government have everywhere 
 prevailed." 
 
 Mr. Joint V. L. Fiiidlay defended Mr. 
 Latrobe and I\Ir. Carroll from the imputa- 
 tion of belonging to a ring. He said: 
 "When it becomes necessary to nominate 
 candidates in secret, by a body or council 
 selected in secret, the genius of free Amer- 
 ica will no longer rule. What weapon shall 
 we use to fight this enemy with, who screens 
 himself with darkness ? Hatched in the re- 
 cesses of the jungle, its origin is stamped 
 with the primeval curse. The Republicans 
 and Potato Bugs had nothing to say in 
 support of reform when the Louisiana out- 
 rage was being perpetrated, when Sheridan 
 marched rough shod through the Legisla- 
 ture of that State. What has been the re- 
 sult of Republican reform ? Bankruptcy in 
 the South and panic and failures in the 
 North. This is the reform these men have 
 given us with which to start the new cen- 
 tury. I prefer to follow under the lead of 
 the illustrious descendant of Charles Car- 
 roll, of Carrollton. After investing the col- 
 ored citizens with the right to theatres, ho- 
 tels and graveyards, they put them in cir- 
 culation stamped on one side with the God- 
 dess of Liberty and on the other with the 
 American eagle. They taught them to save 
 money and built them a bank of Seneca sand 
 stone in Washington. Soon the millions 
 flowed in from the cotton-fields of the South 
 and from the toiling colored people all over 
 the country to the institution built of the 
 primitive rock and watched over by the eye 
 of the Christian statesman. The reformers 
 then took this fund and divided it among 
 
I 
 
 ^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 205 
 
 themselves. The Republican party to re- 
 form the land ; if the Republican party re- 
 forms itself it will have enough to do. 
 
 "The American claims credit for the Re- 
 publican party's administration of affairs of 
 the city and State in 1864. It was the Union 
 party; the Republican party was not in 
 power in this city and State in 1864. In 
 May, 1866, the party split — one portion 
 coalescing with the Democratic Conserva- 
 tive party and the other with the Republi- 
 can party. Therefore the credit claimed 
 must be divided between the Republicans 
 and that large portion of the Union party 
 that joined with the Democrats. 
 
 "The radical party never had an existence 
 in this State until the Fifteenth Amendment 
 was adopted. Before that it was only a ring 
 of Federal office holders. In 1866 they ap- 
 propriated $20,000 of the city's money to 
 corrupt the Legislature of the State and 
 made an assessment of $15,000 more on the 
 salaries of all the office holders for the same 
 purpose. The cry is for reform. Then let 
 it begin where it belongs. Let new life be- 
 gin where death took its start. Begin at 
 Washington; until it is purified it will be 
 useless to attempt any reform. Remember 
 this, Democrats, and inscribe it on your 
 banners that a vote for the bugs is a vote 
 for the rads." 
 
 Mr. F. C. Latrobe railed against secret 
 organizations, exclaiming: "Why not come 
 out in the open light of day and let us know 
 what oaths and obligations you require of 
 your candidates before admitting them to 
 your lodges. They are initiated and then 
 nominated, and then you tell us the veil of 
 secrecy is thrown aside. Give us the names 
 of the members of your supreme council — 
 give us the tests required of your candidates 
 
 — let us know who and what is the power 
 that crouches in the corner as soon as the 
 door is thrown open." 
 
 A merchants' meeting in support of the 
 reform ticket was held in the ]\Iasonic Tem- 
 ple, Tuesday evening, September 28th. Mr. 
 W. W. Spencc, the president, made a speech 
 and read a report of a committee of twenty- 
 five citizens who submitted tlie State Re- 
 form ticket. 
 
 /. Morrison Harris, the Reform Guberna- 
 torial candidate, said: "Now, gentlemen, I 
 come before you clothed by your kindly act 
 with responsibilities of gravity and moment 
 and I am ready to assume their weight earn- 
 estly and honestly and as fully as my ability 
 will permit, to justify your confidence in my 
 discharge of them. You are going to test 
 in this State that great omnipotent, demo- 
 cratic principle of the right of the many and 
 not of the few. We are going to teach the 
 individuals who have been manipulating to 
 their interest and your wrong, the adminis- 
 trative government of this city and State, 
 that behind them has ever sat and is now 
 rising in its might their masters. 
 
 "Men who heretofore have been most 
 literally antagonistic in political opinions 
 and contests are coming together in honest 
 and patriotic and all powerful union for the 
 purpose of vindicating the rights of the peo- 
 ple against administrative corruption and 
 fraud." 
 
 Mr. S. T cackle Wall is forw'arded from 
 New York where he was being treated for 
 throat disease, a lengthy letter, which was 
 read. He expressed himself caustically on 
 one point in Mr. Reverdy Johnson's 
 speech. Mr. Wallis wrote: "I am not a 
 Catholic, and consequently have no per- 
 sonal interest in vindicating the rights of 
 
206 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Catholics. The demagogism that bids for 
 CathoHc votes is quite as despicable in my 
 eyes as that which panders to anti-Catholic 
 intolerance. 
 
 "Since 1867 the Democratic party has 
 been practically reigning without opposi- 
 tion. It has made and marred what it has 
 pleased to make or mar. 
 
 "People who have hitherto regarded vot- 
 ing the ticket as almost the first duty of man 
 have begun to talk seriously of invading its 
 sacred precincts and striking ofif the names 
 of nominated knaves." 
 
 Hairy M. Warfichi: "This blending to- 
 gether of all classes and interests of our fair 
 city augurs well for the successful issue of 
 the reformation that is at hand. The ring 
 Democracy has flaunted until the sturdy, 
 the solid men of Baltimore, in their power, 
 aye, in their majesty, have risen to displace 
 them from their ruining rule. For the in- 
 terest of our city we cast aside former dif- 
 ferences and joining hands we protest at the 
 ballot box against ring rule, against its 
 broken promises of the past, even against 
 the promises of the future." 
 
 At a meeting held Thursday, October 
 1st, in Monument Square, Col. Wilkins 
 made this brief speech: "I will not detain 
 you long. The great reform party of Mary- 
 land having nominated me as their candi- 
 date for the office of Comptroller, I appear 
 before you this evening to express my 
 thanks for the distinguished honor. Liv- 
 ing as I have under my own vine and peach 
 tree, cultivating their fruits for a livelihood, 
 I have had no thought or care for tlic 
 graces of oratory, and I will not attempt a 
 speech. But I do, in all sincerity, pledge 
 myself, if elected, to discharge the duties if 
 tlie office faithfully and honostlv, and I will, 
 
 to the best of my ability, endeavor to secure 
 reform and retrenchment in the expendi- 
 tures of the State." 
 
 On the same evening the Democrats held 
 a meeting in the Maryland Institute. Wil- 
 liam Pinkney Whyte, made the following 
 pointed allusion to Mr. Wallis: "But the 
 gentleman who professing certain strong 
 political views, yet enters into association 
 with the fag end of all parties and assents 
 to a coalition with the enemies of his own 
 party, with men holding political opinions 
 widely at variance with his own and 
 representing an organization as demoral- 
 ized and corrupt as ever wielded power in 
 the National Government, all allied for the 
 common purpose of defeating the party to 
 which he claims adhesion — such a gentle- 
 man can inspire no confidence among re- 
 flecting men, no matter how pretentious he 
 may be in the assumption of a severe public 
 virtue or in the monopoly of all the decency 
 of political society. 
 
 "He may shoot his Parthian arrows, poi- 
 soned with venom, at his associates whom 
 he deserts, but a child may see and ap- 
 preciate from the bitterness of his invective 
 that he carries with him into the camp of 
 the enemy the anger of a Tartar rather 
 than the spirit of a Luther." 
 
 Mr. Carroll, under date of September 
 30th, addressed a letter to Mr. Wallis, say- 
 ing: "In your letter of acceptance as a 
 candidate for Attorney General, you have 
 seen fit to say that under the combinations 
 of the late Convention, no candidates could 
 escape the pledges, the compromises and 
 influences without which their nomination 
 could not, and would not, have been ef- 
 fected. I look upon this statement as di- 
 rectly assailing my integrity and honor, and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 207 
 
 the fact that its personal application is at- 
 tempted by innuendo does not lessen the 
 gravity of the assertion." The letter con- 
 cluded by asking Mr. Wallis to verify his 
 statement or stand convicted as a slanderer, 
 who has refused to spare the wanton injury 
 he has attempted to inflict. 
 
 Mr. Wallis replied by letter, under date 
 of October ist, saying: "Your letter of 
 September 30th has just reached me by this 
 morning's mail. Until you shall see fit to 
 make suitable apology for the grossness of 
 the language which you have so far for- 
 gotten the commonest proprieties among 
 gentlemen as to use in it, you will be pleased 
 to consider this the only personal notice 
 which I think it deserves." 
 
 Mr. Wallis, under date of October 9th, 
 issued an address to the voters of Maryland, 
 in which he reciprocated Mr. Whyte's com- 
 pliments. After moralizing on the true 
 spirit of reform, he said: "I am quite aware 
 that this view of human and political nature 
 is utterly repudiated by that eminent moral- 
 ist, Mr. Pinkney Whyte. In the delightful 
 discourse which was read by that illustrious 
 person at the Maryland Institute, he treated 
 the very suggestion of it as an evidence 
 of my innate depravity. But I meant to 
 speak only of the rule in humanity and not 
 the exception. I had only in my mind the 
 "common run of men' — those who live and 
 move in the plane of average intelligence 
 and virtue. I know that they — and I as 
 one of them — sin ninety and nine times 
 daily; whereas, hardly a day passes that 
 Mr. Whyte does not find himself compelled 
 like Mr. Pecksniff to lay sudden hold on 
 something heavy, to prevent himself as- 
 cending into Heaven. * * * * jf i,g },jj 
 ever suspected that the election of Mr, Car- 
 
 roll as Governor could by possibility have 
 the remotest influence in promoting his own 
 re-election to the United States Senate, we 
 all know that he would have taken ofif his 
 coat (which, I believe, is his usual way of 
 serving his country) to secure the nomina- 
 tion of Mr. Hamilton, merely to win the ap- 
 plause of his own conscience. I submit, 
 therefore, that he is too far above what I am 
 treating of to know anything about it." 
 
 The election returns in Baltimore gave 
 Latrobe, over Warfield, 2,567 majority for 
 Mayor. Harris had 21,853, and Carroll 
 36,959 votes for Governor. Wallis had 22,- 
 588 and Gwinn 36,835 votes for Attorney 
 General. 
 
 1876. 
 The reform excitement of 1875 was car- 
 ried into the Presidential election of 1876. 
 Hays and Wheeler were the Republican 
 candidates for President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent, and Tilden and Hendricks their Dem- 
 ocratic opponents. In the Second Con- 
 gressional District, William Kimmel was 
 the Democratic candidate for Congress, and 
 William E. Goldsborough, Reform candi- 
 date. In the Third, Thomas Swann was 
 the Democratic candidate, and Dr. James 
 H. Butler, the Republican. 
 
 On Friday evening, September 9th, a Re- 
 publican mass meeting at Cross Street Mar- 
 ket Hall, was broken up by Democratic 
 rowdies. Mr. C. Irving Ditty, William M. 
 Marine and Judge William G. Riley, of 
 Virginia, were the advertised speakers. Mr. 
 Ditty was delivering his speech when pis- 
 tols were fired, and a rush made for the 
 speakers' stand. Mr. Ditty was attacked 
 and beaten with a billy. The meeting dis- 
 persed in the wildest panic: hundreds jump- 
 ing out the hall windows to the market 
 
208 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 house roof and escaping in that manner. 
 Mr. Ditty, accompanied by Mr. Marine, 
 and the two by a file of police, visited a 
 neighboring apothecary shop, where Dit- 
 ty's wounds were dressed. 
 
 On Monday evening, the loth of Oc- 
 tober, Masonic Temple was filled to over- 
 flowing with an "Indignation meeting." 
 William I. Albert presided. On taking the 
 chair, he said: "This outpouring of men 
 of all trades shows that the great public 
 heart has been touched, and that the out- 
 rage of Friday night has evoked a deter- 
 mined spirit on the part of the niasses that 
 augurs well for the future." 
 
 j\lr. Ditty made the speech of the even- 
 ing, in which he reviewed the circumstances 
 attending the breaking up of the Cross 
 street hall meeting. He showed in his 
 speech how lawlessness went unpunished 
 by the civil authorities of the city. 
 
 Mr. R. Stockctt Mathczcs: -I am dis- 
 appointed in the character of this meeting. 
 It was reasonable to suppose that the out- 
 rage we have met to condemn would arouse 
 into activity and expression the indignation 
 and patriotism of those who, for the last 
 fifteen years, have been continually busied 
 in manufacturing occasions for denouncing 
 outrages elsewhere. We may be pardoned 
 for supposing that one or two Democrats 
 would have found their way here, and in 
 the presence of this vast audience, have 
 made a public confession of what they had 
 admitted in their private acknowledg- 
 ments. ' 
 
 Henry Clay Dallam (a Confederate and a 
 Democrat) wrote in answer to an invitation 
 to be present: "I accepted, two days ago, 
 an invitation to address a Democratic meet- 
 ing to-night. If I can fulfill that engage- 
 
 ment in time, I will be at your meeting, 
 which is called, as you express it, 'in vin- 
 dication of the right of free speech.' " Al- 
 though late, Mr. Dallam was present, and 
 condemned the outrage of which complaint 
 was made. 
 
 The assault on Mr. Ditty resulted in two 
 trials in the Criminal Court of Baltimore 
 and a removal of the case finally to the 
 Circuit Court of Baltimore county, where 
 it was abandoned. 
 
 The campaign of this year was active and 
 several mass meetings were held by both 
 parties. At the election for candidates to 
 the City Council, October 25th, the Demo- 
 cratic majority was 5,780. 
 
 At the Presidential election, Tuesday, 
 November 7th, Tilden received 32,189 votes 
 in Baltimore City and Hays 22,100 votes. 
 Kimmel, Democrat, for Congress in the 
 nine lower wards of Baltimore, received 
 14,257 votes, and Goldsborough, 8,562 
 votes. In the upper wards, Swann, Demo- 
 crat, received 15,259 votes, and Butler, Re- 
 publican, 12,728 votes. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Wednesday, September 5th, a mass meet- 
 ing was held in the Maryland Institute, 
 over which James Flynn presided. An ad- 
 dress was read and adopted by the Re- 
 formers assembled, who nominated Henry 
 M. Warfield for Mayor. 
 
 Mr. JVa)iield: "Entering upon another 
 campaign for the supremacy of the people 
 over that element which has made the pur- 
 ity of the ballot-box a by-word and a 
 mockery, I am here to join with you in 
 inaugurating an active co-operation to pro- 
 duce that result, which will stimulate the 
 zeal of all good citizens. The source of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 209 
 
 ills which we rightly claim to exist, eman- 
 ates from a ballot-box which has been con- 
 trolled by the enemies of Constitutional lib- 
 erty, and who, if permitted to continue their 
 illegal and ruffianly possession, will hasten 
 us on to irretrievable ruin. There is no 
 sacrifice the good citizen should not gladly 
 make to retrieve the errors of the past. We 
 want no more political ruffianism dispensed 
 at the ballot-box as in 1875. We claun a 
 discriminating economy in the administra- 
 tion of city affairs; the abolishment of sine- 
 cures; the payment of money to the man 
 who earns it, not to the ring-master who 
 recommended him." 
 
 Mr. Robert D. Morison: "If it was right 
 Mr. Warfield should be supported in 1875, 
 what has happened in the meantime to 
 make it wrong that he should not be sup- 
 ported now? Has the ring abdicated its 
 sceptre in a fit of virtue and lain down to sin- 
 less dreams ? Have the recent primary elec- 
 tions been conducted decently and fairly? 
 Has ballot-box stuffing become a thing of 
 the past? Have pudding tickets ceased to 
 be used? Have roughs and rowdies ceased 
 to knock down and bully where they cannot 
 win by other means?" 
 
 Thursday, September 6th, the Working- 
 men's Convention met at Rain's Hall and 
 nominated Joseph Thompson, familiarly 
 known as the "Blacksmith of Old Town," 
 for ]\Iayor. The candidate said, in accept- 
 ing the nomination: "This is a spontane- 
 ous uprising of the working people, and T 
 cannot help but feel that it was the hand 
 of the Almighty power that made my name 
 so warm in the hearts of such a large num- 
 ber of the people of this city. 
 
 "Like a weed I was thrown on the tide of 
 popularity where the wave of your kindness 
 
 took me up and landed me on an elevated 
 spot in the sunshine of your favor. 
 
 "The delegates were consistent in adher- 
 ing to the doctrine that the office is to seek 
 the man and not the man the office. They 
 made the workshop the peer of any man's 
 office. 
 
 "A man is not born to conditions in this 
 country. Here are no titles — dukes, bar- 
 onets or kings. Men, however, rise to con- 
 ditions and in that rise there might be 
 chances of fraud. There's tHe rub. When 
 we assist an honest man to rise we are some- 
 times mistaken and take impudence for in- 
 telligence, ignorance for modesty, and merit 
 falls behind, spurned to the ground, while 
 presumptuous ignorance takes its place. 
 We may, however, always read a man's 
 character. 'A pigmy is a pigmy still 
 though perched on Alps, and pyramids 
 are pyramids in vales. A man's character 
 remains the same whether you find him in 
 the halls of legislation or breaking stone 
 on the turnpike.' 
 
 "I would rather, before heaven, be an 
 honest blacksmith than a dishonest Mayor." 
 October loth, 1877, at a Democratic 
 meeting in support of the regular ticket, 
 held at Masonic Temple, 5". Teackle Wallis 
 made a speech in which he said: "Two 
 years ago I was read out of the Democratic 
 party. I was told the doors were forever 
 barred against me and no matter how long 
 the lamp held out to burn, so vile a sinner 
 could not return. I knew the day would 
 be sure to come, no matter what would be 
 the differences of opinion, Avhen the great 
 heart of the Democratic party would be ju.st 
 to any man who had no other object than its 
 purification. 
 
 "It is a mistake and a misfortune for Mr. 
 
210 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Warfield to be placed where he is. In the 
 nomination of George P. Kane, no reform 
 nomination was necessary. 
 
 "As to the Workingman's candidate for 
 Mayor, I cannot say that my father ever 
 worked with his father, and therefore, if I 
 called him Joe, it would be taking a great 
 liberty. He is a clever man, and a man of 
 good education. He makes a good use of 
 words — furnished — I think, some times, 
 from someone else. The principles of the 
 new party are communistic. Their men 
 justify the burning of depots and other 
 property. Men who do this and tell you 
 they are not communist, tell you, you are 
 fools." 
 
 Thursday, October I2th, Mr. Thompson 
 hit back. He said: "Mr. Wallis will not 
 call me Joe and I will return the compliment 
 by refraining from the liberty of calling him 
 Teackle. It is not necessary for me to say 
 that he tickled the Reform party in 1875 
 and that now he tickles the Democratic 
 party. 
 
 "I wish you all to understand that behind 
 the checkered shirts beat hearts; under the 
 workman's cap there is intelligence, and 
 under his hardy hand is skill." 
 
 At the municipal election held October 
 24, 1877, George P. Kane, Democratic can- 
 didate for Mayor, received 33,098 votes; 
 Thompson, Workingman's candidate, 17,- 
 389 votes, and Warfield, Reform, received 
 535 votes. 
 
 At the election held Tuesday, Xovember 
 
 6, Keating, Democratic candidate for 
 
 Comptroller, received 28,087, and Porter, 
 
 Republican, received 6,396 votes. 
 
 1878. 
 
 During the fall campaign of 1S78, in the 
 Third Congressional District, Wni. Kinimel 
 
 was nominated for Congress by the Demo- 
 crats, and Joseph Thompson by the Tem- 
 perance party. 
 
 In the Fourth Congressional District, 
 Robt. M. ilcLane was nominated by the 
 Democrats for Congress, and Col. John C. 
 Holland was nominated by the Republi- 
 cans. In a speech made by Mr. Holland 
 on Monday evening, October 7, he said: 
 "Mr. McLane had given a gloomy account 
 of the finances of the country; let us com- 
 pare, then, the Democratic ring rule in Bal- 
 timore City. Taxes in this city have gone 
 up until they have become a permanent 
 mortgage on property. They have piled 
 up the debt at the rate of a million a year 
 and they want to fund a million of the float- 
 ing debt and bonds in Baltimore. In 
 the meantime the Government of the 
 United States has been reducing its debt 
 millions of dollars annually." 
 
 At a Democratic meeting on Wednesday, 
 October 9th, Mr. Kimmcl said: "The ex- 
 istence of the spirit of Democracy was trac- 
 able in ancient Grecian history down 
 through the monarchies of the Old World. 
 
 "In 1866 the Democracy entered a sol- 
 emn protest against the expenditure of 
 $400,000,000 by a Republican Congress. 
 The Republicans have imposed an unjust 
 tariff and have maintained a standing army 
 for the purpose of policing the Southern 
 States." 
 
 Mr. Robt. M. McLanc. at a meeting on 
 Friday, October nth, said: "Nothing in 
 history exceeds the folly and immorality of 
 the fiscal policy of the Republican party in 
 war and peace in squandering the public 
 funds and exhausting our resources. 
 
 "Its progress and administration were 
 signalized by waste and corruption in its ex- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 211 
 
 penditures, with an amount of taxation un- 
 paralleled in the history of any country of 
 like population and resources. Its ways of 
 taxation were even more ruinous to the 
 trade and business of the country than its 
 amount." 
 
 Joseph Thompson, at a meeting on Thurs- 
 day evening, October 31st, said: "Mr. 
 Kimmel should not be elected to Congress, 
 because he had been there before and has 
 done nothing for us. 
 
 "He has been trying to find out who was 
 elected President two years after the elec- 
 tion, while labor was starving and wanted 
 legislation; while the shipcarpenters in Bal- 
 timore were selling their tools to support 
 their families, and while our navy was going 
 to wreck he was trying to reduce the army 
 by turning out poor soldiers who were re- 
 ceiving from the Government $16.00 per 
 month for keeping in order the Indians." 
 
 The result of this fall election was : Mr. 
 Kimmell received 11,472 votes, and Mr. 
 Thompson received 4,908 votes in the Third 
 Congressional District; Mr. McLane re- 
 ceived 11,064 votes and Mr. Holland re- 
 ceived 6,671 votes in the Fourth Congres- 
 sional District. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Thursday, September nth, Wm. J. 
 Hooper was nominated by the Republicans 
 for Mayor of Baltimore, and on September 
 1 2th, Jaines A. Gary was nominated for 
 Governor by the same party. 
 
 The Democratic nominee for Mayor was 
 F. C. Latrobe, and Wm. T. Hamilton for 
 Governor. 
 
 At a Republican mass meeting at the 
 Concordia Opera House, Mr. James A. 
 Gary said: "It is exceedingly proper that 
 I should begin my campaign in the city of 
 
 Baltimore, not simply because it is the cen- 
 tre of a vast population with which I sym- 
 pathize in all of its plans 01 action, industry, 
 expanding commerce and intellectual and 
 moral growth, but because this city is the 
 victim of excessive taxation, and the prin- 
 cipal political factor by which the rest of the 
 State is kept in subjection by political mis- 
 rule." 
 
 At a Republican mass meeting on 
 Wednesday, October 8th, Mr. Hooper said: 
 "I am no alchemist. I only desire to call 
 your attention to the fact that if our city 
 indebtedness be permitted to increase in the 
 same ratio for the next twelve years that it 
 has in the past twelve years, it requires no 
 prophetic hand to trace in living legible 
 letters upon the escutcheon of our city — 
 bankruptcy." 
 
 Hon. John A. J. Crcszvcll: "We are in 
 a most deplorable condition to-day in Mary- 
 land. The dominant party have organized 
 rings and cliques, and have been most cor- 
 rupt in their management of State and 
 municipal affairs." 
 
 At a Democratic meeting Thursday, Oc- 
 tober 9th, Mr. Latrobe replied to Mr. 
 Hooper's speech: "Mr. Hooper had given 
 figures in connection with the financial con- 
 dition of the city of Baltimore which were 
 calculated to mislead the public. 
 
 At the Democratic mass meeting on Sep- 
 tember 29th, Wm. T. Hamilton maintained: 
 "There is a cry of abuses; abuses they may 
 and perhaps do exist, for there will always 
 be unworthy camp followers of strong and 
 victorious parties. Where abuses are dis- 
 covered, they should be weeded out; but 
 this is not to be done by transferring the 
 power to the Republican party. Remem- 
 ber that if you elect a Republican Governor, 
 
212 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 you give him the power to appoint your 
 supervisors of elections and your Police 
 Commissioners. Do you think it expedi- 
 ent at this junction to give this power to 
 the Republicans?" 
 
 During this interesting campaign, Jo- 
 seph Thompson made speeches for the 
 cause of candidate Hamilton and Messrs. 
 Whyte and Gorman appeared upon the 
 hustings in friendly fellowship for Mr. 
 Hamilton. 
 
 At the municipal election in October, 
 Mr. Latrobe received 25,729 votes for 
 Mayor, and Mr. Hooper 19,830 votes; 95 
 votes were cast for Augustus Mathiot as 
 Greenback candidate. 
 
 At the Gubernatorial election held in 
 November, I\lr. Hamilton received 29,184 
 votes, and ^^Ir. Gary 17,910 votes in Bal- 
 timore City. 
 
 1880. 
 
 The Republican candidate for Congress 
 in the Third District was Joshua Horner, 
 Jr. Knock Pratt was nominated in the 
 Fourth Congressional District. He de- 
 clined and in his stead George C. Maund 
 was named. 
 
 The Democratic nominees were Fetter 
 S. Hoblitzel, in the Third District, and 
 Robt. M. McLane in the Fourth District. 
 James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur 
 were Republican nominees for President 
 and Vice-President, and Gen. Wm. F. Han- 
 cock and Wm. H. English, the Demo- 
 cratic nominees. 
 
 At a Republican mass meeting in the 
 Fourth District, Wednesday, October 20th, 
 Mr. Maund, in his address, said: "Three 
 things at least the Republican party had 
 accomplished — the preservation of the 
 United Stater, the abolition of slavery, that 
 
 contradiction for 70 years or more of the 
 first sentence in the Constitution of the 
 United States, and the preservation of the 
 National honor by the payment of its debts. 
 The Republican party had done all that 
 work, and good work it was. Now the 
 Democratic party is trying to claim all the 
 glory; they say this platform dififers from 
 our's in scarcely any particular, but why? 
 Because they are stealing our thunder. It 
 is not that we have gone over to them, but 
 we have dragged them up in spite of them- 
 selves to our level." 
 
 Archibald Stirling, Jr.: "The Demo- 
 crats cried for change; they should not ob- 
 ject to a little right here. No candidate 
 had been nominated for Congress by the 
 Democrats unless they signified in some 
 way or other that they belonged to A. P. 
 Gorman & Co. It was strange to see men 
 formerly pledged to Wm. Pinkney Whyte 
 so tied down as they now were. It is not 
 to the interest of any Democrat not di- 
 rectly bound to the McLane faction to vote 
 for him." 
 
 At a Republican meeting in the Third 
 District, October 21st, Joshua Horner, Jr., 
 said : "Were the Democratic ideas carried 
 out, the result would be the wiping from 
 existence of the middle class, and the de- 
 basement of the working people into a half- 
 paid, half-starved and half-fed race; the ele- 
 vation into power of an aristocracy of 
 wealth." 
 
 At the election in October for Council- 
 men, the Democrats polled 23.330 votes 
 and the Republicans 14,170. 
 
 At the election in November, ]Mr. Hob- 
 litzel, in the Third District, polled 13,639 
 votes and Mr. Horner 9,965. In the Fourth 
 Congressional District, Mr. IvIcLane 15,- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 728 votes and Mr. Maund 13,533. Gen. 
 Hancock received 32,772 votes and Gen. 
 Garfield 23,338. 
 
 1881. 
 
 At the city election in October for mem- 
 bers of Council, the Democrats polled 23,- 
 549 and the old line Democrats 4,800 votes; 
 the Republicans 7,903. Wm. Pinkney 
 Whyte, the Democratic candidate for 
 Mayor, received 29,364 votes and James 
 L. Bartol, Independent, received 10,872. 
 The Republican candidate for Comptroller 
 of the State was Thomas Gorsuch, and the 
 Democratic nominee, Thos. J. Keating, for 
 whom was cast 24,289 votes, while Gorsuch 
 had only 12,507 votes. It was a spiritless 
 campaign without life enough to make it 
 interesting. 
 
 1882. 
 
 The contest this year in Balitmore City 
 for Democratic nominations for Congress, 
 was exceedingly lively. Mr. Hoblitzel was 
 nominated in the Third District and Mr. 
 Jno. V. L. Findlay in the Fourth District by 
 the Democrats. In the Third District the 
 Republicans nominated Col. Theodore F. 
 Lang, and in the Fourth District Henry 
 Stockbridge, Sr. Zest was given to the 
 campaign this year by reason of the expira- 
 tion of the terms of judges of the respective 
 courts constituting the Supreme Bench of 
 Baltimore City. The old Judges were Robt. 
 Gilmor, Henry F. Gary and Campbell W. 
 Pinkney, all candidates for re-election. 
 Wm. A. Fisher had been nominated in 
 place of Geo. W. Dobbin, who retired by 
 reason of his advanced age. 
 
 Wm. A. Stewart, Charles E. Phelps and 
 Edward Duffy were named by the Inde- 
 pendent Democrats and endorsed bv the 
 
 great body of Republicans. These ac- 
 cepted W. A. Fisher and placed his name 
 on their ticket. John C. King and George 
 C. Maund were nominated by the dissatis- 
 fied Republicans who professed to believe 
 in maintaining their organization, and Lu- 
 ther M. Reynolds by the Labor party. 
 
 The civil service reformers gave life to 
 the campaign this year by a series of ques- 
 tions which they submitted to the candi- 
 dates for Congress. 
 
 At a Democratic meeting, Friday, Octo- 
 ber 20th, in the Third Congressional Dis- 
 trict, Henry M. WarHeld, Sr., appeared to 
 champion the election of the Regular Dem- 
 ocratic ticket. He said of the old Judges: 
 "They were nominated by the regular Dem- 
 ocratic party: they will be upheld by the 
 regular Democrats. I have nothing to say 
 against the so-called Independent move- 
 ment. They are honorable men, but I am 
 a civil service reformer and I don't believe 
 in putting away good men, faithful public 
 servants, and filling their places with those 
 of whom we know not." 
 
 Mr. Hoblitcd: "Democratic honesty held 
 the Nation's purse strings and many 
 millions were saved to the people during 
 the six years the Democrats held sway in 
 Congress. The advent of the 47th brought 
 a new order of things, faction and strife 
 which had been slumbering broke out 
 afresh." 
 
 Mayor ll'hytc: "The judicial ticket 
 chosen by thousands of the Democratic 
 party was not good enough for National 
 bank presidents, corporation magnates and 
 commercial people, and so they must have 
 a trader's ticket evolved on business prin- 
 ciples out of barters with Custom House 
 
214 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 officials, Federal district attorneys and dis- 
 appointed aspirants for judicial offices." 
 
 Monday, October 23rd, Mr. Findlay ad- 
 dressed a meeting in his District and thus 
 declared his position: "I go for the old 
 Judges, because I think they have done 
 their duty. During the Buchanan Presi- 
 dential election I was a schoolboy. In sym- 
 pathy I went with the moderate men of the 
 country when I became a man. I certainly 
 was not a Republican either then or at any 
 subsequent time, either by name or in sym- 
 pathy or in principle. I contended that uni- 
 versal negro suffrage was a tremendous 
 blunder." Mr. Stockbridgc, his opponent, 
 declared that he thought "it was an act of 
 wise statesmanship." 
 
 Col. Lang addressed a meeting in the 
 Third District on the same evening, saying: 
 ■■'Ihe Republican party provided this coun- 
 try with the safest banking system ever 
 known, and it believes in the education of 
 tne masses. It has placed our credit on a 
 par with that of any other nation." 
 
 At the Council election in October, the 
 Democrats received 24,495 votes and the 
 Republicans received 12,042 votes. 
 
 At a meeting held in Cross Street jNIarket 
 Hall, Thursday, October 22nd, IVilliam M. 
 Marine, speaking for the election of H. B. 
 Holton, Republican, for Congress in the 
 Fifth District, said in part: "The old time 
 friends of labor were the Whigs ; opposed to 
 them were the Democrats, who decried 
 free labor, tariff and internal improvements. 
 The embodiment of those principles into a 
 creed has become the fundamental ground 
 work of the Republican party. They were 
 held by the rail-splitter Lincoln and by 
 Garfield of the towpath. On the arch that 
 rises majestically and inipcrishably to pub- 
 
 lic view in flaming letters, prominent in the 
 sunlight of day and bright as the stars of 
 night, are these words: Freedom, Frater- 
 nity and Protection to American Fields and 
 Workshops. The tariff is a barrier that for- 
 eign competition cannot surmount. It is a 
 dike that they never can cross, the safety 
 line within which are the fires of the forge 
 and the hammer of the shop whose beats re- 
 sound with constant and continuing pros- 
 perity." 
 
 Col. H'ni. Kiiniiicl, member of Con- 
 gress, announced himself an Independent 
 Democratic candidate for Congress. He 
 addressed • meeting of his followers on 
 Thursday, October 26th, at Patterson Hall, 
 North Broadway. He averred that "free- 
 dom no longer existed in voting and in the 
 present way of conducting their primaries 
 there is no hope of honest elections, unless 
 the people do away with bossism and cor- 
 ruption." While engaged in his work in 
 Congress two years ago, he had been 
 thrown overboard by ring tricksters and 
 bosses, and Hoblitzel substituted in his 
 place. Dr. Milton N. Taylor, who presided 
 at the meeting, expressed the opinion that 
 "the old Judges were clever enough them- 
 selves, but they were surrounded by cor- 
 rupt subordinates, who had shown their 
 audacity and tricks at the polls time and 
 time again." 
 
 On the evening of Friday, October 
 28th, a meeting was held .at the Con- 
 cordia Opera House, favorable to the elec- 
 tion of the new Judge ticket. Mr. John 
 H. Thomas avowed that "Mayor Whyte 
 had termed the Independent ticket a bas- 
 tard ticket, and had bidden it die a bas- 
 tard's death. He should not have said this. 
 .\ bailiff in the City Hall nominated Judge 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 215 
 
 Pinkney. Judge Gilmore was nominated 
 by Joe Thompson, once the People's can- 
 didate for jNIayor, and now rewarded for 
 his apostasy by an ofiEce in the City Hall." 
 
 Mr. Archibald Stirling, Jr., thought that 
 three Democrats and one Republican sat- 
 isfied everybody as a fair division. It was 
 all the Kepublicans had a right to expect, 
 and it gave him great pleasure to stand 
 shoulder to shoulder with men of opposite 
 politics in doing what was right. The mer- 
 chants and the mechanics were in favor of 
 the movement. The only chance with the 
 other side was to divide the negroes and 
 cheat as much as they could." 
 
 Mr. Bernard Carter: "I have no lamp 
 but the lamp of experience. These men 
 who stuffed the ballot-box from time to 
 time will stuff it now. 
 
 "There was no opposition in the Demo- 
 cratic party primaries recently held, and if 
 they stuffed the boxes, then in Heaven's 
 name, what would they have done had 
 there been opposition, and Messrs. Phelps 
 and Duffy had presented themselves as can- 
 didates. It has been shown ward by ward 
 that, there was a large vote cast at the ju- 
 dicial primary, when only ring Democrats 
 were allowed to vote." 
 
 Thursday, November i, at Hollins' Hall, 
 Mr. John K. Cowen made a speech favor- 
 able to the new Judge ticket, in which he 
 said, quoting the words of Mayor Whvte, 
 "that there was an infectious disease called 
 Independentism in the neighborhood. I 
 was inclined to bring a yellow flag along, 
 and I thank God there's independentism 
 here, and I shall be glad to see it spread." 
 
 Henry Stockbridge, Sr., on the evening of 
 the same day, spoke at Montgomery Insti- 
 tute, to a colored audience, savin?: "Do 
 
 not submit to the robbery of your franchise 
 ne.xt Tuesday. You will have the strong 
 arm of the United States to protect you. 
 There are persons going round to corrupt 
 the colored people with money and beer. 
 The violations in the Fourteenth Ward 
 have been traced uncommonly close to 
 prominent Democratic officials." 
 
 Saturday, November 4, that factioii of the 
 Republican party which had nominated a 
 straightout Republican judicial ticket held 
 their mass meeting. Gen. Felix Agnus de- 
 clared: "This fight is one in which your 
 own interest is to stand fast to the Repub- 
 lican party; that is the advice given you by 
 the American and by leaders who will bat- 
 tle for you and in whom you have learned 
 to trust." 
 
 R. Siockcit Matheivs told the audi- 
 ence it made no difference to him who 
 sat upon the bench, he should lose nothing 
 by it, but he said: "I do beg and beseech 
 you, for the love and honor of so many who 
 have lost their lives for your sake, to stand 
 by the old flag and the old cause." 
 
 Gen. Adam E. King spoke of his having 
 been "brought here, wounded, from the field 
 of battle, fighting for Hberty,"and then said, 
 "I canvassed for Abraham Lincoln. I have 
 not left the party, but the party has left me. 
 I denounce this Independent movement as 
 the offspring of the adulterous bed. Mr. 
 Geo. C. Maund is the man who drew the 
 resolutions which placed the mark of free- 
 dom upon the colored people of this State, 
 and he to-day is our honest, straightout 
 candidate for Judge." The election for 
 Congress in the Third District resulted in 
 Hoblitzel, Democrat, receiving 13.919 
 votes: Kimmel, 1,576 votes, and Lang, Re- 
 
216 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 publican, 9,015 votes. Pinkney, for Judge, 
 had 21,374 votes, being the lowest vote re- 
 ceived on the old Judge ticket. 
 
 Fisher, who had no opposition, received 
 52,578 votes. Phelps received the lowest 
 votes on the Independent judiciary ticket, 
 32,712 votes. King and Maund, on the Re- 
 publican ticket, had each a few votes over 
 1,000. Reynolds, Labor candidate, 503 
 votes. Findlay, Democrat, in the Fourth 
 District, for Congress, had 14.457 votes, 
 and Stockbridge, Republican, 12,093 votes. 
 
 18S3. 
 
 Wednesday, September 19th, the Demo- 
 cratic State Convention held in Baltimore 
 City, nominated Robt. M. McLane for Gov- 
 ernor: J. Frank Turner for Comptroller, 
 and Chas. B. Roberts for Attorney Gen- 
 eral. Thursday, September 28th, the Re- 
 pubHcans nominated for Governor, Hart B. 
 Holton; for Comptroller, Washington A. 
 Smith; Attorney General, R. Stockett Ma- 
 thews, who declined, and Francis Stockett 
 was substitued in his place. 
 
 The nomination of J. Morrison Harris 
 to be President of the Republican State 
 Convention was made by William M. Ma- 
 rine, who remarked: "Eight years ago the 
 forms of an election were gone through 
 by the Democrats, and a great fraud was 
 committed. There sits in this assembly 
 to-day an ex-Governor elected at that 
 time by the people of Maryland as 
 their chief magistrate, but Democratic 
 frauds and the rape of the ballot-box robbed 
 him of his right and he was never allowed 
 to exercise the prerogatives of the office to 
 whicli he was elected. It is meet, there- 
 fore, that at any Convention or assembly of 
 Rt'iniblicans, where this gentleman is pres- 
 
 ent, he should be honored with the 
 position of presiding officer. I think 
 I express the unanimous sentiment of the 
 Convention, therefore, when I name the 
 Hon. J. Morrison Ilarris, of Baltimore 
 county, as chairman." A scene of wild ap- 
 plause followed the speech and it was sev- 
 eral minutes before it ceased. Soon as Mr. 
 Harris appeared before the Convention it 
 was renewed until it amounted to an ova- 
 tion. When it subsided, he said, with great 
 feeling and with trembling voice: "I need 
 not, and indeed with difificulty only, could I 
 express the gratification with which, under 
 the circumstances of my nomination, I as- 
 sume the duties of this position. You have 
 given me a warm expression of the feeling 
 of the Republican party. My associations 
 with it in its hour of triumph and fraudulent 
 defeat have given me a warm sympathy in 
 your hearts. I thank you for this honor. 
 
 "We are not going to discuss the Con- 
 stitution of the State, but the positive, in- 
 herent, plain rights of the people of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 "We are here to do a business act. The 
 real friends of Reform must now look to 
 the Republican party. While we throw out 
 no glittering bait, we do appeal to them 
 on solid ground and ask them to verify by 
 their endorsement their desire for true re- 
 form. You can repeat the victory of eight 
 years ago and no Democratic chicancery or 
 fraud will dare again to wrest from you 
 the well-earned fruits of your success.'' 
 
 Monday, October 4th, Ferdinand C. Lat- 
 robe received the Democratic nomination 
 for Mayor of Baltimore, and on the 5th J. 
 Monroe Heiskel was placed in the field by 
 the Reformers. 
 
HISTORY Ol'* BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 217 
 
 Thursday evening, October nth, a Re- 
 publican meeting was held in Broadway 
 Hall. Col. Theodore Lang spoke, saying: 
 "Mr. McLane may not be as he says, the 
 superserviceable creature of the ring, but it 
 cannot be denied that what the ring wants 
 is what he wants. The ring had tried him in 
 the balance and he was not found wanting." 
 Mr. Marine: "This potential ring comes 
 as near being omnipotent as anything on 
 earth. The laboring men attempted to 
 break its power some years ago, but their 
 candidate for Mayor, Joseph Thompson, 
 eventually was seduced by it. It is an or- 
 ganization of ways and means and full of 
 crooked devices." 
 
 Hart B. Holton: "I will promise you if 
 the suffrage of the people shall elect me 
 your Governor, I will assiduously devote 
 my time to the work in which the people 
 are most interested; that is, the conserva- 
 tion of their material good." 
 
 Tuesday night, October i6th, at the Ma- 
 sonic Hall, Mr. S. Tcaekle Wallis spoke 
 maintaining that "Warfield was elected in 
 1875, but Latrobe took his office and the 
 salary." Mr. Wallis said some time ago he 
 had challenged the leaders of the frauds 
 perpetrated on Mr. Warfield, Mr. Harris 
 and himself; and they confessed to him that 
 the election was a fraud, but said, let by- 
 gones be by-gones. When litigation re- 
 sulted over the election, an order of the 
 Court came for the examination of the bal- 
 lot. Then it was that certain men were let 
 into the clerk's office of the Court on Sat- 
 urday, and they were in there Sunday and 
 robbed the ballot-boxes of Independent 
 tickets, put them in the stove and substi- 
 tuted Democratic tickets. He stated it as 
 a matter of fact. He had it from the lips of 
 
 men to whom the confession was made by 
 the guilty parties. 
 
 He believed a man could serve his city 
 and his State without becoming a bummer 
 or a ring man. He believed bossism and 
 corruption could be driven from this city 
 and good government firmly and stead- 
 fastly established in its midst. 
 
 Mr. J. Morrison Harris: "Last fall we 
 cleaned out our temple of justice. We 
 swept our Court Houses. Now we have 
 another place— the City Hall— to clean, and 
 if we all come forward unitedly we cannot 
 fail to elect a fine municipality." 
 
 Mr. Robert D. Morrison: "The clouds 
 of bossism have come again. Again has 
 corruption tainted the air, and again is 
 needed the purifying electricity of reform. 
 Ring rule with all its impunities and ty- 
 rannies must go. Mark this truth, the ring 
 will never abdicate; it must be dethroned." 
 
 A turnout of people the same night 
 packed Carroll Hall on East Baltimore 
 street. Dr. Milton N. Taylor presided. He 
 said in part: "We have here a gentleman 
 who was elected Mayor, when Mr. La- 
 trobe was counted in by the grossest frauds ; 
 for the first time in thirty years you have 
 a chance to bury the bosses." 
 
 Henry M. Warfield: "I needed no 
 apology whilst I advocate the cause of the 
 people who elected me Mayor in 1875. 
 Their ballots shall not again be tampered 
 with ; they will not submit forever to broken 
 promises of reform in the party. Are the 
 memories of men like sunning water, in 
 which no records can be written? Are 
 Democrats fools whose credulity can gap 
 wide enough to swallow such monstrous 
 lies? My fellow-citizens, come up once 
 more to the issue you so firmly grasped in 
 
218 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1875 and deal the final blow at the de- 
 stroyers of your own rights to be freemen. 
 Put the brand upon the self-seeking politi- 
 cian who advocates communism in your 
 public crib, and rewards for dirty hands 
 that do the dirty work to place him in power 
 against your will. Do you remember your 
 contest in 1875? Do you remember J. 
 Monroe Heiskell, now your candidate, dur- 
 ing that campaign? Faithful among the 
 faithful was he. With unflinching courage 
 and sagacity, he gave himself to our cause 
 and never quitted the ranks until the self- 
 seeking politicians, the stufifers, the repeat- 
 ers, the return falsifiers fled to their hiding 
 places, plied their vocations and cheated 
 you. He resigned a lucrative public posi- 
 tion, upon which the support of his fam- 
 ily depended, because of his conviction that 
 your cause was just. It was just then, it 
 is just now." 
 
 Col. Charles Marshall: "When the Con- 
 federate army laid down its arms at Appo- 
 mattox 1 was there. No man ever laid 
 down his arms to a nobler victor. When 
 Confederate and Federal can meet hand 
 and hand, why should not Democrat and 
 Republican? Mr. Latrobe proclaims that 
 he will manage the office of Mayor on busi- 
 ness principles. We, too, want it conducted 
 on business principles and we want the elec- 
 tion conducted on business principles, too. 
 I remained at my home all day trying to di- 
 gest the facts concerning the business-like 
 principles upon which Mr. Latrobe con- 
 ducted his administrations, and when I 
 thought 1 had all, 1 was put upon another 
 line of his business principles that cast me 
 all adrift. Now we are .going to discuss 
 business principles. Why is it that the peo- 
 ple of lialtimore cannot liax'e an election 
 
 without politics? Because the methods by 
 which Latrobe was nominated have been 
 engrafted upon our system, making the city 
 government the prey of politicians. The 
 methods that put Mr. Latrobe in power in 
 1875 must perish." 
 
 M'illiain M. Marine: "The revelations 
 that brings us here to-night and masses 
 us in solid phalanx regardless of Republi- 
 can or Democratic predeliction, are popu- 
 larized by necessity. We must purify cor- 
 rupt politics. Mayor Warfield as he should 
 have been, was counted out; we must cor- 
 rect that great wrong. If we condone the 
 act by a fourth time placing Mr. Latrobe 
 in the Mayoralty chair, we shall never pun- 
 ish the infamy of the past. Heiskell had 
 scarcely time to open his office ledger when 
 acts of corruption were disclosed which had 
 been perpetrated by the Fire Board. We 
 wish to uncover the secrets entombed in 
 the City Hall — that white building so much 
 like a mausoleum, so pretty without and 
 within filled with dead bones. I shuddered 
 this morning when I read in the press the 
 announcement that my old acquaintance 
 had permitted that appalling and damnable 
 act of falsifying election returns to be per- 
 petrated in the clerk's office on a Sabbath 
 morning. Yes, it was Sunday. St. Paul 
 street was deserted, and on Lexmgton 
 street only a pedestrian now and then could 
 be seen. Quiet reigned supreme. The 
 priest at the Cathedral was preparing to 
 kneel before the altar and the children in 
 the Charles Street Methodist Church were 
 singing — 
 
 ' There is a land of pure delight 
 Where saints immortal reigu ;' 
 
 and the Protestant cler,gyman was prepar- 
 ing to preach on the text "Be Sure Your 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 219 
 
 Sins Will Find You Out.' Just then an 
 emissary of the ring, every limb trembling 
 with the fear of guilt, stealthily crept into 
 the office of the Superior Court and burnt 
 up the honest ballots. Great God! Just 
 think what they were doing on that Sun- 
 day! They were burning up public opin- 
 ion — cremating the popular will. After 
 such a wrong perpetrated upon an honest 
 people I shall not be surprised if a cyclone 
 pass over this city. I invoke you to be- 
 come a party to the condemnation of those 
 detestable miscreants w-ho are worthy the 
 adornment of a convict's stripes for dese- 
 crating the ballot-box." 
 
 Mr. Richard Hamilton wished to know 
 '"how much longer shall your garbage cart 
 driver be your judge of election and your 
 ash-box cleaner the clerk?" 
 
 On Thursday evening, October i8th, 
 Charles J. Bonaparte spoke at Hollins' 
 Hall, remarking: "Last year I told the 
 people of South Baltimore to vote for the 
 new Judges. I am here to ask them to vote 
 for Mr. Heiskell. I have always been a 
 Republican and was a Union man. I do 
 not blame Mr. Heiskell for going South. 
 It was a time when no man should have 
 been on the fence. I don't say Mr. La- 
 trobe was on the fence. I really don't know 
 where he was. At the present time the 
 members of the late Fire Board, appointed 
 by Mr. Latrobe, stand indicted for offenses 
 which are sufficient to send them to the 
 penitentiary, but their going there depends 
 upon many things." 
 
 On the same evening, the Democrats 
 held a meeting at which Mr. McLanc spoke, 
 saying: "There are no people so well edu- 
 cated in politics as the Americans and while 
 we to-day hear cries against caucuses and 
 
 conventions, the highest men in England 
 are approving and imitating our methods. 
 I seek this office because your voice has 
 called me to it; you misunderstand me, 
 however, if you believe me under personal 
 obligations to you. I do not wish to be 
 understood as being ungrateful, since the 
 highest pride of my life is that during my 
 forty years' course of political life I ha\e 
 not lost one friend." 
 
 Mr. Bernard Carter: "Shall the Republi- 
 can party resume control of the State of 
 Maryland and Baltimore City? The ground 
 on which it rests is that of Republican 
 reform. The propositions which I submit are 
 these: the record of the Republican party 
 while it was in power in Maryland and Bal- 
 timore City is a record of political proscrip- 
 tion and corruption; that the same influ- 
 ences that controlled and directed the Re- 
 publican party then control and direct it 
 now; that the leaders and influences that 
 controlled the late Republican State Con- 
 vention and secured the nomination of Hol- 
 ton for Governor are those which managed 
 the Republican side of -the fusion move- 
 ment; and that this fusion movement is a 
 part of their plan for the destruction of the 
 Democratic party in Maryland; that there 
 is nothing in the present condition of the 
 Democratic party in this city or the State 
 to justify any true Democrat in refusing *o 
 support the nominees of the Democratic 
 party, State or municipal." 
 
 Mr. Latrobe: "Baltimore is one of the 
 best and most economically governed cities 
 in the country. During the past ten years 
 there has been disbursed through the city 
 administration, for maintaining the city 
 government and making needed improve- 
 ments, the large sum of between fifty and 
 
220 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 fifty-five millions, and not a dollar was ever 
 wrongfully or dishonestly expended, and no 
 loss except by the defalcation of a dishon- 
 est clerk in one of the departments amount- 
 ing in exact figures to $34,776.60, a loss 
 that might have occurred through a simi- 
 lar cause to the best business firm or bank 
 in the country." 
 
 At the Concordia Opera House, on Fri- 
 day, October 19th, Mr. S. T. IVallis said: 
 "An old political friend of mine whom I 
 met the other day shook hands with me as 
 cordially as could be expected in our pres- 
 ent relations, and shaking his head, said: 
 'I see, Wallis, you are at your bad work 
 again.' But when I look around me to- 
 night, gentlemen, it is some consolation to 
 know that in this vast crowd there are some 
 citizens as bad as I am.' " 
 
 Mr. Wallis, in speaking of Joe Thomp- 
 son, said: "I never heard of a man running 
 for office and calling himself a workingman 
 who was not trying to make use of the 
 workingmen to elevate himself above them 
 and then desert then:. This workingman 
 who was a blacksmith, has established his 
 anvil in the clerk's office of the Criminal 
 Court. He says he was cheated out of his 
 election. Perhaps so; if he wants to know 
 who cheated him let him look around at 
 the jieople in whose company he is in. He 
 sits by the side of the men who cheated 
 him." 
 
 Monday, October 23d, at the Masonic 
 Temple, Joscpli Thompson replied to Mr. 
 Wallis' strictures, saying: "In regard to his 
 having planted his anvil in the clerk's of- 
 fice of the Criminal Court that was 'meta- 
 phorically untrue.' I took nothing there 
 but the crook in my back that came from 
 leaning over the old anvil for many weary 
 
 days. I left the anvil in my shop for future 
 reference — for reference to 1877. ^"^^ i' 
 will play sweeter music of those days than 
 all of the dry bones of 1875 that the illus- 
 trious Wallis can shake up." 
 
 At the municipal election in October La- 
 trobe was elected, receiving 29,147 votes 
 to Heiskell's 25,669 votes. At the State 
 election held in November McLane received 
 31,852 votes and Holton 24,176 votes. 
 
 1884. 
 In the Third Congressional District Sam- 
 uel J. Pentz was nominated the Republican 
 candidate for Congress, and in the Fourth 
 William J. Hooper; he declined and Se- 
 bastian Brown was substituted in his stead. 
 In the Third District the Democrats nomi- 
 nated Dr. William H. Cole, and in the 
 Fourth John V. L. Findlay. This was 
 Presidential election year. Blaine and Lo- 
 gan were the Republican candidates, and 
 Cleveland and Hendricks the Democratic 
 candidates. John T. St. John was the Pro- 
 hibition candidate for President and Wil- 
 liam Daniel, of Baltimore, the Vice-Presi- 
 dential candidate. Mr. St. John reached 
 Baltimore Tuesday evening, October 14th. 
 At a meeting in Monument Square he 
 spoke and was succeeded by Mr. Daniel, 
 who said: "The Prohibitionists believe in 
 moderate protection and in a revenue suf- 
 ficient to economically carry on the Gov- 
 ernment. The real issue with us is that 
 we are opposed to the manufacture, impor- 
 tation and sale of intoxicating liquors. The 
 Democrats have declared against sump- 
 tuary laws and the Republicans decline to 
 say anything about the question in their 
 platform. Judge Taney, in 1846, decided 
 that there was nothing to prevent the Gov- 
 
^^ ^^^t^^^^^^5^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 eminent from regulating or prohibiting the 
 sale of liquor, if the sale was conducive to 
 vice or ignorance or was against the wel- 
 fare of society." 
 
 Mr. Findlay spoke at a meeting of his 
 supporters. Saturday evening, October 
 24th, at which meeting he said: "It won't 
 do to make this tariff issue a party issue. 
 Mr. Clay and Mr. Calhoun opposed it, and 
 Mr. Bayard has expressed himself as of sim- 
 ilar opinion." 
 
 Tuesday night, October 28th, Mr. Se- 
 bastian Brown said: "Under Democratic 
 nde Baltimore had advanced more slowly 
 in material wealth than any city in the 
 Union. The sugar and coffee trade here is 
 gone and the grain trade is surely finding 
 its way to Northern cities." 
 
 Friday night, October 31st, Mr. Pcnts 
 at Broadway Hall said: "I never look upon 
 that flag without feeling inspired. Is there 
 a man here to-night who does not love that 
 flag? A love for that flag imphes.a love 
 for the party that has stood by it." At this 
 juncture a plumed Knight of Labor, clad 
 in silver uniform, entered the hall and sa- 
 luted the speaker. This action set the 
 audience fairly wild. 
 
 At the election for Councilmen held in 
 October 25,258 votes were cast for the 
 Democratic candidates and 15,465 votes for 
 the Republican candidates. 
 
 In the November election Blaine received 
 in Baltimore City for President 27,580 votes 
 and Cleveland 34,206 votes. Cole had for 
 Congress in the Third District 16,107 votes 
 and Pentz 10,747 votes. In the Fourth 
 Congressional District Findlay had 15,723 
 votes and Brown 14,328 votes. 
 
 The Republican State Convention assem- 
 bled September 24th in the Concordia Op- 
 era House, and nominated by acclamation 
 Francis Miller, of Montgomery county, 
 for Comptroller, and William M. Marine, of 
 Harford county, for Clerk of the Court of 
 Appeals. There was not the remotest 
 chance of their election, the fortunes of the 
 party being at low ebb. Mr. Marine, in 
 nominating Louis E. McComas for chair- 
 man of the convention, gave expression to 
 the hopelessness of the convention in these 
 words: "In the discouragements of cam- 
 paigns, when our prospects east of the 
 western tier of the counties of the State were 
 unfavorable. Republicans have been in the 
 habit of turning to western Maryland for 
 encouragement. That section has generally 
 proven true. In this convention for party 
 consultation, let us call to the chair that 
 young stalwart Republican, Louis E. Mc- 
 Comas." Mr. Miller accepted his nomina- 
 tion with grateful resignation: not so with 
 Mr. Marine. When Samuel Mallalien 
 nominated him he arose and said: "I am 
 much obliged for the honor, but I ask to be 
 permitted to withdraw my name." 
 
 Several delegates shouted, "Don't let him 
 withdraw," to which Mr. Marine demurred, 
 saying: "I don't think the nominee for 
 clerk should come from the Western 
 Shore." 
 
 Mr. Mallalien: "That is for the conven- 
 tion to decide." Mr. Marine, in accepting 
 the nomination, said he was compelled to 
 be a candidate for an office which he did 
 not want to hold. 
 
 J. Frank Turner secured the Democratic 
 
224 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 nomination for Comptroller, and Spencer 
 Jones for Clerk of the Court of Appeals. 
 
 James Hodges was nominated by the 
 Democratic party a candidate for Mayor 
 this year. He was opposed by Judge 
 George William Brown, the nominee of the 
 Reformers and endorsed by the Republi- 
 cans. 
 
 John P. Poc, at a Democratic meeting at 
 Oratorio Hall, spoke, saying: "That in 
 capacity for vigorous administration, 
 quick knowledge of men and in the power 
 of forming a sound opinion and adhering to 
 it, Mr. Hodges was superior to Judge 
 Brown. The Independents did not believe 
 the primaries were unfair, nor did the law- 
 yers who said the action of the City Con- 
 vention was not binding. The whole thing 
 was a sham, set up as an excuse for deser- 
 tion, planned long before the convention 
 met. The Independents were inconsistent 
 in denouncing the action of the bosses now 
 when they had worked for them in other 
 campaigns. This movement is not new. 
 We have had it for fourteen years, and there 
 never was less reason than now to raise the 
 issue." 
 
 At the October election Hodges received 
 30,897 votes and Brown 28,667 votes. 
 
 At the November election in Baltimore 
 Turner had 38,593 votes, Miller 19,113. 
 Jones had 38,638 votes and Marine 19,124 
 votes. 
 
 1886. 
 Dr. William H. Cole having died, Harry 
 Wells Rusk was nominated from the Third 
 District by the Democrats to fill the unex- 
 pired j)art of Mr. Cole's term in Congress, 
 and also for the succeeding term. Isidor 
 Raynor was nominated by the same party 
 in tile Fourth District. 
 
 Hon. John V. L. Findlay, Thursday, Oc- 
 tober the 14th, announced himself an In- 
 dependent candidate for Congress in the 
 Fourth District. Mr. Findlay was indorsed 
 by the Republican Convention held the fol- 
 lowing day, but not without opposition. A 
 small minority bolted and held a separate 
 convention and nominated J. Emory 
 Weatherby. The Republicans in the Third 
 District endorsed Henry A. Bosse, candi- 
 date of the Industrial Labor party for Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Monday evening, October 19th, Mr. Ray- 
 ner's adherents assembled at the Academy 
 of Music. Mr. John J. Poc asked: "Shall 
 we respond to our promises by electing a 
 man who repudiated the principles upon 
 which he was elected, or shall we send one 
 to Congress who will carry them out to the 
 letter?" 
 
 Mr. IVcathcrby, Thursday night, Octo- 
 ber 3d, addressing an assemblage of his fol- 
 lowers, said: "We meet every fall with a 
 certain element which is dissatisfied with 
 the Democratic party, who ask Republi- 
 cans for support without compensation. 
 The party has come to be regarded as a sort 
 of chattel mortgage to be transferred at will 
 for purification purposes." 
 
 Sebastian Brown: "Mr. Rayner has be- 
 hind him the Democratic machine, which 
 will turn him in, elected or not." 
 
 In the evening of Friday, October 4th, 
 Mr. Findlay "s supporters held a meeting 
 at Concordia Opera House, George M. 
 Gill presiding. He said: "The first step in 
 order to ascertain the public-will purely and 
 simply as it exists, is to give to all an equal 
 opportunity of voting their sentiments fairly 
 and have them properly counted and re- 
 turned." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 225 
 
 Mr. Findlay: "To every fair-minded 
 voter in any party opposed to the ring it 
 must be apparent that such an issue will be 
 determined by the election of JMr. Rayner 
 or myself. What claim has Mr. Rayner 
 upon the voters of the Fourth Congres- 
 sional District?" 
 
 Charles J. Bonaparte: "I would rather 
 surrender all my rights as an American citi- 
 zen than ascend to the highest pinnacle of 
 fame through a fraudulent vote and a tam- 
 pered ballot-box." 
 
 The election of November resulted in 
 Rusk, Democrat, receiving in the Third 
 District 13,544; Bosse, Independent and 
 Republican, 3,300. Fourth District the 
 vote was: Rayner, 14,750; Findlay, 7,248; 
 Weatherby, 1,602. 
 
 In neither the Third nor Fourth Districts 
 was the full Republican vote polled. 
 1887. 
 
 On the 24th of August, 1887, the Repub- 
 lican State Convention met in the New As- 
 sembly Rooms in Baltimore and nominated 
 Walter B. Brooks for Governor, Robert B. 
 Dixon for Comptroller, and Francis Miller 
 for Attorney General. The event of the 
 day was the appearance of John K. Cowen 
 and William L. Marbury, Reform Demo- 
 crats, in the convention, and the speeches 
 which they delivered. The entire conven- 
 tion and audience welcomed these gentle- 
 men. Mr. Cotven said: "The Independent 
 Democratic voters of this State propose to 
 support your ticket out and out." "I throw 
 down the gauntlet and shall trip gaily to the 
 fray." "There has never been a contested 
 election since 1875, '" which the regulars 
 have not been defeated and the opposition 
 elected but counted out." "The Legisla- 
 ture elected on the platform of 1879, which 
 
 was as full of promises as a mulberry tree 
 is of fruit, was the most corrupt ever 
 known." "They have taken the people who 
 committed the frauds and put them in of- 
 fice." 
 
 Mr. William L. Marbury said: "I did not 
 come here to make a speech. I came here 
 to hear Mr. Cowen; and I never saw a man 
 in a fight who was a friend of mine but I 
 went in with him. I will not support any 
 such ticket as the Democrats have nomi- 
 nated by the means used in the primary 
 election. I am a Democrat, but I am satis- 
 fied with your platform on State issues." 
 
 Mr. Brooks, the Republican nominee for 
 Governor, said in his letter of acceptance: 
 "Now if an election by the people means 
 the will of the people, it is worthy the genius 
 of the age to devise some law to protect 
 that wish. In a resolution the Convention 
 declares that reform in the civil service 
 should be thorough, radical and complete. 
 This noble declaration gives no uncertain 
 sound, and I accept it in its literal sense| 
 with earnest approval." 
 
 Elihu Jackson received the Guberna- 
 torial nomination at the hands of the 
 Democrats. 
 
 Wednesday, September 2d, David L. 
 Bartlett was nominated by the Republicans 
 for Mayor of Baltimore, the Democratic 
 nominee being Ferdinand C. Latrobe. 
 
 The Independents held a meeting in the 
 Concordia Opera House, September 30th, 
 presided over by W. W. Taylor. An ad- 
 dress was issued to the public, in which it 
 was stated: "We propose as Democrats to 
 vote directly for the men who are running 
 as Republicans in State and city. We shall 
 do it without fear, and are fully responsible 
 for our acts." Charles Marshall, in the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 course of his speech, said: "I find myself 
 standing here to advocate the same prin- 
 ciples that I and others have been advocat- 
 ing for eight or nine years; I do this with- 
 out the slightest change in party principle." 
 
 "Alas! we all remember when that cele- 
 brated triumvirate was in the State; it is 
 called 0'Bannon,0'Gorman and O'Whyte; 
 they have come together again, smoked 
 the pipe of peace and kissed each other; 
 but, my friends, it is not the kiss of right- 
 eousness." 
 
 Mr. S. T. Wallis: "When I joined the 
 Democratic party I did so because it rep- 
 resented certain principles. When it de- 
 serted these principles I had no further use 
 for it; I belong to the party, but not as a 
 chattel. The days of involuntary slavery 
 are over, and the white man has a right to 
 the benefit of the change. Do they tell me, 
 because I propose to give my vote to hon- 
 est men, who represent the principles that 
 I own and are willing to put down tyranny, 
 that I have broken my allegiance to my 
 party, that I am a traitor. The greatest 
 and foulest treason that a man can commit 
 is treason to his conscience and his coun- 
 try. I have the right to pick up any stick 
 to stay the wolf. Shall I be deterred be- 
 cause the other party did wrong during the 
 war, committed oppressions of which I was 
 one of the victims; and I am sure if I can 
 stand the Republican party now, Mr. Gor- 
 man ought to be able to stand it. Who are 
 the people who make this outcry? They 
 are the people who never suffered anything, 
 the war horses who stood still in tlieir stalls 
 and quietly ate their fodder." 
 
 Friday, October 7th, the Democrats held 
 a meeting at the Concordia Opera House. 
 Judge Williain A. Fisher, on taking the 
 
 chair, said: "One week ago some people 
 attempted to bury the Democratic party, 
 in a grave of words. They said the Demo- 
 cratic party is nothing more than a training 
 association ; this is too much like an in- 
 dictment against the whole people. We are 
 asked to leave the Democratic party, but 
 where will we go? From the way they 
 spoke one would imagine they would go 
 to a convention of saints, but all are sinners 
 here and all saints there. We are asked to 
 go to the Republicans; our memories are 
 not so short that we have forgotten some- 
 thing of the Republican party." 
 
 Mr. F. C. Latrobe: "Realizing that the 
 people of Baltimore depend upon its be- 
 coming not only a commercial port, but a 
 manufacturing centre, we have not only 
 deepened the harbor to a uniform depth of 
 twenty-four feet at low water, but we have 
 aided all manufacturing interests in Balti- 
 more by reducing the price paid for hydrant 
 water, and exempting from taxation all 
 plants used for manufacturing purposes." 
 
 William P. Whyte: "Shall we restore the 
 party of Holiday Hicks and Winter Davis 
 to power; therefore why should we do this? 
 Because they say they want fair elections, 
 honest count and correct returns. No one 
 denies there have been individual violations 
 of the law relating to elections, and that the 
 violators of the law have been punished 
 through the office of a Democratic State 
 Attorney; and it is Well known that the 
 whole election system needs revision and 
 change to secure honest suffrage and the 
 safety of the ballot-box." 
 
 Mr. Rayncr: "My friends, I can never 
 believe in your so-called reformers. I know 
 the character of the element that control the 
 working rank and file of that party in this 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 227 
 
 city. Just as long as their exampler is 
 Foraker, so long will I continue fervently 
 to pray that heaven may save and spare us 
 in our worst stages of suffering from re- 
 form to be administered by the Republican 
 party." 
 
 A Republican meeting was held October 
 8th at the Concordia Opera House. Jo- 
 seph M. Ctishing, the chairman, remarked: 
 "We organize for the fight with the co- 
 operation of those honest as we are, with 
 whom we have differed in our views. They 
 are with us, who were once against us. We 
 must have a hand-shaking that comes from 
 the heart. These honest men have united 
 v.'ith us to wrest city and State from ring 
 rule." 
 
 Archibald Stirling: "If our plan succeeds 
 we will make an end of the rule of the men 
 whose names we see so often in the news- 
 papers. We propose competitive examina- 
 tion, except for ballot-box stuffers, and we 
 need not exclude them; their ignorance will 
 ever bar most of them from places of trust 
 and profit." 
 
 Gen. Adam E. King: "It is no use for 
 Gen. Latrobe to get off his old speech about 
 low taxes, it is all right to talk about a 
 lower taxation, but you must also look at 
 the basis of taxation. I doubt if any place 
 in this country has the taxes, considering 
 the basis, as high as they are in Baltimore." 
 
 Wednesday, October 12th, John K. 
 Cozvcn, in his speech at Carroll Hall, said: 
 "I will tell you a story, it's no fancy story, 
 for the conversation actually took place in 
 a club. One of the candidate's friends said 
 he 'has got a good deal of strength, he is 
 a workingman; he goes to all the parties 
 and keeps an eye on all the waiters, and 
 they know him; the ladies know him, too, 
 
 and they talk to ladies about him. He's 
 got great sense.' Now that is what they call 
 having the sense of a workingman. Com- 
 pare such a man with Franklin L. Shep- 
 pard, and tell me if he ought to have a say 
 in the Government, and men like Sheppard 
 and Bartlett, who employ hundreds of men, 
 ought to be absolutely excused from all 
 participation in it. One-half the capital in 
 the banks belong to Republicans, and one- 
 half the officers in the banks are of that 
 party; their names are linked with all your 
 industries; these men, chieftains like Gor- 
 man, ought to be kept out of place." 
 
 At the October election in Baltimore La- 
 trobe received 34,827 votes, Bartlett 30,332 
 votes. At the November election Jackson 
 received 34,587, Brooks 27,831. 
 
 On Thursday, April 12th, the first gen- 
 eral convention of State League Clubs was 
 held by Republican clubs in Maryland. 
 One hundred and twenty-five organizations 
 were represented. The convention met in 
 the German Street Hall of the Concordia 
 Opera House. William M. Marine was the 
 temporary presiding officer. On taking the 
 chair he said: "This honor was unexpected 
 and therefore the more appreciated. The 
 Republican party, like the grand old guard 
 of Napoleon, may be beaten down, but it 
 never surrenders. It draws inspiration from 
 every defeat; it says right is might and 
 must, in the end, win." 
 
 "At the close of the legislative session 
 at Annapolis we have seen the defilement 
 of the legislative halls. They have been 
 contaminated by the treasonable transac- 
 tions of the ring that controls the Demo- 
 cratic party." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The committee on permanent organiza- 
 tion selected Mr. Marine unanimously for 
 permanent president of the League which 
 was to be formed ; he went before the com- 
 mittee and withdrew his name in favor of 
 William W. Johnson, who was substituted. 
 Mr. Johnson was installed and the work of 
 the convention proceeded. The constitu- 
 tion of the League was adopted, the second 
 article of which read: "The objects of the 
 League shall be to encourage and assist 
 in the formation of permanent Republican 
 clubs, to unite such clubs for effective and 
 organized work, and generally to advance 
 the principles of the Republican party." 
 
 A series of resolutions was adpoted, and 
 an executive committee was named when 
 the League adjourned. 
 
 This year the candidates were: For Pres- 
 ident and Vice-President on the Republican 
 ticket, Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. 
 Morton; on the Democratic ticket, Grover 
 Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman. In the 
 Third Congressional District of Baltimore 
 Daniel L. Brinton was the Republican can- 
 didate for Congress, and Henry Stock- 
 bridge, Jr., in the Fourth. The Democratic 
 candidates were Harry Welles Rusk in the 
 Third and Isidor Rayner in the Fourth. 
 
 On Thursday, August 30th, at the Con- 
 cordia Opera House, a meeting of Irish- 
 Americans favorable to Mr. Cleveland's 
 election to the Presidency assembled. Wil- 
 liam Pinkiicy Whyte was the principal 
 speaker. He discussed the Fisheries Con- 
 troversy with England, saying among other 
 things: "Arbitration is far higher states- 
 manship than retaliation, and friendly ne- 
 gotiation is always to be desired instead 
 of war; but there come times in the history 
 of nations when war is preferable to dis- 
 
 honor. The rejection of a friendly treaty 
 does not always indicate the possibility of 
 war. Now that they have rernitted the 
 President to the alternative of arbitration 
 they treat with insult and contumely his de- 
 mands for the means of absolute inter- 
 course." 
 
 November 6th a complimentary recep- 
 tion was given to William M. Marine at the 
 New Assembly Rooms. Mr. Marine re- 
 turned from Indiana, where he had been 
 on a speech-making tour. Daniel Conklin 
 presided and Henry Longenfelder was sec- 
 retary. .1/;-. Marine made this reference to 
 tarif¥: "We want no English brand 
 stamped on the face of American history. 
 We would not have this country experience 
 Britain's ill for its seeming prosperity. We 
 want no destitute homes with their fam- 
 ished occupants; no gaunt forms of dwarfed 
 men and womanhood to disturb our rev- 
 eries of greatness. We want no bread riots, 
 nor gatherings under the column crowned 
 statue of Washington, like those in Lon- 
 don, in Trafalgar Square, under the column 
 crowned statue of Lord Nelson. Rather we 
 would have America as she is to-day, under 
 American conditions, in the lead of all the 
 nations of the earth." 
 
 Henry Stockbridgc, Jr.: "You have to 
 choose to-day between the principles of 
 protection and free trade. Under the sys- 
 tem of protection we have developed a char- 
 acter for ingenuity that has made us famous 
 the world over. We are also about to de- 
 termine the question whether we are to have 
 a free ballot and a fair count or not." 
 
 Daniel L. Brinton: "I would not have 
 been present, after my several weeks of 
 hard work, if it were not to pay my tribute 
 of regard to the services of Mr. Marine, who 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 229 
 
 has done such good work for the party in 
 every county of this State for years. 
 
 "I do not think the American people are 
 willing to give up the system of protection. 
 They know if a blow is struck at it now the 
 result would be to retard the progress of the 
 essential development of the industries of 
 the country." 
 
 Mr. Whyte, on the same night, spoke at 
 the Crescent Club, saying: "All of us are 
 under the banner of Cleveland and Thur- 
 man; we must swallow the whole ticket, 
 hog, bristles, tail and all. We need not 
 examine the name of any man on the ticket. 
 We have buried our political differences 
 deep in a grave until after this election. 
 When the battle is over, we will be free 
 to attend to our political affairs; to carry 
 on a warfare and see that power is equally 
 divided and that no clique or combine of a 
 few men shall absorb the force of a whole 
 community." 
 
 In the November election Harrison, in 
 Baltimore City, received 39,607 votes, and 
 Cleveland secured 44,522 votes. In the 
 Third Congressional District Brinton re- 
 ceived 14,289 votes and Henry Wells Rusk 
 19,578. In the Fourth Congressional Dis- 
 trict Stockbridge received 19,078 votes and 
 Rayner 18,998 votes. 
 
 During this year the Democratic candi- 
 date for Mayor was Robert C. Davidson; 
 the Republicans selected Major Alexander 
 Shaw. Victor Baughman was the Demo- 
 cratic candidate for Comptroller and was 
 opposed by George L. Wellington, Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 The Democrats opened their campaign 
 by a meeting at the Concordia Opera 
 
 House, Thursday, October 3d. William A. 
 Fisher presided. He said: "The Business 
 Men's Association, of which I am a mem- 
 ber, has been organized to heal party dis- 
 sensions, seriously threatening Democratic 
 supremacy." 
 
 Robert C. Davidson: "If I shall be elect- 
 ed, my fixed resolve is to forget that I am 
 a partisan, and to administer the office on 
 the broad lines of duty to all. irrespective 
 of their political opinions. 
 
 "What the people of this community de- 
 sire is an administration of the duties of the 
 office of Mayor by those methods of com- 
 mon sense, economy, business integrity and 
 sagacity by which men achieve success in 
 private and corporate enterprises, then the 
 vision is cleared and the path straightened." 
 
 James Hodges: "There is a small 
 body of political Ephraims joined to their 
 idols and any further appeals to them to 
 join hands and hearts with us in political 
 fellowship would be a waste of effort. Rea- 
 son like this congealed into prejudice is be- 
 yond the reach of argument." 
 
 Albert Ritchie: "While the Democratic 
 candidate is a party man, the only thing 
 I have heard against him is he was not born 
 in Baltimore. Mayor Shaw, the Republi- 
 can candidate, was born in New Jersey. 
 When Davidson came from Virginia to Bal- 
 timore he was so young that he traveled on 
 a half-fare ticket." 
 
 Bernard Carter: "A man to be a 
 good Mayor must have strong common 
 sense, business training, untiring industry, 
 no other occupation to demand his time; 
 to be untrammeled by past party affiliations, 
 as free as air to select the very best men 
 that Baltimore can afford as his assistants; 
 patient to listen, intelligently to make up 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 his mind and ready to do right against all 
 comers. Unless the Democratic party 
 holds together in Baltimore it will crumble 
 to dust all over the State." 
 
 In the Municipal Republican Conven- 
 tion, held Thursday, October loth, /. Frank 
 Siipplce, in placing Mayor Shaw in nomi- 
 nation, said: "All the business men of Bal- 
 timore are not included in the membership 
 of the Business Men's Democratic Associa- 
 tion. The Republican party numbers in its 
 ranks a majority of the bank presidents and 
 cashiers of the city and includes in its mem- 
 bership the largest tax payers on the tax 
 books." 
 
 Eihi'in H. Fozvlcr: "We need a man at 
 th* head of the city government who will 
 realize there is something more for him to 
 do than merely to appoint men to office." 
 
 John H. Bullcr (colored): "Our Demo- 
 cratic friends haven't got that great whirl- 
 pool machine they used to have; they 
 haven't got any screen to go behind now, 
 but must come out and face the music. 
 Why, the finest educated and the richest 
 Democrats in their party are tired of their 
 party's ignoramus ways." 
 
 A committee of one hundred Independ- 
 ent Democrats, headed by Gen. George S. 
 Brown, Judge George William Brown, S. 
 Teackle Wallis, C. Mortin Stewart, William 
 Keyser, George W. Gail and others, were 
 escorted into the hall where the municipal 
 convention was held. 
 
 John K. Cozvcn, their spokesman, said 
 they were there "as the representatives of 
 over five thousand Independent Democrats 
 to say without regard to party" they "would 
 march shoulder to shoulder this fall for the 
 reforms so long sought. They should be 
 asked of the Legislature as well as in the 
 
 City Hall. On strictly national affairs the 
 Independent Democrats were as far from 
 the Republicans as the North Pole from the 
 South Pole. Like the old man who had 
 worn out his trousers and turned the hind 
 part before, this Business Men's Demo- 
 cratic Association had put the hind side be- 
 fore and the front side behind. If there was 
 one thing to be despised more than another 
 it was the good business man in politics." 
 
 Major Alexander Shaw: "I believe mu- 
 nicipal government can be carried on upon 
 business principles. I believe the success 
 of good municipal government is more im- 
 portant than the success of party, and if I 
 am elected Mayor I will endeavor to give 
 the people a non-partisan administration.'" 
 
 Senator Gorman addressed a Democratic 
 meeting at Hollins' Hall on the evening of 
 October 20th; referring to a charge against 
 him, he replied: "It has been reported un- 
 der these tax laws Mr. Gorman had made 
 one million of dollars and Mr. Rasin hun- 
 dreds of thousands of dollars. It is the first 
 time in my history a man has so far forgot- 
 ten himself as to say I have grown rich in 
 the public service." 
 
 The election in Baltimore resulted in 
 Shaw, Republican, for Mayor, receiving 
 38,066 votes and Davidson, Democrat, 41,- 
 096 votes; Wellington, Republican, for 
 Comptroller, 37,598 votes and Baughman, 
 Democrat, 41,382 votes. 
 
 1890. 
 The Republican party in the city of Bal- 
 timore during the campaign of this year was 
 badly rent by factional differences. Rev. 
 Royal H. Pullman, a Universalist clergy- 
 man, was nominated in the Third and Henry 
 H. Goldsborough in the Fourth District for 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 231 
 
 Congjess. Harry Wells Rusk was the 
 Democratic nominee in the Third District 
 and Isidor Rayner in the Fourth. 
 
 September 19th Congressman Rusk, in 
 accepting his nomination, said: "I have es- 
 teemed it a great honor to be a member of 
 the House of Representatives under the 
 first Democratic President since the days 
 of Buchanan, and to be able to follow the 
 leaders of Democracy in raising the great 
 political issue of the day — the cause of the 
 people against monopoly." 
 
 At a meeting, the night of Thursday, Sep- 
 tember 2Sth, Mr. Pullman spoke, saying: 
 "In accepting my nomination at the hands 
 of the Republicans; your endorsement of 
 the administration (Harrison's) and the ac- 
 complished and proposed measures of the 
 Republican Congress, voice my own views. 
 So far we are in perfect accord, and I trust 
 that in harmony as perfect we shall conduct 
 the campaign to victory. 
 
 "The honorable future of our country and 
 our millions of happy homes depend upon 
 the patriotic devotion and intelligence with 
 which the ballots are cast. I want only such 
 votes; an election otherwise would be hu- 
 miliating. In the halls of legislation we 
 want men as well as measures." 
 
 Friday evening, October 17th, Mr. Ray- 
 iicr spoke at Hollins' Hall. He criticisingly 
 said: "I haven't heard a word about the is- 
 sues that are before us to-day from Rev. 
 Royal Pullman, nor for that matter from 
 the gentleman who is running in this dis- 
 trict, not a word, but I have heard sky- 
 rockets and fire-crackers, but not a syllable 
 about the issues." 
 
 Judge Goldsborough spoke Monday even- 
 ing, October 27th, at Hollins' Hall, paying 
 his respects to Mr. Ravner in this wise: 
 
 "Isidor Rayner, the Reformer, did not 
 advocate the Reform League's ballot law 
 when he was a member of the Legislature. 
 Mr. Rayner claims that he was recently 
 defeated for Congress by the colonization 
 of colored voters from Washington. He is 
 mistaken; he was defeated by the glass 
 blowers and other workmen who refuse to 
 swallow his extreme views on free trade." 
 
 In the Third District Pullman received 
 11,273 votes and Rusk 16,914 votes; in the 
 Fourth District Goldsborough received 12,- 
 106 votes and Rayner 18,740 votes. 
 
 1891. 
 
 The Republican State Convention met 
 at Ocean City and nominated Col. William 
 J. Vannort, of Cecil county, for Governor; 
 George M. Sharp for Attorney General, 
 John McDonald for Comptroller, and 
 Knock B. Abell for Clerk of the Court of 
 Appeals. The Democrats placed in the 
 field the following ticket: For Governor, 
 Frank Brown; Attorney General, John P. 
 Poe; Comptroller, Marion DeKalb Smith; 
 Clerk of the Court of Appeals, J. Frank 
 Ford. The municipal candidates this year 
 were Solomon Davis Warfield, Reform, arid 
 Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Democrat. 
 
 Saturday evening, October 24th, a mass 
 meeting of Republicans was held in Monu- 
 ment Square. Mr. Vannort, during his 
 speech, said: "The issue is therefore a plain 
 one; if the people of this State prefer to 
 perpetuate the ring that now dominates it, 
 and have continued a personal and the worst 
 sort of a political government, they have the 
 power to will it so. That means the per- 
 petuation of all the great category of ills 
 that annuallv have been thrust on the at- 
 
232 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tention of the public. The ring authority 
 knows no law for its curtailment; its ef- 
 frontry becomes more colossal and monu- 
 mental. Under the guise of the people se- 
 lecting the Democratic nominees, it selects 
 them instead. Would-be State Senators, 
 States Attorneys and Councilmen, all wend 
 their way to their Mecca at the Carrollton, 
 wliere the Democratic Committee is held 
 in an annex room to Mr. Gorman's, and 
 there they pray that they may have a lift 
 of their several booms and a gratification 
 of a loyal and ardent desire to serve Mam- 
 mon in the name of the people." 
 
 Mr. Sharp: "The Democratic organiza- 
 tion stood for no good purpose, only for the 
 personal ends and ambitions of a few men. 
 No measure of progress or reform could be 
 traced to it. They were all due to an en- 
 ergetic Republican minority, aided by the 
 Independent Democrats." 
 
 George L. Wellington: "The leaders of 
 the ring Democracy are endeavoring to 
 evade the issues of our State campaign and 
 shout that national politics should be con- 
 sidered. Twenty-four years ago the Demo- 
 cratic party by an appeal to the passionate 
 prejudice and bitter feeling arising from the 
 embers of sectional hate and Civil War be- 
 came masters of the Commonwealtii. Then 
 the State had emerged from the Civil War. 
 It had its war debt and war taxes, its sink- 
 ing fund and a balance in the treasury. 
 What is the condition now? War taxes 
 levied upon a war basis for expenses kept 
 to war figures. Even these failed to meet 
 the extravagant demands of the official 
 hordes. That portion of the taxes set aside 
 by the Constitution as a sacred trust, called 
 the sinking fund, was used for other pur- 
 poses, wrecked, destroyed, annihilated." 
 
 A Democratic mass meeting was held in 
 Monument Square, Thursday evening, Oc- 
 tober 8th. Frank Brown was the first 
 speaker. He said: "It is a glorious thing 
 to belong to a party which has its history 
 beginning with the first years of our Gov- 
 ernment, and full of achievements inter- 
 woven with all that has made our country 
 great and kept our people free. It is an in- 
 spiring thing to know, that by virtue of our 
 act of membership, we are associated with 
 those who resist the attempt of arrogant po- 
 litical powei* to interfere with the independ- 
 ence and integrity of popular suffrages, who 
 are determined to lead our countrymen 
 from unjust and unnecessary burdens; who, 
 intent upon extravagance in public expeur 
 ditures, and who test party purposes by 
 their usefulness in promoting the interests 
 and welfare of all the people in i\Iaryland." 
 Senator Gorman said: "This is not a skir- 
 mish; it is the beginning of the battle of 
 1892. I have said in this square before that 
 I have but one ambition. You can't afford 
 to divide on minor matters now. They talk 
 about city misgovernment. Let every 
 Democrat remember that there is no such 
 thing as a perfect government in the uni- 
 verse, and let him remember amid all this 
 criticism that there is no better governed 
 city in the Union than Baltimore. 
 
 "The Democratic party is always for the 
 hard money of the Constitution, gold and 
 silver alike; it has framed and passed every 
 law regulating money in this country, and 
 when we get back into power, as I believe 
 we will in 1892, we will give to the people 
 their Constitutional hard money. Never 
 from a Councilman to the President of the 
 United States should there be any compro- 
 mise until the Democratic party is installed 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in power. We have done our full duty in 
 fighting the battles of the Constitution. I 
 want to see Maryland and Baltimore plant 
 their banners on the ramparts of the en- 
 emy." 
 
 Ferdinand C. Latrobe: "The Democratic 
 municipal ticket is a good one, and your 
 candidate for Mayor has a certain advan- 
 tage that cannot be enjoyed by any candi- 
 date the opposition may select. I have had 
 some experience in the office of Mayor, and 
 you paid for it. Now if you should elect 
 a new man, you will be put to the same 
 e.xpense again. On a point of economy in- 
 volving capital, it is to your benefit to send 
 me back to the City Hall." 
 
 Jdlin P. Poe: "There is no debatable 
 State issue in this campaign; the only ques- 
 tion is, will the people of Maryland carry 
 the flag and keep step to the music of na- 
 tional Democracy, or will they desert the 
 party that has brought peace and prosperity 
 to their borders. We to-night are but a part 
 of the great army of Democrats which is 
 engaged in the herculean task of bringing 
 back this form of government to its right- 
 ful owners, the people." 
 
 Mr. Raynor, at a Democratic meeting on 
 Wednesday, October 2ist, said: "We have 
 a painful recollection of the reform they 
 (meaning the Republicans) inflicted upon 
 us, and we will never give them another 
 opportunity to reform us again. I have 
 the highest esteem for some of the gen- 
 tlemen engaged in the fusion movement, 
 but it is the most incongruous combination 
 that has ever appeared in our midst. How 
 queerly iMessrs. Bruce and Marbury must 
 feel when they are dreaming about the 
 bosses and ring rule, to turn around upon 
 their pillows and find the patriots sleeping 
 
 right beside them, who have never gone 
 dry a single day since they have been in 
 the Democratic party, and who never dis- 
 covered that they were reformers until they 
 were reformed out of office. There are two 
 kinds of fusion movements; one is the re- 
 volt of the people against corruption and 
 misrule, the other is a combination of par- 
 tisans to avenge their grievances. The tax- 
 payers who started it have been ruled out 
 of it, even the colored brother has been ig- 
 nored; they have refused to place a single 
 representative of that race upon the legis- 
 lative ticket. I again raise the standard of 
 reform within the party, and proclaim that 
 not only will it be realized, but with some 
 slight additions the demands of the people 
 have been gratified. I have never known 
 the day yet that a man of ability could not 
 force his way to the front in the ranks of 
 the Democratic party, and I have never in 
 my experience yet met the leader who is 
 bold enough to trample upon his rights." 
 
 At a Democratic meeting at Broadway 
 Institute, Thursday, October 22d, Charles 
 G. Kerr asserted: "I am in favor of the 
 strictest enforcement of a reasonable Sun- 
 day law. It will secure to every citizen the 
 right he has under our Constitution to wor- 
 ship God according to his own conscience, 
 free and untrammeled from public disturb- 
 ance or individual molestation. I do not 
 know why a poor Hebrew man or woman, 
 who religiously keeps the Jewish Sabbath, 
 should be prevented from working on a 
 sewing machine on a Christian Sunday." 
 
 Tuesday, October 27th, Independent 
 Democrats gathered in the New Assembly 
 Rooms, where speeches were delivered. 
 
 Mr. IV. Cabell Brnee: "I would be ut- 
 terly lost to the obligations of duty if I failed 
 
234 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 to allude to the professed dissatisfaction that 
 is manifested by the people in reference to 
 the State Attorney's ofifice. 
 
 "I do not propose to say one word of un- 
 kindness in reference to the incumbent of 
 that office. I have received more than one 
 act of courtesy at his hands; in all the re- 
 lations of life I wish him well. 
 
 "So far as the Independent Democrats 
 are concerned, they are never so happy as 
 when the breeze is blowing briskly." 
 
 Daniel Miller: "I have been educated to 
 believe that the strict application of busi- 
 ness principles to the proper conduct of af- 
 fairs is a necessity." 
 
 William L. Marbury: "If I am State's 
 Attorney and there comes before me the 
 case of a young man detected in the viola- 
 tion of the law, I would temper justice with 
 mercy, and attempt to save the young man 
 from being a criminal, and give him a 
 chance to retrace his steps to virtue. But 
 I would not allow the right to use the Nolle 
 Pros because of a political pull. Jus- 
 tice should be administered independently 
 of politics. 
 
 "Air. Latrobe represents, and has for 
 many years represented both in theory and 
 practice, the idea of a political party govern- 
 ment of the city; this system has come to 
 be what is known as the spoils system in 
 politics; it has prevailed in this city for 
 many years under the successive adminis- 
 trations of Mr. Latrobe." 
 
 An Independent Democratic meeting, 
 held Thursday, October 29th, was addressed 
 by Mr. S. Davis WaiUcld. He said: "I notice 
 in ihe morning papers Mr. Latrobe has un- 
 dertaken to question Mr. Marbury's analy- 
 sis of the finances as conducted under Mr. 
 
 Latrobe's administration." Mr. Warfield 
 then entered into a minute consideration of 
 Mr. Marbury's figures and charges and 
 concluded as follows: "All these matters 
 were thoroughly canvassed two years ago, 
 and the public opinion on the methods of 
 Mr. Latrobe's administration, so decided 
 that the ring did not dare to place him be- 
 fore the people of Baltimore for re-election. 
 The public thoroughly understood the sit- 
 uation; it is entirely a question whether 
 they will now take the control of their af- 
 fairs into their own hands or' permit the 
 continuance of a system which has saddled 
 upon them a tax rate for which they have 
 not and cannot, so long as that system con- 
 tinues, get value received." 
 
 On the same evening there was a Re- 
 publican meeting at Bohemia Hall, at 
 which Mr. Geo. M. Sharp spoke: "He had 
 heard it said Governor Jackson had not 
 read the Constitution, and also heard it said 
 that the Governor claimed to have read the 
 Cons^-itution, but he forgot it. It was also 
 stated that he read it once, and said he could 
 not find anything about the Governor in it. 
 He was told he was reading the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States and not of ]\Iary- 
 land. He wanted to know if there were not 
 Democrats enough in Maryland to show us 
 the state of affairs at Annapolis, and to let 
 us know if there is not more money miss- 
 ing." 
 
 At China Hall a meeting was addressed 
 by Arehibald Stirling, who said: "The 
 people want fair elections and fair election 
 laws, and for that reason the Republicans 
 of Maryland have coalesced with the Inde- 
 pendents for the last four years." 
 
 77. Clay Kail: "The rule of Gorman and 
 Rasin is more despotic than thai of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 235 
 
 Czar of Russia. The Democrats are calling* 
 Frank Brown a Napoleon. What do you 
 think old Bonaparte would say if he knew 
 it?" 
 
 Mr. Thos. G. Hayes made a speech at 
 Cross Street Hall. He claimed: "This is a 
 preliminary contest to the great battle of 
 1892, and if staunch old Maryland should 
 break loose from her mooring, the effect on 
 her neighboring States would be most dis- 
 astrous. Would it not be an appalling 
 thing to the Democrats of this State to re- 
 turn Senators in favor of the obno.xious 
 force bill, and unseat the adroit Arthur P. 
 Gorman, who contributed so largely to its 
 defeat last season?" 
 
 At the election in November Vannort, 
 for Governor, received 26,583 votes, and 
 Brown received 44,123 votes; for Mayor, S. 
 Davis Warfield received 31,090 votes, and 
 Ferdinand C. Latrobe received 40,357 
 votes; Charles G. Kerr, for State's Attor- 
 ney, against whom the fiercest of the fight 
 was waged, had 40,151 votes, and Wm. L. 
 Alarbury had 30,924 votes; for Attorney 
 General, Sharp had 27,640 votes, and John 
 P. Poe 41,366 votes. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, Republican nominee 
 for President, was opposed by Grover 
 Cleveland, Democrat. Harry Wells Rusk 
 and Isidor Rayner were the Democratic 
 candidates for Congress in the Third and 
 Fourth Districts. Against them were 
 Charles Herzog and A. Worth Spates. 
 
 August 26th a Harrison banner was un- 
 furled in front of the Young Men's Re- 
 publican Club, and the assemblage listened 
 to speeches. 
 
 George L. Wellington: "We want again 
 
 that administration that has been so thor- 
 oughly American that the strong arm of 
 the Government goes out over the seas and 
 to every land, and holds its hands to protect 
 the American citizen, whether born in 
 America or naturalized here, and says: 
 'This is our son and no man dare touch 
 him.' We want the same policy that pro- 
 tects our interest in the Bering Sea; the 
 policy that brought Chili to terms, and says 
 to Canada 'if you don't treat our vessels as 
 you do your own we will retaliate.' We 
 want that same policy of protection to 
 American industries and the elevation of 
 American labor." 
 
 JVilliam j\l. Marine: "General Harrison 
 has his home record and his political record; 
 both commend him to his countrymen. He 
 has made a good husband and father, and 
 one of the best of Presidents, why should 
 the Nation desire to lose his services. It 
 will not care to do so. It is more difficult 
 to secure a new commander, with capacity, 
 than it is to part with an efficient one. The 
 people should ponder over this proposition; 
 It is worthy of their consideration." 
 
 Thursday, October 13th, Charles Herzog 
 spoke at a meeting in the Concordia Opera 
 House. In the course of his speech he 
 thus expressed himself: "Ever since a ma- 
 jority of the people of the State resolved to 
 create a Nation and become one of the 
 great powers of the world, the discontented, 
 first calling themselves Republicans and 
 afterwards Democrats, have tried in vain 
 to hamper, bind and obstruct the progress 
 and development of the Nation. The as- 
 sertion that the Democratic party has never 
 proposed, and, as a necessary consequence, 
 has never enacted any measure tending to 
 the progress and welfare of the Nation, is 
 
236 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of easy demonstration. From the begin- 
 ning of our National existence the Demo- 
 cratic doctrine has been that the United 
 States, as a Nation, has no authority to de- 
 velop the country, foster its industries or 
 protect the working man in his labor." 
 
 Mr. A. Worth Spates: "No part of our 
 Republic is more interested in the great 
 question to be passed upon by the people 
 in November next than is our State, es- 
 pecially our city, standing like a giant sen- 
 tinel, at the head of a great water-way lead- 
 ing to the sea. A protecting policy, under 
 which our Nation has become the most 
 powerful upon the globe, and under which 
 our own immediate manufactures are pros- 
 pering as never before; under which the 
 industries of our own city are multiplying; 
 under which tin, brass and other factories 
 are towering heavenward on every side; a 
 protecting policy which enabled us to 
 rapidly recover from the war of revolution, 
 is antagonized as never before. 
 
 "We contend for protection for the home 
 and fireside, for enterprise and progress, 
 for America for Americans, for the policy 
 of Washington and Lincoln, the tongue of 
 the past discloses it to lie right, and the 
 voice of history tells us it is just." 
 
 Tuesday evening, October i8th, at the 
 Cermania Mannerchoir Hall, Robert C. 
 Davidson, in addressing the Democrats, 
 said: "The greatest contest of our history is 
 now upon us; it includes both the financial 
 and governmental system. On one side is 
 arrayed the coml)ined power of capital, 
 constantly reinforced i)\- the jirescnt sys- 
 tem of taxation, and on the other, of which 
 our party is the true re])resentative, stand 
 the great masses of the jieoplc, striving not 
 merch- for the nieacer existence, but for 
 
 one under proper political and financial en- 
 vironment, which would furnish them with 
 more than a competent allowance. This is 
 prevented by the present tariff system, 
 which is restrictive in the extreme, and Mc- 
 Kinleyism is our Shibboleth, and with it we 
 will win. The Republican party, by its ad- 
 vocacy of the force bill, strikes at home 
 rule. Any party advocating such a meas- 
 ure should be driven from the halls of 
 power with the lashes of the people's 
 wrath." 
 
 Isidore Rayncr: "The Democratic plat- 
 form was modeled upon the principle that 
 the rates of duty should be levied upon the 
 greatest luxuries, and the lowest rates of 
 duty on the greatest necessities, so as to put 
 as low taxes on every article of use and 
 consumption within the reach of the Ameri- 
 can household. 
 
 "The force bill is not a dead issue, it is a 
 live issue; it means that local governments 
 in the South shall be overthrown. This is 
 my Democracy: Honest taxes, honest bal- 
 lot and an honest currency, and this is the 
 Democracy of Grover Cleveland." 
 
 John P. Foe: "The issues of this fight are 
 all absorbing. They clearly mark the dif- 
 ferences between the two parties. The two 
 great questions are Federal taxation and 
 the force bill. The former affects all the 
 people need for the comforts of their fam- 
 ilies. When after a political exile of twenty 
 years the Democratic party returned 
 home, the great keart of this Nation re- 
 joiced at the end of internal dissensions and 
 the great Grant's wish for peace was real- 
 ized, and not till then. Then came a great 
 political calamity in 1888. Home rule in 
 the States was well-nigh destroyed, and no 
 relief was given to the people from the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 237 
 
 great burden of taxation that rested and 
 now rests upon them." 
 
 In the election in November Cleveland 
 received 51,000 votes, and Harrison 36,800. 
 In the Third District for Congress Rusk 
 received 19,806 votes, and Herzog 13,579 
 votes, and in the Fourth District Rayner 
 21,455 votes, and Spates 14,646 votes. 
 1893. 
 
 Ferdinand C. Latrobe was the Demo- 
 cratic nominee for Mayor this year, and 
 William T. Malster the Republican nomi- 
 nee. Marion De Kalb Smith was the 
 Democratic candidate for Comptroller, and 
 James Turner Perkins the Republican. 
 
 Tuesday evening-, October 24th, the 
 Democrats held a meeting, at which Mr. 
 Latrobe spoke. He said: "I am not the 
 only Mayor who has been elected six terms. 
 In the city of Providence, Mayor Doyl was 
 elected seventeen consecutive terms. There 
 is some hope for me, you see, even after 
 this term. Now then, the Mayor don't 
 govern the city. The Mayor and City 
 Council do. No man governs any one thing 
 in this country, except, perhaps, his wife." 
 
 On Thursday evening, October 26th, at 
 a Republican meeting, Mr. Malster said: 
 "I am not sent here for the purpose of mak- 
 ing a speech. I came to see you and to ask 
 you if it is well with you — if the lines have 
 been closed and the pickets stationed. For 
 you must know our antagonists are always 
 on the alert. 
 
 "You are men of intelligence, men of 
 thought and reflection, and well capable of 
 acting for yourselves, and if the present 
 method of municipal administration does 
 not accord with your ideas of good govern- 
 ment, the remedy is in your hands, where I 
 propose to leave it." 
 
 In Baltimore City, Perkins, Republican, 
 for Comptroller, had 30,083 votes, and 
 Smith, Democrat, 40,437 votes. Malster, 
 Republican, for Mayor, had 31,400 votes, 
 and Latrobe, 38,286 votes. 
 1894. 
 
 The candidates in Baltimore for Con- 
 gress were H. Wells Rusk, Democrat, and 
 William S. Booze, Republican, and in the 
 Fourth District, John K. Cowen, Demo- 
 crat, and Robert H. Smith, Republican; 
 for Judge of the Supreme Bench, John J. 
 Dobler, Republican, and Charles G. Kerr, 
 Democrat. 
 
 A meeting of the Republicans was held 
 in the Third Congressional District on the 
 evening of Thursday, October 18th, at 
 which Dr. Boose spoke. He said: "Under 
 the last Republican administration prosper- 
 ity was general throughout the country, 
 now we are the subjects of financial de- 
 pression. It is felt and realized in every 
 avenue of trade and business that those 
 who most sufifer are the laboring classes. 
 The amount of wages paid yearly has de- 
 creased 44 per cent., with 2,000,000 of 
 workmen out of employment." 
 
 The evening of the same day John K. 
 Cowen, the Democratic nominee for Con- 
 gress in the Fourth District, spoke in Hol- 
 lins' Hall. Mr. Joseph S. Heinsler pre- 
 sided, and in his address said: "Every 
 Democrat will come boldly up to the front 
 on election day and do his whole duty. We 
 must bury all personal animosities. We 
 have but one duty to perform, and that is 
 to support this National administration. 
 
 "We want a solid delegation in the next 
 Congress from this grand old Common- 
 wealth of j\Iaryland. Men whom Grover 
 Cleveland can roly upon, and it is not your 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 duty to permit him to be shackled and 
 manacled, hand and foot, by a Republican 
 House of Representatives lead by Tom 
 Reed." 
 
 ,1/r. Cozvcji: I am here to discuss the 
 tariff question; my Republican friends say 
 I wear the red cap of the barricades; that I 
 am inimical to American industries and 
 labor. They say that I am a free trader, 
 and this I do not deny. They say that it 
 means ruin to American industries and 
 labor. I take issue with that statement. I 
 shall endeavor to establish that instead of 
 being a menace it is a great developer of 
 industries. Trade is the exchange of 
 product for product, service for service. It 
 is the cause of Christian civilization. 
 
 "The exchange of one man's labors for 
 another's is the thing that has dotted coun- 
 tries with towns and cities. The exchange 
 of product for product has established your 
 mills here and elsewhere. If you do not 
 believe in free trade, then you believe in re- 
 stricted trade." 
 
 The Republicans held a meeting on 
 Tuesday, October 23d, in Hollins' Hall. 
 Mr. Stnith said that he asked the indulgence 
 of the audience while he read his speech: 
 "I have written it out in order that there 
 may be no mistake. I want you to know, 
 and I want the people of the district to 
 know, just where and how I stand in this 
 fight. Not only is this city made up of 
 hospitable homes and warm-hearted people, 
 but homes and people are free from a condi- 
 tion of things which exist in our neighbor- 
 ing city, in which the guardians of the life 
 and property of her people have been con- 
 victed of corruption and fraud which have 
 shocked the civilized world. Not so with 
 us. I do not believe that there is a more 
 
 efficient police force or fire department in 
 any city in this country than Baltimore has. 
 It is true when my tax bill comes in I 
 wince a little, and I wonder whether or not 
 economy could have been practiced some- 
 where, so that the rate could have been less 
 than $1.70 on a hundred. But when I look 
 out at the asphalt pavement in front of my 
 door and the public school houses that have 
 been and are being built, and faithful teach- 
 ears that are being paid, at the police who 
 guard your homes and mine — your life 
 and mine, by night and by day, through 
 winter and summer; at the brave firemen 
 who expose their lives to save the lives and 
 property of others, I say when I look at all 
 these and other departments which are 
 necessary for the proper government and 
 care of the city, I say to myself I guess it's 
 all right, and that even though Baltimore 
 is ruled by the criminal classes, they rule it 
 right well." 
 
 Mr. Smith's utterances created dis- 
 pleasure and contributed no little toward 
 his defeat. He defended his opponents 
 from the charges made against them, an 
 unusual proceeding. 
 
 Mr. George R. Gaither: "There was a 
 danger in sending a corporation attorney 
 to Congress. Mr. Cowen has been known 
 for the tremendous attacks upon the ring 
 of this city, and for his efforts for so many 
 years to accomplish its overthrow. Upon 
 the husteing and every part of this city he 
 has denounced the corruption of the men 
 who control the affairs of this city, and has 
 sounded the note of reform. And yet we 
 suddenly find him accepting a nomination 
 at the hands of the very men whom he has 
 so villified and abused. We need only 
 quote his own language: 'I therefore call 
 
^ 
 
 4^ 
 
 i^ V rWi-ly^^CC/y/M^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 upon the people of this city who value a 
 pure judiciary, who do not wish to see their 
 court house disgraced by (naming local 
 leaders), to expose their specious argu- 
 ments to stamp out the blot and to protect 
 from the foul hands of the bosses the judi- 
 ciary which they have secured after so 
 fierce a struggle.' " 
 
 At a Democratic meeting Wednesday 
 evening, October 24th, Mr. Harry W. 
 Rusk spoke, saying: "The campaign is 
 based on the tariff and the retention of 
 Grover Cleveland and the Democratic party 
 in power. To carry out the Democratic 
 platform to the letter. The Democratic 
 party will not be satisfied until this is ac- 
 complished. The Democratic party has 
 corrected the blunder of the Harrison ad- 
 ministration and repealed the Sherman law, 
 so that every dollar shall be of equal pur- 
 chasing power, in order that the poor man 
 may not be paid with a depreciated dollar, 
 and the rich man paid in whatever coin he 
 selects. We found the enormous surplus 
 in the Treasury wasted by the Republican 
 party, when, as Mr. Cleveland said, it ought 
 to be in the pockets of the people. We 
 found panics under the McKinley tariff 
 which was fostered upon the people under 
 the false pretense that it would raise wages 
 and give revenue to the Government. But 
 the paramount duty of the party is tariff 
 revision." 
 
 At a Republican meeting on Friday, Oc- 
 tober 26th, Mr. Chas. L. Wilson, in his ad- 
 dress, said: "It is as much the duty and 
 Constitutional right of Congress to protect 
 the industries by which the people could 
 honestly earn a comfortable living as it is 
 to protect them in person and property by 
 criminal laws." 
 
 At a Democratic meeting Wednesday! 
 October 31st, Mr. Skipwith Wilmer thus 
 expressed himself: "With the question of 
 State rights, the force bill and Federal elec- 
 tion laws, and the silver question, relegated 
 to the past, the only question of any 
 moment is one of taxation. The Demo- 
 cratic party deals with this simply when it 
 says 'that the only taxation should be such 
 as to support a Government economically 
 administered.' But the Republicans believe 
 in taxing the people to make business more 
 profitable." 
 
 Isidor Rayncr: "The time has passed 
 when the words free trade drive the Demo- 
 crats like cowards. The only difference 
 now is that one man believes in a little less 
 taxation than another, that 60.000,000 of 
 people ought not to enrich the other 5,- 
 000,00 of the populace." 
 
 On the same evening IVni. M. Marine 
 made a speech at a Republican meeting, in 
 which he said: "Since the era of universal 
 prosperity, stretching through a quarter of 
 a century past, Baltimore has almost 
 doubled its population. Why has that re- 
 sult been obtained? It is due to the opera- 
 tions of a protective tariff. The industries 
 which have been fostered within the period 
 named have been such as a tariff promotes. 
 Baltimore is virtually a city of small manu- 
 facturers in connection with its larger fac- 
 tories and foundries. They have been 
 nurtured by a policy of protection, and 
 could not have grown without it. 
 
 "The coal industry is one of large pro- 
 portions, and should the Gorman tariff du- 
 ties on the importation of Canadian coal 
 prove ineffective to keep out that com- 
 modity from competition with coal from 
 American mines, the disaster niav affect 
 
24S 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 corporate as well as National interests. 
 The manufacture of clothing by those en- 
 gaged in that industry has caused Balti- 
 more to rank as the largest producing city 
 of clothing in the United States. Free 
 trade is an alarm bell sounding the death 
 knell of its reigning industries." 
 
 At the election in November for Con- 
 gress in the Third District, Booze, Repub- 
 lican, received 15,721 votes; Rusk, Demo- 
 crat, received 16,209 votes. In the Fourth 
 District Smith, Republican, received 16,178 
 votes, and Cowen, Democrat. 17,184 votes. 
 Dobler, Republican, for Judge, had a plur- 
 ality over Kerr, Democrat, of 3.321 votes. 
 
 1895. 
 
 The candidates for Governor this year 
 were Lloyd Lowndes, Republican, and 
 John E. Hurst, Democrat. The nominees 
 for Mayor of Baltimore were Alcaeus 
 Hooper, Republican, and Henry Williams, 
 Democrat. 
 
 Tuesday, October 15th, a Republican 
 meeting was held in the Music Hall. 
 George L. Wellington, in calling the meet- 
 ing to order, said, as he looked out upon 
 the concourse that it seemed to him that 
 Maryland had wakened from its torpor 
 of the last thirty years: "We have here 
 wisdom, strength and beauty. We have 
 here the enthusiasm of youth; the wisdom 
 of age, capital, labor and trade are gathered 
 together; the rich and the poor; the white 
 and the black. In addition we have fair 
 women to grace the occasion. 
 
 "I wish to introduce to the assemblage 
 a staunch Republican, an old soldier, lirave 
 in war and generous in peace, Cien. Felix 
 Agnus." 
 
 Goi. Acniis: "\ funeral train loaded 
 
 with dead issues, frosted hopes, and a 
 paralyzed future passed through this hall 
 the other night. A good crowd assembled 
 to view it, because funerals are attractive to 
 some people. It left a lot of gloom, and I 
 want to tell you how refreshing it is to look 
 into your pleasant and confident faces, and 
 to see that gloom dispelled, and to know 
 that ours is the people's train. Wellington 
 the engineer, tells me that on the 5th of 
 November he proposes to put on all steam 
 and let her go at the rate of ninety miles an 
 hour, and he will never stop until he lands 
 his passengers safely, both at Annapolis 
 and the City Hall of Baltimore. 
 
 "What Lloyd Lowndes promises, he will 
 do, and citizens of all parties may feel as- 
 ured that nothing can swerve him from the 
 path of honor and duty. Nothing can in- 
 duce him to be unfaithful even in thought to 
 the welfare of the State. Mr. Lowndes has 
 also a remarkable memory for names and 
 faces. I know of only one statesman who 
 could equal him in this, and that was our 
 dear old friend and leader, James G. 
 Blaine." 
 
 Lloyd Lozvudcs: "I consider the princi- 
 pal issues in this campaign are re-assess- 
 ment, honest registration, fair elections, 
 good citizenship and good government. 
 The Republican party stands pledged for a 
 re-assessment of the property of this State, 
 and if it is successful the Legislature will 
 promptly pass such a law. Should I be 
 successful in November next, I promise you 
 with God's assistance that Maryland shall 
 have a pure and honest government, and 1 
 will so try to manage the afifairs of this State 
 that those who shall give me their support 
 will never regret their confidence thus be- 
 stowed." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 243 
 
 Alcacits Hooper: "You have before you 
 one of the candidates for the office of 
 Ma_yor. The question that the citizens of 
 Baltimore have to pass on at the coming 
 election is a very simple one, and that is, 
 'Are the afifairs of this city being admin- 
 istered in a way that you have a right to 
 demand?' 'Are the results satisfactory, such 
 as we have a right to expect?" If the re- 
 sults from the recent municipal investiga- 
 tion which was suggested by the Democrats 
 are symptoms of the disease, then the con- 
 dition of the body politic is very desperate. 
 The city commissioners' department has 
 been shown to have been so managed that 
 no one can be found to defend it. Are the 
 city's interests longer to be continued in the 
 hands of those who have not been faithful 
 to their trusts in the past? It is time, I 
 think, to redeem ourselves from misrule." 
 
 John V. L. Findlay: "It was due to 
 Mr. Cleveland that the country is not to-day 
 upon a silver basis. We owe honor to Mr. 
 Cleveland, who stood like a rock when, 
 if that trickster who mouses in the Capitol 
 had had his way, the country would have 
 been placed in a sad plight for years to 
 come." Mr. Findlay closed by saying that 
 Mr. Lowndes would redeem the pledges 
 made by him, and that "now is the ac- 
 cepted time, and now the day of the salva- 
 tion of the people." 
 
 Friday, October 25, a meeting of the In- 
 dependent Democrats, in favor of the elec- 
 tion of the Republican State and city ticket, 
 took place. Mr. Joseph Packard presided. 
 In his remarks he said: "From ordinary 
 robberies our police authorities swear to 
 protect us; why should not election thieves 
 be worse than criminals, and dealt with in 
 the same way? The newspapers have ex- 
 
 posed their haunts and the names on which 
 they will try to vote are known. The Re- 
 form League in the tenure of their existence 
 has brought about the prosecution of a 
 number of election criminals; about a dozen 
 of these were actually convicted, though 
 they were afterward pardoned and a num- 
 ber of others escaped punishment by reason 
 of the change in the law pending their 
 trial." 
 
 David L. Barf hit: "The two great par- 
 ties into which the country is divided con- 
 nived at fraudulent registration and fraudu- 
 lent voting, and a party in our city which 
 has held what they felt to be an assured 
 majority for a term of years has been ruled 
 by a few designing men." 
 
 William Keyser: "The Democratic ma- 
 chine in this city is a very powerful agency 
 for the control of elections; it is the out- 
 come of long years of crime and experience ; 
 its present managers are men well skilled in 
 its use and thoroughly competent to em- 
 ploy it to the best advantage to promote 
 their own interest. The defense of the 
 people against the machines rests ex- 
 clusively in the ballot-box.'' 
 
 Charles Marshall: "If it were but the 
 abstract question of fair elections, the vote 
 would be unanimous. The question is, 
 what can be done to procure them? Is 
 there a necessity to promote this end? 
 Surely there is. Are not all the signs pat- 
 ent before us? First, were the people ex- 
 cluded from witnessing the simple process 
 of registration, said to be concealed and 
 done in a corner, under the advice of coun- 
 sel? Why did they drive out the watchers? 
 What honest purpose could that serve? 
 Why do men love darkness rather than 
 light? Because their deeds are evil." 
 
244 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Roger W. Cull: "Through the machin- 
 ations of the Democratic party managers, 
 the nomination instead of being equivalent 
 to an election, is equivalent to fraud." 
 
 Mr. Edgar H. Cans: "Fair elections is 
 not a party question ; it was one that massed 
 good people on one side and scoundrels on 
 the other; the election frauds were worse 
 than most other kinds of villainies. The 
 Police Board should not only say there 
 should be fair elections, but they should 
 do something in favor of them. Give me 
 the authority and the aid of six police offi- 
 cers whom I could name, and I can prevent 
 all tenement house election frauds." 
 
 On the evening of the same day the Re- 
 publicans held a meeting in the Front 
 Street Theatre. 
 
 Lloyd Lowndes: "There is a great battle 
 going on in Maryland, which the entire 
 country is watching to-night. It is not a 
 fight of Republicanism against Democracy, 
 but of good government against bad gov- 
 ernment." 
 
 A man in the gallery persistently shouted 
 to the speaker to "Shut up!" before he was 
 ejected. Mr. Lowndes exclaimed: "We 
 don't propose to be interrupted here to- 
 night by any ruffians of the Democratic 
 party. We propose to win this fight of 
 good government, honest registration and 
 an honest ballot, and an honest count." 
 
 George L. Wellington: "The Republi- 
 can party is not fighting for a partisan gov- 
 ernment, not for spoils, but to advance the 
 political and material interests of Maryland. 
 Democratic ring rule in Maryland has kept 
 down the people in this State for twenty- 
 five years, robbed them of their right of 
 suffrage and their right to a fair election; 
 there has not been a fair election in Balti- 
 
 more since 1875. To have a fair election, 
 we must not bring in Greenmount ceme- 
 tery. We must not register men from an 
 orphan asylum or one hundred and thirty- 
 two men from a house that has but one 
 bed." 
 
 Alcacus Hooper: "I believe that all now 
 understand that the present semblance of 
 government, under city and State, is not a 
 popular form of government. Democrats 
 and Republicans are not allied in this cam- 
 paign simply to put the Republican party 
 in power, but for a change in the methods of 
 government. The stockholders of this cor- 
 poration want to know if the ledgers in the 
 City Hall contain an accurate statement of 
 the assets of the city. We also want to 
 know what are the needs of the city. One 
 of the speakers has said that I am one of 
 the stubbornest men in Baltimore. Unless 
 you put a stubborn man in the City Hall, 
 men outside of it will control him." 
 
 On Saturday evening, November 2nd, at 
 an Independent Democrat meeting, at Mu- 
 sic Hall, Gov. IVhyte, during his speech, 
 said: "Believing as we do that there is no 
 hope of the regeneration of our party 
 through the ordinary channels of primary 
 elections while the partv machinery is in the 
 hands of men in whose vocabulary there is 
 no such word as fair play, what are we to 
 do but to follow the example of Tilden and 
 beat them at the polls. 
 
 "In a public speech six years ago, when 
 I held the office of Attorney General, I said: 
 'There comes a time, though not often, 
 when revolution within the ranks of party 
 is the path of duty, and I am ready to tread 
 it whenever I deem it necessary.' This is 
 the day, this is the hour. I oppose the 
 Democratic State ticket, because it was the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 offspring- of a recreant party representa- 
 tive, and is not the free choice of the party 
 of the people." 
 
 Joseph S. Henislcr: "I am a Democrat, 
 and every man within sound of my voice 
 knows it, but in order to rid our party of the 
 men who defile the party honor, I am here 
 to advise every honest Democrat to vote the 
 Republican ticket." 
 
 At the election on Tuesday, November 
 5th, the Republican State and city ticket 
 was elected. 
 
 For Governor — Lowndes, Republican, 
 had 55,324, and Hurst, Democrat, 43,308; 
 for Mayor — Hooper,* Republican, 53,099, 
 and Williams, Democrat, 45,192. 
 
 The Republicans elected the entire dele- 
 
 gation from Baltimore to the Legislature, 
 First and Second Branches of the City 
 Council, the Judges of the Orphan's Court, 
 the State's Attorney, the Sheriff and Clerk 
 of the Superior Court and Circuit Court 
 No. 2 of the city. 
 
 The revolution was complete and new 
 men of a new party were charged with the 
 responsibilities of government. How they 
 have kept their pledges and maintained 
 plighted faith with the people, it is at this 
 early stage not necessary to state. As 
 soon as the political developments of the 
 present attain the dignity of history, the 
 appropriate and effective narrator and 
 chronicler of such transactions will as- 
 suredly appear. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 A Historical Sketch of the Bench and Bar of Baltimore City. 
 
 By w. T. 
 
 The bar of Baltimore City from its earli- 
 est period down to the present time has 
 been justly celebrated for the learning, abil- 
 ity and eloquence of its great leaders. 
 Many of the most eminent lawyers this 
 country has produced, men of national rep- 
 utation, have been practitioners at that bar. 
 It is not in any degree an exaggeration to 
 say that this bar was always the equal and 
 often the superior of that of any other city. 
 
 The history of the bar is the history of 
 the men who shed lustre upon it. These 
 leaders were, it is true, first, but it cannot 
 be said that the rest, their less famous breth- 
 ren, did not occupy a distinctive and hon- 
 orable position. The leaders were only the 
 highest peaks of a lofty mountain range. 
 
 The great Maryland lawyer before and 
 during the revolutionary period was Daniel 
 Dulany. Many of his opinions upon cases 
 submitted to him are reported in the early 
 volumes of the Maryland reports and were, 
 for a long time afterwards, referred to as 
 authorities of the first order. He did not 
 become a resident of Baltimore until late 
 in life and only a few years before his death 
 in 1797. 
 
 The next conunanding figure in our legal 
 history is that of Luther Martin. When 
 Chief Justice Taney began the study of law 
 in 1796, he frequently attended the Courts 
 and studied lawyers as well as law. In the 
 
 Brantly. 
 
 autobiographical sketch prefixed to his life 
 by Tyler, Judge Taney says, referring to the 
 period mentioned, that Martin was then 
 "the acknowledged and undisputed head of 
 the profession in Maryland. He was so in 
 the eye of the public, and he was so admitted 
 by the bar. Nobodv disputed it with him 
 until Mr. Pinkney returned from Europe. 
 * * * Mr. Martin's habits, however, had at 
 that time become bad. He often appeared 
 in Court evidently intoxicated, and, per- 
 haps, was not free from the influence of 
 stimulants when I first heard him. His 
 dress was a compound of the fine and the 
 coarse and appeared never to have felt the 
 brush. He wore ruffles at the wrists, richly 
 edged with lace — although every other per- 
 son had long before abandoned them — and 
 these ruffles, conspicuously broad, were 
 dabbled and soiled and showed that they 
 had not been changed for a day or more. 
 His voice was not musical and, when much 
 excited, it cracked. * * * He was an ac- 
 complished scholar and wrote with classical 
 correctness and great strength, but, in his 
 speech, he seemed to delight in vulgarisms 
 which were never heard except among the 
 colored servants and the ignorant and un- 
 educated whites, * * * but he was a pro- 
 found lawyer. He never missed the strong 
 points of his case, and, although much 
 might generally have been better omitted. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 247 
 
 everybody who listened to him would agree 
 that nothing could be added, but, unfortu- 
 nately for him, he was not always listened 
 to. He introduced so much extraneous 
 matter, or dwelt so long on unimportant 
 points, that the attention was apt to be 
 fatigued and withdrawn and the logic and 
 force of his argument lost upon the Court 
 and jury. But these very defects arose, in 
 some measure, from the fullness of his legal 
 knowledge. He had an iron memory and 
 forgot nothing that he had read, and he had 
 read a great deal on every branch of the 
 law, and took pleasure in showing it when 
 his case did not require it." 
 
 The first great State trial in America was 
 the impeachment of Judge Chase, of the 
 Supreme Court, in 1804, which was tried 
 before the Senate, presided over by Aaron 
 Burr. The prosecution or impeachment 
 was led by John Randolph, of Roanoke, 
 while Martin led for the defense. In Henry 
 Adams' Life of Randolph, he says: "Most 
 formidable of American advocates was the 
 rollicking, witty, audacious Attorney Gen- 
 eral of Maryland; boon companion of Chase 
 and of the whole bar; drunken, generous, 
 slovenly, grand; bull-dog of Federalism, as 
 IMr. Jefferson called him, shouting with a 
 school-boy's fun at the idea of tearing Ran- 
 dolph's indictment to pieces and teaching 
 the Virginia Democrats some law — the no- 
 torious reprobate, genius, Luther Martin." 
 And again, in the same work, "Nothing 
 can be finer in its way than Martin's famous 
 speech. Its rugged and sustained force; its 
 strong humor, audacity and dexterity; its 
 even flow and simple choice of language, 
 free from rhetoric and affectations ; its close 
 and compulsive grip of the law; its good 
 natured contempt for the obstacles put in 
 
 its way — all these signs of elemental vigor 
 were like the forces of nature, simple, direct, 
 fresh as winds and ocean." 
 
 Martin was born in New Jersey in 1744 
 and was graduated at Princeton with the 
 highest honors of his class in 1763. He 
 came in the same year to Queen Anne's 
 county, Maryland, where he taught school 
 while studying law. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1771 and took up his residence in 
 Somerset county. He quickly obtained 
 a lucrative practice in both the Maryland 
 and Virginia counties of the Eastern Shore. 
 In 1778 he was appointed Attorney Gen- 
 eral of the State and moved to Baltimore, 
 which continued to be his principal place 
 of residence until shortly before his death. 
 This office of Attorney General he held un- 
 interruptedly from 1778 to 1805, when he 
 resigned. In 1813 he was Chief Justice of 
 the Court of Oyer and Terminer of Balti- 
 more county, but held this position for only 
 some three years. In February, 1818, he 
 was reappointed Attorney General. Mar- 
 tm was a member of the Convention of 
 1787 which framed the Constitution of the 
 United States, but he refused to sign that 
 instrument and published a letter to the 
 Maryland Legislature, in which he strongly 
 advocated its rejection. Subsequently, 
 however, he became an ardent Federalist. 
 
 The second great State trial in American 
 history was that of Aaron Burr for high 
 treason at Richmond, in 1807. In this 
 Martin again led for the defense in a mas- 
 terly manner and was again successful. 
 Martin's private life was stained by the vice 
 of drunkenness, which, in his later years, 
 became a fixed habit. Not the least extra- 
 ordinary thing about this extraordinary 
 man is that he should have done tlie prodig- 
 
248 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ious amount of work and achieved the emi- 
 nence that he did in spite of such a fatal 
 defect. 
 
 Another defect in his character was his 
 reckless extravagance and imprudence, 
 which, however, was accompanied in his 
 case, as it often is, by much generosity and 
 kindness of heart. He himself says that he 
 had never been an economist of anything 
 but time. Although he had an income 
 which he said exceeded twelve thousand 
 dollars a year, yet he was always in debt. 
 He suffered a stroke of paralysis in 1820 
 and his capacity for work was at an end. 
 So great, however, was the admiration with 
 which he was regarded that in 1822, the 
 Legislature passed a joint resolution requir- 
 ing every lawyer in the State to pay an an- 
 nual license fee of five dollars for the use 
 of Luther Martin. Although manifestly 
 unconstitutional, no Maryland lawyer ever 
 refused to pay this license. Burr had never 
 paid Martin anything for his services in the 
 trial for treason, but he now took Martin 
 into his house in New York and there the 
 great hero of countless forensic struggles 
 died on July loth, 1826. His wife, a daugh- 
 ter of the well known Capt. Michael Cresap, 
 had long before preceded him. 
 
 William Pinkney, although twenty years 
 younger than Martin, was his greatest rival 
 and, in the judgment of some, his decided 
 superior. Judge Taney said that when 
 Pinkney returned from England "the reign 
 of Martin was at an end." Except in legal 
 learning and ability, there was a great con- 
 trast between the two men. Martin was 
 rough and overbearing in manner, slipshod 
 in speech, careless in dress, and often drunk. 
 Pinkney was a man of fashion and society 
 with distinguished bearing: studiously 
 
 courteous, with great charm of manner; a 
 master of rhetoric and fine phrases; an ac- 
 complished diplomat who had served at the 
 Courts of England and Russia and had been 
 the friend of Pitt and Erskine and Canning. 
 In addition to all this, he was a great law- 
 yer and great orator. Of all the Maryland 
 lawyers, he was the one who possessed the 
 highest native genius. William Wirt wrote 
 of him as "the comet," "the Maryland lion." 
 Pinkney fascinated his contemporaries and 
 the spell he cast upon them is perpetuated 
 by tradition so that his name is still the 
 greatest in the annals of the Maryland bar. 
 Perhaps one may say it is the greatest in 
 the history of the American bar. Rufus 
 Choate and some others are now more 
 widely known, but only, I think, because 
 they lived in a succeeding generation. It 
 is said that Choate as a young man saw 
 Pinkney fall back fainting during his last 
 argument in the Supreme Court and that he 
 then resolved to struggle for the place so 
 vacated — that of the acknowledged leader 
 of the bar of the United States. 
 
 In the autobiographical sketch already 
 referred to, Chief Justice Taney wrote: "I 
 have heard almost all the great advocates 
 of the United States, both of the past and 
 present generation, but I have seen none 
 equal Pinkney. He was a profound lawyer 
 in every department of the science, as well 
 as a powerful and eloquent debater. He 
 always saw the strongest point in his case 
 and he put forth his whole strength to sup- 
 port it by analogies from other branches of 
 the law. * * There was one defect in his 
 mode of speaking. His voice and manner 
 and intonation did not appear to be natural, 
 but studied and artificial. * * * His style 
 was metaphorical, but liy no means turgid. 
 
i^^^^-^^^IL^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 249 
 
 And, although on some occasions, I 
 thought it too ornate and his metaphors too 
 gorgeous for a legal argument, yet it was 
 impossible not to listen to them with pleas- 
 ure. They were always introduced at the 
 right time and at the right place, and 
 seemed to grow out of the subject of which 
 he was speaking and to illustrate it. He 
 was fastidiously correct in his language, in 
 its grammatical arrangement, in the grace- 
 ful flow and harmony of the sentence, and 
 in the correct and exact pronunciation of 
 every word. * * * His arguments were 
 syllogisms and his points clearly stated and 
 carefully kept separate in the discussion. 
 He came to every case fully prepared with 
 his argument and authorities arranged and 
 no temptation could induce him to speak in 
 a case, great or small, unless he had time to 
 prepare for it; and he argued every one as 
 carefully as if his reputation depended upon 
 that speech." 
 
 Pinkney was born at Annapolis on March 
 17th, 1764, and was called to the bar in 
 1786. Two years later he was a member 
 of the House of Delegates from Harford 
 county. Soon afterwards he removed to 
 Annapolis and became a member of the Ex- 
 ecutive Council, in 1792. He at once 
 achieved a leading position at the bar. His 
 profound legal learning as well as his feli- 
 city of diction is shown by his argument in 
 the case of Martindale vs. Troop, 3 H. & 
 McH., 270, which was made when he was 
 twenty-nine years of age. In 1796, Pink- 
 ney was appointed by President Washing- 
 ton a commissioner on the part of the 
 United States to England under Jay's treaty 
 and he lived in London for eight years — till 
 August, 1804. In 1806, he was accredited 
 as Minister Extraordinary to England and 
 
 occupied that post, which was so important 
 during the Napoleonic wars and the depre- 
 dations on American commerce, until June, 
 181 1. In asking President Madison to re- 
 call him from London, he wrote: "The 
 compensation, as it is oddly called, allotted 
 by the Government to the maintenance of 
 its representatives abroad is a pittance 
 which no economy, however rigid or even 
 mean, can render adequate." 
 
 In September, 181 1, soon after his return 
 from England, Pinkney was elected to the 
 Senate of Maryland, and in the following 
 December he was appointed Attorney Gen- 
 eral of the United States. This ofifice he 
 resigned in 1814 when an act of Congress 
 was passed requiring the Attorney General 
 to reside la Washington, because he was 
 unwilling to give up his large and lucrative 
 practice in the Courts of Baltimore City. 
 During the war with England, Pinkney be- 
 came the major of a regiment of volunteers 
 and fought at the battle of Bladensburg, 
 where he was severely wounded. In 18 16', 
 he was appointed Minister to Russia and 
 Special Envoy to Naples. He went first to 
 Naples to demand indemnity for losses in- 
 flicted upon American commerce and then 
 to St. Petersburg, where he resided for two 
 years. This ended his diplomatic service. 
 He returned to the practice of law in 18 18, 
 but only four years of life were left to him. 
 In 1819 he was elected to the United States 
 Senate and in February of the next year, 
 made his famous speech on the Missouri 
 Compromise, which is printed in the Life 
 of Pinkney, by Henry Wheaton, reporter 
 of the Supreme Court. He died on Feb- 
 ruary 25, 1822, at the age of fifty-eight. It 
 will thus be seen that Pinkney's career at 
 the bar embraced about thirty-four years, 
 
250 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of which fifteen were spent in diplomatic 
 service abroad, so that his real professional 
 work was done in considerably less than 
 twenty years. Speaking once in regard to 
 his frequent and prolonged absences, Pink- 
 ney said: "There are those among my 
 friends who wonder that I will go abroad, 
 however honorable the service. They know 
 not how- I toil at the bar; they know not 
 all my an.xious days and sleepless nights. 
 I must breathe awhile; the bow forever bent 
 will break." He was always, however, 
 abroad, as well as at home, a hard student, 
 notwithstanding his desire to shine as a man 
 of fashion. "Commend me," said Wirt, "to 
 such a fellow as Pinkney, who sacrifices at 
 the altar of professional ambition all his 
 love of ease and pleasure and even that 
 strong tendency to repose, to which his age, 
 his corpulence, and the ample honors he 
 has already won must conspire so power- 
 fully to dispose him." Pinkney was thus a 
 good example of the infi}iitiis labor ct quoti- 
 diana mcditatio which are absolutely neces- 
 sary to the making of a great lawyer. His 
 manners and habits were such as led some 
 people to suppose that he was afifected 
 and artificial, but those were only what were 
 usual among foreign diplomats, while in his 
 pronunciation and style, he followed the ex- 
 amples which had been set him by Erskine 
 and Sheridan and the great leaders of the 
 English bar. 
 
 Chief Justice Taney, in the extract above 
 quoted, speaks of Pinkney 's gorgeous meta- 
 jjhors. Nowhere in his opulent imagina- 
 tion and Asiatic magnificence of diction 
 better seen than in his argument in the case 
 of the Xcreide, 9 Cr., 3S8. In delivering 
 the oi)inion of the Coiui in that case. Chief 
 Justice Marshall said: "With a pencil 
 
 dipped in the most vivid colors and guided 
 by the hand of a master, a splendid portrait 
 has been drawn, exhibiting this vessel and 
 her freighter as forming a single figure 
 composed of the most discordant materials 
 of peace and war. So exquisite was the skill 
 of the artist, so dazzling the garb in which 
 the figure was presented that it required 
 the exercise of that cold, investigating fac- 
 ulty which ought always to belong to those 
 who sit on this bench to discover its only 
 imperfection — its want of resemblance." 
 
 Edward Coote Pinkney, the seventh child 
 of William Pinkney, was born in London in 
 1802 and died in Baltimore in 1828. He 
 was admitted to the bar, but never engaged 
 in active practice. He is best remembered 
 as the author of a poem in five stanzas called 
 "A Health," beginning— 
 
 " I fill this cup 
 To one made up 
 Of loveliness alone, 
 A woman, of her gentle sex, 
 The seeming paragon." 
 
 The chief contemporaries of Pinkney 
 were Harper, Wirt, Meredith and Winder. 
 Robert Goodloe Harper came to Baltimore 
 from South Carolina about 1800 after his 
 marriage with a daughter of Charles Car- 
 roll, of Carrollton, and soon became and 
 remained one of the most distinguished law- 
 yers, as well as a useful and public-spirited 
 citizen of the State. He was born in Vir- 
 ginia in 1765; served in Congress as a rep- 
 resentative from South Carolina; was a 
 United States Senator from Maryland in 
 1816, and died in 1825. 
 
 William H. Winder was born in Somerset 
 county, Maryland, in 1775, and came to 
 Baltimore in 1802. During the war of 1812 
 he was in command of the American .\rmv 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 251 
 
 at the battle of Bladensburg. At the time 
 of his death, in 1824, at the age of forty- 
 nine, his practice is said to have been the 
 largest in the State. 
 
 David Hoffman (born in 1784, died in 
 1854) was the author of a Course of Legal 
 Study, published in 1817 — a very useful 
 work in its day — and was a Professor of 
 Law in the University of Maryland. 
 
 Jonathan Meredith was born in Philadel- 
 phia in 1784; was admitted to the Baltimore 
 Bar in 1806, and died in 1872. Ex-Gov. 
 William Pinkney Whyte said of him in an 
 address made, in 1897 to the State Bar Asso- 
 ciation: "Jonathan Meredith was another 
 and distinct type. He had been the friend 
 of Luther Martin, Harper, Wirt, Pinkney, 
 and had met them in many forensic battles. 
 The ability he displayed in the impeachment 
 trial of Judge Peck, in which he was the as- 
 sociate of Mr. Wirt, won him a national 
 reputatior He was a lawyer who had 
 studied thoroughly the law relating to com- 
 merce and finance, and was the retained 
 counsel of many of the insurance compan- 
 ies and banks. He was one of the old time 
 professional men. He was thoroughly 
 versed in the best English literature, was 
 familiar with Shakespeare and the poets, and 
 with his perfect diction and knowledge of 
 the law, he was an orator of the most pol- 
 ished and eloquent type of his day. He 
 was one of the most attractive conversa- 
 tionalists, and the most charming and gra- 
 cious companion, alike to young and old. 
 He had mastered the most difificult questions 
 of jurisprudence, and presented them with 
 clearness and precision. He was prepared 
 for his profession in the most careful and 
 finished style." 
 
 William Wirt was for twelve vears the 
 
 Attorney General of the United States and 
 filled a large space in the public eye. He 
 was born in Bladensburg, Md., in 1772, but 
 removed to Virginia when a young man, 
 and finally settled in Richmond. He took 
 the leading part in the prosecution of Burr 
 for treason and made then the famous 
 speech, beginning with "Who is Blenner- 
 hasset?" While Attorney General, he be- 
 gan to practice in the Maryland courts, and, 
 upon the expiration of his last term, in 
 1829, he came to Baltimore to live. He 
 was a well read Latin scholar and familiar 
 with the best English literature, as well as 
 a charming letter writer. His life of Pat- 
 rick Henry and the British Spy are well- 
 known books; the former contains some 
 splendid pieces of rhetoric. Some people 
 thought that Wirt was not a profoundly 
 learned lawyer, but in the trial of every case 
 he was fully equal to the emergency. No 
 one can read his argument in the great case 
 of Gibbons vs. Ogden, 9 Wheat., i, without 
 perceiving that his celebrity as a lawyer was 
 thoroughly well deserved. Kennedy, his 
 svmpathetic biographer, says: "His man- 
 ner in speaking was singularly attractive. 
 His manly form, his intellectual counte- 
 nance and musical voice, set off by a rare 
 gracefulness of gesture, won in advance the 
 favor of his auditory. * * * His ora- 
 tory was smooth, polished, scholar-like, 
 sparkling with pleasant fancies and beguil- 
 ing the listener with its varied graces out 
 of all note or consciousness of time." Wirt 
 died on February 18, 1834. 
 
 The career of Roger Brooke Taney, who 
 was for twenty-eight years Chief Justice of 
 the Supreme Court of the United States, 
 belongs largely to the history of American 
 jurisprudence generally, but he was for 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 some ten years a resident of Baltimore City 
 and his fame as a great lawyer belongs to 
 the bar of which we are speaking. He was 
 born in Calvert county, Md., March 17, 
 1777, and was graduated at Dickinson Col- 
 lege. After having served in the Legisla- 
 ture as a delegate from his native county, 
 Taney began the practice of law in Fred- 
 erick. He moved to Baltimore in 1823 and 
 acquired at once a large and valuable 
 clientele. He was Attorney General of 
 Maryland in 1827 and Attorney General of 
 the United States in 1831. He wa^ ap- 
 pointed Secretary of the Treasury bv Presi- 
 dent Jackson in 1833 and took a leading 
 part in the removal of the deposits of the 
 Bank of the United States about which a 
 fierce and passionate controversy then 
 raged. His nomination as Secretary was 
 consequently rejected by the Senate, and he 
 returned to Baltimore in 1834. Two years 
 afterwards he was nominated and con- 
 firmed as Chief Justice of the . Supreme 
 Court of the United States, and then began 
 one of the greatest judicial careers in Amer- 
 ican history. He died October 12, 1864. 
 
 John Pendleton Kennedy was a conspic- 
 uous figure in the legal and political circles 
 of the city during the second quarter of the 
 century. He was born in Baltimore on Oc- 
 tober 25, 1795, and was educated at Balti- 
 more College, which afterwards, when 
 united with the medical school, became the 
 University of Maryland. While a lad, he 
 fought and ran away with the rest at the bat- 
 tle of Bladensburg. He came to the bar 
 as soon as he was of age and worked stead- 
 ily and successfully at the profession for 
 some years, but his tastes inclined him more 
 to literature and politics than to law. wliile 
 a wealthy marriage relieved him from the 
 
 necessity of working himself to death in 
 order to make a living. His historical nov- 
 els dealing with the revolutionary and other 
 periods of American history, entitled 
 "Horseshoe Robinson," "Swallow Barn" 
 and "Rob of the Bowl," have very consid- 
 erable literary merit and enjoyed a high 
 degree of popular favor. His Life of Wil- 
 liam Wirt is an admirably constructed piece 
 of biography. Kennedy was a member of 
 the State Legislature for three or four years 
 and served two or three terms in Congress. 
 Under President Filmore, he was Secretary 
 of the Navy. He died in 1870. 
 
 Of all the Maryland lawyers, the greatest 
 popular orator, the man who could sway 
 most powerfully his audience and "wield at 
 will the fierce Democratie," was John Van 
 Lear McMaht^n. He had a commanding 
 presence, a superb voice and a high order 
 of true eloquence. During the Log Cabin 
 and Hard Cider campaign of 1840, he was 
 president of the then famous National Whig 
 meeting and opened the proceedings by 
 saying, "Let the Nation come to order. The 
 mountains have sent forth their rills — the 
 hillsides their streams — the valleys their 
 rivers, and lo, the avalanche of the people 
 is here." 
 
 That McMahon possessed extraordinary 
 gifts as a lawyer and was one of the finest 
 intellects that ever adorned the bar is the 
 testimony of all his contemporaries, but his 
 reputation was confined to the State. For 
 some reason, he refused all manner of pub- 
 lic employment. He declined to accept a 
 Cabinet office which was tendered him. He 
 refused a United States Senatorship when, 
 in order to be elected, he had but to signify 
 his willingness to accept. He refused po- 
 sitions on the bench and he would never 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 make a speech outside the State. He had 
 the reputation of being uniformly success- 
 ful in his cases, but this was perhaps be- 
 cause he only took those — at least in the 
 later years of his life — which he thought 
 he could win. 
 
 Except among his few intimate friends, 
 he was austere, reserved, dignified — perhaps 
 a little eccentric in manner. He withdrew 
 from active practice when about fifty-five 
 years of age and afterwards lived a secluded 
 life; he was rarely seen on the streets. Mc- 
 Mahon was born in Cumberland, Md., Oc- 
 tober i8, 1800, of Scotch-Irish parentage. 
 He graduated at Princeton with the highest 
 honors of his class. He came to Baltimore 
 after having served in the Legislature as a 
 delegate from his native county. He left 
 Baltimore some four years before his death, 
 which occurred in 1871. He was the author 
 of a very valuable work on the Early His- 
 tory of Maryland, which was published in 
 1831. 
 
 A large number of able and distinguished 
 men illustrated the legal and political life 
 of the city towards the middle of the cen- 
 tury and afterwards. One of these was John 
 Nelson, who was born in Frederick, Md., 
 in 1790 and died in i860. He was Attorney 
 General of the United States in 1843 ^"d 
 had previously served as Minister to Naples 
 under President Jackson. As a lawyer, he 
 was the equal of any of the men of his day, 
 and was especially remarkable for the skill 
 with which he could present all the facts 
 and enforce all the arguments in a case with 
 very few words. 
 
 William Schley was renowned for his ex- 
 act and varied legal learning, the force of 
 his arguments upon questions of law and 
 his versatility of resources as a general prac- 
 
 titioner. Schley was born in Frederick, 
 Md., October 31, 1799, and graduated at 
 Princeton with the highest honors of his 
 class in 1821. He removed to Baltimore in 
 1837 and continued to reside there until his 
 death in 1872. 
 
 Levin Gale was a Coke on Littleton law- 
 yer, whose reputation was greater with his 
 fellow lawyers than with the public at large. 
 The reputation of Thomas Yates Walsh was 
 that of a wit rather than a lawyer. 
 
 John Glenn was, at the time of his death, 
 in 1853, Judge of the District Court of the 
 United States for the District of Maryland, 
 an office which had previously been filled 
 by his father, Elias Glenn. While at the 
 bar. Judge Glenn was reputed to have had 
 the most lucrative practice. He was an 
 able man and was for a long time a chief 
 figure in the so-called court house clique 
 of prominent lawyers who ruled the Whig 
 politics of the State. 
 
 John Mason Campbell, the son-in-law of 
 Taney, also had a large practice and was 
 an accomplished man of cultivated artistic 
 tastes. He was one of the lawyers selected 
 to argue the celebrated Police Board case, 
 15 Md., 424. 
 
 Thomas S. Alexander was especially cele- 
 brated as an equity lawyer. He died in New 
 York, to which city he had removecl, in 
 1871. 
 
 George R. Richardson, born in Worces- 
 ter county, Md., in 1803, was for some time 
 Attorney General of the State. Ex-Gov. 
 Whyte said of him, in the address already 
 referred to: "The lawyer who was primus 
 inter pares in the criminal practice was the 
 Attorney General, George R. Richardson, 
 who was in the zenith of his fame, as a public 
 prosecutor, between 1846 and 185 1, in 
 
254 
 
 HISTORY OF BAWIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 wliich year he died. It was my good 
 fortune during part of tliat period to have 
 been associated with him, as one of his as- 
 sistants, and to have enjoyed his valued 
 friendship, and to have had opportunity to 
 appreciate his noble qualities. His early 
 education had been of the highest order; 
 he had been dedicated by his parents to the 
 ministry, and graduated at Princeton with 
 high honors. His mind, however, ran in a 
 direction different from the ministry, and he 
 chose the law as his profession. His pre- 
 paration for the bar had been as thoroughly 
 conducted, and he came into it with the 
 highest expectations. His ambition was 
 lofty; his intellect was clear and his diction 
 was of the purest English; his voice sweet 
 and melodious; his presence commanding 
 and magnetic; his face handsome and ex- 
 pressive; his action graceful and attractive, 
 and his eloquence swayed the minds of the 
 jury, as with a wand. I shall never forget 
 liim in the great legal battle which he had 
 with Mr. Reverdy Johnson in the case of 
 Burns vs. Vickers, in the old Baltimore 
 "County Court, wherein those splendid 
 logicians struggled with such zeal and 
 warmth as to have imperilled their formerly 
 friendly feelings." 
 
 Robert J. Brent, who succeeded Richard- 
 son as Attorney General, was a very ver- 
 satile and able lawyer and had an extensive 
 practice up to the time of his death, in 1872. 
 Charles H. Pitts, who died in 1864, had 
 a deservedly high reputation as a jury law- 
 yer, especially in criminal cases, and as an 
 eloquent and effective orator upon the 
 hustings. 
 
 John 11. 1!. Latnibe (born in 1S03. died 
 in 1891) and Charles J. i\l. Gwinn (l)orn 
 1822, died 1894) were conspicuously suc- 
 
 cessful and able corporation lawyers. Mr. 
 Gwinn was also Attorney General from 
 187s to 1883. 
 
 Of Charles F. Mayer (born 1795, died 
 1864) Ex-Gov. Whyte said: "When I first 
 knew him he had passed the fifties, and was 
 in the enjoyment of a valuable practice. He 
 was a peculiar type of a successful lawyer. 
 Kindly in manner, of even temper, he was 
 a man without enemies. He had graduated 
 with honor at Dickinson College, and then 
 traveled abroad for several years, so that, 
 on his return to his native city, he had be- 
 come an accomplished linguist, and his 
 mind had been stored with the best French 
 and German literature. He was an ardent 
 student, with a metaphysical turn of mind, 
 filled with an inexhaustible stock of valu- 
 able learning. He was conspicuous in pub- 
 lic afifairs in the State, and having 'the pen 
 of a ready writer,' many addresses on po- 
 litical subjects during his active life were 
 the products of his vigorous brain and his 
 untiring energy. While he was a Senator, 
 he gave the State the benefit of his wisdom 
 and foresight in framing many of the im- 
 portant laws which are now condensed in 
 our code. His philanthropic and charitable 
 views were of the broadest character. He 
 was one of the founders of Baltimore's 
 House of Refuge, and his address at the 
 laying of the corner-stone of that institu- 
 tion is a masterpiece of reason and of elo- 
 quence. I knew him well, and I have rarely 
 met a man of more varied acquirements and 
 of simpler tastes. He lived up to Webster's 
 definition of the real lawyer. 'He worked 
 hard, he lived well and died poor.' " 
 
 Much of this eulogy is equally applica- 
 ble to Tlionias Donaldson, who was not 
 only an admirable lawyer, thoroughly 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 255 
 
 equipped at all points, but also an accom- 
 plished scholar. 
 
 The reputation of Henry Winter Davis 
 was political rather than legal, but he ar- 
 gued many important cases and held a de- 
 servedly high rank in the profession. He 
 was born at Annapolis, August i6, 1817, 
 where his father was then president of St. 
 John's College and rector of St. Anne's 
 parish. He graduated at Kenyon College, 
 Ohio, in 1837. He afterwards studied law 
 and literature at the University of Vir- 
 ginia and began the practice of law in Alex- 
 andria, Va. He came to Baltimore in 1850 
 and soon became the leader of the Ameri- 
 can, or Know-Nothing, party in this State, 
 and their chief representative in Congress. 
 Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he 
 became the leader of the Union party in the 
 State and during the war was one of the 
 most prominent men in Congress. His elo- 
 quence and power as an orator were justly 
 celebrated throughout the whole country. 
 He was a man of very considerable literary 
 culture and his speeches may still be read 
 with pleasure, although dealing with purely 
 controversial issues. He died December 
 30, 1865. 
 
 After the war, Mr. I. Nevett Steele was 
 regarded by men as the leader of the bar. 
 Upon one occasion, at a dinner of the Bar 
 Association, Mr. Wallis, in the course of an 
 , after-dinner speech, in which he had spoken 
 of the great lawyers of the preceding gen- 
 eration, went on to say that he had heard 
 from Mr. Steele arguments which he 
 thought to be the equal of anything that 
 had ever been addressed to a Maryland 
 court by those of the former period. Mr. 
 Steele was born in Cambridge. Md., in 
 1809, and his whole life was devoted to the 
 
 work of his profession, except for four 
 years, beginning in 1849, when he was 
 charge d' affaires of the United States hi 
 Venezuela. In his younger days he was 
 Deputy Attorney General and led for the 
 prosecution in several notable criminal 
 cases, the most famous of which was the 
 trial of Adam Horn for the murder of his 
 wife. In 1871, he successfully defended 
 Mrs. Wharton, who was indicted for the 
 murder by poison of Gen.. Ketchum. 
 
 Upon announcing the death of Mr. Steele 
 in 189 1 in the Court of Appeals, Mr. John 
 Prentiss Poe said: "The eminence which, 
 while still a young man, he achieved in the 
 years long gone by, too long ago for any 
 of us to know except by tradition, and 
 which, within our memory, with ripening 
 years, and expanding faculties, and judg- 
 ment more and more matured, steadily grew 
 until there was no loftier height to reach, 
 the persuasive oratory with which for half 
 a century in this high tribunal and in the 
 Nisi Prius courts of this State he discussed 
 so many of the great litigations of his long 
 life; the close, compact and powerful logic 
 which he brought to bear upon complicated 
 and difificult questions of law and fact; the 
 clear, orderly and discriminating statement ; 
 the marvelous ingenuity and the vigorous 
 reasoning which distinguished his forensic 
 efforts, marked him as worthy to stand 
 abreast of the great Maryland lawyers 
 whose name and fame are a part of the 
 proud history of our State." 
 
 Reverdy Johnson filled a leading role in 
 the legal life of the State for more than 
 half a century. He was born in Annapolis, 
 May 21. 1796, and came to Baltimore to live 
 in 1817. After having served in the State 
 Senate for several vears, he was elected to 
 
256 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the United States Senate in 1846 and served 
 until he was appointed Attorney General 
 of the United States in 1849 by President 
 Taylor. In 1863, he was again elected to 
 the United States Senate, but resigned in 
 1868 in order to accept the position of Min- 
 ister to England. He there negotiated a 
 treaty for the settlement of the Alabama 
 Claims, which was rejected by the Senate. 
 He died in Annapolis in 1S76. Mr. John- 
 son's chief characteristic was intrepidity — ■ 
 mental, moral and physical. He had un- 
 bounded confidence in his own power and 
 resources, and he was never a victim of mis- 
 placed confidence. His knowledge of hu- 
 man nature was profound, and it was per- 
 haps to this that he owed his reputation of 
 being the best cross-examiner at the bar. 
 Add to these qualities, thorough legal learn- 
 ing, majestic good sense, great logical pow- 
 ers, relentless industry, rich humor, and one 
 can see that few men have ever been better 
 equipped for the contests of the forum than 
 was he, or more sure of success in the 
 struggles and conflicts of professional life. 
 During a large part of his career his fame 
 as a lawyer, both within and without the 
 State, far exceeded that of any of his con- 
 temporaries. 
 
 S. Teackle Wallis, for more than forty 
 years preceding his death, in 1894, was one 
 of the most distinguished lawyers of Balti- 
 more. In other spheres of life, too, his was 
 a great reputation. He was the first citizen 
 of the State, a man whose tongue and pen 
 were ever ready to defend public rights, to 
 succor the unfortunate, and to cast down 
 the haughty. He was the most distinguish- 
 ed man of letters in the State, and in private 
 life lie was the arbiter cicgautianiiii. He 
 wrote two popular books on Spain and de- 
 
 livered several addresses, which were pub- 
 lished during his life in pamphlet form. 
 Since his death, an incomplete edition of his 
 works has been published in four volumes. 
 These writings show that he was a master 
 of style, and style, as a great French critic 
 says, "is a golden sceptre to which the king- 
 dom of this world definitively belongs." If 
 any one wishes to learn what potent magic 
 and vivid charity of phrase was his, with 
 what wisdom and learning and wit his writ- 
 ings are replete, let him read Mr. Wallis" 
 discourse on the Life and Character of 
 George Peabody and his addresses to the 
 graduating classes in Law and Medicine of 
 the University of Maryland. As a wit, as a 
 maker of epigrams, which fell from his lips 
 with lightning quickness, there was no one 
 to contest his pre-eminence. The follow- 
 ing examples are sufficient to prove the 
 truth of this statement. When somebody 
 said to him once that a certain disreputable 
 lawyer had gotten religion, Mr. Wallis im- 
 mediately replied, "I am not surprised; he 
 is always getting something that doesn't 
 belong to him." ^^hile waiting for a case, 
 in which he was retained, to be called in 
 court, he inquired if the prosy lawyer who 
 was then speaking had not then nearly fin- 
 ished. "Xo," said his colleague; "he is go- 
 ing to take his full hour." "You mean," 
 said Mr. Wallis, "his empty hour." Pre- 
 siding, upon one occasion, at a public din- 
 ner, he called upon Prof. Sylvester, of the 
 Johns Hopkins University, who was upon 
 the programme for a speech. The pro- 
 fessor excused himself by saying that he 
 had gone to the opera the night before and 
 had consequently not had time to prepare 
 anything worthy of the occasion. Mr. Wal- 
 lis congratulated him upon his adherence 
 
2?:^^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 to the valuable maxim "opera non verba." 
 Once, in arguing a case before the Court 
 of Appeals of Maryland, Col. M., who was 
 on the other side, resumed his argument in 
 the morning by calling attention to a point, 
 which, he said, he had first thought of in 
 a dream. Mr. Wallis declared that the 
 Court could pay no attention to such an 
 argument, because it was in open violation 
 of the legal maxim, Vigilantibus non dor- 
 mientibus siibveniunt leges. In another con- 
 nection, alluding to the fact that in early 
 English law the greatest attention was be- 
 stowed upon real property and very little 
 upon personal property, he said: "Such an 
 opinion was doubtless reasonable enough in 
 the days of King John, when a wealthy He- 
 brew on a gridiron was their only banking 
 institution." Of one of the judges under 
 the Constitution of 185 1, Wallis said that 
 "he would not recognize a legal principle 
 if he met it in the street." 
 
 Soon after the war he tried a case for the 
 plaintiff against Simon Cameron, who was 
 present in court. Mr. Wallis said that the 
 defendant had caused the Simons to be di- 
 vided into two classes — the Simons Pure 
 and Simon Cameron. 
 
 Speaking of Justin Winsor's book on Co- 
 lumbus and that learned antiquarian's ina- 
 bility to understand how chivalry and ro- 
 mance could be combined in that age with 
 greed and money making, Mr. Wallis said, 
 "I don't think that the Pilgrim Fathers 
 would have refused to land on Plymouth 
 Rock if it had been auriferous quartz." This 
 brilliant wit was united in Mr. Wallis with 
 the utmost courtesy and charm and distinc- 
 tion of manner, great kindness of heart and 
 a lavish generosity. It can be truly said of 
 him, as Cardinal Newman said of Hope 
 
 Scott, "If there ever was a man who was the 
 light and delight of his own intimates, it was 
 he." 
 
 Mr. Wallis was an accomplished scholar 
 and throughout his life kept up his studies 
 in Latin, French and Spanish literature. 
 The last mentioned language he spoke with 
 as much ease and fluency as English. He 
 sought and found his greatest solace and 
 refreshment in the blooming garden of lit- 
 erature and art, to which he had the pass- 
 word. 
 
 From early manhood, Wallis was a fre- 
 quent speaker in political campaigns, and 
 many of his most eloquent words and bril- 
 liant witticisms were uttered upon the 
 hustings, and of th^se there remains now 
 only a fast vanishing tradition. He was a 
 Whig in politics until the disruption of that 
 party, when he transferred his allegiance to 
 the Democracy. He was the foremost ad- 
 vocate of reform and purity of government 
 and was the animating soul of several hotly 
 contested campaigns. When it is remem- 
 bered that in addition to his activity as a 
 writer and political speaker Mr. Wallis was 
 also one of the leaders of the bar, constantly 
 engaged in the trial of important cases, one 
 can see that in spite of his fragile health, 
 he was a prodigious worker and endowed 
 with an extraordinary degree of versatility. 
 
 A very eloquent address upon the life 
 and character of Mr. Wallis was delivered 
 before the Maryland Historical Society, of 
 which he was president at the time of his 
 death, by Judge Charles E. Phelps. In 
 tliat masterpiece of commemorative ora- 
 tory, wortny of Wallis himself, Judge 
 Phelps says: "The death of Mr. Steele 
 placed Mr. Wallis by universal consent at 
 the head of the Maryland ISar. With what 
 
260 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 conscientious labor, both in general and 
 special preparation, he rose to that proud 
 eminence — with what luminous and logical 
 method he uufolded his stores of learning— 
 with what consununate skill he extorted 
 truth from the lips of an unwilling witness, 
 or marshalled facts in the order of demon- 
 stration — with what mastery of the weapons | 
 of invective he riddled and crushed false- 
 hood and fraud— with what graceful and 
 commanding eloquence he captivated courts 
 and juries; all this and much more has been 
 the theme of unstinted eulogy from his sur- 
 viving professional brethren. But no point 
 has been more unanimously emphasized 
 than his delicate sense of personal and pro- 
 fessional honor. So far as mortal vision 
 may penetrate, a cleaner conscience never 
 sought the presence of its Maker. The ba- 
 sis of his character was a profound and ab- 
 sorbing passion for truth and justice. Take 
 this innate sense of justice, warm it up until 
 it flames, arm it with wit, with satire, with 
 invective, inspire it with courage, endow it 
 with the staying qualities of a thorough- 
 bred, give it a rapid ringing voice, often 
 high pitched, and sometimes in its energy 
 of inflection startlingly shrill, add to this 
 the intense earnestness of an old Hebrew 
 prophet, and the action, action, action of 
 Demosthenes, let the framework be a carv- 
 ing in delicate but pronounced lines, sculp- 
 tured after the antique — and we have a faint 
 image of Teackle Wallis before the people. 
 * * * * The career of Mr. Wallis was 
 a stormy one. The more peace to his ashes! 
 Measured by the vulgar standard, it was 
 not altogether a successful one. lie died 
 unmarried, untitled, unenriched. .Vnd yet 
 the world, which applauds success, bows be- 
 fore him in veneration. 'l\i see the death 
 
 of such a man so universally wept is 
 creditable to human nature. It is more. 
 It is a damaging blow to pessimism. Pub- 
 lic spirit cannot be dead, conscience cannot 
 be drugged, patriotism cannot be sapped in 
 a community that admires such a life, ap- 
 plauds such a character and reveres such a 
 memory, as the life, the character and the 
 memory of Severn Teackle Wallis." 
 
 Mr. Wallis was born in Baltimore on Sep- 
 tember 8, 1816, and graduated at St. Mary's 
 College in 1832. He studied law in the 
 office of William Wirt, and derived also 
 from him valuable instruction in literature. 
 After Mr. Wirt's death he was a student ;n 
 the office of Judge Glenn. As soon as he 
 came to the bar he achieved success in the 
 profession and a reputation as a lawyer, 
 which was constantly enhanced throughout 
 his life. In 1845, he made a visit of consid- 
 erable length to Spain, and, in 1850, was 
 sent to that country by the United States 
 Government upon a special mission, in 
 1861, at a time of great public alarm and 
 distress, he was forced to accept a nomi- 
 I nation to the State Legislature. He was 
 j opposed to secession, but he did not believe 
 that the Federal Government was consti- 
 tutionally authorized to wage war upon the 
 States that had already seceded. In con- 
 sequence of his prominence, he was arrested 
 I)y the military authorities, together with 
 several other members of the Legislature 
 and leading citizens, and was confined for 
 more than a year in Fortress Monroe and 
 in Fort Warren in the harbor of Boston. 
 In 1875. he was a candidate of the reform 
 part)- for Attorney General, but was de- 
 feated. He never accepted any other nomi- 
 nation for office, although often asked to do 
 so. Mr. Wallis died in Baltimore on April 
 11. 1804. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Courts and Judges. 
 
 The Constitution of 1776 provided that 
 all Judges as well as the Attorney General 
 and clerks of courts "shall hold their com- 
 missions during good behavior; removable 
 only for misbehavior on conviction in a 
 court of law." The Judges and Chancellor 
 and Attorney General were appointed by 
 the Governor, with the consent of the Ex- 
 ecutive Council, which was composed of 
 five persons elected by the Legislature, each 
 having a freehold above £1,000. That Con- 
 stitution also provided for a Court of Ap- 
 peals, Court of Chancery, Court of Admi- 
 ralty, and a General Court of three Judges; 
 this latter court taking the place of the old 
 Provincial Court. County Courts were also 
 established under an act passed in 1778 and 
 these were re-organized by the act of 1790, 
 Ch. 33. Under the latter Baltimore county 
 constituted the Third District, together with 
 Anne Arundel and Harford counties. But 
 the principal court of first instance up to 
 1805 was the General Court, which had 
 original jurisdiction in all civil cases and 
 throughout the State where the matter in 
 dispute exceeded one pound currency 
 ($2.66). It sat at Easton, Talbot county, 
 for the Eastern Shore, and at Annapolis for 
 the Western Shore. Witnesses and juries 
 were summoned to the General Court from 
 all over the State, and it was presided over 
 by three judges wearing scarlet cloaks. 
 Three judges of the General Court in the 
 last century become justices of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, viz: Thomas 
 Johnson. Samuel Chase (who was defended 
 by Luther Martin when impeached) and 
 Gabriel Duval. 
 
 The act of 1793. Ch. 57, organized a 
 Court of Over and Terminer and Gaol De- 
 
 livery for the trial of crimes committed in 
 Baltimore county. The act of 1816, Ch. 
 193, changed its name to Baltimore City 
 Court and empowered it also to issue li- 
 censes and appoint constables. The court 
 held different terms for the transaction of 
 county and city business. The judges of 
 the said court were, for many years, Nicho- 
 las Brice, William McMechen and Alexan- 
 der Nisbet. 
 
 An amendment to the Constitution, rati- 
 fied in 1805, abolished the General Court 
 and divided the State into judicial districts, 
 three judges in each district, holding ses- 
 sions in each county, and the Court of Ap- 
 peals was made to consist of the chief judges 
 of the several judicial districts. Under this 
 arrangement Baltimore and Harford coun- 
 ties constituted the Sixth District. Joseph 
 Hopper Nicholson, Walter Dorsey, Steven- 
 son Archer and William Frick were suc- 
 cessively the chief justices of this district in 
 the order named until 1851. Sometimes all 
 three judges of the district would sit to- 
 gether, but more frecjuently they sat sepa- 
 rately, trying different cases. The Execu- 
 tive Council above referred to was abol- 
 ished in 1837, and thereafter judicial ap- 
 pointments were made by the Governor by 
 and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
 ate. 
 
 Under the Constitution of 185 1 the State 
 was divided into four judicial districts, of 
 which Baltimore City was the Third; and 
 eight judicial circuits, of which Baltimore 
 City was the Fifth. This Constitution sep- 
 arated Baltimore City from Baltimore 
 county, making each an entirely distinct po- 
 litical organization. The Court of Appeals 
 was made to consist of four judges, one 
 from each judicial district. For Baltimore 
 
262 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 City there was provided a Court of Common 
 Pleas with jurisdiction in cases where the 
 amount involved was over one hundred dol- 
 lars and did not exceed five hundred dol- 
 lars, and in insolvency; the Superior Court, 
 with general jurisdiction in equity and in 
 common law cases and where the amount 
 involved was over five hundred dollars; and 
 a Criminal Court. The Legislature was 
 also authorized to create an additional court. 
 The judges were to be elected for ten years, 
 with a salary of twenty-five hundred dol- 
 lars, except the judge of the Criminal 
 Court, whose salary was two thousand dol- 
 lars. Under this Constitution John C. Le- 
 Grand was elected judge of the Court of 
 Appeals from Baltimore City, William 
 Frick judge of the Superior Court, William 
 L. Marshall judge of the Court of Common 
 Pleas, and Henry Stump judge of the Crim- 
 inal Court. Judge Frick died in 1855 and 
 was succeeded by Z. Collins Lee. Upon the 
 latter's death in 1859 Robert N. Martin be- 
 came judge of the Superior Court. In 1869 
 Judge Marti;! was chosen as a Professor 
 of Law in the University of Maryland. It 
 is said that he devoted most of his time dur- 
 ing the first session to lectures upon the 
 case of the Nereide, to which we have re- 
 ferred in the sketch of William Pinkney. 
 The Circuit Court of Baltimore City was 
 established in 1853 in pursuance of Article 
 IV, Sec. 12, of the Constitution, and Wil- 
 liam George Krebs was elected judge there- 
 of. In 1861 John C. King was elected judge 
 of the Court of Common Pleas, vice Mar- 
 shall. Judge Stump of the Criminal Court 
 was impeached before the Legislature and 
 removed from office in i860 and Hugh 
 Lenox Bond appointed judge of that court. 
 Judge LcGrand, of the Court of .\ppcals, 
 
 died in Baltimore in December, 1861, at the 
 age of forty-seven, after having earned a 
 fine judicial reputation. He had been de- 
 feated for re-election in that year by Silas 
 M. Cochran, who died at the same age of 
 forty-seven in 1866. 
 
 The Constitution of 1864, ratified in Oc- 
 tober of that year by the small majority of 
 three hundred and seventy-five, including 
 the votes of soldiers in the field, made few 
 changes in the organization of the city 
 courts. It was provided that then judges 
 in the city should continue to act as such 
 until the expiration of the terms for which 
 they were elected. In November, 1863, 
 William Alexander was elected judge of the 
 Circuit Court, vice Krebs. 
 
 The present Constitution was ratified in 
 September, 1867, and made great changes 
 in the courts. It provided for the creation 
 of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, to 
 consist of the Superior Court, the Court of 
 Common Pleas, the Circuit Court and the 
 Criminal Court. The judges were to be 
 elected for a term of fifteen years and to 
 receive a salary of thirty-five hundred dol- 
 lars, with authority to the Mayor and City 
 Council to add five hundred dollars per 
 annum to each salary. The act of 1892, Ch. 
 388, increased these salaries to forty-five 
 hundred dollars in addition to the municipal 
 allowance of five hundred dollars. Tlie 
 judges elected in 1867 were George W. 
 Dobbin, Robert Gilmor, Campbell W. Pink- 
 ney, Henry F. Garey, and T. Parkin Scott, 
 chief .ludge. Upon the death of Judge 
 Scott, in 1873, George William Brown, a 
 (listinguished lawyer and citizen, was elect- 
 ed chief judge. In 1882 the terms of all 
 of these judges, except that of Chief Judge 
 Brown, expired, and Charles E. Phelps, Ed- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 263 
 
 ■..•ara Duffy, William A. Fisher and Wil- 
 liam A. Stewart were elected as their suc- 
 cessors. Judge Fisher resigned in January, 
 1887, when J. Upshur Dennis was first ap- 
 pointed by the Governor and subsequently 
 elected in his place. 
 
 A new equity court, known as Circuit 
 Court number two, was established in 1888 
 in pursuance of constitutional authority, and 
 in that year and the following year D. 
 Giraud Wright and Henry D. Harlan were 
 elected judges, the latter in place of Chief 
 Judge Brown, whose term had expired. 
 Judges Duffy and Stewart both died in 1892 
 and Pere L. Wickes and Albert Ritchie 
 were first appointed by the Governor and 
 then elected in their places. In 1893 an 
 amendment to the Constitution was adopt- 
 ed by which the Legislature was authorized 
 to provide for the creation of additional 
 judges. Under difterent acts of Assembly, 
 passed in pursuance thereof, John J. Dob- 
 ler, Henry Stockbridge and George M. 
 Sharp have been elected judges, so that the 
 Supreme Bench of Baltimore City now con- 
 sists of nine judges. This Constitution pro- 
 vided for the election of one judge of the 
 Court of Appeals from Baltimore City. 
 James Lawrence Bartol was elected to that 
 office in 1867, and upon his resignation in 
 1883 William Shepard Bryan was elected in 
 his place. 
 
 A court house was built in Baltimore 
 City under the provisions of an act of the 
 Legislature passed in 1768, and this building 
 served the city until 1809. The following 
 description of the old court house was given 
 by John P. Kennedy: "One of my earliest 
 landmarks is * * * the old court house. 
 That was a famous building, which, to my 
 first cognizance, suggested the idea of a 
 house perched upon a great stool. It was 
 
 a large, dingy, square structure of brick, 
 lifted upon a massive basement of stone, 
 which was perforated by a broad arch. 
 The buttresses on either side of the arch 
 supplied space for the stairway which led 
 to the hall of justice above and straddled 
 over a pillory, whipping-post and stocks, 
 which were sheltered under the arch as sym- 
 bols of the power that was at work upstairs. 
 This magisterial edifice stood precisely 
 where the Battle Monument now stands in 
 Calvert street. It had a notable history, 
 that old court house. When it was first 
 built it overlooked the town from the sum- 
 mit of the hill some fifty feet or more above 
 the level of the present street and stood up- 
 on a cliff, which northward was washed at 
 the base by Jones' Falls — in that primitive 
 day a pretty rural stream that meandered 
 through meadows garnished with shrub- 
 bery and filled with browsing cattle, mak- 
 ing a pleasant landscape from the court 
 house windows. A new court house arose, 
 a model of architectural magnificence to the 
 eye of that admiring generation, only sec- 
 ond to the National Capitol, and the old 
 one was carted away as the rubbish of a 
 past age. People wonder to hear that 
 Jones' Falls ever rippled over the bed now 
 laden with rows of comfortable dwellings 
 and that cows once browsed upon a meadow 
 that now produces steam engines, soap and 
 candles and lager beer." (Tuckerman's Life 
 of Kennedy, pp. 91-2.) 
 
 The new Court House above referred to 
 was erected near the old one at the corner 
 of Calvert and Lexington streets, and it was 
 finished in 1809. Considerable additions 
 were made to it in 1866. This, in turn, has 
 been carted away (1895) as the rubbish of 
 a former 'generation to make room for the 
 present marble Palace of Justice. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 HoiX. Thomas Yates Walsh. 
 
 William M. Marine 
 
 Among the brilliant names that have 
 adorned the bright galaxy of Maryland law- 
 yers, none shine more conspicuously than 
 the one that heads this sketch. He has left 
 the impress of his mighty mind upon the 
 pages that record the decisions of the cases 
 which he tried in the Court of Appeals. If 
 a full record were kept of the»w8 prius trials, 
 which he conducted so successfully in the 
 law courts, an adequate judgment could be 
 formed of his learned legal abilities. There 
 is none, so that the forum where this genius 
 daily appeared gives back no evidence of 
 the power that was within him and is unable 
 to sound his praise. Such courts never pre- 
 serve the fame of their lawyers long after 
 they are cold in their shrouds. 
 
 The memory of Mr. Walsh is a treasure 
 to the few still living who knew him, and 
 those who were his professional contem- 
 poraries. Of the latter class by whom he 
 was known who are living may be men- 
 tioned Thomas Lanahan, W. F. Frick, Wil- 
 liam Pinkney Whyte, J. M. Harris, J. C. 
 King, A. W. Machen, C. D. McFarland, C. 
 H. Wyatt, Charles Marshall, Amos F. Mus- 
 selman, Luther M. Reynolds, D. M. 
 Thomas, John H. Thomas, J. T. Morris, 
 W. J. O'Brien, J. P. Poc, R. L. Rogers, R, 
 Swinney, Judge /\. Ritchie. Judge C. E. 
 Phelps, J. H. Keene, Jr., C. G. Kerr, T. W. 
 Hall and Rcvcrdv Johnson, Jr. All of the 
 
 gentlemen named were younger than ]\Ir. 
 Walsh. 
 
 "Woods' Baltimore Directory, 1861," 
 contains the names of two hundred and sev- 
 enty lawyers, of whom those mentioned and 
 fifteen others are survivors. The relentless 
 increase in lawyers; the ruining of good 
 mechanics, except in instances, is shown in 
 the fact that the Baltimore Bar is at present 
 composed of nine hundred members, the 
 mills of the law schools gods continually 
 grinding them to order. 
 
 The subject of this sketch, Thomas 
 Yates Walsh, was born in the city of Bal- 
 timore, during 1809. Jacob Walsh, liis 
 father, was at one time an opulent 
 merchant, who suffered business re- 
 verses. He participated in the battle 
 at North Point, second lieutenant. United 
 Maryland Artillery. He was unable to 
 complete his son's higher course of 
 studies who left behind in one of 
 his speeches the record of his educational 
 trials, which is, "that his first professional 
 earnings were devoted to the purpose of 
 completing his education." Having expe- 
 rienced the need of free institutions of learn- 
 ing, he advocated warmly the public 
 schools. 
 
 Mr. Walsh finished his classical training 
 at St. Mary's College, the early nursery of 
 Baltimore's young men, and entered the of- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 265 
 
 fice of Robert Goodloe Harper, a fellow- 
 student with J. H. B. Latrobe. 
 
 Mr. Walsh was admitted to the bar the 
 30th day of July, 1832. In the earlier years 
 of his practice he appeared in the Criminal 
 Court to try important cases. Sheridan was 
 not keener-witted or quicker at repartee. 
 Mr. Walsh was a skillful cross-examiner. 
 He had the faculty of keeping the court and 
 those present in good humor by his pleas- 
 antries, when engaged in making a witness, 
 on cross-examination, rend his chief testi- 
 mony in shreds. Before the jury he was ir- 
 resistible; his words had unction and his 
 sentences were faultless. He had a logical 
 mind which digested testimony readily; he 
 was thoroughly educated in fundamental 
 principles of the law; he was a rhetorician 
 to whose speeches it was a delight to listen ; 
 they were delivered with energy and fervor, 
 words flowing from his lips with ease and 
 rapidity. 
 
 His personal appearance was impressive; 
 in height he was six feet. His frame was 
 strong and massive; classical head and feat- 
 ures; florid complexion; his face showed in- 
 tellectual strength; his eyes were a dark 
 gray; forehead high and broad; he required 
 a number eight hat. His nose was large 
 and disposed to be acquiline; chin promi- 
 nent and mouth expressive. He wore a full 
 beard and mustache; their color was an iron 
 grey. His whiskers were cropped short. 
 When thinking his habit was to twist the 
 end of them with his fingers, which gave 
 their points an upward turn. 
 
 The above pen description of Mr. Walsh 
 is the only one that can afford an idea of 
 his personal appearance. He always re- 
 fused to set for a picture of himself, there- 
 fore none exists. 
 
 He possessed powerful lungs, dramatic 
 tone of voice. When speaking his giant 
 frame shook as he proceeded alternating 
 from grave to gay, edged with sil- 
 very sound. His reading had been exten- 
 sive; familiarity with the- authors enabled 
 him always to enforce his arguments by nar- 
 ration drawn from them. Walter Scott's 
 works had for him irresistible charms. 
 Shakespeare pleased his leisure hours. 
 Macbeth, his favorite play, he could repeat 
 from memory. 
 
 He had the courage of a lion, the gentle- 
 ness of a child. A warmer heart in the 
 bosom of a more magnanimous man never 
 existed. Suffering on the part of any one 
 pained him; want opened his pocketbook 
 to the last penny. He was not one of that 
 class whom Chateaubriand referred to 
 when he said, "I find it very easy to bear 
 with cheerful serenity the misfortunes of 
 other people." The warmth of his nature 
 forbade that. He was reared under the in- 
 fluences of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 and believed in the doctrines of Christianity. 
 Referring to human weakness he asserted, 
 "We ought daily to pray, God help us." 
 To a young friend he wrote. "I have done 
 the best I could in all the relations of life." 
 
 In sickness or adversity his good humor 
 never deserted him. When confined by ill- 
 ness a bill was presented; his response was: 
 "A sick man racked with pain day and night 
 is entitled to plead against duns and cli- 
 ents." Soon afterwards he sent to collect 
 a sum of money due him, and received 
 answer from the debtor, that he had been on 
 a spree and had no money. Oh, he re- 
 torted, "drunkenness is no excuse. A 
 drunkard, unless his condition amounts to 
 madness, is bound to meet his obligations." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 He had a nice sense of honor and practiced 
 what he preached. 
 
 In his disposition he was affectionate and 
 kind; companionable and entertaining; un- 
 der the witchery of his voice the hours soon 
 passed. He was matchless in anecdote; 
 never rehearsing the old stale jokes of time 
 immemorial, but the creations of his mar- 
 velous invention. 
 
 He was a despiser of everything that 
 was false and discarded its representatives. 
 He was a brave man in the true sense; not 
 aggressive, but when the occasion to assert 
 himself arrived, his courage was awfully 
 majestic. Upon his forehead he carried the 
 deep imprinted mark of a Democratic brick 
 bat which he received during an attempt to 
 break up a Whig meeting which he was 
 addressing. 
 
 Mr. Walsh was in active practice during 
 the chivalric period of the Baltimore Bar. 
 "My learned brother," when applied, was 
 full of meaning. Friendships were endur- 
 ing, gentility the rule and its opposite the 
 exception. A tricky lawyer found the pro- 
 fessional sphere uncongenial. The moral- 
 ity was of a high order, and law was strictly 
 a science and not a trade. Real estate 
 agents were never members of the bar; 
 money lenders were usually outsiders, al- 
 though that was not exceptional, for it has 
 always been a permissible branch of the 
 law. 
 
 After court hours the toils of the day 
 relaxed and social intercourse was indulged 
 in. Such were enjoyable occasions. Then 
 reputations for wit and story telling were 
 made. It was at such meetings that Mr. 
 Walsh was unapproachable in his witi- 
 cisms. What he had to say went the rounds 
 afterwards. First, among the members of 
 
 the bar, then in the saloons and on the 
 street. It was a common exclamation, 
 "Did you hear Yates Walsh's latest?" 
 Then the story would be repeated, and in 
 that way circulated throughout the limits of 
 the city. 
 
 During Mr. Walsh's active professional 
 life he was engaged in the courts of lower 
 and higher resort. He had a large re- 
 munerative practice. His clientage was 
 drawn from the ranks of the prosperous 
 citizens of Baltimore. Many have been the 
 stories told of his wit; in that order of talent 
 he rose superior to all other men Maryland 
 has produced. The traditions of the bar 
 have preserved but little of the vast amount 
 that in his day was current. 
 
 On one occasion he was standing medi- 
 tatively in the Court House door, after he 
 had been unable to persuade the judge to 
 agree with his view of a case, when an office 
 boy asked him "which was the equity side 
 of the court?" The answer the boy received 
 was "the outside." 
 
 One morning he was summoned into 
 court to try a case involving a disputed 
 promissory note. He had failed from some 
 cause to be ready for trial, therefore asked 
 of the opposing counsel indulgence, which 
 was refused. He appealed to the court for 
 delay; this was denied. He then informed 
 his adversary he would "avail himself of 
 every technicality the law allowed." ''All 
 right, sir," was the reply. The jury sat im- 
 pannelled. Flourishing the note towards 
 them, plaintiff's attorney remarked, "I sup- 
 pose you admit the signature." (It was 
 customary to do so when it was not in dis- 
 pute). 'T admit nothing," was the re- 
 sponse. The attorney had failed to pro- 
 vide himself with a witness to prove the 
 
v 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 signature. He looked around the room, 
 and seeing a man named Wait, after con- 
 versing with him the attorney put him upon 
 the stand. 
 
 "Do you know the Defendant in this 
 case?" 
 
 "Yes, sir." 
 
 "Do you know his signature?" 
 
 "Yes, sir." 
 
 "Have you ever seen him write it?" 
 
 "Yes, sir." 
 
 "Look at the note, and say whose sig- 
 nature is thereto attached." 
 
 "The Defendant's." 
 
 "The witness is with you, Mr. Walsh." 
 
 "I do not wish to ask him any questions." 
 
 "That is the case. Your Honor." 
 
 "Well, gentlemen, what will you do?" 
 queried the Judge. 
 
 Mr. Walsh: "I propose to argue it, may 
 it please Your Honor." 
 
 Plaintiff's Attorney: "Proceed, I have no 
 desire to say anything." 
 
 Mr. Walsh: "May it please the Court and 
 Gentlemen of the jury, this is the finest 
 specimen of lying in wait that was ever 
 brought to my knowledge." 
 
 The jury retired, and on returning, ren- 
 dered a verdict in favor of the defendant. 
 
 Wait was known to several of the jurors 
 as a professional witness, and they would 
 not render a verdict on his unsupported tes- 
 timony. 
 
 Mr. Walsh and Judge Worthington visit- 
 ed York Sulphur Springs. The Judge 
 caught cold riding in the stage coach and 
 spent a sleepless night with the earache. In 
 the morning Mr. Walsh entered his room 
 and taking from the table a bottle labeled 
 number six smiled. The sufifering Judge, 
 observing, said: "You laugh at my misfor- 
 
 tunes." "No," responded Mr. Walsh. "I 
 beg your pardon, I have rubbed myself with 
 number six a many a time, but I did not 
 think it would ever come to your ears." 
 
 Mr. Walsh was a great favorite with the 
 judges and popular with the members of the 
 bar. He was indulgent and kind to the 
 junior lawyers; was consulted by them as 
 to tile best methods of managing their 
 cases. He was frequently associated with 
 older lawyers to direct cases of importance 
 on trial. At the close of a day's session of 
 court. Judge Archer, accompanied him to 
 his office, which was then in Court House 
 Lane, a classical locality, gone from sight 
 forever. While he was there the lowering 
 clouds, which all day long had been threat- 
 ening, discharged a snow storm of violence. 
 The Judge was anxious to leave for home, 
 having a severe cold, and not desiring to 
 augment it, he remained trusting the sever- 
 ity of the storm would abate. He was 
 restless and weary; standing near the win- 
 dow he gave evidence of his impatience by 
 saying, "I wonder what it means, snowing 
 in this manner? to which question Mr. 
 Walsh made answer, "if you would be a 
 philosopher, Judge, look out of the window 
 and you will see the drift of it." 
 
 A young lawyer was passing along the 
 street, whose hair was of fiery color. 
 "There goes a smart, well-educated young 
 man of talent and promise," said a gentle- 
 man beside Mr. Walsh. Mr. Walsh replied, 
 "I never before heard of a man well red out 
 and well read in." 
 
 He was induced to run in 1840 for the 
 First Branch of the City Council, being 
 elected, and continuously returned up to 
 1846 from the Fourth ward. He served on 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 committees on Police, Claims, Ways and 
 Means and Finance. 
 
 In 1847 and 1848, he served in the Sec- 
 ond Branch, and was assigned to the Com- 
 mittees on Ways and ]\Ieans, Police, Jail 
 and Register's Accounts. At the end of his 
 term, in 1848, he declined further service 
 and positively forbade the use of his name 
 in connection with the nomination. At 
 that time, he resided at the northeast corner 
 of Albemarl and Granby streets, then one 
 of the fashionable sections of Baltimore, 
 which has fallen from its high estate into 
 disrepute. 
 
 At the time of Air. Walsh's service in the 
 Council, it was customary to send there the 
 available representative worth and talent of 
 the city. Frederick Pinkney, one of the 
 best lawyers of Baltimore, and Dr. Stephen 
 Collins, a high-toned citizen and a scien- 
 tific physician, were members of the Coun- 
 cil with Mr. Walsh. Pinkney w'as an ac- 
 complished scholar and an e.xcellent 
 draughtsman, who on the back of his ordi- 
 nances would illustrate their purport by 
 drawings for that purpose. Dr. Collins 
 was the brother of William H. Collins. He 
 was a bachelor and Walsh was his sincere 
 friend and admirer; he could not resist per- 
 petrating upon the Doctor a joke. His 
 method was to introduce an order of gen- 
 eral application, which every member knew 
 was a hit at Dr. Collins. On one occasion, 
 he proposed a tax on bachelors for the sup- 
 port of old maids, requiring physicians, 
 who were bachelors, to render them medical 
 attention without fee book charges. The 
 ordinance was so ludicrous that the cham- 
 ber was convulsed with laughter. Collins 
 hotly resented the reference to himself. 
 Walsh, who was a bachelor, hastily apolo- 
 
 gised, and said his action was inspired by 
 his own cheerless condition and when he 
 had finished, his apology was worse than 
 his ordinance. He never permitted such 
 measures to be subjects of official record; 
 no traces of them can now be found. 
 
 Mr. Walsh, while serving in the Council, 
 was the moving factor in city legislation. 
 He was the author of the leading ordinances 
 and contributed largely by them to the suc- 
 cess of the various mayoralty administra- 
 tions. 
 
 During his early service in the Council, 
 General William Henry Harrison, Presi- 
 dent-elect, passing through Baltimore, on 
 his way to his inauguration in Washington, 
 was waited on by a councilmanic commit- 
 tee, desiring to honor him. Mr. Walsh, the 
 spokesman, delivered a short address of 
 welcome. 
 
 At this period in his life he was a mem- 
 ber of the Vigilant Fire Company; he 
 viewed with alarm the tendency to rowdy- 
 ism at that day and to afford the firemen 
 useful reading he established a library 
 where they might while away their leisure 
 hours. 
 
 Fie grew weary of the Council, and re- 
 tired from it intending to dedicate the re- 
 mainder of his days to his accumulating 
 practice. It was a mistake that he did not 
 persist in that resolution. He had built for 
 himself a comfortable residence on the east 
 side of Charles street, two doors south of 
 Madison street, and there he was sur- 
 rounded with books and other aids to en- 
 joyment, which he might have possessed to 
 the end of his days, had he not yielded to 
 the seductive wooings of ambition. He 
 was one of those fascinating speakers that 
 the public did not care to part with. He 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 269 
 
 was an eligible candidate, and such a per- 
 son was greatly in demand. 
 
 During his political career, the witty part 
 of his nature sparkled like champagne. He 
 was standing one night on a barrel lying on 
 its side. It was his rostrum from which he 
 was making a speech, when some one re- 
 moved the chock; the barrel began to roll 
 down the decline. He kept his place on the 
 top of it, and moved along, speaking to his 
 audience, which followed him until the 
 barrel reached level and could go no fur- 
 ther. When it stopped he said, "the Demo- 
 crats are going as fast as this barrel rolled a 
 moment ago, the only difference is, the 
 barrel has stopped while the lo-cofocoes will 
 keep on rolling until they reach the goal of 
 their defeat and there is no further for them 
 to go." 
 
 At another time, for a proper and becom- 
 ing expression, he was in a cowardly 
 manner knocked down with a chair; he 
 sprang instantly to his feet in. frenzy and 
 rage, but the scoundrel who struck him 
 had disappeared. Turning to his audience 
 and resuming his good humor and speech, 
 he remarked that for his "former utterance 
 he was entitled not to one chair, but to three 
 chairs." (Cheers.) 
 
 In Monument Square at a public meet- 
 ing when he was speaking, one of his decla- 
 rations w-as called in question. The person 
 who interrupted him said, "that is a lie, 
 Yates Walsh, and you know it." Mr. 
 Walsh gave him this invitation: "My 
 friend, come up within reach of these 
 hands and I will make that word choke 
 you." 
 
 The 8th of May, 1848, an address sym- 
 pathizing with Ireland in her w-ars and 
 wrongs was issued by ]\Ir. Walsh and others 
 
 in behalf of that oppressed people. It read : 
 "We, the undersigned citizens of Balti- 
 more, believing that Ireland is on the eve 
 of great physical force struggle for her lib- 
 erty, and that the time has come for the 
 friends of Ireland to meet and sympathize 
 with the Irish people in the approaching 
 crisis and if possible by such counsel and 
 support to avert from Ireland the horrors 
 of a civil war, do hereby call on all our fel- 
 low- citizens, friends of Ireland and lovers of 
 liberty to meet at Brown's Building, Bal- 
 timore street, on Monday evening, the 8th 
 inst., at 7:30 o'clock, for the purpose of 
 adopting such legal measures as will dem- 
 onstrate our practical sympathy suitable to 
 the great emergency at hand." 
 
 It is provoking to be unable to record 
 what took place at the meeting. Such oc- 
 casions were rarely reported at that date. 
 
 Mr. Walsh was an orator availed of on 
 patriotic and stated occasions. He deliv- 
 ered the address on the dedication of the 
 first Odd Fellows Hall erected in Balti- 
 more. He w^as at the time a member of 
 that Order, and predicted the success that 
 crowned it. 
 
 At the memorable meeting of the Wash- 
 ingtonian Temperance Societies, held at 
 Washington Monument in the forties, he 
 w^as the orator, and was taken ill delivering 
 his oration. 
 
 June 27th appeared notice that a meet- 
 ing of Whigs, First Congressional Dis- 
 trict, would be held at Barren Creek 
 Springs, Saturday, July 4th. It read in the 
 America)! : "All who feel the iron hand of 
 the present times and are anxious for the 
 prosperity and happiness of our common 
 countrv, and the friends of order, sound 
 
270 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 principles and good government, are in- 
 vited to attend." 
 
 Friday night, the steamer George Wash- 
 ington left Baltimore at 8 o'clock, with 
 delegations and the speakers. Among the 
 latter were Reverdy Johnson, Charles H. 
 Pitts and Mr. Walsh. The steamer reached 
 Vienna next morning, when the speakers 
 were conveyed six miles to the Springi, 
 The crowd walked that distance through 
 the sand. The meeting was composed of 
 several thousands; banners and devices 
 were numerous ; oxen and oyster roasts fed 
 the multitude, and hard cider washed the 
 solids down. It was a gala day, and its in- 
 inspiration lives in that locality. Mr. 
 Walsh's speech, replete in wit, is remem- 
 bered to this hour. There are living those 
 who point out where he stood, and tell with 
 what eloquence he spoke in accents clear as 
 the sparkling waters of the springs. 
 
 Throughout the Harrison campaign of 
 1840, Mr. Walsh was active in the canvass. 
 He delivered a speech of two hours' length 
 at Berkeley Springs, Virginia, August ijtli. 
 An account of it stated: "It is admitted on 
 all hands to have been one of unusual elo- 
 cjuence." A second account of the same 
 speech represented Mr. Walsh as being 
 "much indisposed," but doing "ample jus- 
 tice to the occasion, and in a clear, emphatic 
 and truly impressive manner setting forth 
 the doctrines of our political creed. To at- 
 tempt a full description of his address would 
 be out of the question; he led us forth by 
 a train of irresistible reasoning, and ex- 
 posed, in the most glaring colors, the mal- 
 practices and machinations of the present 
 incumbent, to whose vassalage we have 
 been for years subjected. The people of Mor- 
 gan cannot, nor will not, forget Baltimore's 
 
 son. He had on his way to this place ad- 
 dressed a large meeting of the friends of 
 Harrison at Dam Number Six, Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Canal, and on the same day, at 
 Hancock, and on both occasions rendered 
 entire satisfaction and stimulated the 
 friends of Harrison in that quarter to use 
 their strongest but honest exertions in the 
 cause of reform." 
 
 John C. LeGrand, Francis Gallager, 
 John James Graves, John B. Seiden- 
 stricker and Benjamin Presstman were the 
 Democratic candidates for the House of 
 Delegates in 1840. They addressed to T. 
 Yates Walsh, Stephen Collins, Thomas 
 Sewell, C. L. L. Leary and Robert Pur- 
 viance,Sr.,the Whig candidates, a commun- 
 ication under date of September i8th, say- 
 ing: "Having been nominated as you are 
 aware by the Democractic party of this 
 city for the next House of Delegates, and 
 having been desirous to conform to the 
 good old Republican usages of this city, we 
 propose respectfully to meet you in pres- 
 ence of the people, at such times and places 
 as we may hereafter, on consultation, deter- 
 mine upon to discuss the topics involved in 
 this contest. 
 
 "Entertaining for you personally a high 
 respect, we flatter ourselves that should you 
 agree to the proposition, the discussion will 
 be conducted on your part, as it certainly 
 will be on ours, in such a manner as to 
 avoid the exhibition of any improper feel- 
 ings toward each other." 
 
 The Democratic nominees were all of 
 them good talkers, while IMr. Walsh and 
 Mr. Leary and Mr. Collins were the 
 only speakers on the Whig ticket. 
 Two of those associated with them de- 
 clined to participate in the joint discussion. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 271 
 
 Walsh, Collins and Leary would have 
 met all the others cheerfully, but for 
 the reasons shown in the correspond- 
 ence, Mr. Walsh conducting it on the 
 part of the Whigs. Their first response 
 was couched in the following language un- 
 der date of September 20th: "Prior to the 
 receipt of your communication of the iSth 
 instsnt, we were aware that you had been 
 nominated as candidates for the House of 
 Delegates by the Van Buren party of this 
 city. It will give us great pleasure to meet 
 yoM in the presence of the people to discuss 
 the great issues now before the nation. Re- 
 ciprocating the good feeling which you ex- 
 press, there will be nothing in our course 
 during the discussions, calculated to give 
 personal ofifense. 
 
 "Modern occurrences admonish us that 
 the good old Republican usage to which you 
 refer, can be best maintained by holding the 
 proposed meetings in the light of day. We 
 will at once consult with you in relation to 
 the arrangements for such meetings and 
 have the honor to remain your obedient ser- 
 vants." 
 
 The answer was signed by Messrs. 
 Walsh, Collins and Leary. Thomas Sewell 
 and Robert Purviance had no desire to par- 
 ticipate in a duel of words. 
 
 The 2 1st, Mr. Walsh forwarded this sup- 
 plemental note: "It is perhaps proper to 
 put in writing what I stated to you verbally 
 this morning. (To Mr. Le Grand.) I 
 stated that in the event of two of the can- 
 didates on the Harrison ticket declining to 
 take part in the discussion, we should have 
 the right to substitute for them any two 
 gentlemen of our party to conduct the ar- 
 gument. It is now necessary to say that 
 we must insist upon this right." 
 
 The same day the Democratic candidates 
 returned answer: "We would prefer that 
 the meetings should be held at night, as a 
 very large majority of the voters of this 
 city would be unable to attend at any other 
 time, except at considerable inconvenience 
 and loss; but as you are 'admonished' by 
 'modern occurrences,' of which we are 
 ignorant, not to conform strictly to the old 
 usage, we respectfully suggest that one-half 
 of the number of the proposed meetmgs 
 be held during the day, and the others at 
 night. We make this suggestion not be- 
 cause of any indisposition on our part to 
 meet you in the day time, but with the view 
 of gratifying what we believe to be the wish 
 upon the subject of a large majority of the 
 voters of the city. We wish it also to be 
 understood that, in making the suggestions, 
 we do not decline meeting in the day time; 
 but, on tne contrary, ive are willing to do so, 
 if you decline to meet at any other time. 
 
 "As regards the right (which is insisted 
 upon by Mr. Walsh) to substitute 'any two 
 gentlemen of your party to conduct the 
 argument' on your side, in the event of two 
 of the gentlemen on your ticket refusing to 
 appear before the people, we are compelled 
 to say we do not perceive its propriety. We 
 feel bound, in conformity with the old usage 
 of the place to discuss before the people, 
 with the opposing candidates, the questions 
 involved in tne contest, and are willing and 
 ready to meet the obligation by night or 
 day, but we cannot recognize the right of 
 substituting any other gentlemen for the 
 candidates." From the quiver of the Whigs 
 this arrow was drawn and discharged, un- 
 der date of the 22d. "We consider it proper 
 on our part to insist that the proposed meet- 
 ings should take place in the daylight. We 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 cannot perceive that a 'large majority,' or, 
 indeed, any portion of tlie voters of this 
 city would be then unable to attend them 
 'without considerable inconvenience and 
 loss;' and we confide too strongly in the 
 honesty of purpose and patriotism of our 
 fellow-citizens to suppose that they will 
 weigh any slight personal sacrifice against 
 freedom of discussion, which cannot be in- 
 sured, or indeed preserved, except by the 
 arrangement we suggest. We are ready to 
 admit that the 'modern occurrences' to 
 which we referred, are not at the present 
 moment impressed upon your minds, and 
 can only account for it on the ground that 
 the scenes connected with the canvass of 
 1837, the insults and violence then offered 
 to the Whig candidates have escaped your 
 memories. 
 
 "It is necessary further to rcaf^rm our 
 right to substitute other members of the 
 Harrison party, if a portion of our candi- 
 dates should not appear before the people. 
 The usage of which you speak arose when 
 all political strife was extinguished, and a 
 candidate came before his fellow-citizens 
 only to explain his personal pretensions, 
 and to meet the scrutiny of the public into 
 his capacity and character; the case is now 
 widely different. A contest of principles 
 is now taking place, involving questions of 
 grave concernment to the feelings and in- 
 terests of all; and it matters not by whom 
 those principles are publicly explained and 
 defended, provided the people are furnished 
 with adequate means of comparing their re- 
 si)cctive merits, and ascertaining the truth; 
 when they have done so we cast ourselves 
 without fear upon their suffrages. 
 
 "Our suggestion for the substitution 
 .nrose from the supposition tli.'t .-i^ nil \. mr 
 
 ticket had signed you communication, all 
 wished to take part; and as we were not will- 
 ing to believe that you wished five to engage 
 against three, that therefore all your can- 
 didates could not appear without such sub- 
 stitution on our side. But we can obviate 
 all objections to substitution by proposing 
 tliat you select three from your number and 
 meet us, who shall be your representati^'es 
 during the entire discussion." 
 
 The Democrats enlivened the corre- 
 spondence by an immediate reply to this 
 effect: "Having yielded in our last com- 
 numication to the demand which hitherto 
 had been made in former campaigns, but 
 never acquiesced in by our party, that the 
 discussions should be held in the day time, 
 inasmuch as the light of truth was alone 
 a matter of importance, and equally attain- 
 able by day or night, we cannot but express 
 our surprise that you should further insist 
 upon the right 'to substitute other members 
 of the Harrison party' to conduct the ar- 
 gument, or to impose the disagreeable al- 
 ternative of making an invidious selection 
 from one ticket, especially as by the terms 
 proposed two of the Democratic candidates 
 would be excluded 'during the entire dis- 
 cussion.' We cannot, therefore, gentle- 
 men, with a due regard to that equality, the 
 preservation of which our party demands 
 at our hands, yield that which, as individ- 
 uals, we might consent to do; because, in 
 our opinion, it would be improper as repre- 
 sentatives of a party whose well known 
 maxim is 'to demand nothing tliat is not 
 right, and submit to nothing that is wrong.' 
 
 "Having failed in procuring your assent 
 to our proposition except upon terms alto- 
 gether inadmissable, the correspondence oji 
 the subject will hereafter terminate, unless 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 273 
 
 on further reflection you should abandon 
 the position assumed in your last note." 
 
 The Whig candidates fired this parting 
 shot at the retreating Democratic candi- 
 dates: "To our proposals that you should 
 choose among yourselves a number equal 
 to that of the Harrison candidates, who 
 should appear before the people, you object 
 upon the ground that you are unwilling to 
 make 'an invidious selection from our 
 (your) ticket, especially as by the terms pro- 
 posed two of the candidates would be ex- 
 cluded during the entire discussion.' We 
 have only to say that the justice of this pro- 
 posal is, to us, most obvious. We gave the 
 option to retain your five, with five to op- 
 pose; or to choose three from your number, 
 to meet the three on our side, who accepted 
 your ofifer. 
 
 "The doctrine of 'equality' on which you 
 dwell you appear to think would be main- 
 tained by placing five in contest against 
 three; and we take it for granted that you 
 consider this contest unequal as to num- 
 bers, as embraced within the maxim you 
 adopt, 'to demand nothing which is not 
 right, and submit to nothing that is wrong.' 
 If we mistake not the chivalrous spirit of 
 the Old Hero, whose words you quote, al- 
 ways led him to insist upon 'Fair Play.' 
 In closing this correspondence we have the 
 honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient ser- 
 vants." 
 
 On the legislative ticket at the election 
 October 8th the highest Whig candidate 
 secured 7,108 votes and the highest Demo- 
 crat 7.295. 
 
 In 185 1 Mr. Walsh was nominated by the 
 Whigs in the Fourth (Baltimore) District 
 for Congress, unsolicited and unexpected. 
 The district was Democratic and for vears 
 
 the Whigs with their best men as candidates 
 had failed to carry it. 
 
 The forensic abilities of Mr. Walsh were 
 loudly boasted of by his supporters, and he 
 was claimed by them to be one of the bright- 
 est stars in Baltimore. The Argus news- 
 paper, a Democratic sheet, undertook to 
 detract from his merits as a speaker, and in 
 proof of its assertion pretended to an un- 
 usual amount of courage; it requested all 
 Democrats who had any doubts of the cor- 
 rectness of its assertions to go and hear 
 him. It was prudent not to repeat its once 
 given advice; those who did go and hear 
 him failed to adopt the editor's opinion. 
 
 William Pinkney Whyte, a gentleman 
 who has attained to eminence, was the Dem- 
 ocratic nominee. Mr. Walsh after a vigor- 
 ous canvass defeated him by 227 votes. He 
 felt no elation over the result; he was warm- 
 ly attached to Mr. Whyte, and their attach- 
 ment survived all party strife. They agreed 
 on a clean discussion and kept their agree- 
 ment. When Mr. Walsh met Mr. Whyte 
 after the election he placed his arms around 
 him, and drawing him close to him, said, 
 "nothing shall break our ties of friendship." 
 
 The American commended the Congress- 
 man-elect in this wise: "The new member 
 will prove himself worthy of the responsible 
 trusts which are now confided to him." 
 
 Few Congressmen, serving but one term, 
 achieved the successful record that Mr. 
 Walsh made. It was in the man and it came 
 out of him. He bore himself as a veteran 
 parliamentarian and was unsubdued. He 
 was brilliant on the floor, always there for 
 a purpose, to subserve the public good; he 
 seldom spoke without interruption. In his 
 speech on the Wheeling bridge he evinced 
 his learning as a lawyer. When that case 
 
274 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was before the Supreme Court that tribunal 
 expressed in its opinion similar views to 
 those maintained by Mr. Walsh. 
 
 A bill was before Congress to pay bounty 
 to certain soldiers of the War of 1812. Mr. 
 Walsh opposed it, because it did not in- 
 clude Barney and Miller's men. Among 
 other things he said: "They were seamen 
 and the fact that they were seamen con- 
 stitutes their claim at the hands of this 
 House. I will give you their history brief- 
 ly. Commodore Barney went into the city 
 of Baltimore and in its vicinity and got ar- 
 ticles from the merchants and others. He 
 put them on board of gunboats and as the 
 enemy advanced he destroyed those boats 
 to prevent them falling into the hands of the 
 British fleet. Those men were then entitled 
 to their discharge and nine men out of ten 
 would have fled from the danger, but not 
 so with them. They volunteered under 
 their immortal leader, went to Bladens- 
 burgh and the British record of that battle 
 says that the valor and gallantry evinced 
 by those sailors and marines was never ex- 
 ceeded upon the field of battle." 
 
 The activities of Mr. Walsh were not 
 alone displayed in his constituents interest, 
 but were as broad as the national domain. 
 He was a good lawyer and could not re- 
 main seated in silence and endure imperfect 
 legislation. On the subject of the Public 
 Domain, regulated by the Homestead Bill, 
 he took a lively interest; also in the Pacific 
 Railroad Bill. He was in favor of a bold 
 and fearless policy of protection to Ameri- 
 can citizenship abroad, and he secured all 
 he could in the way of legislation for his 
 constituents. One of his admirers said of 
 him in the American of October 17, 1853: 
 "The votes and speeches of Mr. Walsh for 
 
 appropriations to benefit the commerce of 
 Baltimore and improve its harbor are well 
 known and appreciated." 
 
 On the motion that the House of Repre- 
 sentatives receive Louis Kossuth, Mr. 
 Walsh moved an amendment to the original 
 resolution, "that the Speaker in the name 
 of the members of the House then assure 
 him of their deep gratitude for his signal 
 services in the cause of freedom, and their 
 high respect for his exalted character and 
 genius." 
 
 In the course of his speech sustaining his 
 amendment he said: "Maid and matron 
 joined the holy cause, and ministering an- 
 gels around your domestic altars left the 
 scenes of their devoted life and came forth 
 to bless and hallow the festival of freedom. 
 The sons of toil, with the sweat of their 
 brow turned into gold, came with their of- 
 fering to this cause. Men who are accus- 
 tomed to instruct the wise and hold to- 
 gether the masses stood confounded by his 
 wisdom and fascinated by the necromancy 
 of his voice. And where is this distinguish- 
 ed individual to receive for the first time 
 the cold shoulder. It is in the councils of 
 the American Nation." 
 
 A bill was before the House for the relief 
 of Gen. James C. Watson, of Georgia, who 
 had purchased slaves from the Creeks tribe 
 of Indians, who were collected at Fort 
 Pike, and with the Seminole tribe of In- 
 dians moved beyond the Mississippi, tne 
 slaves accompanying them. Mr. Walsh 
 made a legal argument to prove that the 
 United States, having had the slaves, which 
 were property in its hands, and knowing 
 that Gen. Watson had purchased the title 
 from them and that the Government refus- 
 ing to deliver them up on demand to Wat- 
 
&-Z'tC^i^^Z<jT--cf 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 277 
 
 son, but having sent them away, it was ha- 
 ble to an action of trover and being so 
 hable should reimburse Watson for his out- 
 la}', Watson in some manner having en- 
 abled the Government to fulfiill its treaty 
 stipulations with the Indians, in their trans- 
 fer beyond the Mississippi river. 
 
 The speech was not a lengthy one, but 
 cogent and clear. He was frequently in- 
 terrupted, but did not turn aside from his 
 point, which was maintained with consum- 
 mate skill and learning. 
 
 Henry Clay died Tuesday, June 29, 1852. 
 As an ornate specimen of eloquence the 
 speech of Mr. Walsh in the House sur- 
 passed all similar efforts delivered either 
 there or in the Senate. 
 
 He commenced by saying: '"The illus- 
 trious man, whose death we this day 
 mourn, was so long my political leader — 
 so long almost the object of my personal 
 idolatry — that I cannot allow that he shall 
 go down to the grave without a word at 
 least of affectionate remembrance — without 
 a tribute to a memory which will exact 
 tribute as long as a heart shall be found 
 to beat within the bosom of civilized man, 
 and human agency shall be adequate in any 
 form to give them an expression; and even, 
 sir, if I had no heartfelt sigh to pour out 
 here — if I had no tear for that coffin's lid, 
 I should do injustice to those whose repre- 
 sentative in part I am, if I did not in this 
 presence, and at this time, raise the voice 
 to swell the accents of the profoundest pub- 
 lic sorrow." 
 
 He then proceeded in the loftiest strain 
 to weave a beautiful fabric of words in- 
 spired by the true poetical ideal. What can 
 be grander than this paragraph. 
 
 "I wish, sir, I could ofifer now a proper 
 
 memorial for such a subject and such an 
 affection. But as I strive to utter it I feel 
 the disheartening influence of the well- 
 known truth that in view of death all minds 
 sink into triteness. It would seem, indeed, 
 sir, that the great leader of our race would 
 vindicate his title to be so considered, by 
 making all men think alike in regard to his 
 visitation — 'the thousand thoughts that be- 
 gin and end in one' — the desolation here — ■ 
 the eternal hope hereafter — are influences 
 felt alike by the lowest intellect and the loft- 
 iest genius." 
 
 His harp had not uttered its sweetest 
 strains; his fingers touched once more its 
 strings and these are the melodious notes, 
 the deep meaning which he drew from its 
 chords. 
 
 "We can all remember, sir, when adverse 
 political results disheartened his friends, and 
 made them feel even as men without hope, 
 that his own clarion voice was still heard 
 in the purpose and pursuit of right, as bold 
 and as eloquent as when it first proclaimed 
 the freedom of the seas, and its talismanic 
 tones struck of? the badges of bondage from 
 the lands of the Incas and the plains of 
 Marathon." 
 
 Never minister in the performance of his 
 holy offices over the dead surpassed in ut- 
 terance this pathetic conclusion of Mr. 
 Walsh's oration. 
 
 "To an existence so lovely. Heaven in its 
 mercy granted a befitting and appropriate 
 close. It was the prayer, Mr. Speaker, of a 
 distinguished citizen, who died some years 
 since in the metropolis, even while his spirit 
 was fluttering for its final flight, that he 
 might depart gracefully. It may not be pre- 
 sumptuous to say that what was in that in- 
 stance the aspiration of a chivalric gentle- 
 
278 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 man was in this the realization of the dying 
 Christian in which was blended all that hu- 
 man dignity could require, with all that di- 
 vine grace had conferred; in which the firm- 
 ness of the man was only transcended by 
 the fervor of the penitent. 
 
 "A short period before his death he re- 
 marked to one by his bedside 'that he was 
 fearful he was becoming selfish, as his 
 thoughts were entirely withdrawn from the 
 world and centered upon eternity.' This, 
 sir, was but the purification of his noble 
 spirit from all the dross of earth — a happy 
 illustration of what the religious muse has 
 so sweetly sung: 
 
 " ' No sin to stain— no lure to stay 
 
 The soul— as home she springs ; 
 Thy sun shine on her joyful way, 
 Thy freedom in her wings. ' 
 
 "Mr. Speaker the soleumities of this hour 
 may soon be forgotten. We may come 
 back from the new made grave only still to 
 show that we consider 'eternity the bubble, 
 life and time the enduring substance.' We 
 may not pause long enough by the brink 
 to ask which of us revellers of to-day shall 
 next be at rest. But be assured, sir, that 
 upon the records of mortality will never be 
 inscribed a name more illustrious than that 
 of the statesman, patriot and friend whom 
 the Nation mourns." 
 
 Mr. Walsh was the advocate of the op- 
 pressed in Ireland. On the 22d of January, 
 1852, a Baltimore delegation presented to 
 the President of the United States a petition 
 signed by fifteen thousand people praying 
 his intercession with the I'ritish Govern- 
 ment for the liberation of Smith O'Brien 
 and his co-patriots. Mr. Walsh entertained 
 the committee and its friends at Gadsby's 
 Hotel. In the evening the Washingtonians 
 
 entertained the visitors sumptuously at 
 Carusis. G. W. P. Curtis presided. Mr. 
 Walsh responded for the Baltimoreans in 
 this speech: 
 
 "Mr. President, the friends by my side, to 
 whom the sentiment read so kindly refers, 
 have directed me in such phrase as I can 
 suddenly command, to express their grate- 
 ful acknowledgments. The source, sir, 
 whence this order comes ensures willing 
 and prompt obedience. It comes from the 
 constituency of the Monumental City — a 
 constituency who have made me all I am, 
 and whose word to me is supreme law. And 
 yet, Mr. President, I am hardly equal to the 
 task which is now demanded. As I look 
 upon this scene I feel something like the 
 depressing influences which filled the heart 
 of the Irish emigrant. Mine does not to be 
 sure travel back to the 
 
 ' Place where Mary lies,' 
 But it goes back as I gaze upon my old 
 friend Mr. McNally to the basement of the 
 old church in Calvert street where we were 
 accustomed to assemble and to have an 
 hour's talk about old Ireland, concerning 
 her sufferings and her sorrows, her hopes 
 and her fears — when we indulged in the sen- 
 timent of the homely ditty which says: 
 
 ' Up steps General Washington and takes you by 
 the hand 
 How is old Ireland, and how does she stand ? 
 A poor distressed country as ever was seen 
 
 Where they punish men and women for dressing 
 in the green.' 
 
 .\nd, as these mournful memories come 
 over me, 
 
 ' In vain I strive with livelier air 
 To wake the breathing string - 
 The voice of other days is there, 
 And saddens all I sing.' 
 
 Mr President, the friends whose organ I 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 am, thank you from the bottom of their 
 hearts for this manifestation of your kind- 
 ness. Their sympathies are enlisted as 
 deeply as your own in behalf of the Irish 
 patriots and exiles who now most signally 
 illustrate, "not the atrocity of any offense,' 
 but the 'atrocity of punishment.' 
 
 "I speak, sir, from personal knowledge 
 when I declare that the attention of my 
 people was early attracted to these gentle- 
 men, sir; they presented a glorious specta- 
 cle, for no more interesting sight can be 
 given to humanity than the ofiferings, high 
 and holy, of genius at the shrine of liberty. 
 They failed in their struggle. One could 
 have believed that their hearts were to 
 have been made desolate — that they them- 
 selves were to die, and to die upon the gal- 
 lows. One of them breathed forth from his 
 dungeon this beautiful sentiment: 
 
 ' Whether on the gallows high, 
 
 Or in the battle's van, 
 The fittest place for man to die 
 
 Is where he dies for man.' 
 
 Sir, we could have believed that the grave 
 might be the refuge, and that the lofty 
 spirit might fly to the throne of the God 
 who gave it. But, sir, we cannot realize 
 that these heroes should be associated with 
 the felons of the world. We desire, sir, to 
 come to some understanding with the Brit- 
 ish Government. Let us look at our re- 
 spectivelexiconsand ascertain how it is that 
 in theirs a devotion to country — to hearth- 
 stones and to altars — is regarded as sig- 
 nifying a felony, while in ours it is held to 
 mean a cardinal heaven-born virtue. We 
 can all, gentlemen, do something to enforce 
 our own interpretation. Let us appeal to 
 the good, and the wise of the world, to say 
 which signification should prevail, and rely 
 
 with confidence upon the judgment which 
 we revoke. That judgment shall not only 
 aid you in procuring the release of the no- 
 ble men who now command your sympa- 
 thies and prayers, but it shall be the har- 
 binger of better things for Ireland. Her 
 cause, gentlemen, shall always be entitled 
 to my best services. In my public place and 
 in my private position I shall always have 
 the word to cheer, and, I trust in God, al- 
 ways the hand to succor. Yea, gentlemen, 
 let us hope for better days, and, as we gaze 
 upon the national emblem, seek 
 
 ' To call back the time when pleasures sigh 
 
 First breathed across its strings, 
 And time itself in flitting by. 
 
 Made music with his wings.' 
 
 Let US all according to our opportunities 
 try to kindle up once more the shrine of 
 old Kildare, so that its light may unite 
 with the stars of the Republic in illuminat- 
 ing the world. 
 
 "And even if, sir, there should be no hope 
 for the nationality of Ireland — if the people 
 whose native genius is music shall not be 
 permitted to join in the chorus of freedom, 
 regulated by the breathing strains of their 
 own harp — 
 
 ' Here at least, is the spot, no cloud cu a'srz 
 And a heart and home all their own to the last. ' 
 
 They can come out, sir, from among the 
 oppressors and thus contradict the mourn- 
 ful prophecy of the dying patriot, so that 
 the last entrenchment of liberty shall not be 
 the entrenchment of her sons, but the ram- 
 parts of the American Constitution. 
 
 "Mr. President, I love to linger upon the 
 old times of Ireland — I love to linger upon 
 the principles of ninety-eight there as well 
 as upon the principles of ninety-eight here. 
 Be assured, sir, that the Irish and American 
 
280 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 doctrines of ninety-eight, united with the 
 spirit of seventy-six, constitute a unity that 
 will save the world." 
 
 The committee on returning home from 
 Washington unanimously passed the fol- 
 lowing resolution: "To our worthy Repre- 
 sentative in Congress, the Hon. T. Yates 
 Walsh, we have no language sufficiently 
 strong to express our feelings of gratitude 
 for the untiring assiduity with which he has 
 labored for our cause." 
 
 April 29, 1852, Mr. Walsh addressed the 
 House on the "Whig Caucus — Compro- 
 mise Wsasures." It was a brilliant speech 
 sparkling with such jems as this: "Let me 
 say, having in all respects endorsed this pa- 
 per, I come not here to-day to indulge in 
 any extravagant enconiums upon the Con- 
 stitution of my Country. I have no nec- 
 romancy of words to employ in setting forth 
 the blessings of the Union. Devoted as I 
 am to the Union and to the principles of the 
 last compromise, I have been distrustful 
 ever since a particular event to which I shall 
 a'l'ude, of every man who exhausts dic- 
 tionaries and vocabularies in the praise of 
 the one or the other. 
 
 "I stood, sir, three years ago, under a July 
 sun, listening to an oration of a scholar and 
 statesman as he was then called, and 
 thought that I could never tire of the praises 
 that were bestowed upon our national in- 
 stitutions ; and I passed from that spot only 
 to find that our political Gratiano spoke an 
 infinite deal of nothing. He went to the Sen- 
 ate chamber from that scene only to turn 
 that sacred house into an auction in which 
 he could make bids for abolition votes, in 
 the language of a distinguished man 'spend- 
 ing a national reputation with the prodigal- 
 ity of a .spendthrift.' " 
 
 Mr. Walsh was a Southern Whig; in 
 early life he had been a Jacksonian Demo- 
 crat; on the subject of slavery, which he be- 
 lieved ought not to be interfered with, be- 
 cause of its Constitutional recognition, he 
 had this to say in the same speech: "Al- 
 though the South may hold on to a barren 
 scepter, they are even shut out practically 
 from the enjoyment of the principles of the 
 Constitution. Is it not necessary to take 
 our stand under these circumstances, when 
 we have no further sacrifices to make, and 
 when we havj no further surrender to of- 
 fer? The North has got all men could re- 
 quire at the hands of others, and being un- 
 der the same form of Government they have 
 got all the newly acquired territory. The 
 South simply say to them now, stand by the 
 old Constitution — stand by it as you under- 
 stood it at the period of its adoption. Stand 
 by it on the naked right of the owner to 
 reclaim his fugitive slave." 
 
 ]\Ir. Walsh did not hesitate to encounter 
 the Speaker when in the House; on more 
 than one occasion he differed with the oc- 
 cupant of the chair, and appealed from his 
 decisions. 
 
 Mr. Walsh closed his term of service in 
 Congress so creditably that his praise was 
 on every one's lips. Representative George 
 T. Davis, who resided at Springfield, Mass., 
 and served with him in the House, express- 
 ed the opinion that Mr. Walsh was one 
 of the strongest men in it. Mr. Davis him- 
 self was a gentleman of great ability, whose 
 opinion is worth quoting. The mirthfulness 
 of Mr. Walsh's temperament did not for- 
 sake him during his congressional career. 
 In his speech on "Whig Compromise" he 
 frequently permitted it to assert itself. 
 
 One morning he called on Daniel Web- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 281 
 
 ster, Secretary of State, to mollify his oppo- 
 sition towards a gentleman Mr. Walsh was 
 endeavoring to provide with an office. 
 Webster was entering his carriage to go to 
 the White House, and asked Mr. Walsh to 
 ride with him. He pressed his case so vig- 
 orously .during the ride that Mr. Webster 
 said, "Why, Mr. Walsh, you almost convert 
 me," to which Mr. Walsh replied, with 
 pathos, '"Would to God I could hear you 
 give just one campmeeting shout." Mr. 
 Webster was greatly pleased at this re- 
 joinder. 
 
 In 1853 Mr. Walsh was renominated. 
 He published this address Friday, October 
 7, 1853, to his constituents of the Fourth 
 District: "I am a candidate to represent 
 you in the Popular Branch of the National 
 Legislature, which will assemble at Wash- 
 ington on the first Monday of December 
 next. The recorded acts, votes and speech- 
 es of the last Congress will, I think, show 
 that I did my best to serve you. If hon- 
 ored once more with your confidence by a 
 re-election, I pledge myself to a like faith- 
 ful effort in your service." 
 
 Mr. Walsh was opposed by Henry May, 
 who possessed decided talents. The cam- 
 paign was brilliantly conducted by both 
 gentlemen. The district was Democratic 
 and for years defied the efforts of the Whigs 
 to carry it. They had nominated strong 
 candidates unavailingly. When Mr. Walsh 
 defeated Mr. Whyte Democratic dissen- 
 sions existed. The smoke of the election 
 of 1853 passed off and the vote stood: May 
 5.630 votes, Walsh 5,300. It was a great 
 disappointment to Mr. Walsh's friends, who 
 felt that his record ought to have triumph- 
 antly re-elected him. The Whigs obtained 
 the Legislature and thereby United States 
 
 Senator. Mr. Walsh was mentioned for 
 that office, but he made no effort to secure 
 it, and a great name and fame was lost to 
 the Nation. 
 
 To a gentleman in after years who was 
 impressed with the great abilities of Mr. 
 Walsh, and who basked in the sun- 
 shine of his presence, he said, speaking of 
 his two years in Congress, not profanely, 
 but sadly, "Sir, a one-term Congressman 
 is not worth a d — n." His meaning is plain 
 enough; he referred to the lack of oppor- 
 tunities it afforded for usefulness. 
 
 The Whig party died and was buried 
 with honorable ceremonies. The Native 
 American party took its place in the field of 
 politics. Mr. Walsh declined to be a mem- 
 ber of its household. He simply voted 
 against the Know Nothings and assisted in 
 the reform movement to overthrow the 
 reign of violence prevalent at that period. 
 His latter days were darkened by financial 
 reverses. The story of his misfortunes, the 
 darkest shadow clouding his life, is told in 
 the following colloquy. 
 
 There were three volumes of rare books 
 in his library, published in London; being 
 asked what they cost, he replied twenty 
 thousand dollars. The astonished inquirer 
 exclaimed, "Do you really mean it?" "Yes, 
 sir; they cost me twenty thousand dollars. 
 A gentleman was in the habit of making 
 me trifling presents. Among other things 
 he presented those books ; he was elected to 
 a responsible office, and I was his bonds- 
 man; he misappropriated the public funds 
 and I satisfied the penalty of the bond. 
 Never accept, sir, gifts, great or small." 
 
 Mr. Walsh was sensitive on the subject 
 of abolition interference with slavery; he 
 believe in the constitutional right to hold 
 
282 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 slaves as property. During the war for the 
 Union he was in sympathy with the South. 
 He avoided overt acts, but made no con- 
 cealment of his sentiments. 
 
 The course of Governor Hicks he repro- 
 bated. A gentleman wrote him in lauda- 
 tory terms of the Governor when he was 
 elected United States Senator. His an- 
 swer was this, "You and I have long since 
 agreed to disagree about Mr. Hicks. Let 
 him enjoy his honors." 
 
 When arrests were made of his acquaint- 
 ances by the military authorities he had ap- 
 prehensions of exchanging his office for a 
 cell. He tried a case in the Court of Ap- 
 peals. Returning to Baltimore, at An- 
 napolis Junction it was necessary to transfer 
 to a train from Washington. At the Junc- 
 tion United States troops were encamped. 
 
 While waiting for the expected train, 
 Joseph J. Early, a lawyer, and a noticeably 
 handsome man, who subsequently moved 
 to Missouri, and was killed by being shot 
 in the public street, was among the return- 
 ing lawyers. 
 
 He indulged in conviviality before leav- 
 ing Annapolis, and when the Junction was 
 reached threatened to take the camp of sol- 
 diers prisoners in the name of Jeff Davis 
 and the Southern Confederacy. He was 
 made a prisoner instead and locked up until 
 it was train time, when he was liberated. 
 While in the guard-house he repeatedly 
 sent for Mr. Walsh to come and see him, 
 but that gentleman declined to do so. Mr. 
 Early, on his return from the guard-house 
 complained of his friend's refusal to visit 
 him: "What, sir," said Mr. Walsh, "and run 
 the risk of your tongue having me in- 
 carcerated to keep you company? No, sir, 
 no, sir." 
 
 During the war the Clipper, a Union 
 sheet, and the Argus, a paper noted for its 
 Southern sympathies, vied in publishing 
 sensational canards about the victories of 
 their respective sides. At 2 o'clock p. 
 m. the newsboys passed along the streets 
 shouting their papers. Mr. Walsh w'as al- 
 ways impatient for the Argus, when the 
 armies were moving and a battle imminent 
 or in progress. At such a time a boy hur- 
 ried along crying, "Here's the Clipper, 
 another battle; ten thousand rebel prisoners 
 taken; twenty thousand rebels killed: the 
 Federals going to take Richmond and end 
 the war." 
 
 "What paper is that?" asked Mr. Walsh 
 of George W. Aspril, a law student, in an 
 adjoining office. 
 
 "The Argus, sir." 
 
 "Get me a copy." 
 
 The Clipper was purchased and Mr. 
 Walsh began to read. His face wore an 
 intent expression, he was heard to murmur 
 at the end of each paragraph, "That is a 
 lie." Finally he said, "What paper is this 
 anyhow?" And turning to the head lines 
 he informed himself, and in an instant the 
 paper was in the gutter. 
 
 Aspril, who enjoyed the episode amaz- 
 ingly, scampered ofi, while his victim good 
 naturedly said, "If lying could subdue the 
 Southerners the Clipper would soon end 
 the war." 
 
 Mr. Walsh, in his late life, resided on his 
 farm near Stevenson's Lane, in Baltimore 
 ccnmty. He had an Irishman for an 
 overseer; his wife was also in his em- 
 ploy, besides a housekeeper. The latter for 
 twenty years performed that office in his 
 service. These looked after things for him. 
 He was fond of the large old oaks that sur- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 rounded his house and walked amid their 
 shade and admired them far more en- 
 raptured than lovers of art in a gallery of 
 paintings. He had feelings that disap- 
 pointment awakes, yet they never quenched 
 the genial currents of his soul. At home 
 he felt like a statesman in retirement, but 
 never complained of the world for not 
 having gratified more of his desires. It 
 was his daily custom to leave home in time 
 to reach his office in the city by nine o'clock 
 a. m., and he usually left his office to re- 
 turn to it by railroad by 2.30 p. m. 
 
 When Gilmore raided in the neighbor- 
 hood of Balitimore, the city was in a furor 
 of excitement. Barricades were erected at 
 the leading entrances to the town, defend- 
 ed by citizens and convalescent Federal 
 troops from hospitals. For a few days in- 
 gress and egress were difficult, and only 
 with the permission of the military authori- 
 ties. Mr. Walsh was in the city and was 
 anxious to reach his farm, fearing that the 
 raiders would plunder his place of stock 
 and other things. He did not relish the 
 idea of applying for a permit to pass the 
 lines, for he was opposed to taking an oath 
 of loyalty administered by an officer in the 
 army, and a permit without such an oath, 
 so administered, could not be had. He 
 therefore visited a friend's livery stable and 
 had him select a faithful Jehu to run the 
 barricade. Mr. Walsh in a hack was driven 
 through the labyrinth of windings by the 
 way of Pikesville to his farm, where he re- 
 mained until the retirement of Gilmore and 
 the end of the excitement. The authorities 
 never learned of the defiant act thus per- 
 petrated. 
 
 For several years prior to the death of 
 Air. Walsh, his health was not the best; he 
 
 suffered with rheumatic complaint, and 
 while the attacks were not of long duration, 
 they seriously effected his inclination for 
 the activities of the profession. He could 
 not abandon the habit of visiting his office 
 punctually and regularly where his old 
 friends gathered to greet him with the 
 familiar "How are you, Yates?" 
 
 There were days when he did not go 
 to the office, when pain prevented his walk- 
 ing. He carried all his business concerns 
 in his head, without the aid of books of ac- 
 count. He knew when a payment was due 
 to and from him, and he was intent on hav- 
 ing performance and performing. To that 
 end he would write letters of such plain and 
 detailed instructions to his student so that 
 he was thoroughly understood. 
 
 On one occasion, when confined at home, 
 the genial and whole-souled Robert C. 
 Barry, a wit of no ordinary gifts, under date 
 of February 20, 1864, wrote humorously to 
 him in this vein: "When do you intend to 
 come this way? Folks are inquiring about 
 you ? Shall we have prayers offered up for 
 the sick or shall we soon take by the hand 
 a well and hearty man?" 
 
 When he did reach the city, after con- 
 valescing, he would send for one of his 
 friends, and he would spread the news: 
 "Yates is at his office," when callers pre- 
 sented themselves. 
 
 William H. Collins and Mr. Walsh from 
 manhood had been intimate; throughout 
 their professional lives they had never 
 known an estrangement. The war for 
 the Union divided with remorseless swift- 
 ness friends who were on opposite sides; 
 but Collins, who was for the Union 
 forever, and Walsh, who sympathized with 
 the South, never felt a jar in their inter- 
 
284 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 course. Collins was in the habit of fre- 
 quently stopping in to see Walsh in the 
 morning on the way to his office. He was 
 a cultured, polished, precise, dignified gen- 
 tleman, and talked in a stately manner. 
 Walsh always called him "a Union shriek- 
 er," and heaped his jokes upon him about 
 his political affiliations. What Mr. Walsh 
 said being only an ebullition of good nature, 
 no olifense was given or taken. Damon and 
 Pythias were not more loving, and neither 
 would have submitted without resentment 
 to a reflection on the other. 
 
 The death of Mrs. Griffith, his house- 
 keeper, wlio, without premonition, fell dead 
 in his presence, greatly shocked and dis- 
 tressed him. She preceded him to the grave 
 three weeks. A few days before his death 
 he was stricken with erysipelas; it made its 
 appearance under his chin and attacked his 
 throat. He died Friday morning, January 
 20, 1865, between the hours of 6 and 7 
 o'clock, at the residence of his sister, Mrs. 
 Mary Penniman, on Cortland street. 
 
 The press spoke kindly of him, and his 
 thousands of friends who were stricken with 
 sorrow had only good words to utter. The 
 Sun made this appropriate mention in 
 connection with the event; "Of late years 
 he has not identified himself with political 
 parties. He was considered one of the most 
 sarcastic stump speakers of his day, and his 
 witty repartees were proverbial. As a 
 member of the bar he was ranked as one of 
 the bright particular marks for ingenuity of 
 argument, eloquence of language and gen- 
 eral legal abilities; he was one of the most 
 successful criminal lawyers of his day, and 
 was held in high esteem by his brother 
 members of the profession. In social life 
 Mr. Walsh had a host of friends — of t^-cncr- 
 
 ous influences and warm friendly attach- 
 ments, he had but few, if any, enemies, and 
 his death has left one more void in the list 
 of the Maryland Bar of which all citizens 
 of the State have reason to be proud." 
 
 His death was announced in the Superior 
 Court by William H. Collins, who was 
 called the "Father of the Bar," who moved 
 the Court's adjournment in respect to Mr. 
 Walsh's memory. The motion was second- 
 ed by George William Brown in a short 
 tribute. Judge Robert North Martin feel- 
 ingly responded and ordered the Court ad- 
 journed. In the Court of Common Pleas 
 William M. Marine, Mr. Walsh's former 
 pupil and law associate at the time of his 
 death, made the announcement of Mr. 
 Walsh's death. He indulged in some feel- 
 ing remarks in relation to the deceased, 
 which were replied to by Judge John C. 
 King. In the City Circuit Court, William 
 Schley eloquently told of the great man's 
 death, and Judge William Alexander ad- 
 journed his Court. In the Criminal Court, 
 Judge Hugh L. Bond suspended business 
 and announced, "The community has been 
 pained to hear of the death of Thomas 
 Yates Walsh, and out of respect to his 
 memory this Court is now adjourned." 
 
 In the United States District Court, Wil- 
 liam Price spoke of Mr. Walsh "as one of 
 the departed gems and stars of the Balti- 
 more Bar," and paid his character and per- 
 son a high tribute. 
 
 Judge William Fell Giles said "he was 
 a companion of the deceased in boyhood, 
 was reared in the profession of the law with 
 him; and he had the honor and pleasure of 
 his friendship throughout his life." He 
 spoke of the deceased as an eloquent orator, 
 an able lawyer, a benevolent and kind- 
 

 '(^^^i^^ i^. Ji/-/£^^t^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 285 
 
 hearted friend, and good citizen, a danger- 
 ous political antagonist, but at the same 
 time a generous one, and remarked that he 
 was among the shining marks of the Mary- 
 land Bar who had passed away." 
 
 A Bar meeting was held on Saturday at 
 noon succeeding his death in honor of his 
 memory, Judge Martin, Chairman, and 
 Bernard Carter, Secretary. A committee 
 to draft resolutions appropriate to the oc- 
 casion consisted of William H. Collins, 
 William Schley, John H. B. Latrobe, ex- 
 Judge William George Krebs, S. Teackle 
 Wallis, I. Nevitt Steele and George William 
 Brown. The gentlemen chosen were the 
 leaders of the Bar, who had no superiors in 
 eminence in their profession. The second 
 resolution recited: "Although Mr. Walsh 
 was so long withdrawn from active profes- 
 sional life, and perhaps but little known to 
 many of his juniors personally, his death re- 
 calls, with sadness, to his contemporaries 
 and associates, the recollection of a career 
 of brilliant promise and great early success. 
 He had a clear and vigorous intellect of 
 remarkable ability and brightness — some- 
 what impatient of labor and system, but 
 quick, acute and vigorously fertile of re- 
 sources. Those fine endowments were 
 aided in forensic controversy by an elocu- 
 tion of much impressiveness and power, un- 
 usual ingenuity in the presentation and dis- 
 position of questions of both law and fact, 
 earnestness and zeal in the discharge of 
 duty. In personal and professional inter- 
 course there were few more attractive and 
 popular than he, and scarcely any man of 
 his day will be more genially remembered 
 for those sallies of wit and humor which 
 pass into the festive traditions of a genera- 
 tion." 
 
 Mr. Collins and Mr. Brown spoke to the 
 resolutions. Judge Martin, before sub- 
 mitting them to a vote, said: "I unite with 
 the Bar in lamenting the death of the late 
 Hon. Thomas Yates Walsh, for many 
 years a prominent and highly esteemed 
 member of the profession. I cordially con- 
 cur in all that has been said by the gentle- 
 men who have addressed the Chair in com- 
 mending the personal and social qualities of 
 Mr. Walsh, and of his legal professional at- 
 tainments, and upon the adoption of the 
 resolutions which have just been read, I 
 shall direct them to be placed on the records 
 of the Court, as a mark of our respect for 
 his memory." 
 
 The funeral of Mr. Walsh took place 
 Saturday, and was largely attended. His 
 pall-bearers were members of the Bar, 
 among whom were William H. Collins and 
 George William Brown. The interment 
 was in Mr. Walsh's lot, in St. Paul's Ceme- 
 tery, which he had purchased to lay away 
 the remains of his father. The ceremonial 
 burial service of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church was read at the house and at the 
 grave. When the coffin was lowered in the 
 earth the snow was falling fast, and large 
 flakes lay on the dark cloth covered coffin 
 lid to some present recalling Montgomery's 
 lines — 
 
 "Blessed is the bride whom the suu shines ou, 
 Blessed is the corpse which the rain rains ou." 
 
 To the right of Mr. Walsh's grave is that 
 of Samuel Chase, and to the left that of 
 Judge Upton W. Heath. 
 
 Mr. Walsh was survived by a brother, 
 William H. Walsh, since deceased, leaving 
 children. Mr. Edward J. Penniman is a son 
 of his sister, Mrs. Mary Penniman, at whose 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 house he died. Archibald Stirling, Sr., 
 married his eldest sister. They are both 
 dead, and left children, including the late 
 Archibald Stirling, Jr., a prominent lawyer; 
 Murray Stirling and Commander Yates 
 Stirling of the United States Navy. 
 
 Mr. Walsh belonged to an era that pro- 
 duced the highest forensic talent honoring 
 the Bar of Baltimore. Of his time and 
 period were Augustus W. Bradford, 
 
 George R. Richardson, John P. Kennedy, 
 Henry May, S. T. Wallis, Reverdy John- 
 son, Charles F. Mayer, J. Morrison Harris, 
 William H. Collins, John V. L. McMahon, 
 J. Mason Campbell, John Cousine, Richard 
 Merrick, 1. Nevitt Steele and William P. 
 Preston. They were giants, and it were 
 pleasing to believe that men of like powers 
 will again appear in the rich and expanding 
 future. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 Church History (Roman Catholic). 
 
 Rev. Lucian Johnston, bv Appointment of Cardinal Gibbons. 
 I. 
 
 A Sketch of Catholic Church History In 
 
 Baltimore City- 
 
 (Early History, 1739-1789.) 
 
 The first beginnings of Catholicity in 
 Baltimore were indeed humble, since it 
 was not until the Revolution that Mass 
 could be said anywhere but in private 
 houses. In fact, not much more could be 
 expected in a town which in 1752 contained 
 only two hundred inhabitants, in 1775 
 about six thousand, and which was situated 
 in a region where ill-feeling continually 
 hampered the growth of Catholicity. But 
 in the year 1755 we have the arrival of a 
 distinct body of Catholics, namely: the 
 Acadians, about one hundred of whom 
 landed in Baltimore, where they became 
 definitely settled, at first lodging in private 
 houses, afterwards in those built by them- 
 selves on South Charles street near Lom- 
 bard, giving to that quarter the designation 
 of "French Town," which it preserved for 
 a long time. Some such as Guttro, Blanc, 
 Dashield and Berbine, who had suffered 
 least perhaps, attached themselves mostly 
 to navigation, whilst the infirm picked 
 oakum. 
 
 The little colony's spiritual wants were 
 met by Father Ashton, who came once a 
 month from Doughoregan Manor, and said 
 Mass in the abandoned brick house stand- 
 
 ing near the northwest corner of Calvert 
 and Fayette streets. The congregation 
 numbered about forty souls, mostly Aca- 
 dians, of course, together with a few Irish, 
 among whom occur the names of Patrick 
 Bennett, Robert Walsh and William Sten- 
 son. The services were correspondingly 
 simple, the expenses, such as they were, be- 
 ing borne by the Jesuit Fathers out of their 
 individual estates. Such was the modest 
 beginning of Baltimore Catholicity, which 
 was in less than half a century to become 
 an Episcopal See, and in a little more than 
 a century to be presided over by a Cardinal. 
 The little community thrived well enough 
 to resolve, in 1770, upon erecting a church, 
 a design materially aided by Mr. Charles 
 Carroll, whose generosity has ever since 
 been imitated by his descendants. He 
 ceded a lot fronting on Saratoga and 
 Charles streets, on the northwest side of 
 which was raised a brick building, twenty- 
 five by thirty feet, known as St. Peter's 
 Church. Mr. John McNabb erected, or 
 superintended, the building until the walls 
 and roof were completed. In this un- 
 finished condition it may have been occu- 
 pied, but before completion the superin- 
 tendent failed in business, owing a debt on 
 account of the building of about five hun- 
 dred and forty dollars in present money. 
 The chief creditor therefore locked up the 
 church, keeping possession of the key until 
 1774 or 1775. Griffith, in his Annals of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Baltimore, says: "By a ludicrous suit against 
 Ganganelli, Clement XIV, Pope of Rome, 
 for want of other defendant, to recover the 
 advances of Mr. McNabb, who became 
 bankrupt, the church was sometime closed. 
 This was at the Revolution, and the con- 
 gregation assembled in a private house un- 
 til possession was recovered." The man- 
 ner of reopening St. Peter's was some- 
 what novel. A volunteer company, prob- 
 ably in 1775, which was part of a military 
 force organized to repel the apprehended 
 attacks of incursions of Lord Dunmore, 
 Governor of Virginia, was in Baltimore un- 
 der the command of Capt. Galbraith. The 
 company was then employed guarding 
 some Scotch malcontents from North Caro- 
 lina. On Sunday morning some of the sol- 
 diers asked permission to go to church, a 
 majority deciding upon attending the 
 Roman Catholic Church. On learning 
 that it was closed and the key in the posses- 
 sion ot Mr. P , they marched in a 
 
 body, with their captain at their head, to 
 tliis gentleman's residence and demanded 
 
 the key. It so happened that Mr. P 
 
 had fallen under suspicion of being disaf- 
 fected to the cause of American Indepen- 
 dence, and on seeing a body of soldiers 
 halted in front of his home, he apprehended 
 they were about to make him prisoner, but 
 on learning their object he readily de- 
 livered the key to Capt. Galbraith. The 
 company then moved ofT, opened the 
 church, and, after they had satisfied their 
 devotion, the Catholics retained possession 
 of the key and the church until the close of 
 the Revolutionary War, after which period 
 the sum of two hundred pounds was raised 
 
 Ijy subscription and paid to Mr. P 
 
 in discharge of the debt due him, and he 
 
 relinquished all claim upon the church. 
 (Scharf's Chronicles of Baltimore, ad ann., 
 1770). This was the congregation whose 
 present representative is the Cathedral. 
 Calvert Hall for a long while occupied the 
 site of the old St. Peter's after the Cathedral 
 had replaced this latter as the parish church. 
 During the Revolution the congregation 
 was attended by Reverend Bernard Dide- 
 rick, but here was no resident pastor be- 
 fore 1784. Before that a Father Phelan 
 passed through Baltimore celebrating Mass 
 and preaching in English and French. Fre- 
 quen.tly also the chaplains of the French 
 army celebrated Mass in this place. In 
 1782 Count Rochambeau, on his return 
 from Yorktown, halted in Baltimore, 
 where some of his troops remained until the 
 close of the war. The Legion of the Duke 
 de Lauzun encamped on the ground where 
 the Cathedral now stands, which, as well as 
 that around St. Peter's, was covered with 
 forest trees. On one occasion a grand 
 Mass was celebrated with great military 
 pomp, the celebrant being an Irish priest, 
 chaplain to Count Rochambeau. The bands 
 of French regiments accompanied the sa- 
 cred service with solemn music, the officers 
 and a large concourse of the townspeople 
 were present, so that the small church was 
 not only crowded but the spacious yard in 
 front was also filled. St. Peter's remained 
 unfinished until 1783. In 1784 Reverend 
 Charles Sewall was appointed pastor, being 
 the first resident Catholic priest in the city. 
 In 1786 Reverend John Carroll, the then 
 spiritual superior of the Maryland clergy, 
 also took up his residence there. His elo- 
 quence soon attracted attention, his ser- 
 mons being so much admired that they 
 were lif.tened to bv manv Protestants. 
 
HISTORY OI' BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 These seem, however, to have been excep- 
 tions to the spirit of intolerance which then 
 hampered Catholics. Dr. Carroll, in fact, 
 found it necessary even after the adoption 
 of the Constitution, to reply to a writer who, 
 in the "Gazette of the United States," fa- 
 vored the grant of certain privileges to 
 Protestantism as a national religion. 
 
 This was but one of many causes which 
 checked the growth of the infant church. 
 A report of Dr. Carroll to Cardinal Anto- 
 nelli, drawn up in 1785, presents a picture 
 of it not any too flattering. After giving 
 the number of Catholics in Maryland, 
 which, in his opinion, amounted to 15,800, 
 incjuding 3,000 negroes, he thus speaks of 
 their piety: "In Maryland a few of the lead- 
 ing, more wealthy families still profess the 
 Catholic faith introduced at the very foun- 
 dation of the provinces by their ancestors. 
 As for piety they are, for the most part, suf- 
 ficiently assiduous in the exercises of re- 
 ligion and in frequenting the sacraments, 
 but they lack that fervor, which frequent ap- 
 peals to the sentiment of piety usually pro- 
 duce, as many congregations hear the word 
 of God only once a month, and sometimes 
 only once in two months." Regarding the 
 immigrant Catholics: "You can scarcely 
 find any among the newcomers who dis- 
 charge this duty of religion (Easter duties), 
 and there is reason to think the example 
 will be very pernicious, especially in the 
 commercial towns." As to the negroes: 
 "Most of them are very dull in faith and 
 depraved in morals." May we not be al- 
 lowed an expression of surprise that the la- 
 bors of the Jesuits should have produced 
 such little fruit? Making allowance there- 
 fore for the draw-backs naturally caused bv 
 the prevailing bigotry of the age, the con- 
 
 clusion seems forced upon us that there was 
 something defective in the internal organ- 
 ization of the church itself. Certain it is 
 that at the time when Dr. Carroll penned 
 his report there were but nineteen priests 
 on the Maryland missions and five in Penn- 
 sylvania, of whom two were over seventy 
 years old, three almost seventy, the remain- 
 ing in some cases in bad health, so fhat they 
 were evidently unable to carry on the work. 
 A bishop was therefore necessary in order 
 to give the church greater stability. This 
 brings us to the establishment of the Epis- 
 copate. 
 
 II. 
 
 The Episcopate, established Nov. 6, ijSg. 
 
 In the preceding century Lord Baltimore 
 had applied to the Propaganda for a prefect 
 apostolic of diocesan priests. As early as 
 1641 the Propaganda had taken steps in this 
 direction, and in spite of the remonstrances 
 of the Jesuits two other priests arrived in 
 Maryland in 1642. Two Franciscans ar- 
 rived about 1673, followed by three more in 
 1677, together with three Jesuits and some 
 lay brothers. The clergy recived their jur- 
 isdiction from ecclesiastical superiors in 
 England: at first the archpriests, later the 
 vicar-apostolic of London; an arrangement 
 based rather on common law than on any 
 formal document. 
 
 They were, however, in 1757, authorita- 
 tively subjected to the Vicariate Apostolic 
 of London, but Bishop Challoner finding 
 himself unable to attend to the Colonies on 
 account of the vast distance separating him 
 from them, suggested the appointment of a 
 Vicar Apostolic for themselves. The plan 
 was for a time dropped owing to the oppo- 
 sition of the Fathers, who feared lest the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Cardinal of York, brother of Charles Ed- 
 ward, the Pretender, would exercise an in- 
 fluence in the appointment of a person, of- 
 fensive both to the civil authorities then 
 under the sway of the House of Brunswick, 
 and to themselves, to whom the Cardinal 
 was openly hostile. A remonstrance there- 
 fore against the appointment of a bishop 
 was drawn up by the leading Catholics of 
 Maryland and sent to London by the Fath- 
 ers. It was never presented at Rome. 
 The suggestion was then made that the 
 Bishop of Quebec should visit the Colonies 
 for the sake of administering confirmation, 
 and the Superior of the Jesuits made a visit 
 to Quebec in 1769 for such a purpose; the 
 Propaganda also in 1771 tried to advance 
 the same object, but this plan also failed, 
 perhaps owing to the prejudice which the 
 coming of a bishop from Canada might 
 have excited. 
 
 The way, however, was none the less 
 slowly and surely prepared for the estab- 
 lishment of the hierarchy. 
 
 In the first place the bravery of the 
 Catholics in the Revolutionary War did 
 much towards softening the hostility 
 towards them. Secondly, the war had 
 separated the American Catholic Church 
 from London as effectually as it had given 
 birth to our civil independence, since from 
 1781 it was left to itself, no attempts being 
 made to renew the connection. Thirdly, 
 the Fathers since 1773 had as a Society 
 been suppressed, and doubtless their con- 
 tinued existence as individual clergymen 
 had the effect of bestowing upon them 
 a diocesan character which familiarized the 
 community with the idea of a clergy in di-_ 
 rect subjection to a local bishop. Lastly,* 
 the impossiblity of securing confirmation!, 
 
 was forcing the community to the same 
 end. 
 
 The first steps towards it were therefore 
 taken when, in 1783, the Fathers addressed 
 to Rome petitioning that "Reverend Mr. 
 Lewis be formally constituted Superior 
 with power to administer confirmation and 
 with other privileges not strictly of an 
 Episcopal character." The result was 
 somewhat different from expectations. The 
 Superior asked for was given the rank of 
 Prefect Apostolic, and instead of Lewis, Dr. 
 Carroll received the dignity on June 9, 
 1784, the official document reaching him 
 only in November 26, 1784. The incident 
 curiously illustrates a strange condition of 
 affairs, since we learn from a letter to Rev- 
 erend John Carroll, of September 21, 1784. 
 that "there are certainly some oblique 
 views, most probably directed to the prop- 
 erty of the American missions and to "the 
 obtaining superiority over the missionaries. 
 The note delivered to the Nuncio proves 
 their wish to exclude every Jesuit from trust 
 of honor; and equally betrays the policy of 
 the French ministry, who by bringing for- 
 ward a Frenchman or Irish-Frenchman, 
 would use religion as an instrument to in- 
 crease their own influence in America." 
 From this we should be led to suspect that 
 Carroll, as a native American, and at least 
 professedly not a Jesuit, was a compromise 
 candidate to the satisfaction of all parties. 
 
 Good as this was still the need of a regu- 
 larly constituted bishop forced itself more 
 and more into notice. Carroll himself had 
 hinted at the bigotry liable to be aroused 
 by too close a connection with Rome as laid 
 down in the articles of his appointment. 
 Moreover, his powers soon appeared in- 
 adequate to deal with such evils as grew 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 291 
 
 out of trusteeism, because some took ad- 
 vantage of his imperfect authority to rebel 
 against it as null and void because emanat- 
 ing directly from a foreign source, be- 
 sides which the influx of foreigners had 
 raised up other serious difficulties incident 
 to national churches, whilst the former sup- 
 pressed Jesuits were not on the best terras 
 with the new clergy from abroad. The 
 conviction therefore finally formed itself as 
 to the necessity of a bishop, so that in 1788 
 the clergy and people of Maryland peti- 
 tioned for one, a step which resulted in the 
 election of Dr. Carroll. His consecration 
 was performed August 15, 1790, by Right 
 Reverend Charles Walmesley, the senior 
 ^'icar Apostolic of England, in the private 
 chapel of his friend, Mr. Thomas Weld, of 
 Lulworth Castle, England. As a site for his 
 See, Philadelphia, the seat of Government, 
 was first thought of; also Gallipolis, in 
 Scioto county, Ohio, owing to the existence 
 of a considerable colony of French Catho- 
 lics there residing, was thought of as the 
 seat of another American Bishopric at the 
 time that Baltimore was determined upon. 
 Finally Baltimore was selected, which thus 
 enjoys the distinction of being the most an- 
 cient See in the United States. 
 
 III. 
 
 Most Reverend John Carroll ( 1790- 181 f,.) 
 At Carroll's consecration there were in 
 the American church thirty-five priests in 
 charge of thirty churches, exclusive of out- 
 lying missions, who, at his death, in 1815, 
 had increased to upwards of one hundred — • 
 the happy and logical outcome of the Epis- 
 copate. But such results were gained onlv 
 by the most heroic efforts. Outside the 
 church the old bigotry was yet alive, so that 
 
 Carroll was compelled to call attention to 
 the "violent and increasing oppressions of 
 the church," a fact all the more discreditable 
 to Baltimore, since such names as Dyer, 
 Hynes, Dobson, Norris and Donovan, in 
 the list of officers of the Second Maryland 
 Brigade for 1778 prove the patriotism of the 
 Catholics in the War of Independence, 
 which was to be still further shown in that 
 of 1812 by such as Murphy, Boyle, Mitchell, 
 Jenkins and Dunn, names not necessarily, 
 but presumably, Catholic. 
 
 In the bosom of the church yet greater 
 dangers menaced her life, as is attested by 
 the German schism about the beginning of 
 the present century. Only thirty of this 
 nationality in Baltimore were ignorant of 
 English, yet their pastor, a Father Reuter, 
 accused Carroll of obstructing the teaching 
 of German and otherwise excited the Ger- 
 man Catholics, who had in the meantime 
 built up the church of old St. John's. In 
 tlie subsequent dispute with the trustees 
 of this church, the matter was carried to the 
 civil courts, where the trustees set up the 
 novel defense that "by the fundamental 
 laws and usuages of the German Catholic 
 Church the members of the church had the 
 sole and exclusive right of nominating and 
 appointing their pastor, and that they had 
 put the church under the control of the 
 Minorites Conventual of the Order of Saint 
 Francis, and that they owed obedience to 
 the civil magistrates and to that Order, and 
 to no other ecclesiastical person or body 
 whatever." Needless to say that Carroll 
 won his case (in 1805). Such were but 
 some of the difficulties constantly besetting 
 the new bishop, but his ability rose equal 
 to every emergency. 
 
 The violence of prejudice had so far hin- 
 
292 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 dered the rise of Catholic schools. For ex- 
 ample, in 1775, John Hefferman, a Catholic, 
 had his school broken up and was himself 
 forced to leave the town. But such feeling 
 must have softened when in 181 5 Reverend 
 John F. Moranville, pastor of Saint Pat- 
 rick's Church, instituted a benevolent as- 
 sociation for the support of a school, which 
 enjoys the distinction of preceding all pub- 
 lic schools in Baltimore. Higher education 
 was provided for by Carroll's unceasing ef- 
 forts to build Georgetown College at Wash- 
 ington and St. Mary's; the latter was incor- 
 porated in 1805, and continued its useful 
 career until the middle of the century, when 
 Loyola College fell heir to its position. 
 
 On the side of the clergy the want was 
 met by the establishment of St. Mary's 
 Seminary in 1791 in charge of the Sul- 
 picians, a body of ecclesiastics which by 
 constant devotion to the original object of 
 its founder and a ready assimilation to the 
 genius of its new country, has proved a 
 friend indeed to the diocesan clergy of the 
 whole country, but particularly of our own 
 city. Carroll's comprehensive mind is well 
 illustrated by his original intention of mak- 
 ing Georgetown College a feeder for the 
 Seminary. Reverend Mr. Badin was the 
 first priest ordained of the Diocese of Bal- 
 timore; ordination took place May 25, 1793. 
 
 Catholic literature also felt the good in- 
 fluence of the gradual softening of feeling. 
 Catholic publications which began almost 
 by stealth in colonial days were taken up 
 more openly after the rupture with Great 
 Britain, Philadelphia leading the way in this 
 direction. Chief amongst the new publi- 
 cations must be mentioned a quarto Catho- 
 lic Bible issued in 1790, being the first Eng- 
 lish quarto Bible printed in this country. 
 
 Moreover, Carroll was at the head of the 
 movement in 1795 to establish a public 
 library in Baltimore, whilst the Library 
 Company which he was active in organizing 
 formed a fine collection of books, many of 
 which were, if not now, preserved in the 
 Maryland Historical Society. Reverend 
 Mr. Perigny, a French priest, was first li- 
 brarian. The "Maryland Society for Pro- 
 moting Useful Knowledge," which lasted 
 only a few years, also owed much to Car- 
 roll's efforts. 
 
 In this period also arose the church of 
 St. Patrick, the second in Baltimore. The 
 Catholics residing in the southeastern part 
 of the city known as Fell's Point, find- 
 ing it too inconvenient to attend old St. 
 Peter's, resolved in 1792 to commence the 
 erection of a church for themselves. As a 
 beginning a chapel was fitted up in an un- 
 plastered room in the third story of a house 
 on the northeast corner of Fleet and Bond 
 streets; next was procured a room on 
 Thames street for two or three years. 
 Father Gamier was the first pastor of the 
 little congregation, which amounted at first 
 to about a dozen people. Li 1796 their 
 numbers had increased enough to justify 
 building, so that a structure, 42x35 feet, was 
 erected on Apple alley near Wilkes street. 
 Father Floyd, who built this, died in 1797, 
 when Garnier again resumed charge. The 
 first resident pastor was a Reverend 
 Michael Cuddy, appointed in 1803, who 
 died of the yellow fever in 1804. Under his 
 successor. Reverend John Moranville, the 
 old structure was replaced by a new one in 
 1806, and alongside of this arose a pastoral 
 residence. 
 
 Old St. Peter's having now become too 
 small, steps were taken for the erection of 
 
"G-l^i-^^CTi^-y^cr^^^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 295 
 
 the present Cathedral. In a pastoral of 
 1803 Carroll had called on the faithful to aid 
 in the work of "dedicating a church to God, 
 to be erected by the united efforts of all our 
 brethren in this diocese, to stand as the 
 evidence of their attachment to the unity of 
 Episcopal government," asking for that 
 purpose one dollar a year for four years, 
 from the head of each family. For a site a 
 spot on the hill had been proposed, but 
 finding it too costly it was proposed to 
 build on the burial ground adjoining St. 
 Peter's. This provoked a remonstrance 
 signed by the priests of the Seminary, who 
 were regarded as the priests of the Cathe- 
 dral, which finally resulted in the purchase 
 of the present site from General John Eager 
 Howard, most of the expenses being de- 
 frayed by a lottery. The corner-stone was 
 laid July 7, 1806, with great solemnity. 
 
 Another congregation of mixed English, 
 French, American and negro clustered 
 around the chapel of St. Mary's in charge 
 of the Sulpicians. 
 
 Whilst thus the church was expanding in 
 a purely natural growth a large accretion 
 came in 1793. The revolution of San Do- 
 mingo drove out of that island the white 
 residents, a great number of whom sought 
 refuge in America. In July fifty-three ves- 
 sels arrived in Baltimore bearing about one 
 thousand whites and five hundred colored 
 people, followed soon after by others. As 
 a class they were desirable emigrants, a no- 
 tice of Bishop Dubourg describes "most of 
 them as full of piety and others disposed to 
 it through misfortune." In the life of Abbe 
 Aloranville it is also stated that "besides 
 the emigration from France, a very large 
 number of the most respectable inhabi- 
 tants of San Domingo, flying from the mas- 
 
 sacre of 1793, found refuge in Baltimore," 
 whilst the annals of the city say that these 
 immigrations of French colonists increased 
 the wealth and population of Baltimore. 
 
 If Baltimore City was thus rapidly in- 
 creasing its Catholic population, the church 
 at large was becoming too unwieldly for 
 the personal attention of one man. Hence, 
 in 1808, four other bishoprics were erected, 
 the first of those many partitions which 
 have diminished the territory but increased 
 the dignity of the See of Baltimore. En 
 passant it should be noticed how strenu- 
 ously Carroll resisted the interference of 
 foreigners in the affairs of the American 
 Church. The first attempts of the kind 
 came from Frenchmen, and continued to 
 come from Dublin during the first quarter 
 of the present century, until the unremit- 
 ting opposition of Carroll and his success- 
 ors brought them to an end. 
 
 Before the divisions above referred to, 
 the care of his diocese had become such a 
 burden that Reverend Leonard Neale was 
 appointed coadjutor in 1795, as a result of 
 the deliberations of the first Diocesan 
 Synod held in 1791; his consecration took 
 place in 1800. The acts of this Synod are 
 of peculiar importance, as being the first 
 body of laws adopted by the American 
 Church. At its close Carroll addressed a 
 pastoral, the first of its kind from an Ameri- 
 can Catholic Bishop, to the clergy and 
 people, wherein, amongst other things, he 
 appealed for funds for the support of the 
 new seminary and Georgetown College, 
 and urged the extreme poverty of both 
 clergy and churches, which were reduced 
 to great straits, all the more so, as the heroic 
 Jesuit Fathers, in the hope of a final re- 
 suscitation of their Society, had retained the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 property of the old missions and drawn up 
 in 1784 a special resolution to the effect that 
 "if a bishop was sent them he should not be 
 entitled to any support from the present es- 
 tates of the clergy." The indifiference of the 
 people in the matter of contributions was 
 doubtless due to the Fathers having for so 
 long been supported by their estates. The 
 custom was therefore instituted of taking 
 up collections at the offertory. 
 
 Such are a few salient events in the life 
 of our first archbishop. That he made some 
 mistakes none but the most prejudiced will 
 deny, but the difificulties of his position arc 
 more than an excuse. Certain it is, how- 
 ever, that on more than one occasion the 
 rising Republic had cause to thank his pa- 
 triotism. He cast the destinies of the young 
 church in with those of the nation, and even 
 when, as in 1812, he was opposed to war, his 
 .love of country rose superior to personal 
 views. His work is therefore abiding, for 
 to this day the Catholic church by him 
 founded is in perfect touch with the na- 
 tion's heart, and it may be said with equal 
 truth that he has left his impress upon the 
 long list of succeeding Archbishops of Bal- 
 timore, who have so closely imitated his 
 characteristic gentleness in dealing with 
 their Protestant fellow-citizens. His death, 
 which took place in 1815, was fittingly la- 
 mented by all. 
 
 His works now fell upon the shoulders of 
 the aged Archbishop Neale, who survived 
 him, however, only about two years. Born 
 near Port Tobacco in 1746 he had, like 
 Carroll, become a member of the Society of 
 Jesus, for which both retained great affec- 
 tion, manifested in a touching way when in 
 1804 they were deterred from laying aside 
 the Episcopal robe and re-entering the So- 
 
 ciety, then existing in Russia, solely out of 
 fear lest a successor should step in who 
 would thwart its re-establishment and op- 
 pose a re-investment of the property for- 
 merly possessed by the suppressed Fathers 
 in Maryland. After the suppression, Nealc 
 had labored variously in British Guiana, 
 Charles county, Maryland, and Phila- 
 delphia; was appointed Carroll's vicar-gen- 
 eral, president of Georgetown, finally 
 coadjutor in 1800. His connection with 
 Baltimore was never very close, most 
 of his time being spent near the Visitation 
 Convent in Georgetown, where he died 
 June 15, 1817. The annals of the city speak 
 of his "sound judgment, profound learning, 
 heroic zeal and unaffected humility." 
 
 IV. 
 Most Reverend Ambrose Mareelial, 
 (1817-1828.) 
 Ambrose Marechal, born near New Or- 
 leans in 1768, was one of those refugees 
 whom the French Revolution drove to the 
 shores of America, and who so amply re- 
 paid the hospitality of their new country 
 with their services. Maryland was the scene 
 of his labors, which merited for him in 18 17 
 the appointment of coadjutor to the aged 
 Archibishop, Neale. 
 
 Several events mark out his episcopate 
 as one of the most important in the annals 
 of the American Catholic Church, chief 
 amongst them being his successful opposi- 
 tion to the interference of foreign ecclesias- 
 tics in our affairs. In a document sent 10 
 Rome, the Supreme Court of Appeals in 
 such matters, he says: "We fully confess 
 that we have no right to present bishops 
 for the province of Baltimore, yet it is cer- 
 I tain that they must be nominated by some 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 297 
 
 one. But who, seeing the distance of North 
 America from Rome, is to present capable 
 and worthy subjects. The Irish bishops 
 cannot do so with advantage; it is utterly 
 impossible for them to nominate men who 
 suit our States." As a result the Holy See 
 wisely gave the American bishops the right 
 of nomination. 
 
 The evils of trusteeism also required his 
 attention, so that he was forced in a pastoral 
 in 1819 to lay down the precise nature and 
 extent of the rights of the laity in ecclesias- 
 tical affairs. A hardly more inviting task 
 was the settlement of the controversy re- 
 garding the tenure of the estates held by the 
 Jesuit Fathers. It should be remembered 
 that in 1792 the latter transferred this prop- 
 erty to the corporation known as the "Cor- 
 poration of the Roman Catholic Clergy- 
 men," only one farm being assigned to Car- 
 roll and Neale, former members of the So- 
 ciey, but when Marechal became arch- 
 bishop the payment of the revenues of the 
 plantation was discontinued for the reason 
 that he was not a member of the Jesuit cor- 
 poration. JMarechal contended that the 
 Bull of suppression (1773) vested in the or- 
 dinary all property held by Fathers in Mary- 
 land, and that certain of the estates had 
 been originally given not to the Society but 
 to the church at large, which in fact the 
 above title of the corporation apparently 
 recognized. Rome, to whom the case was 
 referred, required the restitution to the 
 archbishop of one estate or its equivalent. 
 The Fathers, however, having protested, the 
 dispute was comprom.ised by the general of 
 t!ie Society agreeing to pay the archbishop 
 eight hundred Roman crowns annually. 
 These occurrences deserved notice in view 
 of the fact that a decision so favorably to 
 
 the Fathers was influenced by President 
 Monroe — surely a wide extension of the 
 Monroe doctrine. 
 
 It was during this episcopate that the 
 Cathedral was finally made ready for divine 
 services on May 31, 1821. The work, hav- 
 ing been suspended during the War of 1812, 
 was resumed in 1817 by means of funds 
 arising from a sale of the old cemetery on 
 Charles street, part of the Cathedral 
 grounds on Franklin street, and a lottery, 
 together with private subscriptions. The 
 archbishop secured many valuable presents 
 such as vestments, et cetera, from France, 
 the most valuable being the rich marble al- 
 tar, the gift of the priests at Marseilles, 
 France, his pupils when professor in the 
 seminaries of that country. The first ordi- 
 nation in the new edifice was that of Rev- 
 erend Stephen L. Dubuisson, August 7, 
 1821. 
 
 The Catholic population of the city had 
 increased from eight hundred in 1792 to 
 about ten thousand. A row which took 
 place in 1819 owing to a stuffed "Paddy" 
 being hung from the masthead of a schooner 
 betrays the existence of a certain prejudice 
 against the church. But Marechal, true 
 to the traditions of his predecessors, main- 
 tained a dignified calm in the presence of 
 all opposition, a position which won the es- 
 teem of all classes, quite clearly shown by 
 the immense concourse attending his fun- 
 eral. This event took place in January, 
 1828, the body being laid to rest in the Ca- 
 thedral, the venerable Charles Carroll, of 
 Carrollton, following the clergy as chief 
 mourner. The chronicles say of him that 
 he was "universally esteemed for his piety, 
 benevolence and learning; tolerant in his 
 principles he respected the religious tenets 
 
298 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of Others and was only anxious to excel in 
 doing good." 
 
 V. 
 
 Most Rczrrciid James IVhitMd, 
 
 (1838-1834.^ 
 
 James Whitfield was born at Liverpool, 
 November 3, 1770; became a student in the 
 theological seminary at Lyons, where he 
 was ordained in 1809; was for a while a par- 
 ish priest in England; coming to America 
 he became one of the clergy of the Cathe- 
 dral; was finally appointed coadjutor, 
 January 8, 1828. 
 
 The beginning of his administration was 
 marked by one of the periodical outbursts 
 of prejudice. During the presidential con- 
 test at that time the friends of John Ouincy 
 Adams endeavored to win over the Catho- 
 lics of Maryland by placing some of them 
 on the local tickets. But Mr. Adams' big- 
 oted expressions called forth "An address 
 to the Catholic voters of Baltimore," signed 
 by William Jenkins, William George Reed, 
 T. Parkin Scott and others. Mr. Adams' 
 defeat was doubtless much aided by his mis- 
 take in this regard. 
 
 But such outbursts could not retard the 
 advance of the church, whose growth in 
 this administration is well illustrated by the 
 holding of the first two Provincial Coun- 
 cils. The first opened in the Cathedral on 
 October 4, 1829, five bishops being present. 
 Bishop England, of Charleston, preached 
 the sermon, and a letter was addressed to 
 the Pope dilating upon the great increase of 
 the church. "The church of Baltimore like 
 a joyful mother of children has beheld in 
 recently-erected suflfragan diocese an ofT- 
 spring which it has borne to Clirist." The 
 results of the Council were very flattering, 
 .Archbishop Whitfield writing in 1832, 
 
 "Thanks to a special providence over that 
 beloved portion of the people confided to 
 my care, I can say with the Apostle, 'I am 
 filled with consolation, I superabound 
 with joy.' * * * A truly Catholic spirit dis- 
 tinguishes J\Iaryland from all other States 
 of the Union, and I venture to say without 
 any fear of wounding the truth that the city 
 of Baltimore is justly renowned for the true 
 and solid piety of its people. Conversions 
 of Protestants in health are also numerous 
 and not a week, in some seasons not a day 
 passes without our priests being called to 
 the bedside of some invalid, who wishes to 
 abjure error and die in the bosom of the 
 church." The second Provincial Council 
 convened on October 20, 1833, and passed 
 decrees regarding the method of electing 
 bishops, opening of new seminaries, et 
 cetera. 
 
 The internal administration of the dio- 
 cese showed equal activity. At the time of 
 the first Council there were in Baltimore the 
 churches of St. Peter, St. John, St. 
 Patrick, St. Mary and Chapel of the Sis- 
 ters of Charity, together with the College 
 and seminary of St. Mary; the Catholic 
 population of Maryland being about 70,000 
 out of about 407,000. To these the arch- 
 bishop added by completing one of the 
 towers of the Cathedral, assisting the 
 completion of the arch-episcopal residence, 
 building the Church of St. James, con- 
 secrated ^lay I, 1834, and laying the 
 corner-stone of St. Alary 's Catholic Or- 
 phan Asylum, September 11, 1828. The 
 religious communities received an addi- 
 tion in the Carmelites, who opened a 
 school which continued until 1852. He 
 also showed great favor to the Oblates, the 
 result of the laborsof ReverendsTessierand 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 299 
 
 Joubert, to whom the colored refugees from 
 San Domingo had turned for spiritual as- 
 sistance. Established in 1828 they num- 
 bered, in 1834, twelve sisters who con- 
 ducted quite a large school distinguished 
 for its piety. Such labors for the colored 
 people of Baltimore met with merited suc- 
 cess, for the archbishop could write in 1832: 
 "In Baltimore many are frequent communi- 
 cants and three or four hundred receive the 
 Blessed Sacrament the first Sunday of the 
 month." Yet it was but little compared 
 with the large mass whom the church could 
 not reach, a difficulty frankly acknowledged 
 by Archbishop Eccleston at a later time. 
 
 The matter of education, then as now, was 
 a serious problem. The first Provincial 
 Council had called attention to the need of 
 books free from anti-Catholic bias in the 
 following words : "Good men, men other- 
 wise well informed, deeply versed in science, 
 in history, in politics; the virtuous women, 
 who influence that society- which they 
 decorate; the public press; the very bench 
 of justice have all been influenced by ex- 
 traordinary efforts against us. The mind 
 of the very infant is predisposed against us 
 by the recitals of the nursery and the school- 
 boy can scarcely find a book in which some 
 one of our institutions or practices is not 
 exhibited far otherwise than it really is and 
 greatly to our disadvantage. The whole 
 system of education is thus tinged through- 
 out its entire course and history has been 
 distorted to our serious injury." As a result 
 Catholics began to publish their books, the 
 Sulpicians forming for the purpose as asso- 
 ciation in 1842 known as the Metropolitan 
 Press, which issued books such as Butler's 
 Lives of the Saints and others. After some 
 years the Press was suspended and the work 
 
 was left to the regular book trade, the lead- 
 ing book-seller at the time in Baltimore be- 
 ing Mr. Lucas. Several Catholic journals 
 arose at this period throughout the country, 
 among them the Metropolitan in Baltimore, 
 founded in 1853. Archbishop Whitfield 
 did not live, of course, to see all this good 
 work done, but his labors meterially con- 
 tributed to their realization. 
 
 One last event saddened, yet glorified his 
 administration, namely, the terrible scourge 
 of cholera which spread such a gloom over 
 the city in 1832. At the request of the civic 
 authorities Catholic nuns went to the as- 
 sistance of the stricken, many of them, how- 
 ever, to pay dearly for their heroism. Sis- 
 ters Mary Frances and Mary George were 
 the first who succumbed, followed by the 
 Oblate sister Antonina and by Reverends 
 Michael Wheeler and William O'Brien. 
 The mayor of Baltimore thus expressed the 
 feelings of the community at the sight of 
 such self-sacrificing devotion: "To behold 
 life thus immolated in so sacred a cause, 
 produces rather a sensation of awe than of 
 sorrow, a sentiment of resignation to the 
 Almighty fiat than a useless regret at the af- 
 flicting event." Archbishop Whitfield also 
 tendered the use of the episcopal residence 
 as a hospital. 
 
 In 1834 his own health began to fail; he 
 died October 19th of the same year. His 
 death was preceded by that of Charles Car- 
 roll on November 14, 1832. 
 
 His biographer says of the archbishop, 
 that "fond of retirement and indifferent to 
 the opinions of the world he seemed par- 
 ticularly solicitous to merit the favor of 
 Him who seeth in secret and always pre- 
 pared to award the crown of justice to his 
 deservins: servants." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Most Rcz'crcnd Soiiimi Ecclcston. 
 (1834-1S51.) 
 
 We now come to an administration which 
 marks an era of immense progress not only 
 in the church at large, but as well in our 
 city, all the more wonderful as it took place 
 under the most discouragingcircumstances. 
 The man, Samuel Eccleston, to whom so 
 much of it is due, was born in Kent county, 
 Maryland, June 27, 1801, of Church of 
 England parents, his grandfather having 
 come to this country from England a few 
 years prior to the Revolution. On the 
 death of his father, when her boy was quite 
 yijung, Airs. Eccleston, after some years, 
 married a Catholic gentleman, an event 
 which placed him in contact with those re- 
 ligious influences that eventually brought 
 him into the Catholic church when a stu- 
 dent at St. Mary's College. Being or- 
 dained in 1825, he acted as Vice-President 
 and President of his Alma Alater, until ap- 
 pointed coadjutor to Whitfield in 1834. 
 
 No less than five Provincial Councils 
 were held under him, of which a rapid sur- 
 vey will convey a partial idea of his im- 
 mense activity. 
 
 The third Provincial Council (first under 
 Eccleston) met April 16, 1834, with nine at- 
 tending bishops. 
 
 The fourth opened j\Iay 16, 1840. with 
 eleven, and recommended, amongst other 
 things, the formation of temperance socie- 
 ties. This was in advance of the movement 
 inaugurated in 1849 by Father Matthew. 
 
 The fifth met on May 14, 1843, with fif- 
 teen bishops. 
 
 The sixth on May 10, 1S46, with twenty- 
 tliree. This latter decreed the choice of the 
 
 "Blessed Virgin conceived without sin" as 
 the Patroness of the United States, a most 
 happy augury of the benefits invoked upon 
 the nation through the kindly influence of 
 this model of pure womanhood. It also at 
 the request of President Polk, named two 
 chaplains to accompany the army then in- 
 vading Mexico, Reverends John McElroy 
 and Anthony Rey, of the Society of Jesus. 
 The circumstances of this appointment are 
 well worth studying as a good illustration 
 of the need of Catholic soldiers for their 
 own chaplains. 
 
 The seventh opened May, 1849, there be- 
 ing present two archbishops and twenty- 
 three bishops, and reconmiended a National 
 Council to be held in 1850. It also ad- 
 dressed a pastoral to the faithful relating to 
 the suiiferings of Pius IX, then a fugitive 
 from Rome as a result of the Revolution of 
 1848. The bishops gave vent to their feel- 
 ings in language which is highly instruc- 
 tive: "We are not subject to the Sovereign 
 Pontiff as a temporal power, and are de- 
 votedly attached to the republican institu- 
 tions under which we live. We feel our- 
 selves to be impartial judges of events 
 which hav.' resulted in his flight from the 
 Capital, and of the subsequent attempts to 
 strip him of all civil power, yet as friends of 
 order and liberty we cannot but lament that 
 his enlightened policy has not been suffered 
 to develop itself. We must at the same 
 time avow our conviction that the temporal 
 principality of the Roman States has served 
 in the order of Divine Providence for the 
 free and unsuspicious exercise of the spirit- 
 ual functions of the Pontificate. Were the 
 Bishop of Rome the subject of a civil ruler 
 of the citizens of a rcpul)lic it might be 
 feared that he would not always enjoy that 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 301 
 
 freedom of action which is necessary that 
 his decrees and measures be respected by 
 the faithful throughout the world. We 
 know, indeed, that if at any time it please 
 God to suffer him to be permanently de- 
 prived of all civil power, He will divinely 
 guard the free exercise of his spiritual au- 
 thority, as was the case during the first three 
 ages. * * * The Pontifical office is of di- 
 vine institution and totally independent of 
 all the vicissitudes to whicli the temporal 
 sovereignty is subject." In this connection 
 Arch.bishop Eccleston as the mouthpiece of 
 the American Catholics, offered the Holy 
 Father on January i8, 1849, a refuge in 
 Maryland. However, judging from the 
 events during the preceding decade it would 
 seem that the refuge would have hardly 
 proved a more pleasant abode than his own 
 Italy. Dislike of the church was then ram- 
 pant. Boston seems to have the distinc- 
 tion of leading the way in the burning of 
 convents, Philadelphia and New York in 
 1844 proved apt imitators, the fiame being 
 fanned by the infamous work of Maria 
 Monk, issued in 1836 by Harper Brothers, 
 of New York, under other names so as to 
 hide their own share in the publication. 
 Baltimore felt the movement when a mob in 
 1839, under the influence of an anti-Catho- 
 lic spirit aroused by the harangues of a cer- 
 tain Reverend Breckinridge, attempted to 
 destroy the Carmelite Convent in conse- 
 quence of the flight of an insane nun. A 
 few gentlemen repelled their atack for a 
 while w'hen the military came to the rescue 
 and stood guard for three days. The best 
 physicians in the city declared the nun in- 
 sane and not ill-treated. Eccleston's letter 
 to General Leakin, mayor of the city, well 
 expressed the feelings of his people over the 
 
 deplorable event: "In Baltimore espe- 
 cially I was not prepared to expect these 
 scenes of violence, little in accordance with 
 the spirit of the Catholic pilgrims who first 
 landed on our shores and offered the open 
 hand of fellowship to the persecuted of 
 every creed and clime." The collective let- 
 ter of the fifth Provincial Council stated, as 
 a contrast to all these disturbances, the atti- 
 tude to be observed by the faithful: "To 
 you, Catholics, we trust for the practical re- 
 futation of all those atrocious calumnies * * 
 Your strict integrity in the daily concerns 
 of life, your peaceful demeanor, your obe- 
 dience to the laws, your respect for the pub- 
 lic functionaries, your unaffected exercise 
 of charity, your sincere virtue will confound- 
 those vain men whose ingenuity is exerted 
 to cast suspicion on our principles and 
 evoke against us the worst passions of hu- 
 man nature." 
 
 Under such wise guidance the church de- 
 veloped an internal life hardly to be e.x- 
 pected under similar circumstances. New 
 religious communities were rapidly estab- 
 lished in Baltimore, chief amongst them be- 
 ing that of the Redemptorists, who exercise 
 their ministry amongst the German Catho- 
 lics in our midst. These about 1840 were 
 estimated at 5,000 in numbers, who up to 
 1840 seem to have been poorly provided 
 with sufficient pastors of their own national- 
 ity in spite of the efforts of German Domini- 
 cans and Franciscans. Moreover the regular 
 diocesan German priests were frequently 
 unfit for their charges, whilst the laity were 
 often found quite rebellious against the 
 bishops in the regulation of the parish con- 
 cerns. Archbishop Eccleston had in view 
 the elimination of such evils when he 
 brought in the Redemptorists. who took 
 
302 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 possession of the old St. John's in 1840. 
 His hopes have been amply realized, 
 since under these pious men the Ger- 
 man Catholic element has steadily pro- 
 gressed. A brief notice of all the 
 churches established by them is inserted 
 here although not all fall under the present 
 administration. The old church of St. 
 John was first torn down and on its site was 
 erected the present one dedicated to St. 
 Alphonsus, the corner-stone being laid May 
 I, 1842. The venerable Bishop Neuman 
 was its rector from 1848-9 and 185 1-2. 
 Whilst the new church was in course of con- 
 struction the congregation worshiped at 
 St. James, which was afterwards perma- 
 nently handed over to the German Catho- 
 lics, the English-speaking Catholics having 
 built the church of St. Vincent de Paul, dedi- 
 cated November 14, 1841. East Baltimore 
 Germans afterwards saw St. Michael's 
 built for their accommodation, the corner- 
 stone of the old church being laid Oc- 
 tober 30, 1850; whilst those in South Bal- 
 timore gradually grew into the parish 
 of the Holy Cross out of the nucleus 
 formed by the erection of a parochial 
 school in 1856 on Federal Hill, and it 
 itself was soon followed by the Fourteen 
 Holy Martyrs, the corner-stone laid July 
 ID, 1870, afterwards handed over to the 
 Benedictines. The Bohemian church of 
 St. Wenceslaus, dedicated 1886, is also in 
 charge of the Redemptorists. Besides this 
 good work of the Redemptorists, mention 
 must be made of St. Anthony's Orphan 
 Asylum, built by them in 1852, and of St. 
 Joseph's Hospital in 1864. 
 
 The Visitation Convent was founded in 
 1837, eleven sisters being transferred from 
 Georgetown, and living for a time in a 
 
 house on the corner of Green and Mulberry 
 streets. The present convent is on the 
 corner of Park avenue and Centre street, 
 where the sisters conduct a school for 
 30ung ladies. The Sisters of Charity were 
 then conducting an orphan asylum, infir- 
 mary and hospital in Baltimore, and schools 
 were in charge of the Carmelites and Sisters 
 of Providence. 
 
 In 1846 the Christian Brothers opened a 
 school on the site of old St. Peter's. The 
 Brothers of St. Patrick were likewise en- 
 gaged in educational work, besides manag- 
 ing a model farm in connection with a man- 
 ual labor school founded in 1848 by Rev. 
 James Dolan, pastor of St. Patrick's; 
 they left the diocese in 1853. The Young 
 Catholic's Friends Society, an association 
 of laymen for the relief of the poor and as- 
 sistance of Catholic free schools was found- 
 ed at this time. In 1839 the Catholic Tract 
 Society was founded for the purpose of 
 bringing Catholic truths in a proper fashion 
 to the attention of Protestants. 
 
 Besides the above mentioned churches 
 others deserve attention at this period. The 
 second tower and decoration of a part were 
 added to the Cathedral, the portico being 
 also commenced. The church of St. 
 Joseph and the new St. Peter's also arose, 
 the corner-stone of the latter being laid on 
 May 23, 1843, by Archibishop Hughes, of 
 New York. 
 
 One last event signalized Eccleston's 
 busy administration, namely, the arrival in 
 Baltimore of the famous Father Matthew, 
 December 11, 1849. An idea of this man's 
 extraordinary work may be gained from the 
 fact that the pledge administrated by him to 
 a certain Baltimorean was number 5.774.- 
 059- 
 

{. 
 
 
304 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Rev. Francis A. Baker resigned the 
 rectorship of St. Luke's Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church. His amiable qualities had won 
 for him the love of his flock, who were 
 deeply moved by his announced intention 
 of leaving them to enter the Catholic 
 church. He is, however, but one of many 
 Protestant clergymen in this diocese who 
 have brought into the Catholic church the 
 service of their talents and their virtues. 
 Another event which took place at this 
 time cannot in justice be passed over in si- 
 lence, namely, the heroism of those Catholic 
 nuns who cheerfully left their quiet re- 
 treats in Baltimore to attend the sick and 
 dying victims of the war then raging. 
 
 As an author Archbishop Kenrick has 
 few if any equals in the Catholic Ameri- 
 can Episcopate. His learning embraced 
 not only the usual theological subjects, but 
 he was a linguist of extraordinary powers. 
 His pen was never idle, chief amongst his 
 works being a translation with notes of the 
 Scriptures, a "Vindication of the Catholic 
 Church," a treatise on the "Primary of the 
 Apostolic See," on "Justification and Bap- 
 tism," besides very good dogmatic and 
 moral theologies. 
 
 His death was totally unexpected, being 
 attributed by some to the grief caused by 
 the horrors of the Civil War. On July 6, 
 1863, he was found dead in bed. A friend 
 wrote of him, "Full of years and of merit 
 uud yet apparently full of vigor the destroy- 
 ing angel laid his hand on him that night. 
 Without a struggle, for his body lay in the 
 usual attitude in which he conipo.sed him- 
 self to sleep, with placid countenance and 
 his hands crossed on his breast, he was 
 found dead — a form of death terrible in- 
 deed to those forgetful of God, but a great 
 
 grace to one who like him died daily, be- 
 ing every day ready for the call." 
 
 vni. 
 
 Most Reverend Martin John Spalding, 
 (1864-1873.) 
 
 Archbishop Spalding was descended 
 from an old Maryland family, but born in 
 Kentucky, May 23, 1810. His priestly la- 
 bors were therefore first confined to Ken- 
 tucky, where in 1850 he succeeded Bishop 
 Flaget in the See of Louisville, whence 
 transferred to Baltimore in 1864. The de- 
 lay in the appointment was doubtless due 
 to the strange interference of the Govern- 
 ment at Washington in the matter for rea- 
 sons best known to itself. 
 
 The most important act of his adminis- 
 tration was the convening of the second 
 Plenary Council, October 7, 1866, at which 
 were present seven archbishops and thirty- 
 eight bishops; besides which the usual pro- 
 vincial and diocese meetings were held. 
 This counciliar activity found a parallel in 
 the internal growth of the diocese. The 
 corner-stone of St. Mary's Star of the Sea 
 was laid May 9, 1869, taking the place of St. 
 Lawrence; that of St. Martin's was laid on 
 July 9, 1865; that of St. Thomas, at Hamp- 
 den, in May, 1867. The corner-stone of St. 
 Mary's Industrial School for Boys was laid 
 June 4, 1867; also of the new Carmelite 
 Convent July 21, 1872; a convent of the 
 Good Shepherd was founded in 1864; the 
 Little Sisters of the Poor commenced their 
 work in 1869; the Cathedral was finished 
 and decorated and the episcopal residence 
 greatly enlarged. The colored people were 
 objects of his special solicitude. They now 
 have at their disposal three churches as fol- 
 lows: St. Francis Xavier's first erected by 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 305 
 
 the Universalists in 1837, used as an assem- 
 bly room up to the Civil War, when it fell 
 into the hands of the German Lutherans; 
 finally bought for the colored Catholics 
 in 1863, and was re-built in 1874-5. 
 It is of historic importance, as being 
 the place where Henry Clay was nomi- 
 nated for the Presidency in 1844, where 
 the Democratic convention of 1848 was 
 held, and finally, where, in 1861, the 
 assembly convened to discuss whether 
 or not Maryland should leave the Union; 
 St. Monica, dedicated 1883; St. Peter 
 Claver, dedicated 1889. Besides these 
 churches there is St. Joseph's Seminary, 
 opened by Father Slattery in 1887 — the 
 mother house of the St. Joseph's Society 
 for the Colored Missions. The new Semi- 
 nary was erected in 1893; Epiphany Apos- 
 tolic College at Walbrook is a feeder for 
 the Seminary. 
 
 Besides the holding of the Council there 
 occurred several events in this period which 
 throw considerable light on the character 
 of the archbishop. In the first place his 
 celebrated interpretation of the Syllabus of 
 Pius IX of December 8, 1864, is a masterly 
 exposition of American institutions with 
 reference to Catholic doctrine and Euro- 
 pean radicalism. Again his attitude on the 
 question of Papal infallibility was at the time 
 construed into one of Papal opposition, an 
 interpretation which is far from true. His 
 veneration for the Holy Father v^as on the 
 contrary amply proven by the magnificent 
 celebration of the Papal Jubilee on June 17, 
 1871, whilst the veneration of his own peo- 
 ple was no less proven by the immense 
 gathering of fifty thousand people to wel- 
 come him on his return to Baltimore from 
 the \'aticaii Council. 
 
 Like his predecessor, Spalding was an 
 author of distinction. Among his works 
 are "Evidences of Catholicity," "Life of 
 Bishop Flaget," sketches of the "Early 
 Catholic Missions in Kentucky," "Re- 
 view of D'Aubigne's History of the 
 Reformation," "History of the Refor- 
 mation," besides innumerable magazine 
 articles and lectures, mostly of a con- 
 troversial character. If his tone was at 
 times severe it should be remembered that 
 he was frequently provoked and that he 
 never descended to mere vulgar abuse. 
 
 Before closing, a word is due one whose 
 labors were of an humbler kind but were 
 great enough to merit an enrollment in the 
 annals of the city through whose streets he 
 went in his course of devoted work. We 
 mean, "good Father Dolan," pastor of St. 
 Patrick's, who died January 12, 1870. In 
 the words of the Chronicles he "was re- 
 spected and admired by all for his virtues, 
 charities and usefulness." 
 
 IX. 
 
 Most Reverend James Roosevelt Bayley. 
 (1872-1877.) 
 
 This was the second archbishop of Bal- 
 timore, who was a convert to the church, 
 the conversion taking place in 1842, when 
 Rev. Mr. Bayley was a minister of the 
 Episcopal church. His life previous to his 
 elevation to the See of Baltimore was spent 
 as a priest in his native city, New York, and 
 Newark, of which latter place he was ap- 
 pointed the first bishop in 1853. He was 
 appointed archbishop of Baltimore in 1872; 
 his administration which lasted only five 
 years was not particularly eventful, yet none 
 of his predecessors has to this day a larger 
 share in the memories and affections of Bal- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tiniore Catholics. Under him the Cathe- 
 dral was at length freed from debt and 
 consecrated, and the corner-stone of the 
 new building at St. Mary's Seminary was 
 laid May 31, 1876. St. Ann's church, the 
 gift of Capt. William Kennedy, was dedi- 
 cated January 30, 1874. Two complete 
 visitations of his diocese were also made de- 
 spite his weak health. In October, 3, 1877, 
 he passed away at Newark amidst the peo- 
 ple he had so well loved, and from whom he 
 was so unwillingly torn. He was buried at 
 Emmittsburg. His literary abilities are 
 attested by his "Life of Bishop Brute" and 
 "History of the Catholic Church in the 
 Island of New York." 
 
 X. 
 
 His Eminence, lames Cardinal Gibbons. 
 (IS77-) 
 
 This administration, judged by the note- 
 worthy events which have happened during 
 its existence, is, with the exception of Car- 
 roll's, the most important not only in the 
 history of Baltimore Catholicity, but of the 
 American church at large. In it we see 
 the full blossoming of the little seed planted 
 long ago by Archbishop Carroll, which un- 
 der the fostering care of its guardians has 
 attained a vigor far surpassing the most 
 sanguine hopes. And the various celebra- 
 tions commemorating this success are but 
 the joyous outbursts of exultation in the 
 heart of this latest, yet not least nation, 
 which the church has won over in her pale. 
 
 Cardinal Gibbons, who has been for so 
 long the prominent actor in these events, 
 was born in Baltimore on July 23, 1834; or- 
 dained priest at St. Mary's Seminary June 
 30, 1861; consecrated bishop August 16, 
 1868. as Vicar-Apostolic of North Carolina: 
 
 transferred to govern the See of Richmond, 
 July 30, 1872; later becoming coadjutor to 
 Archbishop Bayley, succeeding at the death 
 of the latter to his present position, Octo- 
 ber 3, 1877. 
 
 Foremost among the events of his ad- 
 ministration stands the third Plenary Coun- 
 cil, over which he presided. The Council 
 opened November 9, and closed December 
 7, 1884, taking part in it fourteen arch- 
 bishops, sixty bishops besides five others 
 from Canada and Japan, and many others — 
 abbots, superiors of religious orders, theo- 
 logians, et cetera. Sermons touching upon 
 all important questions were preached by 
 the best speakers in the hierarchy; at the 
 Concordia Opera House, on November 
 20th, the citizens of Baltimore tendered a 
 reception to all the members of the Coun- 
 cil; finally at the last session on Decem- 
 ber 7th the thanks of the Fathers in Coun- 
 cil were expressed to Archbishop Gibbons 
 for the able manner in which, as Apostolic 
 Delegate, he had presided over the delib- 
 erations. The decrees can be found in the 
 "Acta et Decreta," published after the ap- 
 proval of the Holy Father. Archbishop 
 Gibbons also addressed a pastoral to the 
 clergy and laity of his diocese before the 
 opening of the Council. This is the latest 
 of the twelve Councils of various degrees 
 over wliich the archbishops of Baltimore 
 have presided since the first synod held by 
 Carroll, November 7, 1791. Looking back 
 over all these years the Catholics of Amer- 
 ica can indeed experience a feeling of pride 
 in considering them a body of laws which 
 for sound practical sense have few equals 
 and perhaps no superior; whilst at the same 
 time they arc an index of the uninterrupted 
 development which has gone on within 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMOEE, MARYLAND. 
 
 307 
 
 the church under the wise guidance of her 
 bishops. Nor must it be forgotten that 
 the archbishops of Baltimore have been 
 not merely the presiding ofificers, but 
 as well the moving spirits in the shaping of 
 that legislation which has proved so bene- 
 ficial in its results. After the holding of the 
 Council there come next in importance the 
 various celebrations in connection with 
 the archbishop's elevation to the cardinal- 
 ate. In 1886 was received the official no- 
 tice of the contemplated honor; in June of 
 the same year the papal messengers with 
 tlie beretta and official papers arrived. On 
 June 30, 1886, the ceremony took place in 
 the Cathedral, the venerable Archbishop 
 Kenrick, of St. Louis, as the special repre- 
 sentative of the Pope, imposing the red hat. 
 Even for Baltimore, the scene of so many 
 similar celebrations, the pageant was one of 
 unusual magnificence, there being in the 
 procession which wound its way into the 
 Cathedral no less than twenty-four bishops 
 and ten archbishops besides representatives 
 of the religious orders, seminarians, stu- 
 dents — from all parts of the country. Arch- 
 bishop Ryan, of Philadelphia, preached the 
 opening sermon, the new Cardinal closing 
 the ceremony with a brief address to the 
 assembled clergy and laity. After mass the 
 clergy repaired for dinner to St. Mary's 
 Seminary, which was decorated from roof 
 to basement in honor of the occasion. At 
 night the Catholic societies joined in a pa- 
 rade, in which about twelve hundred men 
 are estimated to have taken part, besides 
 which various institutions such as the Semi- 
 nary, Loyola College, Male Orphan Asy- 
 lum, St. Mary's Industrial School and num- 
 berless private houses were illuminated ; the 
 reception tendered to the visiting prelates 
 
 by Miss Emily Harper was also a note- 
 worthy feature. In February, 1887, the 
 Cardinal repaired to Rome as the final step 
 in the ceremony of his admission to the sa- 
 cred college; on March 17th His Holiness 
 personally conferred the red hat upon him, 
 and on the 25th of the same month took 
 place the formal installation in his titular 
 church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. The 
 Cardinal's patriotic and truly eloquent ad- 
 dress on this occasion was received in 
 America with extraordinary favor. Father 
 Hecker comparing him to "Benjamin 
 Franklin championing our cause in Europe 
 before and during the Revolutionary War." 
 The return to America was as much of a 
 triumph as the opening ceremonies, thou- 
 sands thronging the streets of Baltimore, 
 the Mayor making one of the addresses of 
 welcome. A procession made up of Catfio- 
 lic societies, clergy and city officers in car- 
 riages wound its way from Union Depot to 
 the Cathedral, where His Eminence con- 
 cluded the celebrations by a short address. 
 Hardly less imposing was the Episcopal 
 Jubilee of October 18, 1893. In the Cathe- 
 dral were assembled various Catholic so- 
 cieties, students of St. Charles, seminarians 
 of St. Mary's, thirty bishops, twelve arch- 
 bishops and the Apostolic Delegate, Mgr. 
 Satolli. Reverend F. Z. Rooker read a let- 
 ter of congratulation from His Holiness, 
 Pope Leo XIII; Archbishop Corrigan, of 
 New York, preached the sermon. At St. 
 Mary's Seminary an address was read on 
 behalf of the clergy of the diocese; the 
 Catholic Club of Baltimore tendered a ban- 
 quet at which were Vice-President Steven- 
 son and various prelates; celebrations fol- 
 lowed at Washington. St. Charles' Col- 
 lege, Calvert Hall, for all of which the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Cardinal returned thanks in a closing ser- 
 mon in the Cathedral on November 5th. In 
 connection with this Jubilee the famous ser- 
 mon of Archbishop Ireland, of St. Paul, on 
 the "Church and the Age," will long be re- 
 membered as one of the most, if not the 
 most remarkable, of the addresses coming 
 from the American Episcopate. Another 
 celebration somewhat similar to the above 
 was held in honor of the Cardinal's return 
 from Rome, August 24, 1895. About two 
 thousand people met him at Camden Sta- 
 tion, where an address of welcome was read, 
 followed by a reception at the Catholic Club. 
 Besides those in honor of His Eminence, 
 Baltimore has seen in late years other cele- 
 brations of importance. On June 21, 1882, 
 the Redemptorists commemorated the tif- 
 tieth anniversary of their coming to Amer- 
 ica. At Philadelphia, on September 17, 
 1887, Cardinal Gibbons pronounced the 
 benediction at the celebration of the Con- 
 stitutional Centennial. At Baltimore, No- 
 vember 10, 1889, the one hundredth anni- 
 versary of the consecration of Bishop Car- 
 roll was observed with the solemnities prop- 
 er to the occasion, perhaps of all these cele- 
 brations the most important. Besides the 
 students and seminarians there were in the 
 procession, which encircled the Cathedral, 
 upwards of seventy-two bishops, seventeen 
 archbishops, two cardinals and the Papal 
 Delegate. The sermons were preached by 
 Archbishop Ryan and Ireland, followed by 
 other addresses at the banquet at St. Mary's 
 Seminary. On November nth and 12th 
 followed the holding of a Catholic congress, 
 a striking illu.stration of the close sympathy 
 existing between the clergy and laity in this 
 countr/. Other features of the celebration 
 were the illumination of the Cathedral and 
 
 many other churches, public institutions 
 and private houses; also a monster torch- 
 light parade in which thirty thousand men 
 are estimated to have participated. On Oc- 
 tober 28, 1891, St. Mary's Seminary com- 
 memorated its one hundredth anniversary 
 with a solmen mass at the Cathedral and a 
 banquet in its own halls, where a large con- 
 course, not only of the clergy, but as well 
 of the laity, alumni of the old college, gath- 
 ered to render their tribute of love and re- 
 spect to their venerable Alma Mater. Fi- 
 nally, in 1892, occurred the Columbian cel- 
 ebration, mass being said in the cathedral 
 on October i6th, the monument to Colum- 
 bus having been unveiled at Druid Hill 
 Park on the 12th, Cardinal Gibbons speak- 
 ing on the occasion. He also rendered the 
 closing prayer at the World's Fair dedica- 
 tory exercises on October 21st. 
 
 All this external magnificence can be re- 
 garded as an index of the innate vitality of 
 the church, and so, in fact, we are not sur- 
 prised to find this period remarkable for 
 the number of new churches opened for the 
 accommodation of the rapidly increasing 
 Catholic population. 
 
 Besides some already mentioned, there 
 arose the following: Pius Memorial, so 
 called to commemorate the Jubilee of Pius 
 IX, corner-stone laid on May 5. 1878. in the 
 presence of a large concourse of Catholic 
 societies, who had formed a procession in 
 honor of the event. St. Andrew, dedicated 
 October 6, 1878; the congregation now con- 
 templates a new church more in keeping 
 witli their numbers. vSt. Edward at Calver- 
 ton, corner-stone laid on March 28, 1880, 
 but the formal opening not taking place un- 
 til September 19th of same year. St. Leo, 
 corner-stone laid September 11, 1880. erect- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 309 
 
 €d principally for the spiritual care of the 
 Italian immigrants, who are now estimated 
 at about five thousand, scattered through- 
 out the city. St. Gregory, parish formed m 
 1883, corner-stone of present church not 
 laid until September 13, 1885. Corpus 
 Christi, corner-stone laid on April 18, 1886; 
 built by the children of Mr. Thomas C. Jen- 
 kins in honor of his memory. St. Joseph 
 (Passionist), corner-stone laid on June 19, 
 1881. St. Jerome, corner-stone laid Sep- 
 tember 25, 1887. Our Lady of Good Coun- 
 sel, corner-stone laid on June 22, 1889. St. 
 Luke, at Sparrow's Point, dedicated June 8, 
 1890. St. Athanasius, at Curtis Bay, ded- 
 icated on April 11, 1891. St. Stanislaus 
 (Polish), dedicated on November 15th of 
 same year. St. Bernard, corner-stone laid 
 July 26, 1891. St. Benedict, opened August 
 27, 1893. St. Elizabeth, corner-stone laid 
 July 7, 1895. Finally Sts. Philip and James, 
 recently erected. The number of churches 
 in the city which have arisen during the 
 administration of His Eminence amount to 
 the large number of twenty-four, the num- 
 ber having increased from eighteen at the 
 beginning of his administration to the pres- 
 ent number of forty-two. This statement 
 assumes that during his administration 
 arose also the churches of St. Paul, Holy 
 Rosary and St. John the Baptist, about 
 which the writer has no information at 
 hand. As for the numerous institutions of 
 learning and charity which abound in the 
 city the reader is referred to other sources 
 of information, inasmuch as their number 
 z.nd tne difSculty of collecting the correct 
 data have made it impossible to put into the 
 present short sketch any but a few of the 
 earlier institutions and of those only such 
 as have already found a place in the his- 
 
 torical works in current use. Suf^ce it to 
 say that there are in the city at present 
 three colleges, four academies, two semi- 
 naries, four industrial schools, thirteen 
 homes (asylums and orphanages), three 
 hospitals, and twenty-eight religious com- 
 munities. The population as given by the 
 returns from the various pastors of churches 
 is about one hundred and eight thousand, 
 but inasmuch as this figure includes only 
 those coming directly under their supervis- 
 ion and not a large class such as immigrants 
 and those in institutions, a conservative es- 
 timate will easily bring the population up to 
 one hundred and twenty-five thousand 
 (125,000), which is the figure obtained by 
 basing the calculation upon the number of 
 baptisms. One instance alone will suffice 
 to show that the figures are not too high, 
 perhaps too low. St. Leo's Church (Ital- 
 ian) gives its population as nine hundred 
 and fifty (,950); now, there are about five 
 thousand (5,000) Italians in the city, who, 
 in spite of some occasional carelessness in 
 some matters of religion, are Catholic to the 
 core in faith, are all baptized, married, die 
 and are buried in their church, thus being 
 entitled to be considered Catholics. 
 
 To return to the personality which has 
 occupied so prominent a place in the events 
 of the period, the present Archbishop of 
 Baltimore has been called on to meet more 
 important yet delicate problems than per- 
 haps any of his predecessors. The Knights 
 of Labor question was one of peculiar dif- 
 ficulty and was solved in a way highly cred- 
 itable to the church in America. Certainly 
 the laboring classes will long have cause 
 to thank His Eminence for his famous mem- 
 orial on this subject presented at Rome in 
 1887. The school question and the estab- 
 
310 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 lishment of the Catholic University at 
 Washington also demanded his closest at- 
 tention, but all of them are yet too fresh in 
 the memories of the faithful to become mat- 
 ter for present history. , 
 
 Finally, following in the footsteps of Ken- 
 rick, Spalding and Bayley, the Cardinal has 
 won distinction also in the world of litera- 
 ture. Not to mention the "Faith of Our 
 Fathers," "Our Christian Heritage," "The 
 Ambassador of Christ," which are too well 
 known to need comment, his pen has ever 
 been busy in writing for the leading reviews 
 on all questions touching the church and 
 the public at large. 
 
 The fact of his now living in our midst 
 forbids an estimate of the comparative re- 
 sults of his episcopate, yet in closing this 
 sketch a few words may be allowed in com- 
 mendation of at least one characteristic on 
 account of its being also the dominating 
 characteristic of his predecessors, namely, 
 his thorough sympathy with the genius of 
 his native countrv. The verv first arch- 
 
 bishop of Baltimore seems in this regard to 
 have established a precedent, or rather to 
 have stamped his influence upon the course 
 of his successors, for like him they have 
 been not only Catholic to the core, but sin- 
 cere, stout-hearted Americans, as is abund- 
 antly witnessed by Spalding's famous com- 
 mentary on the Syllabus and the eloquent 
 words of His Eminence at Rome in 1887. 
 One may justly attribute to an everwise 
 Providence the good fortune which has 
 chosen such men to represent this newest 
 and most vigorous Catholicity in the newest 
 and most vigorous nation of the earth. The 
 Catholics of Baltimore have therefore noth- 
 ing in their history to be ashamed of, bar- 
 ring the incidental faults common to any 
 human society; and if in the past any mis- 
 understandings have disturbed their rela- 
 tions with their Protestant fellow-citizens, 
 the better element on both sides deplores 
 them, labors for their gradual correction 
 and feels assured that they will find few, if 
 an)', imitations or reproductions in the fu- 
 ture. 
 
ftMi, 
 
 .yJJ. 
 
 X7 9 1J2J^^\yK^ 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The Protestant Churches of Baltimore. 
 
 THE Rev. Arthur Chilton Powell, A. M. 
 
 Baltimore has been a distinctly religious 
 community from the day of its first settle- 
 ment to the present hour. Its high moral 
 tone and its great commercial prosperity 
 are entirely due to the deep Christian prin- 
 ciples which have ever guided and gov- 
 erned the life of the people. There is no 
 city in the country which has so fostered 
 the religion of Christ, and paid such due 
 regard to the feasts and fasts of the ec- 
 clesiastical year as Baltimore. The numer- 
 ous churches, of all denominations ; the va- 
 rious charities, for all purposes; the con- 
 spicuous piety, of men of high and low de- 
 gree, all betoken the strong hold which re- 
 ligion has upon its citizens. 
 
 It is a matter worthy of special note that 
 the original plat of the town of Baltimore 
 designates a conspicuous lot — indeed the 
 most conspicuous in the little settlement — 
 for a church. Like Abraham of old, the 
 early settlers of this place erected their altar 
 as soon as they pitched their tent. This 
 ancient site is still in the possession of the 
 same congregation by which it was origi- 
 nally purchased and the same order of ser- 
 vice (with but slight modifications) which 
 was first heard in Baltimore is still used. 
 It is St. Paul's Church, at the corner of 
 Charles and Saratoga streets, and the ser- 
 vice is that of the mother church of the 
 English speaking people, the Church of 
 England. The first settlers of Baltimore 
 
 were Englishmen. Naturally their "Zion" 
 was the Church of England. Hence it is 
 that in the very year the town was laid out 
 and on the highest ground near the centre 
 of the new settlement, a lot, containing one 
 acre of land, was purchased for church pur- 
 poses. This was in 1730. Immediate steps 
 were taken to erect a church imder the 
 charge of a settled clergyman. 
 
 The next religious body to organize in 
 the town was the German Reformed in 1756 
 or 1757; the next was the Lutheran in 1760; 
 the next was the Presbyterian in 1763; the 
 Methodists and Baptists were organized in 
 1773; the Friends in 1780: the United 
 Brethren in 1789; the Swedenborgians in 
 1792; and the other denominations, one af- 
 ter another, at later periods. In this article 
 the history of these Protestant bodies will 
 be reviewed in the order of their organiza- 
 tion, so far as that can be definitely ascer- 
 tained, 
 
 THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 It must always be borne in mind that the 
 American Episcopal Church is the daughter 
 of the Church of England, and that it took 
 its present title only when the War of the 
 Revolution had severed the bonds which 
 bound America to England, and made a 
 new name necessary. But inasmuch as Bal- 
 timore is an antc-Rcvolutionary town, the 
 Episcopal Church has an ante-Revolution- 
 
314 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ary history, indeed a history running back 
 to the first settlement of Maryland, and be- 
 yond that to the first discovery of these 
 American shores. For it is the distinct 
 glory of the English Church that her ser- 
 vices were the first held on this continent. 
 It is also the glory of the English Church 
 that her services were the first to be held 
 within the borders of Maryland. For in 
 1629, five years before the colonists of Lord 
 Baltimore arrived at St. Mary's, the services 
 of the Churcn of England were established 
 and maintained by a duly ordained clergy- 
 man at Claiborne's trading post on Kent 
 Island. That the English Church spread 
 rapidly after the advent of Lord Baltimore's 
 followers (most of whom were members of 
 the Church of England) is testified by a 
 Jesuit provincial who writes, in 1642: "By 
 far the greatest number of the colonists are 
 "heretics," that is, not Roman Catholics but 
 "English Catholics," as they were then 
 called. 
 
 In 1692 the Church of England was es- 
 tablished by law in Maryland and thus be- 
 came the "State Church." The same act 
 which established the Church of England 
 divided the colony into parishes, with defi- 
 nite boundaries. The parish in which Bal- 
 timore was afterwards to be situated was 
 designated "St. Paul's Parish." Its boun- 
 daries extended from the Patapsco river on 
 the south to the Pennsylvania State line on 
 the north, and from the then county line on 
 the west to the Chesapeake Bay on the east, 
 and to the Middle river, and Western run 
 on the northeast. The same act which de- 
 termined these boundaries directed the free- 
 holders of each parish to meet by appoint- 
 ment of the county justices to elect six ves- 
 trymen. The freeholders of "Patapsco 
 
 Hundred," as this portion of the colony was 
 tnen called, met at once and selected a ves- 
 try. No record remains of that first meet- 
 ing save in the copy of the records (the rec- 
 ords being lost) of the Baltimore County 
 Court for the year 1693, where it is record- 
 ed: "We, the vestrymen of Patapsco Hun- 
 dred, met together at the house of Maj. John 
 Thomas" and determined "that at Pettete's 
 old field was the most convenient place to 
 erect a cnurch and also appointed John Gay 
 to be Clerk of the Vestry." Just where this 
 first St. Paul's Church was erected is now 
 definitely known. It was undoubtedly on 
 Patapsco Neck, six or eight miles from the 
 present city limits. Rev. Dr. Allen states 
 it was at Dorsey's Mills. It was probably 
 constructed out of rude logs, according to 
 the customs as well as the necessities of the 
 day. 
 
 According to the of^cial returns to the 
 County Court for the year 1694, St. Paul's 
 Parish contained two hundred and thirty- 
 one taxable inhabitants, who paid for 
 church rates 8,240 pounds of tobacco, which 
 was equal to about $226. 
 
 The first clergyman who ministered in the 
 county was the Rev. John Yeo, who was the 
 rector of the adjoining parish of St. John 
 to the northeast, about the year 1682; but 
 in the year 1702 the first regular rector as- 
 sumed charge of St. Paul's Parish in the 
 person of the Rev. WiUiam Tibbs, who 
 came hither from England and continued 
 his successful ministry until 1732. 
 
 Several unsuccessful attempts were made 
 to erect a permanent church edifice in place 
 of the original log structure above men- 
 tioned; but it was not until 1702 that a 
 church was erected of brick on the same 
 site. This building conlinued in use until 
 
HISTORY OF BAWIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 31J 
 
 the congregation removed to Baltimore 
 Town in 1739. It gradually decayed until 
 in 1765 it was in ruins, and the bones of the 
 dead, who had been interred around it, were 
 removed to the town cemetery. 
 
 It is evident that the congregation rap- 
 idly outgrew its early home, for on the 2d 
 of January, 1728, a committee was ap- 
 pointed by the vestry to purchase a new 
 site for a church. This committee bought 
 two acres of ground on the Old York road, 
 but in the following year decided to aban- 
 don this site and to build at "Edward 
 Fell's," who lived east of Jones' Falls. But 
 the creation of a new town in this neighbor- 
 hood the subsequent year led to another ac- 
 tion, as is recorded in the following act 
 passed by the General Assembly of 
 Maryland on the i6th of June, 1730. 
 It provided for "the building of a church 
 in Baltimore county and in a town 
 called Baltimore Town, in St. Paul's Par- 
 ish." Bacon, in his history, says: "The act 
 of 1727 having empowered the vestrymen 
 to purchase one or more acres of land and 
 thereon to erect a parish church, in pur- 
 suance whereof land was purchased but not 
 built on, and the same being inconvenient, 
 the present act empowers the vestrymen and 
 church wardens to purchase a lot in Balti- 
 more Town, and to cause a church to be 
 built thereon, which shall be the parish 
 church of the said parish, and be called St. 
 Paul's Church, and directs the tobacco to 
 be raised by the aforesaid act to be applied 
 to the bunding of a church in the town 
 aforesaid." The town site was purchased 
 in 1730 and lots were marked of?, con- 
 taining about one acre each. In the very 
 first year of the history of the new town, 
 and among the very first lots to be selected, 
 
 the vestry of St. Paul's Parish selected Lot 
 19, as numbered on the original town plot. 
 This lot was the most elevated part of the 
 town site and extended from Charles street 
 to St. Paul street, and from Saratoga street 
 to below Lexington street. As soon as the 
 lot had been secured steps were taken to 
 erect a church edifice upon it. The centre 
 of the lot was set apart for the building, 
 while the rest of the ground was to be con- 
 secrated for burial purposes. The church 
 was not completed until 1739. Its walls, 
 built of brick, were fifty feet long, twent\- 
 three feet wide and eighteen feet high. It 
 faced Lexington street. As the first Ger- 
 man Reformed Church (the next in Balti- 
 more in point of time) was not erected until 
 1750, it will appear that St. Paul's Church 
 was the only church in the town for almost 
 twenty years. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Tibbs died in 1732 and was 
 succeeded by the Rev. Joseph Hooper, who 
 died in 1739 and was buried in the new 
 church. He had been rector for seven 
 years. He was succeeded by the Rev. Ben- 
 edict Bourdillon, whose administration last- 
 ed from 1739 to 1743. 
 
 In 1741 the second Episcopal church was 
 erected, not in the city, but a few miles dis- 
 tant from it, to accommodate "the forest in- 
 habitants," for whom the rector found the 
 parish church inconvenient. This church 
 was what is known as "A Chapel of ease," 
 and was situated at Garrison Forest. It 
 was buut by private subscription with the 
 understanding that whenever the Rev. Mr. 
 Bourdillon's rectorship should terminate it 
 was to be created a separate parish. This 
 was done in 1745 and the new parish took 
 the name of St. Thomas Parish. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Chase became rector 
 
316 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of St. Paul's Parish in 1744 and continued 
 as such for thirty-five years. He died in 
 1779. His administration was most suc- 
 cessful. His son, Sanuiel, was one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence 
 from Maryland. 
 
 In the first year of the rectorship of the 
 Rev. Dr. William West it was resolved to 
 build a new church on the site of the old. 
 A lottery was authorized and held, as was 
 customary in those days, which netted 
 $33,443 for the purpose. The new church 
 was opened on May 30, 1784. 
 
 In 1791 a rectory was built on ground 
 donated by John Eager Howard. Esq., on 
 Saratoga street, at the head of Libercv 
 street. This house is still in use, and is in 
 an excellent state of preservation. 
 
 After the American Colonies had estab- 
 lished their independence from England, it 
 became necessary for the adherents of the 
 English Church to conform themselves to 
 the new political order of things. The dif- 
 ferent colonies were constituted dioceses. 
 In the year 1780 the first convention of 
 Maryland was held at Chestertown, Kent 
 county, on November 9th. At this conven- 
 tion the earliest use was made of the legal 
 title which has since become the name of 
 the whole church throughout the land. The 
 minutes of the convention state that "On 
 the motion of the Secretary (the Rev. John 
 James Wilmer, of Kent county) it was pro- 
 posed that the church known in the prov- 
 ince as Protestant be called 'The Protestant 
 Episcopal Church,' and it was so adopted." 
 
 St. Paul's Church continued to bo the 
 only Episcopal church in C.-iltimore until 
 1797, when Chri.st Churcli was founded. Its 
 congregation has ahvavs contained some of 
 
 the most prominent families of Baltimore, 
 and although now far "down town" it is 
 still a strong centre of religious life and 
 energy, quite equal to any in the city. So 
 rapid was its growth in the early part of this 
 century that a new church was found neces- 
 sary in 1814. The old site, in the centre 
 of the lot, was abandoned and the new edi- 
 fice was erected on the corner of Charles and 
 Saratoga streets, about where the present 
 church stands. Its dimensions were 126 
 feet by 84 feet. It is described as having 
 been "spacious and noble," with a portico 
 in front supported by four fluted marble col- 
 umns. The steeple was regarded one of the 
 handsomest in the country. It was by far 
 the most imposing church in Baltimore and 
 cost $142,500. It was dedicated in 1817. 
 On the 29th of April, 1854, it was destroyed 
 by fire, but was immediately replaced bv 
 the present noble structure, it being com- 
 pleted in 1856. This is thus the fifth 
 edifice wliich has borne the name of St. 
 Paul's Church. It is a remarkable fact 
 that every rector this parish has ever 
 had has died in office. No one has 
 ever left it. It is also remarkable that 
 all of its rectors who have died since 
 the middle of the last century lie buried in 
 the Parish Burial Ground, which is situated 
 at German, Lombard and Fremont streets. 
 The honorable history of this noble par- 
 isli will be thus seen to cover a period of 
 over two hundred years. Its succession of 
 rectors since the Rev. Dr. West has been: 
 The Rev. J. G. J. Bend, D. D., 1791-1812: 
 the Rev. James Kemp, D. D. (elected Suf- 
 fragan Bishop of Maryland in 18 14, but con- 
 tinued to serve also as rector of St. Paul's 
 until his death in 1827), 1812-1S27: the Rev. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 317 
 
 William E. Wyatt, D. D., 1827-1864; the 
 Rev. Mile Mahan, D. D., 1864-1870; the 
 Rev. J. S. B. Hodges, S. T. D., 1870 to the 
 present time. 
 
 In 18S6 the parish house on Cathedral 
 street, at the rear of the rectory, was erect- 
 ed. Its lower rooms are used for parochial 
 purposes, while its upper stories afford 
 pleasant apartments for working-women at 
 very reasonable rates. 
 
 St. John the Baptist Church, on Barre 
 street, is now under the care of St. Paul's 
 Church. Here also a fine parish house has 
 recently been erected. St. Paul's also main- 
 tains an Orphanage for Girls, Charles and 
 Twenty-fourth streets, and a School for 
 Boys, on Franklin street near Charles, and 
 has a mission chapel at Avalon. Its pres- 
 ent number of communicants is 610. Its 
 endowment fund is $35,000. 
 
 Christ Church. 
 
 The second Episcopal church in Balti- 
 more was organized in "Old Town" to ac- 
 commodate those living east of Jones' Falls. 
 In 1796 a church building was purchased 
 by St. Paul's vestry from the First German 
 Reformed congregation for $13,000. It was 
 situated on Baltimore and Front streets, 
 northwest corner. Improvements to the 
 cost of $12,000 were made in this building 
 l)efore it was ready for use bv the new con- 
 gregation. A novel condition obtained in 
 the conduct of the affairs of Christ Church. 
 Its temporal interests were administered by 
 the vestry of St. Paul's Parish, while both 
 churches were administered spiritually by 
 two clergymen who were called "associate 
 rectors." They alternated in their ministra- 
 tions at these two churches. This arrange- 
 ment continued for almost thirtv vears, un- 
 
 til the Christ Church congregation estab- 
 lished its independence in 1828. Its first 
 rector was Rev. John Johns, D. D. In 
 1836 it was decided to obtain a new lot and 
 erect a new church. A site on the corner 
 of Fayette and Gay streets was selected and 
 the present Church of the Messiah was built, 
 at a total cost of $71,700. The Rev. John 
 Johns, D. D., was then rector (1829) and 
 continued in charge until 1842, when he was 
 consecrated Assistant Bishop of Virginia. 
 He was succeeded by the Rev. H. VanDyck 
 Johns, D. D., 1842-1854; the Rev. Francis 
 L. Hawks, D. D., 1854-1863; the Rev. 
 Henry A. Wise, 1865-1869; the Rev. 
 Thomas U. Dudley, D. D., 1869-1875. 
 This church edifice is one of the most inter- 
 esting in the city. It has remained unal- 
 tered until this day, and there are still to be 
 seen the "Slave Galleries" erected high up 
 near the ceiling. It is perhaps the only 
 church in the country where these second 
 galleries are yet to be found. The 
 church is also notable for a very costly 
 marble pulpit and a reading-desk, exactly 
 alike on either side of the chancel. In 1854 
 a large number of the members of Christ 
 Church purchased a lot at the corner of 
 Cathedral and Read streets, and erected 
 Emmanuel Church. The Rev. Dr. H. Van 
 Dyck Johns resigned the rectorship of 
 Christ Church and accepted charge of Em- 
 manuel Church. This loss greatly weaken- 
 ed old Christ Church. In 1875 the congre- 
 gation, or at least a portion of it. decided 
 to move from this "down town" location to 
 a more desirable portion of the city. The 
 old church was sold by the vestry, but it 
 was bought by various individuals, and is 
 now held by a Board of Trustees appointed 
 Kv the vestries of Christ and Grace Church- 
 
318 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 es. Its name was changed to the Church 
 of the Messiali. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas U. Dudley, D. D., was 
 rector of Christ Church when the change 
 was made in its location. The new church, 
 built out of white marble, is one of the most 
 beautiful in the city. It cost $125,000. It 
 has a parish house immediately in the rear, 
 facing on St. Paul street, the church being 
 on the corner of Chase and St. Paul streets. 
 The Rectory is at 1014 St. Paul street. The 
 Rev. Dr. Dudley was consecrated Assistant 
 Bishop of Kentucky in Christ Church in 
 1875. He was then succeeded by the Rev. 
 William Kirkus, who served until 1877, 
 when he resigned and became rector of the 
 Church of St. Michael's and All Angels. 
 The Rev. W. F. Watkins, D. D., was rector 
 from 1877 to 1880, when he was succeeded 
 by the Rev. Walter Williams, D. D., who 
 served until his death in 1891. The next 
 rector was the Rev. C. George Currie, 189 1 
 to 1897. He was succeeded by his faithful 
 assistant, the Rev. Edwin Barnes Niver, 
 who is now in charge. The congregation 
 maintains a mission at Fell's Point, known 
 as the Chapel of the Good Shepherd. Christ 
 Church has 498 communicants. It has a 
 Girls' Orphanage on Twenty-first street. 
 
 Church of the Messiah. 
 The good work begun by old Christ 
 Church has been continued in the same 
 edifice under its new name of "The Church 
 of the Messiah," taken in 1875. Though 
 the neighborhood has gradually ceased to 
 be a residential portion of the city, there is 
 still a large population, chielly of the very 
 poor, to which it administers. The Sunday- 
 school has always been very large, and at 
 present the charitable organizations and n?- 
 
 ligious societies are in a flourishing condi- 
 tion. One of the notable features of this 
 church is the services for business men held 
 daily except Saturday during Lent, at noon. 
 They are largely attended and greatly ap- 
 preciated. The rectors of the Church of 
 the Messiah have been: Rev. C. C. Penick, 
 from 1875 to 1877, when he was elected 
 Bishop of Cape Palmas, Africa; and the 
 Rev. Peregrine Wroth, who was the Rev. 
 Mr. Penick's assistant, and who has faith- 
 fully served this congregation ever since. 
 Its membership is 518. 
 
 St. Peter's Church. 
 The third Episcopal church was erected 
 in 1804 at the southeast corner of Sharp 
 and German streets, and was called St. 
 Peter's Church. From the beginning it 
 was a very strong congregation, and was 
 served by very able rectors, three of whom 
 were elevated to the Episcopate. This 
 church was built in the form of a Greek 
 temple, and was a very stately edifice for 
 its day, having a large seating capacity. 
 For sixty-four years it remained un- 
 changed, but the encroachments of business 
 rendering the situation no longer desirable, 
 it was sold in 1868, and a new edifice was 
 erected in a more populous part of the city, 
 at the corner of Druid Hill avenue and Lan- 
 vale street. The new church, and chapel 
 adjoining at the rear, were completed in 
 two years time, and are among the finest 
 church properties in the city, having been 
 built ot white marble. The seating capa- 
 city is very great. A few years ago the in- 
 terior was entirely renovated and enriched 
 and a fine organ erected near the chancel. 
 The number of communicants now is 640. 
 It maintains a Girls' Orphanage. The rcc- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 319 
 
 tors of St. Peter's Church have been: The 
 Rev. George Dashiell, 1804-1816; the Rev. 
 J. P. K. Henshaw, D. D., 1816-1844 (when 
 he was consecrated Bishop of Rhode Is- 
 land); the Rev. Thomas Atkinson, D. D., 
 1844-1853 (resigned to become rector of 
 Grace Church, Baltimore, which he found- 
 ed: in 1853 consecrated Bishop of North 
 Carolina); the Rev. J. D. Morrison, 1853- 
 1859; the Rev. George D. Cummins, D. D., 
 1859-1866 (when he was consecrated As- 
 sistant Bishop of Kentucky); the Rev. Ju- 
 lius E. Grammar, D. D., 1866-1892: the 
 Rev. Frederick W. Clampett, D. D., 1893 
 to the present time. St. Peter's Church has 
 long been remarkable for the large number 
 of men it has furnished to the ministry, over 
 sixty having presented themselves for Holy 
 Orders up to this time. 
 
 Trinity Church. 
 The first Trinity Church was established 
 in 1809 by the Rev. E. D. Rattoone, to ac- 
 commodate those residing in the extreme 
 eastern part of the city, near Fell's Point. 
 In 1836 this church was sold to Trinity 
 Lutheran congregation. The present 
 Trinity Church was started, as a Sunday- 
 school by the Rev. George Leakin, D. D. 
 Its first edifice was on Bank street, west of 
 Broadway, but in 1854 it was sold and the 
 present edifice was built on the corner of 
 Broadway and Pratt street. The Rev. Dr. 
 Leakin continued to serve as rector of this 
 church until 1887, almost fifty years. It 
 was the only charge he ever had. For the 
 past five years the church has been enjoy- 
 ing the rectorship of the Rev. Dr. Gram- 
 mar, formerly rector of St. Peter's Church, 
 under whom the edifice has been greatly 
 improved without and within, and the con- 
 gregation largely increased. 
 
 St. James' First Afric.\n Church. 
 The history of this church is most inter- 
 esting. In 1824 William Levington, a col- 
 ored man, born in New York, was ordained 
 priest in the Episcopal Church at Philadel- 
 phia by Bishop White. He was the third 
 colored man who had up to that time been 
 admitted to the priesthood in America. Im- 
 mediately he came to Baltimore to seek an 
 opening for work among his people. Mary- 
 land was a slave State, and there was great 
 prejudice against separate churches for the 
 colored race. Notwithstanding great ob- 
 stacles, the Rev. Mr. Levington began to 
 hold services in an "upper room" at the 
 corner of Park avenue and Marion street on 
 the 23d of June, 1824. He also organized 
 a Sunday-school. After much discourage- 
 ment a lot situated on the corner of North 
 and Saratoga streets, was purchased on 
 April 19th, 1825, by James Bosney, Esq., 
 for $2,000, and donated for the erection of 
 a church for colored people. The Rev. Mr. 
 Levington then made a tour to the cities 
 of the North, and raised sufficient funds to 
 erect a brick edifice. This building was 
 consecrated on the 31st of March, 1827, and 
 was the first Episcopal Church for colored 
 people south of Mason and Dixon's line. 
 The number of communicants was not 
 more than twenty. On December 12, 1828, 
 thirteen were confirmed, and in 1834 the 
 number was only twenty-one. The Rev. 
 Mr. Levington was rector until 1836, when 
 he died. He was succeeded by a white 
 clergyman, the Rev. Joshua Peterkin, who 
 served only a year. Another white man 
 succeeded him,, the Rev. J. N. Mc. Jilton. 
 His rectorship lasted until 1857, and was 
 marked by great vigor. The number of 
 communicants had increased to seventy- 
 eight. The Rev. H. B. Webb served from 
 
320 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1859 to 1872. He was a colored man. In 
 1870 a mission was started by some of the 
 laymen of St. James in a hall on Howard 
 street, where the City College was after- 
 wards built. This mission took the name ot 
 St. Philip, and after a checkered existence 
 passed under the charge of Mt. Calvary 
 Church, when its name was changed to the 
 Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin. The Rev. 
 John Rose (white), served both St. James" 
 and St. Philip's for a year. Then applica- 
 tion was made by the Vestry of St. James 
 to the Vestry of St. Paul's to be constituted 
 a mission of St. Paul's. This was granted, 
 and for twelve years St. James was served 
 by the assistants of St. Paul's, the first of 
 whom was the present Bishop of Mil- 
 waukee, Rt. Rev. I. L. Nicholson, D. D. 
 In 1888 the church edifice was pronounced 
 unsafe, and the congregation removed to 
 Howard Chapel, on Park avenue, near 
 Hofifman street. In 1886 the old church 
 was sold for $5,000, and the present edifice 
 on High street near Lexington was pur- 
 chased in 1890 from the Fourth Baptist 
 Church. It cost $10,000. It was remodel- 
 led and embellished and opened for divine 
 service in December of that year. The rec- 
 tor then was the Rev. J. C. Anderson 
 (white); but he was succeeded in 1891 bv 
 the present rector, the Rev. George F. 
 Bragg, Jr. (colored), whose marvelous zeal 
 and devotion have increased the communi- 
 cants to 165. The Board of Missions lends 
 some financial support, but the congrega- 
 tion is fast moving toward independence. 
 Several young colored men have entered 
 Holy Orders from this congregation. 
 
 St. Andrew's Church. 
 In 1837 this church on South High street 
 
 was established by the Rev. Dr. John 
 Johns, rector of old Christ Church. It had 
 a very successful history for almost half " 
 century, but the large influx to that neigh- 
 borhood of Polish Jews has recently serious- 
 ly impaired its useful career. Its membership 
 is not large, but it is exceedingly loyal, and 
 has resisted all attempts to remove the 
 church to another site or to abandon its ser- 
 vices. Its later rectors have been: The Rev. 
 John S. Miller, the Rev. H. Page Dyer, and 
 the Rev. Robert G. Osborne.. Its present 
 rector is the Rev. J. Woods Elliott. The 
 first rector was the Rev. Horace Stringfel- 
 low, Jr. 
 
 Church of Our Saviour. 
 The growth of the city towards the north- 
 east called for the erection of another 
 church east of the Falls in 1844. At first 
 the new congregation took the name of 
 Cranmer Chapel, but it was afterwards 
 changed to the Church of Our Saviour. Its 
 location on Broadway, just opposite to the 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital, renders it a con- 
 venient place of worship for the officers and 
 nurses of this large institution. Its rector 
 has charge of the services of the Episcopal 
 Church held in the hospital. The last rec- 
 tor was the Rev. Carroll E. Harding, who 
 resigned January i, 1898. The member- 
 ship is 262. The first rector was the Rev. 
 B. H. Latrobe. 
 
 St. John's Church. 
 The rapid growth of the village of Hunt- 
 ingdon, now called Waverly, led to the 
 erection of a beautiful stone church there 
 in 1846. The Rev. H. Hewitt was the firsr 
 rector. A large tract of land was secured, 
 upon which has also been erected a rec- 
 
£-' '^^y!h.4^/Z^ 
 
 i^c-i^i^cCi:/ . 
 
"i^l^^Cii^^. 
 
 ^^^Mt-^rra^. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Ritchie and the Rev. Robert H. Paine, who 
 assumed charge in 1878. 
 
 St. Luke's Church. 
 -A. new congregation was organized in 
 the extreme western section of the city in 
 1846, under Rev. R. Riley, in a room over 
 a grocery store. He was in charge from 
 1846 to 1851. Its present handsome church 
 was erected on Carey street in 1853. Its 
 career has been a notable one, especially 
 during the long administration of the Rev. 
 Dr. Rankine, who was in charge from 1853 
 to 1886. He was a very gifted man as a 
 catechist and instructor, and has left his im- 
 press upon thousands throughout the city. 
 He was also noted for his love of a digni- 
 fied and ornate service, and his ministra- 
 tions drew large congregations to the 
 church. During his rectorship a substan- 
 tial stone building was erected at the rear 
 of the church for a Girl's School. This has 
 all along had a successful career. The char- 
 acter of the neighborhood has materially 
 changed of late, and much of the former 
 strength of St. Luke's has removed to other 
 parts of the city. The Rev. Dr. Rankine 
 was succeedeu by the Rev. George W. Har- 
 rod in 1886, and he by the Rev. William 
 Marris Barker(consecrated Bishopof West- 
 ern Colorado in 1893). The present rector 
 is the Rev. William A. Coale, who was bap- 
 tized and confirmed in St. Luke's, and for 
 several years served as an assistant to the 
 Rev. Dr. Rankine. He entered upon the 
 rectorship in 1890. The membership is 
 602. 
 
 Grace Church. 
 
 The rapid growth of the city around JMt. 
 
 \"ernon Place about the middle of this cen- 
 
 tury demanded the creation of a new con- 
 gregation. In 1850 a meeting of those in- 
 terested was held at the residence of John 
 S. Gittings, Esq., and a congregation or- 
 ganized. The Rev. Dr. Thomas Atkinson, 
 then rector of St. Peter's Church, Balti- 
 more, became deeply interested in tlie 
 movement and directed it from the begin- 
 ning. He was thus the founder of the 
 church, and two years later resigned St. 
 Peter's to become the first rector of Grace 
 Church. The corner-stone of the new 
 church was laid July 20, 1850, by the Rev. 
 Dr. Atkinson, and the church was opened 
 for divine worship on Sunday, December 
 12, 1852, on which day the Rev. Dr. Atkin- 
 son resumed the rectorship. 
 
 As soon as it was completed Grace 
 Church sprang into prominence owing to its 
 favorable location near Mt. Vernon Place, 
 and also to the character of its founders. 
 The church is built of Connecticut red sand- 
 stone, and its beautiful style of architecture 
 renders it one of the handsomest church 
 buildings in the city. From time to time 
 it has been enriched with costly memorials 
 in glass and stone. Its font and rood screen 
 are hardly to be surpassed in the country. 
 A costly organ was erected about ten years 
 ago from the factory of Rosevclt & Co.. and 
 the choir of Grace Church has long been 
 famous as one of the best in the land. In 
 1890 Grace Church built the Chapel of the 
 Advent, Charles and Ostend streets, at a 
 cost of $10,000; and in 1894 enlarged and 
 enriched its chancel at a cost of $28,000. A 
 handsome rectory adjoins the church on 
 Park avenue, the gift of Samuel G. Wyman. 
 From the beginning this church has been 
 greatly given to good works. Three 
 churches, in different parts of the city, have 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 been wholly or in large part, created by its 
 fostering care and financial help : St. Barna- 
 bas in 1859, the Holy Comforter in 1876, 
 and the Chapel of the Advent in 1890. 
 Large amounts of money have been gen- 
 erously given to the support of Missions 
 both in the diocese and throughout the 
 world, and all the charities of the city liBer- 
 ally supported. This is especially true of 
 of the Church Home, the most notable 
 charity of the Episcopal Church in Balti- 
 more, which was founded through the ac- 
 tive labors of its second rector, the Rev. Dr. 
 Coxe. One of its members also maintains 
 a large hospital for crippled children under 
 the name of the "Robert Garrett Hospital."' 
 For almost fifty years Grace Church main- 
 tained the only religious services in the city 
 for deaf mutes. This was also established 
 by Bishop Coxe. It is still in vigorous ex- 
 istence, and one-fifth of the entire deaf mute 
 population of the city are communicants of 
 Grace Church. A chapel, adjacent to the 
 chancel, is set apart solely for their use, and 
 every Sunday morning the service of the 
 church is rendered in two languages syn- 
 chronously. 
 
 The rectors of Grace Church have been 
 as follows : The Rev. Dr. Thomas Atkinson 
 (who was the founder of the church, and 
 while rector was elected Bishop of North 
 Carolina), 1852-1853; the Rev. Dr. Arthur 
 Cleveland Coxe (afterwards Bishop of 
 Western New York), 1854-1863; the Rev. 
 Dr. John Henry Hobart, 1864-1866; the 
 Rev. George Leeds, 1S67-1885; the Rev. 
 Chauncey B. Brewster (now Bishop Coad- 
 jutor of Connecticut), 1886-1888; the Rev. 
 Arthur Chilton Powell, 1888 to the present 
 time. Grace Church maintains the Chapel 
 of the Advent on Charles and Ostend 
 
 streets. The membership of Grace Church 
 is 862; of the chapel, 308. 
 
 Emmanuel Church. 
 In 1854 a portioti of the congregation of 
 old Christ Church (Gay and Fayette 
 streets) decided to erect a church in its 
 more immediate neighborhood, and select- 
 ed a site on the corner of Cathedral and 
 Read streets. Here a large edifice was built 
 of stone, and here was gradually gathered 
 one of the most aggressive and prosperous 
 congregations Baltimore has ever known. 
 Its first rector was the Rev. H. Van Dyke 
 Johns, D. D., who resigned the charge of 
 old Christ Church to accept the rectorship 
 of the new Emmanuel Church. He has 
 been succeeded by men of great ability, so 
 that the name and fame of the church is 
 known far and wide. A warm missionary 
 zeal has long characterized its members 
 and its gifts for missionary objects all over 
 the world have been large. Some twenty 
 years ago a special work was begun by 
 some zealous women of this congregation 
 among the Chinese residing in the city. A 
 Sunday-school was established, and has had 
 quiet but marked success. Several China- 
 men have been baptized and confirmed. 
 
 The General Convention has twice held 
 its session in Baltimore, and both times ha,-; 
 used Emmanuel Church, in 1871 and 1892; 
 altliough at the former session the House 
 of Bishops sat in the chapel of Grace 
 Church. The new and beautiful parish 
 house was erected immediately adjoining 
 the church on Cathedral street in 1892, 
 Several costly memorial windows are to be 
 seen in this church, which also possesses 
 one of Rosevelt's latest and best organs. In 
 1857 a mission was established by Em- 
 
324 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 manuel Church near Bolton Station. This 
 developed in i860 into the Memorial 
 Church, corner of Bolton avenue and La- 
 fayette avenue. The rectors of Emmanuel 
 Church have been: The Rev. Dr. Johns, 
 the Rev. Noah Hunt Schenck, D. D., the 
 Rev. A. JM. Randolph, D. D. (who was 
 elected Assistant Bishop of Virginia in 
 1883), and the present rector, the Rev. J. 
 Houston Eccleston, D. D. 
 
 Two chapels are maintained by Em- 
 manuel Church, the Chapel of the Prince of 
 Peace, at Walbrook, and the Chapel of the 
 Atonement, in the eastern part of the citv. 
 The membership of Emmanuel is 880; of 
 Prince of Peace, 116; of Atonement, 206. 
 St. JMarv's Chcrcii, Hampdex. 
 
 In the little village of Hampden, a neat 
 stone church was erected in 1855. It is sur- 
 rounded by a lot of several acres, a portion 
 of which was set aside as a burial-ground. 
 A parish school house and a rectory have 
 subsequently been erected near the church. 
 The present rector is the Rev. William C. 
 Butler. Membersip, 196. 
 
 Church o-e the Holy Innocents. 
 
 This stone church was erected in 1855, 
 at the corner of Chase and Eden streets, ft 
 has had a somewhat checkered career, but 
 under its present rector, the Rev. Robert A. 
 TufTt, it is manifesting new life and pro- 
 gress. A stone rectory was erected in 1897, 
 adjacent to the church, and the interior of 
 the church beautifully decorated. Among 
 the former rectors have been the Rev. j. 
 Preston Fugettc and the Rev. John H. Lo- 
 gic. The membership is 292. 
 
 St. Bartholomew's Church. 
 This congregation sprang from a Sunday- 
 school opened in the northwestern part of 
 
 the city on Pennsylvania avenue. It was 
 organized in 1857, and its present white 
 marble church, at the corner of Madison 
 and North avenues, was erected in 1872. 
 The large lot was left to the church by Miss 
 Alice Ann Dashiell, in 1854. A beautiful 
 rectory was built in 1890, adjoining the 
 church. The Rev. John Y. Gholson was 
 the first rector, 1875 to 1885. The Rev. 
 Edward H. Ingle assumed the rectorship 
 in 1885, and has been in charge ever since. 
 The number of communicants in 214. 
 
 Chapel of St. John the Baptist. 
 
 On Barre street, in South Baltimore, a 
 stone church was erected in 1858, bearing 
 the above name. For a time it maintained 
 an independent existence, or was adminis- 
 tered by the Board of Missions. In 1895 
 it passed under the care of St. Paul's 
 Church. The present minister in charge is 
 the Rev. D. P. Allison. 
 
 St. Thomas Church, Homestead. 
 A congregation was organized in this 
 suburb in 1858. Its present frame church 
 building was erected about 1889, during the 
 active administration of the Rev. William 
 Brayshaw, w^io also collected funds for the 
 rectory, situated near by. The present rec- 
 tor is the Rev. Robert H. Taylor. D. D. 
 There arc 95 communicants. 
 
 Memorial Church. 
 In 1855 a mission was begun by certain 
 women of Ennnanuel Church. It was in- 
 tended to reach the men employed by the 
 Northern Central Railway, and for two 
 years was carried on in dwellings on Mary- 
 land avenue and Cathedral street, opposite 
 the Bolton depot. In 1S57 a small brick 
 
HISTORY OP BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 325 
 
 chapel was erected on Park avenue, near 
 Lanville, and the work transferred to it. It 
 was called Howard Chapel. It was occu- 
 pied until 1859, when a lot was purchased 
 at the corner of Bolton street and Lafayette 
 avenue. The old chapel is still standing, 
 and is now used by the Enon Colored Bap- 
 tist congregation. The rector of Emmanuel 
 Church, under whom the work has been 
 begun, the Rev. Dr. Henry Van Dyke 
 Johns, died in April, 1859, and his assistant, 
 the Rev. Charles Ridgely Howard, pro- 
 posed to erect a new church as a memorial 
 to him. A separate congregation was cre- 
 ated in this year, and was admitted into the 
 Convention of Maryland in i860. The 
 church was at once begun, but was not fin- 
 ished until 1864. The rector, the Rev. Mr. 
 Howard, died in 1862, and the church was 
 constituted as a memorial to him, as well as 
 of Dr. Johns. The edifice is a beautiful 
 stone building, in the early Gothic style. 
 It is situated at the northeast corner of 
 Bolton street and Lafayette avenue. The 
 growth of this congregation has been 
 very great under the care of zealous and 
 able rectors. Two other churches have been 
 founded by it: St. George's, in 1873, and 
 Holy Trinity, in 1875. A comfortable rec- 
 tory adjoins the church on Bolton street, 
 and an admirably arranged parish house is 
 at the rear of the church, on Lafayette ave- 
 nue. Within the past twp years the church 
 has been greatly improved by the erection 
 of a new chancel and porch, and also by the 
 purchase of a new organ. A most vigorous 
 work is maintained in all departments of 
 church life. The present rector, the Rev. Dr. 
 W. M. Dame, has been in charge for twenty 
 years. Having removed all indebtedness 
 and put the property in admirable order, 
 
 he presented it for consecration on January 
 5, 1898. The sermon was preached by the 
 Bishop of West Virginia, who was rector 
 when elected to the episcopate in 1878. The 
 rectors of this important church have been : 
 The Rev. Charles R. Howard; the Rev. W. 
 B. Bodine, D. D.; the Rev. J. N. Galleher, 
 D. D. (afterwards Bishop of Louisiana); 
 the Rev. O. Perinchief; the Rev. George 
 W. Peterkin, D. D. (elected Bishop of West 
 Virginia in 1878); and the Rev. William M. 
 Dame, D. D. When the present rector took 
 charge in 187S he found 250 communicants. 
 There are now 686. 
 
 The Free Church of St. Barnabas. 
 This church was first established as a 
 mission by Grace Church, in 1859. It be- 
 came independent in 1S64, and its first rec- 
 tor was the Rev. A. P. Stryker, who had 
 been an assistant at Grace Church. His 
 long administration was most successful. 
 He died while in office a few years ago, 
 greatly lamented. He was succeeded by the 
 Rev. Joseph Fletcher, who served as rector 
 about two years. Toward the end of his 
 rectorship the church was destroyed by fire: 
 but was immediately rebuilt and greatly im- 
 proved. The Rev. Thomas Atkinson suc- 
 ceeded to the rectorship in 1893, and is still 
 in charge. He is the grandson of Bishop 
 Atkinson, the founder of Grace Church. 
 The church is situated on the corner of Bid- 
 die street and Argyle avenue, and it has a 
 very suitable rectory adjoining. Its mem- 
 bership is 443. 
 
 All Saints Church. 
 In 1859 a congregation was organized in 
 the extreme western part of the city, on Bal- 
 timore street, and named All Saints. A 
 large and desirable lot was secured and the 
 
326 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 present edifice erected. Its growth has been 
 slow but steady. Its present rector is the 
 Rev. Edward Wroth. The membership is 
 235- 
 
 CuArEL OF THE AdVENT. 
 
 This mission was organized by the Rev. 
 George K. Warner, on November 29, 1868, 
 in a private house on Battery avenue. A 
 chapel was built a few doors distant the 
 next year. Until 1887 it remained under 
 the Board of Missions. It was then placed 
 by the bishop under Grace Church. The 
 present lot, on Charles street near Ostend, 
 was presented by the heirs of George Haw- 
 kins Williams, Esq., in 1889. The present 
 brick building (which is intended to be the 
 parish house whensoever a church is 
 erected) was built in 1890, and cost $10,000. 
 A large Free Kindergarten and thriving re- 
 ligious organizations are here maintained 
 by Grace Church. The Sunday-school 
 numbers 800. The first assistant of Grace 
 Church has charge of this mission. At pres- 
 ent he is the Rev. Charles A. Hensel. The 
 membership is 308. A rectory costing 
 $4,000 is about to built on the church lot. 
 Ch.\pel of the Holy Cross. 
 
 This chapel was erected in 1871 outside 
 the then western city limits. It was for one 
 year a chapel of St. Luke's Church, but is 
 now under the Board of Missions. It has 
 had a quiet growth. For many years it was 
 under the personal care of the Rev. B. B. 
 Griswold, D. D., who died while in charge, 
 in 1894. The minister in charge now is the 
 Rev. Clarence P>ucl. 
 
 Chapkl of Tin; Hoi.v Eva.ngki.ist, 
 
 CVN'I'ON. 
 
 This chapel was erected in 1874. Its 
 growth has been very slow. It is under tiie 
 
 Board of Missions, but the Rev. Thomas 
 Atkinson, who was at one time resident 
 minister, is in immediate supervision, the 
 Rev. Harris Mallincrodt serving under him. 
 In 189S the old building was condemned as 
 unsafe. It will be torn down, and a new 
 edifice erected. 
 
 Holy Trinity Church. 
 
 This church was established as a mission 
 by the Memorial Church (Bolton street and 
 Lafayette avenue) in 1875. It was con- 
 ducted by the assistant ministers of this 
 church until 1880, when it became inde- 
 pendent, and the Rev. Julius J. Sams. D. D., 
 assistant of the Memorial Church, was 
 elected the first rector. He still continues 
 in charge. The church is a wooden build- 
 ing, situated on North Gilmor street, and 
 was erected in 1876. The membership is 
 269. 
 
 Chapel of the Atonement. 
 
 In January, 1874, the Rev. B. H. La- 
 trobe. then rector of the Church of Our 
 Saviour, together with a few of his parish- 
 ioners, opened a Sunday-school in an upper 
 room at the corner of Biddle and Ann 
 streets. It was soon moved to a larger 
 room at the intersection of Biddle and 
 Wolfe streets. A night service was begun 
 here by the Rev. Mr. Latrobe. but it was 
 soon deemed advisable to secure a more 
 suitable building where the services of the 
 church might regularly be held. A chapel 
 was erected at the corner of Chase and 
 Choptank streets (now Collington avenue). 
 It was built out of the material of the old 
 chapel, formerly occupied by the congrega- 
 tion of Holy Innocents' Church, and opened 
 for services on June 20. 1875. A meeting 
 to organize a congregation was held at the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 327 
 
 residence of the Rev. Mr. Latrobe on June 
 24, 1875, and a vestry elected. A sendee 
 was held at the new chapel each Sunday af- 
 ternoon by different clergy of the city. In 
 1876 the Rev. B. F. Brown was in charge 
 of the work; and in 1877 the Rev. P. Nelson 
 Meade. From 1873 to 1881 the work lan- 
 guished, but in that year the Rev. S. W. 
 Crampton took charge, and infused new 
 life. The old frame building was sold, and 
 the school began its history again in Lange's 
 Hall, corner of Chester and Chase streets. 
 On May 23, 1881, the Vestry of the Church 
 of the Atonement was incorporated. /\ 
 large lot at the corner of Chester and Pres- 
 ton streets was presented to the vestry by 
 John Glenn. Esq., and on the southern end 
 of this lot a brick chapel was built in 1883, 
 at a cost of $1,000. It was opened on Sun- 
 day, August 5. The Rev. Mr. Crampton was 
 in charge until 1886. On January 10, 1887, 
 the rector of Emmanuel Church, the Rev. 
 Dr. Eccleston, proposed to the vestry of 
 the chapel to take it under the care of Em- 
 manuel Church. This was acceded to, and 
 the Chapel of the Atonement has since been 
 administered by Emmanuel Church, being 
 in charge of one of its assistants. In 1897 
 a stone edifice was erected on the corner of 
 the lot, at a cost of $15,000. The present 
 minister in charge is the Rev. Douglas 
 Hooff. The membership is 206. 
 
 Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin. 
 (Colored). 
 About the year 1873 Mt. Calvary Church 
 began a work for colored people in its 
 neighborhood. Besides attracting some 
 who had hitherto had no church associa- 
 tions, it also attracted most of the congre- 
 gation of St. Philip's Mission, which had 
 
 been established by some of the members 
 of St. James First African Church, and 
 which had been worshiping in a hall where 
 the City College was afterwards built. An 
 organization under the name of "Mt. Cal- 
 vary Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin," was 
 effected, with the Rev. C. B. Perry (white), 
 an assistant of Mt. Calvary Church, in 
 charge. A pious woman made a hand- 
 some gift toward the present white marble 
 chapel, which was purchased and improved 
 in 1874 at a cost of $17,500. This building 
 had formerly belonged to the New Jerusa- 
 lem Church. The congregation began with 
 less than a hundred, but speedily increased 
 to 400. During the first year 140 communi- 
 cants were reported. The chapel has an 
 attractive property, and is well equipped for 
 its work. Its service is marked by a beau- 
 tiful ritual which seems to appeal to the 
 hearts of the colored people. It has been 
 served by faithful men, all of whom have 
 been white, and to-day the communicants 
 number 505. The present priest-in-charge 
 is the Rev. George Barker Stone, an assist- 
 ant of Mt. Calvary. It is one of the strong- 
 est colored congregations in the city, and 
 has the advantage of daily services and nu- 
 merous organizations. 
 The Church of the Holy Comforter. 
 In 1876 Miss Hannah Gaither, a member 
 of Grace Church, erected a church at the 
 corner of Pratt and Chester streets, as a 
 memorial to her parents. It was built out 
 of white marble, and is an attractive Gothic 
 structure. For a time it was administered 
 by the rector and vestry of Grace Church, 
 but became independent in 188 1. It took 
 the place of St. Matthew's Church, a mis- 
 sion of Grace Church. The present rector 
 
328 
 
 [ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 is the Rev. W. A. Crawford-Frost. The 
 number of communicants is 184. 
 
 Henshaw Memorial Church. 
 This congregation was organized in 1876 
 in the southwestern portion of the city, as 
 a mission of St. Peter's Church, by which 
 its rector is still supported. The present 
 property was purchased and refitted a few- 
 years ago in the rectorship of the Rev. 
 Charles Gauss. The present rector is the 
 Rev. W. H. Milton. There are 323 com- 
 municants. 
 
 Church of St. Michael and All 
 Angels. 
 About twenty-five years ago three men 
 living near the Boundary (now North ave- 
 nue) decided to organize an Episcopal 
 Mission. They were Messrs. Charles H. 
 Wyatt, Talbot Denmead and J. W. Brune. 
 A large lot at the northeast corner of St. 
 Paul and First (now Twentieth) streets, was 
 donated by Mr. Denmead, and a small 
 wooden chapel was erected thereon. The 
 Rev. Mr. Johnston, rector of St. John's 
 Church, Waverly, took the work under his 
 care, and held a service there every Sunday 
 night, until there was need of a settled cler- 
 gyman, when he resigned. The Rev. John 
 Rose and tlie Rev. Dr. James A. Harrold 
 ne.xt were in charge. In 1877 the Rev. 
 William Kirkus, rector of Christ Church, 
 was elected rector, and accepted. The new 
 congregation at first adopted the name of 
 St. Mary the Virgin; but it was soon 
 changed to the present title. The marvelous 
 pulpit abilities of the Rev. Air. Kirkus soon 
 attracted such a large attendance that the 
 little chapel was speedily outgrown. It was 
 then moved to an adjacent lot and the pres- 
 ent magnificent edifice begun. It has been 
 
 erected in parts, and was completed only 
 two years ago. The congregation has stead- 
 ily increased until it is one of the largest in 
 the city, numbering a communicant mem- 
 bership of 1,013. The church has a beauti- 
 ful parish house, also of stone, immediately 
 adjacent to it on St. Paul street. The Rev. 
 Mr. Kirkus resigned in 1891, and was suc- 
 ceeded by the present rector, the Rev. C. 
 Ernest Smith, D. D., whose administration 
 has been marked by the completion of the 
 buildings, the erection of a fine organ, the 
 introduction of a boy choir, and the enlarge- 
 ment of the church membership and agen- 
 cies. A mission was begun by this church 
 in 1898, near Hampden. 
 
 St. George's Church. 
 The Memorial Church started a mission 
 in 1873, on Fremont street, near Pennsyl- 
 vania avenue. The most earnest worker in 
 it was James M. Drill, Esq., who was an 
 Englishman, and named the mission after 
 the patron saint of England. A small chapel 
 was erected on a lot purchased in 1874, and 
 St. George's Church was legally incorpor- 
 ated in September, 1875. The Rev. Otis A. 
 Glazebrook, then assistant minister of 
 Memorial Church, was the first rector, and 
 served for several months. There was at 
 this time a Sunday-school of 230 scholars, 
 a sewing school of fifty scholars, and during 
 the winter a night school for boys of about 
 thirty scholars. The second rector was the 
 Rev. Hugh Roy Scott, who was in charge 
 about eight montlis. He was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Ricliard Hayward, then assistant 
 minister of Grace Church. He was in 
 charge about six months. The fourth in 
 charge was the Rev. C. A. Tibb, who 
 served for four or five months. The next 
 
/^^^^^^^^..^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 331 
 
 rector was the Rev. E. P. Gray, who served 
 for about half a year. To him succeeded in 
 1879 the Rev. Jonathan Pinckney Ham- 
 mond, D. D., who served until his death on 
 August 19, 1884. It was under his zealous 
 administration that the present lot on the 
 northeast corner of Presstman and Division 
 streets was purchased in 188 1 and the beau- 
 tiful stone church erected thereupon the 
 same year. It was constituted the me- 
 morial of Bishop Whittingham, who died 
 in 1879, -iftsr having been the Bishop 
 of Maryland for forty years. In 1883 
 the church became independent, its pros- 
 perity having been most marked under 
 the Rev. Dr. Hammond. He was suc- 
 ceeded by the present rector, the Rev. 
 Frederick Gibson, D. D., on September 29, 
 1884. For seventeen years he had been the 
 assistant to the Rev. Dr. Rankine, at St. 
 Luke's Church. The number of communi- 
 cants has increased from 131 in 1884 to 352 
 in 1897. His administration has been most 
 successful, the congregation overcrowding 
 the church. An enlargement is contem- 
 plated, as the adjoining lot was presented 
 to the church by the late Edmund Law 
 Rogers, Esq., a few years ago. 
 
 St. Barnabas Church, Curtis Bay. 
 
 In 1889 a new work was started in the 
 public school house of this growing suburb, 
 under the supervision of the Rev. T. C. 
 Gambrall, D. D., then Archdeacon of An- 
 napolis. As soon as a suitable brick house 
 was erected for a rectory, in 1891, he ar- 
 ranged the lower floor for church pur- 
 poses, and there gathered a congregation 
 and a Sunday-school. In 1893 a neat 
 church was erected on the corner of the lot. 
 When almost finished, and greatly in need 
 20 
 
 of funds, Mrs. William E. Woodyear, a 
 member of Grace Church, donated several 
 thousand dollars to complete it, as a mem- 
 orial of her late husband. A mural tablet 
 was erected within the edifice bearing his 
 name. The edifice was consecrated June 
 4, 1894. The growth has been very slow, 
 owing to the depressed condition of the 
 business interests represented there. The 
 Rev. Dr. Gambrall died while in charge in 
 1897, after a long and useful ministry in 
 Maryland. At present the church is admin- 
 istered by clergymen appointed by the 
 Bishop of the Diocese. 
 
 Chapel of the Prince of Peace. 
 
 When the suburb of Walbrook was added 
 to the city, a neat frame church was located 
 at its very center. It is under the care of 
 Emmanuel Church, but its growth has been 
 so steady that it will doubtless become in- 
 dependent in the early future. The Rev. 
 Henry T. Sharpe has been the minister in 
 charge since 1893. 
 
 Church of the Transfiguration. 
 
 The rapid growth of the suburb of West 
 Arlington warranted an attempt to establish 
 an Episcopal Church there about ten years 
 ago. After unsuccessful efforts it was ac- 
 complished in January, 1892, under the 
 charge of the Rev. William Rollins Webb, 
 rector of St. Mary's Church, Franklintown. 
 An unoccupied cottage, owned by Mrs. 
 Charles A. Oakford, was oiifered for ser- 
 vices, free of all charge. The Rev. Mr. Webb 
 gave his ministrations without salary, and 
 the West Arlington Improvement Com- 
 pany donated two city lots. The first ser- 
 vice was held on January 17, and the ser- 
 vices were continued uninterruptedly in the 
 cottage until the following May. when 
 
332 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 transfer was made to Belvidere Hall, Gar- 
 rison avenue, where the growing congrega- 
 tion worshiped for three years. In the fall 
 of 1893 it was decided to build a church. 
 The building committee consisted of the 
 Rev. Mr. Webb, and Messrs. C. C. Rhodes, 
 B. H. Bittle, I. L. Newman and W. P. Oak- 
 ford. On August 6, 1894, the Feast of the 
 Transfiguration, the ground was broken 
 with appropriate exercises. On December 
 12, the same year, the corner-stone was laid 
 by tlie Rev. Mr. Webb. On Easter Day, 
 Ai)ril 14, 1895, the church was opened for 
 public worship. The total cost was $5,860. 
 It is built of stone. The church has pur- 
 chased an additional lot to the two donated, 
 at a cost of $1,050, and it has been enriched 
 by several beautiful memorials. The mem- 
 bersliip is thirty-four. The Rev. Mr. Webb 
 is still in charge. 
 
 RoL.xxD Park Mission-. 
 On Sunday, November 28, 1897, the 
 Bishop of Maryland, Rt. Rev, William 
 Paret, D. D.. LL. D., opened this mission 
 in the liall of this beautiful suburb, at 4 p. 
 m. It is under the special care of the rector 
 of St. Mary's Church, Hampden, who is 
 aided by the men of the Brotherhood of St. 
 Andrew of that church. Various clergy- 
 men from the city have given their services. 
 The congregation is fast growing in size 
 and strength, and a new church edifice will 
 doubtless be erected in the near future. The 
 Simday-schnol numljcrs seventy scholars. 
 
 The other places of worship of the Epis- 
 copal Church in the city are: St. Clement's 
 Chapel, Philadelphia road; chapel in the 
 Church Home and Infirmary, Broadway 
 near Baltimore street; St. Catharine's Mis- 
 
 sion for Colored People, Mt. Calvary 
 Church; mission of Church of St. Michael's 
 and All Saints, near Hampden. 
 
 Episcopal Institutions. 
 From the very dawn of the history of the 
 city the Episcopal Church has been fore- 
 most in charitable work. There is one no- 
 ble institution, the Church Home and In- 
 firmary, on Broadway near Baltimore street, 
 which, though most largely maintained by 
 St. Paul's Church and Grace Church, re- 
 ceives valuable aid from many others. It 
 was founded in 1855 by Rev. Dr. Coxe, 
 rector of Grace Church, and others. Sev- 
 eral large bequests have been left to it, so 
 that its endowment fund is assuming large 
 proportions. It now amounts to about 
 $300,000. A chapel is situated in the 
 centre of the building, in which daily ser- 
 vices are held by a regular chaplain. The 
 number of patients treated during the year 
 1897 was 315, and the number of persons 
 permanently residing in the home was fifty. 
 There are numerous other charitable insti- 
 tutions maintained by the various congrega- 
 tions. St. Paul's Church has two — the 
 Girls' Orjihanage (incorporated 1799), a 
 beautiful building surrounded by ample 
 grounds on Charles and Twenty-fourth 
 streets, and the Boys' School (1845), o" 
 East Franklin street. Christ Church has 
 an Asylum for Female Children (1840). St. 
 Peter's Church also maintains an Asylum 
 for Female Children (1849). St. John's, 
 Waverly, has an Orphanage for Boys. Mt. 
 Calvary, through its Sisterhood of All 
 Saints, maintains a Home for Colored Boys 
 and an Industrial Home to train girls for 
 domestic service. There are also several 
 parochial schools maintained in connection 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 333 
 
 with the different churches of the city. The 
 Sisterhood of All Saints has a handsome 
 house on Eutaw street near Madison. St. 
 Martha's Home, on West Lexington street, 
 was opened in 1896 and incorporated in 
 January, 1898. It is to afford a home for 
 self-supporting women. 
 
 In 1814 Baltimore became the See City 
 of the Diocese of Maryland and the bishops 
 have had their residence here ever since, 
 except in the case of Bishop Pinckney, who 
 preferred to retain his country residence in 
 Prince George's county. The Episcopal 
 residence is at mo Madison avenue, 
 though an attempt is now being made to 
 secure a new site for a more suitable house 
 and neighbrohood. In connection with the 
 Episcopal residence is the famous Whit- 
 tingham Library, which was presented to 
 the diocese by the late Bishop Whitting- 
 ham, and numbering 20,000 volumes. Two 
 other libraries have recently been left to the 
 Diocese, that of the Rev. Dr. Walter Wil- 
 liams, numbering 2,000 volumes, and that 
 of the late Rev. Dr. Dalrymple, numbering 
 8,000. It is now proposed to erect a suit- 
 able building to receive all these books and 
 the sum of $25,000 was appropriated at the 
 last Diocesan Convention for this purpose. 
 The Whittingham Library is one of the fin- 
 est theological libraries in the world. 
 There is nothing in this country to com- 
 pare with it and few abroad. 
 
 The bishops of Maryland have been as 
 follows: Rt. Rev. John James Claggett, 1792- 
 1S16: Rt. Rev. James Kemp, 1814-1827; 
 Rt. Rev. WilHam Murray Stone, 1830- 1838; 
 Rt. Rev. William RoUinson Whittingham, 
 1840-1879; Rt. Rev. William Pinckney, 
 1870-1883; Rt. Rev. William Paret, 1885 
 to present time. 
 
 THE GERMAN REFORJ^IED 
 CHURCH. 
 
 The sturdy sons of Germany were among 
 the very earliest to come to these shores. 
 First at New Amsterdam (New York) and 
 then in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and even 
 farther South, they made their settlements 
 and won their success. Not a few of their 
 sterling characteristics have entered into the 
 manhood which we call American, and all 
 of these are largely the products of that 
 faith for which their forefathers, under Lu- 
 ther and the first Reformers, were willing 
 to yield their very lives. Out of the Refor- 
 mation in Germany have sprung two great 
 religious bodies, which may be likened to 
 twin sisters, though of later years they have 
 strayed somewhat apart. They are the Lu- 
 theran and German Reformed denomina- 
 tions. Here in Baltimore their history was 
 one and the same for several years, until 
 each grew strong enough to exist alone; 
 then they separated. But they first existed 
 under the name of the German Reformed 
 Church. In Europe this body is very 
 strong, numbering at least twenty-five mil- 
 lion adherents. But in America it is com- 
 paratively weak. Its doctrinal system is 
 contained in the Heidleberg Confession, 
 while its ecclesiastical polity is fashioned 
 after the model of the Dutch Church of 
 Holland, by which the German Reformed 
 Church in y\merica was early nurtured and 
 fostered. 
 
 The German Reformed Church in this 
 country was founded by emigrants from 
 Germany and Switzerland, about the year 
 1730. Its stronghold at first was in east- 
 ern Pennsylvania, but its adherents were 
 scattered also throughout the other colo- 
 nies, the more especially toward the South. 
 
334 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Just when the first congregation was form- 
 ed in Baltimore is not definitely known. 
 There is good reason to suppose it was 
 about twenty years after it was first organ- 
 ized in .A.merica, or about 1750. This was 
 also twenty years after Baltimore Town was 
 laid out. There are two historical witnesses 
 to establish the fact that the adherents of 
 the German Reformed and of the Lutheran 
 bodies had their religious interests in com- 
 mon and worshiped in the same church. 
 One of these is an old German manuscript, 
 preserved in the archives of the First Ger- 
 man Reformed Church, which states: "In 
 the year 1756 or 1757 the congregation 
 purchased a lot on which to erect a church 
 of Mr. Croxall. for nine pounds, besides 
 making him a present — After this the con- 
 gregation appointed a committee to super- 
 intend the building of a church, which con- 
 sisted of Andrew Seiger, Frederick IMeyer, 
 Jacob Kuhbord, John Sollcr, Valentine 
 Loersch, and Conrad Smith. These men 
 made preparation to build and with the 
 means they had they built the best church 
 they could. We then called the Rev. John 
 Christophe'- Faber to become our Pastor, 
 and we were all in peace and love." The 
 second witness is found in tlie records of 
 the First Lutheran Church, where it is 
 stated: "Up to the year 1758 both Luther- 
 ans and German Reformed worshiped to- 
 gether, and great friendship and harmony 
 prevailed. In the year 1758 they resolved 
 to erect a house of worship in common, as 
 each party was too weak to build alone; 
 and it was at the same time determined that 
 a Pastor should he called by cither church 
 as might best suit." 
 
 The slight disparity of dates is of no ma- 
 terial moment, while the testimony is most 
 
 distinct as to the common interests of these 
 two German denominations. While at this 
 time the town could not have numbered 
 more than a few hundred inhabitants it is 
 to be remembered that Baltimore county 
 was by no means sparsely populated and 
 that the various congregations would have 
 a representation in the country districts. 
 The town gradually became the "Jerusa- 
 lem" to which "the tribes went up" to wor- 
 ship. This was found true among the Eng- 
 lish churchmen. So likewise the zeal of the 
 Germans led them to travel far to attend 
 religious worship. Hence it need not be 
 a matter of surprise that they were the sec- 
 ond body of Christians to build a church 
 in Baltimore Town. The first German 
 church was erected on North Charles 
 street, corner of Saratoga, on a lot almost 
 opposite St. Paul's Church, so that the 
 two places of worship in the town were 
 located on opposite sides of the same 
 street. One of the worshipers in this old 
 church has left the following account in a 
 letter to the Rev. Elias Heiner, who was 
 one of the later pastors of this congregation : 
 "Our first church was located up North 
 Charles street and was approached with dif- 
 ficulty, especially by the aged and intirm, 
 on account of the steep hill of sand they 
 were obliged to climb every Sabbath in or- 
 der to reach their humble place of worship. 
 At that time we had no cushioned seats: 
 no carpeted aisles: no — not even a stove to 
 warm the body. The cold North West wind 
 would pierce through the tender weather- 
 boarding and almost blow the light fabric 
 off." 
 
 While there seem to have been several 
 ministers of German birth and ordination, 
 who made occasional visits to the German 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 335 
 
 Christians, the first regular pastor was the 
 Rev. John Christopher Faber. Just when 
 the German Reformed and the Lutherans 
 separated is not definitely known; but cer- 
 tainly early in the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. 
 Faber, who continued to serve as pastor of 
 the German Reformed congregation until 
 
 1771, when he resigned. Much opposition 
 to him sprang up in the later years of his 
 administration and quite a goodly portion 
 of the congregation desired his resignation ; 
 but he declined to present it. These mal- 
 contents withdrew from the First Reformed 
 congregation and organized the Second, 
 and built a church in 1771. Soon after this 
 secession Mr. Faber resigned and was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. George Wallauer in 
 
 1772. This minister espoused the cause of 
 England in the Revolution, deserted his 
 congregation some time during the war and 
 joined the British army, in what capacity 
 it is not known. 
 
 The next pastor was the Rev. Charles L. 
 Boehme, who after a short administration 
 was involved in trouble and was dismissed 
 from the ministry. He was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Nicholas Pomp, whose success was 
 so marked that it became necessary to 
 erect a new and large church at the north- 
 west corner of Baltimore and Front streets. 
 This church was built in 1785 and cost 
 $20,000. 
 
 In 1 79 1 the Rev. George Troldenier was 
 called from York, Pa., to succeed the Rev. 
 Mr. Pomp. In 1795 the congregation was 
 incorporated by an act of the State Legis- 
 lature. In 1796 the church was sold to the 
 vestry of St. Paul's Church and was sub- 
 sequently given to the old Christ Church 
 congregation. A new site was selected on 
 Second street, near the intersection of the 
 
 present Holliday street, and a new church 
 was erected thereupon. It was dedicated in 
 1797 and was fifty feet broad and eighty 
 feet long. 
 
 In 1802 the Rev. John H. Dryer became 
 pastor, in succession to the Rev. Mr. Trol- 
 denier, who died in 1800. To him succeed- 
 ed the Rev. Dr. Christian L. Becker, of 
 Lancaster, Pa., in 1806. His marked elo- 
 quence as well as gracious personality made 
 him exceedingly popular with his people. 
 His ministry here and elsewhere was ren- 
 dered notable by the large number of young 
 men whom he prepared for the ministry, 
 one of them being his own son. Toward the 
 end of the Rev. Dr. Becker's administration 
 an attempt was made on the part of some 
 to introduce the custom of having the ser- 
 vice and sermon in English every other 
 Sunday. To this Dr. Becker was unalter- 
 ably opposed, and in the midst of the ex- 
 citement which the movement created, he 
 died. For a short time the attempt was 
 abandoned, but was revived and was so per- 
 sistently urged that a new pastor was called, 
 with special view to his ability to use both 
 the German and the E.nglish language. 
 This was the Rev. Albert Helfenstein, of 
 Carlisle, Pa., who assumed charge of the 
 congregation in 18 19. At first the services 
 were rendered in both languages; but great 
 dissension arose, and during his whole pas- 
 torate of sixteen years he was in trouble 
 because of the contention between the Ger- 
 man and the English parties, into which the 
 congregation was divided. Gradually, as 
 was to be expected, the English party pre- 
 vailed; in 1827 the German language was 
 abandoned and all the services conducted 
 in English. This has continued to the pres- 
 ent day. 
 
336 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Helfenstein resigned in 
 1835, and afterwards entered the ministry 
 of the Episcopal Church. The next pastor 
 was the Rev. EHas Heiner, who succeeded 
 to the charge in 1835 and faithfully filled 
 his office until his death in 1863. He was 
 succeeded by the Rev. E. R. Eschbach. 
 When HoUiday street was opened the re- 
 moval of the church was necessary to an- 
 other site, as the old lot was intersected by 
 the new street. A lot was chosen on Calvert 
 street near Reed and the present edifice 
 built in 1867. The present pastor is the 
 Rev. Joel T. Rossiter, D. D., whose faithful 
 ministrations continue to maintain the First 
 Church in a prosperous condition. 
 The Second Reformed Church. 
 In 1770, as noted above, a secession from 
 the old First Church took place, through 
 dissatisfaction with the pastor, the Rev. Mr. 
 Faber. These seceders formed another con- 
 gregation and called the Rev. Benedict 
 Schwope, who had recently come from Ger- 
 many and attached to himself the affection 
 of many of the old flock. He accepted the 
 call. Ihe Second Church was erected in 
 1 77 1 on Conway street near Sharp. It was 
 a wooden structure. He was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Philip William Otterbein in 1774, 
 who remained in charge until 1813. In 
 1786 a new brick church was erected on the 
 old site. The old First Church censured 
 Messrs. Schwope and Otterbein for the di- 
 vision that took place at this time in the 
 original congregation, and made efforts to 
 heal the breach, but in vain. This Second 
 congregation erected three different houses 
 of worship during Mr. Otterbein's long ad- 
 ministration. In his last years he gave his 
 influence to the formation of a new sect and 
 
 partially ceased to be active in the synod 
 of the German Reformed Church. This 
 sect is the "United Brethren in Christ" de- 
 nomination, by which the Second Church 
 is now held and used. It is now called the 
 Evangelical German Reformed Otterbein 
 Church. 
 
 AiSQUiTH Reformed Church. 
 
 When the mother Reformed Church was 
 compelled to change its location in 1867 
 this new congregation was formed to ac- 
 commodate those members who lived in an- 
 other part of the city. The corner-stone of 
 the present church was laid in 1876 and the 
 church was dedicated in the next year. 
 Third Reformed Church. 
 
 This cluirch was an offshoot from tlie 
 First Reformed Church. At the northeast 
 corner of Paca and Saratoga streets the new 
 edifice was dedicated February 2. 1845. Tlie 
 Rev. Dr. B. C. Wolff, of Easton, Pa., was 
 the first pastor. The present pastor is the 
 Rev. C. Clever, D. D. The congregation 
 is strong and vigorous under its present 
 faithful minister. The church, at its erec- 
 tion, cost $11,000. 
 
 St. Joii.xnxes Germ.\x Reformed 
 Church. 
 Tills congregation was organized in 
 1845. I'l tl'is "cxt year it purchased a sub- 
 stantial edifice from the Baptists for $5,500. 
 It is situated on North Calvert street, be- 
 tween Lexington and Saratoga streets. The 
 first pastor was the Rev. John F. Kessler. 
 The Rev. P. Weinand is now in charge. 
 The church is in a flourishing condition and 
 doing a good work, though it is surrounded 
 bv business interests. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 337 
 
 St. P.^ul's Reformed Church. 
 
 This church is a dcaughter of the Third 
 Reformed Church. A Sunday-school was 
 organized on Pennsylvania avenue near 
 Townsend street on May 19, 1872. A little 
 later the school moved to Cook's Hall, 
 southeast corner of Baltimore and Calhoun 
 streets. Here the congregation was organ- 
 ized on October 11, 1878, with fifty-six 
 members. On May 23, 1879, the congrega- 
 tion authorized the purchase of the present 
 church on Lexington street near Carrollton 
 avenue from the Methodist Protestant 
 Church, and on July 7, 1879, the purchase 
 was reported. The congregation has en- 
 joyed a substantial growth and now num- 
 bers about four hundred members. There 
 have been four pastors: the Rev. M. L. 
 Firor, the Rev. W. J. Johnson, Rev. Frank 
 Lambadder and the present pastor, the Rev. 
 Lloyd E. Coblentz. This church has taken 
 active part in establishing four missions. 
 FiETH Reformed Church. 
 
 In 1858 the Fifth Reformed congregation 
 erected an edifice on Canton avenue east 
 of Broadway. This was damaged by fire 
 in 1866. The present building was erected 
 the next year. The present pastor is the 
 Rev. Marcus Bachman, under whose faith- 
 ful administration the church is enjoying 
 marked prosperity. 
 Emmanuel or Sixth Reformed Church. 
 
 This is an ofifshoot of the Fourth Re- 
 formed Church. It worshiped for a time in 
 China Hall, West Baltimore street; but in 
 1868 it removed to its present situation at 
 the southwest corner of Saratoga and 
 Schroeder streets. The first pastor was the 
 Rev. John Voegeling. The present pastor 
 is the Rev. J. Conrad Hauser, whose earnest 
 
 efforts maintain this church in a vigorous 
 condition. 
 
 ZioN Reformed Church. 
 This congregation was organized in 1874. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. Mr. Neff. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. Mr. Nerger. The 
 church is located at the corner of Aisquith 
 and Edward streets and has known a quiet 
 but gradual progress. 
 
 Trinity Reformed Church. 
 
 This is the first of five congregations to 
 be organized in consequence of the increas- 
 ed missionary activity of recent years. It 
 is located on Third avenue, Woodberry. It 
 was begun in 1883 by the Rev. Messrs. 
 Firor, Zinkham, Clever, D. D., Rossiter, D. 
 D., and Stanley, D. D. The congregation 
 was organized September 14. 1884. The 
 church was erected the same year at a cost 
 of $5,500. There has been but one pastor, 
 the Rev. E. R. Deatrick, who assumed 
 charge May 10, 1884. 
 
 Christ Reformed Congreg.\tion. 
 
 In June, 1889, the Rev. A. M. Scmidt was 
 commissioned by the Board of Missions of 
 the Reformed Church to begin a work in 
 the northern part of the city. .\ congrega- 
 tion was organized by him on the corner of 
 Druid Hill and North avenue, where a 
 frame chapel was erected. He remained in 
 charge until June, 1892, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. W. I. Stewart, who is 
 still the minister in charge. The member- 
 ship is now one hundred and seventy-five. 
 The congregation is making arrangements 
 to build a stone edifice. 
 
 St. Stephen's Church. 
 
 This church was established by the Bi- 
 Svnodic Board of Home Missions at the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 earnest solicitation of the pastors of the 
 Reformed churches of Baltimore. The Rev. 
 Charles W. Levan, of Easton, Pa., was 
 called by the Board to become the pastor. 
 He entered on his duties March i, 1892. 
 On the 22d of May the first public service 
 was held in Smith's Hall on Twentieth 
 street near Charles street. This congrega- 
 tion was first known as the "North Balti- 
 more Reformed Mission." In June, 1892, 
 a lot at the corner of Guilford avenue and 
 Twenty-third street was purchased by a 
 kind friend and presented to the mission. 
 On the 25th of June, 1893, the church was 
 dedicated. The congregation was organ- 
 ized on June 29th, 1893, under the name of 
 St. Stephen's Reformed Church, with a 
 membership of thirty-five persons. The 
 church is built of Port Deposit granite and 
 of brick. It cost $9,855. The whole prop- 
 erty is valued at $16,000. The Mission has 
 a parsonage erected adjacent to the church. 
 The membership is now seventy-five. 
 
 German Reformed Church of Peace. 
 On March 13th fifty-seven persons or- 
 ganized themselves into a congregation 
 under the above name. The Rev. Henry 
 Wieger has been the pastor from the start. 
 In 1893 a lot was purchased on the corner 
 of Pennsylvania avenue and Cumberland 
 street, on which a church was dedicated in 
 May, 1894. The ground and building cost 
 $15,000. The present membership is one 
 hundred and thirty, 
 
 Grace Reformed Church. 
 On the 14th of January, 1894, a Sunday- 
 school was organized under the direction 
 of the Reformed Church Extension Society 
 of Baltimore. The school was first held in 
 a room at the southeast corner of Hanover 
 
 and West streets, but on January 20, 1895, 
 it was removed to Wacker's Hall on West 
 Hamburg street. On May 12, 1895, the 
 congregation was organized with twenty- 
 four members. A lot, sixty feet by sixty- 
 nine feet, on the southwest corner of Fort 
 avenue and Clarkson street was purchased 
 February 21, 1896, at a cost of $2,500. The 
 Rev. F. W. Bald was installed as the first 
 pastor on May 3, 1896. Immediate steps 
 were taken to raise a building fund and 
 they were so successful that the present 
 stone chapel, of Gothic architecture, was 
 dedicated on December 13, 1896. It seats 
 three hundred people and cost $5,500. As 
 soon as the size of the congregation war- 
 rants the main edifice will be erected. The 
 number of members is now seventy-five. 
 The Rev. Mr. Bald is still in charge. 
 
 THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. 
 
 The brave followers of the brave Re- 
 former came to America first in the persons 
 of the Swedes, who landed on these shores 
 at Lewes, Del., in 1638, and who erected 
 a rude building for religious uses among 
 the very first they constructed. They were 
 supplied with ministers by the Church of 
 Sweden, which has retained the Episcopal 
 form of government, and later on they allied 
 themselves with the Episcopal Church, and 
 most of their churches are held by that body 
 now. 
 
 The German Lutherans came much later 
 and never came in colonies until they suf- 
 fered bitter persecutions at home, and then 
 they came hither in large numbers. They 
 found a refuge especially in Pennsylvania, 
 where the peaceable Penn granted them an 
 asylum. But prior to this they came as in- 
 dividuals or in small parties and were widely 
 
S^^^ M^^^s^^i(f-^.^''^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 d39 
 
 scattered in all the colonies from New York 
 to Florida. Their sterling virtues won them 
 a good name and a warm welcome where- 
 soever they went; but as their mother 
 tongue was so very different from that of 
 most of the early settlers, it set them apart 
 by themselves. Owing to their scattered 
 condition they were very slow in forming 
 themselves into congregations and having 
 their own houses of worship. Moreover, 
 they were sorely neglected by the mother 
 church, and, whereas the English Church 
 sent over duly ordained ministers for her 
 children and the Swedish Church did the 
 same, the German Lutheran Church 
 seemed strangely indifferent to the well-be- 
 ing of her adherents so far away in a foreign 
 land. Doubtless the persecutions at home 
 kept all her thought and energies fixed up- 
 on herself. In some degree the German 
 Reformed Church had a marked advantage 
 over the Lutherans in that the Palatinate 
 Consistorium sent over to them in 1727 the 
 Rev. George Michael Weiss, and inasmuch 
 as the Dutch Reformed Church at New 
 York gave them much assistance. 
 
 Just when the German Lutherans began 
 to come to Maryland in numbers is not 
 known. A recently discovered letter of 
 Lord Baltimore's, written to his agent in 
 1732, offered an asylum to the Palatines 
 and Salzburgers; but there is no evidence 
 that the gracious invitation was ever ac- 
 cepted. It is most likely that the very large 
 numbers of Germans who landed at Phila- 
 delphia in the early part of the eighteenth 
 century conduced to a gradual overflow into 
 Maryland. At least there appears to have 
 been a sufficient band of Lutherans settled 
 in and near Baltimore by 1750 to warrant 
 them in allying themselves with their breth- 
 
 ren of the German Reformed body, and 
 thus to form a congregation. But inasmuch 
 as the German Reformers were more nu- 
 merous than the Lutherans the first church 
 erected by them conjointly was called "The 
 First German Reformed Church." This 
 was situated on the top of the high hill on 
 Charles street almost directly opposite St. 
 Paul's Church. Prior to that these German 
 Christians must have worshiped in houses 
 and been served by such stray ministers, 
 now of the one denomination and now of 
 the other, as they could perchance secure. 
 This edifice was erected in 1757 or 1758, 
 and the congregations seem to have be- 
 come so strong as to warrant the Lutherans 
 in withdrawing in a year or two and organ- 
 izing their own body. The exact date of 
 this important step is not known, but it 
 could hardly have been before 1760. The 
 first Lutheran Church was erected on what 
 was called Fish street, now Saratoga street. 
 So rapidly did this little flock grow that 
 in 1773 a new church was found necessary 
 and after the custom of the day a lottery 
 was held to raise money for this purpose. 
 With the proceeds a new edifice was erected 
 on the same site. The founders of this First 
 Lutheran Church were: Messrs. Linden- 
 berger, Weishler. Hartwig, Hoecke, Rock, 
 Grasmuch, Levely, Barnetz, Dr. Wiesen- 
 thall and others. 
 
 The first pastor was the Rev. M. Gerock, 
 who died in 1778 and was succeeded by his 
 former assistant, the Rev. Daniel Kurtz. 
 In 1789 a parsonage was built with the pro- 
 ceeds of a lottery. A burying-ground was 
 purchased in 1792, adjoining the church, 
 with the proceeds of another lottery. In 
 1808 the church on Fish street was sold to 
 the African Bethel congregation, and Zion 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Church was erected on Gay street at the 
 present site at a cost of $40,000. It was 
 almost destroyed by a disastrous fire 
 on March 30, 1840, but was immediately 
 rebuilt and stands to-day unchanged and 
 unimpaired. It is surrounded by a 
 spacious lot and possesses one of the 
 most flourishing parochial schools in the 
 city. The Rev. Mr. Kurtz was pas- 
 tor of this important church for more than 
 fifty years and when his death occurred in 
 July, 1856, his loss was universally lament- 
 ed. He was succeeded by his assistant, the 
 Rev. John Uhlhorn, who was greatly gifted 
 as an orator. While on a visit to Bremen, 
 in 1834, he died and was succeeded by the 
 Rev. John Haesbardth. After a short pas- 
 torate ne resigned in order to establish a 
 strictly German congregation. This he did 
 in a church edifice erected by the Baptists 
 at the corner of Saratoga and Holliday 
 streets. The new congregation was formed 
 by many of the old members of old Zion 
 Church. They worshiped in the above 
 church until about 1870, when they sold the 
 property and divided the proceeds into three 
 parts, all of which were built — St. Paul's, 
 Emmanuel and Martini Churches. These 
 belong to the Missouri Synod. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Domeier was the next pas- 
 tor of old Zion and he was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Henry Scheib, whose successful 
 administration lasted until he was made 
 pastor emeritus. His death occurred in 
 1897 and lamented far and wide, so greatly 
 was he loved. His body laid in state in the 
 church for a day prior to the funeral and 
 was visited by thousands of all conditions 
 and ranks of life. 
 
 The present pastor is the Rev. Junius 
 Hoffmann. 
 
 Early in the administration of the Rev 
 Henry Scheib he was adjudged unsound in 
 the Lutheran faith and was expelled from 
 the Synod; but his congregation remained 
 loyal to him and his views. This congrega- 
 tion has thus maintained an independent 
 position for many years, and while claiming 
 to be Lutheran is not now acknowledged 
 by the Lutherans. 
 
 For governmental purposes the various 
 Lutheran congregations are divided into 
 Synods. In the United States there are 
 fifty-one Synods. The congregations uf 
 Baltimore, although located in the Synod 
 of Maryland, are not all associated with 
 that Synod. For the sake of convenience 
 they will be arranged according to their 
 synodical connection. 
 
 Churches of the Synod of Maryland. 
 
 First English Ev. Luth. Church. 
 
 The First English Lutheran Church had 
 its origin as early as 1823, in a number of 
 families then worshiping in Zion Church, 
 in Gay street, which, in that day, was a 
 Lutheran organization. It does not appear 
 that any minister visited them until August, 
 1824, when the Rev. Mr. Krauth, then of 
 Martinsburg, Va., visited them upon their 
 urgent request. Measures towards a per- 
 manent organization were taken. A room 
 was secured in a school house near the cor- 
 ner of Pratt and Howard streets and ar- 
 rangements made for the purchase of a lot. 
 During this time, for a period of seven or 
 eight months, the little flock enjoyed the 
 pastoral services of the Rev. Jacob Medtart. 
 
 A lot was secured on Lexington street 
 between Park and Howard, and the corner- 
 stone of a church was laid in the fall of 1825, 
 the dedication occurring on May 28, 1S26. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 341 
 
 On February 3, 1827, the Rev. Dr. John 
 Morris preached his first sermon as pastor, 
 a position which he filled with great accept- 
 ance until i860, when he resigned to accept 
 the charge of the Peabody Institute. The 
 church was twice enlarged during his ad- 
 ministration and a parsonage was erected. 
 In every particular the welfare of this con- 
 gregation was advanced under his care. He 
 died in 1896, full of years and full of honors. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. John McCron succeeded 
 him and served until 1872, being succeeded 
 by the Rev. Dr. J. H. Barclay. The organi- 
 zation had grown in grace and favor until 
 it had become strong enough to endure, at 
 various periods, the separation of three or- 
 ganizations — the Second and Third Church- 
 es and St. Mark's. In 1873, during the min- 
 istry of Dr. Barclay, a fire destroyed the 
 church and parsonage, but that which 
 seemed at the time a serious calamity re- 
 sulted in great good. A new church, cost- 
 ing about $125,000, was built at the corner 
 of Lanvale street and Fremont avenue. It 
 was dedicated September 19. 1875, and the 
 congregation prospered anew. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. M. W. Hamma became pas- 
 tor in 1882, and was followed in 1886 by the 
 present pastor, the Rev. Albert H. Stude- 
 baker, D. D., under whose ministrations the 
 church has had marked material and spir- 
 itual success. The membership is 550, and 
 there are 594 pupils in the Sunday-school. 
 
 The First English Church is a noble 
 white marble edifice. It has an attractive 
 brick parsonage adjoining it on Lanvale 
 street. 
 
 The Second English Luth. Church. 
 
 This congregation is a child of the First 
 
 Church. It is situated on Lombard street, 
 
 west of Greene. The church was opened 
 for worship October 8, 1842. At that time 
 it stood quite by itself, but is now surround- 
 ed by dwellings. Its first pastor was the 
 Rev. Charles P. Krauth. The church has 
 several times undergone extensive improve- 
 ments, but is still one of the old landmarks 
 of the section of the city where it is located. 
 It has been the ecclesiastical home of many 
 devoted Lutherans who have moved to 
 other parts of the city. The growth has 
 been very steady until it now numbers 600 
 communicants and has a Sunday-school of 
 700 pupils. The property is valued at $30,- 
 000. The present pastor is the Rev. George 
 W. Miller, D. D. 
 
 The Third English Luth. Church. 
 
 This church began as a mission, which 
 was first conducted in a private house on 
 Hillen street near Monument. The mission 
 was organized in 1841. Its first house of 
 worship, called Luther Chapel, was erected 
 in 1842 on Monument street near Gay. The 
 present church is on the same site and was 
 erected in 1853. Its first pastor was the 
 Rev. W. A. Passavant. Among those who 
 have had charge are the Rev. Dr. I. A. 
 Brown, the Rev. Dr. A. W. Lilly, the Rev. 
 Dr. J. McCron and the Rev. Dr. J. G. Mor- 
 ris. The present pastor is the Rev. I. C. 
 Burke. Luther Chapel was used for sev- 
 eral years, but it was gradually outgrown. 
 It was then torn down and the present edi- 
 fice erected on the same site. This edifice 
 was enlarged in the administration of the 
 Rev. Dr. John Morris to its present dimen- 
 sions. Under his pastorate a mission called 
 "Luther Chapel" was erected on the Belair 
 road by the Third Church at a cost of $2,- 
 000. The membership is 671 and the Sun- 
 
342 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 day-school has i,ooo pupils. The property 
 is valued at $25,000. 
 
 St. Mark's English Ev. Luth. Church. 
 
 In October, 1S60, a Ijody of ninety-si.x 
 persons left the old church and organized 
 themselves into a congregation under the 
 above name, on October 23d. They elect- 
 ed as their first pastor the Rev. T. Stork, 
 who assumed charge December i, i860. 
 For a time the congregation rented the 
 Third Presbyterian Church on Eutaw 
 street and purchased it in 1861 for $10,500. 
 Dr. Stork, who served for five vears. was 
 succeeded by his son, the Rev. Charles A. 
 Stork. In 1873 the old building was re- 
 modeled at a cost of $18,000. It was recon- 
 structed on March 8, 1874. The Rev. Dr. 
 Charles A. Stork continued in charge, most 
 faithfully and acceptably, until 1885, twenty 
 years. When he resigned it was to accept 
 the presidency of the Lutheran Seminary 
 at Gettysburg, Pa. The pastor now in 
 charge is the Rev. W. H. Dunbar. D. D. 
 This church has been conspicuous through- 
 out its entire history for its zeal and liber- 
 ality. It has numerous meetings for social 
 and religious purposes, and its organiza- 
 tions are well conducted. 
 
 The gradual progress of business up Eu- 
 taw street has rendered its locality less and 
 less desirable for religious purposes. In 
 1897 a fine lot was purchased at the south- 
 west corner of St. Paul and Twentieth 
 street and a noble group of ecclesiastical 
 buildings begun. This includes a church 
 edifice, a parish building and a parsonage, 
 all in stone. They will doubtless be com- 
 pleted in 1898. 
 
 The membership is 595, and the old prop- 
 
 erty is valued at $65,000. The Sunday- 
 school numbers 430 pupils. 
 
 St. Paul's English Ev. Luth. Church. 
 
 This important Lutheran church is sit- 
 uated at the northeast corner of Druid Hill 
 avenue and McMechin street. It was or- 
 ganized by the pastors of the First, Second 
 and St. Mark's Lutheran Churches, viz: 
 Rev. Dr. John McCron, Rev. E. J. Wolf 
 and Rev. C. A. Stork, and two laymen from 
 each church. As a proof of the zeal and 
 liberality of the Lutheran churches of the 
 city the present edifice had been almost 
 completed and $13,000 collected before a 
 congregation was organized. A vigorous 
 Sunday-school had been for some time con- 
 ducted on Pennsylvania avenue, near 
 Mosher street, by Mr. William F. Weber. 
 The congregation was organized in 1873 
 and consisted of thirty-four members. On 
 November ist the Rev. J. A. Clutz, of New- 
 ville. Pa., became pastor. The church was 
 dedicated on December 14, 1873. Its cost 
 has been about $45,000. The Rev. Mr. 
 Clutz served with great acceptance for ten 
 years, when he resigned to become the sec- 
 retary of the Home Mission Board. The 
 Rev. E. Felton was the next pastor for three 
 years and ten months. He was succeeded 
 by the Rev. William P. Evans, of Columbia, 
 Pa. He served from January 15, 1887, to 
 April I, 1892, when he resigned to take 
 Holy Orders in the Episcopal Church. The 
 Rev. Charles R. Trowbridge next served 
 from November 20, 1892, to September, 
 1896. The present pastor, the Rev. P. A. 
 Heilman, entered upon the charge on May 
 I, 1897. 
 
 The mcnii.H'rship is 273 and the Sunday- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 343 
 
 school numbers 478 pupils. The property 
 is valued at $50,000. 
 
 St. Stephen's German Luth. Church. 
 This congregation was organized in 1850 
 bv Rev. Mr. Meister, who was a German 
 Reformed minister without any synodical 
 connection. The first edifice was erected in 
 1850 on Light street, between West and 
 Ostend streets. Circumstances soon com- 
 pelled the Rev. Mr. Meister to leave and he 
 was succeeded by the Rev. Arthur O. Brick- 
 man. On February 5, 1852, a church build- 
 ing was purchased from the "Good Samari- 
 tan Congregation" at the northwest corner 
 of Hanover and Hamburg streets. This 
 latter congregation had been but recently 
 established, and when its property was pur- 
 chased by St. Stephen's congregation the 
 majority of the members united with St. 
 Stephen's. The Rev. Mr. Brickman re- 
 signed to enter the Swedenborgian Church, 
 where he did such notable work.^ In 1854 
 the Rev. C. F. W. Hoppe became the pas- 
 tor, and the congregation entered the Synod 
 of Maryland. He remained until 1861. The 
 Rev. Mr. Zimmerman was called to succeed 
 him. For a time he succeeded well, but 
 charges of such a character were preferred 
 against him to the Synod that he was ex- 
 pelled from the ministry. He was succeed- 
 ed by the present faithful pastor, the Rev. 
 F. P. Henninghausen. He has been in 
 charge for thirty-four years. The mem- 
 bership has grown to 600, and the property 
 is valued at $50,000. , 
 
 Grace English Ev. Luth. Church. 
 This church originated through the ef- 
 forts of the late Mr. Richard L. Armisrer, 
 
 who caused a canvass to be made in the east- 
 ern section of the city to ascertain who 
 would join in a movement to create a new 
 Lutheran congregation. Quite a number 
 signified their willingness, and the Rev. H. 
 H. Weber was appointed by the Board of 
 Home Missions to begin operations. On 
 September 13, 1885, Grace English Church 
 was organized with forty-one members. 
 For a year and eight months the congrega- 
 tion worshiped in Powhatan Hall, corner 
 of Pratt and Bond streets. In the early part 
 of 1887 the Broadway Presbyterian Church, 
 at the corner of Broadway and Gough 
 streets, was purchased for $16,000 and im- 
 proved at an additional expense of $2,000. 
 On May 30, 1887, the congregation became 
 self-supporting. In September, 1889, the 
 Rev. Mr. Weber resigned to become the 
 secretary of the Board of Church Exten- 
 sion. On the first Sunday of November, 
 1889, the present pastor, the Rev. O. C. 
 Roth, assumed charge. 
 
 The membership has increased to 800 
 and the Sunday-school numbers 755. The 
 property is valued at $30,000. "The church 
 edifice is a two-story brick building. There 
 is also a suitable parsonage. In 1896 the 
 building at the rear of the church was pur- 
 chased and adapted for the large Sunday- 
 school at a cost of $3,000. 
 
 St. Luke's Lutheran Church. 
 This church is situated in the suburb of 
 Woodberry, at the corner of Third avenue 
 and Chestnut street. It is a brick building 
 and the property is valued at $15,000. The 
 congregation has known a slow growth 
 until there are now 130 communicants, and 
 the Sunday-school numbers 225 pupils. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. J. L. Frantze. 
 
344 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 E\'AXGELiCAL Lutheran Church of the 
 
 Messiah. 
 This church is at Canton and is a two- 
 story brick edifice, with Sunday-school 
 room below and audience room above. It 
 has known but one pastor, the Rev. E. Fel- 
 ton, who has been in charge from the begin- 
 ning. The membership has grown rapidly, 
 and now numbers 360. The Sunday-school 
 has 630 scholars. The property is valued at 
 $5,000. 
 Christ English Evangelical Lutheran 
 
 Church. 
 The Board of Home Missions called 
 upon the Rev. L. M. Zimmerman to or- 
 ganize a Lutheran Church in one of the 
 more important mission points of the city. 
 He began his labors on December 1st, 1887, 
 and devoted two weeks to visiting before 
 he held his first service on Sunday, Decem- 
 ber i8th, in Triumph Hall; 150 persons 
 were present at the morning service, 96 
 scholars at the Sunday-school in the after- 
 noon, and 115 persons at the evening ser- 
 vice. The congregation was organized on 
 Sunday, February 5, 1888, with 215 mem- 
 bers. On July 15, 1888, the congregation 
 decided to buy the present edifice; and on 
 August I2th the first service was held in it. 
 After thorough renovation it was dedicated 
 on November 25th. C)n the 29th of No- 
 vember it was decided to become self-sup- 
 porting, and (in the 2(1 of Deceml:)er the 
 present pastor, who had been in charge 
 from the beginning, was installed by Rev. 
 Drs. Albert and Studebaker. Li the sum- 
 mer of 1894 the edifice was remodelled and 
 enlarged, and a new house for a parsonage 
 was built next to the church. This cost 
 .'pii.ooo. The church is raintlly growing in 
 -ireugth and importance. 
 
 Evangelical Lutheran Church of the 
 Reformation. 
 About the year 1890 this beautiful Gothic 
 stone church was erected at the corner of 
 Caroline and Lanvale street's. It was or- 
 ganized by the Rev. D. F. Garland, and has 
 grown very rapidly, until its membership 
 is now 225, and 460 pupils are in its Sun- 
 day-school. The property is valued at $16,- 
 000. The present pastor is the Rev. U. S. 
 G. Rupp. 
 
 English Evangelical Lutheran 
 
 Church of the Messiah. 
 The Rev. E. Felton organized this con- 
 gregation in Canton, and has been the pas- 
 tor ever since. The edifice is a two-story 
 brick Iniilding. The congregation has 
 grown rapidly. It now numbers 360. The 
 Sunday-school has the large number of 630 
 pupils. The property is worth $5,000. 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran 
 Church of Peace. 
 The Rev. George Albrecht, who had re- 
 cently come from Braunschweig, Germany, 
 organized this church on February 5, 1892, 
 under the auspices of the Board of Home 
 Missions of the General Synod of the Lu- 
 theran Church. The congregation rented 
 and soon afterwards purchased what was 
 then the old Shaffer M. E. Church on 
 Gough street near Washington. The 
 property was greatly improved, and with an 
 adjoining parsonage, purchased in the fall 
 of 1894, is valued at $5,000. In May, 1892, 
 the Rev. Mr. Albrecht resigned to accept an 
 appointment as missionary to India. The 
 Rev. Richard Schmidt, then pastor of St. 
 Matthew's German Lutheran Church at 
 Ilagerstown, Md., was called to the pastor- 
 ate, and entered npnn his new charge m 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 June, 1892. He is still the pastor of this 
 growing church, which now numbers 150 
 members. The regular worship is con- 
 ducted in the German language; but pro- 
 vision is made in the constitution for the 
 use of English whensoever a majority of 
 the members shall deem it advisable. The 
 Sunday-school numbers 150. 
 
 Trinity English Evangelical Lu- 
 theran Church. 
 In the spring of 1893 ^^^^ Rev. E. E. Ide 
 was sent by the Board of Home Missions of 
 the General Synod to canvass that portion 
 of the city known as Southwest Baltimore, 
 in the interest of a new Lutheran congrega- 
 tion. In this movement the local Board of 
 Church Extension co-operated. The first 
 preaching service was held June 18, 1893, in 
 a hall on the northwest corner of Fulton 
 avenue and Pratt street. The church was 
 regularly organized on September 10, 1893, 
 with forty members. On October ist a 
 Sunday-school was organized with torty 
 scholars. On October 3d the new congre- 
 gation was admitted into the Synod of 
 Maryland. On May 22, 1894, the church 
 was incorporated. The hall becoming too 
 small, the congregation moved into a 
 chapel situated on the corner of Hollins 
 street and Calverton Road, on December 
 16, 1894. In the spring of 1895 t'le ^"on- 
 gregation purchased a lot at the northwest 
 corner of Baltimore and Pulaski streets for 
 $3,000, on which the present edifice was 
 dedicated July 17, 1896. The membership 
 has increased to 233, and the Sunday-school 
 has an enrollment of 416 members. The 
 property is valued at $9,000. 
 
 Calvary Lutheran Church. 
 On January 13, 1895, certain members of 
 the Concordia Evangelical Church decided 
 to withdraw from that church because the 
 name "Lutheran" had been dropped from 
 its constitution, and because it had been de- 
 cided to hold all its services in German. A 
 house at 1419 Payson street was rented, 
 and on the following Sunday. January 20th, 
 a Sunday-school was organized. On 
 March 17th the first preaching service was 
 held at 4 p. m by the Rev. D. Frank Gar- 
 land, then pastor of the Church of the 
 Reformation and president of the local 
 Church Extension Society. On April 7tli 
 a temporary organization was effected. On 
 May 7th the present pastor, the Rev. 
 George Beiswanger, was appointed by the 
 Board of Home Missions, at the request of 
 the congregation, to take the work under 
 his care. He entered upon his duties on 
 June 1st. As soon as regular services were 
 established under the new pastor, the quar- 
 ters on Payson street were found too small, 
 and on the following Sunday the services 
 were moved to larger quarters on the north- 
 east corner of Walbrook avenue and Pulas- 
 ki street. The congregation was organized 
 on September 22d in the United Presby- 
 terian Chapel, which was loaned for the oc- 
 casion. The sermon was preached by the 
 pastor of St. Mark's Church, the Rev. Dr. 
 Dunbar. Forty-six members were enrolled 
 as charter members. On Sunday, 29th, the 
 Sunday-school was organized in the same 
 chapel. A lot on the northeast corner of 
 North avenue and Payson street was pur- 
 chased for $4,800. A portable chapel was 
 erected at once, and was used for the fi-st 
 time on January I. 1896. bv the Sniidav- 
 
346 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 school. On January 5th the first preaching 
 service was held. The portable chapel had 
 been purchased in Chicago, but the idea 
 proved a failure, and the structure was made 
 a permanent one, and on March 22d was 
 dedicated, the sermon being by the Rev. Dr. 
 A.Stewart Hartman.and the Rev. O.C Roth 
 performing the act of dedication. On June 
 28, 1896, a beautiful white marble font was 
 presented to the church by the Woman's 
 Home and Foreign Missionary Society of 
 Grace Lutheran Church. The congrega- 
 tion fast outgrew its chapel, and on Septem- 
 ber 26, 1896, it was decided to appomt a 
 committee to raise funds for a larger edifice. 
 Plans were secured for a church, Sunday- 
 school building and a parsonage. The 
 Sunday-school building was begun on Sep- 
 tember 13, 1897, and is being pushed to 
 completion. It will accommodate 600 per- 
 sons, and will cost $5,000. It is a Gothic 
 structure and is built of Port Deposit 
 granite. It will be used as a church until 
 the whole group is erected, and the present 
 frame chapel will be used as a Sunday- 
 school room. The membership numbers 
 108, and the Sunday-school numbers 280. 
 The Synod of Missouri. 
 
 St. Paul's Gi:kjl\x Luthkr.\n Church. 
 When the old Second German Lutheran 
 Church, situated at the corner of Holliday 
 and Saratoga streets, which had been es- 
 tablished by the Rev. John Haesbaerdth m 
 1833, was sold, the proceeds were divided 
 to found three churches, of which St. Paul's 
 was one. A lot was purchased at the cor- 
 ner of Fremont and Saratoga streets. The 
 present church was dedicated on December 
 15, 1867, and the membership has steadily 
 grown, tmtil St. Paul's is one of the largest 
 
 German Lutheran churches in the city. It 
 is by far the largest of the three which came 
 out of the Second German Lutheran 
 Church. Its parochial school is also very 
 large. The present pastor is the Rev. 
 Christian Kuehn. 
 
 Immanuel Germa.^i Lutheran Church. 
 This congregation also sprang out of the 
 old Second German Lutheran Church in 
 1867, upon the sale of its property under 
 the pastorate of the second pastor, the Rev. 
 G. W. Keyl. The congregation had been 
 organized in 1866. It built its church edi- 
 fice the following year on Caroline street 
 near Baltimore. The building is a large 
 brick structure, and the congregation is 
 strong and vigorous. It possesses both a 
 parsonage and a parochial school. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. Timothy 
 Stiemke. 
 
 Martini German Lutheran Church. 
 This is the third congregation which 
 arose out of the sale of the old Second Ger- 
 man Lutheran Church. It was organized 
 in 1867, and erected its edifice on the corner 
 of Sharp and Henrietta streets in 1868. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. Charles H. F. 
 Frincke; he is still in charge and most suc- 
 cessful in his labors. The congregation 
 owns a ]jarsonage and a parish school. 
 
 Emmanuel English Evangelical Lu- 
 theran Church. 
 The Rev. Wm. Dallnian began a Lu- 
 theran Alission in the old Y. M. C. A. 
 Ikiilding at tlio corner of Schroeder and 
 Pierce street, which had been used as a 
 chapel by the Brantley Baptist Church, it 
 was sold by the congregation for $5,000 to 
 the present congregation of Lutherans in 
 
I ^ <^ 
 
 .£,. 
 
 ^%. 
 
 r 
 
 w^// 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 349 
 
 1888. The new mission began with seven 
 members, but has grown very rapidly un- 
 der Mr. Dallman's care, until it numbers 
 320. Its life is very vigorous. A parson- 
 age is owned at 922 West Mulberry street. 
 Early in February, 1898, the Rev. Mr. Dall- 
 man was transferred to New York. 
 
 St. Thomas German Evangelical Lu- 
 theran Church. 
 
 Largely through the influence of the Rev. 
 Wm. Dallman, the Conference of Pastors of 
 the Missouri Synod in Baltimore started a 
 mission in 1889. It grew rapidly, and in 
 1893 erected its present edifice at the corner 
 of Pulaski and Mary Ann streets. It is a 
 brick building. The membership is 325 
 and is increasing rapidly. 
 
 Jackson Square English Evangelical 
 Lutheran Church. 
 This congregation is also the result of the 
 earnest labors of the Rev. Wm. Dallman, 
 and was begun in 1891. A church building 
 on the corner of Fairmount avenue and 
 Irvin Place was purchased from the 
 Methodists for $7,000. It was greatly im- 
 proved at a cost of $3,000, and then oc- 
 cupied by the new congregation, whose 
 growth has been steady, until it now num- 
 bers 225. A fine large parsonage adjoins 
 the church. The outlook of this church is 
 very bright. 
 German Evangelical Synod of North America. 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran St. 
 John's Church. 
 
 This congregation began in a small frame 
 chapel on the rear of the lot occupied by the 
 present church on Biddle street, near Penn- 
 sylvania avenue, about 1847. The Rev. Mr. 
 Heier was the first pastor, but held this po- 
 
 sition only nine months, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. G. H. Brandau. In the 
 early part of his administration the present 
 church was built. It was dedicated Decem- 
 ber 18, 1853. Until 1869 the Rev. Mr. 
 Brandau remained in charge. He was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. J. Muller, who served 
 until 1873. The Rev. B. Sickel was pastor 
 for one year following. The Rev. N. Burk- 
 hart became pastor in 1874, and is still in 
 charge. His administration has been most 
 successful, the membership of the church is 
 700. The congregation is full of activity 
 and good works. The congregation owns a 
 suitable parsonage near the church. 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran St. 
 Matthew's Church. 
 This is a child of Trinity Lutheran 
 Church, and established its independence in 
 1852. The first church was erected in 1854 
 on Canal street near Fayette. The present 
 edifice on Fayette street and Central avenue 
 was dedicated April 27, 1873. The bells in 
 its steeple are cast from cannon captured 
 by the Germans in the late Franco-Prus- 
 sian War. The Emperor of Germany pre- 
 sented them to the congregation. The first 
 pastor was the Rev. Charles Weyl. Others 
 have been the Rev. Messrs. Lubkert and 
 L. D. Meier. The present pastor is the 
 Rev. E. Huber, who assumed charge in 
 1883. This church has a fine situation and a 
 splendid property. A large chapel is at the 
 rear of the church, which is used for the 
 Sunday-school. In 1890 a large brick par- 
 sonage was erected on the side of the lot 
 at a cost of $1 1,000. The church cost $60,- 
 000 when it was erected. There are 350 
 families connected with it, and the number 
 of communicants is 1,200. The Sunday- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 school has 650 pupils. St. Matthew's also 
 maintains a mission at Homestead, organ- 
 ized in 1889 by the Rev. Mr. Hiiber. 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran Jeru- 
 salem Church. 
 
 In the suburb of Gardenville this im- 
 portant congregation was founded about 
 fifty years ago. It is on Belair avenue. Its 
 history has been most prosperous. The 
 edifice is a two-story brick, with Sunday- 
 school rooms Ijelow. The membership of 
 both church and Sunday-school is large. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. Mr. Ruff. 
 
 First United Evangelical Church. 
 
 The Rev. A. Schwartz, D. D., began a 
 new work and erected a new Lutheran 
 church in 1852 on Eastern avenue, be- 
 tween Register and Bank streets. The 
 church building is a two-story brick edifice 
 and the congregation also owns a school 
 house. There are 300 hundred families at- 
 tached to this church, and its membership 
 is over 800. The Sunday-school is also 
 very large. The present pastor is the Rev. 
 F. A. Conradi, who is doing a good work 
 and is greatly beloved. 
 
 Independent St. John's Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 This church was erected about 1870 on 
 West Lombard street extended. It is a 
 two-story brick edifice, and has a strong 
 and vigorous congregation. The large 
 school house owned by the congregation is 
 now used as a public school. A com- 
 fortable and convenient i)arsonage is also 
 owned by this congregation, and is occu- 
 pied by the present efficient pastor, the Rev. 
 Karl P'ritsch. 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran Zion's 
 Church, 
 
 This church is situated on Canton street. 
 Canton, and was erected some twenty-five 
 years ago under the administration ot the 
 Rev. Dr. A. Schwartz. It is a brick build- 
 ing. There is also a good parochial school 
 building owned by the congregation, and 
 a very suitable parsonage was erected in 
 1 897- 1 898 at a cost of $6,000. There are 
 200 families attached to this church and 
 450 conmiunicants. 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran Salem 
 Church. 
 
 On the corner of Randall street and Bat- 
 tery avenue this brick church was erected in 
 1886 under the supervision of the Rev. Wm. 
 Kirshnaff, who served as the first pastor 
 until 1897, when he was succeeded by the 
 present pastor, the Rev. John C. Rudolph. 
 There are 125 families attached to this 
 church and 500 communicants. The con- 
 gregation is full of aiCtivity and is growing 
 rapidly. 
 
 St. Peter's German Independent 
 Lutheran Church. 
 
 A brick church edifice owned by the Bap- 
 tists on the corner of Eager street and 
 Broadway, was purchased in 1886 for a new 
 Lutheran congregation. On November 
 28, 1886, the new congregation was or- 
 ganized by the Rev. Dr. Kaessman, who, 
 after a few years, was succeeded by the Rev. 
 W. Batz. The congregation has grown 
 gradually, and is now in a prosperous con- 
 dition. The present pastor, who succeeded 
 the Rev. Mr. Batz, is the Rev. Jacob Burk- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 351 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran Christ 
 Church. 
 
 ■This church is situated on the corner of 
 Beason and Decatur streets, at Locust 
 Point. The congregation was organized by 
 the Rev. E. Huber, pastor of St. Matthew's 
 Lutheran Church, in 1887, and the church 
 was erected in that year. It is a two-story 
 brick edifice, well suited for religious 
 uses. A suitable parsonage is also owned. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. W. Batz. This 
 church was built in connection with the 
 Emigrant's Mission, and is under the mis- 
 sionary of that institution, who at present is 
 the Rev. H. Dalhof. There are 75 families 
 and 180 communicants attached to this 
 church. 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran St. 
 Matthew's Mission. 
 
 The pastor of St. Matthew's German Lu- 
 theran Church, the Rev. E. Huber, estab- 
 lished this mission at Homestead in 1889, 
 and his congregation still maintains it, un- 
 der the immediate care of the Rev. Karl 
 Bufif. The edifice is of composite character, 
 having a stone basement and a frame struc- 
 ture above. It cost $3,000. There are 75 
 families attached to this mission. 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran Con- 
 cordia Church. 
 In 1893 this church was erected on Wal- 
 brook avenue, near Payson street, under 
 the Rev. J. J. Burkhart. It is growing 
 gradually under the present pastor, the 
 Rev. L. Brendel. Two hundred families 
 are attached to it, and the outlook is en- 
 couraging. 
 
 Synod of Ohio. 
 
 .St. Mark's German Lutheran Church. 
 In the eastern part of the city a congre- 
 
 gation was organized in 1867 on the 3d of 
 November. About sixty heads of families 
 joined in this movement, and met in Broad- 
 way Institute, where the new congregation 
 was immediately organized. They first 
 worshiped in Powhatan Hall, corner of 
 Bond and Pratt streets. A church was 
 built in 1870 corner of Broadway and Fair- 
 mount avenue, and is still the ecclesiastical 
 home of this congregation. The first min- 
 ister in charge was the Rev. W. F. Seeg'er. 
 Until»November 2, 1873, this congregation 
 was affiliated with the Synod of Maryland, 
 but it then withdrew and connected itself 
 with the Synod of Ohio. The edifice is 
 brick, and the congregation is very strong, 
 numbering 600 communicants. The pres- 
 ent pastor, the Rev. John Hoerr, assumed 
 the pastorship in the fall of 1873. 
 
 St. Peter's English Evangelical Lu- 
 theran Church. 
 On August 16, 1874, the Rev. E. L. S. 
 Tressel held a service in St. Mark's German 
 Lutheran Church at night, for the purpose 
 of forming an English Lutheran congrega- 
 tion. There were but few present, but after 
 faithful labors of six months a congregation 
 was organized. Up to this time the services 
 had been held in St. Mark's Lutheran 
 Church. A new brick edifice was erected in 
 1875 at the corner of Fayette street and 
 East street (now Rogers avenue). It was 
 a plain structure. The congregation grew 
 very rapidly, until a larger edifice was 
 necessary, and in 1895 the present hand- 
 some property was built at a cost of $20,- 
 000. It is constructed of granite and con- 
 sists of church, parsonage and Sunday- 
 school building. The communicants at- 
 tached to St. Peter's number 400, and the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Sunday-school has an enrollment of 400. 
 This congregation has grown so rapidly 
 that in its comparatively short history it has 
 established four other congregations, all of 
 which are now independent: Concordia. 
 begun in 1880 and organized independently 
 1887; Martin Luther (organized 1890); 
 Faith (organized 1892); St. James (organ- 
 ized 1894). 
 
 Concordia English Evangelical 
 
 • Lutheran Church. 
 
 A Sunday-school was organized by the 
 -Rev. E. L. Tressel, in a hall on Baltimore 
 and Poppleton streets, in 1880. A congre- 
 gation was gradually gathered and became 
 strong enough to become an independent 
 church in 1887. A small frame chapel had 
 been erected in 1880 on Franklin street, 
 near Arlington avenue. This is still in use. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. A. Pfluger, 
 who was succeeded by the Rev. G. T. 
 Cooper. The present pastor is the Rev. R. 
 E. GoUaday. There are 160 communicants 
 attached to the church, and 150 scholars in 
 attendance upon the Sunday-school. 
 Martin Luther Evangelical Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 In 1890 a goodly number of the members 
 of St. Peter's Lutheran Church were dis- 
 missed for the purpose of organizing an- 
 other congregation. They organized in 
 1890, and erected at once a parsonage, the 
 first floor of which was made into a large 
 room for church purposes. In 1893 a 
 pretty stone edifice was erected beside the 
 parsonage, at the corner of Patterson Park 
 avenue and Orleans street. It cost $16,000. 
 The Rev. D. E. Snajip has been in charge 
 from the beginning. There are 250 conmiu- 
 nicants and 500 Sunday-school scholars. 
 
 Faith Evangelical Lutheran Church. 
 In 1892 twenty-five members of St. 
 Peter's Lutheran Church were dismissed, 
 for the purpose of organizing Faith Luth- 
 eran Church. For a time the new congre- 
 gation w-orshiped in a hall, but in the sec- 
 ond year of its history it erected the present 
 edifice on Wolf and Federal streets. It is 
 but the rear portion of the future church, 
 which will doubtless be completed ere long, 
 as the congregation already numbers 150 
 communicants, and has a Sunday-school of 
 300. The first pastor was the Rev. Edward 
 Loe. The present pastor is the Rev. H. H. 
 Ackler. 
 
 St. James Evangelical Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 This church is also an ofifshoot from St. 
 Peter's Church. In 1894 it was organized 
 by members from the latter, who were dis- 
 missed for this purpose. It purchased a 
 good church property from the Methodists, 
 at the corner of Hanover and Hamburg 
 streets, at the low cost of $3,000. It con- 
 sists of church edifice and parsonage, and 
 is built of brick. The congregation was or- 
 ganized under the Rev. C. A. F. Hufnagle. 
 The present pastor, who succeeded him, is 
 the Rev. W. E. Tressel, a son of the pastor 
 of St. Peter's Lutheran Church. 
 
 I]idcpcndcnt of Synodic Conncctmi. 
 
 Trinity Lutheran Church. 
 Although this is one of the oldest and 
 strongest German congregations in the 
 city, it has no synodic connection: but it 
 still claims to be Lutheran. It was at one 
 time connected with the Synod of Pennsyl- 
 vania. It was organized in 1839, and its 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 large brick edifice is situated on Trinity 
 street, near High street. The first pastor 
 was the Rev. Mr. Guistiniani, who had been 
 a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 The succession of pastors has been as fol- 
 lows: The Rev. Father Heyer, in whose 
 administration the present edifice was 
 bought from the Episcopal Church: the 
 Rev. W. Weyl, who was the founder of St. 
 Matthew's German Lutheran Church: the 
 Rev Mr. Weimann, who went to Germany 
 in 1858 and lost his life in the steamer 
 " Austria;" the Rev. Martin Kratt; the Rev. 
 W. Strobel; the Rev. Jacob Pister; the 
 Rev. Dr. C. F. A. Kaessmann; the Rev. £. 
 Hartmann. The present pastor is the Rev. 
 F. A. Sterger. The membership of the 
 church is very large. 
 
 St. Luke's German Lutheran Church. 
 In 1864 an ofifshoot from St. Stephen's 
 German Lutheran Church organized itself 
 into an independent congregation, under 
 the Rev. L. F. Zimmerman. It worshiped 
 for two years in a chapel on Henrietta street 
 near Eutaw. On this same site the present 
 church edifice was erected in 1866. It is a 
 large brick building, and a school house 
 stands adjacent to it. The membership is 
 700. The present pastor is the Rev. John 
 Wittke, who is a member of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Ministerium. The church, however, 
 is independent. 
 
 Lutheran Institutions. 
 
 AisQuiTH Street Orphanage. 
 
 This institution is not distinctly under the 
 
 control of the Lutheran Church; but it is 
 
 very largely supported by individuals of 
 
 that faith. It is a very large and handsome 
 
 building and accommodates a large number 
 of children. 
 
 Orphanage and Old People's Home. 
 The Missouri Synod of the Lutheran 
 Church maintains this institution on Lex- 
 ington street, near Fremont street. It is in 
 a vigorous condition and is well supported. 
 It is called the Augsberg Home. 
 
 Home for Deaconesses. 
 The congregations of the General Synod 
 have a Home for Deaconesses on North 
 Fulton avenue. 
 
 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church was among the 
 last of the great Protestant denominations 
 to perfect an organization in America; but 
 it is safe to say that no ecclesiastical body 
 has been more instrumental in creating our 
 national character than it. Not only in mat- 
 ters moral and religious have these disciples 
 of Calvin and Knox been prominent, but 
 also in affairs commercial and educational. 
 They possessed and presented those sturdy 
 virtues of purity and piety which alone can 
 make a people great, and to these they add- 
 ed a sublime patriotism. The religious and 
 political victories which they had gained 
 abroad they perpetuated here. Though 
 they came comparatively late to these 
 shores, they made their influence felt when 
 they did come. Nowhere was this more 
 true than here in Baltimore where, for two 
 centuries, the Presbyterians have been fore- 
 most in every municipal as' well as com- 
 mercial advancement. 
 
 Just when or how the Presbyterians first 
 began to settle in Maryland is entirely un- 
 known. Possibly they came hither from 
 Pennslyvania and Delaware, where there 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 appears to have been a goodly number at 
 the dawn of the eighteenth century. The 
 earhest organization of the Presbyterians of 
 America was effected at Philadelphia in 
 1703, and it is to the records of this Mother 
 Presbytery that we must look for the first 
 reference to the Presbyterians of Maryland. 
 It is recorded in the Minutes of September 
 21, 1715: "Mr. James Gordon having pre- 
 sented a call from the people of Baltimore 
 county to Mr. Hugh Conn, the Presbytery 
 called for, considered and approved the said 
 Mr. Conn's credentials, and made arange- 
 ments for his ordination." This, it will be 
 remembered, is fifteen years before the town 
 of Baltimore was founded. Beyond this no 
 historical reference is made to the progress 
 of Presbyterianism in Maryland until 1740, 
 when the Rev. Mr. Whitfield (a clergyman 
 of the Church of England) visited Balti- 
 more, and states that he "found close oppo- 
 sition from the Presbyterians in Baltimore." 
 
 It is impossible to ascertain just when the 
 first congregation of Presbyterians was 
 formed in Baltimore. About the date of the 
 founding of the town (1730) it would appear 
 that they began to settle in this neighbor- 
 hood. Undoubtedly they were widely sep- 
 arated at first, and lacked organic union. 
 They doubtless worshiped in little groups 
 and in private houses and upper rooms, af- 
 ter the manner of the early Christians. For 
 many years they were held together, not by 
 a common ecclesiastical body, but by a 
 common religious belief. 
 
 After Whitfield's reference to the Presby- 
 terians of Baltimore, in 1740, there is no 
 further knowledge of them until 1751, when 
 the Rev. Dr. Bellamy, of New England, 
 visited Baltimore, and found a revival of 
 religion among them there. From this time 
 
 on, the history becomes quite clear and cer- 
 tain. The first Presbyterian minister to 
 visit the town was the Rev. Mr. Whittlesey. 
 This was between 1751 and 1760. How long 
 he remained is not known; but, in all like- 
 lihood, it was for a short period, as the con- 
 gregation was not yet strong enough to 
 support a pastor. In 1760 the Donegal 
 Presbytery appointed Mr. John Steele to 
 preach one Sunday in Baltimore. About 
 this time active measures were taken to or- 
 ganize a congregation. The few who had 
 long resided in or near the town were in- 
 creased by the advent of several Presbyter- 
 ian families from Pennsylvania, and by a 
 like number from Europe. The succinct 
 history of this important step is recorded 
 thus by the first settled minister, the Rev. 
 Mr. Patrick Allison: "In 1776 the advanta- 
 geous situation of the town of Baltimore in- 
 duced a few Presbyterian families to remove 
 here from Pennsylvania, and these, with 
 two or three others of the same persuasion 
 who had migrated directly from Europe, 
 formed themselves into a religious society, 
 and had occasional supplies, assembling in 
 private houses, though liable to persecution 
 on this account, as the province groaned 
 under a religious establishment." 
 
 In this same year of 1761 Rev. Hector 
 Allison preached in Baltimore on several 
 Sundays, and application was made to the 
 Presbytery of New Castle, Delaware, to 
 have him assigned here. A commission was 
 appointed by the Presbytery to consider 
 this application. It visited Baltimore in 
 November of this year, and found the con- 
 gregation so small that it reported adversely 
 upon the ground that the congregation 
 could not support a minister. 
 
 Two years later another attempt was 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 355 
 
 made, and application was this time made 
 to the Presb>-tery of Philadelphia to send 
 the Rev. Patrick Allison to preach to them. 
 This request was granted. Mr. Allison came 
 at once to Baltimore and entered upon the 
 pastorate of the little Presbyterian flock. 
 He found only thirty houses in the town 
 when he arrived, so slow had been the 
 growth of the place in thirty-three years. 
 
 Until 1802 he remained in charge of this 
 congregation, and his administration was 
 attended by great growth and success. Very 
 soon after his advent to Baltimore the con- 
 gregation leased two lots on Fayette street, 
 near Gay, and immediately erected a small 
 log church. Two years later (in 1766) this 
 was sold, and a more suitable lot on tftfe 
 northwest corner of Fayette and North 
 streets was purchased. A plain brick 
 "meeting house" (for so the Presbyterians 
 called their places of worship in those days) 
 was erected thereon, having the dimension 
 of forty-five feet in length and thirty-five 
 feet in width. It contained thirty-six pews. 
 So great was the demand for sittings that all 
 the pews, save two, were immediately 
 rented. In 1771 the edifice was enlarged 
 so as to contain fifty pews. So rapidly did 
 the growth continue that in 1789 this build- 
 ing was found to be too small, and the con- 
 gregation erected a new church edifice on 
 the same site. Two years were required to 
 build it, and when finished, in 1791, it was 
 one of the finest and largest churches in 
 America, having two steeples, and boasting 
 an ample portico supported by four mass- 
 ive, lofty pillars. A parsonage was erected 
 beside the church and a portion of the 
 ground was used as a cemetery. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Allison was succeeded in 
 1802 by the Rev. James Inglis. D. D.. of 
 
 New York, whose election gave such grave 
 offense to a large minority that they seceded 
 from the First Church, and established the 
 Second Presbyterian Church, erecting their 
 church edifice on Baltimore street, at the 
 corner of Lloyd street. 
 
 In 1804 the first regular organization of 
 the First Presbyterian Church, according 
 to the provisions of "The Form of Govern- 
 ment," took place. 
 
 On April i, 1804, five laymen, Messrs. 
 Robert Purviance, David Stewart, Christo- 
 pher Johnston, Ebenezer Finley and George 
 Salmon, having been duly elected as elders 
 of the First Church, were solemnly or- 
 dained and set apart to the said office. The 
 Rev. Dr. Inglis died suddenly on Sunday 
 morning, August 15, 1819. 
 
 In 1820 the Rev. Dr. William Nevins 
 succeeded to the pastorate, and served until 
 1835 with marked success. To him there 
 succeeded, in 1835, one of the most distin- 
 guished ministers the Presbyterian Church 
 has ever known, the Rev. John C. Backus, 
 D. D. His charming personality — tall, 
 dignified and handsome — was united to 
 great intellectual powers, and he speedily 
 won the good will of the city, as well as of 
 his congregation. It was during his re- 
 markable administration of thirty-nine 
 years that the First Church made its most 
 marked progress and built its present hand- 
 some edifice. It was also in his pastorate 
 that numerous colonies went out from the 
 First Church to establish Presbyterian con- 
 gregations in other parts of the city: the 
 Aisquith Street Church in 1843, the Frank- 
 lin Street Church in 1847, and the West- 
 minster Church in 1859. 
 
 In 1852 the question of the removal of 
 the First Church began to be considered, 
 
356 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and in the following year it was decided to 
 sell the old site and to remove to the north- 
 west corner of Park avenue and Madison 
 street, where a large lot was at once ac- 
 quired. In July, 1854, ground was broken 
 for the new edifice, but it was not until five 
 years later that it was ready for occupancy. 
 The final service in the old church was held 
 on the last Sunday of September, 1859, and 
 drew together such a vast concourse of peo- 
 ple that the building could accommodate 
 but a small part of them. It was a most 
 solemn occasion and closed most fittmgly 
 the long and honorable history of the old 
 First Church. The sermon was preached 
 by the Rev. Dr. Backus. The new church 
 is a most imposing edifice, with a stone 
 steeple not to be equaled in America and 
 hardly to be surpassed in the world. The 
 style of the architecture is the decorated 
 Gothic. From time to time it has been 
 enriched with beautiful stained glass win- 
 dows, erected as loving memorials of the 
 departed members of the church. It is 
 justly considered the leading Presbyterian 
 church of the South, and has always been 
 noted for its wealth and its liberality. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Backus was elected Pastor 
 Emeritus in 1875, and was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Dr. James T. Leftwich, who con- 
 tinued the marked prosperity of the con- 
 gregation until 1894, when, owing to failing 
 health, he was obliged to resign his import- 
 ant charge. He, too, was made Pastor 
 Emeritus. He was a man of marked ability 
 and was greatly revered by all who knew 
 him. He died in 1897. In his day the con- 
 gregation maintained its liberal gifts and 
 its charitable works. It also purchased one 
 of Rosevclt's best organs and placed it in 
 
 the gallery of the church. It is quite e(iual 
 to any in the city. 
 
 The Rev. Jere Witherspoon, D. D., was 
 next elected to the pastorate. He remained 
 in charge but a few years and then resigned 
 to accept a call to Richmond, Va., in 1897. 
 The present membership is 623. The 
 church maintains an Orphanage for Girls, 
 known as the Egenton Orphanage, at the 
 corner of Madison avenue and Preston 
 street. An attempt is now being made to 
 remove it to the country. This will doubt- 
 less be done in the near future. This is 
 the only charitable institution under the 
 control of the Presbyterian Church in the 
 city. 
 
 Second Presbyterian Church. 
 
 This important church sprang from the 
 division which arose in the First Church 
 over the election of the Rev. Dr. Inglis in 
 1802 to its pastorate. Its history has been 
 a vigorous and prosperous one down to the 
 present date. The first edifice at the south- 
 west corner of Baltimore and Lloyd streets 
 was a very plain building. The Rev. Dr. 
 Glendry, who resided near Staunton, Va., 
 was called to the pastorate and inaugurated 
 that era of prosperity which has now con- 
 tinued for almost a century. The church 
 has always had a very large Sunday-school 
 and maintained numerous charitable organ- 
 izations. In 1850, under the pastorate of 
 Rev. Dr. Smith, the present church was 
 built on the old site. Its pastors have been 
 notable men and exercised a wide influence. 
 The succession has been as follows: The 
 Rev. John Breckinridge, D. D., and his 
 brother, the Rev. R. T. Breckinridge, D. D.; 
 the Rev. Lewis Green, D. D., the Rev. Jo- 
 seph T. Smith, D. D., the Rev. G. P. Hayes, 
 D. D., the Rev. Dr. Edwards, the Rev. Dr. 
 
.^^^ £^ 
 
 X 
 
 ^^. x^. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 357 
 
 Fulton, the Rev. Dr. Alex. Proudfit. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. R. Howard Tay- 
 lor. The membership is 316. 
 
 Third Presbyterian Church. 
 In 1819 a new church, bearing the above 
 name, was organized on Eutaw street. It 
 had a checkered and precarious existence 
 until 1830, when the Rev. Dr. Musgrave 
 became the pastor. Under him it seemed 
 to thrive. But it gradually declined, though 
 persisting through many hard struggles, 
 until 1 86 1, when the congregation dissolved 
 and the members attached themselves to 
 the Central Church. 
 
 Fourth or Franklin Square Presby- 
 terian Church. 
 Several devout laymen purchased several 
 lots on Baltimore street near Schroeder 
 street in 1833, which they dedicated to 
 church purposes. These men were Messrs. 
 Alexander Brown, George Brown, Alexan- 
 der Fridge. Largely by their aid an edifice 
 was partly constructed. The first pastor 
 was the Rev. S. Guiteau, who gathered a 
 small congregation and Sunday-school, but 
 who relinquished the enterprise after six 
 months. The church was closed for several 
 years, when the Rev. George D. Purviance 
 took charge and completed the building, 
 furnishing it in a neat and tasteful manner. 
 He was succeeded by the Rev. J. A. Le- 
 fevre, D. D. In 1866 the church on West 
 Baltimore street was abandoned and tne 
 present edifice on Franklin Square was 
 erected. This congregation severed its ec- 
 clesiastical relation to the Presbytery of Bal- 
 timore in 1865 and united with the Presby- 
 terian Church South in 1867. The present 
 pastor is the Rev. W. H. Woods. The mem- 
 bership is 185. 
 
 AisQuiTH Street Presbyteri.\n Church. 
 This church was organized on January 
 9, 1844. Its existence is due to the efforts 
 of the Rev. Dr. Robert J. Breckinridge, D. 
 D., the pastor of the Second Presbyterian 
 Church, and Rev. Dr. Backus, pastor of the 
 First Presbyterian Church. These pastors 
 advised certain members of their respective 
 congregations, living in the neighborhood 
 of Aisquith street, to organize themselves 
 into a new church. A lot was secured on 
 Aisquith and Edward streets and a brick 
 edifice erected in 1844. The congregation 
 originally consisted of forty-seven mem- 
 bers, but it grew rapidly. A pastor was 
 elected on March 29, 1844, in the person 
 of the Rev. Robert W. Dunlap. He was 
 installed on October loth, and continued 
 pastor until June 25, 1850. For eighteen 
 months the church was without a pastor, 
 after which the Rev. Thomas Warren serv- 
 ed from December 11, 1851, to June 21, 
 1853. There was another vacancy of about 
 a year, when the Rev. David T. Carnahan 
 was installed on May 4, 1854. He remained 
 until OctoDer i, 1861. He added 203 per- 
 sons to the church. The Rev. J. G. Ham- 
 ner, D. D., served as a supply for a year, 
 until the Rev. J. S. Stuchell was installed 
 on November 20, 1862. He served the con- 
 gregation with great acceptance until Feb- 
 ruary 27, 1867. The Rev. J. S. Ramsey was 
 next in charge from July 11, 1867, to De- 
 cember 19, 1871. He added 112 persons to 
 the church. For a year the church was 
 without a pastor, but on May 20, 1873, the 
 Rev. S. D. Noyes was installed and con- 
 tinued as pastor until July 29, 1879, adding 
 96 persons to the church. Next in charge 
 was the Rev. George D. Buchanan, who 
 greatly advanced the prosperity of the con- 
 
358 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 gregation. Early in 1880 a proposition was 
 made by the "German Reformed Zion Con- 
 gregation" to the Aisquith Presbyterian 
 Church to exchange properties. This was 
 done and the first sermon in their new 
 home was preached by the Rev. Dr. Backus 
 on November 14, 1880. It is situated on 
 Aisquith street near Orleans street, and is 
 a fine brick edifice. In March, 1889, the 
 present pastor, the Rev. J. Addison Smith, 
 D. D., assumed charge and continues the 
 prosperity of the congregation. The mem- 
 bership is 260. The congregation also owns 
 a Manse, which is situated on Aisquith 
 street. 
 
 Broadway Presbyterian Church. 
 Like many other congregations this was 
 the natural outgrowth of a Sunday-school, 
 which was started in a house at the south- 
 east corner of Ann and Lancaster streets, 
 at Fell's Point, in January, 1834. Several 
 attempts were made to organize a church, 
 but these were not successful until October, 
 1843. At this time the Second Presbyterian 
 Church, under the pastorate of the Rev. Dr. 
 Breckinridge, began to manifest a deep in- 
 terest in the setting up of a new congrega- 
 tion at Fell's Point. This was so successful 
 that on August 13, 1844, the corner-stone 
 of a new Presbyterian Church was laid at 
 the southwest corner of Market and Gough 
 streets. While the new church was being 
 built it was popularly called the "Fell's 
 Point" Church; but upon completion the 
 new congregation was organized under the 
 name of the "Broadway Church." Seven- 
 teen members enrolled themselves as mem- 
 bers at a meeting held in the new church 
 on March 29, 1846. The church was in- 
 corporated May 7, 1846, and was opened 
 
 for service on the second Sunday in Janu- 
 ary, 1847, the Rev. Dr. Backus, pastor of 
 the First Presbyterian Church, preaching 
 the sermon. It cost about $14,000. The 
 first pastor was the Rev. Thomas E. Peck, 
 D. D., who served eleven years most suc- 
 cessfully. In 1858 he became pastor of the 
 Central Presbyterian Church and was suc- 
 ceeded, after a year's vacancy, by the Rev. 
 Frederick W. Brauns. He served only two 
 years. From 1861 to 1867 the church had 
 no settled pastor, but was supplied by sev- 
 eral ministers. The afTairs of the congrega- 
 tion fell to a low state. On April 11, 1867, 
 the Rev. J. J. Cole was installed pastor and 
 advanced the prosperity of the congregation 
 in every particular until 1870, when he was 
 succeeded by the Rev. John McCoy, who 
 was installed July 22, 1871. In December, 
 1872, he resigned. On April 9, 1873, the 
 Rev. John L. Fulton became pastor and re- 
 mained four years. During his administra- 
 tion a parsonage was bought and paid for, 
 principally by a member of the First Pres- 
 byterian Church. On July i, 1877, the Rev. 
 George E. Jones, D. D., entered upon the 
 pastorate. He found only eighty members, 
 but his faithful ministry soon instilled new 
 life and introduced a new era. In 1883 the 
 Sunday-school rooms were remodeled and 
 improved. The growth of the congregation 
 was so marked that by 1887 a new 
 church was necessary. A lot on Baltimore 
 street, just east of Broadway, was pur- 
 chased for $9,500, and the corner-stone 
 of the new edifice laid on July 9, 1887. 
 Subscriptions were received from the Pres- 
 bytery, from various churches and from in- 
 dividuals. It cost $32,000, and was ready 
 for use in April. 1888. The Rev. Dr. Jones 
 was the pastur for seventeen years and built 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 359 
 
 up a strong self-sustaining congregation. 
 Its present marked prosperity is largely due 
 to him. He ceased his duties on the last 
 Sunday of December, 1894, and became 
 stated clerk of the Presbytery of Baltimore. 
 He died in the early part of 1898. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. William J. 
 Rowans, and the membership is quite large. 
 Fraxklin Street Presbyterian Church. 
 This very important congregation was in- 
 corporated April 3, 1844. Its members 
 came chiefly from the First Presbyterian 
 Church. Upon the election of its trustees 
 they purchased the present lot on the north- 
 west corner of Franklin and Cathedral 
 streets, and proceeded to erect a church 
 edifice. On the 22d of February, 1847, it 
 was dedicated. The first building was about 
 two-thirds of the length of the present edi- 
 fice. On the 25th of March the Presby- 
 tery of Baltimore formally organized the 
 new church. It began with a membership 
 of fifty-one persons. The Rev. William S. 
 Plumer, D. D., of Richmond, was elected 
 pastor the following month and entered at 
 once upon his duties. The congregation 
 grew so rapidly that when a new enterprise, 
 to be known as the Westminster Church, 
 was started in 1852, thirty-five members of 
 the Franklin Street Church were dismissed 
 to render that movement successful. The 
 Rev. Dr. Plumer resigned in 1854 and there 
 was a vancancy in the pastorate for one 
 year, when the Rev. N. C. Burt, D. D., of 
 Springfield, O., was elected and installed on 
 the i8th of July. In 1859 the Manse was 
 erected at the rear of the church. In i860 
 the Rev. Dr. Burt resigned and was suc- 
 ceeded, nine months later, by the Rev. J- 
 J. Bullock. D. D., of Kentucky. In 1866 
 the congregation decided to sever its ec- 
 
 clesiastical relations with the Presbytery of 
 Baltimore, and the Session was directed to 
 form a connection "with other Presbyterian 
 churches in the United States having the 
 same faith and belief, and adopting the same 
 standards of the Presbyterian Church." 
 This resulted in the union of the congrega- 
 tion in a movement to organize a new Pres- 
 bytery, called the Synod of Patapsco. in 
 connection with the Synod of Mrginia and 
 the General Assembly of the Southern Pres- 
 byterian Church. In 1867 the Synod of 
 Virginia erected a new Presbytery, known 
 as the Presbytery of Maryland, with which 
 the Franklin Street Church is now related. 
 In June of 1869 the Rev. W. U. Murkland, 
 D. D., of Virginia, was elected to become 
 assistant pastor and entered on his duties 
 the 1st of January, 1870. Two months later 
 the Rev. Dr. Bullock resigned. The Rev. 
 Dr. Murkland was immediately elected pas- 
 tor, and on the 4th of June was installed. 
 He has remained in charge of this promi- 
 nent congregation ever since and has served 
 longer than any minister now on duty in 
 the city, having been pastor for twenty- 
 seven years. This is practically the only 
 charge he has ever had. During his ad- 
 ministration the church edifice has been 
 greatly enlarged and embellished, and the 
 congregation increased to a membership of 
 667 members, notwithstanding the many 
 dismissals to other churches, to the number 
 of at least four hundred. The congregation 
 is by far the strongest and most important 
 one attached to the Southern Presbyterian 
 Church, not only in Baltimore, but in the 
 country. 
 
 In 1887 this congregation purchased a 
 lot from the Methodists, on whicli was a 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 church building, on the southwest corner 
 of Maryland and Huntingdon avenues, and 
 there was organized in October, 1887, the 
 "Maryland Avenue Presbyterian Church." 
 The new congregation was composed of 
 thirty members of the Franklin Street 
 Church, who were dismissed for that pur- 
 pose, and a few others. Subsequently twen- 
 ty-two more were dismissed to the same 
 congregation. The property of the Mary- 
 land Avenue Church is o^\■ned bv the 
 Franklin Street Church. 
 
 Westminster Presbyterian Church. 
 By the union of several families of the 
 First Presbyterian Church and several from 
 the Franklin Street Church this congrega- 
 tion began its history in 1852 in its present 
 edifice, which is situated at the southeast 
 corner of Fayette and Greene streets. It 
 has been wisely and successfully adminis- 
 tered from the first, though it is now be- 
 ginning to feel the efifect of the removal of 
 many of its members to other parts of the 
 city which are more attractive. Business is 
 beginning to encroach upon its neighbor- 
 hood most seriously. An unusual interest 
 has been attached to this church because 
 its large burial-ground, formerly the burial- 
 ground of the First Presbyterian Church, 
 contains the bodies of many of the most 
 prominent citizens Baltimore has had in the 
 jjast. Among them is Edgar Allen Poe, 
 whose tomb is at the front corner of the 
 lot. The first pastor was the Rev. Dr. Wil- 
 liam Hoge. He was succeeded by the Rev. 
 Dr. Cyrus Dickson, the Rev. Dr. Marquis, 
 the Rev. Dr. Wilson. The present pastor 
 is the Rev. John L. .-Vllison. Membership, 
 343- 
 
 Central Presbyterian Church. 
 Among the strongest Presbyterian 
 churches of Baltimore is to be ranked the 
 Central Church. Its history covers almost 
 half a century, its organization having been 
 effected in 1853. The first pastor was the 
 Rev. Dr. Stuart Robinson, who had been 
 pastor of the old Associate Reformed 
 Church on Fayette street. After a short 
 pastorate there he resigned to return to 
 work in the Presbyterian Church. About 
 seventy members of the Associate Reformed 
 Church went with him and, together with 
 thirteen others, formed themselves into a 
 new Presbyterian congregation. A com- 
 modious hall on Hanover street was pro- 
 cured for temporary use, and steps were 
 taken to erect a church immediately. This 
 was done on the corner of Saratoga and 
 Liberty streets, and in 1855 the edifice was 
 ready for use. The entire expenditure for 
 lot and edifice amounted to $63,000. In 
 1856 Doctor Robinson resigned to accept a 
 professorship in Danville Theological Semi- 
 nary. Under his ministry the membersliip 
 increased from 83 to 257, a remarkable 
 growth. After several fruitless calls the 
 congregation secured the Rev. Dr. Thomas 
 E. Peck, who had been pastor of the Broad- 
 way Church, as its pastor. After two years' 
 incumbency he resigned in i860 to accept 
 a professorship in Union Theological Semi- 
 nary, Virginia. The membership had de- 
 clined under his pastorate to 179. The Rev. 
 Silas G. Dunlap next served for only one 
 year. The congregation was burdened with 
 a heavy debt and greatly discouraged, and 
 dissolution was openly debated. But by 
 heroic effort the floating debt was dis- 
 charged and the permanent debt fully pro- 
 vided for. Wliercupon the Rev. Dr. Joseph 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 361 
 
 T. Smith assumed the pastorate and con- 
 tinued to serve the congregation with sig- 
 nal success until 1894, when he was com- 
 pelled to resign its active duties owing to 
 the increasing infirmities of old age. In 
 1873 the General Assembly of the Presby- 
 terian Church in the United States met in 
 the Central Church. In July of that year 
 the church was destroyed by the great fire 
 which swept over that section of the city. 
 A public hall was used for a time. It was 
 determined to seek a new site, and the 
 Third Presbyterian Church united itself 
 with the Central Church on this condition. 
 The present lot on Eutaw Place, near Dol- 
 phin street, was selected and a handsome 
 chapel erected in 1874. The beautiful and 
 stately church was erected subsequently and 
 a strong congregation has gradually been 
 gathered into it. The Rev. Dr. Smith was 
 so beloved by his people that they would 
 not dissolve the relations which had so long 
 bound them, but made him Pastor Emeritus 
 upon his resignation in 1894. He has been 
 highly honored for many years throughout 
 the whole Presbyterian Church of the land, 
 and has received an election to the Mod- 
 eratorship of the General Assembly and to 
 other positions of trust in this body. 
 
 The Rev. Hugh K. Walter was pastor 
 from 1894 to 1897, when he resigned to ac- 
 cept a call to Los Angeles, Cal. The pres- 
 ent membership of the congregation is 
 about four hundred. 
 The Memorial Presbyterian Church. 
 
 In May, 1881, the Rev. J. Wynne Jones, 
 then pastor of Tome Street Presbyterian 
 Church at Canton, organized a Sunday- 
 school and established preaching at High- 
 land with gratifying success. The demand 
 
 for larger church accommodations became 
 apparent. A large lot was selected for a 
 church at the corner of Bank street and 
 Highland avenue and purchased through 
 the liberality of Mr. John S. Gilman and 
 Gen. George S. Brown. 
 
 In 1882 a beautiful church building of 
 large dimensions was erected through the 
 liberality of Mr. and Mrs. Horace Abbott, 
 at a cost of about $29,000, and was named 
 Abbott Chapel in honor of the donors. On 
 the evening of November 30, 1882, the 
 church was organized by the Presbytery of 
 Baltimore, with twenty-six members from 
 Tome Street Church. On December 10, 
 1883, the Rev. J. Wynne Jones was in- 
 stalled as pastor by the Presbytery of Bal- 
 timore. Since then the church has increas- 
 ed rapidly in numbers and influence, and 
 for many years it has been self-sustaining. 
 The present membership is 240; Sabbath- 
 school about 400. It has also a library and 
 reading room of 7,000 volumes and 118 cur- 
 rent periodicals, and the rooms are open 
 daily till 10 p. m. for the benefit of the com- 
 munity without regard to sect or creed. 
 
 In 1884 a beautiful parsonage was built 
 at a cost of about $8,000, through the great 
 kindness and liberality of Mr. and Mrs. John 
 S. Gilman. The entire cost of grounds, 
 church and Manse was about $43,000. 
 
 Hampden Presp.yterian Church. 
 About 1873 a meeting of Presbyterians 
 living at Hampden was held in the house 
 of Mr. Anderson. A congregation was or- 
 ganized. A church was built in 1874 and 
 is still used. It is of stone. The first pastor 
 was the Rev. John Fox. The present pastor 
 is the Rev. Richard L. Meily, and the mem- 
 bership is 170. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Faith Presbyterian Church. 
 The burial-ground of the Second Presby- 
 terian Church was, when orig-inally pur- 
 chased, far outside the city Hmits to the 
 northeast. It was named after the first pas- 
 tor and called the "Glendy Burying 
 Ground." It was afterwards made over to 
 the Presbyterian Association so as to secure 
 its permanent preservation. The growth of 
 the city in this direction a quarter of a cen- 
 tury ago led the First Presbyterian Church 
 to establish a Sunday-school on a corner 
 opposite the burying-ground on Sunday, 
 February 6, 1876. It was begun in a three- 
 story brick building, and on April i8th the 
 first preaching service was held. The mis- 
 sion was called the "Faith Chapel." It grew 
 so rapidly that a new building was required 
 within a year. Permission was secured from 
 the association to erect a frame chapel on 
 the Glendy Burying Ground. It cost $4,- 
 000, and on January 6th it was set apart 
 for worship. By this time the Sunday- 
 school had grown to 459. The Rev. John 
 P. Campbell entered upon charge of the 
 mission June 2, 1878, and has continued in 
 office ever since, doing faithful service and 
 seeing marvelous advance. In the latter 
 part of 1879 the chapel was greatly enlarged 
 at a cost of $2,500, and on Sunday, Feb- 
 ruary 6, 1880, it was ready for use. The 
 Sunday-school had grown to 1,250 mem- 
 Ijers. In 1885 the Iniilding was again en- 
 larged. In 1887 the school numbered 1,629 
 officers and scholars. In 1883 the erection 
 of the present handsome stone church was 
 begun. It was completed in 1884 and the 
 dedication took place on Thanksgiving 
 Day, 1884. It cost $40,000. The beautiful 
 
 spire 
 Bnnv 
 
 isq. 
 
 built in 1885 by George S. 
 a memorial to his mother. 
 
 Mrs. Isabella Brown. On November 8, 
 1886, Faith Chapel became independent of 
 the First Church, and organized itself as 
 Faith Church with 265 members. In the 
 fall Faith Church started a mission for the 
 benefit of the Bohemians and Moravians. 
 Services were held in Faith Chapel. In 
 1890 the Bohemian and Presbyterian 
 Church was organized. In 1895 it began 
 its independent existence and took steps 
 to erect its own church. This was done in 
 1898. In 1892 the Faith Church was in- 
 corporated, and the Association transferred 
 to it the Glendy Burying Ground in 1896. 
 The membership of the church in 1896 was 
 587, and of the Sunday-school 1.154. 
 TwELETH Presbyterian Church. 
 
 On West Franklin street, in the year 
 1853, a plain brick edifice was erected by 
 members of the First Church and the 
 Franklin Street Church and the Westmin- 
 ster Church, who lived in that neighbor- 
 hood. It has had a hard struggle and at 
 times bitter strife, so that its progress has 
 iu5t been great in spiritual things. Its pres- 
 ent pastor is the Rev. D. Burchard Greigg, 
 D. D. The membership is 312. 
 
 Madison Street Church (Colored). 
 
 This congregation was organized in 1842 
 as a mission. For several years it nSet in 
 what was known as "Werfield Church," 
 which was situated on the rear of the old 
 City Spring lot where the City Hospital 
 now stands on Calvert street. The present 
 brick edifice on Madison street, near Park 
 avenue, was purchased from the Baptists, 
 and after some improvements was named 
 the Madison Street Presbyterian Church. 
 This was in 1853. The congregation is 
 among the strongest colored congregations 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in the South and has many members con- 
 spicuous for their abiUt}' and prosperity. 
 Its first pastor was a white man, but all the 
 Others have been colored men. The pres- 
 ent efficient and acceptable minister is the 
 Rev. 'William H. Weaver. Among its past 
 pastors was the Rev. B. K. Bruce, after- 
 wards United States Senator from Louis- 
 iana and now Register of the United States 
 Treasury. The membership is 212. 
 
 South Church, or Light Street Pres- 
 byterian Church. 
 A sore need began to be felt for a Pres- 
 byterian church in the southern section of 
 the city, and in 1853 a Sunday-school was 
 opened in Armstrong's Hall on Federal 
 Hill. The first pastor was Rev. J. H. Kauf- 
 man, 1853 to i860. The church was dedi- 
 cated June 10, 1855, on Light street near 
 Montgomery. It is a neat and substantial 
 edifice of brick. The congregation was in- 
 corporated in 1856 and has experienced a 
 slow but sure growth. On November 3, 
 1871, the name was changed from "South" 
 to "Light Street Church." It has a wide 
 territory, being the only Presbyterian 
 church in that section of the city. The 
 Rev. William L. Everitt is the present pas- 
 tor. The membership is 207; the Sunday- 
 school has 305 scholars. The congregation 
 owns a comfortable parsonage on William 
 street. 
 
 Grace Presbyterian Church (Colored). 
 A mission for colored people was organ- 
 ized in 1870 by the First Church. Its pres- 
 ent brick edifice on the corner of Dolphin 
 and Etting streets was at once erected. The 
 congregation was organized in 1881. Faith- 
 ful ministrations of its pastors have grad- 
 
 ually attracted an active congregation. To- 
 day it is in a good condition under the care 
 of the Rev. E. C. Eggleston. The mem- 
 bership is 95. 
 
 Brown Memorial Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 The most important church erected by 
 the Presbyterians in the last half century 
 is the Brown Memorial on the southwest 
 corner of Park and Lafayette avenues. It 
 was built in 1870- 1S71 by Mrs. George 
 Brown as a memorial to her husband, who 
 was one of the best and ablest men Balti- 
 more has ever known. The church, with 
 Manse on the south and chapel on the west, 
 is built of white marble, and the whole forms 
 one of the best ecclesiastical properties in 
 the city. The total cost was $130,000. A 
 mural tablet on one of the inner walls bears 
 the name of "George Brown," while on the 
 opposite side of the pulpit a similar tablet 
 has been erected bearing the name of the 
 donor, "Isabella Brown." This church has 
 enjoyed from the very beginning the very 
 greatest prosperity, due chiefly to the un- 
 usual men who have filled its pastorate. 
 The first was a man of distinguished ability 
 as a preacher, the Rev. J. S. Jones, who 
 served faithfully and well for fifteen years, 
 and who only resigned because of failing 
 health. He was succeeded by the Rev. 
 Frank Gunsaulus, D. D., now of Chicago, 
 whose remarkable powers rendered the pul- 
 pit of this favored church most attractive. 
 His administration was short — about two 
 years — but most successful. The Rev. M. 
 D. Babcock, D. D., the present pastor, suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Gunsaulus and has maintained 
 the church at its usual height of efificiency 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and prosperity, and also won for himself a 
 good name throughout the city. He has re- 
 sisted several tempting offers to go else- 
 where. The membership is now the largest 
 of any Presbyterian church in the city, num- 
 bering 760 communicants. The Sunday- 
 school is also very large. 
 
 Under the present administration the 
 Park Presbyterian Church was erected a 
 few years ago on the corner of North and 
 Madison avenues. 
 Knox Presbyterian Church (Colored). 
 
 A congregation of colored Presbyterians 
 was organized in East Baltimore in 1877. 
 A church was erected on Aisquith street in 
 that year, but in 1890 the present site on 
 Colvin street between Hillen and Front 
 streets was secured and a new edifice erect- 
 ed. The membership is thirty-one, and the 
 present pastor is the Rev. A. S. Gray. 
 
 Canton Presbyterian Church. 
 This church was first organized in 1878 
 under the name of the "Tome Street Pres- 
 byterian Church," so called from the street 
 on which it is situated. Later it took the 
 present title of the Canton Presbyterian 
 Church. The present pastor is the Rev. 
 Thomas W. Pulham. 
 
 Lafayette Square Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 This very important Presbyterian church, 
 situated in the western part of the city on 
 the square from which it takes its name, has 
 known a prosperous existence ever since 
 its erection in the year 1880. The church 
 is a handsome stone edifice, in the Gothic 
 style of architecture, and adds much to the 
 beauty of its surroundings. The first pastor 
 — a most efiicient man — was tlie Rev. Mr. 
 
 McLanahan. The congregation is very 
 strong and aggressive, and its Sunday- 
 school is also large and efficient. The num- 
 ber of communicants is 376. The present 
 pastor is the Rev. Llewellyn Fulmer. 
 
 Boundary Avenue Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 On the southeast corner of Boundary 
 (now called North) avenue and St. Paul 
 street a very handsome stone church was 
 erected in the year 1881. The style of archi- 
 tecture is Gothic and the stone is white mar- 
 ble. Both in exterior and interior it is a 
 most pleasing edifice. The congregation 
 is strong and now numbers 378 communi- 
 cants. The first pastor was the Rev. Dr. 
 Purvis. The Rev. F. E. Williams is now 
 in charge and the church is in a most pros- 
 perous condition. Situated as it is in a pop- 
 ular part of the city, and with its very hand- 
 some property, its future seems assured. 
 The Fulton Avenue Presbyterian 
 
 Church. 
 This church grew out of a work begun 
 by the Presbyterian Association of Balti- 
 more. Early in 1886 the Association leased 
 a lot at the corner of Fulton and Riggs ave- 
 nue. The few nearest churches (Brown 
 ^Memorial, Lafayette Square, Westminster 
 and the Twelfth) undertook the support of 
 a Sabbath-school and the maintenance of 
 such services as might seem advisable. In 
 November, 1886, a church was organized, 
 with twenty-five members and one ruling 
 elder, .\fter May, 1887, Brown Memorial 
 Church alone continued to give financial 
 aid. In June, 1829, the Fulton avenue con- 
 gregation became self-supporting. In 1897 
 nearly 350 communicants were enrolled, 
 with a Sabbath-school of nearly 450, the 
 
4C^^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 367 
 
 latter including fifty Chinamen. The Rev. 
 Edward H. Robbins was placed in charge 
 of the church in May, 1886, and still con- 
 tinues to do most effective work at the pres- 
 ent time. 
 
 Waverly Presbyterian Church. 
 This church was organized in the suburb 
 of Waverly October 16, 1887, with twenty- 
 seven members. Its first pastor was the 
 Rev. William Gumming, who served from 
 Xovember 9, 1887, to June 24, 1891. The 
 church was dedicated on October 21, 1888. 
 The Rev. Alfred Evans was pastor from 
 April, 1892, to April, 1896, when he was 
 succeeded by the first pastor, the Rev. Mr. 
 Cumming, who is still in charge. The 
 membership is 220. 
 
 Church of the Covenant.' 
 This church is situated in the southwest 
 portion of the city on Hollins and Strieker 
 streets. It was organized November 29, 
 1889, at a hall corner Fulton and Pratt 
 streets, and has known a steady growth. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. W. L. Austin, 
 who died while in charge in 1896. The pres- 
 ent pastor is the Rev. H. S. Graham. The 
 congregation owns a parsonage at 212 
 North Carey street. The membership is 
 ISO- 
 Maryland Avenue Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 This congregation is a child of the Frank- 
 lin Street Church, and is attached to the 
 Southern Presbyterian Church. In 1887 its 
 present site, corner of Maryland and Hunt- 
 ingdon avenues, was purchased from the 
 Huntingdon Avenue il. E. Church bv the 
 Franklin street congregation. A plain 
 brick church edifice stood upon it. In 1894 
 
 this was remodeled at an expenditure of 
 $20,000. It is now a very attractive build- 
 ing both within and without. The property 
 is still held by the Franklin Street Church, 
 which has fostered the new enterprise in 
 every possible way. Under the efficient 
 ministry of the Rev. J. A. Vance this con- 
 gregation has speedily grown until it now 
 numbers 322 members — a remarkable 
 growth in ten years. Its future seems most 
 promising, as its situation is most advan- 
 tageous. A handsome Manse adjoins the 
 church on Maryland avenue. 
 
 Bohemian and Moravian Presbyteri.^n 
 Church. 
 
 In the fall of 1886 Faith Presbyterian 
 Church began to hold services for the bene- 
 fit of the Bohemians and Moravians in the 
 city. These were held in the Faith Chapel 
 and gradually attracted sufficient numbers 
 to warrant an organization, which was ef- 
 fected on January 26, 1890, by the Rev. Vin- 
 cent Pisek, pastor of the Bohemian Pres- 
 byterian Church, New York. He adminis- 
 tered the Lord's Supper to seventy-five 
 communicants. On April 22d the Bo- 
 hemian and Moravian Presbyterian Church 
 was organized by the Presbytery of Bal- 
 timore. The first pastor was the Rev. 
 Vaclav Losa. He was succeeded by the 
 Rev. Vaclav Vanek, the present pastor. 
 This congregation has had the free use of 
 the Faith Chapel, but a suitable lot has been 
 purchased for a church by the Presbyterian 
 Association. It will doubtless be erected 
 in the present year, 1898. 
 Crisp Memorial Presbyterian Church, 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 In the year 1890 Mr. Richard O. Crisp, 
 a member of the Central Presbyterian 
 
368 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Church, died and left in his will $50,000 for 
 the erection of a church in Brooklyn. A 
 prominent site was selected and a very 
 handsome stone church and parsonage 
 erected thereon. His widow, upon their 
 completion, endowed the property to the 
 amount of $20,000. The congregation was 
 organized in 1893. The Central Church 
 holds the title to the property, but the 
 church is under charge of its own officers. 
 The pastor is the Rev. T. L. Springer, who 
 is faithfully administering his trust and ad- 
 vancing the welfare of the community as 
 well as of the congregation. The member- 
 ship is twenty-eight. 
 
 RiDGELY Street Presbyterian Church. 
 The Central Presbyterian Church organ- 
 ized a mission on Ridgely street in 1863 and 
 conducted it as such for a number of years. 
 In 1892 it was organized as a congregation. 
 It is progressing very well and has a bright 
 prospect for usefulness and success before 
 it under the care of the Rev. E. E. Weaver, 
 who has been in charge of it from the be- 
 ginning. The membership is 212, and the 
 number of Sunday-school scholars is 641. 
 Reid Memorial Hope Institute. 
 Mr. Andrew Reid, a member of the First 
 Presbyterian Church, erected this beautiful 
 stone and brick edifice in 1895 as a mem- 
 orial to a deceased daughter. It is situated 
 on Madison street near Harford avenue, 
 and is doing a very good work in a densely 
 populated portion of the city. The Sunday- 
 school, as well as the congregation, is grow- 
 ing into goodly proportions under the min- 
 istry of the Rev. William Caldwell. The 
 membership of the church is 202. 
 
 This chapel is still a mission of the First 
 Presbyterian Church, liy which it was 
 
 started about ten years ago under the name 
 of "The Hope Institute." A kindergarten, 
 classes for instruction and various charita- 
 ble organizations are maintained. A "Res- 
 cue Mission," at the corner of Mott and 
 Ensor streets, was begun in 1896, as part 
 of the work of the Reid Memorial. 
 Park Presbyterian Church. 
 A few years ago the Brown Memorial 
 Church established a mission on the corner 
 of Madison and North avenues. The Rev. 
 George L. Curtis was placed in charge. The 
 work grew rapidly, and the congregation 
 was organized in 1893. A stone edifice was 
 erected and the church is now self-support- 
 ing. The Rev. Mr. Curtis is still in charge. 
 St. Helena Presbyterian Church. 
 The St. Helena Sunday-school was or- 
 ganized on January 9, 1896, at the house 
 of Mr. J. W. Fahnestock. It was at first 
 under the Methodist Church, but owing to 
 a disagreement with the pastor of the Pat- 
 apsco M. E. Church it became independent, 
 and on July 22d it unanimously voted to 
 unite with the Presbyterian Church. The 
 Rev. W. C. Maloy became interested in it 
 during the fall and held services. On Oc- 
 tober 6, 1897, the Rev. Mr. Maloy present- 
 ed to the Presbytery a petition containing 
 the names of twenty persons pledging them- 
 selves to become members of St. Helena 
 Church, and asking to be formed into a 
 church. On October 14th the congregation 
 was organized under the present name with 
 twenty members. On November 23d the 
 foundation for a church was begun and the 
 edifice will be ready for use early in 1898. 
 The Rev. Mr. Maloy has been elected pas- 
 tor and will doubtless be installed by the 
 Presbytery after its meeting in April of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1898. St. Helena is a suburb of the city, a 
 few miles to the south. 
 
 Walbrook Presbyterian Church. 
 
 On January 13, 1898, this church was 
 organized by a committee of the Presbytery 
 of Baltimore. Its minister is the Rev. Rob- 
 ert H. Williams, D. D. Services are held 
 in the Union Sunda)'-school building, cor- 
 ner of Clifton avenue and Eleventh street. 
 A church building will doubtless be erected 
 in the near future. 
 
 THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL 
 CHURCH. 
 
 Methodism came to Maryland in 1760 in 
 the person of Robert Strawbridge. He was 
 a Wesleyan lay preacher from Ireland and 
 settled upon Sam's or Pipe creek, in Fred- 
 erick county. He opened his house for 
 preaching as soon as he could get his fam- 
 ily arranged, and preached therein regu- 
 larly on Sundays, until he erected a "Log 
 Meeting House," a short distance from his 
 dwelling. While yet worshiping in his own 
 dwelling he organized the first Methodist 
 society in Maryland, indeed in America, and 
 thus he has the honor of being the founder 
 of American Methodism. He traveled far 
 and wide, going even to Delaware, Penn- 
 sylvania and Virginia, and organizing class 
 meetings wherever he went. The "Log 
 Meeting House" was the first Methodist 
 church built in America; and Bishop As- 
 bury did not hesitate to write in his journal, 
 after holding a conference in the vicinity 
 of Mr. Strawbridge's dwelling in 1801: 
 "Here Mr. Strawbridge formed the first So- 
 ciety in Maryland and in America." This 
 "Log Meeting House" was both rude and 
 small. Its dimensions were twenty-four feet 
 by twenty-four feet, three inches. This 
 
 building was soon outgrown and was super- 
 seded by a chapel erected upon land given 
 by Mr. Poulson for that purpose. It was 
 therefore called "Poulson Chapel." In 1783 
 this chapel, which was of wood, was torn 
 down and a new chapel was erected of 
 stone. This new, and third structure, was 
 always known as the "Stone Chapel." Mr. 
 Strawbridge resided sixteen years at Sam's 
 creek and then moved to Long Green, Bal- 
 timore county, and located on a farm given 
 him by Capt. Charles Ridgely, of "Hamp- 
 ton." He died in the summer of 1781. He 
 was buried near his residence, but later his 
 remains were removed to Mt. Olivet Ceme- 
 tery, Baltimore. 
 
 The first Methodist to come to Baltimore 
 Town was John King, of England, who, 
 though a Wesleyan, came to America on 
 his own responsibility and without any su- 
 pervision of the parent society in England. 
 He was a man of university education and 
 possessed marked abilities. He reached 
 Baltimore in 1770. His first sermon was 
 preached from a blacksmith's block at the 
 corner of Front and French streets. Then 
 he preached from a table at the corner of 
 Baltimore and Calvert streets. Afterwards 
 he was invited to preach in St. Paul's 
 Church and occupied its pulpit once. He 
 requested the use of the church a second 
 time, but it was denied him. Thereupon 
 he preached to the congregation of St. 
 Paul's from the sidewalk, as the people came 
 out of the church. 
 
 The first person to open his house to this 
 ardent missionary was Capt. Patton, an 
 Irishman residing at Fell's Point. Fell's 
 Point was at this time a separate settlement 
 from Baltimore, situated a mile or more 
 to the east and divided from it bv a large 
 
370 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tract of land. It is evident that John King 
 preached in both these little communities 
 and made converts in each. Societies were 
 formed in each and grew rapidly, so that 
 a church edifice was begun at each about 
 the same time. Though that at Fell's Point 
 seems to have been begun first, that in Bal- 
 timore was probably finished and dedicated 
 first. 
 
 The erection of the former was largely 
 due to the influence of the Rev. Francis 
 Asbury, who came to America from Eng- 
 land in 1 77 1. He landed first at Philadel- 
 phia, but in 1772 came to Baltimore. His 
 singular gifts and marked piety speedily 
 won many followers. He preached at both 
 settlements, to which he refers in his Jour- 
 nal as "The Point" and '"The Town." At 
 the former he seems to have been specially 
 instrumental in making the first move to- 
 ward the erection of a meeting house. A 
 brick edifice was begun on Fleet street, and 
 when completed in 1774 it was dedicated by 
 the Rev. Mr. Asbury. It was called "The 
 Strawberry Alley Meeting House." It 
 quickly attracted a large congregation. It 
 is said that the marriage of Prince Jerome 
 Bonaparte to Miss Patterson took place in 
 this church on December 24, 1803. About 
 this time the edifice was abandoned by the 
 congregation for a larger church, and it was 
 given to a colored congregation, by which 
 it was used until 1877, when it was con- 
 verted into a hall for a colored society. 
 
 The first Methodist church to be erected 
 in the town was erected in 1774 on Lovely 
 lane. It was built of brick, on a lot pur- 
 chased on h'ebruary 11, 1774, by William 
 Moore and Philip Rogers, who took up a 
 subscription for the purpose of securing a 
 lot and erecting a church. In .\pril, 1774, 
 
 the foundation was laid. In October of the 
 same year the building was so far completed 
 that Capt. Webb, a British officer, who was 
 also a local Methodist preacher, delivered 
 the first sermon in it. It was probably com- 
 pleted and used before the sister edifice, 
 called "Strawberry Alley Meeting House," 
 at Fell's Point, was finished. Lovely lane 
 ran parallel to Baltimore street and is the 
 present German street. The church stood 
 where the Merchants' Gun Club now is, and 
 a tablet designates its site. 
 
 In May, 1776, the first Conference of 
 Methodist Preachers, held in Baltimore, 
 took place in this meeting-house, which was 
 known as the "Lovely Lane Meeting 
 House." The first three Conferences of 
 the Methodist Societies were held in Phila- 
 delphia; but the fourth met in Lovely Lane 
 Meeting House in December, 1776. This 
 proved to be a most memorable gathering, ,a)\0^ 
 for on the 2Sth of this month the assembled "^ 
 
 preachers organized the Methodist Socie- O /-, 
 ties in the United States into the "Method- ' * 
 ist Episcopal Church in the United States 
 of America." This Conference thus became 
 the first Conference of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. It was at this time also that 
 the Rev. Thomas Coke, LL. D., of Eng- 
 land, who had been sent to America to or- 
 ganize the Methodist Societies, ordained 
 the Rev. Francis Asbury to be the first Su- 
 perintendent of the American Methodist 
 Church. Bishop Asbury's subsequent 
 career was full of honor to himself and of 
 usefulness to his church. He traveled all 
 over the land, and after half a century's ar- 
 duous labor entered into rest at Fredericks- 
 burg, Va., on Sunday, March 31, 1816, at 
 the age of 71. His body was brought to 
 Baltimore and deposited in a vault specially 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMOEE, MARYLAND. 
 
 371 
 
 constructed for it at the Eutaw Street M. E. 
 Church on May lOth. Here it remained 
 until June i6, 1854, when it was interred in 
 RIt. OHvet Cemetery. The Rev. Dr. Coke 
 had been ordained Superintendent in Eng- 
 land by John Wesley. At the time of the 
 First General Conference a very earnest 
 overture was made to Bishop Coke and 
 Bishop Asbury by the Rev. Dr. Andrews, 
 rector of St. Thomas' parish, and the Rev. 
 Dr. West, rector of St. Paul's parish, look- 
 ing toward a reconciliation of the Method- 
 ist and the Episcopal Churches. Bishop 
 Coke and Bishop Asbury were invited to 
 meet the two rectors at St. Paul's rectory, 
 Baltimore, and there the views of each were 
 expressed; but the differences were thought 
 to be irreconcilable, especially on the part 
 of the Methodists. Not content with one 
 attempt the Rev. Dr. Andrews made 
 another, and called upon the Rev. Dr. Coke 
 at his lodgings and urged once more the 
 union of the two bodies: but found that 
 "the contempt and aversion with which the 
 Methodists had been treated in England 
 and in this country was an effectual bar in 
 the way of coalition." 
 
 The rapid growth of Methodism soon 
 rendered the Lovely Lane Meeting House 
 too small, and another church was erected 
 in 1785-1786 at the northwest corner of 
 Light street and Wine alley. This was 
 known as the First Light Street Church. 
 It was dedicated by Bishop Asbury on May 
 21, 1786, he also preaching the sermon. 
 The building was 46 feet wide by 70 feet 
 long, and was built of brick. About this 
 time the important subject of education be- 
 gan to agitate the minds of the early 
 Methodists, and at the close of the Confer- 
 ence in 1785 "a plan for erecting a college. 
 
 intended to advance religion in America, to 
 be presented to the members of the 
 INIethodist Episcopal Church," was adopted 
 and signed by the two Bishops, Dr. Coke 
 and Mr. Asbury. A site was selected at 
 Abingdon, Harford county. The first 
 Methodist educational institution in the 
 country was erected thereupon and opened 
 for students early in December, 1787. It 
 was named "Cokesbury College." It had 
 an honorable career for eight(y^years, when, 
 on December 4, 1795, it was destroyed by 
 fire at the hands of an incendiary. The col- 
 lege site at Abingdon was abandoned, and 
 the institution was removed to Baltimore. 
 Its life began anew in a building opposite 
 the Light Street Church under favorable 
 auspices; but on the 4th of December, 1796, 
 both the church and college were destroyed 
 by a fire which originated in a building ad- 
 jacent to the church. The church was im- 
 mediately rebuilt on the opposite corner, 
 and dedicated on October 29, 1797, but the 
 college was abandoned. It had occupied 
 the site of the Second Light Street Church, 
 the building having been a large and ele- 
 gant assembly room. 
 
 In 1798 there was a great revival in Bal- 
 timore, and the Methodist Church received 
 so many accessions that it was necessary 
 to create a new congregation. A new edi- 
 fice was erected on Green, now Exeter 
 street. It is still in use, though it has been 
 enlarged three times. 
 
 After the destruction of the First Light 
 Street Church the second was built on the 
 opposite side of the street. Bishop Asbury 
 dedicated it on October 29, 1797. This 
 edifice remained in use until 1872. It was 
 remodeled and extensively improved from 
 time to time. The parsonage at the rear 
 
37: 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was a famous resort for bishops and preach- 
 ers. In the upper story was a room known 
 as the "Conference Room." It was first 
 used as a private academy for the instruc- 
 tion of youths. In 1801 the "JNIale Free 
 School of Baltimore" was organized, and 
 occupied the room for school purposes un- 
 til 1812, when the institution was removed 
 to the new building erected for it on Court- 
 land street. From 1810 it was the place of 
 meeting for the Annual Conference for 
 many years, and was also used for preach- 
 ers' meetings, Sunday-school gatherings, 
 and other church meetings. 
 
 In the year 1843 ^ Sunday-school build- 
 ing was erected immediately south of the 
 church. Bishop Waugh laid the corner- 
 stone. It was designed to accommodate 
 the "Asbury Sunday-school, No. i," which 
 had been organized and conducted for sev- 
 eral years in the Male School on Courtland 
 street. 
 
 Great prosperity marked the history of 
 the Light Street Church, and in 1843 a 
 strong colony went out from it and estab- 
 lished a new center of church life at the 
 northeast corner of Charles and Fayette 
 streets. It erected a large and imposing 
 edifice under the name of the "Charles 
 Street M. E. Church." In 1869 Light 
 Street Church, wliicli had become unde- 
 sirable for religious uses, owing to the en- 
 croachments of business, was sold, and its 
 congregation purchased ths Charles Street 
 Church for its congregation for $110,000. 
 In 1870 the latter congregation began to 
 erect a new edifice on Mount Vernon Place, 
 and took the name of the "Ml. Vernon Place 
 M. E. Church." This move was largely 
 due to the zeal of the pastor, the Rev. Dr. 
 Thomas M. Eddv. The new church was 
 
 completed in 1874 at a cost of $375,000. Its 
 first pastor was the Rev. Dr. Thomas 
 Guard, whose fame as a preacher was well 
 nigh national. 
 
 The Light Street Church (also called 
 First Church), congregation occupied the 
 Charles street edifice for the first time on 
 Sunday, March 17, 1872. But the gradual 
 encroachments of business up Charles 
 street rendered removal necessary, and in 
 1885 a large tract of land was purchased on 
 St. Paul street and Twenty-fourth street. 
 A most imposing edifice, with Sunday- 
 school building and parsonage attached, 
 was erected at once. The pastor at this 
 time was the Rev. Dr. John F. Goucher, 
 who gave large sums of money from his 
 private purse to make this church edifice 
 one of the most notable in the land. No 
 sooner was it completed than it was filled 
 with a thriving congregation, and is to-day 
 to be ranked among the largest and strong- 
 est Methodist churches in America. The 
 buildings are all of stone, and the total cost 
 was $250,000. The chapel was dedicated on 
 November 6, 1S85. and the church on No- 
 vember 6, 1887. 
 
 The strong beginning made by the First 
 Church was in some degree due to the fact 
 that the Huntingdon Avenue M. E. Church, 
 which had a church edifice at the corner of 
 Maryland and Huntingdon avenues, sold 
 its property to the Franklin Street Presby- 
 terian Church for $10,000, and united with 
 the First Church in 1885. 
 
 The First Church has long been known 
 as "The Baltimore City Station," and has 
 been most active throughout its entire his- 
 tory in missionary work. Among its more 
 recent missions have been: The "Twenty- 
 I fourth Street AI. E. Church," which was es- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 37^ 
 
 tablished in 1878, and which became inde- 
 pendent in March, 1898; the "Guilford 
 Avenue M. E. Church," which was organ- 
 ized in 1885, and became independent in 
 March, 1898; and the "Oxford M. E. 
 Church," which was organized in 1886, and 
 is still under the care of the First M. E. 
 Church. Prior to the separation of the first 
 two from their mother, the membership of 
 the First M. E. Church was about 1,000. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. T. P. Frost, 
 D. D. 
 
 During his pastorate of the First 
 Church, the Rev. Dr. Goucher conceived 
 the plan of establishing a Woman's College 
 immediately adjacent to the property of 
 the First Church. This he was successful 
 in doing. The first President of the Col- 
 lege was the Rev. Dr. Wm. H. Hopkins, 
 who had been the acting president of St. 
 John's College, Annapolis. Upon the ex- 
 piration of his pastorate the Rev. Dr. 
 Goucher succeeded to the presidency, and 
 the Rev. Dr. Hopkins took a position on 
 the Faculty, which he still retains. The 
 growth of this institution has been phe- 
 nomenal. Its numerous buildings are of 
 the most substantial and attractive charac- 
 ter: its curriculum is very high; its stu- 
 dents are numerous, coming from all over 
 the land; and its outlook is most promising. 
 All this has been accomplished in about a 
 decade. 
 
 The First M. E. Church is the owner of 
 the celebrated Mt. Olivet Cemetery, on the 
 Frederick Road. This place of interment is 
 of unusual interest owing to the fact that 
 in it lie interred, the remains of many of 
 the most earnest bishops and preachers who 
 made the early history of Methodism so 
 glorious. A noble white marble monu- 
 
 ment was dedicated on June 16, 1854, to 
 commemorate the lives and characters of 
 the bishops who lie at its foot. These are 
 Bishops Francis Asbury, Enoch George, 
 John Emory, D. D., and Beverly Waugh, 
 D. D. Bishop Asbury lies at the rear of the 
 monument. It is a fitting monument to the 
 founder of American Methodism and his 
 co-laborers and successors. 
 
 Exeter Street M. E. Church. 
 In 1789 a new congregation was organ- 
 ized under the name of the Green Street 
 Church. The first edifice, on the present 
 site, was erected the same year. The con- 
 gregation grew so as to demand a new 
 church in 1850, when the present structure 
 was begun. It was dedicated October 5, 
 185 1. Its size and accommodations were 
 a great improvement, and the congregation 
 steadily grew. In 1876 the membership 
 numbered 311. Since that date, however, 
 the neighborhood has undergone a radical 
 change, owing to the invasion of a large 
 number of Polish Jews, so that this con- 
 gregation is struggling hard to maintain 
 itself, and has a greatly reduced member- 
 ship. The pastor is the Rev. H. D. Mitchell. 
 
 East Baltimore Station. 
 This congregation has existed under sev- 
 eral names. It was first known as the 
 Wilkes Street Church, and its first edifice 
 was erected in 1802 on Eastern avenue near 
 Bond street. The congregation retained 
 this name until 1861, when large improve-, 
 ments were made, and its name was 
 changed to Eastern Avenue M. E. Church. 
 It was rededicated on April 25, 1861. This 
 property was sold in 1892 to a Roman 
 Catholic Polish congregation, and a beauti- 
 ful new stone edifice, of Gothic architecture, 
 
374 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was erected at the corner of Baltimore and 
 Washington streets. At this time the 
 Jackson Square M. E. Church sold its 
 property and united with the Eastern 
 Avenue Church to form a new congrega- 
 tion in the new church, which then took the 
 name of the East Baltimore Station. This 
 church is in a vigorous condition, and has 
 a bright outlook. It has 539 communi- 
 cants, and the Sunday-school numbers 500. 
 The pastor is the Rev. F. H. Havenner. 
 Sharp Street M. E. Church (Colored.) 
 
 This church belongs to the Washington 
 Conference, and is very active and strong. 
 It is situated on Sharp street north of 
 Pratt, and its first edifice was erected in 
 1802, but this was rebuilt in i860. The 
 membership is very large, 1.440 communi- 
 cants, notwithstanding its down-town 
 location. 
 
 It is now under the pastoral care of the 
 Rev. D. W. Hays, D. D., who was born in 
 Davidson county, Tenn., in 1850. He was 
 educated at Nashville, Tenn., and ordained 
 Elder in 1875. His first charge was 
 the Nashville Circuit. Before coming to 
 Baltimore he was at Washington, D. C. 
 He is a man of high intellectual attainments 
 and received the degree of D. D. from Rush 
 University. 
 
 EuTAw Street M. E. Church. 
 This was the first Methodist congrega- 
 tion organized north of Baltimore street. 
 It chose a lot on the outskirts of the town, 
 and in 1808 erected a Chapel on the rear 
 end of it. It was dedicated the same year 
 by Bishop Asbury. Its growth was very 
 gradual, and it was not until 1853 that the 
 present front was added to the original 
 building, greatly increasing its capacity. 
 
 By this addition suitable rooms were se- 
 cured on the ground-floor for lectures, 
 class-meetings, etc, and a large Sunday- 
 school room was secured above. When 
 finished it was the best equipped church 
 building in the city. Its congregation has 
 steadily grown until it is now very strong 
 and vigorous. It has able men to occupy 
 its pastorate. The church was for many 
 years famous because the bodies of Bishops 
 Asbury and Emory had been interred un- 
 der its altar. They remained there for many 
 years, when in 1854 they were removed to 
 Mt. Olivet Cemetery. Up to 1869 the 
 church was a part of the Baltimore City 
 Station: but it then became a separate or- 
 ganization. It is in a most vigorous condi- 
 tion and has a large membership. In 1896 
 it inaugurated a mission for deaf mutes 
 under the charge of a local preacher, who 
 is a deaf mute. Special services are held 
 in one of the rooms every Sunday after- 
 noon. The present pastor is the Rev. G. C. 
 Bacon. 
 
 Caroijxe Street JNI. E. Church. 
 This church has had a long and interest- 
 ing history. Its beginning dates back to 
 1771, when the Rev. Francis Asbury 
 preached his first sermon at Fell's Point. 
 In 1774 Stawberry Alley Meeting House 
 was erected, and for twenty-seven years 
 continued to be the only Methodist Church 
 in the eastern section of Baltimore. In 
 1816 the Wilkes Street Methodist Church 
 was built. During the years 1817-1818 a 
 great revival occurred under the ministry 
 of the Rev. John Davis, and more than 600 
 persons were added to the church. A new 
 edifice was hence necessary. In February, 
 1818, the present lot was purchased on 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 375 
 
 Caroline street, and a committee consistmg 
 of Frederick Shaffer, Levin Hall and 
 George Hall, was appointed to erect a new- 
 church, csubscriptions were made by 459 
 persons and the edifice was at once erected 
 at a cost of $13,720. It was dedicated July 
 19, 1819. Until 1824 it continued a part of 
 the Fell's Point Station, but its name was 
 then changed to East Baltimore Station. 
 In 1844 it became a separate station and was 
 incorporated as the Caroline Street M. E. 
 Church. In 1856 the large Sunday-school 
 building at the rear of the church was erect- 
 ed. In 1866 (the centennial year of Method- 
 ism), the Lambdin Chapel, named in honor 
 of Mr. Edward S. Lambdin, was erected. 
 This church has been notable for its nu- 
 merous revivals, and also for its simplicity 
 of worship. The present membership is 486 
 and the Sunday-school numbers 453. The 
 congregation also owns a parsonage, and 
 its entire property is valued at $35,000. The 
 Rev. William G. Herbert is the pastor. 
 
 Seamen's Union Bethel. 
 The first work to be organized for the 
 benefit of seamen was in 1823. The first 
 chaplain was the Rev. Stephen Williams, 
 who sen'ed from 1823 to 1826. The first 
 service was held in a sail-loft on Pratt 
 street. Next they were held in a room be- 
 longing to Capt. Frazier, at Fell's Point. 
 The work proved so successful that a 
 church was erected in 1826 in Philpot street 
 (now Block), near the bridge. The present 
 edifice was erected in 1844, and dedicated 
 February 23, 1845. Its work is exclusively 
 among the seamen. A very helpful organ- 
 ization is connected with the Bethel known 
 as the "Society for the Relief of Widows 
 and Orphans of Seamen." It is under a 
 
 board of managers, which is undenomina- 
 tional, though the majoritv are ^Methodists. 
 The present chaplain is Rev. G. W. Heyde, 
 who has served for many years. 
 
 AsBURY i\I. E. Church (Colored.) 
 
 This congregation has possessed two 
 churches, both on the same site. The first 
 was erected in 1824 on a lot purchased at 
 the corner of East and Douglas streets. 
 The second was erected in 1867. The con- 
 gregation is active and growing, number- 
 ing 685 communicants. It is connected 
 with the Washington Conference. 
 West Baltimore Station ]\I. E. Church. 
 
 This church is also called the Wliatcoat 
 Church, and was named after Richard 
 Whatcoat, who came to Baltimore from 
 England with Doctor Coke, and assisted at 
 the ordination of jNIr. Asbury in 1784. He 
 was a most active and successful minister, 
 and his name has thus lovingly been per- 
 petuated in Baltimore Methodism. 
 
 This congregation was organized in 1833. 
 For its first house of worship it erected a 
 chapel on north Fremont street, near Penn- 
 svlvania avenue. In 1870 a change of site 
 was made to the corner of Strieker and 
 Presstman streets, and on JNIay 14, 1871 the 
 new church was dedicated by Bishop Ames. 
 The congregation is to-day very large and 
 vigorous. It recently established a mission 
 at Fearville. 
 
 Wesley Chapel. 
 
 This important chapel was originally a 
 part of the Baltimore City Station, of which 
 the Light Street Church was the head. The 
 first church building was on the corner of 
 Sharp and :Montgomery streets. In 1833 
 a new edifice was built on the corner of 
 
876 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Sharp and Barre streets, and the old build- 
 ing was given to a colored congregation. 
 Tn 1840 the General Conference was held 
 in the new edifice. This chapel remained 
 attached to the City Station until i860, 
 when it became an independent station. In 
 1S70 Wesley Chapel was rebuilt and great- 
 ly improved. This congregation has been 
 one of the most active in the city, out of 
 which have sprung several missions that 
 have developed into independent congre- 
 gations. It has also sent numerous young 
 men into the ministry. For a long time it 
 numbered among its members many of the 
 most prominent Methodist families in Bal- 
 timore ; but of late years these have removed 
 to other parts of the city, so that the church 
 is now struggling with down-town prob- 
 lems, and although still strong is not as 
 prominent as it formerly was. 
 
 Fayette Street M. E. Church. 
 In 1834 a new Methodist congregation 
 was organized in the western portion of the 
 city, and erected its edifice on Fayette 
 street, near Fremont. Here its house of 
 worship was dedicated in October of that 
 year. It has gradually grown into one of 
 the strongest congregations in the city, hav- 
 ing the large membership of 736, and being 
 greatly given to good works. Its Sunday- 
 school numbers from 700 to 800 scholars. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. C. H. 
 Richardson, D. D. 
 
 Sni'Tii Haltimore M. E. Church. 
 This church formerly bore the name of 
 the William Street M. E. Church. In 1834 
 a new Methodist congregation purchased a 
 church edifice then standing on the corner 
 of William and Little Church streets. This 
 building was occupied by the congregation 
 
 until 1851, when a new edifice was erected 
 on the Game site. It remains unaltered to 
 the present day, and is the religious home of 
 a very strong and aggressive people. The 
 Sunday-school also is large. This church 
 is notable for its old-time zeal and its loy- 
 alty to primitive Methodism. Membership 
 600. 
 
 Monument Street M. E. Church. 
 This large brick edifice was erected in 
 1834 on Monument and Sterling streets. It 
 is in the eastern section of the city and has 
 always done a good work. Many promi- 
 nent families have been connected with it, 
 but latterly the population has so greatly 
 changed as to seriously cripple its prosper- 
 ity. Many stirring scenes in the history of 
 the Methodist Church have been enacted 
 within its walls. The membership is not as 
 large as it formerly was, owing to the con- 
 tinued exodus of its members to other parts 
 of the city. 
 
 Orchard Street M. E. Church 
 (Colored.) 
 
 This congregation has an interesting 
 history. As long ago as 1825 a zealous and 
 godly colored layman, named Trueman 
 Pratt, began to hold religious meetings for 
 colored people. At first they were held at 
 different places but afterwards he conducted 
 them in his own house on Biddle street, 
 near Ross. After ten years a church was 
 erected on the corner of Orchard street 
 and Elder alley, and a congregation fully 
 organized. Trueman Pratt continued to 
 be a class leader until 1868, and after that 
 served as a trustee until 1877, when he died 
 at the age of 102. In 1853 the present edi^ 
 fice was erected in Orchard street near Ross. 
 It was dedicated Dec. 4th. The first pas- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 37T 
 
 tor was the Rev. Jacob Gniber. The con- 
 gregation has grown to a membership of 
 1,700. It is under the very efficient and 
 successful administration of the Rev. A. M. 
 Carroll. 
 
 Columbia Avenue M. E. Church. 
 
 This congregation has possessed two edi- 
 fices on the same site. The first was erected 
 in 1840, soon after the organization of the 
 congregation. The second, which is still 
 in use, was dedicated by Bishop Waugh on 
 Feb. II. 1844. This church is now far 
 down town and is struggling against fre- 
 quent removals. It has recently inaugu- 
 rated special services, the use of gospel 
 wagons, etc., and has awakened new life 
 and growth. All this is largely due to the 
 zeal of the present pastor, the Rev. C. E. 
 Guthrie. The membership is 243. 
 Franklin Street M. E. Church. 
 
 A new congregation was organized in the 
 western part of the city on Franklin street 
 and erected a chapel for its place of worship 
 on that street near Fremont. It was dedi- 
 cated Nov. 14, 1841. Ten years later this 
 lot and building were sold to the Public 
 School Commissioners, and a new lot was 
 purchased on the corner of Franklin and 
 Poppleton streets. Here a church was 
 erected. The basement was dedicated Aug. 
 18, 1851, but the whole edifice was not dedi- 
 cated until June 18, 1854. The congrega- 
 tion has known a steady growth and is now 
 in a fair condition. The membership is 304. 
 
 Harford Avenue M. E. Church. 
 The origin of this church was a Sunday- 
 school, which grew so rapidly that in 1843 
 a chapel was erected at the corner of Har- 
 ford avenue and Biddle street. This was 
 
 occupied for eighteen years, when in 1851, 
 January 5th, the present church was dedi- 
 cated. It is in a strong condition and is 
 doing a good work in a populous com- 
 munity. Membership, 314. 
 
 Emory M. E. Church. 
 A desirable lot for church purposes was 
 presented by Mr. John Zimmerman on 
 Pennsylvania avenue near Hofifman street. 
 On this a church was erected in 1844-45 for 
 a new congregation, which took the name 
 of Emory, in honor of Bishop Emory. This 
 congregation has had a struggling exist- 
 ence for several years, and is now in a feeble 
 condition. The membership is 166. 
 Straw-bridge M. E. Church. 
 The honored name of the first Methodist 
 who came to Maryland has been perpetu- 
 ated by one of the strongest congregations 
 of Methodists in the city. The Strawbridge 
 Church is the outcome of a successful effort 
 to organize a Sunday-school about 1837 by 
 Wm. H. Mittan, Capt. John G. Barry and 
 Edward S. Frey. A few scholars were as- 
 sembled in a school house on Howard 
 street, near the present Richmond mar- 
 ket. The growth was so rapid that 
 a place of worship was erected on 
 North Howard street, nearly opposite 
 the school-room first occupied. In 1843, 
 during the pastorate of Rev. W. F. Mer- 
 cer, a new church was erected at the 
 corner of Biddle and Garden (now Linden 
 avenue) streets. Until 1881 this continued 
 to be the religious home of the congrega- 
 tion. In that year the Rev. J. F. Goucher, 
 D. D., became pastor and under his leader- 
 ship the present lot at the southwest corner 
 of Park avenue and Wilson street was se- 
 cured as a gift from Mr. Wm. Mittam, and 
 
378 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the cliurch edifice and cliapel begun. The 
 old church was sold to the Trinity M. E. 
 Church (colored) by which it is still used. 
 The new chapel was first used on Dec. 31, 
 1881, for a "watch-night" service. The 
 church was dedicated June 4, 1882, Dy 
 Bishop Simpson. The total cost of the 
 buildings and furniture was $32,000. Sub- 
 sequently a parsonage was added. The 
 cliurch has enjoyed the ministrations of 
 able men and grown in membership until 
 it numbers 325. The present pastor is the 
 Rev. E. S. Todd, D. D. The church build- 
 ings are most beautiful and suitable. Thev 
 are of stone, and the style of architecture is 
 Gothic. 
 
 JNlT. Vernon Place M. E. Church. 
 Forth from the old Light Street M. E. 
 Church there went a strong colony in 1843 
 and established the Charles Street M. E. 
 Church. It was organized on the 13th of 
 April, and laid the corner-stone of its new 
 and imposing building on May the 9th, fol- 
 lowing, at the northeast corner of Charles 
 and Fayette streets. It was opened for 
 worship in April, 1844. It was a large two- 
 story brick building in the style of a Gre- 
 cian temple, with noble portico and pillars 
 in front, reached by a high flight of steps. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. Edwin Dor- 
 sey, assisted by the Rev. John M. Jones. 
 'I he church was conspicuous for the fact 
 that it had pews and an organ, which were 
 great innovations among the Methodists 
 and created great excitement. The church 
 was famous for its choir and music. Ihe 
 congregation grew rapidly in numbers and 
 strength under the pastorate of ministers 
 of marked ability, among the most eminent 
 of whom were the Rev. Dr. Littleton F. 
 
 Morgan, the Rev. Dr. Wm. Hirst, Jr., the 
 Rev. Thomas Sewall and the Rev. Thomas 
 M. Eddy. In 1869 the Charles street con- 
 gregation under the leadership of the Rev. 
 Dr. Eddy sold its property for $110,000 to 
 the Light Street (or First) Church and pur- 
 chased a beautiful lot at the northeast cor- 
 ner of Charles and Monument streets. 
 Here was erected one of the handsomest 
 edifices in the city at the large cost of $375,- 
 000. The edifice includes church and 
 chapel at the rear. It is constructed of 
 green limestone, in the Gothic style of ar- 
 chitecture. Its interior is rich and attrac- 
 tive, and will seat 1,600 people. The church 
 was opened for worship in 1874, and has 
 had a most prosperous career down to the 
 present time. The first and most notable 
 pastor was the Rev. Dr. Thomas Guard, 
 who served two terms, 1872 to 1875, and 
 1880 to 1S82. The other pastors of note 
 have been: The Rev. Dr. J. O. Peck, the 
 Rev. Dr. John Van Meter (now dean of the 
 Woman's College): the Rev. Dr. A. H. Tut- 
 tle, the Rev. Dr. L. T. Townsend and the 
 present pastor, the Rev. Joseph Edmund 
 Smith, D. D. The membership is 543. 
 
 The (lid Charles Street Church was de- 
 molished in 1897, having been unoccupied 
 for many years. 
 
 Jefferson Street M. E. Ciicrch. 
 
 This congregation is a branch of the 
 Caroline Street Station. Its first building, a 
 chapel, was erected on Jefferson street near 
 Caroline, in 1844. Its dedication took place 
 on June 23rd. In 1854 a new lot was secured 
 on the same street at the corner of Bond 
 street. Here a new edifice was dedicated 
 by Bishop Waugh in December, 1854. It 
 has known a steady growth and is full of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 379 
 
 zeal and progress to-day. The membership 
 is 290. 
 
 High Street ]M. E. Church. 
 At the corner of High and Stiles streets, 
 a new church was erected in 1844 and dedi- 
 cated on June 2nd. For a long time its con- 
 gregation was large and active; but owing 
 to the invasion of the Jews the population 
 has greatly changed, so that regular services 
 are not now maintained. The building is 
 now given over to institutional and rescue 
 work. A Sunday-school is conducted un- 
 der the auspices of the Exeter Street M. E. 
 Church, and the industrial work is under 
 the supervision of the Deaconesses of the 
 ]\Iethodist Church. The building is also 
 the headquarters of the Florence Critten- 
 den Mission for fallen women. 
 
 Broadway Ger.man M. E. Church. 
 
 This congregation was organized among 
 the Germans in 1844 by the Rev. A. Miller. 
 Its first location was on Lombard and Bond 
 streets, where its edifice was dedicated Jan. 
 26, 1845, by Bishop Waugh. In Septem- 
 ber, 1849, that property was sold, and the 
 congregation erected a new church on Ann 
 street near Eastern avenue, which was dedi- 
 cated April 22, 1855. Subsequently this 
 site was sold and the present edifice on 
 Broadway was erected. The congregation 
 is making good progress and doing a good 
 work. 
 
 The Sailors' City Bethel. 
 In 1846 a Seamen's Floating Bethel was 
 established in the old ship "William Penn." 
 It was specially fitted up for this purpose 
 and dedicated October 11, 1846. The first 
 pastor was the Rev. D. H. Switzer. In 1852 
 the ship was abandoned and a Sailors' 
 
 Bethel erected on Lee street near Light. 
 For sixteen years the Bethel remained at 
 this location, but a change was found neces- 
 sary in 1868, and a new lot was purchased 
 on Hill street, between Charles and Light 
 streets, where a new edifice was dedicated 
 April 18, 1869. 
 
 John Wesley M. E. Church (Colored.) 
 
 The old Wesley Chapel on Sharp street 
 near Montgomery was presented to a col- 
 ored congregation in 1833. This chapel 
 was used until 1847, when the present edi- 
 fice was erected. The congregation is very 
 strong and active, though business is fast 
 encroaching upon its property. The mem- 
 bership is 1,312. This church is attached 
 to the Washington conference of the M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 Canton Street M. E. Church. 
 This church was organized in 1847 by the 
 Rev. Edward E. Allen. It was first known 
 as the Clinton Street Church. A little band, 
 securing a desirable lot from the Canton 
 Company, built a chapel thereon the same 
 year. It struggled on with a monthly ser- 
 vice for a time and with more frequent ser- 
 vices later, until 1869, when it became a 
 station and had for its first pastor, the Rev. 
 Philip B. Reese. Under the efficient min- 
 istry of the Rev. J. W. Cornelius, a beau- 
 tiful church was erected in 1884 at a cost 
 of $12,000 on a new lot, corner of Canton 
 and Dillon streets. During the Rev. Mr. 
 Miller's pastorate a parsonage was built, in 
 1887. The growth has been gradual until 
 there is a membership of 265. The Rev. 
 W. W. Barnes is the present pastor. Mem- 
 bership, 265. 
 
380 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Pexxsylvania Avenuk CjHRMan M. E. 
 
 Church. 
 This congregation was formerly known 
 as the Western German Mission. It 
 was estabhslied in 1847 by the Rev. Mr. 
 Brenner. A lot was purchased at the cor- 
 ner of Pennsylvania avenue and Mosher 
 street and a building begun. The basement 
 was dedicated Nov. 26, 1848, and the church 
 Dec. 9, 1849. I" 1873 this edifice was de- 
 molished and replaced by the present struc- 
 ture, which was dedicated j\Iarch i, 1874. 
 It has now a steady growth under efificient 
 pastors. 
 
 Broadway M. E. Church. 
 
 On Broadway, south of Pratt street, a 
 new M. E. church was dedicated by Bishop 
 Waugh on February 27, 1848. The 
 congregation had been organized a little 
 before this, and for a time had worshiped 
 on Eastern avenue. It has grown rapidly, 
 until now it is the most important 
 Methodist Church in East Baltimore. 
 The congregation is very large and ac- 
 tive, and the Sunday-school numbers 800 
 scholars. The congregation possesses a 
 fine property, consisting of a double build- 
 ing for church and Sunday-school purposes, 
 and also a parsonage. The membership 
 is 504. 
 
 Unio.m Square M. E. Church. 
 This very important congregation origi- 
 nated in a very small way. It was a mission 
 of the Fayette Street M. E. Church and be- 
 gan its history in a school house. In 1853 
 a lot on the southwest corner of Lombard 
 and Calhoun streets was presented by the 
 Messrs. Donnel to the Fayette Street Sta- 
 tion for a church. An edifice was begun, 
 the basement of which was dedicated Mav | 
 
 28, 1854. The whole building was dedi- 
 cated oMarch 4, 1855, by Bishops Waugh 
 and James. The first pastor 'was the Rev. 
 Thomas Sewell. Under the pastorate of 
 the Rev. Joseph France, a great revival oc- 
 curred, which lasted five months, and re- 
 sulted in the conversion of one thousand 
 persons. Five hundred of these joined the 
 Union Square Church and gave it great 
 strength. It still continues its vigorous his- 
 tory. The membership is 540. 
 
 Monroe Street JNI. E. Church. 
 
 In October, 1856, a colony from the Union 
 Square I\'I. E. Church organized a congre- 
 gation and erected a building on Ramsey 
 street near Monroe. This was dedicated 
 Oct. 14, 1856, under the name of "Cheno- 
 with Chapel." It was enlarged in 1866 and 
 dedicated on Nov. 25, under the new name 
 "Parlett Chapel." A change of site was de- 
 termined upon twenty years later and the 
 present edifice was erected. It was dedi- 
 cated by Bishop Waugh on Oct. 13, 1878, 
 under the present name. In 1897 the 
 building was thoroughly renovated. Great 
 prosperity is attending the present pastor, 
 the Rev. G. W. Cobbs. The membership is 
 222. 
 
 Chester Street M. E. Church. 
 
 On the corner of Chester and Orleans 
 streets a lot was given by Mr. William Pat- 
 terson for the use of a Methodist congrega- 
 tion which was organized in May, 1857. A 
 chapel was at once erected, and was dedi- 
 cated in October under the name of the 
 "Fairmount Chapel." This building was 
 removed in 1871 and a larger edifice erected 
 and called the '"Patterson Chapel." This 
 was enlarged in 1877. The church was in- 
 corporated under its present name April 24, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 381 
 
 1878. In 1895 the edifice, which was of 
 pecuhar shape, having two wings, was de- 
 stroyed by fire. Tlie congregation wor- 
 shiped for a time in a hall. One wing has 
 since been rebuilt and occupied; but the 
 congregation is in a feeble condition, hav- 
 ing but III members. 
 
 JNlADisoN Avenue M. E. Church. 
 This church is justly considered one of the 
 very strongest Methodist churches in Balti- 
 more, if not the strongest. Its property is 
 situated on the southeast corner of Madison 
 and Lafayette avenues, and consists of a 
 church and chapel at the rear. A parson- 
 age is owned next to the church on Madison 
 avenue. The church was erected in 1858-9. 
 The basement was opened for use in De- 
 cember, 1858, aiid the church was dedi- 
 cated by Bishop Simpson on May 22, 1859. 
 The seating capacity is very large and the 
 membership is also large. Some of the 
 most eminent men of the Baltimore Con- 
 ference have been pastors of this church. 
 Its Sunday-school is also very large. No 
 Methodist church in Baltimore has had a 
 more vigorous growth or a more honorable 
 history than has this. Owing to the wealth 
 and liberality of its members it has always 
 been notable for its large offerings and gifts 
 to all religious and charitable objects. It 
 has combined the piety and zeal of Method- 
 ism in a remarkable degree, and has long 
 been conspicuous for its conservative posi- 
 tion. Not long since it established the 
 Clifton M. E. Church at the entrance to the 
 park, near Fulton and Druid Hill avenues. 
 The first building was frame. The lot was 
 presented by Messrs. German Hunt and 
 Francis .\. Crook. The present building 
 is frame and stone. It is in a most vigor- 
 ous and promising condition. The present 
 
 pastor of the Madison Avenue Church is 
 the Rev. O. A. Brown, D. D. The mem- 
 bership is 792. 
 
 Madison Square M. E. Church. 
 
 On June 9, 1867, there was dedicated a 
 new Methodist church on the corner of 
 Caroline and Eager streets, in a rapidly 
 growing part of the city. It took the name 
 of the "Centenary" M. E. Church, and has 
 had a most prosperous history. This name 
 was adopted in honor of the one hundredth 
 anniversary of the introduction of Method- 
 ism into America, which was celebrated the 
 year of its consecration. Subsequently its 
 name was changed to the Madison Square 
 M. E. Church. Its growth has been so 
 great that about ten years ago it established 
 a mission on North avenue, which has now 
 become independent under the name of the 
 North Avenue M. E. Church. The present 
 pastor of the Madison Square Church is 
 the Rev. E. L. Hubbard, and the member- 
 ship is 600. 
 
 Grace M. E. Church. 
 
 This is among the leading Methodist 
 churches of the city. It was organized 
 at the private residence of Joseph S. 
 Hagerty, Esq., on October 10, 1868. A 
 lot was at once purchased at the corner 
 of Lafayette and Carrollton avenues, and a 
 wooden chapel erected. It was dedicated 
 Jan. I, i86g. A new lot was secured in 
 1870 at the southeast corner of Lanvale 
 street and Carrollton avenue, where a stone 
 chapel was dedicated in June, 1872. The 
 church was erected in 1874-5 and dedicated 
 by Bishop Ames on Feb. 20, 1876. It is 
 a very handsome edifice and cost $150,000, 
 the lot included. The congregation is 
 strong and active. The Sunday-school is 
 also very large. During the pastorate of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the Rev. Dr. Richard Harcourt a beautiful 
 parsonage, with stone front to match the 
 church, was erected adjacent to it on Lan- 
 vale street. The property is one of the 
 handsomest in the city and has a charming 
 location. The pastor is the Rev. G. W. 
 Miller, D. D. The membership is 850. 
 Fort Avexue M. E. Church. 
 On the corner of Fort and Battery 
 avenues, this church was dedicated on Sep- 
 tember II, 1S70. It has known a prosper- 
 ous history, and under the. pastorate of the 
 Rev. S. S. Greenwell the congregation re- 
 placed the first building with the present 
 one. Its outlook is most promising, as the 
 congregation is full of zeal and activity. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. Ezekiel 
 Richardson. The membership is 180. 
 
 Bethany M. E. Church 
 This church was organized in 1868 as an 
 Independent M. E. Church, and is situated 
 at the northeast corner of Lexington and 
 Calhoun streets. Its chapel was dedicated 
 on April 12, 1868. The church, which is 
 constructed out of iron, was dedicated 
 March 4, 1873. Upon its organization the 
 congregation adopted the rules of the 
 Chatsworth Church. In 1872 it drew up 
 and adopted a new set of rules, including 
 discipline and ritual. In 1897 this congre- 
 gation entered the Conference of the M. E. 
 Church and thus ceased its independent 
 position. It has a fine property. The 
 chapel, at the rear of the church, is built of 
 marble, and a fine parsonage adjoins. The 
 congregation is large and vigorous, and its 
 Sunday-school is also largely attended. 
 
 Appdi.D M. E. Cin-Kcii. 
 This memorial church, together with the 
 ground, was the gift of the Messrs. .A-ppold, 
 
 members of the First Presbyterian Church. 
 It is situated at the corner of Chase and 
 Washington streets. The chapel was dedi- 
 cated by Bishops Ames and Harris on De- 
 cember I, 1872, on the rear of the lot. 
 During the pastorate of the Rev. C. O. 
 Isaacs, Messrs, Appold made a donation of 
 $4,000, and a stone church was erected on 
 the front of the lot. The congregation is 
 making good progress and the membership 
 is 300. 
 
 Harford .Avenue German M. E. 
 Church. 
 This church was started as a mission by 
 the Broadway 'M. E. Church. It is situated 
 at the corner of Harford avenue and Federal 
 street, and was dedicated October 5, 1873. 
 It has known a quiet growth. 
 
 Harlem Park ]M. E. Church. 
 
 The early history of this congregation was 
 passed under the name of the Gilmor Street 
 M. E. Church. It was organized in 1875 
 and erected a frame building on the north- 
 east corner of Gilmor and Mulberry streets. 
 This was dedicated by Bishop Ames on 
 Dec. 19. In 1880 this building was sold to 
 a colored congregation and demolished in 
 1881. The congregation moved to its pres- 
 ent site in 1S80, under the pastorate of the 
 Rev. J. F. Goucher, and erected a stone 
 chapel on the rear of the lot purchased 
 there. This lot is at the corner of Harlem 
 Park and Gilmor street. The congregation 
 has steadily grown until it is now strong 
 and vigorous. The present pastor is the 
 Rev. J. C. Xicholson. The membership is 
 373- 
 
 Centennial M. E. Church. 
 
 This congregation first worshiped in the 
 old Dallas Street Church, on Dallas street. 
 
^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 between Canton avenue and Aliceanna 
 street. This church was originally known 
 as "Strawberry Alley Meeting House." 
 It was the second oldest Methodist church 
 in Baltimore, having been built by Mr. 
 Asbury and others in 1773, at Fell's Point. 
 It was given to a colored congregation in 
 18 16 when the Wilkes Street Church was 
 built and occupied by them for many years. 
 In 1874 the Centennial of the church was 
 celebrated in the old edifice, whose walls 
 were still sound. It was then abandoned. A 
 new church was built on the northwest cor- 
 ner of Bank and Caroline streets in 1877 un- 
 der the name of the Centennial Church. It 
 was dedicated by Bishop Ames on Dec. 2, 
 1877. 
 Twenty-Fourth Street M. E. Church. 
 This church was organized by the Balti- 
 more City Station in 1878 under the name 
 of the Royer's Hill Chapel. Later its name 
 was changed to the present title. Until 
 1898 it was conducted as a mission of the 
 Baltimore City Station, but in this year it 
 became independent. It is situated at the 
 corner of Twenty-fourth street and Hamp- 
 den avenue. Its outlook is most promising. 
 Waverly M. E. Church. 
 This important church is situated on the 
 York Road, near the toll gate, and has had 
 a vigorous history for quarter of a century. 
 Its first edifice was rebuilt and adorned un- 
 der the pastorate of the Rev. George C. 
 Bacon. Its membership has gradually in- 
 creased until it now is 300. The property 
 is a two-story brick edifice, and is valued at 
 $12,000. The congregation is full of mis- 
 sionary zeal and recently established a mis- 
 sion on the New Boundary, which is mak- 
 ing good progress. This was done under 
 ■23 
 
 the pastorate of the Rev. W. G. Herbert. 
 The membership is 287. The present pas- 
 tor is the Rev. F. G. Porter. 
 
 Highland Avenue M. E. Church. 
 
 About the year 1870 a new congregation 
 was organized in the eastern part of the 
 city under this name. It erected a two- 
 story brick building, devoting the lower 
 story to Sunday-school and class room pur- 
 poses, and the upper to worship. Its 
 growth has been slow and to-day numbers 
 not more than 100 members. Its property 
 is valued at $10,900. 
 
 Guilford Avenue M. E. Church. 
 
 This aggressive church is situated on the 
 corner of Guilford avenue and Lanvale 
 street. It has a good property and is doing 
 a good work, under the present pastor, the 
 Rev. Joseph Dawson. It was organized in 
 1885 as a mission of the Baltimore City 
 Station and grew rapidly until it was made 
 independent in 1898. It is full of vigor. 
 Greenmount Avenue M. E. Church. 
 
 This church has known two sites. It was 
 originally situated on Greenmount avenue, 
 but in 1889 this site and the edifice there- 
 upon were sold. The present edifice on 
 Homewood avenue, at the corner of Chase, 
 was then erected. It is a Gothic stone 
 building and cost $15,000. The situation 
 of this church is both pleasing and advan- 
 tageous, being opposite McKim Park. The 
 membership is 250. 
 
 Homestead M. E. Church. 
 This church is the outgrowth of a mission 
 established at Homestead by the Waverly 
 M. E. Church. The church edifice was 
 erected in 1879. It is a frame structure. An 
 attempt is now being made to replace it with 
 
386 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 a more imposing and suitable edifice. The 
 membersliip is 65. The Sunday-school lias 
 180 pupils. Plans for a stone edifice cost- 
 ing $10,000 have been prepared and a new 
 site is about to be selected. A new edifice, 
 on a new site, will doubtless be erected in 
 1898. 
 
 Oxford M. E. Church. 
 The Baltimore City Station organized this 
 mission in 1886 at the corner of Belt and 
 Montebello avenues, and it still has it un- 
 der its fostering care. It is making good 
 progress. Its membership is reported un- 
 der that of the Baltimore City Station. 
 
 First Woodbury M. E. Church. 
 
 This very vigorous congregation was 
 formed more than twenty years ago, and 
 has known a progressive growth until it 
 now numbers 400 members and possesses 
 a fine property, consisting of church edifice 
 and parsonage. It is the strongest Method- 
 ist Church in the suburbs of the city and is 
 doing an aggressive work, under the faith- 
 ful pastorate of the Rev. B. F. Clarkson. 
 
 Grace M. E. Church, (Woodbury.) 
 
 A second Methodist Church was started 
 in this suburb about fifteen years ago. It 
 secured the possession of the old Y. M. C. 
 A. building and adapted it for its use. Its 
 membership has gradually increased until 
 it has reached 279. A vigorous administra- 
 tion is all that is needed to advance the 
 growth of this congregation through the 
 years to come. 
 
 Bennett Memorial M. E. Church. 
 
 About 1882 Mr. B.F.Bennett erected this 
 beautiful stone church as a memorial to the 
 late Allen Bennett, his son. It is situated 
 on Fremont and Warner streets, and took 
 
 the place of the old Cross Street M. E. 
 Church, which was at the corner of Cross 
 and Warner streets. The congregation is 
 very active and a large industrial work is 
 connected with its numerous enterprises. 
 The membership is 175 and the property is 
 valued at $16,000. The present pastor is 
 the Rev. A. H. Thompson. The member- 
 ship is 145. 
 
 Mt. Vernon M. E. Church. 
 
 This church is situated near the Mt. Ver- 
 non Mills, and was built largely through the 
 liberality of the owners, the Messrs. Car- 
 roll. The parsonage opposite the church 
 was the gift of Mrs. Carroll. The whole 
 property is valued at $16,000. The mem- 
 Ijership is 68. 
 
 SuMMERFiELD M. E. Church. 
 
 This church is situated in Calverton, and 
 was established fifty years ago, and has re- 
 ceived much aid from Gen. J. S. Berry, 
 whose country residence is not far distant. 
 The property is valued at $6,000. The 
 church has known a slow growth and now 
 numbers 100. 
 
 Roland Avenue M. E. Church 
 
 In the year 1887 a frame edifice was 
 erected on this avenue, largely through the 
 liberality of Alcaeus Hooper, Esq. The 
 first pastor was the Rev. J. W. Cornelius. 
 The membership is now 131, and the 
 property is valueil at $5,000. 
 
 David Rogers Mission. 
 
 On Columbia avenue, near Carey street, 
 a mission bearing this name was begun in 
 1889. A church edifice was erected and liie 
 growth was very rapid, so that in 1898 an 
 addition had to be made to the building to 
 accommodate the growing Sunday-school 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 387 
 
 and kindergarten. The church was also re- 
 fitted and redecorated, and on Sunday, 
 January 30, 1898, was dedicated with ap- 
 propriate services. Mr. David Rogers, who 
 was the founder of the mission, was present. 
 The Sunday-school numbers 300. Church 
 membership is 41. 
 
 Bohemian Mission. 
 
 In the year 1892 a mission was begun by 
 the General Missionary Society of the M. E. 
 Church in behalf of Bohemians. It occupies 
 a hall on Broadway, in East Baltimore, and 
 has gradually gained a membership of 70 
 persons. A free kindergarten and several 
 kinds of industrial agencies are also sup- 
 ported in connection with this mission. 
 The membership is 56. 
 
 Garrett Park M. E. Church. 
 This congregation grew out of the zeal- 
 ous labors of a local preacher, the Rev. 
 Mr. Alford, about the year 1890. It grew 
 gradually and was furthered and aided by 
 the Baltimore City Mission and Extension 
 Society. A lot was secured at the corner 
 of Lexington and Monroe streets, and upon 
 the rear of it was erected a frame building 
 facing Monroe street. The membership 
 'lias grown to 165. 
 
 FcLToN Avenue M. E. Church. 
 
 In December, 1890, a difference arose in 
 the Epworth Independent Methodist 
 Church and a part of that congregation, 
 under the leadership of the pastor, the Rev. 
 Miller J. Law, separated from that church. 
 Services were first held in Billett's Hall, in 
 the neighborhood, for about a year, when a 
 lot was purchased at the corner of Fulton 
 avenue and Winchester street. Upon this 
 
 was erected in 1891 a frame building at a 
 cost of $3,000. It is still in use by the con- 
 gregation, which is gradually growing in 
 numbers and strength. Its membership is 
 117. 
 
 Memorial M. E. Church. 
 This church is situated on the Frederick 
 Road, near Mt. Olivet Cemetery. It was 
 erected about the year 1890 to commemo- 
 rate the bishops and other ministers, whose 
 bodies had been interred in the neighboring 
 cemetery. It was erected largely through 
 the efforts of the Rev. W. W. Davis. The 
 edifice is of stone and cost $8,000. The 
 membership has increased gradually until 
 it now numbers 180. 
 
 Curtis Bay M. E. Church. 
 A brick edifice was erected in this suburb 
 several years ago, for the benefit of the 
 Methodists there residing. It cost $5,000. 
 The membership has grown very slowly 
 and consists of 53 persons. 
 
 Walerook M. E. Church. 
 The Baltimore City Mission and Church 
 Extension Society built a frame chapel in 
 the new suburb of Walbrook about the year 
 1892. It still holds the property. The 
 membership is 52. The present pastor is 
 the Rev. R. T. Taylor, D. D. 
 
 Roland Park M. E. Church. 
 In the year 1897 a congregation of 
 Methodists was organized in the new su- 
 burb of Roland Park by the Rev. L. E. 
 Bennett. A fine lot was secured on Roland 
 avenue and a stone edifice erected. It was 
 dedicated in the fall of that year. The out- 
 look for this new congregation is most 
 promising. The membership is 31. 
 
388 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Ames M. E. Church (Colored.) 
 Under the name of the "Western Chapel" 
 a new edifice was dedicated in 1858. It was 
 situated on Division street, near Baker. 
 Twenty years later another church was 
 built on the same site, and the name changed 
 to Ames Church. It was dedicated March 
 2, 1878. It has known a prosperous growth, 
 until its membership numbers 466. It is 
 connected with the Washington Confer- 
 ence. The pastor is the Rev. M. T. Naylor. 
 JMetropolitan M. E. Church (Colored.) 
 This is one of the largest and strongest 
 colored congregations in the city. It is 
 attached to the Washington Conference. 
 Its church property is valued at $80,000, 
 and has the very large membership 
 of 1,762. A neat parsonage is also owned 
 by the congregation. The Sunday-school 
 numbers 860 pupils.' The present pastor is 
 the Rev. J. A. Holmes. It was established 
 before the war, and became self-sustaining 
 in 1864. Its first pastor was the Rev. Mr. 
 Bell. The edifice was rebuilt in 1882 under 
 the pastorate of the Rev. H. A. Carroll. The 
 present pastor was appointed to the church 
 in 1897. He was born in Lexington, Va., 
 in 1848. He grauuated at Storner College 
 in 1872. He lias held important charges 
 and attained to high eminence in his church. 
 Eastern Chapel (Colored). 
 There are 112 communicants attached to 
 this chapel, which is attached to the Wash- 
 ington Conference. The Sunday-school has 
 98 pupils. The pastor is the Rev. Joshua 
 P.arnes. 
 
 Canton M. E. Church (Colored). 
 This church is not strong, having a mem- 
 bership of only 70. The Sunday-school has 
 
 100 attendants. The property is valued at 
 $3,000. It belongs to the Washington 
 Conference. 
 
 Asbury M. E. Church (Colored.) 
 The honored name of Bishop Asbury has 
 been perpetuated by this congregation, 
 which erected its first chapel in 1875-76. It 
 is attached to the Washington Conference 
 and has had a most vigorous growth. Its 
 present membership is 685, and 415 pupils 
 attended its Sunday-school. The property 
 is valued at $30,000. The present pastor is 
 the Rev. Alfred Young. 
 
 Centennial M. E. Church (Colored). 
 This congregation is attached to the 
 Washington Conference. It possesses a 
 property worth $25,000 and has a member- 
 ship of 304, with 263 pupils in the Sunday- 
 school. The pastor is the Rev. W. M. 
 Moorman. 
 
 vSt. Paul's M. E. Church (Colored). 
 
 This church began as a mission of the 
 Sharp Street M. E. Church in 1867 and was 
 known as the Dover Street Mission, its first 
 edifice having been on that street. In 188 1 
 it was removed to Saratoga street and be- 
 came an independent charge, under the ad- 
 ministration of the Rev. Benj. Brown. The 
 congregation has grown slowly and now has 
 a membership of 208, with 227 pupils in the 
 Sunday-school. The present efficient pas- 
 tor is the Rev. N. M. Carroll, who has had 
 a very notable history. He was born in 
 Calvert county, Md., on Sept. 26, 1837. and 
 was converted when 15 years of age. He 
 came to Baltimore in 1858 and was licensed 
 to exhort in i860. He began a traveling 
 missionary and spent two years on the Pa- 
 tapsco circuit. He was ordained elder by 
 
HISTORY OF BAI.TIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 389 
 
 Bishop Ames on March i, 1868. He has 
 been the pastor of quite a number of the 
 most important churches of the Washington 
 Conference. From i8gi to 1896 he was 
 the pastor of the Sharp Street Church and 
 added 600 persons to the church. In 1896 
 he became pastor of St. Paul's and proposes 
 to rebuild and embellish the edifice at a 
 cost of $6,000. 
 
 Waugh Chapel (Colored). 
 
 This congregation is associated with that 
 at Hullsville and is under the same pastor. 
 The membership of both is 100, and the 
 property is valued at $2,000. They are at- 
 tached to the Washington Conference. 
 Mt. Zion M. E. Church (Colored). 
 
 This congregation was organized in 1896. 
 It was the successor of the Payne Memorial 
 A. M. E. Church, whose trustees conveyed 
 their property to the M. E. Church and thus 
 formed the Mt. Zion Church. It is situ- 
 ated on the corner of Patterson avenue and 
 Calhoun street and has a membership of 72. 
 The property is valued at $3,500. 
 
 Methodist Institutions. 
 
 The Methodist Church has several not- 
 able institutions of a charitable and educa- 
 tional character. Mention has already been 
 made of the Woman's College, whose hon- 
 orable history is creditable alike to the 
 church and the city. Beside this there are 
 others, as follows: 
 
 The Home eor the Aged. 
 
 This charitable institution has a noble 
 building on the corner of Franklin street 
 and Fulton avenue. It can accommo- 
 date 300 persons and admits both sexes. It 
 is supported by voluntary offerings and is 
 under the direction of a board of women as 
 
 directors. It cares chiefly for the aged of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 The Kelso Home. 
 
 In 1889 a handsome property was bought 
 on St. Paul street, extended for $35,000. 
 On it has since been conducted "The Kelso 
 Home," an institution founded by Thomas 
 Kelso, Esq., as a home for orphans of the 
 M. E. Church. Only girls, not under four 
 or over twelve years, are admitted. They 
 are retained until they reach the age of 
 eighteen years. The property has increased 
 in value until it is now worth $100,000.. In 
 addition to the property the trustees hold 
 assets to the amount of $86,000. 
 
 The Lucy Webb Hayes School. 
 
 This institution is the national training 
 school of the Woman's Home Missionary 
 Society of the M. E. Church. Its object is 
 to train deaconesses, missionaries and other 
 evangelical workers. It is situated at 708 
 West Lombard street and has 28 pupils, 
 representing 17 States and 3 foreign coun- 
 tries. Its graduates are filling responsible 
 positions throughout the land. The school 
 is now full to the limit of its capacity. 
 Morgan College. 
 
 This institution formerly bore the name 
 of The Centenary Biblical Institute, but it 
 was recently renamed "Morgan College," 
 in honor of the late Rev. Lyttleton F. Mor- 
 gan, D. D. Its object is to afford young 
 men and women of the colored race the 
 advantages of higher education. It has 
 done a notable work, and its gradu- 
 ates are to be found all over the country. 
 It has hundreds of scholars. Two branches 
 of this noble College have been established 
 elsewhere, one at Lynchburg, Va., and the 
 
390 
 
 HISTORY OF Baltimore:, Maryland. 
 
 other in Princess Anne's county, Md. Both 
 of these are flourishing. 
 
 THE BAPTIST CHURCHES. 
 
 Ahhough the Baptists were the last of 
 the great religious bodies to effect an or- 
 ganization in Baltimore they have here, as 
 elsewhere, risen to almost the first position 
 in point of numerical strength. The 
 Methodists alone outnumber them in ad- 
 herents. Their growth has been marvelous, 
 especially when one recalls the persecution 
 and bitter opposition they received in the 
 early days of New England, and in some of 
 the other colonies. The same is true of 
 their advance in England where they stand 
 next to the Congregationalists in forming 
 the most numerous body of Protestant dis- 
 senters. There the Baptists are divided by 
 tlieir views of the design of Christ's redemp- 
 tion into "General" and "Particular Bap- 
 tists," the former taking Armenian and the 
 latter Calvinistic ground. It will be seen 
 that this division early obtained in Mary- 
 land, but it has now largely disappeared. 
 
 It is from England that the first Mary- 
 land Baptist came in 1709, in the person of 
 Henry Sater. Others had preceded him in 
 other colonies, and exerted an influence for 
 good wherever they settled, notwithstand- 
 ing the opposition with which they were 
 first received. To their credit be it said 
 that though persecuted by others they never 
 retaliated. 'T'hey sought religious liberty 
 for themselves; but they also granted it to 
 others. Roger Williams and John Clark 
 had established themselves in Rhode Island 
 in 1638, and there founded a strong Baptist 
 community; but nowhere else among the 
 colonies were any number of Baptists to 
 be seen for almost a century. In 1762 there 
 
 were only fifty-six Baptist churches in 
 America, but after the American Revolution 
 their growth was phenomenal. In 1792 
 they had 1,000 churches, and in 18 12, 2,432. 
 
 As elsewhere, the growth in Maryland 
 was at first very slow. Henry Sater took 
 up his residence in 1709 at Chestnut Ridge, 
 w^hich is about nine miles northwest from 
 the present site of the city. Notwithstand- 
 ing the fact that he was only a layman, he 
 exerted a marked influence in his own com- 
 munity, and made his house the center of 
 a new religious life and interest. Here was 
 the Baptist denomination begun in ^lary- 
 land. Whensoever he could secure an itin- 
 erant Baptist minister he did so; but inas- 
 much as the Baptists were then too few, 
 both in ministers and members, to admit 
 of settled pastorates, the ministers moved 
 from colony to colony administering and 
 preaching wherever they could. Among 
 those early itinerant Baptist ministers were 
 George Eglesfield, of Pennsylvania; Paul 
 Palmer and Henry Lovall, of England. 
 The last baptized 48 persons and may be 
 regarded as the first pastor. The first or- 
 ganization of the Baptists was not effected 
 for a third of a century after Henry Sater 
 first began to win adherents. This was in 
 1742 at Chestnut Ridge. It began with 
 fifty-seven members. Their covenant bears 
 the date of July 10, 1742, and states in part: 
 
 "We, the humble professors of the Gos- 
 pel of Christ, baptized upon declaration of 
 faith and repentance, believing the doc- 
 trines of general redemption (or the free 
 grace of God extended to all) do hereby 
 seriously, heartily and solemnly, in the pres- 
 ence of the searcher of hearts, and before 
 the world, covenant, agree, bind and settle 
 ourselves into a church to hold, abide bv 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 391 
 
 and contend for the faith once delivered to 
 the saints, owned by the best reformed 
 churches in England and Scotland, except 
 in infant baptism, modes of church govern- 
 ment, the doctrine of absolute probation and 
 some ceremonies. We do also bind our- 
 selves hereby to defend and live up to the 
 Protestant religion, and to oppose and ab- 
 hor the Pope of Rome and popery with all 
 her anti-Christian ways." 
 
 In 1742 Henry Sater erected a "Meeting 
 House" on his own ground at his own ex- 
 pense, and on Xovember 17th, he deeded 
 the house with "One acre of land for a 
 meeting house, burying-place and all other 
 conveniences, for the church and congre- 
 gation for ever, to the end of the world." 
 The Rev. Henry Loveall remained pastor 
 four years. 
 
 So rapidly did this congregation at Chest- 
 nut Ridge grow that in four years it in- 
 creased from 57 to 181 members. Some of 
 these removed to Berkeley county, W. Va., 
 near where Martinsburg now stands, and 
 formed a congregation there in 1746 under 
 the Rev. Henry Loveall. The Chestnut 
 Ridge congregation belonged to the "Gen- 
 eral Baptists," but it appears that in 1747, 
 when it was without a pastor, some of its 
 members invited "Particular Baptists" to 
 preach among them. As a result fourteen 
 of these members were won over to the 
 views of the "Particular" party and or- 
 ganized a separate congregation at Winter 
 Run, afterwards called Harford. This con- 
 gregation, upon its application, was re- 
 ceived into union with the Philadelphia As- 
 sociation on the 7th of October, 1755. So 
 rapidly did it grow in numbers that it ab- 
 sorbed the Chestnut Ridge Church and was 
 long regarded as one of the strongest Bap- 
 
 tist congregations in the country. In the 
 year 1771 it had four places of worship: at 
 Western Run, at Chestnut Ridge, at Pa- 
 tapsco, and near Westminster. In 1756 the 
 Rev. John Davis was called to the pastorate 
 of this Harford Baptist Church. He re- 
 mained pastor fifty-three years. Notwith- 
 standing the fact that the town of Baltimore 
 had been founded in 1730, there does not 
 appear to have been any attempt to form a 
 Baptist congregation in it until 1772. Prior 
 to this date the few Baptists residing here 
 were members of the Harford Church and 
 received monthly visits from its pastor, the 
 Rev. John Davis, who served there, at Bal- 
 timore and elsewhere from 1756 to 1809, 
 when he died at- the advanced age of eighty- 
 eight years. He was the founder of the 
 First Baptist Church of Baltimore, of Taney 
 Town, of Gunpowder, of Westminster and 
 probably of Frederick. The last three are 
 now extinct. He was a man of unblem- 
 ished life, untiring energy and marvelous 
 success. He traveled widely, preaching in 
 houses, barns, schools, indeed, wherever he 
 was allowed an opportunity to be heard. 
 
 , _ First Baptist Church. 
 It is not definitely known when the first 
 Baptist meeting was held in Baltimore 
 Town; but certainly prior to 1773, for in that 
 year Messrs. Griffith, Shields, Lemmon, 
 Prestman, McKim, Cox and others pur- 
 chased a lot of half an acre on the corner of 
 Front and Fayette streets, in Old Town, 
 where the Shot Tower now stands. It cost 
 one hundred and fifty pounds, current 
 money, and was specially designated as a 
 lot "for a house of public worship, and also 
 for a burying-place for the service of the 
 congregation or society that is now or may 
 
-392 
 
 [ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 hereafter be establislied or constituted in 
 Baltimore Town, known by the name or ap- 
 pellation of Baptists." On this lot the first 
 church was erected and subsequently the 
 parsonage and school house. The remain- 
 der was used as a cemetery. To this place 
 of meeting the Rev. John Davis, of Har- 
 ford, came once a month to hold services. 
 Possibly lay services were held on the other 
 Sundays of the month, but the congrega- 
 tion remained so weak, or else the Baptist 
 ministers were so few, that the Rev. Mr. 
 Davis gave Baltimore but one monthly ser- 
 vice for over ten years. In 1784, when the 
 Rev. Lewis Richards, a Welshman by birth, 
 came to Baltimore, it was decided to erect 
 the mission into a separate congregation. 
 Hence it was that on the first of January, 
 1785, application for letters of dismission 
 was granted, and on the 15th of the same 
 month the First Regular Baptist Church 
 began its independent existence. In this 
 move no one was as influential as the old 
 pastor, the Rev. John Davis, who had so 
 long served the little flock. On the occa- 
 sion of this creation of the independence 
 of the First Church, the first immersion took 
 place under the new conditions, Mr. John 
 Scott receiving baptism. 
 
 The growth of this congregation was 
 slow at first, for when it was admitted into 
 union with the Philadelphia Association in 
 1787, it only had twenty-eight members. 
 In 1794 the "Baltimore Baptist Associa- 
 tion" was formed, consisting of the Bap- 
 tist congregations on the Western shore of 
 Maryland. In 1795 the Fir.st Baptist 
 Church of Baltimore joined the Association, 
 "being orthodox in its principles and prac- 
 tices." In this same year a Baptist Church 
 was organized in "fild Trnvn" and at Fell's 
 
 Point by the Rev. John Healy, but inas- 
 much as it was considered to be lax in doc- 
 trine its application for admission into the 
 Baltimore Association was declined. This 
 caused a great strife of words, and numerous 
 pamphlets appeared from members of the 
 new congregation. Twelve years later the 
 application was renewed and was granted. 
 The new congregation took the name of 
 the "Second Baptist Church." At this 
 time, 1807, there were fifteen Baptist 
 churches on the Western shore of Mary- 
 land, having a total membership of 748. In 
 1808 the Association presented an address 
 to President Thomas Jefferson, to which he 
 made reply. In 1809 the Association met 
 in the First Church of Baltimore. 
 
 The faithful pastorate of the Rev. Lewis 
 Richards continued until 1818, thirty years, 
 when he was compelled to retire on account 
 of the infirmities of old age. He remained 
 connected with the congregation, however, 
 until his death in 1832. Under him the 
 Sunday-school was organized in 1814 or 
 181 5. The Rev. Edward J. Reiss, who had 
 been assistant pastor for three years, was 
 elected to succeed the Rev. Mr. Richards in 
 1817. On the 22nd of March of the next 
 year a new edifice was dedicated on the 
 northeast corner of Sharp and Lombard 
 streets, at a cost of $50,000. It was long 
 known as "The Round Top Church." In 
 1821 the Rev. Mr. Reiss seceded from the 
 First Church and, taking a goodly number 
 of personal followers with him, founded the 
 Ebenezer Baptist Church, which became 
 extinct after a short existence. The Rev. 
 John Finlay was called from .\lbany, N. V., 
 to succeed to the pastorate in 1821, and re- 
 mained in charge for thirteen years, when 
 he was succeeded by the Rev. Stephen P. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Hill, in 1834, who was pastor for sixteen 
 years. In October of 1839 a noted revival- 
 ist — Elder Knapp — held a series of services 
 in the church which awakened so gjeat an 
 interest that two hundred and twenty-nine 
 persons were converted and baptized, and 
 twenty-seven were admitted to membership 
 by letter. By this effort the congregation 
 was greatly strengthened. The Rev. Mr. 
 Hill continued in charge until February 15, 
 1850, when he was succeeded by the Rev. 
 John W. j\i. Williams, D. D., of Lynchburg, 
 Va., whose able administration continued 
 until his lamented death, August 28, 1894, 
 forty-four years. During his administration 
 many improvements and changes were 
 made. The Sunday-school was reorganized 
 in 1852. An organ, the first in a Baptist 
 Church of Baltimore, was obtained and is 
 still in use. The church was repaired and 
 embellished. In 1853 a colony left the First 
 Church and established a congregation in 
 the southern part of the city, which finally 
 became the Lee Street Baptist Church. In 
 1866 the church reported 616 members. 
 The gradual encroachment of business ren- 
 dered the old site undesirable and it was 
 decided to sell it and move elsewhere. A 
 lot was purchased at a cost of $10,000 on 
 Townsend street (now Lafayette avenue) 
 near Fremont. The old property (valued 
 at $60,000) and $5,000 in cash were given 
 for the present church edifice, which was 
 erected for their special use. On January 
 6. 1878, the new church was first used for 
 divine worship. It is a large marble build- 
 ing, with all modern conveniences. In 1894 
 the present efficient pastor, the Rev. Curtis 
 Lee Laws, entered upon charge of this very 
 important congregation. His labors have 
 
 been abundantly blessed. The membership 
 is 512. 
 
 Second Baptist Church. 
 
 The origin of this congregation is re- 
 markable. The first pastor, the Rev. John 
 Healy, gives the following record of it: "In 
 the 3-ear 1794, three families of us, viz: John 
 Healy and wife, Matthew Hulse and wife, 
 William Lynes and wife, all members of the 
 Baptist Church, England, which was called 
 'The New Connexion,' determined to emi- 
 grate to the United States and remain to- 
 gether as a religious community. We ar- 
 rived in New York October 5th, and stayed 
 till February following, when we embarked 
 for Baltimore." Besides the above there 
 were twelve children and a sister of Mrs. 
 Hulse, making nineteen persons in all. Be- 
 fore leaving England they had chosen Mr. 
 Healy their minister, but he received no 
 ordination until 1798. Leaving their des- 
 tiny in his hands, he chose to settle at Fell's 
 Point, then the commercial part of the city. 
 The use of a sail-loft, which had been fitted 
 up as a mission by the Rev. Dr. Bend, rec- 
 tor of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, was ob- 
 tained free of rent. Soon the congregation 
 moved to larger quarters, above "The 
 Watch House," on the corner of Broadway 
 and Aliceanna street. Here they held a 
 weekly prayer meeting. The Rev. Mr. 
 Richards, pastor of the First Baptist 
 Church, gave them such attention as ne 
 could. On the nth of June, 1797, they or- 
 ganized and adopted a constitution. They 
 also ordered "that Brother John Healy do 
 preach the gospel statedly among us, in 
 season and out of season, and administer the 
 ordinances of God unto us regularly as our 
 pastor." In the same year they Itcgan to 
 
394 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 build a meeting house. It was 27x40 feet 
 and very plain. It still stands on the corner 
 of Bank and Eden streets. Before their 
 church was fully completed a frightful 
 plague of yellow fever visited the city, and 
 of this little congregation one-half died, in- 
 cluding every male member except Mr. 
 Healy. Still they persevered. On July 20, 
 1798, Mr. Healy was ordained elder by 
 Joshua Jones and John Austin, "elders of 
 the Baptist Churches of the City of Lin- 
 coln and Bessel's Green, near Seven Oaks, 
 Kent, Great Britain." The congregation 
 continued to. use the old church until 181 1, 
 when a new edifice on Fleet street (now 
 Canton street) was built. The membership 
 grew rapidly. In 1807, after several years' 
 opposition, the church was admitted into the 
 Association: but in 1836 it withdrew. In 
 1848 it was affiliated with the Maryland 
 Union and so continues. The Rev. Mr. 
 Healy remained pastor until his death on 
 June 17, 1S48, at the age of eighty-four 
 years. His long life and noble character 
 had endeared him to the whole community 
 so that he was publicly styled "Father 
 Healy." The Rev. George F. Adams was 
 called to succeed him in 1848 and remained 
 in charge twelve years. He found just one 
 hundred members enrolled. In 1853 it was 
 decided to move to a more suitable loca- 
 tion, so the Fleet street lot was sold and 
 the present lot was leased and the church 
 erected thereon at a cost of $16,600, on 
 Broadway near Pratt street. This new edi- 
 fice was opened in November, 1854, and an 
 earnest congregation rejoiced to make it its 
 ecclesiastical home. In i860 the Rev. Mr. 
 Adams resigned, and the following year was 
 succeeded by the Rev. A. G. Thomas, 
 of Pennsylvania. He resigned eighteen 
 
 months later to become a chaplain in a 
 United States Army hospital. For the next 
 ten years the pastorate was filled by as many 
 men. In 1884 the Rev. George W. McCul- 
 lough, a young man of Baltimore, became 
 the pastor and advanced the condition of the 
 congregation in every way. The interior 
 of the church was remodeled and decorated. 
 The Rev. J. A. Fletcher was elected pastor 
 in 1897. The membership is 114. The 
 Sunday-school of this church was organized 
 in 1797 and is thus one of the oldest in the 
 land. A large part of the accessions to the 
 Second Church have come through its Sun- 
 day-school. 
 
 Fourth Baptist Church. 
 This church has had severaj titles accord- 
 ing to its location. So rapid has been its 
 growth that it has outgrown two edifices 
 and has but recently erected a third. Its 
 interesting history began in 1835 under the 
 name of "Calvert Street Baptist Church." 
 Its founding was a marvelous work of faith, 
 entirely due to the zeal and consecration 
 of two brothers, Messrs. William and James 
 C. Crane, who moved hither from Rich- 
 mond, Va., the former in 1834 and the latter 
 in 1837. Mr. William Crane, upon his ar- 
 rival, set about to organize another Baptist 
 congregation. In 1834 he purchased a 
 meeting house on Calvert street near Sara- 
 toga, which had formerly been occupied by 
 the Ebenezer Baptist congregation, which 
 was now extinct. He paid $4,000 for it, and 
 at once began to look for a suitable man as 
 pastor. The congregation was publicly 
 recognized February 15, 1835. The first 
 pastor was the Rev. Joseph G. Binney, but 
 discouraged by its slow growth, he resigned 
 charge of the church after four months' in- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 39& 
 
 cumbency. During his short stay only one 
 person was baptized and she was a Jewess, 
 Miss Cohen, of Richmond. A Sunday- 
 school was also organized. The Rev. Wil- 
 liam Richards served temporarily, adding 
 a few members to this "feeble folk." In 
 January, 1836, the Rev. George F. Adams 
 assumed charge and did faithful work for 
 seven years. In 1837 James C. Crane 
 moved to Baltimore and gave life and in- 
 terest to the Sunday-school and congrega- 
 tion. Large accessions were now made to 
 the church: in the years 1840 and 1841 a 
 gain of 254 was reported. In 1842 the Rev. 
 Mr. Adams resigned to become the State 
 ^Missionary and was succeeded by the Rev. 
 Jonathan Aldridge in July, 1843. In May, 
 1844, the congregation decided to change 
 its location. For a time they occupied a va- 
 cant chapel on the southwest corner of Bal- 
 timore and Exeter streets, but in 1845 they 
 opened their new church edifice on High 
 street near Low. It cost $17,000 and only 
 $4,000 could be raised toward this sum, leav- 
 ing a heavy debt which long burdened the 
 congregation. The Rev. Mr. Aldridge 
 served but a year, during which 104 addi- 
 tions were made to the membership. Next 
 to him succeeded one of the best and ablest 
 men the Baptist Church of Baltimore has 
 ever known, the Rev. Franklin Wilson, D. 
 D., who entered upon his duties April 11, 
 1847. He at once attacked the debt, and 
 reduced it one-half during his pastorate of 
 three years, and added 167 persons to the 
 congregation. The loss of his voice caused 
 his resignation in 1850, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. H. J. Chandler. He re- 
 duced the debt to $2,000 and admitted fifty 
 persons by baptism. Though virtually in 
 charge of the congregation, the Rev. Mr. 
 
 Chandler was really only the assistant of the 
 Rev. Dr. Wilson, who occasionally preach- 
 ed. The latter received no salary at all, at 
 any time, from the congregation In 1853 
 the Rev. John Berg took charge and la- 
 bored successfully for two years. The Rev. 
 L. W. Seely served for two years, resigning 
 in 1857. In 1858 the Rev. E. R. Hera was 
 called. The following year such a serious 
 difficulty arose that he resigned, and taking 
 with him about fifty members formed a new 
 congregation, which had a very short his- 
 tory and then disbanded. From 1859 to 
 1866 tlie Rev. George P. Nice was pastor of 
 the church, and, largely by the liberality of 
 the Rev. Dr. Wilson, the remainder of the 
 debt was paid. The building was improved 
 at a cost of $2,000. The Rev. R. B. Kelsay 
 was pastor from 1867 to 1870. The Rev. 
 M. R. Watkinson served from 187 1 to 1873, 
 During his administration a mission was 
 established in the northeastern part of the 
 citv, which afterwards became the Shiloh, 
 now Grace Baptist Church. Following him 
 came the Rev. John T. Craig for seven 
 years, in whose day the church building was 
 thoroughly repaired and a steeple erected, 
 at a total cost of $4,000. In May, 1881, the 
 Rev. W. S. Penick assumed charge and re- 
 mained until 1885, when, on July ist, he 
 was succeeded by the present pastor, the 
 Rev. O. F. Gregory, D. D. He found a 
 membership of about 400, but the neighbor- 
 hood of the church had become so invaded 
 by foreign population that it was decided to 
 move elsewhere. The High street property 
 was sold to the Bishop of Maryland and 
 converted into the St. James First African 
 Church (Episcopal), by which it is now used 
 after much improvement. Ten thousand 
 dollars were obtained by this sale. A lot 
 
396 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was purchased on Broadway and Jefferson 
 street for $i 1,000 and on the rear of this lot 
 a chapel, to form a part of the main edifice 
 when erected, was built in 1891-1892 at a 
 cost of $14,000. It was dedicated on March 
 20, 1892. The congregation is gradually 
 growing under the wise leadership of the 
 Rev. Dr. Gregory, whose zeal and devotion 
 have gained him a good name throughout 
 the city. The present membership is 345. 
 
 First Colored Baptist Church. 
 The early Iiistory of this congregation is 
 unknown, but it is clear that in 1818 a col- 
 ored Baptist preacher came to Baltimore 
 and for a year preached in a private house 
 on Potter street near Fayette. There is no 
 record that a congregation was organized. 
 As the race was in slavery both the laws and 
 public opinion were against separate con- 
 gregations for the black man. Some few 
 were members of the First (white) Church. 
 When Mr. William Crane came to Balti- 
 more in 1834 he made an effort to gather 
 the colored Baptists in a distinct organiza- 
 tion. He secured the services of Moses 
 Clayton, who had been a slave, and he 
 formed a Sunday-school on the corner of 
 Young and Thomsen streets. He was a 
 man of very limited knowledge but of 
 boundless enthusiasm, and soon gathered a 
 little band of converts. A congregation was 
 formed on February 20th and Moses Clay- 
 ton was ordained pastor. The growth was 
 very slow. In 1841 it was received into the 
 Association. For the next twenty years 
 tnere is nothing special to chronicle. In 
 i860 the pastor. Rev. Moses Clayton, died 
 at the age of seventy-seven years. The Rev. 
 J. Carey and the Rev. John Whyte and the 
 Rev. J. Undcrlue served for short jjcriods. 
 
 The last resigned in 1864 to enlist in the 
 Union Army. At this time the congrega- 
 tion had about eighty members. In 1865 
 the Rev. Lewis Hicks assumed charge and 
 remained for five years. Despite the fact 
 that he was an illiterate, he was gifted with 
 great fluency of speech and met with 
 marked success. He collected sufficient 
 funds to build a meeting house in the place 
 of the old school house. In 1872 the pres- 
 ent pastor, the Rev. J. C. Allen, a student 
 of Iberia College, Ohio, assumed charge 
 of the church. His administration has been 
 most prosperous. In a short time he in- 
 creased the membership from one hundred 
 to three hundred, until a new and larger 
 place of worsip was found necessary. In 
 1875 a lot was secured at the corner of Caro- 
 line and McElderry streets, at a cost of 
 $3,500. In 1880 a handsome edifice was 
 erected by the Church Extension Society, 
 to be deeded to the congregation when fully 
 paid for. The church and ground cost 
 about $16,500. The new edifice was dedi- 
 cated on the last Sunday in January, 188 1, 
 and during the first month fifty converts 
 were baptized. In 1885 its membership 
 had reached 371. The present membership 
 Is 406. 
 
 Skventii liArTisT Church. 
 This most important congregation had 
 its origin in a meeting held on October 17, 
 1845, in the old meeting house on Calvert 
 street. About one hundred persons were 
 present, all of whom were members of the 
 First Baptist Church, who had withdrawn 
 from it owing to differences of opinion upon 
 matters of church government. It was here 
 decided to organize a new congregation ar 
 once and to purchase the Calvert vStreet 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 39^ 
 
 Church from Wm. Crane for $6,000. On 
 C)ctober 27th their constitution was adopt- 
 ed. On November 3d the Council of the 
 city churches recognized the new congre- 
 gation as a "Regular Baptist Church under 
 the name of the Seventh Baptist Church of 
 the city of Baltimore." Ninety-seven mem- 
 bers of the First Church seceded to join 
 it. The public recognition service was held 
 on Tuesday, November 4, 1845. The Rev. 
 Dr. E. L. Magoon, of Richmond, was elect- 
 ed but declined. The Rev. O. W. Briggs 
 served as temporary pastor until Sep- 
 tember 3d, 1846. The Rev. Dr. Richard 
 Fuller, of South Carolina, was elected 
 permanent pastor, and on July 5, 1847, 
 connected himself with the congregation 
 and became its pastor. He had made it 
 conditional upon his acceptance that a 
 larger house of worship should be at once 
 erected. A lot on the northwest corner of 
 Paca and Saratoga streets had been pur- 
 chased in 1846, and the work of erection be- 
 gun. The Calvert street property was sold 
 and while the congregation was without a 
 home it worshiped in the Madison Street 
 Church (now owned by the Madison Pres- 
 byterian Church, colored). On the third 
 Sunday of June, 1847, the new church was 
 dedicated and the congregation entered 
 upon that remarkable history which has 
 characterized this church from that time to 
 this. Only the more prominent events can 
 be enumerated. On September 9, 1856, 
 "The Young Men's City Mission Society" 
 was organized to hold weekly meetings in 
 the church and in private houses, to dis- 
 tribute tracts, and to visit the poor and sick. 
 In 1864 this organization collected $500 to 
 purchase a dilapidated chapel on Pierce 
 street, near Fremont, where they started a 
 
 Sunday-school, which in 1880 was removed 
 to a large building on the corner of 
 Schroeder and Pierce streets, which cost, 
 together with repairs, $3,000. This is still 
 in the care of the Society, which was legally 
 incorporated in 1866. On September 28, 
 185 1, Rev. Isaac Cole, formerly a Methodist 
 minister, was publicly immersed, at his own 
 request, in the Spring Gardens. Thousands 
 of spectators witnessed this act. In the 
 same month Mr. Alexander Butcher and 
 twenty-two other members were received 
 by letter from the First Baptist Church. 
 Mr. Butcher gave much time to the organ- 
 ization and management of a Sunday-school 
 called the West End school, situated on the 
 southeast corner of Fayette street and 
 Stockton alley. From this, four years later, 
 the Franklin Square Baptist Church was 
 organized. To this new congregation 
 twenty-two members of the Seventh Church 
 were dismissed. A new mission was begun 
 under Mr. Butcher on Fremont street be- 
 low Pratt. It was commonly called Elbow 
 Lane school. It lived but a short time. 
 In 1856, 183 persons were added by bap- 
 tism, the membership was over 1,000. The 
 church was thoroughly repaired in 1858, 
 during which the congregation met with 
 the First and Franklin Square Churches. 
 It was again repaired in 1867 at a cost of 
 $S,ooo. In this year beginnings were made 
 to establish a new congregation in the 
 northwestern part of the city. Mr. Hiram 
 Woods started the movement by offering 
 to give a lot of ground and $5,000 for this 
 object. In a few months $36,226 were sub- 
 scribed, and the erection of the present 
 Eutaw Place Church was begun. It was 
 completed in 187 1, when the Rev. Dr. Ful- 
 ler and one hundred and thirty members of 
 
398 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the Seventh Church, took letters of dismis- 
 sion to move to the new church. The resig- 
 nation of the Rev. Dr. Fuller produced 
 profound sorrow, which was expressed to 
 him by a series of tender resolutions. 
 
 On April 17, 1 87 1, the Rev. Dr. W. T. 
 Brantly was unanimously called to the va- 
 cant pastorate, but it was not until Sep- 
 tember 23d that he assumed charge. His 
 administration also was a remarkable one, 
 full of good works in all directions. In 1873 
 the Pierce Street Chapel was enlarged and 
 improved. In 1874 a parsonage was bought. 
 In 1880 the new chapel on Schroeder 
 street was purchased for the Pierce Street 
 Mission. The sudden death of Doctor 
 Brantley on Monday, March 6, 1882, 
 shocked not only his people, but also the 
 city, in which he had already made himself 
 a power for good. On November 17, 1882, 
 the Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, Jr., D. D., 
 of Portland, Me., assumed charge of the be- 
 reaved congregation and served with great 
 acceptance until he was succeeded by the 
 Rev. W'm. Harris, D. D. To him succeeded 
 the Rev. N. A. Tupper, Jr. On January i, 
 1896 he was succeeded by the present pas- 
 tor, the Rev. W. J. E. Co.x. The member- 
 ship is 417. 
 
 Huntingdon Baptist Church, 
 Waverly. 
 
 This congregation owes its origin to the 
 zeal and piety of Mr. Frederick Harrison, 
 who in 1835 started a Sunday-school in an 
 old building at one time used as a barracks 
 by the soldiers of Fort McHenry. It was 
 situated on the old York Road, near the 
 first toll-gate, and was occupied by the sol- 
 diers in the summer to avoid the malaria of 
 the Fort. Mr. Harrison was a member of 
 
 the First Baptist Church and a United 
 States civil engineer. Several Baptist min- 
 isters held services during the summer of 
 1835. In the winter the school was dis- 
 missed, but public meetings were held at 
 night and were conducted 'by city pastors, 
 mostly Baptist. About 1843 several young 
 men from the High Street Baptist Church 
 greatly aided in the establishment of this 
 mission. Among these was Franklin Wil- 
 son, who subsequently became pastor of the 
 First Baptist Church, and did such a splen- 
 did work there and elsewhere. The first 
 house of worship was dedicated October 
 20, 1844. In 1845 and 1846 revivals added 
 so many to this little flock that it was de- 
 cided to organize a separate congregation. 
 This was at once effected, and in November 
 the new church entered the Association, 
 with a membership of twenty-one persons. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. F. Wilson, 
 who remained three years, when he was 
 elected pastor of the First Church. The 
 growth was very slow, under various pas- 
 tors. In 1872 a new church was erected at 
 a cost of $13,000, modelled after Talmage's 
 Tabernacle in Brooklyn. The Rev. John 
 Berg was then pastor (from 1865 to 1873). 
 In 1882 a parsonage was erected in the ad- 
 ministration of the Rev. E. B. Morris. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. E. E. Ayres. The 
 membership is 231. 
 
 Union Baptist Church (Colored). 
 This is by far the largest colored church 
 in Baltimore and possibly in the South. It 
 began in 1852 with fifty-seven members. It 
 now numbers over two thousand. It first 
 met for worship in a small building on Lewis 
 street near Mullikin. The first pastor was 
 named John Carey, who served until 1854. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 399 
 
 Several men followed him without much 
 success until 1861, when the Rev. William 
 Williams became pastor. He remained 
 eight years and increased the membership 
 to 124. In 1866 the "Saratoga Street Afri- 
 can Baptist Church" (which had been estab- 
 lished by Rev. Noah Davis on October 29, 
 1848) disbanded and many of its members 
 joined the Lewis street congregation, and 
 by reason of this union the new organiza- 
 tion became incorporated under the title of 
 "The Union Baptist Church." They num- 
 bered 175 souls and began to seek a proper 
 place for their new church. In 1868 the Dis- 
 ciples' meeting-house on North street near 
 Saratoga was purchased by the Rev. Francis 
 Wilson, D. D., Hiram Woods and others 
 and presented to the Union congregation on 
 certain conditions. The Rev. Mr. Williams 
 died in 1869. The Rev. William P. Thomp- 
 son was pastor for two years. He left a 
 membership of 240. He died January 24, 
 1872, greatly beloved by his people. In 
 October, 1872, the Rev. Harvey Johnson, 
 a graduate of Wayland Seminary, Washing- 
 ton, entered upon the pastorate and con- 
 tmues to this day. His career and success 
 have been remarkable, and he is justly re- 
 garded one of the ablest men the colored 
 race possesses. Under him the congrega- 
 tion has rapidly increased, until now it num- 
 bers over two thousand. This congregation 
 has been the origin of the following church- 
 es: In 1874, the Macedonia Church; in 
 1879, the Calvary Church; in 1880, the Per- 
 kins Square Baptist Church. It has also 
 established churches at Frederick, Winfield 
 and Westminster. Six men have passed 
 from this congregation into the ministry. 
 The Sunday-school numbers almost a thou- 
 sand. 
 
 Franklin Square Baptist Church. 
 
 From the Sunday-school, known as the 
 West End Sunday-school and superintend- 
 ed by Alexander Butcher, there sprang a 
 new congregation in 1854. The meeting 
 for organization was held in a house on 
 Fayette street near Carey, the persons pres- 
 ent being mostly from the Seventh and the 
 High street congregations. The Rev. Dr. 
 Franklin Wilson opened with prayer, and 
 on his motion it was resolved: "That it is 
 expedient to proceed, at the earliest possiole 
 period, to the formation of a Baptist Church 
 at Franklin Square." The new congrega- 
 tion was formally recognized at a pubuc 
 council held in the old "Round Top" 
 Church on Lombard and Sharp streets. 
 Its membership was thirty. The Church 
 Extension Society purchased the present lot 
 for $4,400. The church edifice was erected 
 the following year and dedicated in Novem- 
 ber, 1855. It cost about $20,000. The first 
 pastor was the Rev. G. B. Taylor, who 
 served two years. The membership num- 
 bered eighty-six. The Rev. Dr. Franklin 
 Wilson served for a year or two without 
 pay. On October 15, 1858, the Rev. Fran- 
 cis M. Barker became pastor and numerous 
 additions were made during his short stay 
 of a year. In 1859 the church became in- 
 corporated and the Chuch Extension So- 
 ciety transferred the property to its trustees. 
 During the next ten years the church was 
 served by almost as many pastors. In 1875 
 the Rev. G. W. Sanderlin became pastor 
 and continued five years. The membership 
 greatly increased, the new organ, costing 
 $3,000, was secured, and the lecture room 
 renovated. In 1876 the Rev. Dr. C. C. Bit- 
 ting entered upon the charge of this con- 
 gregation and remained seven years. In his 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 day the church was increased in its seating 
 capacity and many handsome improvements 
 made, at an expense of $6,000. One hun- 
 dred and seventy-two persons were bap- 
 tized and the membership increased to 496. 
 In October, 1883, fifty-five members with- 
 drew to form the Fulton Avenue Baptist 
 Church, which grew out of the West End 
 Mission. In 1883-4 a second-story addition 
 was made to the lecture room, giving a li- 
 brary and other rooms for social purposes. 
 On March i, 1884, the Rev. A. Judsotf Row- 
 land, D. D., became the pastor and con- 
 tinued in office until 1895, when he resigned 
 to accept the charge of the Baptist Publica- 
 tion House, Philadelphia. His administra- 
 tion was marked by great prosperity. He 
 was succeeded by the present pastor, the 
 Rev. Sparks W. Melton. The membersliip 
 is 554- 
 
 Lee Street Baptist Church. 
 At a meeting of the First Baptist Church, 
 held February 5, 1854, it was resolved: 
 "That a committee of four persons be ap- 
 pointed to procure subscriptions under the 
 authority of this church, and to lease a lot 
 in the neighborhood of Federal Hill for the 
 accommodation of a Sunday-school, and 
 when sufficient amount of subscriptions 
 shall have been procured, to proceed to the 
 completion of said object." At tne same 
 meeting the Rev. John H. Phillips was em- 
 ployed as a missionary to work in this sec- 
 tion of the city. The committee appointed 
 went inniiediately to work. It hired a large 
 barn on Hill street near Hanover and re- 
 modeled it for Sunday-school use and for 
 services. On March 26, 1854, the building 
 was opened for public worship and a Sun- 
 day-school was organized. The latter was I 
 
 greatly increased by scholars from a mission 
 which Dr. William Burlinghame, a member 
 of the Seventh Church, had maintained for 
 several years on the corner of Hanover and 
 Montgomery streets. It had no church con- 
 nection or support, and therefore languished 
 until Doctor Burlinghame decided to aban- 
 don it and to send his scholars to the new 
 organization on Hill street. On April 30, 
 1855, the church was organized with twenty- 
 seven members. The Rev. Mr. Phillips was 
 elected pastor. It was admitted into the 
 Association in November, 1855. For this 
 congregation the Church Extension So- 
 ciety bought an edifice on Lee street near 
 Hanover, which had been used by St. Ste- 
 phen's Episcopal Church. The new name 
 was immediately adopted. The growth was 
 rapiid. In 1856 the membership had in- 
 creased to seventy-five. For several years 
 it had very short pastorates. In i860 the 
 Rev. Isaac Cole (formerly a Methodist min- 
 ister) assumed charge and remained until 
 1865. The growth was so rapid as to call 
 for a new church, which was built on the 
 same site at a cost of $15,206, and was dedi- 
 cated June 26, 1864. The Rev. James Du- 
 bois was pastor a year and the Rev. S. C. 
 Boston for two years. From 1870 to 1880 
 the Rev. John Pollard served the congrega- 
 tion most acceptably and increased the 
 membership to 407. In January, 1881, the 
 Rev. H. M. Wharton entered upon a pas- 
 torate of three years, which was attended 
 by almost unparalleled success. His revival 
 services brought many into the church, until 
 when he left, in 1883, to engage in editorial 
 and evangelistic work, the membership 
 numbered 770. He also founded the River- 
 side Church, developing it out of a little 
 mission. The present pastor of the Lee 
 
HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 403 
 
 Street Church is the Rev. Weston Bruner. 
 The membership is 628. 
 
 First German Baptist Church. 
 
 The first movement looking toward a 
 German Baptist congregation was made in 
 1855. There were then about five German 
 Baptists in the city, allied to various con- 
 gregations. The Rev. K. A. Fleishmann, 
 editor of the "Sendbote," Philadelphia, was 
 invited by one of these, Mr. John L. Rap- 
 pold, a member of the Seventh Church, to 
 come to Baltimore and investigate the field. 
 He came and preached and baptized two 
 persons. From this time the German Bap- 
 tists began to meet regularly, but it was not 
 until January, 1859, when their number had 
 increased to twelve, that they organized a 
 church in a chapel on Hill street. The Rev. 
 J. E. Meuri. formerly a Roman Catholic 
 priest, became their pastor. In i860 they 
 numbered twenty-seven; in 186 1, sixty-two. 
 In i860 the congregation joined the Asso- 
 ciation. The Rev. Mr. Meuri resigned in 
 1862 to return to Germany. For three 
 years the congregation kept together with- 
 out any pastoral oversight and then fell into 
 dissensions and dissolved. 
 
 An attempt was made in 1865 to revive 
 this work. The Board invited the Rev. 
 Henry Schneider, of Rochester, N. Y., to 
 locate here as a missionary. A new church 
 was organized with twenty-six members. It 
 met first in Rechabite Hall, Fayette street, 
 and afterwards at Wildey Hall, East Pratt 
 street. Mr. Schneider met with great suc- 
 cess and erected a church at the corner of 
 Caroline and Hampstead streets at a cost 
 of $4,000. He resigned in July, 1869, and 
 was succeeded by the Rev. Henry F. Miller, 
 who continued until June i, 1874, when he 
 24 
 
 was compelled to resign through the loss 
 of his voice. He brought the membership 
 up to 120. For the next two years the Rev. 
 J. Fellman labored faithfully. There were 
 several short pastorates, with long intervals, 
 until May, 1881, when the Rev. J. C. Craft 
 accepted charge. The membership had 
 dwindled to seventy-six. The present pas- 
 tor is the Rev. George A. Sheets. The 
 membership is seventy-two. 
 
 Eutaw Place Baptist Church. 
 
 The steps leading to the formation of this 
 important congregation and the erection of 
 its church are to be found under the history 
 of the Seventh Baptist Church, whose child 
 it is. The corner-stone was laid on April 
 22, 1869, anu the beautiful wliite marble 
 edifice was dedicated April 2, 1871. The 
 cost, including furniture and organ, amount- 
 ed to $102,000. The Rev. Dr. Fuller, who 
 was pastor of the Seventh Church, accepted 
 the charge of the new congregation and un- 
 der his able administration it entered upon 
 its successful history with a membership of 
 133 persons. In 187 1 the young men of the 
 congregation organized a City Mission So- 
 ciety and established two missions after- 
 wards, one on Patterson avenue and the 
 other in the northern part of the city. Both 
 subsequently developed into churches. The 
 second year's membership was an increase 
 of seventy-one. Two years later the total 
 number was 449, so marvelously did the 
 congregation grow. In June, 1874, a new 
 church was organized under the charge of 
 the Rev. Miles S. Read. It took the name 
 of "Shiloh Baptist Church," but this was 
 afterwards altered to "Grace Baptist 
 Church." On the 20th of October, 1876, 
 the Rev. Dr. Fuller died, after a month's in- 
 
404 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tense suffering. His funeral was almost 
 without precedent in Baltimore, so largely 
 was it attended. For a year the church was 
 without a pastor, when the Rev. F. H. Ker- 
 foot, a brilliant young man of Midway, Ky., 
 was secured. He filled a most successful 
 pastorate of five years. During his term of 
 service 174 persons were baptized, the Ful- 
 ler Memorial Chapel was built, and the Im- 
 manuel Church constituted mainly through 
 the efforts of the Eutaw Church. There 
 was a second vacancy for a year, but in 
 1884 the Rev. Frank M. Ellis, D. D., who 
 had gained a great reputation as pastor of 
 the Tremont Temple, Boston, accepted the 
 charge of the church and remained until 
 1895, when he removed to Brooklyn. His 
 adrriinistration was marked by great pros- 
 perity. The membership rose to 600 
 and the congregation was foremost in 
 gifts and good works. In 1894 the North 
 Avenue Baptist Church was organized by 
 members of the Eutaw Church. The pres- 
 ent pastor is the Rev. Junius W. Millard. 
 The membership is 578. 
 
 Macedonia Baptist Church (Colored.) 
 In a stable-loft in Vincent alley a Sunday- 
 school and prayer-meeting were inaugu- 
 rated in the year 1874 by several members 
 of the Union Baptist Church. The stable 
 was remodelled and fitted for use, and on 
 the 29th of September, 1874, a meeting was 
 called to organize a church. Sixteen mem- 
 bers of Union Churcli presented their let- 
 ters of connnendation. On November 5th. 
 the new congregation was recognized by 
 the Council and took the title "Macedonia 
 Baptist Church." The congregation joined 
 the Association and leased a lot on Sara- 
 toga street. A brick chapel, accommodat- 
 
 ing 300 persons, was erected for $3,000, and 
 dedicated June 24, 1876. The first pastor 
 was the Rev. W. C. Lawson, who had been 
 a deacon and done more than any one else 
 to establish the church. In two years time 
 the congregation increased to a member- 
 ship of over 300, and the church debt was 
 paid. The church grew rapidly until in 
 1885 it numbered 700 members, and steps 
 were taken to erect a new edifice. The 
 church started a mission in Whatcoat street 
 in i88r, which has since developed into the 
 Patterson Avenue Church. The present 
 pastor is the Rev. A. B. Callis. The mem- 
 bership is 761. 
 
 Leadexhall Street Baptist Church 
 (Colored.) 
 
 The development of this congregation 
 has been most rapid. In 1870 a small flock 
 was gathered in South Baltimore and took 
 the name of the "Providence Baptist 
 Church," of which the Rev. Lewis Hicks 
 was elected pastor. A small place of meet- 
 ing was secured and help from the Associa- 
 tion obtained. This was so inadequate that 
 the Association determined to erect a suit- 
 able house of worship. A union meeting 
 was called at the Seventh Baptist Church 
 on Sunday afternoon, March 31, 1872, at 
 which $8,000 was subscribed for a new 
 building. A lot was secured on Leadenhall 
 street and a commodious structure of two 
 stories was erected. It cost $18,000. The 
 church was dedicated in November, 1872. 
 In this a new congregation was organized 
 May 12, 1873, '^"'i ''^ took the name of the 
 "Leadenhall Baptist Church." The Rev. 
 Thomas Henson was placed in charge for 
 a year. The old "Providence Church" 
 about this time disbanded and its members 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 405 
 
 attached themselves to the Leadenhall con- 
 gregation. In 1874 the membership was 
 147. In 1875 the Rev. Ananias Brown, of 
 Newport, R. I., was called to serve this con- 
 gregation, and has continued in charge 
 until the present time, laboring with great 
 success. The present membership is 821. 
 Hampden Baptist Church. 
 
 A congregation was gathered in this sub- 
 urb as early as 1847. It erected a hand- 
 some stone church at a cost of $5,000. It 
 was dedicated April 23, 1848. After several 
 years the members removed and the church 
 died. The edifice was rented for a public 
 school and afterwards demolished. The 
 reservoir now covers the spot on which it 
 stood. In 1874 several members of the 
 Forest Church withdrew to form a congre- 
 gation in Hampden. The first services 
 were held in the U. B. Church. A hall was 
 soon rented. In June, 1874, the Rev. J. H. 
 Barnes took charge. The membership had 
 grown from 20 to 54. The hall being too 
 small, a large tent was procured and used 
 during the summer. A church was erected 
 at a cost of $4,300. The growth has been 
 rapid. In 1885 it had reached 100 members. 
 The present membership is 565. The pres- 
 ent pastor is the Rev. J. J. Wicker. 
 Grace Baptist Church. 
 
 From a small mission inaugurated by the 
 Young People's Association of the High 
 Street Church in a one-story building on 
 .'\isquith street, Sunday afternoon, April 
 14, 1872, this important church has sprung. 
 A Sunday-school was at first begun which 
 rapidly increased and required larger quar- 
 ters. A dwelling, at 538 Aisquith street, 
 was next secured where weekly prayer- 
 meetings were also held. Messrs. Miles S. 
 
 Read and his brother, Wm. S. Read, mem- 
 bers of the Eutaw Place Church, attached 
 themselves to the mission, the former 
 preaching every Sunday afternoon. In a 
 short time forty persons professed conver- 
 sion. It was decided to build a church. A 
 lot was leased and a brick chapel erected at 
 a cost of $4,000. On June 12, 1874, twenty- 
 one members of the Eutaw Place Church 
 and eleven from the High Street Church 
 united and organized the "Shiloh Baptist 
 Church." Mr. M. S. Read acted as pastor 
 for one year, without compensation The 
 Shiloh Church was admitted into the Asso- 
 ciation in November. At the end of Mr. 
 Read's year he was called to the pastorate 
 and was ordained in the Eutaw Church for 
 this special purpose. The congregation be- 
 gan to increase rapidly. In 1877 Mr. 
 Charles D. Parker, a licentiate of the High 
 Street Church, became pastor. In this year 
 the Orient Baptist Church, which was es- 
 tablished in 1873, and had a checkered exist- 
 ence, was invited to join the Shiloh congre- 
 gation. It did so, and disbanding in De- 
 cember, 1877, seventy of its members threw 
 in their lot with the new congregation, thus 
 giving it 125 members. In 1882 it was de- 
 cided to change the name from "Shiloh" 
 to "Aisquith Street." In 1883 the congre- 
 gation moved to Bethany Chapel on Eager 
 street. During a revival here two hundred 
 persons were converted. The edifice was 
 soon outgrown and it was decided to move 
 elsewhere. With this in view the name was 
 changed to "Grace Baptist Church." In 
 April, 1884, the Rev. J. B. English became 
 pastor. A lot on the northeast corner of 
 Caroline and Preston street was purchased 
 in 1885, and a new and handsome stone 
 church was erected in 1887 at a cost of $20,- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 GOO. The present earnest and successful 
 pastor is the Rev. J. C. Davidson. The 
 membership is 311. 
 
 Calvary Baptist Church (Colored). 
 
 This very large congregation had a very 
 small beginning and is largely the product 
 of one man's zeal and ability. A few mem- 
 bers of Union Church had been holding 
 meetings for several years, first on Oxford 
 street, and afterwards in an old carpenter 
 shop on the corner of Preston and Mason 
 alley, where twelve persons constituted 
 themselves a new body. In June, 1879, they 
 called the Rev. P. H. A. Braxton from Rich- 
 mond. His zeal soon told, and in two years 
 the congregation increased to 125 members, 
 and became self-supporting. They rented a 
 hall on Linden avenue and Hofifman streets 
 and occupied it about a year. In 1883 a 
 large lot was secured at the corner of Park 
 avenue and Biddle street and a new edifice 
 begun. It was completed and dedicated in 
 March, 1885. The building is a handsome 
 one — of granite trimmed with red brick. 
 The cost was $10,000. While it was be- 
 ing erected services were held in a frame 
 building wdiich is still standing next to the 
 church on Biddle street. The membership 
 has gradually increased until now it is very 
 large. In 1897 the interior was damaged 
 by fire but was speedily repaired. The Rev. 
 Mr. Braxton is still in charge. 
 
 Fuller Memorial Baptist Church. 
 
 The hoiiorctl name of the first pastor of 
 the Eutaw Church has been perpetuated in a 
 beautiful and suitable memorial — a church 
 bearing the name of the "Fuller ^Memorial." 
 It is the outcome of a missionary elifort 
 made by the Young Men's City Mission 
 of the Eutaw Church, which in 1874 rented 
 
 Sewall's Hall, corner of Pennsylvania ave- 
 nue and Patterson avenue, and organized 
 a Sunday-school, on July 7th. Another 
 school, conducted previously in a room on 
 the corner of Pennsylvania avenue and Fre- 
 mont street, joined with it. Weekly meet- 
 ings were also instituted and the growth 
 of attendance at both was so great as to ne- 
 cessitate a larger building. Subscriptions 
 were raised to build a chapel on a lot leased 
 at the corner of Patterson avenue and Cal- 
 houn street, to be called the "Fuller Me- 
 morial." It cost $3,000 and was completed 
 on June 30, 1877. The Mission Sunday- 
 school, which had borne the name of "Oli- 
 vet," removed to the new chapel the ne.xt 
 day, Sunday, and became the Sunday-school 
 of the Fuller Memorial Church. In Octo- 
 ber weekly meetings were begun. The Rev. 
 Dr. Franklin Wilson preached frequently in 
 the years 1878 and 1879, until a missionary, 
 the Rev. J. E. Rapson. was secured. He 
 entered upon his duties in the chapel Oc- 
 tober 1 2th, and had a congregation of 
 eighty-five persons. In July, 1880, nine- 
 teen members of the Eutaw Church took 
 letters and organized a new body. The 
 Rev. J. Henry Brittain was called to the 
 pastorate. His success was great from the 
 start, until larger accommodations became 
 necessary. In 1884 a large and handsome 
 red brick building, with stone trimmings, 
 was erected on the corner of Carey and 
 Presstman streets. The new edifice was 
 dedicated October 12th. The old chapel 
 passed into the hands of the Patterson Ave- 
 nue Colored Baptist Church. The growth 
 has been great both in the congregation and 
 the Sunday-school. It is now one of the 
 most active congregations in the city. 
 Membership is 386. Subsequently the con- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 gregation has built a handsome church at 
 the corner of Baker and Carey streets. The 
 Patterson Avenue Colored Church, now 
 called Sharon, purchased its former prop- 
 erty for $20,000, and now occupies it. Pres- 
 ent pastor. Rev. S. C. Clopton. 
 Perkins' Square Baptist Church (Col- 
 ored). 
 
 The history of this church is remarkable. 
 In 1880 the Wayman African Methodist 
 Episcopal Church possessed a building on 
 the corner of George streeet and Clinton 
 avenue. In September of that year its pas- 
 tor and twenty-seven of its members were 
 converted from Methodist to Baptist prin- 
 ciples and were immersed. This disorgan- 
 ized the Wayman Church, and the edifice 
 was used as a Baptist Mission. On July 22, 
 1 88 1, the Rev. F. R. Williams and some of 
 his former flock withdrew from the Union 
 Church and founded the Perkins' Square 
 Church. They purchased the building they 
 had been occupying and elected Mr. Wil- 
 liams as pastor. In the first year there were 
 160 additions by baptism. In 1883 the 
 membership increased to 470. In 1884 the 
 edifice was remodeled and improved at a 
 cost of $1,000. In 1885 the membership 
 was 600. The same minister is in charge 
 and doing a marvelous work. The member- 
 ship is 1,101. 
 
 Immanuel Baptist Church. 
 
 On Sunday afternoon, November 7, 1880, 
 a Sunday-school was opened in Cowman's 
 Hall, corner of Boundary and Maryland 
 avenues, with Joshua Levering, Esq., as su- 
 perintendent. The officers and teachers 
 came chiefly from the Eutaw Street, but 
 some also from the First, Seventh and High 
 Street Churches. A valuable lot was soon 
 
 secured at the corner of St. Paul street and 
 Boundary (now North) avenue. The beau- 
 tiful stone chapel was first erected, having a 
 seating capacity of 500. It was opened for 
 service on Sunday, December 10, 1882. A 
 congregation had been organized in the lec- 
 ture room of the Eutaw Church on October 
 10, 1882, and fifty-three persons, mostly 
 from that church, constituted the "Imman- 
 uel Baptist Church." The Rev. A. C. Dixon 
 was called to the pastorate and met with 
 great success. He served until 1890, when 
 he resigned and went to Brooklyn. He was 
 succeeded by the Rev. C. A. Fulton, of 
 Norristown, Pa., who served as pastor, was 
 successful until 1896 when he removed to 
 Detroit, Mich. The membership is 466. 
 
 Fulton Avenue Baptist Church. 
 This church is also the product of lay 
 work and began as a mission, under the 
 care of the Young Men's City ^Mission of 
 the Franklin Square Church. It was in- 
 augurated in 1875 in an old inn, on Colum- 
 bia avenue near Carey street. In the sum- 
 mer of 1876 the rooms were too small and 
 the school occupied a tent on an adjoining 
 lot. In 1877 the school was moved to a 
 dwelling house on the corner of Pratt street 
 and Addison alley. Here it was joined by 
 another school, which had been started in 
 Bowen Hall, on Frederick avenue near 
 Mount street. The new organization took 
 the name of the "West End Mission." In 
 1879 a lot was purchased on the northeast 
 corner of Fulton avenue and Baltimore 
 street and a chapel was erected at a cost of 
 $3,300. It accommodated 300 persons, and 
 was dedicated July 11, 1880. In 1S83 the 
 congregation was organized, when, on Oc- 
 tober 10, fifty-five persons withdrew from 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the Franklin Square Cliurch for the express 
 purpose of forming the Fulton Avenue 
 Church. The first pastor was the Rev. A. 
 C. Barron. The congregation grew so rap- 
 idly that a new church was necessary, and 
 in 1888-9 ^ commodious stone edifice was 
 erected at a cost of $21,000. During its 
 erection the congregation worshiped with 
 the Franklin Square Church. The Rev. Mr. 
 Barron resigned in 1895, greatly to the re- 
 gret of his people. On May 5, 1895, the 
 present pastor entered upon the charge of 
 this growing congregation, which now has 
 424 members. A Mission Sunday-school is 
 conducted at Payson and Ramsey streets. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. Howard 
 Wayne Smith. 
 
 Riverside Baptist Church. 
 In 1882 some members of the Lee Street 
 Baptist Church, of which the Rev. H. M. 
 Wharton was pastor, organized a mission 
 Sunday-school in a private house on the 
 corner of Hanover and McCann streets. 
 The work progressed so rapidly that the 
 Lee Street Church erected a chapel on Ran- 
 dall street, opposite William street, for its 
 use. The Rev. W. O. Thomas, assistant 
 at the Lee Street Church, preached there 
 for several months in 1883-1884. In Oc- 
 tober, 1884, thirty-three members of the Lee 
 Street Church constituted themselves into 
 the Riverside Baptist Church, and the new 
 congregation was duly recognized. Mr. W. 
 J. Nicoll, a member of the Eutaw Church, 
 who had been in charge for several months, 
 was ordained and became its first pastor. 
 Under him the chapel was improved and 
 the congregation was increased. The pres- 
 ent pastor is the Rev. F. R. LaBarrer and 
 the membership is 220. 
 
 Brantly ^Memorial Baptist Church. 
 This church was constituted on February 
 4, 1885, at a meeting held in a chapel on the 
 corner of Schroeder and Pierce streets. This 
 chapel had been purchased in 1881 from the 
 Y. M. C. A. by Mr. Joshua Levering and 
 others for $3,000 and given to the Young 
 Men's Mission Society of the Seventh Bap- 
 tist Church. The work of these young men 
 culminated in the organization of the 
 Brantly Church. The congregation organ- 
 ized with thirty-two members and chose the 
 name of the late pastor of the Seventh Bap- 
 tist Church, the Rev. Dr. Brantly. At its 
 first meeting the congregation decided to be 
 self-supporting. A call was extended to the 
 Rev. Dr. H. M. Wharton, who was the 
 State Evangelist, having previously been 
 pastor of the Lee Street Church. He en- 
 tered upon his duties March 8, 1886, and is 
 still in charge. The congregation began to 
 grow at once. In a year's time the member- 
 ship increased to almost 250 members. As 
 the chapel accommodated but 500 persons, 
 the need of a larger building was soon felt. 
 The present splendid stone edifice, at the 
 corner of Edmonson avenue and Schroeder 
 street, was begun October 10, 1888, and 
 the basement was occupied in December, 
 1889. The entire structure was dedicated 
 September 18, 1892. It cost $50,000 and 
 will seat 1.500 persons. The membership 
 had increased to 600 in 1892 and now is 
 943. The Sunday-school has over 1,000 
 scholars on its roll, and all the agencies for 
 church work are very vigorous. Under the 
 untiring direction of the pastor meetings 
 have been held in the various parts of the 
 city, such as at the wharves, in the market 
 houses and on open lots. Gospel wagons 
 have also been employed. For several years 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 409 
 
 the Rev. Dr. Wharton has held a Sunday 
 afternoon service at Ford's Opera House. 
 He has also made extensive evangelistic 
 tours throughout the South. His church 
 is a living monument to his great zeal and 
 marked ability. He has also been instru- 
 mental in founding the Baptist Orphanage, 
 located at 1002 West Lanvale, which has 
 been adopted by the Baptist denomination. 
 He also founded "The Evangel," the Bap- 
 tist denominational organ; and also the 
 National Evangelization Society. 
 
 Sharon Baptist Church (Colored). 
 
 This congregation started as a mission of 
 the Macedonia Church in 1880 and was or- 
 ganized in 1883. It worshiped first in a 
 chapel on Patterson avenue, built for the 
 Fulton^ Memorial Church. By aid of the 
 Church Extension Society this congrega- 
 tion afterwards bought the large brick 
 building vacated by the Fulton Memorial 
 at the corner of Presstman and Carey streets 
 for $20,000. The membership is 476. The 
 only pastor has been the Rev. W. M. Alex- 
 ander. When the congregation took pos- 
 session of its present edifice it changed its 
 name from Patterson Avenue to Sharon 
 Church. 
 
 Antioch Baptist Church (Colored). 
 
 This congregation is in Waverly and was 
 organized in 1887. Its only pastor has been 
 the Rev. J. W. Scott. The church is a 
 frame building, valued at $5,000. Member- 
 ship, ninety-five. 
 
 Trinity B.\ptist Church (Colored). 
 
 This vigorous congregation began its his-, 
 tory in 1888 in a brick chapel on Aisquith 
 street near Hoggman, which was first oc- 
 cupied by the High Street Church. In 1892 
 
 it removed to the Annex, Oak and Fifth 
 streets. In 1896, by the aid of the Exten- 
 sion Society, it purchased its present build- 
 ing on Twenty-first street, and occupies the 
 second floor. Value, $10,000. Membership 
 is 215. It is a very intelligent and active 
 congregation. The only pastor has been the 
 Rev. G. R. Waller, a graduate of Newton 
 Theological Seminary, Mass. 
 
 Enon Baptist Church (Colored). 
 
 This small congregation was organized in 
 1889, but has since ceased to be in fellow- 
 ship with tne jMaryland Baptist Union As- 
 sociation. Its pastor is the Rev. Jonas Wat- 
 kins. 
 Bethlehem Baptist Church (Colored). 
 
 This congregation was organized in 1890. 
 It has a membership of 207, and its pastor is 
 the Rev. Lloyd Reid. 
 
 Scott Street Baptist Church. 
 
 The Franklin Street Baptist Church 
 started a mission some years ago, out of 
 which the Scott Streeet Church has grown. 
 It was organized in 1891, its first members 
 coming from the Franklin Square Church. 
 The church edifice is a frame building, sit- 
 uated at the corner of Scott and Cross 
 streets. The membership is 200, with 350 
 scholars in the Sunday-school. It is doing 
 a very good work among the laboring class. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. N. W. Kemp. 
 
 Arlington Baptist Church. 
 This congregation was organized in 1892 
 by the Rev. Allyn G. Foster, now of New 
 Haven, Conn. The present membership is 
 thirty-eight. Services are maintained Sun- 
 day afternoons. The chapel is in the suburb 
 of Arlington, and is under the pastorshij) of 
 the Rev. F. B. LaBarrer. 
 
410 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Faith Baptist Church (Colored). 
 
 This congregation worships in a rented 
 building in northeast Baltimore. Its mem- 
 bership is thirty-eight. It was organized in 
 1892 and has had a hard struggle to exist, 
 but it is doing well now. The present pas- 
 tor is the Rev. S. S. Wormley. 
 
 Israel Baptist Church (Colored). 
 
 In 1892 this congregation was organized. 
 It occupies a rented building on Milliken 
 street, and has a membership of 137. The 
 pastor is the Rev. J. H. Reid. 
 Division Street Baptist Church (Col- 
 ored). 
 
 On Division street, near Robert, is this 
 church situated. It has a membership of 
 205. The pastor is Rev. A. E. Minkins. 
 Value of property, $5,500. 
 
 North xAvenue Baptist Church. 
 
 This congregation was organized in 1894 
 by a colony from the Eutaw PTace Baptist 
 Church. Its location is at the corner of 
 Linden and North avenues, and its prop- 
 erty is valued at $20,000. The present 
 house of worship is a frame building. TTie 
 membership is ninety-one. The pastor is 
 the Rev. J. M. Wilbur. 
 
 Calverton Baptist Church. 
 This is an offshoot of the Fuller Memorial 
 Church and was organized in 1895. A neat 
 brick chapel, valued at $1,736, was erected. 
 The pastorate is vacant, but services are 
 maintained regularly. Mejiihershi]), fifty- 
 seven. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 
 Even a brief account of the history of 
 Friends in Baltimore cannot be written 
 without some reference to the founder of 
 
 the society, George Fox, who was born at 
 "Drayton-in-the-CIay," now Fenny Dray- 
 ton, Leicestershire, England, in 1624. He 
 was reared in the Established Church of 
 England, and "was early led by his 'heav- 
 enly monitor" to be faithful inwardly to God 
 and outwardly to man, and to keep to 'yea' 
 and 'nay' in all things, that his words might 
 be few and savory, seasoned with grace." 
 He began nis lay ministry in 1644, in Leices- 
 tershire, preaching the new doctrine of the 
 "Divine Immanence," or "the Light With- 
 in." 
 
 The first account of Friends in Maryland 
 was in 1656, when Josiah Coale, a very pow- 
 erful lay preacher, attended by Thomas 
 Thurston, came from England, visited the 
 province, and established communities of 
 Friends in various places. In 1659 the vis- 
 its of William Robinson, Christian Holder 
 and Robert Hodgson resulted in a consid- 
 erable increase in membership. Early in 
 1665 John Burnyeat arrived in the colony 
 and spent the whole of the summer in re- 
 ligious work among the settlers. He again 
 visited Maryland in 1671, and in 1672 he 
 appointed a "General Meeting" at West 
 river, in Anne Arundel county, "for all the 
 Friends in the province," that he might "see 
 them together, before he departed for Great 
 Britain." Friends from all parts responded 
 to the call. George Fox, with several breth- 
 ren, arriving at this time from Barbadoes, 
 where they had been making a religious 
 visit, landed at the mouth of the Patuxent 
 river, and attended this meeting. At its 
 close a meeting for church discipline was 
 held, the first of the kind in Maryland, and 
 from that time to the present their lineal 
 descendants, Baltimore Friends, have rcgu- 
 larlv held such meetings. 
 
/ 
 
 ^S2,^^i^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The exceedingly valuable records of those 
 meetings from 1677 are now in a good state 
 of preservation in the fire-proof room in the 
 meeting house on Park avenue, Baltimore. 
 
 The early Friends of Baltimore were prin-' 
 cipally immigrants, who had left England to 
 escape persecution, and had previously set- 
 tled in Virginia, the Barbadoes and New 
 England, but in most of these places they 
 had encountered the same intolerant spirit 
 that they had left behind them. In the col- 
 ony of Lord Baltimore, however, who had 
 invited people of all Christian views to set- 
 tle under his new government, and assured 
 them that their religious rights should be re- 
 spected, they found the protection they 
 sought. 
 
 The earliest record of Patapsco "Particu- 
 lar" JMeeting (now Baltimore) is of Sixth 
 Month, 1681. The first meetings were held 
 in the dwellings of the members, until there 
 were funds and members enough to build a 
 meeting house. 
 
 Richard Taylor's will, dated 1726, and 
 probated in 1729, contains the following 
 passages: "I give and bequeath unto my 
 son, Joseph Taylor, a lot of land containing 
 one acre of land, bought of John Ensor for 
 to build a meeting house on it; the said land 
 and meeting house on it, I give and be- 
 queath for the use of Friends, for the use of 
 a meeting house and burying-place for 
 Friends forever." This indicates the build- 
 ing of this meeting house prior to 1726. 
 
 It is believed that the Society of Friends 
 were the first organized religious body in 
 tlie present limits of Baltimore, and that the 
 first church edifice was erected by them. 
 In Scharfif's "Chronicles of Baltimore" we 
 find the following passage: "In 1702 St. 
 Paul's was made a mission parish, under tlie 
 
 ministry of Rev. Wm. Tibbs, and on July 
 28th, 1730, the vestry again met and agreed 
 with Thomas Hartwell to build the walls 
 for St. Paul's Church (Charles and Saratoga 
 streets); but Hartwell failed, and the buifd- 
 ing was delayed and not finished until 
 1739." Griffith's Annals of Baltimore says: 
 "Down to the year 1758 we have no knowl- 
 edge of any other churches, or meetings for 
 worship here, but the established church 
 (Episcopal) and the Society of Friends, or 
 Quakers, of which latter society it seems 
 a very great portion of the first settlers of 
 Baltimore county consisted at this time." 
 
 By a deed dated December 15, 1713, 
 "John Ensor and Uxor" conveyed to Rich- 
 ard Taylor a certain parcel of land called 
 "Friendship," being taken out of a large 
 tract called "Darley Hall," and containing 
 one acre, to erect a meeting house on. The 
 price was ten shillings. This one acre is 
 now near the center of Friends' burying- 
 ground on the Harford road, the present 
 place of burial of Friends of Baltimore. 
 
 In 1773, their members becoming numer- 
 ous, and their meeting house being some 
 distance from the city proper, the Friends 
 bought two lots of ground, and in 1779 an- 
 other lot, "altogether including the entire 
 square (except the corner lot at the north- 
 west corner), bounded by Great York street 
 (now East Baltimore street), Smook alley 
 (now Aisquith street), Pitt street (now East 
 Fayette street), and Canal street (now Cen- 
 tral avenue). The price of the entire pur- 
 chase was £121, 4s.. ill fee. On this lot 
 George Matthews built the present Friends' 
 Meeting House, at a cost of $4,500. The 
 first meeting was held here in 1781, and it 
 is still used as a place of worship. The "ex- 
 ecutive" meetings for the Western Shore of 
 
412 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Maryland were held at West river until 
 1739, when Gunpowder Monthly or Execu- 
 tive Meeting was established in Baltimore 
 county, and Baltimore Meeting became a 
 part of that meeting. In 1792 Baltimore be- 
 came a separate meeting, with a member- 
 ship of 251. 
 
 The numbers increasing rapidly, it was 
 found necessary to build again, and a lot 
 was purchased on the south side of Lom- 
 bard street, between Eutaw and Howard 
 streets, and under the charge of John Mc- 
 Kini, Elisha Tyson, John Mitchel, James 
 Gary, Benjamin Ellicott and James Ellicott, 
 a much larger house was built in 1805, at 
 a cost of $19,905. In this house Baltimore 
 Yearly Meeting was held until 1888. Tlie 
 records show that in 1807 there was a mem- 
 bership of 476. in addition to the member- 
 ship in East Baltimore. 
 
 Erom 1805 to 1819 two Monthly (or Ex- 
 ecutive) Meetings existed in Baltimore, the 
 original organization being known as the 
 Eastern District, and Lombard Street Meet- 
 ing as the Western District. The member- 
 ship of the two meetings aggregated at that 
 time about one thousand. Eastern District 
 ^Monthly Meeting was discontinued as an 
 executive meeting in 1819, and became a 
 part of, and subordinate to, the Western 
 District Meeting. 
 
 The "separation" that took place in the 
 Society of Friends in America during the 
 years 1827 and 1828 was an event of deep 
 and painful interest to its members, and is 
 still regarded by many, both within and 
 without the pale, as a subject of increasing 
 regret. It was accompanied by alienation 
 of feeling among many who had long been 
 knit together in the closest ties of friendship, 
 and it diminished the salutarv influence that 
 
 the Society had always exerted, from the 
 first settlement of the country, in the pro- 
 moting of every work that tended to the 
 public good. It resulted in Baltimore in 
 the establishment of an independent Meet- 
 ing by seventy members, who withdrew 
 from the main body and built a meeting 
 house on the corner of Saratoga and Gourt- 
 land streets, and afterwards removed to a 
 larger house, which they now occupy, on 
 Eutaw and Monument streets. It was not 
 until a generation had passed that the two 
 divisions of the Society were able to resume 
 with tranquility the work of the Society; 
 but both branches are now earnestly en- 
 gaged in many kinds of religious and phil- 
 anthropic work, co-operating with all other 
 bodies in their efforts to advance the best 
 interests of humanity. 
 
 On account of the encroachment of busi- 
 ness upon this once quiet locality it was 
 found necessary, in 1887, to sell the Lom- 
 bard street property, and a handsome and 
 commodious meeting house was built upon 
 the corner of Park avenue and Laurens 
 street, and has been occupied since 1889 
 as a place of worship. Baltimore Yearly 
 Meeting is held in this house. The old 
 meeting house on Aisquith and Fayette 
 streets remains unchanged, and during the 
 past few years the members who occupy it, 
 with the assistance of those of Park Avenue 
 Meeting, have entered quite extensively into 
 home missionary work among the children 
 in the vicinity. 
 
 In the records, extending through more 
 than a century, are found the names of many 
 Friends representing families prominent in 
 the history of the city. Among these are 
 Uria Brown, who taught the first free, or 
 public school in the State of Maryland; 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 413 
 
 John McKim, who requested his sons, Isaac 
 and William, to endow the McKim School, 
 now used for the free kindergarten of the 
 Society of Friends (Aisquith and Fayette 
 streets); Elisha Tyson, a devoted friend of 
 those of the African race, and one who spent 
 much time and money in their behalf; Moses 
 Sheppard, who founded the Sheppard Asy- 
 lum for the Insane; Andrew and Jonathan 
 EUicott, who established Ellicott's Mills, 
 now Ellicott City; Joseph Townsend, who 
 promoted the establishment of the Equitable 
 Insurance Society in 1794; Gerard Hop- 
 kins, the ancestor of the founder of the 
 Johns Hopkins University and Hospital; 
 Philip E. Thomas, one of the promoters and 
 first president of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
 road Company; George Hussey, the ances- 
 tor of Obed Hussey, the inventor of the first 
 successful mowing and reaping machine; 
 Rossiter Scott, the father of Townsend 
 Scott, the first to establish the bond and 
 stock brokerage business in Baltimore; Da- 
 vid Wilson, the ancestor of Thomas Wilson, 
 the founder of the Wilson Sanitarium and 
 other charities; John Mitchel, a leading 
 wholesale grocer, in whose store Moses 
 Sheppard commenced life as an errand boy; 
 John Needles, who in connection with Wil- 
 liam Lloyd Garrison, Benjamin Lundy and 
 Arthur Howells, devoted years of his life in 
 the cause of the oppressed of the African 
 race in our midst. To these we might add 
 the names of Matthews, Brown, Trimble, 
 Riley, Cornthwait, Dukehart, Dawson, 
 Brooks, Mott, Pope, Davenport, Atkinson, 
 Powell, Husband, Reed, Amoss and many 
 others who have long since passed from 
 works to reward, but of whom it might be 
 said that the moral and material condition 
 
 of Baltimore was greatly advanced by their 
 exemplary lives, energy and enterprise. 
 
 In the year 1828 the Friends separated 
 into two divisions over the doctrine of the 
 Atonement of our Lord. Part held to the 
 orthodox view and have since been known 
 as the Orthodox Friends; while part es- 
 poused the views of an American Friend 
 named Elias Hicks, who had been a noted 
 preacher in the Society and who traveled far 
 and wide disseminating his opinions. He 
 won a large following and occasioned a 
 separation among the Friends in America 
 which continues unto this day. His adher- 
 ents are called "Hicksite Friends." While 
 in Pennsylvania the Orthodox party has al- 
 ways been much the stronger of the two, in 
 Maryland the Hicksite party has maintained 
 the ascendency. Each of these two partie.-; 
 has two meeting houses in the city. The 
 Orthodox Friends have their chief place of 
 worship at the northeast corner of Eutaw 
 and Monument streets. 
 
 The Eutaw Street Meeting House. 
 
 This brick edifice was erected in 1867 on 
 a lot which cost $15,000. The building cost 
 $31,000. It is a two-story structure, having 
 several rooms in the basement and a large 
 audience room above. Owing to its con- 
 venient location this meeting house is used 
 for many public gatherings of a charitable 
 and philanthropic nature. The membership 
 is 300, and its services are well attended. 
 
 The Light Street Meeting House. 
 
 For several years the Orthodox Friends 
 maintained a mission in the southern por- 
 tion of the city. It was first held in rented 
 buildings, but in 1871 a lot was purchased 
 on Light street near Hamburg and a tw-o- 
 story brick building erected thereupon in 
 
414 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1880. Subsequently this building was en- 
 larged to its present proportions. Regular 
 meetings were begun in 1880. The lot cost 
 $0,500 and the building $14,000. Two years 
 ago improvements were made at a cost of 
 $5,000. A kindergarten is maintained here 
 and also a gymnasium. Evening classes 
 are also held for instruction in various use- 
 ful arts. The membership is about 100. 
 
 The Orthodox Friends had one other 
 meeting house, which is now used for secu- 
 lar purposes. It is situated at the corner 
 of Courtland and Saratoga streets, and was 
 built in 1830, and was used as a place of 
 meeting until 1867, when it was sold. It is 
 now used as a colored normal school. The 
 Eutaw Street j\Ieeting House was erected 
 to take its place. 
 
 THE CHURCH OF THE UNITED 
 BRETHREN IN CHRIST. 
 This denomination traces its origin to a 
 learned and godly man, who came to this 
 country from Germany in the middle of the 
 eighteenth century — Philip William Otter- 
 bein. It sprang into existence in the great 
 rc\ival movement during the latter half of 
 that century and has had a most vigorous 
 existence, until there are 250,000 members 
 in the United States, with 3,500 church edi- 
 fices and 2,400 ministers. The founder of 
 this active denomination was born in the 
 town of Dillenburg, Germany, on the third 
 of June, 1726. His father was a man of 
 fine culture, who gave his son the finest lit- 
 erary advantages. He was brought up in 
 the German Reformed Church and was or- 
 dained to the ministry at Dillenburg on 
 June 13, 1749. For a time he performed 
 the duties of both a teacher and a pastor; 
 but in 1852 he felt imi)elled, together with 
 
 several other young men, to come to Amer- 
 ica in order to administer to the spiritual 
 needs of the large number of Germans who 
 had come hither. They reached New York 
 on the 28th of July. They proceeded to 
 Philadelphia, under the guidance of the 
 Rev. Michael Schlattel, whose earnest ap- 
 peal had moved them to leave their father- 
 land. There were six young men in the 
 party, and they were sent to different posts 
 of duty. The Rev. jMr. Otterbein w-as sent 
 to Lancaster, Pa., then a thriving town of 
 about two thousand inhabitants. Here was 
 situated the second in importance of the 
 German Reformed Churches in America, 
 the first being at Philadelphia. To this Mr. 
 Otterbein was appointed and here he served 
 most acceptably for six years. During his 
 administration the old, wooden church, 
 which had been built long before, w-as super- 
 seded by a massive stone edifice which stood 
 for a century, and was only taken down in 
 1852. Many new features introduced by 
 him have remained until this day. In 1758 
 he resigned in order to visit his old home in 
 Germany; but the continuance of the 
 French and English war made travel dan- 
 gerous and he accepted a temporary charge 
 at Tulpehocken, Pa., and remained there 
 two years. In September, 1765, he removed 
 to York, Pa., and was the pastor of that 
 large and influential church until 1774. when 
 he was called to assume the charge of the 
 independent Reformed Church of Balti- 
 more, having visited his fatherland in 1770. 
 The Second Reformed Church of Balti- 
 more had come into existence in 1771 and 
 was the result of a serious division in the 
 First Reformed Church over the conduct of 
 its pastor, the Rev. John Christopher Faber. 
 The latter had come to this countrv from 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Germany and taken charge of the church 
 in an irregular manner. It was charged 
 that his ministrations were formal and that 
 he "led an offensive life." A large minority, 
 after appealing in vain to the synod for re- 
 lief, left the First Church and established 
 an independent Reformed church. They 
 elected as their first pastor the Rev. Bene- 
 dict Schwope, a young Reformed minister 
 who had recently come from Germany and 
 was residing near Baltimore. He accepted. 
 A large lot was purchased on Conway street 
 near Sharp and there erected a small frame 
 building suitable for their immediate needs. 
 The title to this was not vested in the Ger- 
 man Reformed Church, but in chosen mem- 
 bers of the congregation, with power of 
 transmission to their successors. Efforts 
 were made to reunite the warring factions 
 of the Reformed body, but in vain. In 1773 
 the Rev. Mr. Schwope resigned and then 
 the Rev. Mr. Otterbein was urgently press- 
 ed to accept a call to the new Reformed con- 
 gregation. He took charge on May 4, 1774. 
 He had now been in America twenty-two 
 years and was forty-eight years of age. The 
 growth of his congregation was not rapid, 
 owing largely to the breaking out of the 
 War of the Revolution. The German popu- 
 lation of Baltimore was small at that time, 
 the entire population of which numbered 
 only 6,000. After the close of the war more 
 favorable conditions set in, and in 1785 the 
 new congregation effected a formal organi- 
 zation. A set of rules, now quite famous, 
 was adopted January i, 1785. They exhibit 
 a distinct departure in many particulars 
 from the tenets of the Reformed Church, 
 and mark a new step in the religious world, 
 which ultimately culminated in the forma- 
 tion of a new ecclesiastical body. The Ger- 
 
 man Reformed Church has always held dis- 
 tinctly Calvinistic doctrines. These the 
 new congregation repudiated and adopted 
 Armenian views. It also changed the name 
 from German Reformed to Evangelical Re- 
 formed. It also sought to create and ad- 
 vance a deeper personal piety, and displayed 
 many of those evangelistic features which 
 were elsewhere to be seen among the early 
 Methodists. Indeed Mr. Otterbein and Mr. 
 Asbury had become very intimate friends, 
 and it was largely due to the influence of 
 the latter that the former had come to Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 In the new movement among the Ger- 
 mans Mr. Otterbein had as his sympathizers 
 and supporters several distinguished men of 
 other church afifiliations. Chief among 
 these was the Rev. Martin Boehme, of the 
 Mennonite Church, who had gone far and 
 wide preaching the simple truths of Chris- 
 tianity and insisting on the necessity of per- 
 sonal piety. It was at one of these evangel- 
 istic meetings conducted by Mr. Boehme in 
 Michael Long's stone barn, in Lancaster 
 county, Pa., that Air. Otterbein first met 
 him. After the former had finished his dis- 
 course Mr. Otterbein arose and embraced 
 him, exclaiming, "Wir sind Bruder" — "We 
 are brethren." Mr. Boehme was expelled 
 from the Mennonite Church because of the 
 new views which he had espoused. 
 
 Next in order among the prominent co- 
 laborers of i\Ir. Otterbein is to be named 
 George Adam Guething, his own son in the 
 Gospel. He was born in Prussia on Febru- 
 ary 5, 1741, and was brought up in the Re- 
 formed Church. He came to America at the 
 age of seventeen, and made his home at 
 Antietam, Md. Here he taught school part 
 of the year, and was a miner the remaining 
 
416 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 portion. The school house in which lie 
 taught afterwards came to be known as 
 "Guething's Meeting House." This place 
 was visited by Mr. Otterbein as early as 
 1760, when he was located at Frederick, and 
 doubtless Mr. Guething came under his in- 
 fluence at that time. On Whitsunday, 1783, 
 he was ordained to the ministry of the Ger- 
 man Reformed Church. Espousing what 
 were considered "fanatical views," he was 
 expelled from the German Reformed 
 Church at Reading, Pa., on April 29, 1804. 
 He spent forty years thereafter in the min- 
 istry of the United Brethren Church and 
 seemed "to have been personally a good 
 man." 
 
 Among others ought to be named as ef- 
 ficient helpers the Rev. Dr. William Hen- 
 del, a man of fine education and brilliant 
 pulpit powers in the German Reformed 
 Church ; the Rev. Daniel Wagner, Rev. An- 
 thony Hautz, Rev. Frederick L. Henop and 
 Rev. Jacob Weimer. To these is to be 
 added the Rev. Benedict Schwope. Not all 
 of these followed Mr. Otterbein out of the 
 German Reformed body, but all of them 
 sympathized with him in his spiritual aims, 
 and even when they remained in the Re- 
 formed Church, adopted many of his prac- 
 tices, such as class meetings, etc. Long 
 before the seperation came, these ministers 
 had formed themselves into a bond of union 
 under the name of "The United Ministers." 
 They agreed to organize classes in their con- 
 gregations and to conduct them upon an 
 accepted model. For two years these 
 United Ministers, who were living at differ- 
 ent points, held semi-annual meetings for 
 conference. The Rev. Benedict Schwope 
 acted as secretary, and the minutes of two 
 of these meetings are still extant, the one 
 
 held at Pipe Creek near Baltimore on May 
 29, 1774, and the other at Frederick, Md., 
 on June 12, 1775. The last meeting was 
 held at Hagerstown on June 2, 1777. In 
 1789 a conference was convened at Mr. Ot- 
 terbein's parsonage in Baltimore to adopt a 
 definite mode of procedure. Fourteen min- 
 isters were recognized as members, but of 
 these only seven were present. Of these 
 seven, five were Reformed ministers and two 
 were Mennonites. The names of the seven 
 are: William Otterbein, Martin Boehme, 
 Henry Weidner, George A. Guenthing, 
 Christian Newcomer, Adam Lehman, John 
 Ernst. They adopted an instrument which 
 may justly be called the first creed of the 
 self-constituted organization. It is entitled: 
 "The Doctrine of the United Brethren in 
 Christ." It has five articles: I. A belief in 
 the Trinity; II. In the Deity and Propitia- 
 tion of Christ; III. In the Holy Ghost, pro- 
 ceeding from the Father and Son; IV. In 
 the Bible as the Word of God; V. In the fall 
 of Adam and salvation through Christ. They 
 also recommended baptism and the Lord's 
 Supper; also the washing of feet, where the 
 same is desired. 
 
 The Conference also adopted "Disciplin- 
 ary Rules." These governed the new or- 
 ganization from 1789 up to 1815. In 1791 
 another conference was held eight miles 
 from York, Pa., on the farm of John Span- 
 gler, at which nine ministers were present. 
 Thirteen were absent. No formal confer- 
 ence was held until 1800, when the name 
 and perpetuity of the new church was fixed. 
 It met on September 25 and 26, at the house 
 of Peter Kemp, about two miles west of 
 Frederick, Md. Fourteen were present. 
 They elected John William Otterbein and 
 Martin Boehme to be Superintendents or 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 417 
 
 Bishops. Annual conferences were now es- 
 tablished and the United Brethren Church 
 took its independent place among the other 
 Christian bodies. The last conference to be 
 attended by Bishop Otterbein was in the 
 year 1805. Increasing infirmities made it 
 impossible for him to travel. He died on 
 November 17, 1813, at the age of eighty- 
 one. For thirty-nine years he had been 
 pastor of the Evangelical Reformed Church. 
 Soon after his assumption of the pastorate 
 of this church, the old frame building was 
 removed and a large and stately brick edi- 
 fice erected in its stead. It is still standing 
 and in use, although the date of its erection 
 was 1784. It is now popularly called "The 
 Otterbein Church." The Rev. Mr. Otter- 
 bein never formally disconnected himself 
 from the church of his birth and ordination, 
 even though he became the founder of a 
 new denomination. He was succeeded in 
 the pastorate by the Rev. Frederick Schaf- 
 fer, and he by a line of godly men, to the 
 number of twenty, down to the present pas- 
 tor, the Rev. August Schmidt. 
 
 The congregation has 200 members and 
 owns a fine property, including a good par- 
 sonage. 
 
 Otterbein United Brethren Chapel. 
 
 This chapel is now generally known as 
 the Scott Street U. B. Church. It was or- 
 ganized to meet the growing numbers of 
 English speaking members of the U. B. 
 Church. The first English class was formed 
 at the old German Church, on Conway 
 street, on October 31, 1855, by the Rev. N. 
 Altman, pastor. The English congregation 
 was organized on November 6, 1855, and 
 trustees were then elected. The church was 
 incorporated as the Otterbein Chapel 
 
 Church of the United Brethren in Christ. 
 The mother church donated the lot (133x66 
 feet) on the corner of Scott and Peter streets 
 on November 23. The corner-stone was 
 laid by Bishop J. J. Glossbrenner on June 
 30, 1857. The lecture and Sunday-school 
 rooms were dedicated by the same bishop 
 on December 27, 1857. The parsonage was 
 built in 1868 adjoining the church, and the 
 primary Sunday-school room was built in 
 1890. The church became self-supporting 
 in 1870. In 1893 the church was remodeled 
 and repaired. The first pastor was the Rev. 
 Nehemiah Altman. The present pastor is 
 the Rev. A. H. Rice, who entered upon the 
 charge in 1890. The congregation is strong 
 and vigorous, and the Sunday-school has an 
 enrollment of 500 scholars. 
 Third Church of the United Brethrex. 
 
 This congregation began its history in 
 1869 and dedicated its present edifice on 
 March 21 of that year. It is situated on 
 the corner of Lombard and Fulton streets. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. John A. Sand. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. J. M. Wal- 
 ters. Services are conducted in both the 
 English and the German languages. The 
 membership is 225. 
 Fifth Church of the United Brethren. 
 
 At the corner of George and Clinton 
 avenue. This small brick chapel was dedi- 
 cated on July 7, 1872. The congregation 
 has made slow progress, the membership 
 being 100. It has a neat parsonage. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. J. R. Jones. 
 Salem Church of the United Brethren. 
 
 This congregation was organized as a 
 mission on February 22. 1871, by the Rev. 
 H. A. Schlicter. Its temporary chapel was 
 built near the corner of Francis and Retreat 
 
418 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Streets. In 1874 the present two-story brick- 
 edifice was erected at a cost of $19,500. The 
 Rev. S. A. Mowers became the pastor in 
 1875. In 1888 the mission declared itself 
 self-sustaining and thereupon became an in- 
 dependent congregation. In 1897 an annex 
 was built for the Primary Sunday-school. 
 This was dedicated in January, 1898. The 
 Rev. Mr. Mowers is still in charge. 
 Otterbein Memorial Church of the 
 United Brethren. 
 
 This is situated at the corner of Roland 
 and Fifth avenues. A small chapel was first 
 erected on Sycamore street in 1874. This 
 was called "Sweet Air" Chapel. The pres- 
 ent stone Gothic church was erected at a 
 cost of $18,000 in 1893 under the pastorship 
 of the Rev. J. L. Grimm. There is a neat 
 frame parsonage owned by the congrega- 
 tion. The congregation is still a mission, 
 but is rapidly growing toward self-support 
 and independence. Its membership is 212. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. H. A 
 Schlicter, who took charge in 1897. 
 ScoTT Street Mission. 
 
 A mission was started by the Rev. A. H. 
 Rice, pastor of the Scott Street Church, in 
 1894. A lot was secured at the corner of 
 Franklin and Monroe streets, and on the 
 Monroe street side of this a neat brick 
 Gothic chapel was erected at a cost of $4,- 
 000. The first jtastor was the Rev. J. C. 
 Gardner. The present pastor is the Rev. 
 Josejjh Daugherly. The membership is 
 100. 
 
 NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. 
 In the year 17S3 a new body of Christians 
 was formed in London, having for its reli- 
 gious belief the teachings of Emmanuel 
 
 Swedenborg, who lived in Sweden from 
 1688 to 1772. Not quite a decade later, on 
 April I, 1792, the Rev. J. J. Wilmer, a min- 
 ister of the English Church, who had es- 
 poused the doctrines of Swedenborg, came 
 to Baltimore and asked for permission to 
 explain the teachings of Swedenborg in the 
 Court House. His request was granted 
 and a goodly congregation gathered to hear 
 his expositions. So successful does he seem 
 to have been, that in two weeks time, on 
 April 15th, regular services were instituted 
 in "The Old Theatre." Just when the Rev. 
 Mr. Wilmer left the city is not known. But 
 in 1792 the Society was established. About 
 this time Mr. Robert Carter, of Nomony 
 Hall, Virginia, who had also received 
 Swedenborg doctrines, moved to Baltimore 
 and held services at his own house in 
 Greene street. In 1793 the Society pre- 
 sented a formal address to President Wash- 
 ington. In 1798 Mr. John Hargrove re- 
 signed his connection with the Methodist 
 Church, and the same year was ordained 
 a minister of the New Church, and became 
 the pastor of the Baltimore Society. In 
 1799 he and others erected the New Jeru- 
 salem Temple at the corner of Baltimore 
 and Exeter streets. He was the pastor 
 of this Society until 1830. The Rev. Mr. 
 Hargrove has been styled most justly 
 "The Pioneer of the New Jerusalem 
 Church" in America. He preached before 
 President JefTerson and Congress on De- 
 cember 26, 1802, on the "Leading Doctrines 
 of the New Jeru.salem Church." He preacherl 
 again before both Houses of Congress on 
 December 23, 1S04, on "The Second 
 Coming of Christ and the Last Judgment." 
 For over ihirtv years he was the faithful 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 421 
 
 pastor of this "First Society of the New 
 Jerusalem Church." 
 
 In 1866 a new church was erected on 
 North Exeter street, under the administra- 
 tion of the Rev. J. W. Hunt. But this was 
 sold in 1873. Another congregation under 
 the name of the Third New Jerusalem 
 Church came into existence about i860, and 
 worshiped for a time in a hall on the corner 
 of Eutaw and Madison streets; but on Janu- 
 ary I, 1866, it dedicated its church edifice on 
 Orchad street near Madison, nowthe Chapel 
 of St. Mary theX'irgin. These two congrega- 
 tions do not seem to have grown very rapid- 
 ly, SO that in 1873 th^Y agreed to unite and 
 form one strong body. Both of their church 
 properties were sold and a new edifice was 
 erected on Calvert street, near Chase. It 
 was dedicated March 21, 1874. It is an at- 
 tractive stone edifice. The membership is 
 117. 
 
 A Mission School is maintained by this 
 congregation at the corner of Light street 
 and Fort avenue. 
 
 Among the pastors who have served this 
 congregation have been : The Rev. Nathan 
 Clarke Burnham (1843); the Rev. Richard 
 de Charnio (1848); the Rev. Samuel How- 
 ard Worcester (1851); the Rev. A. J. Bar- 
 tels (1859); the Rev. J. W. Hunt (1866); 
 the Rev. W. G. Day (1875); the Rev. 
 Thomas A. King (1881); the Rev. Hiram 
 Vrooman (1893. ) The present pastor is 
 the Rev. G. Lawrence Allbutt, who assumed 
 charge in 1895. 
 
 First German New Jerusalem Church. 
 The distinguished evangelist of New 
 Church doctrines, the Rev. Arthur O. Brick- 
 man, founded this church in 1855. It was 
 incorporated on August 24th of that year. 
 25 
 
 He became the first pastor and remained in 
 charge until December, 1861, when he re- 
 signed in oder to enter the Union Army as 
 chaplain. The early life of the congregation 
 was associated with the English New Jeru- 
 salem Church, in the chapel of which the 
 German services were held for two years. 
 This was at the corner of Baltimore and Ex- 
 eter streets. In 1857 a new edifice was 
 erected by the congregation on Lombard 
 street, near Lloyd. This was dedicated on 
 October 4, 1857. From December, 1861, 
 to 1865, the Rev. Louis C. Carriere served 
 the congregation; but upon the conclusion 
 of the war the Rev. Mr. Brickman entered 
 upon his former charge and served it most 
 acceptably until December, 1870. He was 
 succeeded by the Rev. George Gieser, who 
 became pastor in June, 1871, and remained 
 in charge until January 18, 1872. For over 
 three years the congregation was without a 
 regular pastor, and then the Rev. Peter 
 Faber was elected to the position in Sep- 
 tember, 1875. He resigned in June, 1879, 
 and was followed by the Rev. Adolph 
 Roeder, who served from December 22, 
 1879, to ^ay I' 1882. During his adminis- 
 tration, in the year 1880, a church edifice 
 on the corner of Fayette and Aisquith 
 streets was purchased and remodelled at a 
 cost of $15,000, and the old property was 
 sold. The new property was purchased 
 from the East Baltimore Methodist 
 Protestant Church. From 1882 to 1886 
 the congregation was without a pastor, but 
 on February 28, 1886, the Rev. Faber re- 
 turned to the pastorate and continued in 
 charge until his death, February 17, 1897. 
 He was succeeded by the present incum- 
 bent. Rev. F. E. Waelchli, who entered 
 upon his duties as pastor on September 19, 
 
422 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1897. The membership is 67. The ser- 
 vices are conducted every Sunday morning 
 in the German language, and in the even- 
 ing in English. 
 
 THE ASSOCIATE REFORMED 
 CHURCH. 
 
 While this congregation is now entirely 
 independent it began its history, and for 
 many years continued a quasi-relation with, 
 the Presbyterian Church. It was organized 
 in 1797. and had its first house of worship 
 on the corner of Fayette and Aisquith 
 streets. This was erected in 1803. The 
 first pastor was the Rev. Robert Annam, of 
 Philadelphia. In 1813 the second church 
 edifice was built on West Fayette street, be- 
 tween Charles and Liberty streets. It was a 
 large, though plain, brick structure. It 
 continued to be used for about eighty years, 
 when the encroachments of business ren- 
 dered it inconvenient for church purposes. 
 A few years ago it was decided to remove 
 to the northwest corner of Maryland 
 avenue and Preston street. The present 
 handsome stone buildings were im- 
 mediately erected upon the very ample lot 
 there purchased, at a total cost of $137,000. 
 
 In 1837 this congregation publicly with- 
 drew from all connection with the Presby- 
 terian Church in the United States. This 
 was during the pastorate of the Rev. John 
 Mason Duncan, a very able, but a very in- 
 dependent man. The most conspicuous 
 pastor was the Rev. Dr. John Leyburn, 
 whose long incumbency and marked abili- 
 ties won him universal admiration. He 
 served from 1866 until 1893, when he was 
 made pastor emeritus. He died a few years 
 later at a ripe old age. He was succeeded 
 by a brilliant young man, who greatly ad- 
 
 vanced the interests of the congregation, 
 materially as well as spiritually, the Rev. 
 Wayland D. Ball. It was under him that the 
 new site was selected and the new building 
 erected. He died while pastor, and thougii 
 he had been in charge of the congregation 
 but a few years, he had won the esteem of 
 the city at large. His early death was much 
 lamented. The Rev. C. H. Cator was next 
 pastor, but remained only a short time, 
 when he was succeeded by the Rev. M. C. 
 Lockwood. He died in 1896, having been 
 in charge about two years. In 1897 he was 
 succeeded by the Rev. Oliver Huckle. who 
 is now in charge. The pastors of this con- 
 gregation have been selected from different 
 religious bodies ; but they all seem to have 
 worked heartily and successfully for the 
 well being and advancement of this inde- 
 pendent organization. 
 
 THE UNITARIAN CHURCH. 
 
 There is but one congregation of this 
 
 denomination in the city, its church edifice 
 
 is situated at the corner of Franklin and 
 
 Charles streets. On the 12th of October, 
 
 1816, the Rev. Dr. James Freeman, of 
 Kings Chapel, Boston, preached a sermon 
 at the house of ]\Ir. Henry Payson, on 
 South Charles street. The result of this was 
 a meeting called on the loth of February, 
 
 1817, for the purpose of organizing "a reli- 
 gious society modelled upon the simple 
 principles of the Gospels" and taking into 
 consideration the best means of erecting a 
 building for public worship. June 5, 1817, 
 the corner-stone was laid. October 29, 
 
 1818, the building was dedicated; the Rev. 
 Dr. James Freeman preaching the dedica- 
 tory sermon. Thus the First Independent 
 Christ's Church was established. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 423 
 
 Here on the 5th day of May, 1819, Mr. 
 Jared Sparks was ordained. The sermon 
 ■on that occasion was preached by Dr. Wil- 
 liam Ellery Channing, of Boston. It was a 
 notable discourse, for it occasioned the 
 great controversy which forced Unitarians 
 to become a separate religious body. 
 
 The Rev. Jared Sparks was the pastor of 
 the church for four years, when ill-health 
 compelled him to resign. He was after- 
 wards chaplain of the House of Represen- 
 tatives, Professor of History at Harvard, 
 and later President of Harvard University; 
 while the lives of Washington and Frank- 
 lin, beside other biographies, are monu- 
 ments of his ability as a writer and his- 
 torian. 
 
 During an interval of five years the 
 church had no regular minister. Doctor 
 Greenwood, of Boston, and Dr. W. H. Fur- 
 ness filling it part of the time. 
 
 The Rev. George W. Burnap was or- 
 dained the second minister of this church, 
 April 23, 1828, and remained its faithful 
 pastor for thirty-two years. He was 
 widely known in literature and theology. 
 Doctor Burnap died September, 1859. and 
 was succeeded by the Rev. Nathan A. 
 'Chamberlain, who resigned in 1863 to enter 
 the ministry of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 The fourth minister was the Rev. John 
 F. W. Ware, an eloquent orator; his pas- 
 torate of the church itself lasted three years, 
 1864-67, but he continued to preach at the 
 Masonic Temple, Ford's Opera House, and 
 other places, for three years longer, when he 
 accepted a call to the Arlington Street 
 Church, Boston. 
 
 After the Rev. Mr. Ware left the clnirch, 
 Drs. Bellows, Furncss, A. P. Peabody, 
 Dewey, Lothrop, Ellis, and Farley supplied 
 
 the pulpit for a time, until September, 1869, 
 when the Rev. Edward C. Guild was called 
 to the pastorate of the church. At the end 
 of three years he resigned. 
 
 Mr. Charles Richmond Weld, B. D., who 
 had just graduated from Harvard Univer- 
 sity, was called to the church and ordained 
 its minister, January 2, 1873. During the 
 twenty-five years in which Doctor Weld has 
 been the pastor, the society has entered 
 upon a new life in many and varied activi- 
 ties, making a marked success of its work 
 among poor boys and industrial teaching 
 for girls. 
 
 The church building is quite unlike any 
 in the city. It is of Graeco-Roman archi- 
 tecture, and was designed by the distin- 
 guished French architect, Maximillian 
 Godefroy. In 1893, the interior was entire- 
 ly rebuilt under the direction of Mr. J. 
 Evans Sperry. A new organ was also pre- 
 sented to the church by Mr. Enoch Pratt, 
 and in 1897 the chancel was further adorned 
 by an exquisite mosaic of the Lord's Sup- 
 per, designed by Mr. Frederick Wilson, of 
 New York City. The new christening font 
 is made of Caen stone, and modeled after 
 the famous Saxon one in St. Martin's 
 Churcli, Canterburry. 
 
 THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPIS- 
 COPAL CHURCH. 
 This branch of the Methodist Church 
 came into existence early in the present 
 century, and the first organized conference 
 was here in Baltimore. The first Annual 
 Conference was held in this city in April, 
 1817. It has a large and growing member- 
 ship throughout the South. In Baltimore 
 there are ten congregations belonging to 
 this connection. The strongest of these is: 
 
HISTORY OP BAWIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The Bethel Church. 
 This congregation is eighty years old. 
 The present edifice is the second erected on 
 the same site, the first in 1817, and the sec- 
 ond in 1847. It has been an influential 
 church from the start, and among its pas- 
 tors there have been some men of high at- 
 tainments and strong character. The most 
 conspicuous of these is one of the ten 
 bishops of the African Church, Rev. Dr. 
 James A. Handy, who was baptized, con- 
 verted and ordained in this church. He was 
 also a trustee and afterwards the pastor of 
 the church. The Bethel Church has now a 
 membership of 856. In its Sunday-school 
 are 376 pupils. It also possesses a parson- 
 age. The pastor is the Rev. John W. 
 Beckett. 
 
 St. John's Church. 
 
 This is another large and important 
 church. The membership is 520; Sunday- 
 school scholars, 250. Of this church the 
 Rev. J. T. Jenifer, D. D., is the pastor. He 
 was born in Upper Marlboro, Md., March 
 10, 1843. He first entered commercial life. 
 He was licensed to preach at New Bedford, 
 Mass., February 5, 1862. Since then he has 
 held important charges and done unusual 
 work. At Chicago he built Quinn Church 
 at a cost of $95,000. His present church 
 is growing rapidly. 
 
 The other congregations are as follows: 
 
 Trinity Church.- — Pastor, the Rev. D. G. 
 Hill. Membership, 609; Sunday-school, 
 350. 
 
 Allen C/(ir)-(7(.— Pastor, the Rev. D. G. 
 Warner. Membership, 202; Sunday-school, 
 160. 
 
 Ebcnczcr Church. — Pastor, the Rev. J. 
 
 W. Norris. Membership, 1,211; Sunday- 
 school, 480. 
 
 Waters Chapel. — Pastor, the Rev. John 
 Hurst. Membership, 486; Sunday-school, 
 508. 
 
 Mt. Calvary.— Pastor, the Rev. J. W. 
 Bowser. Membership, 32; Sunday-school, 
 50. 
 
 East Baltimore Church. — Pastor, the 
 Rev. Jos. A. Martin. Membership, 60; 
 Sunday-school, 124. 
 
 IVaverly Church. — Pastor, the Rev. W. 
 H. Stewart. Membership, 33; Sunday- 
 school, 75. 
 
 IVayman Memorial. — Pastor, the Rev. J. 
 G. Martin. Membership, 30; Sunday- 
 school, 52. 
 
 THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPIS- 
 COPAL CHURCH ZION. 
 There is only one congregation of this 
 connection in Baltimore. It is located on 
 the corner of Cross and Warner streets. 
 The church building is a small brick edifice. 
 There is a membership of no. The pastor 
 is the Rev. M. M. Bell, who was pastor 
 twenty-seven years ago, and has just re- 
 turned to serve this congregation. He is 
 now endeavoring to repair the building and 
 to buy the ground on which it stands. 
 
 THE REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN 
 CHURCH. 
 
 This denomination also bears the name 
 of the Covenanters. It is made up almost 
 exclusively of persons from Scotland and 
 the North of Ireland. It was organized in 
 1818 and chartered in 1821. Its church 
 edifice is situated on the corner of Aisquith 
 street and Harford avenue. It is connected 
 with the Philadelphia Presbytery. The 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 425 
 
 style of architecture and the forms of wor- 
 ship used by this denomination are almost 
 as plain as those of the Quakers. Its edi- 
 fices are devoid of steeples, bells, and or- 
 gans. No instrumental music is ever al- 
 lowed, and only the Psalms of David are 
 sung. The congregation is not strong. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 
 This body also bears the title of "The 
 Disciples of Christ." It traces its history 
 back to Scotland, where in 1799 a few per- 
 sons organized themselves into a body for 
 the purpose of restoring what they called 
 "The New Testament Church." In this 
 year, at Edinburgh, a church was founded 
 with this end in view. It consisted of 310 
 members, and had for its pastor James 
 Haldanes. Similar movements took place 
 at the same time in England and Ireland; 
 but they do not appear to have had any 
 knowledge of each other. Certainly they 
 effected no union. At Edinburgh these re- 
 formers were commonly called "The Hal- 
 danes" from their zealous pastor. They 
 founded a Bible School, in which, free of 
 all charges, young men were educated for 
 the ministry. From this school two young 
 men, named George Forrester and John 
 Tassey, came as missionaries to Pittsburg, 
 Pa., in 1817; and about the same time a 
 young man by the name of Ferguson came 
 to Baltimore. This young man addressed 
 a little Baptist congregation, which met in 
 a sail loft at Fell's Point, and which was 
 presided over by a Mr. Healy, a dyer by 
 trade. He spoke several times to this small 
 body but for some unknown reason his 
 preaching was not acceptable to them. He 
 next began services in his own hired house, 
 to which followed him five members of the 
 
 Baptist congregation. Among this num- 
 ber was Wm. Carman, who had organized 
 the first Sunday-school in Maryland, and 
 Allen L. Innes. These five persons or- 
 ganized themselves into a congregation and 
 continued to worship at Fell's Point for sev- 
 eral years. Next it removed to a house on 
 Saratoga street; then to one on Baltimore 
 street near Lloyd; then in a bazar on Har- 
 rison street; and then to a church edifice 
 which was erected by the congregation on 
 North street. The date of the erection of 
 this church is not known, but in all likeli- 
 hood it was between 1825 and 1830. The 
 congregation was greatly strengthened, 
 while on North street, by the accession of 
 some of the most influential members of 
 the First Baptist Church, who withdrew 
 from the Sharp Street Church and united 
 with it. Prominent among these was 
 Henry Metzel, Esq., who left the Baptist 
 Church in 1834 and united with the Chris- 
 tion Church. 
 
 In 1835 this independent movement here 
 in Baltimore was brought into contact with 
 a similar movement which had begun in 
 Western Pennsylvania under Thomas 
 Campbell and his son Alexander. The for- 
 mer had been a "seceder" minister in Ire- 
 land and had come to America in 1807 and 
 settled at Washington, Pa. He began to 
 make a plea for Christian union based on 
 the word of God as the only rule of faith and 
 practice. He was persecuted for heresy 
 and immediately withdrew from the seceder 
 ministry, though continuing to preach. In 
 1809 he organized "The Christian Society" 
 at Washington, Pa., and issued a "Declara- 
 tion and Address." Shortly after this dec- 
 laration had been issued Mr. Campbell's 
 familv came from Scotland to .\nierica, and 
 
426 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 among these was his oldest son, Alexander, 
 who had just graduated from Glasgow Uni- 
 versity. While in Scotland he had become 
 acquainted with the tenets of the Haldanes 
 and espoused their principles. He identi- 
 fied himself with the cause of his father. 
 They sought admission to the Presbyterian 
 Synod but were refused. They then formed 
 a separate organization. Alexander Camp- 
 bell was inmiersed by a Baptist min- 
 ister on June 12, 1812, and with him, his 
 father and mother and wife and sister. 
 Thus began what was known as the "Bush 
 Run" Baptist Church. Alexander became 
 a minister, and as such visited Baltimore to 
 collect funds to erect a Baptist church at 
 Wellsburgh, Pa. This was in 1816. The 
 Campbells soon found themselves very 
 much hampered in their views and purposes 
 in the Baptist denomination, and became 
 the objects of persecution. In 1827 ten 
 Baptist churches of the Redstone Associa- 
 tion voted to disfellowship thirteen churches 
 because they refused to subscribe to a 
 human creed. Among these was the "Bush 
 Run" church. Forseeing this action, Mr. 
 Campbell had removed his membership to 
 Wellsburgh, which was within the bounds 
 of the Mahoning Association. From 1827 
 the work of excommunication went on until 
 every reformer was cast out of the Baptist 
 churches. This necessitated organization 
 on the part of these excommunicated con- 
 gregations. When it was effected in West- 
 ern Pennsylvania, the congregations found 
 themselves on the same footing as the in- 
 dependent congregations in Edinburgh, 
 Glasgow, London, New York and Balti- 
 mor. Alexander Campbell came to Bal- 
 timore in 1835 for his second visit. The 
 Unitarian and Swedenborgian Churches in- 
 
 vited him to use their houses of worship; 
 but they were not considered to be large 
 enough, and so were declined. He held his 
 meeting in Scotti's Hall. The first person 
 to profess conversion to his views was Theo- 
 datus Garlick, a student of the Maryland 
 University. He afterwards became famous 
 as a sculptor and as a plastic surgeon. Af- 
 terwards he went to Ohio and founded the 
 Christian Church at Youngstown. He 
 died December 9, 1884. 
 
 Many others identified themselves with 
 the Christian Church on North street. A 
 little later, however, dissensions and aliena- 
 tions sprang up in this congregation, until 
 they sold their property on North street 
 and in 1869 built an edifice on the corner 
 of Etting and Dolphin streets. Here they 
 worshiped for several years, but finally 
 merged their membership into that of the 
 congregation meeting at the corner of Paca 
 and Lombard streets. Their church edifice 
 became the property of the latter congrega- 
 tion and was later occupied by the Second 
 Christian Church (colored). 
 
 The Paca Street, now Harlem Avenue, 
 Christian Church. 
 
 This congregation has known a varied 
 and moveable career. In 1840 it was found 
 that many "Disciples of Christ" were scat- 
 tered in various parts of the city. An effort 
 was made to bring them together into a new 
 organization. This was successful and on 
 July 26th, thirty-seven persons signed a 
 document in which they agreed to form a 
 new congregation. The first meeting was 
 held on this date and occupied the Trade's 
 Union Hall, on Baltimore and Gay streets. 
 From thence the congregation moved to 
 the .Assemblv Rooms, corner Favette and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Holliday streets. Next it moved to War- 
 field's Church on St. Paul's street. Thence 
 it went to Armitage's Hall, on Paca street, 
 near Fayette; and thence to the Paca Street 
 Church which was dedicated by the Rev. 
 Alexander Campbell on May 26, 1850. In 
 1873 the edifice was enlarged and improved. 
 The congregation continued to occupy it 
 until August 28, 1887, when it removed to 
 a new edifice erected at the corner of Har- 
 lem and Fremont avenues, which was dedi- 
 cated March 11, 1888. Since this time the 
 name of the church has been the Harlem 
 Avenue Christian Church. Its present prop- 
 erty is valued at $32,000. The present 
 membership is 530. The pastor is the Rev. 
 B. A. Abbott. 
 
 The succession of pastors has not been 
 preserved; but so far as ascertainable, they 
 have been as follows: George S. Elley, in 
 1840; A. Anderson, leaving 1861; D. S. 
 Burnet, from 1863 to July, 1867; A. N. Gil- 
 bert, who served ten years; I. J. Spencer, 
 who served two years; H. D. Clark, five 
 years; James Vernon, Jr., from 1885 to 
 September, 1888; C. K. Marshall, for six 
 years, and the present pastor, who assumed 
 charge on October i, 1894. 
 
 Calhoux Street Church of the 
 Disciples. 
 In 1888 the Rev. James Vernon, Jr., then 
 pastor of the Harlem Avenue Christian 
 Church, together with some of the members 
 of that congregation, organized a new con- 
 gregation. This was accomplished on June 
 24th, in Denny and Mitchell's Hall, on Bal- 
 timore street near Carrollton avenue. 
 About thirty-five persons formed them- 
 selves together as the "Third Congregation 
 of the Disciples of Christ in Bahimore." 
 
 Captain Bohannon was the recognized 
 leader of this movement. He began a Sun- 
 day-school several weeks before this or- 
 ganization was efifected and preached every 
 Sunday evening until September 1st, when 
 the Rev. James Vernon, Jr., became the 
 pastor. They then removed to Hollins' 
 Hall, for which they paid a rent of $365 a 
 year. In September, 1889, the Rev. Mr. 
 Vernon resigned. The pulpit was supplied 
 by Captain Bohannon and Frank Morgan, 
 a student of the Johns Hopkins University, 
 until January i, 1890, when Rev. Thomas 
 Munnell accepted the charge. In December 
 of this year a contract for a church edifice to 
 cost $6,000 was given. They had no money 
 in hand for this large expense and could 
 raise only $500 among themselves. On 
 April 6th, the edifice, which cost $8,000, 
 was finished, and the Rev. C. P. William- 
 son preached the dedicatory sermon. The 
 building consists of Sunday-school rooms 
 and a church parlor on the first floor, and 
 an audience room seating 500 persons on 
 the second. Several beautiful stained glass 
 windows have been placed upstairs, one by 
 Mrs. President Garfield in memory of her 
 husband, who had been a student under the 
 Rev. Mr. Munnell. On September 30, 
 189 1, Mr. Munnell resigned and on October 
 1st was succeeded by the Rev. Peter Ainslie. 
 The indebtedness at this time was over 
 $5,000 and the membership was less than 
 a hundred. A revival was started in No- 
 vember, which lasted over four weeks, and 
 added an hundred people to the church. 
 On February 16, 1894, the church was par- 
 tially destroyed by fire. For three months 
 the congregation worshiped in Hollins' Hall 
 again, which proved a serious drawback to 
 its prosperity. On May 13th, the edifice 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was ready for use, the insurance having met 
 the expenses. Gradually the debt has been 
 reduced until it is now only $2,000. The 
 property is valued at $12,000. The Rev. 
 Peter Ainslie is still in charge. 
 
 THE METHODIST PROTESTANT 
 CHURCH. 
 
 The Methodist Protestant Church took 
 > its rise in Baltimore in the year" 1839-, Its 
 originators were members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church who contended that the 
 laity ought to enjoy equal representation 
 with the ministry in the Annual and General 
 Conferences. So strongly did some of them 
 hold and express this view that they were 
 expelled from the M. E. Church; while 
 others seceded. These disaffected Metho- 
 dists decided to form a new body and in 
 November, 1830, called a convention for 
 this purpose. It was held in Baltimore. A 
 new constitution and discipline were formu- 
 lated, based upon this principle of repre- 
 sentation. Congregations have gradually 
 arisen in various parts of the city in the 
 following order: 
 
 St. John's M. P. Church.— This was the 
 first Methodist Protestant church to be or- 
 ganized. It is located on Liberty street, 
 near Fayette, and was organized in 1829. 
 For a number of years it has maintained 
 an independent relation officially, although 
 its pulpit is supplied from the Maryland 
 Conference of the Methodist Protestant 
 Church. 
 
 East Baltimore M. P. Church. — This con- 
 gregation was also organized in 1829. It 
 is located at the corner of Preston and Bond 
 streets. Its membership is 220, with 278 
 Sunday-school scholars. The value of its 
 
 property is $23,500. The present pastor is 
 the Rev. J. M. Sheridan. 
 
 West Baltimore M. P. Church.— T^'is 
 church was organized out of St. John's 
 Methodist Protestant Church in 1843 and is 
 located at the corner of Lafayette avenue 
 and Gilmor street. The pastor is the Rev. 
 J. W. Kirk. Its membership is 487; Sun- 
 day-school scholars, 560. Value of prop- 
 erty, $36,500. 
 
 South Baltimore M. P. Church.— This 
 church is on Light street extended. Its 
 pastor is the Rev. J. E. T. Ewell. The 
 membership is 163; Sunday-school scholars, 
 180. Value of property, $23,000. 
 
 Allmit Memorial M. P. Church.-At the 
 corner of Chester and Lombard streets, this 
 church is located. It has a membership of 
 468, and a Sunday-school of 435 scholars. 
 The property is valued at $54,000. The 
 Rev. T. M. Holmes is the pastor. 
 
 Starr M. P. Church. — This is located on 
 Poppleton street, near Lombard. Its pas- 
 tor is the Rev. F. T. Little. The member- 
 ship of the church is 275, and of the Sun- 
 day-school, 250. The value of the property 
 is $45,000. 
 
 Broadivay M. P. Church. — At the corner 
 of Broadway and Monument streets, this 
 church is situated. It is built of brick and 
 has a membership of 203, and the Sunday- 
 school numbers 500. The property is val- 
 ued at $25,000. The Rev. F. H. Lewis is 
 the pastor. 
 
 Hampden M. P. Church.— On the Falls 
 Road, near Third avenue, is this church 
 situated. Its membership is 632 and its 
 Sunday-school has 630 scholars. The pas- 
 tor is the Rev. W. J. Neepier. Value of 
 church property, $16,500. 
 
 Eiila-.c M. P. C/i;nT/i.— This church is lo- 
 
tfcx-^ CL 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 429 
 
 cated at Hall's Spring, near First Tollgate. 
 The pastor is the Rev. W. S. Phillips and it 
 has a membership of 66, with 87 scholars in 
 the Sunday-school. The property is valued 
 at $4,000. 
 
 Faith M. P. Church. — At the corner of 
 Madison and Independent streets this 
 church is situated. It lias a membership of 
 127; Sunday-school scholars, 154. The 
 property is valued at $3,000. The Rev. J. 
 W. Paris is pastor. 
 
 Remington M. P. C/iHrc/i.— Situated at the 
 corner of Huntingdon avenue and William 
 street, is the Remington Methodist Protest- 
 ant church. Its property is valued at 
 $5,000. The membership of the church is 
 163, and of the Sunday-school 100. The 
 pastor is the Rev. H. O. Keen. 
 
 Bethany M. P. Church.— This is located at 
 the corner of Washington and Townsend 
 streets and has a membership of 148, with 
 250 scholars in the Sunday-school. The 
 value of the property is $3,175. Pastor, 
 Rev. J. F. Bryan. 
 
 Payson M. P. Church. — This church is at 
 the corner of Payson and McHenry streets. 
 Its property is valued at $1,900 and its mem- 
 bership is 75, with a Sunday-school of 150 
 scholars. The Rev. G. W. Hines is the 
 pastor. 
 
 St. John's M. P. Church. — At the corner 
 of Lancaster and Robinson streets, this 
 church is located. Its membership is 105. 
 Its Sunday-school has 200 scholars. Prop- 
 erty is valued at $1,500. The pastor is Rev. 
 A. A. Bichell. 
 
 Fairvicw M. P. Church. — Near Loudon 
 Park, this church is situated on the Fred- 
 erick Road. The pastor is the Rev. H. E. 
 Nelson. The membership is 131. with 175 
 
 scholars in the Sunday-school. The prop- 
 erty is valued at $2,700. 
 
 Christ's M. P. Church.— On Baker street 
 near Fulton avenue, is this church situated. 
 It has a membership of 123 and a Sunday- 
 school of 250 scholars. The value of the 
 property is $2,700. The pastor is the Rev. 
 W. H. Litsinger. 
 
 Evergreen M. P. Church. — This church is 
 at the corner of Cedar avenue and Roland 
 Park. The pastor is the Rev. N. O. Gib- 
 son and the membership of the church is 
 42, of the Sunday-school no. \'alue of 
 property is $1,500. 
 
 North Baltimore M. P. Church.— This 
 beautiful stone church was erected in 1895 
 on Mt. Royal avenue, near McMechin 
 street, and not far from the Park. Its 
 growth has been rapid until it now numbers 
 no members and has a Sunda\'-school of 
 100 scholar^. The property is valued at 
 $20,000. The pastor is Rev. A. N. Ward. 
 
 Totals.— Number of churches in the city, 
 19. Membership, 3,618. Sunday-school 
 scholars, 4,423. \'alue of church property, 
 $268,975. 
 
 THE UNR-ERSALIST CHURCH. 
 
 The first L'niversalist minister to visit 
 Baltimore was the Rev. Paul Dean, of Bos- 
 ton, who preached several sermons here 
 about 1830. In 183 1 the Rev. Otis A. Skin- 
 ner, D. D., took up his residence in the city 
 and established the First Universalist 
 Church. In 1832 a Sunday-school was or- 
 ganized. Services were held in the Branch, 
 or Warfield's Tabernacle, on St. Paul street. 
 \'ioIent opposition was encountered in the 
 promulgation of Universalist views, inso- 
 much that the first attendants upon the pub- 
 lic services were onlv men. Interest in the 
 
430 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 new congregation grew gradually. The 
 Rev. Dr. Skinner's ministrations were very 
 acceptable and successful, as he was a man 
 of unusual gifts. Such numerous enquiries 
 came to him regarding the tenets of the new 
 faith that he established a religious news- 
 paper to aid him to spread them abroad. 
 This bore the title of "The Southern Pioneer 
 and Gospel Visitant." It was published 
 simultaneously in Baltimore and Rich- 
 mond. Doctor Skinner became the editor- 
 in-chief of this publication, and later on, the 
 proprietor and publisher. Under the heavy 
 burdens of his manifold labors his health 
 gave way, and he was compelled to seek 
 rest. He resigned the charge of the Balti- 
 more congregation and was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Linus S. Everett. Under his suc- 
 cessful pastorate a large church edifice was 
 erected at the corner of Calvert and Pleas- 
 ant streets in 1837- 1838. He served only 
 two years but did an acceptable work, 
 greatly advancing the interests of his flock. 
 In 1839 the Rev. I. D. Williamson became 
 the pastor, and through his marked intellec- 
 tual gifts attracted wide attention. It was 
 in his day, for certain financial reasons, that 
 the First Universalist Society disbanded, 
 and the Second Universalist Society was 
 formed. The latter was composed very 
 largely of the same members as the former. 
 The Rev. James Shrigley succeeded to the 
 pastorate in 1841 and remained in charge 
 until 1849. Though of gracious personaPity 
 and consecrated life, hi§ work was greatly 
 hampered by a constantly increasing indebt- 
 edness which at last amounted to $15,000. 
 Upon his resignation in 1849 ^ heroic effort 
 was made by the congixgation to remove 
 this incubus. These efforts were nobly sec- 
 onded by the new pastor, the Rev. J. M. 
 
 Cook, who became pastor in 1849. ^^ mort- 
 gage of $7,000 was cancelled by generous 
 subscriptions. Mr. Cook next attacked the 
 "Floating Debt" and made considerable ad- 
 vance, when he was suddenly stricken down 
 and died after a short illness. He had been 
 in charge but a year and yet had done a 
 great work, both in the pulpit and else- 
 where. The next pastor was the Rev. G. T. 
 Flanders, D. D., who served from 185 1 to 
 1855. His incumbency was not specially 
 notable, though he was a man of good abili- 
 ties. From 1857 to 1859 the Rev. J. M. 
 Peebles, who had been a Lutheran minister, 
 was in charge. He was succeeded in 1859 
 by the Rev. J. R. Johnson, under whom 
 many changes and many advances were 
 made. The "Floating Debt," which the 
 Rev. Mr. Cook had not removed before he 
 died, had been gradually increasing, until 
 it now became an unbearable burden. It 
 was deemed best to sell the property on Cal- 
 vert street, inasmuch as it was becoming 
 more and more unsuitable for religious pur- 
 poses owing to the encroachments of shops 
 and stores. The building was accordingly 
 sold and the indebtedness paid. Seven 
 thousand dollars remained after all claims 
 had been met. For two years following the 
 congregation worshiped in a hall until a 
 new site could be secured and a new edifice 
 erected. A lot was secured on Baltimore 
 street, near Central avenue, upon which a 
 ground rent was placed of three hundred 
 and sixty dollars. In April, i860, the cor- 
 ner-stone was laid and the dedication oc- 
 curred on March 24, 1861. The total cost 
 was $16,000. The Civil War greatly im- 
 peded the progress of the congregation and 
 before it was over a serious secession from 
 the church took place. 
 
HISTORY O^ BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 431 
 
 The Rev. H. R. Walworth succeeded the 
 Rev. Mr. Johnson in 1866 and was in charge 
 three years. For about one year the Rev. 
 Alexander Kent was pastor. In 1872 the 
 Rev. G. W. Powell was chosen pastor and 
 continued in charge until 1876. Near the 
 close of his pastorate an unfortunate divi- 
 sion sprang up. and when ^Mr. Powell re- 
 signed he took with him a considerable fol- 
 lowing and established a new congregation, 
 taking the title of the "Third Universalist 
 Church." A building was erected on 
 Greene street, but after a few years it was 
 sold and the congregation disbanded. Only 
 a few of these seceders returned to the old 
 fold, so that here was a distinct loss through 
 this unfortunate movement. For six months 
 after the withdrawal of Mr. Powell and his 
 followers from the parent church, the Rev. 
 William Taylor, M. D., did faithful service, 
 until the Rev. Royal H. Pullman, D. D., 
 entered upon the pastorate, May i, 1877. 
 The Rev. Dr. Pullman had long been the 
 General Secretary of the General Conven- 
 tion of Universalists, and brought to his 
 new field signal abilities and wide experi- 
 ence. He found but a small band of adher- 
 ents but these were possessed of marked 
 zeal. The spiritual life of the congregation 
 was weak and the financial condition de- 
 plorable. The annual ground rent and an 
 indebtedness of several thousand dollars 
 weighed the people to the earth and there 
 seemed little hope of improvement. But 
 under the long and faithful pastorate of the 
 Rev. Dr. Pullman the whole situation has 
 been transformed. Early in his administra- 
 tion it was deemed wise to sell the edifice on 
 Baltimore street, as many of the people had 
 removed from that neighborhood. This 
 was done in the spring of 1886 and brought 
 
 $21,000, the ground rent being assumed by 
 the purchaser. After all the debts had been 
 paid a balance of $12,500 was left in the 
 treasury. The farewell services in the old 
 building were held in October, 1886, at- 
 tracting large congregations. The follow- 
 ing Sunday the congregation worshiped in 
 McLaughlin's Hall, at the corner of Balti- 
 more and Eden streets, and occupied these 
 premises for almost two years, while the 
 new church was being erected. On Thanks- 
 giving Day, 1887, the corner-stone of the 
 present edifice was laid. The lot is situated 
 at the northwest corner of Guilford avenue 
 and Lanvale street and is owned in fee. The 
 beautiful edifice was dedicated on October 
 20, 1888, amidst great rejoicings. The 
 dedicatory sermon was preached by the 
 Rev. Dr. Pullman. The building commit- 
 tee reported that $2,216.48 were needed to 
 meet all obligations. Immediately the sum 
 of $3,217.48 were subscribed, so that the 
 congregation started on its new career with 
 a handsome property, entirely free from all 
 encumbrance. The church is built of gran- 
 ite and presents an attractive appearance. 
 The congregation has largely increased and 
 is greatly given to good work. In the year 
 1890 a band of teachers organized to form a 
 mission. This was accomplished on Christ- 
 mas Day of that year. A site was secured 
 on Ann street, near Federal, and a substan- 
 tial chapel was erected. This was dedi- 
 cated on October 9, 1892. It cost a little 
 over $2,000. The first pastor was the Rev. 
 U. S. Milburn, who served for a year and 
 a half; the second, the Rev. C. P. Hall. The 
 mission is called .\1I Souls' ?iIission. It is 
 making steady growth in numbers and in- 
 fluence. 
 
 In 1897 the Rev. Dr. Pullman deemed it 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Wise to give way to a younger man, and 
 greatly to the regret of his people, pressed 
 his resignation. It was reluctantly ac- 
 cepted. He still continues to reside in Bal- 
 timore almost opposite the church for which 
 he has labored so long and so successfully. 
 The present edifice is a monument to his 
 zeal and devotion. He was succeeded by 
 the present pastor, the Rev. A. Bilkovsky. 
 The membership is 381. 
 
 EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 This religious body has but few congre- 
 gations in this city. It was much stronger 
 a few years ago than it is now; but owing 
 to a contention which arose in 1893 several 
 congregations separated from the Evangeli- 
 cal Association, and allied themselves with 
 a new body which took the name of the 
 LTnited Evangelical Association. 
 
 In organization and government, both of 
 these associations are very much like the 
 Methodists, having bishops and an itinerant 
 ministry. None of their churches are 
 strong numerically. Those attached to the 
 Evangelical Association in this city are all 
 German, and they have all been organized 
 in comparatively recent years. 
 
 First Evangelical Church. 
 The annals of this church begin with a 
 resolution passed in 1840 at the Western 
 Pennsylvania Conference of the Evangeli- 
 cal Association, in jnu-suance of which the 
 Rev. Jacob Boos came to Baltimore to do 
 missionary work among its German resi- 
 dents. He preached his first sermon in the 
 house of Mr. Haupt, who then resided on 
 Dover street. In a short time he rented 
 the small chapel of a Methodist church at 
 Fremont and Raborg streets. This build- 
 
 mg is now used as a feed store. Mr. Boos' 
 followers numbered by this time 42, and 
 the chapel was named "Emmanuel." The 
 congregation bought the chapel before the 
 end of the year. It was soon decided to 
 build a new church edifice. This was done 
 at the corner of Camden and Eutaw streets. 
 It was consecrated on December 12. 1841. 
 It was 40 feet by 60 feet in size. On Sun- 
 day, December 14, 185 1, this building was 
 destroyed by fire. It was decided to re- 
 build. The new edifice was almost com- 
 pleted when, in July, 1852, the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Railroad bought the site from the con- 
 gregation for $9,000, not including the ma- 
 terials. The pastor at that tuue was the 
 Rev. D. Berger. A new site was selected 
 on Greene street and Cider alley and the 
 present edifice erected. It was dedicated 
 in 1853, and the name changed to the First 
 Evangelical Church, though it is still popu- 
 larly called the Emmanuel Evangelical 
 Church. It is a two-story brick building. 
 In 1874 a new front was placed to the build- 
 ing, a new gallery erected and a new roof. 
 An organ was also purchased. These im- 
 provements cost $14,000. In 1879 a sex- 
 ton's house was erected on Cider alley. It 
 has accommodations also for religious 
 gatherings. A suitable parsonage is also 
 owned by the congregation. There are 250 
 communicants and 150 Sunday-school 
 scholars. The present zealous pastor is the 
 Rev. A. Pfost. 
 
 In 1887 this congregation purchased two 
 lots, at West Cross and Nanticote streets, 
 and erected a chapel thereon. It was dedi- 
 cated in 1887, and grew to sufficient 
 strength to be declared independent in 1897, 
 as the Third Evangelical Church. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMOKE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Second Evangelical Church. 
 In 1848 a plain two-story brick church 
 edifice was erected by this congregation at 
 the corner of McElderry and Short streets. 
 It was dedicated in February, 1849. On 
 September 5, 1869, it was rededicated, hav- 
 ing been extensively improved. It was 
 again improved in 1895. The communi- 
 cants number 150, and the Sunday-school 
 has 120 pupils. A parsonage is owned 
 across the street from the church. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. H. Weisshaar, 
 who entered upon the charge in 1897. 
 
 Third Evangelical Church. 
 This congregation started as a mission of 
 the First Evangelical Church. Its brick 
 chapel was erected in 1887 at a cost of 
 $5,000. It is situated on Cross and Nanti- 
 cote streets. The present pastor is the Rev. 
 T. Weber, under whom the congregation is 
 making slow progress. It now numbers 45. 
 It became independent in 1898. 
 
 UNITED EVANGELICAL ASSOCIA- 
 TION. 
 
 NuMSEX Memorl\l United Evangel- 
 ical Church. 
 This very attractive stone edifice was 
 dedicated on September 14, 1873. It is sit- 
 uated on Clark street near Fremont. It has 
 known a slow growth. Though originally 
 connected with the Evangelical Association 
 it separated from it in 1893, and is now at- 
 tached to the Central Pennsylvania Confer- 
 ence of the United Evangelical Association. 
 This congregation is composed of English 
 speaking people, as is the case with the 
 others of the United Association. 
 
 Grace United Evangelical Associa- 
 tion Church. 
 
 This congregation has a neat brick edi- 
 fice at the corner of Preston and Ensor 
 streets. The congregation is now numeri- 
 cally strong, but is making some growth. 
 
 Olive United Evangelical Church. 
 At the corner of Charles and Fort ave- 
 nues this congregation has a small brick 
 edifice. It is not strong. The pastor is the 
 Rev. Mr. Bailey. 
 
 THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN 
 CHURCH. 
 
 This ecclesiastical body came into exis- 
 tence in the year 1858 by the union of the 
 Associate Reformed and the Associate 
 Churches (branches of the Presbyterian 
 Church). Some three-quarters of a century 
 before they had been united but they sepa- 
 rated on minor points. At the last reunion 
 they took the name of the United Presby- 
 terian Church. In Baltimore this body has 
 never attained to much strength or known 
 rapid growth. 
 
 First United Presbyterian Church. 
 This congregation was organized in 1826. 
 The first edifice occupied by it was situated 
 on Courtland street, between Saratoga and 
 Pleasant streets. It was erected in 1828. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. Archibald 
 White, who served from 1828 to 1838. The 
 change of location to the present site at the 
 corner of Madison avenue and Biddle street 
 was made later. The building is two stories 
 in height and of plain appearance, in keep- 
 ing with the forms and customs which this 
 denomination observes. For in its worship 
 it is most simple, using as few forms as pos- 
 
434 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 sible. No hymns or sacred songs are per- 
 mitted, except the Psalms of David. 
 
 The present pastor is Rev. J. B. Wilson. 
 
 In 1894 the Christian Endeavor Society of 
 
 this church organized a mission on North 
 
 avenue which is now self-sustaining. 
 
 North Avenue United Presbyterian 
 
 Church. 
 
 The Christian Endeavor Society of the 
 First United Presbyterian Church started a 
 Sunday-school at the corner of Walbrook 
 avenue and Pulaski street in June, 1891. 
 Preaching services were begun in Decem- 
 ber, 1894. A temporary building was 
 erected on the northeast corner of Payson 
 street and North avenue, in March, 1895, 
 to which the frame building was removed in 
 October. The congregation was here or- 
 ganized January 29, 1896, with twenty-eight 
 members. In the autumn of 1897 a stone 
 chapel was erected on this lot at a cost of 
 $7,000. The property is now worth $14,- 
 000. The present membership is sixty- 
 seven and the Sunday-school numbers 325 
 scholars. The Rev. Charles H. Robinson 
 has been the pastor since the organization. 
 The church was dedicated in January, 1898, 
 the sermon being preached by the Rev. Dr. 
 W. J. Robinson, of Allegheny, Pa. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 
 SOUTH. 
 This l)0(ly came into existence in the 
 year 1S44, but liad no congregation in Bal- 
 timore until thr tinu- of the Civil War. Up 
 to tliis time the- ilaltiniore Conference ad- 
 hered to the i)arent Methodist Church. In 
 t86o the General Conference, which met at 
 Buffalo, N. Y., .so altered the Book of Dis- 
 cipline that the Baltimore Conference at its 
 session held at Staunton, Va., in March, 
 
 1861, determined to withdraw from the 
 jurisdiction of the General Conference of 
 the Methodist Church. The war followed 
 immediately upon the adjournment of this 
 Conference, and during the four years of its 
 continuance the Baltimore Conference 
 maintained an independent position. Mean- 
 while, several new congregations were es- 
 tablished in the city altogether independent 
 of the Methodist Church. Some of these 
 have remained independent until this day, 
 while others identified themselves with the 
 Methodist Church, South, which was for- 
 mally organized here in 1866. In the 
 month of February of this year, the Balti- 
 more Conference met at Alexandria, \'a. 
 At this meeting the names of those minis- 
 ters who had not answered to the roll-call 
 were stricken off; and those present re- 
 solved as follows: "We do hereby unite 
 with, and adhere ^to, the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, South, and do now, through 
 the President of this Conference, invite 
 Bishop Early to recognize us officially, and 
 to preside over us at our present session." 
 Thereupon Bishop Early took the chair and 
 the connection with the Methodist Church, 
 South, was established. 
 
 Trinity M. E. Church. 
 Sometime in 1863 a number of members 
 of Strawbridge M. E. Church (then situated 
 on the corner of Linden avenue and Biddle 
 streets), withdrew from that church and 
 organized an independent Methodist Sun- 
 day-school. It was located in a building 
 on Biddle street now used as No. 4 Truck 
 House. Plere they worshiped until a lot 
 was secured and the present edifice erected 
 in 1863. The church was dedicated in 
 November, 1864; the first pastor was the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 435 
 
 Rev. Alpheus W. Wilson, now a bishop of 
 the AI. E. Church, South. The congrega- 
 tion was not incorporated until Jul)^ 13, 
 1868. The church was conducted as an in- 
 dependent body for a number of years and 
 it was not until 1884 that an amendment to 
 the original charter was filed changing the 
 name to the present one. The most prom- 
 inent pastors beside Bishop Wilson have 
 been: The Revs. Robt. A. Holland, D. D.; 
 Samuel Rogers, D. D.; Wm. W. Wads- 
 worth, D. D.; John Hannon, D. D.; Felix 
 R. Hill, D. D.; March B. Chapman, D. D. 
 The present pastor is the Rev. J. H. Young, 
 Ph. D. The membership is 537. This 
 congregation has always been notable for 
 its missionary spirit and offerings. Through 
 its Sunday-school its annual collections for 
 Home and Foreign Missions have been 
 from $1,500 to $2,500 every year since its 
 organization. 
 
 Emmanuel M. E. Church, South. 
 This congregation is an off-shoot of 
 Trinity Church, South, and it has known 
 two places of worship. The first was on 
 Mosher street, near Myrtle avenue, where 
 its first church edifice was dedicated on Oc- 
 tober 24, 1869. This property was after- 
 ward sold and the present edifice was 
 erected at the corner of McCulloh and 
 Presstman streets. Its membership is 383 
 and the pastor is the Rev. Wm. S. Ham- 
 mond. 
 
 Calvary M. E. Church, South. 
 The Sunday-school Society of the Cen- 
 tral M. E. ChuTch, South, started a mission 
 school in 1869. The Ingraham Chapel in 
 South Baltimore was first rented and ser- 
 vices were begun there. The first pastor 
 
 was the Rev. Samuel H. Parrish. In 1871 
 a lot was purchased on Hill street, near 
 Hanover, and it was dedicated on Februarv 
 II, 1872, by Bishop Doggett. The mem- 
 bership increased rapidly so that a new 
 building was necessary. In 1874 the con- 
 gregation purchased the Presbyterian 
 Church on the southeast corner of German 
 and Greene streets, and owned it until 
 March, 1879, when this property was sold. 
 For a period Calvary congregation wor- 
 shiped with the congregation of the Sec- 
 ond Lutheran Church, the pastors preach- 
 ing alternately. In 1876 it buih a new edi- 
 fice on the corner of Greene and King 
 streets. Afterwards the Methodist Protest- 
 ant Church edifice, on the southeast corner 
 of Lombard and Greene streets, was pur- 
 chased and is now owned by this congre- 
 gation. It is a plain brick structure. A 
 parsonage is owned at the rear of the 
 church on Greene street. The present pas- 
 tor is the Rev. C. R. Harris, and the mem- 
 bership is 283. 
 
 Frederick Avenue M. E. Church, 
 South. 
 
 In 1871 this congregation was organized. 
 The church edifice was erected in the same 
 year on Frederick avenue. It has known 
 a slow growth and now numbers eighty-one 
 members. The pastor is the Rev. L. W. 
 Haslup. 
 
 Arlington M. E. Church, South. 
 
 This congregation was organized in the 
 suburb of Arlington several years ago. The 
 present church edifice was erected in 1895. 
 The building is of stone. The growth has 
 been steady until the membership is now 
 190. The pastor is the Rev. J. S. Engle. 
 
436 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 St. Paul's M. E. Church, South. 
 This congregation was organized in 1861. 
 It met first in Sharf's Hall, southeast cor- 
 ner of Booth and Carey streets. Somewhat 
 later it secured the use of a house known 
 as the "Winan's Soup House," on Balti- 
 more street, opposite the Winans' residence. 
 The name of "Winans' Chapel" was given 
 to this. Subsequently the congregation 
 moved to Hollins' Hall, but in 1868 a lot 
 was purchased on Fayette street, near Re- 
 publican, and thereupon the present large 
 brick edifice was erected in 1868-1869. It 
 was built a: a cost of $45,000, and was dedi- 
 cated on December 3, 187 1. It is a build- 
 ing having a basement suitable for Sunday- 
 school and class rooms, and a large audi- 
 ence room above. This church has known 
 a prosperous history, and is the second 
 strongest Methodist Church, South, in the 
 city, ranking next to Trinity Church. Its 
 membership is 621. The parsonage is at 
 1050 W. Fayette street, almost opposite the 
 church. The present pastor is the Rev. H. 
 M. Whaling, Ph. D. The Wilkens Avenue 
 JM. E. Church, South, is a mission of St. 
 Paul's and its membership is included in 
 the above number. The pastor is the Rev. 
 Wm. Stevens. 
 
 Central M. E. Church, South. 
 A large number of persons, who had 
 separated themselves from the General Con- 
 ference of the M. E. Church, organized a 
 new congregation in 1862 and took the 
 name of the "Central M. E. Church." It 
 met first in the New Assembly Rooms for a 
 year, then it removed to a hall on Paca 
 street. Ne.xt it worshiped over the old 
 Eutaw Savings Bank until the year 1867, 
 when the old Church of the Ascension on 
 
 Lexington street, near Pine, was purchased 
 from that congregation. Six years later 
 this property was sold and the congregation 
 occupied a hall on N. Schroeder street, un- 
 til its new church was built on the south- 
 east corner of Edmonson avenue and 
 Strieker street. The lower room of this edi- 
 fice was occupied in December, 1874 and 
 the entire building was dedicated on Octo- 
 ber 21, 1877. The cost was $23,000. 
 
 This congregation is in a flourishing con- 
 dition, under the charge of the Rev. J. A. 
 Anderson. It also maintains a Mission 
 Chapel, called the "Carnaervon Church," of 
 which the Rev. W. H. Best is pastor. The 
 membership of both is 322. 
 
 North Baltimore M. E. Church, South. 
 This church is situated on East Lexing- 
 ton street, near Aisquith. As this portion 
 of Lexington street was formerly named 
 Holland street, this church was called the 
 Holland Street Church. The extension of 
 Lexington street was the occasion of the 
 change of the name to the present title. The 
 congregation was organized in 1866 by a 
 number of persons who withdrew from the 
 Methodist Church because of circumstances 
 which at that time rendered it impossible for 
 them to remain in that body. The church 
 was dedicated on January 5, 1867, by Bishop 
 Doggett. The first pastor was the Rev. 
 David Thomas, for many years an honored 
 member of the Baltimore Conference of the 
 Methodist Church, South. The years of 
 1868 and 1869 were times of revival, growth 
 and prosperity, under the pastorate of the 
 Rev. I. W. Canter, at present the Presiding 
 Elder of the East Baltimore District. The 
 membership has become very much scat- 
 tered in recent years, owing to changes in 
 

HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 439 
 
 the neighborhood of the church; and at 
 present numbers about one hundred. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. A. D. Kern. 
 
 INDEPENDENT METHODIST 
 CHURCHES. 
 There are certain congregations, in and 
 about Baltimore, which have at different 
 times and for different causes left the Me- 
 thodist Church and assumed an independ- 
 ent position. They have no organic unity, 
 each styling itself an Independent Metho- 
 dist Church. The chief of these (the Chats- 
 worth Church) severed its connection be- 
 fore the war, but most of the others took 
 an independent attitude either during or af- 
 ter the war. When the Baltimore Confer- 
 ence of the M. E. Church met in 1861 the 
 majority of the members resolved not to 
 "submit to the authority of the General 
 Conferenc ■," and declared themselves "in- 
 dependent of it." When the Baltimore 
 Conference met in 1862 those who sympa- 
 thized with the Southern cause and the posi- 
 tion taken by the Southern element of the 
 Conference in 1861, declined to recognize 
 its authority. Some of these congregations 
 united themselves a little later with the M. 
 E. Church, South, while the others decided 
 to maintain an independent position. All 
 of these have been served by ministers of 
 the Methodist Church, so that some vital 
 connection is still retained with the parent 
 body. 
 
 Chatsworth Ixdepexdext ;\I. E. 
 
 Church. 
 
 This is an off-shoot of the Eutaw Street 
 
 M. E. Church. In March, 1859, a lot was 
 
 purchased at the southwest corner of 
 
 Franklin and Pine streets, on which stood 
 
 26 
 
 an old two-story frame building. In this 
 a Methodist Sunday-school was organized 
 in the upper rooms, which were fitted up 
 for the purpose. The school was organized 
 on April 22 with twenty-two scholars. The 
 name "Chatsworth" was given it because 
 a large tract of land, on which the frame 
 building stood, originally bore that name. 
 The work prospered until in 1861 the Bal- 
 timore Conference was requested to appoint 
 a minister to have charge of it. The Rev. 
 John A. Williams was appointed and en- 
 tered upon the pastorate on April 7, 1861. 
 There were then seventeen members. In 
 1862 the congregation refused to acknowl- 
 edge the authority of the Conference and 
 in October,i863, determined to assume an 
 independent position as a church. The 
 Rev. Mr. Williams was elected the pastor 
 on March i, 1864. A church edifice was 
 dedicated on March 2J, 1864. It was a 
 plain brick structure, having two stories. 
 It remained unchanged until a few years 
 ago, when a stone front was erected to the 
 old building and numerous improvements 
 made. In the early part of 1898 the ques- 
 tion of reunion with the Methodist Church 
 was thoroughly discussed and it was de- 
 cided to abandon the independent position 
 and to seek relations with the parent or- 
 ganization. So that this congregation will 
 soon lose its title of "Independent" which 
 it has had for almost forty years. The 
 present pastor is the Rev. Thomas O. 
 Crouse. Membership. 300. 
 William Street Lxdependext M. E. 
 Church. 
 The Rev. Thomas W. Lowe began a 
 missionary work in a tent on the corner of 
 Williams and Gittings streets, in 1875. A 
 congregation was organized in that year. 
 
440 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Four months after the inauguration of 
 these services the present edifice was be- 
 gun. It was dedicated on February 6, 
 1876. It is a two-story brick building and 
 seats 540 people. The church was incor- 
 porated August 19, 1875. The Rev. Mr. 
 Lowe is still in charge. 
 St. John's Independent M. E. Church. 
 This congregation occupies a stately old 
 brick edifice which was erected in 1818 on 
 Liberty street near Fayette. It is a two- 
 story building, and though now far down 
 town, the congregation possesses much life 
 and energy. It is under the leadership of 
 the Rev John S. Bowers. 
 
 Madison Avenue Independent M. E. 
 Church. 
 The congregation of St. John's Inde- 
 pendent Church built a beautiful stone 
 chapel on the rear of a lot at the corner 
 of Madison avenue and Wilson street. It 
 was dedicated on April 29, 1877, and was 
 for some years called the "St. John's 
 Chapel." It has now a vigorous growth, 
 owing to its favorite location. 
 
 Olive Branch Independent M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 On the southwest corner of Charles street 
 and Fort avenue a plain and small chapel 
 was erected in 1880 and dedicated on April 
 28th. The congregation is not large. 
 
 THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 
 Though the Congregational body had no 
 distinct history in Baltimore until 1865, 
 there is an interesting fact in the records 
 of Maryland which will bear narration. 
 Among the early settlers of the eastern 
 counties of Virginia, south of the James 
 river, was a band of Puritans. The peace 
 
 and security they hoped to enjoy there was 
 rudely broken in 1647 by a decree of the 
 Governor and Assembly of Virginia that all 
 ministers "duly upon every Sabbath day 
 read such prayers as are appointed and pre- 
 scribed unto them by the Book of Common 
 Prayer." Banishment was the penalty for 
 non-conformity. The little band of Puri- 
 tans left Virginia and settled in groups be- 
 tween the Magothy and Patuxent rivers 
 in Maryland. Their first meeting house 
 was on the banks of the Magothy. Their 
 numbers increased rapidly, but their sense 
 of independence was suddenly disturbed 
 by a mandate from Lord Baltimore to send 
 burgesses to an assembly to be held at St. 
 Mary's, in March, 165 1. Acknowledging 
 no allegiance to Lord Baltimore, they de- 
 clined to do so. The Governor thereupon 
 moved against them, as they were assem- 
 bled at their chief settlement on the Severn, 
 with fourteen boats and two hundred and 
 fifty men. The Puritans, with but two ves- 
 sels and a hundred and twenty men, at- 
 tacked the Governor's party on Sunday, 
 March 25, 1655, and after a desperate en- 
 counter captured him and all his troops. 
 At a court martial held the next day the 
 Governor and nine of his assistants were 
 condemned to death, but only three or four 
 were executed. He was allowed to depart, 
 and for several years the Puritans enjoyed 
 peace. A compromise was arranged in 
 England, and perfect liberty and e(|uality 
 were securetl thereby to the Puritan band. 
 Then the disputed territory was yielded up 
 to Lord Baltimore. For two hundred 
 years nothing further was heard of Puri- 
 tanism in Maryland. 
 
 From the day of the founding of the 
 town there were not a few who had some 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 441 
 
 connection, near or remote, with New Eng- 
 land. They were not numerous enough to 
 form an alHance, but worshiped with those 
 rehgious bodies whose poHty and principles 
 corresponded most closely to those of New 
 England. Gradually the number increased, 
 but it was not until 1864 that any definite 
 move was made toward the organization 
 of a congregational society. On the i8th 
 of November about ten persons met at the 
 residence of Mr. P. Morton, on Druid Hill 
 avenue, and agreed to inaugurate weekly 
 meetings. No Sunday service was held un- 
 til the fifth of the following February, when 
 their first public service was conducted in 
 the New Assembly Rooms, corner of Han- 
 over and Lombard streets. Two services 
 were held on this day, conducted by the 
 Rev. John P. Gulliver, of Norwich, Conn. 
 Two weeks later, February 19th, the Rev. 
 Lewellyn Pratt, of Philadelphia, preached 
 to a little congregation which met in Ar- 
 mitage Hall, on North Paca street. Other 
 ministers officiated for several Sundays. 
 On the 16th of April a Sunday-school was 
 organized and on May 17th a council was 
 held at the Red Men's Hall, North Paca 
 street. At this council there were dele- 
 gates from Bangor, Me., Boston, Norwich, 
 Conn., New York, Philadelphia and else- 
 where. The new Baltimore congregation 
 was recognized and duly organized on that 
 day at three p. m. The Rev. Edwin John- 
 son, delegate from Bangor, Me. (who had 
 held services previously), was elected the 
 first pastor and entered upon his duties im- 
 mediately. Prior to the arrival of the Rev 
 Mr. Johnson the Prudential Committee had 
 begun to secure a lot. Various sites were 
 canvassed and at length the present lot, on 
 Eutaw street near Dolphin, was purchased 
 
 at a cost of $7,000. The church was in- 
 corporated February 19, 1866, the incor- 
 porators being: Edwin Johnson (pastor), 
 Henry Stockbridge, Martin Hawley, L. 
 Beach Piatt, R. K. Hawley and W. G. 
 Snethen. The corner-stone of the new 
 chapel was laid on May 15, 1866. It was 
 dedicated December 30, 1866. Its cost had 
 been $24,964.25, and it was free of debt. 
 A year later the upper room of the chapel 
 was completed at an expense of $2,000. A 
 communion service was presented to the 
 new congregation by the "Old South 
 Church," Boston, and an organ by other 
 friends of the same city. In November, 
 1869, the Rev. Mr. Johnson resigned. For 
 almost a year the church was without a 
 pastor, when on September 20, 1870, the 
 Rev. Leonard W. Bacon entered upon a 
 short pastorate, which terminated in May, 
 1872. The Rev. Cyrus P. Osborn was the 
 next in charge, serving until 1874. The 
 Rev. Theodore J. Holmes was installed pas- 
 tor December 15, 1875, ^"d continued in 
 office until September 9, 1883. He was 
 succeeded by the Rev. W. F. Slocum, Jr., 
 on the 17th of April, 1884. In 1888 he re- 
 signed to accept the presidency of Colorado 
 College. On the 21st of November, 1889, 
 the Rev. Edward A. Lawrence became pas- 
 tor and continued to discharge his duties 
 most faithfully and acceptably until his la- 
 mented death in November, 1893. He was 
 followed by the present pastor, the Rev. 
 Henry W. Ballentine, whose installation 
 took place November 30, 1894. The pres- 
 ent church was built in front of the chapel 
 in 1883 at a cost of $28,675.15. It is a 
 beautiful and suitable edifice. The pres- 
 ent membership is 186. 
 
442 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Canton Congregational Church. 
 
 The first Congregational services in Bal- 
 timore were held in a school house on Cuba 
 street, Locust Point, in 1846. The attend- 
 ants were Welsh workmen and their fami- 
 lies, who were connected with the Balti- 
 more and Cuba Smelting Company. When 
 the Copper Works were moved to Canton 
 in 1850 services were held in a school house 
 on Clinton street, where preaching was 
 conducted by the Rev. Thomas James and 
 the Rev. Benjamin Jones. The first or- 
 ganization took place in a school house on 
 First street in 1855, under the direction of 
 the Rev. Benjamin Davis, of Llanelly, 
 Wales, as pastor. The church was con- 
 nected with the Pennsylvania Conference 
 which met at Pottsville. In 1866 a few en- 
 ergetic men decided to erect a church edi- 
 fice. The Canton Company granted the 
 use of a lot on Toone street and there the 
 church was constructed by their own hands. 
 Often the members labored until after mid- 
 night on the walls. Although the money 
 contributions were small, the church was 
 paid for in one year. The first pastor was 
 the Rev. Thomas Richards, who was or- 
 dained in the church in November, 1870. 
 During his pastorate the membership rose 
 to over 100, and both the church and the 
 Sunday-school were largely attended. He 
 remained in charge until 1871, when the 
 Copper Smelting Company suspended and 
 a number of the members were compelled 
 to seek work elsewhere. There was no set- 
 tled pastor until 1878; but in 1871-1872 the 
 church was rebuilt and the property im- 
 proved by Mr. J. Henry Stickney, whose 
 iron furnaces were situated near by and 
 who was a liberal member of the First Con- 
 gregational Church. These improvements 
 
 cost him $1,300. In 1878 the congregation 
 voted to employ the Rev. J. Wynne Jones 
 as Presbyterian minister and to work under 
 the control of the Presbyterian Church. Up 
 to this time the services had been in Welsh, 
 but now a part of them was conducted in 
 English. After the erection of the Abbot 
 Memorial Presbyterian Church in High- 
 landtown in 1883, of which the Rev. Mr. 
 Jones became pastor, the services were 
 somewhat irregular at the Toone Street 
 Church. Subsequently a dispute arose as 
 to the ownership of the property and this 
 resulted in a legal conflict before the courts, 
 which decided in March, 1891, that the 
 property belonged to the Presbytery of Bal- 
 timore. Hereupon the Congregational ele- 
 ment in the congregation and vicinity 
 formed the Canton Congregational Church 
 of Baltimore county. Services were held 
 in the ofifices of the Canton Company for 
 six months, when a new edifice was erected 
 at the northeast corner of Elliott and First 
 streets. It was dedicated on October 11, 
 1891. The Rev. T. M. BeadenkofT has been 
 the pastor of this new church from the time 
 of its erection. In 1893 ^^e edifice was en- 
 larged through the generosity of Mr. J. 
 Henry Stickney. It will accommodate 250 
 persons. There are rooms in the rear suit- 
 able for the Sunday-school and a night 
 school maintained for working boys. I'he 
 latter is the special feature of the work of 
 this church. It was opened in March, 
 1891, first in the Canton public school, but 
 was afterwards moved to rooms built for 
 the purpose by Mr. Stickney. Instruction 
 is given in drawing, reading, writing, arith- 
 metic and printing. About 225 boys and 
 young men attend, and the school is so 
 popular as to attract more than can be ad- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 443 
 
 mitted. A class for working girls is about 
 to be instituted, for instruction in dressmak- 
 ing and other branches. 
 
 Second Coxgregation.-\l Church. 
 This church is situated at the corner of 
 North and Union avenues. It is the 
 outgrowth of the First Congregational 
 Church, which on October 12, 1887, au- 
 thorized the rental of a dwelling at 1841 
 Harford avenue. A Sunday-school was at 
 once organized there, the first meeting be- 
 ing on October i6th and the Sunday-school 
 being organized on the 23d. Gospel meet- 
 ings were soon added to the work. Sub- 
 scriptions were taken at the First Congre- 
 gational Church to erect a building, and 
 Mr. Robert J. Thompson was secured as 
 pastor. On February 25th Martin Haw- 
 ley, Esq., of the First Congregational 
 Church, presented the present lot, which 
 was valued at $3,000. The edifice was at 
 once begun and the irrst service was held 
 in it on June 9, 1888. The church was or- 
 ganized with thirteen charter members, and 
 was recognized by the Council on June 
 29th. The same Council ordained and in- 
 stalled Mr. Thompson as pastor. In 189 1 
 the Rev. Thompson resigned and was dis- 
 missed on September 17th. He was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. Edward T. Root, who 
 entered upon his duties on December 5, 
 1891, although he was not installed until 
 February 20, 1894. He resigned Septem- 
 ber I, 1896, and was immediately followed 
 by the present pastor, the Rev. C. H. Craw- 
 ford. The membership is 100. A flourish- 
 ing Sunday-school is maintained and also 
 several literary and charitable organiza- 
 
 FouRTH C0NGREGA.T10NAL Church. 
 
 In 1895 this congregation was organized 
 at Locust Point. It occupies a frame buifd- 
 ing, which contains audience and Sunday- 
 school rooms, which was purchased from 
 an independent Methodist church now dis- 
 banded. This new congregation is pros- 
 pering well, and is free from debt. Its pas- 
 tor from the first has been the Rev. Mark 
 \\'ells. The membership is about 100. 
 
 REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH- 
 ES IN BALTIMORE. 
 
 Church of the Redeemer. 
 The first meeting to organize a Reformed 
 Episcopal Church in Baltimore was Held 
 April 7, 1875. Twelve laymen were elected 
 vestrymen. Bishop George David Cum- 
 mins, D. D., was elected rector, and the 
 name given to the organization was "The 
 Church of the Redeemer." Services were 
 held in Lehman's Hall until March, 1876, 
 when the present building on Bolton street 
 near Lanvale street was ready for occupa- 
 tion. Bishop Cummins was succeeded in 
 the rectorship by Rev. William !M. Post- 
 lethwaite, D. D., who continued in charge 
 for about six years. The present rector, 
 Bishop J. A. Latane, D. D., has been in 
 charge since November, 1891. The mem- 
 bership is 126. 
 
 The Bishop Cummins Memorial 
 Church. 
 
 A Second Reformed Episcopal Church, 
 known as "The Church of the Rock of 
 Ages," was organized in February, 1876. 
 The first rector was the Rev. H. H. Wash- 
 bur'n, and ser\-ices were held for two years 
 in the old building known as the Young 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Men's Christian Association Hall, on 
 Schroeder street near Franklin street. Af- 
 ter the death of Bishop Cummins the name 
 of the organization was changed to "The 
 Bishop Cummins Memorial Church," and 
 arrangements were made for the erection of 
 a permanent place of worship. In the fall 
 of 1878 the present church, a stone building 
 on the corner of Carrolton avenue and Lan- 
 vale street, was completed, but at such a 
 cost and with the burden of such a debt 
 that in a few months Mr. Washburn re- 
 signed the charge. Bishop Latane became 
 the rector in 1880 and continued in charge 
 until November, 1891. The church is now 
 free of debt and is at present under the 
 charge of Rev. J. Hubert Jones. The mem- 
 bership is 132. 
 
 Emmanuel Church. 
 The Third Reformed Episcopal Church m 
 Baltimore was organized in February, 
 1876, and called Emmanuel Church. Rev. 
 F. H. Reynolds was its founder and first 
 rector. The first services were held in a 
 hall near Forrest and Monument streets, 
 and the congregation continued to worship 
 there until April, 1877, when a neat frame 
 chapel, on the corner of Eden and Hoff- 
 man streets, was ready fon occupation. The 
 present rector. Rev. W. J. Way, took 
 charge in March, 1893, and during his min- 
 istry the vestry, with some aid from the 
 Church Extension Trust of the general 
 church, has erected a handsome stone 
 church by the side of the old chapel. The 
 membership is 97. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Some Successful Preachers Who Have Occupied 
 Baltimore Pulpits. 
 
 By William M. Marine. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Chasb was the father of 
 Samuel Chase, "the Demosthenes of Mary- 
 land," a title bestowed upon him during 
 the days of- the Revolution. Samuel was 
 a signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence. Thomas Chase was a native of Eng- 
 land. He was thoroughly cultured and an 
 accomplished classical scholar. He first lo- 
 cated in Somerset county, Maryland, as 
 clergyman in charge of a Protestant Epis- 
 copal parish. Various locations in that 
 section are pointed out which are hallowed 
 by his memory. 
 
 On the nth of February, 1754. Rev. 
 Benedict Bourdillou, rector of St. Paul's 
 Church, Baltimore, having died, the Rev. 
 Thomas Chase was appointed by Governor 
 Bladen to the vacancy. He not only dis- 
 charged his pastoral duties with zeal, ef- 
 ficiency and success, but he was a public- 
 spirited citizen and bore his part of mu- 
 nicipal burthens cheerfully as an example 
 to induce others to pursue the same course. 
 An ordinance forbade raising hogs and 
 geese within corporation limits. A number 
 of people agreed to pay to the clerk of the 
 town individual sums to keep the fence of 
 the place in order and to employ some one 
 to look after it. The Rev. Thomas Chase, 
 good naturedly, subscribed ten pounds . For 
 the building of a market house he further 
 subscribed the sum of five pounds. He 
 
 was a useful man, energetic, bold and fear- 
 less, with marked individuality of charac- 
 ter. After a ministry of thirty-four years, 
 Parson Chase, as he was often called, died 
 on the 4th of April, 1779. 
 
 There formerly stood in St. Paul's burial 
 ground, on the main walk from the en- 
 trance, an old vault with a flat iron door, 
 which had succumbed to the irresistible 
 ravages of time and for many years existed 
 in a ruinous condition, the object of un- 
 favorable remark and criticism. In that 
 vault reposed Thomas Chase, his son Sam- 
 uel and others of the Chase family. The 
 vault was years ago leveled with the earth, 
 having been filled up, and tombstones 
 erected to mark the resting place of the 
 illustrious dead. 
 
 The Reverend William Edward 
 Wyatt was assistant to the Right Rev. 
 James Kemp, in 1814, when old Christ 
 Church and St. Paul's were one rectorship, 
 and denominated Christ Church and St. 
 Paul's Parish. 
 
 When Bishop Kemp died, in 1827, Doctor 
 Wyatt succeeded him as rector. He min- 
 istered at St. Paul's altars for fifty years, 
 and died with the regrets of every class of 
 citizens, June 24, 1864. His popularity 
 constantly brought his talents into requisi- 
 tion outside of his church on public occa- 
 sions. At the dedication of Greenmount 
 
446 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Cemetery, July 13, 1839, he delivered a 
 beautiful and impressive prayer, of which 
 the following extract is given as an evi- 
 dence of its ornateness and eloquence: 
 "Here in this quiet retreat, from the tur- 
 moil of the world, teach us, O our Father, 
 the fruitlessness of discord, and the little- 
 ness of ambition. Looking into the noise- 
 less chambers of the tomb, where once 
 angry partisans lie down together without 
 strife, and rival heroes find a calm resting 
 place by each other's side, may our hearts 
 be touched with the vanity of the feuds 
 which disturb the peace of the world. See- 
 ing here the end of glory, and the emptiness 
 of triumphs, may we shun the vain conflicts 
 of life, and seek supremely those things 
 which are spiritual and eternal." 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1828, at the laying 
 of the corner-stone of the Baltimore and 
 Oliio Railroad, Doctor \\'yatt officiated in 
 prayer. The death of Andrew Jackson, the 
 1st of July, 1845, was observed as a solemn 
 funeral occasion by the people of Balti- 
 more, an immense meeting was held in 
 Mount Vernon Place, where Doctor Wyatt's 
 supplication of the Deity was reverently 
 heard by a multitude bowed in the attitude 
 of devotion. 
 
 As a speaker he was persuasive. His 
 sermons were replete with benevolence and 
 amiability; his appeals were to the affec- 
 tions. Earnestness and dignity belonged 
 to him; he did not use many gesticulations, 
 but was careful to speak in well modulated 
 tones, so that apparently without vocal ef- 
 fort he could he heard plainly through the 
 entire space within St. Paul's Church. 
 
 Doctor Wyatt frequently presided over 
 the Episcopal State Conventions, House of 
 Lay and Clerical Delegates in the General 
 
 Convention of the Church. He was chap- 
 lain at "Camp Baltimore" and preached to 
 the troops; his sermon possessed great 
 merit. In the University of Maryland he 
 held the chair of Professor of Divinity. 
 
 He was an author of ability, modest and 
 unpretentious. Among his works may be 
 classed an obituary discourse on General 
 Harrison; one on "Episcopacy," which in- 
 volved him in controversial discussion with 
 Jared Sparks; "Family Devotion," "Chris- 
 tian Altar" and "A Departed Spirit's Ad- 
 dress to its Mother." 
 
 The missionary spirit dwelt in him, and 
 for years he visited regularly the peniten- 
 tiary and preached to the prisoners. 
 
 All that was mortal of this worthy rector 
 was laid to rest, until the sound of the trum- 
 pet, near the Fremont street wall of St. 
 Paul's church-yard, where friends and 
 strangers frequently resort to stand by his 
 grave. 
 
 Henry \'an Dyke Johns, D. D., was 
 born in Delaware on the 13th day of Oc- 
 tober, 1803. His family was not of Dela- 
 ware origin, having settled in Maryland in 
 1 717. Henry was a graduate of Princeton 
 College, and received his theological equip- 
 ment at the General Theological Seminary 
 in New York. He was made a deacon in 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church during the 
 year 1826, and a presbyter in 1828. He 
 was a chaplain in the navy, and served on 
 board the vessel that conveyed Lafayette 
 from the Lhiited States to France on the 
 occasion of his departure after his last visit 
 to this country. He was subsequently rec- 
 tor at Frederick, Md., Trinity Church, 
 Washington, and Christ's Church, Cincin- 
 nati. 
 
 In September. 1843. he was called to 
 
fyy II yf 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 447 
 
 Christ Church, Baltimore, succeeding his 
 brother, Rev. John Johns, who vacated 
 Christ Church pulpit on being elected As- 
 sistant Bishop of Virginia. Henry re- 
 mained there until 1854, when Immanuel 
 Church was opened for public service, and 
 he became its rector, which relation he sus- 
 tained to that congregation until his death, 
 which happened April 22, 1859. 
 
 During a week in October, 1852, a num- 
 ber of meetings were held in the Eutaw 
 Street Methodist Episcopal Church, at 
 which sermons were preached in the morn- 
 ing at 10.30 o'clock by Dr. Augustus Web- 
 ster of the M. P. Church, Mr. .Stockton, 
 Doctor Plummer, a Presbyterian, and Mr. 
 Johns. Bishop Whittingham undertook to 
 prevent Mr. Johns from filling his appoint- 
 ment, but was not successful. A wordy cor- 
 respondence took place between the Bishop 
 and the clergyman, which excited interest in 
 the public mind. Henry Winter Davis, him- 
 self an Episcopalian, whose father was a 
 clergyman of the same faith, came to the'de- 
 fense of Mr. Johns and "roasted the Bishop 
 alive," to the confusion and mortification 
 of the reverend prelate and his supporters. 
 
 Doctor Johns was a preacher who when 
 in the pulpit had something to say and 
 knew how to say it; he was profound and 
 earnest, "full of the power of godliness." 
 He cared nothing for denominational lim- 
 itations; his brave spirit of Christian lib- 
 erality brought him into repeated conflicts 
 with Bishop Whittingham, but the bold 
 clergyman never flinched, holding true to 
 his convictions to the end. 
 
 Doctor Johns was the recipient of univer- 
 sal respect, and his death was widely re- 
 gretted. The Tract Society of which he 
 was a member requested the Rev. Josejih 
 
 T. Smith, of the Presbyterian Church, to 
 preach a discourse on his life and character, 
 which sermon was published and exten- 
 sively circulated. 
 
 One of Doctor Johns" children was the 
 late Henry V. D. Johns, a well-known mem- 
 ber of the Baltimore bar. 
 
 George D. Cummings was a native of 
 Delaware, who spent long and useful years 
 of his life in the ministry in Baltimore. He 
 was a graduate of Dickinson College, and 
 in 1 841 entered the ministry of the Metho- 
 dist Church. In 1845 he left it, being or- 
 dained deacon, and in 1847 priest, in the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church. He was for 
 many years rector of St. Peter's Church, 
 and was noted for brilliancy and eloquence. 
 He preached to crowded houses and was 
 one of the leading pulpit attractions of the 
 city. He remained at St. Peter's until the 
 year of 1866. On the isth of November of 
 that year he was elevated to the office of 
 Assistant Bishop of Kentucky. After he 
 entered upon the duties of his office the 
 claims of the ritualists offended his notions 
 of right and he could not admit their pre- 
 tensions. In 1873 he surrendered his of- 
 fice and set about establishing "The Re- 
 formed Episcopal Church," and was made 
 its first bishop. His case was called to the 
 attention of Right Rev. Benjamin B. 
 Smith, who under a canon deposed him 
 from the ministry of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal faith. Bishop Cummings labored 
 zealously to the day of his death to build 
 up his church, but its progress has been 
 slow. 
 
 Joiix Prentiss Kewley Henshaw, D. 
 D., was a noted clergyman in his day in 
 Baltimore. He was born in Connecticut 
 in June, 1792; he graduated at the Middle- 
 
448 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 town College and received his A. B. at the 
 age of sixteen years; he afterwards spent 
 a year at Harvard and was confirmed an A. 
 M. and subsequently a D. D. He was a 
 lay reader in the church at Cambridge and 
 while so occupied organized two congrega- 
 tions in Northern Vermont, at the time of 
 doing so being nineteen years of age. On 
 the day of attaining his twenty-first year 
 he was ordained and became rector of a 
 Protestant Episcopal church in Marble- 
 head, Mass. After a short pastorate he was 
 installed rector at St. Ann's, Brooklyn, re- 
 maining there three years, when in the 
 spring of 1817 he made his home in Bal- 
 timore on accepting a call to St. Peter's 
 Church. Under his pastorate the church 
 gained constant accessions to its member- 
 ship. His style of preaching is represented 
 as being "exceedingly persuasive." The 
 same authority says, "when in the pulpit 
 his countenance gives evidence that his soul 
 is enlisted" in the cause of the Master. 
 
 Doctor Henshaw filled delegated posi- 
 tions in the State and general conventions 
 of the Episcopal Church and in its benevo- 
 lent associations; he was also a director in 
 the American Bible and Tract Society. 
 
 He was an author of distinction; some 
 of his works are entitled "A Minister's In- 
 structions to His People on the Subject of 
 Confirmation," "A Selection of Hymns," 
 "The Communicant's Guide," "Sheridan's 
 Elocution," "Theology for the People," 
 "Lectures upon the Second Advent of the 
 Redeemer" and "Life of Bishop Moose, of 
 Virginia." 
 
 Shortly after General William H. Har- 
 rison's death Doctor Ilenshaw delivered an 
 oration upon his life, which was greatly ad- 
 mired: it abounded in felicitous expressions 
 
 of which the following quotation is an ex- 
 ample: "Alas! how poor a thing is immor- 
 tality upon the earth, if it proceed not from 
 such a character as will secure immortality 
 in heaven ? The name of Voltaire will per- 
 haps be remembered in the annals of the 
 world as long as that of Fenelon; but one 
 will be remembered as a recreant to virtue 
 and a blasphemer of God — while the other 
 will be venerated as a meek example of 
 devotion and a useful minister of Jesus 
 Christ." 
 
 In his discourse on Bishop Moore is this 
 poetical gem: "We live in a world which 
 has many attractions. Whether we look 
 upon the august and sublime scenery of 
 nature — upon the lofty mountain— the 
 foaming cataract — the rolling ocean — at 
 the heavens — now agitated and blackened 
 by the wild fury of the tempest— and then 
 in the mild lustre of a summer midnight, 
 lifting its sparkling canopy above us; or, 
 whether we look upon the calm and seduc- 
 tive landscape, as it spreads before us in 
 the verdant meadow, with its smooth 
 stream or gurgling brook — upon the gently 
 swelling hills— the noble forest clothed in 
 the mellow tints and variegated hues of its 
 autumnal foliage — here a field waving with 
 golden harvest, and there a pasture redolent 
 with flowers of surpassing beauty — we see 
 on every hand loud calls for gratitude to 
 the Author of our being, and much to at- 
 tach us to the fair plant which he has al- 
 lotted us for a habitation." 
 
 Doctor Henshaw was repeatedly placed 
 in nomination for Bishop of Maryland, but 
 always failed of election. In 1843, Rhode 
 Island being constituted an Episcopal dio- 
 cese, he was made its Bishop. In 1852 
 Bishop Whittingh'am visited England and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 449 
 
 during his absence Bishop Henshaw pre- 
 sided in his stead. He was stricken a sec- 
 ond time with apoplexy, having previously 
 had a stroke in Rhode Island, and suc- 
 cumbed to the disease. 
 
 Doctor John G. Morris was for years 
 the popular and esteemed pastor of the 
 English Lutheran Church on Lexington 
 street. He was born in York, Pa., No- 
 vember 14, 1803. He was a student for 
 a while at Princeton, leaving there and 
 going to Dickinson College, where he 
 graduated. He developed into a Hebrew 
 scholar and a fine theologian and was urged 
 to become the president of Pennsylvania 
 College, which position he would not ac- 
 cept, and upon being elected Professor of 
 Hebrew and Sacred Literature in the Theo- 
 logical Seminary at Gettysburg, he declined 
 that honor, preferring to be the pastor of a 
 Hock. Doctor Morris was a fine German 
 scholar and translated Leonhard's treatis 
 on Popular Geology and many other works. 
 He has produced a variety of English works 
 of merit and for two years edited the Balti- 
 more Lutheran Observer. Apart from its 
 editorial work, he at all times during his 
 long and useful life was a contributor to its 
 columns. Doctor Morris had gifts that 
 fitted him for the lecturer's platform and 
 rendered him serviceable at literary enter- 
 tainments. He was fond of obliging young 
 people who wished his assistance on such 
 occasions. He was greatly sought after in 
 consequence of his being a polished elocu- 
 tionist. He was once heard to say, when 
 reading before an audience, "that the two 
 greatest books in the world were the Bible 
 and Shakespeare." Natural history was a 
 favorite field for his researches. It was his 
 pleasure to discourse upon it before the 
 
 Philomathean Society of Pennsylvania Col- 
 lege. 
 
 ■ He remained in charge of the Lexington 
 Street Church until i860. His success was 
 unmistakable; many were added to that 
 church and it greatly prospered under his 
 guidance. He was talented and popular; 
 his rugged, plain common sense always 
 helping him to win his way to the people's 
 hearts. 
 
 On resigning his charge he was three 
 years librarian at the Peabody; his position 
 was rendered unpleasant, so he retired. He 
 was a member of the Maryland Historical 
 Society, where he spent hours of his time 
 delving in the rich lore of the past. He 
 was also a member of the German His- 
 torical Society and contributed to its suc- 
 cess. He died in Baltimore, October 10, 
 1895; his remains were taken to York and 
 buried by the side of his wife. 
 
 Rev. Peter Stanislaus Schreiber was 
 born in Baltimore in 1804. His father was 
 a German who in youth reached this coun- 
 try; his mother was the daughter of Fred- 
 erick Yeiser, one of the earliest settlers of 
 Baltimore; he was a soldier in the Revolu- 
 tion and present at Brandywine and York- 
 town. The mother was a Protestant, but 
 became a convert to the faith of her hus- 
 band. 
 
 The son graduated from ]\Iount St. 
 Mary's College at Emmitsburg in 1820. 
 He received the order of priesthood in Sep- 
 tember, 1828. Among the churches he 
 served were St. Patrick's, Washington; a 
 church in Richmond and later the Cathe- 
 dral in Baltimore. 
 
 St. Vincent de Paul Church, Baltimore, 
 was consecrated in November, 1841. In 
 its steeple, which is one hundred and thirty 
 
450 
 
 [ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 feet high, hangs a bell taken from a Spanish 
 chapel in Spain, during one of its wars. At 
 this church the Reverend Mr. Sclireiber 
 was stationed on the death of its first 
 pastor. 
 
 It is an interesting fact worthy of pre- 
 servation that Frederick Yeiser received a 
 visit from George Washington and he en- 
 tertained him in his home, close by the site 
 of the church in which his grandson after- 
 wards officiated as a priest. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Schreiber's friends claimed 
 that he was the most attractive speaker of 
 his faith in Baltimore. His congregations 
 were large and attentive, his popularity be- 
 ing unbounded among them. The follow- 
 ing portrait was drawn of him sixty-eight 
 years ago: "His style is easy and fluent — 
 denoting the man of lingual refinement and 
 extensive reading. His gesticulation is 
 graceful, while the matter of his discourses 
 plainly indicates careful thought in their 
 preparation, and the workings of a heart 
 of benevolence." 
 
 He was an ardent temperance advocate 
 and among the first of the clergymen of his 
 church to form Catholic temperance asso- 
 ciations in Baltimore. He broached the 
 subject in a sermon which he preached in 
 St. Peter's Church; his efforts directed the 
 movement to success. 
 
 Mr. Schreiber was a gentleman of pol- 
 ished manners and pleasing conversational 
 powers. He died in 1845, leaving pleasant 
 memories surviving him. A tablet bearing 
 his name and that of its first pastor is in the 
 vestibule of St. Vincent's Church. 
 
 Rev. James Dolan was a prelate who 
 honored his calling and served mankind by 
 usefulness and goodness. It was his for- 
 tune to have had but one field of dutv, and 
 
 to have served none other. His unremit- 
 ting services were such as to have obtained 
 for him from his admirers the title of "The 
 Apostle of the Point." He was a broad- 
 minded man, with no touch of intolerance 
 to narrow the range of his mental faculties. 
 
 Between Rev. Henry Sheer, the "wheel 
 horse of Methodism," and him there were 
 striking points of resemblance. They were 
 tall and commanding in person; the shape 
 of their heads was much alike, as well as 
 their faces. 1 hey were equally of imperial 
 wills and immovable firmness. They were 
 business men who did not have to advise 
 with others in order to form correct judg- 
 ments and they were Godly men who were 
 honored in the section in which they lived. 
 
 On the "Point market days," it was a 
 scene often witnessed, Mr. Sheer, with his 
 large, well-filled market basket on his arm. 
 standing on the rectory pavement of St. 
 Patrick's Church, in close proximity to 
 Father Dolan, and the two in earnest con- 
 versation. They were great friends and ad- 
 mirers and respected each other as honest 
 men always do. Their intimacy was availed 
 of by the story tellers and wags to unite 
 their names in witticisms and jokes provok- 
 ing side splitting mirth. 
 
 Rev. James Dolan was the son of Richard 
 Dolan and Bridget O'Donnell, his wife. 
 He was born in "the Emerald Isle," on 
 the 1st of July, 1814, and died in Baltimore 
 the I2th of January, 1870. 
 
 His mother was a woman of excellent 
 qualities; after her death the people of Cas- 
 hel, where she resided, were deeply afifected 
 and paid her remains marked honors. Her 
 son was destined in the great future to re- 
 ceive similar ones. 
 
 His devotion to his parents was sublime; 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 both of them left their impress forever on 
 his mind. 
 
 Of his mother he pathetically wrote: 
 "Sainted mother, the recollection of thy de- 
 parture presses heavily upon my heart." 
 The subject was freshened by his reflec- 
 tions on the 20th of December, 1844, when 
 he said: "Dear mother, I will by the grace 
 of God do all in my power to promote Hi.s 
 glory and obtain my own salvation, so that 
 when I leave this world of sorrow and care 
 I may meet thee in heaven." Of his father 
 he wrote: "His strong and holy love guard- 
 ed me with every affection." 
 
 He was sent to school in Cashel, and 
 when sufficiently advanced afterwards to a 
 Greek and Latin institute under David 
 O'Neill. The surroundings of Cashel are 
 impressive. The ruins of a pagan temple 
 and fortress which exist there are famous 
 the world over. It was amid such scenes 
 that the imagination of young Dolan was 
 nurtured ; he could not fail to be deeply im- 
 pressed by his early associations. 
 
 His mother died, and in 1832 he left 
 Navan College and embarked for America 
 with a colony of sixty people and two 
 priests. They left Cork on the i8th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1834, and arrived in New Orleans; 
 from that city journeyed to Texas, settling 
 amid its wilds. Death visited the colony 
 and most of its people died. James O'Don- 
 nell, a cousin of James Dolan, resided in 
 Philadelphia, and to that city to visit him 
 the cast down immigrant concluded to go. 
 He made the journey and remained in Phil- 
 adelphia until Friday, the i8th day of De- 
 cember, 1834, when he came to Baltimore 
 and entered the Seminary of the Sulpicians; 
 he was admitted to minor orders in 1838; 
 to sub-deacons orders in September, 1839; 
 
 in the same month, in the following year, 
 he was ordained a priest, and on the 20th 
 of December, 1840, he entered upon his du- 
 ties as assistant pastor of St. Patrick's 
 Church. 
 
 The church originally stood on Wilk 
 street and Happy alley; it was abandoned in 
 1805, and the church edifice which has re- 
 cently given way to the imposing one which 
 takes its place, was substituted. 
 
 Father Kearney was pastor in charge of 
 St. Patrick's when Mr. Dolan became as- 
 sistant pastor. On his death Father Dolan, 
 the 28th of February, 1841, succeeded to 
 the pastorate. 
 
 It is not possible to recall from that date 
 to the time of his death the amount of good 
 which he accomplished. It lives behind 
 him and enlarges the ever expanding circle 
 of its influence. In 1847 ^ body of immi- 
 grants introduced the yellow fever in Bal- 
 timore; it proved a dreadful scourge and 
 many valuable lives were consumed by it. 
 Father Dolan was constant in his vigils of 
 mercy and displayed the humane side of 
 his life in splendid actions. In December, 
 1849, Rev. Theobold Matthew, Apostle of 
 Temperance in Ireland, on a visit to this 
 country, was entertained by Father Dolan. 
 The presence of so eminent a man was not 
 overlooked. December 14th sixty mem- 
 bers of the Hibernian Society proceeded to 
 the house of Father Dolan and paid their 
 respects to his visitor. The occasion was 
 one of cordiality, equalled by the hospitality 
 of the host, who warmly welcomed his 
 guests. 
 
 His active brain was always exercised for 
 good; in it was evolved the plan that 
 brought into existence the Orphan .\sylum 
 near Govanstown. -After his death it was 
 
452 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 found that one-third of liis estate was left 
 to the support of that benevolent founda- 
 tion. 
 
 He left two hundred dollars to keep the 
 graveyard on the Philadelphia road, where 
 he sleeps, in order. In providing what dis- 
 position was to be made of the money in the 
 event of the ground being put to some 
 other purpose, he wrote: "Graveyards, like 
 old men, when they do not pay, are in the 
 way." 
 
 He had genuine sentiment; to Mrs. 
 Thompson and Mary A. Davidson he gave 
 each five hundred dollars, because of their 
 constant attendance on the sanctuary for a 
 number of years. 
 
 Two hundred and twenty dollars a year 
 he provided to pay a priest to say mass for 
 Catholics at Bay View Almshouse. 
 
 One hundred pounds sterling was left to 
 the parish priest of Cashel, to be divided by 
 him among the poor Catholics of that 
 parish. 
 
 His home on Gough street, where he 
 lived and tlicd, he gave lu a Children's Aid 
 Society and one-third of his estate he left 
 for its support. Another one-third he set 
 apart for a regular Catholic Free School for 
 boys and girls. 
 
 All of his Ijenefactions have blossomed 
 and borne fruit. His eulogist, William P. 
 Preston, said uf him: "He was a man of 
 commanding intellect, untiring energy and 
 holy fervor." Father Daugherty, in his fu- 
 neral discourse, said: "If he had not been 
 a priest he would still liave been a distin- 
 guished man." That sentiment was un- 
 doubtedly just. 
 
 ?Ie was practical in ]jreaching. admon- 
 itory; pointing out the i)ath of duty and 
 exhorting to a cx)ntinuance in it. 
 
 In 1840 he was made chaplain of the 
 Hibernian Society. He was at one time 
 chaplain on the staf¥ of Gen. R. H. Carr. 
 a major general of Maryland militia. 
 
 It "rained tears" at his funeral, which wit- 
 nessed the attendance of sorrowing thou- 
 sands. 
 
 James Shrigley was the pastor of the 
 Universalist Church at the corner of Calvert 
 and Pleasant streets. He was born in Liv- 
 erpool, England, in 1814, and emigrated to 
 this country when quite young; his parents 
 settled in New England, where he grew up 
 to manhood. His national addresses 
 breathed the stalwart spirit of the patriot. 
 One of them which he delivered on the 
 evening preceding the 12th of September, 
 the anniversary of the day of the battle of 
 North Point, was exceedingly efifective. 
 Mr. Shrigley was a self-educated man, who 
 by persistence overcame the obstacles that 
 lay in his path in consequence of neglect in 
 his early education. His theological train- 
 ing was under the supervision of Rev. John 
 H. Willis, of Stafford, Conn. He was or- 
 dained in 1835, and took charge of a 
 church in Exeter, N. H., remaining there 
 until 1841, when he was called to Balti- 
 more. He was successful in his ministra- 
 tions at the Calvert Street Church; he 
 preached regularly to a thousand hearers, 
 although he numbered but one hundred and 
 fifty-five communicants. Young men were 
 especially fond of his sermons and attended 
 their delivery in large numbers. 
 
 Mr. Shrigley was a man who did not 
 spare himself, but worked untiringly. He 
 is said through one winter to have delivered 
 weekly four sermons, beside attending 
 other church meetings and lecturing once 
 a week ])cfore a society. He encouraged 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 453 
 
 his congregation to an interest in a literary 
 association called the Murry Institute, over 
 the meetings of which he presided. "Lec- 
 tures, recitations and debates" were con- 
 ducted with spirit and profit "under his dig- 
 nified presidency." 
 
 He delivered a course of lectures defin- 
 ing Universalism, which were attractive 
 and by his congregation enthusiastically 
 approved. He had undoubted natural "gifts 
 and held respectable rank in the army of 
 the ministry. His delivery was energetic; 
 his voice had fullness of tone and was so 
 distinct as to be audible in the remotest 
 part of the church. His membership was 
 bound to him by cords that were never 
 broken. He was a promoter of harmony 
 and avoided discord. He sought to be use- 
 ful, and that being his chief ambition he 
 excelled in it. 
 
 The Rev. Georgk Washington Bur- 
 nap was a native of Massachusetts, where 
 he was born in 1802. He was prepared at 
 Metford, \'t., for Harvard University, and 
 graduated from that school in 1824. He 
 next pursued a course of theological train- 
 ing, and on completing it in 1827 came to 
 Baltimore, as pastor of the First Independ- 
 ent Unitarian Church. 
 
 Mr. Burnap was the second pastor of his 
 church. The first was the Rev. Jared 
 Sparks, who left it to devote his talents to 
 literary pursuits, in which he became emi- 
 nent. It can be said of this congregation, 
 that it has always been served by preachers 
 of the highest order of ability. 
 
 Mr. Burnap was an author of note. His 
 "Lectures to Young Men," and "Upon the 
 Sphere and Duties of Woman," were re- 
 ceived with unbounded enthusiasm. They 
 were embodied in book form and sold 
 
 readily, their popularity making their au- 
 thor famous. Jared Sparks placed an article 
 by Mr. Burnap on "Leonard Calvert," in 
 his "American Biographies." Besides those 
 named. Rev. Mr. Burnap wrote other 
 works, namely, "History of Christianity" 
 and "Lectures on Unitarianism." Up to 
 1843, the published sale of his productions 
 exceeded 5,000 volumes. The amount of 
 good done by two of his works no human 
 mind can estimate; they took a hold on the 
 popular fancy that was irresistible. 
 
 George Peabody selected Mr. Burnap as 
 one of the trustees of the Peabody Insti- 
 tute; the only clergyman so honored. He 
 was a zealous member of the Maryland 
 Historical Society, and read contributions 
 at its meetings. 
 
 Godfroy, who designed the Battle Monu- 
 ment, was the architect of Mr. Burnap's 
 church, which was modeled after the Pan- 
 theon at Rome. Its acoustic qualities 
 were abominable. A writer in 1843 said: 
 "We offer no apology for denouncing such 
 .stupidity in architectural arrangement. 
 Surely preaching never entered into the 
 ideas of the architect." Mr. Burnap'i 
 reputation as a pulpit orator suffers greatly 
 by reason of the immense disadvantages 
 under which he is compelled to utter his 
 thoughts. The consequence is, strangers 
 taking their seats at points remote from the 
 preacher, would not preserve their patience 
 five minutes, unless a previous knowledge 
 of the man as a writer rendered them se- 
 cure of being well repaid for a somewhat 
 forced taxation of attention. The defects 
 have been somewhat remedied, but not 
 wholly, since Mr. Burnap's time. That up- 
 right man died suddenly September 8, 
 1859, mourned as a loss to the communitv. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Rev. John Glendy, D. D., was bom 
 near Londonderry, Ireland, June 24, 175S; 
 he graduated at the University of Glasgow. 
 Mr. Glendy became offensive to the Brit- 
 ish Government by denouncing its policy 
 towards Ireland, and troops were sent to 
 his home to arrest him. He fled to the 
 house of a poor woman whom he had be- 
 friended. The soldiers pursued him there, 
 but he eluded their search. They went off 
 to renew the hunt, and he fled in an oppo- 
 site direction, but at last tired of fleeing, he 
 surrendered himself. He was found guilty 
 by a jury, but his life was spared and he 
 was exiled. He reached Norfolk in an old 
 unseaworthy vessel in 1799, and remained 
 some months in that town. He supplied 
 the two congregations of Staunton and 
 Bethel, in Augusta county, for two years. 
 About this time he was the guest of Presi- 
 dent Jefferson, and delivered a sermon in 
 Washington which was greatly admired. 
 While on a visit to Baltimore he preached 
 in a Presbyterian church, the pulpit of 
 which had been rendered vacant by the 
 death of Doctor Allison. ]Mr. Glendy be- 
 came a candidate for the vacancy, but was 
 defeated by Rev. James Inglis. 
 
 In 1803 the Second Presbyterian Church 
 was formed, and Mr. Glendy became its 
 pastor. He was plunged in gloom by the 
 death of his wife in 1804, a sorrow which 
 was intensified by the death of a daughter 
 and a son shortly afterwards. 
 
 He was chaplain to the House of Repre- 
 sentatives in 1806, and to the Senate in 
 1815 and 1816. In 1822 the University of 
 Maryland conferred upon him the degree 
 of Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 In 1826 the infirmities of life began to 
 press upon him, and he was provided with 
 
 a colleague in the person of Rev. John 
 Breckenridge, and shortly afterwards he 
 ceased his pulpit ministrations. 
 
 He died in Philadelphia at the house of 
 his daughter on the 4th of October, 1832, 
 seventy-seven years of age. His remams 
 were interred in Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. Glendy's sermons were "torrents of 
 Irish eloquence," and "his voice was as 
 sweet as the harp of David." He was mag- 
 netic in personal intercourse and "fond of 
 saying agreeable things." He was not 
 without eccentricities and indulged in 
 pleasantries. In all respects he was a gen- 
 uine Irishman. 
 
 Being exiled from his home caused him 
 to be every where received with welcome 
 arms in this country. The doors of the best 
 society were opened to him, and through 
 them he passed and repassed. 
 
 When the British troops menaced Balti- 
 more in 1814, he stood upon his steps as 
 the militia marched by; with tearful eyes, 
 clasping his hands he prayed God's bless- 
 ings upon them, and to give them the vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Rkv. Joh.x Mason Duncan was born in 
 Philadelphia about the year 1788. He was 
 educated at schools in his native city and 
 in New York City. He commenced his min- 
 istrations in Baltimore as a Presbyterian 
 divine, his church being on the corner of 
 Fayette and Aisquith streets. Mr. Duncan, 
 who was a director in the Princeton Theo- 
 logical Seminary, preached a sermon to the 
 students and got out of the beaten path of 
 strict orthodoxy. The Synod held a meet- 
 ing in his church and dissolved his pastoral 
 relations with his congregation. The pew 
 liolders dissented and resolved that his re- 
 lations to them "be not dissolved." This 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 brought on litigation by certain pew hold- 
 ers, who voted "nay," to possess the church 
 edifice. They were represented in Court in 
 1827 by Roger B. Taney, who by man- 
 damus undertook to recover control of the 
 church on Fayette street. William Wirt 
 was the counsel of the defendants, and for 
 them won their case. The church of Mr. 
 Duncan ever since its withdrawel from the 
 Presbyterian Synod has been known as the 
 Associated Reform Church of Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. Duncan's views of theology en- 
 gendered a controversy with a Rev. Mr. 
 Miller, to whom he addressed letters in 
 vindication of his beliefs. He also published 
 the following books: "Creeds," and "Moral 
 Government." His writings, according to 
 Mr. J. E. Snodgrass, "indicate a habit of 
 close thinking and an unusual strength of 
 mind. They display, like his sermons, great 
 boldness of conception and expression." 
 
 Mr. Duncan was an orator; his voice was 
 full of power: he believed in the liberal use 
 of gestures. He warmed up in his analogi- 
 cal discourses effectively. His sarcasm 
 was overwhelming, and his assaults on vile 
 politicians were sufficient to make them 
 "blush to think themselves men." Such 
 shortcomings he once characterized as "the 
 politics of hell and damnation." In these 
 days of money purchase of place he would 
 have been constantly anathematizing such 
 offenses. 
 
 Mr. Duncan remained with his congre- 
 gation until his death many years ago. 
 
 Rev. John Leyburn, D. D., was born 
 in Virginia; he was a student at the Wash- 
 ington College and graduated at Princeton, 
 and afterwards pursued a course of theol- 
 ogy in Union Seminary, \'irginia, and 
 Columbia, South Carolina. He was li- 
 
 censed to preach by the Presbytery of Lex- 
 ington, \'a., and first preached in 
 Gainesville, Ala. He was successful in 
 his ministrations and left the congregation 
 in a flourishing condition with a handsome 
 church edifice. His next field of labor was 
 the Tabb Street Church, Petersburg, 
 \'a. He again was the instrument of 
 building an imposing church, one of the 
 handsomest in Virginia. The General As- 
 sembly elected him Secretary of the Board 
 of Publication, which required him to take 
 up his residence in Philadelphia, where he 
 had charge of the publication of religious 
 and Sabbath-school literature. He united 
 with Rev. William Inglis, D. D., in the 
 publication of the "Presbyterian," having 
 charge of its editorial column. 
 
 In i860 he made a tour of the Old 
 World, visiting Syria and Palestine. His 
 letters to his paper had a large circulation, 
 and were an unfailing source of pleasure to 
 those who read them. When at the Jordan, 
 the Arabs, while he and his party were en- 
 joying a bath, swooped down to the point 
 at which their clothing was heaped, gather- 
 ed it up and fled to the fastness of the 
 mountains. There being no shops near at 
 hand, where ready-made clothing could be 
 procured, the situation was not the most 
 agreeable 
 
 When Mr. Leyburn returned home in 
 1861, the country was in the throes of that 
 celebrated struggle, which left its impress 
 for good on the pages of the world's his- 
 tory. He threw all his sympathies with the 
 Southern cause and gave offense to many 
 of his Philadelphia friends. He moved 
 South, and was elected Secretary of Do- 
 mestic Missions, and subsequently of Pub- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 lications, of the Presbyterian Church, 
 South. 
 
 When the war closed he visited New 
 York. He was invited to preach two ser- 
 mons at the Associated Reform Church in 
 Baltimore. The congregation was at a low 
 ebb and hastening to a crisis in its afifairs. 
 Those who heard him were pleased with 
 him, and he received and accepted a call to 
 its pastorate. At once a transformation was 
 wrought, the pews became crowded, young 
 men and strangers worshiped when he 
 preached. His sermons were solemn expo- 
 sitions; his denunciation was rapid his 
 voice monotonous, but far from unpleasant. 
 He had gifts of rich copious speech, 
 abounding in warnings, and could utter a 
 prayer with elifect, so as to leave an abid- 
 ing impression. He served this last church 
 until his armor was worn out with the rust 
 of old age. A few years since, this warrior 
 of the cross lay down in tranquil slumber. 
 His grave is in Greenmount Cemetery. 
 
 Robert J. BrECKEnridge was a native 
 of Kentucky. He was born March 8, 1800, 
 a Princeton graduate and a graduate in law 
 also. He practiced his profession for years 
 and frequently opposed Henry Clay in the 
 trial of cases. He served in both branches 
 of the Kentucky Legislature and was de- 
 feated for Congress. After his defeat he 
 was deeply an.xious concerning spiritual 
 matters; he professed a change of heart 
 and joined the Presbyterian Church. His 
 brother John was pastor of the Second 
 Presbyterian Church, corner of Lloyd and 
 Baltimore streets, until 1832, when he died. 
 Robert was chosen his successor, and ac- 
 cepted the call to the church, where he re- 
 mained until 1845. 
 
 His mode of preaching was plain and 
 
 practical. "He commenced in a low and 
 rather drawling manner, but he soon be- 
 came fired with his theme. The flashes of 
 his piercing eye denoted a brain of unusual 
 energy and activity." He spoke from copi- 
 ous notes, but never used metaphor or 
 rhetoric. "If eloquent it was the eloquence 
 of a mind upborn by the magnitude or sub- 
 limity of the subject." 
 
 While pastor of the Second Church, he 
 became embroiled in a controversy with 
 Catholics, and carried on a heated discus- 
 sion with them. He was sued for an al- 
 leged libel on Colonel McGuire. 
 
 Mr. Breckenridge wrote a series of ar- 
 ticles entitled "The Restoration of the 
 Bible to the Schools," also "The Coloniza- 
 tion Cause." He published the following 
 books, "Papism in the XIX Century," 
 "Memoranda of Travel," and "Spirit of the 
 XIX Century." A critic friendly to him 
 wrote: "His sentences are formed without 
 regard to accepted rules of Belles Letters — 
 indeed some time in apparent contempt of 
 all rules." His punctuation was often to- 
 tally destructive of his meaning for one not 
 accustomed to his writings. The same 
 critic wrote of him on another point: 
 "When engaged in a personal controversy 
 the destructiveness of his missiles is almost 
 irresistible, and many an unlucky adversary 
 has realized in Doctor Breckenridge's satire 
 all the jxwer of a very Paixhan gun." 
 
 Mr. Breckenridge, on leaving the Second 
 Church, went to Jefiferson College in 
 Pennsylvania, became its president, and 
 after two years returned to Kentucky, and 
 was pastor of Presbyterian Church and 
 Superintendent of Education. He fre- 
 i|uently made a visit to his old Hock, and 
 stood behind the pul])it and i)rcached to 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 459 
 
 them. When war sought to sunder the 
 Union, the great and influential Brecken- 
 ridge family of Kentucky was divided in 
 sentiment. At the head of its loyal ele- 
 ment stood the Rev. Robert J. Brecken- 
 ridge. He was a delegate to the Republi- 
 can Nominating Convention at Baltimore 
 in 1864, and was made its temporary presi- 
 dent. He ceased to preach a few years be- 
 fore his death, and became professor of 
 Polemic Theology in a seminary at Dan- 
 ville. He died on the 27th of December, 
 1871, and sleeps beneath the soil on which 
 he was born. 
 
 Rev. Hexry Scheib, once pastor of 
 Zion (German) Independent Church of 
 Baltimore, and an educator of rank and 
 prominence, was born July 8, 1808, at 
 Backarack on the Rhine. He attended the 
 Reform School of the town and was after- 
 wards sent to a Latin school, where, with 
 the acquisition of that language, he com- 
 bined other clerical studies. He was subse- 
 quently entered as a scholar at the gymna- 
 sium at Krenznach, while there mastering 
 the Hebrew. After six years he advanced 
 to the University of Bohn, and during 
 1830 he graduated as a theological student. 
 The money expended on his education was 
 a small amount, as his parents were poor. 
 Unable to find a pulpit in his native land, 
 he sailed for America, where he soon after- 
 wards arrived, landing in New York in 
 April, 1835. 
 
 In September, Mr. Scheib preached tem- 
 porarily in Zion's Church, and in October 
 following, in 1835, he became its pastor. 
 The church was not a happy family when 
 he assumed the pastorate, being rent with 
 dissensions; but he was fortunate in re- 
 storing the congregation to harmony. 
 
 The secular school connected with the 
 church was in a bad condition; he im- 
 proved its morals and gave to it tone and 
 reputation. He caused to be erected new 
 and commodious school quarters. So that 
 it became eventually one of the farnous in- 
 stitutions of learning in Baltimore. 
 
 In 1839, Mr. Scheib was married to Miss 
 Lisette D. Isenbrandt. He died in Balti- 
 more in the latter part of 1897. 
 
 Mr. Scheib's belief was a religion "of 
 freedom and love, opposed to force and 
 fear; the worship of the Father in spirit 
 and truth, and the Christianity of Jesus 
 Christ as a teacher." 
 
 He preached extemporaneously, aided 
 by a retentive memory. He had a fluent 
 command of language. He was graceful 
 in movement, earnest and powerful in de- 
 livery. 
 
 Mr. Scheib was an artist, he had an ear 
 for music and loved the beautiful; he was 
 fond of his friends and of his family. He 
 passed away calmly and peacefully at a 
 patriarchal age, revered and respected. 
 
 Stephen P. Hill was called to the 
 Baptist Church on the corner of Sharp and 
 Lombard streets in the year 1834. He 
 was born in Salam, Mass., in 181 1, and 
 graduated at Brown University in 1829, 
 when he entered upon a course of theology 
 at Newton Institute near Boston, where he 
 remained three years. The remarkable fact 
 in his life is, that he commenced his min- 
 istry when sixteen years of age. After fin- 
 ishing his divinity studies he was called to 
 the First Baptist Church in Haverhill, 
 Mass., in 1832. .\n afifection of the 
 hmgs caused him to retire to South 
 Carolina in 1834, where the climate was 
 congenial. In the same year he received 
 
460 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and accepted a call to the Sharp and Lom- 
 bard street church. 
 
 When he took charge of the "Rotunda 
 Church," as some persons called it, he had 
 a building to preach in capable of seating 
 upwards of fifteen hundred persons, and a 
 membership of eighty people. It was not 
 long before that condition of things was 
 reversed, and he had a membership of five 
 hundred and was preaching to a well- 
 filled house. The baptism of a large num- 
 ber of people on occasions for such ser- 
 vices, attracted crowds. As many as 
 twenty-eight have been known to be im- 
 mersed in succession. 
 
 His Sabbath-school grew and prospered, 
 and the room was filled to the number of 
 six hundred, including teachers and 
 scholars. He formed auxiliary schools on 
 the outskirts of the city. 
 
 Mr. Hill had a pleasant delivery; his 
 sentences were perfect. The following ex- 
 tract from a sermon on theatre going is a 
 specimen of his style. "There is the thief, 
 and what made him such? The love of 
 pleasure led him into expenses beyond his 
 means. The theatre was found to be a 
 scheme of extravagance. In order to sup- 
 port it, he had recourse to the mean and 
 debasing expedient of theft. Suppose he is 
 a merchant's clerk. He puts his hands in 
 the desk of his employer, with many a 
 smiting blush of shame, and sharp pang 
 of conscience at first, but once done, his 
 virtue is weakened; the temptation re- 
 turns, and he advances from one act of 
 transgression to another, until he has 
 formed a corrupted character of injustice, 
 dishonesty an<l fraud. He is a confirmed 
 thief." 
 
 Mr. Hill was a poet; he loved to dwell 
 
 with the Sacred Nine beneath the shade of 
 evening's blush, or in the \vakeful hours 
 of the glowing morning. His soul kindled 
 at the voice of the birds in the groves or 
 the fields, and the perfumery of flowers 
 were the wafted incense of nature on tlie 
 altar of its God. 
 
 He sang of the "Triumphs of Truth;" 
 of the "Unlimited Progression of ]\Iind." 
 The first of these poems was delivered be- 
 fore the Rhetorical Societies of Newton 
 Theological Institute in 1839, and the last 
 before the Literary Societies of Brown 
 University. 
 
 Rev. Richard Fuller, D. D., although 
 born in Beaufort, S. C, April 22, 1804, 
 resided so long as pastor of a Baptist 
 church in this city, that he became assmii- 
 lated as one of its people. He graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1824. His next 
 step was to fit himself for the bar. He was, 
 a year after his matriculation at Harvard, 
 admitted to practice law, and proved him- 
 self to possess the necessary requisites. In 
 183 1 a revival of religion was in progress, 
 and among those who bowed their heads 
 to conviction was Richard Fuller. He 
 united with the Baptist Church of Beau- 
 fort, relinquished a practice worth $5,000 a 
 year, and took a charge composed largely 
 of colored people and a sprinkling of 
 whites. He was a slave-holder, and num- 
 bers of the bondsmen attended his church. 
 The day he was ordained he celebrated that 
 event by baptizing over one hundred col- 
 ored persons. 
 
 He and Doctor Weyland, of Brown Uni- 
 versity, discussed "whether the Scriptures 
 permitted the relation of master and slave ?" 
 Fuller said "yes," Wayland said "no." .\ 
 great many letters were written by the dis- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 putants, and, as is usual in such cases, both 
 sides won the victory. 
 
 During the year 1846, the Seventh Bap- 
 tist Church of Baltimore, the church then 
 being on Calvert street, invited Mr. Fuller 
 to become its pastor. He conditionally ac- 
 cepted; his proviso being, that they would 
 somewhere else select a lot and build an 
 edifice. His terms were complied with, and 
 the temple that so long resounded to His 
 expansive voice, on the corner of Saratoga 
 and Paca streets, was ushered into exist- 
 ence. He began his labors in 1847; 
 and until his death he stood in the front 
 rank of preachers as brave as a lion but 
 gentle as a woman. Crowds flocked to hear 
 him, and he levelled his guns at vice and 
 evil, warned and admonished youth to keep 
 out of slippery paths, and did not avoid dis- 
 cussions when the opportunities presented 
 themselves. In after life he said to a friend, 
 "I used to be fond of controversies, but I 
 am not so any longer; I gave them up long 
 ago." On the completion of Eutaw Place 
 Baptist Church, in 1871, Doctor Fuller be- 
 came its pastor, and while serving that peo- 
 ple, fell asleep in October, 1876. 
 
 He was buried in Greenmount Ceme- 
 tery, where an imposing monument with 
 striking inscriptions has been reared. 
 
 He was an able debater, a brilliant 
 preacher, a true and faithful friend. He 
 had a fine presence and a superb voice; fiis 
 carriage was easy and graceful. He looked 
 right at you, and on his firm face was a 
 smile that prevented his features from be- 
 ing stern and immovable. 
 
 Rev. Daniel Evans Reese was born in 
 Baltimore in 1812. He belonged to the 
 Methodist Protestant Church, and was of 
 a family prolific of preachers. No other 
 
 family in Maryland produced as many, and 
 probably none other in the United States. 
 Several of his brothers were preachers. 
 Rev. John S. was a step-brother. Rev. Levi 
 R. chaplain to Congress, and Rev. E. 
 Yates was widely known for his distin- 
 guished gifts. 
 
 It was reported that when Rev. E. Yates 
 Reese edited the "Methodist Protestant," 
 a subscriber entered his sanctum and intro- 
 duced himself as "Mr. Reese." 
 
 "Are you a relation of mine?" inquired 
 the Editor. "A distant relation, I believe," 
 was the reply. 
 
 "Are you a preacher?" was next asked. 
 
 "No;" replied the stranger, "but I have 
 a brother who is." 
 
 "I knew it," exclaimed the Editor, smil- 
 ing, "for I never yet heard of a branch of 
 the family that didn't produce at least one 
 preacher!" 
 
 In his youth Daniel Reese was appren- 
 ticed to Jacob Daley, ornamental painter, 
 who had in his business career more than 
 one apprentice indentured to him to learn 
 a trade who left him before being accom- 
 plished in the art to preach. Daley be- 
 longed to the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 and was in no good humor with the 
 Methodist Protestant "seceders," as they 
 were called, yet he surrendered Daniel 
 Reese and cancelled his bond when he was 
 nineteen years of age to enable him to 
 preach in the Methodist Protestant Church. 
 During his first eleven years' service he re- 
 ceived little for preaching, so that his grow- 
 ing family caused him to locate and em- 
 bark in school teaching. He was success- 
 ful, and in three years paid of? the indebt- 
 edness he had curtailed while serving poor 
 appointments without adequate rcmunera- 
 
462 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tion. He returned to the pastorate and was 
 stationed at Fayette and Asquith streets, 
 where he succeeded in building a new 
 churcli. Mr. Reese served his denomina- 
 tion long and faithfully and ranked among 
 her efficient servants. 
 
 Bishop John Emory was one of the 
 distinguished Bishops of the M. E. Church. 
 He was born in Queen Ann's county, 
 Maryland, nth April, 1789. He studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar before 
 coming of age. On the i8th of August, 
 1806, the current of his life was changed; 
 he was converted and dedicated to the 
 church. He abandoned the practice of law 
 and when twenty years of age was received 
 into the Pennsylvania Conference, over 
 which Bishop Asbury presided. His first 
 appointment was on Caroline Circuit, Md. 
 He continued in such fields of service until 
 1813. At the conference held in 1813, he 
 was appointed to Union Station, Philadel- 
 phia, a most important charge at that time. 
 He was elected to the General Conference 
 that met in Baltimore, May, 1816, and con- 
 tinuously to General Conferences there- 
 after until 1828. In 1817 Bishop McKen- 
 dree invited him to visit the New York and 
 New England Conferences in his company, 
 which he did. 
 
 At the Philadelphia Conference, 1818, he 
 was transferred to the Baltimore Confer- 
 ence and stationed at Foundry Church. 
 Washington. At this time he studied He- 
 brew under "a distinguished Hebrew 
 Orientalist, Dr. J. Horwitz." Finishing hi^ 
 term in Washington, he was transferred to 
 Annapolis, and in 1820 the General Con- 
 ference sent him as delegate to the British 
 Conference in England. On his return, 
 and while stationed at .Annapolis, he was 
 
 frequently in Baltimore to preach and de- 
 liver addresses. In 1822 he was stationed 
 in Hagerstown, but remained there only a 
 short time, his health — never good — was 
 impaired, and he accepted the presidency 
 of the Asbury College in Baltimore. How- 
 ever, before he entered upon his new duties 
 he was called to New York to accept the 
 book agency of his church. The General 
 Conference of 1832 elected Mr. Emory a 
 Bishop, and he was so consecrated. He 
 selected Baltimore as his place of residence 
 and settled his family in that city. Dur- 
 ing the intervals when not presiding over 
 conferences he was at his home in Balti- 
 more, preaching in the churches of his de- 
 nomination and enjoying the associations 
 of her people. He once made preaching 
 excursions through the Peninsula lying be- 
 tween the Chesapeake and the Atlantic, and 
 a second through the lower counties of 
 Maryland. His death was sudden, on the 
 i6th of December, 1835. He was proceed- 
 ing to Baltimore in his carriage and was 
 thrown out and his skull fractured, with 
 fatal results. His body was removed from 
 a tavern, where he had breathed his last, to 
 Baltimore, and after his funeral deposited 
 along side of that of Asbury, in the crypt 
 beneath the Eutaw Street Church pulpit. 
 
 Subsequently, with the bodies of Bishop 
 ,\shury, George and Waugh, they were de- 
 posited in Mount Olivet Cemetery. 
 
 Bishop Emory was in many respects one 
 of the greatest of Methodist Bishops. He 
 was the defender of that faith. Equipped 
 with a fine education received at Wash- 
 ington College, Charlestown, he used his 
 accomplishments to the best advantage. 
 He lived in an age of controversies and was 
 foremost in them, but always courteous 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 463 
 
 and persuasive. His clear legal mind 
 showed itself in all his numerous writings. 
 His great work was his "Defense of the 
 Faith of Our Fathers." It is yet a stand- 
 ard authority, and is likely to remain so. 
 
 His gentle angel-like spirit, goodness of 
 heart and refinement of disposition, won 
 praise from every one's lips. He was 
 modest and unassuming. His Alma Mater 
 bestowed upon him a D. D. He did not 
 decline it "fearing that there might be more 
 of pride in its rejection than of vanity in its 
 acceptance." In the publication of fiis 
 works he never used it; they always ap- 
 peared as written "by John Emory." He 
 was evidently of the opinion of the late Dr. 
 Thomas Guard, the celebrated Irishman, 
 who preached in Baltimore City for Several 
 years. Seeing D. D. attached to the name 
 of this and that other clergyman, he rubbed 
 his hands together and exclaimed, "My! 
 My! I can't understand it, why in England 
 it means something, and no man has that 
 title but those noted for great scholarship." 
 Emory in that respect, and all others, was 
 worthy to be a Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 The Rev. Henry Slicer, so long known 
 as "the war-horse of Methodism," was 
 among the greatest men produced by her 
 itinerant system. He was born in An- 
 napolis, Maryland, March i, 1801, and be- 
 came a resident of Baltimore in his six- 
 teenth year, where he ever afterwards made 
 his home whenever his labors enabled him 
 to do so On reaching Baltimore he was 
 apprenticed to the firm of John Finlay and 
 Company, fancy furniture painters, for the 
 purpose of learning that trade. At the same 
 time he professed religion at the Exeter 
 vStreet M. E. Church; induced to do so 
 under a sermon preached by Rev. Gerard 
 
 Morgan. Immediately after his conversion 
 he joined that church. He had received an 
 English education, and being convinced it 
 was his duty to preach, he commenced the 
 study of theology under Bishop Emory. 
 In his twentieth year he was licensed to 
 preach, and was employed on the Balti- 
 more Circuit under Rev. Stephen G. Roz- 
 zell. He joined the Baltimore Conference 
 in 1822, served seven years on circuits, 
 twenty-one at stations, fifteen on districts 
 as Presiding Elder, two years agent of the 
 Metropolitan Church, Washington. It was 
 under his supervision that that structure 
 v.as commenced, and eight years as chap- 
 lain of the Seamen's Union Bethel, Balti- 
 more. 
 
 After Mr. Sheer had been four years in 
 the ministry, he was stationed in Baltimore 
 at City Station, in 1826. His other Balti- 
 more appointments were: East Baltimore, 
 1844-45; North Baltimore, 1846-47; Balti- 
 more City Station, 1852; Seamen's Bethel, 
 1870-74. For many years and up to the 
 close of his life, he resided on East Balti- 
 more street near Ann street. He could 
 conveniently do so as most of the time he 
 was Presiding Elder and had to travel over 
 his districts. During the year 1827 he was 
 united in marriage to a daughter of Rev. 
 George Roberts, which proved to be a 
 happy alliance. He was by nature a con- 
 troversialist, bold and aggressive, never 
 knowing fear; few could compete with him. 
 He had controversies with the Methodist 
 Protestants on their secession from the par- 
 ent church, dealing them hard blows; and 
 with the Baptists, when serving on the Po- 
 tomac District, in 1836 and 1837. He wrote 
 two pamphlets when engaged in contro- 
 versy with Rev. William F. Broddus, and a 
 
464 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 larger treatise on the subject of baptism. 
 He was for seven sessions of Congress 
 chaplain to the Senate of the United States, 
 and by resolution at the close of his service, 
 allowed the privilege of the floor thereafter. 
 In 1838 he was pastor of the Fronndry 
 Church and chaplain to the Senate. It 
 was at this time that Mr. Celley, a member 
 of Congress, was killed by Mr. Graves in a 
 duel. On the 9th of July, 1838, Mr. Sheer 
 delivered "a discourse upon the history, 
 character, causes and consequences of 
 duels, with the means of prevention." He 
 afterwards published it in pamphlet form 
 of sixteen double pages. 
 
 The following selection is from that ser- 
 mon: "Every man before he consents to 
 send, or accept, a challenge to fight a duel, 
 should consider well how he shall settle 
 the account with his own conscience, how 
 he shall avoid the maledictions of Jehovah, 
 and how he shall escape from the ghost of 
 his victim, which will pursue him in soli- 
 tude and company, in his night dreams and 
 in his waking hours, the balance of his 
 (lays. .\ wounded spirit who can bear 
 and although many and strenuous efforts 
 be made to stifle conscience, and silence 
 its painful voice, it will still point to the 
 blood spot and his victim, ever and anon, 
 arising in his pathway, shall shake his gory 
 locks at him! And despite all his efforts 
 at cheerfulness and gaiety, there will be a 
 worm that shall gnaw at his heart's core; 
 and in his imagination he will hear the 
 wail of the widow, and the scream of the 
 orphan, and the death groan of the father 
 and the husband; and in all future time, 
 when he reads or hears of death by duels 
 there will come up a sad recollection of 
 his own ifuilt. It would have lieen easier. 
 
 far easier, to have borne the imputation 
 of cowardice, with a good conscience, than 
 to feel through life 'afraid to think what 
 he has done' — conscious that all the water 
 of the great ocean is not sufficient to wash 
 a brother's blood clean from his hands." 
 
 The church difficulties of 1844 were at 
 hand and Mr. Sheer was ready to fight 
 the Southern Church secession movement 
 with all his strength. His most triumphant 
 discussion was in September, 1852, when 
 he was attacked in a public speech in front 
 of his house by Joel G. Sever, of Louisiana, 
 whom the Whigs had invited to speak in 
 Frederick. A personal question arose be- 
 tween them and Mr. Sheer appeared pub- 
 licly upon the hustings and literally crushed 
 his adversary. 
 
 The opposition of Doctor Sheer was 
 feared in the Conference when the eloquent 
 Doctor Guard was an applicant for admis- 
 sion. It was rumored that Doctor Sheer 
 would oppose the proposition. It was a re- 
 lief to Doctor Guard's friends when Doctor 
 Sheer, on the floor of the Conference, de- 
 nied the report, saying: '"Doctor Guard 
 was not the first Irishman who had present- 
 ed himself for admission and been received." 
 
 He was a member of eight General Con- 
 ferences, viz.: 1832-1840-1844-1852-1850- 
 1860-1868-1872. In the book-concern con- 
 troversy, consequent upon Dr. John Lana- 
 han's report of irregularities in its man- 
 agement; he sided with his Conference in 
 sustaining the Doctor and upon the floor of 
 the General Conference defended that posi- 
 tion. 
 
 President Andrew Johnson was attached 
 to him. He had often heard him preach, 
 and attended his church in Washington. 
 He did nr.t fortjet his old friend when 
 
M^/Lj^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 465 
 
 Executive of the Nation, but appointed 
 him at one time on the annual board to 
 visit West Point and be present at the ex- 
 amination of the cadets. 
 
 Doctor Slicerwas charged by some people 
 with being a politician. On one occasion 
 an admirer of the Doctor asked a friend 
 to go and hear him preach; he agreed to 
 do so, but said "he will say something about 
 politics in his sermon." "No, he won't," 
 promised the friend: and the Doctor did not 
 in his sermon. He took up a collection 
 and a few persons left while he was doing 
 so, whereat he exhorted everybody to re- 
 main, in stentorian tones exclaiming "you 
 need not be afraid, there are no Plug 
 Uglies in here." 
 
 In preaching, he was assertive and doc- 
 trinal, practical and always attractive. He 
 was unlike anyone else in substance and 
 method of expression. His majestic per- 
 sonal presence inspired awe and respect. 
 He had a big brain but a larger Eeart. In 
 one of his sermons he spoke of sinners 
 "throwing themselves on the bosses of Je- 
 hovah's buckler." For fifty-two years he 
 was a preacher and a shining light. As his 
 end approached, he said "I am willing to 
 preach no more if need be. I have, per- 
 haps, preached long enough." On Thurs- 
 day afternoon, April 23, 1874, his sun set 
 on earth. Mount Vernon M. E. Church 
 did not hold those who gathered to pay 
 honor to the departed warrior of the cross. 
 Bishop Ames and several of his fellow- 
 preachers officiated ; near the evening hour, 
 tender-hearted friends left him beneath the 
 shades that hovered over Greenmount. 
 
 His type is a rare one; his earthly career 
 was a glorious one, and there lives no man 
 like him on all this earth, his survivor. 
 
 The race of Slicers such as he was is ex- 
 tinct. 
 
 Rev. Charles B. Tippett, D. D., was 
 a native Marylander, born in Prince 
 George's county, December 19, 1801. He 
 was a convert under the ministry of the 
 famous Henry Smith. The date of that 
 event was during the year 1816. He was 
 admitted to the Baltimore Conference of 
 the Methodist Church in 1820, and on the 
 7th of March, 1827, was married to Mar- 
 garet S. Lewis, of Virginia, whose kinsman 
 was United States Senator Lewis. Tlie 
 churches he served in Baltimore were: East 
 Baltimore, in 1825 ; North Baltimore, 1838- 
 39: Baltimore City Station, 1840; Fayette 
 Street, 1841 ; North Baltimore, 1848-49; 
 Caroline Street, 1862-63; Exeter Street, 
 1864, and Whatcoat, 1865-66; Whatcoat 
 was his last appointment and while filling 
 it he died, February 25, 1867. 
 
 He was Presiding Elder for sixteen 
 years ; book agent at New York four years, 
 and a member of the General Book Com- 
 mittee nineteen years. Besides, he was 
 often sent as delegate to the General Con- 
 ference. 
 
 When he was first at North Baltimore 
 Station, occurred the marvelous revival at 
 Exeter Street Church, which was irresistible 
 and has taken rank as among the most 
 powerful in the annals of American Me- 
 thodism. Mr. Tippett has always been 
 credited with a large share in promoting 
 that work. Wherever he was sent, spirit- 
 ual success followed in his wake. He had 
 in him the elements of true greatness; "the 
 caste of his features, the tones of his voice, 
 the courteousness of his manner, revealed 
 his heart." He sought no controversies 
 and wanted none. He was intensely spirit- 
 
466 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ual and believed in prayer and lived rigidly 
 up to all the ordinances of the church, re- 
 quiring his members to do the same. 
 
 He was a wise man and governed firmly 
 but not tyrannically. At appointments in 
 the Methodist Church the preachers have 
 week-day classes. Mr. Tippett had one, a 
 female class, the members of which were 
 noted for lateness. He determined to cor- 
 rect them in a novel way. At the hour 
 for the meeting of the class he was promptly 
 on hand; he sang a hymn, engaged in 
 prayer, exhorted, gave in his experience, 
 exhorted himself sung another hymn, 
 praver, then dismissed class and went to 
 the parsonage. He had hardly entered his 
 house and closed the door before the mem- 
 bers began to arrive in the class-room, and 
 in fifteen minutes they filled the room, and 
 thought it dreadful that Bfother Tippett 
 had forgotten it was class hour. They 
 went to the parsonage in a body, and when 
 he entered the parlor, they all shouted: 
 "Oh! Brother Tippett; you have forgotten 
 class meets this afternoon." "No, I have 
 not, ladies; I was there promptly, and no 
 one being there but myself, I soon got 
 through with class and dismissed it, and we 
 shall not have class again, dear sisters, un- 
 til this day one week hence." He attended 
 to his pastoral duties until two days prior 
 to his death. His passing away was mourn- 
 ed throughotit the extended fields of his use- 
 fulness and in the church of which he had 
 been a conspicuous figure. 
 
 Rev. John A. Collins is an illustrious 
 example of the ephemeral nature of fame. 
 When lie lived, it was to soar above lesser 
 lights and to have few ef|uals, and in the 
 kingdom of pulpit oratory to know no su- 
 perior. Crowds did him homage; the great 
 
 men of the land were held by his entrancing 
 eloquence and paid tribute to its charms. 
 Forty years have passed since he lived and 
 save with his contemporaries who survive, 
 and a few others who have heard of him 
 from them, by everybody else, he has been 
 forgotten. And so will it be with many of 
 us who thirst for fame, and so has it been 
 with most of the men who are the subjects 
 of these sketches. Mr. Collins was born 
 near Seaford, Del., in 1801 ; when he 
 finished his education in Georgetown, \'a., 
 he entered the office of William Wirt, to 
 equip himself for the practice of the law, 
 but did not complete his legal studies. 
 
 In his twentieth year he was converted 
 at a camp-meeting in Loudoun county, Va. 
 For a short while he held a place in the 
 PostofSce Department, under Postmaster 
 General McLean. He w^as a local preacher 
 from 1826 to 1830, but the last named year 
 he gave up his office and was admitted to 
 the Baltimore Conference. He served on 
 circuits, in stations, as Presiding Elder, 
 agent for Dickinson College, and in 1836, 
 assistant editor of the New York Christian 
 Advocate. New York's climate did not 
 agree with his family, and his preferences 
 were for itinerant work, so he shortly after 
 receiving his appointment, resigned it. He 
 was elected to the General Conference when 
 eligible and to each succeeding one as long 
 as he lived. It is claimed for him that in 
 debate, he never had an equal on the floor 
 of the General Conference. He served the 
 most prominent churches in Baltimore 
 and filled them with overflowing congrega- 
 tions. His speech was always brilliant; he 
 could not be summoned to speak and be 
 found unpre])are(l. Words flowed freely 
 from his mouth and his ideas were born in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 467 
 
 a moment. His sentences were polished 
 when they fell from his lips and needed no 
 revision to bring them to perfection. He 
 was generous in the extreme and never en- 
 vied another's good fortune. He was im- 
 pulsive and in consequence indiscreet at 
 times, but he was not obstinate, and freely 
 admitted his error when pointed out. 
 
 To analytical and logical power he 
 added originality of thought, precision and 
 clearness. Those qualities, with his match- 
 less diction, made him the giant that he 
 was in the church. May 7, 1857, he died 
 and was buried in the Preachers' Lot in 
 Mount Olivet Cemetery. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Sewall, D. D., was born 
 in Essex, Mass., April 28, 1818. He 
 was educated at Wesleyan .-\cademy, 
 Wilbraham, Philips' Academy, .\ndover, 
 and the Wesleyan Seminary, Readfield, 
 Me. 
 
 His father was Dr. Thomas Sewall, a 
 medical practitioner, and his mother was 
 Alary Choate, a sister of Rufus Choate. 
 Although born in Massachusetts, he lived 
 the days of his life — after his manhood — in 
 Maryland, and sleeps beneath her soil. 
 
 He commenced his ministry in 1838, in 
 the Baltimore Conference. It is not neces- 
 sary to follow him through his line of entire 
 appointments, which were always the best. 
 His health in 1849 was impaired and he 
 ceased preaching and for ten months, under 
 appointment by President Taylor, he was 
 Consul to Santiago de Cuba. His being a 
 Protestant clergyman did not please the 
 Papal Church and its influences with Spain, 
 caused his exequator to be denied him. 
 He returned home and received a position 
 in the Interior Department and was after- 
 wards transferred to a desk in the Depart- 
 
 ment of State, Daniel Webster being at that 
 time Secretary of State. 
 
 He resumed pastoral work in 1853, and 
 continued in the Baltimore Conference un- 
 til 1864. During that time he was pastor 
 of the following Baltimore churches: Fay- 
 ette Street, Union Square, City Station and 
 Charles Street, with one term as Presiding 
 Elder of the Baltimore District. In 1864, 
 Dickinson College conferred upon him the 
 degree of D. D. In i860, he was sent a 
 delegate to the General Conference, and 
 in 1866 he was transferred to the New York 
 East Conference and stationed at Pacific 
 Street Church, Brooklyn. His health gave 
 way and he was returned to his old Con- 
 ference and located in Baltimore. He was 
 appointed to a clerkship in the Baltimore 
 Custom House and was serving in that 
 position when death summoned him hence, 
 August II, 1870. 
 
 Mr. Sewall was a born orator, whose 
 reputation was known in all the churches, 
 his voice was silvery and musical. He had 
 developed the finest aesthetic taste, and it 
 has been said of him he was "clear in ar- 
 gument, unsurpassed in description, with a 
 poetic imagination under the restraints of 
 sound judgment, he spoke as few living 
 men can speak." 
 
 When his voice was almost gone and he 
 could no longer do other than whisper, he 
 prepared for the end and coolly put his 
 house in order for death. He requested 
 that his funeral should take place without 
 ostentation: that none of his manuscripts 
 should be printed and only a plain me- 
 morial as simple as possible placed at his 
 grave. 
 
 Alexander Early Gii'.sox, D. D., was 
 a companion piece to John A. Collins: he 
 
468 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 succeeded him in the Baltimore Confer- 
 ence; and if any one can be said to have 
 done so, equalled Mr. Collins in eloquence 
 and ability. He was born in Baltimore 
 City September 2, 1825. In babyhood he 
 was taken by his parents to St. Paul's Epis- 
 copal Church, presided over by Doctor Wy- 
 att, and that good man held liim in his arms 
 and baptized him. 
 
 When a boy of sufficient age, he was 
 apprenticed to Jacob Dailey, a member of 
 Exeter Street M. E. Church, who con- 
 ducted a chair painting establishment. The 
 apprentice attended the church of his em- 
 ployer, and in his fifteenth year was con- 
 verted, and in the language of the author of 
 his obituary, "converted at a Methodist al- 
 tar, he never ceased to be an altar worker; 
 and needing the inspiration of Methodist 
 responsiveness, he never could have been 
 at his best in a conservative pulpit." 
 
 He was admitted to preach in the old 
 Baltimore Conference at its annual session 
 of 1849; his appointments were always of 
 the best. He began with Shrewsbury, Al- 
 toona, Bedford, Carlisle and Williamsport, 
 in Pennsylvania, and Frederick, in Mary- 
 land. He was at Foundry and Waugh, in 
 Washington, but Baltimore had the advan- 
 tage of his gifts and services. He was at 
 Baltimore City Station, East Baltimore and 
 Broadway, Madison Avenue, Fayette 
 Street, Exeter Street, Grace Church, Straw- 
 bridge, Whatcoat, Harlem Park and Ful- 
 ton Avenue. Besides, earlier he served 
 the two Harford Circuits and later Laurel. 
 He died on the loth of January, 1897, while 
 stationed at Fulton Avenue, in Baltimore. 
 
 His first education was received in the 
 public schools of Baltimore: he absorbed 
 learning so easily that his training was ex- 
 
 ceedingly rapid. When stationed at Car- 
 lisle, he was a student at Dickinson Col- 
 lege, and in i860 graduated with honors, 
 receiving the degrees of A. B. and A. M. 
 When at East Baltimore and Broadway, he 
 pursued a course of studies in medicine at 
 the University of Maryland, and received 
 his diploma as a M. D. He had two rea- 
 sons for desiring to do so; one was to have 
 a profession to fall back on if he became 
 unable to preach, and the other was, that 
 he might assist the poor of his cliarges who 
 were without the means to employ medical 
 advice. During his ministry at Broadway, 
 the martyrdom of President Lincoln took 
 place, and Mr. Gibson's sermon Sunday 
 morning after that dismal tragedy was one 
 of the most stirring, eloquent and finished 
 orations ever delivered. 
 
 His obituarist said of him: "He blended 
 an iron will with a woman's tenderness. 
 He would have died for a conviction, and 
 yet, with his latest breath, like his master, 
 would have prayed for his murderers." 
 The same authority wrote: "In the pulpit 
 he blended investigation with exquisite 
 fancy and spiritual unction. He was of aes- 
 thetic tastes, a poet and composer of music; 
 nevertheless a practical man and safe ad- 
 viser in the business of the church. He 
 was approachable and magnetic; children 
 loved him, and their grandparents lighted 
 up at his coming. In the sick room he 
 was a benediction, dispelling gloom by his 
 sympathetic manner and cheery words." 
 
 When Lee first invaded Maryland, being 
 in Frederick, he, with a party of friends, 
 ascended the tower of the old German Re- 
 formed Church to view the operations of 
 the two armies. A Federal soldier suspect- 
 ing them to lie Confederates, covered tlieni 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 469 
 
 with his gun, but was ordered not to fire by 
 General Reno, who, with his glass, ascer- 
 tained that they were led to the top of the 
 tower by curiosity. 
 
 After the battles of South Mountain and 
 Antietam, he hastened to succor and assist 
 the wounded. He had not graduated in 
 medicine, but used what knowledge he pos- 
 sessed to relieve sufTerings. He attended 
 among others who were wounded, a North 
 Carolina Confederate. A few days after- 
 wards he was out riding, and so was the 
 soldier, who, in passing him, greeted him 
 with "How d" ye do, doctor? I'm getting 
 along all right, thank ye." 
 
 Dickinson College conferred upon him 
 the degree of D. D. He kept up his read- 
 ing and studies and was always abreast of 
 the times. 
 
 After his death, the friendly hand that 
 has penned these lines in a communication 
 to the "American," which appeared in that 
 paper January 13, 1897, said of Doctor Gib- 
 son: "In 1861 the Baltimore pulpit had in it 
 men of signal ability and eloquence whose 
 successors as an entirety have not reappear- 
 ed. Prominent among them was a man in 
 the dream day of life, with a soul of fire and 
 pathos, who could thrill your heart and 
 sway your emotions until you had been 
 completely captivated and subjugated by 
 the flashes of brilliant imagery that warmed 
 in his brain, whose glow spread like a 
 fiery contagion throughout his congrega- 
 tion. That man was Alexander E. Gibson, 
 pastor of the Broadway M. E. Church. The 
 last of March, 1861, Matthew Simpson, in 
 his day one of the greatest of inspirational 
 .speakers, preached in Doctor Gibson's 
 Broadway pulpit. War was coming! The 
 speaker in his masterful sermon approached 
 
 its close in a climax which was intense and 
 dramatic. In consisted of an invocation to 
 the flag and its effect was electrical. 
 
 "During the war the finest eloquence in 
 and out of the pulpit was delivered that it 
 has ever been my fortune to listen to." 
 
 "A Broadway Methodist congregation 
 had swayed like trees in a windstorm under 
 Simpson's invocations at the beginning of 
 the struggle. Peace was at hand ! and Lin- 
 coln was a martyr. Sunday after that 
 tragic event the congregation in the Broad- 
 way church filled every available space ; the 
 hush and awe of death was there. Doctor 
 Gibson for over an hour delivered a sermon 
 on 'The Nation's Loss,' which, in elo- 
 quence, surpassed Simpson's former effort, 
 and was in its composition one of the most 
 finished, stately and ornate orations it has 
 ever been my pleasure to listen to. It is 
 my deliberate judgment that the two great- 
 est of all Baltimore orators in the past 
 forty years were Henry Winter Davis and 
 Alexander E. Gibson. Both of them could 
 reach heights to which only men of native 
 genius can ever obtain. Doctor Gibson was 
 scholarly and polished in diction and utter- 
 ance; he had an intense soul, and could 
 feel ; no man was ever a great orator with- 
 out a deep soul. His mind was graphic, 
 none of your ordinary master-pieces, with 
 the fire of inspiration running all through 
 them. He was an artist, and his superior 
 spirit in the mantlings of originality always 
 struck a high key-note. His fund of logic 
 was great and he wandered in the realm of 
 metaphysics, but his crowning talent was 
 the strength of imagery. In that he stood 
 pre-eminent. I recall a sermon which he 
 preached one Sunday morning at the Fay- 
 ette Street Church, The audience and 
 
470 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 choir were bathed in tears; he had dissolved 
 even himself to tears ; when he conchided, a 
 painful pause existed; he could not read 
 the parting hymn the choir could not sing 
 the Doxology; with throbbing heart he 
 stammered through the benediction." 
 
 While he was at Fayette Street Church, 
 Frederick Pinkney, the celebrated lawyer, 
 was induced to go and hear Mr. Gibson. 
 He was charmed with his powers. Mr. 
 Pinkney on his death-bed, sent by a mutual 
 friend this message: "'Tell Doctor Gibson I 
 am as good a Methodist as he is, although 
 I shall die in the Episcopal Church." When 
 the words were delivered, the reply of Doc- 
 tor Gibson was: "I am glad and thankful to 
 have a message from so good a man as 
 Frederick Pinkney." 
 
 Honors befitting so illustrious a preacher 
 were rendered to him. His funeral took 
 place in the Whatcoat Church. His wife, 
 a native of Frederick, had his remains 
 buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, in that 
 city. 
 
 His obituary, written by his friend and 
 co-laborer, Rev. J. McKendry Reiley, is a 
 master-piece. In less than a year he fol- 
 lowed him to the grave. The obituary be- 
 gins with a quotation from an introduction 
 written by Dcjctor Gibson to a book called 
 "Crowned \'ictors," which will conclude 
 tliis sketch: 
 
 "Only here and there along the track of 
 mortals are found names perpetuated in the 
 immortality of infamy; and these are pre- 
 .served as warnings of the fate to be meted 
 out by human justice to those who strike 
 at virtue and innocence, or basely violate 
 tlie rights of man. Hut by pillars of brass 
 and stone; by ])olished colunms; bv splen- 
 did temples of worship and learning; by 
 
 sculpture, painting and song, and a thou- 
 sand other devices born of human affection, 
 the names of the wise and good — the lovers 
 of their race — are kept alive, and will be 
 preserved until the shadows of the last sun- 
 set shall wrap the world in its mantle of 
 silence and death." 
 
 Rev. J. McKendry Reiley, D. D., was 
 the son of a Methodist minister who was 
 one of the organizers of the Baltimore Con- 
 ference. His father was engaged in itin- 
 erant work on a Pennsylvania Circuit, of 
 which Broad Top, near Dudley, in Hunt- 
 ingdon county, was for the time being his 
 home, at which place, on March 17, 1817, 
 the subject of this sketch was born. Mc- 
 Kendry Reiley had the advantages of ex- 
 cellent schools and was the recipient of an 
 advanced education. He finished a colle- 
 giate course which followed by four years 
 of training in theology. On obtaining his 
 majority he taught school in Richmond, 
 Ind., ' and Cincinnati, O. He retraced 
 his steps in a few years and as principal 
 took charge of the high school at Charles- 
 town, Jefferson county, W. Va. While re- 
 siding there he married Miss Susan Gibbs, 
 a lady of piety and ambitious in good 
 works. It was she who urged her husband 
 to become a preacher. Her advice was not 
 lost, so that in 1843 he was admitted on 
 trial in the Baltimore Conference. His wife 
 having died, some years afterwards he was 
 married to a daughter of Rev. Wesley Ste- 
 venson. 
 
 We shall s])eak only of his Baltimore ap- 
 pointments. In 1852 he was one of the 
 preachers at Harford Avenue Church; in 
 1861 he was in charge of Exeter Street Sta- 
 tion; after the expiration of his pastorate 
 he was made presiding elder, serving on 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 his district four years. After filling promi- 
 nent pulpits in Other jurisdictions, he re- 
 turned to his home conference and was sta- 
 tioned at Eutaw Street Church. On the ex- 
 piration of his term he was sent to Wash- 
 ing"ton and in a few years returned to Bal- 
 timore, serving Madison Square and at the 
 end of his limit going on the Washington 
 District six years as presiding elder. Upon 
 relinquishing that office he was stationed 
 at Harlem Square Church; after five years' 
 service the Conference, in consequence of 
 his advanced age and feeble health, with- 
 out diminution of mental power, granted 
 hiip a supernumerary station. This was 
 given him in ]\Iarch and he died the 23d 
 of the following June, 1897, after faithful 
 and unremitting services lasting over a half 
 century. He was a delegate to the Gen- 
 eral Conference, and was a skillful debater, 
 perfectly brave and courageous and capable 
 at all times of taking care of himself in wars 
 of controversy. 
 
 He was one of the attractions of the pul- 
 pit; when he was away from his Conference 
 he was preaching to the largest churches 
 in his denomination. He swayed a mighty 
 scepter in oratory, and possessed an im- 
 pressive presence, suitable to his dramatic 
 delivery. He had nearly all the intonations 
 of a skilled dramatist, so that his reading 
 of a hymn or passages of Scripture were 
 doubly impressive from the stress he placed 
 upon the words. It was often said of him, 
 had he been an actor, he would have been 
 famous over the civilized world as one of 
 the matchless heroes of the stage. It must 
 not be inferred that Mr. Reiley made a 
 stage of his pulpits — not at all; there was 
 only seen what he could not conceal and 
 
 no more. He never sought stage effect bv 
 acting. 
 
 In the earlier part of his ministerial life 
 in Baltimore he was at his best. There the 
 churches could not hold the crowds that 
 surged towards them. He was a master 
 word painter; his figures glowed and his 
 imagery was supernatural. He had two 
 sermons out of an abundance of such of 
 which congregations never tired and time 
 and time again he was requested to 
 repeat them. One, the burial of Moses, 
 and the other, on the text, "\\''ho is thi.-; 
 that cometh from Edom with dyed gar- 
 ments from Barah," etc. It is impossible 
 to describe the effect produced by those 
 sermons on audiences. It was not so much 
 that they created a sensational and emo- 
 tional effect as it was the greatness and 
 profoundness of thought embodied in their 
 conception, clothed in unsurpassed richness 
 of language, with flights of fancy almost 
 incredible. At this tirne of which we write 
 he was a star whose light was seen all over 
 Baltimore . He preached morning and 
 evenings in his church on the Sabbath, and 
 in the afternoons on the streets or corners, 
 with crowds around him, in size and ap- 
 pearance resembling large mass meetings. 
 
 He could not endure the imposed labors 
 he compelled himself to undergo, and about 
 1862 he was stricken down with the typhoid 
 fever. When the war was at hand he be- 
 came a Union patriot. His clarion voice 
 rang out on the air from the rostrum, and 
 wherever called upon to speak, he went, 
 until sickness closed the door of his bed- 
 room and for months kept him in it a pris- 
 oner. Finally he was released from its 
 tediousness and permitted to reappear in 
 the pulpit. But his doctor required him to 
 
472 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 write liis sermons and avoid the excite- 
 ment attending his extemporaneous efforts. 
 Then a change came over his method of 
 speaking. He abandoned the written ser- 
 mon after awhile, but rehed on notes. His 
 sermons were more thoughtful and less 
 flowery and imaginative, but he never sur- 
 rendered the richness of his language or the 
 charm of his voice. 
 
 He was chaplain of one of the Maryland 
 regiments. Bishop Ames preferred that he 
 should remain in Baltimore, so he visited 
 the regiment as often as it was possible 
 for him to do so. He made a speech to 
 Governor Hicks and presented him with a 
 flag on the part of certain donors in the 
 Maryland Institute, on the conclusion of 
 the Governor's term of office. When the 
 war ceased he ceased all discussions out- 
 side the sphere of his pulpit. 
 
 Bishop Alexander Walter Wayman. 
 — On the far-famed Eastern Shore of 
 Maryland, in Caroline county, and in Tuck- 
 ahoe neck, stands a log hut one story in 
 height with a clay chimney; in it the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was born on September 
 21, 1 82 1. Nothing unusual occurred when 
 he entered the world. The beginning of 
 his life was not phenomenal and bore no 
 contrast to what took place November the 
 30th, 1865, when a bishop lay sleeping on 
 the pillow of death. 
 
 The father of Bishop Wayman was a free 
 black man; his mother was at the time of 
 his birth a slave, but fibsequently obtained 
 the priceless boon of freedom. The father 
 was a farm laborer, who had picked up a 
 little book knowledge which was primary 
 and limited. After his son Alexander was 
 through with the day's work of tilling the 
 soil and the lightened knots were kindled 
 
 on the hearth, the father imparted to him 
 knowledge from his scanty storehouse of 
 information derived from books. 
 
 The little learning which he received 
 made him thirst for more, so that during 
 the year 1840 he visited Baltimore. He did 
 not remain there, but proceeded to Phila- 
 delphia, where he was employed in a 
 Quaker family, the very situation to ex- 
 pedite his plans. His employer interested 
 himself in his education and he was rudi- 
 mentally well equipped in learning. It was 
 not long before he exhorted and preached 
 and in due season became a member of the 
 Philadelphia Conference of the African M. 
 E. Church. 
 
 In 1864, at the General Conference of 
 his church, held in Washington City, he 
 was elevated to the bishopric. Previously 
 he had attained to eminence as an eloquent 
 divine. He was thoughtful and impressive 
 in delivery, fervent and rhetorical. He was 
 a graceful speaker who did not mar his 
 periods or spoil his matter by extraneous 
 thought. 
 
 Honors came in quick succession or not 
 at all, as the Bishop found out. He had 
 hardly secured his elevation before he re- 
 ceived a totally different call to serve the 
 cause militant. The Government wished 
 soldiers and resorted to the draft to secure 
 them, when the name of Alexander Walter 
 Wayman came out of the fatal box. He 
 was not needed and excused from serving. 
 
 He was assigned to South Carolina as 
 his first field of visitation, and what he saw 
 among his race must have astounded him. 
 The emotional extravagances of his congre- 
 gations were indescribable. 
 
 He/esided in Baltimore soon after be- 
 ing made Bishop and until death retained 
 
\^0 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 it there. Rev. Henry Calclazier invited him 
 to preach at a point in Delaware; he ac- 
 cepted the invitation, and notwithstanding 
 he was of a meek and inoffensive dispo- 
 sition, he was threatened with violence. 
 
 When the monument that shields the re- 
 mains of the martyred President Lincoln, 
 at Springfield, 111., was completed and dedi- 
 cated to its sacred use, Bishop Wayman 
 was selected to deliver the opening prayer. 
 He left his home without heralding the im- 
 portance of his mission and only told where 
 he was going to a few friends. 
 
 Howard University conferred upon him 
 in 1877 the degree of Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 He wrote and published the following 
 works: "Aly Recollections," "Wayman 
 on Discipline" and "The Encyclopedia of 
 African Methodism." 
 
 Shortly after the conclusion of the late 
 war the Bishop frequently on Sabbath 
 evenings visited Caroline Street i\I. E. 
 
 Church to listen to preaching and always 
 walked up into the north gallery of the 
 church and took a seat. Usually no one 
 was there but himself. He was of imposing 
 appearance, medium height, stout with a 
 large, well-developed head, very dark of 
 complexion. He always wore a silk hat 
 and a suit of black broadcloth clothes, a 
 white clergyman's tie wrapped round his 
 neck and carried a cane. 
 
 In the early part of the year in which he 
 died, on Conference Sunday, at the Mount 
 Vernon AI. E. Church, Dr. Luther 
 Tracy Townsend, the pastor of that church, 
 holding on to the arm of the Bishop, es- 
 corted him into his pulpit and invited him 
 to open the morning services with prayer. 
 It was the only time in the Bishop's life in 
 Baltimore that he had enjoyed that privi- 
 lege before a white congregation. It was 
 his last; in the autumn of the year he fell 
 with the sere and yellow leaves that were 
 strewn bv the winds. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 Medical. The First Medical Men in Baltimore. The First Faculty. 
 Health Ordinances. Quarantine Regulations. Boards of Health. 
 Medical Colleges. Dental Colleges. Hospitals — Special Hos- 
 pitals, Infirmaries, Dispensaries. Asylums for the Insane. Lu- 
 nacy Commission. Medical Societies. Medical Journals. The 
 History of Homceopathy in Baltimore. The Early History of 
 Opthalmology and Otology. Medical Libraries. Vital Statis- 
 tics OF Baltimore in the Past — 1815 to 1883-1896. Conclusion. 
 What Baltimore Physicians Have Done in the Past. 
 
 Bv John Morris, M. D. 
 
 The First Medical Men in Baltimore. 
 The First Faculty. 
 
 The first physician mentioned in the 
 State of Maryland was Wilham Russell, 
 "Doctor of Physique," and the first sur- 
 geon was Anthony Bagnell, "Chiurgeon." 
 These gentlemen came with Captain John 
 Smith in the year 1608 to explore the shores 
 of the Chesapeake and the Patapsco river, 
 at the head of which now stands the beauti- 
 ful city of monuments. 
 
 Prior to the year 1799 the medical men 
 who did not go abroad depended chiefly 
 upon private teaching and clinical advan- 
 tages at the bedside under the instruction 
 of their masters. After the foundation of 
 the University of Pennsylvania a few gen- 
 tlemen graduated at that school, notably 
 John Archer, Robert Harris Archer, Alex- 
 ander Ashton, Solomon Birckhead, Wil- 
 liam Haslitt Clendincn, Colin Mackenzie, 
 Nathaniel Potter, James Smith and Henry 
 Wilkins. 
 
 The first programme of a medical faculty 
 in Baltimore was announced in 1790 by 
 
 Doctors Charles F. Wiesenthal, George 
 Brown, Lyde Goodwin, S. S. Coale and 
 George Buchanan, the last named being the 
 gentleman who, conjointly with Walker, 
 purchased sixty acres from Charles Car- 
 roll and laid out the town of Baltimore in 
 1730. 
 
 Dr. John Archer received in 1768 the 
 first diploma ever granted by a medical col- 
 lege in America. 
 
 The first medical society was organized 
 in 1785 — Doctor Wiesenthal, president; 
 Frederick Dalcho, secretary. In this year 
 Dr. Elisha Hall addressed the medical so- 
 ciety and submitted the plan for a State 
 society, which plan was afterwards embod- 
 ied in the charter of the Medical and Chir- 
 urgical Faculty of Maryland in 1799. Dur- 
 ing this year the Legislature of Maryland 
 incorporated the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland, its first president be- 
 ing Dr. Upton Scott, granting to that body 
 the power to confer the degree of L. M. 
 Licentiate of Medicine, which degree 
 granted all the powers of a college diploma. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 477 
 
 Many medical men availed themselves of 
 this new privilege and practiced for years 
 without securing a college degree. Tlie 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty still ex- 
 ists in unimpaired strength and usefulness, 
 altliough its chartered privileges have been 
 greatly abridged by legislation. 
 
 Eminent Medical Men of the Last 
 Century. 
 
 It is a very difficult task, indeed it is im- 
 possible to do justice in so small a space to 
 the memory of the eminent medical men of 
 the eighteenth century who devoted their 
 lives to the practice of medicine in the city 
 of Baltimore. They were all educated men, 
 classical scholars, many of them writing 
 Latin with ease. Their medical education 
 was received chiefly at Edinburgh. A 
 number of them came from the north of 
 Ireland, and their lives were characterized 
 by that great vigor, earnestness and power 
 of labor which so strongly mark the people 
 of that portion of the Emerald Island. 
 
 Irish. — George Brown, John Coulter, 
 John Crawford (who performed the first 
 vaccination in this country), Elisha De 
 Butts, James McHenry, Michael Free, John 
 Stevenson, Henry Stevenson, William 
 Stewart. 
 
 Scotch. — George Home Steuart, Colin 
 Mackenzie, Charles Buchanan, George 
 Walker. A. M. 
 
 German. — Frederick Dalcho, Henry 
 Keerl, Charles Hintze, Charles Frederick 
 Wiesenthal. 
 
 English. — Joseph Brevitt and Isaac 
 Hulse, Josiah Middlemore. 
 
 At the close of the eighteenth century, 
 during the French Revolution and the re- 
 volt in San Domingo, three refugees, men 
 
 of learning, sought an asylum in the city 
 of Baltimore, viz: Giraud, Ricord (the father 
 of the great Surgeon Ricord) and Pierre 
 Chatard. 
 
 The prominent Americans of this cen- 
 tury, also men of learning, were Joseph Al- 
 lender, Alexander Ashton, Robert Harris 
 Archer, Solomon Birckhead, William Has- 
 litt Clendinen, John Beall Davidge, Colin 
 Mackenzie, Nathaniel Potter, James Smith, 
 James Smyth, George Pitt Stevenson, To- 
 bias Watkins and Henry Wilkins. These 
 men and their descendants contributed 
 largely to the early development and the 
 great prosperity of the city of Baltimore. 
 
 Eminent Medical Men of the Present Cen- 
 tury (Deceased). — Nathan Rhyno Smith 
 ("Emperor") primus inter pares; William 
 E. Aiken, Samuel Annan, Michael Baer, 
 Samuel George and William Baker, Elisha 
 Bartlett, Henry Willis Baxley, Lennox 
 Brickhead, Thomas E. Bond Sr., Thomas 
 E. Bond Jr., James Bordley, John Buckler; 
 (medicus natus) Samuel Chew, the Clen- 
 dinens (four), James Cocke, Joshua Cohen, 
 Frank Donaldson, William Donaldson, 
 Robert Edward Dorsey, Julius Timoleon 
 Ducatel, John R. W. Dunbar, Robley 
 Dunglison, William Fisher, John Foner- 
 dan, Charles Frick, George Frick, 
 Eli Geddings, Charles Bell Gibson. William 
 Gibson, John D. Godman, Richard 
 Wilmot Hall, Washington R. and W. 
 W. Handy, Horace Hayden, Frederick 
 E. B. Hintze, William and Edward Lloyd 
 Howard, Horatio G. Jameson, Samuel R. 
 Jennings, Christopher Johnston. William 
 M. Kemp, Jerome Henry Kidder, John S. 
 Lynch, Charles and William D. Macgill, 
 the Mackenzies (four), James Haines Mc- 
 Culloh, Richard McSherry, Samuel B. Mar- 
 
478 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tin, J. Edward Michael. John C. S. Mon- 
 kur, John F. Monmonier, Dominiclc A. 
 O'Donnell, John H. and Charles O'Dona- 
 vin, Granville Sharp Pattison, John Patter- 
 son, William Power, John R. Quinan, Dan- 
 iel Meredith Reese, John Revere, A. C. 
 Robinson, Louis H. Steiner, Richard 
 Sprigg Stuart, William H. Stokes, Samuel 
 D. Theobold, Richard H. Thomas, William 
 Chew Van Bibber, Edward Warren, (Bey) 
 Caleb Winslow, John Whitridge, P. C. Wil- 
 liams, I. Robert Ward. Thomas H. Wright, 
 Peregrine Wroth, John L. Yates, William 
 Zollicoffer, Ferdinand C. Chatard and 
 James Carey Thomas. 
 
 Mount Hope Asylum. 
 
 This asylum, under the care of the Sisters 
 of Charity, is the second oldest institution 
 in the State having charge of the insane. 
 The number of patients in the Retreat (as 
 it is termed) on October 30, 1897, was 596. 
 Many of these cases come from different 
 parts of the Union — South and West. A 
 new laboratory has recently been erected, 
 in which it is proposed to do the highest 
 form of scientific work, embracing analysis 
 of the blood, urine, etc. 
 
 A very great advance at Mount Hope is 
 the establishment of a training school for 
 the Sisters as nurses. These devoted wo- 
 men, though intelligent and gentle, had 
 very little technical knowledge until this 
 new mode of education was introduced. 
 The medical corps of the hospital give lec- 
 tures each week, and, of course, this form 
 of teaching must result in great good, par- 
 ticularly in cases of accident or sudden 
 emergency. A very important feature in 
 this training is the fact that charts denoting 
 the daily pulse rate and temperature are 
 kept in all the wards, and are filled up by 
 
 the Sisters who are invested with their man- 
 agement and control. 
 
 Sheppard Asylum. 
 This lovely and luxurious home for the 
 insane, unequalled in the world, perhaps, 
 as far as many of its appointments are con- 
 cerned, owes its foundation to the bene- 
 ficence of the late Moses Sheppard, of Bal- 
 timore. Mr. Sheppard obtained an act of 
 incorporation from the State of Maryland 
 and named six gentlemen as trustees to 
 whom he bequeathed his large estate in 
 trust. The title "Sheppard Asylum" was 
 not adopted upon his suggestion, nor in 
 deference to any wish of his. His desire 
 was that his bequest to the board of trus- 
 tees should be used to found an asylum for 
 the insane, and he made no stipulation as 
 to the name of the institution. Finally his. 
 consent that the asylum should bear his 
 name was reluctantly obtained. He shrank 
 from the publicity involved in its use and 
 only consented to it upon the urgent so- 
 licitation of some of his friends. A letter 
 in Mr. Sheppard's own handwriting is in 
 existence in which he said, "I want no such 
 monument to my fame." He moreover 
 added, "T wish to establish an asylum upon 
 a broad and liberal basis, where the experi- 
 ment may be attempted of ascertaining how 
 nuich may be done to bring about recovery 
 in cases of insanity by a liberal, if not, in- 
 deed, by a lavish, expenditure of money, not 
 only in erecting buildings on suitable 
 grounds, in increasing the pro rata of nurses 
 to patients, as well as in the general ar- 
 rangements of the interiors of the Iniild- 
 ings, in dietary, but also in everything which 
 makes for the comfort and scientific treat- 
 ment of the ])atients." The trustees have 
 conscientiouslv endeavored to carrv out 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 479 
 
 Mr. Sheppard's views in every particular, 
 not only in the investment of the money 
 left in his bequest, but in the character of 
 the buildings, the number of attendants and 
 even the smallest details. 
 
 Proposed Addition of Mr. Pratt's Name. 
 
 In September last Mr. Enoch Pratt, for 
 many years one of the most prominent citi- 
 zens of Baltimore, and the founder of the 
 well-known "Pratt Library," died, and 
 when his will was offered for probate it was 
 found that the board of trustees of the Shep- 
 pard Asylum had been made the residuary 
 legatee upon the sole condition that the 
 corporation now known as the "Trustees 
 of the Sheppard Asylum" be changed to 
 "the trustees of the Sheppard and Enoch 
 Pratt Hospital." The trustees of the Shep- 
 pard Asylum are obliged, under the terms 
 of Mr. Pratt's will, to obtain from the Gen- 
 eral Assembly of Maryland an amendment 
 to their charter authorizing such change 
 of name. Mr. Pratt imposed no other con- 
 dition to his bequest except to stipulate that 
 the income only of the funds devised shall 
 be used in the same manner as provided in 
 Mr. Sheppard's will. Mr. Pratt's bequest 
 amounts to more than a million of dollars 
 and will support about two hundred respect- 
 able but indigent insane, some of whom 
 may partially contribute to their own sup- 
 port. The joint bequests of these two bene- 
 ficent citizens of Baltimore constitute the 
 largest legacy ever devised in this country 
 for the care, maintenance and treatment of 
 the insane. 
 
 Strange to say some few persons are op- 
 posing the acceptance of Mr. Pratt's leg- 
 acy under the stipulations that he has im- 
 posed; but the General Assembly will no 
 doubt unanimously agree to amend the 
 
 charter in accordance with Mr. Pratt's 
 wishes and thus secure to the city of Balti- 
 more the finest institution of its kind in the 
 world. 
 
 Home for Feeble Minded and Epilep- 
 tics, Owing's Mills. 
 
 This valuable property belongs to the 
 State. Since its purchase, two cottage 
 buildings have been erected in addition to 
 the family mansion already in use. One of 
 these cottages is occupied solely by epilep- 
 tics. This cottage, costing $5,500, is named 
 for the former honored President of the 
 Board, Dr. I. Pembroke Thom, at whose 
 expense it was built. 
 
 At the present time there are 79 inmates 
 in the Home, who show an encouraging de- 
 gree of mental improvement. It is believed 
 that a large appropriation will be made to 
 this charity by the present Legislature 
 (1898) so as to enlarge its sphere of use- 
 fulness. 
 
 The farm comprises more than two hun- 
 dred acres, the land is of excellent quality, 
 and there are several beautiful views on the 
 estate. The buildings are lighted by elec- 
 tricity and the "Waring" sewerage system 
 has been introduced. 
 
 Bay View Asylum. 
 
 This is a city institution for the care of 
 the indigent insane, white and colored. It 
 is greatly over-crowded, particularly the 
 wards for the colored people. There is a 
 sufficient number of attendants, but owing 
 to the crowded condition of the asylum it is 
 impossible to employ methodical and scien- 
 tific treatment. Many of the cases are 
 chronic, and necessarily all the agencies 
 that can be brought into use are humane 
 treatment and care. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The number of inmates at Bay View is 
 four hundred and one. 
 
 PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS FOR THE 
 INSANE. 
 
 The Richard Gundry Home. 
 This Home is near Baltimore and is in 
 charge of the widow and son of the late 
 Dr. Richard Gundry. Mrs. Gundry acts as 
 matron and Dr. Richard F. Gundry as phy- 
 sician in charge. It needs scarcely be added 
 that this is a well conducted retreat. On 
 November 30, 1897, there were forty-eight 
 patients under treatment. 
 
 The Fort Hill Sanit.\rium for Feeble 
 Minded and Epileptic Children. 
 This Sanitarium is in charge of Dr. and 
 Mrs. Samuel I. Fort, both of whom were 
 trained to this special work at Elwyn, Pa. 
 This is a very beautiful property and affords 
 every advantage that location can bestow. 
 The number of children in this institution 
 on November 30, 1897, was twenty. 
 
 M.\tley's Hill Sanitarium. 
 
 This is a private institution near the city, 
 
 in charge of Dr. Robert H. Dodge. There 
 
 are twenty-one inmates at the present time. 
 
 Rigg's Cottage, for the Tre.a.tment of 
 
 Nervous and Mental Diseases. 
 
 This is a family home in which a few 
 patients are taken. It is beautifully situ- 
 ated and a cottage has been added to the 
 main building during the year. There are 
 now four patients at this home. 
 
 N. B. — It will be observed that all these 
 institutions for mental diseases are more or 
 less remote from the city and that the 
 healthiest and best situations have been se- 
 lected. This is eminently wise, for the rea- 
 
 son that the insane cannot be properly 
 treated in a city. 
 
 HEALTH ORDINANCES. 
 
 Quarantine Regulations. 
 
 The town of Baltimore was incorporated 
 by an act of the Legislature in 1723. The 
 first health ordinance, it appears, from the 
 manuscript records of the town, was passed 
 in 1750; it is as follows: "Whereas, sev- 
 eral persons permit stinking fish and dead 
 creatures or carrion to lie on their lots, or in 
 the street near their doors, which are a very 
 offensive nuisance and contrary to acts of 
 Assembly, the commissioners therefore or- 
 der the clerk to put up advertisements to 
 inform such persons that they are to remove 
 the same: Resolved, That Dr. William Lyon 
 be a committee of one to enforce the same." 
 
 It is evident from this transcript that the 
 town of Baltimore had not at that time 
 health ordinances, but had to rely upon acts 
 passed by the Assembly. 
 
 Frequent epidemics of small-pox having 
 occurred, not only in the city but in the 
 counties of the State, in 1765 Dr. Henry 
 Stevenson was appointed inoculator to in- 
 oculate the people. In 1765 Doctor Steven- 
 son devoted a part of his mansion on the lit- 
 tle York Road to the use of an inoculating 
 hospital, and opened it to all who might 
 apply. In this year the first cpiarantine law 
 was passed by the Legislature. In 1773 
 the Legislature passed an act for the erec- 
 tion of a poor and work-house in Baltimore 
 for the sick and indigent and appropriated 
 $20,000 for the purpose. A general State 
 quarantine law was passed in this year. In 
 1775, physicians to the poor were appointed, 
 and twenty acres of land purchased at a 
 cost of $2,000 for the site of the poor-house. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 481 
 
 This land was located at what is now tlie 
 head of Howard street. In 1776, Congress 
 assembled in Baltimore. Dr. John Boyd 
 was authorized by that body to sign bills of 
 credit. Dr. C. F. Wiesenthal was appointed 
 by the State to manufacture saltpetre. 
 Inoculation was discontinued at this time 
 in accordance with the order of the Com- 
 mittee of Observation, the consent of the 
 leading medical men of the town first bemg 
 obtained. In 1777 another State quaran- 
 tine law was passed. The persistent preva- 
 lence of small-pox necessitated the frequent 
 enactment of these quarantine laws. In 
 1779, the high price of provisions induced 
 the physicians of the town to attend the 
 poor gratis. The citizens raised $9,000 for 
 the relief of the poor. In 1784 an epidemic 
 of malignant scarlet fever broke out through 
 the whole State. Again a State Quarantine 
 Law was passed, and still another in 1785. 
 
 From this time on almost annually quar- 
 antine laws were passed and quarantine was 
 proclaimed against all the cities of the sea- 
 coast at different times up to the year 1830. 
 Retaliation, of course, followed. New York, 
 Philadelphia and even smaller towns on the 
 Eastern Shore quarantined against Balti- 
 more. These proclamations were issued 
 by the Governor of the State, the city not 
 yet having been incorporated. In 1795, the 
 inhabitants petitioned the Legislature for 
 another quarantine act and an appropria- 
 tion to carry it out. In this year the Legis- 
 lature passed a law appointing a Health 
 Officer of the Port and a hospital at Haw- 
 kins' Point for the reception of patients 
 from infected ports. The Board of Health 
 also established an encampment. 
 
 The city of Baltimore was incorporated 
 in 1796 by the following Act: 
 
 "An Act to erect Baltimore Town, in 
 Baltimore county, into a city, and to in- 
 corporate the inhabitants thereof." 
 
 This charter was supplemented the fol- 
 lowing year by other acts giving fuller pow- 
 ers to the corporation. That portion of 
 the charter which gives authority to the 
 city to preserve the public health is found 
 in Article IX and is as follows: 
 
 "And Be It Enacted, That the corpora- 
 tion aforesaia shall have full power and au- 
 thority to enact and pass all laws and ordi- 
 nances to preserve the health of the city; 
 to prevent and remove all nuisances; to 
 prevent the introduction of contagious dis- 
 eases within the city, and within three miles 
 of the city." 
 
 The health of the city of Baltimore is 
 protected by what are called Public Local 
 Laws. These laws protect the people from 
 all manner of nuisances, including the 
 burial of carrion: the keeping of dog 
 kennels in unclean condition; offensive 
 trades-workshops and factories; pollution 
 of sources of water supply; infectious dis- 
 eases — small-pox; establish vaccine agencv 
 and regulate the practice of rnedicine, and 
 pharmacy; fix the hours of labor for chil- 
 dren and also protect their morals and 
 health; prohibit the sale of tobacco and 
 cigars to minors; the manufacture of dele- 
 terious candy or cakfe; prevent selling 
 liquor to minors; prevent blindness in in- 
 fants: regulate sanitation of water closets 
 and out-houses in public schools; provide 
 seats for female employes in stores and fac- 
 tories, etc. (this last law is not generally 
 enforced). 
 
 A notable incident in the history of the 
 health department of Baltimore was the ac- 
 tion taken in 1855 by the City Health Board 
 
482 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 during the terrible epidemic of yellow fever 
 at Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. While 
 other cities established barriers and strict 
 quarantine regulations to prevent the en- 
 trance of refugees fleeing from the pestil- 
 ence, Baltimore opened wide her gates and 
 welcomed these terror-stricken guests. A 
 boat was sent daily with supplies of every 
 kind to the sufiferers. Twenty-six found 
 refuge in Baltimore, all of whom died save 
 one, a child. Not a single citizen con- 
 tracted the disease. Physicians and nurses 
 were sent from Baltimore, all of whom died 
 save two physicians. 
 
 The immunity of Baltimore at that time 
 can be e.xplained by the action of the Health 
 Board (Drs. Kemp, Houck and Oilman) in 
 the preceding year. Every street, alley 
 and by-way was put in a sanitary condition, 
 particularly the lower part of the city, where 
 outbreaks of yellow fever had occurred in 
 former years. 
 
 Taken as a whole, the health laws of the 
 city of Baltimore cannot be excelled by 
 those of any municipality in the country. 
 
 BOARDS OF HEALTH. 
 
 Between 1809 and 1864 there were no 
 Health laws upon Maryland statute books 
 save those providing for the care of the in- 
 sane and dependent classes. Attempts to 
 enact vital statistics laws had several times 
 failed. The earliest enactment in relation 
 to public health was that of 1864, empower- 
 ing the Governor to appoint a State Vaccine 
 Agent once in six years. This law was 
 amended in 1867, and again in 1872. 
 
 In 1874, a law was passed creating a State 
 !'-oard of Health, consisting of five mem- 
 liers, to be appointed by the Governor. The 
 powers and duties of this Board were en- 
 larged in 1880, 1886. 1890. 
 
 In 1882, the Infectious Disease Act was 
 passed, its provisions being directed chiefly 
 against small-pox. 
 
 In 1884, a law to regulate offensive trades 
 was enacted. 
 
 By Act of Assembly in 1886, the Com- 
 missioners of the several counties were 
 charged with the functions of local boards 
 of health. This Assembly of 1886 passed 
 and amended more sanitary laws than any 
 Legislature before or since. The Nuisance 
 Act, that upon Pollution of Water-supply, 
 the first laws against adulteration of food, 
 the Act creating the Lunacy Commission, 
 that providing for the safety of railroad 
 crossings, the law against Opium Joints, 
 and that against the committal of children 
 into almshouses were all passed in 1886. 
 
 The Legislature of 1888 passed an Act 
 Regulating the Price of Medicine. This 
 law was amended 1892 and again in 1894. 
 The Sanitary Live Stock Board was also 
 created by the xAssembly of 1888. 
 
 The first report of the State Board of 
 Health was published in 1876. The mem- 
 bers of the Board were: 
 
 Nathan R. Smith, M. D., President. 
 
 J. Robert Ward, M. D. 
 
 C. W. Chancellor, J\L D. 
 
 Charles M. Ellis, M. D. 
 
 E. Lloyd Howard, M. D., Secretary. 
 
 Dr. Nathan R. Smith died in 1877. He 
 was succeeded as President of the Board 
 by Dr. E. Lloyd Howard, and the Board 
 was completed by the appointment of Dr. 
 Geo. C. Porter, of Allegany county. Dr. 
 C. W. Chancellor was elected Secretary. 
 
 In 1880, the organization of the State 
 Board of Health was altered by amendment 
 of the Act of 1874. The membership was 
 increased to seven, the .\ttorney General of 
 
^ 
 
 2^1^.*-*-^ ^^^^ s^^r^^ ^^2). 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 483 
 
 the State and the Health Commissioner of 
 Bahimore City becoming ex-officio mem- 
 bers of the Board. 
 
 The first Board created under this Act 
 consisted of: 
 
 E. Lloyd Howard, M. D., President. 
 
 J. Robert Ward, M. D. 
 
 C. W. Chancellor, M. D., Secretary. 
 
 Jas. A. Steuart, M. D., Health Commis- 
 sioner of Baltimore. 
 
 J. Crawford Neilson, C. E. 
 
 St. George W. Teackle, M. D. 
 
 Doctor Howard died on September 5, 
 1881, and Dr. J. Robert Ward was elected to 
 succeed him as President. 
 
 In 1883, a Sanitary Convention was held 
 under the auspices of the State Board of 
 Health, Prof. Richard McSherry was Presi- 
 dent of the Convention. 
 
 Dr. J. Robert Ward, President of the 
 Board, died in 1883, and was succeeded 
 by Prof. Richard McSherry. 
 
 A second Sanitary Convention was held 
 in September, 1884, at the Blue Mountain 
 House, Washington county. Both of these 
 conventions were notable on account of a 
 spirited controversy between Dr. C. W. 
 Chancellor and Col. Geo. Waring upon the 
 disposal of sewage. 
 
 Dr. Richard McSherry died in 1885, the 
 fourth of the Presidents who passed away in 
 ten years' history of the Board. 
 
 The Board, in 1886, consisted of: 
 
 Dr. Jackson Piper, President. 
 
 Dr. C. W. Chancellor, Secretary. 
 
 Dr. John Morris. 
 
 Dr. J. M. H. Bateman. 
 
 Mr. J. Crawford Neilson, C. E. 
 
 Hon. Chas. B. Roberts, Attorney Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 Dr. James A. Steuart, Health Commis- 
 sioner of Baltimore. 
 
 A third Sanitary Convention was held in 
 November, 1887, in Baltimore, at which 
 there was an extended discussion upon 
 Asiatic cholera. This was the last Sanitary 
 Conference held for some years. Hon. 
 \\'m. Pinkney Whyte, then Attorney Gen- 
 eral, was a member of the Board at this time. 
 
 In i89i,Hon. John P. Poe and Dr. James 
 F. McShane became ex-officio members of 
 the Board. 
 
 In 1892, Dr. C. \y. Chancellor resigned 
 as Secretary to accept a consulship to 
 Havre. Dr. James A. Steuart was elected 
 to the Secretaryship. The other members 
 of the Board were: 
 
 Dr. John Morris, President. 
 
 Dr. J. M. H. Bateman, of Easton. 
 
 Mr. J. Crawford Neilson, C. E. 
 
 Dr. James F. McShane, Health Commis- 
 sioner of Baltimore. 
 
 Hon. John P. Poe, Attorney General. 
 
 Dr. John H. Jamar, of Elkton. 
 
 In 1895, Hon. Harry M. Clabaugh suc- 
 ceeded Hon. John P. Poe as an ex-officio 
 member. In 1896, the terms of Mr. J. Craw- 
 ford Neilson and Dr. John H. Jamar ex- 
 pired. Mr. Henry Brauns and Dr. S. Chase 
 de Krafft were appointed. Dr. James A. 
 Steuart resigned as Secretary and Dr. John 
 S. Fulton was elected to succeed him. The 
 members of the Board now are (1897): 
 
 Dr. S. Chase de Krafift, President. 
 
 Dr. John Morris. 
 
 Dr. J. M. H. Bateman. 
 
 Dr. James F. McShane, ex-officio. 
 
 Hon. Harry M. Clabaugh, ex-officio. 
 
 Dr. John S. Fulton, Secretary. 
 
 There is one vacancy, Mr. Henry Brauns 
 having resigned. 
 
484 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The City Board of Health is composed of 
 the Mayor, the Health Officer and the As- 
 sistant Health Officer of the city. These 
 gentlemen appoint a large number of Sani- 
 tary Inspectors, inspectors of sewers and 
 nuisances and also an Inspector of Plumb- 
 ing. Vaccine physicians are appointed by 
 the City Council. The Keeper of the Dog 
 Pound is appointed by the Mayor. The 
 Quarantine Officer is also appointed by the 
 ]\Iayor, with the consent of the City Coun- 
 cil. The Local Health Ordinances are gen- 
 erally amply sufficient to prevent all viola- 
 tions of the Sanitary Law and consequently 
 the State Board of Health does not interfere 
 with the city authorities save in great emer- 
 gencies. 
 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 The University of Maryland. 
 
 This school of medicine, one of the three 
 oldest institutions of its kind in the United 
 States, originated in a private class estab- 
 lished by Dr. John Beale Davidge, in 1802, 
 which, in 1807 — Doctor Davidge being 
 joined by Drs. James Cocke and John Shaw 
 — was chartered by the General Assembly of 
 Maryland and constituted a college under 
 the name of "The College of Medicine of 
 Maryland." In 1812 the Legislature au- 
 thorized the Medical College to become a 
 university, which is now our University of 
 Maryland. 
 
 A lottery of $50,000 had been granted to 
 the Medical College of Maryland, but in 
 1817 an additional lottery scheme of $100,- 
 000 was granted to the University. At that 
 time it was the custom of the Legislature 
 to grant lottery schemes to public and 
 benevolent institutions. The Cathedral, 
 the Citv Library and manv churches 
 
 throughout the State were established in 
 this way. 
 
 Other Universities and Colleges. 
 
 The second medical school established in 
 Baltimore was a branch of the Washington 
 College, of Pennsylvania. This institution 
 was located on Broadway, and is now 
 known as the Church Home. Whilst this 
 school was never a great success, it had 
 some very able men among its teachers, 
 viz., Baxley, Dunbar, McCook, Stokes, 
 Fonerden, Charles Bell Gibson, Monkur 
 and other distinguished physicians of that 
 time. This school was merged into the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons under the 
 tutelage of Dr. Thomas E. Bond, one of 
 the brightest medical and literary men of his 
 day. Thos. Opie, M. D., is the present 
 Dean of the Faculty. 
 
 The Baltimore Medical College. 
 
 This college has been exceedingly suc- 
 cessful in attracting students not only from 
 the South and West, but from outlying 
 possessions, including Canada and other 
 British Provinces. David Street, M. D., is 
 the present Dean. 
 
 The Medical LTniversitv of Baltimore. 
 
 This school is in the Eastern part of the 
 city, a locality in which accidents occur al- 
 most hourly, and therefore it must neces- 
 sarily»iafiford great opportunities for clinical 
 training and the practical teaching indispen- 
 sable to young medical men. H. R. Bied- 
 ler, M. D., Dean. 
 
 The Woman's Medical College, another 
 branch of teaching which has been emi- 
 nently successful. It has a large corps of 
 able instructors and the graduates would do 
 credit to any institution in the land. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 485 
 
 The Johns Hopkins Medical School is a 
 branch of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. It 
 is only intended for graduates. WilHani H. 
 Welsh, M. D., is the Dean. 
 
 There is also a Homoeopathic Medical 
 College which has a full faculty and a large 
 attendance of students. 
 
 DENTAL COLLEGES. 
 
 Dental Department, University of 
 Maryland. 
 This department was founded in 1882. 
 It took the place of the Baltimore College 
 of Dental Surgery, the oldest dental col- 
 lege in this country, if not in the world. 
 Large buildings have been erected on the 
 university grounds on Greene street, em- 
 bracing an infirmary and laboratory. Prac- 
 tice Hall has also been given over to the 
 department of dentistry. Drs. Gorgas and 
 Harris were among the first teachers in this 
 rchool, which has since attracted students 
 from all parts of the world, and numbers 
 at the present time more than five hundred 
 graduates. 
 
 Baltimore College of Dental 
 Surgery. 
 
 This college is connected with- the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons. Like its 
 older sister it has been eminently successful 
 and numbers among its graduates young 
 men from all parts of the Union. Dr. M. 
 W. Foster is the Dean. 
 
 Dent.\l Department of Baltimore 
 Medical College. 
 
 This is a new School of Dentistry which is 
 growing in usefulness and popularity. Dr. 
 I. W. Smith is the Dean. 
 
 An e.xtended and elaborate history of the 
 
 Dental Schools of Baltimore has been pre- 
 pared for this work by Dr. R. Grady, a gen- 
 tleman eminently fitted for the task. 
 The ^Iaryland College of Pharmacy. 
 This institution was incorporated by 
 special legislative act passed January 27, 
 1841, and signed by the then Governor, 
 Hon. William Grason. It had its origin in 
 a meeting held June 8. 1840. at the resi- 
 dence of Dr. Samuel Baker, who, with Drs. 
 Wm. E. A. Akien and Wm. Riley, repre- 
 sented the Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
 ulty. Pharmacy was represented by 
 Messrs. Thos. G. MacKenzie, Geo. W. An- 
 drews, David Stewart, Robert H. Coleman, 
 H. B. Atkinson, John Hill, Jonathan Chap- 
 man and J. W. W. Gordon. Regularly un- 
 til 1848 instruction was given and classes 
 graduated. In 1848 teaching was not re- 
 sumed but reorganization occurred in 1856. 
 Since then the college has been very suc- 
 cessful and has been universally recognized 
 by medical men as an important adjunct to 
 their professional work. It was the first to 
 establish a separate chair of Pharmacy and 
 took the lead in making attendance upon 
 the analytical course compulsory. It has 
 greatly e.xtended its curriculum until it now 
 includes the study of inorganic and organic 
 Chemistry, Botany, Pharmacognosy, Ma- 
 teria Medica, Toxycology, Pharmacy and 
 Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vegetable His- 
 tology, Microscopy, Pharmaceutical Man- 
 ipulation, Analytical Chemistry and Assay. 
 Thorough laboratory work is insisted upon. 
 The present faculty consists of Wm. Simon, 
 Ph. D., M. D.; Chas. Caspari, Ph. G.; D. 
 M. R. Culbreth. A. M., Ph. G., M. D. Ad- 
 junct faculty, John P. Piquet, Ph. G.: Chas. 
 Schmidt, Ph. G.; Sam'l. Base, Ph. D. The 
 college building, located on Aisquith street 
 
436 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 near Fayette, is well arranged and fully 
 equipped. 
 
 One of the most noted pharmaceutists of 
 the early part of the nineteenth century was 
 Mr. Edme Ducatel, a native of France. 
 Nearly all the prominent apothecaries of the 
 city fifty or sixty years ago served their ap- 
 prenticeship under him. His son, Jule Tim- 
 oleon Ducatel, was a distinguished writer 
 and lecturer. He was Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy in the Mechanics' Institute and 
 filled the chair of Chemistry and Geology in 
 the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in the 
 University of Maryland. He resigned in 
 1837 to accept the appointment from the 
 Legislature of State Geologist. He after- 
 wards occupied the chair of Chemistry at 
 St. John's College. Professor Ducatel was 
 one of the founders of the Maryland Acad- 
 emy of Sciences. He was recognized as a 
 high authority in Geology and took part in 
 the exploration of the Upper Mississippi 
 and Lake Superior. 
 
 HOSPITALS. 
 
 The site of the first hospital established 
 in Baltimore was selected by Captain Yel- 
 lott, some of whose descendants are still liv- 
 ing in Baltimore county, as a temporary re- 
 treat for strangers and sea-fearing people 
 during the epidemic of yellow fever, which 
 raged in the city in 1794. In 1798, it was 
 purchased by the city and in 1808 it was 
 leased to Drs. James Smythe and Colin Mc- 
 Kenzie, who conducted it as a general hos- 
 pital. It afterwards become the Maryland 
 Hospital for the Insane, and the ground is 
 now <iccupie(l by the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
 pital. 
 
 lialtimore is wonderfully well supplied 
 witii hospitals, viz.. The Maryland LTniver- 
 
 sity Hospital, connected with the University 
 of Maryland ; The City Hospital with annex 
 for colored patients, under the care of the 
 Sisters of Mercy; St. Joseph's Hospital 
 conducted by the Sisters of Notre Dame: 
 Samaritan Hospital, connected with the 
 Woman's Medical College; The Baltimore 
 Medical College Hospital; The Hebrew 
 Hospital : Hospital for the Relief of Crip- 
 pled and Deformed Children; The Balti- 
 more University Hospital. Every College 
 has a Lying-in-Hospital connected with it, 
 and also a School for Training Nurses. 
 
 The largest hospital in the city and one 
 of the best in the world is the Johns Hop- 
 kins Hospital, an endowed institution, so 
 named in honor of its founder. Its great 
 reputation attracts patients from all parts of 
 the LTnited States and remotest countries. 
 Henry M. Hurd, M. D., is the Superintend- 
 ent. St. Agnes Hospital conducted by the 
 Sisters of Charity; United States Marine 
 Hospital; The Garrett Free Hospital for 
 Children ; the Maryland Homeopathic Hos- 
 pital; Providence Hospital (colored), all 
 deserve special mention 
 
 Spf.cial Hospitals. 
 The Baltimore Eye, Ear and Throat Hos- 
 pital; The Presbyterian Eye, Ear and 
 Throat Hospital: Hospital for Consumi> 
 tives, and Hospital for the Women of Mary- 
 land; Home for Incurables; Miss Barnwell's 
 School for Crippled Children, and The 
 Nursery and Child's Hospital must not be 
 forgotten in the eiuuneration of the many 
 charities of the city. 
 
 Ini'irmaries. 
 There are several Infirmaries, notably, 
 the Union Protestant Infirmary, which can 
 accommodate one hundred patients: The 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Church Home Infirmary, and Dental In- 
 firmary of the University of Maryland. 
 Dispensaries. 
 There is a Free Dispensary connected 
 with every College, and there are also four 
 City Dispensaries. More than twelve thou- 
 sand persons avail themselves annually of 
 this charitable service. The City Dispensar- 
 ies are supported by the city; those con- 
 nected with the Colleges are supported by 
 those institutions. Altogether it is believed 
 that more than fifty thousand patients an- 
 nually receive medical aid in Baltimore free 
 of charge. Many are visited at their homes 
 by the Dispensary pliysicians. 
 
 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE CARE OF 
 THE INSANE. 
 
 The city of Baltimore and the State of 
 Maryland are both most fortunate in the 
 number and character of their institutions 
 for the care of the insane. 
 
 On November 2, 1797, the Legislature 
 passed an act to authorize the erection of 
 a hospital in or near Baltimore for indigent 
 sick and lunatics (this became the City, 
 Public or Maryland Hospital). 
 
 On January 20, 1798, the Legislature 
 appropriated $8,000 for the erection of the 
 City Hospital for sick and lunatics. On 
 February 20th, the same year, the City 
 Council directed a committee composed of 
 Mayor (Calhoun) and Messrs. Yellctt, Rich- 
 ard Lawson and Alex. McKim to select a 
 site, and authorize the purchase of six and 
 three-fourths acres at the corner of Monu- 
 ment street and Broadway for that purpose 
 for the sum of £600. In November follow- 
 ing the Legislature granted $3,000 more in 
 aid of the erection of the hospital. In 1800 
 one-third of the building was completed and 
 
 accommodated one hundred and thirty pa- 
 tients. To complete the buildings the Leg- 
 islature in 1812 ordered the payment of 
 $5,000 annually for three years. In 1813 
 the same body authorized the Chancellor to 
 commit idiots and lunatics to the hospital 
 and increased the number of visitors from 
 five to twelve. In 1822 Drs. Colin Mac- 
 Kenzie, Frick and Macauley delivered clin- 
 ical lectures in the Maryland Hospital. In 
 1826 the Legislature ordered additional 
 buildings to be erected for the hospital, and 
 the conveyance of the claim of the city to 
 the same, to be transferred to the Board 
 of Visitors and President, in virtue of w'hich 
 the hospital became the property of the 
 State. 
 
 From this time forward the hospital was 
 entirely supported by the State; its name 
 was changed to the "Maryland Hospital for 
 the Insane." The act excluding all except- 
 ing lunatics from the privileges of the hos- 
 pital was passed in 1828, at which time the 
 change of name took place. On March 7, 
 1834, Dr. Richard Sprigg Stewart (really 
 the true founder of Spring Grove Asylum), 
 was appointed President of Maryland Hos- 
 pital and Superintendent, which position he 
 held for nearly the remainder of his life. 
 
 In the year 1853 he, in co-operation with 
 Miss Dix, secured the first appropriation of 
 five thousand dollars from the Legislature 
 to lay the foundation of the present Mary- 
 land Hospital for the Insane. Dr. Sprigg 
 Stewart had already purchased the land by 
 subscriptions from his friend he himself 
 having headed the list with the sum of 
 $1,000. 
 
 In 1846 Dr. John Foncrdon was ap- 
 pointed Resident Physician. In 1869, 
 nearly twentv-five years after the laying of 
 
488 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the foundation, the buildings at Spring 
 Grove were ready for occupancy, and all the 
 patients from the old hospital (Monument 
 street and Broadway) were transferred to 
 their new home. The old buildings with 
 six and three-quarters of an acre, originally 
 purchased by the State, were sold to Mr. 
 Johns Hopkins, and his trustees after his 
 death erected upon this site the magnificent 
 collection of buildings known as the Johns 
 Hopkins Hospital. The trustees are yearly 
 erecting additional structures, one having 
 been recently built named the Gynecolog- 
 ical Department, which is fitted up with all 
 the appliances of modern science. This is a 
 brief history of what was done for the in- 
 sane in the early days of the city. 
 
 Maryland Hospital for the Ixsaxe. 
 (Spring Grove Asylum.) 
 This, the oldest of our institutions for 
 the insane, is greatly over-crowded, there 
 Ijeing now 508 inmates. In addition to the 
 many marked advances made in former 
 years there has recently been constructed a 
 tasteful mortuary chamber, separate from 
 the hospital buildings; electric lights have 
 been introduced a new laundry erected; 
 floors renewed throughout the entire house; 
 wood work repainted and mechanical in- 
 dustries established. The house telephone 
 system has been adopted and a Pathological 
 laboratory fitted up after the most approved 
 modern models. 
 
 The "Waring" system of sewage (super- 
 soil) works a(lniiral)ly on the land attached 
 to this hospital, 
 
 Sl-:COXD HnslMT.VL I'OK THE IxS.WE. 
 
 (Springfield). 
 This magnificent estate purchased from 
 •ox-Governor Brown, affords immense pos- 
 
 sibilities in the future. By this purchase 
 the State has secured five or six hundred 
 acres of rich, rolling land, on which there 
 is a number of beautiful and extensive 
 views. The buildings now temporarily oc- 
 cupied by the chronic insane and dements 
 (fifty-eight in number), were on the estate 
 at the time the State came into possession 
 of the property, and, while not adapted to 
 the care and treatment of patients, have 
 been well arranged by the Superintendent. 
 
 The first group of new buildings, now 
 being finished and soon to be occupied, will 
 consist of a service building and three cot- 
 tages, arranged on a high point surround- 
 ing an open space about 150 feet square, 
 all of which are near the Superintendent's 
 residence. 
 
 These new cottages, with the service 
 building, form a quadrangle. These cot- 
 tages are connected by open corridors, with 
 a pavilion in the centre. 
 
 There is an admirably arranged fire-proof 
 stair-case in each dwelling, communicating 
 directly with the exterior at ground level, 
 and affording ample and sure means of exit 
 for the inmates in case of any emergency. 
 
 The heating of the entire group of build- 
 ings is by means of hot water, direct radia- 
 tion being applied from a central plant in 
 the basement of one of the cottages. 
 
 The electric light and pumping station 
 and the steam laundry will be located at 
 some distance on the bank of a small stream 
 from which the water supply will be taken. 
 A storage reservoir holding about 600.000 
 gallons forms part of the water supply sys- 
 tem, the water passing through a sand filter 
 entering the reservoir. From this the water 
 will be i)umped into a steel pressure tank 
 capable of holding 165,000 gallons. The 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 489 
 
 distribution of water from the pressure tank 
 is through a six-inch main to the center of 
 the group, whence individual supply pipes 
 run to the different buildings. 
 
 There will be four double outlet fire plugs 
 in the quadrilateral by means of which 
 there will be ample protection against fire. 
 
 The main switch-board of the telephone 
 system will be in the head attendant's office, 
 in the service building, whence wires will 
 run to the Superintendent's house, to the 
 office of the physician in charge, to the first 
 and second floors of each cottage, to the 
 boiler-room, to the electric light and pump- 
 ing station and various other places requir- 
 ing telephone service. 
 
 THE LUNACY COMMISSION OF 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 The Lunacy Commission of Maryland 
 was created by an Act of the Legislature 
 in the year 1886. The object of this Com- 
 mission is to secure to the insane proper 
 and humane care and intelligent treatment 
 of their maladies, as well as due considera- 
 tion for all their rights as involuntary wards 
 of the State. Secondly, its purpose is to 
 prevent the incarceration or detention in 
 asylums, hospitals or prisons of any one 
 illegally deprived of his or her liberty. 
 
 The Lunacy Commission has supervision 
 over all institutions public, private or cor- 
 porate, including alms-houses in which the 
 insane are confined. 
 
 The Commission was represented during 
 its first years by Alexander H. Bayley, M. 
 D., of Cambridge, Md.; John Morris, M. 
 D., Charles W. Chancellor, M. D., Thomas 
 S. Latimer, M. D., all of Baltimore, and 
 Charles B. Roberts, Attorney General, of 
 Westminster, Md. At its first meeting. 
 
 Alexander H. Bayley, M. D., was elected 
 President, and William Lee, M. D., Sec- 
 retary. 
 
 On March 14, 1892, President Bayley 
 died and Rufus H. Dashiell, M. D., of Prin- 
 cess Anne, Maryland, was appointed a 
 Commissioner by the Governor to fill his 
 place. Dr. John Morris was the next Pres- 
 ident. In 1893 Charles W. Chancellor re- 
 signed from the Commission and Samuel C. 
 Chew, M. D., was appointed in his place. 
 In 1896, Dr. Samuel C. Chew resigned and 
 was succeeded by I. E. Atkinson, M. D. 
 
 The quarterly inspection of the various 
 institutions in the State, in which the in- 
 sane are confined, is made by the Secre- 
 tary, acting under instructions from the 
 Commission. In the early work of the 
 Commission it was found necessary for the 
 Secretary to explain the Lunacy Law and 
 give all necessary information to those hav- 
 ing the insane in charge concerning the 
 treatment of the last named and their rights. 
 
 Much has been done for the relief and 
 comfort of the insane since the establish- 
 ment of the Lunacy Commission, notably 
 the structural improvement of the various 
 institutions of the State; the erection of a 
 building for the colored insane, doing away 
 with all forms of restraint, as far as pos- 
 sible; giving occupation to the insane; pro- 
 tecting them from fire, and removing the 
 criminal insane from prison. An asylum 
 and training school for the feeble-minded 
 and idiotic has been erected; an addition 
 has been made to the Maryland Hospital 
 for the Insane, and, most important of all. 
 the recommendation from year to year of 
 the State care of the indigent insane. To 
 meet this requirement, the State is now en- 
 gaged in erecting handsome liuildings with 
 
490 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 every possible provision for sanitation and 
 comfort. 
 
 The vicious practice of ^lagistrates in 
 committing insane paupers to the jails and 
 houses of correction has been suppressed as 
 far as possible. 
 
 The present Commission consists of John 
 Morris, M. D., President; Thomas S. Lati- 
 mer, M. D.; Rufus H. Dashiell, M. D.: I. E. 
 Atkinson, M. D., and Harry M. Clabaugh, 
 Attorney General. The Secretary is Wil- 
 liam Lee, M. D., and the office of the Com- 
 mission is at No. 344 North Charles street, 
 Baltimore. 
 
 MEDICAL SOCIETIES. 
 
 The first Medical Society was organized 
 in Baltimore on the 26th day of December, 
 1788. It consisted of nineteen members, 
 witli Dr. Charles Frederick Wiesenthall as 
 President, and Dr. Frederick Dalcho, Secre- 
 tary. This Society only existed one year, 
 when a second Medical Society was formed 
 in 1789 by many of the same members. On 
 June nth, 1853, the first meeting of the 
 Baltimore Pathological Society was held. 
 The Medical and Surgical Society of Balti- 
 more was formed by the Committee on Con- 
 versational Meetings of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Facuhy, June nth, 1855. The 
 records show that Drs. Christopher John- 
 son, George W. Miltenberger and John 
 Morris delivered orations during the 
 existence of this Society. After the dis- 
 memberment of the Medical and Surgical 
 Society no other was formed until February 
 26th, 1866, when a number of physicians 
 met at the office of the Commissioner of 
 Health to form a society for professional 
 advancement, the diffusion of knowledge, 
 antl the cultivation of friendly relations. At 
 the next meeting, that is, on the 6th of 
 
 Alarch, 1866, these gentlemen adopted a 
 Constitution and By-Laws, naming their 
 Society — The Baltimore Medical Associa- 
 tion. This Society is still in existence and 
 has a very large membership, embracing the 
 names of some of the most distinguished 
 medical men of the city. In the year 1868 
 the Pathological was merged into the Clini- 
 cal Society. In 1870 a German Medical So- 
 ciety was formed, but it had only a brief ex- 
 istence of two years. 
 
 From this time the following medical so- 
 cieties have been inaugurated, viz: The Epi- 
 demiological Society; The Baltimore Acad- 
 emy of Medicine: The Gynecological So- 
 ciety; The Johns Hopkins Medical Associa- 
 tion: The Society of the Woman's Medical 
 College: The Neurological Society. 
 MEDICAL JOURNALISM IN BALTI- 
 MORE. 
 
 The history of Medical Journalism in 
 Maryland dates from 1808, when the third 
 JMedical Journal published in the United 
 States, and the first in Baltimore was estab- 
 lished by Dr. Tobias Watkins, a graduate of 
 Edinburgh and a man of distinguished abil- 
 ity. This journal was called the Baltimore 
 Medical and Physical Recorder, but not be- 
 ing supported, its existence was brief. In 
 i8n, a second efifort was made to establish 
 a journal. This publication was called the 
 Baltimore Medical and Philosophical Ly- 
 ceum. Dr. Nathaniel Potter was the editor, 
 one of the brightest men who ever adorned 
 the profession in Maryland. 
 
 The next venture in the field of Medical 
 Journalism was, perhaps, less successful 
 than the two aforementioned. This venture 
 was undertaken in the year 1823 by Dr. 
 John B. Davidge, another gentleman of dis- 
 tinction. The first and only number of this 
 
J<:7. (^ c--<- 
 
 ^? 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 493 
 
 publication was issued in the month of July, 
 although supported by the ablest literary 
 men of the time. The Vaccine Inquirer, or 
 Miscellaneous Collections Relating to Vac- 
 cination next appeared. 
 
 In 1829, Dr. Horatio J. Jameson, a 
 very distinguished surgeon, commenced the 
 publication of the Maryland Medical Re- 
 corder. During the existence of this peri- 
 odical a rival journal appeared in Baltimore, 
 edited by Dr. Nathan R. Smith. Its title 
 was The Baltimore Monthly Journal. 
 There was really no necessity for the new 
 journal, as there was not sufficient support 
 for one, but the jealousy of these two great 
 surgeons belonging to different Schools of 
 Aledicine led to this unnecessary rivalry. 
 Not only the surgeons, but the medical men 
 of the town were divided at that time, and 
 for many years afterwards by petty jeal- 
 ousies and animosities unworthy of a 
 learned and liberal profession. This un- 
 generous spirit has fortunately disappeared 
 in a large measure. 
 
 Both the journals above mentioned hav- 
 ing suspended, as one might reasonably ex- 
 pect, Baltimore was without a medical pub- 
 lication until the year 1833, when the Balti- 
 more Medical and Surgical Journal and Re- 
 view, edited by Dr. E. Geddings, appeared. 
 This journal existed for only one year, hav- 
 ing fallen by the wayside for the same reason 
 that caused the downfall of its predeces- 
 sors — a want of support. 
 
 In 1834, Doctor Geddings issued the 
 North American Archives of Medical and 
 Surgical Sciences. In his introduction to 
 this publication. Doctor Geddings deplores 
 in words of sadness the apathy and want 
 of public spirit displayed by the medical 
 profession in Maryland. This last effort of 
 29 
 
 Doctor Geddings survived only a year, and, 
 saddened by his failure, he shook the dust of 
 Baltimore from his feet and sought the 
 genial atmosphere of Charleston, S. C, 
 where, amidst honors and dignities, he lived 
 and died. 
 
 In the year 1839, the Maryland jNIedical 
 and Surgical Journal was established under 
 the auspices of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland and as an official organ 
 of the Medical Department of the United 
 States Army and Navy. This publication 
 appeared regularly until 1843, when it sus- 
 pended. From the year 1843 until i860, a 
 period of seventeen years, the profession of 
 Maryland was without a Medical Journal 
 published within the borders of the State. 
 
 In 1890 the Virginia Medical Journal 
 changed its name to the Maryland and Vir- 
 ginia Medical Journal. 
 
 In 1861, Dr. Edward Warren (afterwards 
 Bey) established the Baltimore Journal of 
 Medicine, but the Civil War having broken 
 out in that year, Doctor Warren left Balti- 
 more for the South and consequently his 
 journal had a brief existence. After the 
 War he returned to Baltimore and estab- 
 lished a journal called the Medical Bulletin, 
 which, like its predecessors, enjoyed a very 
 short life. It was however merged into the 
 Baltimore Medical Journal, which was 
 edited by Drs. E. Lloyd Hamilton and 
 Thomas S. Latimer. 
 
 The Baltimore Medical Journal made its 
 appearance in 1870. It survived nearly two 
 years. The next attempt at medical jour- 
 nalism was made in September, 1872. when 
 a publication appeared under the title of The 
 Physician and Surgeon. It was supported 
 chiefly by the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, under whose auspices it was in- 
 
494 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, IHARYLAND. 
 
 auguratecl. After reaching No. 5, Vol. VI, 
 it was discontinued. 
 
 In February, 1877, The Maryland Medi- 
 cal Journal was founded. The first number 
 was issued May ist, 1877. It was edited 
 and conducted by H. E. T. Manning, M. D., 
 and T. A. Ashby, M. D. Tliis journal still 
 survives, and is supported by the profession 
 generally. It is the only medical periodical 
 in the State, save the two publications of 
 the Johns Hopkins Hospital. These are 
 entitled The Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins 
 Hospital and the News Letter, edited and 
 published by several undergraduates of the 
 University. 
 
 A review of the medical journalism of 
 Maryland is a mournful task. It is sad to 
 consider that journals established and edited 
 by some of the brightest medical men in 
 America, such as Tobias Watkins, Nathan- 
 iel Potter, John B. Davidge, Horatio G. 
 Jameson, Nathan R. Smith, and Dr. E. Ged- 
 dings, should have met with such unmerited 
 neglect. The contributions to these publi- 
 cations were of the very highest order. 
 They were eminently practical and in this 
 respect totall\- unlike the writings of the 
 majority of the practitioners and teachers 
 of the present day, whose literary efforts are 
 made up chieHy of theories unsupported by 
 facts or experience. A certain kind of med- 
 ical jargon has obtained, derived from the 
 Greek, but, inasmuch as not one man in ten 
 knows as much Greek as William Shake- 
 speare, who knew little according to Ben 
 Jonson, this jargon only confuses and some- 
 times leads to absolute despair. Not only 
 this, but it leads to a marked increase in the 
 iiomenclaturc of diseases. In 1815 only 44 
 causes of death appeared in the Health 
 
 Record; in 1883 the number had increased 
 to the alarming extent of 308. Of course, 
 there are not 308 causes of death, but the 
 vanity of men and their great desire to in- 
 vent pompous technicalities, particularly 
 from the Greek and Latin, has led to this 
 wonderful effusion of terms. A reaction in 
 the future must necessarily take place, and a 
 simple nomenclature, lessening the number 
 of the causes of death, be adopted. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF HOMEOPATHY 
 IN BALTIMORE. 
 The remarkable progress of Homeopathy 
 in the city of Baltimore has excited general 
 comment. As early as 1839 Dr. Felix R. 
 McManus, a graduate of the old school of 
 medicine, embraced the doctrines of Hahne- 
 mann and must be considered the pioneer 
 of Homeopathy in Baltimore. He was a 
 sincere follower of the great German Mas- 
 ter and practiced his profession successfully 
 up to the time of his death. About 1841 a 
 German physician. Dr. Moritz Wiener, ar- 
 rived in the city and commenced the prac- 
 tice of medicine in accordance with the laws 
 of the new school. Three other German 
 physicians followed in succession: Drs. 
 Amthor, Haynel and Schmidt. Since that 
 time the number has been greatly increased, 
 chiefly by natives and men of learning. 
 They have established two schools of teach- 
 ing, two hos[)itals, beside several dispen- 
 saries. They also publish a journal. All 
 this has been accomplished in half a century. 
 The patrons of Homeopathy in Baltimore 
 have been exceedingly liberal in their con- 
 tribiuions. and have no doubt added much 
 to the general fame of the city for charitable 
 and beneficent work. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 THE EARLY HISTORY OF OPH- 
 THALMOLOGY AND OTOLOGY. 
 The history of the two affections above 
 named is a very interesting one. There is 
 no doubt that there were some medical men 
 who confined themselves to diseases of the 
 eye in the last century. This is indicated by 
 a resolution adopted at the convention of 
 the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland in 1805. It was resolved that the 
 Board of Examiners be authorized to grant 
 special licenses to oculists and dentists to 
 practice in their respective branches, sub- 
 jecting them to an examination only on 
 these two branches. It appears that the 
 ■"oculists" of that day did not stand in very 
 good repute. 
 
 The first mention we have of any institu- 
 tion for the treatment of the eye is to be 
 found in a treatise by Dr. Isaac Hayes. He 
 states that the New York Eye Infirmary 
 was opened in 1820, Pennsylvania Infirmary 
 for Diseases of the Eye and Ear in 1822, 
 "with respect to the institution at Baltimore 
 he has but little information to communi- 
 cate. It is attached to the Baltimore Dis- 
 pensary and is committed to the care of Dr. 
 Geo. Frick." Professor Gibson, of Balti- 
 more, was the most distinguished operator 
 on the eye of his day. He made the experi- 
 ment of introducing a seton through the 
 cataractous lens, with the view of producing 
 its absorption. Professor Gibson also at- 
 tempted the cure of strabisums by dividing 
 the recti muscles of the eye in a manner now 
 practiced universally. The next distin- 
 guished operator was Dr. George Frick, the 
 author of a valuable treatise on diseases of 
 the eye, the first work of the kind that ap- 
 peared in America. He was appointed sur- 
 geon to the Baltimore General Dispensary 
 
 in 1824. He delivered clinical lectures at 
 the Maryland Hospital in 1822. He also 
 devoted himself to the study of the sciences 
 and belonged to all the scientific bodies of 
 that day. We learn from Cordell's History 
 of the University of Maryland that the foun- 
 dation of the Infirmary was laid in 1823 and 
 that patients were received the same year. 
 Of the four wards, one was reserved for eye 
 cases, instruction in ophthalmic surgery 
 forming a prominent feature in the course. 
 This was the time of Dr. George Frick's 
 greatest activity. He was the uncle of the 
 eminent clinician and author, Prof. Charles 
 Frick. 
 
 The next noteworthy surgeon who de- 
 voted himself to diseases of the eye was 
 Horatio G. Jameson. He was the editor of 
 the Maryland Medical Recorder. He wrote 
 many valuable articles for this journal. In 
 one of his papers he describes two cases of 
 ossification of the lens with luxation through 
 the pupil, and in another he gives an inter- 
 esting account of "An encysted tumor of the 
 orbit." 
 
 John Mason Gibson published, in 1832, in 
 Baltimore, a work on the "Condensation of 
 Matter upon the Anatomy, Surgical Opera- 
 tions and Treatment of Diseases of the Eye. 
 Embellished with twelve lithographic plates, 
 illustrative of the anatomy, operations, and 
 morbid appearance." 
 
 Dr. John H.\kper. 
 Doctor Harper, who practiced surgery 
 about this time was one of the most success- 
 ful operators in this country. His opera- 
 tions for cataract were particularly skillful. 
 His mode of operating consisted of lacera- 
 tion of the capsule and lens substance, which 
 he repeated as often as necessary on the 
 
496 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 same eye. Doctor Harper was a native of 
 Ireland, and graduated at Glasgovi'. He 
 was well known as an oculist. 
 
 OTOLOGY. 
 
 The science of Otology was very little 
 cultivated in the early days of the profession 
 in Baltimore. The first contribution to the 
 subject was a translation of a treatise on the 
 ear from the French of Saissy by a renowned 
 surgeon, Nathan Rhyno Smith. This was 
 the second work published in this country. 
 The translator added many valuable sugges- 
 tions on diseases of the external ear. Doc- 
 tor Smith devised a new instrument for'per- 
 forating the tympanum, which is still in use; 
 also a knife designed to slit the lachrimal 
 canal. 
 
 Up to the time of the Civil War Dr. 
 Joshua I. Cohen occupied alone the field of 
 Otology. 
 
 After the close of the war a number of 
 very brilliant young men devoted them- 
 selves to the special study of Ophthalmology 
 and Otology, and their labors have been so 
 successful that patients have been attracted 
 to Baltimore from every part of the United 
 States. As these gentlemen are all living 
 we do not mention their names, fearing such 
 mention might seem invidious. Baltimore 
 has become a medical center for the study 
 of Ophthalmology and Otology. 
 
 .MEDICAL LIBRARIES. 
 There are three medical libraries in the 
 city, all of which contain very valuable 
 books of a scientific character. The largest 
 of these is the Library of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, which 
 contains over ten thousand volumes. Very 
 rare books, particularly the writings of the 
 Fathers of medicine, are to be found on the 
 
 shelves of this library. An addition of near- 
 ly two thousand volumes has been recently 
 made to this collection by the relatives of 
 the late Dr. Charles Frick. This family has 
 contributed liberally to the support and pre- 
 servation of the works that they have placed 
 in the hands of the Faculty. The next li- 
 brary to be mentioned is that of the Johns 
 Hopkins Hospital, which contains eighty- 
 two thousand volumes; those of the Fif- 
 teenth, Sixteenth, Seventeeth and Eigh- 
 teenth centuries being especially interesting. 
 Next in order is the Library of the Univer- 
 sity of Maryland, which comprises more 
 than three thousand volumes. This collec- 
 tion is intended for the use of the students 
 of the University. There is also a Medical 
 Section of the Peabody Library, where works 
 of the highest character are to be found. 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS OF BALTI- 
 MORE IN THE PAST— 
 1815 to 1883— 1896. 
 The local report of the Health Depart- 
 ment of Baltimore contains a table prepared 
 by the Secretary in which the total number 
 of deaths from all causes in the city from 
 January i, 1830, to December 31, 1883, is 
 given. Though the details in it are drawn 
 from ofificial reports, they are frequently in- 
 correct, and consequently misleading, as 
 they do not contain an exact statement of 
 the causes of the mortality of the city in 
 ditiferent years. 
 
 As the experience of the present writer 
 extends over half a century, it has occurred 
 to him that his investigations on this sub- 
 ject might not prove uninteresting. The 
 examination of the mortality records of the 
 past in Baltimore, while it proved a tedious 
 was not, by any means, a dreary or cheer- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 497 
 
 less task, for there is much to be found in 
 them to surprise and amuse, if not to in- 
 struct. 
 
 In the very beginning, one of the things 
 that strikes us is the remarkable increase in 
 the number of diseases within the past fifty 
 years. In 1815, only forty-four causes of 
 death are given. In the Health Report for 
 the year 1836, there are 141, and in 1850 
 only loi, whilst in the report for 1883, the 
 number of causes of death has increased 
 to the alarming extent of 308. With only 
 forty-four diseases to treat, the practice of 
 medicine must have been a much simpler 
 and less difficult art than it is in our days. 
 
 There could have been very little need 
 or room for specialists in 1815, unless they 
 devoted themselves to the cure of "worms 
 and fits," for we find not less than seventy- 
 five deaths from the latter reported in that 
 year. These two diseases seem to have held 
 their own remarkably well, for they do not 
 disappear from the Health Reports until 
 many years later, convulsions taking the 
 place of fits in the city nomenclature about 
 the year 1825. Worms, however, held 
 their ground until 1876-1877. In 1873, we 
 took up the cause of these innocent en- 
 tozoa in the medical societies of the city, 
 and with some success, for there is not a 
 single case of death ascribed to them in the 
 health report for 1883. 
 
 Thrush is another disease that plays an 
 important role in our vital statistics. The 
 first death records we have are for the year 
 1815, and two deaths from this cause took 
 place that year, and from that time until 
 1875 it appears annually in the reports. In 
 1874, there were no less than thirty-seven 
 deaths attributed to its direful influences. 
 It has since gradually disappeared, and in 
 
 the report for 1883 the note of the thrush 
 is heard no more. We find, however, in 
 one year since 1875 a single death from 
 apthae. 
 
 Flux and mortification were two notable 
 diseases in the early history of the city. No 
 less than seventeen persons died of mortifi- 
 cation in 1817. People must have been 
 more sensitive in those days, for very fe^v 
 die now from this cause, owing to the fact 
 that the race has become pachydermatous 
 in the process of time. 
 
 There are 167 deaths reported from 
 cholera morbus in 181 5; only seventeen in 
 1883. There were 108 deaths from pleurisy 
 in that year, while, strange to say, not a sin- 
 gle case is returned for 1883. 
 
 Colic is one of the diseases that killed a 
 great many persons in olden times, if we 
 may judge by the statements furnished us; 
 eight deaths are reported in 1815, and it 
 holds its place in the annual reports, either 
 as simple colic, cramp colic or bilious colic, 
 until the year 1878, when two deaths occur. 
 In 1854, it assumed an epidemic form, and 
 III deaths are reported from that cause. 
 Colic reached its acme in 1871 when 271 fell 
 victims to this insidious and painful affec- 
 tion. There were only five deaths from 
 colic in 1883. Since then it has disap- 
 peared, it is hoped, forever. 
 
 There were 218 deaths from consumption 
 in 1815 and 321 in 1821. The population 
 of Baltimore in 18 15 was about 40,000. In 
 1883, when the population had increased 
 to 360,000, the mortality from this disease 
 numbered only 272, not six times as many 
 deaths as in 1815. The total mortality, too, 
 of the city in that year was very great. 
 
 Ivast year, 1896, when the population had 
 increased to 550,000 the returns for phthisis 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 were 1.122, a decrease of nineteen as com- 
 pared with the year 1895. 
 
 The improved condition of the health of 
 the city is no doubt due to the general 
 drainage and filling up of the low grounds, 
 as well as the better knowledge of sanitary 
 laws. Typhus fever occupied a prominent 
 place in the mortality records of the past. 
 There were eighty-five deaths from this 
 fever in 1815; and we find a number of cases 
 reported every year until 1848, 1849, 1850, 
 when there was a very great increase, 143 
 deaths being reported in 1849. In 1847, 
 there are but twenty-nine deaths given as 
 the result of typhus, yet there are 106 as- 
 cribed to ship fever. This would appear a 
 very queer distinction at this time, as ship 
 fever is certainly a bad form of typhus. 
 There is one death from "nervous fever" 
 in 181 5, and there are cases reported an- 
 nually for some years afterwards. It dis- 
 appeared as a cause of death in the mor- 
 tality tables about the year 1827, to re- 
 appear in 1843 when two cases are reported, 
 three in 1845 and three in 1849, when it 
 gives place to typhoid fever, which first 
 made its appearance in 1851, seventy-one 
 deaths naving occurred from this newly 
 recognized disease in that year. 
 
 Influenza was also an important trouble 
 in former times, twenty-five deaths being 
 caused by it in 1815; thirty-two in 1830; 
 forty- five in 1832, and thirty cases in 1844. 
 During the last mentioned year it was called 
 the "Tyler grip," in compliment to the dis- 
 tinguished President of that name, who, 
 having thwarted the expectations of the 
 Whigs of that day, produced in these pa- 
 triots colicky pains of a very trying char- 
 acter. St. Anthony's Fire and St. Vitus' 
 Dance claim an important place in the old 
 
 nomenclature. These papistical diseases 
 disappear about the time of the "Know 
 Nothing" party, when they went over to 
 the "Greek" communion, under the names 
 of Erysipelas and Cholera. 
 
 The old Saxon disease, flux, obtained a 
 place until about the year 1830; there were 
 six deaths from it in 1815. There is one 
 death from "bleeding" reported in the same 
 year. This surely must be an error, for if 
 profane history speaks truly a great many 
 persons fell by the wayside, pierced by the 
 lance. 
 
 Hydrophobia is noted as a cause of death 
 in all the early records of the city, but there 
 are only one or two deaths reported an- 
 nually. The ignorant seemed to think this 
 disease a reproach, and consequently there 
 are no deaths recorded from this cause be- 
 tween 1850 and i860. So great, however, 
 was the fear of hydrophobia that a society 
 was formed in 1814 by the medical men of 
 the city for its prevention. There are a 
 great many persons at the present time who 
 suffer from the bites of dogs, but they re- 
 sort to an old remedy, the hair of the vicious 
 animal, with the happiest results. 
 
 There is nothing notable in the Health 
 Records for 1816. In 1817 there are 214 
 deaths from cholera morbus. Strange to 
 say, in 1832, when 853 persons died from 
 true cholera, only two deaths from cholera 
 morbus are noted. In this year, however, 
 322 children fell victims to cholera infan- 
 tum. Only 473 succumbed to this disease 
 in 1883. Cholera infantum must have been 
 a formidable trouble in past times, for the 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty offered a 
 prize of $50 in 1822 for the best essay on 
 the subject, which was awarded to Doctor 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Cartwright, of Mississippi. This paper, 
 which is sensible enough in its way, would 
 not be considered an extraordinary produc- 
 tion in this age. 
 
 The Health Records for 1818, 1819 are 
 missing, a fact much to be deplored, inas- 
 much as a severe epidemic of yellow fever 
 prevailed in the last mentioned year. 
 
 Intemperance, delirium tremens and 
 mania a potu do not appear in the mortality 
 records until after the year 1820. This may 
 be accounted for by the fact that these dis- 
 eases were not recognized until the begin- 
 ning of the nineteenth century. It is true 
 Doctor Rush wrote on the subject of in- 
 ebriety in the last century, but delirium 
 tremens, as a disease, was first described by 
 Doctor Sutton, of Kent, England, where 
 it made its appearance during the wars of 
 Napoleon, owing to the immense quantity 
 of brandy smuggled across the channel. 
 
 In 182 1 there were 29 deaths from intem- 
 perance in Baltimore; 47 in 1822; 50 in 
 1836; yet, strange to say, there are but 42 
 deaths ascribed to this cause in the year 
 1883. No doubt Bright's disease, cirrhosis 
 of the liver, asthenia, spanaemia, anaemia, 
 neurasthenia, adymania, etc., are polite 
 names for the old trouble. To show how 
 unreliable as a rule statistics are, it may 
 be stated here that, whilst ten times the 
 quantity of alcohol is consumed now com- 
 pared with the amount in 1832. yet the 
 mortality report of 1896 shows but 27 deaths 
 from intemperance. 
 
 There is one death recorded in 1821 from 
 indigestion. This disease disappears for a 
 great many years from the records, but 
 makes its appearance in the last report of 
 the Health Commissioner in 1883, when 6 
 deaths are laid to its charge. 
 
 Dyspepsia was recognized as a cause of 
 death until 1875, and five deaths were at- 
 tributed to it in 1849. There is one death 
 from pemphigey in 1822, and one from yaivs 
 in 1827. 
 
 In 1824 there were two deaths from 
 amenorrhoea, and one from Divine Provi- 
 dence. A great deal was laid to the ac- 
 count of Divine Providence in those days, 
 as well as the visitation of God. My old 
 preceptor. Dr. Samuel Annan, who was 
 physician to the almshouse, incurred the 
 displeasure of the Rev. Robert Brecken- 
 ridge, a noted polemic of the time, who 
 wrote a letter for the public journals, com- 
 mencing thus: "Doctor Annan, by the vis- 
 itation of God, physician to the alms- 
 house," etc. 
 
 Deaths from the bites of spiders appear 
 in the records of several years. There is 
 one death from the "bite of a dog that was 
 chained in the yard" mentioned in 1822. 
 
 After the year 1830 the names of diseases 
 assume a more scientific character, though 
 we still find one death from piles in 1836; 
 one from phthisis, and two from spleen in 
 1840. In 1839 there was one death from 
 the "sting of a wasp" and two from "affec- 
 tion of the nerves;" one from constipation. 
 In 1836 thirty-two cases of "sudden death" 
 are found in the mortality statement of the 
 year. 
 
 Suicide appears to be influenced by an 
 epidemic wave. There were ten deaths from 
 this cause in 1836; only six in 1871, and 
 twenty-six are reported in 1883; forty- 
 eight in 1896. 
 
 The reports of the cholera epidemic in 
 1832 are not very clear or explicit. The 
 tables referred to in the beginning of this 
 article give 853 as the number of deaths in 
 
500 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 that year from this cause. Of the 853 deaths 
 from cholera, 502 were white and 351 col- 
 ored persons. This is a very singular cir- 
 cumstance and worthy of examination. 
 
 The population in 1832 was 160,000, 
 about one-fourth of the present number 
 (1896). The number of inhabitants in 1883, 
 when this investigation was concluded, was 
 320,000. In 1832, the year of cholera, 
 strange to say, there was not a higher death 
 rate than obtains at the present time. 
 It is a remarkable fact that there was only 
 one death reported from diarrhoea in that 
 year. There were, however, 114 deaths 
 from influenza and 40 from intemperance. 
 
 This term influenza must have been used 
 in a very ambiguous way, for there are no 
 deaths ascribed to it from this time until 
 1843, when nine deaths are given; four are 
 again reported in 1849. In the old records 
 mumps, hives, chicken-pox, quinsy and tic- 
 dodeleloreux appear as causes of death. We 
 have learned to control these ailments now, 
 owing to the great advance of science. 
 
 Deaths from "cold water" are noted in 
 the old reports, but in the year 1848, when 
 a gentleman of classic acquirements was 
 appointed to the Health Board we find the 
 term changed to "haustae aquae frigidac." 
 Diabetes did not appear as a cau.se of death 
 until 1851. 
 
 From an examination of the mortality 
 statistics of the city it is discovered that 
 small-pox prevails as an endemic about 
 every five years, and as an epidemic about 
 every eight or ten years. There were 79 
 deaths in 1832 and 71 in 1834; 52 deaths in 
 1837, and 71 in 1838. It returns again in 
 1845-1846; again in 1850 and 1851; then 
 in 1858, in which year there were 310 
 deaths. It reappeared in 1862. when there 
 
 were 252 fatal cases, and in 1863, when 
 there were 436. In 1872, 896 persons died 
 of small-pox. Since that time it has, owing 
 to strict vaccination, entirely disappeared. 
 
 In 1847, 1848 and 1849 there was an out- 
 break of typhus. In the first mentioned 
 106 deaths were ascribed to ship fever. Ty- 
 phoid fever first appears as a cause of death 
 in 1 85 1, when 71 persons died from it. 
 From this time typhus disappears from the 
 health reports until 1854, when there were 
 190 cases given and 95 of typhoid fever. 
 There are three or four cases annually 
 given, up to the year 1851, of "nervous fe- 
 ver." but after that time it is not mentioned. 
 
 Cholera and yellow^ fever both prevailed 
 to a limited e.xtent in 1854, yet the health 
 reports do not afford evidence of the fact. 
 There are but two cases of cholera men- 
 tioned and not a single one of yellow fever. 
 The health officer of that year denies the 
 existence of cholera. This denial is couched 
 in such grand and beautiful language that 
 I am constrained to give an extract: "Dur- 
 ing the past summer the people of Balti- 
 more w-ere kept in a continuous state of ex- 
 citement in consequence of the extensive 
 cholera reports pouring in from almost 
 every city and town in the Union, conse- 
 quently every case of cholera morbus oc- 
 curring from ordinary causes was magni- 
 fied into cholera asphyxia," etc. He at- 
 tributes this unhappy condition to the ig- 
 norance of young Esculapians, whose am- 
 bition far exceeds their knowledge, and he 
 grievously deplores the loss of the "fall 
 trade" to the city occasioned by their want 
 of medical acumen." He then argues that 
 inasmuch as there were but 95 more adult 
 deaths in 1854, for the months of June, 
 Jnlv, ;\ugust and September, than for tlie 
 
(^^^7^^^^^ /^ ^^j^.^.^^^^^ A. /^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 same months in 1853. cholera could not 
 possibly have prevailed. He reports, how- 
 ever, 129 deaths from cholera morbus for 
 the year; only 17 cases are reported in 
 1883. He also reports 395 deaths from 
 cholera infantum, about the same number 
 as reported in 1882, the population being 
 about twice as large. As we attended cases 
 of Asiatic cholera in Baltimore in 1854 the 
 report of the Health Commissioner is nec- 
 essarily inaccurate. One of the good re- 
 sults of this outbreak was the destruction 
 of the pig sties and the removal of the whole 
 porcine tribe from the city, the possession 
 of which they had maintained from its 
 earliest foundation. 
 
 CITY GARBAGE SYSTEM. 
 In the same year. 1S54. a new garbage 
 system for the city was instituted. The 
 Health Commissioner in his report of that 
 year prefaces his remarks with the follow- 
 ing heading: 
 
 " Family Intim.^cv with the System— A Sys- 
 tem of Morals Enforced." 
 
 " The garbage system may now be considered 
 in complete and successful operation, indeed, such 
 has been the intimacy cultivated between fami- 
 lies and the system, that seldom are domestic ar- 
 rangements made for the day without including 
 in the catalogue the visit of the garbage man. 
 
 " An ample system of ethics has also been suc- 
 cessfully engrafted upon the entire street cleaning 
 department ; besides faithfulness and vigilance, 
 strict sobriety is demanded, etc." 
 
 We very much fear that the street cleaning de- 
 partment has deteriorated since 1854, and that a 
 looser system of ethics now obtains. 
 
 As before mentioned, yellow fever pre- 
 vailed in 1854 in an endemic form as in the 
 previous year, but it does not appear in the 
 health reports of those years; suppressed, 
 no doubt, to save the "fall trade." The 
 Citv Phvsician alludes to it, however, in a 
 
 mild form in his report for 1854. He says: 
 "It is true that at one time, in August and 
 September last, we were threatened with a 
 lengthened visitation from that scourge of 
 disease which was a type of yellow fever; 
 but by precautionary measures immediately 
 adopted by the Board, the disease did not 
 spread beyond Will's Block and Philpot 
 streets and Canton avenue, the same local- 
 ity in which it had .ippeared the previous 
 year." The number of cases was between 
 fortv and fifty, of which about one-half 
 proved fatal. There were twenty-eight 
 deaths from yellow fever in 1855 not re- 
 ported. These were refugees from Norfolk 
 who were seized with the malady after 
 reaching our city. Singular as it may seem, 
 only one person attacked that year recov- 
 ered, a little child. The Romans never re- 
 port the death of strangers, fearing it may 
 injure the reputation of the city; our health 
 authorities in the past adopted the same 
 prudent policy. In 1878 there was an out- 
 break of yellow fever of the African type 
 in the same locality. 
 
 This vear, 1.854, was a remarkable one, 
 if we may judge by the report of interments; 
 106 persons died of casualty. It was in this 
 year that the dreadful accident occurred on 
 the Northern Central Railway, an accident 
 that involved the lives of so many people. 
 Seventy-one women died in child-bed. Sev- 
 eral of our prominent physicians gave up 
 practice for a time, on account of the preva- 
 lence of puerpural fever. 
 
 There is but one single death reported 
 from cholera between the years 1834 and 
 1866. The outbreak in 1866 occurred in 
 October of that year. In Elbow Lane, in 
 one square, twenty cases developed in two 
 days among the negroes. The Board of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Health at once took decisive measures. 
 Every person, both sick and well, was re- 
 moved to the quarantine grounds, the sick 
 placed in the hospital, and others in the 
 barracks. Not a single case occurred after 
 the removal, either in the alley or among 
 the removed persons. The disease was very 
 malignant, for out of all those attacked only 
 one recovered. Death frequently took 
 place in twelve hours, the characteristic 
 collapse coming on after one or two dis- 
 charges from the bowels. 
 
 The Board of Health took possession of 
 the houses, destroyed all the clothing, 
 fumigated and disinfected the whole neigh- 
 borhood, and after ten days' absence al- 
 lowed the people to return. 
 
 There are four deaths from cholera re- 
 ported in 1877 and two in 1879. These 
 must have been aggravated cases of cholera 
 morbus, unless we recognize the dc nozv 
 theory of disease. 
 
 In the year 1871, 184 died from old age. 
 There were in the same year 142 deaths 
 from dropsy and 165 from "dropsy in the 
 head." There are only 74 deaths attributed 
 to dropsy in 1883. In 1896, the past year, 
 41 cases of all forms of dropsy, general, 
 cardiac and abdominal, are reported. Un- 
 der the head of hydrocephalus 25 cases are 
 given in the saine year. Three persons died 
 of old age in 1896. In 1854, 13 died from 
 dyspepsia, and 5 in 1883. This disease does 
 not appear at all in the health report for 
 1896. 
 
 There were 15 fatal cases of sunstroke in 
 1854; only 2 are reported for 1883; how- 
 ever, 44 deaths are noted from this cause in 
 1872, which was a very hot year in Balti- 
 more. 
 
 l-'.pidcmics from measles and whooping 
 
 cough occur periodically; 314 deaths from 
 measles took place in 1852, and 297 from 
 whooping cough in 1857. In 1883, twenty- 
 seven years later, there were but 473 deaths 
 from this disease. Debility seems to be a 
 singular trouble. One death from this 
 cause is found in the mortality report of 
 185 1 ; 175 in 1854 and only 7 in 1883. This 
 increased strength on the part of our popu- 
 lation must be attributed to the generous 
 use of iron, which is given on every occa- 
 sion to everybody for curing every con- 
 ceivable ailment. 
 
 Neuralgia is annually reported as a cause 
 of death until 1875. There is one death, 
 however, ascribed to it in 1877. Cases of 
 death from child-birth are becoming less 
 frequent, as only 14 are given in the report 
 of 1883, and but 26 in this current year 
 (1896). 
 
 The history of croup in this city is worthy 
 of study. In 1848, when diphtheria was 
 entirely unknown, there were 165 deaths 
 from croup; 229 in 1855, and in i860, 293. 
 In this last mentioned year diphtheria first 
 appeared. Seven deaths from it are re- 
 ported that year, and no less than 707 in 
 1882. Croup, as a consequence, falls ofif in 
 the death statements. We find only 201 
 deaths from this cause in the year 1883. and 
 32 reported for this year (1896). 
 
 Bright's disease was first recognized in 
 Baltimore in 1859, when one single case 
 is reported. There is no mention of this 
 disease in 1870-71 ; in 1872 but 4 are given; 
 15 in 1873, and from this time the number 
 has increased yearly until 1883, when 115 
 fatal cases are reported. Our latest record 
 (1897) gives 228 deaths from this cause. 
 
 We much desire to know the name of the 
 medical man who reported the first death 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 503 
 
 from this dreadful scourge in 1869. He 
 would rank as a modern medical Columbus. 
 In the mortality tables of 1870 there are 
 1,079 deaths credited to "unknown infan- 
 tile" and 144 to "unknown adult." In 1883 
 there are but 42 "unknown infantile" and 
 18 "adult." 
 
 Cerebro-spinal meningitis first appears as 
 a cause of death in Baltimore in 1872. Dur- 
 ing that year 53 fatal cases occurred ; 49 in 
 1873, and 37 in 1874. In 1883 the number 
 of deaths reported was 42, and for 1896, 32 
 are given. 
 
 Inanition as a cause of death is first men- 
 tioned in 1893, when one death is given; 
 there are no fatal cases from it in 1875, yet 
 in 1876 no less than 152 are reported. 
 
 Uraemia first appears in 1874 and Addi- 
 son's disease in 1875. 
 
 The ordinance establishing the Bureau of 
 Vital Statistics went into operation in 1875, 
 since which time the mortality reports have 
 been more reliable and of a more scientific 
 character. In 1875, the death nomenclature 
 is increased by the addition of albuminuria, 
 anaemia, anginapectoris, adenitis, asthenia, 
 anasarca, asphyxia, embolism, entero-co- 
 litis, pyaemia, progressive locomotor ataxy, 
 septicaemia and other equally destroying 
 terms. 
 
 Cirrhosis of the liver first makes its ap- 
 pearance in this fruitful year. 1878 was also 
 fertile in new names. There was one victim 
 of melanaemia, one from otorrhoea and one 
 from pemphigus. 
 
 Dyspepsia disappeared this year, but indi- 
 gestion took its place, one death being re- 
 ported from this cause. There is one death 
 from "imperfect circulation" in 1877. It 
 seems that this trouble is understated, as we 
 are convinced that a large number of per- 
 sons die from imperfect circulation. 
 
 In 1877 there is one death reported from 
 "regurgitation;" one from coryza, and one 
 from chlorosis. 
 
 Tvpho-malarial fever, now so common, 
 is first mentioned in 1876, and malarial fe- 
 ver in 1877. 
 
 A very amusing item which must not be 
 overlooked is to be found in one of the 
 reports, viz: "histeritis" in the male. 
 
 The foregong brings the mortality rec- 
 ords up to the year 1883 and will be found 
 nearly correct. 
 
 1896. 
 
 The report of the Health Department for 
 1896 affords some interesting statements. 
 The number of deaths from all causes is 
 given as 9,919. The annual death rate per 
 1,000 is stated as being 19.60. 
 
 Annual death rate per 1,000 white popu- 
 lation, 17.66. 
 
 Annual death rate per 1,000 colored pop- 
 ulation, 30.76. 
 
 Annual death rate per 1,000, total, 19.60. 
 
 There are many new causes of disease 
 given in this report. Adynaemia (cidy- 
 namia is no doubt meant) claims 2 victims; 
 adernitis, i ; athernoma, i ; chorosis, i ; 
 dentition, 68; indigestion, 1 1 ; ichorrhaemia, 
 i; leucaemia, 6; lymphadenoma, 2; neu- 
 rasthenia, 7; noma, i : pemphigus, i ; salpin- 
 gitis, i; stomatitis, 2; synovitis, i; spondy- 
 litis, i; scorbutus, i; varicella, i; worms, i. 
 
 Appendicitis, which did not appear in the 
 earlier health reports of the city, proved fa- 
 tal in 25 cases in 1896. 
 
 CONCLUSIOX. 
 
 Wh.\t Baltimore Physicians Have 
 
 Done in the Past. 
 
 The labors of the medical men of Bal- 
 timore are well worthy of remembrance. 
 According to Ouinan's Annals they estab- 
 
504 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 lished and maintained at their own expense 
 for years the only inoculating hospital in 
 America (1769); they employed vaccina- 
 tion in Baltimore in 1800; they introduced 
 into Maryland and extended thence over 
 the whole United States the practice of vac- 
 cination; they established the first vaccine 
 institution in the United States (1802); they 
 secured the passage of the first State law in 
 the United States for the gratuitous dis- 
 tribution of vaccine matter (1809); they 
 founded the fourth medical college in the 
 United States (1807); they published the 
 third medical journal in the United States 
 (1808); they established the first college of 
 dentistry in the world (1839) and published 
 the first entirely original work in America 
 on dentistry (Chapin Harris, 1839); they 
 were the first in the United Stares to pub- 
 lish a systematic treatise on diseases of the 
 eye (George Frick, 1824); they were the 
 first in the United States to produce an 
 original and systematic treatise on Ameri- 
 can Natural History (I. D. Godman, 1831); 
 they were among the first in the United 
 States to publish a systematic treatise on 
 materia medica (Zollicoffer's, 1819); they 
 were the first in the United States to pub- 
 lish a thesis advocating the propriety and 
 practicability of ovariotomy (Dr. James 
 Coke, 1804); they were the first in the 
 United States to tie the gluteal artery for 
 aneurism (I. B. Davidge); they were the 
 first in the United States to perform myo- 
 
 tomy by subcutaneous incisions (N. R. 
 Smith, 1828); they were the first in Amer- 
 ica to successfully tie both carotids at a 
 short interval in the same subject (W. D. 
 Macgill, 1823); they were the first in the 
 world to ligate the common iliac artery 
 (Gibson, 1812); they were the first in the 
 world to divide the recti muscles of the eye 
 for strabismus (W. Gibson, 1822, seventeen 
 years before Dififenbach) ; they were the 
 first in America (if not in advance of Great 
 Britain also) in extirpating the entire paro- 
 tid gland (I. B. Davidge, 1823); they were 
 among the first in the United States to re- 
 move the entire lower jaws for osteosarcoma 
 (Baxley, 1839); they have furnished the 
 best lithotome the world possesses (N. R. 
 Smith's, 1831); they have furnished the 
 best apparatus yet invented for fracture of 
 the lower extremity (Smith's Anterior 
 Splint); they were the first in America to 
 excise the cervix uteri (H. G. Jameson, 
 1823); they were the first to show that the 
 dumb-bell crystals in the urine were not (as 
 taught by Bird) peculiar to oxalate of lime 
 (Charles Frick, 1850); they were the first 
 in the world to successfully perform the 
 caesarean section twice on the same subject, 
 with safety to both mother and child in each 
 operation (W. Gibson, 1834. 1827). 
 
 The foregoing record is but a part of the 
 medical achievements of the physicians and 
 surgeons of Baltimore. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 Baltimore the Cradle of Dentistry and the Dental Profession. 
 
 To-Day Stomatologists, not Dentists, are Graduated. 
 
 By Richard Grady, M. D., D. D. S. 
 
 Though attention to the teeth as a spec- 
 ialty seems to have had some recognition, 
 even in ancient times, it was left for the 
 nineteenth century to develop for dentistry 
 anything like a position of credit as a de- 
 partment of surgery. The blacksmith, the 
 barber and the watchmaker are remembered 
 by many still living, as the only persons to 
 whom the sufferer from an aching tooth 
 could apply with hope of relief; and the pro- 
 cess was one of muscularity rather than dex- 
 terity or scientific method. 
 
 It was not until within the present century 
 that sulphuric ether, nitrous oxide gas, 
 chloroform and a number of other general 
 anaesthetics, were discovered. To practi- 
 tioners of dentistry, the discovery or appli- 
 cation of such properties in ether and ni- 
 trous oxide is due. 
 
 In 1837 the first dental lectures in Amer- 
 ica were delivered in the University of 
 ^Maryland by Dr. Horace H. Hayden, one of 
 the earliest practitioners of dentistry in Bal- 
 timore. Doctor Hayden was the first to rec- 
 ognize the necessity of systematizing the 
 knowledge collected by individual experi- 
 ence, and as early as 1817 endeavored un- 
 successfully to form an Association of 
 American Dentists. He practiced in Balti- 
 more from 1804 to 1843. 
 
 It will probably be news to most persons 
 
 to know that Baltimore has the distinction 
 of having instituted the first dental college 
 in the world, and of having originated the 
 degree of D. D. S., Doctor of Dental Sur- 
 gery, now used in all parts of Europe and 
 wherever modern science has gained recog- 
 nition throughout the world. Yes, such is 
 the case. For many years the Baltimore 
 College of Dental Surgery was the only in- 
 stitution of its kind in the world. It was 
 chartered in 1839 by an act of the Legisla- 
 ture of the State of Maryland with this fac- 
 ulty: H. H. Hayden, M. D., Professor of 
 Physiology and Pathology; A. W. Baxley, 
 M. D., Professor of Anatomy; C. A. Harris, 
 M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice 
 of Dentistry; and Thomas E. Bond, M. D., 
 Professor of Therapeutics. 
 
 For this reason Baltimore may be said to 
 be the cradle of dentistry and the dental pro- 
 fession. Perhaps of no other (equal) pro- 
 fession can it be said, as of dentistry, that its 
 evolution is embraced within the span of 
 one human life. There are men living to- 
 day who were in practice in the time of its 
 humble beginnings. 
 
 It is a pleasing record for the medical pro- 
 l fession to look back on and see that all en- 
 i gaged in this movement were graduates in 
 j niedicine (the medical portion of the faculty 
 ' being graduates of the University of Mary- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 land). The practical inauguration of the 
 new college presented a difficulty well 
 known in .-Xmerica, where professors often 
 outnumbered students. At length five legit- 
 imate students of dentistry were found to 
 covet the honor of the new title D. D. S., and 
 the first course of instruction was given in 
 the winter of 1840-41. The didactic lec- 
 tures were delivered in a small room pub- 
 licly situated, but the teaching of practical 
 anatomy demanded privacy, and other pru- 
 dential considerations also suggested the 
 use for that purpose of a secluded stable 
 ]oft, the prejudice of the community against 
 dissection having shown itself some years 
 before, when a mob demolished an anatomi- 
 cal building on the site now occupied by the 
 Hotel Rennert. It was not the first time 
 that the modest place of a manger became 
 the scene of an event leading to infinite re- 
 sults. And looking to the vast achieve- 
 ments in dental science following the stable- 
 loft beginning, the statement of the fact may 
 encourage others. 
 
 Doctor Bond, in his valedictory address to 
 the graduates of the Baltimore College of 
 Dental Surgery, at its first commencement, 
 March, 1841, says: "You have been taught 
 that Dental Surgery is not a mere art sep- 
 arate from, and independent of, general 
 medicine; but that it is an important branch 
 of the science of cure. Your knowledge 
 has been based on extensive and accurate 
 anatomical investigation. You have seen 
 and traced out the e.x(|uisitely beautiful ma- 
 chinery by which the organism is ever\- 
 where knit together. You have learned the 
 secrets of ner\nus conmnmication, and 
 studied the sim])le, yet admirable, arrange- 
 ment by which niUrition is drawn b\- each 
 part from the common receptacle of 
 
 strength. You have also carefully exam- 
 ined the phenomena of health and disease, 
 as they are manifested in the dental arch, its 
 connections and relations. Your attention 
 has been particularly directed to the ef?ect 
 of irritation on the general health, and you 
 have seen how readily organs apparently 
 unconnected and independent may be in- 
 volved in mutual disease. You have been 
 taught to regard the human body as a com- 
 plete whole, united in all its parts, and per- 
 vaded everywhere by strong and active sym- 
 pathies ; and your principles of practice have 
 been carefully formed on a sound knowl- 
 edge of general medicine." 
 
 The progress made from that time in this 
 country is phenomenal. From the record 
 of but one practicing dentist here prior to 
 the war for .American independence, the list 
 has grown rapidly, till to-day we have more 
 than fifteen thousand dentists, and still they 
 come by hundreds a year, as graduates from 
 nearly sixty dental colleges and dental de- 
 partments of universities throughout the 
 Unign. 
 
 Most of the States have passed dental 
 laws: Alabama was the first, as early as 
 1841. Maryland passed a dental law in 
 1884, and the folloaving having been recom- 
 mended by the practitioners in the State "as 
 eminently qualified to discharge the duties 
 devolving upon a Board of Dental Examin- 
 ers," were then appointed by fuivernor Mc- 
 Lane the first Board, and all of them have 
 been re-appointed at times since by succeed- 
 ing Goyernors of Maryland: E. P. Keech, 
 M. D., D. D. S., President, Baltimore; C. E. 
 Duck, D. D. S., Baltimore; T. S. Waters, D. 
 D. S., Baltimore; Edward Nelson, D. D. S., 
 Frederick; Richard Grady, M. D., D. D. S., 
 Secretarv, Baltimore. Much has been done 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 507 
 
 toward hastening legislative action in every 
 State by the well organized and concerted 
 action of dental societies. There is a State 
 Dental Association, but the only incorpor- 
 ated local organization is the Association 
 of Dental Surgeons, formed October i6, 
 1888, and managed the first year by five di- 
 rectors, namely, Richard Grady, William A. 
 Mills, William S. Twilley, Charles E. Duck 
 and Adalbert J. Volck. The first officers 
 were Richard Grady, President; William A. 
 Mills, Vice-President; and William S. Twil- 
 ley, Secretary-Treasurer. Regular monthly 
 business and social meetings are held in the 
 ofifices of the members, at which papers are 
 read and incidents of office practice dis- 
 cussed. The present officers and members 
 are: A. J. Volck, President; J. G. Heuisler. 
 Mce-President; Richard Grady, Secretary- 
 Treasurer; C. E. Duck, W. A. Mills. H. A. 
 Wilson, M. G. Sykes, S. L. LeCron, W. S 
 Twilley, C. C. Harris, C. J. Grieves, A. C. 
 McCurdy, E. E. Cruzen. 
 
 The first dental periodical in the world 
 was also established in 1839 and named the 
 American Journal of Dental Science. It 
 was conducted under the editorial charge of 
 Dr. Chapin A. Harris, of Baltimore. F. J. 
 S. Gorgas, M. D., D. D. S., and Richard 
 (irady, M. D., D. D. S., of this city, are the 
 present editors, and it is published by the 
 Snowden & Cowman Manufacturing Co., 
 Baltimore, and Trubner & Co., London. 
 
 The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery 
 was organized with the design of teaching 
 dentistry as a regular branch of medicine, 
 in which relation only it can be regarded as 
 a scientific pursuit and the practice of it es- 
 teemed a profession; and the 1897 claim is: 
 "To-day we are graduating stomatologists, 
 not dentists. What is a stomatologist but a 
 
 man who has charge of the mouth? Noth- 
 ing more nor less, and he must be as 
 thoroughly educated in the fundamental 
 branches of medicine as the medical man 
 himself." No one at the present day ques- 
 tions the position of dentistry as a branch of 
 the healing art, and as such a specialty in 
 medicine. The individual members of the 
 profession who have done most to secure 
 recognition for the body corporate have 
 been liberally or medically educated men. 
 It was through the efforts and personal 
 standing of these men that the profession 
 was seated as a body in the American Medi- 
 cal Association. 
 
 At the time of the birth of this new pro- 
 fession there were about twelve hundred 
 practitioners of dentistry in America, more 
 than half of whom were ignorant, incapable 
 men, whose knowledge was composed of a 
 few secrets which they had purchased at 
 fabulous prices from some other charlatans. 
 Three or four weeks they considered ample 
 time in which to attain all the knowledge 
 necessary to the pursuit of a successful call- 
 ing. Contrast the past with the present. 
 The period of instruction now is three terms 
 of six to nine months each ; the work of the 
 student is pursued systematically, it being- 
 necessary that the studies of each year be 
 completed before admission to a succeeding 
 year's work is granted: at the end of the 
 third year final examinations are exacted in 
 the several branches, when the applicant for 
 the dental degree must exhibit at least sev- 
 enty per cent, familiarity with each subject 
 in which he has received instruction. 
 
 Experience has taught that three years is 
 the least time in which the average young 
 man can. with the very best instruction, 
 qualify himself properly to practice den- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tistrv. To understand this may be some- 
 what difficult for the laity, but did they un- 
 derstand the importance of this preparation 
 they would insist that all young graduates 
 whom they employ should have received it. 
 
 Dentistry is a peculiar calling, requiring 
 a variety of talents and qualifications as the 
 mechanism is exceedingly intricate and in- 
 volves some of the most important princi- 
 ples. Take, for instance, making artificial 
 teeth. When practiced with the skill which 
 its importance demands it is a difficult me- 
 chanical pursuit. It involves manipulation 
 of gold in many cases as intricate as in any 
 branch of jewelry; of working platinum and 
 fusing minerals; of making gum bodies and 
 imitating the natural gum, and the manipu- 
 lation of rubber and other materials for that 
 purpose. Each requires a dififerent system. 
 Filling teeth simply as a mechanical opera- 
 tion is a most difficult pursuit and great ex- 
 cellence is reached by but few. Then in the 
 preparation of artificial teeth such a knowl- 
 edge of art is required that when properly 
 done, the denture shall be so life-like in color 
 and shape and so conformed to the contour 
 and grace lines of the face as to conceal the 
 fact that they are artificial. 
 
 Now here are two trades and an art com- 
 bined in the filling of teeth and the making 
 of artificial teeth. Added to this a dentist 
 should be as well educated in the funda- 
 mental principles of medicine as he should 
 be if he were to treat the various diseases of 
 the eye, the ear, or any other separate organ 
 of the body. To understand this he must 
 understand general anatomy, the general 
 principles of chemistry, physiology, pathol- 
 ogy, the nature of therapeutical remedies as 
 well as the general principles of surgery. 
 In fact no man can make an intelligent prac- 
 
 titioner in the treatment and care of any dis- 
 ease of the body unless he understands the 
 general principles that underlie the treat- 
 ment of all other diseases. To meet the de- 
 mand dental colleges have partial courses 
 of medical teachings, and some of the 
 schools are conducted in connection with 
 medical colleges where these principles are 
 taught by regular medical professors as fully 
 as in the teaching of medical students, and 
 dental students are required to pass the 
 same examination. 
 
 The presence of women in the dental pro- 
 fession is one more star in the escutcheon 
 of a profession that has advanced more rap- 
 idly from its birth than any other. Dentists 
 have seemed to agree that nothing is im- 
 possible; prejudice has nowhere an abiding 
 place. They are willing to cast out old 
 ideas and accept new theories, put them to 
 the test, and if good, assign them a place in 
 the dental curriculum. Even so have they 
 accepted women. They have extended to 
 them the right hand of fellowship and given 
 them a place in the front ranks. The pro- 
 fession generally has accepted the female 
 sex gracefully, not as a necessary evil, but 
 as a power for good, knowing that the wo- 
 men who have joined their ranks are from 
 good social strata, and must eventually ele- 
 vate the calling socially and professionally. 
 Dental societies have given them a welcome 
 and assigned them duties in public meet- 
 ings. 
 
 About twenty-five w'omen dentists at- 
 tended the World's Columbian Dental Con- 
 gress, all of whom were members of recog- 
 nized dental societies, with the exception of 
 three foreign representatives. They contrib- 
 uted some papers of no common interest 
 in several sections, including one on "Aler- 
 
/L<_oXc^U,7t/ ^,'C<^^//, (jUy. ^ , ^ ^ , S. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 511 
 
 curie Chloride as a Germicide," which 
 showed a famiHarity with the operations of 
 bacteriological research as yet possessed by 
 few dentists. 
 
 Women are admitted to the Baltimore 
 College of Dental Surgery, subject to the 
 same requirements as men: one woman 
 graduate in dentistry is now practicing in 
 Baltimore. 
 
 The dentists of to-day can well quote an 
 American humorist's saying — "The amount 
 that the ancients didn't know is volumin- 
 ous" — and not be far astray. Note a few 
 appliances considered indispensable now, 
 which were unknown: The operating chair, 
 with all its conveniences: the lathe; napkins; 
 duct compressors; the hand, the automatic, 
 and the electrical mallets; the dental engine 
 in its various forms; the rubber dam; the 
 diiiferent forms of gold; and many, many 
 other appliances of minor, yet of great, 
 importance to the dental operator. 
 
 The discovery of the cohesiveness of gold 
 laid the foundation for a new era in opera- 
 tive dentistry, and the discoverer who made 
 it known in 1855 and shared it with the 
 whole profession was Dr. Robert Arthur, of 
 Baltimore, one of the two regular graduates 
 of the first class of the Baltimore College of 
 Dental Surgery. 
 
 Great improvements have also been made 
 in prosthetic dentistry. Artificial teeth 
 were rudely inserted in early days by bands 
 attaching them to adjoining natural ones. 
 Later both teeth and base were carved out 
 of ivory or bone, and, as a consequence, 
 but ill adapted for fit comfort and 
 use. Natural as well as human teeth, and 
 also those of animals, were attached to bone 
 bases. Still later metallic plates holding 
 mineral teeth were used, either clasped by 
 
 bands to natural teeth remaining in the 
 mouth, or in the case of full or entire den- 
 tures, held together on the jaws by means 
 of spiral springs. At the present time arti- 
 ficial teeth, especially upper sets, are so well 
 adapted to the mouth that the adhering 
 force is atmospheric pressure, applied either 
 by close adaptation, or by the aid of a 
 vacuum cavity in the surface of the plate 
 next to the palate. Lower sets when entire 
 areso adaprted by closeness of fit that attach- 
 ment to the upper sets by means of the spiral 
 springs is no longer necessary. 
 
 George Washington had several sets of 
 artificial teeth, two of which are owned in 
 Baltimore. The teeth in one set were 
 carved out of ivory and the plate was of 
 gold. The other set, probably the first the 
 immortal George ever had, is now in the 
 possession of Edmund Law Rogers, who is 
 a lineal descendant of Mrs. Washington. 
 The plate of this set is lead and the work- 
 manship is of a very crude and poorly con- 
 structed nature. 
 
 While remembering and honoring Drs. 
 Hayden and Harris, it should not be for- 
 gotten that Baltimore gave to the profession 
 one of the most learned men and greatest 
 teachers she ever had. Dr. Philip H. Austen ; 
 that there is living in this community Dr. F. 
 J. S. Gorgas, the founder and still dean of 
 the University of Maryland Dental Depart- 
 ment, who, with one exception, is the oldest 
 teacher of dentistry, in point of continuous 
 service, now acting as such, in the world; 
 and that Dr. A. J. Volck is the oldest gradu- 
 ate of a dental college in Baltimore. Dr. 
 Volck is one of the veterans in dentistry, 
 has witnessed the great advance made in 
 tools and appliances, materials and methods, 
 and has contributed especially to the im- 
 
512 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 provcniL-nts in sponge gold, gum enamel, 
 enamel fillings and obturators for cleft pal- 
 ate. For nearly half a century he has been 
 eminent as a man, as a dentist, and as an 
 artist, and has won the affection of every 
 one who has had the pleasure of his friend- 
 ship. The Association of Dental Surgeons 
 of Baltimore City, of which he is president 
 again, for the third time, has appointed a 
 committee to arrange for the celebration of 
 his seventieth birthday, April 14. 1898. 
 
 Modern dentistry has recognized much 
 more injury than that which is local to the 
 structures of the teeth. The term dentistry 
 is so closely associated with mere operative 
 work, and comprehends so much that is 
 more mechanical than clinical, that another 
 word has been adopted to include the whole 
 subject of the diseases of the mouth. 
 "Stomatology," the science of the mouth, is 
 the word. There are those who look for- 
 ward to the time when every person who 
 aspires to be a member of the dental "pro- 
 fession" will be required to enter it through 
 the doors of the medical college. Doubt- 
 less the establishment of professorships of 
 stomatology in medical schools would has- 
 ten this reform. Lectures on the pathology 
 of the teeth, both as to their local and gen- 
 eral relations, have been given a place in the 
 program of studies in four of the medical 
 schools of Baltimore on the same plane as 
 the recognized specialties ; and medical stu- 
 dents arc thus made aware by systematic in- 
 struction that the teeth are as much objects 
 of medical treatment as the eyes or the 
 stomach. h\>r(l. J. S. Oorgas, M. D., D. D. 
 S.. is i)rofessor of ]>rinciples of dental sur- 
 gery in the University of Maryland School 
 of Medicine; B. Holly Smith, M. D., D. D. 
 S., is professor of principles and practice of 
 
 dental surgery as applied to medicine, in the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons; Rich- 
 ard Grady, M. D., D. D. S., is lecturer on 
 stomatology in the Baltimore Medical Col- 
 lege; and Harry A. Wilson, D. D. S., is lec- 
 turer on dental surgery in the Baltimore 
 University School of Medicines. 
 
 There are three dental schools located in 
 Baltimore; (i) The Baltimore College of 
 Dental Surgery, the oldest and for many 
 years the only dental college in the world, 
 chartered in 1839; (2) The University of 
 Maryland Dental Department, chartered in 
 1882, as a new department of the University 
 of Maryland, whose original charter for a 
 medical school was granted in 1807, when 
 Baltimore, with a population of 33,000 was 
 the third city in size in the United States; 
 and (3) The Dental Department of the Bal- 
 timore Medical College, incorporated in 
 1895, whose medical school was the first in 
 the United States to propose to graduate 
 dentists with the degree of M. D. 
 
 B.M.Tt.MORE College of Dental 
 Surgery. 
 
 M. W. Foster, M. D., D. D. S., Dean, 9 
 W. Franklin street, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 This institution enters on the fift\-eighth 
 year of its career with its ])ros]K'cts for use- 
 fulness brighter than ever. It has added to 
 its faculty and clinical corps strong and ac- 
 tive men, and is better equipped than at any 
 period of its existence. The results of its 
 work in fifty-eight years are world-wide in 
 their influence upon dentistry. 
 
 Eighteen hundred and seventy-nine (1,879) 
 graduates have gone from this College into 
 practice, and these are scattered all over the 
 civilized world. They are located in nearly 
 every city of Europe. They lead the pro- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 513 
 
 fession in all the great centers of civilization, 
 and have won eminence in England, France, 
 Russia, Prussia, Switzerland, Spain and 
 Italy. They have carried the honors of the 
 institution into Asia, Australia, and the land 
 of the pyramids, while in every State in the 
 United States they have demonstrated their 
 own worth and the excellent training of 
 their Alma Mater. 
 
 The College may well point with pride to 
 the standing of its graduates. Many of 
 them have reached high stations in the pro- 
 fession: many have become renowned for 
 their attainments, original discoveries and 
 writings. They have met with signal honor 
 abroad, nearly every court dentist in Europe 
 being a graduate of this institution. Very 
 many of them are men of broad culture, who 
 had previously been trained in other high 
 educational institutions, and collectively 
 they have developed a degree of worth and 
 usefulness which reflect the highest credit 
 upon the College. Four thousand and fifty- 
 four (4,054) students have matriculated at 
 this College. 
 
 Faculty.— M. Whildin Foster, M. D., D. 
 D. S., Professor of Therapeutics and Pa- 
 thology; William B. Finney, D. D. S., Pro- 
 fessor of Dental Mechanism and Metal- 
 lurgy ; B. Holly Smith, M. D., D. D. S., Pro- 
 fessor of Dental Surgery and Operative 
 Dentistry; Thomas S. Latimer, M. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Physiology and Comparative 
 Anatomy; William Simon, Ph. D., M. D., 
 Professor of Chemistry; Charles F. Bevan, 
 M. D., Clinical Professor of Oral Surgery; 
 J. W. Chambers. M. D., Professor of Anat- 
 omy: George H. Rohe, M. D:, Professor of 
 Materia Medica; T. S. Waters, D. D. S.. 
 'Chief Clinical Instructor. 
 
 Dcnwiisirators.—Wimam G. Foster, D. D. 
 S., Demonstrator of Operative Dentistry; 
 George E. Hardy, M. D., D. D. S., Demon- 
 strator of Mechanical Dentistry ;F;dw. Hol¥- 
 meister, A. B., Ph. G., D. D. S., Demon- 
 strator of Chemistry. 
 
 University of Maryland. 
 Dental Department. 
 
 F. J. S. Gorgas, M. D., D. D. S., Dean, 
 845 N. Eutaw street, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 The sixteenth regular or winter course of 
 instruction in the University of Maryland 
 Dental Department began on October i, 
 1897. The University of Maryland, of 
 which this Dental School forms one of the 
 Departments, is the fourth oldest medical 
 school in this country. 
 
 The hundreds of graduates of this College 
 of Dentistry are now located in almost every 
 part of the civilized world, and by their abil- 
 ity have established a high reputation for 
 themselves and also for their Alma Mater. 
 The rapid advance of the art and science of 
 dental surgery and the recognition of it by 
 the leading Medical Associations as a spec- 
 ialty of medicine, as well as the desire of 
 every reputable dental practitioner to have 
 it accepted as such, renders it necessary to 
 increase the facilities by which dental stu- 
 dents can acquire not only a thorough 
 knowledge of the profession of their choice, 
 but also a knowledge of the collateral sci- 
 ences. By placing dental surgery, as con- 
 nected with oral surgery, in a position where 
 it is accepted as a department of medicine 
 its status is exalted, a large number of in- 
 tellectual men enter its ranks, and a new im- 
 petus to thought and investigation is therc- 
 bv created. 
 
oU 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 In order to accomplish such purposes, 
 the Dental Department of the Faculty of 
 Physic, University of Maryland, was organ- 
 ized in accordance with a charter granted by 
 the Legislature of Maryland, and is con- 
 ducted by competent and experienced in- 
 structors, among whom are some of the old- 
 est teachers of dentistry in the world. This 
 school was the first to institute a post-gradu- 
 ate course, although the credit of such an 
 undertaking has been erroneously ascribed 
 to another institution. 
 
 Faculty. — Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, A. M., 
 M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Principles of 
 Dental Science, Dental Surgery and Dental 
 Prosthesis; James H. Harris. M. D., D. D. 
 S., Professor of Operative and Clinical Den- 
 tistry; Francis T. Miles, M. D., Professor of 
 Physiology; L. McLane Tiffany, A. M., M. 
 D., Clinical Professor of Oral Surgery; R. 
 Dorsey Coale, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of 
 Chemistry and Metallurgy; Isaac Edmond- 
 son Atkinson, M. D., Professor of Thera- 
 peutics; Randolph Winslow, A. M., M. D., 
 Professor of Anatomy; Charles W. Mitchell, 
 M. D., Professor of Materia Medica; John 
 C.Uhler,M. D., D. D. S.. Professor of Pros- 
 thetic Dentistry; Isaac H. Davis, M. D., D. 
 D. S., Demonstrator of Operative Den- 
 tistry: Clarence J. Grieves, D. D. S., Lec- 
 turer and DenKMistrator of Crown and 
 Bridge Work. 
 
 Baltimore Medical College. 
 Dental Department. 
 
 J. W. Smith, D. D. S., Dean, 712 N. 
 Eutaw street, .Baltimore, Md. 
 
 The Dental Department of the Baltimore 
 Medical College possesses a complete col- 
 lege and laboratory plant. The dental stu- 
 dent will have the advantage of the same in- 
 struction in medicine as is given by the Fac- 
 ulty of the Baltimore Medical College to the 
 medical student. Organized in June, 1895, 
 the attendance has increased fifty per cent, 
 each year. There were six graduates in the 
 first class, 1897. 
 
 Faculty.—]. W. Smith, D. D. S.. Profes- 
 sor of Dental Prosthesis, Metallurgy, Crown 
 and Bridge Work; J. E. Orrison, D. D. S., 
 Professor Operative Dentistry, Dental Sci- 
 ence and Dental Technique; William A. 
 Montell, D. D. S., Professor of Dental Pa- 
 thology, Dental Therapeutics and Dental 
 Materia Medica; A. C.Pole, M.D., Professor 
 of Anatomy; J. D. Blake, M. D., Professor 
 of Operative, Clinical and Oral Surgery; 
 Samuel T. Earle, M. D., Professor of Physi- 
 ology ; J. Frank Crouch, M. D., Professor of 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics; W. B. D. 
 Penniman, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Demonstratoys.—\-^er\non W. Egerton, D. 
 D. S., Demonstrator in Operative Dentis- 
 try; E. E. Cruzen, D. D. S., Demonstrator 
 in Prosthetic Dentistry, Crown and Bridge 
 Work. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Railroad History. 
 
 Political economists gauge the wealth of 
 a nation by the consumption of soap. 
 
 Philosophers gauge the civilization of a 
 people by their roadways and the facilities 
 of transportation. 
 
 It may be that the thought of good road- 
 ways and soap as a lubricant has some 
 analogy in the transportation question. 
 
 In the light of history we find that the 
 Romans, as soon as they conquered a peo- 
 ple, immediately commenced developing 
 the means of transportation, not only for 
 military, but for postal and commercial ben- 
 efits, rendering accessible the most remote 
 places in their vast empire. 
 
 The European settlements along the 
 North American coasts increased in num- 
 ber and population, and finally were merged 
 into the colonies of Great Britain and 
 France. 
 
 The colonists, true to the racial instincts, 
 commenced explorations, opening up and 
 utilizing the natural channels, the water- 
 ways of the country, and when these would 
 avail no further, then making short roads 
 or land passages over dividing water sheds. 
 
 The French Jesuits in the north of the 
 English possessions, and the Spanish mis- 
 sions in the south, had a chain of communi- 
 cation from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, and from the Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The impress of those early explorers is 
 stamped indelibly on the country in its 
 nomenclature and people. 
 
 The wealth developed roused not only the 
 cupidity of the colonists, but the mother 
 country, and resulted in the colonial wars 
 at the close of the seventeenth and all of 
 the eighteenth century, wars that ended in 
 Great Britain becoming owner of the North 
 American continent, but the pregnant fore- 
 runner of events that changed dynasties and 
 the map of the world. 
 
 The Reformation and the introduction of 
 three elements — the printing press, gun- 
 powder and the mariner's compass — had 
 modified the bigotry of the European na- 
 tions, had revolutionized commerce, broken 
 through the crust of mental stagnation and 
 redeemed Europe from the Saracen, but 
 had at the same time engendered jealousies 
 that made Europe a vast field of battle. 
 To Europe this resulted in voluntary ex- 
 patriation of thousands who sought the new 
 world. The colonial wars mentioned above 
 waged by colonists animated by the spirit 
 of freedom and progress, and their descend- 
 ants, developed a spirit that little brooked 
 restraint. The colonists had found that they 
 did not sufifer by comparison with the pop- 
 ulation of the older countries in physical 
 and mental ability. 
 
 The result was, when the pressure of the 
 fear and menace of the French was re- 
 moved, the formation of a people, the de- 
 velopment of a spirit that resisted European 
 control, the war of the American Revolu- 
 tion and the birth of a new nation. 
 
516 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 At the same time the enormous expenses 
 and losses to the nations of continental 
 Europe resulting from desolating wars, 
 coupled with the wanton extravagance of 
 the nobility, made taxes so enormous that 
 the people, aroused to madness in their pov- 
 erty and oppression, were driven to resist- 
 ance. The French Revolution and the Re- 
 bellion of 1798 were the natural outcome 
 of the historic developments that preceded 
 them. 
 
 At the beginning of the present century 
 the whole European world was engaged on 
 the continent in the Napoleonic struggles, 
 while the arbitrary Berlin and Milan decrees 
 of councils of war hindered and obstructed 
 the commerce of the United States. The 
 entire coast of Europe from the Mediter- 
 ranean to Cape North was blockaded by 
 the English and allied fleets. The only port 
 open was "Arch Angel," and it was crowd- 
 ed with hundreds of American ships, la- 
 dened with naval stores, flour, etc., while 
 full return cargoes of Russian and Swedish 
 iron, hemp, linens, etc., were ready. The 
 absolute prohibition by Spain of her colo- 
 nies in the new world and in the Orient 
 from engaging in commerce with other na- 
 tions caused every expedient of our mer- 
 chants engaged in the shipping trade to be 
 devised to carry the products of this coun- 
 try into blockaded and prohibited ports. 
 These difficulties produced a class of men 
 not only bold and daring in their enter- 
 prises, but amassed for the infant and 
 struggling commerce of the country con- 
 siderable wealth to aid in its development. 
 
 The white sails of the Baltimore clippers 
 were known and recognized on every sea. 
 The names of Baltimore merchants and 
 bankers on bills of lading or exchange were 
 
 recognized all over the world. Immediately 
 after the close of the War of 1812 and the 
 cessation of hostilities in Europe by the 
 downfall of Napoleon, there commenced a 
 development in an entirely new line. Watt 
 and Stevenson were at work developing the 
 engine and locomotive. Tramways at coal 
 mines were abandoning the use of horses 
 as motive power. The roads were being 
 lengthened and general traffic being han- 
 dled. Steam was coming into play as an 
 important agency, not only as the motor 
 for manufacturing industries, but also as the 
 motor to be employed in transportation. 
 The owners of the quarries in Massachu- 
 setts, the iron mines of northern New Jer- 
 sey, eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, 
 were not slow to perceive the advantages 
 that were to accrue by the use of this new 
 agent. 
 
 Among the earliest of the roads that was 
 chartered in Maryland and Mrginia was 
 the Baltimore & Ohio, chartered in Mary- 
 land in February, 1827, and in Virginia the 
 following month. The States, cities and 
 counties all contributed to this enterprise. 
 The venerable Charles Carroll, one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 on the 4th of July, 1828, near the Relay 
 House, Maryland, amid imposing cere- 
 monies, turned the first shovelful of dirt and 
 laid the foundation of the first bridge of the 
 railway, that was eventually to connect the 
 Atlantic seaboard with the great Mississippi 
 Valley. The road was started with the ex- 
 pectation of using horse power. The early 
 inceptors of the line were the Carrolls, How- 
 ards and Ellicotts, whose iron industries 
 were located at and near what is now known 
 as Ellicott City, about seventeen miles west 
 of Baltimore; thev- needed a better and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 517 
 
 cheaper means of reaching the markets for 
 their products. After the railroad reached 
 the ElHcott works, the ElHcotts appear to 
 have no further relation to its development 
 and the enterprise was then pushed for- 
 ward by the Howards, Harrisons, Patter- 
 sons, Gambrills, Chauncey Brooks and 
 others. Under the able management of the 
 Harrisons the road was pushed on until 
 finally the coal fields in the vicinity of Cum- 
 berland, Md., were reached, and the prob- 
 lem of railway transportation and the fu- 
 ture of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was 
 established. 
 
 Like all great enterprises, it had many 
 and bitter opponents, and its progress was 
 delayed by the strong and persistent ad- 
 vocacy of those who favored State aid in 
 completing the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal. The success of the Erie of New 
 York (as projected by DeWitt Clinton) and 
 of the Delaware and Raritan Canal in aiding 
 and developing the commerce of the cities 
 of Xew York and Philadelphia induced a 
 large and intiuential body of citizens to be- 
 come advocates of waterways as opposed 
 to the new and comparatively untried steam 
 railways. 
 
 The possibilities of the locomotive had 
 not been developed. Mechanical engineers 
 in America — Peter Cooper, Richard Mor- 
 ris and M. W. Baldwin — were still experi- 
 menting. The civil engineers — La Trobe, 
 Stone, Kneass, Thomson, Schlatter, Howe, 
 Haupt, Coryell and Shunk — were still grop- 
 ing in the dark as to gradients, curves, tun- 
 nels and bridge strains. But the light of a 
 new day was dawning, and first one and 
 then another of the engineers caught a ray 
 which gave the light that solved the prob- 
 lem. 
 
 From Cumberland the road finally 
 reached the Ohio river near Wheeling. To 
 show the pernicious influence of the old- 
 fashioned State rights doctrine one can 
 point out here at this date the efifect on the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. The better 
 terminus on the Ohio river would have been 
 the city of Pittsburg, Pa. The State of 
 Virginia refused to grant a charter that 
 would permit the completing of the road to 
 Pittsburg and insisted as they were giving 
 financial aid and a charter, that the charter 
 rights and franchises of the road must and 
 should give a terminal at Wheeling. When 
 the engineers came to locate the road it 
 was found that the better location from an 
 engineering standpoint, in reaching Wheel- 
 ing, required the running of the road within 
 the jurisdiction^ of the State of Pennsylva- 
 nia. The citizens of western Pennsylvania, 
 angered at not getting the terminus at 
 Pittsburg, had political influence sufficient 
 to prevent the road getting privileges 
 through the State of Pennsylvania. Con- 
 sequently the Baltimore & Ohio, to reach 
 Wheeling, had to take an inferior location 
 (from an engineering point of view) within 
 the State of Virginia, crossing the moun- 
 tains with very heavy grades, which add 
 materially to the permanent cost of every 
 pound of freight that is carried over this 
 road. 
 
 But the most singular part of the whole 
 proceeding is to be narrated. When the 
 line attempted to enter the city of Wheel- 
 ing the local authorities insisted upon a lo- 
 cation which the corporation would not 
 agree to, and consequently the road was 
 built and terminated on the Ohio river four 
 miles south of the city of Wheeling. 1 
 merely mention this to show the short- 
 
bU 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 sig-htedness of the lawmakers in placing ex- 
 actions that prevent, frequently, the con- 
 summation of the object they have in view. 
 It is far better to enact liberal laws, which 
 can be adapted to particular cases or exi- 
 gencies without involving a violation of 
 their spirit. The Baltimore & Ohio met 
 with varying success, completing branches 
 into the valley of Virginia, aiding the rail- 
 roads south of W^ashington and making 
 connections into the State of Ohio. In the 
 early fifties Mr. John W. Garrett, of Jhe 
 banking firm of Robert Garrett & Sons, of 
 Baltimore, became the president. Prior to 
 the Civil War Mr. Garrett had completed 
 the connections through, via Parkersburg, 
 to Cincinnati, O. While the Baltimore & 
 Ohio was engaged in making these efforts 
 at extensions, other parties interested in the 
 development of the commerce of Baltimore 
 had not been idle. In 1829, the centennial 
 year of the founding of Baltimore, a charter 
 was granted to the Baltimore & York Rail- 
 road, and with varying "ups and downs" 
 the road was finally started to be built in 
 1834; the corner-stone of the present build- 
 ing use<l for general offices of the company 
 was the stone marking the initial point of 
 the line, and completed under the presi- 
 dency of Mr. John S. Gittings to the city 
 of York, Pa., in 1854, with a branch to 
 Hanover. By a consolidation with the 
 York & Cumberland Railroad it was com- 
 pleted to Harrisburg, Pa., and corporate 
 title changed to Northern Central Railway, 
 giving connections at that point with the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad system and all points 
 in the great Cumberland and Kebanon val- 
 leys of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Although completed from Baltimore to 
 Harrisburg and doing a good local busi- 
 ness, the line had not yet reached tlie an- 
 
 thracite coal fields, which the then manage- 
 ment had been looking forward to as the 
 objective point for a large tonnage of at 
 least a thousand tons per week. I wonder 
 what these gentlemen, Johns Hopkins, 
 Francis T. White, Michael Herr, A. B. 
 Warford, if living to-day, would think of 
 their "infant." whose anthracite tonnage for 
 1897 was nearly five times in one day what 
 they had hoped to carry in six — to say noth- 
 ing of the grain, fiour and merchandise and 
 ore traffic that is treble the anthracite ton- 
 nage. It had no outlet to tide-water and 
 never succeeded in getting any, although 
 repeated efforts were made for nearly fifteen 
 years after this date. In fact, such an in- 
 fluence had the Baltimore & Ohio manage- 
 ment on the legislative bodies of the State 
 of Maryland and the city of Baltimore that 
 when obligations of this company, the 
 Northern Central Railway, for State and 
 municipal aid — which had been advanced 
 the old company — came due, the State and 
 city officers treated this company in the 
 harshest manner and practically threw them 
 into bankruptcy. So much was the cor- 
 poration involved that Mr. Gittings, the 
 then president of the company, abandoned 
 the management and stated that it was im- 
 possible to financier the company. It was 
 then that the wonderful foresight and abil- 
 ity of the Pennsylvania Railroad manage- 
 ment was displayed. General Herman 
 Haupt, who was the then general superin- 
 tendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, ad- 
 vised his superior officer, Mr. J. Edgar 
 Thompson, the then president of that cor- 
 poration, of the advisability of securing con- 
 trol for the Pennsylvania system, not only 
 of this road, but of the Cumberland Valley 
 Railway. The material aid which this 
 F'enns\lvaiiia Railroad Compain- rendered 
 
/^W^^fyL^j^-^JV^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 519 
 
 to the Northern Central enabled it to meet 
 its obligations and make rapid progress un- 
 der the new management to attain not only 
 good physical but fair financial standing. 
 They were still, however, handicapped by 
 want of a terminal at tide-water and an out- 
 let to Washington. They were making 
 every efTort to secure these when the Civil 
 War intervened, and for four years changed 
 the entire aspect of the commercial rela- 
 tions, not only of the railroad, but of the 
 city of Baltimore itself. 
 
 The immense southern trade which they 
 had enjoyed was entirely cut of?, and al- 
 though the operations of the Union armies 
 gave a large business and distributed large 
 sums of money to the mercantile and trans- 
 portation interests centering at Baltimore, 
 yet the railroad business suffered. Jusr 
 prior to the commencement of the Civil 
 War the Western Maryland Railroad had 
 been chartered and this company had com- 
 menced building from a point on the North- 
 ern Central Railroad out towards Owings' 
 Mills and Westminster, into Carroll and 
 Washington counties, and was opening up 
 a very rich section of the State of Maryland, 
 when they, too, were stopped from the same 
 cause. 
 
 The close of the Civil War left the Bal- 
 timore & Ohio Railroad in a fair physical 
 condition for roads at that time. The im- 
 mense collection of locomotives, cars and 
 other transportation facilities which the 
 United States Government had been using 
 on the military railroads was sold. The 
 Baltimore & Ohio management availed 
 themselves of this material, and a large por- 
 tion of their claims against the Government 
 for transportation of troops and supplies for 
 the armies were settled by their taking over 
 
 this rolling stock. It practically gave to the 
 Baltimore & Ohio management the finest 
 equipment of any railroad in the country 
 at that date (1866). 
 
 Up to that period Mr. Garrett, the then 
 president of that corporation, deserved the 
 highest praise for his management of this 
 property. His financial management of the 
 securities of the company up to the time of 
 his death, through his banking house, en- 
 abled the Baltimore & Ohio to place their 
 stocks and bonds on the markets of America 
 and Europe at from one to three per cent, 
 lower rates of interest than rival corpora- 
 tions, yet the physical condition of the road- 
 way and bad location was a standing ex- 
 pense in the movement of its tonnage, which 
 no one could improve. Mr. Garrett seemed 
 to lack the ability to grasp the necessity of 
 extending and controlling the connections 
 to the great Northwest, or even to the 
 Southwest; and thus rival Hues occupied 
 fields that should naturally have been con- 
 trolled by them in the interest of the Bal- 
 timore & C)hio Railroad Company. 
 
 In the early seventies the Pennsylvania 
 system had secured an outlet to tide-water 
 and a charter for the Baltimore & Potomac 
 Railroad, while the Baltimore & Ohio had 
 obtained control of the Pittsburgh & Con- 
 nellsville, and the two systems began to se- 
 cure the control of sections from which they 
 had hitherto been excluded. Col. Thomas 
 A. Scott, the then vice-president of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, whose wonderful 
 grasp of the railway and transportation 
 business of the country has probably never 
 been excelled and perhaps never equalled, 
 except by his immediate successors and 
 proteges in the Pennsylvania system 
 (Messrs. A. J. Cassett and Frank Thomp- 
 
HISTORY OF Baltimore;, Maryland. 
 
 son), before entering upon the construction 
 of the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad, 
 seemed intuitively to foresee what would be 
 the result of entering upon this gigantic 
 rivalry, and had made the following propo- 
 sition to Mr. Garrett, of the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Railroad: That if Mr. Garrett, as rep- 
 resentative of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
 road Company, would give to the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad Company traffic arrange- 
 ments and interchanges of business between 
 Baltimore and Washington, would abandon 
 building and transfer the control of the 
 Pittsburgh & Connellsvilie to the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad; that on the part of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad they would abandon 
 and turn over to the Baltimore & Ohio the 
 charter of the Baltimore & Potomac Rail- 
 road; would not extend the Cumberland 
 Valley road south of Hagerstown to Win- 
 chester, Va.; would abandon the contem- 
 plated building of the Bedford & Cumber- 
 land road into Cumberland, and would 
 transfer to the Baltimore & Ohio corpora- 
 tion all their investment in the Southern Se- 
 curity Company, would give the Baltimore 
 & Ohio full traffic and trackage rights be- 
 tween Columbus, O., and Chicago over 
 wliat is now the Pan Handle Railway, and 
 over the Cleveland & Pittsburgh into Cleve- 
 land (the Baltimore & Ohio to abandon the 
 contemplated lines to Cleveland and Chi- 
 cago); the Pennsylvania Railroad also to 
 give rights and terminals over the united 
 railroads of New Jersey between Phila- 
 delphia and New York (the P. W. & B. 
 road, between Baltimore and Philadelphia 
 would be used as a neutral line by both 
 companies). Mr. Garrett declined the prop- 
 osition and both roads continued making 
 their extensions, and, in some instances. 
 
 paralleling each other. The result of this 
 competition helped to bring about the 
 financial panic of 1873. So little did the 
 Baltimore & Ohio management appreciate 
 the almost impregnable strength of the 
 system of the Pennsylvania Railroad, that a 
 Vice-President of the B. & O. R. R., said: 
 "Mr. Garrett, I believe the Penna. R. R., 
 will be in the hands of the receiver within 
 two years." This was in the summer of 1871. 
 While the rivalries between these two 
 great systems has existed at an immense 
 cost to the stockholders in the respective 
 corporations, it has been of the utmost ben- 
 efit to the city of Baltimore. Probably no- • 
 where can a better example and a more 
 forcible illustration be given of the relative 
 merits of protection and free trade than irt 
 the management of these two trunk lines. 
 The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, notwith- 
 standing the immense realty investments of 
 the capital controlling that corporation at 
 and in the city of Baltimore, have never 
 given any encouragement to manufacturers 
 to locate in Baltimore. They have always 
 catered to competitive and distant points, 
 and in favor of the mercantile as against 
 the manufacturing industries. Not only at 
 Baltimore, but at all points along their sys- 
 tem, there is the jnost remarkable scarcity 
 of manufacturing plants except at competi- 
 tive junction points, though a large length 
 of their road is located in territory rich in 
 minerals, timber and fuel. Instead of strik- 
 ing out boldly and relying upon the busi- 
 ness to pay for the investment, they have 
 in nearly all their extensions looked to and 
 depended upon State or municipal aid, and 
 one of the curses that the State of Maryland 
 and city of Baltimore rest under to-day is 
 an exemption from taxation claimed by 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 these railroad corporations, because at one 
 time the Commonwealth of Maryland, or 
 the cities and counties therein, were part 
 owners in these railroad properties. 
 
 On the contrary, the plan outlined by the 
 early managers of the Pennsylvania sys- 
 tem (Messrs. J. Edgar Thompson; Foster; 
 Haupt; Lombaert; and Scott) was to en- 
 courage manufacturing industries, develop 
 the mineral properties of the territory adja- 
 cent to their road, and in no instance to 
 charge a manufacturer or shipper at a non- 
 competitive point a higher rate to reach his 
 raw supplies or a market for his product 
 than was charged on or to shipments from 
 competitive points. In other words, the lo- 
 cal rates were never to exceed the through 
 rates. The result has been that while the 
 Northern Central Railway has been practi- 
 cally owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 Company (the controlling interest has been 
 owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
 pany for nearly forty years, and the invest- 
 ment from purely a financial standpoint has 
 been highly remunerative), the management 
 of the Northern Central Railway has been 
 entirely free in making rates to and from 
 Baltimore independent of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad management. The Pennsylvania 
 Railroad recognizes that Baltimore, from 
 her geographical position at the head of the 
 Chesapeake Bay, is the nearest seaport for 
 the outlet of the whole region tributary to 
 the Great Lakes; and for any point north 
 of Indianapolis or St. Louis, the Pennsyl- 
 vania system gives the shortest and most 
 direct connections, and all traffic to or from 
 Baltimore on the Northern Central Railway 
 over their Pennsylvania Railroad system is 
 a direct gain. 
 
 The competition between these two great 
 
 trunk lines has been the most beneficial in 
 character in developing the commerce of 
 Baltimore. While at times it has, by the 
 introduction of rate wars, been almost sui- 
 cidal, yet a healthy competition has existed 
 and the city has received the benefits. 
 
 When Mr. Garrett rejected the proposi- 
 tion of Mr. Scott he directed his energies to 
 meet the coming struggle. He planned the 
 extensions to, Chicago and Cleveland and 
 unsuccessfully attempted to secure Phila- 
 delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore R. R., 
 in this he was defeated by his rival, and the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, in their efiforts 
 to obtain an outlet to the North and East, 
 in competition with the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road, built the line from Baltimore to Phila- 
 delphia in 1880. 
 
 There was no physical connection be- 
 tween this Philadelphia extension and the 
 main line at Baltimore. Passengers and 
 freight were carried in the cars by a steam 
 ferry-boat across the harbor of Baltimore. 
 
 This transfer was tedious and expensive, 
 and to obviate it several plans were pro- 
 posed, one by Major Hutton, of the United 
 States Engineer Corps, to tunnel across the 
 harbor. Another, that of Col. Henry T. 
 Douglas, to use an elevated structure from 
 Camden Station along Pratt street to Can- 
 ton in East Baltimore, where a connection 
 would be made with the Philadelphia line. 
 Major Hutton's plan was cheaper, while 
 that of Colonel Douglas was probably the 
 better on account of its being an open line 
 above ground. Singular to say, neither plan 
 was adopted, but a charter was secured and 
 the plan adopted of a belt line railway, a 
 large portion of which was a series of tun- 
 nels and deep cuts under the city streets and 
 around the outskirts. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 This belt railway cost upwards of a 
 million dollars per mile for the seven miles 
 in length. Difficulties that were not fore- 
 seen by the projectors were encountered by 
 the engineer in charge of the construction. 
 ]\Ir. Samuel Rea, who had long been con- 
 nected with the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 solved the engineering difficulties in this 
 connection, and the line was successfully 
 built and put into operation. One of the 
 greatest difficulties encountered was that of 
 ventilation and drainage. The cjuestion of 
 ventilation was successfully overcome by 
 the introduction of electricity as the motive 
 power to be employed in conveying trains 
 through the tunnels. 
 
 The honor, therefore, of being the first 
 road to successfully use electricity in the 
 conveying of heavy freight and passenger 
 trains at high speed belongs to this division 
 of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad; if we 
 take into the calculation the magnitude of 
 the work that was done we can begin to 
 realize what was accomplished. 
 
 The Pennsylvania system had, at about 
 the same period, introduced electricity as a 
 motor in the Mt. Holly branch of their New 
 Jersey <livision, while the New York & 
 New Haven Railroad had introduced the 
 same on their Nantasket Beach Railway, 
 which does a very large summer excursion 
 traffic. 
 
 The electric motors on the Belt Line at 
 r.altimorc. three in number, weigh over 
 ninety tons each and haul successfully at a 
 speed of twenty miles jjer hour as high as 
 forty-si.x loaded cars over an eighty-five 
 feet grade. These electric motors and the 
 installation of tlie plant were under the di- 
 rect supervision of Dr. l,o\iis Duncan, of 
 
 the Johns Hopkins University, and the Gen- 
 eral Electric Company. 
 
 If it were not for this use of electricity it 
 would be impossible to use the Belt tunnel 
 for passenger service on account of the dif- 
 ficulty in securing ventilation; the freight 
 service would also be restricted. 
 
 While we have thus elaborated very fully 
 the advantages of the two most important 
 lines, we must not ignore the advantages of 
 the Western Maryland. If this line can 
 only secure tide-water facilities with the con- 
 nections that it has to the West and North 
 through the Philadelphia & Reading and 
 other connections, it will divide the business 
 and contest actively with its two great ri- 
 vals. At Baltimore two other important 
 railway systems terminate, although they 
 reach Baltimore by their steamboat con- 
 nections, which tljey own, and which must 
 not be ignored, viz: The Southern Railway, 
 through its York River Line reaching out 
 to New Orleans, La., and Memphis, Tenn , 
 wdiile the Seaboard Air Line, through its 
 old "Bay Line" connection, reaches all im- 
 portant points in North and South Carolina', 
 Georgia and the Southw-est, giving to the 
 Baltimore merchants almost absolute con- 
 trol of the commerce of that section of the 
 country. The importance of these tw-o 
 southern lines to the commercial interests 
 of Baltimore and the large area of country 
 tributary to them in the Southern States, 
 is hard to be computed. The management 
 of both these systems for the past tw'O de- 
 cades have worked along the same lines to 
 induce immigration into the territory in 
 which they operate, to develop the mineral 
 and manufacturing industries, and to have 
 the population engaged in the culture of 
 tlie soil divcrvifv their crops and industries. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 523 
 
 Instead of the agriculturists now depend- 
 ing on cotton and corn, they have engaged 
 in the cultivation of fruits, berries and what 
 goes under the general name of "garden 
 truck," i. e., early vegetables for the north- 
 ern markets, finding their distributing point 
 through the merchants of Baltimore. This 
 has made Baltimore pre-eminently the 
 cheapest city in the United States as a place 
 of residence, and probably few of the citi- 
 zens of Baltimore, except those whose at- 
 tention has been directed to it, realize that 
 geographically the city of Bahimore is 
 shorter in distance to all points west and 
 north of Canandaigua, N. Y., than the great 
 city of New York is. In the distribution 
 of perishable freight, this means the control 
 of the markets. 
 
 There are two places in the United States, 
 Baltimore, Md., and Buffalo, N. Y., that 
 are the ideal centres for the location of man- 
 ufacturing plants, the collection at low rates 
 of freight and the raw material for use and 
 the distribution of the product of such in- 
 dustries. For no other places in the coun- 
 try are so located as to obtain fuel at a mini- 
 mum cost, either anthracite or bituminous, 
 while Bufifalo has the advantage of Niagara 
 as a power for the development of electric- 
 ity; Baltimore has within available limits 
 the valuable water power of the Susque- 
 hanna, Patapsco and the great falls of the 
 Potomac, with the additional advantages 
 before mentioned as the cheapest point for 
 food supplies in the United States, and a 
 milder climate. 
 
 We have mentioned heretofore the West- 
 ern Maryland Railroad and the large pe- 
 cuniary interest which the municipality of 
 Baltimore: Carroll, Washington and other 
 
 counties through which the road passes 
 have in this company. 
 
 The advantages locally to these Alary- 
 land communities which patronize it have 
 proved highly beneficial in developing the 
 resources along the line. The president of 
 the company, Mr. John M. Hood, has 
 thrown out feeders connecting in the north 
 and west with the Philadelphia & Reading 
 Railway system, and on the southwest with 
 the Maryland and West Virginia coal and 
 lumber regions, reached through a connec- 
 tion with the West Virginia Central (com- 
 monly known as Senator Davis' road). 
 
 With the latter connection there arc 
 magnificent possibilities of other connec- 
 tions with Pittsburg, Pa.; Wheeling, W. 
 Va., and through these great industrial 
 centers an outlet with the railways from the 
 North and West terminating at these places. 
 While these western connections will give 
 to Baltimore another trunk line, this road 
 will then experience the same lack of ter- 
 minal facilities at tide-water that was noted 
 in the history of the Northern Central. 
 
 From the location of both these roads. 
 Northern Central and Western Maryland, 
 they must terminate on the north side of 
 the harbor, and the terminal facilities at 
 tide-water can be obtained only in that 
 section of the city known as Canton. 
 
 Far back in the "thirties," the leading 
 merchants of Baltimore, in connection with 
 a number of New York capitalists, bought 
 large tracts of land and river frontage on 
 the Patapsco and formed the Canton Com- 
 pany. Many of the men in the councils of 
 the Canton Company were broad and lil> 
 eral in their views, while others were just 
 the opposite, and as one or the other have 
 predominated in the management, so have 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 terminal facilities been given and manu- 
 facturing industries fostered or retarded. 
 
 Every encouragement, except that of 
 municipal aid, should be given the West- 
 ern Maryland to secure proper terminals on 
 the harbor, and the Canton Company 
 should second their efforts. 
 
 A curious incident in the history of the 
 Northern Central Railroad was during the 
 prevalence of "epizooty." This road be- 
 ing a north and south one, suffered more 
 extensively than any other road in the 
 country, and for si.x weeks the business of 
 this important trunk line was absolutely 
 suspended on account of this horse sick- 
 ness preventing the delivery of freight to 
 and from the various railway stations, what 
 little delivery or movement of goods was 
 attempted being done by means, of oxen. 
 
 Another singular event in the history of 
 this road was some ten years later, when 
 from the want oi sufficient side tracks and 
 warehouses and facilities for handling 
 freight at Baltimore, cars had to be handled 
 and shifted in and out from depots so often, 
 that this expense amounted to more than 
 the freight earnings. 
 
 This merely illustrates what nice adjust- 
 ment nuist exist between the different de- 
 partments of a railroad company to pro- 
 duce successfully pecuniary results. 
 
 There are several small systems of rail- 
 ways on the Eastern Shore of Maryland 
 that connect by water lines centering at 
 Baltimore. These roads give an outlet at 
 a small expense to the Delaware and Mary- 
 land seashore, while the great rival lines to 
 the north from I'-altimore through Phila- 
 delphia give direct connections to all the 
 principal seashore points on the New Jer- 
 sey coast. As at Baltimore the finest sail 
 
 vessels were developed in the "clipper," so 
 Baltimore took the lead in developing the 
 tram road and followed it up in changing 
 the tram into a street railway; as the first 
 gas works in the United States were built 
 in Baltimore; as the original telegraph line 
 was built and operated between Baltimore 
 and Washington, so, too, was she active in 
 adapting for intermural purposes improved 
 methods of transportation. It is a little 
 singular that although the original street 
 railway was chartered prior to the Civil 
 War, viz.: On March 28, 1859, the incor- 
 porators being well-known and prominent 
 business men of Baltimore and Philadel- 
 phia, viz.: Henry Tyson, John W. Wal- 
 ker, Wm. Chestnut, A. W. Markley, John 
 W. Randolph, Conrad S. Grove, Jonathan 
 Brock, Wm. S. Travers, Robert Cathcart, 
 Joshua B. Sumwalt, and Wm. D. Goey. So 
 jealously did the State guard what they 
 considered the vested rights of its citizens, 
 that it was incorporated on the franchise 
 that before the street railway commenced 
 operations they should purchase the vari- 
 ous omnibus lines then running over the 
 various streets upon which the railway 
 tracks were to be laid. The owners of these 
 omnibus routes were James Mitchell, Cole- 
 man & Bailey, and Wm. Robertson. Their 
 lines were valued and paid for in cash. 
 Nothing was practically done by citizens 
 towards the building of the line for many 
 years, and this charter which is now part 
 of the Baltimore City Passenger Railway, 
 was taken up and the line built by cajjital 
 from Harrisburg, Pa. These capitalists, 
 after demonstrating its success, were satis- 
 fied with moderate profits and sold out to 
 local capitalists. The returns proved so 
 handsome, many hundred per cent., that 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ver)' soon other lines of street railway were 
 projected and proved remunerative to the 
 capital invested. It was not, however, un- 
 til Mr. T. Edwin Hambleton, of the bank- 
 ing house of John A. Hambleton & Co., 
 took hold of the Druid Hill Line that rapid 
 transit was given to the city of Baltimore. 
 Through the efforts of Mr. Hambleton, 
 capital was procured to introduce the cable 
 system which had been operated for several 
 years in San Francisco and other western 
 cities to such advantage. Remarkable suc- 
 cesses attended this venutre and an impetus 
 was given to building operations at points 
 that were considered almost inaccessible on 
 account of the elevations, which this line 
 overcame. Shortly after this the first elec- 
 tric line ever started or operated in the 
 country with the use of storage batteries, 
 was operated in Baltimore, and the first 
 trolley line that, I believe, was ever erected 
 in the country, was erected out along the 
 Huntingdon avenut road, an experimental 
 line about a mile in length. 
 
 The introduction of electricity extensively 
 as a motor was due to Mr. Nelson Perin, a 
 gentleman from Cincinnati, who came to 
 Baltimore and secured control of one of the 
 horse lines and changed the motive power 
 from horse to electric trolley. The intro- 
 duction of the trolley gave to Baltimore an 
 impetus the beneficial effects of which she is 
 already feeling, although the adoption of 
 the trolley dates from very recent years. 
 The suburbs of Baltimore have long been 
 celebrated and recognized for their beauty, 
 but owing to the undulating nature of the 
 country, access to them was difficult and 
 expensive. Electricity has practically level- 
 ed the hills, and nowhere in the United 
 States will vou find better evidences of 
 
 domestic comforts than in the suburban 
 homes of the city of Baltimore. 
 
 Allusion has been made previously to the 
 freedom from taxation which many of the 
 railroads centering at Baltimore have under 
 their charters. This, in a great measure, 
 has very seriously injured the value of 
 warehouse property in the city belonging 
 to individuals, making taxes heavier on 
 private realty, at the same time lessening 
 the value of rentals. Another factor 
 operating against the individual warehouse 
 men is the competition between the various 
 railroads and transportation companies, 
 which has given rise to practically giving 
 free storage on much of the freight that 
 they handle. This freedom from taxation, 
 while undoubtedly an aid to the railroads 
 at their inception, was certainly never in- 
 tended or contemplated by the Legislators 
 in granting charters, as conveying a right 
 to railroads to act as warehouse men. The 
 railroad companies have erected at termi- 
 nals splendid warehouses and facilities for 
 the handling of tobacco, flour and general 
 merchandise. They have also erected ele- 
 vators with a capacity of nearly six million 
 bushels of grain, capable of handling in and 
 out over i.ooo cars per day, and this has 
 made Baltimore the leading export city for 
 grain on the Atlantic coast. 
 
 While it is extremely gratifying to see 
 these facilities for grain shipment, it would 
 be much better for the general interests of 
 the country at large, for shipping mer- 
 chants and transportation companies, if the 
 grain had been advanced in manufacturing 
 in this country and shipped in the nature of 
 flour, meal, etc. We in this country would 
 not only have the profits from the manufac- 
 turing, but the ofTal products for feeding 
 
526 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 cattle, and a more stable foreign market. 
 By the introduction of floats and scows, all 
 points in the harbor of Baltimore are reach- 
 ed at very moderate cost, making this city 
 a very^cheap port for the handling of freight 
 destined to foreign markets. 
 
 Another industry that railways have built 
 up and fostered has been the shipment of 
 cattle, sheep and horses to Great Britain 
 and the Continent. This business now ag- 
 gregates over 100,000 head per annum. 
 The cattle shipped from Baltimore are the 
 finely bred cattle from southwestern \'ir- 
 ginia, Ohio and Kentucky, and bring the 
 very highest prices in the English market; 
 while the horses are used on the Continent 
 for military purposes. I would direct at- 
 tention here to an extract from the i6th 
 Annual Report of the Northern Central 
 Railway, made by its then president, J. D. 
 Cameron, as exhibiting the plan and policy 
 of that company. After referring to the 
 plans by which the Northern Central Rail- 
 road, chartered in 1829, built to York in 
 1838, extended to Harrisburg in 185 1, sub- 
 sequently to Sunbury in 1854, obtaining 
 control of the lines north of Williamsport 
 to Canandaigua in 1863, pursuing a steady 
 uniform policy of reaching the anthracite 
 coal fields of Central Pennsylvania, and an 
 outlet to the Great Lakes, and showing that 
 in the year previous tq^his report that 42 
 per cent, of the imports of the city of Balti- 
 more had been carried to the West and 
 North by the Northern Central Railway. 
 He then says: "Our experience has taught 
 us that trade can be increased by a judicious 
 reduction uf tolls, and that when the in- 
 creases established, that road which adopts 
 and adheres to a liberal policy with its cus- 
 tomers, can secure its share of traffic." 
 
 It therefore rests with the merchants of 
 Baltimore whether they will maintain the 
 advantages which she possesses from her 
 geographical position, in which transporta- 
 tion companies centering at Baltimore are 
 ready to assist in developing and giving 
 outlets for any and all business offered. 
 
 The Baltimore and Ohio management 
 had, through the State of Maryland and 
 City of Baltimore having a stock owner- 
 ship in their company, so thoroughly in- 
 trenched themselves, that it was considered 
 almost an impossibility for a rival corpora- 
 tion to secure a footing so as to compete 
 successfully for an outlet south to the city 
 of Washington, the capital of the Nation. 
 For seventeen years they prevented the 
 Northern Central from getting an outlet at 
 tide-water after that corporation had 
 reached the great anthracite coal fields of 
 Pennsylvania, and established connections 
 with the West and North. 
 
 The Civil War found the cities of BaUi- 
 more and Washington connected by a 
 single-track road, almost destitute of sid- 
 ings, totally inadequate to handle the busi- 
 ness thrust upon it. 
 
 It was here that the almost superhuman 
 abilities of a number of gentlemen were 
 shown. I refer to Col. Thomas A. Scott, 
 Assitant Secretary of War; Gen. Herman 
 Haupt, J. H. Devereaux, Adnah Anderson, 
 W. Prescott Smith, Anson Stager, David 
 Brooks, and Samuel H. Shoemaker; with 
 the exception of Devereaux, Anderson and 
 Smith, they were all Pennsylvania Railroad 
 men or af=filiatcd with the system. With 
 Colonel Scott as the j^residing genius the 
 United States Military Railway organiza- 
 tion was effected and placed in charge of 
 Gen. Herman Haupt, with Devereaux and 
 
.^^^L.^^ 
 
MARYLAN' 
 
 and bring u 
 
 nglish markt 
 
 . the Contincr. 
 
 >uld direct a: 
 
 .ol irom the i6u. 
 
 Northern Central 
 
 ■u pr-iauu, T^ D. 
 
 ii companies 
 ally to assist 
 outlets for any and al' 
 The Baltimore and 
 ' ';1, through the State m . 
 \ of Baltimore having a 
 in dicir company, so tin / 
 
 ves. that it was consirien_d 
 ■ibility for a rival corpora- 
 footing so as to compete 
 m outlet south to the city 
 
 ings, tot; 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 529 
 
 Anderson as assistants. W. Prescott 
 Smith had charge of N. Y. & Washington 
 Air Line, and was general superintendent 
 of the B. & O. R. R. General Stager and 
 Colonel Brooks had charge of the telegraph 
 lines, and Mr. Shoemaker of the express. 
 
 The effect was shortly apparent — order 
 came out of chaos. The wonderful ability 
 of Haupt, seconded by his assistants, in 
 utilizing the resources of the country and 
 keeping up the supplies needed by the 
 army, won the admiration of the world. 
 
 But the crowning achievement was when 
 the President and Secretary of War asked 
 Colonel Scott how long it would take to 
 move two army corps (80,000 men) and 
 equipment from the East to the operations 
 in the West, where troops were needed. The 
 modest reply of Colonel Scott was he would 
 place them in Tennessee in ten days, but 
 "They, the troops, must be moved without 
 military interference with my orders." The 
 troops were moved without accident and in 
 the time. 
 
 One amusing incident of this movement 
 is worth relating. General , ac- 
 customed to the ordinary leisurely move- 
 ment of troops, concluded to spend a few 
 days in Washington, and ordered his chief 
 of staff to report by wire the progress of his 
 command. Telegram No. i came from 
 Martinsburg, 10 a. m. ; No. 2 from Cum- 
 berland, 2 p. m., and No. 3 from Grafton, 4 
 p. m., when the General considering pro- 
 gress was too fast, wired from Washington 
 to hold his command at Bellaire. Upon 
 which Gen. Anson Stager promptly arrest- 
 ed him and sent him to Louisville, Ky., un- 
 der arrest, where he was released and sent 
 forward with his command. 
 
 During the Civil War, or just about its 
 31 
 
 close, some parties in the southern coun- 
 ties of Maryland secured a charter for a 
 railroad from Baltimore to Pope's Creek, 
 and a branch to the city of Washington. 
 This was the Baltimore and Potomac, 
 which was secured by the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad system, and was built under the 
 management of the late J. N. DuBarry and 
 Gov. Oden Bowie. The resources of 
 this line and its business has been carefully 
 developed under the management of Mr. 
 Geo. C. Wilkins, the General Agent of the 
 Pennsylvania Company at Baltimore, to 
 whose untiring energy and business ken 
 much of the success of the company is due. 
 Immediately on opening the B. & P., fares 
 between Baltimore and Washington drop- 
 ped from 5 cents per mile to 2i cents per 
 mile, and in 1897 both roads for two days 
 in each week issued round-trip excursion 
 tickets at about i^ cents per mile, and both 
 companies claimed to have been satisfied 
 with the results and the earnings. 
 
 To the lovers of the picturesque, the little 
 Narrow Gauge Road, "The Milky Way" 
 (Baltimore and Lehigh), presents many at- 
 tractions. At Loch Raven, about sixteen 
 miles out from Baltimore on the Gunpow- 
 der, will be found the location of the power 
 house, reservoir, etc., from which the city 
 of Baltimore derives its water supply. 
 
 About ten miles beyond is the wonderful 
 geological formation, "The Rocks of 
 Deer Creek." At this point most of the 
 flint used in the New Jersey, Ohio and 
 Missouri potteries is found. At Delta, 
 partly in Pennsylvania and partly in Mary- 
 land, is found the celebrated "Peach Bot- 
 tom Slate," that finds a market wherever 
 slate is used for roofing purposes. 
 
530 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 In the streams adjacent to this road are 
 found blooming in season the beautiful 
 rhododendron (wild) and ferns of every 
 variety. 
 
 To those who admire scenery and can 
 spare a few days, the Pennsylvania lines 
 up the Susquehanna from Baltimore via 
 Philadelphia to Columbia and Harrisburg 
 will repay them. In the month of August 
 the sunset view along the river front at 
 Harrisburg is one that pleases the artist's 
 eye. Before you is spread the beautiful 
 Susquehanna, dotted with green covered 
 isles, while to the west the sun is setting in 
 
 the Blue Ridge Mountain Gap, through 
 which the river has broken its way to the 
 sea. Each spray of water is capped with 
 ambient tints, while the dark greens of the 
 mountains form a back gound in bold con- 
 trast to the fleecy colored clouds of heaven 
 and the rippling water of the river. Our 
 partiality to the Susquehanna region must 
 not permit us to overlook the scenery along 
 the Baltimore and Ohio, about Harper's 
 Ferry on the Potomac, nor the magnificent 
 mountain and historic country reached by 
 the Western Maryland at and around High 
 Rock, .A.ntietam and Gettysburg. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 The Monuments of Baltimore. The Washington. The Battle. 
 
 The Monument at the Advanced Position of the Americans 
 
 AT North Point. The Odd Fellows Monument to 
 
 WiLDEv. The Columbus Monument. 
 
 By William M. Marine. 
 
 When there were but two shafts erected 
 within the Hmits of Baltimore — one to 
 George Washington and the other to com- 
 memorate the battle of North Point and 
 the defense of Fort McHenry — the place 
 was called the Monumental City, a name 
 which it has retained. Since then the mon- 
 ument to Wells and McComas, two youths 
 who, by some reports, are credited with 
 having shot and killed General Ross, and 
 one to Thomas Wildey, the father of Odd 
 Fellowship in America, have been erected. 
 A third stands on the breastworks of Gen- 
 eral Benjamin Butler's encampment, built 
 on Federal Hill in 1861. All that need be 
 said about it is, that it replaces a tablet to 
 the memory of Mayor Armistead, which 
 once stood in the City Spring, on North 
 Calvert street. The tablet was permitted 
 to go to decay and finally, without official 
 knowledge, was carted away as rubbish. 
 The monument on Federal Hill was orig- 
 inally located on Eutaw Place, but the pro- 
 test of the citizens of that locality against 
 its continuance there caused it to be placed 
 in its present position, the objection of the 
 residents being that its diminutive size did 
 not accord with its pretentious surround- 
 ings. 
 
 The Odd Fellows have erected to James 
 L. Ridgely a bronze statue in Harlem 
 Square. The work is by an authoress who 
 resides in Kentucky, and it is mounted on 
 a pedestal high up in the air, so that a vis- 
 itor cannot scan the features of Mr. Ridge- 
 ly's face. Other statues are those to George 
 Peabody and Chief Justice Taney in Wash- 
 ington Square. 
 
 In 1809 John Canegys, James A. Bu- 
 chanan, David Winchester and other prom- 
 inent citizens were authorized by the Leg- 
 islature to raise the sum of one hundred 
 thousand dollars to erect the monument to 
 Gen. George Washington. 
 
 It was intended to place the Washington 
 Monument in the present Battle Monument 
 Square, but the securing of the right to 
 do so was neglected, and after the War of 
 1812 the people were so grateful that their 
 city was saved from Britain's clutches that 
 the square was made the site of the Battle 
 Monument. Howard, a soldier of the Rev- 
 olution, presented to the Washington Mon- 
 ument Association the site on which that 
 monument stands. 
 
 The laying of the corner-stone took place 
 on the 4th day of July, 1815, at noon. The 
 number present was in the neighborhood 
 
532 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of thirty thousand persons. People of dis- 
 tinction, civil and military, were there. The 
 corner-stone was laid by the Masons; na- 
 tional airs were sung, and a salute of thirty- 
 nine guns was fired, signifying that that 
 number of years had passed since the 
 Declaration of Independence gave to the 
 world a new nation. James A. Buchanan, 
 president of the managers, made an ad- 
 dress, and Bishop Kemp offered a prayer. 
 When speech-making was ended Mr. Mills, 
 the architect; William Stewart, who com- 
 manded a regiment at Fort AIcHenry dur- 
 ing the bombardment, and Thomas Tow- 
 son, masons, placed the corner-stone in po- 
 sition. In the stone was deposited a copper 
 plate and on one of its sides was engraved, 
 "On the 4th day of July, A. D. 1815, was 
 laid this Foundation Stone of a monument 
 to be erected to the memory of George 
 Washington." On the reverse side were 
 the names of the managers, twenty-three 
 persons in all, that of the secretary and 
 Robert Mills, architect, with this further 
 mention: "The site presented by John 
 Eager Howard, Esqr. Edward Johnson, 
 Mayor of the City." After the Masonic 
 ceremonies incident to such an occasion 
 were completed Mr. Buchanan addressed 
 to Mr. Mills some words of patriotism. Mr. 
 Mills responded in a similar vein. Rev. 
 Dr. Inglis offered up a prayer and pro- 
 nounced the benediction. Music was ren- 
 dered and a salute of one hundred guns was 
 fired, "Yankee Doodle" being played by the 
 bands while the salute was in progress. A 
 line of infantry discharged three volleys 
 at the close of the day's exercises, and in 
 the evening tlie sky was lighted up by rock- 
 ets from Fort McHenry. 
 
 On the 25th of November, 1829. the com- 
 
 pletion of the monument was announced, 
 and the noble Doric column, which rises t3 
 an elevation of two hundred and eighty feet 
 above tide water, proclaimed to the world 
 the fame of Washington. It was the first 
 monument erected to his memory; others 
 have since followed, but none have sur- 
 passed it in beauty. It came near being 
 spoiled, for the architect contemplated iron 
 balconies, which the lack of funds forbade. 
 The proceeds of licensed lotteries were used 
 in its construction and it was provided that 
 when finished it should be the property of 
 the State. 
 
 The statue on the summit of the monu- 
 ment is of white marble, which was quar- 
 ried on the York road. Mrs. F. T. D. Tay- 
 lor made a present of it to the managers. 
 The statue is sixteen feet high and in three 
 several pieces, each block when chiseled 
 and polished weighing five and a half tons. 
 Henry Cancici, an Italian, was the artist 
 whose chisel gave shape to the statue of the 
 Father of his Country, who is represented 
 in the attitude of resigning his commission 
 as commander-in-chief of the army. 
 
 The following inscriptions appear on the 
 base of the monument in iron letters. Over 
 each of the four doors, "To George Wash- 
 ington, by the State of Maryland." On the 
 north side of the monument is "Yorktown, 
 Octojjer ly, 1781. Trenton, December 26, 
 1776." On the south side is "Born Febru- 
 ary 22, 1732; died December 14, 1779." 
 On the east side is "Commission resigned 
 at Annapolis, December 23, 1783." "Com- 
 mander-in-chief of the American .\rmy, 
 June 15, 1775." On the west side is "Re- 
 tired to Mount \'ernon, r\Iarch 4, 1797." 
 "President of the United States, jNlarcli 4, 
 1789." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 During the British investment of Balti- 
 more the administration of the afifairs of the 
 city was in the hands of a Committee of 
 Mgilance and Safety, ccmposed of the 
 ablest and most influential of its citizens. 
 
 It was this committee which gave re- 
 newed impetus to the movement after the 
 war to erect a monument to the citizen sol- 
 diers of Baltimore, who saved it from their 
 city desolation. In consequence of the en- 
 ergy displayed by the committee, on the 
 1 2th of September, 1815, the corner-stone 
 of the monument was placed in position in 
 tlie square. The laying of that stone was 
 ])receded by a procession, the line of which 
 was formed on East Baltimore street. The 
 customary and suggestive funeral car was 
 on hand, on the top of which was to be seen 
 curiously exhibited a plan of the monu- 
 ment, designed by Maximilian Godefray, 
 and executed by John Finley and Rem- 
 brandt Peale. At the square select and en- 
 trancing music was rendered by a marTial 
 band. Bishop Kemp, of the Episcopal 
 Church, offered prayer. Upon its conclu- 
 sion the architect supervised the laying of 
 the corner-stone in the presence of Gen- 
 eral Smith, General Strieker, Colonel Armi- 
 stead and the Mayor. 
 
 The following articles were placed in the 
 corner-stone: A subscription book in which 
 was recorded the names of those who had 
 contributed toward the erection of the mon- 
 ument; the daily newspapers of the city and 
 several pieces of silver, gold and copper 
 coins, with a copper plate having upon it 
 this inscription: 
 
 September XII. 
 
 A. D. MDCCCXV. 
 
 In the XL year of Independence. 
 
 James Madison being President of the U. S. 
 
 To the memory of the brave defenders of this city, 
 
 who gloriously fell in the Battle at North 
 
 Point on XII September, 1S14, 
 
 And at the bombardment of Fort McHenry on the 
 
 the XIII of the same month : Edward 
 
 Johnson, Mayor of the City. 
 
 Major General Samuel Smith, Brig.-Gen. John 
 
 Strieker and Lieut. Col G Armistead 
 
 of the U S Artillery, 
 
 Laid the corner stone of this Monument of public 
 
 gratitude and the deliverance of this City. 
 Raised by the munificence of the citizens of Balti- 
 more, and under the superintendence of the 
 Committee of Vigilance and Safety. 
 J. Maximilian M. Godfroy. Architect ; J. G. 
 Neale, S Baughman, and E Hare, stone 
 cutters ; \V. Atley, stone mason. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Inglis, a prominent Pres- 
 byterian clergyman, delivered the oration; 
 at its conclusion the Federal artillery from 
 Fort McHenry fired a salute and the cere- 
 monial proceedings were at an end. 
 
 During the period occupied in the mov- 
 ing of the procession minute guns were 
 fired and muffled church bells were rung, 
 business was closed and every one was in- 
 terested in what was taking place. It had 
 been but a short while since the British had 
 threatened to make Baltimore feel the sting 
 of their humiliation, by selecting it for their 
 winter quarters. The people of that day 
 felt "a public gratitude" to the defenders 
 and styled their achievements a "deliver- 
 ance of the city." 
 
 There appears on the monument this in- 
 scription: 
 
 Battle of North Point 
 
 12th of September, A. D. 1S14, and of the Inde 
 
 pendeuce of the United States the thirty ninth. 
 
 Bombardment of Fort McHenry. • 
 
 September 13th, A. D. 1S14. 
 
 John Lowery Donaldson Adjutant 27th Regiment. 
 
 Gregorius Andre, Lieut, ist Rifle Battalion. 
 Levi Claggett, 3d Lieut, in Nicholson's Artillerists. 
 G Jenkins, H GMcComas, D Wells, 
 
 J Richardson, J Burnestou, RKCooksey, 
 
 W Alexander, G Fallier, J Wallack, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 T V Buston, J Jephson, J C Byrd, 
 
 D Howard, E Marnott, W Ways, 
 
 H Marriott of John, J Dunn, C Bell, 
 
 J Armstrong, P Bj'ard, J Clemm, 
 
 M Desk, B Reytiolds, T Garrett, 
 
 J Craig, J Gregg, J Merriken, 
 
 R Neal, A Randall, C Cox, 
 
 J Evans, J H Cox, U Prosser, 
 
 J Haubert, J Wolf, B Bond. 
 D Davis, 
 
 The square in which the monument is lo- 
 cated is a hallowed one. From time im- 
 memorial it was a tribune of the people, 
 where their political assemblages were held. 
 The survivors of the defense of Baltimore, 
 on the anniversary of their battle, with 
 cockades on their hats and crape on their 
 arms, marched round the monument with 
 uncovered heads. The last to honor the 
 custom was James Morford; he was too 
 feeble to walk and was driven round it in 
 a hack, accompanied by Mr. Todd Hall 
 and William M. Marine, the last named 
 person for a great number of years orator 
 of the Association of Defenders. When 
 Mr. Morford died it was supposed he was 
 the final living member of the association; 
 recently that assumption has been discov- 
 ered to be incorrect. There was until lately 
 living, and may be surviving at this writ- 
 ing, Elisha Glenn, in Newark, N. J., over 
 one hundred years of age, and John Lani- 
 berson, ninety-six years of age, residing in 
 Baltimore, and two in Texis — Jarett Carl, 
 one hundred and two, and Joseph Coffman, 
 ninety-six years of age. 
 
 Prior to 1850 a military body existed in 
 Baltimore known as the Wells and Mc- 
 Comas Riflemen. The last drill room oc- 
 cupied by them as a military company was 
 the third story in the building on the south- 
 east corner of Gay and Front streets. They 
 inatigurated .1. movement to erect a monu- 
 
 ment to their namesakes. It passed through 
 many vicissitudes; finally on the 13th day 
 of September, 1858, a movement was made 
 in fulfillment of the program for the 
 monument. The bodies of Wells and Mc- 
 Comas were originally buried in the Metho- 
 dist graveyard where the Johns Hopkins 
 Hospital fronts on Broadway. From there 
 they were removed to Greenmount Ceme- 
 tery. On the day mentioned they were 
 finally interred in Ashland Square, where 
 a plain, unpretentious shaft was subse- 
 quently placed over their graves. The in- 
 scriptions relate to their names, births and 
 their having been killed in battle. 
 
 When their bodies were exhumed in 
 Greenmount they were placed in new cof- 
 fins and removed to the Maryland Insti- 
 tute, where they lay in state, surrounded 
 by a military guard. On the 13th a mam- 
 moth procession paraded through the 
 streets; the coffins were born upon a fu- 
 neral car. In the rear were hacks contain- 
 ing relatives of the two deceased young 
 men. Those of Daniel Wells were numer- 
 ously represented; but one person related 
 to McComas was present. The line passed 
 down Baltimore street to Aisquith street, 
 and north along that street to the square. 
 Dr. John McCron impressively prayed and 
 Mayor Swann spoke on behalf of the city. 
 The set oration was delivered by Judge 
 John C. Legrand, a connection of AIcCo- 
 mas; it was not an oration to inspire the 
 audience and failed to do so. 
 
 Six miles from Baltimore, on the spot 
 where the advance party under Major Up- 
 ton Heath met the advance party of the 
 British under General Ross, who was by a 
 collision of the forces killed, is another of 
 Baltimore's monuments. It is intended to 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 perpetuate the memory of Aquilla Ran- 
 dall, who fell there. The Mechanicals 
 Company, under Captain Benjamin C. 
 Howard, marched to the ground, Monday, 
 July 28, 1817. Colonel Heath, Colonel 
 Barry, Major Stewart and others joined 
 them there. The monument, under the su- 
 pervision of Lieutenant Townson, of the 
 company. The officers of the regiment, 
 who were invited guests, and the men of 
 the company, were drawn up in front of 
 it and addressed by Captain Howard. Af- 
 ter the oration three volleys of fire arms 
 were fired over the monument. 
 
 The following inscriptions appear. On 
 the north side: 
 
 "Sacred to the Memory of Aquilla Randall, 
 who died in bravely defending his country and his 
 home. On the memorable 12th of September. 
 1814, Aged 24 years." 
 
 On the south side : 
 
 " How beautiful is death when earned by 
 virtue." 
 
 On the east side: 
 
 " In the skirmish which occurred on this spot 
 between the advanced party under Major Richard 
 K Heath of the 5th Regiment. M. M. and the 
 front of the British column Major General Ross, 
 The Commander of the British Forces Received 
 his Mortal wound." 
 
 On the west side: 
 
 " The First Mechanical Volunteers commanded 
 by Captain Benjamin C Howard. In the 5th 
 Regiment. M. M. Have erected this monument as 
 
 a tribute of their respect for the 
 gallant brothers in arms." 
 
 For a long time the monument, which 
 stands in the middle of the country road, 
 was uncared for. It is now watched over 
 and sacredly guarded by a lady owning the 
 tavern on the roadside opposite to which it 
 stands. The marble has been painted white 
 to prevent its crumbling, the lettering hav- 
 ing been traced in black. 
 
 On Broadway, opposite the building in 
 which Edgar Allan Poe died, stands the 
 Odd Fellows Monument. It is fifty-two 
 feet in height and is intended to perpetuate 
 the name and fame of Thomas Wildey, the 
 founder of the order which he instituted 
 in America. The base of the monument is 
 surmounted by a Doric column, which is 
 in turn surmounted by a statue representing 
 the care of orphanage. 
 
 On an elevation, in the grounds of the 
 Samuel Ready Institute, on North avenue, 
 is a shaft constructed out of brick and cov- 
 ered over with cement, which is in the 
 neighborhood of sixty feet in height. It is 
 claimed to be the first monument erected 
 in the United States to Columbus. A 
 doubt has been advanced to mar the gen- 
 uineness of the claim, it being said that the 
 former owner of the estate was a famous 
 horseman and buried a favorite steed 
 named Columbus upon the spot now mark- 
 ed bv this statelv monument. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Biographical Sketches. 
 
 A Biographical Sketch of Mr. A. Leo 
 
 Knott, with a Brief Review of the 
 Political Condition of Mary- 
 land FROM 1 86 1 to 1 868. 
 
 Mr. A. Leo Knott is a native of Frederick 
 county, Maryland. He received the first 
 rudiments of a classical education in St. 
 John's College, Frederick, an institution 
 of learning founded and conducted by the 
 Jesuits and of considerable note and promi- 
 nence in its day. 
 
 On the removal of his family to Baltimore 
 he entered St. Mary's College in this city. 
 This College was founded in 1791 by the 
 celebrated Sulpician Order of French 
 Catholic Priests, who had taken refuge in 
 Maryland from the storms of the French 
 Revolution. From this institution, after a 
 six years' course, Mr. Knott was graduated 
 with honor; and he subsequently received 
 from it the degree of A. M. St. Mary's Col- 
 lege enjoyed a high reputation among the 
 educational establishments of our country, 
 and numbered among its alumni some of 
 the most distinguished citizens of our own 
 State, as the late Archbishop Eccleston, 
 Governors Bradford and Bowie, the Hon. 
 S. Teackle Wallis, Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe, 
 Hon. Frederick W. Pinkney, Hon. Re- 
 verdy Johnson, Jr., as well of other States as 
 Governor Roman, Hon. Charles W. Villere, 
 of Louisiana, and Hon. Donelson S. Cafifrey, 
 now United States Senator from that State. 
 
 .After his graduation Mr. Knott entered 
 
 on the study of the Law in the office of the 
 late Hon. William Schley, a lawyer of emi- 
 nent standing in his profession and of exten- 
 sive practice. While pursuing his profes- 
 sional studies Mr. Knott found it necessary 
 to devote a portion of his time to teaching. 
 He was for a period of two years assistant 
 professor of Greek and Mathematics in his 
 Alma Mater, and subsequently established 
 and for some time conducted a classical 
 school near St. John's Church, in Howard 
 county, known as the Howard Latin School. 
 Admitted to the bar of Baltimore he 
 formed a partnership with Mr. James H. 
 Bevans, which was dissolved after an ex- 
 istence of two years, since which time Mr. 
 Knott has continued in the practice of his 
 profession in this city, with the e.xception of 
 a brief interval when he filled an important 
 office in the city of Washington. In 1867 
 he was nominated by the Democratic party 
 as its candidate for the responsible position 
 of State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and 
 was elected without opposition. He dis- 
 charged the duties of this office with such 
 fidelity and acceptance that in 1871 he was 
 renominated and re-elected for a second 
 term of four years, and again renominated 
 and re-elected for a third term in 1875. 
 While holding this office Air. Knott tried 
 many important cases, both of a civil and a 
 criminal character; some of them involving- 
 interesting and important questions of con- 
 i^titutional law. among them the question of 
 
^c. ^^.^ /5^W^^^^-^^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 53'! 
 
 the constitutionality of the law of Maryland, 
 taxing the bonds of other States and of mu- 
 nicipalities without the State held by our 
 citizens: the constitutionality of which was 
 upheld in the Court of Appeals and in the 
 Supreme Court of the United States; and 
 also the question of the constitutionality of 
 the laws passed by Congress to enforce the 
 XIV and X\' amendments to the Constitu- 
 tion, then recently declaimed as adopted and 
 which were known as the Force Bill. In a 
 letter dated Ann Harbor, November ii, 
 
 1879, written to Mr. Knott by Judge 
 Thomas Cooley, that eminent jurist and 
 writer on constitutional law expressed his 
 approval of several of the points made by 
 Mr. Knott in a brief in the case of State of 
 Maryland vs. Snyder and others in the 
 United States Circuit Court before Judge 
 Bond against the constitutionality of the 
 provisions of the Fore 2 Bill imposing on 
 Federal Judges the duty of appointing 
 supervisors of election and superintending 
 their conduct in the discharge of the duties 
 as supervisors, on the ground that these 
 provisions did not prescribe any judicial 
 duty or function either at common law or 
 under the grant of judicial power contained 
 in the Second Section of Article III of the 
 Constitution, and that they were an usur- 
 pation of the appointing power vested ex- 
 clusively in the President by the Second 
 Section of Article II of the same instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Upon his retirement from this office in 
 
 1880, he resumed the general practice of his 
 profession. In 1882 the nomination for a 
 seat on the Bench of Baltimore City was of- 
 fered him by the Independent party on what 
 was then known as the New Judge ticket, 
 but this nomination was declined bv him. 
 
 In political views and sympathies IMr. 
 Knott has always been a consistent mem- 
 ber of the regular Democratic party; though 
 sometimes in local elections, and when the 
 principles and policies of the party of his 
 choice were not in issue, he has exercised 
 his rights as a citizen and supported inde- 
 pendent nominations; of these vital princi- 
 ples and policies, however, he has been in 
 National and State elections a firm and an 
 undeviating supporter. 
 
 In 1859 he took part in the reform move- 
 ment in this city which culminated in the 
 deliverance of our State and City from the 
 hands of the Know-Nothing party. In the 
 memorable campaign of i860, Mr. Knott 
 first took an active part in politics. Seeing 
 the division of his party on the issues raised 
 in the Democratic National Convention, 
 which assembled in Charleston, in April, 
 i860, inevitable, he determined to investi- 
 gate and decide for himself on which side 
 the right lay and whither duty called him. 
 For this purpose he made several visits to 
 Washington in the interval between the ad- 
 journment of the convention at Charleston 
 and its reassembling in Baltimore and 
 listened to the discussions in the Senate on 
 the famous resolutions reported by the 
 Committee of Thirteen on the subject of 
 slavery in the Territories, the rights of the 
 people of the States therein, and the policy 
 pursued by the Democratic party with rela- 
 tion to this exciting question. He was pres- 
 ent at the great debate between Judge 
 Douglas and his celebrated antagonists, 
 Mr. Davis, Mr. Benjamin and Mr. Toombs. 
 He became convinced that whatever might 
 be the abstract right of secession — if there 
 were any such right at all under the Consti- 
 tution — the circumstances of the situation 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and of the country did not justify or call for 
 its exercise; that the attempt could only lead 
 to civil war and bloodshed ; and that the se- 
 cession of the Southern States from the 
 Democratic party meant, and must neces- 
 sarily by the irresistible logic of events lead 
 to, the secession of those States from the 
 Union. On the split in the Democratic 
 party, which subsequently took place at the 
 Front Street Theatre, Baltimore, (where 
 Mr. Knott was in attendance as a member of 
 the Committee of Arrangements on the part 
 of the Democratic City Convention) he ac- 
 tively and warmly espoused the cause of 
 Judge Douglas, not only as the regular 
 Democratic nominee entitled to the support 
 of the party, but because he believed that 
 nominee best represented the principles and 
 traditions of the Democratic party: and for 
 the further reason that the election of Judge 
 Douglas would constitute the only barrier 
 against disunion and civil war. But the dis- 
 ruption of the Democratic party at Balti- 
 n'.ore had assured the success of the Re- 
 publican candidate. Mr. Lincoln was 
 elected. And then in rapid succession trans- 
 pired those events which every student of 
 history, every intelligent inquirer into the 
 motives and springs of human conduct, 
 every impartial observer of events, who 
 could keep his mind free from the heats and 
 rlelusions of the hour, foresaw would hap- 
 pen. The Southern States, one after the 
 other, with the exception of the border 
 States, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and 
 Missouri, passed ordinances of secession 
 and went out of the Union ; the Government 
 of the Confederate States was launched into 
 being at Montgomery, Ala.. an<! war 
 between the States was begun, .\fter the 
 
 war became flagrant, however, and the 
 choice lay between the belligerent North 
 and the belligerent South, Mr. Knott's feel- 
 ings and sympathies were with his State 
 and section, whatever may have been the 
 inclinations of his judgment as to the ulti- 
 mate result of the conflict, and he declined 
 to unite with the Republican, or as it was 
 then designated in Maryland, the Uncon- 
 ditional L nion party. He felt convinced 
 that, whatever might be the professions 
 then put forth by that party, or the patriotic 
 motives which might inspire its members, 
 the course of events then rapidly develop- 
 ing would sweep that party sooner or later 
 on to a course of policy and to the adoption 
 of measures towards the Southern States, 
 outside of the Constitution, and which 
 neither his judgment nor his conscience 
 could approve. Events justified this con- 
 viction. 
 
 It was believed by many at the time, that, 
 if peace could be preserved for ninety days, 
 and the people of both sections have time 
 and opportunity fully to realize the gravity 
 of the situation into which they had been 
 plunged by rash and intemperate leaders: 
 " Daring pilots in extremity. 
 
 Pleased with the danger, when the waves went 
 high ;" 
 they would repudiate that leadership, and 
 war with its inevitable horrors would be 
 averted, and the Union preserved. 
 
 I'.ut the extremists on both sides were 
 eager to precipitate the conflict: the ultra se- 
 cessionists, in the belief that the firing of the 
 first gun would sunder forever the bonds of 
 the Union: the abolitionists, that it would 
 prove the death-knell of slavery. Wide as 
 the poles ajiart on every other public ques- 
 
rORY OF BALTIMORE, ilARYLAND. 
 
 tion, these two parties, numbering but a 
 small faction of the whole people, were one 
 in the sentiment that a blow must be struck. 
 They were gratified; but at what a cost of 
 blood and treasure! Events demonstrated 
 that the abolitionists were wiser and more 
 far-seeing in their forecast of the results of 
 the conflict. For after aJl with them were 
 the irresistible tendencies of the times, 
 the deep irreversible drift and current of 
 public sentiment throughout the civilized 
 and Christian world ; whatever might be the 
 political considerations and commercial in- 
 terests which might for a time be arrayed 
 on the other side. 
 
 I. 
 
 The Revival and Reorganization of 
 
 THE De.mocratic Party in 
 
 Maryland in 1864. 
 
 The Adoption of the Constitution of 1S64. 
 
 In 1864, the Democratic party of Mary- 
 land, which had been suppressed by the 
 Federal troops during the Civil War, was 
 reorganized under the leadership of ex- 
 Gov. Thomas G. Piatt, Judge Richard B. 
 Carmichael, Col. John F. Dent, Oliver Mil- 
 ler, Oden Bowie, Col. James T. Briscoe and 
 others, at a meeting held in the city of An- 
 napolis in February of that year. At this 
 meeting Mr. Knott was present by invita- 
 tion and took part in its deliberations. A 
 committee was formed to carry out the 
 purposes of the meeting. This committee 
 afterward became merged in a State Central 
 Committee to take charge of the interests of 
 the Democratic party of the State, of which 
 committee Col. (afterwards Gov.) Oden 
 Bowie was made chairman and Mr. Knott 
 
 was appointed secretary. This committee, 
 which gradually attracted to its active mem- 
 bership many of the most distinguished 
 Democrats of the State, aimed: First, to 
 prevent, if possible, the success at the polls 
 of the call for a convention to frame a new 
 Constitution for the State. A bill providing 
 for the submission of such a call to the peo- 
 ple was then pending in the Legislature and 
 was, as anticipated, subsequently passed by 
 that body. This measure was opposed by 
 the Democratic party on the grounds that 
 no fair election could be held under the cir- 
 cumstances in which the State was placed; 
 that the convention, if assembled, would not 
 represent the sentiments or interests of the 
 people, but rather the passions and antagon- 
 isms engendered by the conflict of arms in 
 the midst of which we were: that the politi- 
 cal disabilities, which had already been im- 
 posed on the people by legislative enact- 
 ment and military authority, would, there 
 was reason to believe, be incorporated in 
 the organic law which would be framed by 
 that convention, and that the Constitution 
 of the State, which should be the inviolable 
 charter of a people's rights, would thus be 
 perverted into a permanent instrument of 
 tyranny and oppression. 
 
 Secondly: To put the Democratic party 
 of the State in full accord with the Demo- 
 cratic party of the country as constituting 
 the only safeguard of the rights, liberties 
 and interests of the people, seriously men- 
 aced by the radical and revolutionary influ- 
 ences which had secured the supreme con- 
 trol of the Republican party. This object 
 derived additional significance from the con- 
 sideration that events now- portended the ul- 
 timate, if not speedy, overthrow of the Con- 
 federate government. 
 
HISTORY OF •BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 Thirdly: In the event of the adoption of 
 the proposed Constitution by the disfran- 
 chisement of its opponents, to begin at 
 once an agitation against the prescriptive 
 features and political disabilities which the 
 friends and advocates of that measure open- 
 ly avowed it was their intent and purpose 
 to insert in the instrument, and which were 
 inserted according to their program, and to 
 prepare the public mind at some time in the 
 near future, either for an entire change of 
 the organic law or for the removal of its 
 proscriptive and obnoxious provisions. 
 
 In the first of these objects this commit- 
 tee failed. Their efforts to bring out a full 
 vote against the call for a convention and 
 subsequently against the adoption by the 
 people of the Constitution, which was the 
 offspring of that body, were frustrated by 
 the simple but effective expedient of dis- 
 franchising a large part of the Democratic 
 vote of the State. 
 
 On the nth of June, 1864, Mr. Knott as 
 secretary of the committee appointed at An- 
 napolis, published in the daily papers of Bal- 
 timore a call addressed to the Democratic 
 \( iters of tlie city, requesting them to meet 
 in their respective wards, and to send five 
 delegates from each ward to a City Conven- 
 tion to be held at Rechabite Hall. Among 
 otl-.er business it was the duty of this con- 
 vention, when assembled, to send a delega- 
 tion to represent the city in the Democratic 
 State Convention, called under the same au- 
 thority, to meet in Baltimore on the i6th of 
 June. It was the first call issued to the 
 Democratic party of the .State since the 
 beginning of the war. 
 
 Both the City and State Conventions as- 
 sembled in pursuance of this call and were 
 fullv attended. This Citv Convention met 
 
 at 5 o'clock in the afternoon at Rechabite 
 Hall, on the corner of Gay and Fayette 
 streets. That hour was selected because it 
 was not deemed safe or prudent under exist- 
 ing conditions to hold the meeting in the 
 evening. Dr. John Morris presided, and 
 among the members of the convention were 
 William Kimmel, Albert Ritchie,J.A.L.Mc- 
 Ckire, Edward J. Chaisty, Jr., John T. Gray, 
 Mr. Joseph S. Heuisler, Augustus Albert, 
 J. Q. A. Robson, John Strible, Dr. Milton 
 N. Taylor, Jesse Morrison, William Black, 
 George F. Thompson, James E. Carr, Rob- 
 ert Renwick, William H. Perkins, James R. 
 Brewer, Bartholomew Smith and Samuel I. 
 Smith. The State Convention met at the 
 New Assembly Rooms on the corner of 
 Hanover and Lombard streets; Col. Oden 
 Bowie was chairman. The latter body sent 
 a delegation to represent the Democracy of 
 the State in the National Democratic Con- 
 vention, w^hich was to meet in Chicago on 
 August 27, 1864. Mr. Knott was a dele- 
 gate to these three, City, State and National 
 Conventions. He took an active part in 
 their respective proceedings and was chair- 
 man ol a local committee for Baltimore 
 City appointed by the State Convention. 
 
 The National Convention nominated Gen. 
 George B. McClellan and Hon. George H. 
 Pendleton as the candidates of the Demo- 
 cratic party for the offices of President and 
 Vice-President of the United States. For 
 reasons growing out of the action of General 
 McClellan in our State at the beginning of 
 the war, in carrying out the orders of the 
 President for the arrest of several distin- 
 guished citizens of our State, holding at 
 the time official positions, a most arbitrary 
 and high-handed proceeding, his nomina- 
 tion was unacceptable to some of the Demo- 
 
HlSTcJRY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 541 
 
 crats of the State: and several gentlemen 
 who had taken part in the movement now 
 fell away from it. But the Democratic State 
 Convention, which assembled in Baltimore 
 on the 29th of September, ratified these 
 nominations with great unanimity. Subse- 
 quently on the 28th of October, 1864, an- 
 other Democratic State Convention met in 
 Baltimore and put an electoral ticket and 
 full State ticket in the field. At the head of 
 the electoral ticket were the Hon. Wjlliam 
 Schley, of Baltimore, and John R. Franklin, 
 of Somerset. 
 
 Hon. Ezekiel F. Chambers, of Kent 
 county, was nominated as the Democratic 
 candidate for Governor and Hon. Oden 
 Bowie, of Prince George county, as candi- 
 date for Lieutenant Governor, and Hon. 
 Bernard Carter as Attorney General, and 
 H. Lingen Jarrett, Comptroller. At a Dis- 
 trict Convention held in Baltimore on the 
 29th of October, 1864. Mr. Knott was nomi- 
 nated as the Democratic candidate for Con- 
 gress for the Third Congressional district. 
 Early in October an active canvass had al- 
 ready been begun in support of the candi- 
 dates of the Democratic party for Presi- 
 dent and Vice-President, and also for 
 the purpose of arousing and concentrating 
 public sentiment against the Constitution, 
 which had just been framed by the 
 State Convention, and which was to be 
 submitted to the people, at an election 
 specially provided in that instrument to 
 be held in the city of Baltimore on 
 the 1 2th day of October, 1864. and in the 
 counties on the 12th and 13th days of the 
 same month. The campaign now proceeded 
 with additional spirit and vigor. The State 
 was then under military rule, and both the 
 State and City governments were wholly in 
 
 the possession of the Republican party. For 
 these reasons, though it was a well-known 
 fact, and conceded even by the very violence 
 of the measures resorted to defeat it, that the 
 Democratic party was in a majority in both 
 State and City the outlook was not encour- 
 aging. But a duty was to be performed 
 without regard to results, and under circum- 
 stances the most adverse a gallant fight was 
 made. 
 
 Meetings were called and the city and 
 State partially canvassed. But mobs fre- 
 quently dispersed these meetings and as- 
 sailed the citizens who attended them. The 
 offices of several Democratic newspapers 
 were raided by soldiers, the property de- 
 stroyed and their editors arrested and im- 
 prisoned. Some of these gentlemen were 
 sent beyond the lines; others compelled to 
 take oath of allegiance and to give security 
 against the publication of unauthorized 
 news of the army movements or of what was 
 then termed "disloyal sentiments." What 
 were "disloyal sentiments" was not defined 
 by any law or left to be determined by judi- 
 cial tribunals. The definition of the phrase 
 lay altogether in the breast of the commander 
 of the military department, to be applied by 
 him in each case as he thought fit, or of the 
 Secretary of State, or of War, or of the Pro- 
 vost-Marshal, or of a policeman sometimes, 
 or of an informer who always wore the cap 
 of invisibility and consequently of irrespon- 
 sibility; he might be your dearest friend or 
 your dearest enemy. There was a notable 
 instance of this sort of partisan violence in 
 the case of a Democratic mass meeting at- 
 tempted to be held at Maryland Institute 
 Hall, Baltimore, on the 4th of November, 
 1864. There was a large attendance. Gen. 
 Lewis Wallace (he of Ben Hur fame) was 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 then ill command of the miUtar}' depart- 
 ment. Induced, it was said by information 
 given him by some local politicians as to the 
 character and objects of the meeting, he had 
 ordered a company of Federal soldiers to 
 take possession of an armory (situated on 
 the corner of Baltimore and Frederick 
 streets and belonging to avolunteer military 
 oganization of the city). About 8 o'clock, 
 just as the meeting was called to order by 
 Mr. (now Judge) Albert Ritchie, the chair- 
 man, some of these soldiers mingled with 
 the mob, which wholly unchecked by the 
 police, of which there was a large number 
 scattered thrdugh the audience, broke into 
 the Hall and quickly dispersed the meeting. 
 Some of the ofiticers and speakers of the 
 meeting were compelled to seek safety by 
 escaping by means of a rope from the rear 
 hatchway of the Institute on Second street. 
 Two of the gentlemen who made their exit 
 from the Hall in this suddenly improvised 
 manner received painful injuries. 
 
 The absurd story reported to have been 
 told General Wallace on this occasion, was 
 that those who got up the meeting intended 
 to seize this armory and the guns and am- 
 munition stored in it and attack the United 
 States forces then garrisoning the city with 
 the view of creating a diversion of troops 
 from the Army of the Potomac, and thus aid 
 the cause of the rebellion. It is almost im- 
 possible to believe that General Wallace 
 could have l^een imposed upon by so trans- 
 parent and preposterous a falsehood which 
 \N()ul(I seem to have exceeded the utmost 
 i)ounds of credulity. Hut in those days of 
 internecine strife and civil confusion there 
 was no invention of fear or malice too ab- 
 surd for belief l)y those who wished to be- 
 lieve and who at the same time wished to 
 
 make that belief the ground of political 
 proscription. It is more credible that he 
 may have thought it better to allay in this 
 manner the apprehensions of his informants 
 and their friends, whose patriotism or timid- 
 ity was continually getting the better of 
 their good sense and veracity, as well as on 
 his part, perhaps, out of abundant caution, 
 to take the proverbial ounce of prevention 
 by seizing this armory and allowing his sol- 
 diers to lend a hand in the dispersion of an 
 alleged "disloyal" meeting. 
 
 The Constitution was defeated by the peo- 
 ple of the State, the majority against it being 
 two thousand. But that instrument con- 
 tained a provision directing the taking of the 
 votes of the Maryland troops in the field. It 
 is needless to say on which side that vote 
 was reported to be cast. It took ten days to 
 collect and return the soldiers' vote. On the 
 24th of October the final returns of this 
 vote were announced to be twenty-two 
 hundred and ninety-four for the convention 
 and seventy-six against it. This wiped out 
 the popular or home majority against the 
 Constitution and left a small majority in its 
 favor. The Constitution further provided 
 that if the Governor, to whom the returns 
 were to be made, was satisfied that the Con- 
 stitution had been ratified, he should also 
 declare by proclamation, in order that the 
 Constitution should go into effect on the 
 1st day of November, 1864. 
 
 A sub-committee of the Democratic State 
 Central Committee, of which Judge Cham- 
 bers was chairman, had in the meantime 
 called on Governor Bradford and filed with 
 him a remonstrance and protest against 
 counting the soldiers' vote on the ground 
 tiiat under the Constitution of 1851, still the 
 existing fundamental law, no election could 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 543 
 
 be held outside of the State; that voters 
 must cast their ballots at the polling places 
 of their legal residences; that the new Con- 
 stitution could not confer these privileges 
 claimed for the soldiers since that instru- 
 ment had not yet been adopted by the 
 people, and might never be adopted; and 
 on the additional ground that there were 
 many and manifest frauds and irregu- 
 larities in the returns of the soldiers' vote; 
 and the committee demanded an oppor- 
 tunity to inspect and canvass these returns. 
 Hon. William Schley, I. Nevett Steele and 
 Thomas S. Alexander appeared for the 
 Democratic State Central Committee before 
 the Governor; Hon. Henry Winter Davis 
 and Mr. Henry Stockbridge represented the 
 Republican party. The protest was una- 
 vailing. A Democratic State Convention 
 which met in Baltimore on October 28th, 
 and of which Col. Oden Bowie was chair- 
 man and Mr. Knott secretary, protested 
 against the action of Governor Bradford 
 but in vain. On the 29th of October the 
 Governor issued his proclamation declaring 
 the ratification of the Constitution by the 
 people; the vote being thirty thousand, one 
 hundred and seventy-four for the Constitu- 
 tion and twenty-nine thousand, seven hun- 
 dred and ninety-nine against it ; the majority 
 being the very narrow one of three hundred 
 and seventy-five. The deed, involving the 
 wholesale spoliation of the rights of prop- 
 erty, the impoverishment of thousands of 
 our fellow-citizens and the disfranchisement 
 of a majority of the voters of the State, was 
 consummated. It is due to truth and can- 
 dor to add in this connection, and the fact 
 should be put on record, that but for the 
 conduct of some Democrats in Baltimore 
 City of note and prominence, some of them 
 
 the eager, solicitous and successful aspirants 
 for the offices and honors of the party in 
 the days of its former prosperity and who 
 became such aspirants again after its restor- 
 ation to power in 1867, this Constitution 
 would have been defeated ; and the people of 
 the State spared the long and arduous strug- 
 gle which ensued for the recovery of their 
 political rights. Some of these gentlemen 
 not content with declining all participation 
 in the movement which had been set on foot 
 without their consent, exerted their influ- 
 ence to deter others from entering into it, 
 and unfortunately in many instances with 
 success. This extraordinary conduct, so 
 little to be looked for considering the 
 political antecedents of these gentlemen, 
 was in marked contrast with the uniform 
 conduct of the Democrats throughout the 
 counties who gave that movement their ac- 
 tive and energetic support. 
 
 The Presidential and State election took 
 place on Tuesday, November 8th, under the 
 new Constitution thus proclaimed as 
 adopted. The Fourth Section of Article I 
 of this instrument was a wholesale bill of 
 pains and penalties, of exclusions and pro- 
 scriptions against the Democratic voters of 
 the State. This section provided that "No 
 person who has at any time been in armed 
 hostility to the United States, or the lawful 
 authorities thereof, or who has been in any 
 manner in the service of the so-called "Con- 
 federate States of America" and no person 
 who has voluntarily left this State and gone 
 within the military lines of the so-called 
 "Confederate States of America" with the 
 purpose of adhering to said States and 
 armies, and no person zulw had gk'cn any aid. 
 comfort, countenance or support to those en- 
 gaged in armed Iwstility to the United States, 
 
544 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 or in any nianticr adhered to the enemies of the 
 United States either by contributing to the 
 enemies of the United States or unlawfully 
 sending within the lines of such enemies 
 money, or goods, or letters, or information, or 
 who has disloyally held communication with the 
 enemies of the United States, or who has ad- 
 vised any person to enter the service of said 
 enemies, or aided any person so to enter, or who 
 has by any open deed or word declared his ad- 
 hesion to the cause of the enemies of the United 
 States, or his desire for the triumph of said 
 enemies over the arms of the United States, 
 shall ever be entitled to zvte at any election to 
 be held in this State, or to hold any office of 
 honor, profit or trust under the laivs of this 
 State,un]ess since such unlawful acts he shall 
 have voluntarily entered into the military 
 service of the United States, and been hon- 
 orably discharged therefrom, or shall be on 
 the day of election actually and voluntarily in 
 such service, or unless he shall be restored to 
 his full rights of citizenship by an Act of the 
 General Assembly passed by a vote of two- 
 thirds of all the members elected to each House; 
 and it shall be the duty of all officers of Regis- 
 tration and Judges of Election carefidly to ex- 
 clude from voti)ig or being registered, all per- 
 sons so as above disqualiiied; and the 
 Judges of Election at the first elec- 
 tion under this Constitution shall and 
 at any suljsequent election may ad- 
 'minister to any person offering to vote 
 the following oath or affirmation: I 
 do swear or affirm that I am a citizen of the 
 United States, that I have never given any 
 aid, countenance or support to those in aimed 
 hostility to the United Stales: that I have never 
 expressed a desire for the triumph of said 
 enemies over the arms of the United States, 
 * * * and I make this oath or affirmation 
 
 ivithoid any reservation or evasion, and believe 
 it to be binding on me; and any person declining 
 to take such oath shall not be allozved to vote, 
 but the taking of such oath shall not be deemed 
 conclusive evidence of the right of such person 
 to vote; and any person swearing or affirming 
 falsely shall be liable to the penalty of perjury. 
 
 Section 7 and Section 8 of Article I were 
 equally severe in their proscriptive require- 
 ments. By Section 7 it was required that 
 "Every person elected or appointed to any 
 office of trust or profit under this Constitu- 
 tion or under the laws made pursuant 
 thereto, before he shall enter upon the du- 
 ties of such office shall take and subscribe 
 the "an oath or affirmation" which required 
 the affiant among other things to declare 
 "That I have never directly or indirectly, by 
 word, act or deed, given aid. comfort or en- 
 couragement to those in rebellion against 
 the United States." By Section 8 it was 
 provided that "Every person holding any 
 office of trust or profit under the late Con- 
 stitution or under any law of this State who 
 shall be continued in office under this Con- 
 stitution or under any law of the State shall 
 within thirty days after this Constitution 
 shall have gone into effect take the oath set 
 forth in Section 7 of this Article," and on 
 failure to do so his office was declared ipso 
 facto vacant. 
 
 It is manifest from these sections that it 
 was the intent and purposes of their authors 
 to exclude forever, or so long as the constitu- 
 tion they were framing slioidd endure, all 
 persons who had committed the acts or 
 entertained or expressed the sentiments, 
 denounced in these sections, from all share 
 and participation whatever in the political 
 government of the State, and thereby to 
 secure and perpetuate the rule and su- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 545 
 
 premacv of the Republican party. With 
 the malignant and painstaking industry of 
 inquisitors they sought to probe the con- 
 science of the voter and to compel him un- 
 der the penalties of perjury to disclose and 
 lay bare his inmost thoughts and to make 
 such disclosures thus forced from him 
 matters of crimination and exclusion 
 against him. One reads these sections now 
 with amazement. Democrats of that day 
 also read them with amazement, not un- 
 mingled, however, with fear and appre- 
 hension. The authors of these disqualify- 
 ing and expurgatory clauses seem to have 
 gone back two or three centuries, to the 
 days of civil and religious intolerance for 
 examples and precedents. They read like 
 sections frorr the penal statutes of England 
 or of a decree of the Parliament of Paris, 
 or of an edict of Philip II. of Spain, ui the 
 sixteenth century. The terms employed 
 are as broad and comprehensive "as the 
 casing air," as the most searching and ma- 
 lignant ingenuity could suggest or the 
 English language could furnish. But this 
 was not all. They were open to the widest 
 and wildest expansion by construction at 
 the hands of the officers of the Registration 
 and Judges of Election in their discretion. 
 These officers charged with the administra- 
 tion of a law on which depended the dearest 
 rights of freeman, but selected for their 
 notorious and unscrupulous partisanship, 
 were instructed in these sections not to re- 
 gard as conclusive the oath taken by the 
 voter, but to go beyond it in their inquisi- 
 tions into his mind and conscience. All the 
 dictates of humanity, all the ties of natural 
 love and afifectipn, all the r,weet and sooth- 
 ing offices of friendship were reprobated 
 and ruthlessly aimed at and stricken down 
 
 by these provisions. It was well known 
 that thousands of the citizens of Maryland 
 had fathers, brothers, sons or friends in the 
 armies of the Confederate States. By any 
 communication with these relatives or 
 friends, by any "aid or comfort" given 
 them, by any expression of a wish for their 
 safety, or success when they stood on "the 
 perilous edge of battle," the party so of- 
 fending contracted the deadly guilt of dis- 
 loyalty, and incurred as a consequence the 
 loss forever of all his political rights and 
 privileges. A system of espionage, a body 
 of informers was necessary to round out 
 and complete this constitutional bulwark 
 against "incivism," as the "terrorists" of 
 the French Revolution characterized such 
 acts of love and friendship, nor were these 
 wanting, as many a Democratic voter of 
 that time could bear witness. 
 
 That the officers of registration and 
 Judges of Election were willing and pre- 
 pared to execute these provisions of the 
 Constitution in the vindictive spirit in which 
 they were conceived was abundantly dem- 
 onstrated. 
 
 At the meeting of the Judges of Election 
 of the city of Baltimore held on Friday, No- 
 vember 4, 1864, it was on motion of one Mr. 
 E. L. Thomas among other things unani- 
 mously resolved : 
 
 /. That the simple taking of the oath should 
 not be deemed conclusive evidence of the lovalty 
 of the party (i. e. applicant to vote). 
 
 2. That the judges be instructed to put such 
 other questions to voters outside of the oath as 
 shall satisfy them that the party offering to vote 
 is not a rebel or a rebel sympathiser. 
 
 _•?. That the judges be requested to commit 
 to the custody of the police any person offering 
 lo z'otc zclw ill their opinion had szvorn falsely. 
 
546 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, ilARYLAND. 
 
 It will be seen that these resolutions went 
 far beyond the requirements of the fourth 
 Section of Article I of the Constitution, se- 
 vere as they are in their denunciations; they 
 outraged all law and every sentiment of jus- 
 tice. Under their operation the unfortu- 
 nate Democratic voter was indeed "put to the 
 quest ion" as that term was employed by Tor- 
 quenmnda and his familiars, or by the min- 
 isters of the penal laws in the reigns of Eliza- 
 beth and James the First. 
 
 Mr. Thomas, the State's Attorney at that 
 time, was present and advocated the adop- 
 tion of these resolutions. One of the judges, 
 a Reverend Mr. Jarboe not only supported 
 the resolutions and bestowed his benedic- 
 tion in advance on the political autos da fc 
 of Democrats proposed to be celebrated on 
 the ensuing election day, but offered an ad- 
 ditional resolution of so stringent and ex- 
 treme a character, however, that it shocked 
 even the callous sensibilities of the laymen 
 I)resent and they left his resolution to be 
 acted on by the judges in their discretion. 
 
 There were, according to report, out of 
 the two hundred and forty Judges of Elec- 
 tion just exactly seventy present at this 
 meeting, but the absent Judges on the day 
 of election acted on these resolutions, so 
 that they may be regarded as the accepted 
 and authoritative exposition of the 4th Sec- 
 tion of Article I of — the creed of the Re- 
 publican party. Mr. Lincoln was returned 
 as having received a vote of fourteen thou- 
 sand eight hundred and thirty-four against 
 a vote of two thousand seven hundred and 
 seventy-six for (K-neral McClcllan, the to- 
 tal vote of the city being onlv seventeen 
 thousand six hundred and ten. 
 
 As the total vote of the city of lialtimore 
 in the Presidential election of 1860 four 
 
 years before, when every voter exercised 
 his right without fear or favor, was thirty 
 thousand one hundred and fifty-five, and as 
 the total vote in 1867, three years after his 
 election, when there was, as is known and 
 admitted, a thoroughly fair and honest ex- 
 pression of public sentiment, was twenty- 
 four thousand seven hundred and fifty-six 
 — the Democratic majority being fifteen 
 thousand and fifty-six — we may form some 
 estimate of the number of Democratic vot- 
 ers of the city of Baltimore disfranchised in 
 the election of 1864. 
 
 The Republicans carried their electoral 
 and State tickets by five thousand majority 
 in the State. Outside of the city they were 
 defeated. The election on the adoption or 
 rejection of the Constitution in the previous 
 October had gone against them on the 
 popular vote. They were put on their 
 guard by this result so unexpected on their 
 part, and which had made them iiustle in 
 tlie camps and among the camp followers to 
 overcome it. They realized that to a party 
 in the minority the unscrupulous exercise 
 of power is the price of success. 
 
 It was some time after admitted to the 
 writer of this sketch by a distinguished gen- 
 tleman once high in the councils of the Re- 
 publican party and of the country, that the 
 Democrats carried the State at this election, 
 and also defeated the Constitution in Octo- 
 ber; but that the imperious necessities of the 
 war, the rule, Sains rcipublicae suprcina lex 
 — a maxim often perverted to the worst pur- 
 poses of tyranny, to the overthrow more fre- 
 (juentl)' than to the salvation, of republics — 
 re(|uircd the defeat of (k-neral McClellan 
 and the success in a non-seceding Southern 
 State of a Constitution which abolished 
 slavcrw .-Xn apprehension began to be felt 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. JIARYLAND. 
 
 547 
 
 lest the war should end without the total 
 extinction of slavery. The emancipation 
 proclamation of Mr. Lincoln of January i, 
 1863, did not extend to the States of Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri, 
 which, though sflbjected to military rule, 
 and to treatment as disloyal communities 
 and to all the ravages of Civil War, had not 
 passed acts of secession and made war 
 against the Union. If therefore these 
 States could be induced either voluntarily, 
 or by the exertion of military constraint or 
 political pressure to abolis'h that insinua- 
 tion, it would be a great point gained and 
 would relieve the country and the Repub- 
 lican party from a grave and an embar- 
 rassing situation in the future. Maryland 
 was therefore to be constrained to point the 
 way which the other three States must fol- 
 low. 
 
 Thus was the Democratic party of Mary- 
 land after an interregnum of four years re- 
 suscitated, and started again on a career, 
 which though marked in its early stages by 
 trials and defeats, was destined in the end 
 to be crowned with success. 
 
 II. 
 
 Federal Interference in Maryland 
 Elections — Mr. Lincoln's Con- 
 nection WITH Emancipation 
 in that State. 
 That the interference of the Federal 
 troops with the elections held in Maryland 
 during the war, especiall\' in 1863 and 
 and 1864. was authorized and sanctioned 
 by President Lincoln is made clear by 
 reference to the correspondence between 
 the President and Governor Bradford on 
 that subject to be found in the elaborate 
 life of Mr. Lincoln by Mr. John Hay and 
 
 Mr. John G. Nicolay, vol. 8. pages 450, 462, 
 463. In order to understand fully the bear- 
 ings and significance of this correspondence 
 it is necessary to premise a few observa- 
 tions on the political condition of the State 
 at that period. 
 
 The disruption of the Democrati.c party 
 at Baltimore in i860, and the fact that the 
 large majority of the voters of that party 
 supported the Breckenridge-Lane ticket in 
 the election of that year, had undoubtedly 
 predisposed the minds of many in our State 
 for the secession movement which took 
 place immediately after that election, as a 
 necessary consequence of that disruption. 
 This disposition was further encouraged 
 and strengthened by the visits of com- 
 missioners from several of the Southern 
 States and also by numerous public meet- 
 ings held during the winter of 1860-1861 in 
 Baltimore, notably at Maryland Institute 
 Hall and Taylor's Hall, Fayette near Cal- 
 vert street. At these meetings addresses 
 of an passionate and exciting character 
 were made by gentlemen, some of whom 
 were frank and outspoken in favor of Mary- 
 land casting her lot with her sister States of 
 the South at once; while others had no other 
 object in view than to spread their sails to 
 the popular breeze, blow from what quarter 
 soever it might, which promised to waft 
 them into the safe and pleasant havens of 
 office, to which they had become accus- 
 tomed by long continued occupation. The 
 latter class as is usual with the insincere 
 and selfish were the more violent and intem- 
 perate in their harangues. 
 
 Unfortunately for themselves and still 
 more so for their hearers, the standards by 
 which these gentlemen were used to gauge 
 public opinion were unequal to the task of 
 
548 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 measuring the great and profoundly preg- 
 nant events, in the midst of which they all, 
 unconsciously, were playingtheir little parts. 
 While anticipating a prosperous voyage 
 over a comparatively smooth sea only to be 
 a little disturbed perhaps by the ripples of a 
 shortlived agitation, they were suddenly 
 struck by the awful storm of Civil War, and 
 the places which had known them knew 
 them no more — that is for six or seven 
 years — until the storm had wholly abated, 
 the waters of the deluge had gone down, 
 and they felt the terra firma of assured offi- 
 cial position safe under their feet. A majority 
 of the people of the State were at the begin- 
 ning of the war opposed to secession and so 
 remained, there is every reason to believe, 
 to its close. But a majority was equally 
 opposed to the war made on the South, 
 believing and rightfully believing, that a 
 union achieved by force and cemented by 
 blood was not the union formed by the 
 founders of the government, and that the 
 mere contemplation of such union would 
 have been as abhorrent tO' those founders, 
 as it was to themselves. In this belief the 
 people of Maryland remained firm and con- 
 stant without regard t" tin- iliic ^pun theo- 
 ries and speculations ..i la\\\rr,-, aud politi- 
 cians about the abstract right of secession on 
 the one side, or about the constitutional duty 
 to defend what was termed the nation's life 
 on the other; but taking their ground on 
 the broad principles of the Declaration, that 
 all governments derive their just powers 
 from c :nsent of the governed, and that 
 when any government becomes destructive 
 of the ends for which government is insti- 
 tuted — the protection of the unalienable 
 rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of hap- 
 piness — it is the right of the people to alter 
 
 or abolish such government and institute a 
 new government. By the light of these 
 great and indefeasible principles the people 
 of Maryland could see no right or justice in 
 the war between the States. 
 
 But in times of civil commotion and in- 
 ternecine strife reason and judgment, like 
 the laws, are silent. In such times, 
 " The genius and the mortal instruments 
 Are then in council, and the state of man, 
 Like to a little kingdom suffers then 
 The nature of an insurrection," 
 and the voice of passion and of tumult is 
 alone heard. 
 
 This attitude of the people brought upon 
 our State first the censure, and then the 
 active hostility of the administration at 
 Washington. The State was promptly 
 taken possession of by the military forces 
 of the United States, a large number of its 
 prominent citizens arbitrarily arrested and 
 imprisoned: its legally constituted authori- 
 ties either suppressed or permitted to dis- 
 charge their duties and functions only in 
 subordination to, and at the let and hind- 
 rance of those forces. There was indeed a 
 complete overthrow of all constitutional 
 and legal government in Maryland, as much 
 so as if the State had gone into the rebellion. 
 A military rule was established whose chief 
 officer was a Provost Marshal acting under 
 orders from a Major General commanding 
 the department. The liberty, the property, 
 even the very lives of our citizens were at 
 the discretion of an irresponsible personal 
 dictatorship with an appeal only — not to 
 the laws and established tribunals of the 
 land, but to the President at Washing-ton 
 or his Secretary of War. It is true after a 
 while the ordinary civil tribunals when re- 
 constructed in their personel by military 
 force, and put in the hands of loyal men. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 549 
 
 were permitted to relieve the militar)' 
 authorities of a share of the responsibility to 
 conduct the government; but it was only 
 a permission extended, which at any time 
 might be withdrawn if occasion required, 
 or political or military necessity dictated. 
 Such was the political condition of Mary- 
 land during the war. As that war pro- 
 gressed and the policy of the Republican 
 party developed and became more and 
 more pronounced in its hostility to the 
 South and to the institution of slavery, 
 division appeared in the ranks of that 
 party here in Maryland. It became di- 
 vided into two factions. One was known 
 as "The Union party" simply; it was con- 
 servative in character, was opposed to 
 meddling with the institution of slavery 
 in the State, and also to the high handed 
 courses pursued by the Government in 
 dealing with the loyal State authorities. It 
 was headed by Governor Bradford, Hon. 
 Thomas Swann, William H. Purnell, Edwin 
 Webster. Mayor Chapman, C. C. Fulton. 
 J. V. L. Findlay. The other faction went 
 by the name of the "Unconditional Union 
 party," and, as its name imparted, was 
 radical and revolutionary in its chararcter. 
 It favored and supported any and every 
 measure favored and supported by the 
 Government at Washington and deemed 
 by that government necessary or ad- 
 visable to suppress the rebellion. The 
 leaders of this faction were Hon. Henry 
 Winter Davis, J. A. J. Creswell, Judge 
 Bond, Henry Howes Goldsborro, Arch- 
 ibald Sterling, Jr., Henry Stockbridge, 
 and it embraced a majority of the rank 
 and file of the party especially in the 
 counties. In obedience to the command 
 of the authorities at Wa.shington, as well 
 
 perhaps as in accordance with the convic- 
 tions of some of its leaders, this party fa- 
 vored the abolition of slavery in the State 
 by constitutional action, and to this party 
 for that reason Mr. Lincoln lent his all pow- 
 erful influence. It was mainly on this issue 
 of abolishing slavery in the State that the 
 division had taken place. 
 
 In November, 1863, an election was to be 
 held for a State Comptroller and the Gen- 
 eral Assembly of the State. It was im- 
 portant for the radical faction to secure a 
 majority in that body in order to enable it 
 to carry oiit its policy of emancipation by 
 passing a bill for calling a convention to 
 frame a new Constitution for the State. 
 This election furnished an opportunity for 
 the two factions to make a trial of their 
 strength. They each nominated a candi- 
 date for Comptroller. The Conservative 
 or Union candidate polled 15,982 votes; 
 the Radical or Unconditional Union candi- 
 date 36,360. The contest was quite bitter. 
 The Radicals claimed to represent the 
 wishes and to carry out the policy of the 
 administration, and strange to say charged 
 their opponents with a want of loyalty. 
 Hon. Thomas Swann, chairman of the Re- 
 publican State Central Committee, wrote a 
 letter dated October 26, 1863, to President 
 Lincoln, complaining that union z'otcrs had 
 a susf^icion that the election umik! be at- 
 tended zvith undue influence on the part of 
 persons elainiing to represent the govern- 
 ment. ]\Ir. Lincoln replied disclaiming any 
 desire to interfere. In view of extracts from 
 some of Mr. Lincoln's letters of about the 
 same date hereafter given this disclaimer is, 
 to say the least, a little singular. 
 
 In October, 1863, a few weeks before the 
 State election, Gen. Robert C. Schcnck, 
 
550 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 then Military Commander of the Depart- 
 .nent of Marylantl, issued the following 
 orders: 
 
 1 . That provost marshals and other military 
 officers should arrest disloyal persons found 
 at or lianging around the. polls or plaees of 
 election. 
 
 2. That provost marshals and other inditary 
 ofhccrs should support judges of election in 
 recjuiri}ig an oath of allegiance to the UnUed 
 States as a test of citizenship of any one, 
 zuhose vote may be challenged on the ground 
 that he is not loyal. [ 
 
 3. That provost marshals and other military 
 officers should report judges of election refus- 
 ing to require such oaths. 
 
 Vol. 8, Chap. XIX, 462, of Hay and 
 Nicolay's Life of Lincoln. 
 
 General Schenck had also informed the 
 President by letter that the Union men in 
 the State had assured him (Schenck) that 
 they would not attend the polls or run a 
 ticket without the assurance of military 
 protection. Ibid, 463. 
 
 And this demand for military protection 
 at the polls was made at a time when the 
 Union men of the State, conditional and 
 unconditional alike, were proclaiming to the 
 outside world that a great majority of the 
 people of the State were cordially with them 
 in sentiment and feelings; when the Na- 
 tional State and City Governments with 
 their vast machinery were wliolly on their 
 hands, and every quarter of the State was 
 occupied b"y United States troops. There 
 was false representation in one or the other 
 of these two wholly irreconcilable state- 
 ments. 
 
 The test of loyalty also became more 
 severe and exacting in consecjuence of the 
 division in the Republican party. To be 
 deemed trulv loval it was no longer suffi- 
 
 cient to take the oath of allegiance, to sup- 
 port the Government, to vote supplies for 
 the war, to urge its unrelenting prosecution 
 until the last rebel in arms disappeared — 
 killed or captured — to hold an office or to 
 secure a contract. These were old and 
 unsatisfactory criteria of loyalty. The very 
 salt had lost its savor according to this new 
 theory. The voter or the candidate had to 
 be loyal according to the pattern pre- 
 scribed at Washington, and that pattern 
 was to obey orders received from the Cap- 
 ital, through the Military Commander, or 
 
 I the Provost Marshal, unargued and without 
 (juestion. 
 
 Governor Bradford was a thoroughly 
 loyal citizen and Chief Magistrate, a sin- 
 cere and an honorable gentleman. He had 
 given abundant evidence of his devotion to 
 the cause of the Union in his office, and was 
 celebrated as one of the famous "War Gov- 
 ernors." Yet he thus saw his authority 
 summarily set aside and himself disparaged 
 by these wholly illegal orders of a military 
 commander from the State of Ohio. He 
 bore it ill that he should thus be treated 
 after all his services and sacrifices, and ad- 
 dressed a communication to President Lin- 
 coln, protesting against these orders as an 
 usurpation and contempt of his authority 
 and an insult to the people of the State. 
 This appeal and protest met with a response 
 from Mr. Lincoln in a reply dated Novem- 
 
 I ber 2, 1863, which is to be found on pages 
 462, 463 of Vol. 8 of Hay and Xicolay 
 biography. In this letter the President 
 fully appproved of and sustained, with but 
 slight and wholly immaterial changes, the 
 orders of General Schenck and thus made 
 these orders his own. He says to Governor 
 Bradford: "Your suggestion that nearly all 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 551 
 
 the candidates are loyal, I do not think quite 
 meets the case. In this struggle for the 
 nation's life, I cannot so confidently rely on 
 those whose election may have depended on 
 disloyal I'otcs. Such men zchen elected may 
 prove true, but such zvtes are given them 
 in the expectation that they zvill prove false. 
 Nor do I think that to keep the peace at the 
 polls and to prevent the persistently disloyal 
 from voting constitutes a just cause of offense 
 to Maryland. If I mistake not, it is precisely 
 what General Di.r;" — and here Mr. Lincoln 
 administered a sly dig, a /;; quoque which ad- 
 mitted of neither reply or response, to the 
 Governor, anent his election three years be- 
 fore over Gen. Benjamin C. Howard — 
 "zdien your E.vcelleney zvas elected Governor 
 in 1861." So sustained and upheld by Pres- 
 ident Lincoln over and against the protest 
 of the Governor of the State, a man of unim- 
 peachable loyalty and of distinguished ser- 
 vices in the Union cause, General Schenck 
 and his provost marshals and "other military 
 officers" conducted and supervised the elec- 
 tions in Maryland in the fall of 1863, with 
 the result that a large majority of the mem- 
 bers elected to the Legislature were of the 
 most radical character. 
 
 Extreme measures were adopted during 
 the ensuing session of that body of 1864. 
 A registration act, bristling with pains and 
 penalties, was passed, as was also a bill sub- 
 mitting a call for a convention to frame a 
 new Constitution for the State; and, to put 
 the success of<this measure beyond all per- 
 aflventure, every precaution was adopted 
 that ingenuity could suggest to prevent the 
 intrusion into the ballot box of Democratic 
 votes against it. Indeed this was the crucial 
 measure. To vote for the Bill and afterward 
 to vote fo- the Constitution became the 
 
 supreme and only test of loyahy. It made 
 no difiference what might have been an in- 
 dividual's services and sacrifices, though he 
 had given all his substance to the cause of 
 the Union and poured out his blood like 
 water, he was but tinkling brass and a 
 sounding cymbal, unless he gave his voice 
 and his vote for the measure, for by this 
 measure slavery was abolished in the State. 
 It was for this reason that Mr. Lincoln gave 
 this measure, and the party in the State that 
 advocated it, his warm and active sympathy 
 and support. Indeed his biographers claim 
 for him the high merit of having "prompted" 
 the whole movement. See Vol. 8, page 465, 
 Hay and Nicolay's Life. 
 
 That this is true admits of no doubt 
 after reading the letter of Mr. Lincoln to 
 ^Ir. J. A. J. Cresswell, a distinguished 
 leader of the radical wing of the party and 
 a senator in Congress. In this letter, dated 
 March 17, 1864, Mr. Lincoln says: "It 
 needs not to be a secret that I rvish success 
 emancipation in Maryland. It would aid much 
 to end the Rebellion. Hence it is a matter of 
 national consequence in which every national 
 man may rightfully feel a deep interest. I 
 sincerely hope the friends of the measure li'ill 
 alloz\.' no minor consideration to divide and 
 distract them." 
 
 This was written while a bill for a con- 
 vention was still pending in the Legislature, 
 where it was fought with untiring zeal and 
 courage by a small Spartan band of Demo- 
 crats led by Oliver Miller of Anne Arundel, 
 and Col. Jonn F. Dent of St. Mary's. 
 
 After the convention had completed the 
 task set it by the President, and its work, 
 the Constitution, was before the people of 
 the State for ratification or rejection, Mr. 
 Lincoln, in answer to an invitation from 
 
552 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Hon. Henry W. Hoffman, then Collector 
 of the Port of Baltimore, to send some 
 word of encouragement to a meeting to be 
 held in that city in favor of ratifying the 
 Constitution, wrote a letter dated October 
 10, 1864, in which he observed "that he only 
 felt an interest in the provision in that instni- 
 ment (the Constitution of 1864), abolishing 
 slavery. I desire it on every consideration, 
 and I shall be gratified exceedingly if the good 
 people of the State shall by their votes ratify 
 the Constitution." Vol. 8, page 467, Hay and 
 Nicolay's Life. 
 
 The biographers add: 
 
 "The election proved one of the most 
 closely contested elections during the war. 
 Rigid provisions had been adopted to prevent 
 disloyal persons from voting, end liberal pro- 
 visions had been made for taking votes of 
 Maryland soldiers on the question in the camps 
 or stations zvhere they might be serving. The 
 result of the vote was 30,174 for the Con- 
 stitution, 29,799 against it. A majority of 
 only 375 out of a vote of 60,000, a very 
 narrow majority. But, however small was 
 the majority by which the result was ob- 
 tained, it was in entire harmony with the 
 manifest popular will of the State; for within 
 the succeeding month occurred the Presi- 
 dential election of 1864 at which were cast 
 40,152 votes for Mr. Lincoln, and 32,759 for 
 McClellan, giving the President zulio had 
 prompted and aided Stale onancipatinn a pop- 
 tdar majority of 7,414. 
 
 "This," continue the enthusiastic biogra- 
 phers, "was a remarkable transformation." 
 ".\ remarkable transformation" indeed! 
 How that transformation was brought 
 about has already been shown in this rela- 
 tion. By what wholesale exclusion of 
 Democrats from voting in Baltimore City 
 
 and in the western and middle counties of 
 the State, by what arrests and intimidation 
 of voters by the military authorities, by 
 what fears aroused by General Schenck's 
 orders, by what fraudulent manipulations of 
 the returns of the soldiers" votes this "re- 
 markable transformation" was effected is 
 now known of all men, but the two collabo- 
 rateurs of these ten bulky volumes. But 
 for these instrumentalities of violence and of 
 fraud, deliberately planned and provided by 
 General Schenck in contempt of tlie au- 
 thority of the Governor, and "against the 
 peace, gcvernment and dignity of the 
 State," and sanctioned by the highest au- 
 thority in the country. President Lincoln, 
 the Constitution of 1864, which disfran- 
 chised forever two-thirds of the voters of the 
 State, would have been overwhelmed under 
 an avalanche of the honest votes of an indig- 
 nant people, and General McClellan would 
 have triumphantly carried the State. Out- 
 rages innumerable were perpetrated in Bal- 
 timore. To be known as a Democrat was 
 sufficient proof of disloyalty. 
 
 Let the story of one instance suffice as 
 an illustration. Mr. Knott, the Demo- 
 cratic candidate- for Congress from the 
 Third District against General (now Judge) 
 Charles E. Phelps, was challenged at his 
 polling place. North Amity near Lexington 
 .street, his vote rejected and a warrant made 
 out for his arrest on the ground of disloy- 
 alty, in that he vv"as in arms against the Gov- 
 ernment on the loth of .Aprjl. 1861. The 
 fact was that Mr. l-Cnott was, and had been 
 from its formation, a member of the 33rd 
 Regiment, wnich, together with the other 
 military org-.mi7ations of the city, had been 
 called into service to protect life and prop- 
 erty by til.' express orders of Governor 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 553 
 
 Hicks. The arrest was not carried out, 
 however, owing to the kindly suggestions of 
 one of the Judges, a Mr. Baughman, a 
 neighbor and acquaintance of \h. Knott, 
 thiat he knew several Union men who were 
 in arms on that occasion, and, moreover, 
 that it would not look well to arrest a Dem- 
 ocratic candidate for Congress. 
 
 Proceedings like these, carried on 
 throughout the city and the State on the 
 day of the Presidential election by the 
 judges of election acting under the or- 
 ders of the Provost Marshal, sufficiently 
 account for "the remarkable transforma- 
 tion" of a beggarly 375 majority for 
 the Constitution on the 13th of October 
 into a majority of 7.414 for Mr. Lincoln 
 on the 4th day of November. 1864, and 
 efifectttally dispose of the utterly fictitious 
 claim that the result of the vote on the Con- 
 stitution "was in entire harmony with the 
 manifest popular will of the State." 
 
 III. 
 
 The Transactions of 1865 — Interview 
 OF Democratic Committee with 
 
 President Andrew Johnson. 
 On the 19th day of July. 1865, a commit- 
 tee representing the Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee, and composed of Gen. Wil- 
 liam P. Maulsby, of Frederick; Col. Wil- 
 liam Kimmel and Mr. Knott, of Baltimore 
 City, waited on President Andrew Johnson 
 in \\'ashington, upon the suggestion and at 
 instance of Mr. Francis P. Blair. Sr., and of 
 his son, Hon. Montgomery Blair. These 
 gentlemen were anxious that representa- 
 tives from Democratic organizations should 
 call on President Johnson to assure him of 
 their sympathy and support in the struggle 
 which thev then saw was imminent and in- 
 
 evitable between him and the Republican 
 Congress on the grave question of the re- 
 construction of the Southern States. The 
 interview was arranged through Col. 
 Wright Rives, then Military Secretary to 
 President Johnson, a personal friend of 
 Mr. Knott, and now a resident of Wash- 
 ington City. 
 
 This committee laid before Mr. Johnson a 
 memorandum setting forth the political con- 
 dition in Maryland, and the situation of par- 
 ties: and' representing that under the Con- 
 stitution of the State, recently proclaimed as 
 adopted, and as it was interpreted by the 
 party in power, and under the proscriptive 
 registration laws, which were most arbitrar- 
 ily construed, two-thirds of the voters of 
 State, constituting the bulk of the Demo- 
 cratic party were disfranchised; that while 
 that party would, it was believed, earnestly 
 support the President's policy towards the 
 Southern States, as that policy had been 
 outlined and was understood, it would be 
 impossible to make that support efTective so 
 long as this disfranchisement continued; 
 and that his (the President's) friends in the 
 Republican party in JMaryland must realize 
 the utter hopelessness of their cause with- 
 out the aid of the Democratic vote, which 
 could not be given without a change in the 
 Constitution or a repeal or an essential mod- 
 ification of the existing registration laws. 
 
 Mr. Johnson listened with attention, and 
 at the close assured the committee of the in- 
 terest he felt in the political situation in 
 Maryland, and his sympathy with the aims 
 and purposes of the committee; that without 
 committing himself to any definite propo- 
 sition, he felt that where there was a com- 
 munity of views, a common ground of action 
 could no doubt be reached. For himself, he 
 
554 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 added, that having been a Democrat on prin- 
 ciple and conviction, and having acted with 
 the RepubHcan party only so long as the 
 country was at war, and the Union in dan- 
 ger, now that the war was over and its pur- 
 pose accomplished in the restoration of the 
 Union, he was in favor of a policy of con- 
 ciliation: that he believed the Southern 
 States should be restored to the exercise of 
 their constitutional rights and functions — 
 suspended or interrupted by the war — with- 
 out the exaction of conditions other than 
 those imposed by the Constitution itself and 
 by the inevitable results of the war. 
 
 The policy of reconstruction pursued and 
 carried out at this time by the Republican 
 Congress is a pregnant illustration of the 
 gross and glaring inconsistencies to which 
 the excesses of party spirit and faction will 
 oftentimes lead mankind. 
 
 At the outbreak of the war the Republican 
 party proclaimed that the Union was not 
 dissolved, and was indissoluble, by reason 
 of the several acts of secession passed by the 
 States that went out of the Union ; that these 
 acts were unconstitutional, void and of no 
 effect. This was the attitude taken and con- 
 stantly and solemnly maintained by that 
 party before the country and before the 
 world, at home and abroad. 
 
 The seceding States, it was gravely rep- 
 resented by the highest authorities, were but 
 erring sisters temporarily seduced or forced 
 from their duty and allegiance, and when 
 undeceived or relieved from the armed 
 pressure and constraint which had been 
 placed tu.ion them, and brought back by 
 the gentle ministrations of the Union army, 
 they would be welcomed to, and be re- 
 instated in, their former positions in the 
 sisterhood of States, with all their constitu- 
 
 tionial rights and privileges undiminished 
 and unimpaired. On this ground the war 
 was begun and its patriotic support by the 
 people invoked until it was triumphantly 
 closed at Appomattox Court House. After 
 the war, by keeping the Southern States 
 out of the Union for several years, by 
 converting them into military satrapies 
 until they should perform certain condi- 
 tions, not enumerated or provided in the 
 Constitution, and should agree to certain 
 amendments to that instrument, the Re- 
 publican party turned completely around, 
 and acknowledged, thereby, by necessary 
 and logical implication, the constitutional 
 and legal efficacy of those very acts to be 
 what the secessionists originally claimed to 
 be, and the fact of the dissolution of the 
 Union as efifected by them. 
 
 The formula of that party was the utterly 
 absurd and untenable tone: A territory by 
 coming into the Union becomes a State, a 
 State (■ co)nrrso by going out of the Union 
 becomes a territory: and thus has to un- 
 dergo a sort of a political palingenesis in 
 order to qualify it for re-admission into the 
 Union. This theory was in total disregard 
 of the historical fact that four of the seced- 
 ing States, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
 Carolina and Georgia were sovereign and 
 independent States, making war and peace, 
 thirteen years before they entered into, or 
 rather in conjunction with their sister sover- 
 eign States, made the Union; as well as of 
 the settled constitutional doctrine that the 
 new States when admitted are on a footing 
 of entire and absolute equality with the old 
 States. I'.ut a theory had to be found or 
 made to fit the unconstitutional measures 
 already resolved upon, and this was as good 
 as any other for that purpose. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 55E> 
 
 Several interviews subsequently took 
 place between President Johnson and the 
 members of this sub-connnittee. And it is 
 but just to add that the Democratic party 
 of Maryland owe to the memory of that 
 statesman a debt of gratitude for the valua- 
 ble aid he gave to it, at more than one im- 
 portant crisis in the long and arduous strug- 
 gle it maintained for the rights of the peo- 
 ple against a desperate and an intolerant 
 faction of the Republican party, which did 
 not number at any time during its usurpa- 
 tion of power, as the elections subsequently 
 showed, more than one-third of the voters 
 of the State. 
 
 The defeat of the Democratic party in 
 1864, the ratification of the Constitution 
 with its odious and intolerant provisions; 
 the passage of the registration law conceived 
 in the same spirit of political animosity, the 
 tragic death of Mr. Lincoln and the harsh 
 and vindictive measures of reconstruction 
 proposed and subsequently carried out by 
 Congress, all conspired to plunge the 
 people of Maryland into a condition of 
 almost hopeless indifference if not despair, 
 as to the political situation and the exercise 
 of their political rights and duties. 
 
 The Democratic State Central Commit- 
 tee, however, undeterred by these discour- 
 aging circumstances, resolved to continue 
 the work of agitation and reform. On Sep- 
 tember 2, 1865, about two weeks before the 
 work of registration was begun, the com- 
 mittee issued an address, drawn up by Mr. 
 Knott, to the Democratic voters of the State 
 explaining the clauses of the Constitution 
 imposing political disabilities for acts of dis- 
 loyalty committed during the war, and the 
 provisions of the registration law passed to 
 enforce these clauses. It pointed out that 
 
 under governments claiming to be free acts 
 only were and could be, punished, not senti- 
 ments and opinions. ' That the great body 
 of the Democratic voters under any fair and 
 honest construction of the disqualifying 
 clauses of the Constitution of 1864 did not. 
 and could not come under their ban, and 
 concluding with an earnest and fervent ap- 
 peal to claim and exercise their right and 
 dutv as citizens, to present themselves for 
 registration, tender their readiness to coni- 
 ply with the law and demand and insist upon 
 their names being entered on the registra- 
 tion lists, and if refused to appeal to the 
 courts for redress. The address had a salu- 
 tary effect. It served to reanimate the spirit 
 of the people, to call attention to the politi- 
 cal situation of the country, and the grave 
 consequences to be apprehended if that situ- 
 ation should be prolonged by the indiffer- 
 ence or apathy of the people. But the re- 
 sults conclusively showed that, the officers 
 of registration were swayed by a spirit of 
 bitter and uncompromising partisanship and 
 that the Republican party was detennined 
 to perpetuate its ascendancy by the entire 
 disfranchisement, if necessary, of its Demo- 
 cratic opponents. 
 
 IV. 
 The Two Conventions of January 24, 
 1866 AND February 25, 1866, to Se- 
 cure A Modification of the Reg- 
 istry Law and to Sustain Pres- 
 ident Johnson. The Trium- 
 phant Election of a Demo- 
 cratic Conserv.ative Leg- 
 islature ON Nov. 6, 1866. 
 Early in the year 1866 in compliance with 
 a general sentiment shared in by the Repub- 
 licans of note and of patriotic character, it 
 was resolved to make one more appeal to 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the sense of justice of the party in power and 
 to memoriaHze the Legislature then in ses- 
 sion, to relieve the people of the State from 
 the political burdens that oppressed them. 
 In accordance with a call issued by the com- 
 mittee for that purpose, a State Convention 
 was held in Temperance Temple, North Gay 
 street, Baltimore, on Wednesday, January 
 24, 1866, of those who were in favor of a 
 repeal or a relaxation of the harsh provisions 
 of the registry law. It was largely attended. 
 The city of Baltimore and the counties were 
 fully represented and by some of the most 
 distinguished citizens of the State. Hon. 
 E. K. Wilson, Levin L. Irving, Isaac D. 
 Jones, Col. Sam Hambleton, Daniel M. 
 Henry, George R. Dennis, Lloyd T. Tighl- 
 man, Hiram McCollough, Gov. Philip 
 Francis Thomas, Henry D. Farnandis, John 
 B. Brown, James U. Dennis, Henry W. 
 Archer, Samuel Lirady, Jacolj Kunkel, .\. K. 
 Syester. James Wallace, Richard H. Alvey, 
 William M. Merrick, Outerbridge Horsey, 
 Anthony Kinimel, James T. Blackistone, 
 Benedict Hanson, Frederick J. Nelson, 
 George AI. Gill, James R. Brewer, William 
 T. Hamilton, J.ilm Glenn, Edward Ham- 
 niiind, W. W. Watkins. Sprigg Harwood, 
 W. W. Crichton, Zachariah S. Claggett, 
 James B. Groome, J. Carroll Walsh, John 
 Thompson !\lason, J. Dixon Roman, Ed- 
 ward Belt and George H. Carman were 
 among the members of the convention. 
 Hon. Montgomery Blair presided and an 
 address to the people and a memorial to the 
 Legislature praying for a repeal or modifi- 
 cation of till" registry law were adopted. The 
 Baltimore Sun in its issue of the 27lh of 
 January referred to the representative char- 
 acter of the members of the convention, the 
 moderation of its utterances and com- 
 
 mended its resolutions to the consideration 
 of the Legislature. 
 
 A committee of eleven, of which the Hon. 
 Montgomery Blair was chairman and Mr. 
 Knott, secretary, was appointed to present 
 the memorial to the Legislature of the State. 
 
 On the day following the adjournment of 
 the convention the committee went to An- 
 napolis to perform this duty. The House of 
 Delegates, on motion of Hon. Oliver Miller, 
 had voted to give the committee a public 
 hearing. The committee was courteously 
 received, though not without a subsequent 
 protest by a few of the more radical mem- 
 bers, one of whom characterized the appear- 
 ance of the committee on the floor of the 
 House on the errand on which they came 
 as a piece of "unparalleled presumption and 
 unwarranted impertinence." A committee 
 of the House, to which this memorial was 
 subsequently referred, made on February 
 yth. an elaborate report in which they de- 
 nounced the memorial and the action of the 
 convention as "insolent self-assertion," its 
 representations "tlic clamor of an unrepentant 
 and unshrk'cd multitude, of men of unregencr- 
 atc tempers, not seeking vicrey. but demand- 
 ing the reslonition of rights zchieh had been 
 justly forfeited." "Let tliem stand." con- 
 tinued the report, "in the position they have 
 taken," and it concluded with a resolution 
 that "neither the temper nor the conduct of 
 the people of the State, who have hereto- 
 fore l)een hostile to the Government, nor the 
 condition of our n'ational afTairs nor the 
 princi])les of the Con.stitution of the State, 
 -i^'arrant any interferenee xvith the registry 
 law and thai it ouglit to be rigidly enforced." 
 The report and resolution were adopted by 
 the House. This action convinced the 
 people that no measure of relief could be 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 557 
 
 looked ioT from the Republican party. 
 Henceforth the people must work out their 
 own redemption. 
 
 On the 26th of Februar}', 1866, a meeting 
 under the joint auspices of the Democrats 
 and conservative Republicans was held in 
 Maryland Institute Hall to sustain Presi- 
 dent Johnson in his policy towards the 
 Southern States. The union between these 
 two organizations was then the subject of 
 negotiation, but had not been consummated. 
 Some of the conservatives desired that this 
 meeting should be confirmed exclusively to 
 an endorsement of President Johnson and 
 his administration, and that in the proceed- 
 ings no reference should be made to local 
 issues, especially to the burning question of 
 a repeal or relaxation of the proscriptive 
 features of the registry law. These gentle- 
 men were not prepared for so decided a 
 step. As the Democrats were to furnish 
 the bulk of the meeting or to use a phrase 
 of Dean Swift's were "to furnish the con- 
 gregation," they very naturally thought 
 they were entitled to have something to say 
 about the doctrine to be set forth on the 
 occasion. They insisted therefore that 
 while the gentleman chosen to preside 
 should be a conserv'ative of the most thor- 
 oughly loyal type, he should also be one 
 concerning whose attitude on this import- 
 ant question there should be no doubt or 
 misunderstanding, and that that attitude 
 should be made plain in his speech at the 
 meeting. They represented that one could 
 hardly be considered a real friend of Mr. 
 Johnson and his policy and at the same time 
 be willing to keep his friends and supporters 
 excluded from the polls. While a very con- 
 siderable number of the distinguished Re- 
 publicans of the State approved of the 
 
 policy of the President, the great majority 
 of the leaders and of the rank and file of 
 that party were opposed to it, and the suc- 
 cess of that poHcy in Maryland without the 
 Democratic vote was therefore impossible. 
 They also contended that the Democrats 
 should have one well-known orator, who 
 should have the right to speak out as the 
 spirit moved him at the meeting. President 
 Johnson, who all along had been kept fully 
 informed of the political situation in Mary- 
 land, was finally appealed to on this 
 point of difference between Uie par- 
 ties, and by telegram and letter sent 
 through Col. Wright Rives, his Secre- 
 tary, to Mr. Knott he sustained the views 
 of the Democratic committee. The meet- 
 ing took place under these conditions. It 
 was large and enthusiastic. Lieutenant- 
 Governor Cox presided. The Hon. I. 
 Nevett Steele, the eminent lawyer, of Balti- 
 more, was selected to represent the Demo- 
 crats among the speakers, and Hon. Edgar 
 H. Cowan. U. S. Senator from Pennsylva- 
 nia, and Hon. James R. Doolittle, U. S. 
 Senator from Wisconsin, made eloquent 
 addresses. The effect of the meeting was 
 encouraging. It demonstrated that the 
 overwhelming sentiment of the State was 
 with Mr. Johnson and also in favor of the 
 home policy of the Democratic party. It 
 laid a solid and impregnable foundation for 
 the union of the Democrats and conserva- 
 tives of the State and gave the alliance, 
 which was subsequently cemented between 
 them, a consistent and an intelligent plat- 
 form of principles. While the conservatives 
 did net, as already intimated, bring to that 
 alliance any large body of adherents, they did 
 bring certain elements of strength, certain 
 factors, growing out of previous political 
 
558 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Status, wliich, in the existing conditions of 
 the country and the state of public senti- 
 ment, was indispensable to success. In the 
 judgment of all fair and candid minds 
 throughout the country a movement could 
 not be successfully arraigned at the liar of 
 public opinion for disloyalty in its purposes 
 and aims, which numbered among its lead- 
 ers men who had been at the forefront of 
 battle on the L'nion side on many a vic- 
 tO'riou's and many a stricken field, or who 
 had served that cause in cabinet and conn- 
 In 1866 a large body of Republicans in 
 this State, headed by Governor Swann, 
 Hon. Montgomery Blair, Hon. William H. 
 Purnell, Col. William H. Leonard, Gen. 
 (now Judge) Charles E. Phelps, Hon. J. V. 
 L. Findlay, Gen. John S. Berry, Hon. John 
 M. Carter, Secretary of State under Gov- 
 ernor Swann, Col. Edwin H. Webster, col- 
 lector of the port, and many other gentle- 
 men, who deemed a continuance of the dis- 
 abilities and proscriptions contained in the 
 Constitution of 1864, now that the war was 
 ended, and the Union restored, equally un- 
 just and impolitic, and who moreover sus- 
 tained and supported the policy of President 
 Johnson, in dealing with the Southern 
 States, and were opposed to the reconstruc- 
 tion measures of the Republican Senate, 
 flefinitely sejiarated themselves from the 
 Re]>ublican party. 
 
 With this body of genllenien and their fol- 
 lowers the Democratic partv which had all 
 along entertained these views, and whose 
 ])rinci])les were on a line with the polic\- of 
 President Johnson, formed, under the lead 
 of the Democratic State Central Committee, 
 a very natural union or alliance. The ob- 
 jects of the Democratic Conservative party. 
 
 which sprang out of this alliance, were: The 
 support of the policy and administration of 
 President Johnson : a change in the Consti- 
 tution of the State, an essential modification 
 of the registration and election laws, and a 
 fair and just administration of these laws by 
 honest officers until their repeal or modifi- 
 cation could be secured by legislative enact- 
 ment. Bad as these laws were in themselves, 
 they had been made infinitely more oppress- 
 ive and intolerable by the arbitrary and ca- 
 pricious manner and vindictive spirit in 
 which they had been executed. These 
 methods were purposely designed to ex- 
 clude altogether from the polls Democratic 
 voters who were stigmatized as rebels. In 
 pursuance of the policy inaugurated in the 
 formation of this alliance. Governor Swann 
 during the Summer of 1866 appointed as 
 registrars men, who, while adhering strictly 
 to the law, so fairly and justly interpreted 
 its provisions as to register a very large 
 number of Democratic voters throughout 
 the State and had secured them, as it was 
 thought, in their rights to the elective fran- 
 chise. This action threatened the continued 
 ascendancy of the Republican party in the 
 State, and a determined effort was made to 
 prevent a result which would prove noth- 
 ing short of a catastrojihe to that party. 
 
 V. 
 The Elections in Baltimore City in 
 
 October and November, 1866. The 
 Triumph of the Democratic 
 Conservative Party and 
 Overthrow of the Con- 
 stitution OF 1S64, 
 
 In the nnmicipal election which took 
 place in Baltimore on the nth of October, 
 1866, the Board of Police Commissioners, 
 composed of Mayor John Lee Chapman, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 559 
 
 ex-officio, Closes Hindes and Nicholas 
 Wood, refused to appoint a single Demo- 
 cratic judge or clerk of election, but selected 
 their appointees for these offices from the 
 ranks of the most bitter and uncompromis- 
 ing partisans, many of whom were men of 
 notoriously ill repute. These officers, in vio- 
 lation ofthe registration law went behind the 
 lists of registration, and examined the vot- 
 ers on oath as to their qualifications ; and not 
 content with asking questions prescribed by 
 the law as to the acts of the applicant made 
 inquisition into his thoughts and opinions, 
 and put any hypothetical case that their cap- 
 rice or malevolence suggested, and required 
 him to answer it under the penalty of ex- 
 clusion from registration. The consequence 
 of this conduct was the disfranchisement of 
 a great majority of the Democraltic voters 
 of the city. For this ofifense of appointing 
 men well-known to be unfit, as well as for 
 other ofifenses committed by them. Gover- 
 nor Swann, in pursuance of the law sum- 
 moned the Police Commissioners before 
 him on charges of malfeasance and mis- 
 conduct in office. They answered with a 
 protest against his jurisdiction and refused 
 to appear. They were tried, however, 
 and on full proof of the charges were 
 convicted and removed from office by 
 the Governor. Mr. William T. Valiant and 
 James Young, citizens of high standing and 
 character, and of thorough and unimpeach- 
 able loyalty, were appointed in the places of 
 the Commissioners thus removed. These 
 gentlemen entered upon the discharge of 
 their duties, made demand upon the re- 
 moved Commissioners for the possession of 
 the station houses and other property of the 
 Board, and that the control of the police 
 force should be surrendered to them. This 
 
 demand was peremptorily and defiantly re- 
 fused. 
 
 These gentlemen nevertheless proceeded 
 in the execution of their office and prepared 
 to appoint and organize a police force which 
 should be under their control. Mr. William 
 Thompson, the sherifif of Baltimore City, in 
 compliance with a requisition to that effect, 
 recognized their authority, put himself 
 under their direction, and began the work of 
 summoning the posse comitatus. This was 
 on Friday, the 2d of November. 
 
 Early on the morning of Saturday, the' 3d 
 of November, Mr. George Maund, the 
 State's Attorney for Baltimore City, ap- 
 peared before Judge Bond of the Criminal 
 Court and applied for a bench warrant 
 charging these Commissioners and the 
 sheriff with a breach of the peace, and the 
 Commissioners with the additional ofifense 
 of an unlawful interference with the Police 
 Commissioners in the execution of their 
 duty, meaning the Commissioners who had 
 been removed by Governor Swann. On 
 these charges the bench warrant was issued 
 by the judge, and the newly-appointed 
 Commissioners and the sherifif were arrest- 
 ed and brought before the Court. They 
 were accompanied by their counsel, Hon. 
 Wm. Schley and Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe 
 and Mr. Orville Horwitz. The charge was 
 wholly unfounded and frivolous and the 
 warrant illegal on its face. This was made 
 clear on the brief argument which took 
 place between the counsel of the Commis- 
 sioners and tlie Sherifif and the State's At- 
 torney, who was assisted by Mr. Henry 
 Stockbridge, Mr. Archibald Sfirling and 
 Mr. Stockett Matthews representing the 
 deposed Commissioners and the Re- 
 publican party. Judge Bond was inex- 
 
560 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 orable. however. He required the Com- 
 missioners and the Sheriff to give bail in 
 the sum of $20,000 to keep the peace, and 
 the new Commissioners were further re- 
 quired to refrain from any attempt to e.x- 
 ercise the duties of their office. Under the 
 instruction of counsel these officers declined 
 to give bail. They were forthwith com- 
 mitted to the jail of Baltimore City by 
 Judge Bond, until they should give the re- 
 quired bail of $20,000, to keep the peace 
 and also to refrain from exercising the du- 
 ties of Police Commissioners. This commit- 
 ment was a legal document of a novel char- 
 acter and was commented upon by Judge 
 Bartol in the habeas corpus proceedings 
 which subsequently took place. It was in 
 the nature of an injunction or restraining 
 order, wholly outside of the authority and 
 jurisdiction of the Criminal Court, and fur- 
 nishes, perhaps, the earliest example or 
 precedent of an attempt at government by 
 injunction, a judicial theory and practice 
 with which of late we have become too 
 familiar. 
 
 At the instance of the friends of the im- 
 prisoned Commissioners and Sheriff, a writ 
 of habeas corpus was on the same day is- 
 sued by Judge Bartol of the Court of Ap- 
 peals directed to the warden of the city jail 
 returnable before him on Monday, the 5th 
 of November, the day preceding the elec- 
 tion. On that day memorable in our city 
 annals, the petitioners and respondent ap- 
 peared by counsel. Mr. James, the warden 
 of the jail, tiierc was reason to believe, 
 would respond at once to the writ and pro- 
 duce his prisoners. This expectation was 
 doomed to disappointment. The warden, 
 influenced by the threats or persuasions of 
 the Republican leaders, availed himself of 
 
 a law recently passed giving to the respond- 
 ents in habeas corpus proceedings four days 
 after the service of the writ within which to 
 make answer and return. One of the ear- 
 liest acts of the succeeding Legislature was 
 an act repealing this law designed to ob- 
 struct and subvert the great writ of personal 
 freedom. 
 
 There was nothing to be done. Judge 
 Bartol was compelled to postpone the hear- 
 ing to Thursday, November 8th, two days 
 after the election. On that day the Com- 
 missioners and Sheriff were brought before 
 Judge Bartol amid a vast concourse of citi- 
 zens assembled around the Court House. 
 The argument, involving the consideration 
 of the questions of the legality of the action 
 of Governor Swann, in removing the old 
 Commissioners, in appointing their succes- 
 sors, of the authority of the new Commis- 
 sioners under such appointment, and of the 
 legality of the conduct of the Sheriff in sup- 
 porting that authority, was entered upon 
 and consumed three days. 
 
 On Tuesday, November 13th, Judge Bar- 
 tol delivered his opinion fully and unquali- 
 fiedly sustaining the action of the Governor 
 in removing the old Commissioners and fill- 
 ing their places by the appointment of new 
 Commissioners, and also sustaining the acts 
 and conduct of the new Commissioners and 
 of the Sheriff — which were made the 
 grounds of the charges on which they had 
 been arrested and committed — as a rightful 
 exercise of authority on their part. He ani- 
 madverted in just and severe terms on the 
 lawless and rebellious course pursued by 
 the removed Commissioners, and on the 
 wholly unwarranted and illegal action of the 
 Judge of the Criminal Court and of the 
 State's Attorney in ordering and effecting 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 561 
 
 the arrest and imprisonment of these offi- 
 cers of the law. The Commissioners and 
 Sheriff were discharged amid the applause 
 of a crowded Court room and of a vast audi- 
 ence outside, after an illegal and unjust in- 
 carceration of ten days. In the meantime 
 the election had taken place (Tuesday, the 
 6th of November), and the tyrannic 
 oligarchy which had for six years ruled the 
 State had been overthrown. 
 
 It was this lawless and rebellious action 
 of tlie Mayor and the deposed Police Com- 
 missioners of the city of Baltimore, sus- 
 tained and aided by the Judge of the Crim- 
 inal Court and the State's Attorney, over- 
 throwing the authority of the State as it did 
 in this city, and inciting to insurrection, that 
 led Governor Swann to call on President 
 Johnson for the aid of the Federal Govern- 
 ment in maintaining the authority of the 
 State. In answer to this call President 
 Johnson sent General Grant to investigate 
 and report on the condition of things in 
 the city to enable him to determine whether 
 a case existed for his interference. The de- 
 posed Police Commissioners had continued 
 to hold their offices — ^their successors hav- 
 ing been, as above stated, incarcerated in 
 the Baltimore City jail by order of the 
 Judge of the Criminal Court — and were 
 now proceeding with their preparations for 
 the State election to be held on Tuesday, 
 the 6th of November. Their failure to ap- 
 point a single Democratic Conservative 
 Judge or clerk at the municipal election in 
 October constituted one of the charges of 
 malfeasance in office, on which they had 
 been tried, convicted and removed from 
 office. This offense they were preparing to 
 repeat. 
 
 General Grant arrived in the city on Sat- 
 33 
 
 urday evening and had taken quarters at 
 the Eutaw House. Early on Monday 
 morning he, together with General Canby, 
 who had come over from Washington on 
 the same errand as General Grant, had an 
 interview of some length with the leaders 
 of the Republican party, the Mayor of the 
 city and the deposed Commissioners being 
 among the number. After this interview 
 these officers called on Governor Swann 
 and the Democratic Conservative commit- 
 tee at the Governor's residence on Franklin 
 street. They expressed to the Governor 
 and to the Committee their hope for a 
 peaceful solution of the difficulties, and 
 their belief that under the arrangements 
 which had been made by the old Commis- 
 sioners, a fair and honest election would be 
 held. General Canby further assured the 
 Committee that he had obtained from these 
 Commissioners the promise that they would 
 appointed a Democratic Judge and clerk at 
 each of the polling places and urged the 
 Committee to furnish such list at once. 
 This was all that the Committee had asked 
 and with this assurance they were well con- 
 tent. There was no delay. A list of Judges 
 and clerks which had already been prepared 
 was immediately taken by Mr. John T. Ford 
 and Gen. John W. Horn to the office of 
 the Commissioners in the Old Assembly 
 Rooms, then standing on the northeast cor- 
 ner of Holliday and Fayette streets. But 
 these gentlemen, after being kept waiting 
 for some time in an ante-room, were finally 
 refused admission to the presence of the 
 Board, and were informed by one of its 
 counsel through a half-opened door that 
 the Judges and clerks of election had been 
 appointed and that no changes would be 
 made. The door was then closed in their 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 faces. In the meantime General Canby had 
 returned to Washington, whither General 
 Grant had already preceded him on an 
 earlier train. There was no redress. These 
 distinguished officers of the army came and 
 saw, but did not conquer the obdurate par- 
 tisanship of the old Commissioners and 
 of Judge Bond. The result of their visit 
 was distinctly unfavorable to the success of 
 the cause of constitutional reform. Gover- 
 nor Swann's application for Federal aid in 
 maintaining his authority was not pressed. 
 General Grant in his interview had made it 
 quite plain : -• the Governor, and to the 
 Democratic Conservative committee, that 
 in his opinion Federal interference was un- 
 necessary. 
 
 This act of turpitude on the part of the 
 old Commissioners of Police, involving as 
 it did a serious breach of faith, certainly 
 with General Canby, and presumably also 
 with General Grant, as well as a gross vio- 
 lation of public duty, and the imprisonment 
 of the new Police Commissioners and of the 
 SherifT of Baltimore City, from which, as 
 already narrated, Judge Bartol was unable 
 to relieve them, indicated to the Democratic 
 Conservatives what they had to ex])ect on 
 the day of election. But while disappointed 
 they were not disheartened. These high- 
 handed and arbitrary acts, occurring as they 
 did almost simultaneously, aroused the pro- 
 foundest indignation and resentment; and 
 as the intelligence of them spread through- 
 out the city and all hoi)e of an honest elec- 
 tion seemed dissipated, an outbreak was for 
 a while imminent. But through the active 
 exertions of tlie Democratic Conservative 
 leaders wiser and peaceful counsels prevailed 
 with the excited multitude. The citizens of 
 f?altimore were inspired with the determina- 
 
 tion to make the fight at all hazards, con- 
 scious of the rectitude of their motives and 
 conduct, and of the importance and magni- 
 tude of the rights and interests at stake. 
 Meetings were held that night in every 
 ward throughout the city: tickets were dis- 
 tributed and speeches were made urging 
 the Democratic voters to exercise their 
 rights and perform their duty to themselves 
 and to their fellow-citizens at the polls on 
 the ensuing day. 
 
 The Democratic Conservative voters ac- 
 cordingly went to the polls the next day, 
 without a single judge or clerk of election 
 throughout the city to represent them; 
 where they had to confront not only a solid 
 phalanx of hostile judges and clerks with 
 stacks of blank warrants instead of ballots 
 on the window sills of the polls for the 
 arrest of Democratic voters, as it was an- 
 nounced, and a hostile police force; but a 
 specially appointed constabulary of several 
 hundred men, drawn from the slums of the 
 city and armed with bludgeons, slung-shots 
 and revolvers. But all these nefarious ef- 
 forts to prevent an expression of the popu- 
 lar will were in vain. The reformers de- 
 manded their rights in such unexpected 
 numbers, and in a mood that so plainly in- 
 dicated they would brook no trifling, that 
 this contemplated crime against the elective 
 franchise and the rights of the citizens, de- 
 liberately planned by the Republican party, 
 and sustained and aided by Judge Bond of 
 the Criminal Court, the State's .Attorney 
 
 dercd incapable of being carried out, i)y 
 their surprised and now thoroughly alarmed 
 co-conspirators, the judges and clerks of 
 election charged with its execution; and 
 though hundreds of voters were disfran- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 563 
 
 chised, the Democratic Conservatives car- 
 ried the three Legislative districts of the 
 cit)' b_v safe majorities; thus securing the 
 requisite two-thirds votes in the two Houses 
 of the General Assembly of the State to 
 make a new convention a certain and an 
 assured success. In the Senate they had 
 obtained by this vote in Baltimore City just 
 the number requisite for that purpose under 
 the existing Constitution. That body would 
 stand sixteen Democratic Conservatives to 
 eight Republicans. Had the friends of 
 Constitutional reform failed to carry any 
 one of these Legislative districts into which 
 the city was divided, and thus lost one 
 Senator, the labors of the Democratic party 
 would have probably been in vain. Cer- 
 tainly their future efforts would have been 
 serioiisly embarrassed and obstructed. 
 
 On the night of that election Mr. Knott 
 was himself made the victim of an act of 
 \-iolence at the hands of this special police 
 force. A great throng of rejoicing and en- 
 thusiastic Democratic Conservatives had 
 filled North street between Baltimore and 
 Fayette streets, awaiting the announcement 
 of the returns of the election from the office 
 of the Baltimore Eirning Transcript, the 
 able and courageous organ and advocate of 
 the movement from its beginning to its 
 close, edited and conducted by Mr. James 
 R. Brewer and Gen. ^^'illiam H. Neil- 
 son, the latter gentleman being one of the 
 Legislative candidates elected. Mr. Knott, 
 among others, was calle<J upon to address 
 the immense audience, which he did in a 
 few words of congratulation on the victory 
 which had been achieved. A few moments 
 later while passing the corner of North and 
 Fayette streets, on his return to the Demo- 
 cratic headquarters at Barnum's Hotel, he 
 
 was seized by two of these special officers, 
 one brandishing a policeman's club and the 
 other a slung-shot, and threatened with in- 
 stant violence if he did not submit to arrest. 
 Upon their showing their badges of office, 
 Mr. Knott submitted, and was hurried to 
 the Middle District police station, where he 
 was hailed with curses, loud and deep, by 
 a crowd of policemen, both regular and 
 irregular, gathered there after the closing 
 of the polls. He was taken before Justice 
 Hebden, who that morning had been ap- 
 pointed in place of Justice Spicer, the regu- 
 lar Police Justice of that district, who had 
 resigned. On demanding the charge against 
 him, the "Specials" were for a moment 
 dumb-founded. They evidently did not an- 
 ticipate that any charge was necessary for 
 the arrest of a Democrat on that day, and 
 they had nothing to say, until some one in 
 the room cried out "inciting a riot." Tlie 
 suggestion was accepted at once by the 
 "Specials" and that charge was made. Or- 
 ders had been issued on the evening pre- 
 vious by the Police Commissioners to the 
 Police Justices to commit without bail all 
 who should be arrested on the day of elec- 
 tion. But the result of the election was 
 now known and its meaning understood 
 and felt. The political chains which had 
 bound the people of Baltimore for six years 
 had been dissolved in the heat of that day's 
 conflict. i\Ir. Knott told the Justice the 
 facts, and denounced the arrest as an out- 
 rage. After a few whispered words by 
 Captain Mitchell, the Justice dismissed the 
 charge and Mr. Knott was released. He 
 left the station house amid a chorus of 
 epithets, among which "traitor" and "rebel" 
 were the least offensive. It was the expir- 
 ing growl of as malignant a faction as ever 
 
564 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 misgoverned a city and trampled upon the 
 rights of its citizens. Largely recruited 
 from the ranks of the defunct Know- 
 Nothing organization which had gone to 
 pieces after its expulsion from power in 
 i860, and mainly controlled by its old lead- 
 ers, by reviving and renewing the odious 
 methods and practices which had stamped 
 that organization with a peculiar infamy, it 
 seriously discredited and compromised the 
 Union cause — of which it assumed the ex- 
 clusive guardianship — in our city and State. 
 Subsequently in the prosecution of his office 
 as State's Attorney it fell to Mr. Knott's 
 duty to meet several of these special police 
 officers of that day on their way through 
 the Criminal Court of Baltimore City to the 
 jail and penitentiary. 
 
 This chapter in the history of the redemp- 
 tion of a State should not close without an 
 appropriate tribute to the services of Hon. 
 Montgomery Blair in the work ol that re- 
 demption. Leaving the Republican party 
 when it was at the height of its power and 
 prosperity, when, flown with insolence and 
 pride at its triumphant termination of the 
 war between the States, it was preparing to 
 violate all the principles of the Constitution 
 and the rules of modern civilized warfare 
 in dealing with the conquered, in order fur- 
 ther to subdue and humiliate the spirit of 
 the South, he allied himself with the Demo- 
 cratic party at its hour of deepest depres- 
 sion and sorest need; but when it alone 
 stood for the liberties of the people, the 
 rights of the States, and for the good faith 
 and honor, which, in the language of Mr. 
 Burke, "liulils the moral elements of the 
 world together." In the cause of the Dem- 
 ocratic party he labored with indefatigable 
 zeal, unfaltering courage and a singular dis- 
 
 regard of personal interests, to the close of 
 a useful and honorable life. It is painful 
 to add that the treatment he subsequently 
 received at the hands of some members of 
 the Democratic party of the State was not 
 encouraging to the repetition of such self- 
 sacrificing conduct on the part of our pub- 
 lic men. There were not wanting men in 
 the ranks of that party, who, ignorant or 
 careless of his services in which themselves 
 had taken no share or part, could only 
 remember that Mr. Blair was once a mem- 
 ber of Mr. Lincoln's cabinet. 
 
 VI. 
 
 The Legislature of 1867, The Passage 
 OF THE Reform Measures, The En- 
 franchisement Act, The Conven- 
 tion Bill and the Military Bill, 
 The Election of Governor 
 
 SWANN as SEN.ATOR, HiS RES- 
 IGNATION AND ITS Causes. 
 
 In the election of November 6, 1866, Mr. 
 Knott was chosen a delegate from the Sec- 
 ond Legislative district of Baltimore to the 
 General Assembly of Maryland. This body 
 embraced among its members some of the 
 most eminent men of the State. In the 
 Senate sat Hon. James T. Earle, George 
 Vickers, Oden Bowie, William B. Stephen- 
 son, Levin L. Waters, Wm. Kimmel, Jacob 
 Tome, Barnes Compton, Richard Mackall. 
 
 Gov. Philip Francis Thomas, Rich- 
 ard B. Carmichael, Isaac D. Jones, George 
 R. Dennis, Oliver Miller, Edward Ham- 
 mond, Henry Williams, James C. Clark, 
 afterwards President of the Chesapeake & 
 Ohio Canal Company, and later of the Ohio 
 & Mobile Railroad; Charles B. Calvert, 
 Chas. C. Magruder, Henry S. Magraw, 
 Alexander D. Evans, Upton Burhman. 
 
It seems to me the occasion is worthy of, and 
 calls for, an address from our committee. I am 
 i too much engaged just now, however, in railroad 
 matters to go up to consult j-ou all about the 
 matter, and as at this distance from the real battle- 
 field (Baltimore City) I might make a mistake in 
 the kind of address our allies would think best, I 
 write to ask you to prepare such a one as on con- 
 sultation you think best, and publish it as coming 
 from ourselves. In haste. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Oden Bowie. 
 
 Several other letters of a similar import 
 and character were received from the coun- 
 try members of the Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee. In accordance with the 
 suggestion of Colonel Bowie, a brief address 
 of congratulation to the Democratic voters 
 of the State was issued. 
 
 The following letters from Gov. Oden Bowie and Judge Richard B. 
 Camiichael having been iuadverteiitl}^ omitted are here inserted. 
 
 The success of the Democratic Conserva- 
 tive party in Baltimore was the subject of 
 profound satisfaction throughout the State. 
 Our friends in the counties were aware of 
 the difiSculties we had to encounter; of the 
 conduct of the removed commissioners; the 
 action of Judge Bond; the encouragement 
 which the radicals had received from the 
 visits of General Grant and General Canby; 
 the want of sympathy and support from a 
 number of Democrats in our city, men who 
 could forget nothing and could learn noth- 
 ing, and who, either indisposed or afraid to 
 take any part in the movement, did not wish 
 others to do so, and they almost despaired of 
 our success. These friends were corre- 
 spondingly elated when the news was 
 flashed over the wires that, after a hard 
 fight, we had carried the entire delegations 
 from the three legislative districts of Balti- 
 more City in the General Assembly; thus 
 ensuring the passage of all the reform 
 measures advocated by the Democratic 
 party, including that of a call for a Con- 
 stitutional convention; the constitutional 
 two-thirds votes of each House necessary 
 for the passage of that all-important meas- 
 ure having been obtained by our victory in 
 the city. From Col. Oden Bowie, the able 
 and intrepid chairman of the Democratic 
 State Central Committee during the three 
 years of strife and struggle through which 
 we had passed, and whose services were de- 
 servedly rewarded by his nomination and 
 election as Governor in 1867, Mr. Knott re- 
 ceived the following letter of congratula- 
 tion : 
 
 CoLLiNGTON, PR. Geo. Co., Mn., 
 Sih Nov., 1866. 
 Mv Deak Kxott, 
 Laus Deo : 
 
 You have covered yourself all over with glory 
 Most heartily do I congratulate you. 
 
 Judge Carmichael, of Queen Anne's 
 "clarttm ct vcncvabilc nomcn," was one of the 
 leading spirits in this movement for the re- 
 demption of the State from its beginning to 
 its close. He was present at the initial meet- 
 ing in Annapolis in February, 1864; was 
 one of the delegates-at-large to the National 
 Democratic Convention at Chicago in that 
 year; was chairman of the joint committee 
 of the Senate and the House to report a bill 
 for the call of a convention, and he crowned 
 his labors by presiding over the delibera- 
 tions of the body which framed the Con- 
 stitution of 1867. He was the Ulysses of 
 our movement, sagacious in council and 
 fearless in the field. He had in earlv life 
 been a member of Congress, and was famil- 
 iar with the traditions and the great men of 
 the Jacksonian period. He had imbibed 
 the spirit of those great men and imparted 
 some of it to the younger men who were 
 associated with him. On the resignation 
 
of Governor Swann of the office of United 
 States Senator, as subsequently narrated, 
 the Democratic Conservative members of 
 the Legislature turned instinctively and al- 
 most unanimously to Judge Carmichael as 
 their choice for the Senate; but he declined 
 the nomination, as he subsequently declined 
 to have his name presented for the nomina- 
 tion of Governor at the first election under 
 the new constitution which he contributed 
 so much to ordain and establish. He was 
 content to serve his State with a disinter- 
 ested patriotism, and to aid by his wisdom 
 and courage the emancipation of her people. 
 That work accomplished he returned to 
 private life, from which no temptation of 
 office could withdraw him. Mr. Knott has 
 always accounted it a peculiarly happy cir- 
 cumstance of his life that he was honored 
 with the confidence and friendship of this 
 really great and good man. On his first 
 nomination as State's Attorney for Balti- 
 more City, Judge Carmichael sent him the 
 following congratulatory note: 
 
 Bki,i,e View, Md., 
 6th Oct. , j86y. 
 A. Leo Knott, Esq., 
 3Iy Dear Sir : 
 
 I have only a word to convey my congratula- 
 tions on the occasion of your nomination and to 
 express my pleasure at it. 
 
 Perhaps you will permit me " ettlre nous " to 
 remind you that the duties of the place will re- 
 quire all the emphasis which drew down upon 
 you, last winter, the fierce retort of " the honor- 
 able member " from Dorchester. 
 I am, very truly yours, 
 
 RiCHD. B. C.\RM1CH.\EL. 
 
 The allusion in this letter to "the fierce 
 retort of the honorable member from Dor- 
 chester," refers to a personal incident which 
 occurred between the Hon. Francis P. 
 Phelps, of Dorchester, and Mr. Knott in 
 the House of Delegates in the discussion 
 which took place in that body on the bill 
 for a State appropriation to aid in the con- 
 truction of an ice boat for Baltimore City, 
 which measure was strongly antagonized 
 by "The honorable member" frotn Dor- 
 chester. The difficulty was settled, how- 
 ever, by the intervention of common friends. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 565 
 
 members of the House of Delegates. In 
 this body Mr. Knott took a prominent part. 
 He was a member of the joint committee of 
 ten of the Senate and of the House, which 
 was appointed on the second day of the 
 session to frame and report a bill for the 
 call of a convention of tlie people of the 
 State to form a new Constitution. This 
 committee was composed of the following 
 gentlemen: Messrs. William Kimmel, Oden 
 Bowie, George Vickers, G. Fred Maddox 
 and Levin J. Broadwater on the part of the 
 Senate, and Messrs. Richard B. Carmichael, 
 A. Leo Knott, Francis P. Phelps, Wm. Tell 
 Bixler and George W. Morgan on the part 
 of the House. Messrs. Kimmel, Bixler and 
 Knott were the members from Baltimore 
 City. It was proposed in this committee, 
 and the original draft of the bill brought in 
 by its author, Judge Carmichael, the chair- 
 man of the committee, provided, that in the 
 convention to be assembled under the call, 
 the representation of the city of Baltimore 
 and of several counties should be on the 
 basis fixed in the Constitution of 1851. 
 Under the Constitution of 1851 Baltimore 
 City was represented in the General Assem- 
 bly of the State by one Senator and ten 
 members in the House of Delegates. The 
 Constitution of 1864 divided Baltimore City 
 into three Legislative Districts, and gave 
 to each district one Senator and six dele- 
 gates in the Lower House. It was sought 
 in the committee to vindicate this proposed 
 basis of representation on the grounds that 
 the Constitution of 1864 had never been 
 adopted by the people, that in no moral 
 sense could it be regarded as the expression 
 of their supreme will; that it was forced 
 upon them by Federal interference and 
 Federal bayonets; and that its provisions, 
 
 wherein it differed and departed from those 
 contained in the Constitution of 185 1 — the 
 last authentic expression of the popular will 
 — should therefore be disregarded and ig- 
 nored. 
 
 To this proposition in regard to repre- 
 sentation in the convention ■Mr. Knott 
 strenuously objected, contending that while 
 the proposed basis of representation would 
 but slightly afifect the rights and interests 
 of the counties, it would afYect most seri- 
 ously and materially the rights and interests 
 of Baltimore City by reducing its repre- 
 sentation in the convention by nearly half, 
 from twenty-one to eleven. That it might 
 well be feared that the basis thus proposed, 
 if adopted in the bill, might be accepted by 
 the convention assembled under it as a rule 
 Oi precedent to regulate its own action in 
 fixing the basis of representation of the city 
 and the counties in the Constitution which 
 would be the work of its hands, and 
 thus the representation of the city of Bal- 
 timore might be permanently reduced and 
 the equality of its people with the rest of the 
 people of the State denied. He declared 
 that while it was true that the Constitution 
 of 1864 had been forced upon the people of 
 the State by military rule and the disfran- 
 chisement of a large number of its voters, 
 yet it could not be denied that the basis of 
 representation established in that instru- 
 ment was just and equitable. ]Mr. Knott 
 further reminded his Democratic colleagues 
 in the committee that for many years be- 
 fore the Civil War broke out, the in- 
 equality of the basis of representation be- 
 tween the city and the counties in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly had been regarded as a great 
 and serious grievance: that the Democratic 
 party of the State had frequently, but in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 vain, protested against it, and sought its re- 
 dress, and that it would ill become that party 
 now, when in complete and undisputed con- 
 trol of the means of remedying that griev- 
 ance, to refuse to do so, solely because the 
 Republican party had availed itself of an op- 
 portunity, however obtained, to anticipate 
 what would be or ought to be the action of 
 the Democratic party in that behalf. He 
 warned the committee that if the proposed 
 basis should be adopted, it would seriously 
 endanger the success of the call when sub- 
 mitted to the people even should the bill 
 pass both Houses of the General As- 
 sembly of which, in the present political 
 composition of that body, and should 
 the proposed basis of representation 
 be adopted, there was grave doubt, the dele- 
 gation from Baltimore City in the House 
 being equally divided between Democrats 
 and Conservatives. And finally, that if the 
 majority of the committee should persist in 
 embodying such basis in its report, he would 
 feel it his duty to submit a minority report 
 giving to the city of Baltimore and the coun- 
 ties the representation to which they were 
 entitled under the Constitution of 1864. 
 These views, after considerable discussion, 
 prevailed. The basis of representation con- 
 tained in the Constitution of 1864 with slight 
 modifications was accepted; the citizens of 
 lialtimore were secure in their rights to a 
 fair and e(|ual representation with the rest 
 of the people of the State; the bill was unan- 
 imously reported to the House and subse- 
 (juently passed. 
 
 He was a member of the joint committee 
 of the Senate and House on Federal Rela- 
 tions, to which conmiittee was referred the 
 (luestion of the ratification by the State of 
 
 the XIV Amendment to the Constitution of 
 the United States, which Had just been sub- 
 mitted by Congress to the States. This 
 committee, of which Hon. Isaac D. Jones 
 was chairman, framed and reported a reso- 
 lution refusing the assent of Maryland to the 
 proposed ratification, which resolution was 
 adopted by the General Assembly by a strict 
 party vote. He was a member of the Judi- 
 ciary Committee, and chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Elections and of the Committee 
 on Internal Improvements. As chairman 
 of this committee, Mr. Knott reported a bill 
 making amendments to the charter of the 
 Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, which 
 passed the House notwithstanding the 
 powerful influence of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad Company, which was ar- 
 rayed against them. These amendments 
 enabled the Baltimore and Potomac road 
 to construct a new line of railway com- 
 munication between Baltimore and Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 As chairman of lire Bahimore City dele- 
 gation Mr. Knott reported, advocated and 
 secured the passage of a bill for the 
 apjjropriation of $75,000 annually by the 
 State for two years to aid the city of 
 Baltimore in the construction and running 
 of an ice boat to keep open a channel 
 through the ice in the harbor of Balti- 
 more. This measure met with opposition 
 from an unexpected quarter. The mem- 
 bers from the Eastern Shore counties were 
 at first almost to a man against it. They 
 wanted as a condition for their votes for the 
 bill that the boat should also be employed 
 in the harbors of all the towns oi the Eastern 
 Shore situated on tide-water. This would 
 have left very little if any time for the opera- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 567 
 
 tions of the boat in Baltimore harbor. A 
 committee composed of Messrs. Robert R. 
 Kirkland, Israel M. Parr and William 
 Crichton, prominent merchants of Balti- 
 more, and representing the Board of Trade, 
 were assiduous in their attendance during 
 the action of the Legislature on this bill, 
 and materially contributed to its success by 
 their intelligent arguments and explana- 
 tions. 
 
 During Mr. Knott's term in the House 
 he secured for the first time in the history of 
 the State a recognition of the value of the 
 noble public work done by the charitable 
 institutions in Baltimore City connected 
 with the Roman Catholic Church. Tlie 
 committee appointed to visit and report 
 upon the condition and wants of the public 
 institutions of Baltimore receiving aid from 
 the State, were invited to visit the House of 
 the Good Shepherd and the foundling hos- 
 pital known as St. Vincent's Infant Asylum. 
 This committee was so impressed by the 
 good work and admirable management 
 of these two institutions that it unanimously 
 recommended a State appropriation of 
 $3,000 to each of them for two years. 
 These appropriations received the almost 
 unanimous sanction of the House, but 
 they failed in the Senate. A conference 
 committee between the two houses sub- 
 sequently agreed to and reported an ap- 
 propriation of $1,500 to each of them. 
 In this recognition by the State of deserving 
 public charities, Mr. Knott was aided by 
 the members of the city delegation, by Hon. 
 Oliver Miller, speaker of the House, who 
 appointed some members of the committee 
 on his recommendation, by Hon. James C. 
 Clerk, chairman of Committee on Appro- 
 
 priations, and Hon. Charles H. Nicolai, of 
 Baltimore county. 
 
 The Legislature had now been in session 
 for more than two months and yet the bill 
 for the call of a convention to frame a new 
 Constitution, although it had been intro- 
 duced at a very early period of the session, 
 was not yet passed. It had been called up 
 twice, but the call had been suspended on 
 the discovery of the fact, that, on each occa- 
 sion, owing to the absence of some of the 
 members of the House, and also to some 
 jealousies which had sprung up between the 
 Democratic and Conservative members of 
 that body, the requisite two-thirds vote 
 could not be secured for the bill. These 
 deplorable jealousies had their origin in a 
 primary election which had recently been 
 held in Baltimore to nominate a Democratic 
 Conservative candidate for mayor at a spe- 
 cial municipal election provided to be held 
 in April by an act which had been passed 
 early in the session. This act, however, it 
 was afterwards discovered failed to comply 
 with certain requirements of the general 
 election law, and the election under it was 
 abandoned, and the act itself was repealed. 
 A new bill providing for the same purpose 
 had been introduced and was still pending 
 in the Senate, where it had encountered a 
 decisive check by the ruling of the Presi- 
 dent, Lieutenant Governor Cox, on a point 
 of parliamentary law. The rivalries and ill 
 feeling enkindled by this political contest in 
 Baltimore were unfortunately transferred to 
 Annapolis and entered as a very disturbing 
 element into the question of the failure or 
 success of the measures of reform still pend- 
 ing. They were finally adjusted, but not 
 I without considerable difficulty. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Efforts of the Republicans to Pre- 
 vent BY Intrigue and Intimidation 
 
 THE Call for a Convention, The 
 
 Election of Governor Swann to 
 
 THE United States Senate, 
 
 His Resignation of that 
 
 Honor, Its Causes and 
 
 Consequences. 
 
 Even after the Legislature had convened 
 the policy of terrorism, intimidation and in- 
 trigue which had been inaugurated by the 
 radical Republicans before the election and 
 which had nearly succeeded at that time, 
 was continued in order to deter that body if 
 possible from proceeding in its work of 
 emancipation and reform, and especially 
 from passing a convention bill, the most im- 
 portant, comprehensive and indispensable of 
 all its proposed measures, without which in- 
 deed the others were Ijut temporary expedi- 
 ents of uncertain results. 
 
 In the early part of the session. Governor 
 Swann in recognition of the valuable and 
 patriotic services he had rendered to the 
 cause of constitutional reform had been 
 elected Senator of the United States for the 
 term of si.x years from the 4th of March, 
 1867, as successor to Hon. John A. J. Cres- 
 well. This gentleman, who subsequently 
 entered General Grant's cabinet as Postmas- 
 ter General, had, on the death of Hon. 
 Henry Winter Davis, in December, 1865, 
 succeeded that brilliant orator as the recog- 
 nized leader of the radical wing of the Re- 
 publican party in this State. Though the 
 representative of a Southern State, ^Ir. 
 Creswell had zealously supported by his 
 voice and his vote the most extreme and 
 radical courses of the Republican majority 
 in the Senate towards the Southern State. 
 It was a matter of profound gratification. 
 
 therefore, to the people of the State that his 
 place in that body was to be filled by a gen- 
 tleman of conservative views and principles. 
 Governor Swann had intimated his accept- 
 ance of the honor conferred upon him and 
 had fixed on Tuesday, the 26th of February, 
 as the day of his retirement from the Guber- 
 natorial office, and of the installation of his 
 constitutional successor, Lieut. Gov. C. C. 
 Cox. Both Houses had made arrange- 
 ments for the ceremonies usual at the per- 
 formance of that function, and on Thursday, 
 the 2 1 St of February, had adjourned over to 
 Monday, the 25th. 
 
 Late in the evening of February 22d, Mr. 
 Washington Bonifant, the United States 
 Marshal for Maryland, called 'at Barnum's 
 Hotel, Baltimore, bearing a message from 
 Hon. Montgomery Blair, of Washington, to 
 Hon. (afterwards Judge) Edward Ham- 
 mond, a delegate from Howard county in 
 the General Assembly, and to Mr. Knott. 
 Mr. Hammond was not at the hotel, having 
 gone the previous evening, immediately on 
 the adjournment of the House, to his home 
 in Howard county. The purport of the 
 message thus sent was, that rumors of a 
 grave and alarming character were rife in 
 Washington as to what would take place at 
 Annapolis upon the resignation of Gover- 
 nor Swann and the inauguration of his suc- 
 cessor. These rumors were that Governor 
 Swann would be refused admission to the 
 Senate on the ground that his election was 
 the result of a bargain with the disloyal ele- 
 ment in the State; that it was a violation of 
 the spirit if not of the letter of the Eastern 
 Shore law — which had been repealed before 
 Governor Swann's election as Senator and 
 re.stored to the Statute Book afterwards — 
 and that the vacanc\- thus created in the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, IIARYLAXD. 
 
 569 
 
 Senatorial representation of the State would 
 be filled by the appointment of Senator 
 Creswell by the new Governor. It was fur- 
 ther represented that Governor Swann's 
 successor in the ofiice, Lieutenant Governor 
 Cox, would use all his official influence to 
 defeat the bill for the call of a convention, 
 and failing in that would obstruct and pre- 
 vent its being carried into effect, and to that 
 end aid would be given him from Washing- 
 ton even to the extent of sending troops of 
 the United States into the State, if neces- 
 sary, and that thus the State would be taken 
 out of the hands of the rebels and its gov- 
 ernment once more placed in loyal hands. 
 
 This information was so startling, it so 
 deeply impeached the personal and political 
 integrity of the party concerned, it seemed 
 so contradictory to the general tenor of his 
 sentiments and conduct since his co-opera- 
 tion with the Democratic Conservative 
 party, that for a moment Mr. Knott, to 
 whom this information was imparted, could 
 at first hardly give it credence. But par- 
 ticulars were given as the conversation pro- 
 ceeded and circumstances detailed, which 
 were well calculated, on reflection, to arouse 
 suspicion and alarm. It was known beyond 
 c|uestion that the gentleman implicated by 
 these rumors had been in Washington for a 
 week, absent from his official duties in Ann- 
 apolis as presiding officer of the Senate; and 
 the message of Judge Blair besides con- 
 veyed the distinct and positive assurance 
 that it was a fact known to him (Judge 
 Blair) that during his visit to Washington 
 Lieutenant Governor Cox had held two in- 
 terviews, each of some length, with Secre- 
 tary Stanton at the War Office. The Secre- 
 tary was a most bitter and unrelenting foe 
 of the South. Called to the Cabinet of Mr. 
 
 Buchanan a few months before the- retire- 
 ment of that gentleman f-om the office of 
 President, Stanton, had on many occasions 
 manifested both by speech and conduct his 
 sympathies with the South in the extreme 
 co'urse it pursued and had fully sustained 
 his chief in all the views he expressed in 
 regard to the treatment of the seceding 
 States; as a member of Mr. Lincoln's 
 cabinet he had illustrated the truism that 
 there is no hate like the hate of a false friend 
 and a renegade. Odif qucm dcccpit. In this 
 conduct he was but a type of most of 
 the Buchanan-Breckenridge leaders of the 
 North; Gen. Benj. F. Butler, Caleb Gush- 
 ing, General Dix, Daniel S. Dickinson, Gen. 
 Isaac O. Stevens; men who in the National 
 Democratic Convention of i860, both in 
 Charleston and in Baltimore, and during 
 the Presidential canvass of that year and 
 for some time subsequently, by their 
 voices and votes had encouraged the leaders 
 and the people of the South in the 
 unfounded and unfortunate persuasion and 
 belief that in their secession from that 
 convention, and, consequently, from the 
 LTnion, they would have the sympathy 
 and support of a majority of the northern 
 Democracy. To this general course of 
 conduct on the part of the supporters of 
 the Breckenridge-Lane ticket in the North 
 after the Civil War began there was one 
 notable and conspicuous exception — the 
 Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania. 
 He stood throughout that great struggle 
 and during the dark period of reconstruc- 
 tion a grand and heroic figure, an Abdiel 
 among so many faithless. He had never ad- 
 vised nor encouraged secession, and there- 
 fore he never had occasion to run with inde- 
 cent haste in order to atone for one apostasy 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 by committing another, and to purchase his 
 pardon and safety by the cruel exploitation 
 of those who were unfortunate enough to 
 have placed confidence and belief in his 
 counsels and assurances. During the war 
 lie met the storm of vehement and vindic- 
 tive abuse and denunciation which fiercely 
 beat upon him with an ability and eloquence 
 so masterly, with a courage so calm, fearless 
 and unquailing, that he conquered the re- 
 luctant admiration of his bitterest foes. 
 The hired advocates of arbitrary power 
 felt rebuked by his presence when he 
 entered the forums of the law to defend 
 the imperilled liberties of the citizen or 
 to uphold the prostrate rights of the States. 
 His State has erected no monument to his 
 memory, nor is it meet that it should so long 
 as it numbers the Camerons, the Quays, and 
 the Wanamakers among its great men and 
 leaders. That time indeed may never come 
 to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, but 
 his name will live in the memories of honest 
 and patriotic men who esteem and cherish 
 the qualities of truth, justice, courage and 
 honor as among the priceless treasures of 
 mankind. 
 
 It was called to mind that during the dis- 
 turbances which had taken place in Balti- 
 miire at the election in the preceding No- 
 vember, the radical leaders of that revolu- 
 tionary movement had held some sort of 
 correspondence with Secretary Stanton. It 
 was known also that since the election mem- 
 bers of the Republican party, some of them 
 high in its councils, had on several occasions 
 made threats and had given out intimations 
 to the efifect that tlie ascendancy of the Dem- 
 ocratic party in the State would be short- 
 lived, and that loyal men would soon have 
 their own again. These threats an,j intima- 
 
 tions were regarded at the time as puerile 
 and amusing, but with the intelligence thus 
 imparted they ceased to be amusing and be- 
 gan to wear "a weighty and a serious blow." 
 This information, Mr. Blair further re- 
 quested, should be immediately communi- 
 cated to Governor Swann. This was done 
 on that night. The Governor was not dis- 
 posed to give weight or consideration to the 
 rumors. He regarded them as wild and ex- 
 travagant; but he declared, however, that 
 he would communicate with friends in 
 Washington and ascertain, if possible, what 
 foundation existed for them. 
 
 It is needless to say that this information 
 occasioned profound anxiety to the friends 
 of constitutional reform in the city, to a few 
 of whom it was communicated on the fol- 
 lowing day ; for it was not deemed advisable 
 to give it too extensive a circulation without 
 additional facts and further inquiry. 
 
 On Sunday, the 24th of February, Mr. 
 Knott, to whom this message from Mr. 
 Blair had been delivered, had an interview 
 with the Hon. S. Teackle Wallis. This in- 
 terview was suggested by the knowledge 
 Mr. Knott had acquired of certain contro- 
 j versies which had for some time been pend- 
 ing in one of the courts of Baltimore City, 
 and which liad been very recently settled. 
 From Mr. Wallis facts were learned of an 
 important character concerning tran.sac- 
 tions wihich threw a flood of light on the 
 subject and opened a clew to the motives 
 and causes which, it might very well be 
 supposed, could and would, operate with 
 potent influence to bring about the condi- 
 tion of things in the State which was indi- 
 cated and threatened by these rumors 
 should Lieutenant Governor Cox be in- 
 stalled in office. The facts thus obtained 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 571 
 
 were immediately communicated to Gov- 
 ernor Swann with an earnest appeal to him 
 to remain at the helm of State, at least until 
 these rumors could be investigated, and 
 either their truth established or their false- 
 hood exposed. It was urged on the Gov- 
 ernor that whatever doubt there might be as 
 to the truth of the rumors reported to be in 
 circulation in Washington — though the fact 
 of the two interviews with Secretary Stan- 
 ton gave them great color of probability and 
 support — there could be none whatever con- 
 cerning the facts of grave import and sig- 
 nificance communicated by Mr. Wallis. 
 
 Other gentlemen, both in Baltimore and 
 at Annapolis, whither Governor Swann had 
 returned on Monday morning, united in 
 pressing these views, and in following up 
 this appeal to Governor Swann. Among 
 the gentlemen of Southern views and sym- 
 pathies who called on Governor Swann in 
 Baltimore on that Sunday to tender to him 
 their sympathy and support, to express to 
 him the sentiments of their appreciation of 
 his services to the State, and their hope that, 
 in the grave exigency w'hich had so unex- 
 pectedly arisen, he would postpone, for the 
 present at least, his retirement from the 
 Gubernatorial chair, were Mr. Samuel 
 Smith, Mr. Neilson Poe, Sr., and Mr. Sam- 
 uel H. Taggart. In a conversation with 
 Governor Swann on the evening of Satur- 
 day, the 23rd of February, the Governor 
 liad complained to Mr. Knott of the want 
 of sympa.thy and supfxjrt he had met with 
 from the Democrats and Southern sympa- 
 thizers during the election troubles in the 
 preceding November, and since, notwith- 
 standing his exertions and sacrifices to se- 
 cure them their political right. "He had," 
 he said, "burnt his bridges behind him so 
 
 far as his connections with the Republican 
 party were concerned, and had estranged 
 some of his oldest and closest friends 
 (naming some of them), gentlemen who," 
 he declared, "had always been his stead- 
 fast supporters in all the positions he had 
 ever held, as President of the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Road, as Mayor of the city, 
 as Governor and as President of the First 
 National Bank; that w-hile he had lost, he 
 presumed, the friendship of these gentle- 
 men on account of his efforts to secure the 
 people their rights, he had failed to concili- 
 ate the cordial sympathy and support of 
 many of his new allies." The complaint 
 wras just. The visit, however, of the gen- 
 tlemen above named, and the call made 
 upon the Governor at his official residence 
 in Annapolis by Judge Carmichael and Gov. 
 Philip Francis Thomas on the afternoon of 
 Monday, the 25th of February, contributed 
 to allay this just irritation of Governor 
 Swann. After fully weighing the matter, 
 the Governor, late on the evening of Mon- 
 day, the 25th of February, invited several of 
 his friends, members of the Legislature, to 
 the Executive chamber and informed them 
 that he had concluded to defer his re- 
 tirement from office of Governor for the 
 present, and that the inauguration of his 
 successor would not take place on the day 
 following, the 26th, as designated. This 
 announcement produced a profound sense 
 of relief as it became known. On Fri- 
 day, the 1st day of March. Governor 
 Swann sent to both Houses of the Legisla- 
 ture a formal message, announcing his defi- 
 nite and final resolution not to accept tlie 
 position as Senator, but to remain in office 
 as Governor of the State. In this message 
 he stated: "It had been my purpose, in re- 
 
572 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 sponse of the people of the State, to have 
 accepted the high trust; and I had so ex- 
 pressed myself on various occasions, and 
 more recently in an interview with the Lieu- 
 tenant Governor. Within a short time past 
 however, and up to the date of my commu- 
 nication to that officer on the 26th ult., when 
 my resignation was to be officially an- 
 nounced to the Legislature, I have been 
 visited by such appeals from the representa- 
 tive men of the State, urged with an earn- 
 estness and unanimity which could hardly 
 be mistaken, asking my continuance in the 
 Gubernatorial chair, that I did not feel at 
 liberty to consult an)- individual preference 
 of my own in making up a final judgment 
 upon this subject. I have no right, from 
 any motive of personal ambition in connec- 
 tion with the Senatorial office, if such could 
 be supposed for a moment to influence my 
 action, to disregard my paramount obliga- 
 tion to the people of my State. I deem it 
 proper to avail myself of the earliest oppor- 
 tunity compatible with the public interest, 
 and in deference to what I believe to be my 
 duty to the people of the State of Maryland, 
 to decline the appointment of Senator of the 
 United States for six years from the 4th of 
 March, 1867. and to return to the General 
 Assembly of ^Maryland my grateful appre- 
 ciation of the distinguished honor they have 
 conferred upon me." 
 
 To this message the General Assembly of 
 Maryland, by joint resolutions offered in the 
 House, by the Hon. Isaac D. Jones, return- 
 ed the following answer: "Resolved by the 
 General Assembly of Maryland. That the 
 conmiunication just received from his Ex- 
 cellency, Thomas Swann, announcing his 
 declination of the office of United States 
 Senator, to which he had been chosen bv the 
 
 present Legislature with great unanimity, 
 has under the peculiar circumstances which 
 surround it, impressed the Legislature with 
 profound sensibility; and that in view of the 
 momentous interests involved, and the cause 
 of constitutional government in all States, 
 Governor to remain firmly at his post in the 
 Executive chair, at this juncture in the af- 
 fairs pf the State, an evidence of the same 
 devotion to its welfare which has in the past 
 earned for him its highest honors and will 
 in the future more strongly commend him 
 to the confidence of the people." 
 
 These resolutions adopted by the General 
 Assembly by more than a two-thirds vote in 
 each House fully expressed the opinion of 
 the members of that body on the gravity of 
 the crisis which had arisen, and their sense 
 of relief that the crisis had been averted 
 through the patriotic course pursued by 
 Governor Swann, and also their apprecia- 
 tion of the personal sacrifice on his part 
 which that course involved. 
 
 To complete the history of this incident 
 it is proper and necessary to add: That on 
 the 4th day of the ensuing March, from his 
 place as the President of the Senate, Lieu- 
 tenant Governor Cox delivered an address 
 to that body in which he denied the truth 
 of the rumor which attributed to him the 
 intention, in the event of his succeeding 
 Governor Swann and of the refusal of the 
 Senate of the United States to admit that 
 gentleman to a seat in that body; to appoint 
 Hon. J. A. J. Creswell to fill the vacancy 
 thus created and the imputation on his per- 
 sonal and ])olitical integrity which that 
 rumor carrie<l with ii. and requesting the 
 appointment of a committee to investigate 
 the rumor. A committee was accordingly 
 appointed. This committee on the 21st of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 573 
 
 Alarch reported that they had called on 
 Governor Swann who "had disclaimed bas- 
 ing his action in resigning the office of Sen- 
 ator on this rumor and that his (Governor 
 Swann's) course had been dictated by high 
 motives of State policy," and that these 
 rumors had in all probability originated in 
 the excitement incident to the sudden and 
 unexpected action of Governor Swann. 
 There was no disposition to press this mat- 
 ter further as the State had been delivered 
 from the peril which threatened it. That 
 that peril was grave, all realized, and the 
 resolutions of the General Assembly above 
 quoted, adopted by more than a two-thirds 
 vote of each House, bear witness. There 
 has never been since any reason or ground 
 furnished to change or modify the opinion 
 and belief at that time so generally and au- 
 thoritatively expressed. On the contrary, 
 subsequent events confirmed that opinion 
 and belief. After the adjournment of the 
 Legislature Lieutenant Governor Cox re- 
 moved to the city of Washington, and in a 
 short time thereafter was appointed health 
 officer of that city. Subsequently he was 
 appointed by President Hayes United States 
 Commissioner to the World's Fair, held in 
 1879, at Melbourne, Australia. On his re- 
 turn from that mission he was seized with a 
 mental ailment from which he never recov- 
 ered. He died in 1880. 
 
 The Republicans of Maryland fully real- 
 ized how vitally important to them was the 
 defeat of the bill for a convention to frame 
 a new Constitution, and they strained every 
 nerve to accomplish that defeat. They were 
 persuaded that if the Constitution of 1864, 
 with its iniquitous 4th Section of Article L 
 and its sweeping and comprehensive denun- 
 ciations and disabilities, should remain the 
 
 fundamental law, they would have an im- 
 mense advantage in that fact in future con- 
 tests for political supremacy in the State. 
 They would in that case also retain posses- 
 sion of the judiciary; and the Democratic 
 Conservatives of Baltimore had in the con- 
 duct of Judge Bond recent and painful ex- 
 perience of how powerful an instrument for 
 party purposes that branch of the govern- 
 ment may be made in the hands of men who 
 sink the judge in the partisan. Nor was 
 Judge Bond alone in this respect. The con- 
 duct of some of the judges in other parts 
 of the State, and the decisions of the Court 
 of Appeals by a majority of four judges to 
 one in the cases of Hardesty vs. Taft and 
 Anderson vs. Baker, in 23 Md. Rpt., illus- 
 trate the truth of which the history of Eng- 
 land, and of our own country as well, fur- 
 nishes examples: That Judges after all are 
 but mortal and fallible men, that when 
 elected or appointed upon party considera- 
 tions and for party or personal services, they 
 are not forgetful nor ungrateful, when great 
 party interests are involved in questions be- 
 fore them; and that in the last resort the de- 
 fense and preservation of a people's rights 
 and liberties cannot with safety be intrusted 
 in other hands than those of the people 
 themselves. 
 
 The enfranchisement act had been passed, 
 but only as a temporary measure to meet 
 emergencies which might arise before a new 
 Constitution could be framed, adopted and 
 put in operation. In regard to that act it 
 may be said that there was a plausible, nay 
 a reasonable doubt, as to whether the saving 
 clause in the 4th Section of Article L which 
 gave to the General Assembly under certain 
 conditions the power "to restore the citizen' 
 who had committed any of the enumerated 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 acts of disloyalty "to Iiis full rights of citizen- 
 ship" would be construed to sustain so gen- 
 eral and sweeping an enfranchisement of the 
 people of the State en bloc, as was effected, 
 or attempted to be effected, by that act. 
 The municipal bill for giving a new govern- 
 ment to the city of Baltimore had not been 
 passed ; but in anticipation of its passage the 
 radical Mayor and City Council of Balti- 
 more had already made an appropriation of 
 $20,000, and authorized the employment of 
 counsel to contest its validity in the Courts : 
 and Mr. Henry Stockbridge and Mr. Archi- 
 bald Stirling, Jr., had been retained for the 
 purpose. Both these measures would have 
 to run the gauntlet of a hostile judiciary, 
 should the convention bill be not passed, 
 and the Constitution of 1864 remain the 
 law of the land. 
 
 In the meantime too the conHict between 
 President Johnson and the Republican Con-^ 
 gress had reached a point of intensity which 
 rendered the impeachment of that magis- 
 trate inevitable. Should impeachment pro- 
 ceedings end, as it was generally believed 
 they would end, in the conviction of Presi- 
 dent Johnson and his removal from office, 
 that result would remove the most powerful 
 obstacle to the accomplishment of the pur- 
 ]Joses of the Republican party in the State. 
 Xo wonder then that the Republicans in- 
 trigued and threatened. The change of a 
 single vote in the Senate would defeat the 
 hill for a convention. One of the results 
 of the miserable scramble which had taken 
 ])lace in Baltimore for the mayoralty nomi- 
 nation had been, it was claimed, to transfer 
 two votes in that body to the ranks of the 
 op])onents of the bill. The claim was not 
 without foundation. These two votes were 
 however afterwards secured for the conven- | 
 
 tion bill by the abandonment of the pending 
 municipal election bill. 
 
 VIII. 
 The Convkntion Bill, The Military 
 Bill, and the Baltimore Mu- 
 nicipal Bill. 
 The people of Baltimore City were for 
 many just and substantial reasons, anx- 
 ious for as speedy a deliverance as pos- 
 sible from radical mal-administration of 
 their municipal affairs under which thev 
 had suffered so long. But they did 
 not realize the practical difficulty which 
 confronted the representatives of the 
 Democratic Conservative party in Annap- 
 olis in the alternative presented between an 
 abandonment of that measure of local relief, 
 the numicipal election bill, which, if. even 
 passed, would have a doubtful result, as al- 
 ready pointed out, and the loss of the con- 
 vention bill. Numerous appeals by letter 
 and in person were made to members of the 
 House from Baltimore City urging upon 
 them the passage of the municipal election 
 bill even at the sacrifice of the convention 
 bill. These appeals were sometimes threat- 
 ening in their tone. Meetings were held in 
 several of the wards of Baltimore City, and 
 delegations of citizens visited Annapolis for 
 the same purpose. Even a part of the city 
 press uninformed as to the actual situation 
 and of the nature of the issue indulged in un- 
 favoral)le criticism of those who were doing 
 everything in their power to avert a threat- 
 ened peril to the State and to extricate the 
 Democratic i)arty from the entanglement 
 and difficulty in which it had become involv- 
 ed through the narrow and selfish policy of a 
 few of its members. Without the aid of the 
 Conservative Republicans the success of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 movement in the election of Xovember, 
 1866, would have been doubtful: indeed, im- 
 possible. Xow that the war was over and 
 the danger past the mortifying spectacle 
 was presented in our city of men who dur- 
 ing the conflict had done nothing or had 
 kept in close hiding, demanding, with Fal- 
 staffian courage, the exclusion of all Con- 
 servative Republicans from official posi- 
 tions in disregard of the manifest fact that 
 without the aid of Conservative Republican 
 votes i:. the House the <:onvention bill 
 could not be passed. 
 
 Later on, however, when the citizens of 
 Baltimore became better informed upon this 
 subject and realized the danger to which the 
 course they had recommended would have 
 subjected their greater and paramount in- 
 terests they did full justice to the motives 
 and conduct of those who against their pro- 
 tests and remonstrances had the courage 
 and foresight to carry out a policy they 
 deemed necessary to the complete and final 
 emancipation of the people of the State. 
 With some, however, it was a question of 
 the immediate possession of the spoils of 
 office. It was in vain pointed out to these 
 persons that by the course they wished pur- 
 sued, they would get a lawsuit on their 
 hands and not the offices; that the conven- 
 tion could, in the new Constitution which it 
 would frame, order a municipal election and 
 give to Baltimore a new city government 
 which would be free from all objections, and 
 beyond the reach of any controversy in the 
 Courts because these tribunals would at the 
 same time be wholly reconstructed by that 
 instrument. 
 
 This suggestion was subsequently carried 
 out by the convention, and Article XI, Title, 
 City of Baltimore, makes its appearance in 
 
 the Constitution of 1867. This article pro- 
 vided for an election in October, 1867, of a 
 Mayor and City Council invested with cer- 
 tain powers and duties, but saving to the 
 General Assembly of the State full control 
 over the corporation thus created and di- 
 recting that the article should not be so 
 construed as to make Baltimore independ- 
 ent of the State. This experiment and anom- 
 ally in Constitution-making — an innova- 
 tion without a parallel in the fundamental 
 law of any State — was made in deference to 
 the wishes of the people of Baltimore, and 
 has its explanation in the circumstances 
 here narrated. In the recasting of the net, 
 however, into the pool of municipal offices, 
 which, in consequence of this course, was 
 rendered necessary, some of these recalci- 
 trant gentlemen lost the prizes which they 
 had so selfishly coveted and which they had 
 regarded as secured, and they never forgot 
 nor forgave those who, in their judgment, 
 had been, however innocently, instrumental 
 in the loss. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be affirmed that had 
 the Legislature of 1867 adjourned without 
 passing a convention bill, the radical Re- 
 publicans of Maryland would have at once 
 prepared to make a desperate attempt to re- 
 gain the political control and possession of 
 the State. In this attempt, in addition to 
 "the coign of vantage," the retention of 
 the Constitution of 1864 and of the judiciarv 
 of the State would have given them, they 
 would have commanded some powerful out- 
 side influences and resources which would 
 have enabled them at least to prolong the 
 struggle for supremacy for an indefinite per- 
 iod, certainly until to the close of General 
 Grant's administration, even had they been 
 ultimately unable to accomplish their avow- 
 
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ed purpose, the permanent recovery of the 
 State into "loyal" hands. Xo one famihar 
 with the events and circumstances immedi- 
 ately preceding the election of November, 
 1866, and General Grant's connection with 
 those events and circumstances, as previ- 
 ously recounted, and also familiar with the 
 course pursued by General Grant in Louisi- 
 ana in 1872, under circumstances analagous 
 to those which would have existed in Mary- 
 land, in the hypothesis of a failure of the 
 convention bill, can doubt on which side in 
 that struggle for the political control of our 
 State the sword of General Grant would 
 have been cast. 
 
 No sooner was this difficulty, growing 
 out of its own domestic dissensions re- 
 moved, when the Democratic Conservative 
 party was called to confront a new danger. 
 At a meeting of the Republican State Cen- 
 tral Committee it was foreshadowed, indeed 
 threatened, that should the convention bill 
 be passed Federal interference would be in- 
 voked. The alleged grounds for this inter- 
 ference were: that the Legislature itself was 
 illegally elected in violation of the registra- 
 tion laws, and of the provisions of the Con- 
 stitution of 1864; that it was chci>cn 1)v, and 
 was largely composed of, disfranclii-vil nh- 
 els; that the call for a convention was in dis- 
 regard of that Constitution, and that the 
 body convoked under it would be revolu- 
 tionary in its character. It was also boldly 
 asserted that should such convention assem- 
 ble, a government under the Constitution 
 of 1864 would at once be organized, and 
 Frederick City, it was said, was selected as 
 the place for its organization. This gov- 
 ernment would appeal to Congress for rec- 
 ognition and to the war department — then 
 imder the exclusive control of Secretary 
 
 Stanton— for military support. There 
 were not wanting timid counsellors who ad- 
 vised a postponement of the bill for a con- 
 vention to some more opportune time, to a 
 time more free from the difficulties and em- 
 barrassments growing out of the existing 
 condition of the country, to a future General 
 Assembly, which under the general enfran- 
 chisement act, that had been already passed, 
 it was thought that the Democratic Con- 
 servatives of the State would at any time in 
 the future be able to control. But this 
 course would have endangered evervthing; 
 as the enfranchisement act itself in the 
 meantime, as before stated, would have to 
 undergo the criticism of a hostile judiciary. 
 To meet this emergency and to prevent the 
 disastrous results involved in such surren- 
 der of everything that had been contended 
 for during three years of painful struggle, a 
 caucus of the Democratic Conservative 
 members of the Legislature was promptly 
 called, two weeks before the close of 
 the session. In this caucus IMr. Knott 
 offered the following resolution: "Rj- 
 solved. That the Democratic Conser- 
 vative members of the Legislature in 
 caucus assembled, hereby pledge them- 
 selves to lay aside for the present every 
 other measure of a political character, in- 
 cluding tlic hill noTi,> pending in tlic Senate for 
 a sf^eeial municipal election in Baltimore, and 
 to postpone all private business; and to de- 
 vote the remaining part of the session, if 
 necessary, to the passage of the convention 
 bill and of the military bill for the organiza- 
 tion of the militia of the State : to the prompt 
 ]3assage of which measures we hereby 
 pledge ourselves." This resolution was 
 adopted with great unanimity, after a brief 
 discussion, in which the absolute import- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 577 
 
 ance of these two measures was explained 
 and insisted upon. These two bills were 
 immediately put upon their passage and car- 
 ried through the Legislature, the two recal- 
 citrants in the Senate having been won over 
 by the sacrifice of the Baltimore municipal 
 election bill. This was the answer of the 
 General Assembly of Maryland and of the 
 Democratic party of the State to the threats 
 of armed Federal intervention. The call for 
 the convention was sustained by an over- 
 whelming popular vote. The convention 
 assembled in pursuance of the call, and gave 
 to the people of the State a Constitution 
 stripped of all obnoxious and proscriptive 
 clauses and disabilities, and restored the 
 people to the full enjoyment of all their 
 rights and liberties as freemen. And in less 
 than a )ear under the operation of the pro- 
 visions of the military bill, Baltimore wit- 
 nessed the largest and finest display of its 
 citizen soldiery that ever before had been 
 seen on its streets. This, too, was the be- 
 ginning of that splendid military organiza- 
 tion, the Fifth Regiment of xvhich our city 
 and State are so justly proud. 
 
 The work of the Democratic State Central 
 Committee, begun in February, 1864, after 
 more than three years of arduous and al- 
 most incessant labor under circumstances 
 of great discouragement, and even of dan- 
 ger, was now triumphantly accomplished. 
 Maryland was again free. 
 
 Mr. Knott represented his State in the 
 National Democratic Convention of 1864, 
 and in that of 1872; and was a member of 
 the National Democratic Executive Com- 
 mittee from 1872 to 1876. 
 
 In 1884 he took an active part in the cam- 
 paign which resulted in the election of the 
 
 Democratic candidate for President, Grover 
 Cleveland, making speeches in Maryland, 
 West Virginia, New Jersey and New York. 
 
 In 1885 Mr. Knott was ofifered and ac- 
 cepted the position of Second Assistant 
 Postmaster General under Mr. Cleveland's 
 first administration, a position which he 
 filled to its close. 
 
 On the appointment of Mr. Knott to this 
 office the Baltimore Sun in its issue of 
 Thursday, April 2, 1885, made the following 
 editorial comment: "The appointment of 
 Mr. A. Leo Knott to be Second Assistant 
 Postmaster General is in every respect one 
 of the very best that could have been made. 
 It is as honorable to the President and to 
 Mr. Vilas, the Postmaster General, as it is 
 gratifying not only to Maryland, but to all 
 who are acquainted with Mr. Knott, and 
 who know with what conspicuous ability he 
 filled for twelve years the office of State's 
 Attorney for the city of Baltimore. During 
 the three successive terms for which he was 
 elected, he proved himself to be one of the 
 most energetic and fearless prosecuting 
 officers that Baltimore has ever had, and on 
 his retirement from a position that was both 
 delicate and arduous, the thoroughly noble 
 manner in which his official dtities had been 
 performed was made the subject of the 
 warmest approval from the press of the city. 
 Mr. Knott has been heartily in accord with 
 the principles of the Democratic party ever 
 since the time when, in 1858, he first began 
 to take an active part in political affairs. He 
 has not been a blind partisan, but, while 
 holding to his party, has shown on occa- 
 sions a conservatism and a spirit of inde- 
 pendence that won for him the respect even 
 of those with whom he differed on points of 
 policy or methods of action. He has filled 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 various places of honor in tlie party, being 
 a member of the Legislature, of the State 
 Democratic Convention of 1864, and was a 
 delegate to the National Democratic Con- 
 ventions of 1864 and 1872. As an eloquent 
 public speaker his services have been fre- 
 quently in request at home and in other 
 States. His appointment as Second As- 
 sistant Postmaster General has, therefore, 
 been well earned, and to Maryland it is es- 
 pecially welcome, as it is intimately con- 
 nected with that branch of the service which 
 concerns the transmission of the mails. 
 We have no doubt that Mr. Knott will bring 
 to the work that is before him the same zeal 
 and thoroughness for which he was dis- 
 tinguished as State's Attorney, and which 
 has been a marked feature of his political 
 and professional career." 
 
 While holding this office Mr. Knott 
 introduced several changes and improve- 
 ments in the branch of the postal service 
 under his charge — the transportation of the 
 mails — the value of which was recognized 
 liy their retention by his successors in office. 
 Tn 1886, Mr. Knott prepared with the aid of 
 two of his subordinate officers, and submit- 
 ted in his annual report tn the Postmaster 
 Cieneral and to Congress, a plan for adjust- 
 ing the pay of railroad companies for rail- 
 \vay mail transportation and postal car ser- 
 vice, tile cost of which had grown enor- 
 mously under the existing system. This plan 
 — the leading feature of which was the sub- 
 stitution of car space used in the transporta- 
 tion of the mails for weight of mails carried 
 as the basis of remuneration — it was reliably 
 estimated would save tiie ( jovernment at the 
 rate of $1,200.00 annuall}'; while the railroad 
 companies would be spared tlie arbitrary 
 and capricious reductions which Congress 
 
 made from time to time whenever an 
 economical fit seized that body, and 
 there were no other objects to exercise 
 it on. In 1876 and 1878 Congress 
 had made such reductions; the first of 
 ten per cent, and the second of five per 
 cent., on the whole cost of this service. 
 These summary, indiscriminate and pro- 
 cru'Stean methods of dealing with an intri- 
 cate and complex problem — the solution of 
 which demands the consideration of the con- 
 stantly changing requirements of the ser- 
 vice and of the ever varying wants and con- 
 ditions of the countrw excited the resent- 
 ment of the railroad companies and were 
 detrimental to the service. But Congress 
 and the Postmaster General took no action 
 on the matter. In the meantime the cost 
 of this branch of the postal service has con- 
 tinued to grow until it now reaches the vast 
 sum of thirty-fovir million dollars annually. 
 In 1886, he was sent by the Postmaster Gen- 
 eral to arrange with the Governor General 
 of Cuba an agreement for the transmission 
 of the Spanish mails between Cuba and 
 Spain by way of Key West, Tampa and New 
 York by the steamers Olivette and Mas- 
 cotte, in connection with the Plant system 
 of railway between New York and Tampa: 
 which agreement was entered into, in De- 
 cember, 1886, on the resignation of Judge 
 William .-X. Fisher from the bench of Balti- 
 more Citw Governor Lloyd offered to Mr. 
 Knott, through Hon. Robert \. Dobbin, 
 llie appointment to till the vacancy thus cre- 
 ated, lie accei)ted it, but subsecjuently, in 
 deference to the expressed wish and request 
 of President Cleveland to remain in the 
 Post Office I)e])artmcnt until the close of his 
 administration, Mr. Knott declined the ap- 
 pointment. On his retirement from office. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAN'D. 
 
 579 
 
 in April, 1889, Mr. Knott resumed the prac- 
 tice of his profession, opening offices in 
 \\'ashing1;on and Baltimore. In 1890, Mr. 
 Knott became associated with the late Mr. 
 Linden Kent, Mr. R. Byrd Lewis and Rob- 
 ert J. Washington, in the conduct and man- 
 agement of the interests of the heirs of 
 Henry Harford, the last Lord Proprietary 
 of Maryland, in the suit instituted by the 
 United States Government under an act of 
 Congress to adjudicate and settle the right 
 and title of parties to the submerged lands 
 under the Potomac river opposite Wash- 
 ington. These lands the Government pro- 
 posed to reclaim and improve for public 
 purposes. The case was argued in 1895 be- 
 fore the Supreme Bench of the city of Wash- 
 ington, and is now pending in the LTnited 
 States Supreme Court. 
 
 Mr. Knott took part in 1892 in the cam- 
 paign in favor of Mr. Cleveland, and in that 
 of 1896 in favor of Mr. Bryan, the nominee 
 of the Democratic party, and in support of 
 the Chicago platfoTm. 
 
 Mr. Knott is the son of Edward Knott, a 
 native of Montgomery county, and for many 
 years a farmer and tobacco planter in that 
 county, and an officer in the War of i8i2,and 
 of Elizabeth Sprigg Sweeney, a daughter of 
 Allan Sweeney of Chaptico. St. Mary's 
 county, and of Ellinor Neale, his wife. Ed- 
 ward Knott was the son of Zachary Knott, 
 who removed from St. Mary's county, and 
 settled in what was then known as Frederick 
 county, in 1771, and engaged extensively in 
 tobacco planting. This Zachary was a de- 
 scendant of John Knott, who came into the 
 province of Maryland from Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, in 1642. (See Kilty's Landholder's 
 Assistant ; pages 69, 76.) 
 
 Both on his father's and mother's side Mr. 
 
 Knott is connected with Neales, the Med- 
 leys, the Darnells, the Digges, the Spald- 
 ings and other Catholic families of the col- 
 ony of Maryland. Through these families 
 Mr. Knott is descended from the first colo- 
 nists of Maryland, the Pilgrims of the Ark 
 and of the Dove, of the men who, in the 
 language of Bancroft the historian, "were 
 the first in the annals of mankind to make 
 religious freedom and basis of the State." 
 
 He is a member of the Roman Catholic 
 Church, by birth, education and conviction. 
 He has been called upon to deliver many ad- 
 dresses on literary and historical subjects 
 before collegiate and other bodies in Balti- 
 more, New York, Washington, and other 
 cities. In October, 1 891, at the celebration 
 of the Centennial Anniversary of the found- 
 ation of his alma mater, St. Mary's College, 
 he delivered the alumni oration. On Octo- 
 ber 1 2th, 1892, he delivered the oration on 
 the occasion of dedicating the monument 
 erected to Christopher Columbus in Druid 
 Hill Park by the Italian Societies of Balti- 
 more. He has been a frequent contributor 
 to the press on political and historical sub- 
 jects. 
 
 In 1873, he married Regina M. Keenan, 
 the daughter of Anthony Keenan, an old 
 and respected citizen of Baltimore, and of 
 Mary Phelan, his wife. The ancestors of 
 Mary Phelan came from Waterford, Ire- 
 land, in 1776. Two of her uncles, John 
 Phelan and Philip Phelan, joined the Amer- 
 ican army at Boston, in September of that 
 vear. John Phelan entered as ensign and 
 was promoted January ist, 1777, to the rank 
 of lieutenant in Colonel Smith's regiment of 
 the Continental Army. Philip Phelan was 
 lieutenant of the Third Company of Col. 
 Henry Jackson's Sixteenth Regiment of the 
 
580 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Massachusetts Line. He afterwards held 
 the same rank in the Continental Army. 
 Both these officers were with General 
 Greene in his southern campaigns. Philip 
 fell at the battle of Eutaw Springs. John 
 Phelan went through the revolutionary 
 struggle, remaining in the army until its dis- 
 bandment at Newburgh, in October, 1783, 
 in the meantime attaining to the rank of 
 captain and also of major by brevet. 
 
 After the war John Phelan settled in New 
 York and entered on a mercantile life. He 
 made several voyages as a supercargo, 
 in the last one of which he was 
 shipwrecked with the loss of all he 
 possessed. On his return to this country 
 he removed to Baltimore and opened 
 a classical and mathematical school on 
 North Exeter street. He had among his 
 pupils the late Christopher Hughes, an ac- 
 complished diplomat in his day and for 
 many years the American Minister at the 
 Hague; Mr. George W. Andrews, in his 
 time a well known chemist of Baltimore, 
 and the late Hon. William H. Gatchell. He 
 was a member of the Cincinnati Society. 
 He died in Baltimore, September 13, 1827, 
 an<l was buried with military honors. 
 
 Mr. Knott is a member of the Maryland, 
 University, the Country, and Catholic Clubs 
 of Baltimore, and of the Society of the 
 War of 1 81 2. 
 
 John H. Hkwitt, Poet, by William M. 
 Marine. — One of the well known poets in 
 Baltimore's earlier days was the subject of 
 this sketch, Rufus Dawes entertained a 
 flattering o])inion of the value of his friend- 
 ship and acknowledged the merit of his 
 verse. As is usual in instances of this char- 
 acter, Mr. Hewitt believed Mr. Dawes one 
 
 of the truest of men and a poet equal to the 
 best singers of his time. 
 
 Harmony and melody inspired Mr. Hew- 
 itt's soul. He had an eye for the beautiful 
 and saw nature only to comprehend more 
 fully the mighty working power of God. 
 
 The creations of his mind were pure and 
 simple as rain drops; he sought no eyrie out 
 of sight, cloud capped and hidden from ob- 
 servation. He sang to the comprehension 
 of the people, of love and of patriotism. Of- 
 ten he descended from his serious strain in 
 the latter days of his life and, under the 
 "nom de plume" of "Jenks." wrote for the 
 rural presi, verses on every day topics. 
 Some of his sweetest songs were published 
 under the name of Eugene Raymond. 
 
 He sold "his talents;" a great deal he 
 wrote was published under other names 
 than his. However despicable is the habit 
 some people have of publishing other peo- 
 ple's effusions as theirs, it is a frequent and 
 censurable one. Hewitt sold the product of 
 his talent to meet his necessities. There was 
 nothing wrong in that; those who were the 
 purchasers and published his effusions un- 
 der their names, to obtain a prominence to 
 which they were not entitled, defrauded the 
 public by such conduct. 
 
 Mr. Hewitt had his moods; all poets 
 have. At such times he was melancholy and 
 disposed to believe fate had singled him out 
 to pour her vials of wrath upon his head. 
 
 He wrote rapidly, and permitted his pro- 
 ductions to go to print without exercising 
 proper care in correcting them. He was 
 the father of American ballad poetry, and 
 being a skilled musician, he took rank as 
 the only early .American who composed and 
 set his stanzas to music. "Our Native 
 land," which he composed and set to music. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 581 
 
 was the first of our national songs of such 
 origin. It was played by the band at the 
 Centennial in Philadelphia in 1876. 
 
 When Thomas Moore visited America, 
 Mr. Hewitt's father resided on the banks of 
 the Schuylkill river. He entertained at his 
 home the Irish poet, who, while at his house, 
 penned several of his lyrics. Mr. Hewitt 
 caught from his genius the flame of ballad 
 style which he cultivated so successfully. 
 He always retained a recollection of his 
 father's distinguished visitor, including the 
 mighty stock he wore round his neck. 
 
 No fashionable repertoire in the days of 
 his ballad publications was complete with- 
 out them. The "Minstrel's Return from 
 War" was prodigiously popular in this 
 country and Europe. Mr. Hewitt once said, 
 "I suppose when I am dead, they will carve 
 on my slab, author of "The Minstrel's Re- 
 turn from the War." The music of "Rock 
 Me to Sleep, Mother," and "All Quiet on 
 the Potomac" were from the inspiration of 
 his fertile mind. 
 
 "Flora's Festival," a pastorial oratoria, 
 had successful seasons for the theatre 
 boards. "The Rival Harps" was none the 
 less popular. 
 
 Of Mr. Hewitt's patriotic poems, "The 
 American Boy" took high rank. It is found 
 in numerous elementary readers of fifty 
 years ago. For beginners in elocution it is 
 especially adapted. A negro thinking the 
 author of it dead and forgotten reproduced 
 it as his production. Mr. Hewitt, fixing the 
 theft upon him, with a shot-gun of words, 
 invited the thieving Son of Ham to stand 
 and deliver! 
 
 Mr. Hewitt was a commemorative poet. 
 When the bronze statue to Baron de Kalb 
 was unveiled at Annapolis he furnished the 
 
 poem for that occasion. Other notable 
 events were graced by the flow of his 
 metrical pen. 
 
 A volume of Mr. Hewitt's poems was 
 published by Nathaniel Hickman, Balto., 
 1838, having one hundred and thirty-five 
 pages, containing one hundred and thirty- 
 two poems. In his "Shadows on the Wall," 
 published by Turnbull Bro., Balto., 1877, a 
 book dealing with glimpses of the past fifty 
 years of his life; is included his longest 
 and (as he estimated) best poetry. 
 
 "De Soto, Or the Conquest of Florida," 
 makes three lengthy cantoes. It is full of 
 poetic thrill, and gems of rare beauty shine 
 throughout it. The following lines are per- 
 fect: 
 
 " Hail, queen of night ! whose silver beam 
 Kisses the riplets of the stream ! 
 Heaven's jewelled front, in starry blaze, 
 Is spread before thy wandering gaze ; 
 And, on the river's sparkling breast 
 The placid star beams seem to rest '' 
 
 In depicting the approach of a barque to- 
 ward the shore, nothing can be more felici- 
 tous : 
 
 " The helmsman cast his eye aloft. 
 
 And marked the quivering topmost sail ; 
 On viewless wmgs and whispering soft, 
 
 Came creeping on the gentle gale. 
 A ripple, then a hurried flaw, 
 
 When lo ! the sails began to fill ; 
 The barque leapt gaily toward the shore, 
 Clearing the billows with a will." 
 
 "St. Cecilia and the Angel," a poem show- 
 ing genius, will yet take rank as a work of 
 art. 
 
 In the newspapers and magazines of his 
 day will be found the majority of his poems, 
 many of them worthy of enduring fame. In 
 their present condition they are not obtaina- 
 ble by the public : an efTort will be made to 
 collect and publish them. His newspaper life 
 
582 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was eventful: he was connected with the 
 leading- papers of Baltimore a half century 
 ago, among them being the j\liucr:\i Tran- 
 script, Jefferson Reformer, Enterprise and 
 Despateh, all of which papers have long 
 since passed away. He was the founder of 
 the Baltimore Clipper, and for a long time 
 its editor. Several Baltimore weeklies were 
 furnished from his pen editorial food and 
 contributed articles. 
 
 His misfortunes he called "Hewitt luck." 
 When ]\Ir. A. S. Able was about starting the 
 Baltimore Sun, he invited Mr. Hewitt to 
 join him in the venture. In years after- 
 wards, speaking of his having declined to do 
 so, he remarked, "That was the worst kind 
 of Hewitt luck." 
 
 He was a native of New York State, 
 where he was born July ii, iSoi. In 1818 
 he was appointed a cadet to West Point, 
 where he rounded out the prescribed course 
 of studies for graduation, and was notified 
 he would, at commencement, secure his 
 ci inimis>i.jn as a lieutenant in the army. On 
 the strength of that statement he visited 
 Xew York City, and attended a party, in a 
 lieutenant's uniform. For that he was sum- 
 moned before the commandant, and a dis- 
 pute resulted, ending in Mr. Hewitt chal- 
 lenging the commandant to fight a duel, 
 who declined the proffer and had the chal- 
 lenger deprived of his graduation honors. 
 That trying circumstance he called the de- 
 velopment of "Hewitt luck." 
 
 At West Point, Willis, a graduate of the 
 celebrated Lagier, the leader of the band, 
 taught him music: he became proficient. In 
 after life his perfect knowledge of it ser\'ed 
 him to earn a livelihood. He was known in 
 consequence of giving lessons in music and 
 teaching in colleges, as Profcssdr Hewitt. 
 
 After adventures in early life north and 
 south, he tinally reached Baltimore, where 
 he resided from 1825 until his death, ex- 
 cepting a short period when he was employ- 
 ed in \'irginia colleges as instructor and 
 during the interval when the South was at 
 war with the Government. 
 
 When hostilities occurred, he was appoint- 
 ed a drill master of southern troops in Rich- 
 mond. Throughout the war he resided 
 South. When Confederate fortunes waned,, 
 he wrote "Hearts of Steel," and "Never 
 Despair," pronounced by literary critics, in 
 England and America, among the best ly- 
 rics produced during that trying season. 
 F'rior to the war, in the piping times of 
 peace, he was captain of the Marion Rifles, 
 a crack military company of Baltimore. 
 
 At the close of war, he returned to Balti- 
 more dispirited and poor; he roused up his 
 energies and vigorously battled anew for 
 fame and bread. His Hewitt luck pursued 
 him. There was no difficulty to find space 
 in papers for his productions, but pay for 
 them was another thing. He wrote consid- 
 erable verse for the Baltimorean, and num- 
 erous sketches for some of the dailies. One 
 of his best poems he constructed late in life, 
 "The Creation of Man," founded on the 
 Biblical account in Genesis of his origin. 
 It was published and favorably received, but 
 did not yield him a penny. 
 
 An important event in Mr. Hewitt's life 
 has been dwarfed so far as he was con- 
 cerned. Indeed he has been shamefully 
 treated by all of Edgar Allan Poe's biog- 
 rajihers, who have shrivelled him into an 
 atom in the space of Poe's genius. When 
 Mr. Hewitt was the editor of the Baltimore 
 I'isitor. the projirietor offered two pre- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 niiums: one. of Sioo, for the best story, and 
 $50 for the best poem. The award commit- 
 tee consisted of John H. B. Latrobe, John 
 P. Kennedy and Dr. James H. Miller. 
 These gentlemen were naturally enough 
 impressed with Poe's manuscript, "Found 
 in a Battle," and Hewitt's poem, "The 
 Song of the Wind," and so awarded the first 
 prize to Poe, and the second to Hewitt. 
 
 The committee was influenced in its de- 
 cision, possibly, by the fact that Poe re- 
 ceived the first award; he being a competitor 
 also for the second. Mr. Hewitt embodied 
 in striking verse the song of the wandering 
 wind. The poem started with an inquiry, 
 "Whence come ye with your odor laden 
 wings?" and that question was answered, 
 "Oh I have come fresh from the sun-beaten 
 climes," "I have kissed the white crest of the 
 moon-lit wave," "I have wandered along the 
 seas pebbly shore," "I have wildly careered 
 through the shivering shrouds." The wind 
 is made to witness "the rent reef'd sail of the 
 corsair in twain," "The wreck of a ship," a 
 solitary survivor who cried out, "My com- 
 rades. Oh! where are they now?" The an- 
 swer being forthcoming to the query, then 
 the survivor "smote on his breast ;" "a strug- 
 gle — a sigh — and his spirit had fled." The 
 poem concludes: 
 
 Where the citron tree pouts with its golden hued 
 fruits. 
 And the coffee-plant shakes to the fiery breath ; 
 I have waken'd the song of the Spanish girl's lute. 
 While I placed on her lips the cold signet of 
 death. 
 For the death plague had perched on my shadow- 
 less wings, 
 And the form that I touched became lifeless and 
 cold ; 
 To the dirge I had awaken'd the lute's steeping 
 strings. 
 And it sung of the maiden whose days were all 
 told. 
 
 I hurried me on— and the things of the earth 
 
 Fell stricken with death as I wauder'd along ; 
 I blasted the smile of the board and the hearth. 
 
 And I levelled alike both the feeble and strong. 
 But shrink not— I've gathered the sweets of the 
 flowers, 
 
 And, laden with perfumes, I come to thee now. 
 To kiss the dew-lips of the rosy-wing'd hours, 
 
 And play with the dark locks that shadow your 
 brow. 
 
 Hewitt did not accompany his poem with 
 his name, but an assumed one. He pursued 
 that course because of his editorship of the 
 paper. He preserved the proof of the com- 
 plete identification of his poem in the event 
 of a dispute and on the $50 being awarded 
 him, declined the money, preferring a silver 
 goblet which was substituted, and is now 
 the property of a member of his family.- 
 
 Poe was not pleased with Hewitt, who 
 had criticised stiffly his poems published by 
 Hatch and Dunning in 1829. Poe, in ignor- 
 ance probably, of how Hewitt had submitted 
 his competing poem, met him, after the 
 award and hot words followed. Poe told 
 Hewitt, being editor of the paper, he had no 
 right to do as he had done. Hewitt ex- 
 plained his method of action. It ended in a 
 refreshing encounter in which a few blows 
 were struck, without injury resulting to 
 either. Poe and Hewitt met once after- 
 wards. Nothing was said of what transpired 
 at their former meeting. Poe asked of 
 Hewitt a favur. which was cheerfully grant- 
 ed and they separated never to meet again. 
 
 Mr. Hewitt died in Baltimore, Tuesday, 
 October 7th, 1890, and was laid to rest in 
 Louden Park Cemetery. 
 
 The vines creep over his unmarked grave. 
 Before he shall have lain in it as long as Poe 
 slept in a similar one, possibly, kind-hearted 
 people will give him a stone. 
 
 His body, after his funeral, was placed in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the cemetery vault, to where it was followed 
 by a large concourse of people. In a 
 few weeks it was interred in the earth, 
 his wife, children and the writer of 
 this sketch were present. Mr. Hewitt was 
 manly in all the relations of life; warm- 
 hearted, impulsive and generous. There 
 was no alloy in his metal; it is pleasant to 
 record that he was of a lovable disposition, 
 good and great, Chesterfieldian in man- 
 ners with rare conversational powers. 
 
 In the following poem which he inscribed 
 to Wm. M. Marine, which was written by 
 him on the fly-leaf of a copy of "Shadows 
 on the Wall," which he came across in the 
 library of that gentleman vhen on a visit 
 to him during the summer of 1884, he gives 
 vent to his life's disappointments. The re- 
 sult of the legacy of "Hewitt's Luck:" 
 
 My friend, while o'er this little book 
 
 Your searching twinkler glances, 
 You need not for rare beauties look, 
 
 Or ideals that entrances. 
 The carping critics of the times 
 
 My claims have shorn and shaven ; 
 The truest grinder out of rhymes 
 
 Was he who wrote the "Raven." 
 Well be it so— instead of bread 
 
 To keep poor Poe from starving, 
 They've placed a stone above his head 
 
 Elaborate with carving. 
 Yes, mine will be a buried name. 
 
 Ambition early blasted. 
 No place upon the roll of fame. 
 
 Much ink and paper wasted. 
 Acres of paper, seas of ink. 
 
 Long years of study squandered. 
 Thinking of all a mau could think 
 
 While with the Muse he wander'd, 
 Wandered around Mount Helicon, 
 
 By the Castilian gutter. 
 But ne'er an inspiring sip he won 
 
 To save his bread and butter. 
 Three score of years, and more of work, 
 
 In hopes of immortality. 
 Better he'd been a tinker's clerk 
 
 And lived on the reality. 
 
 You've read the book ? Well that's enough. 
 Now cast it in the place that blazes. 
 
 They'll call it worse than common stuff 
 When I'm asleep beneath the daisies. 
 
 Mr. Hewitt was twice married; first, to 
 Estelle Mangin, early in his life. She died 
 in i860 leaving him seven children; his sec- 
 ond wife was Alethia Smith, whom he mar- 
 ried when sixty years of age; she is living in 
 Baltimore. By her he had children, two of 
 whom survive. 
 
 Mr. Hewitt prior to his death sickness 
 collected and edited his poems and wrote a 
 full and detailed sketch of his life. These 
 treasures are reserved for future publication. 
 
 William Matthew Mari.xe. — The an- 
 cestors of Mr. Marine, on the paternal 
 side, on coming to America, settled in 
 North Fork district, Dorchester county, 
 Md. The records of that county, and 
 of Susse.x county, in Delaware, where 
 branches of the family resided, reveal the 
 spelling of the name Mareen, Merine, Ma- 
 rine, Alarene, Morean, Marain, Mareain, 
 Morine, Marean and Marign. In the colo- 
 nial days of the family, the persons whose 
 names were thus WTitten were each related 
 to the other. 
 
 At what year the family reached .\merica 
 cannot be precisely stated. In the Land Of- 
 fice at Annapolis exists a signed paper by 
 Milleson Mareen, whose signature is in dis- 
 tinct, well-formed letters, in which the date 
 of his arrival in Maryland is fixed at 1655. 
 A similar one states the arrival of .\lcxander 
 Merine to have been 1669. After the fam- 
 ily was transplanted from the okl to the new 
 world, its ramifications were ?ubsc(|uently 
 found east, south and west. 
 
 The Maryland branch has representatives 
 in North Carolina. Indiana, Illinois. Iowa, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 585 
 
 Nebraska and Tennessee. The late elo- 
 quent and scholarly Rev. Dr. A. Marine, of 
 the M. E. Church; his brother, S. A. Marine, 
 an editor of the Globe Gazette, Mason City, 
 Iowa: their first cousin James Whitcomb 
 Riley, and John C. Merine, their uncle, late- 
 ly deceased, an artist of eminent standing, 
 who during his life resided in Kansas City, 
 are representatives of the Indian branch 
 of the family. 
 
 The ancestors of the subject of this sketch 
 had the method of spelling their names 
 which is preserved in mentioning them, (2) 
 William Alerine, farmer; a resident of North 
 Fork district, where Milleson settled, had 
 nine children ; the fourth (3) Zorababel Ma- 
 rain, was born in 1736 and died eighty-five 
 years of age. In manhood he married 
 Frances Heyvvard, a connection of the fam- 
 ily in South Carolina, which produced a 
 signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
 They had ten children. One of them, John 
 Marain, was a private in the Second Alary- 
 land Regiment, serving in the War of the 
 Revolution. The muster roll with his name 
 thereon is in the Land Office at Annapolis. 
 Zorababel was a farmer; his grist mill at 
 Federalsburgh was the first built in that sec- 
 tion. During its construction a mud sill be- 
 came wedged and defied the efforts of the 
 workmen: he ordered them ofT, contemptu- 
 ously saying, "Away, weaklings!" and put- 
 ting his shoulder beneath the sill moved it 
 into position ; his shirt adhering to his fiesh 
 in consequence of the effort. (4) William 
 Merine, farmer, Zorabable's son, was mar- 
 ried to Mary Fletcher, who was descended 
 from the New England family to which 
 Grace Fletcher, wife of Daniel Webster, be- 
 longed. Thomas C. Fletcher, a Union man 
 and e.x-war governor of Missouri, is a native 
 of Dorchester countv, Md., and a scion of 
 
 the old family of that name in that county. 
 In a letter to the subject of this sketch, 14th 
 of January, 1896, he wrote: "I figure it out 
 that your great-grandmother, Mary Fletch- 
 er, was the daughter of John Fletcher, who 
 was brother to my grandfather, Thomas 
 Fletcher. I am a member of the New Eng- 
 land Fletcher family association." (5) Mat- 
 thew Marain, fourth child of William and 
 Mary was bom in Dorchester county, Au- 
 gust 19th, 1797; he died in Sharptown, then 
 Somerset, now Wicomico county, Md., No- 
 vember 27th, 1854. Nancy Rollins, his 
 wife, was bom January 9th, 1803, in Dor- 
 chester county and died April i6th, 1870, in 
 Sharptown. She was a daughter of John 
 Rollins, whose wife was Mary Mezzick,both 
 of French parentage, whose ancestors were 
 Huguenots and early settlers on the Eastern 
 Shore. The father of John was Luke, and 
 Leah was the first name of his wife. Luke's 
 father was named Jewel; he immigrated 
 from France. Matthew and Nancy had eight 
 children, three of whom died young. Wil- 
 liam John, the youngest son, was a lawyer, 
 editor and a member of the Twelfth Mis- 
 souri Federal Cavalry. He was severely 
 wounded at Chickamauga. Matthew was a 
 prosperous merchant at Sharptown, and one 
 of its largest landed proprietors, who was re- 
 puted to have built and owned a larger 
 number of bay craft than any one other per- 
 son on the line of the Nanticoke river. He 
 possessed the family trait of courage. The 
 late Hon. John W. Crisfield said of 
 him that "at every other term of 
 Court at Princess Anne, they had Matthew 
 on the jury; an indispensable juror." The 
 late William S. Waters, of the Baltimore 
 bar, formerly of the same town, stated. 
 "The Whigs never could hold a meet- 
 ing at Sharptown unless Matthew Ma- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 rain was present to keep order." He was 
 decidedly opposed to the institution of slav- 
 ery, but purchased Pete Stanton, who was 
 sold to a Georgia slave dealer at Stanton's 
 solicitations to prevent his being sent South. 
 Stanton was placed on board of his pur- 
 chaser's vessel and on one of its voyages to 
 Baltimore, it returned without him. He 
 was kidnapped, cooped and sold South 
 where he was found by Matthew's son 
 William during the war. (6) Fletcher 
 Elliott Marine, named after kindred 
 families, the Elliotts being numerous 
 in the Carolinas, was the second child 
 of Matthew and Nancy. He was born 
 March ist, 182 1, and died in Baltimore Sep- 
 tember 19th, 1889. He began life a clerk 
 in the store of his father; he merchandised 
 in Vienna from 1847 to 1854: in the fall of 
 that year he moved to Baltimore, where he 
 engaged in the lumber commission busi- 
 ness, which he conducted until his death. 
 Early in life he was licensed a class leader, 
 exhorter and local preacher in the M. E. 
 Church: he was junior supply preacher on 
 the Dorchester Circuit in 1852; after his re- 
 moval to Baltimore he was, by tlie Balti- 
 more Conference, ordained deacon and sub- 
 sequently elder. Each Sabbath found him 
 regularly filling appointments to preach. 
 During the Civil War he performed chap- 
 lain services at hospitals and army posts in 
 and around Baltimore. He was a member of 
 the Christian Commission, and for a period 
 of two years President of the Local Preach- 
 ers' Association. He had the exclusive 
 honor of being exalted perpetual chaplain 
 of his lodge of Odd I'ellows; he wrote the 
 life of John Hersey and edited and published 
 the Pioneer for a number of years, a paper 
 devoted to primitive Methodism. His deeds 
 of usefulness and cliaritv filendcd with fiftv 
 
 years of religious activity in the church of 
 his choice and through other agencies. He 
 was married the 7th of September, 1842, to 
 Hester Eleanor Knowles. They had eight 
 children, three of whom died in infancv. 
 The survivors are William. Emma, James, 
 Hester and Jane. 
 
 In Caroline Street M. E. Church, Balti- 
 more, to the north of the pulpit, has been 
 placed a marble tablet to his memory and 
 that of his wife, by their son William, who 
 at its unveiling Sunday afternoon, Septem- 
 ber 1 2th, 1897, delivered an address on the 
 character of his father. 
 
 The inscription on the tablet reads. "In 
 memory of Rev. Fletcher Elliott Alarine, 
 born March 1st, 1821, died September 19th, 
 1889. Member of the M. E. Church fifty 
 years. Of this station eleven years. Thir- 
 ty-seven years a useful local preacher wlnise 
 last sermon was delivered in this church. 
 His life was pure; his death triumphant. 
 Also Hester Eleanor Knowles ^larine, his 
 wife. Born 1820. Died 1896. Their son 
 William M. IVIarine erects this tablet." 
 
 Addresses were also delivered on the oc- 
 casion by Rev. William S. Edwards. Pre- 
 siding Elder, and Rev. William G. Herbert, 
 the pastor of the church. 
 
 The paternal ancestors of Hester Eleanor 
 Knowles settled in Sussex county. Dela- 
 ware, probably during th.e middle or latter 
 part of the year 1600. Xo effort has been 
 made to trace the ancestors of the family 
 to the original settlers in America. Eph- 
 raim Knowles was survived by a son of his 
 full name, who married Mary Ann Wilson. 
 They had ten children; the eldest William 
 Knowles, father of Hester, was born on the 
 ancestral estate April 19th, 1875, and died 
 there on the 3d of December. 1857; his wife 
 was Nellv Collins; thcv had four children. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 587 
 
 of whom Hester Eleanor was the wife of 
 Fletcher E. Marine; she was born July /tli, 
 1820, and died in Baltimore December 17th, 
 1896. From girlhood she was a member of 
 the M. E. Church. At her funeral, her pas- 
 tor, Rev. Dr. George Miller, of Grace 
 Church, remarked in his discourse that "She 
 was regular in attendance on the services of 
 the church," and that he "felt in her death 
 like a leaf had been torn out of his prayer- 
 book." On the same occasion, Rev. E. S. 
 Todd, her former pastor, said, "She was a 
 woman of firm religious convictions and 
 woe betide him who crossed the path of 
 thenL Had she lived in the days of the 
 martyrs she would have gone to the stake."' 
 Her father w^as a well-to-do farmer and a 
 man of influence: he was for fifteen years 
 one of the Judges of the Levy Tax Court of 
 Sussex county. During the War of 1812, 
 he enlisted at Laurel, in Capt. Thomas 
 Rider's company, Delaware militia, which 
 saw service on the Atlantic coast. Captain 
 Rider was related to Nelly Collins, William 
 Knowles' wife. John Knowles, William's 
 brother, was in the military service in Cap- 
 tain Law's Delaware company. Nelly Col- 
 lins was the daughter of Joseph Collins: she 
 died the 6th of November, 1846, sixty-six 
 years of age. The late William H. Collins 
 of the Baltimore bar, and the Rev. John A. 
 Collins, an eloquent preacher, of the Balti- 
 more Conference M. E. Church, were de- 
 scended from collateral branches of the fam- 
 ily, which had its several representatives in 
 the .American army during the Revolution. 
 (7) William Matthew Marine, eldest child of 
 Fletcher and Eleanor, was born in Sharp- 
 town, Md., August 25th. 1843: he was 
 sent to the village school in \^ienna, and for 
 a short time at a cross-roads school near 
 
 Bacon Quartet, Somerset county, Md., 
 taught by Isaac K. Wright, husband of 
 his mother's sister Patience: and in Balti- 
 more to Thomas Gale's private school ; sub- 
 sequently to Irving College, a military insti- 
 tution at Manchester, Md., and there- 
 after to the Cumberland \'alley Institute, 
 Mechanicsburg, Pa. During the war 
 for the L'nion, though a mere boy, he 
 was ardent in its cause; he witnessed the 
 19th of April tragedy in the streets of Balti- 
 more, and the next day appeared with the 
 American flag on the lapel of his jacket, 
 which caused him to be threatened with 
 bodily harm. He assisted Capt. S. H. Tag- 
 gart in raising a company for the Ninth 
 Alaryland Infantry Regiment. Taggart 
 was to have been captain, the Rev. Jona- 
 than Turner first and Marine second lieu- 
 tenants. The lieutenant colonel of the regi- 
 ment was destitute of a nice discriminating 
 sense of justice. He was a floater from 
 New York, who after the war was relegated 
 to that native obscurity from which he had 
 immerged. He assumed to have the pri- 
 vates of the company to elect its officers and 
 named those who w-ere elected. He 
 marched the men from their barracks in La- 
 fayette Square, to a clump of bushes west of 
 it, where he made them a speech in behalf 
 of his nominees,' an unofficer like proceed- 
 ing. 
 
 The lieutenant who took the place of Mr. 
 Marine, was separated from the service 
 without fame or renown after the disastrous 
 fiasco at Charlestown near Harper's Ferry, 
 in which many members of the regiment 
 were captured and imprisoned at Richmond. 
 On their exchange several of the soldiers 
 called on Mr. JNIarine; one of them Private 
 Samuel Webb, who was reduced bv con- 
 
588 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 sumption to a mere skeleton, was unable to 
 leave his carriage, on Mr. Marine going to 
 him, he said, "I called to paj' you my re- 
 spects, lieutenant, and to say that you were 
 fortunate in not being with us; you would 
 never have returned." 
 
 Mr. Marine, at first was disposed to ap- 
 peal to Governor Bradford for redress, but 
 finally abandoned that purpose. He se- 
 cured papers showing his activity in recruit- 
 ing soldiers, among which was included the 
 folfowing certificate: 
 
 Mustering Office 
 
 July 2Sth /S63. 
 Governor BradJorJ. 
 
 Sir. This is to certify that Mr William M Ma- 
 rine, has brought to this office in the past six 
 weeks, over twenty five men, all of whom he has 
 recruited for company K of the 9th Md Kgt, 
 which company has been consolidated with com- 
 pany H of the same Regt. 
 
 Mr Marine has been one of the most energetic 
 men in recruiting that has been in this office, and 
 inasmuch as we think he has been unjustly delt 
 with, we freely make this statement. 
 
 WlI,I,IA.M H NORRIS 
 
 Surgeon sth Md Rgl and 
 Examining Surgeon. 
 M P Miller 
 Ut Lcut 4lb U S Arty 
 MO. 
 During Gilmor's raid and that of a de- 
 tachment of Confederates around Balti- 
 more, Air. Marine served in a company of 
 Fourth ward volunteers, remaining in ser- 
 vice until the withdrawal of the invaders. 
 
 Having completed his law studies in the 
 oiSce of Hon. Thomas Yates Walsh, he was 
 admitted to practice by Judge Robert N. 
 Martin, of the Superior Court of Baltimore, 
 September loth, 1864. 
 
 The Bel Air Times, in an editorial 17th 
 of January, 1890, contained this paragraph: 
 "As a lawyer Mr. Marine would undoubt- 
 edly have gained a competency had not liis 
 
 business been so often interrupted by the 
 demands of his party. He has been en- 
 gaged in many cases of note, and has earned 
 the reputation of a well-equipped and ready 
 advocate." 
 
 Judge George W. Dobbin, of the Superior 
 Court, was favorably impressed with his 
 legal possibilities and encouraged him to ap- 
 ply himself exclusively to the law. In a 
 note he addressed to him, 7th August, 1882, 
 the Judge wrote, "I have never changed the 
 opinion I once formed of you, that your true 
 course was at the bar and not in politics." 
 
 Early in his professional career he tried 
 many criminal cases, among them, Peters. 
 Robinson, Jones and McLaughlin for mur- 
 der; he afterwards drifted into common law 
 and equity practice. 
 
 The Local Option law of Harford county 
 was subject to constitutional test by the 
 liquor interests. Mr. Marine was of coun- 
 sel for the State, and took a leading part in 
 the trial of those cases; he was also engaged 
 in the trial of the so-called "big gun" cases 
 before the Harford Court; he was retained 
 for the defense and succeeded in securing 
 acquittals of the accused. He appeared for 
 the Hopper heirs with Henry W. Archer, in 
 the condemnation proceedings of the B. & 
 C). R. R. Co., a proceeding for the right of 
 way to build their bridge from the west to 
 the eastern bank of the Susquehanna river, 
 and in an appeal of the case to the Circuit 
 Court of Harford county, he took a leading 
 part in its trial. He was of counsel defend- 
 ing and securing the acquittal of Col. Wil- 
 liam Louis Schley in the United States Dis- 
 trict Court, charged with pension violations. 
 In 1S75 h^ took up his residence in Ellicott 
 City; he was appointed City Solicitor of that 
 town; he retained his Baltimore office, ap- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMOKE, MARYLAND. 
 
 589 
 
 pearing at the Howard county tenns of 
 Court. In 1878 he moved to his es- 
 tate in Harford, near Aberdeen, going daily 
 to Baltimore except during the terms of the 
 Harford county Court, when be was in at- 
 tendance at their sessions. He was ap- 
 pointed Solicitor of Havre de Grace, revis- 
 ing, while in office, the town charter, which 
 bill for its alteration as proposed by him was 
 passed by the Legislature. In 1884 Sheriff 
 Airey, of Baltimore, selected him as counsel 
 to his office. That efficient officer had the 
 unprecedented good fortune to have had 
 only two suits docketed against him during 
 his term of office, both of which were dis- 
 missed by his attorney without trial. On 
 retiring from the Sheriff's office, Mr. Airey 
 generously acknowledged through the pub- 
 lic press his indebtedness to his attorney for 
 having secured him harmless from litiga- 
 tion. Under act of Congress creating State 
 Finance Commissioners, for the Phila- 
 delphia Centennial Exposition, he was 
 among those named from Maryland and on 
 the organization of the State Board selected 
 its secretan-. 
 
 Mr. Marine engaged in politics early in 
 life; he cast his first vote for Abraham Lin- 
 coln, when he was a candidate for re-elec- 
 tion to the Presidency. On the 4th of July, 
 1865, Postmaster General Randall was the 
 orator of the day at Patterson Park. Upon 
 his concluding his oration, Mr. Edward S. 
 Lambdin, member of Council from the 
 Third ward, turned to the chairman and 
 said, "Here is another speaker; introduce 
 him." Without warning, Mr. Marine was 
 looking in the faces of eight thousand peo- 
 ple. The report in the American on the 
 following day was "That he acquitted him- 
 self handsomely in his maiden speech." In 
 
 the fall of the same year he was a delegate 
 from the Fourth ward to the Second Con- 
 gressional Union Convention, that nomi- 
 nated John L. Thomas for Congress. He 
 supported his nomination and prepared the 
 platform adopted by the Convention; it 
 was submitted the previous night to Mr. 
 Thomas, Alfred JNIace, Jehu B. Askew and 
 Samuel M. Evans and approved by them. 
 One of its planks read, "Resolved, That 
 this Convention repudiate the States right 
 doctrine of secession, and affirm that the 
 Government delegates powers to the States, 
 not the States to the Government." The 
 opposition press challenged the correctness 
 of the declaration. The suggestion was 
 made by friends of Mr. Thcwnas to modify it, 
 which its author refused to do. Before Mr. 
 Thomas' succeeding nomination by a Re- 
 publican Convention, Congress and the 
 President were at war over reconstruction 
 measures. The congressional plan suc- 
 ceeded. Mr. Thomas was criticised for his 
 vote in its behalf; he appeared before the re- 
 nominating convention and defended his 
 action on the ground of the previous in- 
 struction. In ^[r. Thomas' first canvass for 
 Congress he was accompanied by Mr. Ma- 
 rine through Baltimore county and Balti- 
 more City. Mr. Marine made his first po- 
 litical speech during that canvass at Park- 
 ton. In Thomas' second canvass, Mr. Ma- 
 rine accompanied him throughout his dis- 
 trict; a gun was discharged at the ambu- 
 lance containing them, on returning from a 
 meeting held in Woodberry. At Havre de 
 Grace, a mob compelled everyone to leave 
 the stand but Mr. Marine, who was at the 
 time speaking; he defiantly remained and 
 finished his speech. 
 
 Governor Swann followed President 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Johnson out of the Union party into the 
 Democratic ; in 1866 Mr. Marine was among 
 the earliest of those who made speeches at- 
 tacking the Governor for his desertion; it 
 was his first appearance before a Harford 
 audience at a meeting held in "Jones' 
 Woods," near Bel Air. Shortly thereafter 
 seventy-four names were apix-nded to a«call 
 left at the counter of the American calling 
 a meeting at the Front Street Theater for 
 the purpose of renewing the existence of the 
 Republican party in Maryland, which, dur- 
 ing the war lapsed into the Union party. 
 Mr. Marine's name was appended to the call 
 which read in part, ■".V mass meeting of 
 those who voted for Abraham Lincoln and 
 were in favor of suppressing the Rebellion 
 by force, and who now support the loyal 
 men of the nation in their efforts through 
 their representatives in the Congress of the 
 United States to provide such terms of ad- 
 mission for the rebellious States as will se- 
 cure payment of the national and the repudi- 
 ation of the rebel debt; the effectual aboli- 
 tion of slavery and the future peace and se- 
 curity of the country * * * will be 
 held at Front Street Theater on Tuesday 
 evening at yi o'clock." He was selected 
 one of the vice-presidents of the meeting. 
 
 In 1867. the Freedmen's lUireau in Mary- 
 land, under the management of Major Gen- 
 eral Gregory, established the first colored 
 schools in the State. That measure was in- 
 tensely uniiopular with the white popula- 
 tion. Not a half dozen natives of the State 
 who were speakers, connected themselves 
 with the movement. Mr. Marine was one 
 of the few who did. A\ Cutiiberland in July, 
 1X67. Judge Hugh L. I'.ond and Mr. Marine, 
 after addressing a meeting favorable to the 
 schools, while crossing the street in the dark 
 
 to the St. Nicholas Hotel, were assaulted 
 with rotten eggs. The AUeganian had this 
 reference to the meeting: "A shoulder- 
 strapped individual with the prefix of Gen- 
 eral to the patronymic Gregory: an appar- 
 ently unsophisticated youth of a contempla- 
 tive poetical cast of countenance, with a reci- 
 tative style of delivery, probably one of the 
 paid emissaries of the Congressional elec- 
 tioneering committee, and Rev. Wilson, 
 parson of a colored congregation, were 
 among the notables who occupied seats 
 u]ion the stage." The Ci7'iliau published the 
 following: "Some white persons who are 
 enemies of the colored race, were displeased 
 with the success of the meeting, vented their 
 spleen by throwing eggs. One gentleman 
 informs us that he saw one of the parties 
 throw, and pointed him out to a policeman, 
 but arrest was refused." 
 
 In compan}- with General Gregory and 
 George M. McComas, Mr. Marine made 
 dedicatory speeches at the opening of the 
 scliool houses for the reception of colored 
 scholars in Harford county. A newspaper 
 ]niblished larcenies of colored people under 
 the head of "Marine News," sluringly say- 
 ing, "that since the advent of Messrs. Ma- 
 rine and McComas on their educational er- 
 rands petty thieving of all kinds had become 
 prevalent beyond all former experience." 
 
 Judge Williem Alexander appointed Mr. 
 Marine one of the Board of Standing Com- 
 missioiiers of his Court. He held that of- 
 fice from 1865 to 1,867, when the Democrats 
 obtaining power he was succeeded by John 
 B. Tidy. The Judge subsequently ap- 
 l)oiiite(l during Mr. Marine's term, as his 
 colleague Frederick Pinkney, eminent as a 
 lawyer and scholar. The two formed a 
 friendship, which was fervent and enduring. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Two years prior to Mr. Pinkne_v's death he 
 exacted a promise from his friend to speak 
 at the bar meeting when held after his death 
 in lionor of his memory, of which Mr. Pink- 
 ney reminded him in his last sickness, which 
 promise Mr. Marine sacredly kept. A few 
 days prior to Mr. Pinkey's death he told his 
 wife he "must write to Marine." In a few 
 lines with a pencil he scrawled the last words 
 he ever wrote: "God bless and reward you. 
 1 am very thankful for all your kindness to 
 me, but am unable to say how nuich I es- 
 teem it at this moment." 
 
 In the fall of the year 1867, Air.' Marnie 
 was nominated and defeated for the House 
 of Delegates from the lower wards of Balti- 
 more City; in 1868 he was :i Grant electoral 
 candidate, engaging actively in the cam- 
 paign and speaking in Maryland, Wiscon- 
 sin, Illinois, West Virginia and Pennsylva- 
 nia. A speech made by him in Vienna, 
 published in the Cambridge Era, appeared 
 in pamphlet form as a campaign document. 
 He favored emancipation and advocated 
 by speech the fifteenth amendment to the 
 Constitution of the United States; in 1870, 
 when the colored citizen cast his first ballot 
 in Maryland, it was for five members of 
 Congress; the Republican candidates were 
 Henry R. Torbert, William M. Marine, 
 Washington Booth, John E. Smith and 
 James A. Gary. The entire Republican 
 vote of the State was 57,630, and that of the 
 Democratic was 76,403, their majority be- 
 ing 18.773. It was an exciting canvass. 
 Mr. Marine was opposed by Stevenson 
 Archer; they mutually agreed to abstain 
 from personal detraction and became insep- 
 erable friends. When Mr. Archer, years 
 afterwards, was nominated an independent 
 
 candidate for Chief Judge of his judicial cir- 
 cuit, Mr. Alarine presided over the conven- 
 tion nominating him. 
 
 On the eve of the close of the canvass the 
 American stated editorially, "Air. Marine 
 has done all that could be accomplished, and 
 far more than was anticipated at the outset 
 of the campaign. Notwithstanding his 
 comparative youth he was demonstrated a 
 prudency of management, and a maturity of 
 judgment which have gratified his more in- 
 timate friends, and are hailed as auguries of 
 his further usefulness and distinction. 
 Should our untiring and gallant standard 
 bearer be defeated the fault will not lie at 
 his door, and the fruit of the organization 
 which he has afifected throughout the coun- 
 ties of his district will be harvested, if not 
 this fall certainly during the more e.xciting 
 contests of next autumn." 
 
 In 1872, Mr. Marine was a second time 
 nominated Grant Presidential elector. He 
 was constantly in requisition for speech 
 making. An editorial in the Frederick Ex- 
 aminer, November 20th, 1872. from the pen 
 of the late Dr. L. H. Steiner, entitled "Our 
 Speakers from Abroad," made this refer- 
 ence to him. "He is rapid in enunciation, 
 but argumentative and connected in his rea- 
 soning, full of happy illustrations, com- 
 manding invective when necessary but most 
 happy in stirring appeals to the patriotism 
 of his audience." He was present to speak 
 at the Cross Street Market Hall; the meet- 
 ing was dispersed by a mob, who fired pis- 
 tols and wounded with a billy C. Irving Dit- 
 ty, an ex-Confederate soldier, who was at 
 the time addressing the meeting and to- 
 wards whom the hostility was directed ; Mr. 
 Alarine accompanied that gentleman be- 
 
592 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tween a file of policemen to a druggist where 
 Ditty's wound was dressed. Every one 
 else of their proclivities had fled. 
 
 On attaining his manhood, he shortly af- 
 terwards purchased a tract of land near 
 Swan Creek, Harford county, where for 
 more than a decade of years he made his 
 home. During the summer months, with 
 his family, they reside amid its healthful hills 
 overlooking in the distance the Chesapeake 
 Bay. 
 
 In 1879, without being consulted, he was 
 announced a candidate for State's Attorney 
 of Harford county, to enable his party to 
 have a nominee (all of his nominations were 
 of that character); and in 1884 he was a 
 Blaine and Logan electoral nominee; in 
 1885, a candidate for clerk of the Court of 
 Appeals; in 1886 a nominee for Congress. 
 He was surprised at the action of the last 
 convention, according to the statement in 
 the Anicricaii. he "told the committee he 
 had served the party so often it was not fair 
 to spring a nomination on him and force 
 his acceptance of it. It took a good deal of 
 persuasion to induce him to go to the con- 
 vention." The following was his speech of 
 acceptance : 
 
 "Mr. President and Gentlemen of the 
 Convention : I assure you this honor is un- 
 expected. I accept it with reluctance, hav- 
 ing served the party on numerous occasions, 
 through twenty years' service, I am entitled 
 to be relieved from future nominations. It 
 is demanded by you that it .shall be other- 
 wise. I am a Republican liecause of my 
 love for the principles of the party. It is easy 
 enough to accept a nomination when sure of 
 an election, but it requires courage, sacri- 
 fice, independence and manhood to be the 
 continual nominee of a i-inority party. It is 
 
 not in my province to say whether we shall 
 succeed, out this I can affirm, that in no 
 State is there greater need of political re- 
 generation than in Maryland. I am grati- 
 fied at the '^steem you have shown for me by 
 your action. To you and your constituen- 
 cies I return my thanks for this additional 
 evidence of unmerited confidence.' 
 
 In December of 1887 a league convention 
 of Republican clubs was held at Chickering 
 Hall in New York City. Mr. Marine at- 
 tended as a delegate; he seconded the nomi- 
 nation of Gen. Nathan Gofif for its president. 
 A New York paper said: "Marine, of 
 Maryland, got the floor and made a vig- 
 orous speech for Gofif and it was plain the 
 GolY boom was growing;" he said: "The 
 Republicans of Maryland clasp hands with 
 the Republicans of Pennsylvania, and we 
 throw our arms around our sister State, 
 West Virginia." 
 
 May 30, 1888, imposing services were 
 held at the tomb of Gen. John A. Logan, 
 in Rock Creek Cemetery; Representative 
 Mason, of Illinois, subsequently L'nited 
 States Senator, and Mr. Marine were the 
 prominent speakers. 
 
 Mr. Marine was but a few times absent 
 from Republican State Conventions after 
 his entrance upon politics up to 1890. He 
 had spoken in every county in the State, 
 in the majority of them repeatedly. He 
 has spoken in each year's campaign since 
 he was twenty-one years of age, excepting 
 the years when holding the office of Col- 
 lector of the Port, then he refrained from 
 appearing on the Maryland stump, but was 
 not deterred from speaking in Indiana dur- 
 ing the last Harrison campaign. In 1888 
 he was a delegate from the Second Dis- 
 trict to the National Convention that met in 
 
ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 593 
 
 Chicago, and nominated Benjamin Harrison 
 for President; he voted for his nomination 
 on each of the eight ballots required for a 
 selection. After Major McKinley had re- 
 ported ana read the platform, delegates in 
 the auditorium from all parts of it clamored 
 for recognition; Mr. Marine, through the 
 efforts of friends, was recognized. The 
 American in its report said: "At the morn- 
 ing session Mr. William M. Marine by a 
 timely hailing of the chair succeeded in 
 getting off a speech on the platform, a feat 
 attempted by several others, but which the 
 Marylander alone succeeded in accomplish- 
 ing. It was just after McKinley had fin- 
 ished reading the resolution and Warner, of 
 Missouri, had aired himself for a great ef- 
 fort — so also, by the way, had the delegate 
 from Harford. Both Marine and Warner 
 demanded recognition. The gentleman 
 from Maryland obtained the floor, and he 
 at once launched his peroration, prefacing 
 his speech with the motion to adopt the 
 report of the Committee on Resolutions. 
 The convention thought the motion would 
 wind up the matter, but to their surprise 
 the rotund Marylander went right on and 
 made a rattling good speech. Quite often 
 he was interrupted by the applause of the 
 audience, and when he concluded he re- 
 ceived an ovation. His splendid tribute to 
 the platform enthused the audience and 
 stamped out threatened opposition from 
 those who favored a temperance plank. 
 Some trouble was expected on this question 
 and to prevent further discussion the pre- 
 vious question followed Mr. Marine's 
 speech." 
 
 Senator Hoar remarked to James A. 
 Gary: "It was a brave act; it succeeded 
 and saved the convention from a tangle; 
 35 
 
 had he failed he would have been mortified." 
 Mr. Marine was assigned on the committee 
 to notify the candidates of their nomina- 
 tions. He was present in Indianapolis in 
 the performance of that duty. Chairman 
 Estee selected him to draft the notification 
 to Mr. Morton, the Vice-Presidential can- 
 didate, which draft was accepted. Subse- 
 quently Mr. Marine was invited to partici- 
 pate in the Indiana canvass which was one 
 of the greatest in modern American cam- 
 paigns. He spent two weeks daily speak- 
 ing, traveling long distances, frequently 
 throughout the night, to reach his appoint- 
 ments the following day. Often he spoke 
 twice a day. The People's Paper, Coving- 
 ton, had the following kind words to say 
 of him: "His speech was a splendid one, 
 lasting for two and one-half hours, holding 
 the vast audience spell-bound from begin- 
 ning to end; he attracted the attention so 
 closely he could have held them until the 
 rising of the sun. His arguments were new 
 and his eloquence stamped him as one of 
 America's greatest champions." Upon his 
 return to Baltimore he was given a public 
 reception in the New Assembly Rooms by 
 the Logan Invincibles. 
 
 In the Presidential campaign of 1892 he 
 was recalled to Indiana; he was assigned to 
 speak at Fort Wayne with Robert T. Lin- 
 coln, Minister to England. Mr. Lincoln 
 spoke at noon and Mr. Marine at night. 
 The Rink was packed with fifteen thousand 
 people at each of those meetings. A paper 
 on the following day said his "speech 
 was one of the ablest ever delivered 
 in Fort Wayne." At Covington, a mam- 
 moth meeting had been called together 
 to hear him: he spoke and left im- 
 mediatelv for hiime in obedience to a 
 
594 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 telegram, and reached there to find his 
 daughter Susie dead. The People's Paper 
 said: "Few realized the great strain he 
 labored under; he was speaking at a disad- 
 vantage." After his daughter's funeral, so 
 urgent was the demand for his services that 
 he returned to Indiana and remained until 
 Saturday before the election. The Indian- 
 apolis Journal styled him "one of the best 
 speakers on the stump." In 1894 he was 
 summoned to Indiana to participate in the 
 Congressional campaign. In the Presiden- 
 tial contest of 1896 he spent two weeks in 
 East Tennessee, and left with the regret of 
 the State Central Committee, to return to 
 Maryland to assist in finishing the campaign 
 in that State. Five appointments were ar- 
 ranged for him in Indiana, but he was not 
 informed of them in time to fill them. While 
 General Grant's funeral services were held 
 at Mount McGregor, a large memorial 
 meeting was held at noon at the New As- 
 sembly Rooms, Baltimore. Md.. and was 
 addressed by Mr. Marine. On the Sunday 
 after President Garfield's death, in the after- 
 noon of that day, he spoke in the ]M. E. 
 Church in Havre de Grace. In 1873 at the 
 North Point battle-field he addressed the 
 Defenders' Association of the War of 1812: 
 afterwards, with a few exceptions, he was 
 annually the orator of the association. He 
 delivered orations before them on their visit 
 to the Centennial in Philadelphia, and also 
 when they made their final visit to An- 
 napolis. The last oration to which, as an 
 association, they ever listened, he delivered 
 to them on the nortli portico of the mansion 
 in Druid Hill Park, Se])tember 13, 1882. 
 Twelve members wvw living, eight of whom 
 were present. In 1883 the last annual meet- 
 ing was held, but the ye;niv oratinn was 
 
 omitted; short addresses were delivered by 
 Gen. R. H. Carr and Mr. Marine. 
 
 In 1885-6-7-8 Robert Rennert annually, 
 on the 1 2th of September, gave a dinner to 
 James Morford, the surviving Defender. 
 Mr. Marine was present as Mr. Morford 
 requested, "to remind him of the past." 
 
 The Defenders were greatly attached to 
 Mr. Marine and he to them. They made 
 frequent visits to his office calling on him 
 to chat. After the membership of the So- 
 ciety of Defenders were dead, Mr. Marine 
 was spoken of as "the last of the old De- 
 fenders." 
 
 The Society of the Sons of the War of 
 1812 succeeded the Old Defenders; at its 
 first observance of the battle of North Point 
 and the defense of Fort McHenry, Mr. Ma- 
 rine was their orator. At the one-hundredth 
 anniversary of the existence of the fort, he 
 spoke with others from a platform on the 
 southern wall of the fort to a large audi- 
 ence and on each recurring occasion he 
 has addressed them. May 20, 1891, the St. 
 Johns Lodge of Masons, Baltimore, enter- 
 tained at a banquet in the Court room of 
 the United States Court House, the Leb- 
 anon Lodge, of Washington. Leading 
 Masons of both cities were present. Mr. 
 Marine was assigned the toast "Masonry 
 Socially and Fraternally." The St. Johns 
 Lodge adopted a flattering resolution of 
 thanks to the speaker, elaborately vn- 
 grossed and framed, with the eiui)lems of 
 Masonry att.-iched, which was presented to 
 Mr. Marin-, testifying appreciation of his 
 speech. 
 
 He has been in demand on the 4th of 
 July. 22n<l of February and Union .Memo- 
 rial Day; he is a fretpicnt guest at banquets. 
 .\ r.altimore weekly newspaper said: "The 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 595 
 
 secret of his popularity as a public speaker 
 is that he feels the patriotism he expresses." 
 
 He was the personal selection of Presi- 
 dent Benjamin Harrison — backed up by a 
 powerful influence — who appointed him 
 Collector of the Port of Baltimore March 
 15th, 1890; he held that office four years and 
 two months; one year and two months of 
 which he served under President Cleveland. 
 He ranked among the most efficient of col- 
 lectors; his decisions were rarely reversed 
 and he was generally sustained when re- 
 versed by the Treasury Department offi- 
 cials ; he never expended his appropriations 
 and materially reduced the expenses of col- 
 lecting the duties at his port. 
 
 On the 28th of January, 1891, during his 
 term as collector, the Maryland State 
 oyster-force's steamers, Governor Thomas 
 and Governor AIcLane were reported for 
 violation of a Federal statute in not keeping 
 a correct list of passengers when running as 
 ferry boats between Bay Ridge and Clai- 
 liorne. The ]\IcLane was also reported for 
 carrying an excess of passengers. Governor 
 Jackson, then Executive of the State, and J. 
 B. Seth, commander of the oyster force, 
 were officials of the Eastern Shore Railroad. 
 The railroad steamer used between the 
 points named were disabled, and the two 
 State officials innocently made use of the 
 State steamers to carry railroad passengers. 
 The collector imposed a fine of $100.00 on 
 the captain of the Governor Thomas; 
 $400.00 on the captain of the Governor Mc- 
 Lane. and on the State of Maryland a fine 
 of $2,500.00 The Governor and Commo- 
 dore Seth were present at the hearing. Sub- 
 sequently the fines were remitted, the col- 
 lector, whose course was under statute im- 
 
 perative in imposing fines joining in the 
 recommendation. 
 
 Mr. Marine has a fondness for literature; 
 he is the author of articles that would fill 
 several large volumes. He sent his first 
 contributic n to the Clipper when seventeen 
 years of age, advocating the election of John 
 Bell and Edward Everett, President and 
 Vice-President. He was so radical in his 
 Union proclivities as to evoke from Mr. 
 Walsh, his friend and law preceptor, the re- 
 mark that "there was no blacker abolitionist 
 in Massachusetts." During the Presiden- 
 tial campaign of i860, he nailed a pole to 
 the yard fence of his home and hoisted a 
 small flag with Bell and Everett's names 
 thereon. 
 
 Throughout all the dreary days that fol- 
 lowed the 19th of April that flag floated 
 from its s-tafl. When excitement was at its 
 height, his father said: "William, you had 
 better take down your flag." The answer 
 was: "Father, I put it there and you will 
 have to haul it down." The father had not 
 the inclination to do so an(,l it remained. 
 
 His second communication appeared in 
 the Clipper, the purport of which was that 
 "peace parties in the loyal States were a 
 cloak for secession." Thereafter he was a 
 frequent contributor to the'Aincrieau. He 
 wrote four controversial articles on "Eman- 
 cipation," and among other articles, "John 
 Minor Botts," "Southern Sympathy for 
 Maryland," "William L.Yancey," "Charles- 
 ton," "Lt. Col. Henry Howard," "General 
 Jas. Cooper," "The Nominations" and "Di- 
 visions in the Union Party." 
 
 The Union party in Harford county in 
 1866 started an organ called "The Bel Air 
 -American." Mr. ]\Iarine wrote many of its 
 editorials and its Baltimore correspondence 
 
596 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 during its short-lived existence. The Cour- 
 ier, a Baltimore weekly, drafted on his pen 
 for articles. About this same period he 
 wrote essays and letters which were printed 
 in various papers. William J. Graham took 
 charge of the Baltimore Presbyterian ^ahout 
 1885; the two became such fast friends that 
 Mr. Marine was relied on by Graham to 
 help him out; he furnished editorials, criti- 
 cisms, a series of letters (fourteen in num- 
 ber), on slave times; essays, descriptive let- 
 ters and stories for that paper. Graham 
 was the soul of genuineness; he left Mary- 
 land and took up his residence in Macon 
 county, Tenn., at the town of Lafayette. 
 There he edited the Progress. The follow- 
 ing editorial was the first knowledge Mr. 
 A'larine had that his friend had gone so far 
 from him: 
 
 "Marine, of Maryland, a cup of gladness 
 to you on the appointment of your ancient 
 friend, 'Uncle Jerry' Rusk, to a high posi- 
 tion of trust and honor, whose accjuaintance 
 you made when orating on the prairies of 
 Wisconsin, when twenty-four years of age. 
 May you reach a high position of trust and 
 honor is our wish and hope, for your faith- 
 ful services as an original Harrison man, 
 voting all the time in the Chicago Conven- 
 tion for him, and for doing yeoman ser- 
 vice for him among the Hoosiers, in the 
 closing month of the campaign. These 
 faithful services will secure for you a title 
 clear to a first-cIass position under the new 
 administration. 
 
 "When a stripling, without a vote, you 
 shouted for Bel! and Everett. You showed 
 the National colors when Pratt street was 
 filled with a howling mob, crying for the 
 blood of the Yankee soldiers. In behalf of 
 colored education, you took the stump, witli 
 
 Judge Hugh Bond, when the opposition 
 witheringly spoke of you as 'Master Ala- 
 rine.' You have twice ran for Congress, 
 three times been on the Presidential elec- 
 toral ticket, and a candidate of your party 
 for Clerk of the Court of Appeals. You 
 have been a leader of a forlorn hope on 
 many a well-contested battle-field. You 
 were the genial "Scraps" of the Presby- 
 terian Observer — the chosen orator, year 
 after year, of the 'Old Defenders,' and their 
 spokesman in the Centennial Hall. You, 
 the jovial companion, the true friend and 
 faithful adviser — may the sun of your politi- 
 cal fortunes reach the soaring heights of a 
 worthy ambition. Comfort and prosperity 
 be yours, down to green old age! 
 
 "Many of the dreams of our youth have 
 vanished as unsubstantial visions. Here 
 and there one of the little party of friends 
 that traveled daily (Sunday excepted) to 
 and from Port Deposit and intermediate 
 points to the Monumental City, have 
 stopped for ever, and you now are the last 
 traveler, the sole member of Captain Gilli- 
 gan's 'boys.' But our hopes, tempered by 
 experience, are as buoyant now as then, and 
 we as eagerly press forward to reap, sub- 
 stantially, the fruits of future labors. Our 
 lives still run along in the same old channels 
 — law, literature and politics with you; jour- 
 nalism and literature with me." 
 
 The Golden Hours, a youths' paper, and 
 Tlie Oriole Tidings, a story paper, both 
 ephemeral, contained tales contributed by 
 Mr. Marine. In 1886 he visited Europe 
 and wrote for The Baltimorcan fortv let- 
 ters, descriptive of what he saw in Eng- 
 land, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Swit- 
 zerland, Germany and Belgium. His chief 
 work is an unpublished history of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 597 
 
 invasion of I\Iaryland during the War 
 of 1812. Besides prose, he has writ- 
 ten verse in profusion, having developed 
 that inclination when at Irving College. 
 After leaving school it was a dormant fac- 
 iilt\- for years; at last it burst forth again. 
 A poem entitled "My First Grey Hair," and 
 another, "Our Seven Little Ones," have had 
 extensive circulation. 
 
 Mr. Marine is of a retiring disposition 
 and unostentatious in person and habits: 
 he is a member of the Maryland His- 
 torical Society, the Sons of the Sol- 
 diers of the Maryland Society War 
 of 1812, its historian, and a member of its 
 Executive Committee; a Mason — being a 
 Past Master of Susquehanna Lodge, No. 
 130 — and an honorary member of the 
 Junior Order American Mechanics. He 
 was married to Harriet Perkins Hall, 
 daughter of Richard D. Hall and Susanna, 
 his wife, of Prince George's county, j\Id., 
 November 9, 1871. The father -of Susanna 
 was John Perkins, dry goods merchant, of 
 Baltimore, who was at Bladensburg and 
 North Point battles ; a private in the Bahi- 
 more United Volunteers. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Marine have two children dead. Matthew 
 Harrison anti Mary Susannah ; five children 
 are living, viz.: Madison, a member of the 
 bar of Baltimore; Richard Elliott, Harriet 
 P., Amelia Eleanor, and Frances Elizabeth. 
 
 Air. Marine bears a striking resemblance 
 to the late Rev. Charles H. Spurgeon. of 
 London ; in Quebec and also in England the 
 resemblance was commented upon. Con- 
 sul General King, when at Paris, after the 
 great divine's death, thus wrote to Mr. Ma- 
 rine: "I think you must have sat for the 
 portrait of Spurgeon in the American, and 
 doubtless had you paid as much attention 
 
 to religion as you have to politics, you 
 would have resembled him in other re- 
 spects." 
 
 Mr. Marine is engaged in his professional 
 calling at the Baltimore bar, but finds time 
 to deliver speeches on national occasions, 
 one of his latest speeches of that character 
 was on Decoration Day, at Mount Olivet 
 Cemetery, May 30, 1898; an abstract fol- 
 lows: 
 
 "The peaceful dove has forsaken the calm 
 of the skies and fields, and the warlike eagle 
 has descended upon our plains; his talons 
 are poised to strike the semi-civilized 
 Spaniard and to further the will of Him 
 whose set purposes are accomplished by His 
 chosen people. 
 
 "For the first time in thirty-three years 
 the flag has been unfurled to the smoke of 
 conflict: the roll-call of beating drums and 
 the preparation for deadly battle. The 
 nation is in arms; the voice that speaks 
 through our brothers' blood is crying out 
 from the oarth, stirring the sympathetic 
 American heart. The republic is in mourn- 
 ing for the loss of the "Maine" and its gal- 
 lant crew. On the eve of eventualities it 
 halts in its mission of death at this hour and 
 before proceeding to expell the Spaniard 
 from North America and adding another 
 era of military conflict and triumph to the 
 history of '.he United States, with perennial 
 remembrance it awaits our strewing the fra- 
 grant flowers upon the lowly mounds of the 
 Federal dead, who are the ever-living, 
 speaking evangels of 'liberty and union, 
 one and inseparable, now and forever.' 
 
 "To-day those who wore the blue render 
 holy offices of afifectionate gratitude to 
 comradeship. To-morrow they who wore 
 the gray :nay perform like ceremonials of 
 
598 
 
 rroRY OF BALTIMOKE, MARYLAND. 
 
 respect to those panoplied who on the en- 
 sanguined field touched elbow amid the 
 blaze of battle, falling out of the column 
 into the arms of death, and thereafter in 
 closed ranks that know only one flag, one 
 uniform, and keeping step to the same 
 strains of inspiring music, both shall march 
 in the pathway of duty and honor. 
 
 "The soldiers whose sleeping dust be- 
 longs to the nation, and over which it ITas 
 set a vigilant guard to watch their mounds 
 and keep them green with grasses of re- 
 membrance and love, gave libations, service 
 and death to perpetuate our fabric of gov- 
 ernment, that mankind everywhere might 
 have one protecting shield from the dread, 
 untimely blast of tyranny and oppression; 
 that it might gaze while in travail on one 
 constitutional bulwark of freedom, over 
 which no hirelings should march in their 
 onslaughts on the natural rights of man, 
 to deprive him of self-government. 
 
 "The sailor on shipboard and the soldier 
 in the ranks will learn from the service of 
 this hour oi a heroism crowned with imper- 
 ishable wreaths that will endure. The blos- 
 soms of immortality springing from decked 
 mounds, with above the flaming sky, a tab- 
 let bearing for all time the achievement of 
 the volunteers who made the nation proud, 
 strong and indestructible, will speak their 
 fame. .Ah! ye, who shall advance with in- 
 vincibility our banner and plant it in tri- 
 umph wherever it goes, your proudest rec- 
 ollfction will prove that your fathers had 
 the sublime courage of devotion to country 
 to furnish you the unswerving example of 
 allegiance to duty, and under such an in- 
 spiration your deeds will correspond in 
 brightness with the martial actions of the 
 sleepers whom we are not here to awake, 
 
 but on a pilgrimage with hands as full of 
 flowers as our hearts are of affection for 
 them and their holy cause. 
 
 "No, we would not disturb their sleep, 
 but hallow it. We will with reverent step 
 walk by the narrow rooms where they 
 dwell, and beautify them with our offerings. 
 Perhaps their sleep will be deeper and 
 sweeter for our having been here. Perhaps 
 in the chancery of Heaven, in the great 
 book of good deeds in which are recorded 
 the names of the blessed dead, opposite 
 theirs may be ours, who have done what 
 we could in springtime to keep their memo- 
 ries green where in winter all is withered 
 and lifeless." 
 
 The Marvlaxd Tierxaxs.— The family 
 of Tiernan was originally associated with 
 the County of Meath, Ireland. The origin 
 of the name is Celtic, Tier signifying chief, 
 and nan being merely a modifying suffix or 
 termination. Some of the family immigrated 
 to America during the last century. Pat- 
 rick Tiernan, a cousin of Luke Tiernan, 
 served in the army of the Revolution, and is 
 represented in Rembrandt Peak's historic 
 picture, "Washington before Yorktown," 
 which is one of the attractions of Mount 
 \'ernon. The specific design of the paint- 
 ing is to illustrate and commemorate Wash- 
 ington's decision of character, as exhib- 
 ited by the following incident: "Washing- 
 ton, with his generals, having surveyed the 
 ground and decided on the spot, rode to his 
 tent, took a hasty meal, remounted with his 
 staff and rode back to the ground, where he 
 found nothing done In a voice unusually 
 loud, he called to Colonel Tiernan. who 
 rode up to him, startled and pale. "Sir, said 
 Washington, did I not order the entrench- 
 ments to be begun here? If they are not 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 begun in ten minutes. I shall know the 
 reason why." In ten minutes, there were 
 two hundred men at work. Chief Justice 
 Alarshall said of the portrait: "I have never 
 seen a portrait of that great man which ex- 
 hibited so perfect a resemblance of him. 
 The likeness in features is striking, and the 
 character of the whole face is preserved and 
 exhibited with wonderful accuracy. It is 
 more Washington himself than any portrait 
 of him I have ever seen." 
 
 Patrick Tiernan married in Hagerstown, 
 Md.,in 1S72, ^Margaret, daughter of Michael 
 McKieman. His oldest son, JMichael, lived 
 in Pittsburg, Pa. Michael's daughter, Eliza 
 Jane Tiernan, became religious and was the 
 foundress of the order of the Sisters of 
 Mercy in the United States. 
 
 Paul Tiernan, the father of Luke Tiernan, 
 was born in the County of Meath, Ireland, 
 in 1728: he died near Dublin in 1818. 
 
 Luke Tiernan, his son, was born on the 
 River Boyne, near the scene of the famous 
 battle of 1690. He came to America about 
 1783, and settled first in Hagerstown, Md., 
 probably in consequence of the fact that 
 some of tlie family had already found a home 
 there. 
 
 Luke Tiernan removed to Baltimore in 
 1795, and entered into business as a com- 
 mission merchant. He was the first person 
 engaged in the shipping trade between Bal- 
 timore and Liverpool. 
 
 During his long and active career, he 
 occupied many positions of dignity, trust 
 and responsibility, in civic as well as polit- 
 ical life, and was brought into intimate rela- 
 tion with some of the most brilliant and re- 
 nowned characters that have illustrated the 
 history of our country. 
 
 As a conspicuous illustration of this 
 
 statement, may be mentioned the fact 
 that he was in 1S24 one of the Presi- 
 dential electors for John Quincy Adams, 
 was a member of the National Republican 
 Committee which met in Baltimore, De- 
 cember 13, 1831, and unanimously nom- 
 inated Henry Clay for the Presidency, 
 the thanks of the convention being unan- 
 imously tendered to Luke Tiernan and 
 six others, members of the National Repub- 
 lican Committee. He was a warm personal 
 friend of Henry Clay, who was frequently 
 his guest, and who pronounced him the "Pa- 
 triarch of the Whig party in Maryland." 
 In the account given by the Baltimore Sun, 
 March 18, 1848, of the "Anniversary 
 Supper of the Baltimore Hibernian So- 
 ciety," at which Henry Clay was the 
 guest of the society, we read: "The toast 
 was given by Hugh Jenkins, president of 
 the society, 'The Hon. Henry Clay, Amer- 
 ica's distinguished son, the star of the West, 
 like the glorious king of day, as he advances 
 to his close, he casts a brighter radiance 
 round his name.' Mr. Clay arose amid the 
 most deafening cheers, and addressed the 
 company: T have, during the course of a 
 life by no means short, been honored with 
 the respect, love and friendship of many 
 Irishmen. A friendship that could never be 
 broken, bounded by mutual love and es- 
 teem, that still causes the fond remembrance 
 of some that are no more to cling to my 
 heartstrings, with still closer fervency as life 
 speeds to its close. Another, whose friend- 
 ship is fondly cherished, as it is also doubt- 
 less by many of those now present, was the 
 amiable and philanthropic friend of man, 
 Luke Tiernan, of Baltimore, a man whose 
 character I may hold up to your view as a 
 true example of the generosity, the hos- 
 
600 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 pitality. aiul the noble devotion of Irishmen, 
 wherever I have met them.' " Luke Tier- 
 nan died November lO, 1839, his loss being 
 deplored as a public calamity. Tributes and 
 eulogies from all sources, accorded the full 
 meed of praise to his varied excellences, his 
 private and public virtues, his ardent and 
 invincible patriotism. His children were: 
 Maria, born in 1794, married David Wil- 
 liamson; Rebecca, born 1795. married 
 Henry V. Somerville; Charles, born 1797, 
 married three times, first Helen ]\Iagruder; 
 second, Gay Robertson Bernard, and third, 
 Mary Spear Nicholas; xA-un, born 1798, mar- 
 ried Robert Coleman Brien; and Catharine, 
 born 1808, married Frederick Chatard; and 
 six other children, who died unmarried. 
 
 His picture in this work is taken from 
 a ])ortrait of him, which was presented by 
 C. B. Tiernan to the Hibernian Society, of 
 which society Luke Tiernan was president 
 for ten years, and which portrait is now de- 
 posited in the Gallery of the Peabody Insti- 
 tute. 
 
 The ])ictiu-e of Cliarljs Tiernan is taken 
 from a portrait of liini by Chester Harding, 
 painted in 1B27. 
 
 Rebecca Tiernan married Henry V. Som- 
 erville; she died in 1863. and was a cultured 
 and accomplished lady in every sense. 
 Among her friends from the earliest days, 
 was the Hon. John P. Kennedy, eminent in 
 public life, as well as a charming and fasci- 
 nating novelist — and his wife, who de- 
 scribed Airs. SonuTville as a woman of per- 
 fect manners and handsome appearance, 
 with a sweetness and kindness that graced 
 and adorned her position. Mrs. Sotner- 
 ville was a generous benefactor of the Cath- 
 olic Church, building the church of St. 
 Agnes in I'.altimore county, near Ml. de 
 
 Sales, which was named in honor of her 
 daughter, Agnes, and which was for many 
 years the only Catholic church in that 
 neighborhood. 
 
 In 1825 William Clarke Somerville, 
 brother of Henry \'. Somerville — born in 
 1790 — was appointed minister of Sweden. 
 He was the warm personal friend of La- 
 fayette, who was in the United States at 
 that time as the honored guest of the na- 
 tion. Upon his return to Europe in the 
 Brandywine, September 29, 1825, Mr. 
 Somerville accompanied him. His health 
 was declining at the time, and he died soon 
 after his arrival in France. The following 
 extracts from letters written by Lafayette 
 to his brother, reveal the cordial and inti- 
 mate relations which existed between them: 
 "La Grange, January 26, 1896. My dear 
 sir: It is to me a very painful, but sacred 
 duty, to be among the first to convey the 
 dire information of your having lost an ex- 
 cellent brother, and I, a much valued friend, 
 who on the last moment, has honored me 
 with an additional and most precious mark 
 of his afifection * * * I shall confine my- 
 self to his expressed intention to entrust us 
 at the La Grange with the care of his mortal 
 remains. * * '■' And now, my dear sir, it 
 remains for me to apoligize for these details, 
 which, painful as they are, it has appeared 
 necessary to lay before you, and other mem- 
 bers of the family. Should anything have 
 been wanting unintentionally, in our per- 
 formance, with tlie advice of the American 
 public officers here what we have thought 
 most consonant to your lamented brother 
 and to your own views, at least there has 
 been no deficiency in our feelings, and in 
 our eagerness on the deplorable occasion 
 to do for the best. Be pleased to accept the 
 
^^i^. y1^. ^2i. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, ilARVLAXD. 
 
 (JOl 
 
 appropriate condolence, and high regard of 
 two sympathizing friends, m)- son and my- 
 seh', to whom my whole family beg to be 
 joined. Lafayette * * * The inscrip- 
 tion upon IMr. Somerville's tomb is: "Wil- 
 liam Clarke Somerville, citizen of the 
 United States of America, while on a diplo- 
 matic mission from the government of his 
 country, he died at Auxerre, on the 5th of 
 January, 1826. He had expressed a wish to 
 be interred in the burying-ground of the in- 
 habitants of the La Grange," * * * 
 It would be impossible in a narrative such 
 as the present, in which conciseness is an 
 essential and indispensable characteristic, 
 to exhibit in detail the personal histories of 
 this ancient and distinguished family. We 
 must, as a consequence of these restrictions, 
 pass to the consideration of the history and 
 the immediate ancestry of its most eminent 
 living representative, Charles Bernard Tier- 
 nan, born in Baltimore, September 4, 1840. 
 His father, Charles Tiernan, was born in 
 1797, was the schoolmate and warm per- 
 sonal friend of Sam.uel Eccleston, after- 
 wards Archbishop of Baltimore, traveled 
 extensively in Europe, and encountered 
 many strange and varied experiences. 
 
 Among the notable features of his life 
 was the earnest interest he displayed in the 
 political fortunes of Mexico, at the time of 
 her declaration of independence, the follow- 
 ing letter, in the possession of C. B. Tier- 
 nan, from one of the most conspicuous char- 
 acters in Mexican annals, is a striking illus- 
 tration of this sentiment : 
 
 Mexico, May 4, 1822. 
 Mv Dear a\d Esteemed Sir: 
 
 By the correspondence I have received, 
 which has been brought to me by the 
 schooner "Igsquaela, "proceeding from Phil- 
 
 adelphia, I have received letters from Senor 
 don Richard Meade, and Commander Eu- 
 quenio Cortes, of this Government, which 
 both assure me of the good offices which 
 you have done on behalf of my nation, 
 as well as assisting the Commissioners, 
 as in establishing our credit, making right 
 the opinions respecting us, and negotiating 
 the recognition of our independence. These 
 services, which the Government owes to the 
 illustrious liberality of yourself, and which 
 sends a predilection to the country to 
 which I belong, has excited in me the most 
 profound gratitude, and decided me to ofifer 
 you my friendship and my respect. Have 
 the goodness to consider these expressions 
 as emanating from the necessity of a free 
 heart. I am with due consideration, your 
 afrectionate and faithful servant who kisses 
 your hand, Augustin dE Iturtide. 
 
 Senor Don Carlos Tiernan. 
 
 Mr. Tiernan also received from this 
 historic personage, an expression of his 
 appreciation and regard in the shape 
 of a curious gold watch of Mexican 
 workmanship, with the inscription: "Don 
 Charles Tiernan — a present from a 
 friend." Mr. Tiernan was subsequently 
 appointed Consul for Mexico at Balti- 
 more, performing the duties of tire office 
 faithfully and efficiently for more than 
 twenty years. 
 
 His wife, Gay Robertson Bernard, was 
 born in 1817, in Caroline county, Va.; 
 was educated in Richmond, and mar- 
 ried Cliarles Tiernan, December 20, 1836. 
 She was a lady of fine appearance, of 
 beautiful and fascinating manners, had a 
 talent for art, and was an excellent per- 
 former upon the harp. Her circle of friends 
 included the most cultured and refined so- 
 
HISTORY OF Baltimore;, Maryland. 
 
 ciety of Baltimore in that day, embracing 
 such social lights and leaders as Miss Emily 
 Harper, Madam Bonaparte, Mrs. John 
 Hanson Thomas, Mrs. William George 
 Reed. Mrs. John H. B. Latrobe declared 
 her to be one of the most brilliant acquisi- 
 tions to the social life of Baltimore. Gen. 
 Winfield Scott, and Mrs. Scott were fre- 
 quently entertained at her father's home, in 
 the sumptuous style of the old A'irginia day, 
 and there is still in existence a letter in 
 verse, written to her by Mrs. Scott, which is 
 bright, enlivening and genuinely witty. 
 
 Charles Bernard Tiernan received his 
 academic training at St. Mary's and 
 Loyola Colleges, Baltimore, attaining the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts and Master of 
 Arts. His legal training was acquired un- 
 der the auspices of the late S. Teackle Wal- 
 lis, one of the most cultured and gifted rep- 
 resentatives of the American bar. Upon 
 the opening of the Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity, he toojc a post-graduate course of one 
 year in modern literature in this most ad- 
 vanced and progressive centre of American 
 culture. In January, 1861 he became a 
 member of Fifty-third Regiment. Maryland 
 National Guard and during the eventful 
 scenes of the 19th of April, he was sent by 
 the colonel for his arms and equipments, 
 and served in the regiment until it was dis- 
 banded upon the arrest of the members of 
 the Legislature and the occupation of the 
 State in large force by the Federal troops. 
 He was a member of the Fifth Regiment and 
 of the Fifth Regiment \'eteran Corps. 
 
 He retains his grandfather's pew in the 
 historic Cathedral, and is trustee and secre- 
 tary of the Board of Trustees of this ancient 
 foundation. He has been a member of the 
 
 Hibernian Society, of Baltimore, as well as 
 its legal adviser. 
 
 He is a member of the "Clan Dona- 
 chaidh" in Scotland, as his grandmother, 
 Jane Gay Robertson, belonged to the 
 family of Robertson of Stranan, and he has 
 received many complimentary letters from 
 the headquarters of the clan at Glen Devon, 
 Perthshire, in regard to his connection 
 therewith. 
 
 He has also been a member of the 
 Alston, Athaeneum, and Maryland Clubs, 
 of the Catholic Club, of the Maryland His- 
 torical Society, of the Society of Colonial 
 Wars, of the Alumni Association of St. 
 Mary and Loyola Colleges, and of many 
 other associations with which he felt bound 
 to unite himself from sentiments of patriot- 
 ism and from convictions of public duty. 
 
 ]\Ir. Tiernan was one of the original mem- 
 bers of the "Ariel Boat Club," which was 
 organized in 1864, and was the first boat 
 club established in Baltimore, and was for 
 a long number of years its secretary and 
 treasurer, almost sustaining it in the time 
 of its adversity and no one in Baltimore has 
 contributed more effectively than himself 
 to the support and success of all manly ath- 
 letic exercises, such as boating and rowing, 
 in the city. He was a member of the Elk- 
 ridge Fox-hunting Club, he was tendered a 
 position as staff officer in the militia, and as 
 lieutenant in the Fifth Regiment, and the 
 nomination on the Democratic ticket to the 
 City Council from the Eleventh ward, and 
 the nomination to the presidency of the Hi- 
 l^ernian Society, but declined them all. 
 He was for many years President of the 
 Cathedral branch of the St. Vincent of Paul 
 Society. \'ice-President of the General So- 
 ciety in Baltimore, and is probably one of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 603 
 
 the oldest officers of that society in the 
 United States. 
 
 He is a man of broad and extensive per- 
 sonal and social acquaintance; his lit- 
 erary and scholarly attainments are con- 
 siderable, his knowledge of art is by no 
 means slight or superficial, he has traveled 
 widely in Europe, as well as in North Amer- 
 ica, and has striven to keep himself in 
 friendly, sympathetic alliance with his own 
 people, to deserve the respect and regard of 
 of the community, and to advance and foster 
 its true interests and its national develop- 
 ment by devoting his energy and his influ- 
 ence faithfully and earnestly to its service. 
 
 Edgar Allan Poe. — I purpose in the 
 present sketch to speak of Edgar Allan 
 Poe principally from the standpoint of 
 literary and poetical character. His per- 
 sonal history has been written so fre- 
 quently and is so easy of access that 
 in this connection it might seeni a work 
 of supererogation to indulge in biograph- 
 ical detail beyond the mere statement 
 that Poe was born in Boston in January, 
 i8oy, a year notable in the annals of 
 the world. Tennyson, Darwin, Gladstone, 
 three of the most illustrious examples of 
 human progress in diverse but still not an- 
 tagonistic spheres of development, date 
 their birth from this annus mirabiUs of our 
 dav.-ning nineteenth century. Yet with all 
 that has been written in regard to the per- 
 sonal hi.story of our poet — his escapades — 
 his infirmities — his versatile and checkered 
 life, it is by no means sure that his unique 
 position in the evolution of our Hterature Is 
 perfectly appreciated and properly under- 
 stood. Edgar A. Poe had no prototype or 
 predecessor in American poetry or in Amer- 
 
 ican romance — he has had no successor in 
 either, though the empirical imitators of his 
 style may be described as legion. There is 
 nothing American in his genius, scarcely a 
 shade of local color, of home association, 
 of native reminiscence in all that he has 
 produced. This singular trait may serve to 
 account for the hopeless failures of New 
 England critics, to estimate Poe rationally, 
 or to appreciate his phenomenal position in 
 our literary history. His real poetic affinity 
 and affiliation is with the school of Coleridge 
 and Keats, the nearest approach to a repro- 
 duction of his genius in our day. is to be 
 found in the poetry of Rosetti. It is a fact 
 not unknown to special students of our 
 poetry that the "Blessed Damozel" had its 
 inspiration and suggestion in the "Raven" 
 of Poe. The former poem is indeed a sort 
 of inverse presentation of the latter. In the 
 first we have the lament of the lover 
 for the Lenore in the heavens; in the 
 other, it is the longing of the glorified 
 spirit for reunion with the loved one still 
 lingering here alone, the difference is in the 
 celestial and terrestrial attitudes of the ac- 
 tors principally affected by the development 
 of the dual idea. It cannot be demonstrated 
 that a single American poet has contributed 
 in the slightest measure to the development 
 of Poe's rare and unique genius. The ab- 
 surdity of the Chivers' myth is too patent 
 to demand or to deserve refutation. A sin- 
 gle line in the "Raven" is borrowed almost 
 literally from Mrs. Browning's "Lady Ger- 
 aldine's Courtship," and the mere title of 
 the poem may have been .suggested by the 
 "Raven" of Coleridge, but the essential 
 characteristics, as well as the fundamental 
 conception, are Poe's alone. The genius 
 of Poe, however, is not to be estimated by 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the ■■Raven," despite its immense popu- 
 larity. Its metrical and rhythmical power 
 is unsurpassed, all the rare devices of Norse 
 bard and Saxon minstrel are blended in the 
 wonderful witchery of its verse, alliteration, 
 assonance, "linked sweetness long drawn 
 out," "the hidden soul of harmony," with 
 its sombre refrain, so suggestive of the "one 
 word" of Shakespeare's starling. 
 
 "Annabel Lee" and the "Haunted Pal- 
 ace" each stand on a higher plane of poetic 
 art than the "Raven." Both reveal the in- 
 spiration of Coleridge, the subtle charm of 
 Keats. "Genevieve," the "Lambia," '■La 
 Belle Dame sans Merci," "Christabel," are 
 the preludes and harbingers of Poe's su- 
 preme and especially distinctive creations. 
 All belong to the sphere of the weird, the 
 fantastic, the realm of mystery, a type and 
 character of poetry abundantly creative in 
 the earlier decades of the century, and form- 
 ing a specific, notable phase in the develop- 
 ment of the incoming wave of romanticism 
 which marked the later stages of the Geor- 
 gian era. To this school Poe belongs, in 
 his prose, as well as in his poetical aspect. 
 He is in practical utilitarian America what 
 Coleridge and Keats were in the England of 
 the age of Waterloo, and the Napoleonic 
 epoch. In this respect his position is ab- 
 solutely isolated and aloof in the history of 
 poetical evolution in this country. 
 
 It is unjust to Poe's fame and character 
 to siK-ak of the lack of moral tone in his 
 prose and poetry. He is in no rational 
 sense obnoxious to the charge. His aim 
 is not didactic, there is no striving after alle- 
 gorical teaching, moral lessons, ethical in- 
 struction. All this was alien to his purpose, 
 and in conflict with his ideal. The remote, 
 the supernal, these were his congenial 
 
 themes; the local, the domestic, the sphere 
 of sensibility in normal life, lay far wide 
 of his purpose, and it is illogical as well as 
 unscientific to condemn him for adhering to 
 the tenets of his philosophy in the exercise 
 of his power, either in prose or in poetry. 
 In foreign lands, notably in countries of 
 romance origin, in which the artistic in- 
 stinct and the artistic appreciation is much 
 more acute and discriminating than in our 
 own race, his fame brightens with a steadily 
 increasing lustre. His most brilliant tri- 
 umphs are in the future, as the gradual ex- 
 pansion of art culture brings the undiscern- 
 ing world somewhat nearer to a rational 
 conception of his genius, the rarest, subtlest, 
 most pervaded by pure phantasy, that the 
 history of literature has seen since the spa- 
 cious times of Coleridge and Keats, of 
 whose type of art he was the propagandist 
 and the not unworthy representative in our 
 fresh, buoyant, prosaic, occidental civiliza- 
 tion. 
 
 Frederick Brooks Hubdell. President 
 Home Telephone Company, Baltimore, 
 Md., was born at Harrisburg, Pa., July 2d, 
 1842. He is a son of the late General Hora- 
 tio and Rebecca (Brooks) Hubbell, the for- 
 mer a native of New York, the latter of 
 Pennsylvania, and both of English-Irish- 
 German descent. (See Dr. Egle's Genealo- 
 gies of early Irish and German Pennsyl- 
 vania settlers and Conn. Colonial Records.) 
 Both the Hubbells and Brookses were of 
 Colonial stock, antedating the Revolution- 
 ary War by more than a century. Gen. Hor- 
 atio Hubbell was a leading lawyer of Phila- 
 delphia, was the projector of the .Atlantic 
 Cable (see Congressional Records. 1^49), 
 and had command of the State troops dur- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ing the native American riots of 1844 in 
 Philadelphia. Frederick B. Hubbell was 
 educated in the public and high schools of 
 Philadelphia, read law with his father and 
 was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 
 1863, but never practiced, becoming identi- 
 fied almost immediately after his admission 
 to the bar with coal mining and railway en- 
 terprises in connection with the Pennsyl- 
 vania railway system. In 1872 he went 
 South as assistant to Gen. Herman Haupt, 
 General Manager of Richmond and Dan- 
 ville (commonly called Piedmont Air Line), 
 now Southern Railway, with headquarters 
 at Richmond, Va., General Haupt repre- 
 senting the Pennsylvania Railroad which at 
 that time owned the controlling interest in 
 this system. j\Ir. Hubbell remained at Rich- 
 mond until the close of 1876, when he was 
 transferred to the Northern Central system 
 and placed in charge of the Canton terminus 
 coal traffic. He was next in the General 
 Freight Agent's office of the same company 
 at Baltimore. In 1880 he took charge of the 
 Mansfield Coal and Coke Company at Pitts- 
 burg, Pa., where he remained until 1886. 
 Returning to Baltimore he was elected to 
 the vice-presidency of the Suffolk and Caro- 
 lina Railway. In 1889 he was elected Gen- 
 eral Freight and Passenger Agent of Mary- 
 land Central (now Baltimore and Lehigh) 
 Railroad, serving in that capacity until 1892, 
 when he was made vice-president and took 
 charge of the construction of the Bristol 
 and Elizabethtown Railway in Tennessee. 
 Upon the completion of this road to Eliza- 
 bethtown, he was elected second vice-presi- 
 dent of the Texarkana and Fort Smith Rail- 
 way and General Manager of the Arkansas 
 Construction Company. Under j\Ir. Hub- 
 bell's direction the lines of this company 
 
 were surveyed and located between Fort 
 Smith, Ark., and Shreveport, La., and 
 eighty miles of track laid and operated when 
 his connection therewith was severed and he 
 returned to Baltimore, there becoming one 
 of the promoters of the Queen Anne Rail- 
 road, and is one of the directors of the con- 
 struction company of that road. He is 
 president of the Home Telephone Company 
 of Baltimore, a member of the Masonic fra- 
 ternity and a Republican in politics. Mr. 
 Hubbell was married October 8, 1880, to 
 Ella Sherman, daughter of Walter S. Hub- 
 bell, a lawyer of Canandaigua, N. Y. Mrs. 
 Hubbell died in 1890, leaving one child, 
 Stewart B. Hubbell, now a student at Mo- 
 hegan Lake Military Academy, Peekskill, 
 N. Y. Mr. Hubbell resides at 1829 N. Cal- 
 vert street, and is a member of the Franklin 
 Street Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Col. George Washington Fayette 
 Vernon came of Revolutionary stock; his 
 grandfather, Thomas Vernon, was a soldier 
 in the Pennsylvania Line, War of the Revo- 
 lution, and his father, Nathaniel Vernon, 
 was a soldier of the War of 1812-14. The 
 \^ernons are of Norman-French extraction, 
 descended from the race that under William 
 the Norman, conquered England, A. D. 
 1066. The Vernons emigrated to America 
 with William Penn, the founder of Pennsyl- 
 vania. The subject of this sketch was born 
 at Frederick City, Frederick county, Md., 
 June 14, 1843. He was educated at Freder- 
 ick College, and was engaged in the study 
 of law at the outbreak of the Civil War in 
 1861. He entered the army August 10. 
 1861, as second lieutenant of Company A of 
 the Cavalry Battalion which, at Colonel Ver- 
 non's suggestion, was called "Cole's Cav- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 airy," in honor of Capt. Henry A. Cole, the 
 senior captain and commander. 
 
 In the spring of 1862, when General 
 Bank's army made its campaign in the 
 Shenandoah A'alley of \'irginia, "Cole's 
 Cavalry" was in the van and at Bunker Hill, 
 \''a., the first blood of the campaign was 
 shed by this command, in a successful cav- 
 alry skirmish with Ashbv's Confederate 
 cavalry, not, however, without serious loss. 
 The brigade commander. General Williams, 
 then commanding the Third Brigade, 
 Bank's Division, Eighth Corps, issued a 
 complimentary order, mentioning Captain 
 Cole and Lieutenant Vernon by name. In 
 the successful battle at Winchester, Va., 
 March, 1862, in which General Shields de- 
 feated Stonewall Jackson's Confederate 
 army, Company B, "Cole's Cavalry," open- 
 ed the fight. In all of the various cam- 
 paigns in the Shenandoah \'alley of Vir- 
 ginia in 1862-63-64, "Cole's Cavalry" was 
 incessantly scouting and skirmishing with 
 the enemy; in fact, in all of the Maryland, 
 Pennsylvania and \'irginia campaigns they 
 took an active part and suffered heavily. 
 
 At Harper's Ferry. Va.. in September. 
 1862, the cavalry refused to surrender, and 
 led by "Cole's Cavalry" successfully cut 
 their way through the enemy's lines, passed 
 through Gen. Robert E. Lee's army, then at 
 Sharpsburg, Md.. and captured General 
 Longstreet's annniuiition train, which had 
 its effect in the subsequent battle of .^ntie- 
 t;im, j\ld. Lieutenant \'ernon was pro 
 n:oted first lieutenant .May in. 1862. and 
 captain October 25. 1862. 
 
 At the midnight battle in the snow at 
 [.oudon Heights, \'a., January 10, 1864, 
 Captain \'ernon was severely woiuided, a 
 bullet passing through the left eye an.-! shat- 
 
 tering a portion of the skull. Captain Ver- 
 non was promoted major, March 5. 1864, 
 and lieutenant-colonel April 20, 1864, the 
 battalion having been recruited to a full 
 regiment. Colonel Vernon commanded a 
 brigade of cavalry, and subsequently a bri- 
 gade of infantry in the Shenandoah Valley 
 of Virginia, in the summer and fall of 1864. 
 The repeated and successful raids of the 
 enemy upon the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, between Harper's Ferry and Martins- 
 burg, Va., in the winter of 1864-65, caused 
 the detail of Colonel Vernon to be sent for 
 its protection in charge of detachments from 
 the One Hundred and Ninety-fifth Pennsyl- 
 vania Infantry, Eighteenth Connecticut In- 
 fantry, Fourteenth West Virginia, and 
 Thirteenth Maryland Infantry. There was 
 no further trouble from the time Colonel 
 Vernon assumed conmiand: and the close of 
 the war found him in charge of a military 
 district in the Shenandoah Valley of ^'ir- 
 ginia. He was mustered out of service with 
 his regiment at Harper's Ferry, \'a., June 
 28, 1865. 
 
 He returned to his home at Frederick 
 City. :\I(1.. in July. 1865. and established a 
 legal collection agency, but devoted a por- 
 tion of his time to his farm, a short distance 
 from the city. He was appointed postmas- 
 ter at Frederick City, Md.. March 8, 1867, 
 and served until May 24, 1869, when he was 
 appointed a sjiecial agent of the United 
 vStates Treasury Department, which posi- 
 tion he held until February, 1878. when he 
 was appointed surveyor of customs at Balti- 
 more, Md., February 13. 1878, which he 
 held until .March 18. 1882. Uikhi the ex- 
 piration of his commission he established a 
 real estate brokerage and collection InK-^i- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 607 
 
 ness at Baltimore, Md., where he at present 
 resides. 
 
 Colonel Vernon took an active part in 
 politics from 1865 to 1882, being frequently 
 selected as a delegate to Republican State 
 and National Conventions. He has been 
 an active member of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic, having been a Post commander 
 for several years anddepartment commander 
 in the department of Maryland in 1886. He 
 was President of the Union Veteran Asso- 
 ciation of Maryland in 1889, and was ap- 
 pointed by Governor Lowndes in 1896, one 
 of the committee to compile the records of 
 Maryland Union soldiers, sailors and ma- 
 rines of the late war. He is a member of 
 the Loyal Legion Commandery of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, Colonel Vernon is a mem- 
 ber of the collection and real estate broker- 
 age firm of G. W. F. Vernon & Co., with 
 ofiiices in Baltimore and branch offices in 
 Washington, D. C. He was married Au- 
 gust 18, 1873, to Sallie, daughter of the late 
 Alexander Todd, of San Francisco, and 
 granddaughter of the late Judge Todd, of 
 Tarrytown. N. Y. Colonel and Mrs. Ver- 
 non have three children, Anna D., George 
 A. and Edna F. \'ernon, and reside at Prim- 
 rose, Baltimore county, ]\Id. The family at- 
 tend the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Rev. Arthur Chilton Powell, Rector 
 of Grace Church, Baltimore, was born at 
 Dayton, O., July 22, 1854. He is a son of 
 the late John and Sarah ((Latham) Powell, 
 the former a native of Herefordshire, Eng- 
 land, and the latter of the State of Maine, 
 and lineally descended from Mary Chilton, 
 one of the passengers of the Mayflower. 
 Arthur Chilton Powell attended the public 
 and high schools of Dayton, O.: entered 
 
 Amherst College in 1872, and was gradu- 
 ated with the class of "76; spent the follow- 
 ing year at Princeton Theological Semi- 
 nary, and attended Philadelphia Divinity 
 School in 1878-79; was rector at Riverside, 
 Hamilton county, O., from 1879 to 1882; at 
 St. John's Church, York. Pa., from 1882 to 
 1886; was Dean of the Convocation, Harris- 
 burg, from 1886 to 1888, and entered upon 
 the rectorship of Grace Church, Baltimore, 
 November 17, 1888. Rev. Mr. Powell is one 
 of the Board of Trustees of the Church 
 Home, one of the vice-presidents of the So- 
 ciety for Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 
 one of the managers of Maryland Home for 
 Consumptives and a trustee of Warfield Col- 
 lege School, Sykesville. He was married 
 September 28, 1882, to Helen B., daughter of 
 Charles J. and Sarah (Buttless) Hardy, 
 cashier Deshler National Bank, Columbus, 
 O. Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Powell have three 
 children, George, Chilton Latham and Paul 
 Rullison, and reside at 709 Park avenue. 
 
 Dr. John Morris was born in Leacock 
 township, Lancaster county, Pa., on the 6th 
 of February, 1824. His education was re- 
 ceived in private schools and later in Lan- 
 caster Academy, and the high school of the 
 same city. This education was afterwards 
 supplemented by private tutors in the Latin, 
 French, German and Spanish languages. 
 His last French tutor, Mons. Dupuy, was 
 teacher of this language in the Baltimore 
 City College. He afterwards committed 
 suicide, being driven to this desperate act, 
 the Doctor's fears, by his (the Doctor's) mur- 
 dering of the French language. At the age 
 of fifteen Doctor Morris entered the law of- 
 fice of the Hon. Jacob I'lrooni, who was at 
 I that time secretary to Col. James Cameron, 
 
(;08 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 brother to Simon Cameron. Colonel Cam- 
 eron was shot through the chest byAIr. Alid- 
 dleton, editor of the "Lancaster Examiner," 
 an anti-Masonic journal. This occurred 
 whilst Doctor Morris was in Air. Broom.'s 
 office. Colonel Cameron was a brave man, of 
 rugged Scotch blood; he survived this seri- 
 ous wound, and was killed at the first battle 
 of Bull Run, whilst leading his regiment. 
 Jacob Broom became eventually a very dis- 
 tinguished inan. He joined the American 
 party; was elected three times to Congress 
 by the Know Nothings of Philadelphia, and 
 afterwards was nominated for the Presi- 
 dency of the United States by the American 
 party, Mr. Webster, their first nominee hav- 
 ing died. This nomination of Mr. Broom 
 led to the defeat of Fremont and the elec- 
 tion of Mr. Buchanan. A dicker was made 
 through Colonel Forney with !Mr. Broom 
 and the leaders of the party, by which the 
 electoral ticket of that party was kept in the 
 field; its press supported throughout the 
 State of Pennsylvania, and its orators liber- 
 ally paid for their services. This dicker, 
 which cost the Democratic party $50,000, 
 is known to few living persons. Mr. Broom 
 was afterwards appointed by President 
 Buchanan to a place in one of the depart- 
 ments in Washington, where he died. 
 
 Mr. Jacob Broom having been trans- 
 ferred to the Adjutant General's office at 
 Harrisburg, Doctor jMorris entered the 
 office of the Hon. James M. Broom, 
 the father of Jacob, in Philadelphia. 
 James M. Brot)ni had been a member 
 of Congress from Delaware in Jeffer- 
 son's time. He was then a Federal- 
 ist, as was his father, Jacob Broom, 
 of Delaware, who signed the Constitution 
 of the United States. He afterwards came 
 
 into the Democratic party, with many other 
 distinguished Federalists, notably, Presi- 
 dent Buchanan, Roger B. Taney, Louis AIc- 
 Lane, and a host of other public men. 
 
 Whilst in Mr. Broom's office. Doc- 
 tor Morris was brought in contact with 
 all the great lawyers in Philadelphia at that 
 time, including the Binneys, the Rawles. 
 Sargents, Brewsters, St. George Tucker 
 Campbell, Henry M. Phillips, Peter A. and 
 David Paul Brown, and younger members 
 of the bar, who afterwards became leaders 
 in their profession. Doctor Morris believes 
 that he is the last surviving lawyer's clerk 
 who accompanied his master to Court, car- 
 rying his (the master's) law books in a green 
 bag. This gave him an opportunity to be • 
 seated among the lawyers and to listen to 
 their arguments. 
 
 Mr. James M. Broom was associated with 
 Mr. Webster in the celebrated Girard Will 
 case. He prepared the briefs, which with all 
 the other papers was copied by Doctor Mor- 
 ris. He was also thrown into contact with 
 Commodore James Barron, who spent every 
 Sunday morning in Germantown, with Air. 
 Broom, where he lived. The Conmiodore 
 was an eccentric man and wore side combs. 
 He, though a Virginian, was a strong Fed- 
 eralist, while Decatur whom he killed at 
 Bladensburg, was a Marylander and a vio- 
 lent Democrat. The Commodore's devoted 
 body-servant was as black as ebony, and 
 was the last slave in Pennsylvania, having 
 refused to leave his devoted master. 
 
 .\n orphan, with insufficient means of 
 support. Doctor Morris was forced to relin- 
 quish his law studies. He came to Baltimore 
 in 1841 and settled as ateacherintheTwelfth 
 district of Baltimore county. Many of his 
 pupils are still living. Whilst engaged in 
 
^//4^.^h- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 609 
 
 teaching he commenced the study of medi- 
 cine. He attended his first course of lec- 
 tures at the Washington College, now the 
 Church Home on Broadway. During the 
 day he attended lectures and at night taught 
 school in the Monkur Institute on Ann 
 street. Fell's Point. When the school closed 
 at lo o'clock, he walked to his country 
 home, two and one-half miles distant. In 
 1845, when Doctor Morris was just twenty- 
 one, he was placed in nomination by his Bal- 
 timore county friends at the Democratic 
 Convention of Towson as a candidate for 
 the Legislature. He received twenty-eight 
 votes on the first ballot, lacking but three 
 of the required majority. In 1848 he re- 
 moved to Baltimore and entered the office 
 of Dr. Frederick E. B. Hintze, a distin- 
 guished physician of that city. During this 
 year hewent before the Examining Board of 
 the State Faculty and obtained a license to 
 practice medicine. He afterwards graduated 
 at Bellevue College, New York. He is also 
 a licentiate of the Rotunda Hospital, Dub- 
 lin, where he lived as an interne. He re- 
 mained fourteen years as the associate of 
 Doctor Hintze. He again entered politics, 
 and was elected to the Legislature in 185 1. 
 He served during the two long sessions of 
 1852-3. He was a member of the Commit- 
 tee of Ways and Means, and made a mi- 
 nority report urging the reduction of the 
 State taxes. Owing to the factional opposi- 
 tion of Governor Lowe, the report was not 
 adopted, but at the succeeding session the 
 suggestions in the report were carried with- 
 out opposition. Doctor Morris also made 
 a speech advocating the sale of the State's 
 interest — 81,500,000, in the Northern Cen- 
 tral Railway Company for the sum of $90,- 
 000 annually, being six per cent, on the prin- 
 
 cipal, which was passed by the Legislature. 
 This amount is still paid by the company. 
 
 In 1850 Doctor Morris presided over the 
 celebrated Turner-Watkins Mayoralty Con- 
 vention, the most boisterous body that ever 
 met in Maryland. Its session finally had 
 to be held in daytime, with locked doors. 
 After many ballots Mabe Turner, the popu- 
 lar butcher, and a pet of the Empire Club 
 of that day, was nominated. The Watkins 
 men rebelled, led on by the members of the 
 New ^Market Fire Company. Turner was 
 defeated, Mr. Jerome, the Whig candidate, 
 being elected by twenty-seven hundred ma- 
 jority. In 1852 Doctor Morris was elected 
 President of the Democratic City Conven- 
 tion, succeeding such men as Benjamin C. 
 Howard, Doctor Graves and Joshua Van- 
 sant. He held this place for several years, 
 and during the Know-Nothing times, pub- 
 lished, in connection with the late Nathaniel 
 Cox, Secretary of the State under Governor 
 Ligon, a campaign paper, the True Ameri- 
 can, which was distributed and read in all 
 the shops of the city. 
 
 During the dreadful epidemic of yellow 
 fever in Norfolk and Portsmouth in 1855, 
 Doctor Morris served as a volunteer. He 
 contracted the disease, but recovered. The 
 citizens of Norfolk the next year presented 
 him with a gold medal in recognition of his 
 services. In 1857, he was, without solicita- 
 tion, appointed by President Buchanan, post- 
 master of Baltimore. He served as school 
 commissioner during the year of 1856-7. 
 He and his life-long friend, John T. Morris, 
 for many years President of the School 
 Board, were the only Democrats that the 
 Know-Nothing members of the Council 
 voted for. In 1864 Doctor Morris presided 
 at a Democratic Convention which sent dele- 
 
610 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 gates to the Chicago Convention, wliich 
 nominated McCIellan. Since that time he 
 has taken no part in politics. He did not 
 vote for Horace Greeley. He belongs to 
 the Civil Service Reform Association and 
 the Reform League. 
 
 Doctor Morris has filled many places 
 of honor and usefulness. In addition to 
 those already mentioned, he is ex-president 
 of the various local medical societies; ex- 
 President of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland, Vice-President of the 
 American Medical Association, member of 
 the Judicial Council of the same. President 
 of the Maryland Inebriate Asylum, Presi- 
 dent of • the State Lunatic Commission, 
 President Baltimore City Plumbing Board, 
 and ex-President of the Maryland State 
 Board of Health. Doctor Morris is a mem- 
 ber of the Veteran Volunteer Firemen's As- 
 sociation, having been President of the Old 
 Friendship Fire Company, one of the mana- 
 gers of the Society for the Prevention of 
 Cruelty tO' Animals, Vice-President of the 
 Society for the Protection of Children, one 
 of the Board of Visitors Training School for 
 Feeble-Minded at Owing's Mills, Secretary 
 and Treasurer of the Rocky Mountain 
 Medical .\ssociation, ex-President of the 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland Medical So- 
 ciety and f)ne of the managers of the Mary- 
 land Prisoners' Aid Association. 
 
 Doctor Morris was a delegate to the So- 
 cial Science Congress which met in Belfast 
 in iSf)-. That Congress was presided over 
 by I'.arl Dnffcrin. The late David Dudley 
 Field was the only other American repre- 
 sentative present. Doctor Morris was also 
 a delegate in 1875 to the Briti.sh Medical 
 .Association, which met in Kdinburgh; to 
 the Industrial Medical Congress, which met 
 
 at Brussels, and also the French- Scientific 
 Congress, which convened at Nates the 
 same year. 
 
 H(jN. JoHX K. CowEN, leading lawyer, 
 railroad president and Congressman, was 
 born in Holmes county, O., October 28, 
 1844. His father, Washington Cowen, was 
 a native of Oxford, Pa., and early in life 
 moved to Holmes county. ()., where John 
 K. Cowen passed his youth. He attended 
 the local public schools, went to the acad- 
 emy at Fredericksburg, Wayne county, at 
 the age of twelve and continued there until 
 he was sixteen. He then entered Vermilion 
 Institute, an academy located at Hayesville, 
 Ashland county, O., and afterwards, in 
 1862, taught a school in his native place. 
 In the following year he entered Princeton 
 College, and graduated at the head of his 
 class in 1866. Among his college mates 
 were Robert Garrett and Judge J. A. C. 
 Bond, of Westminster. Mr. Cowen, after 
 leaving college taught in the High School 
 at Millersburg, O., for a short time, and 
 then accepted a position as principal in an 
 academy at Slireve, ( ). While teaching 
 school he studied law, and in iSf)S was ad- 
 mitted to practice in Canton. ( )., Hon. 
 William McKinley being one of his exam- 
 iners. He at once entered upon the practice 
 of his profession in Mansfield, ()., where 
 he was soon recognized as a leading mem- 
 ber of the bar and acquired a large practice. 
 In 1872 he came to I'.aUimore to accept the 
 lX)sition of gt-neral counsel of the ISallini.ire 
 and Ohio Railroad Company. He contin- 
 ued as such until Charles F. Mayer's retire- 
 ment from the ])residency of that road, when 
 he was elected his successor, and later, when 
 the great corporation passed into the hands 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of a receivership, was appointed by the 
 Court, with Oscar G. Murray as receiver of 
 the B. & O., which position he still holds. 
 In 1882 Mr. Cowen entered into active pol- 
 itics in Baltimore and since that time has 
 taken a prominent part as an Independent 
 Democrat. He has always supported the 
 Democratic party on national issues, and 
 has been a devoted admirer of President 
 Cleveland. In 1894 he was the nominee of 
 his party for Congress, and was elected, de- 
 feating his opponent, Robert H. Smith, af- 
 ter a memorable and spirited campaign. As 
 a lawyer Mr. Cowen stands at the head of his 
 profession, and has argued many important 
 cases before the Maryland Court of Ap- 
 peals, United States Circuit and District 
 Courts and the Supreme Court of the 
 United States. In addition to his railroad 
 practice, Mr. Cowen has a large private 
 practice, being a member of the firm of 
 Cowen, Cross & Bond. He is noted for his 
 eloquence, the clearness of his presentation 
 of the facts in legal cases and his strong 
 grasp upon the legal principles involved. 
 
 Dr. James Gerard Wiltshire was born 
 in Jefferson county, Va., September 
 23, 1843. He is a son of the late George 
 D. and Elizabeth H. (Moore) Wiltshire, na- 
 tives of Virginia and descendants respec- 
 tively of early English and Scotch-Irish set- 
 tlers of the colony. Representatives of both 
 families were soldiers in the patriot army 
 during the Revolutionary War. James G. 
 Wiltshire attended the public and private 
 schools and academy of his native county 
 and was engaged in the drug business from 
 1859 to the fall of i86i, when he enlisted as 
 druggist and was assigned to the Confeder- 
 ate hospital at Dumfries. He was sent 
 
 thence to Fredericksburg and successively 
 to Ashland and Richmond, was for one year 
 with Chew's Battery and Ashby's Horse Ar- 
 tillery, finally in the spring of 1864 joining 
 Col. John S. Mosby's command with which 
 he served until the close of the war, being 
 principally engaged in scouting service and 
 successively promoted from private to a 
 second lieutenancy. He began the study of 
 medicine under the preceptorship of the late 
 Dr. Hugh Nelson, Middleway, Va., enter- 
 ing the University of Virginia in 1867 and 
 was graduated from the School of Med- 
 icine of that institution in 1868. He then 
 entered Maryland University Medical De- 
 partment , from which he received his di- 
 ploma in 1869, ever since which time he has 
 been engaged in general practice in Balti- 
 more with present office and residence at 
 212 W. Madison street. Doctor Wiltshire 
 was assistant to Professor of Obstetrics, Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1873, 
 and from 1874 to 1881 Demonstrator of An- 
 atomy of the same institution, and was dur- 
 ing that period and for some time subse- 
 quent quiz master. He has been lecturer on 
 anatomy, Baltimore Medical College, since 
 1893, physician in charge of Baltimore Or- 
 phan Asylum since 1875, and is one of the 
 physicians of the Baptist Orphanage and 
 Christian Home. He was married April 
 27, 1882, to Fannie Russell, daughter of the 
 late Maj. E. B. Hill, of Virginia. Dr. and 
 Mrs. Wiltshire have three children. Turner, 
 Lucy and George, and are members of 
 Eutaw Place Baptist Church. 
 
 John Mifflin Hoon.PresidentandGen- 
 eral Manager of the Western Maryland 
 Railroad, was born at Bowling Green, the 
 old family residence, near Svkesville, in 
 
612 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Howard county. Md., on the 5th of April, 
 1843. His father. Dr. Benjamin Hood, was 
 the son of Benjamin and Sarah Hood, and 
 was born at BowHng Green in 1812 and died 
 in 1855, in the forty-third }ear of his age. 
 His mother, Hannah Mifflin Hood, was the 
 daughter of Alexander Coulter, of Balti- 
 more, where she was born. Young Hood 
 was educated in Howard and Harford 
 counties, completing his course at Rugby's 
 Institute, jMount Washington, in 1859. He 
 then commenced the study of engineering, 
 and in July of the same year secured em- 
 ployment in the engineer corps engaged in 
 the extension of the Delaware Railroad. The 
 same corps was next employed in the con- 
 struction of the Eastern Shore Railroad of 
 Maryland, Mr. Hood soon becoming princi- 
 pal assistant engineer,and for part of thetime 
 had charge of the operations. In August, 
 1861, he went to Brazil, but finding the field 
 for engineering unpromising, returned to 
 Baltimore in January, 1862, and after study- 
 ing marine engineering, ran the blockade 
 and reported to the Confederate authorities 
 at Richmond, Va., for service. He was at 
 once assigned to duty as topographical en- 
 gineer and draughtsman of the military rail- 
 road then building from Danville, Va., to 
 Greensboro', N. C. (since known as the 
 Piedmont Railroad), and upon the comple- 
 tion of his work declined a commission of- 
 fered in the Engineer Corps, and enlisted 
 as a private in Company C, Second Bat- 
 talion Maryland Infantry. He served with 
 distinction in the Maryland Infantry until 
 the spring of 1864, when he accepted a lieu- 
 tenant's commission in the Second Regi- 
 ment of Engineer Troops, in which service 
 he continued until surrendered at Appo- 
 mattox. Mr. Hood was several times 
 
 slightly wounded, and at Stanard's Mill, in 
 the Spottsylvania battles, had his left arm 
 badly shattered above the elbow. While 
 still incapacitated for duty he ran the block- 
 ade, and, wading the Potomac at night, vis- 
 ited his family, and came to Baltimore, 
 where he had his wound treated by Dr. Na- 
 than R. Smith, returning to his command 
 before Richmond with a large party of re- 
 cruits for the Confederate service. In Sep- 
 tember, 1865, he was employed by the Phil- 
 adelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- 
 road to make surveys for the extension of 
 ihe Philadelphia and Baltimore central line 
 between the Susquehanna river and Balti- 
 more: he was next placed in charge of the 
 construction of the Port Deposit branch of 
 the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Balti- 
 more Railroad, and made chief engineer of 
 the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central 
 Railroad, and constructed its line through 
 Cecil county to the Susquehanna river. He 
 was soon afterwards elected engineer and 
 superintendent of the same company, and 
 in April, 1870, became general superintend- 
 ent of the Florida (now Atlantic, Gulf and 
 West India Transit) Railroad. His health 
 failing, in November, 1871, he accepted the 
 position of chief engineer of the Oxford 
 and York Narrow-Gauge Railroad, in 
 Pennsylvania, and while holding this posi- 
 tion he became also chief engineer of a new 
 line, known as the Baltimore, Philadelphia 
 and New York Railroad, the construction 
 of which was stopped by the panic of 1873. 
 On the 14th of January, 1874, Mr. Hood 
 was elected vice-president and general su- 
 perintendent of the Western Maryland Rail- 
 road, and on the 24th of March following he 
 was made president and general manager 
 of the road, including the ofifice of chief en- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 613 
 
 gineer. in which position he continues to 
 the present time. 
 
 Mr. Hood married on the 17th of July, 
 1867. Florence Eloise Haden, of Botetourt 
 county, Va., and has six children. 
 
 Lawrence Brengle Kemp, President of 
 the Commercial and Farmers National 
 Bank of Baltimore, the second oldest bank 
 of Baltimore. He was born in Baltimore, 
 August 24, 1857. He is the son of the late 
 Charles L. and Elizabeth C. (Brengle) 
 Kemp, natives of Frederick county, Md., 
 the former of English, the latter of German 
 descent. Lawrence B. Kemp's parents died 
 in his childhood and he was reared by his 
 grandfather, the late Maj. Lawrence J. 
 Brengle, of Frederick, Md. He completed 
 his education at Frederick College in 1875, 
 and came to Baltimore to enter the counting 
 room of Eugene Levering & Co., with 
 which firm he remained for eight years and 
 was, at the severance of his relations there- 
 with, confidential man and assistant cashier. 
 For about five years following Mr. Kemp 
 was connected with the Merchants' National 
 Bank of Baltimore. Upon the unanimous 
 request of the members of the Baltimore 
 Clearing House Association, he was ap- 
 pointed December 5, 1892, National Bank 
 Examiner for Maryland and the District of 
 Columbia, by A. B. Hepburn, Comptroller 
 of Currency, which appointment was con- 
 firmed by Charles Foster, Secretary of the 
 Treasury. This position he held during the 
 remainder of Mr. Hepburn's administration, 
 and for two years under Comptroller James 
 H. Eckels. January 9, 1895, he accepted 
 the cashiership of the Commercial and 
 Farmers' National Bank ofBaltimore, to the 
 presidency of which he succeeded upon the 
 
 retirement of Mr. Joseph H. Rieman, April 
 2, 1896. Mr. Kemp was actively instru- 
 mental in founding the Maryland Bankers' 
 Association, of which the late Enoch Pratt 
 was first president, and of which Mr. Kemp 
 has been secretary since its organization. 
 He is also vice-president for Maryland of 
 the American Bankers' Association. 
 
 Mr. Kemp was married November, 1883, 
 to Helen, daughter of the late S. McDonald 
 Richardson, for a number of years president 
 of the Savings Bank of Baltimore, and 
 whose personal history is contained in this 
 volume. Mr. and Mrs. Kemp have two 
 children, McDonald R. and Hilda: reside at 
 Mt. Washington and are communicants of 
 Emanuel P. E. Church, of Baltimore; Mr. 
 Kemp is a vestryman of St. John's P. E. 
 Church at Mt. Washington. 
 
 Mr. S. Davies Warfield. Postmaster, 
 Baltimore, Md., was born September 4, 
 1859. at his father's summer residence near 
 Mt. Washington, in Baltimore county. 
 He is of an old Maryland family and is of 
 Democratic antecedents. His father, the 
 late Henry ]\I. Warfield, was one of the 
 prominent business men and one of the 
 most highly esteemed citizens of Baltimore. 
 Henry M. Warfield was the independent 
 Democratic candfdate of the combined 
 forces against the regular Democratic nom- 
 inee for mayor in the memorable campaign 
 of 1875, and for many years took part in re- 
 form politics. Mr. Warfield, the present 
 postmaster, has many of his father's charac- 
 teristics, and inherited his father's interest in 
 reform movements. 
 
 During the memorable independent polit- 
 ical movement in this city he was a conspic- 
 uous figure. When the Jefiferson Demo- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 cratic Association was organized, which was 
 the outgrowth of these independent cam- 
 paigns, Mr. Warfield was elected its presi- 
 dent. This was the largest and strongest 
 independent Democratic organization ever 
 formed in the State, and exercised a pow- 
 erful influence in shaping the politics 
 of the city and State. On the executive 
 committee of the club were such men as S. 
 Teackle Wallis, John K. Cbwen, Col. 
 Charles Marshall, W. L. Marbury, William 
 Cabell Bruce, Gen. George S. Brown, 
 Joseph Packard, Jr., Skipwith Wilnier and 
 other equally well-known men. 
 
 When the late Judge Brown ran as the 
 independent candidate for Mayor, indorsed 
 by the Republican party, against Mr. 
 Hodges in 1885, Mr. Warfield took part in 
 the independent fight for Judge Brown. In 
 the Davidson-Shaw mayoralty contest in 
 1889 Mr. Warfield was chosen by the inde- 
 pendents chairman of the executive and 
 campaign connnittee and managed the cam- 
 paign. 
 
 In 1 89 1 Mr. Warfield was nominated for 
 mayor of Baltimore by the independent 
 Democrats, the nomination being indorsed 
 by the Republican party. He was at that 
 time but 2- years of age, the youngest can- 
 didate ever nominated for the position in 
 this city. He was defeated by Mr. Latrobe, 
 the regular Democratic candidate. 
 
 Mr. Warfield is a gold Democrat. He 
 declined to support the Chicago platform, 
 and it was by his advice and co-operation 
 that the Honest Money Democratic League 
 of Maryland and the Wage-Earners' Patri- 
 otic League were formed during the late 
 Presidential campaign. It was largely 
 through the exertions of these Leagues that 
 Maryland was carried for the sound money 
 
 candidate at the election, the Honest-Money 
 League having an enrolled membership, 
 both in its own organization and offshoots 
 of from 8,000 to 10,000 men. The Honest- 
 Money Democratic League also played an 
 important part in the last campaign. 
 
 Mr. Warfield has had a thorough business 
 training, is connected with a number of 
 business enterprises, and is regarded as a 
 man of rare executive ability. 
 
 President McKinley has announced his 
 intention to reappoint Postmaster Warfield 
 upon the expiration of his present term in 
 recognition of his able administration of the 
 office. 
 
 Commenting on Mr. Warfield's reap- 
 pointment the New York Evening Post said 
 editorially as follows: "The announcement 
 that Postmaster Warfield, of Baltimore, is 
 to be reappointed secures the acceptance of 
 the right principle regarding the filling of 
 such an office in a large city for the first 
 time — leaving out of account the recommis- 
 sioning of Mr. Pearson in this city by Presi- 
 ident Cleveland during his first term, and 
 that was an exception to the rule of change 
 enforced elsewhere. Mr. Warfield has been 
 a thoroughly efficient postmaster, has been 
 alert and skillful in the introduction of 
 every available improvement, has been care- 
 ful to observe faithfully the civil service laws, 
 and has not tried to treat the offices under 
 his management as spoils to be distributed 
 to party workers, but has used them as po- 
 sitions designed for the ser\-ice of the pub- 
 lic. So excellent has been his record, and 
 so universal was the satisfaction of the com- 
 munity, that his retention was asked with 
 a close approach to unanimity by those 
 whose only interest in the matter was a de- 
 sire to secure good service for the public in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 t;i5 
 
 a business institution, and Mr. McKinley 
 has indicated his purpose to comply with 
 tliis popular demand, although Mr. Warfield 
 is a Democrat. The most remarkable thing 
 about so obviously proper a decision is that 
 such a performance is almost without prece- 
 dent." 
 
 Nicholas Sxowden Hill, Jr., Chief 
 Engineer, Water Board of Baltimore City, 
 was born in Baltimore county, Md., J"ne 
 i8, 1868. He is a son of Nicholas S. Hill, 
 Sr., and Mary Watkins (Pope) Hill, the for- 
 mer a native of Maryland, the latter of Ken- 
 tucky. The first comer of the Pope family 
 to America, Nathaniel Pope, emigrated 
 from England to the colony of \^irginia 
 early in the seventeenth century and located 
 at Pope's Creek, Westmoreland county, 
 about 1657. He had two sons, Nathaniel 
 and Thomas, and one daughter, Anne, who 
 became the second wife of Col. John Wash- 
 ington, great-grandfather of President 
 George Washington. The founder of the 
 Maryland Hill family, Clement Hill, came 
 from Shropshire, England, with Lord Bal- 
 timore, subsequently locating at Compton- 
 Basset, Prince George's county. He was 
 Surveyor-General of Maryland. Nicholas 
 S. Hill, Sr., was born in Prince George's 
 county, Md.. studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar in Washington, D. C. At 
 the breaking out of the war he enHsted in 
 the Confederate Army, subsequently serving 
 as Major and Commissary General of the 
 Trans-Mississippi Department. At the 
 close of the war he located in Baltimore, 
 where he engaged for a time in the grain 
 commission business, subsequently served 
 as purchasing agent of the B. & O. R. R., 
 and has now retired from active business. 
 
 Nicholas S. Hill, Jr., received his initial 
 schooling at Pen-Lucy School under Col. 
 Richard Malcolm Johnson, afterwards at- 
 tending Loyola College, Baltimore, and 
 Georgetown (D. C.) University. He was 
 then apprenticeshiped to the machine shops 
 of the B. & O. R. R. He then attended 
 Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, 
 whence he was graduated in 1892 with the 
 degree. Mechanical Engineer. For a short 
 period thereafter he was instructor in ex- 
 perimental mechanics at Stevens Institute, 
 leaving the institution to assume the duties 
 of engineer of the South Side Elevated Rail- 
 way at Chicago. In 1893 he returned to 
 Baltimore and established an office at 203 
 East German street. He was engineer's 
 secretary of the Sewerage Commission of 
 Baltimore. In January, 1897, he was ap- 
 pointed to his present position as chief en- 
 gineer of the Water Department of Balti- 
 more. He is a member of the University 
 Club and one of the finance committee of 
 the Children's Society of Baltimore. He 
 was married April 17, 1895, to Miss Isabelle 
 B., daughter of the late John C. Berry, a 
 merchant of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Hill 
 have one child, Isabelle S., reside at 911 
 St. Paul street and attend Immanuel P. E. 
 Church. 
 
 James Reamer, proprietor of the Howard 
 House, Baltimore (formerly known as 
 Wheatfield Inn, 1790 to 1830). is a Mrginian 
 whose hotel experience began during his 
 very early manhood, when he clerked for his 
 father, the late Col. W. C. Reamer, when 
 the latter was proprietor of the Railroad 
 Plotel at Martinsburg. Mr. James Reamer 
 was for more than twenty years proprietor 
 of the Reamer House, Leesburg, Loudon 
 
616 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 count)-, \"a., coining thence to Balti- 
 more in July, 1889, to assume proprietorship 
 uf the Howard House (now known as 
 Reamer's Howard House). Messrs. John 
 M. and Frank Reamer, brothers of the pro- 
 prietor, are of the ofifice force of the How- 
 ard. The late Colonel Reamer's widow and 
 daughters reside at the Howard, and attend 
 Westminster Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Dr. Reube.x James Hooper Tall was 
 born July 9, 1843, at Tobacco Stick, Dor- 
 chester county, Md. His father, Lewis 
 W. Tall, and his mother, Mary (Har- 
 rington) Tall, were natives of the same 
 county. They had si.x children, two sons 
 and four daughters, of whom Reuben was 
 the youngest. Their first born, Luke Tall, 
 died in Philadelphia, at the age of twenty- 
 eight years, leaving a wife and two children. 
 His parents removed to Baltimore when the 
 subject of this sketch was but eighteen 
 months old. He attended the public schools 
 of this city until he was fourteen years of 
 age, when the family returned to Dorchester 
 county. He continued his studies in his na- 
 tive town until he was sixteen, and was then 
 ap])ointed teacher of the school. While em- 
 ployed in that cai>acity he began the study 
 of medicine. He went to Baltimore and en- 
 tered the medical department of Maryland 
 University, where he graduated, having at- 
 tended two courses of lectures. He has been 
 engaged in the practice of his profession in 
 Baltimore since 1865. He was married 
 April 14, 1869, to MoUie C, daughter of J. 
 W. Blake, of Baltimore. One son, born of 
 this marriage, is Harry B. Tall. Doctor 
 'J'all is Methodistic in his political views. 
 
 Dr. .AuTiifR Howard ]\L\\n, Jr., was 
 born in Baltimore, October 29, 1869. He is 
 
 a son of Arthur H. and Augusta C. (Ulrich) 
 Mann, the former a native of Maryland and 
 of Irish descent, the latter of Pennsylvania 
 and of German ancestry. Arthur H. Mann, 
 now retired, was for many years proprietor 
 of the Park Stables, a business founded by 
 his father in 18 — , Arthur H. Mann, Jr., 
 was educated at Lamb's Academy and O-x- 
 ford School, studied medicine under Doctor 
 Tififany and was graduated from the medi- 
 cal department of Maryland University in 
 1890. During the last year of his college 
 course he was clinical assistant at Maryland 
 University Hospital. The year following 
 his graduation he spent abroad attending 
 the Lfniversity of Vienna, Austria, and the 
 year following his return took a student's 
 j course at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He was 
 Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy and 
 Assistant Chief of Clinic to Professor 
 of Surgery, '95-6, Chief of Clinic to Pro- 
 fessor of Surgery, 96-7, Maryland Uni- 
 versity, and Lecturer in Clinical Sur- 
 gery, '97-8. He is also surgeon to 
 Bay View Hospital. Doctor Mann is a mem- 
 ber of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
 of Maryland, Baltimore Clinical Society 
 and Baltimore Medical and Surgical So- 
 ciety. He is unmarried, resides at 934 Mad- 
 ison avenue, and is a member of St. Mark's 
 Lutheran Church. 
 
 Dr. W. Edward Magruder was born at 
 Sandy Spring, Montgomery county, Md., 
 June 9, 1873. He is a son of Dr. Wil- 
 liam E. and Margaret (Brooke) Magruder, 
 natives of Maryland, and descendants re- 
 spectively of the earliest Scotch and English 
 settlers of Alaryland. Dr. William E. Ma- 
 gruder is now practicing in ]\Iontgomcry 
 county, Md., where he has practiced and re- 
 sided for fi_irt>--four years. He was grad- 
 
&d^-^ f, U' 
 
 %^^/0. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 6Vi 
 
 uated from tlie medical department of 
 Maryland University in 1854. His father, 
 Dr. William Bowie Magruder, was a grad- 
 uate of Maryland University in 1825, and 
 was up to the time of his decease in 1873 a 
 leading physician. The father of Dr. W. B. 
 Magruder, Zadock Magruder, was also a 
 physician, w'ho graduated from the College 
 of Philadelphia under Benjamin Rush in 
 179G. Upon his return from Philadelphia 
 to enter upon tlie practice of medicine in 
 Maryland, Dr. Zadock Magruder assisted 
 in laying plans for the formation of a State 
 Medical Society which resulted in the 
 founding of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland. Dr. W. Edward Ma- 
 gruder attended Sherwood Academy, en- 
 tered Johns Hopkins University where he 
 remained for two years, then entering Co- 
 lumbia University, Washington, D. C, from 
 which institution he was graduated with the 
 degree A. B. in 1889, and M. D., 1892. For 
 a time thereafter he was engaged in practic- 
 ing with his father in Montgomery county. 
 In 1894 he entered the Baltimore Medical 
 College, was graduated therefrom the fol- 
 lowing year, and had charge of its dispen- 
 sary department of general medicine until 
 May. 1897. Doctor Magruder has offices 
 and residence at 922 Madison avenue, and 
 branch offices at 844 S. Sharp street, and 214 
 X. Central avenue. He is a member of the 
 Baltimore ^tledical Association, ]\Iedical 
 and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland and 
 American Medical Association. His church 
 connection is with the Hicksite Branch of 
 Friends. 
 
 WaltI'R Ireland Dawkins, Attorney- 
 at-Law, was born in St. Mary's county, Md., 
 October 21, 1858. He is a son of the 
 
 late Young Parran and Alethea Elizabeth 
 (Dorsey) Dawkins, natives of Maryland, 
 the former of Scotch-English and the latter 
 of Irish descent. He graduated from St. 
 John's College with the class of '80, began 
 the study of law under the preceptorship of 
 James H. Wilson and Judge Robert Ford, 
 of Leonardtown, St. Mary's county, Md., 
 and was admitted to the bar at Leon- 
 ardtown in September, 1883. He was en- 
 gaged in his profession at the latter place 
 until 1887 when he removed to Baltimore, 
 where he has since resided and practiced 
 law with offices in the Fidelity Building. 
 
 ArcusTiN DE RussY Sai'pixgton, Attor- 
 ney-at-Law. was born in Baltimore March 
 24, 1862. He is a son of Nicholas J. and 
 Maria E. (Birkey) Sappington, both na- 
 tives of Baltimore and descendants of early 
 settlers in Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
 Nicholas J. Sappington has been in Govern- 
 ment service in Baltimore since the Civil 
 War and is now connected with the Customs 
 Department. A. de R. Sappington was ed- 
 ucated in the public schools and City Col- 
 lege of Baltimore, then entered the law de- 
 partment of Maryland University, graduat- 
 ing therefrom in 1881. Upon attaining his 
 majority he was admitted to the bar and for 
 some years practiced in partnership associa- 
 tion with Messrs. James Pollard and Albert 
 W. Rivers, and is now of the firm of Sap- 
 pington & Rivers, with offices in the Fidelity 
 Building. He is one of the examiners of 
 the Circuit or Equity Courts of Baltimore. 
 Mr. Sappington was married April 18, 1894, 
 to Edith, daughter of the late George H. 
 Miller, a retired merchant of Baltimore. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Sappington reside at 2034 Linden 
 avenue and are members of Immanuel Epis- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 copal Church. Mr. Sappington is one of the 
 vestryjiien of of St. Bartholomew's Episco- 
 pal Church. 
 
 Dr. John R. Abekcrombie, Coroner 
 Northwestern District of Baltimore, was 
 born in Baltimore February 20, 1869. He 
 is a son of John and Elizabeth (Daniel) 
 xAbercrombie, the former a native of Scot- 
 land and the latter of Port Stanley, Ontario. 
 John Abercrombie is assistant manager of 
 the Baltimore News Company. Dr. John 
 Abercrombie attended the public schools 
 and City College and Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity, and was graduated from the medical 
 department of Maryland University with the 
 class of '95. Following his graduation he 
 was assistant resident physician at Uni- 
 versity Hospital and is now one of the chiefs 
 of clinic in the University Hospital Dispen- 
 sary. He was appointed by Governor 
 Lowndes to the position of coroner, May 
 4, 1896. Doctor Abercrombie is lecturer on 
 Alateria Medica at the Woman's Medical 
 College, and physician to the Shelter for 
 Aged Colored Women. He is a member of 
 St. Andrew's Society, Medical and Chi- 
 rurgical Faculty of Maryland, Baltimore 
 Medical Society, Baltimore Clinical Society 
 and a member of and medical e.xaminer for 
 the American Legion of Honor. 
 
 Dr. Charles Wellman Mitchell w^as 
 born in Baltimore, February 4, 1859. He 
 is a son of the late John and Clara (Well- 
 man) Mitchell, the former a native of Scot- 
 land, the latter born in New York and of 
 Hollandese extraction, being lineally de- 
 scended from one of the Dutch settlers who 
 located in New Amsterdam, the latter part 
 of the seventeenth century. The late John 
 Mitchell was a merchant in New York un to 
 
 his retirement from business and removed 
 to Baltimore in 1857. He died in 1865; his 
 widow resides with her son, the immediate 
 subject of this sketch. Charles W. Mitchell 
 was graduated from Baltimore City Col- 
 lege, in 1875, and from Princeton in 1879. 
 He studied medicine under the preceptor- 
 ship of the late Dr. J. E. Michael and was 
 graduated from Maryland University Medi- 
 cal Department, class of 1881. From 1881 
 to 1883, he was assistant resident physician 
 at University Hospital. The following 
 eighteen months he spent at the Universi- 
 ties of Prague and Vienna, making an es- 
 pecial study of the practice of medicine, dis- 
 eases of children and pathology. From 1885 
 to 1888 he was resident physician at the 
 University Hospital and has since been en- 
 gaged in general practice with present office 
 and residence, 1021 Cathedral street. From 
 1888 to 1893 Doctor Mitchell was Univer- 
 sity lecturer on Pathology, from '93 to '96, 
 Clinical Professor of Medicine, and since 
 the latter date Professor of Materia Medica 
 and Clinical Medicine, up to 1897, when 
 he became Professor of Diseases of Women 
 and Children instead of Materia Medica. 
 He is one of the visiting physicians to 
 Union Protestant Lifirmary, a member of 
 American Medical Association, Medical 
 and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. Bal- 
 timore Clinical Society and Journal Club. 
 He attends Associate Reformed Church. 
 
 Dk. Hamilton Janey Coffroth was 
 born in Baltimore. }iL-irch 17. 1856. He is 
 a son of George R. and Azzie C. (White) 
 Coiifroth, the former a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and of German descent, the latter 
 by birth a \'irginian and of English ances- 
 try. The Coffroths of the United States 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 are lineally descended from the ancient and 
 titled \'an Kanfroths of Germany. George 
 R. Coffroth, who located in Baltimore in 
 1856, was a prominent wholesale tobacco 
 merchant up to 1890, since which time he 
 has been engaged in fire and marine insur- 
 ance. He was for a number of years Presi- 
 dent of Bank and was one 
 
 of the founders and a liberal supporter of 
 the Hendshaw Memorial Church and is su- 
 perintendent of its morning and evening 
 schools. Dr. H. J. Cof?roth was a student 
 for four years of the Maryland Agricultural 
 College, then entering Virginia Military In- 
 stitute, from which he was graduated in 
 1877. He studied medicine under the pre- 
 ceptorship of Drs. Claggett & Walls, and 
 was graduated from the School of Medicine 
 of Maryland University March i, 1879. 
 During the final year of his attendance at 
 the last institution he was one of the internes 
 of the University General Hospital. In 
 June, 1880, he entered the Medical Corps 
 of the United States x-lrmy and was em- 
 ployed on the frontier until the latter part 
 of 1881, when he returned to Baltimore, 
 where he has since been engaged in the 
 practice of his profession with office and 
 residence at 924 Madison avenue. Doctor 
 Coffroth was one of the founders of Balti- 
 more University School of Medicine and 
 held the Chair of Physiology of its Faculty 
 during 1885-86. He is a member of St. 
 Peter's Episcopal Church. He is medical 
 examiner for and a member of the Royal 
 Arcanum, Orderof the Golden Chain.Amer- 
 ican Legion of Honor and Knights of the 
 Golden Eagle, and the Progressive Chain. 
 Doctor Cofifroth is a member of the Medi- 
 cal and Chirurgical Facultv, and is Past 
 
 Grand Procurator of the Kappa Sigma So- 
 
 Dr. David Jeromk Reinhart was born 
 in Frederick county, Md., March 26, 1845. 
 He is a son of Rev. Andrew H. and Rebecca 
 (Hilton) Reinhart. natives of Maryland, the 
 former of German, the latter of English de- 
 scent. Ulric John Reinhart, Doctor Rein- 
 hart's great-grandfather, emigrated from 
 Darmstadt and located at Lancaster, Pa., 
 in the latter part oi the last century. Of his 
 eleven sons, George Reinhart, grandfather 
 the immediate subject of this sketch, re- 
 moved to Frederick, Md., where his son. 
 Rev. Andrew H. Reinhart, was engaged in 
 business as a miller while tilling the pulpit 
 of the German Baptist Church. He now re- 
 sides at Monrevia, Md. Dr. D.J. Reinhart 
 was educated in the public schools of his na- 
 tive county, where he subsequently taught 
 for eighteen months. He studied medicine 
 under the preceptorship of Dr. Isaac N. 
 Wood, Newmarket, Md., and was gradu- 
 ated from the Maryland University with the 
 class of '71. He engaged in the general 
 practice of medicine at Hyattstown, Mont- 
 gomery county, Md., for six years there- 
 after, removing thence to Baltimore. 
 Doctor Reinhart is a member of the Medi- 
 cal and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 
 and the Johns Hopkins Medical Society, 
 member of and' medical examiner for Bal- 
 timore of the American Guild of America, 
 and medical examiner for several life in- 
 surance companies. Doctor Reinhart mar- 
 ried Nannie, daughter of the late James Wil- 
 liams, of Laytonville, Montgomery county, 
 Md. Dr. and Mrs. Reinhart have four chil- 
 dren, Elizabeth, student at the Latin School, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Woman's College, Elenora, Rebecca and a 
 son, Stewart. The family attend Eutaw 
 Place Baptist Chruch. 
 
 Dr. Frank Martin was born at Brook- 
 ville, Montgomery county, Md., October 
 21, 1863. He is a son of Dr. James S. and 
 the late Lucretia (Griffith) Martin, natives 
 and descendants of colonial settlers of Mary- 
 land. Dr. James S. Martin is a son of Dr. 
 Samuel B. Martin, who studied medicine 
 under Doctor Brown, of Baltimore, and 
 graduated from the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in the days of Dr. Benjamin Rust, 
 early in the century, locating in East Bal- 
 timore, where he practiced throughout a 
 long life, dying in 1876 at the age of ninety- 
 one. He was one of the censors of Wash- 
 ington University, from which institution 
 his son. Dr. James S. Martin, was gradu- 
 ated with the class of 1841. Dr. James S. 
 Martin practiced medicine in Baltimore 
 until 1863, except during an interim of five 
 years when he conducted a hospital at Sacra- 
 mento, Cal. In 1863 he settled at Brook- 
 ville, where he continued practice up to his 
 retirement in 1895. His wife died August 
 26, 1895; he now resides in Baltimore. Dr. 
 Frank Martin attended Brookville Acad- 
 emy and Maryland Agricultural College, 
 class of '83, was graduated from medical 
 department Maryland University, class of 
 '86, was resident clinician at University 
 Hospital prior to graduation and six years 
 following his graduation, and has since been 
 assistant to Professor of Surgery Maryland 
 University, and Lecturer on Principles and 
 Practice of Surgery. He is one of the vis- 
 iting surgeons to Bay View Asylum, a 
 member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Alaryland, Baltimore Journal 
 
 Club, Baltimore Clinical Society, and Book 
 and Journal Club. He resides at 1021 Ca- 
 thedral street. He married, June 9, 1897, 
 Miss R. Anna, daughter of Dr. Charles E. 
 Coster, 1000 Cathedral street. Dr. and 
 Mrs. Martin attend Emmanuel P. E. 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. Thaddeus Watkins Clark. — This 
 gentleman was born in Howard county, 
 Md.. May 3, 1852. He is a son of the late 
 William and Albina (Watkins) Clark, na- 
 tives of Maryland and descendants, respect- 
 ively of early North of Ireland and English 
 colonial settlers of Maryland. Doctor 
 Clark's maternal grandfather was a soldier 
 throughout the War of the Revolution and 
 again took up arms against the mother 
 country in the War of 181 2. being mustered 
 out as colonel. His third wife, a Miss 
 Bowie, w^as related to Bishop Claggett, the 
 first Episcopal Bishop in the colonies. Rep- 
 resentatives of the families, paternal and 
 maternal, have served the State in various 
 capacities, as members of the House of 
 Delegates and otherwise. The late William 
 Clark was a prominent agriculturalist of 
 Howard county. He died March 31, 189 — . 
 His wife survives and resides at Green 
 Spring Valley. Dr. T. W. Clark attended 
 Rock Hill and St. Clemens Colleges, grad- 
 uated from the latter institution with the 
 class of '72. For several years thereafter 
 he taught school and was subsequently for 
 a time engaged in mercantile pursuits, dur- 
 ing this period became interested in and 
 cursorily took up the study of medicine. 
 This he continued under the preceptorship 
 of Dr. W. W. and his son. Dr. W. C. \\'at- 
 kins. He was graduated after a three years' 
 course from the medical department of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAiND. 
 
 621 
 
 Maryland University in 1880, and has ever 
 since been connected with his Ahna ]\Iater. 
 He is now Demonstrator of Physics, Chief 
 of CHnic and Nervous Diseases and CHni- 
 cal Lecturer of Medicine, Bayview Asylum. 
 He has given special attention to Neurology 
 and has had association for some years, as 
 student and physician with Dr. F.T. Miles. 
 He is a member of the Medical and Chirur- 
 gical Faculty of Maryland and of the Neu- 
 rological Society of Baltimore. He was 
 married in 1885 to Florence C, daughter of 
 William Alatthews, ex-Judge Orphans' 
 Court of Howard county. The family reside 
 at 10 W. Hamilton street. 
 
 Joseph S. Heuisler, Attorney-at-Law, 
 was born in Baltimore, Md., February 17, 
 1832. He is a son of the late Joseph A. and 
 Mary (Parker) Heuisler, the former a na- 
 tive of Munich, Bavaria, whence he was 
 brought to the United States by his parents 
 in his early boyhood. Joseph A. Heuisler 
 was a florist and horticulturist of note in 
 Baltimore for many years, and during the 
 latter years of his life pursued as a pastime 
 the cultivation of fruits and flowers, which 
 had been the active business of his earlier 
 years. He died in Baltimore February 12, 
 1862, aged eighty-one years. His wife, 
 Mary (Parker) Heuisler, was a native of 
 Saffron-Walden, County Essex, England. 
 Her parents came to the United States lo- 
 cating in Baltimore early in the century. 
 She died January 5, 1837. Joseph S. Heuis- 
 ler completed his education at St. Mary's 
 College, Baltimore, in 1849. He then be- 
 came one of the clerical stafif of Register of 
 Wills, David M. Ferine, continuing in that 
 service under Register Ferine, and his suc- 
 cessor, Nathaniel Hickman, for a period in 
 
 all of seven years. He began the study of 
 law under the preceptorship of James M. 
 Buchanan, United States Minister to Den- 
 mark, and while pursuing the study was 
 successively engaged on the clerical staff of 
 the Orphans' Court of Baltimore City, and 
 in the conveyancing business with Corne- 
 lius M. Cole. He was admitted to the bar 
 in i860, and has ever since practiced law in 
 Baltimore, being now associated with his 
 son, Charles W. Heuisler, with offices in the 
 Fidelity Building. Mr. Heuisler repre- 
 sented the Twelfth ward in the City Coun- 
 cil of Baltimore for two years, during which 
 time he rendered himself particularly ob- 
 noxious to ringsters. He served for one 
 term under ilayor Latrobe as City Exam- 
 iner of Titles. He is a Democrat and a 
 member of the Catholic Benevolent Legion. 
 He was married March 29, 1853, to Cath- 
 erine, daughter of the late Henry McCann, 
 a teacher for many years in the public 
 schools of Baltimore. Of ten children, 
 born of this marriage, six survive. They 
 are Charles W. Heuisler, an attorney, 
 whose personal history is contained herein ; 
 Margaret P., wife of Frederick C. Cook, an 
 attorney of Baltimore ; Joseph G. Heuisler, 
 D. D. S., who married Miss Katie, daugli- 
 ter of William H. Jenkins, of Baltimore; 
 Mary A., wife of Francis E. Tormey, an ar- 
 chitect, of Baltimore; Philip L Heuisler, 
 Superintendent of Emerson Drug Com- 
 pany, Baltimore, and William F. Heuisler, 
 with Firemen's Insurance Company, of 
 Baltimore. Four children deceased were 
 Harry S. Heuisler, an expert book-keeper 
 and employed in the Sixth Auditor's office, 
 Washington, D. C, at the time of his de- 
 cease, April 23, '88, and who left a wife and 
 one child, Mary Louise; George A. Heuis- 
 
622 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ler, a scholastic of the Society of Jesus at 
 the time of his decease, November i6, 1890; 
 and two children who died in infancy. Mr. 
 Joseph S. Heuisler and family reside at 411 
 Freyer avenue, Roland Park, and are mem- 
 bers of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Charlus William Hkuisler, Attor- 
 ney-at-Law, was born in Baltimore January 
 ary 11, 1854. He is a son of Joseph S. 
 Heuisler, whose personal history is con- 
 tained in this volume. Charles W. Heuis- 
 ler was educated at Calvert Hall Academy, 
 Baltimore, and Rockhill College, Ellicott 
 City, Md., and was graduated from the latter 
 institution with the class of '72. He read 
 law under his father's preceptorship, attend- 
 ed a course of lectures in the law depart- 
 ment of Maryland University and was ad- 
 mitted to the liar upon oral e.xamination 
 1)efore the Supreme Bench of Baltimore. 
 He has since been engaged in the practice 
 of law in partnership with his father, the 
 firm having offices in the Fidelity Building. 
 Mr. Heuisler has been for a number of years 
 a member of the Board of Trustees of St. 
 Mary's Industrial School, is Secretary of 
 the Particular Council of the Society of St- 
 N'incent de Paul, and is a member of the 
 Catholic P.enevolent League, having as 
 such filled all of the offices in St. Pius Coun- 
 cil, No. 20. He is also Past Regent in the 
 Royal Arcanum. He was married Novem- 
 ber 15, 1883, to Julia, daughter of the late 
 Frederick V. Benzinger, a distinguished 
 member of the I'.altimore bar. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Heuisler reside at 918 McCulloli street, 
 and are memi)ers of the Cathedral. 
 
 Dr. Syl\-i-;sti:r Roiucut Ki:llv, de- 
 ceased, was born in lialtimore, Marcii 3, 
 
 1862. He was a son of Sylvester R. and Cath- 
 arine Jane (Spence) Kelly, natives of New 
 York, the former of English-Irish, the lat- 
 ter of Scotch-Irish descent. Both the Kelly 
 and the Spence families flourished in 
 America in colonial days and had represen- 
 tatives in the Continental Army during the 
 War of the Revolution. Sylvester R. Kelly, 
 Sr., is a machinist and engineer and is now 
 operating an ice plant in Baltimore. Dr. S. 
 Robert Kelly was educated in the public 
 schools. City College and Johns Hopkins 
 University of Baltimore, and then entered 
 the Maryland College of Pharmacy, gradu- 
 ating therefrom in 1882. For six years 
 thereafter he was in the retail drug business 
 at Wheeling, W. Va. Returning to Balti- 
 more, he entered the School of Medicine of 
 Maryland University, from which institu- 
 tion he was graduated in 1890. From '90 
 to '92 Doctor Kelly was Chief of Clinics of 
 Medical Department, and since '93 Chief of 
 Clinics of Diseases of the Chest. From '90 
 to '93 he was assistant surgeon in throat 
 department of Presbyterian Eye, Ear and 
 Throat Hospital, of Baltimore; and from 
 ■92 to '95 Physician of Baltimore Orphan 
 As\'IunL 
 
 Dr. Hampson Hubicrt Biedler was 
 born at Page View, Page county, Va., Au- 
 gust 26. 1854. He is a son of the late Am- 
 brose M. and Sarah A. (Keyser) Biedler. 
 His initial schooling was received at 
 Hawksville Academy, Va., and this was sup- 
 plemented by a three years' course at New 
 Market. (\'a.,) Polytechnic Institute. Af- 
 ter a short jieriod spent in teaching school, 
 he began the study of medicine under the 
 preceptorship of Doctors Miller and Brum- 
 bach in Luray, Page county, Va. He was 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 623 
 
 graduated from the medical department of 
 the University of Maryland February 29, 
 1876, and during the closing year of his 
 course was resident student at the Univer- 
 sity Hospital. In 1876 he took a six 
 months' practical course in pathology and 
 microscopy in the office of the microscopist 
 of the Army Medical Museum, Washing- 
 ton. Doctor Biedler entered upon the prac- 
 tice of his profession in Woodville, Rap- 
 pahannock county, Va., where he remained 
 for six years, removing thence (1882) to 
 Baltimore. In 1883 he was called to the 
 chair of Women's Diseases in Baltimore 
 Medical College, and a short time thereafter 
 was elected to the chair of Surgery. Since 
 the incorporation of Baltimore University 
 he has been its secretary, and filled the chair 
 of Principles and Practice of Surgery and 
 was Dean of the Faculty for 1897-8. Doctor 
 Biedler is a prolific writer for medical jour- 
 nals. He represented the American Medi- 
 cal Association at the International Medi- 
 cal Congress, convened in Berlin, in 1890, 
 and was also a delegate to the British Medi- 
 cal -Association. He is a member of the 
 i\Iedical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- 
 land, Clinical Society of Maryland, Ameri- 
 can Medical Association and President of 
 r.altimore Medical Association. He is Chief 
 Examiner for the National Life (Vt.) .Amer- 
 ican Union and Michigan Mutual Life 
 Insurance Companies. In addition to his 
 work in medicine and surgery. Doctor Bied- 
 ler has been identified with many important 
 local enterprises, and is now Treasurer and 
 a Director of the Baltimore and Drum Point 
 Railroad. 
 
 Dr. I1.\rry Gibson Utley was b<.M-n at 
 Franklintown, N. C, November 5, 1873. 
 
 He is a son of W. F. and Elizabeth (Gib- 
 bons) Utley, natives of North Carolina, 
 whose ancestors were early English settlers 
 of the colonies. Harry G. Utley was edu- 
 cated at Davis Military School and Raleigh 
 Male Academy, N. C; then entering the 
 medical department of North Carolina 
 University. After one year at the latter in- 
 stitution be came to Baltimore, entered the 
 School of Medicine of Maryland University 
 and was graduated therefrom in 1894. In 
 1894-5 he was senior resident physician at 
 Maryland University Free Lying-in Hos- 
 pital ; in "95-6 Chief of Obstetrical Clinics of 
 the Maryland University, and '96-7 Chief 
 of Obstetrical Clinics and Demonstrator of 
 Obstetrics of the Maryland University. 
 
 James A. Gary, Postmaster General in 
 the Cabinet of President McKinley, has 
 been since attaining his majority a leading 
 citizen of Baltimore, prominent alike in its 
 business, finance and charities, and politicaf 
 and social life. Mr. Gary was born at Un- 
 casville. Conn., October 22, 1833, and was 
 therefore six years old, when, in 1839, his 
 parents removed from Connecticut to 
 Maryland. His father was a native of Mas- 
 sachusetts and a descendant of Puritan set- 
 tlers of New England. The Alberton Cot- 
 ton Mills located at .\lberton, Howard 
 county, Md., were established by James S.. 
 father of the subject of this sketch, and the 
 present head of the family became a part- 
 ner in the business, which had grown to 
 large proportions in 1861. Nine years later, 
 (1870) James S. Gary died, and the son man- 
 aged the mills and counting-room single- 
 handed, until January. 1885, when his son, 
 Mr. E. Stanley Gary, was given an interest 
 therein. Mr. Garv has ahvavs been actively 
 
624 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 identified with the politics and public affairs 
 of Maryland. He started out a Whig with 
 Henry Clay as his ideal statesman. In 1858 
 he was nominated in How-ard county for 
 State Senator, but was defeated. He was 
 one of the three delegates from Howard 
 to the big Union Convention held at Mary- 
 land Institute in January, 1861. Through- 
 out all the years subsequent to the war, 
 when his party was in a hopeless minority, 
 he was ever faithful in his support of Re- 
 publicanism, contributing largely of his 
 means to its support. He was a delegate 
 to the Republican National Convention of 
 1872, which nominated General Grant. Mr. 
 Gary was chosen chairman of the Maryland 
 delegation against the late John A. J. Cress- 
 well, General Grant's Postmaster General. 
 In 1870 Mr. Gary ran for Congress in the 
 Fifth Congressional District, but was de- 
 feated. In 1875, he lent valiant service to the 
 reform ticket headed by J. Morrison Harris 
 for Governor, and in 1876 was again dele- 
 gate to the Republican National Conven- 
 tion. In 1879 he was his party's nominee 
 for Governor, and was defeated by William 
 T. Hamilton, the Democratic nominee. In 
 1880, by a temporary combination with Mr. 
 Cresswell, Mr. Gary captured the famous 
 Frederick Convention, defeating the Ful- 
 ton-Thomas faction and sending a delega- 
 tion at large to the National Convention of 
 that year which was opposed to Mr. Blaine, 
 Mr. Gary's leaning being towards Mr. Sher- 
 man, and Mr. Cresswell's being towards 
 giving a third term to General Grant. Mr. 
 Garv went to the National Convention of 
 1884 in the interest of President Arthur, 
 with whom his relations were of the most 
 cordial character. He appeared at the 1888 
 Convention as a Sherman man, but when he 
 
 saw that the Ohio man's case was hopeless, 
 fell into line for General Harrison, with 
 whom he had cordial relation during the 
 latter's administration. At the Minneapolis 
 Convention of 1892, to which Mr. Gary was 
 also elected a delegate — an honor conferred 
 upon him six times consecutively — he fa- 
 vored and helped to achieve President Har- 
 rison's renomination. In Baltimore City 
 politics, Mr. Gary has always given earnest, 
 practical support to the nominees of his 
 party, whether the ticket was a straight one 
 or representing a fusion of Independents, 
 Reformers and Republicans. Mr. Gary was 
 Maryland's member of the Republican Na- 
 tional Committee from 1880 to i8g6 and 
 served as a member of the National Finance 
 Committee in the latter year. No man in 
 the party has shown a more liberal spirit 
 toward the Republican cause than Mr. 
 Gary. No man holds a higher place in the 
 esteem of his party than this veterean of 
 many battles with Democracy, and his se- 
 lection as a member of the cabinet of Presi- 
 dent McKinley was hailed with satisfaction 
 by the Republicans of Maryland and en- 
 dorsed by the Republican party of the 
 United States. 
 
 Mr. Garv's connection with the business 
 interests of Baltimore has been very inti- 
 mate and extended. In addition to supervis- 
 ing his own large business, he is President 
 of the Citizens' National Bank, of Balti- 
 more, President of the Board of Trustees of 
 the Enoch Pratt Free Library and Vice- 
 President of the Consolidated Gas Com- 
 ])any, of Baltimore. He was for several 
 vcars President of the Merchants' and Man- 
 ufacturers' Association and is a Director of 
 the Baltimore Trust and Guarantee Com- 
 panv, of the American Fire Insurance Com- 
 
c^Q.4_^2^^6) 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 «25 
 
 pany and of the Savings Bank, of Baltimore 
 and other corporations. He is a communi- 
 cant of the Brown Memorial Presbyterian 
 Church and for the last twenty-two years 
 has been Chairman of the Board of Trus- 
 
 David L. BartlETT was born in Hadley, 
 Mass., in December, 1816. His father was 
 Daniel Bartlett, and his mother's maiden 
 name was Louisa Stockbridge. both of Had- 
 ley, Mass. His ancestors, both paternal and 
 maternal, w-ere New England people for 
 many generations, intimately connected 
 with the history of that section. 
 
 ]\Ir. Bartlett's rudimentary education was 
 obtained at the very excellent common 
 schools of New England, and completed at 
 one of the academies of that section, so 
 noted for their thorough course and train- 
 ing in all the branches necessary for the 
 pursuits of business. Mr. Bartlett com- 
 menced the business of a manufacturer of 
 iron when a young man in Hartford, Conn., 
 where he had a fair measure of success. In 
 1844 he removed to Baltimore and estab- 
 lished a foundry on President street, but re- 
 moved in a short time to Leadenhall street, 
 and in 1850 established his foundry perma- 
 nently on the corner of Scott and Pratt 
 street, where the present firm, Bartlett- 
 Hayward & Co., have gradually enlarged 
 the business and have been very successful. 
 The firm employs an average of five hun- 
 dred skilled workmen, and fills a vast num- 
 ber of orders and contracts. Mr. Bartlett 
 has been intrusted with many important 
 measures involving the interests of the pub- 
 lic. He was a member of the committee 
 appointed by the Mayor of Baltimore to re- 
 port on the proper means of encouraging 
 
 manufacturers ; is one of the trustees of the 
 McDonough School Fund; has been one of 
 the managers of the Maryland Institute; and 
 is one of the directors of the Farmers' and 
 Planters' Bank. Mr. Bartlett's general 
 reputation may be well conceived by the 
 character of the public trusts with which 
 he has been connected. To a mature judg- 
 ment and ripe experience he has brought to 
 every undertaking, both public and private, 
 a faithful, conscientious discharge of duty 
 that has secured him the entire confidence 
 of the commuity in w'hich he cast his for- 
 tunes more than forty years ago. He is 
 at present in the full enjoyment of an iron 
 constitution, preserved and strengthened 
 by systematic habits, and promises yet, ac- 
 cording to all human judgment, many years 
 of usefulness in his family and to the public. 
 Mr. Bartlett is commanding in presence, 
 urbane in manners, social and genial in all 
 his relations with men, and exceedingly 
 popular with all classes; and in all connec- 
 tions, religious, political, and in business, 
 he has been active, consistent and faithful, 
 securing thereby the approbation and es- 
 teem of all good men with whom he has 
 come into contact during an active life. He 
 is a comm.unicant in the Episcopal Church, 
 and has had no taste or inclination for po- 
 litical office, but during the existence of the 
 Whig party he affiliated with it. Upon its 
 dissolution he became a member of the Re- 
 publican party, with which he has since 
 acted and voted. He has been married 
 twice. By his first wife, Sarah Abby, to 
 whom he was married in January, 1845, he 
 had two children, who arc still living. He 
 was married the second time in April, 1867, 
 to Julia E. Pettibone, of Simsbury, Conn. 
 
626 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 William Alexander Boyd was born in 
 Baltimore, April 5, 1838. He is a son of 
 the late William A. and Harriet (Rusk) 
 Boyd, the former of Scotch and the latter of 
 English descent. The late William A. Boyd 
 was from 1832 and up to the time of his de- 
 cease, 1876, engaged in business in Balti- 
 more as a wholesale tobacco merchant and 
 manufacturer of cigars. The business was 
 conducted under the firm name of Boyd & 
 Chappell up to 1846, since which date it 
 has been W. A. Boyd & Co. Mr. Benjamin 
 F. Gees, a half brother, became associated 
 with ]\Ir. Boyd, Sr., in 1852 and continued 
 as a partner until his decease in 1869. In 
 1872 Mr. Thomas V. Cromer was admitted 
 as a partner and continued until 1878, when 
 he withdrew. William Alexander Boyd was 
 graduated from Academia College, Juniata 
 county. Pa., in 1856, and then entered his 
 father's counting-roouL In 1862 he took 
 charge of the New York branch of the 
 house (established in 1857) and upon the 
 closing of the branch establishment two 
 years later, resumed his connection with the 
 Baltimore house. In 1869 the control of the 
 business devolved upon him and he suc- 
 ceeded to its proprietorship upon the demise 
 of his father. Mr. Boyd was one of the 
 founders and first president of the Balti- 
 more Tobacco Board of Trade and has been 
 its president each year since with one or 
 two exceptions. He was Commissioner for 
 Union Square from 1873 to 1879: a member 
 of the Board of Directors of the Baltimore 
 & Ohio l-iailroai^ Co. from 1873 to 1879, 
 and one of the Directors of the Western 
 Maryland l^ailroad for ten \ears. He was 
 one of the founders and jiresident since its 
 incorporation of the Ecjuitable Building, 
 r^oan and Investment Association ; was a 
 
 member of the State Legislature, session of 
 1880; and has for many years represented 
 the tobacco trade where the general trade 
 interests of Baltimore have been under dis- 
 cussion. Mr. Boyd is a Mason and a mem- 
 ber of the American Legion of Honor. He 
 was married December 28, 1857, to Lydia. 
 daughter of the late Charles Cumming, 
 manufacturer, of Philadelphia. Mrs. Boyd 
 died in 1882 leaving six children, Charles 
 C, Samuel R., William A., Isaac Denson 
 Harry Burdett Boyd and Harriet, wife of 
 James BrowiL of Baltimore, all of whom 
 are associated with their father in business. 
 
 Dr. John Turner was born at Irving- 
 ton. Va., January 23, 1869. He is a son of 
 John W. and Margaret F. (Evans) Turner, 
 the former a native of Maryland, of Scotch 
 descent, the latter a native of Virginia, of 
 Welsh descent. John Turner, i)aternal 
 great-grandfather of the inmiediate subject 
 of this sketch, came from Scotland and set- 
 tled in Maryland a few years prior to the 
 Revolutionary War. His son, John, served 
 for four terms as a member of the State 
 Legislature. He was also founder of the 
 mercantile firm at Nanticoke, Md., of John 
 Turner & Sons, which has its successor in 
 the firm of John Turner & Sons of to-day. 
 Dr. John Turner was educated by private 
 tutors, and at Randolph-Macon College. 
 Ashland, Va. Coming to Baltimore he took 
 a course at Eaton & Burnett's Business Col- 
 lege and then entered the School of Medicine 
 of Maryland L'niversity. I le was graduated 
 in 1893, taking the Chisolm prize. For one 
 year thereafter he was assistant clinician in 
 the University of Maryland Hospital, and 
 has since been Prosector to Professor of 
 Anatomv and Assistant Demonstrator of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 Anatomy of Maryland University. In 1896 
 he was appointed physician to Children's 
 Country Home, Catonsville. In 1897 he 
 was elected Professor of Physiology at the 
 Boy's Notir School. Doctor Turner makes 
 a specialty of eye, ear, nose and throat treat- 
 ment, and has offices at 1814 N. Charles 
 street and 29 X. Broadway. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Medical and Chiinrgical Faculty 
 of Maryland and of the University of Mary- 
 land Medical Association, and was secretary 
 of the latter in 1895. He is a member of the 
 IJaltimore City Yacht Club and surgeon to 
 Roys' steam yacht Ivanhoe. He resides at 
 1814 N. Charles street and is a member of 
 Mt. \'ernon M. E. Church. 
 
 Daxiel James Foley, senior member 
 and founder of the wholesale grocery firm 
 of D. J. Foley & Co., Baltimore, was 
 born at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ire- 
 land, April 5, 1819. His ancestors, on both 
 paternal and maternal sides, were natives 
 of Ireland, as far back as their genealogy 
 has been traced. His parents w'ere Mat- 
 thew and Elizabeth (Roche) Foley. 
 
 Matthew Foley was born September 21, 
 17S6, and died October 5, 1866; his wife was 
 born in 1792 and died May 12, 1882. They 
 were married in Ireland and emigrated to 
 the United States, locating in Baltimore in 
 1820. Matthew Foley established a grocery 
 business on St. Paul street, between Centre 
 and Franklin streets, which he continued to 
 conduct for many years. ]\Ir. and Mrs. 
 Foley had six children who attained their 
 majority, viz: the Misses Ann Martina and 
 Julia Ann Foley; Daniel J. Foley, the im- 
 mediate subject of this sketch: Rt. Rev. 
 Thomas Foley, who was born March 
 6, 1822, ordained August 6, 1840, conse- 
 
 crated February 2~, 1875, and died Febru- 
 ary 19. 1879, being at the time of his de- 
 cease Bishop of Chicago; Rt. Rev. 
 John Foley, present Bishop of Detriot, 
 Mich., and Matthew Foley, formerly of the 
 firm of D. J. Foley & Co., but now retired 
 from business and residing in Baltimore. 
 
 The brothers received their education at 
 St. Mary's College, Baltimore, John com- 
 pleting his ecclesiastical education at Rome. 
 Daniel J. Foley at the age of sixteen found 
 employment with the wholesale grocery 
 firm of Sellman & Crook, whose place of 
 business was at the corner of Pratt and South 
 streets, Baltimore. He remained with this 
 house for six years, then accepting the po- 
 stition of passenger and freight agent for the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. In 
 1847 Mr. Foley in partnership association 
 with the late John T. Woodside, established 
 a wholesale grocery business under the firm 
 name of Foley & Woodside, the store being 
 located on South street near Pratt. Mr. 
 Woodside died in 1854, following which the 
 firm name was changed to that of D. J. 
 Foley & Co., by which it has ever since 
 been and is still knov,-n. The business was 
 removed to its present location, southeast 
 corner of Pratt and South streets in 1890. 
 Mr. Foley is one of the substantial, scrupu- 
 lously honest business men to whom Balti- 
 more is indebted for the excellence of her 
 standing among the cities of the first class 
 in the United States. Although advanced 
 in years and practically retired from active 
 Ijusiness life, Mr. Foley may be seen at the 
 wharehouse daily, and keps in touch with 
 the firm's interests and municipal. State and 
 national affairs. Mr. Foley has been a mem- 
 ber since 1840 of the Hibernian Society, of 
 Baltimore (established in 1803 by Robert 
 
628 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Oliver and others), was its treasurer in 
 1843, and was president of the Society for 
 some years. He was for a number of years 
 a Director of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
 road Company, and more recently was a 
 member of the Directory of the Western 
 Maryland Railroad Company. He is a 
 Democrat, has never had aspiration for nor 
 held political office. He was married May 
 7, 185 1, to Anna Maria, daughter of the late 
 Benedict I Sanders, a prominent wholesale 
 grocer, of Baltimore, in the first half of the 
 century. J\Irs. Foley died September 29, 
 1878, leaving three children, two daughters 
 and a son, the latter, Thomas J. Foley, of 
 the firm of D. J. Foley & Co. The city 
 home of the family is 706 Park avenue, and 
 the country residence, Enniscorthy, How- 
 ard county, Md., a portion of the Charles 
 Carroll Manor. The family attend the Ca- 
 thedral. 
 
 Dr. Henry Briscoe Thomas was born 
 in St. Mary's county, Md., April 16, 
 1864. He is a son of the late James Richard 
 and Jennie E. (Briscoe) Thomas, natives of 
 Maryland and descendants respectively of 
 early Welsh and English settlers of the col- 
 ony. William Thomas, paternal great-great- 
 grandfather of Doctor Thomas, represent- 
 ed St. Mary's county in the House of Dele- 
 gates in 1761, was in the same year commis- 
 sioned captain and afterwards promoted to 
 major: was a delegate to the Revolutionary 
 Convention in 1775 and in the same year one 
 of the Committee of Safety of St. Mary's 
 county and a member of the General As- 
 sembly from 1775 to 1 78 1. His son, James 
 Thomas, was major commandant, Mary- 
 land Line, a member of the House of Dele- 
 gates and for twelve years immediately prior 
 
 to his death. President of the State Senate. 
 He was a prominent Freemason, first Mas- 
 ter of the Leonardtown Lodge, and was in 
 1799 elected Grand Master of jMaryland, 
 and re-elected in 1800. His son, James 
 Thomas, a prominent physician, was edu- 
 cated at St. John's College, Annapolis, and 
 graduated from the medical department of 
 the Maryland University; was for several 
 terms President of the State Senate and for 
 two terms Governor of Maryland — 1833-40 
 — the only one who has ever held that office 
 for two terms. His son, James R. Thomas, 
 was educated at Charlotte Hall and spent 
 his life as a planter with an e.xtensive estate 
 in St. Mary's county. Dr. H. B. Thomas 
 completed his general education at Char- 
 lotte Hall. He was graduated from the 
 medical department of the Maryland Uni- 
 versity with the class of '88. The year fol- 
 lowing he was resident physician at the 
 University Hospital. He is now Chief of 
 Clinics and Demonstrator in Larynology 
 and Rhinology of the University and Laryn- 
 ologistand Rhinologistof Presbyterian Eye, 
 Ear and Throat Hospital. He is a memlier 
 of Maryland Clinical Society, Maryland 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, American 
 Medical Association, and Maryland Book 
 and Journal Club. He was married June i, 
 1893, to Helen C, daughter of the late Isaac 
 Coale, merchant, of Baltimore. Dr. and 
 Mrs. Thomas have two children, Henry B., 
 Jr., and James R.; reside at 1629 St. Paul 
 street, and are members of St. Alichael's 
 and All Angels' Episcopal Church. 
 
 Benjamin Deford, a leading taniuT and 
 leather dealer, of Baltimore, descended from 
 an old Huguenot family which emigrated 
 to this country after the revocation of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 629 
 
 Edict of Nantes and settled on West river, 
 where the subject of this sketch was born 
 in 1799, and where he was reared under 
 those influences that have fashioned into the 
 highest types of manhood many of the de- 
 scendants of the Huguenots, who, wherever 
 located in exile, have stamped their individ- 
 uality upon their contemporaries. Left an 
 orphan at an early age, he was under the 
 guardianship of his uncle, Richard G. Hut- 
 ton, until, in his fourteenth year, he was 
 placed under James C. Dodrell, to learn tan- 
 ning, currying and dressing leather. Faith- 
 ful in work, he acquired a thorough knowl- 
 edge of all the processes of tanning. With 
 correct habits and by strict economy he ac- 
 cumulated the means of beginning business 
 for himself, and in 1823, without capital or 
 influential friends, he began the business of 
 tanning. At that time the large tanneries 
 of Baltimore, though few in number, were 
 owned and worked by men of capital and 
 experience. William Jenkins, Poland, Jen- 
 kins & Co., and George Appold were the 
 leading tanners of that day. In a few years 
 Mr. Deford had laid the foundations of that 
 eminent success which he afterwards at- 
 tained. His business increasing as the city 
 grew, he built and operated tanneries in 
 Maryland and other States, and became one 
 of the leading manufacturers and dealers of 
 oak-tanned leather in the United States, and 
 contributed very largely to the increase and 
 development of the trade in leather with 
 New England, New York, and Philadelphia. 
 Uniting with others in the leather trade, a 
 charter w-as obtained for the Merchants' 
 and Miners' Transportation Company, un- 
 der which the line of steamers known as the 
 Boston Steamship Line was organized and 
 operated. In the work of organizing the 
 
 steamship line Mr. Deford took a most ac- 
 tive part, subscribing largely to the stock, 
 and contributing to the successful establish- 
 ment by the free use of his capital ^nd ef- 
 forts. In his honor one of the first steam- 
 ships of the line was called the "Benjamin 
 Deford." The value of this line, in great 
 measure owing its success to Benjamin De- 
 ford, cannot be estimated, and the result of 
 this enterprise has been to extend the line to 
 New York, Savannah, Charleston, and 
 other Southern ports. 
 
 His business sagacity made him one of 
 the earliest and most active friends of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and identi- 
 fying himself with Johns Hopkins, Thomas 
 Swann, Wm. G. Harrison, Chauncey 
 Brooks, and John W. Garrett, he sustained 
 the road through its most perilous periods. 
 He stood by the road when general confi- 
 dence abandoned it, and when the credit of 
 the State and city was nearly ruined. In 
 the Board of Directors his practical judg- 
 ment was valued in some respects above all 
 others. His financial and business opera- 
 tions had demonstrated the sagacity of his 
 strong intellect, while his careful scrutiny of 
 surroundings and contingencies proved the 
 soundness of his conclusions. 
 
 The influence and association of Mr. De- 
 ford was so highly esteemed by business 
 men that they were sought in every branch 
 of business. He became a director in the 
 Mount Vernon Manufacturing Company, 
 the Mechanics' Bank, the Union Bank of 
 Maryland, the First National Bank of Balti- 
 more (of which he w-as one of the founders). 
 The Baltimore Savings Bank, the Equitable 
 Fire Insurance Company, and several other 
 corporations. In all these boards, various 
 as was their routine of business, his judg- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MAKVLAN-D. 
 
 ment and opinion were always sought and 
 followed. With a native genius of his order, 
 and trained by self-culture, his judgment 
 was always calm and clear, withholding him 
 from the effects of over-confidence, and re- 
 straining him from those speculative ven- 
 tures by which so many fortunes have been 
 wrecked. Pursuing the straight road of 
 business enterprise, he achieved his success 
 by laborious industry, and not by any sud- 
 den freaks of fortune. Associated with the 
 late George Brown in the management of 
 the House of Refuge, he formed for him a 
 very strong attachment, and erected to the 
 memory of ^Ir. Brown a beautiful testi- 
 monial on the grounds at the main en- 
 trance. The House of Reformation for Chil- 
 dren, which he aided essentially in estab- 
 lishing, is another evidence of his benevo- 
 lent disposition. Possessing a warm and 
 sympathetic nature, he was at all times a 
 valuable friend to the poor and suffering. 
 His sterling character has left a pleasant 
 memory among all his contemporaries of 
 Baltimore. He died April 17, 1870, leaving 
 a large fortune, and his funeral was attended 
 by a great concourse of citizens. He was 
 succeeded in business by his sons, Thomas 
 and B. F. Deford, who preserved its rela- 
 tions to the trade, and maintained the high 
 character established by the father. 
 
 Dr. .\ij!Krt Joskph Phillips was born 
 in Susquehanna, Pa., May 31, 1855. He is 
 a son of the late Walter J. and Catherine 
 (Conrad) Phillips, the former a native of 
 Pennsylvania of English descent, the latter 
 of Indiana, and of German ancestry. Albert 
 J. Phillips was educated in the public 
 schools and under private tutors of Susque- 
 hanna, attended JefTerson Medical College 
 and was graduated therefrom in 1885. He 
 
 was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Xew 
 York until i8go, when he removed to Balti- 
 more and entered upon the practice of his 
 profession. He married Amanda, daughter 
 of Charles Tees, produce merchant, of Phila- 
 delphia. Doctor and Mrs. Phillips have one 
 child, Albert, and reside at 1703 E. Balti- 
 more street. 
 
 James Elliott Dwixelle, M. D.. was 
 born in Cazenovia, ^Madison county, X. Y., 
 Jaiuiary 30, 1830. He is of Huguenot ex- 
 traction, his ancestors having left France 
 for this country twenty years before the 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew. The Doctor 
 was educated at the Oneida Conference 
 Seminary of that town and received the de- 
 gree. Doctor of Medicine and Surgery at the 
 Jefiferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 
 the spring of 1854, and then after spending 
 a year in the Blockley Hospital of that place 
 he came in July, 1855, to this his ailopted 
 city, where he began practice as physician 
 and surgeon on South Broadway near 
 Bank street. The Doctor has married twice, 
 the first time to ]\Iiss Alary E.. daughter of 
 the late Jonas B. Bowditch. November 21, 
 i860. New Haven, Conn., and on February 
 21. 1872, to Miss Susie E., daughter of the 
 late Joseph M. Wellslager. of this city. The 
 Doctor almost from his early coming to tliis 
 city secured a large and lucrative position 
 and has performed hundreds of capital opcr- 
 tions in surgery, most of which were during 
 those troublesome Know-Xothing riots in 
 the fifties. 
 
 During tlie past few years of the Doctor's 
 active practice he has found time to write 
 many spicy articles for the Baltimore Suii- 
 dav .lincricaii, one of which especially his 
 grai)hic dcscrii)tion of the spider, wasp 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 631 
 
 and fly probably led the literary editor of I 
 that paper afterwards to christen the articles 
 from the Doctor's pen: From the Sage to 
 the Salon of East Baltimore. 
 
 The Dwindle Ventilating Window Awn- 
 ing was the invention of the Doctor, and is 
 acknowledged to be a great boon to suffer- 
 ing humanity during the summer time, and 
 is universally used in this country and Can- 
 ada. 
 
 While surgeon of the Baltimore Eagle 
 Artillery in October, 1859, the company un- 
 der Capt. John T. Farlow was called by the 
 Governor of Maryland to assist in sup- 
 pressing the insurrection of the John Brown 
 raid in Virginia, October 14. of that year. 
 The company responded with alacrity to the 
 appeal, but when it arrived at Camden Sta- 
 tion, news came^that Col. R. E. Lee with the 
 Washington Marines has captured the in- 
 surgents. The Doctor was originally a 
 "Douglas Democrat," but when it was 
 "county or no county" he like his great pro- 
 totype became a strong Union man and is 
 to-day an inflexible Republican. He has 
 never held ofifice or taken active part in poli- 
 tics save after the 19th of April riots of 1861. 
 He was then chairman of the first Union 
 combination meeting of the three lower 
 wards that was held on the corner of Pratt 
 and Canal streets, a few days after the ter- 
 rible riot, the proceedings of which meeting 
 were favorably received in the North and 
 West by giving them a promise that sol- 
 diers could pass safely through the streets of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Those days were never to be forgotten for 
 they were terribly turbulent, and at a time 
 that tried men's souls; and to declare oneself 
 in favor of the Union would render him 
 liable to scoffs and sneers, if not personal 
 
 violence by hot-headed sympathizers with 
 the late Civil War. The Doctor is a member 
 of the American Medical, the Maryland 
 Medical and Chirurgical and the Baltimore 
 Medical Association, and also the Baltimore 
 Academy of Natural Science and the Monu- 
 mental Lodge of Masons, Adonian Chap- 
 ter and the Monumental Commandery of 
 Knights Templar; has also been a member 
 of and trustee of the Second Presbyterian 
 Church of this city for many years. 
 
 Dr. Fred Clarke Jewett was born Au- 
 gust 2i,i868,at Pittson (now Gardiner), Me. 
 He is a son of Hon. Gorman P. H. and Caro- 
 line A. (Bradstreet) Jewett, both natives of 
 Pittston, Me., and descendants of the Puri- 
 tan settlers of New England. Gorman P. 
 H. Jewett has been closely identified with 
 the growth and development of his native 
 place, was its first Mayor and served as its 
 member for State Senate for several terms. 
 Fred Clarke Jewett attended the High 
 School of Gardiner, the Derigo Business 
 College, of Augusta, Me., and completed 
 his general education at Dartmouth Col- 
 lege, New Hampshire, in 1888. His initial 
 professional schooling was received at the 
 Bowdoin Medical College, Brunswick, Me. 
 He then entered the School of Medicine of 
 the Baltimore University, was graduated 
 therefrom in 1891, and has since been en- 
 gaged in practice in Baltimore. He is now 
 (1896) lecturer on nervous diseases and 
 clinician of throat and chest diseases in the 
 School of Medicine of the Baltimore LTni- 
 versity. He is a member of the State i\Iedi- 
 cal and Chirurgical Faculty, and of the 
 Knights of Ancient Assenic Order, resides 
 and has his office at 2238 Druid Hill avenue, 
 and is a member of the Episcopal Church. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 Dr. St. Clair Spruill was born in Co- 
 lumbia, X. C, July 28, 1866. He is a son 
 of the late William L- and Martha E. 
 (Walker) Spruill, the former of Scotch, the 
 latter of English descent. Doctor Spruill 
 completed his general education at Trinity 
 College, N. C, and then entered the School 
 of Medicine of the Maryland University. 
 He was graduated in 1890 and appointed 
 resident physician of the University Free 
 Lying-in Hospital. In 1892 he assumed the 
 duties of assistant resident physician of the 
 University General Hospital, in 1893 be- 
 came resident physician of the same insti- 
 tution and is now its Medical Superintend- 
 ent. He is a member of the Clinical and 
 Gynecological and Obstetrical Societies of 
 Baltimore and of the University Club. 
 
 Dr. Henry Foree Garey was born in 
 St. Louis, Mo., July 22, 1854. He is a son 
 of the late Judge Henry Faithful Garey, 
 who was for the full term of fifteen years, a 
 Judge of the Supreme Bench of the city of 
 Baltimore, and who died July 29, 1892. 
 Judge Garey was a son of Jeremiah Garey, 
 who came to Baltimore from Ireland before 
 the War of the Revolution, and who was one 
 of the volunteer soldiers in the defense of 
 Baltir.i.n-e in the War of 1812. Judge 
 Garc\'s wife, wild survives, was a Foree, of 
 French-llugucnut extraction, a daughter of 
 one of two brothers, officers in the French 
 Army, who were compelled with other 
 Huguenots to flee their native land and who 
 located first in Virginia, removing thence to 
 Kentucky, where Judge Garey found and 
 married his wife. Dr. Henry Foree Garey 
 received his general education in the public 
 schools of Baltimore, and at Rockhill Col- 
 lege, Ellicott City, Md. He then entered the 
 
 Washington University, now College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, from 
 which institution he was graduated in 1876. 
 He has ever since been engaged in the prac- 
 tice of his profession in Baltimore, making 
 a specialty of and being exclusively engaged 
 in the treatment of the eye and ear. Doctor 
 Garey was one of the promoters of the 
 Southern Homeopathic College and was 
 for two years one of its Faculty. He is now 
 surgeon in chief of the Homeopathic Free 
 Dispensary. He is a member of the B. P. 
 O. E. Doctor Garey was married in 1878 to 
 Clara M., daughter of Edmund Utley, of 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. She died in 1893, leaving 
 two children, Edna and Anna. Doctor 
 Garey was again married October 2, 1895, 
 to Clara, daughter of George Keck, of the 
 United States Custom House at Baltimore. 
 One child born of this union is Foree Garey. 
 Doctor Garey resides at 804 W. Fayette 
 street and has his office at 341 N. Charles 
 street. 
 
 Maj. Andke\\' Ellicott, who was a 
 grand-uncle of Mr. P. T. George, was born 
 in Bucks county. Pa., January 24, 1754, and 
 devoted the greater part of his life to the 
 service of his country. Though a member 
 of the Society of Friends, he commanded a 
 battalion of Maryland militia in the Revo- 
 lutionary War. In 1784 he was employed 
 by the State of Virginia in fixing the boun- 
 dary between that State and Pennsylvania. 
 In 1786 he w-as commissioned by the su- 
 preme executive council of Pennsylvania to 
 run the northern boundary of the State. 
 Two years later he was directed to make a 
 survey of the islands of the Allegheny and 
 Ohio rivers w-ithin the State of Pennsylva- 
 nia. This occupied about a year, after 
 
"^^tUlji^' .^^^TT^-^w.^^^^^^^-''^/-^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 
 
 633 
 
 which he was commissioned by the United 
 States Government to locate the Western 
 boundary of the State of New York, and 
 ascertain the vaHdity of the claim of that 
 State to the territory which is now the 
 northern portion of Erie county. After 
 much labor and hardship he succeeded in 
 locating the present boundary. In this im- 
 portant and responsible duty his services 
 seem to have been highly appreciated, for 
 about the time of its completion he writes: 
 "General Washington has treated me with 
 attention. The Speaker of the House and 
 the Governor of the State have constantly 
 extended to me the most flattering courtes- 
 ies." The next important service which he 
 rendered to his country was that of sur- 
 veying the District of Columbia and the 
 city of Washington, which he began in 
 i/cjo. In 1796 the Government was again 
 in need of one in whom it could place im- 
 plicit confidence, and Washington, seem- 
 ingly ever conscious of Major Ellicott's 
 sterling qualities, appointed him commis- 
 sioner to fix the boundary between the 
 United States and the Spanish American 
 possessions. During the very first month 
 of JefTerson's administration the "Father of 
 Democracy" tendered to Major Ellicott the 
 surveyor generalship of the United States, 
 which he accepted, subject to conditions of 
 his own dictation. On September i, 1813, 
 he was appointed professor of mathematics 
 in the West Point Military Academy, to 
 which place he soon afterward removed 
 with his family, and where he died August 
 28, 1820, leaving a widow and nine children. 
 Tne intelligence and active ability of Major 
 Ellicott were of inestimable value in the set- 
 tlement and development of this new coun- 
 try, and one important duty followed an- 
 
 other for a period of over forty years, in 
 which he was constantly employed in some 
 public capacity of responsibility and trust, 
 and he was never found wanting. Chief 
 among his characteristics, touching upon 
 his public life, were his true sense of duty, 
 well defined conception of personal respon- 
 sibilities, and his general upright character. 
 It was these, rather than shrewd political 
 diplomacy, which won for him the exalted 
 honors which were conferred upon him. 
 The name of Major Ellicott will go down 
 in American history an honor to his coun- 
 try, to his family and to his posterity. 
 
 In June, 1795, Ellicott and Irvine, com- 
 missioners, arrived, accompanied by a corps 
 of surveyors, and escorted by State troops, 
 under command of Capt. John Grubb, to 
 lay out the town of Erie, which was done 
 during thaj: year. Troops remained at the 
 post until 1806, but were few in number. 
 
 Philip Thomas George, senior member 
 of the firm of P. T. George & Co., was born 
 in Baltimore, January 17, 1817. He is a 
 son of the late William E. and Sarah (Elli- 
 cott) George, natives of Maryland and de- 
 scendants respectively of Welsh and Eng- 
 lish settlers of the colonies who came to 
 America with William Penn. The paternal 
 great-grandfather of Philip T. George set- 
 tled in Kent county, Md., prior to the Revo- 
 lutionary War. His son, William E. 
 George, who was born in Kent county, lo- 
 cated in Baltimore in 1800. Jonathan Elli- 
 cott, P. T. George's maternal grandfather, 
 came from Pennsylvania to Maryland late 
 in the last century, with his brothers, pur- 
 chased large tracts of land on the Patapsco 
 river in Baltimore county, and built iron 
 and flour mills on the site of what is now 
 
634 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 known as Ellicott City. Several of the 
 Ellicotts were members of the State Legis- 
 lature and it is of record that they declined 
 to accept compensation, on the ground 
 that good citizenship should include gratui- 
 tous public service. It is a further inter- 
 esting fact that in connection with the 
 history of the Ellicotts that they were in- 
 ventors of valuable devices for hoisting, 
 shifting, etc., which they would not patent 
 because they held that these ideas were 
 inspirations. Providentially intended for the 
 general good and should be disseminated 
 and profited by as widely as possible. 
 
 Bo'th the George and Ellicott families 
 were Quakers and took the high moral 
 ground that characterized the early Friends 
 in their dealings with their fellows. The 
 late William E. George, in connection with 
 Philip E. Thomas (first president B. & O. 
 R. R.), established a wholesale hardware 
 business in Baltimore under the firm name 
 of Thomas & George, and it was in the em- 
 ploy of this firm that Philip T. George re- 
 ceived his initial business education. Upon 
 attaining lii> majority he became a member 
 of the firm which was thereafter known as 
 William E. George & Son. Philip E. 
 Thomas having in the meantime retired 
 from the firm. William E. George died in 
 1840, having survived his wife several years. 
 In the fifties Philip T. George, in connec- 
 tion with the late T. Robert Jenkins, estab- 
 lished the wholesale provision business of 
 George & Jenkins, succeeded by the pres- 
 ent firm of P. T. George & Co. The 
 specialty of this firm is the manufacture of 
 hard lard by a process first conceived and 
 made use of by Mr. George. Mr. George 
 was for a number of years one of the board 
 of directors of the Farmers' and Planters' 
 
 National Bank. He was married in April, 
 1847, to Ellen, daughter of the late Josias 
 Jenkins, of Long Green Valley, Md. Mr. 
 and Mrs. George have three children, Sam- 
 uel Ellicott and Josias Jenkins George, as- 
 sociated with their father in business, and 
 Sarah, wife of Richard Cromwell, merchant, 
 of Baltimore, and president of the Mount 
 Vernon Company. The family reside at 
 703 St. Paul street and attend the Cathe- 
 dral. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Aloysius Keene was born 
 in Dorchester county, Md., June 23, 1843. 
 He is a son of the late Vachel and Mary 
 A. (Meekins) Keene, natives of Maryland 
 and descendants respectively of early Eng- 
 lish and Scotch settlers of the county. 
 Vachel Keene was in early manhood en- 
 gaged in steamboat traffic on the Missis- 
 sippi and latterly and up to the time of his 
 decease, 1885, as a planter in Dorchester 
 county. His widow survived him but two 
 weeks. Dr. Samuel A. Keene was gradu- 
 ated from Mt. St. Mary's College in 1863, 
 studied medicine under the late Drs. Rich- 
 ard McSherry and W. C. Van Bibber, and 
 graduated with the class of '65 from the 
 Maryland University Medical Department. 
 He practiced in Dorchester county until 
 1869, when he removed to Ellicott City, 
 where he remained until 1889. During this 
 I)eriod Doctor Keene was physician in 
 charge of St. Charles Woodstock Jesuit and 
 Redemptionist Colleges, the latter at Ilches- 
 ter, Hoiward county. Since 1889 he has 
 been engaged in general practice in Balti- 
 more with present office and residence at 
 1322 Lanvale street, West. Doctor Keene 
 is a member of the Baltimore Medi- 
 cal .'^ocie1y, Baltimore Clinical Societv, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 635 
 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of ]\Iary- 
 land and [Maryland University Alum- 
 nal Association. He has been active in 
 his membership in the Catholic Be- 
 nevolent Legion, serving for two years 
 as State President and for two years 
 as Supreme Representative. He is also 
 medical examiner for the Legion. He was 
 married July 24, 1866, 1x> Elleanora, daugh- 
 ter of the late John E. Applegarth, planter, 
 of Dorchester county, Md. The children 
 born of this union are Pierre G. Keene, 
 Texas agent for the National Cash Regis- 
 ter Company, of Dayton, O.; Mary Ce- 
 celia Keene, E. Starr Keene, an employe of 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company 
 at Baltimore; John V. Keene, book-keeper 
 of the John Ryan Type Foundry, Balti- 
 more, and J. Carlos and Wm. Kenneth 
 Keene. The family are members of St. 
 Pius Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 !\L-\RTi\ GiLLLT, from early manhood up 
 to the date of his decease (1837) a leading 
 merchant of Baltimore and founder of Mar- 
 tin Gillet & Co. (still existent), was born 
 December 31, 1787. He was descended 
 from Jonathan Gillet, one of two brothers, 
 who came from England with a shipload of 
 other Puritans in the ship "Mary and John," 
 which landed at Nantucket May 30, 1630. 
 The brothers Gillet settled in Dorchester, 
 Mass., removing thence to Windsor, Conn., 
 in 1636. A number of their descendants 
 were officers and soldiers in the Revolu- 
 tionary War. Martin Gillet married Eliza 
 Edwards, of Richmond, Va., February 23, 
 1808, and the same year came to Baltimore 
 where he was for several years engaged in 
 the salt business. In 1811 he established 
 the tea importing house which still bears 
 
 his name, and of which his grandsons, 
 Messrs. Isl. Gillet Gill, C. Lorraine Gill and 
 Ernest Gill, are the present proprietors, di- 
 rect successors of their father, the late Owen 
 A. Gill, a son-in-law of the late Martin 
 Gillet. [Martin Gillet was a man of un- 
 bounded energy, indomitable will and un- 
 compromising integrity; a strict and con- 
 sistent member of the Presbyterian Church 
 and a generous supporter of the congrega- 
 tion of the Third Presbyterian Church, of 
 which he was a member. He was a warm 
 personal friend and a great admirer of Doc- 
 tor Musgrave, for many years pastor of 
 the Third Church^ Three of Martin Gillet's 
 children survive. They are Joseph Gillet, 
 Mrs. Rosalva Smith and Martin Gillet. Jo- 
 seph Gillet is associated with the firm of 
 Blake Bros. & Co., of New York; Martin 
 Gillet with Howard W. Spurr & Co., .of 
 Boston, Mass., and Mrs. Rosalva Smith is 
 the widow of Joseph Dean Smith, who was 
 a member of the bar of Baltimore. Of the 
 deceased children, Eliza Adams Gillet, the 
 eldest child, married Owen A. Gill, whose 
 sons are successors to the business estab- 
 lished by their grandfather as above set 
 forth. Of these Mr. j\L Gillet Gill is one 
 of the board of directors of the Fidelity 
 Trust and Deposit Company. 
 
 Dr. J\L\RSHALL Grundy Smith was 
 born at Columbia, S. C, August 31, 1864. 
 He is a son of the late Robert T. and Pattie 
 Macon (Mason) Smith, natives of North 
 Carolina, and descendants respectively of 
 early English and French settlers of the 
 colonies. Marshall G. Smith was educated 
 in the public schools of Baltimore, studied 
 medicine under Dr. Wm. ^L [Mason, of 
 Calloway county. Ky.: was graduated from 
 
636 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the Maryland University Medical Depart- 
 ment in 1887, and has since been engaged 
 in general practice, with present office and 
 residence at 1637 W. Lexington street. 
 
 Dr. Charles French Blake was bora 
 in Athens county, O., December 13, 1866. 
 He is a son of Samuel B. and PauHne 
 (Camp) Blake, natives of Ohio and of Eng- 
 lish descent. The American Blakes are 
 lineal descendants of Admiral Blake, of the 
 English Navy. Samuel li. Blake is a re- 
 tired agriculturist of Athens county, O. 
 Dr. Charles F. Blake completed his general 
 education at Ohio University, from which 
 institution he was graduated with the class 
 of 1890. He began the study of medicine 
 under the preceptorship of his brother, Dr. 
 W. H. Blake, of Shadeville, O. In 1891 
 he came to Baltimore to enter the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons and was gradu- 
 ated in 1893. For two years thereafter he 
 was resident physician at the City Hospital 
 and has been since 1894 Demonstrator of 
 Surgery and Osteology at the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons. He is also one 
 of the staff of visiting physicians at Bay 
 \'icw Asylum. Doctor Blake is a member 
 of the Af asonic Order and Independent Or- 
 der of Odd Fellows. 
 
 CharlivS L. Marburg, manager of Mar- 
 burg Bros., branch of American Tobacco 
 Company, was born in Baltimore, October 
 29, 1842. lie is a son of the late William 
 A. and Christina (Munder) Marburg, the 
 former a native of Nassau, near Wiesbaden, 
 Germany, the latter of Baltimore and of 
 German parentage. William A. Marburg 
 was a cigar importer on an extensive scale, 
 his aggregate importations during the last 
 
 two years in which he was thus engaged 
 footing up more than sixty millions. He 
 then (1864) started his sons, Charles and 
 Louis H. Marburg, in the tobacco manu- 
 facturing business at 147 S. Charles street, 
 on a portion of the site of the present ex- 
 tensive plant. He held a partnership in- 
 terest therein but was rather an advisory 
 than active member of the firm. Subse- 
 cjuently, another son, William A. Marburg, 
 Jr., became a member of the firm, and fol- 
 lowing the decease of William A. Marburg, 
 Sr. (1873), two other sons, Albert and Theo- 
 dore, became identified as full partners in 
 the concern. Charles L. Marburg received 
 his schooling in Baltimore, supplementing 
 this with two years' attendance at a business 
 college at Wiesbaden, Germany. At the 
 early age of fourteen he became an office 
 employe of his father in the cigar importing 
 business, and was thus engaged up to the 
 breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in 
 Alexander's Battery, Baltimore Light Ar- 
 tillery, serving therewith until the close of 
 the struggle. He was captured at the second 
 battle of Winchester (General Milroy, com- 
 mander), and kept a prisoner for twenty- 
 two days. During this period (in 1864) he 
 was summoned home by his father and 
 upon being granted a few days' furlough, 
 returned to Baltimore where he was in- 
 fonned that he was to be one of the new 
 firm of Marburg Bros., tobacco manufac- 
 turers: that the business was to be carried 
 on upon two lots owned by his father and 
 one owned by himself on S. Charles street; 
 and that he was called home to deed his 
 property to the firm. This he accordingly 
 did and this was the inception of the great 
 tobacco manufacturing establishment of 
 Marburg Bros. He returned to his com- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 637 
 
 mand, remaining until the close of the war, 
 being mustered out of the service June i6, 
 1865, and on the following day took up the 
 management of the business of Marburg 
 Bros. The business of the firm grew to ex- 
 tensive proportions necessitating the erec- 
 tion in 1888 of the great structure at the 
 northeast comer of Charles and Barre 
 streets. The special manufactures of the 
 firm were high grade smoking tobaccos. 
 The business was merged into the Ameri- 
 can Tobacco Company in January, 1891, 
 Mr. Charles L. Marburg being retained as 
 manager. Wm. A. Marburg, Jr., was made 
 second vice-president at New York, and 
 Albert Marburg, manager of fine smoking 
 department. New York. Mr. Theodore 
 Marburg has retired from business and is 
 devoting his time to literary pursuits. Mr. 
 Chas. L. Marburg is one of the trustees of 
 the Academy of Sciences. Mr. Wm. A. 
 Marburg is one of the directors of the Un- 
 ion National Bank of Maryland. The fam- 
 ily residence is at 6 E. Eager street. 
 
 Dr. Robert Wright Mifflin was born 
 in Philadelphia, Pa., December 23, 1853. 
 He is a son of the late Samuel W. and Eliza- 
 beth (Martin) Mifflin, natives of Pennsyl- 
 vania and descendants of English colonial 
 settlers. The founder of the American 
 Mifflin family was John Mii^in, who came 
 from Warminster, Wiltshire, England, and 
 located at what is now Chester, Pa., in 1679. 
 One of his descendants, Thomas Mifflin, 
 was the first Governor of the State of Penn- 
 sylvania. Col. Jonathan Mifflin, Doctor 
 Mifflin's paternal grandfather, was ap- 
 pointed brigade major to General Mifflin, 
 June 29, 1776; paymaster, Sth Pennsylva- 
 nia Battalion, September 3, 1776; member 
 
 of Philadelphia Troops, Light Horse, in 
 1777; deputy quarter-master general, Con- 
 tinental Army, June 30, 1777; superintend- 
 ent of magazines, February 4, 1778. The 
 late Samuel W. Mifflin was one of the most 
 prominent civil engineers in the United 
 States and located and constructed a great 
 portion of the Pennsylvania Railroad lines 
 through the Alleghanies. He died July 26, 
 1885. Dr. Robert W. Mifflin completed 
 his general education at New London 
 Academy, Chester county. Pa., was en- 
 gaged in law publication business for three 
 years, studied medicine under the precep- 
 torship of an uncle, Dr. S. Armor; was 
 graduated from Hahnemann Medical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia, in 1876; spent the year 
 following as resident physician at Ward's 
 Hospital, New York, and in May, 1877, 
 oame to Baltimore where he has since been 
 engaged in general practice with present 
 office and residence at 1016 Madison ave- 
 nue. Doctor Mifflin is Professor of Prac- 
 tice and Medicine and lecturer on Derma- 
 tology, Southern Homeopathic College, 
 and one of the medical staff of Maryland 
 Homeopathic Hospital. He is a member 
 of the Sons of the Revolution and the Mary- 
 land Historical Society. He was married 
 November 22, 1881, to Ellen, daughter of 
 the late Samuel T. Adams, for a number of 
 years purchasing agent of the B. & O. R. R. 
 Doctor and Mrs. Mifflin have three chil- 
 dren, Robert Thornton, Jonathan Earle and 
 Cornelia. The family attend Mt. Cavalry 
 P. E. Church. Doctor Mifflin is a Quaker. 
 
 JoHx Thomas Morris, Attorney-at-Law 
 was born in Baltimore, June 4, 1827. He 
 is a son of the late Thomas and Sarah (Mc- 
 Kinnell) Morris, the former a i.iative of Ire- 
 
;38 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 land, the latter of Baltimore birth and 
 Scotch ancestry. Thomas Morris came to 
 Baltimore in early manhood and was en- 
 gaged up to the time of his decease in the 
 business of importing French burr blocks. 
 John McKinnell, maternal grandfather of 
 the immediate subject of this sketch, located 
 in Baltimore from Wigtownshire, Scotland, 
 early in the century, and was engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits in Baltimore through- 
 out his life. John T. Morris attended Long 
 Green Academy, Baltimore county, Md., 
 and then entered Pennsylvania College, 
 Gettysburg, from which institution he was 
 graduated with the class of '45. His law 
 preceptor was the late Edward Hinkley, 
 who, with his son, the late Edward Otis 
 Hinkley, and Mr. Morris, subsequently 
 formed the law firm of Edward Hinkley & 
 Son. Upon the decease of the senior mem- 
 ber the firm became that of Hinkley & 
 Morris. Edward Otis Hinkley died in 
 July, 1896, but the firm name is unchanged. 
 Mr. John Hinkley, son of the late Edward 
 Otis Hinkley, having partnership associa- 
 tion with Mr. Morris. Mr. Morris has 
 given many years' service to the city of Bal- 
 timore. In his earlier manhood he repre- 
 sented theTwelfth ward in the City Council. 
 He was one of the original Board of Fire 
 Commissioners appointed by Mayor Swann 
 to organize the present fire department. 
 He was a meml:)er of the School Board 
 for thirty-three years and for twenty-seven 
 years of this period its presiding ofificer. 
 He has been State Director of the House 
 of Refuge for thirty years ; a member of the 
 Directory of the Maryland School for the 
 Blind and secretary of the lioard for the 
 past twenty-nine years; president of the 
 Board of Directors of Marvland School for 
 
 Colored Blind and Deaf Mutes and vice- 
 president of the Improvement of the Poor 
 Association of Baltimore. He is also pres- 
 ident of the St. Andrew's Society of Mary- 
 land. I\Ir. IMorris has resided for the past 
 forty years at 313 N. Paca street and is a 
 member of the Second English Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 Edward Henry Fowler was born in 
 Nottingham, Prince George's county, Md., 
 May 20, 1834. He is a son of the late Jo- 
 seph H. and Deborah (Grififin) Fowler, na- 
 tives of Maryland, the former of Irish, the 
 latter of English descent. Edward Griffin, 
 maternal grandfather of the immediate sub- 
 ject of this sketch, was a sea captain owning 
 a line of vessels plying between Notting- 
 ham. Md., and Liverpool, England. Dur- 
 ing the War of 1812 two of these vessels 
 were sunk by the British in the Patuxent 
 river within sight of the Griffin homestead, 
 and portions of their hulks are still visible 
 at low water. Joseph H. Fowler died in 
 1846; his wife survived until February 7, 
 1890. Edward H. Fowler was educated in 
 the schools of his native county and at an 
 early age apprenticed to learn carpentry and 
 architecture. After the seven years, then 
 the regular term of apprenticeship, he be- 
 gan business as a carpenter and builder, 
 and was so employed until 1863. when he 
 accepted an appointment as clerk in the 
 Record Office of Baltimore, where he served 
 until 1868. Through this clerical work he 
 became especially equipped for the business 
 of conveyancer, which he then entered upon 
 at the suggestion and solicitation of nu- 
 merous legal friends, and in which he has 
 ever since been and is still engaged, and 
 with present office at 11 St. Paul street. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 639 
 
 Mr. Fowler served as a member of the 
 School Board from the Fifteenth ward dur- 
 ing 1866 and 1867, and as member of the 
 Cit_v Council from 1883 to 1890, serving in 
 the latter body as chairman of the Commit- j 
 tees on Education, Ways and Means, and 
 Claims. He has been since 1884 chairman 
 of the Southern District Board, the Charity 
 Organization Society of Baltimore City, 
 and is one of its Board of Managers. Mr. 
 Fowler is one of the directors of the Bal- 
 timore and Chesapeake Steamboat Co., and 
 a member of the Board of Directors 
 of the ^Maryland Penitentiary by appoint- 
 ment of Governor Lowndes. He is a 
 member of the South Baltimore Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, where he has 
 been especially active in the Sunday- 
 school since 1858 and its superintendent 
 since 1868. Mr. Fowler has been twice 
 married: October 17. 1854, to Adeline, 
 daughter of the late Joseph Fisher, mer- 
 chant, of Baltimore. Mrs. Fowler died 
 December 22, 1873, leaving three children: 
 Alice D., wife of John J. North, an em- 
 ploye in the postofifice, Baltimore; Mollie 
 C, wife of Robert North, an oyster packer, 
 of Baltimore, and Clara E.. wife of Wm. 
 Buckingham, produce merchant, of Phila- 
 delphia. Mr. Fowler's second wife, to 
 whom he was married March 11, 1875, was 
 Annie S., daughter of David Ambrose, of 
 New Hampshire. She died September 7, 
 1891. leaving a son, Rutherford. Mr. Fow- 
 ler resides at 2429 St. Paul street. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Pinkney Turner was born 
 December 18, 1871. He is a son of the late 
 Henry and Mary (Martin) Turner, the for- 
 mer a native of Maryland, and the latter 
 of North Carolina. Doctor Turner com- 
 
 pleted his general education at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Durham, N. C. then entering the 
 School of Medicine of Maryland University, 
 from which he was graduated in April, 1896. 
 He is now resident physician of the Uni- 
 versity Free Lying-in Hospital. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Douglass McCona- 
 CHiE was born at Woodstock, Ontario, 
 Canada, August 22. 1864. He is a son of 
 William and Elsie (Dunbar) McConachie, 
 natives of Aberdeen, Scotland, who located 
 in the fifties in the County Oxford, On- 
 tario, where they still reside. Dr. A. D. 
 McConachie attended the public schools 
 and Collegiate Institute of Woodstock and 
 Normal School of Toronto, receiving li- 
 cense as second class A teacher from the 
 latter institution and taking honors in two 
 institutions. He taught school for several 
 years, abandoning that avocation because 
 of impaired health, and engaging in busi- 
 ness as a commercial traveler. In 1886 he 
 entered the Dental and Medical Depart- 
 ments of Maryland University and was 
 graduated from the former in 1888 and from 
 the latter in 1890, taking the class honors 
 and being awarded the gold medal in each. 
 During 1891-2 Doctor McConachie was 
 resident physician at the Presbyterian Eye, 
 Ear and Throat Charity Hospital. In April, 
 1892, he entered into the exclusive practice 
 of treatment of the eye, ear and throat, with 
 present office and residence at 16 W. Frank- 
 lin street. Since 1892 he has been assistant 
 surgeon at;-the Presbyterian Eye, Ear and 
 Throat Charity Hospital, and Opthalmic 
 Surgeon of Bay View Asylum. He is a 
 member of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion, Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Marvland, Clinical Societv of Bahimore, 
 
640 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, 
 Maryland University Medical Society, 
 Book and Journal Club. 
 
 Joseph Harris, Supreme Treasurer of 
 Iron Hall, was born in Baltimore county, 
 Md., October 23, 1819. He is a son of the 
 late George and Eliza (Funk) Harris, the 
 former a native of Maryland, the latter of 
 Pennsylvania, and descendants respectively 
 of early English and German settlers of the 
 colonies. On the paternal side the family 
 was represented in the patriot army during 
 the Revolutionary War. George Harris 
 spent his early manhood as a farmer in 
 Batlimore county and was latterly engaged 
 in the lime business in Frederick county, 
 where he died as the result of an accident 
 in 1838. His wife survived until 1858. 
 Joseph Harris received such schooling as 
 the common schools of Frederick county 
 afforded and then followed farming for four 
 years. He began to learn the trades of 
 weaving and cabinet-making, but aban- 
 doned both because he foresaw that ma- 
 chine work would speedily supplant hand 
 labor in those industries. He then learned 
 tailoring, came to Baltimore in 1841, en- 
 gaged in journey work for one year and 
 then, with a partner, established a merchant 
 tailoring business at 46 N. Howard street, 
 under the firm name of Dulaney & Harris. 
 This partnership was dissolved in i860, the 
 same members of the firm continuing at 
 the old location, Mr. Harris establishing 
 branches at 52 X. Ifowanl street, where he 
 remained until 1866. After a year's rest he 
 re-engaged in the same business in partner- 
 ship association under the firm name of 
 Harris & Dorsch, at 15 N. Eutaw street, 
 and was so engaged up to January, 1893, 
 
 when he retired from the firm to assume 
 the duties of his present office, to which he 
 was elected in 1892. Mr. Harris was a 
 member of the State Legislature, session of 
 1865, and has been one of the Commission- 
 ers of Perkins Spring Square since 1872, 
 the date of the beginning of its occupancy 
 by the city. He is a member of the Ma- 
 sonic Fraternity, the I. O. O. F. and Sons 
 of Jonadab, and treasurer of Zeta Conclave, 
 No. 6, Improved Order of Heptasophs. 
 He was married July 27, 1845, to Eliza A., 
 daughter of the late Samuel Hobbs, who 
 was a machinist in the employ of the B. & 
 O. R. R.. from its organization up to his 
 decease. One daughter born of this mar- 
 riage, Emma, died at the age of eleven years 
 and six months. Mrs. Harris died October 
 24, 1891. Mr. Harris resides at 624 George 
 street. 
 
 M.\j. Alex.wder Shaw was born at 
 Long Branch, N. J., in 1836. His father, 
 Rev. John K. Shaw, was a distinguished 
 Methodist minister, who while presiding 
 elder of the New Jersey district, projected 
 the Pennington Seminar\^ now a prosper- 
 ous and prominent educational institution. 
 Mai. Alexander Shaw came to Maryland 
 at twenty years of age and located in Alle- 
 gany county, where he became interested 
 in coal development. He was successively 
 Superintendent, General Manager, Vice- 
 President and President of the leading coal 
 companies of Allegany county. When the 
 war broke out, Allegany county was one of 
 the first to respond to the call for troops. 
 Alexander Shaw was first captain of Com- 
 pany A, and was afterwards promoted to 
 major of the Potomac Home Guards, offi- 
 cially known as Second Maryland Regular 
 

 X 
 
 #?,■ 
 
 ^-■^ 
 
 J'iU^c^lJfij ^AAAMI) 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 641 
 
 ^'o'.^nteer Infantry, which took part in sev- 
 eral engagements, among them the battle of 
 Romney Bridge. Soon after the war, Major 
 Shaw came to Baltimore and established the 
 wholesale coal firm of Shaw Bros., from 
 which he retired in 1893. He is now Presi- 
 dent of the Cumberland and Elk Lick Coal 
 Company, director in the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad Company, Bank of Baltimore, 
 Eutaw Savings Bank, Mercantile Trust and 
 Deposit Company, Baltimore City Passen- 
 ger Railway Company, and West Virginia 
 Oil Company, and is connected with many 
 educational and charitable institutions in 
 official capacities. He is a Republican and 
 was his party's candidate for Alayor in 1889. 
 He went through this, a warmly-contested 
 political campaign without having a single 
 charge against his record as a citizen or a 
 business man or a political partisan. His 
 wife was ]\Iiss Mary Hutson, daughter of a 
 leading farmer of Allegany county. The 
 family's city residence is on Eutaw Place, 
 and the country estate is the old Hutson 
 estate, between Cumberland and Piedmont. 
 
 Dr. Delancey Heathcote Barclay 
 was born in Baltimore, June 19, 1854. He 
 is a son of Walter C. and Grace (Douglass) 
 Barclay, the former a native of New York, 
 but an English subject, his father, an officer 
 in the English Navy, being stationed at 
 New York at the time of his birth. His 
 wife, a native of Baltimore, is of Scotch de- 
 scent, the daughter of Richard Henry 
 Douglass, for many years one of the leading 
 wholesale merchants of Baltimore, with 
 large shipping interests. Walter C. Bar- 
 clay was English Vice-Consul at Baltimore 
 for a number of years and up to the break- 
 ing out of the Civil War. Dr. Delancey H. 
 
 Barclay attended the public schools of Bal- 
 timore, was graduated from New York 
 Homeopathic Medical College in 1876, and 
 has since been engaged in general .practice 
 in Baltimore with present office and resi- 
 dence at 220 W. Monument street. He was 
 for a number of years connected with the 
 Baltimore Homeopathic Dispensary and 
 Hospital. Doctor Barclay married Sophia, 
 daughter of the late James Saulsbury, of 
 Baltimore. Doctor and Mrs. Barclay have 
 two children, Grace and Louis, and are com- 
 municants of the Grace Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church. 
 
 William A. House, Vice-President and 
 General Alanager of Baltimore Consoli- 
 dated Railway Company, was born in Balti- 
 more, March 26, i860. He is a son of the 
 late William A. House, for many years a 
 wholesale coal merchant of this citv. Wil- 
 liam A. House, Jr., received his initial 
 training in the public schools of Baltimore 
 and completed his education at Loyola Col- 
 lege. In 1879 he became one of the office 
 employes of the People's Passenger Railway 
 Company, and was soon recognized as a 
 valuable attache of the company. He was 
 successively promoted in the various subor- 
 dinate positions of the service until 1884, 
 when, upon the company's reorganization 
 under the name of the People's Railway 
 he was elected Secretary and General Man- 
 ager. Upon the consolidation in 1889 of 
 the People's and Citizens" Railway Com- 
 panies, under the name of the Baltimore 
 Traction Company, Mr. House was elected 
 General Manager of the system. Under his 
 able and vigorous management there were 
 added to the properties of the company the 
 lines of the Pimlico & Pikesville, North Bal- 
 
.6i-. 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYU^ 
 
 timore Passenger, Baltimore & Curtis Bay, 
 Walbrook and Gwynn Oak and Old Pow- 
 hatan Railway Companies. Upon the res- 
 ignation of ex-Governor Frank Brown 
 from the presidency of the company, Mr. 
 House was elected July 27, 1896, his suc- 
 cessor, being then thirty-six years of age 
 and the youngest railroad President in the 
 United States. On June 17, 1897, the Bal- 
 timore Traction and City & Suburban Com- 
 panies were consolidated as the Baltimore 
 Consolidated Railway Company and Mr. 
 House was elected to the position he now 
 holds, that of Vice-President and General 
 Manager. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Claggett Chew was born 
 in Baltimore in 1837. He is a son of Dr. 
 Samuel Chew, a native of Calvert county, 
 Md., (1806), a graduate of Princeton, 
 and the medical department of Maryland 
 University, and for many years of the Fac- 
 ulty of the latter institution. He died in De- 
 cember, 1863. 
 
 Samuel C. Chew was graduated from 
 Princeton with the class of '56, and from the 
 medical department of Maryland Univer- 
 sity, class of '58. He is a member of the 
 American IMedical Association, and the 
 chairman of Lectures on Necrology, 1874; 
 Baltimore Academy of Medicine and one of 
 its Executive Committee, 1880; Vice-Presi- 
 dent Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland, 1878, and President, 1880; Pro- 
 fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 and Clinical Medicine, medical department 
 of Maryland University since 1864. and 
 member of the -Academy of Science, 1876. 
 
 Rrxiox Af. Ridgelv, .\ttorney-at-Law, 
 i)orn in Baltimore countv; son of Gustavus 
 
 Warfield and Camilla Hammond (McKean) 
 Ridgely, descendants of early English and 
 Scotch-Irish settlers of Maryland. Charles 
 Ridgely, great-grandfather of Ruxton M. 
 Ridgely, was a member of the Legislature 
 for twenty-seven years, and for thirteen 
 years of this period, was Speaker of that- 
 body. 
 
 Ruxtou M. Ridgely was educated in pri- 
 vate schools of Baltimore and Johns Hop- 
 kins University; graduated from the law 
 department of the Maryland University in 
 1 89 1, and has since been engaged in the 
 practice of his profession with offices in the 
 Fidelity Building, Baltimore. 
 
 Dr. William Edward Moseley was 
 born at Petersham, Mass., May 22, 1848. 
 He is a son of the late Charles Benjamin 
 and Emeline (Foster) Moseley, natives of 
 Massachusetts and descendants of early 
 English settlers of New England. The 
 founder of the American Moseley family 
 was John ]Moseley, who settled at Dor- 
 chester, Mass., in 1629. He, with others, 
 gave land for and endowed the first public 
 school building in Massachusetts. His 
 great-grandson, Nathaniel Moseley, mar- 
 ried in 1742, Sarah Capen, great-great- 
 granddaughter of John Alden, of May- 
 flower fame. Jonathan Buckland, great- 
 great-grandfather, and Nathaniel Moseley, 
 great-grandfather of Doctor Moseley, were 
 soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Wil- 
 liam E. Moseley received his initial train- 
 ing in the public schools of Medford, Mass., 
 and completed his general education at An- 
 tioch (O.) College. He studied medicine 
 at Plarvard L'uiversity, being a member of 
 the first Vdhmtary three years' course class 
 of thai institution, from which he was grad- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 (U3 
 
 iiated in June, 1874. During '72-3 he was 
 assistant at Boston Lunatic Hospital and in 
 charge of Hospital for j\Iale Paupers, Island 
 Rainsford, Boston Harbor. In 1873-4 he 
 was of the house staff of Massachusetts Gen- 
 eral Hospital. In November of 1874 he lo- 
 cated in Baltimore, where he engaged in 
 general practice until 1881, when he be- 
 came attached to the house staff of the 
 Woman's Hospital, New York. Return- 
 ing to Baltimore the following year he re- 
 sumed practice, now devoting most of his 
 time to gynecological and obstetrical work 
 with present office and residence at S. W. 
 Corner Monument and Howard streets. 
 Doctor Moseley was for five years gyne- 
 cologist of Union Protestant Infirmary. He 
 is a member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland, ex-President of the 
 Clinical Society of Maryland; ex-President 
 of Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, 
 of Baltimore, a member and one of the 
 Council of the American Gynecological 
 Society. President Harvard Club, of Mary- 
 land, and ex-President of Alumni Asso- 
 ciation, of New York Woman's Hospital. 
 He was married May 22, 1879, to Eliza- 
 l)eth B., daughter of the late Dr. Wil- 
 liam Riley, of Baltimore. Two children 
 born of this marriage, William E., Jr.. and 
 Addis Emmet, are students at Marston's 
 University School. In August, 1897, he 
 was elected to the chair of diseases of 
 women and children in the Baltimore Medi- 
 cal College and was made Gynecologist to 
 the Maryland General Hospital. 
 
 James Menzies Vaxs.\nt, Clerk of the 
 Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore, was 
 born in Baltimore, January 5. 1840. He is 
 a son of the late Hon. Joshua and Mary Ann 
 
 (Menzies) A'ansant, the former a native of 
 Kent county, Md., and of Hollandese ex- 
 traction, the latter a Bostonian by birth and 
 of Scotch ancestry. The American Van- 
 sants are descendants of three brothers Van- 
 sant, Quakers, who left Holland during the 
 closing years of the seventeenth century. 
 Joshua Vansant, great-grandfather of the 
 immediate subject of this sketch, was born in 
 Kent county, Md., in 1736; his son, Joshua, 
 was born in the same county in 1776, and 
 his son, also Joshua, also a native of Kent 
 county, born December 31, 1803. The last 
 named came to Baltimore with his father's 
 family about 1815, became a leading mer- 
 chant and a valued and valuable citizen, was 
 prominently identified with the general in- 
 terests and contributed in a material way 
 and in a variety of directions to the growth 
 and development of Baltimore, and held 
 numerous offices of public trust, but few of 
 emolument. He was one of the electors of 
 the Senate in 1836; a member of the State 
 Legislature in 1845, and a member of Con- 
 gress from 1853 to 1855. In his candidacy 
 for re-election to Congre'ss he was defeated 
 by the Know-Nothings, that being the year 
 of the inception of Baltimore's troublous 
 times of riot. He was Mayor of Baltimore 
 from 1 87 1 to 1875, and Comptroller from 
 1876 up to the time of his decease, April 
 7, 1884. He was chaimian of the Building 
 Committee of the City Hall, which struc- 
 ture was built and furnished at a cost of sev- 
 eral hundred thousand dollars less than the 
 appropriation for the building alone, which 
 most unique result in the history of public 
 buildings was in no small measure due to 
 the zeal, watchfulness and business capacity 
 of Mr. Vansant. His wife died in 1877. 
 Their son, James M. \'aiisant, was educated 
 
644 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in the public scliools of Baltimore and when 
 seventeen years of age entered the employ 
 of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, with 
 which company he continued to be indenti- 
 fied until 1890, except for two years, 1876 
 to 1878, during which he was engaged in 
 the retail hat business with his brother, Jo- 
 seph Vansant, under the firm name of Van- 
 sant & Bro. As an employe of the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Mr. Vansant was promoted 
 from time to time, his last position being 
 that of cashier at Washington, D. C. In 
 1892 he was temporarily engaged in the li- 
 cense department of the Clerk's office of the 
 Court of Common Pleas. Upon the death 
 of James Claypoole, he was appointed writ 
 clerk, which position he held until 1895, 
 when upon the death of James Y. Claypoole, 
 he was made Clerk of Insolvency. This po- 
 sition he held but a short time, when, upon 
 the death of John T. Gray, Clerk of the 
 Court of Common Pleas, Mr. Vansant was 
 on November 16, 1895, appointed by the Su- 
 preme Bench as Mr. Gray's successor, 
 which position he still holds. J\Ir. Vansant 
 is a stalwart Democrat and has since attain- 
 ing his majority been actively identified 
 with the interests and work of his party. He 
 is a member of the I. O. O. F. and Order of 
 the Golden Chain. He was married October 
 30, 1877, to Ida, daughter of George W. 
 Hussell for a number of years connected 
 with the Duryea and now with the National 
 Starch Company. Mr. and Mrs. \'ansant 
 have three children, Joshua H., Hiram D. 
 and James M. Vansant, Jr., reside at 1413 
 W. Mulberry street, and are members of St. 
 Luke's Episcopal Church. 
 
 Eur.ENE Levering and his twin brother, 
 Josliua Levering, were born in Baltimore, 
 
 September 12, 1845. They are sons of the 
 late Eugene Levering, who was also born 
 in Baltimore in 1819. The founder of the 
 American family of Leverings was Wigard 
 Levering, who came to the colonies and 
 settled in Germantown, Pa., in 1685. The 
 family is a large one, no fewer than five 
 hundred persons bearing the name of Lev- 
 ering are interred in the suburbs of Phila- 
 delphia. The descendants of Wigard Lev- 
 ering and those of his brother, Gerhard, 
 who settled in the West, number several 
 thousand. The father of the first Lever- 
 ings to settle in America was a Frenchman 
 and a Huguenot. His Huguenot name 
 was Rosier. He fled from his home to es- 
 cape persecution, and found a refuge in 
 Westphalia, where he married, and where 
 Wigard and Gerhard were bom. 
 
 The late Eugene Levering founded the 
 firm of Levering & Co., in 1842. with his 
 brother, Frederick A. The business they 
 carried on embraced sugar as well as coiTee. 
 They had a large Southern trade when the 
 war broke out. causing them severe losses. 
 They compromised with their creditors at 
 fifty cents on the dollar, but in a few years 
 their prosperity was restored, and they vol- 
 untarily settled up the balance, which ex- 
 ceeded $100,000. 
 
 Frederick A. Levering died in 1866. and 
 Eugene took his sons, William T., Joshua 
 and Eugene, into partnership with him, 
 changing the firm name to E. Levering & 
 Co. Gradually other interests were 
 dropped, until the business was confined 
 entirely to the cofifee trade, importing and 
 jobbing, as now. Their father died in 1870, 
 but his will reciuircd the sons to carry on 
 the work of the firm as usual for five years, 
 leavinn- evervthino- at the risk of the hu?i- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 645 
 
 ness. When the estate was settled up, in 
 1 8/5, its value had Iiecome largely aug- 
 mented. 
 
 Eugene and Joshua Levering are most 
 intimately associated. There is but twenty 
 minutes difference in their ages, Eugene be- 
 ing the senior. 
 
 Eugene was the first of the two to be 
 honored with a nomination by the Prohibi- 
 tion party. That was in 1886. Prior to 
 that he had been a Democrat on national 
 questions, as had also his brother, Joshua. 
 The latter was vice-president of a Cleveland 
 meeting in 1884. 
 
 Until 1884, IMaryland never ran a regu- 
 lar Prohibition ticket. Then the National 
 Convention named William Daniel for 
 Vice-President as St. John's running mate. 
 The showing made by the party here in that 
 year deeply impressed the Levering broth- 
 ers, Joshua and Eugene, who had always 
 been practical teetotalers and when the 
 Congressional campaign of 1886 arrived, 
 they felt it their duty to give the movement 
 their support. There were divisions in both 
 the Democratic and Republican parties that 
 year, which had a stimulating effect upon 
 the Prohibitionists. Eugene Levering was 
 selected as the Fourth District candidate for 
 Congress. He received 1,692 votes — more 
 than Weatherby, the Republican candidate, 
 whose following amounted to 1,569. Ray- 
 ner, Democrat, received 14,750 votes, and 
 Findlay, Independent, 7,226. The Prohi- 
 bition Presidential ticket in 1884 received 
 but 629 votes in that district. In 1891 
 Joshua Levering was the Prohibition can- 
 didate for State Comptroller. He received 
 5,443 votes, running 323 votes ahead of his 
 ticket. 
 
 Joshua, in the meantime, had shown 
 
 more disposition for politics than Eugene. 
 No step was taken without consultation 
 with him, and he was never too busy to 
 spare some time to the cause. The contri- 
 butions to the campaign funds by both 
 brothers were always on hand when most 
 needed. It was with Joshua Levering's 
 strength as a candidate demonstrated in 
 Maryland that his friends, Higgins and 
 Tucker, started with the Maryland delega- 
 tion to the National Convention at Cincin- 
 nati in 1892, bearing a banner, upon the 
 face of which was a large portrait of Mr. 
 Levering, underneath which was the in- 
 scription: "For Vice-President." But in 
 the convention the report was circulated 
 that he was at the head of a big coffee trust, 
 with the result that Cranfield, of Texas, 
 secured the nomination. In 1896 he was 
 the Prohibition nominee for the Presidency. 
 
 He is identified with a great variety of 
 interests. He is the financier of his firm. 
 Few of his business associates have cooler 
 or larger heads than he. He never makes 
 up his mind in a hurry, but when he arrives 
 at a conclusion he will adhere to it. 
 
 Since he became president of the Young 
 Men's Christian Association its usefulness 
 has been greatly increased. He is presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trustees of the House 
 of Refuge, and superintendent of the Eutaw 
 Place Baptist Church Sunday-school, and 
 a director of the Maryland Trust Co. 
 
 Eugene Levering built Levering Hall 
 and presented it to the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity, and endowed a course of lectures. 
 He established the Workingmen's Resi- 
 dential Club. He is a deacon of Eutaw 
 Place Baptist Church, and is President of 
 the National Bank of Connnerce; also Pres- 
 
646 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 i3ent of the Board of Trade and Director of 
 the Baltimore Trust and Guaranty Co. 
 
 Before Joshua and Eugene married it is 
 said they were hardly ever apart for two 
 hours. What one did the other endorsed. 
 The twins look very much alike. Joshua, 
 however, is distinguished by his side-whis- 
 kers. Both are generous, and it is a rare 
 thing that either refuses an appeal for aid 
 for a worthy cause. Their city homes are 
 on Eutaw Place, a few doors from each 
 other. 
 
 Dr. Wirt Adam Duvall was born in 
 Anne Arundel county, Md., October 21, 
 1863. He is a son of Judge Grafton and 
 Mary Rebecca (Sullivan) Duvall, natives of 
 IMaryland and descendants respectively of 
 early French-Huguenot and English set- 
 tlers of the colony. Of the former family, 
 one of its members, Gabriel Duvall, was on 
 the Supreme Bench of the United States, 
 and of the latter family, several of its mem- 
 bers were soldiers in the Continental Army 
 during the Revolutionary War. Judge 
 Grafton Duvall is Chief Judge of the Or- 
 phans' Court of Anne Arundel. He is a 
 Democrat and has been active in his identi- 
 fication with his party's interests and work 
 in Anne Arundel county. .\t twenty-one 
 years of age he was his party's candidate 
 for the Legislature, was Journal Clerk of 
 the State Legislature during the session of 
 '72. Dr. Wirt A. Duvall completed his 
 general education at St. John's College, An- 
 napolis, in 1885, M. A. 1895, and was 
 graduate<l from the medical dcpartmeiU 
 of the Maryland University in 1888. 
 During 1889-90 he was Assistant Demon- 
 strator of Anatomy at ]\Inryland University 
 un<lcr Dr. Herbert Harlan; in 1893-4-s, 
 
 Demonstrator of Osteology and Prosector 
 at Baltimore Medical College and Dem- 
 onstrator of Anatomy in the University 
 of Maryland. He is a member of the 
 Baltimore IMedical and Surgical Associa- 
 tion and Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
 of Maryland. He was married October 
 30, 1888, to Roxanna Louise, daughter 
 of Capt. William Mitchell, of Baltimore. 
 Captain IMitchell served throughout the 
 late war as a Union soldier. He is 
 now traveling manager of the National Am- 
 monia Company. Dr. and Mrs. Duvall 
 have four children, Helen FrankUn, Graf- 
 ton, Roxanna and Wirt; reside at 1609 Ed- 
 mondson avenue, and are members of .\11 
 Saints' Episcopal Church, of which Doctor 
 Duvall is a vestryman. 
 
 Dr. James C. Hummer was born in Lou- 
 don county, Va., October 10, 1833. He is 
 a son of the late Washington and Martena 
 
 B. (Fox) Hummer, natives of Virginia, the 
 former a son of William Hummer, a soldier 
 in the Revolutionary War. Washington 
 Hummer was for twenty years presiding 
 magistrate of Loudon county. Dr. James 
 
 C. Hummer was educated under Prof. 
 Jonas Potts, then a private tutor in Hills- 
 boro', Loudon county, Va., and .^ul.)se- 
 cjuently of the faculties of various educa- 
 tional institutions. Doctor Hummer entered 
 Virginia Conference of the M. E. Church, 
 South, in 1854, remained in traveling con- 
 nection with that until the close of the war, 
 when he was transferred to Baltimore Con- 
 ference until 1879, having charges succes- 
 sively in Princess Anne Circuit, Ports- 
 mouth, Middlesex Circuit, King William 
 Circuit, Indian Ridge Circuit, Alexandria 
 Mission, Hagerstown and Frederick. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 647 
 
 While installed with the latter charge in 
 1873, his health failed and he was compelled 
 to retire from active ministrations. In that 
 year he came to Baltimore and officiated as 
 missionary to the j\l. E. Church, South, at- 
 tached to Trinity Church. In 1879 he was 
 elected superintendent of an independent 
 missionary movement, known as Gospel 
 Church of Highways, and was engaged in 
 that service until 1885, since which time he 
 has been a member of the United Evangeli- 
 cal Church of the Central Pennsylvania 
 Conference. As early as 1871 Doctor Hum- 
 mer became interested in the study of Ho- 
 meopathy and in now engaged in the prac- 
 tice of medicine. He was married January 
 18, 1856, to Anna A., daughter of the late 
 James and Amelia Whaley, of Loudon 
 county, Va. Two children born of this 
 marriage survive: Alice A., wife of George 
 E. Cole, of Washington, D. C, and Ernest 
 E. Hummer, manufacturer of Hummer's 
 Medical Specific Co. Dr. and Mrs. Hum- 
 mer and son reside at 621 N. Carrollton 
 
 Dr. Vernon Lee Norwood was born 
 in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1862. He is a 
 son of the late Rufus Norwood and Anna 
 (Hyott) Norwood, natives of Montgomery 
 county, Md., and descendants of very early 
 settlers of that county. Rufus Norwood 
 located in Baltimore about 1843 and en- 
 gaged in manufacturing and lumber deal- 
 ing and was at his decease, November 24, 
 1891, a member of the firm of Theodore 
 Mottu & Co. He was the inventor and 
 improver of a number of articles useful in 
 character — among them a patent paving- 
 block, the original of what is now the com- 
 pressed asphalt paving-block — and an im- 
 
 provement. His widow survives and re- 
 sides with her son. Vernon L,. Norwood 
 was educated in the public schools of Bal- 
 timore and was graduated from the City 
 College in 1881. For two years thereafter he 
 was engaged in book-keeping, then enter- 
 ing the School of Medicine of the Maryland 
 University from which institution he was 
 graduated in 1885. During the following 
 year he was with Baltimore Institute for 
 Nervous Diseases, and also of the Baltimore 
 Polyclinic as assistant to the Professor on 
 General Practice. He was then Chief of 
 Clinics to the Professor of Surgery of the 
 Maryland University. Doctor Norwood has 
 been eight years visiting physician to the 
 Aged Men's and Women's Home. His resi- 
 dence and office are at 939 \\\ Fayette 
 street. He was married November 20, 1895, 
 to Miss Fanny B. K., daughter of Wm. H. 
 Thomas, retired merchant of Baltimore. 
 Doctor Norwood is a member of and one of 
 the Board of Trustees of the Harlem Ave- 
 nue Christian Church. 
 
 Hance Wilson Brown Reid, Chief 
 Deputy Clerk of the Criminal Court of Bal- 
 timore, was born in Baltimore, February 
 5, 1847. He is a son of the late William 
 and Agnes Jane (Brown) Reid, natives of 
 Ireland, who came to the United States in 
 1841 shortly after their marriage, locating 
 in B'altimore, where Mr. Reid was engaged 
 as a carpenter and builder up to the time 
 of his decease in 1885. His widow resides 
 in Baltimore. Their son. Hance W. B. 
 Reid, was educated in the public schools 
 and City College of Baltimore, and then en- 
 tered into the retail jewelry business, in 
 which he continued to be engaged until 
 1888, when he became Secretary of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Board of Supervisors of Elections, a posi- 
 tion which he resigned November, 1891, to 
 accept that of which he is the incumbent. 
 Chief Deputy Clerk of the Criminal Court. 
 Mr. Reid is a member of the bar by gradua- 
 tion in 1896 from the Baltimore University 
 Law School. He was married January 5, 
 1877, to Mary A. L., daughter of the late 
 Thomas Willis, carpenter, of Baltimore. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Reid reside at 15 19 W. Lom- 
 bard street and attend Franklin Square 
 Presbyterian Church, of the Board of Trus- 
 tees of which Mr. Reid is a member. 
 
 Alfred J. Schulz, Clerk of Circuit 
 Court No. 2, of Baltimore, was born in 
 Baltimore, October 27, 1843. He is a son 
 of the late Wm. M. and Wilhelmina (Petry) 
 Schulz, the former a native of Wurtemberg 
 and the latter of Baden, Germany. Wil- 
 liam M. Schulz was born in 1789, and after 
 receivin.fj a liberal education entered the 
 army and had been promoted to the position 
 of a stafif officer, when, in 1831, through 
 expressed sympathy with the revolutionists 
 of that period, he was compelled to flee his 
 native land. He came to the United States 
 and located in Baltimore where there were 
 then no Herman lawyers and where he 
 earned a livelihood for some years as con- 
 fidential Ijusiness and legal adviser to Ger- 
 man citizens, and later in mercantile pur- 
 suits. He died in 1873, his wife surviving 
 him five years. Their son, Alfred J. Schulz, 
 received hi.s education in public and private 
 schools in Baltimore, and upon attaining 
 his majority, established himself in business. 
 In 1869 he established himself in business 
 as a confectioner and is now proprietor of 
 t!ie store at 1081 W. Fayette street. He 
 is a Republican in politics and has actively 
 
 identified himself with the party organiza- 
 tion since 1887. representing the Fourteenth 
 ward in State Central Committee. He was 
 nominated for Council in 1888, but was de- 
 feated owing to party dissensions. He uas 
 elected to his present position in 1895 by a 
 majority of more than 6,000. He is a Ma- 
 son and a Knight of Pythias; resides at 
 506 N. Arlington avenue and attends the 
 German Lutheran Church. 
 
 RuFus Woods, President of the Mer- 
 chants' and Manufacturers' Fire Insurance 
 Company of Baltimore, was born in West- 
 minster, Md., May 30, 1830. He is a son 
 of the late Elias and Mary (Overdorfif) 
 Woods, the former of English, the latter of 
 German descent. His father dying during 
 his early childhood and leaving him en- 
 tirely unprovided for necessitated the be- 
 ginning of a struggle for existence on his 
 part at a very tender age. He was willing 
 and industrious, found employment, and 
 retained the friendship of his employers, 
 and by the time he had attained his ma- 
 jority had succeeded in acquiring a sulv 
 stantial business and reasonable general ed- 
 ucation. He located in Baltimore in 1857, 
 entering the employ of Fink & Bro., whole- 
 sale grocers, at Eutaw and Franklin streets. 
 Nine years later he became a partner in 
 the business which was thereafter and up 
 to its dissolution in 1892 conducterl under 
 the firm name of Fink, Bro. & Co. 
 
 Mr. Woods had had close association 
 with a number of important business in- 
 terests of Baltimore. He assisted in estab- 
 lishing in 1877, and was connected until 
 1882, with the Merchants' Refinery. He is 
 a large stockholder in the Enterprise Coffee 
 Co. T^e has partnership as.sociation with 
 
yr^^^tyt^^(^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Thornton Rollins in the ownership of ves- 
 sels which export flour to and import coffee 
 from Rio Janeiro. He is one of the direc- 
 tors of the People's Bank, and one of the 
 founders and since its incorporation, Presi- 
 dent, of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' 
 Fire Insurance Co. He is unmarried, a 
 member of the German Reformed Church, 
 and resides at 1413 Madison avenue. 
 
 Dr. Charles Rawlins Davis was born 
 at Mount Airy, Carroll county, Md., No- 
 vember 19, 1858. He is a son of George 
 H. and Margaret (Waters) Davis, natives of 
 Maryland, of English descent. George H. 
 Davis, who now resides with his son, Doc- 
 tor Davis, was a farmer of Carroll county 
 and his son followed the same vocation from 
 the close of his school days up to 1887, 
 when he began the study of medicine under 
 the preceptorship of Dr. S. R. Waters. In 
 1887, Charles R. Davis came to Bahimore, 
 entered Maryland University Medical De- 
 partment, was graduated in 1890 and for a 
 year thereafter was assistant to Professor 
 Tiffany in the surgical box of the Univer- 
 sity Hospital. He is now practicing medi- 
 cine, with offices and residence at 633 Car- 
 rollton avenue. Doctor Davis is a member 
 of the I. O. O. F. 
 
 Miles White was born in Perquiman's 
 county, N. C, August 30, 1792. His pa- 
 rents, Francis and Miriam White, were de- 
 scendants of the early converts in that State 
 to the doctrines of George Fox, the founder 
 of the religious Society of Friends. The 
 second meeting of that society for religious 
 worship in North Carolina was held in the 
 dwelling of one of Mr. White's ancestors, 
 who was a member of the Provincial Gov- 
 
 ernors' Council in the year 1682. His 
 dwelling continued to be used for that pur- 
 pose until the erection upon his lands of a 
 meeting house, which was occupied for wor- 
 ship by the Society of Friends in that dis- 
 trict for more than a hundred years, when 
 it was destroyed by a hurricane. Mean- 
 while other like houses of worship were 
 erected in the country, and the religious So- 
 ciety of Friends increased in numbers and 
 strength. The establishment of this faith 
 in that quarter was mainly due to the efforts 
 of William Edmundson, a noted minister, 
 who came over to this country with George 
 Fox; and it was under his auspices that 
 the primitive meeting which took place in 
 the dwelling of Mr. White's ancestor was 
 held. Mr. White, adhering to the faith and 
 traditions of his family, was a zealous and 
 prominent member of the orthodox relig- 
 ious Society of Friends. Early in life he 
 inherited a number of slaves; but, being 
 conscientiously opposed to slavery, freed 
 them all. He assisted some of them to emi- 
 grate to Liberia and induced others to seek 
 their fortunes in the free States. Mr. 
 White's first residence was in the country, 
 where he was engaged in agricultural pur- 
 suits, but even there the natural activity 
 of his mind attracted him to stirring busi- 
 ness occupation. He removed to Elizabeth 
 City, in his native State, in 1830, where he 
 soon became largely and successfully en- 
 gaged in mercantile and commercial pur- 
 suits. He occupied himself in part in the 
 coasting trade, and that with the West In- 
 dies: and it is worthy of remark that al- 
 though in the business in which he was 
 engaged at that time, a trade in ardent 
 spirits might have been carried on exten- 
 sively and profitably, he persistently fore- 
 
650 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 bore, on ground of public policy, and from 
 conscientious scruples, from dealing at all 
 in what he considered to be a pernicious ar- 
 ticle of commerce. With a fortune consid- 
 erably increased by his mercantile business, 
 Mr. White removed in 1849 to Baltimore. 
 The then recent discoveries of gold in Cali- 
 fornia and Australia attracted much of his 
 attention and consideration. His natural 
 sagacity of mind, aided by reading and re- 
 flection upon the effects of like causes upon 
 prices and values, as illustrated by differ- 
 ent epochs in the history of England and 
 this country, led him to the conviction, 
 upon which he was prompt and bold to act, 
 that a rise in the value of real property in 
 this country was sure to follow upon the 
 infusion of so large an amount of the pre- 
 cious metals into its currency. He there- 
 fore at once embarked his fortune in the 
 purchase of Government bonds in the West, 
 in lots in Western cities, and in the citv 
 of Baltimore, in the growth and develop- 
 ment of which place in size and business 
 he had implicit faith. He traveled in the 
 West, and made his investments in land and 
 lots with singular sagacity and self-reliance. 
 His foresight and judgment were rewarded, 
 in many instances by an enormous increase 
 in the value of his purchases. In Balti- 
 more, the city of his adoption, his opera- 
 tions in real estate were most extensive and 
 successful, and of such a character as to 
 add to the material growth and prosperity 
 of the city. Vacant property in which his 
 investments were large did not remain idle 
 in his hands, many himdreds of dwelling 
 houses being built thereupon, thus adding 
 to the wealth and beauty of the city and 
 serving to promote the comfort and supply 
 the wants of its growing population. Mr. 
 
 White's interest in the improvement of Bal- 
 timore was not confined to the increase and 
 extension of handsome and comfortable 
 dwellings for the living, but was further 
 manifested in the establishment and proper 
 management of the "cities of the dead." 
 He was stockholder and manager of Green- 
 mount Cemetery for many years, and Pres- 
 ident of the Baltimore Cemetery, resigning 
 the latter position upon becoming President 
 of the People's Bank. 
 
 Miles White was mostly known as a suc- 
 cessful financier and one of Baltimore's 
 wealthiest citizens, but to those who were 
 most closely related to him in business and 
 social life, his crowning characteristic was 
 a benevolent heart, which never displayed 
 itself in ostentatious forms, but in generous 
 effusion through channels calculated to pro- 
 duce the greatest good. Besides his per- 
 sonal acts of charity he gave liberally to 
 public organized efforts to educate and im- 
 priove his city and humanity. He was one 
 of the most generous supporters of the 
 many religious, charitable and educational 
 institutions r.nder the fostering care of the 
 Society of Friends. Among those to whose 
 success and efificiency he greatly con- 
 tributed should be mentioned the Friends' 
 Federal Hill Mission, Baltimore, and the 
 Friends' Educational Society, High Point, 
 Randolph county, N. C. In his will he left 
 $100,000 to found "The Miles White Bene- 
 ficial Society of Baltimore City," the ob- 
 ject of which as stated in the articles of in- 
 corporation is to "promote piety and Chris- 
 tianity (especially by the disseminatiom of 
 books and tracts), to extend aid to the 
 young in their religious, moral and intel- 
 lectual training and education, and to re- 
 lieve the deserving poor." 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 651 
 
 In his personal and domestic life, Mr. 
 White was studiously exact in the fulfill- 
 ment of his duties, and among the 
 "Friends" was regarded as one of their most 
 upright and useful members. He died 
 ?>Iarch 13, 1876. 
 
 , Benjamin Buck Owens, Building Inspec- 
 tor of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, 
 September 13. 1841. He is a son of the 
 late Edward T. and Susan (Green) Buck 
 Owens, natives of ■Maryland, respectively 
 of Welsh and English descent, their pro- 
 genitors locating in Maryland in its colo- 
 nial days. Joseph Owens, grandfather of 
 the immediate subject of this sketch, was 
 one of the "Old Defenders" of Baltimore, 
 and was wounded at the battle of North 
 Point. His son, Edward T. Owens, was. in 
 his early mianhood, a dry goods merchant 
 of Baltimore, and latterly and up to the date 
 of his decease, September 20, 1872, treas- 
 urer of Eutaw Savings Bank. His wife 
 died December, 1845. Their son, Benja- 
 min B. Owens, was educated in private 
 schools of Baltimore. He enlisted in the 
 nth Maryland Volunteer Infantry in the 
 spring of 1864 and was mustered out at 
 the close of the war as first lieutenant in 
 command of his company. He was then 
 for several months clerk in the Commissary 
 Department of the United States Army and 
 during this period took up the study of 
 architecture, which he subsequently pur- 
 sued under leading architects of Baltimore 
 up to 1875, when he embarked in business 
 for himself. He was the architect of the 
 Baxter Motor Company's buildings. Ter- 
 minal Warehouse and numerous other ex- 
 tensive structures of Baltimore. Earlv in 
 
 his professional career he was for seven 
 years the architect for the Pennsylvania 
 Steel Company at Sparrow's Point. He 
 was appointed by Mayor Hooper in Janu- 
 ary, 1896, as Building Inspector to fill the 
 unexpired term of the incumbent and was 
 re-appointed for the full term the following 
 Alarch. Mr. Owens is a member of the G. 
 A. R. and Military Order Loyal Legion, 
 Royal Arcanum and Improved Order of 
 Heptasophs. He was married November 
 18, 1869, to Anna C, daughter of the late 
 Samuel Harris, architect, of Baltimore. 
 :Mr. and INIrs. Owens have four children, 
 Maud Ella, wife of Lindley M. Huggins, an 
 attorney of Baltimore; Clara M., Mabel G., 
 student at the Normal School, and Herbert 
 H. Owens, runner for the Traders' Bank 
 of Baltimore. The family reside at 2218 
 Oak street, and are members of the IMetho- 
 dist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Dr. :\Iax Schapiro was born January 4, 
 1857, at Crottingen, Russia, of which place 
 his parents were natives, as were their an- 
 cestors for generations. Dr. Max Schapiro 
 received his general and professional edu- 
 cation at Vienna, Austria, graduating from 
 the :\Iedical University of Vienna in 1887. 
 For five years thereafter he was physician 
 for the North German Lloyd and Ham- 
 burg American Steamship Companies and 
 then located in Baltimore, where he 
 has since been engaged in the practice 
 of his profession, with present office 
 and residence at 122 Madison avenue. 
 Doctor Schapiro makes a specialty of throat 
 and nose, and of orthopaedic surgery, and 
 was for several years assistant in the throat 
 and nose department of the City Hospital, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons. He 
 is the author of numerous papers on medi- 
 cal subjects. 
 
 Dr. Henry Charles Ohle was born at 
 Catonsville, Baltimore county, Md., June 4, 
 i860. He is a son of Henry and Pauline 
 (Peters) Ohle, the former a native of Braun- 
 schweig, and the latter of Wurtemberg, 
 Germany, both of whom came to the United 
 States in childhood and were wedded in 
 Baltimore. Mr. Henry Ohle was for a 
 number of years engaged in business as a 
 builder and contractor of stone work, and 
 as such superintended the construction of 
 a number of bridges and other public works, 
 extensive manufacturing plants, etc. He 
 removed to Chicago in 1888 where he has 
 since resided. Dr. Henry C. Ohle received 
 his initial training in th- public schools 
 of Baltimore county, this being supple- 
 mented by private tutorage for several 
 years. In 1883 he began the study of medi- 
 cine under the preceptorship of Dr. Guy 
 Hollyday, of Baltimore, and was graduated 
 from the School of Medicine of Maryland 
 University in 1886. During the year fol- 
 lowing his graduation Doctor Ohle was as- 
 sistant to the Demonstrator of Anatomy of 
 the University, was from 1885 to 1891 clini- 
 cal assistant to Baltimore Dispensary for 
 Ner\'ous Diseases of Children, and has b'een 
 since 1893 visiting physician to St. Agnes' 
 Hospital. He was married March 20, 1889, 
 to Mamie, daughter of the late James T. 
 Cameron, for a number of years connected 
 with the Erie Railroad at Susquehanna. 
 Doctor and Mrs. Ohle have one surviving 
 child, Marie Cameron, and in 1896 lost a 
 son, H. Cameron. The family reside at 
 
 1203 W. Fayette street and are members of 
 the First English Lutheran Church. 
 
 Dr.Wm.BudekER was born in Baltimore, 
 Md., September 21, 1870. He is a son of 
 Chas. A. and Anna Elizabeth (Schone) 
 Budeker, natives of Germany, who came to 
 the United States and located in Baltimore 
 about the close of the Civil War. Mr. 
 Charles A. Budeker was for a period of 
 twenty-five years a successful retail mer- 
 chant, retiring from business recently. Dr. 
 Wm. Budeker received a public school and 
 business college education, attended the 
 School of Medicine of the Maryland Uni- 
 versity two sessions, and then entered Bal- 
 timore Medical College, graduating there- 
 from in 1893. For one year thereafter he 
 was assistant resident physician of the 
 Maryland General Hospital and has since 
 been engaged in the practice of his profes- 
 sion with office at 914 W. Fayette street. 
 Doctor Budeker is a member of the I. O. 
 O. F., Jr. O. U. A. M., A. O. F. and a 
 Mason. 
 
 George Roberts Willis, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Baltimore, October 31, 
 1851. He is a son of the late John E. Willis 
 and Virginia M. (Green) Willis, natives of 
 Maryland and descendants of early English 
 settlers of the State. John E. Willis was a 
 leading manufacturer of Baltimore, and es- 
 pecially engaged for many years in trade 
 with the West Indies. He died in 1871 ; his 
 widow resides with her son, the immediate 
 subject of this sketch. George R. Willis at- 
 tended Loyola and Dickinson Colleges and 
 was graduated from the latter institution 
 with the class of '72. During his academic 
 course he took up the study of law. which 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 he continued during his collegiate course 
 under the preceptorship of Judge Martin 
 Herman at Cariisle, Pa. Upon attaining his 
 majority he was admitted to the bar in Cum- 
 berland county, Pa., and immediately fol- 
 lowing his return to Baltimore was admit- 
 ted to practice in its courts and has ever 
 since been associated with Mr. Luther M. 
 Reynolds, with present offices at 213 Court- 
 land street. Mr. Willis was a member of 
 the Board of Trustees of the Maryland Agri- 
 cultural College by appointment of Gov- 
 ernor Jackson, and of the Executive Com- 
 mittee of that Board, and has been since 
 1895, by appointment of Mayor Ferdinand 
 C. Latrobe, a member of the Board of Park- 
 Commissioners of Baltimore. He was mar- 
 ried December 22, 1881, to Alary E. D., 
 daughter of the late Joseph Hoskins, a 
 farmer of Harford county, Md. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Willis have two children, Luther M. 
 R. and Mary; reside at 2129 E. Baltimore 
 street, and are communicants of Holy Com- 
 forter Episcopal Church. 
 
 Dr. Robert Browning Keny'ON was 
 born in Wirt, Allegany county, N. Y., 
 April 27, 1866. He is a son of Lewis H. and 
 Frances Mary (Sinnett) Kenyon, natives of 
 New York and of English ancestry. The 
 founder of the American family of Kenyons 
 located in Rhode Island prior to the Revo- 
 lutionary War, and the Sinnett family had 
 its first representative in the United States 
 in the person of John T. Sinnett, who came 
 from Dublin, Ireland (of which city his 
 father was then Mayor) about 1820. Dr. R. 
 B. Kenyon received his initial training in 
 the public schools of Wirt and Friendship 
 Literary Academy. He then entered Alfred 
 University and was graduated therefrom in 
 
 1888. The four years following were spent 
 in assisting in the cultivation of his father's 
 farm, and during the latter part of this 
 period he commenced the study of medicine. 
 In October, 1892, he entered Baltimore 
 Medical College and was graduated in 1895. 
 During the last year of his attendance at the 
 latter institution he was an interne at the 
 Maryland General Hospital. In 1896-7 he 
 was assistant clinician of the Baltimore 
 Medical College Dispensary. Doctor Ken- 
 yon resides and has offices at 601 W.-Frank- 
 lin street. 
 
 Joseph H. Rieman was born in Balti- 
 timore, August 29, 1822. His grandfather, 
 Daniel Rieman, came to America during 
 the Revolutionary War, settling in Balti- 
 more, where he established a sugar refinery, 
 which was continued by his son, Henry Rie- 
 man, until the new system of refining sugar 
 was introduced, when the business was 
 changed into packing and provisions. Jo- 
 seph H. Rieman was educated in private 
 schools of Baltimore and Harford county, 
 Md., then entering as clerk in his father's 
 establishment. Upon attaining his majority 
 he became a member of the firm, which was 
 and still is known as Henry Rieman & 
 Sons, of which the subject of this sketch is 
 the sole survivor. Upon his admission to 
 the firm, Joseph H. Rieman was sent West 
 to take charge of the western branches of 
 the house, located at Cincinnati, O., and 
 Terra Haute, Ind., and spent twenty suc- 
 cessive winters from November until April 
 there, making Cincinnati, which at that time 
 was the centre of the packing industry, his 
 headquarters. Mr. Rieman was the first 
 man to send a cipher telegram for business 
 purposes over the telegraph lines from Cin- 
 
€54 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 cinnati to Baltimore. Mr. Riemaii in for- 
 mer years took an active interest in politics, 
 and was an old-time Whig. He was a mem- 
 ber of the first State Convention which 
 nominated the State ofificers under the new 
 Constitution of the State, and was a mem- 
 ber of the State Central Committee. When 
 the Whig party disbanded he remained neu- 
 tral for awhile, and then joined the Reform 
 movement in 1861, which finally succeeded 
 in electing George William Brown as 
 Mayof. He was appointed a director in the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, serving under 
 Mayor Brown's administration, and was 
 also a director of the Northern Central 
 imder the administration of John S. Git- 
 tings. Mr. Rieman retired from active busi- 
 ness in 1870 and since then has devoted his 
 time to extensive private interests. He has 
 held many positions of trust and is one of 
 Baltimore's most enterprising, substantial 
 citizens, a representative man in the broad- 
 est acceptation of the phrase. He has been 
 identified with many enterprises advancing 
 the city's welfare. He was a member of the 
 committee of five formed for the encourage- 
 ment of manufacturers: chairman of the 
 Academy of Alusic Building Committee, 
 and for a long time a director in the Cen- 
 tral Ohio Railroad, a leased line of the P.al- 
 timore & Ohio. He succeeded William 
 Devries as President of the State Agricul- 
 tural Society, and Jesse Slingluff as Presi- 
 dent of the Commercial and Farmers' Na- 
 tional r.ank. Retiring from the latter for a 
 time he was again elected president, suc- 
 ceeding George A. \'on Lingen, resigning 
 in 1896. He served as President pro tem 
 of the Baltimore City Passenger Railway 
 Company upon the death of Governor 
 Bowie, but resigned owing to the pressure 
 
 of his private afifairs. He is a director in 
 the Savings Bank of Baltimore, and inter- 
 ested in many other prominent incorpora- 
 tions. He is also First Vice-President of 
 the Board of Trade and is now senior mem- 
 ber of that body. Mr. Rieman is a member 
 of the First Presbyterian Church and chair- 
 man of the Executive Committee of its 
 Board of Trustees. He was married in 1861 
 to Miss Lowe, daughter of Hon. P. P. 
 Lowe, of Dayton, O. 
 
 Hon. Edgar H. Gans was born in Har- 
 risburg, Pa., November 24, 1856. He re- 
 mained in Harrisburg six years, when the 
 family removed to Norristown, near Phila- 
 delphia, where he attended the High School 
 until his thirteenth year. He graduated 
 with the highest honors from the Baltimore 
 City College in 1875, and from the law 
 department of Alaryland University in 
 March, 1877. He was admitted to the 
 bar upon attaining his majority in Novem- 
 ber of the same year. He formed a part- 
 nership association with Mr. B. Howard 
 Haman and was engaged in private prac- 
 tice until 1879, when he accepted the of- 
 fice of Deputy State's Attorney under 
 Charles G. Kerr. His ability as a criminal 
 la^vyer and ])ublic prosecutor led to his ap- 
 pointment to the professorship of criminal 
 law in the legal department of Maryland 
 Lfniversity. During his term as Deputy 
 State's Attorney, covering a period of eight 
 years, Mr. Gans tried many important cases 
 with credit to himself and honor to the Com- 
 monwealth. Among these may be cited 
 those of George Trout and William Hazel- 
 tine, convicted of murder, in which he was 
 opposed by Gov. Wm. Pinkney \\'hyte forthe 
 defciwc; the I'urkc and Kennedv case, for 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 655 
 
 the murder of James Curren, opposed by Jo- 
 seph Heuisler; the Hance murder case tried 
 at AnnapoHs with Senator Voorhees and 
 Mr. Revell as opposing counsel, the jury ac- 
 quitting the prisoner on the ground of in- 
 sanity. Since retiring from the office Mr. 
 Gans has practiced his profession with emi- 
 nent success, the firm, Gaiis & Haman being 
 recognized as one of the leading at the bar 
 of Baltimore. Mr. Gans was married in 
 1884 to Elizabeth, daughter of John Wall. 
 
 Maj. William L. Kexly, Chief En- 
 gineer of Baltimore City Water Depart- 
 ment, was born in Baltimore, March 31, 
 1833, the son of Edward and Maria (Reese) 
 Kenly. His maternal ancestors came to 
 Maryland from Wales, in a very early day, 
 and his grandfather, Thomas Reese, was a 
 successful merchant of Baltimore. The 
 Kenly family came to the United States 
 from Scotland, the first of the name to come 
 hither being Dr. Daniel Kenly, the great- 
 grandfather of ]\lajor Kenly, and a Presby- 
 terian minister, who in 1740 crossed the 
 ocean and settled in Harford county, Md. 
 His son, Richard Kenly, was born in Har- 
 ford county and married a Miss Ward. 
 Their children were Daniel, Richard, Ed- 
 ward and Fannie. Edward Kenly spent the 
 major part of his life as a farmer in Har- 
 ford county, but was latterly engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits in Baltimore. During 
 this period he was Judge of the Appeal Tax 
 Court. The youngest of his family of seven 
 children, William L. Kenly, received his 
 primary education in Baltimore and then 
 attended Xewton University, Md. In 1854 
 he entered the engineering corps of Isaac 
 Trimble. He resigned this employment af- 
 
 ter four years to enter the service of the Bal- 
 timore City Water Works, in which he was 
 engaged uninterruptedly until the outbreak 
 of the Civil War. In 1862 he entered the 
 service as first lieutenant of Company H, 
 First Maryland Infantry, was promoted to a 
 captaincy by President Lincoln in 1863, and 
 was brevetted major by the President at the 
 close of the war because of especially effi- 
 cient service. During three years of his war 
 service he was attached to the Army of the 
 Potomac and participated in most of its en- 
 gagements. At the close of the war he re- 
 sumed his connection with the Water De- 
 partment of the city, with which he has been 
 connected for more than forty years, having 
 been in every department from rodman to 
 chief engineer. 
 
 He was married June 12, 1861, to Eliza- 
 beth Marion Hook, daughter of the late 
 Richard W. Hook, who at one time was 
 SherifT of Baltimore county. Of the children 
 born of this union there survive William 
 Lacy Kenly, first lieutenant United States 
 Artillery; Ritchie G. Kenly, assistant engi- 
 neer of the West Virginia Central and Pitts- 
 burg Railroad; Edward Marion Kenly, 
 former resident engineer Lynchburg & 
 Durham Railroad, and now in Alaska; 
 George T. Kenly, who was assistant engi- 
 neer Guilford Reservoir Company, and the 
 inventor of a spigot that carries hot and 
 cold water at the same time; and Maria 
 Reese, Laura Hook and Robert Martin 
 Kenly. Major Kenly is a member of the 
 Royal Arcanum, Loyal Legion, Mason, the 
 G. A. R.. American Society of Civil Engi- 
 neers and Society of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac. The family residence overlooks Lake 
 Montebello. 
 
656 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Dr. James Francis McShane, Health 
 Commissioner of Baltimore, was born in 
 Baltimore, August 13, 1851. He is a son of 
 the late Lawrence and Anne (O'Hare) Mc- 
 Shane, natives respectively of Monaghan 
 and Amagh, Ireland, who came to this 
 country in youth, were married in Brook- 
 lyn. N. Y., and in 1847 removed to Balti- 
 more, where Lawrence McShane was en- 
 gaged in business as a retail furnishing 
 goods merchant up to within a few years of 
 his decease in 1885. His widow resides in 
 Baltimore. Dr. J. F. McShane was edu- 
 cated at Calvert Hall and Loyola Colleges, 
 Baltimore, graduating from the latter insti- 
 tution in 1867. He studied medicine under 
 the preceptorship of the late Dr. Nicholas 
 L. Dashiell and was graduated from the 
 medical department of the Maryland Uni- 
 versity with the class of "70. He was vac- 
 cine physician for several years, assistant 
 health commissioner of Baltimore from No- 
 vember, 1879, to 1892, and health commis- 
 sioner since the latter date. Doctor McShane 
 is one of the Faculty of Baltimore Medical 
 College, filling the chair of Associate Pro- 
 fessor of Hygiene. He is a member of the 
 Baltimore Medical Society, Baltimore Clin- 
 ical Society, Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
 ulty of Maryland, American Medical Asso- 
 ciation and American Public Health Asso- 
 ciation and member of the Executive Com- 
 mittee of the last named association. Doctor 
 McShane was married February 10, 1S70, 
 to Sarah E., daughter of the late P. E. Brad- 
 ley, merchant, of Baltimore. The children 
 of Dr. and Mrs. McShane are Robert, stu- 
 dent at Baltimore Medical College; James, 
 draughtsman in the employ of Bartlett. 
 Hayward & Co.; Frank; Lillian; Loretta; 
 Albert, and Edgar. The family reside at 
 
 2 S. Patterson Park avenue and are mem- 
 bers of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. Frank Sungluee, of Slingluf¥ & 
 Co., manufacturing chemists and fertilizers, 
 was born in Baltimore county, Md., August 
 14, 1845. He is a son of the late Jesse and 
 Frances E. (Cross) Slingluff, natives of 
 Maryland, and descendants respectively of 
 German and Scotch colonial settlers. Jesse 
 Slingluff, Dr. Frank Slinglufif's grand- 
 father, located in Baltimore about 1790 and 
 was one of the wholesale grocery firm of 
 Slingluff & Bohn, the late Charles Bohn 
 being Doctor Slingluff's maternal grand- 
 father. Jesse Slinglufif, Doctor Slinglufif's 
 father, was for many years President 
 of the Commercial & Farmers' Bank of 
 Baltimore. He died in 1862; his wife 
 survived him some years. Dr. Frank 
 Slinglufif was educated at private schools 
 and under private tutors of Baltimore, 
 and from 1863 to 1865 studied chemistry at 
 Heidelberg. Returning to Baltimore he 
 studied medicine under the late Dr. Frank 
 Donaldson, was graduated from the medical 
 department of the Maryland University, 
 class of 1868; was resident physician 
 at Bay View Asylum the year following, 
 and then entered the firm of Slingluff 
 & Co., with which he has ever since been 
 identified. He is Vice-President of the 
 Commercial and Farmers' National Bank, 
 President Mutual Fire Lisurance Com- 
 pany of naltimore and Patapsco Mutual 
 Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore, 
 and one of the Executive Committee 
 of the ^Merchants' and Manufacturers' .\s- 
 sociation. He was married July 14. 1880, 
 to Isabella, daughter of the late Thomas 
 
^ 
 
;TuRY of BALTIMORE, -MARYLAND. 
 
 657 
 
 Cross, of Prince George's county, Md. The 
 family reside on West North avenue and 
 attend Church of the Prince of Peace. Tru- 
 man Cross, Doctor SHnglufif's grandfather, 
 was for a number of years cashier of the 
 Commercial and Farmers' Bank. 
 
 Riley Wright, Chief Judge of the Or- 
 phans' Court of Baltimore City, was born 
 in Westminster, Windhaven county, Vt., 
 July 24, 1839. He is a son of Erastus and 
 the late Mary (Fairbrother) Wright, na- 
 tives of Westminster, Vt., and descendants 
 respectively of early Welsh-English and 
 English settlers of New England. Capt. 
 Azariah Wright, great-grandfather of the 
 immediate subject of this sketch, was prom- 
 inent in colonial history; a compatriot and 
 intimate of Gen. Ethan Allen. Captain 
 Wright was one of the first settlers of West- 
 minster and a few months prior to the bat- 
 tle of Lexington distinguished himself as 
 captain of a militia company in preventing 
 the holding of court by English officers in 
 the court house of Westminster. Some of 
 colonels were killed and theirs was the 
 first blood shed in the events culminating 
 in the Revolutionary War. (See Hall's 
 History of Vermont.) Captain Wright 
 served throughout the war. Judge Wright's 
 maternal great-grandfather was also an 
 officer in the patriot army during the Rev- 
 olutionary War. His grandson, Erastus 
 Wright, now resides at Coventry, Vt., 
 his wife died in 1861. Their son, Riley E. 
 Wright, received his initial training in the 
 public schools of Coventry, then attended 
 successively Darby Academy and Green 
 Mountain Academy, Vt., and Powers In- 
 stitute, Bernardstown, Mass.; entered Dart- 
 mouth College (N. H.), but left that in- 
 
 stitution to attend Middleburg College, 
 of his own State ; and while in his sopho- 
 more year (1862) at the last institution 
 abandoned scholarship to enter the Union 
 Army. In four days' time he raised a com- 
 pany, one hundred and nine men strong, 
 was elected and commissioned its captain. 
 The company went to the front as Co. H, 
 15th Vermont Volunteer Infantry, and 
 served until mustered out in July, 1863, 
 shortly after the battle of Gettysburg, in 
 which the regiment participated, although 
 its term of service had expired some days 
 previous. Returning to Vermont Captain 
 Wright entered the law office of Hon. Ben- 
 jamin H. Steele (afterward Judge of Su- 
 preme Court of Vermont) and was admitted 
 to the bar December 31, 1864. In April, 
 1865, he came to Baltimore, where he has 
 ever since engaged in the general practice 
 of his profession, with present offices at 106 
 E. Saratoga street. On February 15, 1897. 
 he was appointed by Governor Lowndes to 
 fill the unexpired term of the late Sylvester 
 L. Stockbridge, Chief Judge of the Orphans' 
 Court of Baltimore City. Judge Wright is 
 a Republican and was twenty years actively 
 identified with his party's work and inter- 
 ests in Baltimore. He was nominated for 
 the Legislature on the Reform ticket in 
 1876, and was his party's nominee for Asso- 
 ciate Judge of Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
 in 1894. He was one of the organizers and 
 for two terms commander of Custer Post, 
 G. A. R., and was for two terms Judge Ad- 
 vocate General of Maryland Department, G. 
 A. R. He is one of the Board of Managers 
 and chairman of the Executive Committee 
 of the Society for the Protection of Chil- 
 dren and a member of the Society for the 
 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He was 
 
658 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 married September ii, 1866, to Mary E., 
 daughter of the late Isaac and Abigail 
 (Stevens) Collier, of Coventry, Vt. One 
 child, Mabel, born of their marriage, died 
 in infancy. Judge and Mrs. Wright reside 
 at 1 3 18 Harlem avenue. 
 
 Samuel Henry Tattersall, Supreme 
 Secretary of Improved Order of Hepta- 
 sophs, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 
 13, 1866. He is a son of John and Alice 
 (Lees) Tattersall, natives of England, who 
 located in Philadelphia from Oldham, Lan- 
 cashire, in 1S62, removing hence to Tren- 
 ton, N. J., where Mr. John Tattersall has 
 since been engaged in business as a coal 
 merchant. He was one of the founders of 
 the Sons of St. George. Samuel H. Tatter- 
 sall received a public school and business 
 college education, and was thereafter until 
 1884 engaged by the Coxon (now Empire) 
 Potter Company as an artist on china. 
 Coming to Baltimore he did contract work 
 for the Maryland Pottery Company, in 
 charge of its decorative department up to 
 1895. He became a memljer of Zeta Con- 
 clave, No. 6, Improved Order of Hepta- 
 sophs, in 1887, and from the date of his ini- 
 tiation has been officially connected with 
 that Order, Prelate to Zeta Conclave, Pro- 
 vost Archon of Zeta Conclave and Past Ar- 
 chou. At New York in i8gi he represented 
 Zeta Conclave at the meeting of the Supreme 
 Conclave, and the same year was elected 
 Deputy Sni)rcme .\rchon of District 23, 
 comjwsed exclusively of Zeta Conclave, 
 No. 6; representative again in 1893 at At- 
 lantic City and again in 1895 at New Ha- 
 ven, where he was elected to his present of- 
 fice of Supreme Secretary. He is Past M.. 
 Concordia Lodge, No. 13, A. V. and \. M.: 
 
 member of Adoniram Chapter, Xo. 21, R. 
 A., and member of A. O. U. W., American 
 Legion of Honor and Jr. O. U. A. M. 
 
 He was married April 20, 1887, to Annie, 
 daughter of William Hardy, of Baltimore. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Tattersall have two children, 
 Alice M. and Samuel L., reside at 12 E. 
 Lanvale street and are communicants at 
 St. Michael and All Angels' P. E. Church. 
 Mr. Tattersall was one of the moving spirits 
 in urging the erection of a suitable hall for 
 Zeta Conclave. The beautiful structure 
 at Preston and Cathedral streets, which is 
 now the headquartes of the Order, is due to 
 his energy and devotion. 
 
 Lloyd Lowndes Jackson, second mem- 
 ber of the firm of John E. Hurst & Co., 
 wholesale dry goods merchants, of Balti- 
 more, was born at Jane Lew, Lewis county. 
 W. V'a.. February 3, 1846. He is a son 
 of the late Blackwell and Emily Byrd 
 (Lorentz) Jackson, natives of Virginia, and 
 descendants respectively of early English 
 and German settlers of the colony of Vir- 
 ginia. The late Blackwell Jackson was a 
 valued and valuable citizen, held numerous 
 official trusts, represented his district in the 
 State Senate for two terms and was one of 
 the reorganizers of West Virginia during 
 the Civil War. He died in 1878: his wife 
 survives as does her mother. The lattcr"s 
 father, Jacob Lorentz, was one of the origi- 
 nal settlers of Upshur county, where he 
 owned an inunense plantation. Lloyd L. 
 Jackson com])k-te(l his schooling at Monon- 
 gahela Academy, Morgantown, W. \'a., in 
 1865. At the breaking out of the war, al- 
 though but fifteen years of age, he enlisled 
 in the Confederate Army under his cousin. 
 Capt. .'\lfred Jackson, but was reclaimed 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 659 
 
 by his mother and returned to school. He 
 came to Baltimore March i, 1866, to enter 
 the employ as salesman of the dry goods 
 house of Hurst & Co, with which and its 
 successors, Hurst, Purnell & Co., and John 
 E. Hurst & Co., he has ever since been con- 
 nected. He was taken into partnership in 
 1 87 1 and is the second member of the pres- 
 ent company. Ever since attaining his ma- 
 jority Mr. Jackson has been actively iden- 
 tified with the interests and work of the 
 Democratic party. It was largely through 
 his instrumentality that the Business Men's 
 Democratic Association, which nominated 
 and elected Robert C. Davidson to the may- 
 oralty of Baltimore was formed. He is one 
 of the Executive Committee of the National 
 Association of Democratic Clubs; a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Directors of Maryland 
 Penitentiary, to which he was appointed by 
 Governor Jackson and reappointed by Gov- 
 ernor Brown, and was Quartermaster Gen- 
 eral on the latter"s stafif. He is First Vice- 
 President of the JMaryland Trust Company, 
 and a member of the Boards of Directors of 
 the Commercial and Farmers' National 
 Bank, \\'estern Maryland Railroad Com- 
 pany, Brush Electric Light Company, Ar- 
 lington Cotton Mills and Blue Ridge Cotton 
 Mills. He was married November 30, 1873, 
 to Anne Elizabeth, daughter of the late 
 James M. Lester, contractor and builder, of 
 Baltimore, and who represented Baltimore 
 for several terms in the State Legislature. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Jackson have five children, 
 Lloyd L. Jackson, Jr., a graduate of Johns 
 Hopkins University and a memberof the bar 
 of Baltimore, and the Misses Anne L., Edith 
 B., Elsie and Emma Jackson. The family 
 reside at 1210 N. Charles street, and are 
 communicants of Emanuel P. E. Church. 
 
 Mr. Jackson was the organizer of the Com- 
 mercial Travelers' Democratic Club, which 
 took an active part in the Bryan-McKinley 
 campaign, and which subsequent to the 
 election was reorganized under the name of 
 the Commercial Travelers' and Business 
 Men's Democratic Club, of which Mr. 
 Jackson is president. 
 
 Thomas Robert ClEndinen, Attorney- 
 at-Law, was born in Baltimore, March 31, 
 1847. He is a son of the late Dr. Alexander 
 and Mary Louise (Belt) Clendinen, the for- 
 mer a native of South Carolina, and of 
 Scotch-Irish descent, the latter a daughter 
 of the late Capt. Walter Belt, of the 
 LInited States Navy, who was descended 
 from early English settlers of the colony of 
 Maryland. Dr. Alexander Clendinen lo- 
 cated in Baltimore in 1800, was one of the 
 early graduates of the Maryland Medical 
 Department, was one of the faculty of that 
 institution and of the University Hospital 
 stafT for some years, and was one of the 
 surgeons to Baltimore's "Old Defenders." 
 He died April 15, 1861 ; his wife September 
 16, 1883. Thomas R. Clendinen attended 
 the schools of Baltimore, including Mary- 
 land University, and in June, 1861, ran 
 away from home to enter the Confederate 
 service in Alabama. After a year of ser- 
 vice he was captured in Florida, and upon 
 his release entered the Virginia Military 
 Institute, and from it went with the corps 
 of cadets of that institution into the valley 
 of Virginia campaign in 1864, and was one 
 of the cadets under Gen. John C. Breck- 
 inridge in the battle of New Market and 
 other engagements. He then attended (he 
 University of Mrginia. Returning to Balti- 
 more he read law under the preceptorship 
 
660 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of the late Judge W. A. Stewart, was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1866, and has since 
 been engaged in general practice with pres- 
 ent office at 211 Courtland street. During 
 1887 Mr. Clendinen acted as United States 
 Attorney, by appointment of the Attorney 
 General, vice Thomas G. Hayes, who was 
 in ill-health and spent that year abroad. 
 Mr. Clendinen was married November 10, 
 1874, to Alice, daughter of the late J. Alex- 
 ander Shriver, for many years President and 
 General Manager of the Baltimore and 
 Philadelphia Steamboat Company, and 
 New York and Baltimore Transportation 
 Line. Mrs. Clendinen died November 26, 
 1896, leaving two children, Alice and Vio- 
 let, students at Miss Lefebfre's private 
 school, Baltimore. The family reside at 27 
 East Mount Vernon Place, and attend 
 Emanuel P. E. Church. 
 
 Dr. Charlks WkslRy McElfresh was 
 born in Fairmount, Marion comity, W. 
 Va., May 30, 1866. He is a son of James 
 and the late Alice (Gantz) McElfresh, 
 natives of West Virginia, the former of 
 Scotch-Irish, the latter of German descent. 
 James McElfresh was for many years su- 
 perintendent of the Gas and Gas Coal 
 Company, of Fairmount, but has latterly 
 been engaged as an agriculturist of Marion 
 county, W. Va. Dr. C. W. McElfresh 
 completed his general education at Fair- 
 mount High School, then began the 
 study of medicine under the preceptorship 
 of Dr. John Reger, of Fairmount. He 
 came to Baltimore in 1887, and entered the 
 School of Medicine of Maryland Univer- 
 sity, from which institution he was gradu- 
 ated in 1889. During the following year 
 he was connected with the University Dis- 
 
 pensary and has since engaged in the prac- 
 tice of his profession with office and resi- 
 dence at 854 West Lombard street. He was. 
 married March 2, 1889, to Anna, daughter 
 of the late Robert Applegarth, merchant of 
 Baltimore. Dr. and Mrs. McElfresh have 
 one child, Hattie. They attend Calvary M. 
 E. Church, South. 
 
 German H. Hunt, Vice-President of the 
 Baltimore Trust and Guarantee Company, 
 was born in Baltimore in 1829. At the age 
 of fifteen he left school and entered the es- 
 tablishment of John Watchman, in South 
 Baltmore, to learn the trade of machinist. 
 On January i, 1851, he started into the 
 foundry and machine business in a modest 
 way on North street in partnership associa- 
 tion with Robert Poole, under the firm 
 name of Poole & Hunt. The development 
 of this enterprise is one of the most inter- 
 esting and important chapters in the indus- 
 trial history of Baltimore. Mr. Hunt was 
 the business manager of this great concern, 
 and both he and Mr. Poole machinists of 
 exceptional ability, and men of boundless 
 energy. On January i, 1889, after thirty- 
 eight ^ears of CDUtinuous connection with 
 the firm, Mr. Hunt retired from the busi- 
 ness, and has since been engaged in im- 
 portant financial undertakings. He was 
 Secretary and President of the Maryland 
 Institute during the decade preceding 1^60. 
 He has been a Director of the Franklin 
 Bank. He has been a director for thirty 
 years in the Central Savings Bank. He 
 was one of the founders of the Merchants' 
 and Manufacturers' Association, of which 
 he served as Vice-President and President. 
 He is a Director of the Board of Trade, a 
 trustee of the McDonough Fund, and a 
 
KISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 
 
 member of the Board of Park Commis- 
 sioners. He is a Democrat, and has been 
 frequently urged to accept the mayoralty 
 and other nominations at his party's hands, 
 but has never had pohtical aspirations. He 
 was a delegate-at-large to the Democratic 
 National Convention of 1888. Mr. Hunt is 
 one of the strongest men in the Methodist 
 Church of the city. He is a member of the 
 Madison Avenue M. E. Church, and has 
 been superintendent of its Sunday-school 
 for twenty-five years. Many positions of 
 honor and trust in the church have been 
 conferred upon him, among them that of 
 Treasurer of the }>Iethodist Episcopal Con- 
 ference, held in Washington in 1891. He 
 assisted in the organization of the Baltimore 
 Trust and Guarantee Company, one of the 
 strong financial institutions of the city, and 
 was its first president. This position he re- 
 signed to devote his time to his private 
 lousiness, and to various charitable associa- 
 tions in which he feels much interest. 
 
 Charles Goldsborough Kerr, Attor- 
 ney-at-Law, was bom in Easton, Talbot 
 county, Md., October 23, 1832. He is 
 a son of the late Hon. John Leeds and 
 Eliza (Goldsborough) Kerr, natives of 
 Maryland, and descendants respectively of 
 vScotch and English settlers of the colonies. 
 David Kerr, Charles G. Kerr's paternal 
 grandfather was a native of Dunreith, Shire 
 of Galloway, Scotland, who came to the 
 American colonies in 1769, locating in 
 Falmouth, Va., removing thence to Annap- 
 olis, and from the latter place to Tal- 
 bot county, which he represented in the 
 House of Delegates in 1798. He died at 
 Easton in 1816. His son, the late John 
 Leeds Kerr, was one of the leaders of the 
 
 bar of Talbot county and of the Eastern 
 Shore of Maryland, was a member of Con- 
 gress for three terms, viz: 1825-27, 1827-29 
 and 1831-33; and a United States Senator 
 from 1841-43. He was a member of the 
 National Whig Convention held at Harris- 
 burg in 1839, and one of the State electoral 
 ticket for the "Log Cabin" candidates. Be- 
 fore entering Congress Mr. Kerr was agent 
 of Maryland for the prosecution of militia 
 claims against the United States growing 
 out of the AVar of 1812 He died February 
 21, 1844; his wife died in December, 1870. 
 On the maternal side, Mr. Charles G. Kerr 
 is lineally descended from Nicholas Golds- 
 borough, who came from England and set- 
 tled in Kent Island about 1640. One of his 
 descendants, Charles Goldsborough, of 
 Dorchester county, maternal grandfather of 
 Mr. Charles G. Kerr, was Governor of 
 Maryland in 181 7, and a member of Con- 
 gress from 1805 to 1817. He died Decem- 
 ber 13, 1834. 
 
 Charles Goldsborough Kerr received his 
 initial schooling under private tutors and 
 at Easton Academy, and subsequently at- 
 tended private institutions in New Haven, 
 Conn., and Washington, D. C. He was 
 graduated from Harvard Law School in 
 1852, came to Baltimore the following year 
 and entered the law office of Messrs. Brown 
 & Brunne, with whom he remained until 
 his admission to the bar in June, 1855. 
 After several years spent in the practice of 
 law, Mr. Kerr and Mr. Thomas W. Hall in 
 1858 founded a newspaper known as the 
 Daily Exchange, publication of which was 
 abandoned in 1861, when Mr. Kerr re- 
 sumed the practice of his profession, in 
 v.hich he has ever since been engaged. In 
 1S79 he was elected State's Attorney for the 
 
6(12 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 city of Baltimore, an office which he held 
 for four consecutive terms — sixteen years. 
 He has been a member of both branches of 
 City Council and was a Democratic elector 
 in the Tilden-Hendricks campaign. He has 
 been an active member of St. Andrew's So- 
 ciety and its attorney for many years, and 
 served for a time as its second vice-presi- 
 dent. He was married .April 25, 1867, to 
 Ella, youngest daughter of the late Hon. 
 Reverdy Johnson. Mr. and Airs. Kerr have 
 four children, Misses Mary Bowie and Ella 
 Johnson Kerr, Charles G. Kerr, engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits in Baltimore, and Re- 
 verdy Johnson Kerr, law student. The 
 family reside at 1513 Park avenue and are 
 members of St. Paul's P. E. Church. 
 
 WiLLi-A-M J. H. Watters, second mem- 
 ber of the firm of Armstrong, Cater & Co., 
 was born in Dorchester county, Md., July 
 15, 1834. He is a son of the late Dr. 
 Stephen J. and Mary (Cator) Watters, na- 
 tives of Maryland, and descendants of Eng- 
 lish settlers of the State. Dr. Stephen J. 
 Watters was a practicing physician in Dor- 
 chester county up to the time of his decease 
 in 1840, traveling professionally a circuit of 
 forty miles. 
 
 William J. H. Watters attended the pub- 
 lic scliools of Baltimore until he was thir- 
 teen years of age, when he entered the em- 
 ploy of Thomas Armstrong, who, in 1816. 
 founded the wholesale millinery establish- 
 ment now known as .Armstrong, Cator & 
 Co., Baltimore, the oldest house of its kind 
 with the largest jol^bing business in the 
 United States. Mr. Watters began his busi- 
 ness career as errand boy in the house of 
 which he is now next to the senior member. 
 He was .successivelv stock clerk, house 
 
 salesman, traveling salesman, and since 
 1865 a member of the firm. 
 
 Air. Watters has been a member of the 
 Board of Directors of the Commercial and 
 Farmers' National Bank of Baltimore since 
 1876. 
 
 He was married July 9, 1872, to Louisa, 
 d'aughter of the late J. C. Nicodemus, of 
 Smith & Nicodemus, for many years lead- 
 ing wholesale provision dealers of Balti- 
 more. Mr. and Mrs. Watters have five 
 cliildren, Robinson Cator Watters, an em- 
 ploye of .Armstrong, Cator & Co.; Miss 
 Mary L. Watters, and Masters Benjamin 
 C, W. J. H., Jr., and T. C. Sydenham Wat- 
 ters. The family reside at 1021 North 
 Charles street, and attend Christ's Protest- 
 ant Episcopal Church. 
 
 William Wallace Taylor, President 
 of the National Union Bank of Maryland, 
 was born in Baltimore, June 29, 1821. He 
 is a son of the late Robert A. and Mary Ann 
 (Schroeder) Taylor, natives of Baltimore, 
 the former of English, the latter of German 
 descent. The first of the Taylors to come 
 to .America settled in Pennsylvania in colo- 
 nial days. Of his descendants, William 
 Wallace Taylor, grandfather of the immedi- 
 ate subject of this sketch, was born in 
 -Adams county. Pa., December 16, 1769, 
 married Alaria McKesson June 12. 1792. 
 In 1789 he was engaged in the mercantile 
 business in Fairfield, .Adams county. Pa., 
 and upon his locating in Baltimore 
 about 1794 was engaged in trade with the 
 West. From this business he retired in 
 July, 1S21, being succeeded therein by the 
 firm of Taylor & Landstreet, the senior 
 member of which was his son, Robert .A. 
 Tavlor. William Wallace Tavlor, Sr., was 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 for some years prior to his decease (1832) 
 President of the Commercial and Farmers' 
 (now Commercial and Farmers' National) 
 Bank of Baltimore. Robert A. Taylor was 
 one of the directors of the Baltimore branch 
 of the old United States Bank and after its 
 failure was one of the incorporators and for 
 a number of years in the directory of the 
 Merchants' Bank of Baltimore. In 1825 he 
 entered the wholesale package dry goods 
 business in which he was succeeded in 1850 
 by his son, William Wallace Taylor, the 
 business being continued thereafter under 
 the firm name of Taylor & Gardner until 
 1865, when the firm was dissolved and the 
 business discontinued. Mr. W. H. Taylor's 
 maternal grandfather, Henry Hermann 
 Schroeder, came to Baltimore October 13, 
 1783, from Hamburg, where his father was 
 a bishop. In his early manhood Henry 
 Hermann Schroeder was engaged in a 
 banking house in Vienna. Upon locating 
 in Baltimore, he engaged in the importing 
 trade as a member of the firm of Schley & 
 Schroeder. He was one of the incorpora- 
 tors (1804) of the Union (now National 
 Union) Bank of Maryland. William Wal- 
 lace Taylor, Jr., received his initial school- 
 ing under the private tutorship of Charles 
 Dexter Cleveland (afterwards and at the 
 time of his decease President of Dickinson 
 College). He then entered Mount Hope 
 College, from which institution he gradu- 
 ated in 1839. The following two years he 
 spent in travel abroad. He then entered 
 into business with his father, whom he suc- 
 ceeded as already explained, and whom he 
 also succeeded as Director of the Merchants' 
 Bank of Baltimore in 1850. Retiring from 
 the latter directory he became President of 
 the Union Bank of ^larvland, in 1861, 
 
 w^hich position he has ever since held. He 
 is President of Baltimore and Frederick- 
 town Turnpike Road Company; President 
 of the Boonsboro Turnpike Road Com- 
 pany; Director of the Central Savings Bank; 
 Director of Baltimore Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany ; Director of Parkersburg Branch, Bal- 
 timore and Ohio Railroad; Director West 
 Virginia, Central and Pittsburg Railroad; 
 Director Carrollton Hotel Company; mem- 
 ber of the Board of Managers of the Mary- 
 land School for Deaf and Dumb, Frederick 
 City, Trustee of the Wyman Byrd Memorial 
 Fund : Trustee of the Hannah I^Iore Acad- 
 emy, Reisterstown, Md., and Secretary since 
 1875 of the Baltimore Clearing House As- 
 sociation, of which the Union Bank has 
 been the depository for forty years. Mr. 
 Taylor's services have been frequently 
 sought for positions of trust under munici- 
 pal and State governments, but pressure of 
 private and corporation interests compelled 
 his declination of such honors. He was 
 married February 4, 1847, to Catharine Au- 
 gusta, daughter of the late Hugh and Au- 
 gusta (McEvers) Birckhead, the former a 
 son of Solomon Birckhead, one of the incor- 
 porators of the Union Bank of Maryland, 
 and the latter a daughter of Julian LeRoy 
 McEvers and Elizabeth Leroy. They were 
 married February 5, 1793. Augusta Mc- 
 Evers was a niece of Chancellor Living- 
 stone, of New York. Mrs. Taylor died in 
 March, 1881, leaving three children, Robert 
 A. Taylor, now a lumber merchant of Bal- 
 timore, and Misses Catharine Augusta and 
 Mary McEvers Taylor. The summer house 
 of the family is "Craigie Burn." near Ca- 
 tonsville, and the winter residence at 7 Mt. 
 Vernon Place. Air. Taylor is a member of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church, was first 
 
664 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 connected with St. Paul's, and subsequently 
 a member of the building commitee of 
 Grace Church, of which he is vestryman 
 and senior warden. He has been chairman 
 of each committee authorized to select can- 
 didates for the rectorship of Grace Church. 
 
 John Nelson Steele, a member of the 
 law firm of Steele, Semmes, Carey & Bond, 
 was born on April i, 1853, at Hagerstown, 
 Md. He is a son of the late I. Nevett 
 Steele, wdiose personal history is given in 
 this volume. John Nelson Steele, at the 
 age of seven, was sent to the school of the 
 late Rogers Birnie in Carroll county, Md., 
 where he remained for four years. He 
 then attended private school in Baltimore 
 City until the fall of 1869, when he went to 
 the University of Virginia. He graduated 
 in its law department in 1873, and returned 
 to Baltimore, Md., but being under the age 
 required admission to the bar, he took the 
 law course at the University of Maryland 
 and graduated in the following year. He 
 was associated with his father until the lat- 
 ter retired from active practice in 1889. He 
 then, with Mr. John E. Semmes and Mr. 
 Francis E. Carey, formed the law firm of 
 Steele, Semmes & Carey, with which I\Ir. 
 Nicholas P. Bond became associated in 
 1897. Mr. Steele had never held public of- 
 fice until he was recently appointed a mem- 
 ber of the Park Board of Baltimore City. 
 He was married March i, 1880, to Mary 
 Alricks Pcgram, daughter of William M. 
 Pegram and Margaret Alricks, of Balti- 
 more. Mrs. Steele is descended on the pa- 
 ternal side from Edward Pegram, wdio 
 came to Virginia in 1699 as "Queen's En- 
 gineer and Surveyor to the Crown" and 
 who settle;! on a tract of land, ten miles 
 
 square, granted him by Queen Anne, and 
 situated in Dinwiddle county about eighteen 
 miles from Petersburg, and on the mater- 
 nal side, Peter Alricks, wdio came to this 
 country in 1657 and was for many years 
 "Director and Commandant" of the Am- 
 sterdam colony on the Delaware river. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Steele have two children, John 
 Nelson and Mary Margaret Steele, and are 
 members of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Peter Sahm, Justice of the Peace, was 
 born January 2'j, 1834, in Eschenan, Ba- 
 varia, of which place his parents and ances- 
 tors as far as their genealogy is traceable 
 were natives. He w-as brought to the 
 United States on the death of his father, in 
 1836, by his grandparents, who located at 
 Frederick, Md., where they continued to 
 reside throughout their lives, the grand- 
 father, Peter Sahm, dying at the age of 
 eighty-six; his wife dying at the age of 
 eighty. Peter Sahm received such educa- 
 tion as the public schools of Frederick of 
 that day afforded, and then clerked for some 
 years in a general store of that place, saving- 
 enough money during that period to em- 
 bark in the same line of business for himself 
 and was so engaged from 1856 to 1867. Al- 
 though doing a large business he was not 
 financially successful, this unfortunate state 
 of afifairs being due to his strong Southern 
 sympathy during the late war, which led 
 him to a ready acceptance for goods of a 
 vast deal of Confederate scrip wdiich he still 
 holds in lieu of his more substantial posses- 
 sions. Following his mercantile pursuits 
 he was for six years Deputy Register of Wills 
 at Frederick, and was his party's nominee 
 at the close of this service for the ofiice of 
 
^^A. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 6C5 
 
 register, for which he was defeated by a 
 small majority. He was elected a member 
 of the Board of Aldermen of Frederick in 
 1874, and served for one year; and the fol- 
 lowing year was nominated for Judge of the 
 Orphans' Court, but was defeated. Follow- 
 ing this he served as Justice of the Peace of 
 Frederick for two years. In 1883 he re- 
 moved to Hagerstown, Md., where he 
 was engaged for two years in the wholesale 
 and retail confectionery business. He then 
 received an appointment as deputy keeper 
 of the Maryland Penitentiary, serving in 
 that capacity for three years. From 1888 to 
 1894 he was manufacturer's agent for fine 
 confectionery for a New York firm. In 
 May, 1896, he was appointed by Governor 
 Lowndes to his present position of justice 
 of the peace at Baltimore. He was married 
 March 25, 1858, to Mary A. B., daughter of 
 the late Samuel Maught, a farmer and 
 miller of Frederick county, Md. One 
 son born of this marriage, Robert A. T. 
 Sahm, is a clerk in the General Auditor's of- 
 fice of the B. & O. Railroad Company. He 
 married Miss Eva Smith, by whom he has 
 one child, Mary Elizabeth. Esquire Sahm 
 is a Mason, and resides at 806 N. Strieker 
 street. 
 
 RoBLRT Henry Smith, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Lower Chanceford town- 
 ship, York county. Pa., December i, 1845. 
 He is a son of the late Robert and Sarah 
 Ross (Manifold) Smith, natives of York 
 county. Pa., and descendants of early 
 settlers of that section, of Scotch-Irish de- 
 scent. Robert H. Smith attended the public 
 schools and academy of his native county, 
 then entering Lafayette College, Easton, 
 Pa., from which institution he was gradu- 
 
 ated with the class of '67. After teaching 
 school in York county for one year, he came 
 to Baltimore and read law under Sebastian 
 Brown, was admitted to practice June 28, 
 1870, and immediately thereafter formed a 
 partnership with his preceptor with whom 
 he was engaged in the practice of law under 
 the firm name of Brown & Smith, until Jan- 
 uary I, 1880, since which time he has had no 
 partnership association; has offices now in 
 the Equitable Building and makes a spe- 
 cialty of admiralty practice. Mr. Smith is 
 a staunch Republican and has been actively 
 identified with his party's interests and 
 work in Baltimore for a quarter of a cen- 
 tury. He was Republican nominee for 
 State's Attorney in 1883, for Chief Judge of 
 the Supreme Bench in 18 , and for Con- 
 gress in 1894. He was one of the original 
 commissioners for the building of the new 
 court house. President of the Board of Su- 
 pervisors of Elections till May i, 1897, at 
 which time he resigned; one of the Board 
 and Secretary of the Trustees of McDon- 
 ough Institute, and a Director of the Third 
 National Bank of Baltimore. He was mar- 
 ried April 23, 1873, to Helen A., daughter of 
 the late Col. Samuel M.Alford, of New York 
 City. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have one child. 
 Helen Alford Smith, a student at Mt. Ver- 
 non School; reside at 1230 N. Calvert street 
 and are members of Second Presbyterian 
 Church, of which Sunday-school Mr. Smith 
 has been superintendent for nearly thirty 
 years. 
 
 William Strobel Thomas, Attorney- 
 at-Law, was born in Baltimore January 31, 
 1869. He is a son of the late John L. and 
 Azalia (Hussey) Thomas, natives of Balti- 
 more, the former of German-French, the 
 
666 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 latter of English-German descent. John P. 
 Strobel, maternal grandfather of W. S. 
 Thomas, was one of Bahimore's "Old De- 
 fenders" in 1814. The late John L. Thomas 
 was a distinguished member of the bar of 
 Baltimore, representing numerous corpor- 
 ate interests. He was Republican in poli- 
 tics and was returned to Congress two terms 
 from the Second District. He served as 
 Collector of the Port of Baltimore under 
 Presidents Grant and Hayes; was State's 
 Attorney for one term and City Counsellor 
 for two terms. He was a member of the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1862 and a 
 delegate or delegate-at-large to every Na- 
 tional Convention of his party for many 
 years. He was an eloquent and ready 
 speaker and particularly felicitous in his 
 post-prandial addresses. He died October 
 15, 1893: his widow survives and resides in 
 Baltimore. William S. Thomas was edu- 
 cated in public and private schools and the 
 City College of Baltimore; read law under 
 his father's preceptorship while attending 
 the law department of Maryland University; 
 was graduated from that institution in 1890, 
 and has since been engaged in the general 
 practice of his profession in Baltimore. He 
 is general counsel for Free Summer E.xcur- 
 sions. The family reside at 1316 Linden 
 avenue, and are members of the JMethodist 
 Church. 
 
 Hiram Woods was born in Saco, Me., 
 January 29, 1826. His parents were Hiram 
 and Eliza (Chase) Woods, the former a na- 
 tive of Massachusetts and lineally de- 
 scended from Miles Standish, the latter a 
 native of Maine and also descended from 
 early English settlers of New England. The 
 subject of this ski-tr-li rnnio tn Baltimore in 
 
 December, 1842, and took a clerkship in 
 the shipping firm of Kirkland, Chase & Co. 
 In 1849 he established himself in the gro- 
 cery business in partnership association 
 with the late Abraham B. Patterson and 
 John C. Bridges, under the firm name of 
 A. B. Patterson & Co.; upon the withdrawal 
 of the senior member of the firm it was sub- 
 sequently known as Woods, Bridges & Co. 
 In 1852 Mr. Woods withdrew from the gro- 
 cery firm to engage in the sugar refining 
 business with the late Charles M. Dough- 
 erty. Accessions to the firm of John Eger- 
 ton and John L. Weeks resulted in the 
 adoption of the firm name of Egerton, 
 Dougherty & Co., and upon the withdrawal 
 of Alessrs. Egerton and Dougherty and the 
 admission of the late Joseph A. Barker, was 
 thereafter known as Woods, Weeks & Co., 
 until 1876, when the business was closed up 
 and the partnership association ceased. In 
 1879 ^^r. Woods entered into a real estate 
 brokerage and agency business in which he 
 has ever since been engaged with present 
 ofifices No. 18 E. Lexington street. He is 
 also agent for the Guaranty Company of 
 North America. Mr. Woods was one of the 
 directors of the ^lechanics' Bank, Baltimore 
 Alarine Insurance Company, ^Maryland Life 
 Insurance Company and Home Fire Insur- 
 ance Company. He was one of the incor- 
 porators of the Maryland Industrial School 
 for Girls (now Female House of Refuge), 
 has been one of its board of managers since 
 its incorporation in 1866 and president of 
 the board since 1893. Through Mr. Woods' 
 efforts, in large measure, the funds were se- 
 cured for the erection of the Baltimore Su- 
 gar Refinery at Curtis Bay, of which he be- 
 came secretary and business manager. The 
 rpfiivr\- w;!*; di-;troved bv fire, rebuilt and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 667 
 
 passed into the hands of the now famous 
 American Sugar Trust Company. He is 
 President Female House of Refuge, Direc- 
 tor Roland Park Company, Home Fire In- 
 surance Company, Manager Maryland 
 State Bible Society, Maryland Tract So- 
 ciety, Manual Labor Society, and Sabbath 
 Association. He is one of the Direc- 
 tors of the Maryland Tract Society and 
 also of the Alaryland Bible Society. 
 He united with the Seventh Baptist Church 
 under the late Rev. Richard Fuller, D. D., 
 in 1847, gave to the congregation the 
 ground upon which the Eutaw Place 
 Baptist Church edifice is built, has been one 
 of the deacons of that congregation since 
 1872, is one of its board of trustees and was 
 superintendent of its Sunday-school for ten 
 years. He was married June 29, 1852, to 
 Helen, daughter of the late Daniel Chase, 
 of Baltimore. The surviving children bom 
 of this marriage are Dr. Hiram Woods, Jr., 
 of Baltimore; Rev. Frank C. Woods, of Up- 
 land, Pa.; Elizabeth F., wife of R. H. Wood- 
 ward, of Roland Park, Baltimore, Md.; 
 Catherine H., wife of D. Dorsey Guy, assist- 
 ant city editor Baltimore Sun, and Misses 
 Helen C. Lucy C, and Ethel Standish 
 Woods. The family reside at 1210 Eutaw 
 Place. 
 
 WiLLi.A^t Henry Baldwin, Jr., was 
 born in .Anne Arundel county, Md., 
 April 15, 1821. He is a son of the late 
 Judge Wm. H. and Maria (Woodward) 
 Baldwin, natives of Anne Arundel county, 
 and descendants respectively of early Welsh 
 and English settlers of the colony. Henry 
 Baldwin, Judge Baldwin's father, was a lieu- 
 tenant in the patriot army during the Rev- 
 olutionary 'War. Judge A\'m. H. Baldwin 
 
 was, as a boy in the United States Xavy, 
 participating as a midshipman on the Pea- 
 cock in the War of 1812. In later life he 
 was a planter in Anne Arundel county and 
 was for several years Judge of the Orphans' 
 Court of that county. He died April 6, 1882, 
 having survived his wife thirteen years. 
 William H. Baldwin, Jr., received such 
 schooling as was afforded by the country 
 schools of his native county, and at the age 
 of fourteen came to Baltimore to enter the 
 employ of Jones & Woodward, leading 
 wholesale dry goods merchants. The firm 
 was succeeded by that of William Wood- 
 ward & Co., Mr. Baldwin continuing with 
 the firm and being admitted to the partner- 
 ship with a small interest in 1844. Subse- 
 quently his pecuniary interest in the busi- 
 ness was largely extended and the tirm 
 name was changed to Woodw-ard, Baldwin 
 & Co., Mr. Baldwin being its second mem- 
 ber. Mr. William Woodward died in May, 
 1896, leaving Mr. Baldwin the senior sur- 
 viving member of the firm which continued 
 business under the name of Woodward, 
 Baldwin & Co. Mr. Baldwin was one of the 
 founders of the Maryland Savings Bank and 
 its president since its incorporation, and is 
 one of the Board of Directors of the Eutaw 
 Savings Bank, Maryland Trust Company, 
 Merchants' National Bank and American 
 Fire Insurance Company. He is President 
 of the new Mercantile Library Association, 
 and was for a number of years a member of 
 the Board of Directors of the Merchants" 
 and jManufacturers' Association of Balti- 
 more. He was married in 1859 to Mary P., 
 daughter of the late Samuel Rodman, of 
 Rhode Island. Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin have 
 four children, Frank Gambrill Baldwin. with 
 the firm of Woodward, Baldwin c^ Co.. at 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Baltimore; Carroll Baldwin, with the New- 
 York Branch of the same firm, and Misses 
 Riaria Woodward and Sallie Rod;Taan Bald- 
 win. The family reside at 717 Park avenue 
 and are members of Grace P. E. Church, of 
 which Mr. Baldwin is a vestryman. 
 
 Epaphroditus Swinnev, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Baltimore, April 2, 1834. 
 I-Ie is a son of the late Joseph and Emma 
 Matilda (Smith) Swinney, the former a na- 
 tive of Virginia of Scotch-Irish descent, the 
 latter of Maryland birth and English an- 
 cestry and both descendants of early settlers 
 of \'irginia. Joseph Swinney, great-grand- 
 father of the immediate subject of this 
 sketch, was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
 ^Var; his son Epaphroditus served in the 
 Indian War early in the century, the latter's 
 son Joseph was an agriculturist in early 
 manhood but latterly a merchant in Balti- 
 more, where he died in 187 1, his wife sur- 
 viving him five years. Epaphroditus Swin- 
 ney was educated in private schools and by 
 private tutors of Baltimore. His first pro- 
 fessional predilection was for the study of 
 medicine which he jjursued until a strong 
 distaste for the work of the dissecting table 
 led him to abandon it and take up the studv 
 <if law under the preceptorship of Judge 
 Wni. v^^. liryan. He was admitted to practice 
 by the Superior Court of Baltimore, Judge 
 William Frick, presiding, June 2, 1854, and 
 has ever since been engaged ui the practice 
 of his profession in Baltimore with present 
 offices at 217 Courtland street. He served 
 for several years as major of the First Rifle 
 Regiment of Maryland, his last commission 
 ai- such (jfficer In-inL' signed bv Governor 
 
 Hicks and bearing date of Februar}' 20, 
 1861. The regiment was disbanded at the 
 breaking out of the Civil War. It saw ser- 
 vice in quelling riotous disturbances on the 
 B. & O. Railroad at Hilchester and in the 
 John Brown raid at Harpers' Ferry. Mr. 
 Swinney was the people's candidate for 
 State's Attorney in 1859, and the Greenback 
 Labor party's candidate for Attorney Gen- 
 eral of Maryland in 1879. He was for a 
 number of years active in the local work of 
 tile Sons of Temperance and Good Tem- 
 plars. He resides at 1729 Fairmount ave- 
 nue and is a member of Madison Square M. 
 E. Church, 
 
 Charles Hen'Rv Myers, Chief of Bu- 
 reau of Industrial Statistics of Maryland, 
 was born November 3, 1851, in Harford 
 county, ;\Id. He is a son of the late 
 Christian H. and Mary Ann D. (Meyers) 
 Myers, natives of Maryland, and descend- 
 ants of early German settlers, of the colo- 
 nies. Mr. Myers' maternal grandfather par- 
 ticipated in the battle of North Point. The 
 late Christian H. Myers was supervisor of 
 tracks for the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road from 1833 to 1846, and in that ca- 
 pacity superintended the laying of the first 
 rails of that road between Baltimore and 
 Washington. From 1848 to 1854 he was 
 employed in a similar capacity on the Phila- 
 delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- 
 road. An interesting fact in this connec- 
 tion was that of laying tracks on the ice- 
 bound Susquehanna during the winter of 
 1852, over which trains were operated for 
 several months. In 1854 Mr. Myers re- 
 moved to Baltimore and was in Govern- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 66a 
 
 ment employ as Superintenlent of Public 
 Works up to 1859. He then resumed con- 
 nection with the Baltimore and Ohio as 
 Superintendent of Construction, and con- 
 tinued in that employ until his retirement 
 from business in 1876. He died in June, 
 1888; his wife survived until the following 
 March. Their son, Charles H. Myers, at- 
 tended the public schools and City College 
 of Baltimore, and supplemented this with a 
 special course in mathematics under private 
 tutors. From 1868 to 1873 he was time- 
 keeper under his father in the B. & O. ser- 
 vice. He then served an apprenticeship at 
 granite cutting and continued to work at his 
 trade until 1882, when he established him- 
 self in the stone business, in which he was 
 engaged until 1886. He was foreman in 
 various stone-cutting establishments from 
 the latter date until 1891, when he accepted 
 the superintendency of the Gettysburg 
 Granite Company's Works. In 1895 he 
 was appointed superintendent of- Bridges of 
 Baltimore, and in that capacity built the 
 Ramsey street, Xorth avenue and Colum- 
 bia bridges, and superintended the ma- 
 sonry on the Boulevard Railroad. In Feb- 
 ruary, 1896, he was appointed by Governor 
 Lowndes to his present position, Chief of 
 Bureau of Industrial Statistics of Maryland. 
 Mr. Myers was for several years President 
 and Secretary of the Federation of Labor. 
 He is a member of the Knights of Pvthias. 
 He was married in December, 1876, to 
 Emma C, daughter of the late Otto 
 Pietsch, for many years a leading musician 
 of Baltimore and the founder of the Haydn 
 Musical Association. Mrs. and Mrs. Myers 
 have three children, Otto P. Myers, a stu- 
 dent at Baltimore City College, and lola 
 and Edna Myers. The family reside at 
 
 1512 W. Pratt street and attend the Baptist 
 Church. 
 
 Robert Welch Owens, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Baltimore, November 16, 
 1871. He is a son of the late Robert W. 
 and Ida (Randall) Owens, natives of Mary- 
 land and descendants of early 'settlers of the 
 State, the Owens family antedating the 
 Revolutionary War more than one hun- 
 dred years. Of the early Randalls, Wm. 
 Dilworth Randall was a soldier in the War 
 of 1812. Robert W. Owens was educated 
 in the public schools and City College of 
 Baltimore, entered the law department of 
 Maryland University, was graduated there- 
 from and admitted to practice in 1896, and 
 is now senior member of the law firm of 
 Owens & Sauerwein, with the offices at 224 
 St. Paul street. Mr. Owens is a member 
 of Trinity M. E. Church. 
 
 Frank Howard Sloan, City Surveyor, 
 Baltimore, was born at Bloomsburg, Pa., 
 November 7, 1866. He is a son of Charles 
 Preston and Phoebe Ann (Lott) Sloan, na- 
 tives of Pennsylvania, of English descent, 
 the founder of the former family in the 
 United States having located in Pennsyl- 
 vania early in the century, and of the latter 
 some years prior to the Revolutionary War, 
 Col. Abraham Lott having served in the 
 Continental Army. Charles P. Sloan is a 
 retired manufacturer residing at Blooms- 
 burg, Pa. His wife died in January, 1891. 
 Frank H. Sloan was educated in public and 
 private schools of his native town, studied 
 civil engineering under a private tutor and 
 began his engineering career in steam rail- 
 road and general land surveying in Penn- 
 sylvania. In 1887 he came to Baltimore and 
 
C70 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was engaged until Februar\' 1890 as engi- 
 neer of the Baltimore and Drum Point 
 Railway. His next service was as principal 
 assistant engineer of the Dunderberg Spiral 
 Railway on the Hudson river. Returning 
 thence to Baltimore in June, 1891, he be- 
 came one of the Baltimore Traction Com- 
 pany's stafif of engineers, remaining in that 
 employ until his appointment in September, 
 1892, as chief engineer of the City and Sub- 
 urban Railway Company, in which capac- 
 ity he served until elected to his present 
 position of City Surveyor, November 5, 
 
 1895. He is a member of the Young Men's 
 Republican Club. Columbian Club, Balti- 
 more Athletic Club and Maryland Bicycle 
 Club. Mr. Sloan was married December 9, 
 
 1896, to Margaret H., daughter of the late 
 Charles Whiteley, of Washington, D. C. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Sloan reside at 407 North 
 Charles street and attend Grace P. E. 
 Church. 
 
 TnojL\s James Pritchett, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Somerset county. Md., 
 Februarv 6, 1870. He is a son of the 
 late Thomas and Sarah E. (Phoebus) Prit- 
 chett. natives of Maryland, and both of 
 whom are of English descent. Thomas J. 
 Pritchett received his initial training in 
 the public schools of Baltimore and under 
 private tutors, then entering the law de- 
 partment of the University of Maryland, 
 from which institution he was graduated 
 with the class of 1891. He remained in the 
 office of his prccei>tor, Mr. Charles E. Hill, 
 until Septeiu])cr, i8i)j, when he established 
 an office in the J, aw I'uilding, where he has 
 since been located and engaged in the prac- 
 tice of his profession. Mr. Pritchett resides 
 at 2516 North Charles street, and is a mem- 
 
 ber of the First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 George Whitelock, junior member of 
 the law firm of Schmucker & Whitelock, 
 was born in Baltimore, December 25, 1854. 
 He is a sou of the late William and Jane 
 Stockton (Woolston) Whitelock, the for- 
 mer a native of Delaware, the latter of 
 Pennsylvania, and both descendants of 
 colonial settlers. Charles Whitelock, 
 George Whitelock's paternal great-grand- 
 father, was a soldier in the patriot army 
 during the Revolutionary War. The late 
 William Whitelock located in 1824 in Balti- 
 more, where he was for many years engaged 
 in business as a manufacturer of fertilizers. 
 He was President of the Third National 
 Bank, Old Town Bank, and Washington 
 Fire Insurance Company, and a Director of 
 the Firemen's and Merchants' Marine In- 
 surance Companies. He was originally an 
 old-time Whig politically, but from 1861 to 
 his death was a staunch Republican. He 
 represented Baltimore county in the State 
 Legislature during the session of 1876. He 
 died June 28, 1893. George Whitelock 
 completed his general education at Penn- 
 sylvania Military College from which insti- 
 tution he was graduated with the class of 
 1872, entered upon the study of law under 
 Samuel D. Schmucker, and was graduated 
 from the law department of Maryland Uni- 
 versity in 1875, and admitted to the bar in 
 1876. He then went abroad to study 
 languages and incidentally attended lectures 
 at the University of Leipzig. Returning to 
 Baltimore he formed his present law part- 
 nership as.sociation. The firm's offices are 
 in the Fidelity Building. Mr. Whitelock is 
 one of the Board of Directors of the Alarv- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 land Title Insurance and Trust Company. 
 He was married December 30, 1878, to 
 Louisa C, daughter of the late P. G. Sauer- 
 wein, of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. White- 
 lock have two children, Roberta C. and 
 William M. E. Whitelock, reside at 5 W. 
 Biddle street, and are communicants of 
 Grace P. E. Church. 
 
 Samuel Davies Sciimuckek, Attorney- 
 at-Law, was born at Gettysburg. Pa., Feb- 
 ruary 26, 1844. He is a son of the late 
 Rev. Dr. S. S. Schmucker, a native of 
 Maryland, of German descent, one of the 
 most prominent Lutheran divines of his day 
 and President of the Theological Seminary 
 of the General Synod of the Lutheran 
 Church for more than forty years. He was 
 a prolific writer in theologic and mental 
 science, and author of the "History of the 
 Lutheran Church." He died in 1873. His 
 wife was Miss Steenbergen, a native of Vir- 
 ginia, and a descendant of early English and 
 Dutch colonial settlers, several of whom 
 were officers in the patriot army during the 
 Revolutionary War. Samuel D. Schmucker 
 was graduated from Pennsylvania College, 
 class of '63, and from the Law School of the 
 University of New York City, class of '65. 
 He located in Baltimore, entered into prac- 
 tice in 1866, and in 1876 formed his present 
 partnership association with Mr. George 
 Whitelock under the firm name of 
 Schmucker & Whitelock, with present 
 offices in the Fidelity Building. Mr. 
 Schmucker was for some time President of 
 the Bar Association of Baltimore City, and 
 is at this time President of the Board of 
 Trustees of Baltimore Orphan Asylum, a 
 Trustee of Home for .A.jE;ed Men and 
 Women, Henry Watson Children's Aid So- 
 
 j ciety. Society for Protection of Children, 
 j the Home of Reformation, Maryland Bible 
 Society, Maryland Tract Society and Sun- 
 day-School Union. He was married No- 
 vember 16, 1869, to Helen J., daughter of 
 the late John C. Bridges, who was a lead- 
 ing coffee and sugar dealer in Baltimore 
 for many years. Mr. and Mrs. Schmucker 
 reside at 1712 Park avenue and are mem- 
 bers of St. Paul's Lutheran Church. 
 
 Mr. Schmucker was a member of the 
 commission which prepared the present 
 charter of the city of Baltimore. 
 
 i William Thomas Henry, Supreme 
 I Secretary, Shield of Honor, was born in 
 Baltimore, September 22, 1848. He is a 
 ' son of the late Samuel T. and Elizabeth 
 I Ann (Lowther) Henry, both natives of 
 I Maryland, the former of Scotch and the lat- 
 I ter of English descent. Samuel T. Henry 
 } was in early manhood a passenger conduc- 
 i tor on the Baltimore & Ohio when that 
 road was operated only between Baltimore 
 and Frederick, Md. An injury received 
 led to his retirement from that service and 
 his subsequent employment was in the man- 
 agement of the lumber business of the same 
 company, in which capacity he was en- 
 gaged for a period of forty years and up 
 to within a short time of his decease, April 
 13, 1870. His widow survives and resides 
 at 215 S. Gilmor street, Baltimore. Wil- 
 liam Thomas Henry received a public 
 school education, was employed under his 
 father for two years and was then appren- 
 ticed to the late John C. Davis, carpenter 
 and builder. After mastering his trade he 
 followed it for about sixteen years and dur- 
 ing ten years of this period was millwright 
 at No. 3 Elevator, Canton. He became a 
 
672 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 member of the Shield of Honor in 1878 and 
 its Grand Master for the State of Maryland 
 in 1882. In October, 1885, he was ad- 
 mitted to the Supreme Lodge and elected 
 to the positon which he has ever since held 
 and still holds, of Supreme Secretary. Mr. 
 Henry has represented the Nineteenth 
 and Twentieth wards in the City Council 
 of Baltimore for one term. He has been 
 married twice: in 1870 to Miss Matilda 
 S. Mabee, who died within a year, and in 
 September, 1872, to Miss Maggie E., 
 daughter of William Martin, an artisan 
 of Baltimore. Mr. and ]Mrs. Henry 
 have two children: Ada E.. wife of J- 
 Frank Pumphrey, a granite cutter, and 
 Samuel T. Henry, a granite cutter. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Henry reside at 191 1 Harlem ave- 
 nue, and are members of St. John's Inde- 
 pendent M. P. Church. Mr. Henry is a 
 member of the Royal Arcanum, Knights of 
 Golden Eagle, Legion of the Red Cross, 
 Improved ( Irdcr of Heptasophs, Junior Or- 
 der United American Mechanics and Home 
 Circle. 
 
 Otto Hunckkl, Attorney-at-Law. was 
 born in Bremen, August 10, 1831. He re- 
 ceived his education in Bremen and was 
 then articled to the leading leaf tobacco im- 
 porting house of that city. After mastering 
 the details of the business he made a tour 
 of the United States when he became so 
 favorably impressed with Baltimore that he 
 determined upon locating in this city. He 
 found service as buyer for the leaf tobacco 
 house of Shaer & Kohler, in whose employ 
 he continued for some years, then return- 
 ing to Europe. After a sojourn abroad, he 
 returned to Baltimore, where he engaged 
 in extensive mercantile business, importa- 
 
 tion of European wines, brandies, cigars, 
 etc. He afterwards took up the study 
 of law and was for twelve or fifteen years 
 engaged principally as arbitrator in the 
 settlement of business and other controver- 
 sies. He was not admitted to practice law 
 until 1893, purposely deferring his admis- 
 sion to the bar not only because of its non- 
 essentiality to his business as arbitrator, but 
 of its possible detrimental effect. Mr. 
 Hunckel was one of the most prominent 
 and extensively known Germans in Balti- 
 more and especially noted for his charity. 
 He married Katharine, daughter of the 
 late John Voneifl, a merchant of Balti- 
 more, his former business partner. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Hunckel reside at 2426 St. Paul 
 street and are members of the Lutheran 
 Church. Mrs. Hunckel has read law and 
 is a graduate of Baltimore University 
 School of Law, class of 1893. 
 
 J. Frederick Requardt. Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born at Bremen. September 28, 
 1844. He is a son of the late John J. Re- 
 quardt who located in Baltimore in 1855, 
 and established a wholesale cigar and to- 
 bacco business which was subsequently car- 
 ried on under the firm names of J. J. Re- 
 quardt & Sons and latterly Requardt Bros. 
 J. Frederick Requardt attended Knapp's 
 School, then entering into business with his 
 father and brothers as above indicated and 
 continued to be so engaged until 1879. Fie 
 studied law with the late George C. Maund 
 and cx-Judge King, was admitted to the 
 bar in 1885, and has since been engaged in 
 general practice with present ofifice, 322 
 Equitable Building. Mr. Requardt was 
 secretary for a number of years of the 
 Schuctzcn Association of Baltimore. He 
 

 C'-0\CvXl,/^'\A.C/c4v6wl S t/\0/V\/Vlit<<' 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 
 
 673 
 
 was married July 19, 1S71, to Bertha, 
 daughter of the late Adoph Yeager, of 
 Hesse Cassel. Mr. and Mrs. Requardt have 
 five children, Dr. Whiteall Requardt, of Bal- 
 timore; J. M. Requardt, attorney-at-law; 
 Alice, Gustav Y., and F. Fred, Jr. The fam- 
 ily reside at 2235 Eutaw Place and attend 
 Franklin Street Presbyterian Church. 
 
 AI.\j. George Chase Wedderburn was 
 born at King George Court House, Va., 
 April 17, 1842. He is a son of the late 
 Dr. Alexander J. and Sarah Ann (John- 
 son) Wedderburn, natives of Virginia, the 
 former of Scotch, the latter of English de- 
 scent. The Wedderburn family of the 
 United States had its founder in the person 
 of David Wedderburn, who came from 
 Scotland in 1720 and located on York river, 
 in the colony of Virginia. Dr. Alexander 
 J. Wedderburn, his great-grandson, was 
 surgeon in the United States Navy by ap- 
 pointment of President Andrew Jackson, a 
 position which he resigned to accept the 
 chair of anatomy in the University of Louis- 
 iana, to which State he removed his family 
 from Virginia in 1842. He died in Wash- 
 ington City in 1859; his wife survived until 
 1895. Their son, George C. Wedderburn, 
 was educated in private schools and under 
 private tutors of New Orleans, La. At the 
 breaking out of the Civil War he en- 
 listed in Drew's Battalion of Cadets, of 
 New Orleans, which battalion was subse- 
 quently transferred to the Confederate ser- 
 vice, serving until 1863, then joining the 
 Third Virginia Battalion until the close of 
 the war. Major Wedderburn was editor of 
 the Richmond Bulletin, redhivus of the Sen- 
 tinel, and upon the suppression of the Bulle- 
 tin, became associated with Capt. Philip 
 
 40 
 
 B. Hooe in a commission business at Al- 
 exandria, Va., under the firm name of Hooe 
 & Wedderburn. In 1871, Major Wedder- 
 burn was appointed business manager to 
 succeed Col. James G. Berrett, of the Wash- 
 ington (D. C.) Patriot, a campaign sheet 
 which suspended publication after the de- 
 feat of Horace Greeley. During the follow- 
 ing two years he was business manager of 
 the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer. In 1875 he 
 was the Democratic nominee for Clerkship 
 of the National House of Representatives 
 on the ticket with Hon. Fernando Woods. 
 He was clerk of the Committee on Investi- 
 gation of Freedman's Bank, Washington, 
 and was the author of the resolution calling 
 that committee into existence. He was for 
 two years Assistant Doorkeeper of the 
 House and Superintendent of the Docu- 
 ment Room until 1882. Coming to Balti- 
 more, he engaged in the insurance business. 
 He was appointed City Librarian by Mayor 
 Davidson and was reappointed for two con- 
 secutive terms under Mayor Latrobe and 
 continued to serve under the latter's suc- 
 cessor. Mayor Hooper, until November 6, 
 1896. He has since been engaged in the in- 
 surance business. Mr. Wedderburn has 
 been Secretary of the Baltimore Business 
 Men's Democratic Association since 1889. 
 He is a member of St. Andrew's Society 
 and resides at 2208 Ruskin avenue. Of his 
 children, Lawrence Alexander Wedder- 
 burn was killed while a cadet at Annapolis 
 in 1882; George C. Wedderburn, Jr., is an 
 Examiner in the Patent Office, Washing- 
 ton, and John Wedderburn, a patent attor- 
 ney in Baltimore. 
 
 Allan Cleaveland, Attorney-at-Law, 
 was born in Baltimore,'June 28, 1872. He 
 
374 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 is a son of Amos J. and Mary E. (Jones) 
 Cleaveland, natives of Baltimore of Englisli 
 descent. Amos J. Cleaveland is in the em- 
 ploy of the Mas & Lambert Company, of 
 Baltimore. Allan Cleaveland was educated 
 in the public schools and City College of 
 Baltimore, was employed as clerk for four 
 years, then entered the law department of 
 the Maryland University, was graduated 
 therefrom in 1896, and admitted to the bar 
 immediately thereafter, and is now engaged 
 in the practice of law with offices in the Law 
 Building. He resides with his parents at 
 1338 X. Eden street and is a member of 
 Eutaw Place Baptist Church. 
 
 William Merriktck, Justice of the 
 Peace, was born in Baltimore, September 4, 
 1869. He is a son of James T. and Elizabeth 
 C. (Lee) Merriken, natives of Baltimore of 
 English descent. The Merriken family had 
 its first representative in America in the per- 
 son of Charles Merriken, who located at 
 what is now Snow Hill, Worcester county, 
 on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, in 1641. 
 One of the family, John Merriken, who was 
 captured at the battle of North Point, was so 
 badly maltreated by his British captors that 
 he died from the injuries received. James 
 T. Merriken is a real estate dealer, of Balti- 
 more. William Merriken received his edu- 
 cation in the public schools and City Col- 
 lege of Baltimore, and has since been en- 
 gaged in the real estate business with his 
 father. He was ap]K)inted to the office of 
 justice of the peace for the Sixth ward of 
 Baltimore, by Governor Lowndes in May, 
 1896. He is a member of the Jr. O. U. A. M. 
 and R. A. He was married December 16, 
 1896, to Julia B., daughter of Samuel C. 
 Hearn, an agriculturalist of Howard county- 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Merriken reside in East Balti- 
 more and attend the Methodist Church. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Lewis Hodgdon was 
 born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 23, i860. 
 He is a son of the late James Hodge and 
 Sarah (Dana) Hodgdon, natives of Penn- 
 sylvania, the former being English, the lat- 
 ter an Italian name. Gen. Samuel Hodg- 
 don, Doctor Hodgdon's paternal great- 
 grandfather served on General Washing- 
 ton's stafif in the Commissary Department 
 of the patriot army during the Revolution- 
 ary War, occupying the positions success- 
 ively of Deputy Commissary General, Com- 
 missary General and Quartermaster Gen- 
 eral. The founder of the American family 
 of Dana settled in Cambridge, Mass., in 
 1640. Of his posterity Anderson Dana, who 
 was a lawyer, served in the Connecticutt 
 Legislature as a representative from the col- 
 ony of Wyoming, and returning home dur- 
 ing the massacre of Wyoming, was killed 
 while fighting in defense of his country. 
 He is also descended from Col. William 
 Stevens, brother of Baron Philip Stevens, 
 a follower of Charles the First of England, 
 who was beheaded at Whitehall by order 
 of Cromwell shortly after the monarch 
 was executed; and from the Willards, 
 the Weldons, the Tracys, the Adams and 
 Huntingtons. All of the above families 
 married Danas or Stevenses. Dr. A. L. 
 Hodgdon was graduated from the Maryland 
 University Medical School with the class of 
 1884. He is dispensary physician Depart- 
 ment of Nervous Diseases, College of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons; one of the visiting 
 physicians to Home for Aged, a Fellow of 
 Virginia State Medical Society, member of 
 Clinical Society of Baltimore, and Medical 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and Chirurgical Faculty of ^laryland, and 
 of the Sons of the American RevoUition. 
 
 He was married April 25, 1888, to Lillian, 
 daughter of John R. and Susan Huntington 
 (Dana) Coolbaugh, of Wilkesbarre, Pa. 
 Dr. and Mrs. Hodgdon have one child, An- 
 derson Dana Hodgdon, reside at 1235 W. 
 Lafayette avenue, and are members of First 
 Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Alfred Pratt Jump, Attorney-at-La\v, 
 torn in Talbot county, Md., November 10, 
 1832. He is a son of the late Charles and 
 Margaret (Pratt) Jump, natives and de- 
 :scendants of early settlers of Maryland, of 
 English descent. Charles Jump was a 
 planter; he died in 1852, his wife in 1872. 
 Alfred Pratt Jump was graduated from Ox- 
 ford (Md.) Military Academy in 1852; 
 studied law under the preceptorship of the 
 late Col. Samuel Hambleton, of Easton, 
 Md., entered State National Law School, 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y., from which institu- 
 tion he was graduated in 1853. Returning 
 to Easton and being admitted to the bar he 
 was associated in practice with his precep- 
 tor for a number of years. For one year 
 •during this period he was proprietor of the 
 Easton Gacctlc. In 1857 Mr. Jump was ap- 
 pointed Auditor of the Chancery Court of 
 Talbot county, a position which he resigned 
 in 1870 to enter upon the practice of law in 
 Baltimore, where he has ever since been lo- 
 cated, with present office at 211 N. Calvert 
 street. He was married May 7, 1856, to Wil- 
 helmina, daughter of the late Samuel Har- 
 per, of Easton. Mrs. Jump died March 3, 
 1894, leaving four children. They are Cora, 
 wife of Robert N. Soper, a merchant, of Elk- 
 ridge Landing, Md. ; Alfred Preston Jump, 
 agent at Thurlow, of the P. W. & B. R. R., 
 
 and who married Miss Lizzie Hannum, of 
 Chester, Pa.; Dr. Clarence K. Jump, of Bal- 
 timore, who married Miss Ella Whittaker, 
 of the same city, and William Jump, of the 
 P. W. & B., at Canton, and who married 
 Miss Mollie Clickner, of Baltimore. Mr. 
 A. P. Jump resides with his son, Doctor 
 Jump, at 1202 Argyle avenue, and is a mem- 
 ber of Columbia Avenue M. E. Church. 
 
 T. Julius Schaumloeffel, Attorney- 
 at-Law, was bom July 30, 1869, in New 
 York City. He is a son of the late Nicholas 
 S. and Annie R. (Dastadi) Schaumloeffel, 
 the former a native of Hesse Cassel and the 
 latter of Basle, Switzerland. The former 
 was a wholesale clothing merchant of New 
 York, who removed to Baltimore in 1879, 
 where he followed the same pursuit, remov- 
 ing thence to Rochester, N. Y., where he 
 died in 18 . T. Julius Schaumloeffel was 
 educated in the public schools, City College 
 and Johns Hopkins University, of Balti- 
 more. He then entered the law depart- 
 ment of the Maryland University and was 
 graduated therefrom and admitted to the 
 bar in May, 189 1, and is now practicing law 
 with offices in the Herald Building. He was 
 a candidate for the Legislature from the 
 Third District of Baltimore in 1895 and was 
 defeated. He was married October 16, 1895, 
 to Annie E., daughter of Henry Voltz, with 
 Carlin & Fulton, hardware merchants. Mr. 
 Schaumloeffel is a member of the L O. H., 
 K. ofP. andjr. O. U. A. M. 
 
 Henry Shirk, Jr., Attorney-at-Law, 
 was born in Baltimore, Md., July 11, 1856. 
 He attended the public schools and City Col- 
 lege of Baltimore, graduating from the lat- 
 ter institution with the class of '73. taking 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the Peabody prize. He then entered the 
 Sophomore class of Dickinson College, 
 from which he was graduated in 1876. Two 
 years later he had graduated from the law 
 department of ^Maryland University and 
 after some years spent in the further study 
 of law in the offices of Amos F. Musselmann 
 and W. Burns Trudle, established him- 
 self in 1885 in the general practice with of- 
 fices on E. Lexington street. jNIr. Shirk is 
 a member of the Civil Service Association, 
 Reform League and Twenty-second Ward 
 Republican Club. He is a member of the 
 First I\I. E. Church, and one of the Board 
 of Stewards and a member of the Ad- 
 visory Board of the Twenty- fourth Street 
 Methodist Episcopal Church Mission. (For 
 genealogy see Isaac Holmes Shirk, this 
 volume.) 
 
 Jamics D. Cotter, Attorney-at-Law, is a 
 son of the late John and Mary F. Cotter. 
 John Cotter was for a number of years iden- 
 tified in a large way with the commercial 
 and real estate interests of Baltimore. He 
 died in the summer of 1893; his widow re- 
 sides in Baltimore. James D. Cotter com- 
 pleted his general education at Loyola Col- 
 lege, graduating therefrom with the degree 
 of Bachelor of Arts in the class of 1882. 
 He was graduated from the law depart- 
 ment of Maryland University in 1887 and 
 was by election of his class its orator of 
 the commencement exercises, at which he 
 was also awarded the two faculty prizes of 
 $100, each for highest percentage upon ex- 
 amination and best thesi.s — the second in- 
 stance up to that date in the history of 
 the law school where both prizes were 
 awarded to the same student. Immedi- 
 
 diately after graduation Mr. Cotter was ad- 
 mitted to the practice of law and is still en- 
 gaged therein with offices on St. Paul street. 
 Mr. Cotter was actively identified with the 
 Tarif? Reform Association and a member 
 of its Executive Committee. He is an In- 
 dependent Democrat politically, a member 
 of the Church of the Immaculate Concep- 
 tion, and resides at 1122 W. Lafayette 
 
 \\'illiam Frank Tucker, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Anne Arundel county, 
 Md., May i, 1844. He is a son of the late 
 William and Rebecca (Laughlin) Tucker, 
 natives of Anne Arundel cotmty, and de- 
 scendants of early settlers of Maryland. W. 
 Frank Tucker was educated in the public 
 schools and academy of his native county 
 and at West River Classical Institute, Rev. 
 R. G. Cheney, principal. In 1863 he came 
 to Baltimore and was for one year engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits. Returning to An- 
 napolis, Mr. Tucker began the study of law 
 under the preceptorship of James Revell, 
 now Judge of the Circuit Court; was ad- 
 mitted to the bar upon examination by 
 Judge Aliller, late Chief Justice of Mary- 
 land, in April, 1868; entered upon the prac- 
 tice of his profession at Annapolis, where 
 he remained until 1877, removing thence to 
 Baltimore, where, until 1890, he had charge 
 of attachment cases for the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Railroad Company. He has since 
 been engaged in general practice, wath of- 
 fices now at 208 N. Calvert street. Mr. 
 Tucker has taken an active nart in politics 
 ever since attaining his majority, being 
 identified with the Democratic party up to 
 1S86, and since then with the Prohibition 
 party, of which latter he has acted as State 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 organizer in each campaign up to 1896. 
 He was a delegate to the Prohibition Na- 
 tional Conventions of 1888, 1892 and 1896, 
 in the last, placing the name of Hon. Joshua 
 Levering for the Presidency. In this 
 convention he also took a leading part in 
 the advocacy of a single issue platform. He 
 accompanied and assisted Mr. Levering 
 throughout his New England campaign. 
 Mr. Tucker was married April 25, 1872, to 
 Blanche, daughter of the late Benjamin 
 O'Hara, also of Anne Arundel county, who 
 died February 9, 1897, and whose planta- 
 tion adjoined that of the late William 
 Tucker. Mr. and Mrs. Tucker have five 
 children: Claude Tucker, with Paine & 
 Co., bankers and brokers, of Baltimore; 
 Adele, Alice, Benjamin and Philip; reside 
 at 315 E. Huntington avenue, and are mem- 
 bers of North Avenue Baptist Church. Mr. 
 Tucker is a member of the Board of Trus- 
 tees of his church and one of the Board of 
 Directors of Glyndon Park Campmeeting 
 Association. 
 
 Frederic Chunk, Attorney-at-Law,was 
 born in St. Mary's county, Md., December 
 22, 1871 He is a son of the late Mark 
 Bourne Chunn and Anna Matilda (Dent) 
 Chunn, natives of Maryland, of English de- 
 scent, whose ancestors were settlers of 
 Maryland prior to the Revolutionary War. 
 Frederic C. Chunn completed his general 
 education at Charlotte Hall Military Acad- 
 emy, engaged for three years in school 
 teaching in St. Mary's county, then enter- 
 ing the law department of Yale Univer- 
 sity, from which institution he was gradu- 
 ated in June, 1895. He was admitted to the 
 bar at Leonardtown, St. Mary's countv, in 
 the fall of '95; removed to Baltimore in 
 
 jed in 
 
 the spring of '96, where he is engage 
 
 of law, with offices at 221 St. Paul 
 
 practice 
 street 
 
 Morris Ames Soper, Attorney-at-Law, 
 was born in Baltimore, January 23, 1873. 
 He is a son of the late Samuel J. and Sarali 
 (Hiss) Soper, both natives of Maryland, the 
 former of English, the latter of English- 
 German-Svviss descent. Samuel J. Soper 
 served for one term as a member of the 
 Maryland Legislature from Baltimore, and 
 was subsequently his party's nominee for a 
 court clerkship, but was defeated. He died 
 April 16, 1889. His widow survives. Mor- 
 ris Ames Soper was educated in the public 
 schools and City College of Baltimore, from 
 which latter institution he was graduated 
 with the class of 1890. He then entered 
 Johns Hopkins University, graduating 
 with the degree B. A., in 1893. He next 
 entered the law school of the Maryland 
 University and was graduated therefrom 
 and admitted to the bar in 1895. He was 
 one of the attorneys for the Baltimore Re- 
 form League and is counsel for the Society 
 for the Suppression of Vice. His office is 
 in the Equitable Building. 
 
 Robert Brent Walling, Attorney-at- 
 Law and senior member of the law, real es- 
 tate and collection firm of Walling & 
 Woodward, was born in Baltimore, Octo- 
 ber 28, i860. He is a son of Charles E. 
 and Adeline E. (Irwin) Walling, the former 
 a native of Maryland and of English, the 
 latter of Alabama and of Italian-English ex- 
 traction. Mr. Charles E. Walling is now 
 Superintendent of Public Schools, Morgan- 
 town, W. Va. His wife died in June, 1879. 
 R. Brent Walling was educated in the pub- 
 
678 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 lie schools and City College of Baltimore, 
 and at Frederick College, Frederick, Md., 
 from which institution he was graduated in 
 June, 1879. He began the study of law 
 under I. Thomas Jones, now Associate 
 Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit ; contin- 
 ued under Abraham Sharp and John F. 
 Williams, attended one course of lectures 
 at Columbia Law College, Washington, D. 
 C, graduated therefrom in 1886, and upon 
 oral examination before the Supreme Bench 
 of Baltimore, January 28, 1888, was admit- 
 ted to practice. He attends to the law busi- 
 ness of the firm of which he is a senior mem- 
 ber as above stated. He was married Janu- 
 ary 29, 1893, to Marguerite E., daughter of 
 Prof. David A. Woodward. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Walling have one child, Marguerite Marie, 
 reside at 337 N. Calhoun street and attend 
 St. Luke's P. E. Church. 
 
 Michael Joseph Conway, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in the County Tyrone, Ire- 
 land, May 21, 1869. He is a son of the late 
 Daniel and Mary (McVeigh) Conway, both 
 natives of County Tyrone, Ireland, the lat- 
 ter a full cousin of Gen. James Shields, 
 of the Federal Army in the late war. Dan- 
 iel Conway was a merchant carrying on 
 business in Baltimore for many years and 
 being for the past ten years exclusively en- 
 gaged in the importation of tea. He died 
 December 12, 1896. His wife, two sons 
 and two daughters survive, the sons being 
 Dr. J. Henry Conway and the immediate 
 subject of this sketch. Michael J. Conway 
 received his education at Calvert Hall, Bal- 
 timore; was for several years thereafter in 
 the employ of his father, began the study of 
 law under the preceptorship of Lewis 
 Hochheimer, was graduated from the Bal- 
 
 timore University School of Law, and ad- 
 mitted to the bar in May, 1894, since which 
 time he has been engaged in the practice 
 of his profession in Baltimore. Mr. Con- 
 way organized the "Guardian Building and 
 Loan Association of Baltimore," of which 
 he is general manager and associate coun- 
 sel; is President of Division No. 2, Ancient 
 Order of Hibernians, and Supreme Treas- 
 urer of the "American Catholic League." 
 He was married October 16, 1895, to Mar- 
 garet, daughter of J. P. Harrington, a re- 
 tired iron merchant, of Erie, Pa. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Conway have one child, John Daniel, 
 and are members of the Roman Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 Henry Brooke Gilpin, a member of 
 the wholesale drug house of Gilpin, Lang- 
 don & Co., was born in Baltimore, April 
 3, 1853. He is a son of the late Bernard 
 and Mary (Bernard) Gilpin, natives of 
 Maryland, and descendants of early English 
 settlers of the colonies, who were driven 
 from England by religious persecution in 
 the sixteenth century. The genealogy of 
 the American Gilpins is clearly traceable to 
 early in the thirteenth century. Bernard 
 Gilpin was senior member of the firm of 
 Gilpin, Langdon & Co., successor to Can- 
 by, Gilpin & Co., who founded the business 
 July I, 1845. Mr. Bernard Gilpin was 
 President of the Merchants' and Manufac- 
 turers' Association of Baltimore, a member 
 of Baltimore Water Board, Director of the 
 Third National Bank of Baltimore and 
 President of the Emigration Society. He 
 died May 7, 1897. His wife survives and 
 resides in Baltimore. Henry Brooke Gil- 
 pin attended the public schools and Lamb's 
 School, Baltimore, and at seventeen en- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 679 
 
 tered upon his business career in the em- 
 ploy of Canby, Gilpin & Co., continuing 
 with it and its successor, Gilpin, Langdon 
 & Co., and having had a partnership in- 
 terest in the latter firm since January, 1886. 
 He is one of the Vice-Presidents of the Mer- 
 chants' and Manufacturers' Association, 
 Baltimore, and President of Mandand State 
 Pharmaceutical Association. He was mar- 
 ried October 27, 1886, to Hattie, daughter 
 of Benjamin F. Newcomer, President of 
 Baltimore Safe Deposit and Trust Com- 
 pany. Mr. and Mrs. Gilpin have three chil- 
 dren, Donald, Kenneth and Dorothy, re- 
 side at 1207 N. Calvert street, and are com- 
 municants of Emanuel P. E. Church. Mr. 
 Gilpin is a member of numerous social and 
 charitable associations of Baltimore and of 
 the Masonic fraternity, a Knight Templar. 
 
 John Stafford Woodward was born 
 in Baltimore, November 11, 1870. He is a 
 son of Prof. David A. and Josephine (Laty) 
 Woodward, the former a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania, of English descent, the latter a na- 
 tive of Maryland and of French-English 
 descent. David A. Woodward was for 
 twenty years professor of drawing and 
 painting in the Maryland Institute, of which 
 he was principal, and is now pursuing his 
 artistic calling with studio -on Lexington 
 street. J. Stafford Woodward was edu- 
 cated in public and private schools of Bal- 
 timore and was engaged in mercantile pur- 
 suits for several years, then forming his 
 present partnership association with R. 
 Brent WalHng under the firm name of 
 Walling & Woodward and transacting a 
 law, real estate and collection business at 
 228 St. Paul street. Mr. Woodward resides 
 at Relay, Md., and is a communicant of St. 
 Luke's Episcopal Church. 
 
 Isaac McCurlEy, Attorney-at-Law, was 
 born in Baltimore, February 21, 1840. He 
 is a son of the late William and Mary (Cur- 
 ley) McCurley, natives of Baltimore and 
 descendants of early Scotch-Irish settlers of 
 Pennsylvania. Felix McCurley and James 
 Curley, the paternal and maternal grand- 
 fathers of the immediate subject of this 
 sketch, located in Baltimore respectively in 
 1799 and 1802. James Curley rendered 
 much valuable public service, was City 
 Commissioner for twelve years, a member 
 of the City Council and of the State Legis- 
 lature. William McCurley went to Califor- 
 nia in 1849, where he died the following 
 year. Isaac McCurley completed his gen- 
 eral education at Dickinson College. Car- 
 lisle, Pa., where he was graduated with the 
 class of '62. He then enlisted in Company 
 B, loth Maryland Volunteer Infantry, and 
 served until 1864. During the last year of 
 his college course he took up the study of 
 laav, resumed it upon his return from the 
 army under the preceptorship of the late 
 George M. Gill and was admitted to prac- 
 tice in December, 1864. His present office 
 is at 227 St. Paul street. Mr. McCurley 
 was in 1882 appointed auditor of the Cir- 
 cuit Court of Baltimore, a position which he 
 still holds. He was married January 13, 
 1870, to Annie, daughter of the late William 
 H. Stran, for many years and up to the 
 time of his decease a merchant of Baltimore. 
 Mr. and Mrs. McCurley have five children: 
 William S., Annie, James W., Kate A. S. 
 and Mary T. McCurley. William S. and 
 James W. McCurley are engaged in mer- 
 cantile pursuits in Baltimore. The eldest 
 daughter, Annie, is the wife of Charles G. 
 Summers, Jr., a merchant of Baltimore. 
 Mr. and Mrs. McCuriey reside at 13 11 Mad- 
 ison avenue and attend the Madison Ave- 
 
C80 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 nue M. E. Church. Mr. McCurley is a 
 member of the Grand Army of the Republic 
 and has filled the office of Post Commander. 
 
 James S. Calwell, Attorney-at-Law,was 
 born in Baltimore, November 25, 1855. He 
 is a son of the late Lucien B. and Harriet 
 (Sloan) Cahvell, natives of Baltimore and 
 descendants of early settlers of Maryland. 
 Lucien B. Cahvell was for many years a 
 member of the firm of Sloan & Calwell, 
 wholesale liquor dealers of Baltimore. He 
 died in January, 1871 ; his widow resides 
 in Baltimore county. James S. Calwell 
 was educated by private tutors and at Steu- 
 art Hall, attended lectures of the law de- 
 partment of Maryland University while 
 reading under the preceptorship of Charles 
 H. Wyatt and Frederick F. Benzinger; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1880, engaged 
 in the practice of his profession alone 
 until 1888, when he formed his present 
 partnership association with Harry I\L 
 Benzinger under the firm name of Ben- 
 zinger & Calwell. Mr. Calwell is Secretary 
 and Treasurer of Irvington Real Estate 
 Company, of Baltimore; a member of the 
 Reform League, Civil Service Reform As- 
 sociation, University Club, Jr. O. U. A. M., 
 and Royal Arcanum. He was married 
 June 17, 1 89 1, to Amanda, daughter of 
 Daniel Scott, a lawyer of Belair, whose 
 father. Otto Scott, a distinguished jurist, 
 first, in i860, codified the laws of Maryland. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Calwell have three children, 
 Amanda Norris, James S., Jr., and Lucien 
 B.; reside at Irvington and attend St. 
 George's P. E. Church, an edifice which is 
 beautified with four memorial windows to 
 deceased members of the Cahvell familv. 
 
 Dr. Edward Augustus Smith was born 
 April 14, 1862, in Baltimore, Md. He is a 
 son of Henry and the late Josephine B. 
 (Tilyard) Smith, the former a native of 
 London, Eng., and the latter of Baltimore 
 and of English descent. Mr. Henry Smith 
 was engaged for a time in mercantile and 
 manufacturing lines but has been for the 
 past forty years in the employ of the North- 
 ern Central Railway Company of Balti- 
 more. Dr. E. A. Smith received his edu- 
 cation in the public schools of Baltimore 
 and was engaged as book-keeper for some 
 years thereafter, during which period he be- 
 gan the study of medicine, continuing it un- 
 der the preceptorship of Dr. A. C. Pole, 
 and at the Baltimore Medical College, from 
 which institution he was graduated in 1891. 
 He has ever since been one of the faculty 
 of that college, occupying the chairs suc- 
 cessively of Demonstrator (assistant) of An- 
 atomy, Demonstrator of Physical Diagno- 
 sis, Chief of Clinics in the Dispensary, and 
 is now (1897) Demonstrator of Obstetrics 
 and Gynecology. He is a member of the 
 Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, 
 the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland; the Royal Arcanum and the 
 Loyal Additional Benevolent Association. 
 He was married April 6, 1893, to Julia, 
 daughter of the late Capt. James Tilghman. 
 Dr. and Mrs. Smith have two children: 
 Anna T. and Edward A.; reside at 2531 
 Pennsylvania avenue and are members of 
 St. Peter's Episcopal Churcli. 
 
 David Henry Sanders, senior member 
 of the firm of Sanders & Stayman, dealers 
 in pianos, etc., Baltimore and Washington, 
 D. C, was born in Rowley, Essex county, 
 Mass., November 29, 1840. He is a son 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 681 
 
 of the late David and Elizabeth (Howe) 
 Sanders, natives of Massachusetts, the for- 
 mer of Scotch, the latter of English descent. 
 Da\ad Sanders, grandfather of the immedi- 
 ate subject of this sketch, located in Massa- 
 chusetts from Scotland shortly after the 
 Revolutionary War and became promi- 
 nently identified wnth the interests of Es- 
 sex county, which he represented in the 
 State Legislature, and where he held a num- 
 ber of offices of public trust. His son, too, 
 was a valued and valuable citizen. The 
 founder of the Howe family in the colonies 
 was one of the early English settlers of New 
 England and lineally descended from the 
 same progenitors, as was Lord Howe one 
 of the commanding oiScers of the British 
 forces during the Revolutionary War. 
 David Henry Sanders completed his educa- 
 tion at Dummer Academy, Newbury, 
 Mass., and then took up the study of music 
 with a view to adopting it in one or other 
 of its branches professionally. His studies 
 were interrupted through the breaking out 
 of the Civil War and his enlistment. May, 
 1861, in the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer 
 Infantry, a part of the 12th Corps, up to 
 and including the battle of Gettysburg, and 
 thereafter upon the consolidation of the 
 I2th and 20th Corps under the command of 
 Gen. Joe Hooker, participating in all of 
 the engagements of General Sherman's 
 Georgia campaign. Mr. Sanders was suc- 
 cessively promoted up to a lieutenancy. 
 He was badly wounded in the battle of the 
 Wilderness and was thereafter in the Vet- 
 eran Corps. He was mustered out in 1864. 
 Following his army service he was engaged 
 as salesman for a Philadelphia piano house 
 until 1867, when he came to Baltimore and 
 founded the retail piano, organ and musi- 
 
 cal merchandise establishment, now known 
 under the firm name of Sanders & Stayman, 
 and doing business in Baltimore at 13 N. 
 Charles street, with a branch house at 1327 
 F. street, N. W., Washington, D. C. The 
 partnership association with the late Dr. J. 
 H. Stayman was formed in 1871 and con- 
 tinued up to the latter's decease, January 
 31, 1896. Mr. James N. :Muller, now of 
 the firm, became associated therewith in 
 1894. Mr. Sanders has been a patron of 
 musical enterprises of Baltimore generally 
 and has given much time to choir leading 
 and choral conducting. He w-as married 
 May 7, 1868, to Anna F., daughter of the 
 late Samuel Fort, a prominent citizen of 
 Burlington, N. J., whose family subsequent 
 to his demise, located in Philadelphia. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Sanders have three children: 
 Blanche, Corinne and Evelyn Sanders; re- 
 side at 2212 N. Charles street, and are mem- 
 bers of the First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Olin Bryax, Attorney-at-Law, was born 
 in Queen Anne's county, Md., June 22, 
 1863. He is a son of the late Wm. I. and 
 Mary C. (Bryan) Bryan, natives of Mary- 
 land, of Scotch-Irish descent, and descend- 
 ants of early settlers of the State. Wm. I. 
 Bryan died in 1870; his widow now re- 
 sides in Baltimore. Their son, Olin, at- 
 tended Dover Academy and then entered 
 the law department of Maryland University, 
 from which institution he was graduated in 
 1887. Immediately thereafter he w^as ad- 
 mitted to the bar by the Supreme Bench at 
 Baltimore, then entering upon the practice 
 of his profession at Centreville, Queen 
 Anne's county, where he remained until 
 May I, 1896, when he removed to Baltimore 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and formed his present partnership associa- 
 tion wnth Mr. Alfred J. Carr. Mr. Bryan 
 was an active Democratic partisan during 
 his career in Queen Anne's county, was 
 clerk of the County Commissioners from 
 1887 to 1891, and a member of the State 
 Legislature during the session of 1892. He 
 is a member of the Knights of Pythias and 
 one of the Grand Trustees of that order; a 
 member of the Improved Order of Hepta- 
 sophs and one of its Supreme Law Council; 
 a member of the Essenic Order and its 
 treasurer, and a Mason. He was married 
 January 22, 1890, to Anna L., daughter of 
 John Dodd, real estate agent, of Queen 
 Anne's county. Mr. and Mrs. Bryan have 
 three children, Dodd, Katherine and Hen- 
 rietta; reside at 2021 N. Calvert street, and 
 are members of the First Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church. 
 
 Robert ^^LvcrudEr, President of the 
 Union Credit Company, Baltimore, was 
 born in Washington, D. C, IMarch 
 24, 1856. He is a son of the late 
 Thomas J. and Sarah A. (Botler) :\Ia- 
 gruder. natives of Prince George's county, 
 Md., and descendants of early settlers 
 of Southern Maryland. Thomas J. Ma- 
 gruder was the first wholesale shoe mer- 
 chant south of Baltimore, establishing him- 
 self in that line at Washington, in 1844, and 
 removing thence to Baltimore in 1861, 
 where he was so engaged up to the time 
 of his decease, July, 1890. The business 
 founded by him is continued under the 
 original firm name of T. J. Magruder & 
 Co., in Baltimore, by his sons, Lyttleton 
 and Edward B. Magruder. Robert Mag- 
 ruder received his initial schooling in pri- 
 vate schools of Baltimore and completed his 
 
 education at Randolph-Macon College, 
 Ashland, Va. He then entered the ofSce of 
 his father's establishment and upon attain- 
 ing his majority was admitted to the part- 
 nership, having charge, during the seven- 
 teen years of his connection with the firm, 
 of its credit department. In 1890 he 
 founded the Union Credit Company, of 
 which he is president and general manager. 
 He is one of the Board of Trustees of Ran- 
 dolph-Macon College and was from 1889 to 
 1895 President of the Board of County 
 Commissioners of Baltimore county. Mr. 
 Magruder was one of the incorporators and 
 is now President of the .-Vtlantic Permanent 
 Building and Homestead Association of 
 Baltimore. He is a Mason, Knight Tem- 
 plar, member of the Order of the Golden 
 Chain and Jr. O. U. A. M. He was mar- 
 ried September 11, 1877, to Elizabeth, 
 daughter of the . late James P. Thomas, 
 banker and broker, of Baltimore. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Magruder have five children: Ham- 
 lin, with T. J. Magruder & Co.; Herbert 
 T., student at Bahimore City College; Ethel 
 R., Robert, Jr., and Donald; reside on Park 
 Heights avenue, Baltimore county, and are 
 members of Arlington M. E. Church South, 
 of which Mr. Magruder has been a member 
 of the board of trustees for seventeen years. 
 He is President of Wesley Grove Camp- 
 meeting Association; member of the Gen- 
 eral Conference Sunday-school Board, 
 which has charge of the entire Sunday- 
 school work of the M. E. Church South; 
 president of the Baltimore Conference Sun- 
 day-school Board of ISl. E. Church South; 
 member of the directory of the Wesleyan 
 Female Institute. Staunton, \'n.. ami mem- 
 ber of Conunittce of General Conference M. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 E. Church South, to meet in Bahimore in 
 1898. 
 
 Charles W. Dorsey, President of the 
 Manufacturers' National Bank of Balti- 
 more, was born in Waterford, Loudon 
 county, Va., May 7, 1838. He is a son of 
 the late Capt. Allen M. and Matilda J. 
 (Polton) Dorsey, the former a native of 
 Loudon county, Va. (1812), the latter of 
 Baltimore county, Md. (1814), and both 
 descendants of early settlers of the colo- 
 nies. Capt. Allen M. Dorsey brought his 
 family, in 1840, to Howard county, where 
 he was engaged in business as a carpenter 
 and builder up to the time of his decease 
 in 1846. His wife died in 1875. Three of 
 their children survive, viz.: Mrs. Sarah F. 
 Waidner (widow), who resides in Balti- 
 more; Mrs. Simmons Paxson, who resides 
 at Byrwin, Md., and the immediate subject 
 of this sketch. Charles W. Dorsey re- 
 ceived a limited public school and business 
 college education and as a boy was com- 
 pelled to earn a livelihood, his first service 
 being that of a clerk in a clothing store, 
 where he remained for two years. He was 
 then apprenticed to learn the trade of car- 
 penter: served his time and worked as jour- 
 neyman until 1861, when he obtained a situ- 
 ation as a street car conductor in the em- 
 ploy of the Baltimore City Passenger Rail- 
 way Company. The following year he was 
 appointed substitute receiver of the com- 
 pany and in 1863 was promoted to the as- 
 sistant superintendency of the Company's 
 Green and Blue lines under William C. Ar- 
 thur. In 1864 he was made superintendent 
 of these lines, a position which he continued 
 to hold until 1872, when he resigned to en- 
 ter the firm of W. J. Dickey & Sons, wool 
 
 and cotton manufacturers, of Baltimore, 
 with which he has ever since been con- 
 nected. He succeeded the late W. J. 
 Dickey as President of the Manufacturers' 
 National Bank upon the decease of the lat- 
 ter in 1896. Mr. Dorsey was married in 
 December, 1872, to Lizzie A., daughter of 
 the late William J. and Agnes (Murphy) 
 Dickey, natives of the North of Ireland, who 
 settled in Baltimore in youth. Mrs. Dor- 
 sey died in 187. . and in 1876 Mr. Dorsey 
 married her sister, Sarah J. Dickey. The 
 children are Lizzie A., wife of Rev. F. F. 
 Kennedy, and Edgar A. Dorsey. The fam- 
 ily reside at Wetheredsville, Baltimore 
 county, and are members of the Presby- 
 terian Church, in which Mr. Dorsey has 
 been a ruling elder for many years. Mr. 
 Dorsev is one of the Board of Directors of 
 the Ashland Manufacturing Company of 
 Baltimore county, and Treasurer of the 
 Wetheredsville Savings Bank, of which he 
 was one of the founders. He is a Mason, 
 Knight Templar, and was First Master of 
 Sharon Lodge, Arlington. 
 
 George C. Wilkins, General Agent 
 Pennsylvania lines, Baltimore, was born in 
 England, January 29, 1835, and began his 
 long, honorable and fruitful railroad life in 
 August, 1853, as rodman on surveys and 
 construction of the Pittsburg and Connells- 
 ville Railroad. He continued in that ser- 
 vice until October, 1856, when he became 
 an assistant engineer on the surveys and 
 construction of the Southwest Branch and 
 the main line of the Pacific Railroad of Alis- 
 soiiri. 
 
 In October, 1861, he returned to the 
 Pittsburg and Connellsville Railroad and 
 served as ticket clerk, ticket and freight 
 
684 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 agent and superintendent's assistant in the 
 transportation department until January, 
 1863, when he entered the employ of the 
 Philadelphia and Erie Railroad as assistant 
 engineer on construction, in which capacity 
 and that of senior assistant engineer he was 
 engaged until August, 1864, when he was 
 made resident engineer of the Eastern Di- 
 vision of that road. In March, 1866, he 
 was promoted to lie Superintendent of the 
 Middle Division, Philadelphia and Erie 
 Railroad, and in March, 1867, to be Super- 
 intendent and Resident Engineer of the Ty- 
 rone Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 In November, 1873, he was transferred to 
 pjaltimore as Superintendent of the Balti- 
 more Division of the Northern Central 
 Railway, and in January, 1875. he was ap- 
 pointed Superintendent of the Baltimore 
 and Potomac Railroad, and of the line south 
 of Washington to Alexandria, and Quan- 
 tico, \'a. Subsequently he was made Gen- 
 eral Superintendent of the line from Marys- 
 ville, Pa., to Quantico, Va. ; and in January, 
 1883, he was promoted to General Agent of 
 the Pennsylvania system of roads in Balti- 
 more. His record in those positions com- 
 prehends the development of the Baltimore 
 Division of the Northern Central Railway, 
 the acquiring of the Union Railroad, the 
 double tracking of the Baltimore and Poto- 
 mac Railroad, the creation of a large por- 
 tion of the terminals at Baltimore and 
 Washington, and the complete reorganiza- 
 tion of the methods of operating these 
 roads. For this work he was well equipped 
 by his previous experience. When he took 
 charge of the Baltimore Division in Novem- 
 ber, 1873, the property was in a very un- 
 satisfactory condition, its superstructure 
 generally laid with iron rails, and with few 
 
 exceptions, the bridges were of wood and 
 had nearly reached the limit of serviceable 
 condition. To give the details of the re- 
 building of the division, the ballasting and 
 relaying of the track with steel rails, the re- 
 placing of the weaker iron and wooden 
 bridges with iron bridges adapted to the 
 heavier locomotives and trains of the pres- 
 ent day; the establishment of greater sys- 
 tem and higher discipline in its operation; 
 the development of its suburban travel and 
 business, would make this sketch too vol- 
 uminous and they are therefore omitted; it 
 is only necessary to say that previous to 
 1883, when Mr. Wilkins retired from the 
 general superintendency to become General 
 Agent at Baltimore, the road had been 
 brought up to the standard of the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad in respect to its roadway, 
 tracks, masonry and bridges. 
 
 Tlie Baltimore and Potomac road had 
 only a single track, with a large passenger 
 traffic, constantly increasing, and its opera- 
 tion was a task involving the most con- 
 stant care and great anxiety; the extensions 
 of the second or double track were pushed 
 forward from time to time vigorously until 
 the entire road was laid with double-track 
 in May, 1883. 
 
 Mr. Wilkins has shown great ability and 
 signal success in the direction and manage- 
 ment of men. This is largely due to the 
 fact that while he demands and secures the 
 best possible results from their labor for 
 the company, his treatment of the employes 
 is just and kindly, attaching the men to the 
 service, and creating that esprit de corps 
 so essential in the operation of a great trust 
 involving the employment of a large num- 
 ber of men. He has always retained in 
 himself the final judgment in all cases of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 discipline, and never delegates to a subor- 
 dinate the right to suspend or discharge an 
 employe for any cause. When he was 
 transferred from the Tyrone Division of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad to the Baltimore Di- 
 vision in 1873, he left that division, which 
 he had received in the usual poor condition 
 of a lateral branch, fully up to the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad standard, and carried with 
 him to his new field of labor the esteem and 
 good-will of the employes left behind, as 
 evidenced by a handsomely engrossed tes- 
 timonial now hanging in his office, to "the 
 ability, judgment, and above all, the high 
 regard you have always shown for the just 
 rights of all with whom your public busi- 
 ness or private intercourse has brought you 
 in contact has not only resulted in the suc- 
 cess of this division, so that it stands second 
 to none, but has won from all a warm re- 
 gard for you, both officially and person- 
 ally." 
 
 In the memorable strike of 1877, the em- 
 ployes of the Baltimore Division, shopmen 
 as well as trainmen, recognizing his con- 
 scientious interest in their personal welfare, 
 in the panicky condition of vvorkingmen at 
 that critical period, responded to his appeal 
 to their manhood and loyalty by determin- 
 ing that there should be no strike and no 
 violence on the Baltimore Division, and 
 there was none. Language cannot fully 
 describe the feverish condition of labor, or 
 the anxiety of those supervising it at this 
 critical juncture, but Mr. Wilkins knew his 
 men, and was known and recognized by 
 them to be wise and just, and his words of 
 counsel and admonition, fitly spoken and at 
 the right time, stilled the threatened temp- 
 est in North Baltimore, while under similar 
 circumstances in South Baltimore the 
 
 strong arm of the military was required to 
 protect the property of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Company, with only partial success. 
 Not a dollar's worth of damage was done to 
 the property of the Northern Central or 
 Baltimore and Potomac Companies during 
 that crisis. Thomas A. Scott, President of 
 the road, in his annual report dated Febru- 
 ary 28, 1878, in commenting upon the 
 strike, said: "It is a source of great gratifi- 
 cation to be able to commend the prompt 
 action of Mr. Wilkins, Superintendent of 
 the Baltimore Division, and the sensible and 
 prudent course pursued by the other offi- 
 cers and men in your service connected with 
 the operation of and maintenance of your 
 line through which the men declined to join 
 in the strike, and remained at their posts. 
 The Board desires to place on record their 
 appreciation of this most satisfactory and 
 honorable action upon the part of your offi- 
 cers and employes." 
 
 And Frank Thomson, then General Man- 
 ager, in his report, said: "It is a source of 
 great gratification, however, to state that 
 under the guidance of Mr. George C. Wil- 
 kins, Superintendent of the Baltimore Divi- 
 sion, our men stood firmly at their posts, 
 manfully protected the property of the com- 
 pany, faithfully and zealously performed the 
 duties required of them, and exhibited a de- 
 gree of loyalty and fidelity that, in view of 
 the trying circumstances, is especially com- 
 mendable." 
 
 In January, 1883, Mr. Wilkins was ap- 
 pointed General Agent at Baltimore for all 
 the railways centering there allied in inter- 
 est with the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
 pany. His duties require him to keep him- 
 self advised in respect to commercial and 
 other questions affecting the interests of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 company, and to have general super\'ision 
 of the business in that city. 
 
 Jamks E. Ingram, Jr., Attorney-at-Law, 
 was born in Baltimore, November 12, 1873. 
 He is a son of James E. Ingram, manufac- 
 turer of Baltimore, whose personal history 
 is contained in this volume. James E. In- 
 gram, Jr., received his education in private 
 schools and the Johns Hopkins University, 
 of Baltimore, then entered the law depart- 
 ment of the University of Maryland, from 
 which institution he was graduated in June, 
 1896; his admission to the bar following im- 
 mediately thereafter. He is now practicing 
 law with offices in the Law Building. 
 
 John J. Wade, Attorney-at-Law, was 
 born in Montgomery county, Va., September 
 12, 1824. He is a son of the late John and 
 Susannah (Trigg) Wade, natives of Vir- 
 ginia, the former of Scotch-Irish, the latter 
 of English descent. John Wade was a son 
 of David Wade who came from Scotland at 
 the close of the Revolutionary War, and 
 after a short stay in Pennsylvania, settled at 
 Charlottesville. Va., in 1784. The Triggs 
 were among the earliest English settlers of 
 Montgomery. Sol. Daniel Trigg, maternal 
 grandfather of John J. Wade, was a soldier 
 in the Revolutionary War. John J. Wade 
 was graduated from Washington-Lee Col- 
 lege, Class of '47, studied law under Alexan- 
 der Eskridge, of Fincastle, Va., and was li- 
 censed to practice in 1849. He pursued his 
 profession in Montgomery county, serving 
 for several terms as State's Attorney of 
 Montgomery and Giles counties. At the 
 breaking out of the war he enlisted in the 
 Confederate Army, having conmiand of a 
 company, and during his first year's service 
 
 was promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy and 
 had command until the close of the war of 
 the Fifty-fourth Virginia, the colonel of that 
 regiment being for nearly all that period on 
 detached duty and acting as brigadier gen- 
 eral. The service of the Fifty-fourth was in 
 Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia, under 
 Generals Bragg, Johnston and Hood. At 
 the close of the war Mr. Wade resumed 
 practice in Montgomery county, Va., where 
 he remained until 1875 when he removed to 
 Baltimore, where he has since followed his 
 profession. He was married September 13, 
 1849, to Mary A., daughter of Gen. A. A. 
 Chapman, of Monroe county, Va. (now 
 West Virginia), General Chapman repre- 
 sented his district in Congress for several 
 terms. Mr. and Mrs. Wade have six sons: 
 W. A. Wade, graduate of Virginia Univer- 
 sity, class of '88, and lawyer of Baltimore; 
 Dr. James T. Wade, of Nebraska; Geo. B. 
 Wade, civil engineer, Baltimore; Walter I. 
 Wade, mercantile business, Philadelphia; 
 Dr. J. Percy Wade, Superintendent Spring 
 Grove Asylum, and Hubert B. Wade, civil 
 engineer, Delaware. Mr. and Mrs. Wade 
 reside at 1819 Madison avenue, and are 
 members of Maryland Avenue Presbyterian 
 Church, of which Mr. Wade is an elder and 
 member of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 Henry Lingenfelder, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Baltimore, October 26, 
 1846. He is a son of the late Frederick H. 
 and Mary A. (Schmidt) Lingenfelder, the 
 former a native of Bavaria, and the latter of 
 Hesse Cassel. Frederick H. Lingenfelder 
 came from Germany and located in Balti- 
 more in 1832, and was for many years in the 
 employ of the firm of Henry W. Jenkins & 
 Son. He died September 20, 1862; his 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 687 
 
 Avidow, April 13, 1897. Henry Lingenfelder 
 was educated in the public schools and by 
 private tutors of Baltimore, studied law un- 
 der the precptorship of the late Archibald 
 Stirling, Jr., was admitted to the bar in 1872, 
 and has since been engaged in the general 
 practice of law in partnership association, 
 latterly with Wm.M. Marine, under the firm 
 name of jMarine & Lingenfelder, with offices 
 in the Law Building, Baltimore. Mr. Lin- 
 genfelder is a staunch Republican, and has 
 been actively identified with his party's in- 
 terests and work in Baltimore since 1868. 
 He has been for a number of years Secretary 
 of the Republican State Central Committee, 
 has been delegate to numerous State, Con- 
 gressional and municipal conventions, but 
 has been without personal aspiration for of- 
 fice although urged to accept nominations 
 therefor, yir. Lingenfelder was Special 
 Deputy under Collector of Customs, W. M. 
 Marine, from March, 1890, to June i, 1894. 
 He is one of the directory of the South Bal- 
 timore Bank and counsel for that institu- 
 tion; he is one of the Board of Governors of 
 the South Baltimore Business Men's Asso- 
 ciation, and President of the Baltimore Jour- 
 nal Publishing Co., which publishes a Ger- 
 man daily and weekly newspaper in Balti- 
 more. He is a member of the German His- 
 torical Society of Maryland, of the Masonic 
 Order, Knights of Pythias, Independent 
 Order of Red Men, Ancient Order of United 
 Workmen and Royal Arcanum. He was 
 married October 29, 1869, to Emma V., 
 daughter of the late William B. Parkes, 
 merchant of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Lin- 
 genfelder have four children: A. Stirling, 
 William W., Henry H., and Elise B. Lin- 
 genfelder, students. Mr. Lingenfelder is a 
 member of the Episcopal Church, St. John 
 
 the Baptist, and is one of its Guild. Mrs. 
 Lingenfelder is a member of Light Street 
 Presbyterian Church. The family reside at 
 835 Light street. 
 
 Alfred Jenkins Shriver, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Baltimore, June 5, 1867. 
 He is a son of the late Albert and Annie 
 (Jenkins) Shriver, the former of that branch 
 of the Shriver family from Union Mills, Car- 
 roll county, Md., and the latter a daughter 
 of the late Alfred Jenkins, who was during 
 the period of his active business life (1840 to 
 1870) one of Baltimore's most prosperous 
 and progressive merchants. Alfred Jenkins 
 Shriver was graduated from Johns Hopkins 
 University, with honors, June, 1891. Dur- 
 ing the winter of 1891-92 he remained as a 
 University scholar of the Johns Hopkins at 
 the same time attending lectures at the Law 
 School of Maryland University, from which 
 he was graduated with the degree of LL. B., 
 May 26, 1893. He was admitted to the bar 
 May 30, 1893. The degree of M. A.was con- 
 ferred upon him by Loyola College in 1894. 
 Mr. Shriver's office is in the National Me- 
 chanics' Bank Building and his home is at 
 108 W. Mulberry street. 
 
 John Bannister Hall. Jr., Attorney-at- 
 Law.was born in Baltimore, March 14,1865. 
 He is a son of John Bannister and Louisa 
 Dorsey (Polk) Hall, the latter being a 
 daughter of Capt. William Winder Polk of 
 the United States Navy, and who partici- 
 pated in the battle of North Point. The 
 Halls are of Irish and the Polks of Scotch- 
 Irish descent. The father of our subject, af- 
 ter whom he was named, was himself named 
 for his uncle John Bannister Gibson, at one 
 time Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. His 
 
688 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 maternal great-grandfather was Judge Wil- 
 liam Polk, of Somerset county, Md. 
 
 John Bannister Hall, Sr., was a grain 
 merchant of Baltimore for a number of 
 years, and is now general agent for ]\Iary- 
 land of the Massachusetts Mutual Life In- 
 surance Company. John Bannister Hall, 
 Jr., received his education in the public 
 schools and City College of Baltimore; ful- 
 filled the duties of mercantile banking and 
 railroad clerkships for some years, during 
 which he became interested in the study of 
 law finally preparing himself for oral exam- 
 ination before the Supreme Bench of the 
 city of Baltimore, which he passed in Octo- 
 ber, 1894, and has since engaged in the prac- 
 tice of law with offices at 207 St. Paul street. 
 
 Jos. Alban Gilpin, Attorney-at-Law, 
 was born in Montgomery county, Md., No- 
 vember 18, 1870. He is a son of the late Gid- 
 eon J. and Sarah B. (Levering) Gilpin, the 
 former a native of Delaware, the latter of 
 Maryland, and both descendants of early 
 English settlers of the colonies. Gideon J. 
 Gilpin, whose father had large cotton mill 
 interestsinMongomerycounty,died in 1895. 
 His widow resides in Baltimore. Joseph A. 
 Gilpin completed his schooling at the 
 Friends' High School, Sandy Spring, Mont- 
 gomery county, Md., read law under the 
 preceptorship of Sebastian Brown, Balti- 
 more, and was admitted to the bar in Mont- 
 gomery county in 1892. After a two years' 
 course in the law department of Mary- 
 land University, he entered upon the prac- 
 tice of his profession in Baltimore. He was 
 one of the founders of and is now counsel for 
 the Amercan Mercantile Law Company of 
 Baltimore, a corporation with a paid up cap- 
 ital of a million dollars, with offices in the 
 
 Builders' Exchange Building. Mr. Gilpin 
 resides at 2402 Alaryland avenue and is a 
 member of the Hicksite Branch of Friends 
 Church. 
 
 William Benthall, Assistant Engineer 
 of the Water Department of Baltimore, was 
 born in Baltimore, February 23, i860. He 
 is a son of the late William McRae and 
 Sophia E. (Mitchell) Benthall, natives of 
 Maryland and descendants respectively of 
 early settlers of Virginia and Maryland. 
 William Benthall received his general edu- 
 cation in the public schools and City Col- 
 lege of Baltimore and pursued the study of 
 engineering under private tutors. In April, 
 1875, he entered the employ of the Water 
 Department as assistant engineer on the 
 preliminary survey of Gunpowder perma- 
 nent supply of Baltimore City Water Works 
 and during this period was a pupil in the 
 drawing school of the Maryland Institute. 
 From early spring, 1 881, he spent two years 
 in railroad construction engineering, for the 
 first part of this period on the Richmond 
 and Alleghany in Virginia and latterly on 
 the Lehigh Valley, being in the latter con- 
 nection assistant engineer in charge of 
 maintenance of way. Returning to Balti- 
 more in 1883 he resumed his connection 
 with the Water Department of the city as 
 assistant . engineer in the construction of 
 Lake Clifton. He was next resident engi- 
 neer in charge of the construction of Guil- 
 ford reservoir. Following this he had 
 charge of repairs on six forty inch pipe lines 
 leading from Lake Clifton. Upon the suc- 
 cession of Major Kfenly in '93 to the office 
 of Chief Engineer of the Department, Mr. 
 Benthall became Assistant Chief Engineer 
 in charge of the county division, his present 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 689 
 
 position under Major Keiily's successor, 
 j\lr. Hill. He was married June 14, 1883, 
 to Carrie A., daughter of the late John Hess, 
 of Reading, Pa. :Mr. and :\Irs. Benthall 
 have two children, Dwindle and Dorothy 
 A.; reside at 34 W. Twenty-fifth street, and 
 are members of the Episcopal Church. Mr. 
 Benthall is a life member of the ^laryland 
 Institute, and a member of the ^lasonic fra- 
 ternity. 
 
 Harry Edgar Scherf was born in 
 Washington, D. C, November 13, 1875. 
 He is a son of Harry and Huldah Scherf, 
 both of German descent, who resided in 
 Washington until the decease of the former 
 in 1883, when his widow removed to Balti- 
 more, where she has since resided. Harry 
 E. Scherf was educated in the public schools 
 and City College of Baltimore, began the 
 study of law with E. and Joseph A. Clark, 
 entered the Baltimore University School of 
 Law, was graduated therefrom May 18, 
 1896, and was admitted to practice upon at- 
 taining his majority. He is practicing law 
 with offices in the \"ansant Fjuilding. 
 
 George Worthixgton McCreary, City 
 Librarian of Baltimore, was born in New 
 York, January 14, 1859. He is a son of the 
 late James A. and Hannah M. (Rayner) Mc- 
 Creary, natives of New York and of Scotch- 
 English descent. James A. McCreary lo- 
 cated in Baltimore in 1868, where he was 
 engaged in the oil and varnish manufactur- 
 ing business of James A. McCreary & Co., 
 up to the date of his demise, December 5, 
 1888. His widow resides in Baltimore. 
 Their son, George W. McCreary, was grad- 
 uated from Baltimore City College in 1875, 
 and from Johns Hopkins University in 1879, 
 41 
 
 and has the distinction of being the first stu- 
 dent graduated from that world-famed in- 
 stitution with the degree of Bachelor of 
 Arts. He wasAssistantLibrarian of theUni- 
 versity at intervals up to 1895, the intervals 
 being portions of several years when his 
 services were in request at the Johns Hop- 
 kins Hospital Library, and periods spent in 
 teaching and other literary work, which lat- 
 ter occupation have engaged his time since 
 his connection with the libraries as above. 
 His appointment as City Librarian was con- 
 firmed in November, 1896. and he entered 
 upon the discharge of his duties as such No- 
 vember 24th. Mr. McCreary was nomi- 
 nated for the office by both the Mayor and 
 City Council. He resides at 1019 Edmon- 
 son avenue, and is a member of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Dr. John Chapin Travers was born in 
 Dorchester county, Md., April 22, 1872. 
 He is a son of the late William McKay and 
 Eugenia (Keene) Travers, natives of Mary- 
 land and descendants of early English set- 
 tlers of the colony. The founder of the 
 American family took up land in Dorches- 
 ter county, on an original patent, much of 
 which is still in possession of his lineal de- 
 scendants. William McKay Travers was 
 a merchant, an active Democrat and mem- 
 ber of the Democratic State Central Com- 
 mittee. He died in 1888; his widow resides 
 in Baltimore. Their son, John C. Travers, 
 completed his general education at Mt. St. 
 Mary's College, studied medicine under Dr. 
 B. L. Smith, of Dorchester county, Md., 
 was graduated from Maryland University 
 Medical Department, class of '95, and has 
 since been assistant to dispensary physi- 
 cian, nose and throat department, Univer- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 sity. He is engaged in general practice 
 wdth office and residence at No. 522 Han-. 
 over street. 
 
 Edward Spalding Kines, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Baltimore, September 12, 
 1871. He is a son of J. William and S. Eliz- 
 abeth (Durst) Kines, both natives of Balti- 
 more and of Swiss descent, whose ancestors 
 located in Baltimore from Switzerland in 
 1808 among numerous exiles from their na- 
 tive land, driven thence Ijv the tyranny of 
 Napoleon. All of the members of both 
 families have been engaged in mercantile 
 or manufacturing pursuits in Baltimore. J. 
 William Kines was for twelve years a mem- 
 ber of the Baltimore Board of School Com- 
 missioners and is now General Manager of 
 the vSoutheastern District of the Mutual 
 Life Insurance Co., of New York. Ed- 
 ward S. Kines received his general educa- 
 tion in the public schools of Baltimore and 
 was valedictorian of his class when gradu- 
 ated from the City College. He held for 
 four years the chair of English and Oratory 
 in the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute and 
 during this period began the study of law, 
 continuing it under the preceptorship of 
 Thomas S. Hodson and in the law dei)art- 
 ment of the Maryland University, graduat- 
 ing therefrom and being admitted to the 
 bar immediately thereafter. He was a 
 member of the law firm of Hodson, Kines 
 & Hodson u)itil its dissolution at the close 
 of 1896, since which time he has been en- 
 gaged in the practice of his profession 
 alone, with offices in the Equitable Build- 
 ing. Mr. Kines is a Deiuocrat and particu- 
 larly active in each campaign since 1892. 
 He is Secretary of the Maryland Prisoners' 
 Aid Association. He was married Septem- 
 
 ber 18, 1895, to Miss Therese L., daughter 
 of E. J. Edwards, of the Water Department 
 of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Kines reside 
 at 21 10 McCulloh street, and are members 
 of Corpus Christi Church. 
 
 George Norbury Mackenzie, Attor- 
 ney-at-Law, and assistant secretary-treas- 
 urer of the Aiuerican Bonding and Trust 
 Co., of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, 
 May 4, 185 1 . He is a son of the late George 
 Norbury and Martha Anne (Downing) 
 Mackenzie, natives of Maryland and de- 
 scendants respectively of tlu earliest Scotch 
 and English settlers of the colonies, promi- 
 nent among whom were Richard Treat and 
 Jdhn Deming, royal charterers of Con- 
 necticut; Hon. Edward Howell, one of the 
 founders of Southampton, L. I., and a mem- 
 l)er of the Provincial Assembly; r\iaj. John 
 Howell, of Long Island; Robert Williams, 
 of Roxbury; Col. Joseph Williams, of 
 Roxbury, who served during the French 
 and Indian Wars and took a prominent part 
 in directing the affairs of Massachusetts 
 during the early period of the Revolution; 
 (■(jvcrnor Robert Brooke, of Maryland; 
 Capt. James Neale, of Maryland; Rich- 
 ard Johns, Capt. John Hance, Richard 
 Duke, Capt. Francis Hutchins and Richard 
 Galloway, all prominent in the earliest peri- 
 ods of Maryland history, and Hon. Barthol- 
 omew Coppoch, in 1682 one of the Council 
 of William Penn. The imtiiigrant ancestor 
 of the Mackenzies in Maryland was Thomas 
 Mackenzie, of Inverness, Scotland, a cadet 
 of the Home of Seaforth. who left Scotland 
 after the uprising of 1743 and Ci_>niing 
 to Maryland settled in Calvert county, 
 marrying first Rebecca Johnson, sister of 
 Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, first Gov- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 691 
 
 ernor after the Revolution, and secondly 
 Ann Johns, daughter of Abraham Johns, of 
 Calvert county, Md. The late George Nor- 
 bury Mackenzie was a prominent merchant 
 of Baltimore, where he was engaged in 
 business for forty-five years and up to the 
 time of his decease in 1887. He was active 
 in his connection with St. Barnabas P. E. 
 Church, of which he was vestryman for 
 many years. He was one of the founders 
 and a member for many years of the direc- 
 tory of the American Fire Insurance Com- 
 ]3any. His wife died December 19, 1894. 
 Their son, George Norbury Mackenzie, 
 completed his education at Pembroke 
 School, Baltimore, was associated with his 
 father in business up to the latter's decease, 
 continuing in mercantile pursuits thereafter 
 until 1889, was graduated from Maryland 
 University Law Department in 1890, tak- 
 ing the degree of LL. B., and engaged 
 in general practice until 1895, when, 
 upon the formation of the American 
 Bonding and Trust Company, he be- 
 came associated therewith as assistant 
 secretary r.nd treasurer, and office coun- 
 selor. Mr. Mackenzie has always taken an 
 active interest in historical and genealogi- 
 cal matters, which has led to his association 
 with many of the patriotic societies of the 
 county. He was one of the charter mem- 
 l)ers of the Societies of Colonial Wars, Sons 
 of the American Revolution and Society of 
 1812 of the State of Maryland. He is Regis- 
 trar General of the General Society of Colo- 
 nial Wars, and was for many years Registrar 
 of the Maryland Society, Sons of the Amer- 
 ican Revolution. He is a member of the 
 Maryland Historical Society, and is a mem- 
 ber of the Committee of Heralding and Gen- 
 ealogy. He is also a member of the St. 
 
 Andrew's Society, with which his family 
 have been prominently identified since 1S06. 
 He is also a member of the Maryland Bar 
 Association, Association of the Baltimore 
 Bar, the University Club of Baltimore City, 
 and the Baltimore Country Club. He was 
 married March 15, 1874, to Lucie Tennille, 
 daughter of Ambrose Mareshal Emory, re- 
 tired merchant of Baltimore, and descend- 
 ant of Hon. Arthur Emory, of Queen Anne 
 county, Md., one of the Justices of the Pro- 
 vincial Covrt of Her Majesty Queen Anne. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Mackenzie have three chil- 
 dren; George Norbury Mackenzie, the 
 third, an architect of Baltimore, Mary 
 Mackall and Anna Vernon Mackenzie: re- 
 side at 1808 Park avenue and are members 
 of Corpus Christi Church. 
 
 Charles Jefeerson Wiener, Attorney- 
 at-Law, was born in Baltimore, June 15, 
 1850. He is a son of Doctor Morris and the 
 late Rosalie (Marcuse) Wiener, natives of 
 Prussia, who located in 1849 i" Baltimore, 
 where Doctor Wiener was the first homeo- 
 pathic physician, and where he still resides. 
 Charles J. Wiener was graduated from 
 Manhattan College, New York, in "67, and 
 from Baltimore City College in '68. He 
 studied law under Messrs. Applegarth & 
 Frame, and was admitted to the bar upon 
 oral examination before the Supreme 
 Bench in September, 1870. He practiced 
 law for a time in Baltimore in a partnership 
 associated with E. Wright Newman, under 
 the firm name of Newman & Wiener. In 
 1872 he removed to Ironton, O., where he 
 practiced law with Judge A. B. Cole, under 
 the firm name of Cole & Wiener, until 1875, 
 when he was appointed clerk of the Print- 
 ing Records of the House of Representa- 
 
692 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tives, a position which he continued to Iiold 
 until 1881. He then returned to Baltimore 
 and resumed the practice of his profession 
 with present offices in the Equitable Build- 
 ing. Mr.Wiener was a member of the House 
 of Delegates, sessions of 1882, 1884; Police 
 Justice, Western Police Station from 1884 to 
 1886; member of the Second Branch City 
 Council, representing Wards Thirteen and 
 Fourteen, from 1887 to 1889; member of 
 School Board from 1890 to 1895; member 
 of the Board of IManagers Female House 
 of Refuge from 1891 to 1894. Mr. Wiener 
 is a Mason and a member of Improved Or- 
 der of Heptasophs and Ancient Order of 
 United Workmen. He was married April 
 29, 1882, to Fanny C, daughter of the late 
 Francis W. Rouse, of Talbot county, Md. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Wiener have their summer 
 residence at Arlington and winter residence 
 at North Hampton Hotel. 
 
 Thomas Sargent Baer, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Baltimore, March 16, 
 1843. He is a son of the late Rev. John and 
 Elizabeth (Hildt) Baer, the former a native 
 of Rockingham county, Va., the latter of 
 Baltimore, and both of German descent. The 
 Baer family had its founder in America in 
 the person of Henry Baer, grandfather of 
 Rev. John Baer, who located in Virginia 
 from Zurich, Switzerland, prior to the War 
 of the Revolution. John Hildt, maternal 
 grandfather of the immediate subject of this 
 sketch, located in Baltimore from near War- 
 saw, Poland, about 1800. He was one of 
 Baltimore's famous "Old Defenders." Rev. 
 John Baer entered the Methodist ministry 
 in 1814 and was a member of the Baltimore 
 Conference up tn the time nf his decease 
 
 in 1878. During this period he filled the 
 pulpits of many of the churches of Balti- 
 more. Thomas S. Baer completed his gen- 
 eral education at Baltimore City College, 
 from which institution he was graduated in 
 1858. From the latter year until 1864 he 
 taught school in Frederick and Calvert 
 counties. Aid. Returning to Baltimore, he 
 read law under the preceptorship of the late 
 W. S. Waters, was admitted to the bar in 
 1866 and has since been engaged in the 
 general practice of his profession in Balti- 
 more with present offices in the Ecjuitable 
 Building and is (1897) President of the Bar 
 Association of Baltimore City. Air. Baer 
 has been one of the Board of Managers of 
 the House of Refuge since 1882; was a 
 member of the School Board from the 
 Twelfth ward of Baltimore from 1884 to 
 1888; and a member of the House of Dele- 
 gates from Baltimore City during the ses- 
 sion of 1894; has been Professor of the Law 
 of Real Property in the law department of 
 Maryland University since 1894, and a 
 Master in Chancery by appointment of the 
 Supreme Bench since 1895. Mr. Baer is 
 one of numerous Democrats who of late 
 years have upon occasions inaugurated 
 movements looking toward reforms in mu- 
 nicipal government in which party lines 
 were disregarded. Mr. Baer was for a num- 
 ber of years one of the Executive Commit- 
 tee of the Civil Service Reform Associa- 
 tion. He was married Xovember 23, 1873, 
 to Elizabeth S., daughter of the late John 
 S. Beachem, for a number of years a lead- 
 ing ship-builder of Baltimore. Mrs. Baer 
 died December 26, 1895. Mr, Baer resides 
 at 2217 St. Paul street, and attends Aladi- 
 son .Avenue Al. E. Church. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 693 
 
 Charles Morris Howard, Attorney-at- 
 La\v,\vas born in Baltimore, March 31,1864. 
 He is a son of the late Frank and Lydia 
 (Morris) Howard, natives of Maryland, and 
 descendants of early colonial settlers, 
 whose descendants include many of the 
 most prorninent families of the State — the 
 Howards, Keys, Winders, Lloyds, Ridge- 
 leys, Chews, Carrolls, Hollingsworths and 
 others. Col. John Eager Howard, of Revo- 
 lutionary fame, "the hero of Cowpens," was 
 paternal great-grandfather of Mr. Charles 
 Morris Howard. The latter's grandfather, 
 Charles Howard, was President of the 
 Board of Police Commissioners of Balti- 
 more during the late war, and was arrested 
 on political charges and incarcerated for 
 more than a year in Fort Warren, together 
 with a number of other political prisoners, 
 among whom was his son, Frank Key 
 Howard, author of "Fourteen Months in 
 American Bastiles," the story, as may be 
 inferred, of his personal experiences at Fort 
 Warren. The other paternal great-grand- 
 father of Mr. Charles Morris Howard was 
 Francis Scott Key, author of the "Star 
 Spangled Banner." His sister married 
 Chief Justice Taney. On the maternal side, 
 Mr. Charles Morris Howard's grandfather 
 was John B. Morris, for many years Presi- 
 dent of the Mechanics' Bank of Baltimore, 
 and otherwise and in numerous ways 
 identified with Baltimore's important in- 
 terests. He was of the same family as the 
 famed Gouverneur Morris. Thomas Hol- 
 lingsworth, one of Mr. Charles ;\Iorris 
 Howard's great-grandfathers, was a leading 
 merchant in the early days of Baltimore, 
 and Leah Winder, maternal great-grand- 
 mother, was a sister of Maj. Leavin Winder, 
 an officer in the patriot army during the 
 
 Revolutionary \\^ar, and Governor of Marj'- 
 land in 1S12. 
 
 Charles Morris Howard received his 
 early schooling in Baltimore, subsequently 
 spending three years under tutors and in 
 educational institutions of England and 
 France. Returning to America, he entered 
 Johns Hopkins University, from which he 
 was graduated with the degree of B. A., 
 class of '84. He took a year's post-gradu- 
 ate course in history and political science at 
 the same institution, and was awarded a 
 scholarship in that institution. He studied 
 law under the preceptorship of the late S. 
 Teackle Wallis, and was graduated from the 
 law department of Maryland LTniversity, 
 and admitted to the bar in 1888. For sev- 
 eral years following his admission to the 
 bar, Mr. Howard remained in ^Ir. Wallis' 
 office, then entering upon the practice of 
 law alone, in which he has since been en- 
 gaged with present ofifices in the Equitable 
 Building. Mr. Howard is a Democrat, but 
 has never held nor aspired to political of- 
 fice. He is one of the Executive Committee 
 of the Reform League and its secretary; 
 one of the Board of Governors of the Bal- 
 timore Club, and New Mercantile Library 
 Association; a member of the University 
 Club, Elkridge Fox Hunting Club, Balti- 
 more Bar Association, Maryland Bar Asso- 
 ciation, Johns Hopkins Alumni Associa- 
 tion, Maryland Chirurgical Reform Asso- 
 ciation. Mr. Howard resides at 410 N. 
 Charles street. 
 
 Dr. Eldridge Cowman Price was born 
 at Priceville, Baltimore county, Md., Feb- 
 ruary 21, 1854. He is a son of Dr. Elias 
 Cooper Price, whose personal history and 
 genealogy are contained in this volume. 
 
694 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The subject of this sketch received his ini- 
 tial training in pubHc and private schools 
 of his native place, and upon the removal of 
 the family to the city of Baltimore, attended 
 public and private schools of this city, com- 
 pleting his general education at Lamb's 
 High School. His study of medicine was 
 begun under the preceptorship of his father, 
 continued in the medical department of 
 Maryland University, from which institu- 
 tion he was graduated with the class of '74, 
 and at Hahnemann Medical College, Phila- 
 delphia, graduating therefrom in '75. He 
 has since engaged in general practice in Bal- 
 timore in partnership association with his 
 father. He was one of the organizers of the 
 ^Maryland Homeopathic Medical Society, 
 was one of the attending physicians of the 
 Baltimore Homeopathic Free Dispensary, 
 was one of the incorporators of the Mary- 
 land Institute of Homeopathy, Maryland 
 Homeopathic Free Dispensary and Hos- 
 pital and Southern Homeopathic Medical 
 College and Hospital, and has been since 
 the organization of the last named institu- 
 tion Professor of Materia Medica and Ther- 
 apeutics. He was editor-in-chief of the 
 "Homeopathic Advocate and Health Jour- 
 nal" from January, 1890, to August, 1892, 
 and has been since September, 1892, editor 
 of the "Southern Journal of Homeopathy," 
 known since October, 1897, as the "Ameri- 
 can Medical Monthly." He is a member 
 and was, for two years, President of the 
 Southern Homeopathic Medical Associa- 
 tion, and is a member of the American In- 
 stitute of Homeopathy. 
 
 The Medical Investigating Club in 1894 
 issued a work entitled "A Pathogenetic 
 Materia Medica," which was edited by Drs. 
 Eldridge C. Price and llenrv Chandlee. 
 
 Doctor Price was one of the early members 
 of the Rossini Association, members of 
 which formed the nucleus of the present 
 Oratorio Association of Baltimore. He 
 was married in October, 1887, to Mary H., 
 daughter of William and Mary W. Ferris, 
 and granddaughter of Benjamin Ferris, au- 
 thor of "Early Settlers on the Delaware." 
 Dr. and Mrs. Price have two children, Mar- 
 riott and Reginald C, students at Lamb"s 
 High School. Mrs. Price is a Quaker. 
 
 Cora Belle Brewster. M. D., third 
 ilaughter of Ephraim J. Brewster, of New 
 London, Conn., and Mary Burdick Brew- 
 ster, his wife, was born September 6, 1859, 
 at Almond, Allegany county, N. Y. She 
 sprang from an ancient and illustrious race, 
 a lineal descendant of Elder Brewster, chief 
 of the Pilgrim Fathers, and her ancestors 
 did much in the establishment and toward 
 the preservation of the free institutions of 
 this nation. Her pedigree is traceable into 
 English history before the landing of the 
 Pilgrim Fathers. The line in America has 
 had a most intimate connection with the 
 causes and forces that created and tend to 
 preserve, in face of deteriorating immigra- 
 tion, those sentiments and principles distin- 
 guishing our American civilization from the 
 loose morals of Continental Europe. Puri- 
 tanism, planted on our shores by the Pil- 
 grim Fathers, was the Genesis of America. 
 "There were struggling settlefs in America 
 before; some material of a body was there, 
 but the soul of it was this." And to those 
 who made Puritanism and led it to tliis 
 country in that great primary Declaration 
 of Independence, the independence of con- 
 science, after which political liberty w'as but 
 the certain sequence — to the rugged Puri- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 G95 
 
 tan leaders must be ascribed an equal share 
 in the building up of the nation, with their 
 brave trustees of the following centuries, 
 who surrendered life rather than the spirit 
 of their noble heritage. Elder William 
 Brewster and Miles Standish were the lead- 
 ers of this sturdy band in 1620. The cellar 
 walls of the houses belonging to both may 
 still be seen in Duxbury Nook, a slope of 
 land jutting into the sea, near the historic 
 spot. Both men were of gentle blood. To 
 the former is accorded a superior educa- 
 tion in the classics, a large political experi- 
 ence and an extended association with aris- 
 tocratic and refined classes in Europe. 
 Standish was the fighting man, and William 
 Brewster, who is also called Elder Brewster, 
 the elder of Plymouth, and sometimes the 
 Father of New England, was the chief coun- 
 sellor and sage, the veritable head of the 
 flock. This first ancestor of the Brewster 
 family in America has long since passed 
 into story and song, and is now part of the 
 national history. He was born in Notting- 
 hamshire, England, in 1560, and possessed 
 a coat of arms identical with that of the an- 
 cient Suffolk branch. He received his edu- 
 cation at the University of Cambridge, 
 where he became impressed with the neces- 
 sity of personal piety; these impressions 
 never left him. He left the university be- 
 fore receiving his degree, and entered the 
 service of William Davidson, Secretary of 
 State to Queen Elizabeth and ambassador 
 to Holland, and shared with him the vicissi- 
 tudes of fortune which befell that statesman. 
 "Davidson," says Doctor Belknap, "esteem- 
 ed him as a son and conversed with him in 
 private both on religious and political sub- 
 jects with the greatest familiarity, and when 
 anything required secrecy, Brewster was his 
 
 confidential friend. When the Queen en- 
 tered into a league with the United Pro- 
 vinces (1584), and received possession of 
 several towns and forts, as security for her 
 expenses in defending their liberties, David- 
 son, who negotiated the matter, entrusted 
 Brewster with the keys of Flushing, one of 
 these fortresses, and the States of Holland 
 were so sensible of his merit as to present 
 him with the ornament of a golden chain. 
 He returned with the ambassador to Eng- 
 land, and continued in his service till David- 
 son, having incurred the hypocritical dis- 
 pleasure of his arbitrary mistress, was im- 
 prisoned, fined and ruined." 
 
 When Alary, the unfortunate Queen of 
 Scotland, had been tried and condemned, 
 and the Parliament of England had peti- 
 tioned their sovereign for her execution, 
 Elizabeth privately ordered Davidson to 
 draw a death warrant, which she signed, and 
 sent him with it to the Chancellor to have the 
 great seal annexed. Having performed his 
 duty, she blamed him for percipitancy. 
 Davidson acquainted the council with the 
 whole transaction; they knew the Queen's 
 real sentiments, and persuaded him to send 
 the warrants to the Earls of Kent and 
 Shrewsbury, promising to justify his con- 
 duct, and to take the blame on themselves. 
 The Earls attended the execution of Mary, 
 but when Elizabeth heard of it, she afifected 
 surprise and indignation; threw all the 
 blame on the innocent Secretary, and com- 
 mitted him to the Tower, where he became 
 the subject of raillery from those very coun- 
 sellors who had promised to countenance 
 and protect him. He was tried in the Star 
 Chamber, and fined ten thousand pounds, 
 which being rigorously levied upon him, re- 
 duced him to poverty. Brewster did not 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 desert his friend, as we might expect from 
 the class of politicians of the present day, 
 but remained as true to him as in the zenith 
 of his political power and influence, assisting 
 him with his money and kindly offices. His 
 own fortune which had been large, becom- 
 ing somewhat impaired, he sought retire- 
 ment in the North of England, where he im- 
 proved his time in making himself acquaint- 
 ed with the Scriptures and practicing their 
 precepts. The conduct of the established 
 church party at this time being so full of 
 prosecution, corruption and bigotry, caused 
 him to look more closely into their preten- 
 sions of ecclesiastical authority, and finding 
 so much that was at variance with the sim- 
 ple teachings of Christ, he withdrew from 
 their communion, and joined others of the 
 same sentiments and organized a separate 
 church, the aged Richard Clifton and Mr. 
 Robinson officiating as pastors, meeting at 
 his own house until they were driven by 
 James the First to seek refuge on the conti- 
 nent. He located at Leyden, Holland, 
 where he engaged in publishing from 1609 
 to 16 19. In the latter year he returned to 
 England, where he applied for a grant to the 
 Virginia company. After much difficulty 
 the Speedwell and Mayflower sailed from 
 Southampton and a landing effected De- 
 cember II, 1620. The subsequent history 
 of the Pilgrim Fathers is the early history 
 of this great republic. Among Elder Brew- 
 ster's descendants, Francis Enoch Brewster, 
 grandson of William Brewster, settled at 
 Pittycove in Southern New Jersey; this 
 name was preserved in the family and after 
 a distinguished line of professional men was 
 given to the father of Benjamin Harris 
 Brewster, Attorney General of the United 
 States by appointment nf President Garfield. 
 
 Numerous of the Brewster and collateral 
 connections were officers in the Revolution- 
 ary War, the War of 18 12, the Mexican War 
 and the late Civil War. Mr. Benjamin 
 Brewster was the grandson of Elder Wil- 
 liam Brewster. Jonathan, the third son, re- 
 moved to New London, Conn., where in 
 1649 he was acting as one of the townsmen. 
 His son Benjamin was married, at New 
 London, to Anna Dart in 1649. He re- 
 moved to Norwich very soon after the set- 
 tlement. He had one daughter, Anna, and 
 four sons, Jonathan, Daniel, William and 
 Benjamin. The venerable I\Ir. Seabury 
 Brewster recently deceased in Norwich City 
 and one of the patriarchs of the place is not 
 however descended from Benjamin, but 
 from Wrestling, the second son of Elder 
 Brewster. He was the father of Sir Chris- 
 topher Brewster, an eminent dentist who has 
 resided a number of years in Paris and St. 
 Petersburg, and has been knighted by the 
 Emperor of Russia. 
 
 Dr. Cora Belle Brewster was educated at 
 the University at Alfred, N. Y., and at the 
 Northwestern University of Illinois, Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Boston, 
 Mass., and on graduating took a course at 
 Bellevue Hospital, New York, and then 
 went to Paris, France, where she finished 
 her medical studies. On her return from 
 Europe in 1886 she located in Baltimore and 
 began the practice of her profession in the 
 treatment of female diseases, establishing a 
 sanitarium at 1027 Madison avenue, which 
 is fitted with all the requirements of a fully 
 equipped institution of its character, includ- 
 ing a corps of physicians and trained nurses. 
 Surgical and electrical treatment are ad- 
 ministered, as well as medicated baths. 
 Doctor Brewster has a widespread popu- 
 
'^^.^_ (MJ^^ /f^ACu-^^^ '^^- X^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 69-1 
 
 larity and an extensive and successful prac- 
 tice. She is a contributor to current medi- 
 cal literature. Doctor Brewster read be- 
 fore the medical department of the Atlanta 
 (Ga.) Exposition (1895) a paper that was 
 hig'hly commended by the medical and sec- 
 ular press of the country. She is a member 
 of Columbia and Maryland Clinical So- 
 cieties, of the Maryland State Medical So- 
 ciety, of the American Institution of Hom- 
 eopathy, the National Science Club of 
 Washington, D. C, and of Brown Memorial 
 Presbyterian Church. Doctor Brewster 
 has never married but has adopted a child, 
 \'ictor Hamilton Brewster. 
 
 In gathering the facts relative to the biog- 
 raphy of Dr. Flora Alzora Brewster, it is 
 apparent that the city of Baltimore, Md., 
 has, during the past decade, made wonder- 
 ful advancement in the number of successful 
 women engaged in the practice of medicine; 
 no one of whom stands higher in the medical 
 profession, or has been more successful as 
 a physician and surgeon, than the subject of 
 this sketch. 
 
 Doctor Brewster was born at Alfred, 
 Allegany county, N. Y., February 26, 1852. 
 She is a daughter of Ephraim J. Brewster, 
 of Connecticut — a descendant of Elder Wil- 
 liam Brewster, who came to America in the 
 Mayflower, 
 
 Her mother was Mary E. Burdick, also of 
 English extraction, who adhered closely to 
 the old Sabbatarian doctrine. This sect — 
 also called Seventh-Day Baptists — claim 
 that the old Jewish Sabbath should never 
 have been changed to Sunday. On the pa- 
 ternal side of her family she is descended 
 from the Campbells of Scotland, hence a 
 mixture of English and Scotch blood. 
 
 In 1866 she was sent to Alfred Uni- 
 versity, where sl-^e obtained her education. 
 After creditaljly passing the examinations 
 she commenced the scientific course, show- 
 ing marked ability and great talent for 
 mathematics. In 1868 a sad bereavement 
 befell her in the sudden death of a fond 
 father, which event compelled her to leave 
 the university in order to attend to the 
 finances of the family. Being thoroughly 
 imbued with that spirit of independence 
 which is characteristic of many women of 
 the present age, she accepted a position as 
 copyist in a tax-collector's office, which, 
 however, she soon gave up to begin teach- 
 ing. 
 
 Possessed of fine executive ability she 
 soon became a successful teacher, and a 
 longing desire to complete her studies made 
 her frugal and careful of her earnings, but 
 two years of most laborious work, teaching 
 school and at the same time prosecuting her 
 university studies, so seriously impaired her 
 health that she was compelled to give up the 
 latter and devote her time exclusively to 
 teaching. In 1872 she was appointed 
 teacher in the Mansfield State Orphan 
 School, Mansfield, Pa., which was then the 
 training school for the Mansfield State Nor- 
 mal School. She there took the degree of 
 B. E., and in 1877 the degree of Master of 
 I Elementary Didactics was conferred upon 
 ' her while she was still teaching, and in the 
 I same year she was appointed Principal of 
 the Smethport (Pa.) High School and Acad- 
 emy. Showing great determination of char- 
 I acter and a desire to become proficient in 
 j whatever she undertook, and possessing 
 ! both mental and physical activity, it is not 
 I surprising that success attended her efforts. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 although in the latter part of the year she 
 was forced by failing health, due to over- 
 work, to give up teaching. 
 
 She spent a year traveling in the West 
 and Northwest, deriving such benefit from 
 her Western sojourn that in 1878 she went 
 to Chicago, 111., to assume the business and 
 editorial management of the Newsboy's Ap- 
 peal, an illustrated journal published in the 
 interest of the Ne\vsl)oy's Home in that 
 city. 
 
 Not content \\ith this field of labor, and 
 desiring a wider field for the application of 
 scientific knowledge, she decided to become 
 a physician, and the following year began to 
 read medicine under Dr. Julia Holmes 
 Smith, of Chicago, 111., at the same time 
 conducting a night school on the kinder- 
 garten plan in the Newsboy's Home. 
 
 In March, 1882, she completed the course 
 in the Chicago Homeopathic Medical Col- 
 lege, after which she went to Baltimore. 
 Md., where she spent six months in the of- 
 fice and private hospital of the late Prof. 
 August F. Erich, the noted gynecological 
 surgeon. 
 
 Having decided to locate permanently in 
 Baltimore, she opened an office and com- 
 menced to practice medicine there in the fall 
 of 1882. At that time only one woman. Dr. 
 Emma Stein Wanstall, who died in Septem- 
 ber, 1882, had succeeded in establishing a 
 paying practice in Baltimore. 
 
 No female physician in this city had pre- 
 viously been intrusted with surgical cases, 
 but Doctor Brewster believed that this 
 field was open to sensible, energetic and 
 skillful female surgeons, notwithstanding 
 the strong prejudice against them then ex- 
 isting in the South, and during the next four 
 years worked arduously, building uj) a large 
 
 and lucrative surgical and gynecological 
 practice, while at the same time doing a 
 great deal of charitable work. 
 
 In the spring of 1886 her sister, Cora 
 B. Brewster, was graduated in medicine, 
 and was received in her office as an assist- 
 ant. In 1889 she began the publication of 
 The Baltimore Family Health Journal, the 
 name of which was changed in 1891 to The 
 Homeopathic Advocate and Health Journal, 
 and was made a hospital journal with a 
 corps of ten editors. Publication of the lat- 
 ter was suspended two years later. In Jan- 
 uary, 1897, Dr. F. A. Brew.ster revived the 
 publication of The Baltinuve Family Health 
 Journal. 
 
 In 1890 the agitation caused by the ap- 
 plication for the admission of women to the 
 medical department of the Johns Hopkins 
 University created a lively interest in the 
 question of the medical education of women, 
 and was the means of enlightening the peo- 
 ple of the South in regard to the status of 
 women in the medical profession. The bar- 
 riers that had previously existed were grad- 
 ually removed, and women could more suc- 
 cessfully compete with their brother practi- 
 tioners in the surgical field. 
 
 In 1883 Doctor Brewster was ])iiysician 
 and surgeon to the Home for Fallen 
 Women, a charitable institution situated in 
 Baltimore, Md.; also physician to the Fe- 
 male House of Refuge, a reformatory in- 
 stitution for incorrigible girls. She has also 
 given clinics in the Homeopathic Hospital 
 in Baltimore. 
 
 In vScptember, 1892. she spent some time 
 with Professor Pratt, of Chicago, studying 
 the principles of orificial surgery, and at 
 once made use of them in her surgical prac- 
 tice. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 699 
 
 Doctor Brewster has a large practice in 
 gynecological surgery extending over the 
 entire South, and has met with remarkable 
 success as a skillful and rapid operator, and 
 has the unprecedented record of never hav- 
 ing lost a surgical case. She has invented 
 several instruments for the more convenient 
 and effective use of electricity in gyneco- 
 logical practice, and also an electric belt, 
 which practical electricians say is a great 
 improvement upon all those previously 
 made. 
 
 The Doctor is an ardent advocate of the 
 higher medical education of women, and is 
 ever ready to extend a helping hand to 
 young women who desire to study medicine 
 or become trained nurses. 
 
 In 1892 the existing partnership with her 
 sister, Dr. Cora B. Brewster, was dissolved. 
 
 Doctor Brewster's latest enterprise 
 (April, 1893) has been the purchase of the 
 large dwelling with handsome grounds at- 
 tached, situated at 1221 Madison avenue, 
 Baltimore, Md., where she has opened a 
 sanitarium for the treatment of the medical 
 and surgical diseases of women. She has a 
 skillful and able assistant, Dr. Margaret R. 
 Mackenzie, of Woodstock, Ont. The build- 
 ings are well suited for the purpose — heated 
 by steam and fitted up with electrical appli- 
 ances used in medical practice, apparatus 
 for the Swedish movement cure, and also a 
 training school for nurses. 
 
 In the short time the sanitarium has been 
 opened it has already proved a great suc- 
 cess, encouraging alike to Doctor Brewster 
 training school for nurses. 
 
 Doctor Brewster is a member of the fol- 
 lowing societies, viz: Maryland State Medi- 
 cal Society, Maryland and District of Co- 
 lumbia Clinical Societv, American Institute 
 
 of Homeopathy, American Health Resort 
 Association, chairman of the Bureau of 
 Gynecology in the National Society of 
 Electro-therapeutists, and also a member of 
 the American Association of Orificial Sur- 
 geons. 
 
 (Reprinted from biography of Ephraim 
 McDowell, D. D.,with portrait and sketches 
 of prominent members of the medical pro- 
 fession.) 
 
 Dr. Claude Van Bibber was born in 
 Baltimore, June 2J, 1853. He is a son of 
 the late Dr. Washington C. and J^Iary J. 
 (Chatard) Van Bibber, natives of Maryland, 
 and descendants respectively of early Dutch 
 and Haytien settlers of the colony. Dr. 
 Claude Van Bibber completed his general 
 education at Georgetown University from 
 which institution he was graduated with the 
 class of '74. His study of medicine was pur- 
 sued under his father's preceptorship and 
 he was graduated from the medical depart- 
 ment of the University of Maryland in 1877. 
 The following year, in conjunction with his 
 brother. Dr. John Van Bibber, he assisted 
 in the establishment of a dispensary for 
 nervous diseases at 6 Barnet street, Balti- 
 more, which was conducted until 1890, since 
 which time he has been engaged in general 
 practice with present ofifice and residence at 
 805 N. Charles street. Doctor Van Bibber 
 was visiting physician to St. Agnes Hos- 
 pital from 1878 to 1893; has been since 1881 
 one of the visiting physicians to the Home 
 of the Friendless, and since 1895 one of the 
 surgical staff of St. Joseph's Hospital. He 
 is a member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland, American Medical 
 Association, and Clinical Society of Mary- 
 land. He was married in June, 1892, to 
 
roo 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORB, MARYtAND. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Judge M. M. Cohen, 
 of New Orleans. Dr. and Mrs. Van Bibber 
 have one child, Claude, Jr., and are mem- 
 bers of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Hermann Henry Hoblemaxx. Presi- 
 dent and Treasurer of the Wehr-Hoble- 
 mann-Gottlieb Brewing and Malting Com- 
 pany, of Baltimore, was born at Osnabruck, 
 Hanover, September 25. 1835. He is a son 
 of the late John Henry and Anna Regina 
 (Schroeder) Hoblemann, natives of Han- 
 over, as were their ancestors as far back as 
 the genealogies of both families are tracea- 
 ble. The elder Hoblemann was a miller at 
 Osnabruck, and the descendant of a number 
 of generations, the senior male of each of 
 which pursued the same avocation at the 
 same place. Hermann H. Hoblemann re- 
 ceived some years" schooling at the Osna- 
 bruck Gymnasium and then, after taking a 
 commercial course, entered his father's mill- 
 ing office. At the age of eighteen he came 
 to the United States and located in Balti- 
 more, where he found employment with 
 Charles D. Slingluff & Son, wholesale 
 grocers and commission merchants, with 
 whom he remained for six years, occupy- 
 ing the position of shipping clerk during 
 the last four years. In i860 he estab- 
 lished himself in the retail grocery busi- 
 ness at 72 Conway street, where he re- 
 mained for five years, then embarking in 
 a wholesale liquor business at 59 S. Charles 
 street, in which he was engaged until May, 
 1886. The fo]lt_)\viiig eighteen months were 
 spent in visiting the Fatherland. Upon re- 
 turning to Baltimore, he devoted his time 
 exclusively to the malting business of Wehr, 
 Hoblemann & Gottlieb, with which firm he 
 became associated in 1880. In 1R88 a lirew- 
 
 ing business was added to the concern, and 
 is known under the corporate name of 
 Wehr-Hoblemann-Gottlieb Brewing and 
 Malting Company, of which Mr. Hoble- 
 mann is president and treasurer. The 
 brewing plant has a capacity of 120,000 bar- 
 rels per annum : its output the first year was 
 32,000 barrels, and last year (1896) 56,000 
 barrels. Mr. Hoblemann's services have 
 been in request in official connection with 
 numerous organizations of Baltimore. He 
 was for a number of years a member of the 
 Boards of Directors of the German Fire In- 
 surance Company and German Bank, of 
 Baltimore. He was married in 1862 to 
 Mary Mormann, the daughter of a Han- 
 overian, who settled in Baltimore. She died 
 in 1885, leaving five children: Mary, wife of 
 Harry Thies, of Baltimore; Joanna, wife of 
 Justus Hoblemann, merchant, of Baltimore; 
 Lisette, wife of Percy C. Hennighausen, an 
 attorney and Commissioner of Immigration, 
 of Baltimore; Maggie, wife of the late Dr. 
 William Koenig, of Gottingen, Germany, 
 and Frederick Hoblemann, assistant book- 
 keeper of the Brewing and Malting Com- 
 pany. Mr. H. H. Hoblemann married in 
 1887, Alma Fuerste, also the daughter of a 
 Hanoverian. One child born of this mar- 
 riage is Hermann A. Hoblemann. The 
 family reside at 21 19 E. Pratt street, and are 
 members of Zion Lutheran Church. 
 
 Sami'El King S.mith, Attorney-at-Law, 
 was born in Baltimore, December 11, 1869, 
 and is a son of Nicholas M. and Mary 
 (King) Smith, natives of Maryland, the for- 
 mer of Scotch, the latter of English descent. 
 He attended the public schools of Baltimore 
 and received, in 1891, the degree of Bachelor 
 of Arts from the Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 701 
 
 sity; in 1893 he was graduated from the law 
 department of the Maryland University and 
 was in the same year admitted to the bar of 
 Baltimore City, at which bar he is now en- 
 gaged in the practice of law. 
 
 Dr. Thomas William Keown, born 
 February 6, 1868, County Sligo, Ireland, 
 was educated at Primrose Grange, Sligo 
 and Santry School, Dublin, taught school 
 for five years and during the latter part of 
 this period completed his general education 
 at the Royal University, Dublin. In 1890 
 he came to the United States, was engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits in New York for two 
 years, then coming to Baltimore to enter 
 Baltimore Medical College, from which in- 
 stitution he was graduated with second hon- 
 ors in '95. While a student at Baltimore 
 Medical College he spent two summers in 
 hospital work at Roosevelt Hospital, New 
 York. During '95-6 he was resident phy- 
 sician at the Maryland General Hospital; 
 '96-7 lecturer on embryology and on dis- 
 pensary clinic diseases of children, and 
 dermatology at the Baltimore Medical Col- 
 lege. Doctor Keown resides at 848 W. 
 North avenue and is a member of St. Peter's 
 P. E. Church. 
 
 Dr. S. J. Ulman was born in Baltimore, 
 September 27, 1865. He is a son of the late 
 Col. Benjamin F. and Henrietta (Buann) 
 Ulman, the former a native of Germany, the 
 latter of Baltimore, and of Spanish descent. 
 Col. Benjamin F. Ulman was a member of 
 the firm of Ulman & Co., wholesale liquor 
 dealers, of Baltimore. Dr. J. Ulman re- 
 ceived his general education under private 
 tutors and at Johns Hopkins University, 
 graduated from the medical department of 
 
 Maryland University and took a student's 
 course at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and has 
 been engaged in practice since 1890, mak- 
 ing a specialty of surgery. He is a member 
 of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland and the Baltimore Clinical So- 
 ciety. Doctor Ulman's office and residence 
 are at 1325 Linden avenue. 
 
 Dr. William Jerome Chappell was 
 born in Rochester, N. Y., November 2, 
 1857. He is a son of the late James and 
 Charlotte Catharine (Lang) Chappell, the 
 former a native of Connecticut, the latter of 
 New York, and both of English descent. 
 James Chappell was a grain broker and lat- 
 terly a leading builder of Rochester. He 
 died in 1863. William J. Chappell gradu- 
 ated from State Normal School, Brockport, 
 1877, and Wesleyan University (Middletown, 
 Conn.) with the degree of B. A. in 1883, his 
 M. A. degree being conferred by the latter 
 institution in 1886. He began the studv of 
 medicine under Dr. R. Baker. Middletown, 
 Conn., was graduated from the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, in 
 1886, was assistant resident physician at 
 Maternite Hospital for one year and resi- 
 dent student at City Hospital the following 
 year, and has since been engaged in general 
 practice with present office and residence at 
 135 1 N. Gilmor street. Doctor Chappell 
 is a member of Improved Order of Hepta- 
 sophs. 
 
 John Christopher M.\tthai, senior 
 member of the firm of M'atthai, Ingram & 
 Co., manufacturers on Tin and Japanned 
 ware, was born at Saxe Meiningen, Febru- 
 ary 24, 1822. He is a son of the late John 
 Nicholas and Christiana Maria (Beck) 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Matthai, also natives of Saxe Meiningen, as 
 were their ancestors as far back as the 
 genealogies of both families are traceable. 
 John Christopher Peter Beck, Mr. Matthai's 
 maternal grandfather, was during Napoleon 
 Bonaparte's reign, and for a period of 
 twenty-five years, Mayor of his native 
 town, Haselbach. John C. Matthai received 
 a common school education, and at the age 
 of fourteen was apprenticed to learn his 
 father's trade of hlacksmithing and edged 
 tool making, and three years later, having 
 mastered his trade, came to the United 
 States, locating in Baltimore, where he 
 worked for various firms until 1846. He 
 then established himself in a general black- 
 smithing business on Pennsylvania avenue, 
 where he remained until 1S66, when he tem- 
 porarily retired from business, removing his 
 residence to Linden Hill, Baltimore county, 
 where he has since lived. In 1870 the fimi 
 of Matthai & Ingram was established for 
 the manufacture of tinware, the firm con- 
 sisting of the subject of this sketch and 
 James E. Ingram, his son-in-law, and doing 
 Ijusiness on Lexington street. In 1872 
 George N. Knapp became a member of the 
 firm, the business was removed to Howard 
 street, and the manufacture of Japanned 
 ware added thereto. In 1884 William H. 
 Matthai, son of John C. Matthai, was ad- 
 mitted to the firm, which, since the partner- 
 ship association of Mr. Knapp, has been 
 known as Matthai, Ingram & Co., with its 
 manufacturing estaljlishment on Lexington 
 street u\) to iSSS and since occupying the 
 newly-erected extensive plant bounded by 
 Ohio avenue. Light, Byrd and Winder 
 streets, and having a floor area of more than 
 eleven acres. In June, 1895, the firm lo- 
 cated their sample room and offices in the 
 
 building Nos. 109, in and 113 Hanover 
 street. Mr. Matthai married, June 4, 1846, 
 Theresa Jackins, a native of Alsace, whose 
 parents located in Baltimore during her 
 early childhood. She died November, 1873, 
 leaving seven children: Amelia, wife of 
 James E. Ingram; Elizabeth, wife of Wil- 
 liam Baker, of Baltimore; Sarah, wife of 
 Henry Reifle, retired business man, of Bal- 
 timore; Martha, wife of E. E. Muller, sales- 
 man, of Baltimore; William H., a member, 
 and Joseph F., an employe of the firm, and 
 Miss Florence Theresa. John C. ^latthai 
 is one of the Board of Trustees and Stew- 
 ards of Arlington Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South, of which the family are 
 members. 
 
 Dr. Thom.\s Wilkinson Greenley was 
 born in Hillsboro, Caroline county, Md., 
 November 6, 1865. He is a son of the late 
 Alexander and Anna (Wilkinson) Greenley, 
 natives of Maryland and descendants of 
 early English settlers of the colony. Rev. 
 Christopher Wilkinson, maternal great- 
 great-grandfather of Doctor Greenley, w-as 
 an Episcopalian divine of distinction, a 
 graduate of Oxford, who built the churches 
 at Hillsboro, Hibernia and Wye, Md. His 
 remains are interred under the church at 
 Wye. Thomas W. Greenley completed his 
 general education at Swarthmore College, 
 Pa., and while engaged as a pharmacist for 
 several years at Easton, Md., took up the 
 study of medicine, which he subsequently 
 continued under the preceptorship of Dr. J. 
 M. Wilkinson, Dover, Del. He was grad- 
 uated from the medical department of Mary- 
 land University in 1888 and during the final 
 year of this course was a resident student at 
 the University General Hospital. Follow- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 703 
 
 ing his graduation he pursued the practice 
 of his profession at Trappe. Md., up to 1895, 
 when he located in Baltimore. He is a 
 member of the ^Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Alarjdand and of the Clinical So- 
 ciety of Baltimore. He was married Octo- 
 ber 7, 1892, to Nellie, daughter of the late 
 Hon. I. Davis Clark, late member of Con- 
 gress from Talbot county, Md. Dr. and 
 Mrs. Greenley have two children, Lenore 
 and Clark; reside at 1805 N. Charles street, 
 and are members of St. Michael and All 
 Angels Episcopal Church. 
 
 Frederick H. Gottlieb, Secretary and 
 General Manager of Wehr-Hoblemann- 
 Gottlieb Brewing and Malting Co., was 
 born in Hungary in 1853, came to this 
 country with his parents when a child, and 
 is to all intents and purposes an American 
 in character and sympathies. Although but 
 young, in the forties, he has been closely 
 identified with brewing and malting inter- 
 ests for upwards of twenty years, and the 
 popularity and esteem in which he is held 
 by his colleagues has long extended beyond 
 the confines of his own State. Mr. Gott- 
 lieb's connection with the brewing and malt- 
 ing trades commenced with his employment 
 as book-keeper in the malt house of John 
 Butterfield. Wheeling, W. Va., who in 1876 
 bought the old Baltimore Brewery, occupy- 
 ing a portion of the site of the present Model 
 Globe Brewery in Baltimore, and the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, who had in the mean- 
 time married Mr. Butterfield"s daughter, 
 was given an interest in the Old Ale and 
 Porter Brew^ery. Enlisting the financial 
 support of Mr. Frederick Wehr (.^ince de- 
 ceased) and Mr. H. H. Hoblemann, he was 
 instrumental in establishing the present 
 
 business and in the erection of its handsome 
 brewery and malt house, one of the most 
 important in the State of Maryland, to the 
 success of which his business acumen and 
 energy have largely contributed. 
 
 He was also actively interested in the es- 
 tablishment of the Consumer's Brewing Co., 
 Harrisburg, Pa., in which he is a director, 
 while his familiarity with the theory as well 
 as the practice of business methods, is at- 
 tested by his authorship of a clever work on 
 "Averaging Accounts," which is regarded 
 as an authority on the subject. 
 
 In the afifairs of the trade generally, as 
 represented by its various associations, Mr. 
 Gottlieb has taken special interest. He was 
 instrumental in organizing the former 
 Brewers' and Makers' Association of Bal- 
 timore, of which he was secretary during 
 almost the entire period of its existence, and 
 from this organization has been evolved 
 the present Brewers' Exchange of Balti- 
 more, of which he was two years president 
 and four years member of its Board of Trus- 
 tees. . His efforts were also largely instru- 
 mental in inducing the Exchange to erect 
 its handsome building which is alike an or- 
 nament to the city and a credit to the brew- 
 ing fraternity. As a member for three years 
 of the Board of Trustees of the United 
 States Brewers' Association, he has ren- 
 dered services to that organization and the 
 trade at large that have been recognized on 
 more than one occasion in its ofiFicial docu- 
 ments, and he has proved himself ever ready 
 to defend and advance, with voice and pen, 
 the interests and welfare of the brewing in- 
 dustry, as he has done on several occasions 
 before the Legislature of the State. 
 
 A member of the leading clubs and socie- 
 ties in Baltimore, Mr. Gottlieb enjoys 
 
704 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 marked social popularity, which is enhanced 
 by his genial personality, courteous de- 
 meanor and refined tastes. A skilled musi- 
 cian and liberal patron of the art, he has at- 
 tained more than local fame as a performer 
 on the flute. This is not surprising, as he 
 comes from a musical family, his brother, 
 Will B. Gottlieb, who is well known as a 
 malt broker in New York, being a com- 
 poser of note, while another brother has at- 
 tained fame in the theatrical profession. He 
 is equally adept with the brush, and as a di- 
 rector of the Charcoal Club has many 
 warm friends among leading artists in the 
 South. Afifable, generous and withal a 
 keen, active business man, he is a highly 
 creditable representative of the industry it 
 has been his constant efifort to elevate. 
 
 Dr. George Brown Reynolds. — This 
 gentleman was born in Cumberland county, 
 Va., October 26, 1846. He is a son of the 
 late James W. and Julia Ann (Carter) Rey- 
 nolds, natives of Virginia and descendants 
 of colonial settlers, the latter lineally de- 
 scended from "King" Carter, one of the 
 most prominent characters in Virginia's his- 
 tory, and one of its earliest English settlers 
 and great landed proprietors. Dr. George 
 B. Reynolds was educated in private 
 schools, entered the medical department of 
 the University of Virginia, and was gradu- 
 ated from Washington University, class of 
 '72. Following graduation he was for one 
 year resident physician at Bay View Asy- 
 lum, and for about three years thereafter 
 physician in charge of the old City Hospi- 
 tal. During the latter period he was Dem- 
 onstrator of Anatomy, medical department 
 Washington University, resigning both of 
 the latter positions to enter upon general 
 
 practice, in which he has since been 
 engaged with present office and resi- 
 dence at 809 X. Charles street, Bal- 
 timore. Doctor Reynolds was for a 
 number of years visiting physician to 
 Bay View Asylum. He has taken a 
 lively interest in and devoted as much 
 time as possible to the service of a num- 
 ber of benevolent and charitable insti- 
 tutions of the city. He is one of the Board 
 of Directors of the Children's Aid Society 
 and Girls' Home, Watson Home and Home 
 for Consumptives, and is consulting physi- 
 cian to the last named. He has been for 
 many years physician to Calvert Street 
 Boys' Home. He is a member of the 
 American Medical Association, Medical 
 and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 
 Baltimore Clinical Society, Baltimore Med- 
 ical Society and Baltimore Medical and 
 Surgical Societies. He is a Mason and 
 a member of and medical examiner for 
 Independent Order of Heptasophs, Royal 
 Arcanum, American Legion of Honor and 
 Ancient Order United Workmen. He was 
 married June 15, 1875, to Ada Campbell, 
 daughter of the late Charles B. Fiske, of . 
 Washington, D. C, a graduate of Yale and 
 a noted civil engineer, chief of the corps in 
 the construction of the eastern end of the 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. The ser- 
 vices of Engineer Fiske were in demand 
 wherever difficult feats in engineering were 
 required. One of the greatest of the South 
 American nations offered him practically 
 his own terms to assume charge of the gov- 
 ernmental engineering work, which included 
 railroad construction and other great pub- 
 lic works. The Fiskes of America are de- 
 scended from English ancestors of noble 
 lineage. Mrs. Dr. Reynolds is on the mater- 
 
,.■^.-,,-^^^^1^ ^-0 
 
 l\ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 705 
 
 nal side granddaughter of the late Maj. 
 Charles Bender of the U. S. Army, who was 
 a son of George Bender, a soldier in the 
 War of the Revolution. Dr. and Mrs. Rey- 
 nolds have four children: Charles C, stu- 
 dent at St. John's College; Mary Elizabeth; 
 Stanley Aleade and Julia Ann Carter Rey- 
 nolds. The family are communicants of 
 Grace Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 John Fletcher Parlett, Collector of 
 the city of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, 
 March i, 1853. He is a son of the late Ben- 
 jamin F. and Mary (Taylor) Parlett, natives 
 of ^Maryland, the former of French, the lat- 
 ter of German descent. Benjamin F. Par- 
 lett established a wholesale tobacco business 
 in Baltimore in 1843. I" 1874 he added a 
 tobacco manufacturing business at Danville, 
 Va., continuing both businesses in conjunc- 
 tion with his sons, John F. and Benjamin F. 
 Parlett, Jr., until July, 1884, when he retired 
 because of failing health, disposing of his 
 business to his sons. He died September 
 3, 1884. The business continued to be con- 
 ducted under the original firm name of B. 
 F. Parlett & Co., B. F. Parlett, Jr., subse- 
 quently retiring from the firm and John 
 F. Parlett finally closing up the Danville 
 factory and the Baltimore jobbing trade, 
 and connecting himself with the R. J. Rey- 
 nolds Tobacco Company, of Winston, N. 
 C, with which he is still associated as resi- 
 dent director and manager of the eastern 
 territory. He was nominated by his honor, 
 Mayor Hooper, to the position oi City Col- 
 lector in Alarch, 1896; the appointment was 
 confirmed the following November and he 
 entered upon the discharge of the duties of 
 his ofifice December 3, 1896. He was mar- 
 ried January 10,1878,10 Susan M., daughter 
 42 
 
 of the late Thomas G. Evans, for many years 
 one of Baltimore's leading builders. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Parlett have three children, Car- 
 rie Alelville, Florence Edna, and Mary; re- 
 side at 1717 Park Place and are members 
 of Mount Vernon Place Methodist Church, 
 of the Board of Trustees of which Mr. Par- 
 lett was a member for several years. 
 
 Capt. Seth S. Ullrich, M. D., Surgeon 
 for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and As- 
 sistant Surgeon of the Fourth Regiment of 
 Maryland National Guard, with the rank of 
 captain on Col. Willard Howard's stafT, re- 
 sides at No. II N. Carey street, Baltimore. 
 Of southern birth, but of northern and 
 German parentage, he was born in Louis- 
 iana, May 18, 1858, being a son of John H. 
 and Leah C. (Stevens) Ullrich, natives, re- 
 spectively, of Germany and Pennsylvania. 
 The Ullrich family was prominent in Nur- 
 emberg, where the Doctor's great-grand- 
 father attained the great age of one hun- 
 dred and five years. The Doctor's father 
 came to America in 1847, when a young 
 man, and for many years engaged in mer- 
 cantile pursuits, but now, at the age of sev- 
 enty-four, is living in retirement from active 
 labors. He was one of three brothers 
 who participated in the Civil War as sol- 
 diers in the Union Army. The Doctor's 
 grandfather was a soldier in the War of 
 1812, and when eighty-seven years of age, 
 was killed on the 4th of July, 1874, in a 
 railroad bridge accident, he with a num- 
 ber of others having taken refuge there dur- 
 ing a storm which blew the bridge down. 
 The mother of our subject was a woman of 
 noble character and was especially inter- 
 ested ih church matters ; of a hospitable dis- 
 position, her home was the headquarters for 
 
roo 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ministers and her labors were unrivaled to 
 promote the happiness of those who labored 
 for the world's salvation* She died in 1894, 
 at the age of sixty-six years. 
 
 The young-est of three sons, Doctor 
 Ullrich was educated in Dickinson Semi- 
 nary, Williamsport, Pa., and entered upon 
 the study of medicine in Jefferson Medical 
 College, Philadelphia, in 1877. He re- 
 mained a student in that institution until he 
 was graduated in 1881, carrying ofif one of 
 the honors in a class of two hundred and 
 sixty-five. Upon the completion of his 
 course of lectures, he gained practical ex- 
 perience by study in the hospitals of Phila- 
 delphia and Xew York, and as surgeon in 
 the Belgian mercantile marine service. In 
 1885 he opened an office in Baltimore, 
 where he has since practiced. For three 
 years he was chief surgeon in the City Hos- 
 pital Dispensary, and since 1893 has been 
 surgeon for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
 Company. June 26, 1895, Doctor Ullrich 
 married Catharine E., daughter of the late 
 J. J. and Frances Boyd, of Baltimore. She 
 is a member of the Episcopal Church, with 
 which the Doctor is also identified. Fra- 
 ternally he is a member of St. John's Chap- 
 ter, No. 19; Crusade Commandery. Xo. 5, 
 Knights Templar, and Boumi Temple, 
 Mystic Shrine. He is also identified with 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the 
 Junior Order American Mechanics and the 
 Daughters of Liberty. As a believer in 
 Democratic iwinciples he takes an interest 
 in politics and public affairs. He is an en- 
 thusiast on Iiorse matters and writes for a 
 number uf p;ipers on that subject. His so- 
 cial cjualities are of a high order, and liis 
 genial manner wins friends, h'ew men are 
 more capable than he of bringing all around 
 
 him to an appreciation of the great value of 
 a vigorous intellect and a genial nature. 
 
 Dk. Milton Raphael Walter was 
 born in Baltimore, June 30, 1870. He is a 
 son of Abraham and Paulina (Jordan) Wal- 
 ter, natives of Baltimore and respectively of 
 Bavarian and Westphalian parentage. Ra- 
 phael Walter came to this country and lo- 
 cated about 1830 in Baltimore, and in con- 
 nection with a brother established a whole- 
 sale clothing business under the firm name 
 of R. Walter & Bro. This lirm was suc- 
 ceeded by that of R. Walter's Sons, of which 
 Abraham Walter was senior member. Mil- 
 ton R. Walter attended the public schools 
 and City College of Baltimore, graduated 
 from Maryland College of Pharmacy in 
 1S90 and from iXlaryland University medi- 
 cal department in 1893. During the last 
 year of his university course he was resi- 
 dent student at the University Hospital and 
 the year following his graduation assistant 
 resident physician at Bay View Asylum. In 
 1895 he was assistant in neurological de- 
 partment of Johns Hopkins Dispensary, and 
 the following year was spent at the Univer- 
 sity of Berlin, Prussia, where he was assist- 
 ant to Professor Kraiise, throat and nose 
 department. Since his return to Baltimore 
 Doctor Walter has been assistant laryngolo- 
 gist Bay View As}-lum and assistant in the 
 nose and throat department, Maryland Uni- 
 versity. He is a member of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical I'acnlty of ]\Iaryland and r>al- 
 timore Clinical Society, has his ofWcv at 
 1301 Madison avenue, and resides at 1833 
 Bolton .street. 
 
 Dr. Willla: 
 I'.altimore. Ji 
 
 James Hughes was born 
 V 18, i86^. He is a son of 
 
HISTORY OF EAI^TIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 707 
 
 William H. and Mary Elizabeth (Smith) 
 Hughes, natives of Maryland and descend- 
 ants, respectively, of early Welsh and Eng- 
 lish settlers of the colony. John Hughes, 
 Doctor Hughes' paternal grandfather, lo- 
 cated in Baltimore from Harford county, 
 Md., as a boy, and by dint of industry and 
 perseverance accumulated a large fortune 
 which he lost in the Spanish Main. Noth- 
 ing daunted he started afresh and amassed 
 a competency in the undertaking and cabi- 
 net making business, in which he was asso- 
 ciated with his son. William H. Hughes. 
 The former died in 1887, the latter has re- 
 tired from business and resides at Royal 
 Oak, Md. James Smith, Doctor Hughes' 
 maternal grandfather, was for many years 
 one of Baltimore's leading contractors and 
 built numerous of the public buildings of 
 the city and vicinity. He resides at 621 W. 
 Lafayette avenue. Dr. W. J. Hughes at- 
 tended the public schools at Baltimore, was 
 graduated from Maryland University medi- 
 cal department in 1893 and during the last 
 year of his university course v^'as resident 
 physician at Maternite Hospital and has 
 since been engaged in general practice with 
 I-iresent office and residence at 181 1 E. Bal- 
 timore street. Doctor Hughes is a mem- 
 ber of Maryland University Alumni Associa- 
 tion. He was married February 28, 1895, 
 to Anna C, daughter of Adam Pole, mer- 
 chant tailor, of Baltimore. Doctor Hughes 
 is a member of the Episcopal and his wife 
 of the Lutheran Church. 
 
 Dr. Edward Pontney Irons was born 
 in Baltimore, October 12, 1824. He is a 
 son of the late Dr. James and Rebecca 
 (Kelly) Irons, natives of Maryland, respect- 
 ively of English and French-Irish ancestry, 
 and descendants of earlv settlers of Marv- 
 
 land. Edward P. Irons received a common 
 school education and was variously em- 
 ployed in mercantile pursuits in several of 
 the Southern States until 1863, when he re- 
 turned to Baltimore and entered the medi- 
 cal department of Maryland University, 
 from which he was graduated two years 
 later. During the closing months of the 
 Civil War he was assistant surgeon in the 
 Officers' Hospital at Annapolis. For one 
 year thereafter he was engaged in the prac- 
 tice of medicine in Alabama returning 
 thence to Baltimore, where he has ever since 
 followed his profession. He is a member of 
 the Medical and Surgical Society of Balti- 
 more and of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland. He is a Mason 
 and a member of the Royal Arcanum 
 and subordinate medical examiner of the 
 latter order. He was married, March 20, 
 185 1, to Anna Rebecca, daughter of the 
 late Thomas H. Sewell, manufacturer, of 
 Baltimore. One daughter, born of this 
 marriage, Anna Rowe, married Samuel 
 Pleasants, lawyer, of Baltimore, by whom 
 she had one child, Honora H. Pleasants. 
 Mr. Pleasants died and his widow mar- 
 ried J. W. Ramsey, dealer in wooden and 
 willow ware, Baltimore. Doctor and Mrs. 
 Irons reside at 1835 E. Baltimore street and 
 attend Broadway Methodist Protestant 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. J. William Correll was born in 
 Winchester, \'a., August 14, 1825. He is a 
 son of the late Abraham and Ann (Lyder) 
 Correll, natives of Virginia and descend- 
 ants of early English settlers of the colony. 
 Dr. J. W. Correll was educated at private 
 schools and the Academy, Winchester; 
 studied medicine under the preceptorship 
 of Dr. Hugli Maguire and was admitted to 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 practice in Virginia in 1847. -'^t the break- 
 ing out of the war he enlisted in the Con- 
 federate Army and served throughout the 
 entire war as surgeon and in different ca- 
 pacities. In 1866 he came to Baltimore and 
 was for a number of years engaged in Mary- 
 land University Hospital service and since 
 been engaged in general practice. He was 
 married October 17, 1850, to Lucinda, 
 daughter of the late Thomas Latham, of 
 Winchester, Va. One daughter, born of this 
 union, is the wife of John Shinn, auditor of 
 Lehigh \'alley Railroad with headquarters 
 at Baltimore. Dr. and Mrs. Correll reside 
 at 1105 Argyle avenue and are members of 
 Eutaw Place Baptist Church. Doctor Cor- 
 rell is a Mason. 
 
 Dr. John Hampton Sc.vllv was born in 
 Baltimore, June 23, 1870. He is a son of 
 John and the late Ellen (Cushley) Scally; 
 the former a native of Belfast, Ireland; the 
 latter a Baltiniorean by birth and descended 
 from early Irish settlers of the colony of 
 Maryland. John Scally was for thirty years 
 a leather merchant in Baltimore, but since 
 1892 has been a dealer in furniture. His 
 wife died January 11, 1885. Their son, John 
 Hampton Scally, attended the public 
 schools and City College of Baltimore, 
 graduated from Maryland College of Phar- 
 macy in 1890 and was engaged for several 
 years thereafter as a pharmacist in Balti- 
 more. He studied medicine under Dr. J. C. 
 Monmonier, and was graduated from the 
 College of IMiysicians and Surgeons with 
 the class of 1892. During 1892 he served as 
 assistant resident physician at Spring Grove 
 Asylum and has since been engaged in gen- 
 eral practice with office and residence at 
 1807 E. Fayette street. 
 
 Dr. Charles John Carroll was born 
 at Dennisville, Cape May county, X. J., De- 
 cember 16, 1872. He is a son of the late 
 John and Mary (A'an Gilder) Carroll, the 
 former of English, the latter of Scotch de- 
 scent. Charles J. Carroll received his initial 
 education in the public schools of his native 
 county. Following this he took up the 
 study of pharmacy and had charge of a drug 
 store at South Seaville, N. J., a business 
 which he abandoned to enter the medical 
 department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, from which institution he was grad- 
 uated with the class of '95. He then came 
 to Baltimore and became assistant in die 
 surgical dispensary of Johns Hopkins Hos- 
 pital, which service continued for one year, 
 following which he was for brief periods in 
 the nerve and general medicine depart- 
 ments and has been since December, 1897, 
 with the gynecological department under 
 Dr. Howard A. Kelly. Doctor Carroll is a 
 member of the State Medical State Society 
 and of the Royal Arcanum. His office and 
 residence are at 2508 E. Baltimore street. 
 
 Dr. Henry Ayres Hyland was born at 
 Moundsville, Marshall county. W. Va.. Au- 
 gust 15, 1854. He is a son of the late Rev. 
 William L. and Eliza J. (Machir) Hyland, 
 the former a native of Maryland, and the 
 latter of Ohio, and both of Scotch descent. 
 Henry Hyland, paternal great-grandfather 
 of Dr. H. A. Hyland, was one of three bro- 
 thers who fled from Scotland because of a 
 political offense, and located in Maryland 
 prior to the Revolutionary War. His son, 
 Henry Hyland, was a physician, an 1S12 
 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He practiced medicine in ^Maryland. His 
 son. Rev. William L. Hyland, was an Epis- 
 
HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ro9 
 
 copal minister, who, in early manhood, left 
 Maryland to engage in missionary work in 
 West Virginia, marrying and settling in 
 Moundsville, where he built the Episcopal 
 Church edifice. His next charge was at 
 Parkersburg, where the erection of the new- 
 est Episcopal Church structure was com- 
 menced during his ministry. Returning 
 thence to ^laryland he ministered to a con- 
 gregation in Prince George's county until 
 disabilities necessitated his retirement from 
 the ministry, and thereafter until his de- 
 cease (1892) he resided in Washington, D. 
 C. James Machir, maternal great-grand- 
 father of Dr. H. A. Hyland, located in the 
 valley of Virginia, and early in the century 
 represented his district in Congress. His 
 son moved into Kentucky and finally lo- 
 cated at Dayton, O. Dr. H. A. Hyland 
 was educated at the public schools and 
 academy, Parkersburg, W. Va., graduated 
 from Bryant, Stratton & Sadler's Commer- 
 cial College in 1873, engaged in the drug 
 business at Baltimore and later in Pitts- 
 burg, and then established himself in the 
 drug business at Hyndman, Pa., where he 
 remained for nine years, and during which 
 period he took up the study of medicine. 
 In 1888 he entered the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, of Baltimore, where he 
 attended one course of lectures, when the 
 burning of his store at Hyndman compelled 
 his return to that place and the consequent 
 temporary abandonment of medical studies. 
 Upon his return to Baltimore in 1891 he 
 was made dispensary physician of Balti- 
 more University, graduated from the insti- 
 tution in 1892, continuing his dispensary 
 work for another year and fulfilling also the 
 duties of clinical assistant to Dr. P. B. Wil- 
 
 son, Demonstrator of Chemistry. He then 
 entered upon general practice with present 
 office and residence at 1435 N. Broadway. 
 Doctor Hyland is a member of the Medical 
 and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, a 
 member of and medical examiner for the 
 Home Forum and National Union, and a 
 member also of the IMasonic fraternity. 
 Knights of P}1:hias, Knights of the Golden 
 Eagle and Improved Order of Heptasophs. 
 He was married September 16, 1885, to 
 Fanny Bell, daughter of Alex. H. Grimes, 
 farmer of Prince George's county, Md. One 
 son born of this union is Henry A. Hyland, 
 Jr. The family are members of the Holy 
 Innocents' Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 Dr. George Christopher Ernest Vo- 
 GLER was born at St. Louis, Mo., June 22, 
 1864. He is a son of Ernest and Helen 
 (Zeitler) Vogler, the former a native of Ger- 
 many, and the latter of Zanesville, O., and 
 of German descent. Ernest Vogler is a re- 
 tired merchant of St. Louis, Mo., where he 
 still resides. Dr. G. C. E. Vogler attended 
 the public schools of St. Louis, engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits in Birmingham, Conn., 
 for several years, came to Baltimore to en- 
 ter Baltimore Medical College, and was 
 graduated therefrom in 1895. During 1894- 
 95 he was assistant demonstrator of gyne- 
 cology to Prof. T. A. Ashby. INIaryland 
 General Hospital Dispensary. Doctor \'o- 
 gler was for two years medical examiner of 
 the Improved Alutual Life Insurance Com- 
 pany. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., 
 and J. F. Wiessner Conclave I. O. H., Uni- 
 formed Knights. His ofifice and residence 
 are at 1230 E. North avenue, and he is a 
 member of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
710 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Dr. Edmund Cantwell Gibbs was born 
 near Middletown, Del., September 17, 1856. 
 He is a son of the late Benjamin and Han- 
 nah (Justis) Gibbs, natives of Delaware, and 
 descendants respectively of early Welsh and 
 Swedish settlers of the colonies. Dr. Ed- 
 mund C. Gibbs completed his general edu- 
 cation at Middletown Academy, Delaware, 
 and after several years' experience as a 
 pharmacist came to Baltimore and entered 
 Maryland University Medical Department, 
 from which institution he was graduated 
 with the class of '84. During the last year 
 of his collegiate course he was resident stu- 
 dent at University Hospital, and for several 
 years following graduation was surgical dis- 
 pensary assistant. He has since been en- 
 gaged in general practice with present ofifice 
 and residence at 316 E. North avenue. He 
 is a member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland and .\ncient Order of 
 United Workmen, and a member of and 
 medical examiner for the Shield of Honor. 
 Doctor Gibbs married January 4, 1893. 
 Lulu G., daughter of Philander Chase Hil- 
 dreth, of Wheeling, W. Va. Dr. and Mrs. 
 Gibbs are communicants of St. Michael 
 and All Angels Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. Gabriel Henry Chabot was born 
 in Baltimore, April 19, 1861. He is a son 
 of Dr. Lawrence J. and Mary A. (Cole) 
 Chabot, natives of Baltimore, the former of 
 French parentage and the latter a descend- 
 ant of early English settlers of the colony 
 of Maryland. Doctor Chabot's maternal 
 great-grandfather was a soldier in the pa- 
 triot army during the Revolutionary War. 
 Dr. Lawrence Chabot was graduated from 
 Marvland University Medical Department, 
 
 class of '50, and practiced in Baltimore up 
 to the time of his retirement in 1891. Ga- 
 briel Henry Chabot attended the public 
 schools of Baltimore, Maryland Agricul- 
 tural College and Bryant & Stratton's Com- 
 mercial College and was thereafter engaged 
 for six years in mercantile pursuits. He 
 studied medicine under the preceptorship 
 of Dr. William B. Canfield, and was gradu- 
 ated from Maryland LTniversity Medical 
 Department, class of '83, during the last 
 year of his college course being resident 
 student at the Maryland University Hospi- 
 tal. Following his graduation he was for 
 one year chief of clinics, medical depart- 
 ment of dispensary, and has since been en- 
 gaged in general practice with ofifice and 
 residence at nil E. Preston street. Doc- 
 tor Chabot is a member of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland and Balti- 
 more Clinical Society, a member of and 
 medical examiner for Zeta Conclave Im- 
 proved Order of Heptasophs, and member 
 of and medical examiner for the Shield of 
 Honor and National Union. He was mar- 
 ried April 26, 1892, to Celia R., daughter of 
 the late Thomas Kelly, of Baltimore. Dr. 
 and Airs. Chabot have one child, Gabriel 
 Henry Chabot, Jr., and are members of St. 
 Paul's Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Edwin Allen Sauerwein, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Baltimore, November 29, 
 1875. He is a son of Edward Augustus 
 and Anna Procter (Taylor) Sauerwein, na- 
 tives of Baltimore, the former of German, 
 the latter of English descent. The Sauer- 
 wein family had its first representative in 
 Maryland in the person of Peter G. Sauer- 
 wein, who came from Germany .about the 
 year 1700, locating in one of the villages 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 711 
 
 which formed the nuclei of the city of Bal- 
 timore. He founded the flouring business 
 which for nearly two centuries bore the 
 name of P. G. Sauerwein & Sons, having 
 been handed down from generation to gen- 
 eration, the eldest son of each bearing the 
 name of Peter G. Sauerwein, downi to the 
 latest representative of the family Edward 
 A. Sauerwein, who recently retired from the 
 business. Thomas Wilson, founder of the 
 Wilson Sanitarium of Baltimore county is 
 an uncle of Mrs. Edward .'\. Sauerwein, 
 who is the daughter of R. J. Taylor, of Balti- 
 more. E. Allen Sauerwein received his 
 general education in the public schools and 
 City College of Baltimore; attended Mary- 
 land University Law Department, was 
 graduated therefrom in 1S96, and is junior 
 member of the law firm of Owens & Sauer- 
 wein, 224 St. Paul street. Mr. Sauerwein 
 resides at 1406 Mt. Royal avenue, and is a 
 member of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Charles H.\rvev Stanley, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born in Saybrook, Conn., October 
 20, 1842. He is a son of the late Rev. Har- 
 vey and Mary Anne (Kinne) Stanley. Rev. 
 Harvey Stanley was a native of North Caro- 
 lina and a lineal descendant of John Stanley, 
 surveyor of the colony of Maryland, and a 
 great-grandson of John Wright Stanley, of 
 North Carolina, of Revolutionary fame. 
 John Stanley was a younger son of the Earl 
 of Derby. Mary Anne (Kinne) Stanley 
 was a daughter of Charles R. Kinne, who in 
 early life removed from New York to North 
 Carolina, where he engaged in the practice 
 of law. He was a brother of William Kinne, 
 editor of Kinne's Blackstone. Rev. Stan- 
 ley and family located in 1851 in Prince 
 
 George's county, Md., where the immediate 
 subject of this sketch, Charles H. Stanley, 
 received his initial training in the public 
 schools and by private tutor. Soon after 
 the breaking out of the Civil War he en- 
 listed in the First Maryland Volunteer Cav- 
 alry and served until General Lee's sur- 
 render. Returning to Maryland he en- 
 gaged in school teaching and began the 
 study of law under the preceptorship of Gen. 
 Thomas F. Bowie. He was admitted to the 
 bar January 17, 1869, and has been actively 
 engaged in the practice of his profession 
 since 1870, dividing hip time between legal 
 and other interests in Prince George's 
 county and the city of Baltimore. Mr. 
 Stanley has served the State as a member of 
 its Legislature, during which period he was 
 chairman of Committee on Education and 
 a member of the Judiciary and Inspection 
 Committees. He was State Director of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Road for four years; 
 was Mayor of Laurel for three years and has 
 been for the past six years President of the 
 Citizens' National Bank, of Laurel. Mr. 
 Stanley has been married twice ; November 
 26, 1871, to Miss Ella Lee Hodges, of Anne 
 .\rundel county, Md., who died in Septem- 
 ber. 1881. In September, 1884, he married 
 Miss Margaret, daughter of John Snowden, 
 of Prince George's county. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Stanley have four children, Harvey, Eliza- 
 beth, Charles Harvey and William, and are 
 members of the Episcopal Church. Mr. 
 Stanley is a Mason. He is a member of the 
 standing committee of the Diocese of 
 Washington, residing in the town of Laurel, 
 which is within the new diocese. He has 
 for years been a trustee of the Maryland 
 Agricultural College, elected with others to 
 represent the private stockholders. 
 
712 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Dr. James Sherman Barnard was born 
 in Albion, N. Y., June 25, 1857. He is a 
 son of the late James B. and Caroline M. 
 (Young) Barnard, natives of New York, 
 and descendants respectively of early 
 Scotch-Dutch and English settlers of the 
 colonies. Gen. Ethan Allen, of Revolu- 
 tionary fame, was an uncle of Doctor Barn- 
 ard's maternal grandmother. James B. 
 Barnard was a farmer; he died in 1887, hav- 
 ing survived his wife seven years. Dr. 
 James S. Barnard attended the public 
 schools of his native county, studied medi- 
 cine under the preceptorship of Dr. R. S. 
 Bishop, of Medina, N. Y., was graduated 
 from Hahnemann Medical College, of Phil- 
 adelphia, with the class of '82, and entered 
 upon the practice at Clyde, where he re- 
 mained until 1890 when he removed to Bal- 
 timoire, where he has since been engaged in 
 general practice, making a specialty of 
 surgery, and with office and residence at 
 211 1 St. Paul street. Doctor Barnard was 
 one of the charter members of the Southern 
 Homeopathic College and is a member of 
 the Faculty of that institution, having held 
 the chair of surgery from 1890 to 1895, and 
 the chair of surgical gynecology since the 
 latter date. For the jjast three years Doc- 
 tor Barnard has been Superintendent of 
 Maryland Homeopathic Hospital. He 
 was married October i, 1884, to Lily, 
 daughter of George H. Hoyt, of Ely Sons 
 & Hoyt, glass manufacturers of Clyde, N. 
 Y. Dr. and Mrs. Barnard are members of 
 First M. E. Church. Doctor Barnard is a 
 Mason, and was made a member of the Blue 
 Lodge in 1883, of the Chapter in 1886, 
 Knight Templar in 1886, and since 1893 
 Nol)k' of the Mvstic Shrine. His com- 
 
 mandery membership in Baltimore is with 
 the Beauseant Commandery. 
 
 Dr. J. Ward Wisner was born at Mar- 
 tinsburg, W. Va., August 8, 1871. He is a 
 son of Charles W. and Mary E. (Jackson) 
 ^^'isner, natives of Baltimore county, Md., 
 the former of Swiss, the latter of English 
 descent. Charles W. Wisner was for a 
 number of years a Government employe; 
 was then connected with the Equitable Life 
 Lisurance Company, and is now a Justice of 
 the Peace by appointment of Governor 
 Lowndes. Dr. J. Ward Wisner studied 
 medicine under Dr. James S. Barnard, and 
 was graduated from the Southern Home- 
 opathic Medical College, Baltimore, in 
 1895. In 1895-6 he was Assistant Demon- 
 strator of Anatomy, and in 1896-7 Demon- 
 strator of Gynecology under Prof. James S. 
 Barnard, and Chief of Clinics of the College 
 and Hospital. He resides at Hagerstown 
 and is a member of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church of St. Michael and All Angels. 
 
 Dr. George Florence Taylor was 
 born in Baltimore, August 17, 1855. He 
 is a son of the late Jesse and Elizabeth J. 
 (Church) Taylor, natives respectively of 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland, and descend- 
 ants of early English settlers of the Ameri- 
 can colonies. The family descended on the 
 paternal side from three brothers — ^John, 
 Henry and George — who immigrated to 
 this country from England in 1700, and 
 from whom descended the late President 
 Zachary Taylor. The maternal side de- 
 scended from the Halls, a prominent Mary- 
 land family who flourished in Anne /Vrnn- 
 dcll county for years. It is an interesting 
 
<:::%^'^7r^^l.-j=t^. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 713 
 
 fact that both the paternal and maternal line 
 had representatives in each of the wars of 
 the United States back to and including the 
 Revolution. Jesse Taylor was for many 
 years engaged in spice manufacturing in 
 Baltimore. He was prominent in Odd Fel- 
 lowship and died September 14, 1888. 
 George F. Taylor attended Knapp's School, 
 studied medicine under the preceptorship 
 of Professors Brown, Latimer and Coskey; 
 was graduated from the College of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons in 1878, taking the 
 fifth prize; was Clinical Assistant to Profes- 
 sor of Throat, Heart and Lungs, College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, for two years, 
 and has since been engaged in general prac- 
 tice, with present office and residence at 
 1254 X". Broadway. Doctor Taylor is medi- 
 cal examiner for Manhattan Life Insurance 
 Company of New York; a member of Medi- 
 cal and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 
 Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, 
 Clinical Society of Baltimore, American 
 Medical Association, Junior Order United 
 American Mechanics and Knights of 
 Pythias. He was married December 19, 
 1882, to Alary Jeannette, daughter of 
 Thomas McGill, proprietor of a printing 
 house in Washington, D. C. Dr. and Mrs. 
 Taylor have one child, Herbert D., and at- 
 tend Faith Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Dr. Harry Gaunt Harryman was born 
 in Baltimore, January 9, 1865. He is a son 
 of the late Benjamin B. and Ellen (Gaunt) 
 Harryman, the former a native of Alary- 
 land, the latter of New York, and respect- 
 ively of French-English and English de- 
 scent. The Harrymans were early settlers 
 in Baltimore county, taking up land on 
 Belair Road early in the last century. Ben- 
 
 jamin B. Harryman was a printer in the em- 
 ploy of the Government. He died in 1890. 
 His widow resides in Baltimore. Dr. H. G. 
 Harryman was graduated from City Col- 
 lege, class of '81, and after a course at Mur- 
 ray's School of Languages took up the 
 study of medicine under Dr. Wilmer Brin- 
 ton. He was graduated from Baltimore 
 Medical College, class of '88, taking the 
 gold medal, and was assistant to Professor 
 of Diseases of Nose, Throat and Chest for 
 three years after graduation. He is a mem- ■ 
 ber of Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland, Baltimore Medical and Surgical 
 Society and Baltimore Medical College 
 Alumnal Association, of which latter he was 
 secretary. _ He is surgeon to the Ancient 
 Order of Foresters and medical examiner 
 L O. H. Reb. Conclave, No. 10. He was 
 married October 27, 1892, to Mary Theresa, 
 daughter of the late Dr. Wm. B. Klipstein, 
 of Alexandria, Va. Dr. and Airs. Harry- 
 man have two children, Mary Ellen and 
 William Klipstein; reside at 15 12 E. Pres- 
 ton street, and are communicants of Church 
 of our Saviour P. E. Cliurch. 
 
 Dr. Joseph L. Spruill was born in Co- 
 lumbia, N. C, June 16, 1870. He is a son 
 of Thomas and Alary L. (Chaplain) Spruill, 
 the former a native of North Carolina, of 
 German descent; the latter a Virginian by 
 birth and of English ancestry, and both are 
 descendants of early settlers of the States 
 of their nativity. For a number of gene- 
 rations the Spruill family has been repre- 
 sented in the Legislature of North Caro- 
 lina. Three members of the Chaplain fam- 
 ily were Confederate soldiers during the 
 late war. Joseph L. Spruill completed his 
 general education at Bingham (N. C.) Alili- 
 
714 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tary Academy, then entering the School of 
 Medicine of the Maryland University, from 
 which institution he was graduated in 1895, 
 becoming through excellence in competi- 
 tive examination resident physician of St. 
 Agnes' Hospital. In October, 1896, he was 
 appointed to his present position of Assist- 
 ant Dispensary Physician of Maryland Uni- 
 versity Hospital, and is connected with St. 
 Agnes' as lecturer on surgery. Doctor 
 Spruill resides and has olifices at 2466 
 Greenmount avenue, and is a member of 
 Eutaw Place Baptist Ciiurch. 
 
 Thomas Ireland Elliott, City Solici- 
 tor of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, 
 December 25, 1855. He is a_son of the 
 late William and Rosa (Bunting) Elliott, 
 natives of Baltimore and descendants of 
 early English settlers of Maryland, the for- 
 mer being lineally descended from William 
 Elliott, wlio located in Queen Anne's 
 county about 1715, and the latter from 
 William Bunting, who settled in Baltimore 
 county from Manchester, England, in 1740. 
 Thomas I. Elliott was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools and City College of Baltimore, 
 graduating in 1873; and from Princeton 
 College, with the degree of A. B., in 1876, 
 receiving from the latter institution degree 
 of A. M. in 1879. He read law with Messrs. 
 Hinkley & Morris; attended the law de- 
 partment of I\larvl;ind University, and was 
 graduated tlu'nfium with the degree LL. 
 B. in 187S. He was admitted to practice in 
 June of the same year ui)on oral examina- 
 tion before the Supreme Bench, and has 
 since been engaged in law practice, with 
 present oiifices in the Equitable Building. 
 Mr. Elliott was associated with Hon. Pink- 
 ncy Whyte as counsel hy appointment un- 
 
 der ordinance to the Council Investigating 
 Committee of 1894-5, and was appointed to 
 the office of City Solicitor in the spring 
 of 1896. He is a Mason, Knight Templar 
 and Shriner and a member of the I. O. O. F. 
 and Royal Arcanum. He resides at 2026 
 Mt. Royal Terrace and attends Mount Ver- 
 non M. E. Church. 
 
 Dr. Philip Allen Paxetti was born 
 in Baltimore, December 19, 1871. He is 
 a son of the late Dr. Ernest F. and Bar- 
 bara (Ganmier) Panetti, the former a na- 
 tive of Bavaria, of Italian descent, and the 
 latter a native of Baden, both of whom came 
 to the United States in youth and were mar- 
 ried in Baltimore, where Dr. Ernest F. 
 Panetti engaged in the practice of dentistry 
 up to the time of his decease in 1884. Philip 
 A. Panetti attended the public schools of 
 Baltimore and then made a special study 
 of chemistry under Prof. P. B. Wilson, who 
 was also his preceptor in the general study 
 of medicine. He then entered the Ken- 
 tucky School of Medicine, Louisville, from 
 which institution he was graduated in 1892. 
 Returning to Baltimore he entered upon 
 the general practice with present office and 
 residence at 1243 N. Broadway. During 
 1893-4 Doctor Panetti was assistant to 
 Professor of Chemistry of Baltimore Uni- 
 versity School of Medicine. He is a mem- 
 ber of and medical examiner for Usa Con- 
 clave, Improved Order of Heptasophs, a 
 member of Jr. O. U. A. M., and medical 
 examiner Legion of the Red Cross. He is 
 a number of Trinity Episcopal Church. 
 Doctor Panetti comes from a family of phy- 
 sicians, his father, grandfather, great- 
 grandfather and two uncles having been of 
 the iirofession. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ^15 
 
 Dr. John Roth was born in Prussia, 
 January 20, 1852. He is a son of John 
 George and Louisa (Bertram) Roth, both 
 natives of Prussia, as were their ancestors 
 as far back as the genealogies of both fami- 
 nes are traceable. Mr. and Airs. John 
 George Roth came to the United States and 
 located in Baltimore in August, 1852, where 
 Mr. Roth has ever since been engaged in 
 business as a merchant tailor. His son 
 John was educated in the public schools of 
 Baltimore, and then took a commercial 
 course at Bryant & Stratton's Mercantile 
 College. For some years thereafter he was 
 connected with the Police Department of 
 Baltimore, during which period he devoted 
 ills leisure to the study of medicine, pursu- 
 ing it latterly under the preceptorship of 
 Dr. P. G. Dausch. He was graduated from 
 Baltimore Medical University in 1895, and 
 during the year following was Chief of Clin- 
 ics of the gynecological department of the 
 University. Doctor Roth's office and resi- 
 <lence are at 1429 E. Hofifman street. He is 
 a member of the Masonic fraternity. 
 
 Dr. Arminius Cleveland Pole was 
 born in Baltimore county, April 9, 1852. 
 He is a son of William and the late Emily 
 Vancourt (Stier) Pole, natives of Mary- 
 land, the former a descendant of early Eng- 
 lish settlers of Maryland, and the latter 
 Welsh, of German ancestry. Mr. William 
 Pole hi.:, held a number of official trusts, 
 serving for ; long period as Justice of the 
 Peace; for one term as SheriiT of the county, 
 and for several sessions as a member of the 
 House of Delegates. He has always been 
 a stalwart Democrat and served for several 
 years in the Confederate Army during the 
 late war. He resides with his son, Doctor 
 
 Pole. The latter attended the public 
 schools of Baltimore and Lexington, Va ; 
 beg-an the study of medicine under the pre- 
 ceptorship of Dr. Henry Darling, then of 
 Baltimore, now of Brigntwood, D. C. ; was 
 graduated from Maryland University Med- 
 ical Department with the class of '76, and 
 has since been engaged in general practice 
 with present office and residence at 2038 
 Madison avenue. In 1884 Doctor Pole ac- 
 cepted the chair of anatomy, which he still 
 holds, in the Baltimore Medical College, to 
 which were added for two sessions lectures 
 on operative surgery. Doctor Pole is one of 
 the medical stafif of the Home for Consump- 
 tives, a member of the American Medical 
 Association, Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
 ulty of Maryland, Baltimore Clinical So- 
 ciety and of the Maryland Book and Journal 
 Club. He is also a member of the Royal 
 Arcanum and a member of and medical 
 examiner for the Shield of Honor. Doctor 
 Pole is a Fellow of the Society of Science, 
 Literature and Arts of London. 
 
 He was married January 2, 1884, to Miss 
 Mary Louisa, daughter of the late William 
 and Rosina (Nathan) Bumpus, of Virginia. 
 Dr. and Mrs. Pole are members of Em- 
 manuel Baptist Church, of the Board of 
 Deacons of which Doctor Pole is a member. 
 
 Dr. Richard Alex.\nder Urouhart 
 was born in Isle of Wight county, Va., Sep- 
 tember 28, 1872. He is a son of the late 
 John B. and Mary L. (Urquhart) Urquhart, 
 natives of Virginia, of Scotch descendants 
 of early settlers of Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina. Dr. R. A. Urquhart received his 
 initial training by private tutor and at a 
 private school and the Academy of Lewis- 
 ton, N. C. This was supplemented by at- 
 tendance at Churcliland Academy, near 
 
■lu 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Norfolk, Va. His general education was 
 completed at the University of North Caro- 
 lina. In 1892 he entered the medical de- 
 partment of the University of Virginia, 
 graduating therefrom in June, 1894. Re- 
 moving to Baltimore he took a post-gradu- 
 ate course at Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 
 1895-6 he was senior resident physician at 
 St. Agnes' Hospital, and is now assistant 
 in the Children's Department at Johns Hop- 
 kins Hospital. Doctor Urquhart has his 
 residence and office at 2724 Pennsylvania 
 avenue and is a member of the Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. Milton Elmer Hammer was born 
 in Baltimore, September 4, 1866. He is a 
 son of Peter and Sarah C. (Shoemaker) 
 Hammer, natives of Maryland, of German 
 descent. Peter Hammer was engaged for 
 some years in mercantile pursuits in Balti- 
 more, was then for a term of years master 
 mechanic of the Northern Central Railway 
 at Baltimore, and is now retired and re- 
 sides in Baltimore. Dr. M. E. Hammer at- 
 tended the public schools and City College 
 of Baltimore, then taking a commercial 
 course at Bryant & Stratton's Mercantile 
 College, graduating therefrom in 1883. He 
 entered the medical department of Mary- 
 land University in 1886 and was graduated 
 in 1888, and has since been engaged in the 
 practice of his profession in Baltimore, with 
 offices at 1 100 N. Calhoun street and ion 
 Light street. He was married April 24, 
 1888, to Amelia li., .laughter of Henry 
 MuUer, grocer, of S. Eutaw street, Balti- 
 more. Dr. and Mrs. Ilanmier have two 
 children, Sadie C. and Elmer Y.: reside at 
 1 100 N. Calhoun street and arc members 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Clnu-ch. 
 
 Dr. John Jabez Caldwell was born at 
 Oak Hill, near Wilmington, Del., April 28, 
 1836. He is a son of the late Col. John S. 
 and Rebecca Webb (Baker) Caldwell, the 
 former a native of Delaware, the latter of 
 Pennsylvania, and descendants respectively 
 of Scotch-Irish and English colonial set- 
 tlers. Capt. John Caldwell, a son of Sir 
 Davy Caldwell, County Antrim, Ireland, 
 emigrated to America early in the last cen- 
 tury, locating on the Eastern Shore of Dela- 
 ware. On Doctor Caldwell's maternal side 
 the descent is from Richard Baker, who 
 came to the American colonies with Wil- 
 liam Penn, and from the same stock came 
 the Harlans, Marshalls and Webbs. Nu- 
 merous representatives on both sides were 
 soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Dr. J. 
 J. Caldwell attended the Quaker school at 
 Wilmington, Del., and was graduated from 
 New York Medical College, class of i860. 
 He was an interne at Bellevue Hospital, 
 New York, for two years, and early in the 
 Civil War was appointed assistant sur- 
 geon on general hospital duty, serving 
 throughout the war from St, Louis to 
 the Rio Grande, including transjxjrt, camp 
 and hospital duty. Following the war 
 he was physician and surgeon in charge 
 of Brooklyn Central Dispensary until 1878 
 when he removed to Baltimore, where he 
 has since been engaged in practice, with 
 present office and residence 1138 N. Fulton 
 street. Doctor Caldwell makes a specialty 
 of neurology, .^.n honorary degree was 
 conferred upon Doctor Caldwell by College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore. 
 Doctor Caldwell has been engaged largely 
 in magazine, journalistic and other literary 
 work. 
 
 He was married January 6, 1864, to .\nn 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Ridgelcy, daughter of the late Robert Hor- 
 ace Love, of Worthington Valley, Mary- 
 land. Dr. and Mrs. Caldwell have three chil- 
 dren: Maud Worthington, wife of Bereda 
 Turner, merchant of Baltimore, and Ridge- 
 ley Love and E. Calhoun Caldwell, elec- 
 trical engineers, of Baltimore, and forming 
 the firm of Caldwell & Co. The family are 
 Episcopalians. 
 
 Dr. Alfred Whitehead was born in 
 London, England, September lo, 1849; 
 completed his general education at King 
 Edward VL Grammar School, Birming- 
 ham, and was articled to the study of medi- 
 cine under Prof. Alexander Fleming, at- 
 tending during this period Queen's College 
 and being a resident student at Queen's 
 Hospital from October, 1866, to January, 
 1871, graduating with honors from that in- 
 stitution as well as from the Royal College 
 of Surgeons, England. During 1871 he was 
 resident assistant surgeon at Queen's Hos- 
 pital, and following this up to July, 1873, 
 resident medical officer of Birmingham and 
 IMidland Counties Free Hospital for Sick 
 Children. From 1873 to 1878 Doctor 
 Whitehead was surgeon to the Peninsula 
 and Oriental Steamship Company, being 
 variously stationed in India, China and 
 Japan. Returning to Birmingham in 1878 
 he was engaged in general practice in that 
 city in 1882, when he came to the United 
 States and located in Baltimore, where he 
 has since been engaged in the practice of His 
 profession, with present office and residence 
 at 1121 E. Baltimore street. Doctor White- 
 head was Professor of Diseases of Children, 
 Baltimore University School of Medicine, 
 from 1884 to 1889, and Professor of Anat- 
 omy and Clinical Surgery in the same in- 
 
 stitution from January, 1889, to October, 
 1894. He is a member of Maryland Medi- 
 cal and Chirurgical Faculty, Baltimore 
 Medical Society, Baltimore Medical and 
 Surgical Society and American Medical As- 
 sociation. He was married January 16, 
 1889, to Amy Gertrude, daughter of the late 
 Col. Isaac Brewster Roe, of Port Jefferson, 
 L. I. Dr. and Mrs. Whitehead are members 
 of Mt. Vernon M. E. Church. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Taylor Bell was born 
 at Norfolk, \'a., December 12, 1835. He 
 is a son of the late Alexander and Margaret 
 (Soutter) Bell, the former a native of Kirk- 
 cudbright, Scotland, and the latter of Vir- 
 ginia and of Scotch parentage. Alexander 
 Bell, who was a prominent commission mer- 
 chant of Norfolk, Va., died in 1867. His 
 sons, six in number, were Confederate sol- 
 diers during the late war, and four of 
 them, including Doctor Bell, were wounded. 
 Alexander T. Bell graduated from William 
 and Mary College with the degree of A. B. 
 in 1855; began the study of medicine under 
 the late Dr. William Selden, of Norfolk, 
 and continued it under Dr. Willard Parker, 
 an eminent surgeon of New York City; at- 
 tended one session of the University of 
 Virginia, and was graduated from the New 
 York College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 in 1858. During 1859 and i860 he was in- 
 terne and resident surgeon at the old New 
 York Hospital. He began the practice of 
 his profession in New York, but at the 
 breaking out of the war went South and 
 entered the Confederate Army, serving 
 throughout the war as assistant surgeon 
 and surgeon. Subsequent to the war and 
 up to January, 1S70. he practiced medicine 
 in Norfolk, Va., and during the most of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 this period was Health Officer of that port. 
 During his practice at Norfolk, Doctor Bell 
 became interested in homeopathy with the 
 result of his adopting its practice since his 
 removal (1870) to Baltimore. His office 
 and residence are at iiii N. Calhoun street. 
 
 Dr. CharlHS Thomas Harper was born 
 at Southport, N. C, August 10, 1872. He 
 is a son of Capt. J. T. and Anna S. (Drew) 
 Harper, natives of North Carolina and de- 
 scendants of early Scotch-Irish settlers of 
 Eastern North Caroline. Capt. J. T. Har- 
 per was a Confederate soldier and several 
 years subsequent to the close of the war 
 was captain of a governmental vessel in the 
 engineer department. He is now a capi- 
 talist with extensive steamboat, real estate 
 and manufacturing interests at Wilmington 
 and Southport, N. C. Dr. Chas. T. Harper 
 prepared for college at Cape Fair Academy, 
 Wilmington; then entering Trinity College, 
 where he completed his general education. 
 After a brief period of service in his father's 
 milling business at Wilmington, he entered 
 Davidson's School of Medicine, at David- 
 son, N. C. The summer of 1892 he spent as 
 hospital student at Bellevue Hospital (New 
 York), then coming to Baltimore to enter 
 the medical department of Maryland Uni- 
 versity, from which he was graduated in 
 1894. Doctor Harper stood second in a 
 class of cighty-onc. He was licensed to 
 practice in North Carolina in 1893. He was 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy at the Woman's 
 Medical College in 1895, and also during 
 that year Assistant Demonstrator of His- 
 tology at Baltimore Medical College. In 
 1896 he was Chief of Clinics of Surgery at 
 Baltimore University, and in 1897 lecturer 
 on Minor Surgery and Bandages at Balti- 
 
 more University. He is Secretary of Balti- 
 more Medical and Surgical Society and a 
 member of Baltimore Medical Association 
 and North Carolina Medical Society. He 
 is a member of the Masonic fraternity, 
 Knights of Pythias and Junior Order 
 United American Mechanics. He was mar- 
 ried December 18, 1895, to Jesse G., daugh- 
 ter of George H. Zimmerman, Deputy 
 United States Marshal of Maryland. Dr. 
 and Mrs. Harper have one child, Jessie G. ; 
 reside at 1627 W. Lexington street, and arc 
 members of Fulton Avenue Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. David Streett was l>orn near "The 
 Rocks," Harford county, Md., October 17, 
 1855. He is a son of the late Corbin Graf- 
 ton and Nancy (Streett) Streett, natives of 
 Plarford county, Md., and both lineally de- 
 scended from Thomas Streett, one of three 
 brothers who came to the North American 
 colonies from London, England, early in 
 the last century, Thomas locating in Har- 
 ford county, Md., where he took up on a 
 patent seven hundred acres of land, part of 
 which is still in possession of the Streetts. 
 Both of Doctor Strcett's grandfathers par- 
 ticipated in the battle of North Point, Sep- 
 tember 12, 1814. Dr. David Streett complet- 
 ed his general education at Bethel Academy, 
 Harford county; taught school at 19; began 
 the study of medicine two years later; grad- 
 uated with honors from College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, Baltimore, March 6, 
 1873; served one year as resident physician, 
 Maternite Hospital, and another at Balti- 
 more City H^ospital; and has been engaged 
 since March, 1880, in general practice, with 
 ])resenl office and residence at 712 Park 
 avenue. Doctor Streett was a member of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 First Branch Cit\- Council for two terms, 
 18S3-4. In 1885 lie was chosen Professor 
 of Principles and Practice of Medicine, 
 Baltimore Medical College, and in 1888 
 was made Dean of its Faculty, both of which 
 positions he still holds. He was active in 
 the establishment and support of Maryland 
 General Hospital and is one of its medical 
 staff. He was elected President of the 
 Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore 
 in January, 1891, and Vice-President of 
 Maryland Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
 in May, 1891. He is a member also of 
 American Medical Association, Baltimore 
 Medical Association and Maryland Clinical 
 Society. His degree of A. M. was con- 
 ferred by Loyola College, Baltimore. Doc- 
 tor Streett was married April 25, 1882, to 
 Sadie, daughter of Wm. H. B. Fusselbaugh. 
 Two children born of this union, Annie and 
 David Corbin Streett, survive, and one, 
 William F. Streett, is deceased. 
 
 Dr. George Griffith Jones was born 
 in Baltimore, December 10, 1858. He is a 
 son of the late Capt. John Stanley and So- 
 phia (Griftith) Jones, natives of Dorches- 
 ter county, Md., and descendants of early 
 Welsh and English settlers of the Eastern 
 Shore of the State. Capt. John S. Jones 
 was for many years and up to the time of 
 his decease (1858) a captain of steamers 
 plying the waters of Chesapeake Bay and 
 James river. His widow resides in Balti- 
 more. Dr. George G. Jones attended the 
 public schools of Baltimore and was gradu- 
 ated from the City College with the class 
 of '78. He studied medicine under the pre- 
 ceptorship of the late Dr. Henry Webster, 
 and was graduated from the School of Med- 
 icine of J\.aryland University in 1881. He 
 
 began the practice of medicine in Talbot 
 county, Md., where he remained for two 
 years, then returning to Baltimore, where 
 he has since followed his profession. He 
 was married in 1884 to Annie, daughter of 
 the late Jacob Friedhoffer, of Baltimore. 
 Mrs. Jones died in 1891, leaving three chil- 
 dren: Clarence W., Norman W. and Edna 
 E. Jones. In November, 1897, Doctor 
 Jones married again, his second wife being 
 Miss Elizabeth M. Winters, a lady of Ger- 
 man descent in both branches. Doctor 
 Jones resides at 1708 Pressberg street and 
 attends Grace M. E. Church. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Masonic Order. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Bernard Saunders was 
 born in Baltimore, April 25, 1864. He is a 
 son of James S. and Mary A. (Macklin) 
 Saunders, natives of Baltimore, the former 
 a descendant of early settlers of the colony, 
 and the latter of Irish descent. James S. 
 Saunders is a machinist by trade and is in- 
 spector of pipes for Baltimore Water De- 
 partment. Dr. J. B. Saunders attended the 
 public schools and City College of Balti- 
 more; was for five years employed as a 
 pharmacist with Coleman & Rogers, drug- 
 gists: studied medicine under Prof. T. S. 
 Latimer and was graduated from the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1885. 
 From that date to 1889 he had charge of 
 clinic diseases of children and out-door 
 department, College of Physicans and Sur- 
 geons. From 1889 to 1896 charge of gen- 
 eral practice of medicine, out-door depart- 
 ment. College of Physicians and Surgeons; 
 from 1894 to 1896 was of the visiting phy- 
 sicians, Baltimore General Dispensary, and 
 from 1886 to 1897 physician in charge of 
 St. Elizabeth's Home. Dnclrir Saunders is 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 President of St. Ignatius Branch of Young 
 Catholic Friends an active member of and 
 physician to St. Vincent de Paul's Confer- 
 ence, Secretary of the League of the Sacred 
 Heart, orator of St. Leo's Council, Catholic 
 Benevolent Legion, and a member of the 
 State Council of the same Order; Medical 
 Director of Western Maryland Railroad 
 Relief Association ; Archon of Clifton Con- 
 clave, No. 370, Improved Order of Hepta- 
 sophs, and President of the Maryland Pil- 
 grims' Association. Doctor Saunders is a 
 member of St. Ignatius Church, and resides 
 and has his office at 219 East Preston 
 street. 
 
 Dr. George Henry Everhart was 
 born in Shrewsbury, Pa., February 20, 
 1867. He is a son of George P. and Mary 
 (Hauer) Everhart, descendants respectively 
 of early German settlers of the colonies of 
 Maryland and Virginia. The founder of 
 the American Everhart family was Paul 
 Eberhardt (subsequently Anglicized to 
 Everhart), who emigrated from Stuttgart 
 early in the last century, taking up a tract 
 of land by grant from Lord Baltimore in 
 Carroll county, Md., a part of which tract 
 still remains in possession of the family. 
 George P. Everhart is a retired merchant 
 and resides in Baltimore. Dr. George H. 
 Everhart completed his general education 
 at Hopkins' School, New Haven; studied 
 medicine under his uncle, Dr. O. T. Ever- 
 hart, of Hanover, Pa., and was graduated 
 from Maryland University Medical Depart- 
 ment in 1890. During the last year of his 
 university course he was a hospital student. 
 He is one of the visiting physicians of the 
 Home of the Aged, and Sanitary Inspector 
 of the Water Shed by apixjintnient of 
 
 Mayor Hooper. He is medical examiner 
 for A. O. U. W. and Brotherhood of Rail- 
 road Trainmen. He was married June 24, 
 1891, to Mary Almeda, daughter of E. H. 
 Fitzgerald, of Shrewsbury, Pa. The family 
 reside at 100 West Twenty-fifth street, and 
 are members of Grace P. E. Church. 
 
 Dr. William Alered Belt Sellman 
 was born in Frederick, Md., June 10, 1850. 
 He is a son of J. J. M. and the late Anne 
 Elizabeth (Belt) Sellman, the forrrter a na- 
 tive of Maryland, the latter of Virginia. On 
 the maternal side Doctor Sellman is de- 
 scended from Welsh-Scotch colonial set- 
 tlers, several of whom participated in the 
 War of the Revolution. Mr. J. J. M. Sell- 
 man was for a number of years a merchant 
 of Frederick. Upon his retirement from 
 business he removed to Baltimore, and now 
 resides in Washington, D. C. His wife died 
 in 1877. Dr. W. A. B. Sellman was edu- 
 cated at St. Timothy's Military Academy 
 and Steuart Hall, Baltimore; studied medi- 
 cine under the preceptorship of the late 
 Prof. Nathan R. Smith; was graduated 
 from the medical department of Maryland 
 University with the class of '72, and was 
 for some time thereafter clinical assistant 
 to Prof. Nathan R. Smith. Doctor Sell- 
 man has l>een since 1884 Professor of Dis- 
 eases of Women, Baltimore University 
 School of Medicine, and is visiting physician 
 to Union Protestant Infirmary. He is a 
 mcmljcr of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion, American Association of Gynecology 
 and Obstetrics, Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland, Baltimore Medical 
 Association, Baltimore Clinical Society, 
 Order of the Golden Chain, and .American 
 Legion of Honor. He was married .\o- 
 

 ^/-^^^ 
 
rORV OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 vember 15, 1882, to ^lary, daughter ot the 
 late Thomas Vincent Ohver, and grand- 
 daughter of General Sewall, of Cecil coun- 
 ty, Md. Dr. and Mrs. Sellman have one 
 son, Reginald Oliver Sellman, born in 1884; 
 reside at Albion Hotel and are communi- 
 cants of Grace Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 Dr. Ikying Miller was born in Kent 
 county, Aid.. March 5, 1858. He is a 
 son of William T. and Elizabeth (Aldridge) 
 Miller, also natives of Kent county, and 
 both of Scotch ancestry. Dr. Irving Miller 
 completed his general education at Ran- 
 dolph-Macon College, from which institu- 
 tion he was graduated with the class of '75. 
 He then entered the School of Medicine of 
 Maryland University; was graduated there- 
 from in 1877, and entered upon the practice 
 of his profession in Baltimore. In 1895 he 
 established a private sanitarium for surgi- 
 cal treatment of diseases of women, the in- 
 stitution being located at 224 East Lafayette 
 avenue. He was married in 1882 to Bessie, 
 daughter of William H. Knott, of Wash- 
 ington, D. C. Dr. and Mrs. Miller have one 
 child, Bessie; reside at 1927 St. Paul street, 
 and are members of St. Michael and .All 
 Angels Episcopal Church. Doctor Aliller 
 is a member of the Masonic Order. 
 
 Dr. Charlton Myron Cook was born 
 at Orwell, Bradford county, Pa., February 
 29, i860. He is a son of the late Zeri and 
 Elizabeth (Tyler) Cook, the former a native 
 of Pennsylvania, the latter of New York, 
 and both descendants of early English set- 
 tlers of Xew England. Dr. C. M. Cook 
 was educated in the public schools of Or- 
 well and was graduated from Baltimore 
 43 
 
 Aledical College in 1893. For a year and a 
 half thereafter he was in the nose, throat and 
 chest department of the dispensary, then be- 
 coming Chief of the Clinics and Dispensary 
 Physician in charge, which position he still 
 holds, together with that of Demonstrator 
 of Clinical Medicine. He is a member of 
 the Clinical Medical Society of Baltimore, 
 Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, 
 and the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Alaryland. He was married September 10, 
 1894, to Bessie, daughter of A. Carey, 
 of Orlando, Fla. Doctor Cook's office and 
 residence are at 1052 Myrtle avenue and he 
 is a member of Lafayette Square Presby- 
 terian Church. 
 
 Sylvancs Stokes, proprietor of the 
 Eutaw House, was born in Richmond, Va., 
 May 6, 1858. He is a son of the late Allen 
 Y. and Margaret M. (Pickett) Stokes, the 
 former a native of North Carolina and the 
 latter of Virginia. Mr. Stokes completed 
 his education at the University of Virginia 
 in 1879, and was admitted to the bar the 
 following year. After practicing law for 
 several years in Richmond, Va.. he bought 
 an interest in the old-established grocery 
 and liquor house of George A. Hundley, 
 which was thereafter known as Hundley & 
 Stokes. From this business he retired three 
 years later. In 1889 he came to Baltimore 
 and leased the St. James Hotel, which he 
 ran for one year, when he secured a lease of 
 the Eutaw House, upon which its owners 
 expended in improvements $65,000. This 
 house Mr. Stokes has since continued to 
 operate with conspicuous success. He was 
 for a time a leading stockholder in and 
 President of the Germania Brewing Com- 
 pany, of Baltimore, but retired therefrom 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 because of its trespass on his time. Mr. 
 Stokes is the leading stockholder in a mag- 
 nificent hotel, The Monticello, now in pro- 
 cess of erection at Norfolk, Va. He was 
 married in December, 1889, to Miss Minnie, 
 daughter of the late Frederick Geesee, of 
 Richmond, Va. Mr. and Mrs. Stokes have 
 two children, Madge and Sylvanus, Jr., and 
 attend St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. Gkorge Henry Cairnes was born 
 in Harford county, Md., May i, 1838. 
 He is a son of the late Isaac H. and Anna 
 (Watt) Cairnes, natives of Maryland, the 
 former Irish, the latter of English-Welsh 
 parentage. The late Isaac H. Cairnes was a 
 valued and valuable citizen and e.\:tensive 
 planter of Harford county, held a number ot 
 official trusts and was a member of the State 
 Legislature, session of 1867. He died in 
 1890, surviving his wife many years. Dr. 
 George H. Cairnes completed his general 
 education at Tuscarora Academy, Juniata 
 county. Pa., taught school a few years, 
 studied medicine under Dr. S. C. Chew and 
 James H. Butler, and was graduated from 
 Maryland University Medical Department, 
 class of '64. He spent some time as resident 
 student at the old City and Count}- Alms 
 House, was for si.x years Director of Spring 
 Grove .'\syluui and is a member of Maryland 
 Medical and Cliirurgical Faculty. Doctor 
 Cairnes is a I Jeinocrat, was for a number ot 
 years a mendjer of the Democratic State 
 Central Committee, for three years a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Supervisors of Elections 
 and from 1886 to 1S90 L'nited States Mar- 
 shal for District of Maryland by appoint- 
 ment of President Cleveland. During 
 Doctor Cairnes' inctunbencv of the Mar- 
 
 shalship he had a partnership association in 
 the practice of medicine with Dr. D. W. 
 Smith. Doctor Cairnes w-as married Janu- 
 ary 21, 1873, to Katharine, daughter of the 
 late William Reside, of Baltimore. The 
 family reside at 21 W. Twenty-fifth street. 
 
 Dr. Willlvm Herbert Pearce was 
 born in Baltimore county, Novendier 23, 
 1870. He is a son of John B. and the late 
 Linda A. (Blade) Pearce, natives of Mary- 
 land and descendants respectively of early 
 Welsh and English settlers of the colony. 
 The founder of the American Pearce family 
 located in Kent county. Md., in tiie 
 seventeenth century. William Slade, Doc- 
 tor Pearce's maternal grandfather, a farmer 
 of Jjaltimore county, was in the State Legis- 
 lature, session of 1891. John B. Pearce is 
 an agriculturalist of Baltimore county. His 
 wife died October 13, 1892. Their son, 
 William H. Pearce, attended Milton 
 Academy and Dickinson College Prepara- 
 tory School, studied medicine under the 
 preceptorship of Dr. A. \'. Parsons (now 
 of Tacoma Park, Washington), was gradu- 
 ateil from Maryland L^niversity Medical 
 Department in 1891, and iluring the year 
 following his graduation was connected 
 with Johns Hopkins Hospital Dispensary. 
 .\fter several years of practice he was 
 ai)pointcd resident ]diysician, Hospital 
 
 since }ilay 15. i8(;4, resident pli\sician. 
 Home for Incurables. He was married ( )c- 
 tober 23. 1895, to .\nna Lynn, daughter of 
 Frisbie 1.. and .\nna (Boiling) Tilghman. of 
 Cund)erland. .Mil. Doctor Pearce is a mem- 
 ber of I'irst M. E. Church and his wife of 
 .St, Michael and All Angels 1'. Iv Church. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 r23 
 
 Dr. William Ernst Miller was born 
 in Baltimore, November 23, 1869. He is a 
 son of the late George T. and Minna 
 (Schroeder) Miller, natives of Germany, 
 who were brought in childhood to the 
 United States by their respective fam- 
 ilies, who located in Baltimore. George 
 T. Miller carried on a mercantile busi- 
 ness in Baltimore for many years and 
 up tj the time of his decease, July 27, 
 1888. William Ernst Miller attended the 
 l)ublic schools of Baltimore; graduated from 
 I'.ryant and Stratton's Business College in 
 1884: afterwards studied medicine under Dr. 
 William Rickert; was graduated from the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bal- 
 timore, in 1892, after which he took a post- 
 graduate course at Frederick- William Uni- 
 versity, Berlin, and returning to Baltimore 
 entered upon general practice with office 
 and residence at 2239 Pennsylvania avenue. 
 Doctor Miller is a member of the Alumni 
 Association of the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons ; examining physician for the For- 
 resters of America, Court Stars and Stripes, 
 No. 12, and Ladies' Circle, Pride of Stars 
 and Stripes, No. 371. He is a member of 
 St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church. 
 
 Dr. J.\.MES Davidso.\ Igleiiart was 
 born in Anne Arundel county, Md.. 
 October 6, 1850. He is a son of 
 the late John W. Wilson and Ma- 
 tilda (Davidson) Iglehart, natives of Mary- 
 land and descendants respectively of early 
 German and English settlers of the 
 colony. The founder of the American 
 family of Igleharts came from Germany and 
 located near Alarlborough, Prince George's 
 county. Md., in 1740. James Davidson, 
 Doctor Iglehart's maternal grandfatlier, 
 
 who was born November 5. 1760, came to 
 the American colonies from England in 
 1775, and the following year enlisted in a 
 Pennsylvania regiment of the patriot army, 
 was transferred soon thereafter to the Mary- 
 land line. General Smallwood commanding, 
 and served throughout the Revolutionary 
 War. He was also one of the "Old Defend- 
 ers," battle of North Point, September 12, 
 1812. He settled in Anne Arundel county 
 and founded the village which bears his 
 name — Davidsonville. He died November 
 28, 1841. John Wilson Iglehart, who was 
 born April 10, 1814, owned an extensive 
 plantation in Anne Arundel county, was ap- 
 pointed Magistrateat twenty-one and served 
 as County Commissioner and Judge of the 
 Orphans' Court. He died July 21, 1881; 
 his wife, February 2, 1877. Their son, James 
 Davidson Iglehart, took his B. A. degree 
 at St. John's College, Annapolis, graduating 
 with the class of '72, subsequently — 1876 — 
 taking the course degree A. M. He studied 
 medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. 
 William P. Bird, of Anne Arundel county, 
 and was graduated from the medical depart- 
 ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 
 March, 1875. He served as resident physi- 
 cian at Bay View Asyhmi up to the close of 
 1875, since which time he has been engaged 
 in general practice with present office and 
 residence at 1214 Linden avenue. In April, 
 1880, Doctor Iglehart was appointed by 
 President John W. Garrett as one of the 
 surgical staff of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
 road, at Baltimore, a position he still holds, 
 and as such is one of the visiting physicians 
 to the LTniversity Hospital. He was one of 
 the organizers of the Baltimore & Ohio Re- 
 lief Department; surgeon for Mexican Vet- 
 eran .Association; a member of the Board of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Managers of the House of Refuge since 
 1887; member and Secretary of the Sons of 
 the American Revohition and similarly con- 
 nected with the Society of the War of 18 12; 
 a member of the Maryland Historical So- 
 ciety, Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 Maryland, Knights of Ancient Essenic Or- 
 der and Royal Arcanum. He was married 
 October 7, i88g, to Monterey, daughter of 
 the late Col. William H. Watson, who com- 
 manded the Baltimore Blues in the Mexi- 
 can War and was killed at the battle of 
 Monterey. Doctor and ]\Irs. Igiehart are 
 communicants of Grace P. E. Church. 
 
 Dr. Robert Garrett Lee Lumpkin 
 was born in Baltimore, C)ctober 12, 1870. 
 He is a son of Robert Garrett and Hannah 
 Susannah (Ferry) Lumpkin, the former a 
 native of \'irginia and the latter of Alary- 
 land, and descendants respectively of early 
 English and Scotch settlers of the colonies. 
 Robert G. Lumpkin was for many years 
 engaged in the hat manufacturing and job- 
 bing business, latterly in connection with 
 two of his sons under the firm name 
 (if R. G. Lumpkin & Sons. He re- 
 tired from business in 1885. Robert 
 Garrett Lee Lumpkin completed his gen- 
 eral education at Baltimore City College 
 in 1888, studied medicine under Dr. John 
 D. Blake, was graduated from Baltimore 
 Medical College in 1892, taking a three 
 years' course during the last year of which 
 he was a resident student at Maryland Gen- 
 eral Hospital. In 1892-93 he was Clinician 
 on nose, throat and chest, Baltimore Medi- 
 cal College, and in 1S95-96 surgical assist- 
 ant at Doctor Lampmann's Private Sani- 
 tarium, Wilkesbarre, Pa. He is now en- 
 gaged in general practice in Baltimore witli 
 
 oflice and residence at 1416 W. Lexington 
 street. Doctor Lumpkin is consulting phy- 
 sician at Doctor Hamilton's Sanitarium fr r 
 Nervous Diseases. 
 
 Dr. X.vthaniel Garland Keirle, 
 Aledical Examiner for Baltimore, was born 
 in Baltimore October 10, 1833. He is a son 
 of the late Matthew Murfin and Sarah Ja- 
 cobs (Garland) Keirle. ]^Iatthew j\L Keirle 
 was a son of John Washington Keirle. who 
 located in Baltimore from Philadelphia and 
 was engaged in the wholesale boot and shoe 
 business at Baltimore and Charles streets 
 for a number of years. He was one of the 
 victims of the destruction by fire in Long 
 Island Sound of the steamer Lexington in 
 January, 1840. The Garlands were of Puri- 
 tan stock and Captain Nathaniel Garland, 
 Doctor Keiric's maternal grandfather, was 
 for many years engaged in commission 
 merchandising and marine service between 
 Baltimore and New York and New Eng- 
 land ports. Nathaniel G. Keirle attended 
 public and private schools of Baltimore and 
 was graduated from Dickinson College 
 (Carlisle, Pa.), with the class of "55. He 
 studied medicine under the preceptorship of 
 Dr. George W. Miltenberger and graduated 
 from the medical department of Maryland 
 University in 1858. After the battle of Get- 
 tysburg Doctor Keirle volunteered his ser- 
 vices to the Confederate wounded in the 
 College Building at Gettysburg, and 
 both prior and subsequent to tlve war 
 was resident student at Baltimore City 
 and County .Alms-House. In 1865 he 
 was resident physician of Baltimore Infir- 
 mary (now AlaTyland University Hospital), 
 and in the first year of its establish- 
 ment was resident physician, Bay View 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 Asylum. He \vas visiting physician and 
 reg-istrar of Baltimore Special Dispen- 
 sary during its existence and held the 
 branch of diseases of the skin. He was for 
 more than twelve years physician in charge 
 of Dispensary of College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, the Demonstrator of Pathology, 
 and is now Professor of Pathology and Med- 
 ical Jurisprudence and chief of Laboratory, 
 Pasteur Department, of the same institu- 
 tion. He has been Medical Examiner of 
 Baltimore City since 1S87. Doctor Keirle's 
 wife, who was Mary Elizabeth Jones, of 
 St. Michael's, ;\Id., is deceased, as are two 
 children. The surviving child, Nathaniel 
 G. Keirle, Jr., is a student at the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Keirle is 
 a member of the Baptist Church and has 
 his office and residence at 1419 W. Lexing- 
 ton street. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Barney Frazier, of 1901 
 W. Fayette street, was born in Dorchester 
 county, Md., September 2, 18 13. His pa- 
 rents, Joseph and Anna (Barry) Frazier, 
 were natives of Maryland and descendants 
 respectively of early Scotch and English 
 settlers of the Eastern Shore of the State. 
 Joseph Frazier was a soldier in the War of 
 t8i2, a member of the regiment known as 
 the "Eastern Blues." He died in the fifties, 
 his wife in the seventies. Joseph B. Fra- 
 zier received his schooling in the Hibernian 
 Free School of Baltimore, and was then 
 apprenticed to learn the trade of turner, a 
 business which he followed in Baltimore up 
 to 1894. In i860 he discovered that he was 
 endowed by nature with a magnetic power 
 v,!;ich he has been requested to apply 
 in an attempt to cure disease which he did 
 in manv instances with marvelous success. 
 
 His curative powers were of late years 
 brought into requisition to such an extent 
 that in 1894 he determined upon spending 
 his remaining years in the curing of dis- 
 ease by magnetic treatment. He is not a 
 graduate of any medical college nor has he 
 made a special study of medicine, but is sim- 
 ply a firm believer in his power to cure be- 
 cause of the beneficial results that have at- 
 tended his efforts in that direction. He was 
 married June 17, 1835, to Emily, daughter 
 of Thomas Major Crozier, of Philadelphia. 
 She died May 11, 1892, leaving five chil- 
 dren. They are Mary J., wife of the late 
 Stephen Winingder, of Norfolk, Va.; Eliza- 
 beth, wife of George Sanders, merchant; 
 Imogene, wife of Dr. Joseph Hart; William 
 W. Frazier, turner, and George M. Frazier, 
 clerk, all residents of Baltimore. Dr. 
 Joseph B. Frazier is a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Dr. Michael Kimmel Warner was 
 born in Baltimore June 5, 1853. He is a son 
 of the late Dr. John E. and Elizabeth 
 (Wilks) Warner, natives of Maryland, and 
 descendants respectively of early English 
 and Scotch settlers of the colony. Dr. John 
 E. Warner graduated from Washington 
 University, class of '48, and practiced medi- 
 cine in Baltimore. During the late war he 
 was surgeon to the ist Maryland Cavalry, 
 serving throughout the late war; latterly in 
 marine surgeon work. He died in 1888, sur- 
 viving his wife one year. Their son, Michael 
 K. Warner, attended public and private 
 schools of Baltimore, studied medicine un- 
 der his father's preceptorship, was gradu- 
 ated from Washington University in 1876, 
 subsequently attending Icctiu'cs at Mary- 
 land University Medical Department. He 
 
726 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was married July 6, 1871, to Clara Au,2;"usta, 
 daughter of the late James H. Wheeler, of 
 New Orleans. The family reside at 901 N. 
 Strieker street, and are of the Episcopal 
 faith. 
 
 Dr. Ceciltus Calvert Steuart was. 
 born at Patuxent Forge, Anne Arundel 
 county, ]\'Id., July 29, i860. He is a son of 
 the late Dr. William Frederick and Ann 
 (Hall) Steuart, natives of Maryland and de- 
 scendants of early English settlers of the 
 colony, the former having been collaterally 
 connected by descent with the historic Cal- 
 verts of ^laryland. Dr. William Frederick 
 Steuart was a graduate of the medical de- 
 partment of M'aryland University, class of 
 '30, and practiced in Anne Arundel and St. 
 Mary's counties up to the breaking out of 
 the Civil War, throughout which he par- 
 ticipated as surgeon on the staff of Gen. 
 Robert E. Lee. Subsequent to the close of 
 the war he located in Baltimore and became 
 resident physician of the old Maryland Hos- 
 pital for the Insane, then located at the cor- 
 ner of Monument and Broadway. He was 
 then resident at Spring Grove .Asylum, and 
 next served as quarantine physician. He 
 then founded an institution for the treatment 
 of insane and inebriates, known as Harlenn 
 Insane and Inebriate .\syknn, located at 
 Catonsville. In 1885 the latter institution 
 was closed and another of a similar charac- 
 ter opened at Melvale, Baltimore county, 
 which was operated by Doctor Steuart for 
 three years, when he retired from practice. 
 He died December 10, 1889: his wife, No- 
 vember 4, 1887. Their son. Dr. C. C. Steu- 
 art, received his initial schooling under pri- 
 vate tutors in Anne .Arundel county, and 
 later in Baltimore: he completed his general 
 
 stuilies at Carey's School, Baltimore. He 
 began the study of medicine under his fath- 
 er's preceptorship and then entered the 
 medical department of Maryland Univer- 
 sity, from which he was graduated with the 
 class of '82. His university course was sup- 
 plemented by special studies at Johns Hop- 
 kins L'uiversity. Following his graduation 
 he became associated with his father at his 
 Catonsville Hospital and subsequently man- 
 aged the Melvale Hospital. Upon the clos- 
 ing of the latter institution Doctor Steuart 
 removed to Baltimore where he has since 
 been engaged in the general practice of his 
 profession, with present office and residence 
 at 122 W. 23rd street. He is a member of 
 the Maryland University Alumni and of the 
 Maryland Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, 
 and a communicant of Memorial Protestant 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 Dr. Georoe Glanville Rusk was born 
 in Baltimore September i. 1846. He is a 
 son of Jacob Krebs and Katharine Olivia 
 (Lane) Rusk, the former a native of Balti- 
 more, of English descent, the latter born 
 at Washington, D. C, and of Irish ancestry. 
 Jacob Krebs, one of the paternal great- 
 grandfatliers, and George W. Rusk, grand- 
 father of Doctor Rusk, participated in the 
 battle of North Point. Jacob R. Rusk was 
 for a number of years in the provision busi- 
 ness, but has latterly been engaged as a hide 
 and leather merchant. Dr. G. G. Rusk was 
 graduated from Baltimore City College in 
 1863. studied medicine under Doctor Mnn- 
 kur, was graduated from Maryland Univer- 
 sity Medical Department in 1867 and has 
 since been engaged in general practice in 
 Baltimore, with present office and residence 
 at \'<i. 2or-n E. Baltimore street. Doctor 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 727 
 
 Rusk hekl the chair of Principles and Prac- 
 tice of Surgery. Baltimore Medical College, 
 for two years, 1884-5, a"d is a member of 
 the Aledical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
 ^Maryland. He was married October 21, 
 1875, to Alar}', daughter of the late Jacob 
 Geisley, contractor, of Baltimore. The chil- 
 dren born of this marriage are Glanville G. 
 Rusk, a student of the medical department 
 of Johns Hopkins University; Elsie, Anna, 
 Merle, Katharine, Emily, Edward, George, 
 William and Alexander. Doctor Rusk is a 
 member of East Baltimore Station M. E. 
 Church and the family attend Second Pres- 
 byterian Cliurch. 
 
 Dr. Frederick Caruthers was born in 
 Nashville, Tenn., February 2, 1870. He is 
 a son of Dr. John A. and Minnie (Bell) 
 Caruthers, natives of Tennessee, the former 
 of Scotch and the latter of Irish descent. 
 Dr. John A. Caruthers practiced medicine 
 for many years in Tennessee and Arkansas, 
 but has latterly retired and now resides at 
 Fort Smith, Ark. His son, Frederick, com- 
 pleted his general education at the Univer- 
 sity of Arkansas. He began the study of 
 medicine under the preceptorship of Drs. 
 Breedlove and Southard, at Fort Smith, 
 Ark. ; came to Baltimore to enter the medi- 
 cal department of Maryland University, was 
 graduated therefrom in '92. During the 
 second year of his university course he was 
 clinical assistant. After his graduation he 
 was assistant physician at Maryland Hos- 
 pital for the Insane to November, 1892, when 
 he accepted the position of assistant phy- 
 sician at Bay View Asylum, in which ca- 
 pacity he was engaged until May, 1893, 
 when he became resident physician of the 
 asylum and was so employed until 1895, 
 
 when he entered upon the general practice 
 of his profession with office and residence at 
 2229 E. Baltimore street. He is now (1897) 
 Professor of Anatomy and Pathology, Bal- 
 timore University, and Surgeon of Balti- 
 more General Dispensary. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
 of Maryland, and a member of the Aletho- 
 dist Episcopal Church South. 
 
 Dr. John Henry Collexberg was born 
 in Baltimore March 7, 1852. He is a son of 
 Theodore and the late Louisa (Cook) Col- 
 lenberg, natives of Prussia, who were 
 brought in their childhood (1837) to the 
 United States, both families locating in 
 Baltimore. Theodore Collenberg was en- 
 gaged in mercantile pursuits in Baltimore 
 up to 1872, when he retired from business. 
 His wife died January 9, 1893. John Henry 
 Collenberg attended the public schools and 
 City College of Baltimore, studied medicine 
 under the preceptorship of the late Dr. 
 Charles L. Gordon, was graduated from the 
 medical department of Maryland Univer- 
 sity in 1879, and has since been engaged in 
 general practice, with present office and 
 residence at 1810 E. Baltimore street. Doc- 
 tor Collenberg is a member of and medical 
 examiner for the Shield of Honor. He was 
 married August 26, 1881, to Mary J., 
 daughter of the late Joseph Hodges, of 
 Anne Arundel county. Five children born 
 of this marriage are Charles Gordon, Ethel, 
 Henry Theodore, Greenwood and Alice. 
 The family attend the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. Bicrnard Purcell Mi"SE was born 
 in Essex county. Va., January 23, 1868. 
 He is a son of Samuel W. and Mary Louise 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 (Purcell) Muse, natives of Virginia and 
 descendants respectively of early English 
 and Scotch-Irish settlers of the colony. 
 Samuel W. Muse served through the Civil 
 War as a Confederate soldier, being mus- 
 tered in as a private and successively pro- 
 moted until he had attained a colonelcy. 
 He was wounded in two engagements and 
 taken prisoner three times. He is now en- 
 gaged as travelling salesman for Tregallas, 
 Hertel & Co., of Baltimore. Dr. B. P. 
 Muse completed his general education at 
 the City College, Baltimore, was then em- 
 ployed in a retail drug business for a short 
 period, studied medicine under the precep- 
 torship of Dr. James G. Wiltshire, and was 
 graduated from the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons of Baltimore with the class 
 of '88. For six months after graduation he 
 was resident physician at the Baltimore 
 Eye, Ear and Throat Charity Hospital. He 
 practiced for three years in Green Brier 
 county, W. Va., returning thence to Balti- 
 more. During 1892-3 he was Demonstrator 
 of Surgery, College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons. In the fall of 1894 he v>'as elected 
 to the lectureship on eye and ear, Balti- 
 more University, and in 1895 to his present 
 position. Professor on Physiology and Hy- 
 giene, of the same institution. Doctor Muse 
 was for four years in conjunctinn with Doc- 
 tor Wilt.shire, visiting physician of Balti- 
 more Baptist Orphanage, and had charge 
 from its inception and for a year and a half 
 following of the Dispensary of the Nursery 
 and Child's Hospital, Baltimore. He is a 
 member of and medical examiner for the 
 Improved Order of Heptasophs, Order of 
 Pendo and Masonic Order, and a member 
 of the Junior Order ITnited .\merican Me- 
 chanics. He was married April 21, 1S02. to 
 
 ]Mary Florian, daughter of the late Dr. Wm. 
 H. Sunderland, of Baltimore. Dr. and 
 Mrs. Muse have two children, ^lary Lurana 
 and Samuel ^^^, Jr.; reside at 1002 Ed- 
 mondson avenue, and are members of 
 Brantly Memorial Baptist Church. 
 
 Dr. John Girdwood was born in the Is- 
 land of Barbadoes, West Indies. April 10, 
 1 87 1. He is a son of James and Margaret 
 Cummins (Price) Girdwood, the former a 
 native of Glasgow, Scotland, and the latter 
 of Barbadoes. James Girdwood located in 
 Baltimore in 1875, where he has since been 
 engaged in commercial pursuits. His wife 
 died in 1S77. Their son John was educated 
 in the public schools and City College of 
 Baltimore, was for four years thereafter a 
 clerk in mercantile establishments of Balti- 
 more, during the latter and greater part of 
 this period with a wholesale drug store, and 
 in October, 1891, entered the medical de- 
 partment of Maryland University, from 
 which lie was graduated with the class of 
 '94. Following his graduation he was for 
 one year dispensary physician, throat and 
 nose diseases, and also at the Woman's 
 ^ledical College, and dispensary physician, 
 diseases of women and children. Since 
 May, 1896, he has been dispensary physi- 
 cian, department of general medicine of 
 Maryland University. His residence is 
 2021 W. North avenue, office 1523 E. Bal- 
 timore street. He is a member of the Epis- 
 copal Church of the .Ascension. 
 
 Dr. Georgic Andrew Hartnl\n was 
 born in Baltimore, February 17, 1851. He 
 is a son of the late Doctor Andrew and Eliza- 
 l)etli .Anne (.Mien) Plartman, the former a 
 native of Ponnsvlvania and of German de- 
 
^/ r 
 
 "V 
 
 ^i.^yC^'^^^^^OOy— 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 scent, the latter a Baltimorean by nativity 
 and of English-Irish descent. Mrs. Andrew 
 Hartnian"s lather was an artilleryman in the 
 War of 1812. Dr. Andrew Hartman was 
 g-raduated from Washington University 
 with the class of 1839, practiced for six 
 years at North Bloomfield, O., whence he 
 came to Baltimore, where he was engaged 
 in general practice up to the time of his de- 
 cease, December 15, 1884. His widow re- 
 sides iji Baltimore. Their son. George 
 Andrew Hartman, attended the public 
 schools and City College of Baltimore, at- 
 tended Maryland College of Pharmacy, en- 
 gaged in the drug business for two years, 
 studied medicine under his father's precep- 
 torship and graduated from Washington 
 University in 1872. He was lecturer in ob- 
 stetrics, Baltimore University School of 
 Medicine, from 1885 to 1888. Doctor Hart- 
 man is a member of the American Medical 
 .Association, Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
 ulty of Maryland, Baltimore Medical Asso- 
 ciation, and Baltimore Medical and Surgical 
 Society. He is one of the directors of the 
 North Eastern Dispensary, and Secretary of 
 tlie Board, and a member of the Boards of 
 Directors of American National Bank and 
 Economy Savings Bank. He was married 
 December 23, 1885, to Sarah Louisa, 
 daughter of the late Joseph Abey, of Balti- 
 more. The family reside at 1121 N. Caro- 
 line street. 
 
 Dr. John Campbell ^Iorfit was born 
 in Baltimore, April 4, 1874. He is a son of 
 Major Mason and Elizabeth (Garrison) 
 Morfit, the former a native of Washington, 
 D. C, the latter of Beaufort, N. C, and both 
 descendants of settlers of colonial days. 
 Maj. Mason Morfit was in the Confederate 
 
 service throughout the late war, and has 
 since been engaged in mercantile pursuits. 
 Dr. J. C. Morfit received his generous edu- 
 cation in the public schools and City Col- 
 lege of Baltimore, entered the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, from which insti- 
 tution he was graduated with the class of 
 '95. The year following he was one of the 
 resident physicians of the City Hospital 
 and has since been Assistant Demonstrator 
 of .\natomy. College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, and engaged in general practice, 
 with office and residence, 201 W. Madison 
 street. He is a member of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland and the 
 Maryland Clinical Society. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Knights of Pythias, and Eutaw 
 Place Baptist Church. 
 
 Dr. Eugene McEvers Van Ness was 
 born in Baltimore, July 24, 1868. He is a 
 son of Eugene and Helen Barbow (Sargent) 
 Van Ness, the former a native of New York, 
 the latter of Baltimore, and descendants re- 
 spectively of early Dutch and English set- 
 tlers of the colonies. The founder of the 
 family in this country located in New Am- 
 sterdam (now New York) in the seventeenth 
 century. Judge Wm. P. Van Ness, Doctor 
 Van Ness' paternal great-grandfather, was 
 lieutenant in Arnold's Expedition to Que- 
 bec, and later was second to Burr in the 
 Burr-Hamilton duel. One of the brothers 
 of Judge Van Ness was Cornelius P., Gov- 
 ernor of Vermont, antl another brother. 
 Gen. John P. \'an Ness, won his title in the 
 War of 1812 and afterwards represented his 
 district in Congress. Eugene \'an Ness' 
 grandfather v.^as deputy paymaster gen- 
 eral of United States Army with rank of 
 lieutenant colonel and served in the Semi- 
 
780 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 nolf and Mexican Wars and in the Union 
 Army during the late war. Rev. Thonia.s 
 Barbow Sargent, Doctor Van Xess' mater- 
 nal grandfather was a graduate of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania and a Methodist di- 
 vine, who had several charges in Baltimore 
 and vicinity; his wife was Sophia Carroll, 
 daughter of James Carroll, of Mt. Clane, 
 and Achsals Ridgely. of Hampton. Eugene 
 Van Ness' father is with the banking firm 
 of Alexander lirown & Sons, Baltimore. 
 Dr. Eugene McE. Van Ness attended the 
 public schools and City College of Balti- 
 more, was engaged in mercantile pursuits 
 for several years, was graduated from3lar\'- 
 land University Medical Department in 
 1 89 1, was resident student at the University 
 Hospital during the last year of his uni- 
 versity course, and assistant resident sur- 
 geon, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1891-92: 
 during the summer of 1893 he was assist- 
 ant to the resident medical stai? of Johns 
 Hopkins Hospital and has since been 
 variously engaged in dispensary and labora- 
 tory work of the same institution. He is a 
 member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty Journal Club, Baltimore. Doctor 
 \'an Ness has his office and residence at 
 1515 I^ark avenue. 
 
 Dr. Citari.ks F'kicderick Noi.En was 
 born in Baltimore .\pril 5, 1868. He is a sou 
 of the late T. Spencer and Mary W. (Readel) 
 Nolen, the former a native of Massachu- 
 setts and the latter of Baltimore. T. Spen- 
 cer Nolen was engaged in mercantile pur- 
 suits in Baltimore for a number of years 
 and up to the time of his decease in 1871. 
 Charles F. Nolen attended private schools 
 in Baltimore and was graduated from Mary- 
 land Lhiiversity Medical Department in 
 
 1890. He has been connected with the 
 Presbyterian Eye, Ear and Throat Hospi- 
 tal since 1 89 1 and as assistant surgeon since 
 1892, Since 1894 he has been Opthalmic 
 Surgeon for B. & O. R. R. Co. His 
 ofifice and residence are at 606 N. Charles 
 street. 
 
 Dr. Auolfh Charles Eisen'berg was 
 Ijorn in Braunschweig, Genuany, April 6, 
 1859, during a visit of his parents to the 
 Fatherland. He is a son of Charles and 
 Frederika (Gerinert) Eisenberg, natives of 
 Braunschweig, as were their ancestors as far 
 back as the genealogies of the families are 
 traceable. Charles Eisenberg located \n 
 Baltimore in 1848, was engaged for many 
 years as American representative of the 
 Rothschild exporting firm of Braunschweig, 
 and is now engaged as a jobber of cigars and 
 tobacco in Baltimore. Adolph C. Eisen- 
 berg received his initial schooling in the 
 public schools of Baltimore, then took a 
 literary course in a Pennsylvania college 
 and was for several years thereafter engaged 
 in mercantile ]:)ur?uits in Pennsylvania. 
 During the latter period he indulged a 
 natural taste for the study of medicine as he 
 found tiiue, and upon returning to Balti- 
 more in 1891 entered the School of Medi- 
 cine of Baltimore University, from which 
 he was graduated in 1894. During the last 
 year of his college course he was assistant 
 to Prof. \V. .\. 15. Sellman, in diseases of 
 women. He was dispensary physician and 
 assistant in genito-urinary surgery, 1894-5; 
 assistant in general operative surgery, 
 1895-6, and assistant in diseases of children 
 1896-7. He is Examining Physician for 
 the Improved Order of Heptasophs — also a 
 member of the Knights of the Ancient 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 731 
 
 Essenic Order and Jr. O. U. .\. M. He was 
 married Alay i, 1885, to Lydia, daughter 
 of the late Henry Baughmann, a farmer of 
 York county, Pa. Four children born of 
 this union are Adeline, Mary, Minnie and 
 .Albert. The family reside at the N. E. 
 corner of Bank and Wolfe streets. They 
 are of the Lutheran faith. 
 
 Dr. Percy St.wsbury was born in Balti- 
 more, February 10, 1865. He is a son of 
 the late Nathaniel and Hannah A. (Wad- 
 dell) Stansbury, natives of Maryland and 
 descendants of early German-English set- 
 tlers of the colony. Twenty of the mem- 
 bers of these families, including those in 
 direct line and collateral branches were sol- 
 diers in the patriot army. Revolutionary 
 War. The battle of North Point was fought 
 upon the land granted the Stansburys, by 
 original patent, at Patapsco Neck, from 
 whence Nathaniel Stansbury removed to 
 Baltimore in 1861. He was educated for 
 the law but never practiced, pursuing the 
 avocation of planter. He died in 1872; his 
 widow resides in Baltimore. Percy Stans- 
 bury attended private schools at Hagers- 
 town, ]Md., and public and private schools 
 of Baltimore': studieti medicine under 
 Profs. Z. K. Wiley and Thomas Evans; at- 
 tended one course of lectures at the Balti- 
 more Medical College and three at Balti- 
 more University; was graduated from the 
 latter institution in 1885, being president 
 and honor man of his class; was assistant 
 to Doctor Wiley, Professor of .\natomy and 
 Genito-Urinary Surgery in 1885-6; first as- 
 sistant to J. W. C. Cuddy, Professor of 
 Theory and Practice and Clinical Medicine, 
 1887-8: chief of clinic, 1898-90: lecturer on 
 Principles and Practice of Medicine, 1891-2, 
 
 and has since been engaged in general prac- 
 tice, with present office and residence, at 
 1422 E. Preston street. Dr. Stansbury is 
 member of and medical e.xaminer for 
 William Fell Lodge, No. 3, Knights of Py- 
 thias ; a member of the .\lumni .Association 
 and the Baltimore University. Dr. John 
 Cavendish Smith Monkur, maternal grand- 
 uncle of Doctor Stansbury, was one of Bal- 
 timore's very distinguished physicians. 
 
 Li politics the Doctor is a Democrat, be- 
 ing a member of the Seventh ward and 
 other Democratic clubs. He is a member of 
 the M. E. Church South and is unmarried. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Lowrie Ingle was born 
 August 16, 1846, in Washington, D. C. He 
 is a son of the late Joseph and Susan (Childs) 
 Ingle, the former a native of Philadelphia, 
 of Scotch-French descent, the latter born 
 in Springfield, Mass., and descended from 
 early English settlers of New England. 
 Henry Ingle, paternal grandfather of Dr. 
 Ingle, lived in Alexandria, Va., when that 
 place was the seat of government and was 
 one of the first to take up his residence in 
 Washington. The late Joseph Ingle was 
 for many years and up to President Lin- 
 coln's first administration in the Treasury 
 Department, Washington: he died .April 13, 
 1863: his wife in September, 1855. Dr. J. 
 Lowrie Ingle attended Rittenhouse .Acad- 
 emy, Washington and Phillips Academy, 
 .Andover, Mass., took the medical course at 
 the University of Virginia, and completed 
 it at the University of New A^ork, from 
 which latter institution he was graduated in 
 March, 1871. Locating in Baltimore he 
 was for one year resident physician at Bay 
 View Asylum and has since been engaged 
 in general practice, with present office and 
 
■32 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 residence at 1007 W. Lanvale street. He 
 is a member of Maryland Medical and Chi- 
 rurgical Faculty, Baltimore Clinical So- 
 ciety and Baltimore Medical Association, 
 serving as president of the last named for 
 some years. Since 1893, Doctor Ingle has 
 been a member of the State Board of Medi- 
 cal Examiners and President of that Board 
 in 1896-7. He is consulting physician to 
 the Home for Epileptics, Port Deposit. He 
 was married October 22, 1878, to Rebecca 
 Covington, daughter of the late William 
 Meade Addison, of the Baltimore Bar, and 
 United States District Attorney during 
 Pierce's, Buchanan's and part of Lincoln's 
 administrations. Dr. and Mrs. Ingle have 
 two children, J. Lowrie Ingle, Jr., student 
 at Baltimore Polytechnic, and Mary Pechin 
 Ingle. The family are communicants of P. 
 E. Church of Ascension, of which Doctor 
 Ingle has been a vestryman for thirteen 
 years. 
 
 Dr. RidgelEy I'.RDWN \\'.\Ri-iELn was 
 born in Howard county, Md., June 15, 1864. 
 Me is a son of Dr. Milton W. and the late 
 Mary Elizabeth (Dawley) Warfield, the for- 
 mer a native of Maryland and the latter of 
 New York, and respectively of English- 
 Welsh and English ancestry. Dr. Milton 
 W. Warfield was born in 1828, graduated 
 from Jefferson Medical College with the 
 class of '49, and has ever since been engaged 
 in the practice of his profession in Howard 
 county, Md. 
 
 Ridgely P.. Warfield was graduated from 
 the medical department of the Maryland 
 University, class of '84; was for one year 
 thereafter assistant resident physician of 
 University Hospital, and during the next 
 year resident physician of Bay View Hos- 
 
 pital, since which time he has been engaged 
 in general practice, with present office and 
 residence 845 Park avenue. Doctor War- 
 field was Demonstrator of Anatomy, Med- 
 ical Department, Maryland University, '92- 
 '93; Demonstrator of Anatomy, Baltimore 
 Medical College, '93-'95, and since the lat- 
 ter day Associate Professor of Anatomy, 
 Baltimore Medical College. He is one of 
 the surgical staff of Maryland General Hos- 
 pital, a member of the Medical and Chirur- 
 gical Faculty of Maryland, Baltimore Clini- 
 cal Society, Medical Journal Club and Book 
 and Journal Club. Doctor Warfield is 
 Surgeon General of Maryland National 
 Guard by appointment of Governor 
 Lowndes. 
 
 NicuoL.vs RuFLS Gill, senior member 
 of the law firm of N. Rufus Gill & Sons, was 
 born in Baltimore county March 12, 1838. 
 He is a son of the late George W. and Re- 
 becca (Ensor) Gill, natives of Maryland, 
 and descendants of early English settlers of 
 the colony. Nicholas Gill, N. Rufus Gill's 
 paternal great-grandfather, was a captain in 
 the patriot army during the Revolutionary 
 War, and his son, Stephen Gill, served as 
 captain in the War of 1812, participating in 
 the battle of North Point. The mother of 
 Nicholas Gill was the daughter of Nicholas 
 Rogers, who was a distinguished soldier in 
 the War of the Revolution — one of General 
 DeKalb's staff — and who rendered service 
 in various commissions from Gen. George 
 Washington. N. Rufus Gill completed his 
 schooling at Milton Academy, studied law 
 under the preceptorship of Hon. David 
 Stewart, attended Harvard Law College, 
 was admitted to the bar September 9, 1859, 
 and has since been engaged in general prac- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 733 
 
 tice in Baltimore with present offices in the 
 Law Building. Mr. Gill is a Democrat, 
 represented the old Fifth ward in both 
 branches of City Council, and was President 
 of both bodies ; was a member of the Water 
 Board of Baltimore for ten years; was one 
 of the organizers of the Old Town Fire In- 
 surance Co.; a director for many years and 
 general counsel of the Old Town Bank and 
 is President of the Henry McShane Manu- 
 facturing Company. He was married Feb- 
 ruary, i860, to E. Agnes, daughter of the 
 late Dr. Edward Gill, of Baltimore county. 
 'Sir. and Mrs. Gill have six living children: 
 Roger Taney and Robert Lee Gill, gradu- 
 ates of Maryland University Law Depart- 
 ment, and in partnership association with 
 their father; Nicholas H. and Albert Sidney 
 Gill, graduates of Maryland .Agricultural 
 College; .\nna Agnes Gill, student at the 
 Woman's College of Baltimore, and Calvert 
 B. Gill. The family reside at 125 Aisquith 
 street and attend the Lutheran Church. 
 
 Col. David W. Thomas, one of the 
 builders and contractors for erecting our 
 new court house, was born at Millersburg. 
 ( )., March 9, 1841. His permanent home is 
 at Akron, O., but he is residing here now 
 until he completes the work named. His 
 father was George Thomas and his mother 
 Jane (Wilson) Thomas, both belonging to 
 some of the oldest Ohio families, their early 
 home being Millersburg, O. .\fter 1845 
 tlieir home was in Akron, where his father, 
 who was a builder and contractor, carried 
 on his business for a number of years. His 
 parents are dead. 
 
 Colonel Thomas was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Akron; when sixteen years old 
 he quit school and went into the service of 
 
 his fatherwhere heremained until the break- 
 ing out of the Civil War, when just a little 
 over twenty years old, lie enlisted in the 
 Nineteenth Ohio V. L, Company G, Capt. 
 Lewis P. Buckley. This regiment went in 
 for a three months' service and was sent to 
 West Virginia, where in the battle of Rich 
 Mountain, Colonel Thomas received his 
 first e.xperience of war, his company being 
 in the thickest of the fight. He ser^^ed his 
 time out in this regiment and in October, 
 1861, enlisted in Company H, Twenty-ninth 
 Regiment, O. V. L, his former captain be- 
 coming colonel of the Twenty-ninth. Their 
 first engagement was at Winchester, Va.. 
 where they were commanded by General 
 Shields. He was also in the battle of Port 
 Republic, \'a., where his company lost 
 heavily, coming out of the battle with but 
 fifty men; he also participated in the battles 
 of Cedar Mountain, Chancellorsville (where 
 he was woundedj and Gettysburg, after 
 which he was sent with his regiment to New 
 York to quell the riots there incident to the 
 draft. L'pon their return to the army of the 
 Potomac, he was sent with his regiment to 
 the Department of the South and was in the 
 battles of Wauhatchie and Lookout Moun- 
 tain. His regiment then joined Sherman 
 in the Atlanta Campaign and he partici- 
 pated in all the engagements of that stirring 
 period. Colonel Thomas was sergeant 
 major of his regiment and for a time com- 
 manded Company H, as orderly sergeant; 
 at Atlanta he was commissioned first lieu- 
 tenant; went with Sherman on his "march 
 to the sea," and reaching Savannah, was 
 promoted to be captain and assigned to 
 Company A. He was mustered out of ser- 
 vice with this rank at Louisville. Ky., June 
 22, 1865. On his return to .\kron he en- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 gaged in the lumber and planing-inill lousi- 
 ness with his father, and also became a con- 
 tractor and builder, which business he is 
 is now engaged in. 
 
 Having been a soldier, when he returned 
 from the war, he took a great deal of inter- 
 esit in Grand Army matters and in the mili- 
 tary of the State, and in 1876 he was elected 
 colonel of the Xinth ( ). N. C. which he 
 commanded for a number of years, and 
 which under his conunand was considered 
 one of the best drilled and appointed regi- 
 ments in Ohio. For a number of years he 
 served as a member of the Board of Educa- 
 tion of his county and was considered one 
 of its most valuable members. He belongs 
 to I'.uckley Post, G. A. R., of Ohio, and has 
 filled almost every office in that Post. In 
 1871 he was S. \'. commander; in 1873 
 quartermaster: in 1874 officer of the guard; 
 1875 chaplain and trustee of the relief fund; 
 1878 commander; 18S8 adjutant. In 1880 
 Buckley Post. No. 12, was again called to 
 the front in department affairs. .\t the De- 
 partment Encampment held January 21st, 
 at Cleveland, dilonel Thomas was elected 
 Commander of the Department; he chose 
 for his adjutant general. T. D. McGilli- 
 cuddy; O. M. general, C. j. Lamb, both of 
 Akron. During his administration Grand 
 A\nny affairs took a bnom in ( )hi(). and at 
 the end of the vuar luenty-fnur new Posts 
 had been organized and the membership in- 
 creased nearly 300 per cent. — to 3,800, with 
 a balance in the treastu-y of $664, and it was 
 generally conceded in Grand Army circles 
 that the prosperity of the (Miin ne])artnicnt 
 was largely due tn the .idniinistrative ability 
 and push and energy that he evinced. Cnln- 
 nel Thomas is a mendier nf tlu' firm 
 of John Gill & Sons and D. W. Thomas, as- 
 
 sociate contractors, Cleveland, O., and in 
 this city at the southwest corner of Fayette 
 and Calvert streets. When the Court 
 House Commission published proposals for 
 bids for that work. Colonel Thomas and his 
 firm came here and put in their estimate; 
 the commission decided in their favor, their 
 bid being $1,849,000, which was the lowest, 
 and in many respects considered the best 
 for the city. They are now doing the work 
 to the perfect satisfaction of all concerned. 
 When it is finished it will, however, have 
 cost nearer $3,000,000 than $2,000,000, but 
 will be one of the finest buildings and most 
 magnificent Court Houses in the country, 
 and for this result we are particularly in- 
 debted to Colonel Thomas; we are therefore 
 pleased, although he is with us only tem- 
 porarily, to give him a place in our history 
 of Baltimore, and we trust he may be in- 
 duced to take up his permanent residence 
 in our city. While he is here, he and his 
 wife are located at the Hotel Rennert. 
 
 Colonel Thomas has been twice married; 
 his first wife was Miss Alice E. Hale, of 
 ( )hio. to whom he was married in 1868. 
 His present wife was Airs. Isabella Gage, 
 of Ohio, she being the daughter of Charles 
 .and Martha Webster, both being descend- 
 ants of old and prominent families of Con- 
 necticut. Colonel Thomas has four chil- 
 dren: (^icorge H., architect; James A., me- 
 chanical engineer: Frank D., liookkeeper, 
 and Elizabeth .Alice Thomas. He and his 
 family .attend the Congregational Cluu-ch. 
 lie is Thirtx-^eeonil degree Mason and as 
 we have .said, a member of the G. A. R. In 
 |)olitics he is .'i Re|)nlilieaii. but not a poli- 
 tician, and (leNotes all his time lo business 
 and expresses his opinion only by his vote 
 at the polls. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAKD. 
 
 rso 
 
 Daxiel CrEa HEDniNGER, President 
 Board of Police Commissioners, Baltimore, 
 office, City Hall, was born in Philadelphia, 
 Pa., September 21, 1854, where his parents 
 spent the first four years of their wedded 
 life. His father is James Heden Heddinger 
 and his mother Alary Elizabeth Emory 
 (Burgess) Heddinger. His father was born 
 in Baltimore, February 15, 1830, and his 
 mother at Easton, Talbot county, Md., May 
 5, 1833. His father's ancestors were Ger- 
 man, and immigrated to this country from 
 \Mnsinbach, Province of Alsace, Lorraine, 
 in the last century, and settled in Baltimore. 
 His mother's ancestors were Scotch and 
 came to this country' from Scotland and 
 were among the early settlers of Maryland. 
 His maternal great-great-grandfather set- 
 tled in Talbot county. During the War of 
 1812 his great-grandfather, Hugh Crea, 
 (from whom he takes the name of Crea) was 
 a soldier in Capt. Peter Gault's company, 
 and lost his life in the service of his country, 
 and it was this same Hugh Crea who organ- 
 ized the first Masonic Lodge in Baltimore 
 City, 
 
 His father is a printer, and has been a 
 compositor on the Baltimore Sim for fifty- 
 two years. Both his parents reside in Balti- 
 more. Besides the subject of this sketch 
 there is one son, Charles F. Heddinger, rail- 
 road official, wdio also resides in this city. 
 
 Mr. Heddinger was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Baltimore, and the Diester- 
 weig Institute and on leaving school turned 
 his attention to the business of steamboat 
 and railroad transportation, serving suc- 
 cessfully with the Maryland Steamboat Co., 
 the Baltimore & Oliio Railroad Company 
 at Locust Point Station, the Baltimore 
 Steam Packet Company, and the Western 
 
 Maryland Railroad Company, serving for 
 over twelve years with this company as 
 traveling freight and passenger agent, and 
 as assistant to the executive. At present, in 
 addition to being president and member of 
 the Board of Police Commissioners, he is 
 an officer in the freight department of the 
 B. & O. R. R. Co; president of the Silver 
 Valley Mining Company, reorganized, and 
 president local liranch, Anglo-American 
 Building and Loan Association, of New 
 York. All these are high and important 
 positions, and show tlie regard in which Mr. 
 Heddinger is held. 
 
 After the death of Mr. John Q. A. Rob- 
 son, one of the police commissioners of Bal- 
 timore, Mr. Heddinger was elected by the 
 Legislature of Maryland on March 25. 
 i8g6, to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. 
 Robson; he received his commission at once 
 and was qualified two days after being 
 elected. Mr. Heddinger at that time was 
 the first Republican elected to this position, 
 the other two commissioners being Demo- 
 crats. The Republicans at the same session 
 of the Legislature elected another commis- 
 sioner, who, on March 15, 1897, qualified. 
 Mr. Heddinger was made president of the 
 Board the day following, which position he 
 now holds. His term expires on the 15th of 
 March. 1901. When Mr. Heddinger went 
 on the r)Oard, our city was cursed with 
 policy, the proprietors and backers of this 
 game being men prominent in both the 
 Democratic and Republican parties, all 
 working together. The newspapers of the 
 city had been doing all they could to break 
 this game up. When Mr. Heddinger came 
 to the Board he did all in his power to ac- 
 complish this, and although it was a difficult 
 thing to do and at great per.s<inal risk, willi 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the concurrence of his colleagues, he has 
 succeeded in driving policy out of our city, 
 and he certainly is entitled to the gratitude 
 of our citizens for his efforts in this direc- 
 tion. 
 
 ^Ir. Heddinger was married in lialtimore, 
 June 18, 1879, to Miss Emma Estelle Booz, 
 daughter of Charles W. Booz and Harriet 
 (Shinnick) Booz, of Baltimore. Mr. Charles 
 W. Booz is a retired ship builder. ^Irs. 
 Heddinger's paternal grandfather emigrat- 
 ed from England and settled in Baltimore: 
 her mother's parents emigrated from Ger- 
 many and also settled in Baltimore. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Heddinger have four children, 
 Charles Wesley Booz, artist, Mabel Lin- 
 dau, Daisy Crea and Howell Griswold Hed- 
 dinger, the last three attending school. All 
 reside in Baltimore, and attend the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church. Their home is at 
 2536 Madison avenue. 
 
 Mr. Heddinger is a member of Washing- 
 ton Lodge, No. 3; St. John's Chapter and 
 Baltimore Commandery, Masons; and is 
 also a member of the Union League (Re- 
 publican) of Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. Heddinger is of a kindly disposition 
 and liberal in his charities, and popular alike 
 with his superior officers in the Baltimore 
 & Ohio Railroad Co., with the members of 
 the police force, and with the community 
 at large. 
 
 William Fussklbaugh Stone, Col- 
 lector of Customs for the Port of Baltimore, 
 was born in Baltimore, October 11, 1855. 
 He is a son of the late James H. and Harriet 
 Newell (Fusselbaugh) Stone, the former a 
 native of Massachusetts, the latter of Mary- 
 land, and both of German descent. The 
 late James H. Stone was connected for some 
 
 years with the Corn and Flour E.xchange 
 of Baltimore, severing his connection there- 
 with on account of ill-health, and residing 
 during his declining years with his son. He 
 died January 14, 1897; his wife, August 19, 
 1876. 
 
 William F. Stone left school at the age 
 of thirteen to earn a livelihood, his first em- 
 ployment being as cash boy for Hamilton 
 Easter & Sons. After a year of this service, 
 he was made assistant cashier of the same 
 firm, and was thus employed until October 
 9, 1872, when he accepted a cashiership with 
 J. W. Gwinn & Co. While thus engaged 
 during the following year he learned book- 
 keeping, and on October i, 1S73, took 
 charge of the books of the firm, resigning 
 this position January 31, 1876, to accept the 
 position of book-keeper for Charles P. 
 Knight, wholesale dealer in paints, printer's 
 ink, etc., Baltimore, with whom he con- 
 tinued to be associated until January i, 1897, 
 when the connection was severed, except in 
 a personal and advisory way. Mr. Stone is 
 a Republican and has been actively engaged 
 with his party's work since May, 1880. 
 Since 1893, he has been chairman of the 
 Republican City Committee. January 2j, 
 1896, he received the unanimous vote of the 
 Republican members of the City Council 
 for the office of city register of Baltimore, 
 and entered upon the discharge of his duties 
 as such February I, 1896, and served the 
 full term of two years with such conspicu- 
 ous ability an<l zeal that great pressure was 
 brought to l)ear by the leading financiers 
 and financial institutions of Baltimore to in- 
 fluence his re-election. The te.xt of a com- 
 munication addressed to the Mayor and 
 Citv Council of Baltimore, which bore the 
 
^5 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 737 
 
 signatures of more than seventy bankers of 
 Baltimore, is as follows: 
 
 "The undersigned desire to bear testi- 
 mony to the excellent business methods 
 employed by 'Sir. William F. Stone in con- 
 ducting the very important and highly re- 
 sponsible duties which the law imposes 
 upon the office of the City Register. Mr. 
 Stone has discharged these duties with ac- 
 curacy, promptness, courtesy and marked 
 ability. He has, with the approval of the 
 Alayor, been compelled to borrow, in antici- 
 pation of tax receipts, large amounts of 
 money. He has negotiated these loans on 
 the most favorable terms to the city, and 
 has succeeded in obtaining money at the 
 lowest interest rate the municipality has 
 ever secured during its existence. The 
 City Register's Department of the City 
 Government is in many respects similar to 
 that of a large banking institution, and its 
 satisfactory administration requires special 
 intelligence and capabilities, which qualities 
 we are confident all who have had busi- 
 ness with the office, have found developed 
 to a large degree during the incumbency 
 of Mr. Stone. For these and other good 
 reasons, we respectfully make the sugges- 
 tion that Mr. William F. Stone be tendered 
 a re-election and invited to continue in the 
 position for which he has shown such emi- 
 nent qualifications." 
 
 Mr. Stone was appointed by President 
 Mcl-Cinley, Alay 1 1, 1898, to the important 
 office of Collector of Customs of the Port 
 of Baltimore, the highest salaried local of- 
 fice within the gift of the President. No 
 other name was mentioned in this connec- 
 tion, Mr. Stone being practically the unan- 
 imous choice of his party for that appoint- 
 ment. It is also in strict accordance 
 44 
 
 with the facts to state that in addition to 
 this unusual and magnificent endorsement 
 the appointment is most favorably regarded 
 by the incumbent's warmest political oppo- 
 nents. Mr. Stone was O'ne of the founders 
 and is one of the Board of Governors, and 
 chairman of Committee on Membership of 
 the Union League of Maryland, the largest 
 political club in the State. He is one of the 
 directors of the Northeastern Free Dispen- 
 sary, a member of the Old Town Merchants' 
 and Manufacturers' Association, the North- 
 eastern Improvement Association, Jr. O. U. 
 A. M., A. O. U. W., Young Men's Republi- 
 can Club, and numerous social organiza- 
 tions, and an honorary member of Wilson 
 Post, G. A. R. He was married December 
 22. 1881, to Clara S., daughter of the late 
 Alfred B. Roberts, a merchant of Baltimore. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stone have three children, 
 Mary, William F., Jr., and Ruth Stone; have 
 their summer home at West Arlington and 
 their winter residence at 1222 N. Caroline 
 street, and attend the Methodist Church. 
 
 Hon. John Hi-;nry Naas, one of the 
 Judges of the Orphans' Court, was born 
 in Baltimore, May 10, 1848. His father 
 was John Justus Naas and his mother, 
 Barbetta Sophia (Fox) Naas. His pa- 
 rents were Germans; his father was born 
 in 1803 at Frankfort-on-the-Main and 
 his mother at the same place in 1813. They 
 innnigrated from Germany and settled 
 in Baltimore in 1839. On arriving here 
 his father w-ent into the retail boot 
 and shoe business which he conducted 
 successfully for years. As a business man 
 and a man of honor he stood high with 
 his associates of that day. His father 
 died August 15, 1877, and his mother, March 
 
738 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 30, 1879. They had seven children: Judge 
 Naas, the subject of this sketch; EHzabeth, 
 widow of WiUiam Tarpper, of Jersey City, 
 N. J. ; Henrietta Ann, widow of Louis Fred- 
 erick, of Baltimore; Mary, wife of William 
 Linder, of Bloomiield, N. J.; Sarah, widow 
 of Charles Brinkman, of Cincinnati, O.; 
 John Justus Naas, of Bloomfield, X. J., and 
 Philip V. Naas, late of Baltimore, but now 
 deceased. 
 
 Judge Naas was educated in the public 
 schools of Baltimore, and upon tinishing 
 his education he went into the store of his 
 father as a clerk. Having received an ap- 
 pointment at the Custom House, he went 
 into the service of the Government as 
 weigher and ganger, serving in this capa- 
 city for four years. He then weiH into the 
 service of the B. & O. R. R. Co., where he 
 remained from 1878 until 1895, when he 
 was nominated by the Republican City 
 Convention as a candidate for one of the 
 Judges of the Orphans' Court and was 
 elected, with Judges Riehl and Stockbridge, 
 by a large majority, and on November 23, 
 1895, took his seat on the Bench. A short 
 time after his election Judge Stockbridge 
 died and Judge R. E. Wright was appointed 
 in his place. The three Judges of this 
 Court are Wright, Riehl and Naas, and 
 sketches of the two former will be found on 
 other pages of this history. 
 
 Judge Naas's term is for four years, and 
 expires the 23d of November, 1899. The 
 Orphans' Court i> one of our most imi)ort- 
 ant Courts and our peoi)le are very ])ar- 
 ticular as to whom they put on the Bench in 
 thi.-^ Court, and it was jutlge Naas's high 
 character and known abilhy that secured hi< 
 election: since he has been on the Bench 
 he has faithlullv discharged liis duties and 
 
 with marked intelligence and ability: and 
 generally all his decisions have been satis- 
 factory to all concerned. It is the senti- 
 ment of all that Judge Naas makes a very 
 good Judge. He was married in this city, 
 September 4, 1874. to Miss Margaret So- 
 phia Winkelnian, daughter of John Win- 
 kelman. Both of Mrs. Naas's parents are 
 Germans and settled in Baltimore; Mrs. 
 Naas was born in this city. They have four 
 children: John Justus, who is a student at 
 the Maryland Universit\-: Maude Amelia 
 Elizabeth and Marie Krenrich, both pupils 
 at one of the grammar schools of the city: 
 and Mildred May Naas. He and his family 
 attend the Lutheran Church. He is a 
 member of the L'nion League of Marylaml 
 and of the leading Republican clubs of the 
 city and State. Judge Naa^ has hosts of 
 friends and stands high in the community 
 as a man" of honor and integrity. He and 
 his family reside at 810 N. Gilmor street. 
 
 Hon. Charles Frederick Riehl, on(> 
 of the Judges of the Orphans' Court of this 
 city, was born in Germany, October 17, 
 1840. and came to this country with his 
 parents, Caspar Riehl and Margaret (Ries) 
 Riehl in 1845, ''"'^1 settled in Baltimore. 
 His father was a miller and millwright and 
 ■ for a number of years carried on business in 
 this city. His father died December 13, 
 1877, and liis motiier in nccemlier. 187S. 
 Thev had. seven children, four of whom arc 
 living: John Henry, mariner, residence, 
 2223 C.nugh street; James L., engineer, 
 residence. 1924 Cough street; Elizabeth, 
 wife of 'i'heodore Kreutzer, residence, Barre 
 street, and Mr. Riehl, the .subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 Judge i>:iehl was educated in tlie public 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 schools of Baltimore, but quit school early 
 in life and took up the occupation of steam- 
 boating, which he followed for some years, 
 and became owner of several steamboats. 
 On the breaking out of the Civil War, he 
 entered the United States Navy, going into 
 the gunboat service, serving until the close 
 of the war. He was in some of the most 
 important battles fought by the gunboats, 
 and always proved himself a faithful and 
 brave man. After he returned from the war 
 he entered into a co-partnership with 
 Darius H. Leary, under the firm name of 
 Leary, Riehl & Co., and conducted the tug- 
 boat business here successfully many years. 
 On the 9th of October, 1862, in Balti- 
 more, Judge Riehl was married to Miss 
 Katherine Block, daughter of Mr. Henry 
 Block and M'argaret (Moore) Block. Mrs. 
 Riehl was born in Baltimore, but her pa- 
 rents were Germans, and emigrated from 
 that country and settled in Baltimore, the 
 father dying on October 5. 1853, and the 
 mother September 9, 1879. Judge and 
 Mrs. Riehl have had five children, three 
 of whom are living, viz.: William H.. who 
 is a mariner and married, and resides at 
 1049 North Broadway, this city: Clara Re- 
 becca, wife of T. Edward Burch. and Emma 
 Mrginia Riehl. The latter two reside witli 
 their father. All of his children were edu- 
 cated in the public schools and colleges of 
 this city. The family attend the English 
 Lutheran Church. Judge Riehl is a Past 
 Master, Union Lodge, No. 60, A. F. & .A.. 
 M.: Past High Priest Concordia Chapter, 
 No. I, and member of Crusade Ccmimand- 
 cry. N'o. 5. K. T. In politics, in which 
 he takes an active part, he is a Republican. 
 In 1887 he was nominated by his party as 
 a candidate to represent the First ward in 
 
 the First Branch of the City Council, and 
 was elected. He represented his ward so 
 ably that he was re-nominated and re- 
 elected in 1888. He claims that he had the 
 honor of being the first Republican to carry 
 the First ward for twenty years. Before 
 that it had been a strong Democratic ward, 
 but Judge Riehl's high standing and popu- 
 larity was such that they could not beat 
 him. In 1895 he was nominated by the 
 Republican City Convention as a candidate 
 for one of the judgeships of our Orphans' 
 Court, which is composed of three Judges, 
 and is one of the most importanit Courts 
 in this city. Mr. Riehl was elected to the 
 position by a large majority, as also was 
 Judge Naas and Stockbridge. who in a 
 short time died, when Judge Wright took 
 his place on the Bench. Judge Riehl's 
 term is for four years, and expires on the 
 23d of November, 1899. The Court is now 
 composed of Judges R. E. Wright, Riehl 
 and Naas. All their sketches are in this 
 history. 
 
 Judge Rielil is one of our best citizens 
 and stands high for sterling honesty and 
 integrity, which qualities have made him 
 so successful in business and ]X)Iitics, that 
 whilst he has never had the advantages of 
 a collegiate training, he has had a good 
 education, and is a man of fine intelligence 
 and sense and makes a good Judge. 
 
 He and his family reside at 2209 Gough 
 street. 
 
 Lawrexck Fielding Lewis, Cit_\' Com- 
 missioner of Baltimore, office City Hall,' 
 was bom in Richmond, Va., September 7, 
 1864. His father is John Redmond Coxe 
 Lewis and his mother Maria Byrd (Free- 
 land) Lewis. His father was born at 
 
740 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Woodland, the old Lewis homestead, Fair- 
 fax county, \'a. : his mother in New Orleans. 
 His father was an officer in the United 
 States Navy whose family is one of the old- 
 est in Virginia, the Lewises being related 
 to the Washingtons and the Lees and other 
 notable families in that State. During 
 colonial days and the War of the Revolu- 
 tion, the Lewises figured prominently in 
 high and honorable positions both in State 
 and army affairs. His mother's family, the 
 Freelands, is also an old and honored one. 
 Mr. Lewis's parents still reside in Berry- 
 ville, Clarke county, Va. His father has 
 five children, three of whom are living: 
 Lawrence Fielding Lewis, the subject of 
 this sketch; Marie Stuart and Duncan Free- 
 land Lewis, both residing with their parents 
 at 'Berryville. 
 
 He was educated and graduated at the 
 Episcopal High School, Alexandria, Va. 
 Soon after quitting school he went into the 
 railroad service, then turned his attention to 
 architecture and civil engineering, and was 
 engaged in this business when, in March, 
 1898, he was appointed by Mayor Malster, 
 City Commissioner, one of the most im- 
 portant and responsible positions under our 
 municipal government. Those who are 
 competent to speak say he has shown 
 marked ability in the discharge of has duties 
 and is making a first-class Commissioner. 
 He was married June 9, 1891, in this city, 
 to Miss Jane Hollins Nicholas, daughter of 
 Sidney Nicholas and Jane (Hollins) Nich- 
 olas; her father and mother are descendants 
 of some of the oldest and most distinguished 
 families of Maryland; Mrs. Lewis is a niece 
 of Commodore Rollins, who distinguished 
 himself both in the United States and Con- 
 federate navies. Thev have one child. 
 
 Janet Hollins Le\\-is. He and his family 
 are members of the P. E. Church; in poli- 
 tics he is a Republican. 
 
 Mr. Lewis is a gentleman of fine man- 
 ners and is very popular as an officer of the 
 city government; as a man of character an<l 
 honor he stands high and has hosts of 
 strong friends. He and his family reside at 
 1225 N. Calvert street. 
 
 Dr. Wm. Travis Howard, 804 Madison 
 avenue. — Few, if any, of the many brilliant 
 men who have added to the lustre of the 
 medical profession of Baltimore have exer- 
 cised a wider influence for the good of the 
 institutions of medical learning than Dr. 
 William Travis Howard. A self-made 
 man in every respect, he has won his way 
 to affluence from adverse circumstances that 
 would have discouraged a less resolute and 
 talented man, and have made him give up 
 the struggle for more than a mere existence. 
 
 Doctor Howard was born in Cumberland 
 county, Va., on January 12, 1821. His 
 father was William A. Howard, a native i:)f 
 \'irginia and a noted architect of his day. 
 He died in Warren county. N. C, in .April. 
 1859. His wife, who was Miss Rebecca 
 Elizalieth Travis Anderson, was a wo- 
 man of man}' Cliristian virtues, and of 
 especially fine mental vigor. She sur- 
 vived her husband some seven years. 
 Doctor Howard after primary education 
 in classical schools became a student 
 in Hampden Sidney College, in Prince Ed- 
 ward coiuity. \'a.. and also at Randr)l]i]i- 
 Macon College, then located in Meck- 
 lenburg county, \'a. After leaving col- 
 lege Doctor Howard began the study 
 of medicine under Dr. John Peter Met- 
 tauer, an eminent surgeon in Prince Ed- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 741 
 
 ward county, \'a., whose father came 
 over with Lafayette as a surgeon, and re- 
 mained in America after the close of the 
 Revohitionary War. Doctor Howard en- 
 tered the Jefiferson Medical College in the 
 autumn of 1842, and graduated in March, 
 1844. Between the sessions he was one of 
 the resident students of medicine in Balti- 
 more City and County Aims-House, now 
 the Bay \^iew Asylum, to whith Drs. Wil- 
 liam Power and T'hos. H. Buckler were at- 
 tending physicians. After graduating. 
 Doctor Howard settled in Warren county, 
 N. C. May i, 1844, where his predecessor 
 had practiced twenty-seven years, never 
 drank or gambled and died insolvent. Doc- 
 tor Howard was then in poor health, inci- 
 dent to an attack of the Grippe, which im- 
 paired his constitution during all subse- 
 quent years, leaving a persistent cough, 
 from which he has never been entirely ex- 
 empt. While in North Carolina, Doctor 
 Howard became involved in a discitssion on 
 malarial pneumonia in the North Carolina 
 Medical Journal, with Dr. O. F. Manson, 
 subsequently a professor in the Medical 
 College of Virginia, at Richmond. This 
 discussion was reviewed in the .\merican 
 Journal of Medical Sciences for October. 
 1S60, by the able and learned Dr. .Alfred 
 Stille, afterwards Professor of the Practice 
 of Medicine in the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Doctor Stille speaks of Doctor How- 
 ard's essays as being "in the highest de- 
 gree interesting and instructive: interest- 
 ing from the admirable critical spirit which 
 pervades them, and from which none of the 
 errors of his opponent's thesis escape, and 
 instructive from the complete analysis 
 which tney present of the descriptions by 
 
 'a large number of physicians of this modi- 
 fied form of pneumonia." 
 
 After the close of the Civil War, owing 
 to the unsettled condition of the country in 
 the South, and having suffered a severe do- 
 mestic bereavement in the death of his first 
 wife, Doctor Howard removed to Balti- 
 more. The following citation from the 
 Maryland Medical Journal, September 4, 
 1897, gives an account of his career since. 
 
 "The history of every great institution 
 is very closely linked with the names of the 
 men who have made that institution and 
 who by their work and attention have con- 
 tributed their share towards the perfec- 
 tion of tne whole plan. 
 
 For this reason the connection of Dr. 
 William T. Howard with the University of 
 Maryland is a matter of interest and a part 
 of the history of that old foundation of 
 learning. His resignation, which was pre- 
 sented last July and accepted with great 
 reluctance and after repeated refusals by the 
 faculty of physic, has caused a change in the 
 chair of diseases of women and children, 
 which has continued for the past thirty 
 years without a break. 
 
 When Doctor Howard first came to Bal- 
 timore from North Carolina, he was made 
 adjunct to the chair of physiology tit en 
 held by the late Dr. Frank Donaldson, Sr. 
 There was at that time but one graduate 
 of the University of Maryland from this 
 large Southern State, but his influence was 
 such that he brought eighteen from North 
 Carolina and also eighteen from lower Vir- 
 ginia, and this influence has been so strong 
 and lasting that at a recent commencement 
 there were forty-three graduates from 
 North Carolina. There are. perhaps, few 
 of the professors who showed not only such 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 great power and influence in his teachins^ 
 and his personaHty, but who so materially 
 added to the strength of the university by 
 gathering students from all points in the 
 South, as did Doctor Howard. 
 
 After he had acted as assistant to Doctor 
 Donaldson for some time he notified the 
 faculty of his intention to resign, when 
 Dr. George W. Miltenberger, then Pro- 
 fessor of Ob.stetrics and also Dean, urged 
 the division of the chair of obstetrics and 
 the appointment of Doctor Howard to a 
 chair which he proposed to call gynecology 
 and diseases of children. Two prominent 
 Baltimore physicians were candidates for 
 this place, but Doctor Howard received 
 every vote and was on January 26, 1867, 
 more than thirty years ago, elected to the 
 chair which he has so lately vacated. It 
 is also an interesting fact that this was the 
 first distinct chair of its kind in any medical 
 school in this country. 
 
 That Doctor Howard has always filled 
 his position with untiring energy, ever giv- 
 ing the full nund)er of lectures each ses- 
 sion and teaching the students with that 
 strong personality and wonderful memory, 
 all his many students all over the State of 
 Maryland and elsewhere will attest. His 
 lectures were not vain repetitions from the 
 te.xt-books, but were made up almost ex- 
 clusively of liis own large experience and 
 many facts and points given havf never ap- 
 peared in any book. His lectures were con- 
 sidered important enough by the students 
 to be reported and printed in book form, but 
 this book served only as a skeleton, for each 
 year he revised his work and brought it up 
 to date, so that the lectures delivered in the 
 last sessions were more powerful and more 
 valuable tlran those of any previous year. 
 
 The faculty, also, perhaps, uninten- 
 tionaily, be.-towed an additional honor upon 
 him when it chose three clever men to fill 
 his vacant place, and three who had all 
 heard his lectures in times past. 
 
 Doctor Howard is the author of various 
 lectures, reports, and articles in medical 
 journals, and has invented many gyneco- 
 logical instruments of a highly useful and 
 practical character. Along with the late 
 Dr. H. P. C. Wilson, he founded the Hos- 
 pital for the Women of Maryland; he was 
 one of the founders of the Baltimore Gyne- 
 cological and Obstetrical Society, of which 
 he was its second president: and he w^as 
 also one of the founders of the American 
 Gynecological Society: vice-president 1S80: 
 member of the Council, 1883, and president 
 1885: Consulting Gynecologist to the Un- 
 ion Protestant Infirmary: Consulting Phy- 
 sician to the Hebrew Hospital and Asylum 
 .Association of Baltimore City: Consulting 
 Physician and Surgeon to the Johns Hop- 
 kins Hospital ; honorary member of the Ob- 
 stetrical and Gynecological Society of 
 Washington, D. C. : corresponding member 
 of the Gynecological Society of Boston; 
 honorary member of the State Medical So- 
 ciety of North Carolina, etc. 
 
 Doctor Howard has been married three 
 times; first, to Mrs. Lucy M. Fitts. nee 
 Davis, a brilliant beauty and wit, of \'ir- 
 ginia: second, to Miss .-Xnnis L. Watldill. 
 of North Carolina, a lady of varied attain- 
 ments in belle lettres, and especially profi- 
 cient in languages, being able to read her 
 Bible fluently in four tongues. Doctor 
 Howard was last married in July, 1893. to 
 Miss Rebecca N. Williams, a Baltimore 
 belle and beauty, and belonging to one of 
 the best Marvland families. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 743 
 
 Doctor Howard still retains unusual men- 
 tal and physical vigor, witli clear vision 
 and a steady hand, performs the most diffi- 
 cult operations as well as ever, and his mem- 
 ory is phenomenal in its accuracy. He has 
 endeared himself to all who have enjoyed 
 his tutelage as students, or as colleagues in 
 professional life. 
 
 Woodward Abrahams was born in the 
 city of Baltimore, October 2, 1814, and 
 comes of good old English parentage. His 
 father. Captain W. Abrahams, after whom 
 he was named, was the son of another 
 Woodward Abrahams, of Marblehead, 
 Mass., an Episcopal minister. He preached 
 the first sermon in his church at the close 
 of the Revolutionary War. He was also 
 postmaster of Marblehead. Captain Abra- 
 hams, the father of the Woodward, the sub- 
 pect of this sketch, came to this county in 
 tlie year 
 
 He was an experienced and educated sea 
 captain who owned his own vessel and 
 sailed to various ports of Europe. On one 
 of these voyages he was wrecked, losing 
 everything but his clothes and watch. He 
 then purchased a farm in Cecil county, Md., 
 near Port Deposit, which he named "The 
 Lucky Mistake." He subsequently moved 
 to Port Deposit where he died at the age of 
 sixty years. 
 
 His sen W'oodvvard began life as a 
 printer. At the close of his apprenticeship 
 he went to Petersburg, Va.. but returned 
 to Baltimore, where he and James Young 
 published The Baltimore Express, which 
 afterwards became The Kaleidoscope. He 
 abandoned the paper and embarked in 
 the lumber business on West Falls avenue. 
 In 1850 he engaged in the ice business in 
 
 conjunction with Thomas J. Cochran, the 
 only ice dealer in the city at that time. In 
 this business he remained until his death, 
 at which time he was president of the com- 
 pany. Mr. Abrahams was a Mason of high 
 standing, and of great influence in the craft. 
 He was at one time president of the Ben- 
 jamin Howard Benevolent Society of the 
 M'asonic Order. 
 
 In pontics he was an old time Whig. In 
 religion, a Methodist. 
 
 April ,30. 1844, he was married to Miss 
 Margaret Littig, daughter of Frederick Lit- 
 tig Schaffer, who was born in 1797. Fred- 
 erick was the son of George and Rachel 
 Bosley Littig, natives of Germany, who em- 
 igrated to this country in 1752. They lo- 
 cated in Baltimore and engaged in the 
 manufacture of brushes. 
 
 Mr. Woodward Abrahams died .\ugiist 
 2, 1892, at the age of yj years. 
 
 W. W. Abrahams has succeeded his father 
 in the ice business. The company is now 
 (1897) known under the firm name of Coch- 
 ran-Oler & Co., of which he is secretary. 
 
 James Stevens Girwood, Secretary of 
 the Y. AI. C. A., Baltimore. Md., resides 
 at 2021 W. North avenue, Baltimore. He 
 was born in Barbadoes, West Indies, No- 
 vember 14, 1861. He is a son of James and 
 Elizabeth Augusta (King) Girwood. The 
 former was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 
 1830; the latter in Barbadoes. W. I., 1827. 
 Subject's father was a retail dry goods mer- 
 chant, which occupation was the business 
 of his life. He came to the United States 
 in 1876: he subsequently came to Balti- 
 more. His mother died in 1868. Their 
 family consisted of eight children now liv- 
 ing, viz.: first, John, who is a physician; 
 
744 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 second, Allan C, who is a teacher: third, 
 Henry D., a salesman of this city; fourth, 
 William L., a Xew York salesman: fifth 
 Florence A., resides in Hartford, Conn. : 
 sixth, Alary L. : seventh, Christiana, both of 
 whom live in Baltimore. 
 
 James Stevens Girwood was educated at 
 Egremont Academy, Liverpool, England, 
 where he was graduated in 1878. He has 
 engaged successfully as a salesman in gen- 
 tlemen's furnishing business, also a book- 
 keeper, and from 1892 to 1897 he, was em- 
 ployed as secretary of the West Branch 
 Young Men's Christian Association of Bal- 
 timore, Md. 
 
 In politics he is a non-partisan. In 
 religinii he is a member of the P. E. 
 Church. 
 
 wSamui-l Wi.vTijK, Capitalist, now de- 
 ceased, was born in Hopewell township, 
 York county, Pa., October 30, 1800. He 
 was a son of John and Catharine (Meckley) 
 Winter, both of German descent, whose an- 
 cestors were natives of Hanover, Germany. 
 They had nine children. all of whom are now 
 deceased: one daughter, Elizabeth Miller, 
 who lived in Morrow county, O., died July 
 25, 1897, in her ninety-second year. His 
 father was a farmer, blacksmith and dis- 
 tiller: was also a captain of a militia com- 
 pany. It was intended that Samuel should 
 be educated for the profession of a lawyer, 
 his father taking him to the city of York to 
 school at the age of ten years to remain 
 until he was twenty, but being homesick, 
 he persuaded his mother to take him home, 
 and after several unsuccessful attempts to 
 induce him to return, he was allowed to 
 have his own way, an act he often regretted. 
 Until he was seventeen years old, Samuel 
 
 worked on the farm in summer, attending 
 school in the winter. At this age he was 
 apprenticed to John Dorkus, a carpenter, 
 and served him for three years, after which 
 he worked as a journeyman for about five 
 years. During that period he enrolled 
 himself with the Washington Blues, a 
 militia company, which went to York to 
 receive General Lafayette. In 1825 he 
 went to Rochester, N. Y., where he re- 
 mained and worked at his trade until 1827, 
 and was there when the waters of Lake 
 Erie were first let into the Erie Canal. 
 There being at that time no telegraph, infor- 
 mation as to the flow of the waters was con- 
 veyed by the firing of cannon, stationed 
 along the whole line within hearing distance 
 of each other. 
 
 In 1827 he went to Baltimore and ex- 
 ecuted his first work on the steamboat 
 Kentucky for Messrs. Ericsson & Page. 
 He afterwards held the position of foreman 
 in the shops where he was thus employed 
 for many years. From 1835 to 1862 he 
 carried on the business of a carpenter on 
 his own account, dealing in lumber a part 
 of the time, purchasing from twenty to 
 fifty thousand feet in rafts, which were 
 generally sent down the Susquehanna 
 river. With carpentering he connected 
 the building business, erecting about two 
 hundred fine dwellings, among which was 
 a factory which he rented to Charles M. 
 Stieff, Sr., for the manufacturing of his first 
 pianos; also a contract to build for William 
 Knabe & Co. a factory in South Baltimore 
 for the manufacture of their instruments. 
 He was also interested in buying town lots, 
 either leasing out, selling or building 
 thereon. By integrity, energy, persever- 
 ance and frugality he accumulated an in- 
 
^/oy^^n^u/^ //^, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 (45 
 
 dependence. He was brought up in the 
 Evangehcal Lutheran Church, his parents 
 having been members thereof. He was a 
 member of the First EngHsh Lutheran 
 Church where the family still attend. 
 
 Previous to the war he was a Democrat, 
 but a strong Unionist, and afterwards be- 
 came an Independent. Mr. Winter repre- 
 sented the Seventeenth ward of Baltimore 
 City in the First Branch of the City Council 
 in 1848. hi 1867 he traveled in Europe, at- 
 tending the Paris Exposition and visited 
 London, France, Germany, Switzerland 
 and other countries. Mr. Winter was twice 
 married; first to Miss Sarah Price, daughter 
 of Capt. John Price, by whom he had four 
 children, Amelia, Jerome and Samuel, de- 
 ceased, and William who is still living. His 
 second wife was !\Iiss Sarah Armstrong, a 
 daughter of Margaret and William Arm- 
 strong, Sr.. of Wheeling, W.Va. Her father 
 was the owner of a valuable coal mine 
 and an extensive shipper of coal to New 
 Orleans and other Southern cities. By his 
 second wife he had two children. John A., 
 deceased, and Sara A., who is a student at 
 the Women's College. Mr. Winter's widow 
 resides at Washington Heights, corner of 
 Gilmor and Preston streets. From the 
 top of her house is a magnificent view of 
 the city and bay: viewed at night it is a 
 scene of surpassing beaut\-. Mr. Winter 
 was present at the laying of the corner- 
 stone of the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. He 
 died May 5th, 1892, from the effects of a 
 cold he contracted two years before, which 
 afifected his throat, never entirely recover- 
 ing from it, yet was able to attend to busi- 
 ness until six weeks before his death. He 
 was of a genial disposition and much be- 
 loved and respected by his many friends 
 
 and acquaintances. The qualities which 
 Mr. Winter possessed in an eminent degree 
 seldom fail to command success in any 
 enterprise. The main oljject of his life was 
 to do that which was right. Mr. Winter is 
 interred in Greenniount cemetery. 
 
 Hexrv J. Rkiniiardt, Plumber, Gas- 
 titter, Builder and Contractor, was born 
 in Baltimore October gth, 1850. He is a 
 son of Charles C. and Margaret (Erney) 
 Reinhardt, of German descent. His mother 
 died when he was two years old. He is the 
 youngest of six children: William H., 
 Charles, Edward Lewis, Augustus and a 
 sister \\"ho died in infancy. Edward is also 
 deceased. His father was born in Ger- 
 many, his mother in York, Pa. His father 
 came to this country (Baltimore) in the 
 thirties and engaged in business as an in- 
 strument maker; he had a coMract with 
 the Government during the war; he died 
 in 1864. Henry's early education was ob- 
 tained in the public schools; at the age of 
 fifteen he entered the employ of Richard 
 Walzl as junior clerk for five years. Tlien 
 he was married and went with his father-in- 
 law on his truck farm in Baltimore county 
 in the eastern suburbs: he bought a half 
 interest in this truck farm, one of 105 acres. 
 He was very successful for fourteen years. In 
 1884 lie returned to Baltimore and entered 
 the firm of the Farmers' Fertilizing Com- 
 l)an\-. and at the same time bought half 
 interest in the firm of Gardner & Co., 
 Plumbers, etc. He withdrew from the Far- 
 mers' Fertilizing Co. in 1887 and purchased 
 the remaining interest in Gardner & Co. 
 In connection with plumbing he engaged 
 in building operations quite extensively 
 
746 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and has been very successful. He is a 
 Master Mason. 
 
 In July, 1871, he married in Philadelphia 
 Miss Lidy L. Rienck, daus^hter of Thomas 
 F. and Mary Rienck. of German descent, 
 who had come from Philadelphia to Balti- 
 more in i860. They have three children: 
 Thomas, who is engaged successfully in the 
 real estate business; Misses Ada M. and 
 Bessie L.. who are students at St. Luke's 
 Academy. 
 
 Mr. Reinhardt's wife and family are 
 members of the Episcopal Church. He has 
 been a life long Democrat. 
 
 Georgk R. Cinnamon d, deceased, At- 
 torney-at-Law and Conveyancer, was born 
 in Belfast, Ireland, July 29, 1814. He was 
 the son of James and Catharine (.Mines) 
 Cinnamond, both of Fountainville, Ireland. 
 His father was Scotch-Irish, and died in 
 Belfast. His mother, a native of the North 
 of Ireland, was lost at sea with four grown 
 sons, James. John, Thomas and Joseph. 
 The subject of this sk(.tcli was shipwrecked 
 four times l)efore he reached the age of 25 
 years. 
 
 George Ruthven received his earh' 
 education at the Rnxal Academy in Bel- 
 fast, and was graduated from Trinity Col- 
 lege in Dublin. After completing his 
 studies he came to America, where he 
 taught Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He 
 subsec|uently |)racticed law and convey- 
 ancing in Baltimore. Mr. Cinnamond 
 married on May 3rd, 1840, Lydia Amanda 
 Burdick. sixth dauglitcr cf Henry Burdick, 
 of \''ermont, and T^ydia .\nn Hoadley, of 
 New Haven, Conn. I'.y this union eleven 
 children were born to b.im, seven dying in 
 infancv. The four who grew to maturity 
 
 were: Caroline, who married Warfield T. 
 Browning of Washington, D. C. He died 
 June 18, 1894, aged 54 years. Has one 
 child, Clarence A. C. Browning. George 
 R., Jr., who married Christiana Howard 
 of New York, has two children, Ethel and 
 Helen. He died May 2nd, 1888, aged 41 
 years. Robert Morrison, aged 24 years, 
 unmarried, died .\pril 4th. 1878: and Isa- 
 belle Scott, who married T. Ceresca Rose- 
 berry of Springfield, 111., has three children, 
 Howard, Stewart Cinnamond and Blanche. 
 
 Air. Cinnamond was president of the 
 Monumental Chess Club and founder of 
 Patapsco City (now known as Brooklyn, 
 Maryland). He belongs to the I. O. O. F., 
 and was a member of Concordia Lodge, 
 Free Masons. He was an Episcopalian in 
 his religious views and a Democrat in jx.ili- 
 tics. 
 
 Air. Cinnamond conducted a large and 
 very important business for many years, 
 honored with the confidence not less of the 
 l)ar than of his numerous clients, among 
 whom were to be found many of oivr wealth- 
 iest citizens. In that especial branch of his 
 jjrofession to which he devoted himself he 
 had no superiors: he was faithful, relial)le 
 and careful, bringing at all times to the dis- 
 charge of his professional duties a well 
 trained intellect. He was a man of mind, 
 a man of indomitable energy, a man of 
 marked force of character. He was distin- 
 guished for the accuracy of his learning and 
 scholarly attainments, no less than for the 
 great e.xecutive talent and admirable tact 
 with which he di^ii;itched the laborious and 
 coni|)licated jjiisiiiess of his oflice. Cour- 
 tes}- distinguished his intercourse and 
 honor his dealings. He did not ]M-esem lo 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 i47 
 
 the world a character assunietl for the occa- 
 sion, nay he went hi and out among us as 
 a Christian man whose words and doings 
 were the necessary and natural outpouring 
 of a true heart. With him to seem and to be 
 were one. In action he had all the noble 
 qualities of manhood. In endurance he 
 possessed all the finer qualities of woman, 
 .•\s a speaker he was gifted above the aver- 
 age of his profession. Possessing great fer- 
 tility of illustration and facility of utterance, 
 he never failed to improve and enliven with 
 humor and especially with a fit quotation^ 
 any subject upon which he essayed to speak. 
 In addition to a general acquaintance with 
 English literature he had made Shakes- 
 peare a particular study, and there seemed 
 to be scarcely a limit to his facility of quota- 
 tion from that great poet. His tempera- 
 ment was cheerful, his manner cordial, 
 his taste artistic, mind quick and apprecia- 
 tive and his memory extraordinary. The 
 wit, sentiment and pathos of his native land 
 commingled in him. and he woukl alter- 
 nately amuse you by the one or melt your 
 heart by sympathy with the other. He 
 loved all beautiful things in art, nature and 
 language: was a good elocutionist, read 
 admirably, and made intellectual culture a 
 feature of his domestic and social life. 
 
 Judge James L. Bartol. of the Court of 
 ,\ppeals, wrote of him: "It was my privi- 
 lege to know him at home, at his fireside 
 and my own, and to form one of that little 
 circle where his genial disposition, charm- 
 ing humor and his goodness endeared him 
 so much to every one." 
 
 He was called to New^ York (with Robert 
 J. Brent, Esq.) on business, but was taken 
 ill in Philadelphia, where he died February 
 [J. 1866, ill the 52(1 year of his age. In the 
 
 prime of life and in the complete fullness of 
 intellectual vigor he received the summons. 
 At his death the Baltimore City Courts ad- 
 journed, and there was a meeting of the 
 members of the bar, many of whom spoke 
 in feeling terms of the deceased and offered 
 resolutions which were sent to his family. 
 
 David GenESK, D. D. S., and Inventor. 
 This gentleman was born in London, Eng- 
 land, in 1848. He is the son of the late 
 Sampson Genese, whose father w^as the first 
 of the name to come to England from 
 Spain, and who purchased an estate in the 
 city of London, redeeming at the time the 
 land tax, a custom in vogue 150 years ago. 
 David Genese was one of nine children, four 
 sons and five daughters: two of the latter, 
 together with their parents, are dead. 
 The remainder of the family with the ex- 
 ception of the Doctor still reside in London. 
 
 David Genese, D. D. S. and Inventor, 
 public school in London, after which he was 
 articled to the dental profession, under Wal- 
 ter Blundell, D. D. S. (the first inventor of 
 painless dentistry by congealation), to the 
 Metropolitan Hospital, London, remaining 
 with him during the full term of articleship 
 of three years, and afterwards four years as 
 assistant. He then went into business for 
 himself, practising in London for eight 
 years; at Bournemouth, England, for three 
 years, and at liordeaux (south of France) 
 one year. 
 
 His first visit to America was in June 
 1876, when he came to Philadelphia on a 
 visit to "A. L. O. E." (a famous authoress) 
 w^ho was his patient during his professional 
 practice in London, and w4io afterwards 
 became his wife. During his visit he in- 
 troduced his first invention to the dental 
 
748 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 profession of this country, and made 
 acquaintance of Profs. Essig. Darby and 
 Barker, now of tlie University of Penn- 
 sylvania. It was suggested to him by them 
 that he enter the Dental College in Phila- 
 delphia, and having left his London prac- 
 tice in competent hands, he decided to do 
 so, and graduated from that institution, 
 returning to London and resuming his 
 practice after his completion of the course. 
 
 He again met A. L. O. E. in Paris and 
 London, renewing the friendship that had 
 brought him to the United States, and which 
 culminated in their marriage at Great Mal- 
 vern, England. The Doctor then sold his 
 practice to Doctor Duller and bought a 
 small estate in Essex, near the famous Aud- 
 ley Court, properly named IngatestoneHall. 
 From this quiet spot they wandered to 
 Bournemouth in the south of England, re- 
 maining there for three years, gaining a 
 large circle of friends and patients. Their 
 next move was to France, where he prac- 
 ticed in Paris, in the Rue de la Faurie de 
 Monbadon, and residing at the Chateau de 
 Tuilleries, in the Medoc. The climate 
 being too warm for Mrs. Genese who had 
 passed most of her time in America, they 
 paid another visit to England, and then 
 (1876) came to Baltimore making it their 
 permanent home. 
 
 Shortly after his arrival in this citv. the 
 Doctor filled a jxjsition in the University of 
 Maryland as clinical instructor, relinquish- 
 ing it after three years in consequence of 
 his growing practice. He was also a 
 modellor for the University of Maryland 
 in plastic work, i-epniducing by casts and 
 coloring to nature models for ilhr^^tration; 
 also engaged in restoring by artificial 
 means prominent features of the face lost 
 
 by accident or deformity: his reputation for 
 this work is national. 
 
 He is a regular contributor to various 
 medical journals, the most of which are The 
 Cosmos. Items of Interest, Southern Dental 
 Magazine and the Ohio State Journal. 
 From 1877 to 1880 he was a member of the 
 Hampshire Yeoman Cavalry, a volunteer 
 regiment for home service under Lord 
 John Mildmay. He is a member of the In- 
 ventors' Institute of London and Paris; 
 State Dental Society of Maryland; South- 
 ern Dental Association ; New Jersey Dental 
 Association and is dentist to St. Mary's In- 
 dustrial School. 
 
 Doctor Genese has been the 201st vice- 
 president and president of the Maryland 
 State Dental Society, and has had the honor 
 of giving clinics before the State So- 
 ciety of New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
 sylvania, District of Columbia, Vir- 
 ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Georgia and Kentucky. He is an inventor 
 of no mean order, having obtained over 
 forty patents on machines for the manu- 
 facture of dental and pharmaceutical prep- 
 arations of great value to the medical and 
 dental professions. Tlie late Wilmington 
 Dental Co. where his representatives in the 
 United States for supplying his inventions 
 to the profession, while Messrs. C. Ash 
 & Son of London and Paris, and Mr. 
 Eiche of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, 
 were his representatives in Europe. 
 
 The Doctor was the first person to ship 
 to Africa from this city, sending articles of 
 his own manufacture to Johannisburg and 
 Graffe-Rennetl. His last and most impor- 
 tant invention connected with pharmacy 
 was sold to Burroughs, Welcome & Co., of 
 London, for a handsome sum, going himself 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 749 
 
 to London to tit up a laboratory, an<l to in- 
 strtict the employes in the manipulation 
 of the work, he retaining control of the 
 American branch with Burroughs Bros. 
 ;\If.s:. Co., Baltimore, as the distributing 
 agents. He bas also invented an aceteline 
 lamp which he has under perfect control, 
 a condition hitherto difficult to obtain. He 
 has given considerable employment to the 
 engineers of Baltimore, the Goodman 
 Machine Co., having manufactured the 
 machinery used in the plant that the Doctor 
 established in England for Burroughs & Co. 
 The J. B. Morris Co. has made a great deal 
 of fine dental machinery for him. Such 
 satisfaction did the Goodman machinery 
 give the London house, that within eight 
 months a duplicate set of double the capac- 
 ity was (Ordered in Baltimore from the 
 same firm. Keen & Haggerty made all of 
 the copper stills used in that plant, and they 
 also have been duplicated. 
 
 As a rest from labor, the Doctor bought 
 a farm in Kent count}-, ^Id., near Bet- 
 terton, where he and Airs. Genese enter- 
 tained their friends during the summer, but 
 which he has rented since the death of his 
 wife, llie farm afforded an opportunity for 
 indulgence and practical demonstration in 
 the studies of ornithology and experimen- 
 tal agriculture, of which the Doctor is very 
 fond. He has introduced at his place va- 
 rious trees ami plants hitherto unknown in 
 that section, importing the seeds from dis- 
 tant lands. He has always taken a deep 
 interest in ornithology, and some time ago 
 wrote a puljlic letter which was extensively 
 copied, in reference to the prevailing idea 
 that the English sparrow destroved our 
 small plumage birds ; he clearly proved this 
 to be fallacious. For several vears he has 
 
 forbidden the trapping and shooting of birds 
 on his farm, until to-day every bird indig- 
 enous to the State of Maryland can be 
 found either in the woods or on the lawn, 
 proving that gunners and trappers, and not 
 the sparrows are responsible for the de- 
 struction of the native birds. The Doctor's 
 place is on Chesapeake Bay, and from his 
 porch may be had a magnificent water view, 
 embracing a sight of the Susquehanna. 
 Northeast, Elk and Sassafras rivers. 
 
 The lady who became his wiie was Miss 
 Annie Woodward, daughter of William 
 Woodward, Esq., O. C. of London. Mrs. 
 Genese was a literary woman of some pro- 
 minence, writing under the nom de plume 
 of "A. L. O. E." for James Gordon Ben- 
 nett, of the New York Herald: N. P. Willis, 
 of the Home Journal, and others, besides 
 being the author of numerous works of 
 fiction. She died about four years ago. 
 The Doctor resides at Harlem Park, Bal- 
 timore, where he enjoys a lucrative practice. 
 In politics he is a Democrat. 
 
 Rev. Charles Ernest Smith, D. D., 
 rector of St. Michael and .All .\ngels 
 Church, was born in Cheshire, England, Oc- 
 tober 24, 1855. He is a son of John and 
 Elizabeth (Lowe) Smith. His father was a 
 classical master in various colleges and af- 
 terwards established a school. He was a 
 classical prize man of Victoria University, 
 of Manchester: he is deceased, but Doctor 
 Smith's mother is still living. Doctor Smith 
 was educated by his father; also at private 
 schools in Chester and at St. Augustine's, 
 Canterbury. Whilst there he obtained the 
 college diploma in 1879, having previously 
 passed the Oxford and Cambridge examina- 
 tions for holy orders, graduating in the first 
 
(oU 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 class. He was also Ernest Hawkins prize 
 man. Afterwards at Durham University he 
 graduated B. A. from University College, 
 with honors in classical and general litera- 
 ture, 1887. In 1892 St. John's College, 
 Annapolis, Md., conferred the honorary de- 
 gree of M. A., and since then that of D. D. 
 In 1S96 the University of the South, Sew- 
 anee. Tenn., also conferred upon him the de- 
 gree of D. D. He was ordained deacon by 
 Bi.shop of Newfoundland in his Cathedral 
 on Trinity Sunday, 1880, and subsequently 
 priest in 1882, in the parish church of Bri- 
 gus, same diocese. After ordination he was 
 appointed curate of Harbor Grace, where 
 he remained for fifteen months. He then 
 became rector of Heart's Content, where he 
 acted as chaplain of the Anglo-American 
 Cable Company's staf?. Seven years later 
 he accepted the rectorship of vSt. Paul's par- 
 ish. Prince George county, Md., which he 
 held three years. While there he declined 
 several calls to this and other cities. Was 
 called to the rectorship of St. Michael and 
 .Ml .\ngels March, 1892, in which \ear 
 Bishop Paret appointed him an examining 
 chaplain of the Diocese of Maryland. The 
 Bishop also appointed him lecturer to the 
 Maryland Theological Class on Old Testa- 
 ment and Dogmatic Thenlogry. Four years 
 ago he publish' 1 •'Tiu 1 Hd L'hurch in the 
 New Land," now m its s, con*] e<lition. A 
 year later 'in tin- Household of Faith;" 
 since then lie li;is i.nblished a manual for 
 confirmation candidates, entitled ".\ Call to 
 Confirmation," which is now in its third 
 thousand: also "Readings and Praxcrs for a 
 Communicants' Class." He is now writing 
 •Tvarly Church Historv of Maryland." Doc- 
 un- Smith is also chaplain of the Hospital for 
 Cripjilcd and Deformed Children. During 
 
 Doctor Smith's rectorship the Church of St. 
 Michael and .'\11 Angels has had a remark- 
 able growth. From 471 communicants 
 connected with the church in 1892, the num- 
 ber in 1897 had arisen to 1013. In March 
 of the same year the church presented for 
 confirmation eighty persons, being the 
 largest class for this purpose ever presented 
 in Baltimore during the present Episcopate. 
 
 In 1897 he was Bishop Paret's special 
 chaplain of the Fourteenth Lambeth Con- 
 ference meeting under the presidencv of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 In 1882 he was married to Flora, daugh- 
 ter of George and Jean Wood, of Sussex 
 House, East Molesey, England. They have 
 one son, Marcus Harold, and five daugh- 
 ters, Marcella, Monica, Barbara, Helena 
 and Olive. Doctor Smith has one brother. 
 John, who is in An.stralia, and two sisters, 
 .■\da and Gertrude. 
 
 Wrr.LL\M H.\KT .-VlgI'R, elocutionist, Bal- 
 timore. This energetic and enterprising 
 young gentleman h.as by his pluck and the 
 gifts of nature managed to put himself to the 
 front as an elocutionist in his native city 
 (P>altimore) where he was born February 12, 
 1871. He is the son of Porter R. and Flor- 
 ence (Brosius) Alger. The former was 
 born in Syracuse, N. Y.. in 1838, of English 
 origin; the latter is a native of Maryland, 
 and was born in 1848 of English and Ger- 
 man descent. The familv consists of three 
 children, two now- living, Louise and Wil- 
 liam Hart. The father of our subject lias 
 spent a considerable i)art of his life in mer- 
 cantile business, chiefly in the boot and shoe 
 trade, and has been a commercial traveler in 
 that line for man}- years; has an extensive 
 acciuaintance in Marvland and Kentuckv. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 (51 
 
 He can spin yarns in the style of Abraham I 
 Lincohi and is gifted in conversational pow- 
 ers. The latter quality has been transmitted 
 to his son, the suljject of this sketch, who 
 is at present in the employ of The New 
 England Life Insurance Company, head- 
 quarters in the Herald Building, Baltimore. ! 
 He spends many pleasant evenings enter- 
 taining private parties and is often called 
 upon to gnve public performances both here 
 and in Washington, D. C. As an elocution- 
 ist and an imitator he has few equals in 
 Maryland. On account of ill health he was 
 compelled to leave school when but 17 years 
 old. He is specially gifted in originality 
 and his recitations, etc., are chiefly of his j 
 own composition. He is an active member 
 of the Y. M. C. A., and also of the Royal 
 Arcanum. He is non-partisan in politics, 
 and in religion the family is Protestant. 
 
 Ri;v. H. M. \ViL\KToN, D. D.— Perhaps 
 there is no man better known in the city 
 of Baltimore, by all denominations and the 
 public generally, than the subject of this j 
 sketch. He came to Baltimore the first of 
 January, 1881, as pastor of Lee Street 
 Church, and entered upon his duties by 
 holding a series of meetings and preaching t 
 every night for ten weeks, and receivmg [ 
 more than two hundred additions into his 1 
 church. ] 
 
 Henry iVIarvin Wharton was born at 
 Western View. Culpeper county, Va.. Sep- 
 tember II, 1848. He was the son of Mal- 
 com H. and Susan R. Wharton, parents 
 noted for their intelligence, piety and in- 
 fluence in the community. He was the 
 youngest of eig^ht children, and as such was 
 the idol of his parents, and his brothers and 1 
 
 sisters. His mother died when he was thir- 
 teen years of age, and when he most needed 
 a mother's care, for it was when the storms 
 of war were beating with all their fury upon 
 the land, destroying homes, and driving 
 tlie scattered members of onr happy family 
 circles into situations of danger, and even 
 of demoralization and ruin. 
 
 At the age of fifteen young Wharton en- 
 tered the service of the Confederate States, 
 first as a druggist in the hospital dispen- 
 sary, then as a member of the Signal Corps, 
 and finally a private soldier under General 
 Lee. He followed him 'o Appomattox, 
 and laid down his gun on the memorable 
 9th of April. On his return from the war 
 he went to Mexico, where he remained 
 some months, but soon returned to his na- 
 tive State, and at the age of nineteen en- 
 tered the practice of law. For five years he 
 practiced, not only with success, but dis- 
 tinction, but at the age of twenty-five being- 
 converted to God, he devoted himself to the 
 ministry of the Gospel, and from that time 
 until now he has followed that calling. 
 
 When be came to Baltimore he soon 
 learned that there was no denominational 
 paper among his own people in this city. 
 He began a modest little monthly church 
 paper, which soon grew into the Baltimore 
 Baptist, and is now the well-known Evangel. 
 read in many homes throughout the land. 
 His assistants in this undertaking were 
 Rev. A. C. Barron, D. D., a life-long friend, 
 and Mr. L. M. Cross, also an intimate per- 
 sonal friend. 
 
 As Mr. Wharton went about the streets 
 of the city seeing the suffering of those 
 who had walked away in sin and fallen into 
 degradation and disgrace, he conceived the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 idea that the proper time to begin to reform 
 the outcast i- when they are children. He 
 therefore started a liome for these, and be- 
 gan to pick up here and there helpless little 
 waifs, some of whom were taken from the 
 streets, some from the Society for the Pre- 
 vention of Cruelty to Children, while others 
 were brought by \vidowed mothers and 
 placed in his care. It was not long until an 
 orphanage was founded which grew very 
 rapidly. In fact, the building at first rented 
 was soon overcrowded, and he w"as forced 
 to move to larger quarters. The comfort- 
 able building now at the corner of Lanvale 
 and Fremont streets is filled with children, 
 and is altogether insufficient for the work. 
 
 In addition to this, believing that it 
 would be wise to separate the children as 
 much as possible from their old associa- 
 tions, he secured a farm of more than two 
 hundred acres of land in the valley of \'ir- 
 ginia, near Luray, and named it '"The 
 Whosoever Farm," where children, with- 
 out regard to denomination or creed, are 
 all received and cared for. Here they are 
 educated, clothed, fed and taught to work. 
 
 With all the demands pressing upon him, 
 he was forced to give up the pastoral care 
 of the Lee Street Church, and devoted him- 
 self to the establishment of his paper, and 
 other enterprises. While this was going on 
 a little mission was being formed in the 
 city by a few \inuig people. They asked 
 Doctor Wharton to give some of his spare 
 time and attention to this work. He ac- 
 cepted the invitation, believing it would be 
 merely incidental to his general work, but 
 the little building was soon over-crowded. 
 .A large lot was jKirchased at the corner of 
 Schrneder street and F.dnKmdson avenue, 
 and the lirantlv .Memorial Chnrch, which 
 
 is the largest of any denomination in this 
 city, now stands as a result of the labors 
 of this little congregation. Beginning with 
 thirty-two, they now have about one th(ju- 
 sand members, while the congregation 
 overcrowds the building every Sunday. 
 
 Besides this, the large book and publish- 
 ing house of Wharton, Barron & Company, 
 located at 304 North Howard street, is also 
 one of the enterprises founded by him. He 
 is also president and originator of the Na- 
 tional Evangelization Society for the prop- 
 agation of the gospel among all denomi- 
 nations, and in destitute places where the 
 gospel is not heard. 
 
 As may well be supposed, all these en- 
 terjjrises require a great amount of money, 
 : nd he depends entirely upon the contribu- 
 tions of those Avhom the Lord has blessed 
 with enough and to spare. 
 
 It was during the panic of '93, and the 
 hard winter that followed, that Dr. and 
 Mrs. Wharton, with a number of memlsers 
 from the Brantly Church, would go with 
 two wagons, one carrying the gospel ami 
 the other a lot of sandwiches and other good 
 things to eat, among the most destitute of 
 our population. They would stand upon 
 the wagon and sing and preach, while the 
 people would help themselves to something 
 to satisfy their hunger. It was an interest- 
 ing sight to look down upon the asseml)led 
 nudtitude listening to the gospel wliile 
 eagerly devouring the sandwiches they 
 had taken from the wagon. 
 
 Doctor Wharton is an evangelist and 
 preaches in meetings all over this country. 
 He has also visited Europe, Asia and 
 .■\frica and preached the gospel there. 
 \\'lien asked on one occasion with refer- 
 ence to his occupation, as to whether he 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was an evangelist and did pastoral work in- 
 cidentally, or vice versa, he replied that his 
 work was all one, and if a man could drive 
 a team of six he could carry more than with 
 a single horse. He believes that every tal- 
 ent God has given us should be used for 
 His glory and the good of our fellow-man, 
 and that change of work, not inactivity, is 
 rest. 
 
 Doctor Wharton has been twice married. 
 His first wife was the daughter of Dr. and 
 ;\Irs. George W. Rust, of Luray, Va., and 
 the only child. She lived only three and a 
 half years after his marriage, and died just 
 before he came to this city. After thirteen 
 years he married the daughter of Mr. James 
 Pollard, a prominent lawyer of Bedtimore. 
 
 He is the author of sixteen different 
 works, and is now the president of a 
 woman's college at Luray, \'a., where a 
 large and excellent school for young ladies 
 is conducted, under the direction of an ex- 
 cellent set of teachers. 
 
 He believes that the happiest life is the 
 busiest when it is lived to make this world 
 better, and to help those who are strug- 
 gling in the great battle for bread. As will 
 be seen by his photograph he is now in the 
 prime and vigor of life, giving promise of 
 many years of earnest work yet to come. 
 He is devoted to Baltimore, and says there 
 is no city on all the earth where there are 
 better people, greater facilities for the en- 
 joyment of life, or greater opportunities for 
 the highest usefulness. 
 
 Hiram F. Straus, Insurance Broker, 
 Baltimore, Md., was born in this city De- 
 cember 17, 1861. He is a son of Joseph 
 and Bettie (Lazarus) Straus. The former 
 was born in 1835, the latter in 1S37, both 
 
 natives of Germany. In religion the family 
 are members of the Reformed Jewish de- 
 nomination. Our subject's mother is a 
 niece of Jonas Friedenwald. This family is 
 among the most prominent and wealthy 
 manufacturers and merchants of this city. 
 
 In 1843 o"'' subject's parents emigrated 
 from Germany and settled in Baltimore; 
 his father carried on the clothing business 
 here with success vmtil he went to South 
 Carolina, where he continued that busmess 
 until he was stricken with yellow fever, 
 which caused his death in 1872, Two of 
 their three children are living, Miss Lina, 
 resides with her brother Hiram F., whose 
 name heads this sketch. 
 
 He was educated in Baltimore, first in 
 the public schools, and after^vards attend- 
 ed Bryant & Stratton's Commercial Col- 
 lege. In 1874, two years after his father's 
 death, when he was only fifteen years old, 
 he commenced his bu.siness life as an er- 
 rand bov for Lewis Newman, dry goods 
 merchant of Baltimore; was subsequently 
 apprenticed and learned printing, continu- 
 ing it until he reached the important posi- 
 tion of foreman for Griffin, Curley & Co., 
 Printers, 202 E. Baltimore street. When 
 that firm went out of business in 1892 he 
 then embarked in his present birsiness; his 
 office is at 161 1 N. Fulton avenue, Balti- 
 more, where he can always be founil at- 
 tending to all the minute affairs of his busi- 
 ness. He is an active member of the fol- 
 lowing societies: Treasurer of Star of tlie 
 West Council, Jr. O. U. A. M.; financial sec- 
 retary of Lord Baltimore Council, National 
 L'nion; financial secretary and recorder 
 of Ri.sing Star Lodge, Sexennial League; 
 Oriental Lodge, J. O. M.: Oriental Court, 
 Jr. O. U. .\. M.; Zcter Conclave. Ilepta- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 sophs. He has the confidence of his brother 
 members and takes an interest in every- 
 thing connected with the societies. 
 
 In politics he is a staunch RepubHcan. 
 In iSyo he was nominated on his party's 
 ticket for the Legislature, and to illustrate 
 his popularity, we point to the fact that he 
 ran ahead of any other candidate on the 
 ticket, receiving the largest vote that had 
 been given for years for any Republican in 
 the First District. In 1896 Governor 
 Lowndes appointed him Tax .\ssessor. 
 
 Harry Patterson Horicins, composer, 
 was born in Baltimore, Md., May 25, 1873. 
 He is the son of John S. and Marv A. 
 (Lampher) Hopkins. John S. came from 
 Harford county, Md., and entered the ser- 
 vice of the B. & O. Railroad as collector, 
 after which he es'tablished the wholesale 
 wooden-ware business in BaltimOire. In 
 masonry he attained the thirty-third degree, 
 and, prior to his death, was president of 
 the Tax Payers' Association of Baltimore. 
 He was of Quaker parentage, whilst his 
 wife was of English descent. Being a busi- 
 ness man, he was anxious to have his son 
 join him in that occupation, but having no 
 such inclination, yoamg Hopkins, with his 
 father's permission, began to study music 
 at an early age. In 1888 the boy eiucred 
 the Peabody Institute, and during his tui- 
 tion there he was elected organist of the 
 First Reformed Church: later on he re- 
 signed his pusilon ior a .similar mie at 
 Grace M. K. Church, at which latter place 
 he has given a number of organ recitals. 
 In 1897 he accepted the position of organ- 
 ist of the Har Sinai Synagogue. Air. Hop- 
 kins received the diploma of Distinguished 
 Musicianship from the Pcaliody in 1895. 
 
 He is the composer of a number of cham- 
 ber and orchestral works, among which are 
 the following: Four songs, a piano trio, 
 string quartette, two piano quintettes, piano 
 sextette, a comic opera, two organ compo- 
 sitions, female choiiis, "A Tragedy," con- 
 cert overture, "Death's Dance," a suite of 
 piano pieces, and a symphony, "Va'ther." 
 Whilst at the Peabody Mr. Hopkins studied 
 under Hamerik in composition. In 1896 
 he was elected a member of both the New 
 York and Chicago Manuscript Societies, 
 and of the Peabody Alumni Association of 
 Baltimore. His works have all been pro- 
 duced either in this country or in Denmark. 
 He is thoroughly American in all his views, 
 and endeavors to make his compositions in- 
 dicate that independence. 
 
 The firm of K. Katz & So.xs, Clothiers 
 and Merchant Tailors, is composed of 
 Kaufmann Katz, Meier Katz and Zadok 
 Katz. Kaufmann Katz, the senior member, 
 was born in Bavaria in 1824. After a 
 meagre early education in his native place, 
 he came to .America in 1850: was engaged 
 as a clerk in Xew York and Baltimore, and 
 in 1857 went into the clothing business on 
 his own account at Port Deposit, Md., 
 where he remained until 1880, at which time 
 he came to Baltimore and established the 
 firm of K. Katz & Co., at the present place 
 of business, 309 E. Baltimore street, .\fter 
 successfully conducting the business until 
 1887, the firm of Katz & Sackerman wa.^ 
 founded, which firm ceased to exist in iSo". 
 after ten years of unvarying prosperitv, giv- 
 ing i)lace to the present tirm. 
 
 May I, 1857, he was married to .Miss 
 Henrietta Tannel)auni, of Bavaria. .As a 
 result of this union nine children were born. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Moses, who is engag-ed in the dry goods 
 and clothing business at Kissimee, Florida; 
 Esther, wife of L. M. Sackerman, dealer in 
 furnishing goods on N. Gay street, Balti- 
 more; Meier, member of the present firm; 
 Zadok, member of the present firm; Re- 
 becca, unmamed; Carrie, wife of A. J. 
 Weinberg, one of the proprietors of the 
 Baltimore Bargain House; Katie and 
 Sophie, unmarried; Abraham, clerk in the 
 Baltimore Bargain House. During his 
 residence at Port Deposit, Mr. Katz was 
 Coroner of Cecil county for several terms. 
 He is a Mason of the Tliirty-second de- 
 gree; supreme treasurer of the Independent 
 Order of B'nai B'rith ; treasurer of the Oheb 
 bhalom Congregation (Eutaw Place and 
 Lanvale street), and is a member of various 
 other orders. Mr. Katz is a Reformed He- 
 brew. 
 
 JNIeier Katz, of K. Katz & Sons, was born 
 in 1863 in Port Deposit, Md. Received his 
 early education at the public schools of 
 Port Deposit and Baltimore. He began his 
 business career as clerk for his father, con- 
 tinuing in that capacity until he entered 
 the present firm in 1897. In 1889 he mar- 
 ried Miss Sophie Van Leer, daughter of 
 the late Solomon Van Leer (and Hannah 
 Harsh) member of the firm of Henry Son- 
 neborn & Co. Three children have been 
 born to them: Z. Morton, Hilda and Esther. 
 Air. Katz is a member of the Royal Arca- 
 num and other beneficial orders. 
 
 Zadok Katz was born at Port Deposit in 
 1865. He received his early education in 
 the public schools of Port Deposit and Bal- 
 timore. After leaving school he went to 
 New York, where for two years he learned 
 the trade 01 cutter. When lie had com- 
 pleted his coiu-se in that business he en- 
 
 gaged with his father, and although at pres- 
 ent a member of the fimi, still retains his 
 position as cirtter. In 1897 he married Miss 
 Florence Shakman, daughter of Morris 
 Shakman (and Mary Pleller Shakman, of 
 Woodstock, Va.,) wholesale druggist. He 
 is a member of the Royal Arcanum and 
 other orders. 
 
 The firm by its upright and honorable 
 dealings has made for itself an enviable 
 reputation among the business houses of 
 this city. 
 
 RiiV. George W. Miller, D. D., pastor 
 of Grace M. E. Church of Baltimore, was 
 bom near Gefttysburg, Pa., April 11, 1845. 
 His early history reads almost like a ro- 
 mance. From his very childhood he was 
 the subject of divine impressions and per- 
 suasions, especially in regard to the minis- 
 try. His studies and readings were carried 
 forward with sole reference to this work. 
 Before he was seventeen years of age, the 
 flood of patriotism, then sweeping like a 
 tidal wave over the country, caught him 
 and carried him into the army for the 
 preservation of the Union. In May, 1864, 
 he was frightfully wounded in the battle of 
 the Wilderness; for twenty-four hours he 
 remained on the battlefield; the surgeon 
 who examined the wound pronounced it fa- 
 tal, but he did not allow himself to despair 
 of recovery. His faith found vent in these 
 memorable words to Mr. Wbitney, a dele- 
 gate of the Christian Commission: "I feel 
 that God has a work for me to do; I be- 
 lieve that m.an is immortal till his work is 
 done." For fifteen months he lay in the 
 hospital in Philadelphia. During this per- 
 iod certain "elect ladies" of that city found 
 him, and learning his tastes and inirposes, 
 
756 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 took turn, in reading theology to him, so 
 that at the close of that period (and he went 
 forth with an unhealed wound), he had 
 traversed nearly the whole field of Biblical 
 learning. He begun his ministry in the 
 East Baltimore Conference in the spring of 
 1866. His ministry, thus began in obedi- 
 ence to early impressions and persuasions, 
 rather than to force of external influences, 
 gave early promise of unusual success. 
 Under the stimulus of reading and the op- 
 portunity to preach, his brilhanit mind ma- 
 tured rapidly, and he was soon recognized 
 throughout the conference as a young man 
 of rare powers. His reputation as a deep 
 thinker and finished speaker sooii spread 
 beyond the bounds of his own conference. 
 After having spent thirteen years in his 
 home conference he yielded to earnest so- 
 licitations and was transferred to the Wil- 
 mington Conference, to serve at Grace M. 
 E. Church in the city of Wilmington, Del. 
 At the close of his time here he was trans- 
 ferred to the Philadelphia Conference to 
 take charge of Spring Garden M. E. Church 
 in that city, after which he served Grace 
 Church, Brooklyn and Independence aven- 
 ues, Kansas City. These churches rank 
 among the very strongest and most mflu- 
 ential in American ^Methodism. The fact 
 that he served them all with remarkable 
 acceptability and conspicuous efficiency, is 
 the highest cnmmendation that can be 
 awarded. At the close of his term of pas- 
 toral service in Kansas City, he was trans- 
 ferred by special request to the New York 
 Conference, to take charge of St. Andrew's 
 where his pastoral labors began in October, 
 1892. Meanwhile, Dickinson College, Car- 
 lisle, Pa., recognized his a1)ililv bv con- 
 ferring on him the degree of ,\. Af. and I 
 
 D. D. As a preacher. Doctor Miller is 
 thoroughly evangelical in doctrine, analy- 
 tical, illustrative and pictorial. His manner 
 in the pulpit is full of energy and fervor. 
 He has won wide fame for his sermons at 
 Ocean Grove during ten or twelve succes- 
 sive seasons, and on other campmeeting 
 grounds. The Ocean Grove Record of 
 x\ugust 25, 1894, says: "His name has 
 now for a full decade been connected with 
 the greatest pulpit celebrities on the 
 American Continent. The first sermon he 
 ever preached at Ocean Grove put him 
 where he never could surpass it; but he 
 has come back at our urgent call nearly 
 every year since, and each sermon, accord- 
 ing to our best standards of authority, has 
 exceeded the former." 
 
 As a pastor he is systematic, faithful and 
 abundant in labors. As a lecturer and plat- 
 form speaker he is graphic, effective, and 
 at times carries all before him. At Chan- 
 taucjua and at the anniversary of the Sun- 
 day-School Union at St. Paul, Minn., in 
 1884, on the JMountain Lake Park .Assem- 
 bly platform and many other rostrums, he 
 has sliown himself a brilliant, powerful and 
 captivating orator. His lectures on "Mar- 
 tin Luther," "Pluck," "Eyes; or, the Art of 
 Seeing," "Our Country and Some of Its 
 Problems," etc., have won the highest com- 
 mendation for their thought, diction and 
 delivery. 
 
 The Christian .hhvcatc, si)caking of 
 notable addresses before the conference 
 anniversaries, sa}'s: "Doctor oMiller ad- 
 dressed the New Jersey Conference on 
 "Churcli Extension," the New York East on 
 'Temperance," and the Newark on "Educa- 
 tion," and on all these three dissimilar topics 
 was equally and remarkably successful. 
 
HISTORY OF EALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Thoroughness and warmth are his marked 
 characteristics, and show themselves with- 
 out any effort. He does not leave a single 
 l:)ranch of his subject or work unattended, 
 and his sermons and addresses and lectures 
 make an impression of wide and accurate 
 reading, high intelligence and thorough- 
 going blood earnestness." 
 
 Dr. James BillingslEa, Physician and 
 Surgeon, Baltimore, Md. This gentleman 
 was born in Harford county, Md., January 
 21. 1858. His parents were also natives of 
 Harford county, and were descendants of 
 the early settlers of ^Maryland and O'f Eng- 
 lish origin. His father was an enterprising 
 and successful business man and succeeded 
 in accumulating a handsome fortune. The 
 gentleman whose name heads this sketch 
 received the rudiments of his education in 
 the public schools of his native county. He 
 subsecjuently attended the Baltimore City 
 College, also St. John's College, Annapo- 
 lis, Md. He chose medicine and surgery as 
 his profession, and entered the University 
 of ^Maryland, took the regular course and 
 was graduated from that institution with 
 the degree of M.D.in 1878. and immediately 
 thereafter opened an ofifice and commenced 
 the practice of medicine in Baltimore. He 
 has met with success in his profession. He 
 is a Democrat in politics; served the city 
 of Baltimore as coroner from 1892 to 1896. 
 He is medical examiner for the Royal Ar- 
 canum and the Loyal Additional Benefit 
 Association, and is Regent of the Baltimore 
 City Council of the Royal .\rcanum, and 
 Past Counsellor of Columbian Council of 
 the Loyal Additional Society. Doctor 
 Billingslea was united in marriage with the 
 daughter of Edward J. and Mary Snow; her 
 
 parents were residents of Baltimore and of 
 English origin. Doctor Billingslea and 
 wife are members of the Broadway Metho- 
 dist Church, Baltimore, in which church 
 they were married November 16, 1880. 
 They have one child, born March 29, 1S84. 
 
 Rev. Royal H. Pullman. A. M., D. D. 
 This gentleman was born in Auburn, X. Y., 
 June 30, 1826. He enjoyed good educa- 
 tional advantages; was a most diligent and 
 pains-taking student, graduating wth the 
 class of 1844 from the Portland High 
 School, and later receiving the degree of 
 Master of Arts from Lombard L^niversity, 
 Galesburg, 111. The same university con- 
 ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of 
 Divinity in 1894. 
 
 His parents, who were devout members 
 of the Universalist Church, early conse- 
 crated him in their hearts to the Christian 
 ministry of that church. He pursued his 
 theological studies under the private in- 
 struction of Rev. George W. Montgomery, 
 D. D., of Rochester, N. Y., there being at 
 that time no theological school in the de- 
 nomination to which he belonged. In 1853 
 he entered the home missionary field with 
 great zeal, preparatory to receiving full 
 ministerial orders. The service of ordina- 
 tion was held in the Clarendon Universalist 
 Church, June, 1854. Immediately thereafter 
 he was given in charge of an extensive field 
 for missionary work in the western part of 
 his native State. He entered upon his du- 
 ties with an enthusiasm of love which no 
 hardship could chill, and with such courage 
 and Christian faith as gave him the most 
 flattering success. To him Universalism 
 was more than a simple denial of theological 
 errors — more than a mere protest against 
 an endless hell : it was an affirmation of 
 
758 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Christian ethics, and of the great doctrines 
 of the fatherhood of God and the brother- 
 hood of all mankind. He understood sal- 
 vation to be not an escape from the right- 
 eous retribution of sin, but Christian charac- 
 ter built after the divine ideal of manhood 
 in the life of the Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
 The religious fervor of Mr. Pullman's 
 preaching soon gathered a large congrega- 
 tion at Olcott, N. Y., the central station of 
 his missionary work — where he secured the 
 erection of a substantial house of worship. 
 From Olcott he was called to Fulton in the 
 same State. Here, also, after a few years, 
 he erected a new church edifice, the new 
 building far exceeding in cost and beauty 
 the old one which it displaced. In 1867 he 
 accepted a call to Peoria, 111., where, in the 
 succeeding year, he dedicated the most 
 compiodious and beautiful church in that 
 growing city. In 1872 he was elected to 
 the office of general secretary of the Uni- 
 versalist General Convention. This posi- 
 tion gave him charge of all the general mis- 
 sionary work of the convention. This is 
 the highest official position in the Univer- 
 salist denomination. He was re-elected 
 each \ear for four years, prosecuted his 
 work with tireless energy, and won the most 
 gratifying success. Resolutions of the 
 Board of Trustees of the General Conven- 
 tion bear this testimony and express the 
 profoundest regret that overwork compell- 
 ed the resignation of an officer who was so 
 efficient in the tield of high responsibility. 
 Though .Mr. Pullman had taken a brief rest 
 in a trip to F.urojic in the summer of 1875, 
 he felt on his return that he had not the 
 strength to continue the work in a way sat- 
 isfactory to himself, and that he nuist seek 
 further rest. 
 
 Doctor Pullman was called to the pastor- 
 al charge of the Second Universalist Church 
 in this city, and entered upon his work in 
 May, 1877. From the first he impressed 
 himself upon the public as an earnest and 
 devoted Christian, independent in thought, 
 bold in speech, and tireless in zeal for the 
 up-building of the Redeemer's Kingdom. 
 His eloquence attracted large audiences, es- 
 pecially in his Sunday evening lectures on 
 popular themes. His expository sermons 
 were listened to with great interest, and his 
 presentation of the distinguishing doctrines 
 of his church was plain, simple and con- 
 vincing. His controversial sermons were 
 models of the debater's skill. His contro- 
 versy with the Rev. Dr. Cox, of the South- 
 ern M. E. Church, in 1882, and published in 
 the Baltimore American, on the orthodox 
 dogma of hell, created great interest. The 
 lamented death of Doctor Cox cut short a 
 discussion that had promise of the most gra- 
 cious results. But, however great Doctor 
 Pullman's skill as a controversialist, and 
 however strong in his doctrinal preaching, 
 his real power is evidenced in the later years 
 of his ministry in his masterly handling of 
 practical Christian themes. His power to 
 stir the conscience and move the heart is 
 marked. The helpfulness of his preaching 
 in the work of character-building may be 
 said to be the chief characteristic of his min- 
 istry in Baltimore. 
 
 The church edifice on East Baltimore 
 street, occupied by Doctor Pullman during 
 the early years of his pastorate, was sold in 
 1886, and luider the inspiration of his ef- 
 forts a very attractive and beautiful church 
 edifice was erected on Guilford avenue and 
 Lanvale street, and dedicated in 1888. In 
 1887 Doctor Pullman founded the Young 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 People's Guild, a strong organization of the 
 young men and women of his church. The 
 Christian Endeavor department of the 
 Guild established a monthly magazine for 
 the furtherance of mission work. Of this 
 magazine Doctor Pullman has editorial 
 charge. It is popular in the city and its cir- 
 culation is not inconsiderable outside of the 
 city. In 1890 "All Souls Mission" was 
 founded as an outgrowth of the church, and 
 was so prosperous that a site was secured 
 and a neat and convenient chapel was erect- 
 ed in 1892 on Hopkins avenue. Doctor 
 Pullman preached the dedicatory sermon. 
 The occasion was one of great interest and 
 was a celebration of victory — the victory of 
 faith which began the work and sustained 
 it, fulfilling all the promise of God. It was 
 accepted as an evidence of the missionary 
 spirit of the church. 
 
 In the winter of 1891, Doctor Pullman 
 made a strong movement in the interests of 
 Christian unity, by arranging for a series of 
 sermons to be preached in his church by rep- 
 resentative clergymen of the leading de- 
 nominations in the city. Each clergyman 
 was asked to give a brief resume of the his- 
 tory of his church, and to present its dis- 
 tinguishing doctrines. The following 
 clergymen responded to the courteous invi- 
 tation : 
 
 Rev. Dr. Evans, of St. Paul's English Lu- 
 theran. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Clever, of the Reformed Church. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Rowland, of the Franklin 
 Square Baptist Church. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Van Meter, Dean of the Wo- 
 man's College, Methodist. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Marshall, of the Christian 
 Church. 
 
 Rev. Dr. J. Addison Smith, of the Pres- 
 byterian Church. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Lawrence, of the Congregation- 
 alist Church. 
 
 Rev. Thomas .-\. King, of the New Jeru- 
 salem Church. 
 
 These sermons were all of a high order 
 and were pervaded with the Christian spirit. 
 Large congregations attended: the press of 
 the city spoke in the highest terms of this 
 practical effort to bring the church closer 
 in the fellowship of the Spirit. Doctor Pull- 
 man preached the concluding sermon of the 
 series; this was published as a tract and 
 widely circulated. 
 
 The demands upon the time and strength 
 of the now venerable pastor were so heavy 
 that he secured Rev. U. S. Milburn as as- 
 sistant, who, the year following, was suc- 
 ceeded by Rev. C. P. Hall. Doctor Pullman 
 has not confined himself to the work of 
 his church alone, but has always answered 
 calls for help in other fields of usefulness. 
 He has lectured in nearly every part of the 
 city on temperance and other reforms. He 
 always responds to patriotic calls on the 
 Fourth of July, Decoration Day, and other 
 occasions of great public interest. In 1850 
 he accepted the nomination for Congress 
 from the Republican Convention of the 
 Third Congressional District of Maryland. 
 In his speech accepting the nomination he 
 said: "The better the Christian, the better 
 the patriot: even the Christian minister 
 should take a working interest in politics. 
 I put my religion in harness and shall enter 
 the campaign to do all I can to lift politics 
 out of its degradation, by urging honest 
 methods and high patriotic motives." Dur- 
 ing the campaign he was constantly in the 
 
roo 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 field. He was defeated, as he expected, but 
 gained everything he aimed to accompHsh. 
 Both Democratic and RepubUcan papers 
 commended his noble efforts to raise the 
 standard of politics to a higher moral plane. 
 "Citizens can be, should be, must be, as 
 honest in politics as in anything else" was 
 his constant plea. "American sovereigns 
 should be kingly in every true sense of that 
 word. "Government of the people, for the 
 people and by the people" are words of the 
 martyred Lincoln that go to the heart of 
 the matter." Doctor Pullman refers to his 
 experiences in his campaign as among the 
 most interesting of his life. He gained 
 knowledge of human nature which added 
 greatly to his pulpit efficiency. He could 
 take betcer aim and hit the mark when deal- 
 ing- with much of human weakness. He 
 may be considered as one of the most pub- 
 lic-spirited of the Baltimore clergy. He is 
 a member of the Reform League; of the 
 Good Gi.ivernnient Club; of the Union for 
 Public Good. He is a member of the Mary- 
 land State Temperance League, and of the 
 Maryland Academy of Science. He is a 
 Master ]\Lison, a Royal Arch ALison and 
 Knight Templar. 
 
 He married }iliss Harriet J. Barm .\pril 3, 
 1845. On April 3, 1895, the happy couple 
 celebrated their golden wedding. Tlie filial 
 reverence and love in which the congrega- 
 tion held their venerable pastor and his 
 faitiiful wife, moved them to unite with the 
 family in ceiel;rating the golden event. 
 Early in the day Mr. George M. Pullman, 
 brother of the bridegroom, arrived with his 
 private car filled with relatives from the 
 East, West and North. These, with the son 
 and (laughter, made up the happy family 
 part\ at the residence of the distinguished 
 
 couple on Guilford avenue. In the evening 
 a reception was given to the committee rep- 
 resenting the seven organizations of the 
 parish. Resolutions were presented and fe- 
 licitous speeches were made by the members 
 of the several committees, all of which were 
 responded to with sentiments of high appre- 
 ciation by the pastor. Rev. Dr. James M. 
 Pullman said, as he had said at the silver 
 wedding, ""The fidelities of the past on your 
 wedded life are accepted on this golden 
 wedding as the pledge of your future faith- 
 fulness. God bless and keep you." This 
 simple service concluded, the golden circlet 
 was gallantly placed upon the finger of the 
 bride by the bridegroom. Later the wed- 
 ding party entered the church, which was 
 crowded by a rejoicing assemblage in 
 which were recognized many of the leading 
 citizens of Baltimore. Rev. Dr. Charles 
 Eaton, of New York, offered prayer. Rev. 
 Dr. James M. Pullman made an eloquent 
 address, which was responded to by the pas- 
 tor in behalf of his bride and himself. The 
 Deems Quartette sang tastefully selected 
 numbers, after which an elegant collation 
 was served by the ladies in the social rooms 
 of the church. Fifty years of happy wedded 
 life are eloquent witnesses in behalf of such 
 manly and womanly virtues, without which 
 the golden wedding is impossible. 
 
 At the conclusion of a pastorate of twenty 
 years, .Vpril 30, 1897, Doctor Pullman, fcel- 
 ingthat hecould no longerbear the .strain of 
 continued service, tendered his resignation, 
 which, after many delays and many confer- 
 ences, was accepted with profound regret 
 by the parish. He was made Pastor Emeri- 
 tus by unanimous vote, accompanied with 
 the resolutions expressing the highest ap- 
 preciation of his faithful and successful ser- 
 

 irrtlL^ 
 
 c^ ^/uyi^V^^l^^, JA.S). 
 
HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, AIARYLAND. 
 
 761 
 
 vice. He retired from his work covered 
 with honors, revered and loved, not only by 
 his congregation, but by great numbers of 
 people who have been blessed and helped 
 through his faithful ministrations through- 
 out the city. 
 
 He will continue to reside in Baltimore, 
 believing, as he says, this city to be "the 
 most healthful and delightful in the coun- 
 try: intelligent, refined and progressive." 
 He will devote himself to public interests as 
 he has strength, and do such things as he 
 can for the public good. 
 
 Moses Rothschild, President of the Im- 
 mediate Benefit Life Insurance Company, 
 was born July 17, 1863, near Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main, Germany. He is a son of Z. and 
 A'iolet (Nusbam) Rothschild, of German an- 
 cestry. Moses is the youngest of ten chil- 
 dren, nine of whom are still living. Six are 
 in the United States and three are in Ger- 
 many. Solomon Rothschild is in charge 
 of the Raleigh branch of the I. B. A. 
 
 His early education was obtained in the 
 public schools of Gennany, graduating 
 therein. He came to this country at the 
 age of eighteen and engaged in mercantile 
 pursuits in Richmond and other points 
 South. In January, 1889, he came to Balti- 
 more and engaged in industrial insurance 
 with Mr. F. S. Strawbridge. Started as a 
 solicitor and was finally promoted to be as- 
 sistant superintendent, etc., remaining in his 
 employ for about a year and a half, when he 
 became one of the incorporators of the Im- 
 mediate Benefit Insurance Company, being 
 made its secretary and later president. 
 
 He was married on April 4. 1894, to Miss 
 Miriam Moses, daughter of Bernard Moses. 
 
 a prominent clothing manufacturer of Bal- 
 timore; they have one child, Hilda AI., born 
 March 9, 1895. 
 
 Immediate Benefit Life Insurance Com- 
 pany was incorporated June 5, 1890, by 
 Adelbert G. Botts, Wm. A. Casler, Moses 
 Rothschild, Dr. Edward E. Macenzie and 
 Thomas Macenzie. It is conducted on the 
 principle of co-operative insurance, weekly 
 premium plan, paying sick, accident and 
 death benefits. This is the only institution 
 paying full benefits within twenty-four 
 hours. It has grown rapidly in public favor 
 and in consequence enjoys a remarkable 
 prosperity. Its first board of officers was 
 composed of Adelbert G. Botts, president; 
 Wm. A. Casler, vice-president; M. Roths- 
 child, secretary; Doctor Macenzie, medical 
 director. Thomas Macenzie was general 
 counsel until March i, 1895. Adelbert G. 
 Botts and Mr. Wm. A. Casler retired as 
 president and vice-president respectively, 
 their places being filled by Mr. Moses Roths- 
 child as president, and Doctor Macenzie 
 assuming the office of secretary in addition 
 to that of medical director. Mr. Charles 
 F. Diehl was appointed to the position of 
 assistant secretary and general manager. 
 Owing to its progressive career, due to care- 
 ful management, the attention of man\- 
 firms was attracted to it and on January 12. 
 1897, it was re-incorporated as a stock com- 
 pany, with capital stock of $15,000 by Mr. 
 Rothschild, Thomas and Edward Macenzie, 
 Solomon Rothschild and Marx H. Iseman, 
 the two last-named gentlemen being resi- 
 dents of Virginia. The field of operations 
 has extended to the District of Columbia 
 and North Carolina, and will open up the 
 Southern States as rapidly as possible. 
 
762 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 CiiARLLS F. DiEHL, Assistant Secretary 
 Immediate Benefit Life Insurance Com- 
 pany, was born in Baltimore, Md., .\pril 2, 
 1S74. He is a son of Charles H. and Annie 
 Diehl. He was educated in public schools 
 of Baltimore, and afterwards completed a 
 business course at Bryant & Stratton's Col- 
 lege. At the age of fifteen he entered the 
 employ of the Old Maryland Steamlioat 
 Company as clerk, and afterwards was as- 
 sitant purser of the steamer Avalon, ply- 
 ing between Baltimore and points in Vir- 
 ginia. This position he resigned after two 
 years to accept a position as clerk with the 
 Immediate Benefit, and by industry and in- 
 tegrity won the confidence of the officers 
 of the company and has been rapidly ad- 
 vanced to important positions. 
 
 Dr. Oliver F. Gregory was born in 
 Charleston, S. C, March 7, 1844. He was 
 baptized in the First Baptist Church of 
 that city May 9, 1858, and was ordained in 
 the same church January 15, 1871. He was 
 educated in the city of Charleston and was 
 a member of the first company (Charleston 
 Zouave Cadets) enlisted in the service of 
 the Commomvealth of South Carolina, 
 December 20, i860; he was present at the 
 firing on the Star of the West and the 
 bombardment of Fort Sumter. He served 
 in Company H, Hampton Legion. South 
 Carolina \'olunteers, Army of Northern 
 A'irginia, from May, 1861, to the close of 
 the war. He was wounded and captured 
 in the charge on Fort Saunders at Knox- 
 ville. Tenn., Decemlu'r 5, 1863. He was a 
 prisoner of war at Rock Island, 111., until 
 March 7, 1865. 
 
 Doctor Gregory removed to Charleston 
 in the tall of 1860, and was associated with 
 
 the IVorking Christian, a prominent Baptist 
 journal of South Carolina, as one of its edi- 
 tors, while completing his theological 
 course. He was licensed to preach Octo- 
 ber 10, 1870, by the First Baptist Church 
 of Charleston, S. C, and ordained at the 
 call of the same church Januai^y 15, 1871. 
 
 His first pastorate was Mt. Pleasant 
 Church, near Charleston, 1871 to 1876. 
 During these years he did much evangelis- 
 tic work in South Carolina and had charge 
 part of his time of churches in Williams- 
 burg county, S. C. He became pastor of 
 the First Church, Eufaula, Ala., April i, 
 1877; Tuscaloosa, Ala., February, 1879, 
 and returned to^ South Carolina as pastor 
 at Cheraw and Florence in 1880 to 1882. 
 He was pastor at Charlotte, N. C, from 
 1882 to February 18, 1885. He was pastor 
 at Valence Street Church, Xew Orleans, 
 from February to September, 1885, when he 
 accepted a call to High Street Church, Bal- 
 timore (now Fourth Church), where he still 
 remains. For the past eleven years he has 
 been the secretary of State Missions in 
 ^Maryland, and has occupied many leading 
 poisitions in the denomination. He is 
 senior pastor in continuous service with 
 one church in Alaryland. He has been in- 
 strumental in building seven meeting 
 houses. He was elected one of the secre- 
 taries of the Southern Baptist Convention 
 in 1877, again in 1880, and from 1882 to 
 the present time has continued to be re- 
 elected, in company with his colleague, 
 Dr. Lansing Burrows, of Georgia. 
 
 Doctor Gregory is also one of the trus- 
 tees of the Maryland Baptist Home for 
 Colored Children; a director of the \'ine- 
 yard Association, Cottage City, Mass. Was 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the first president of the Maryland Chris- 
 tian Endeavor Union. 
 
 Doctor Gregory is a son of the late Fer- 
 dinand M. and Sarah A. (Brown-Fuller) 
 Gregory, both of English descent, the for- 
 mer a native of Bridgeport, Conn., the lat- 
 ter of Charleston, South Carolina. Ferdi- 
 nand j\l. Gregory was for many years in the 
 clothing business in Charleston, having lo- 
 cated in that place about 1840. 
 
 Doctor Gregory's early education was 
 obtained in the high school of Cha-rleston, 
 being there prepared for a thorough classi- 
 cal course. When the war broke out the 
 entire class, with the exception of one, en- 
 listed in the service of the Commonwealth 
 of South Carolina. Within an hour after 
 the State had seceded, the Charleston 
 Zouave Cadets were mustered in,. Decem- 
 ber 20, i860, and January i, 1861, went on 
 duty at Morris Island; after the siege of 
 Fort Sumter, entered into the Confederacy, 
 helped to build batteries, etc. At the close 
 cif the war he was employed on the daily 
 papers of Augusta. At this time he studied 
 at night with a view of entering the minis- 
 try under the direction of Rev. E. T. Wink- 
 ler, who was his pastor for twenty-two 
 years. During the time he was one of the 
 superintendents of Green Street Baptist 
 Sunday-school of Augusta, having in 
 charge, when he was tweuty-one, 400 chil- 
 dren. 
 
 ?Jarch 6, 1866, was niarried to Miss Ke- 
 ziah A. Hobson, a daughter of John and 
 Margaret Lawrence (Smith-Lee) Hobson. 
 One child of this union, Oliver P. Gregory, 
 was born in Augusta, November 10, 1867; 
 was married to Miss Anna Belle Bowling, 
 of Baltimore, in 1888, and died February 
 I, 1897. His wife and three children sur- 
 
 vive, Lee Fuller, Edwin R. and Ruth An- 
 nabel. 
 
 Rev. E. W. Wroth, Pastor of JMemorial 
 Church of All Saints, 1844 W. Baltimore 
 street. This gentleman was born October 
 8, 185 1, in Kent county, Md. He is the son 
 of Dr. Thomas G. and Mary E. (Wrotli) 
 Wroth. He attended public schools of his 
 native county until he readied the age of 
 nineteen when he began his preparatory 
 studies for the ministry at the Theological 
 Seminary of Virginia. On June 25, 1875, 
 he was ordained deacon, after which he 
 was stationed in Virginia. He then came 
 to the Diocese of Maryland, and was made 
 pastor of St. John's Church, Upper Falls, 
 Baltimore county, wliere he remained one 
 and a half years. He then went to Dar- 
 lington, Harford county, Md., as rector of 
 Deer Creek Parish, where he remained for 
 eleven years. He then became pastor of 
 Memorial Church of All Saints, Baltimore 
 City, May i, 1892, since when he has re- 
 mained in charge of this congregation. 
 
 On Mav 30, 1882, he was married to 
 Margaret Gilpen Price, daug'hter of Judge 
 John H. and Mary R. (Parker) Price, of 
 Harford county, Md. To them have been 
 born the following children: John, Edward 
 Pinkney, Mary Parker, Margaret Price, all 
 of whom Hve at home. 
 
 In politics Mr. Wroth is a staunch 
 Democrat. 
 
 The father of our subject was a native 
 of Kent county, Md., where he obtained 
 his early education in the common schools. 
 Was graduated from the Maryland School 
 of Medicine, Baltimore, and practiced his 
 chosen profession until '68 or '69. He then 
 located in Baltimore and engaged in the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 mercantile business; he died here in June, 
 iS88, aged about 74 years. He was a 
 Democrat, and a member of the Episcopal 
 Church. His wife died in Baltimore at the 
 age oi 66 years. Their children are Mar- 
 tha Page; Peregrine, rector of Church of 
 Messiah, Baltimore; Edward W., the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, and Mary Eugenia L. 
 
 Peregrine Wroth, maternal grandfather 
 of Rev. E. W. Wroth, was a native of Kent 
 county. Aid. He practiced medicine in 
 Chestertown, Md., for many years, and at 
 one time was professor at Washington Col- 
 lege, and succeeded Ezekiel F. Chambers as 
 president of the Board of Msitors. He was 
 married four times. His first wife was Miss 
 Page, by whom he had nine children: by 
 his sec.ond wife he had six children; his 
 third and fourth wives had no issue. The 
 Wroths originally came from England, 
 emigrating to America at an early day. 
 
 Judge John H. Price, father of Mrs. E. 
 W. Wroth, was a native of Harford county, 
 Md. He studied law in Baltimore, was Cir- 
 cuit Judge when Cecil, Harford and Balti- 
 more counties were one; tried Cooper and 
 Corry, two noted murderers, and was on 
 the Bench when lawdessness and rowdyism 
 reigned supreme, and did much to suppress 
 both. He resided near Darlington, where 
 he owned a magnificent residence. On one 
 occasion, when stepping from his buggy, 
 he was approached l_iy a man, who said, 
 "Judge, 1 \oted for you." "Xot another 
 word," said the Judge, "or I will turn you 
 over to the sherifif." He knew the man was 
 trying to influence his decision in a certain 
 case. Tie never allowed the law to be tam- 
 pered with. He died at his home near 
 Darlington in 1892, aged 84 years. 
 
 His wife still resiiles at the old place at 
 
 the age of 75 years. They had the follow- 
 ing children: John Henry, Ann (Mrs. John 
 C. Killingsworth), St. Louis, ]Mo.; David 
 E., farmer and packer of Harford county. 
 Md.; William W., resides on the old home- 
 stead; I\Irs. E. W. Wroth, and Isabelle. who 
 resides at home. 
 
 The Price family originally came from 
 Wales, E'ngland, tlie name being spelled 
 Apprice. 
 
 Mr. William Heinekamp, Piano Manu- 
 facturer, was born in 1826 in Westphalen, 
 Prussia. He received his first instruction 
 at home under his father who w-as a man of 
 scholarly attainments, and a teacher by oc- 
 cupation. Afterwards our subject attended 
 the schools of his native place until the age 
 of fourteen, when he went to learn the trade 
 of cabinet making. Later he took up piano 
 making at which he continued in his native 
 place until the age of twenty. At twenty- 
 three, in the spring of 1848. he embarked for 
 America, taking passage in the staunch sail- 
 ing vessel "Albert," and after a passage of 
 nine weeks landed in Baltimore with but a 
 few dollars in his pocket. He inmiediately 
 set out in search of employment, which upon 
 the fifth day after his arrival he secured in a 
 piano manufactory on Hanover street. He 
 remained with this firm until 1861 and then 
 embarked in the business for himself in a 
 small building on Fayette street. His busi- 
 ness prospered and in 1863 was forced to 
 seek more commodious cjuarters. Four 
 years later he built a factory five stories high 
 on the corner of St. Peter and Barre streets. 
 For seven years he was located on Euiaw 
 street opposite the Eutaw House and from 
 there removed to East Baltimore street, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 765 
 
 second door from Charles. In 1896 he 
 moved to his present warerooms. 
 
 He is a staunch Democrat and an active 
 member of St. Martin's CathoHc Churcli; 
 he is energetic, industrious, kind and affable. 
 
 Mr. Heinekamp has been twice married: 
 First in 1852 to Mary Marischen, by Rev. 
 Father Rowland, of St. Alphonsus Church. 
 She was a native of Westphalen Province, 
 Germany, and landed in this country when 
 a young girl. She died in 1881. To this 
 marriage were born the following children: 
 
 Elizabeth, married Frederick Walter, a 
 native of Germany, residing in Staunton, 
 Va.; they have nine children. 
 
 'SloWy (Mrs. John Waldeck, Baltimore). 
 
 William, Jr., married Miss Laura Riddle- 
 moser and resides in Baltimore. 
 
 Annie (Airs. J. J. ^Murphy), resides in 
 Staunton, \'a. 
 
 Charles, married Miss Cowper and re- 
 sides in New York City. 
 
 Katie (Mrs. William A. Carroll), resides 
 in Baltimore. 
 
 ;\Ir. Heinekamp remarried one year later 
 Aliss Mary ilarischen, a native of Germany, 
 and a niece of his first wife. To this mar- 
 riage have been born three children, all of 
 whom are at home, viz: ]\Iary, aged four- 
 teen, Francis eleven and Rudolph six. 
 
 John Heinekamp, father of our subject, 
 was born in Westphalen Province, Prussia, 
 where he received a fine education and took 
 up the profession of school teaching, in 
 which he was engaged nearly all his life. 
 He married Katerina Kloth. Both died in 
 Westphalen. They had five children as fol- 
 lows: William, our subject; John A., piano 
 manufacturer in Baltimore, came to Amer- 
 ica in 1S63: Conrad .A., piano manufacturer 
 
 in Baltimore: iNIary, who resides in West- 
 phalen, and Minna, who also lives there. 
 
 John FI. Heinekamp, grandfather of the 
 subject of this sketch, was a native of West- 
 phalen and a teacher by occupation. He 
 had four sons, all of whom were teachers, 
 and also two daughters. Their names were 
 as follows: John H., Conrad, Anton, Ferdi- 
 nand, Mary and Elizabeth. 
 
 For two hundred years the majority of 
 the male members of this family have 
 followed the occupation of teaching. 
 
 Rev. F. H. HavenxER. Pastor of East 
 Baltimore Station M. E. Church. 
 
 This gentleman was born June 25, 1S52, 
 in Washington, D. C. He is a son of 
 Thomas H. and Mary Cornelia (Wilson) 
 Havenner. Mr. Havenner passed his youth 
 in Washington, receiving his preparatory 
 education at Columbian University, Wash- 
 ington, D. C, and afterwards entered upon 
 his collegiate course at the same college. 
 He received the degree of B. A. in 1871 and 
 of M. A. in 1873. He was admitted to the 
 Baltimore Conference in the fall of 1872 
 and was placed in charge of congregations 
 near Hagerstown, Md., for a few months, 
 and was then removed to Frederick county, 
 Md., for one year, and then one year in 
 Prince George's county in the vicinitv of 
 Washington. He was pastor of a church in 
 Washington in 1891. In JNIarch, 1894, he 
 assumed charge of his present congregation. 
 
 November 11, 1879, '^^ married Aliss 
 Mary Roberts, of Baltimore county, daugh- 
 ter of Lewis J. and Anne Cornelius, the lat- 
 ter of Baltimore City, the former of same 
 county. Their children are Frank R., Anna 
 Cornelias, and Rev. F. H. Havenner, the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 subject of this sketch. He is an independent 
 voter, formerly a Democrat. 
 
 His father was born in Washington, D. 
 C, where he received his early education 
 in private schools. He was a man of su- 
 perior attainments, finely educated in Latin 
 and Greek. He became a member of the 
 Cracker Manufactory which liis father had 
 established many years before. He married 
 Miss Mary Cornelia Wilson, and died in 
 1870. He was a member of the Metropol- 
 itan M. E. Church at Washington, and was 
 trustee and steward of same for many years. 
 He was highly esteemed among the best 
 citizens of Washington, a modest, unassum- 
 ing man, possessing determination and 
 firmness of character. He was a Union 
 Democrat and had received excellent testi- 
 monials from the Government for services 
 rendered the Union soldiers and commis- 
 sary department. He inspected most of the 
 flour sent out by the Government and was 
 ofifered large bribes by different firms to ac- 
 cept their goods, but lie always repelled 
 such overtures. 
 
 Since the death of his wife, his mother 
 and sister Cornelia have resided with Mr. 
 Havenner. The other children of his father 
 and mother were Nerval, died at seventeen; 
 Harry, died in early manhood; the subject 
 of this sketch: Walter R., who went West 
 and was employed on the Denver and Lead- 
 ville press: he (iicd in Leadvilie in 1880. 
 
 Thomas 11. Havenner, grandfather of 
 subject, was a native of X'irginia, of English 
 extraction. After the city of Washington 
 was laid out he located tiiere, and became a 
 memlier of the Sl.ite militia: he fought 
 against the r.riti>li at r.iadrn-l.urg in 1S12. 
 In 1815 established a Cracker ISakery, 
 which grew to be one of the largest estab- 
 
 lishments of the kind in the South. He 
 
 married and died in Washington in 
 
 1872 in his 84th year. His children vvere, 
 Thomas H.; John P., who died in Washing- 
 ton; Charles W., who died in Washington; 
 Elizabeth (Mrs. Wm. Rowe), who died in 
 Indiana, and Sarah (Mrs. Benj. Charlton), 
 also died in Washington. 
 
 Dr. Eli.-xs C. Price was born near Price- 
 ville, Baltimore county, on a farm owned 
 by his father, in 1826. He now resides at 
 1012 Madison avenue, Baltimore. He is a 
 son of Samuel and Ann (Cooper) Price. He 
 spent his youth and early manhood on the 
 farm ; attended private schools in his native 
 county until he reached the age of eighteen, 
 after which he taught school for one year. 
 During vacations he assisted his father on 
 the farm. During this year he took up the 
 study of medicine, and in October, 1846, he 
 entered the University of. Maryland, from 
 which he graduated in March, 1848. Ke 
 then practiced for seventeen years in Balti- 
 more county, and for nine years was located 
 at Priceville. In 1851 he commenced the 
 study of homeopathy, which he has con- 
 tinued to practice up to the present time. In 
 1865 he removed to Baltimore, where he is 
 highly esteemed among the leaders of his 
 profession. He was raised a Quaker, and 
 still adheres to that faith. In 1852 he mar- 
 ried Martha .\. Cowntan, of Baltimore, a 
 daughter of jdlm 1'. Cowman, who was a 
 native of Alexandria, \'a. She died in 1888, 
 leaving one child. Dr. Eldridge C. Price, 
 who is connected with the subject of this 
 sketch. Sannicl I'rice, father of Dr. Elias 
 C. Price, was born in Baltimore county, 
 near what is now Priceville. .After thi« fam- 
 ily the town was named. This pait of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, -MARYLAND. 
 
 767 
 
 county was numerously populated with 
 Prices and ^Matthews, and it is said of a 
 stranger who visited that section, that he ex- 
 tended his hand to a gentleman, saying, 
 ''How do, Mr. Price." "My name is not 
 I'rice, sir." "Oh, I beg pardon. How do, 
 Mr. ^Matthews?" Samuel Price was reared 
 to farming pursuits, which he followed to 
 within a few years of his death in 1851, at 
 the age of 85 years. He inherited his farm 
 from his father. He was twice married. His 
 first wife was Frances Moore, by whom he 
 has four sons, as follows: Jehu, Jared, John 
 M. and David W., all of whom are deceased. 
 David W. became a tailor and afterwards a 
 store-keeper. He married Hannah Mat- 
 thews. They raised but one child, who mar- 
 ried Enos Tennis. The entire family re- 
 moved to Kansas, where both parents died 
 several years ago. The first two named 
 were associated in the manufacturing of 
 woolen goods, and for a time John M., the 
 third son, succeeded them in the business, 
 which he later abandoned and became a tan- 
 ner, and afterwards a store-keeper at Park- 
 ton. Their father remained a widower for 
 five years, and then married Anne Cooper, 
 w ho is the mother of the subject of this 
 sketch. By her he had ten children, viz: 
 Frances, Thomas, Ellen, Esther, Samuel C, 
 and Priscilla. who are deceased; and Kath- 
 erine, Edward C, Mary C, and Elias C, 
 the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Dr. G. Irvi.\ Barwick, who resides at 
 2841 Rayner avenue, was born March 28, 
 1869, in Kent county, Md.. on a farm near 
 i\Tassey. He is a son of John and Eli.zahetli 
 (Rose) Barwick. who had two children, and 
 spent his yoinh on the farm. His parents 
 removed to Cecil countv when he was about 
 
 one year old. His father located on a farm 
 near Sassafras, and here he attended the 
 country schools. During the summer he 
 assisted on the farm. When he was eleven 
 years of age his parents returned to Kent 
 county, and located on a farm near Ken- 
 nedyville, where he attended public school 
 in the fall of 1887. He then was in his 
 eighteenth year. He then entered Western 
 Maryland College, where he remained four 
 years, graduating in 1891, taking the degree 
 of A. B. In the fall of 1891 he entered the 
 University of Maryland, graduating in 1894, 
 and the last year of his college course he was 
 resident student of Mar,yland Hospital. He 
 moved to Calverton and began practice, and 
 has succeeded in building up a large and 
 lucrative practice. 
 
 He was married March 25, i8g6, to Miss 
 Carrie Mire Bonn, of Richmond, Va., 
 daughter of Henry R. and Caroline (Ben- 
 son) Bonn, both natives of Virginia, but 
 v,-ho now reside in Baltimore. Mrs. Bar- 
 wick spent ten }-ears in Nova Scotia. She 
 graduated as nurse from the University of 
 Maryland in 1894. Doctor and Airs. Bar- 
 wick have one child, Caroline Elizabeth. 
 In politics the Doctor is a staunch Demo- 
 crat. He is a member of the Methodist 
 Protestant Church. 
 
 The father of the subject was born in Mid- 
 illetown, Del. He began farming in Kent 
 county, Md., when a young man, but 
 returned to near Townscnd, Del., where 
 he was married to the mother of this 
 subject. They soon after located in Kent 
 county, Md. He died in 1891, and his wife 
 still survives him. They had two children. 
 Dr. C. Irwin Barwick, the subject of this 
 sketch, and Xcllie Rose. 
 
 William Barwick, the grandfather of Doc- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tor Barwick, was a native of Delaware, 
 where he married Alary A. Mears. Their 
 children are as follows: William J., mer- 
 chant in Cecil county; Lizzie (Mrs. Henry 
 Jones), Chesapeake City, Md.; Mary Jane 
 (Mrs. Thomas vScott), of Middleton, Del, 
 and F. 
 
 David C. Rose, the father of Mrs. Ear- 
 wick, is a native of Sussex county, Del. 
 Soon after marriage Mr. and Mrs. Rose 
 (nee Ruth Foster), removed to Odessa, 
 Del., where he follows his trade of stone 
 mason. Their children are as follows: Tru- 
 man, Frank, David C, Jr., and Mrs. Bar- 
 wick. Mrs. Rose died many years ago. Mr. 
 Rose married again, and lives a retired life. 
 He is eighty years of age. 
 
 Dr. Henry J. Berkley was born July 
 17, i€>6o, and is a son of Edris Berkley, of 
 Baltimore, and grandson of John Walker 
 Berkley, of Fairfax county, Va. He grad- 
 uated at the University of Maryland in 
 1882 and aftenvards studied at the Uni- 
 versity of Vienna, Austria. In 1888 he re- 
 turned to the United States and commenced 
 the practice of medicine at his present resi- 
 dence. Since 1890 he has been connected 
 with the medical department of Johns Hop- 
 kins University. 
 
 Dr. C.\ry B. C..\.mhli-: was born Septem- 
 ber 25. 1827, at Grove Hill, Botetourt 
 county, \'a., where his mother was residing 
 at that time, tlieir home being in Richmond, 
 Va. He is the grandson of Col. Robert 
 Gamble, of Richmoml, \';i.. a 'loted officer 
 of the Revolutit)n. He received his primary 
 education in Virginia. He went to college 
 at what is now Washington and I,ce Ihii- 
 versity, where he studied for two vears, and 
 
 then entered the University of Virginia. He 
 graduated in medicine at the University of 
 Maryland, and then located at Tallahassee, 
 Fla. When the war broke out he entered 
 the Confederate service as surgeon of the 
 First Florida Volunteers. He was a close 
 friend of General Bragg and other leaders 
 in the Southern cause. He began the prac- 
 tice of his profession at the close of the war 
 in Baltimore and has remained here ever 
 since. 
 
 He married in 1850 Edunda, daughter of 
 Captain Shaw, deceased, of the regular 
 army, and niece of Commander Shaw, of 
 the United States Navy. Children of the 
 subject are Dr. Cary B., Jr., and Nannie, 
 widow of Charles D. Lowndes. 
 
 William L. Russell, M. D., an eminent 
 Physician and Surgeon, of Baltimore, has 
 long been successfully engaged in practice 
 in this city. One of the most exacting of all 
 the higher lines of occupation to which a 
 man may lend his energies is that of the 
 physician. A most scrupulous preliminary 
 training is demanded and a nicety of judg- 
 ment little understood by the laity. Then 
 again the profession brings its devotees into 
 almost constant association with the sadder 
 side of life, that of pain and sufifering, so 
 that a mind capable of great self-control 
 and a heart responsive and sympathetic are 
 essential attributes of him who would essay 
 the practice of the healing art. Thus when 
 professional success is attained in any in- 
 stance, it may be taken as certain that sucli 
 measure of success has been thoroughly 
 merited. 
 
 Doctor Russell was born March 7. 1835, 
 at Peru, St, Mary's county, Md., which 
 place was often called "Davy Jones' 
 
/!_ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Loc!:er." The family is of English origin 
 and its members became early settlers of 
 Baltimore, the old homestead being located 
 on Eiitaw street, two doors south of Lom- 
 bard street. In that city the Doctor's grand- 
 father, Thomas Russell, spent his entire life, 
 and as he was a large property owner he 
 followed no particular occupation. 
 
 Thomas Russell, Jr., the father of our 
 subject, was also born in Baltimore, where 
 he learned the shoemaker's trade, but in 
 early life removed to St. Mary's county. 
 There he married Elizabeth Combs, whose 
 birth occurred on the same farm where our 
 subject was born, in the house erected by 
 her mother's father, David Jones. Her 
 father, Nathaniel Combs, was also a native 
 of St. Mary's county, born two miles below 
 Peru, of English parentage, and followed 
 the various occupations of farming, black- 
 smithing and carpentering, as he was a nat- 
 ural mechanic. He served his country in 
 the War of 1812, and was also at one time a 
 member of the State Legislature. Although 
 the family were Roman Catholics in re- 
 ligious faith, he became a Protestant and 
 was one of the founders of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church in St. Mary's county, 
 with which his children later became con- 
 nected. 
 
 After his marriage Thomas Russell, Jr., 
 continued to work at his trade in St. Mary'.s 
 county for a time, and later removed to his 
 wife's old home at Peru, where he followed 
 farming until his return to Baltimore in 
 1853, where he entered the employ of the 
 B. & O. R. R. At the age of forty-nine he 
 was accidentally killed by being caught be- 
 tween the cars at the depot of that road. His 
 ancestors were communicants of the 
 Roman Catholic Church, but, like his wife. 
 
 he became a Methodist. In their family 
 were four children: William L., of this re- 
 view; Thomas Nathaniel, a ship builder, of 
 Baltimore: Isabel Marian, wife of Capt. 
 John Abbott, of the same city, and Charles 
 Wesley, a resident of Baltimore and the 
 captain of a boat. 
 
 The Doctor spent his boyhood and youth 
 in the county of his nativity, where he at- 
 tended the public schools. On coming to 
 Baltimore with his parents in 1853 he 
 clerked in a wholesale drug house for four 
 years, and for the following fourteen years 
 engaged in the retail drug business. In the 
 meantime he had begun the study of medi- 
 cine, in 1855, tinder the direction of Prof. 
 J. W. R. Dunbar, and in 1869 graduated 
 at the University of Maryland, with the de- 
 gree of M. D. He has since successfully 
 engaged in active practice, and is one of 
 the pioneer physicians of Northeast Balti- 
 more, his residence for twenty-six years be- 
 ing at No. 800 N. Broadway. He is not 
 only well posted on everything pertaining to 
 the science of medicine and surgery, but is 
 a man of broad general information and is 
 an excellent conversationalist. Fraternally 
 he is a prominent member of the Royal Ar- 
 canum, and in religious belief is an Episco- 
 palian. 
 
 July ID, 1862, at the parsonage of Rev. 
 A. F. Neville Rolfe, a Protestant Episcopal 
 clergyman of Baltimore, was solemnized 
 the marriage of Doctor Russell and Miss 
 Cecelia Hall. They became the parents of 
 eight children, three of whom are living: 
 Willie Nathaniel, now engaged in the drug 
 business in Baltimore City; Frank Donald- 
 son, a graduated pharmacist, but on account 
 of ill health is unable to enter any business, 
 and Alary, the youngest, still at home. 
 
770 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mrs. Russell also belongs to a prominent 
 old family of this State, itsfounderin the new 
 world being John Hall, known as "Long 
 John" Hall, as he was nearly seven feet in 
 height. He was a native of England and 
 settled near Chesapeake bay, where he be- 
 came an extensive farmer. His grandson, 
 Nathaniel Hall, grandfather of Mrs. Rus- 
 sell, participated in the storming of Quebec 
 during the French and Indian War, and re- 
 mained in the service until the scurvy 
 caused the loss of his health. He married 
 Sarah Marriott, and their son, Nathaniel, 
 Mrs. Russell's grandfather, was born in 
 1787, and married Delila Williams, daugh- 
 ter of Nathan and Sarah (Hancock) Wil- 
 liams. In the War of 1812 he took up 
 arms in defense of his country. As a spice 
 manufacturer he was the founder of the 
 Phoenix Spice Mills, of Baltimore, in which 
 city his death occurred in 1862. John W. 
 Hall, the father of Mrs. Russell, was a na- 
 tive of Anne Arundel county, Md., and also 
 became a spice manufacturer, being the 
 founder and proprietor of the Monument;d 
 Spice Mills. For many years he was su- 
 perintendent of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Sunday-school on Caroline street, Balti- 
 more, and took quite an active and promi- 
 nent part in all church work. During the 
 Ci\il War he joined the Union Army and 
 died in the service. 
 
 The mother of Mrs. Russell, who bore 
 the maiden name of Almira Cowles, was a 
 daughter of William and Margaret (Hall) 
 Cowles, the former a native of Connecticut, 
 and the latter of Baltimore. Mr. Cowles 
 was the old original city watchman of Bal- 
 limore. To John W. and Almira (Cowles) 
 Hall were born eight children, five still liv- 
 ing, viz: Cecelia, now Mrs, Russell, who 
 
 has spent her entire life in Baltimore ; Wil- 
 liam A., a book-keeper at Gault's; John W., 
 receiver for the Baltimore Street Passenger 
 Railway; Mrs. Almira Hebron and Mrs. 
 Emily Harrison, both of Baltimore. The 
 mother died when Mrs. Russell was quite 
 young, and the father was again married, 
 his second union being with Caroline T. 
 Cox, by whom he had two children: Delia 
 J., the wife ol Rev. C. A. York, of Balti- 
 more, and Caroline G., wife of Lafayette 
 Stewart, of the same city. 
 
 J. AkTi-u;r ClEiU'.nt, Homeopathic 
 Physician, was born in Baltimore in 1871. 
 He attended the Friends' Elementary High 
 School, from which he graduated in 1890. 
 He then began to read medicine at the 
 Southern Homeopathic College, and was 
 graduaited therefrom in 1894. He located 
 at his present place and has been success- 
 fully practicing ever since. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Univers'alist Church, to which 
 church his father and mother also belong. 
 He is a staunch Republican. 
 
 Mr. Clement is the son of James and 
 Sarah Merrill (Pecker). The father of Mr. 
 Clement was born in Houghton, Me., and 
 when little more than a boy he went to 
 Lynn, Mass., and worked for a time at shoe 
 manufacturing. In 1891 he took a trip for 
 his health to San Francisco, going by way 
 of the Islhnuis of Panama. He opened a 
 shoe store there; sold and did custom work 
 for a time, and then went to prospecting 
 for gold in the Sacramento Valley. He re- 
 mained in that country for two years and 
 then came home oil a visit: went back and 
 remained one }-ear. then sold out and re- 
 turned to Lynn. He next went into the 
 maiuifacturing of shoes at that iilacc with 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mr. Moore. In 1865 they removed to Bal- 
 timore, and the firm was changed to Crane, 
 Moore & Co., he being a partner. It is 
 now known as Clement & Ball, and the 
 firm has a large trade in different States. 
 Mr. Clement has one child. 
 
 was a bricklayer, died in 1893: Frank M., 
 druggist; the subject of this sketch and 
 Alverta (Mrs. Caleb Hipsley), who resides 
 in Baltimore. Grandfather of subject came 
 from Ireland and settled in Harford county, 
 Md. He died in Baltimore. 
 
 Dr. George W. Blaney. — This gentle- 
 man was born in Baltimore May 12, 1853. 
 He is a son of James W., deceased, and 
 grandson of Jeremiah Blaney. He attend- 
 ed the public schools, from which he gradu- I 
 ated. At the age of nineteen he began the 
 study of pharmacy and medicine with Doc- 
 tor Harper, with whom he remained two 
 years, and during which time he took a j 
 number of his patients. He has practiced 
 ever since 1870. He handled drugs for 
 eighteen years. ' 
 
 He married Adelaide Lutimer. of New 
 Berne, N. C, in 1885. They had two chil- 
 dren, Leon, who died at the age of five, 
 and Myrtle. ! 
 
 Doctor Blaney is a member of tlie Mon- 
 roe Street Church, and is an independent { 
 voter. 
 
 His father was born in Harford countv, 
 Md. He came to Baltimore with his par- ' 
 ents when he was eleven years old. He was 
 by trade a bricklayer, and afterwards he be- 
 came a contractor and builder. He died in 
 Baltimore September 8. 1887, aged 84 | 
 years. ' 
 
 Doctor Blaney's mother died two vears 
 later at the age of 74: she was Lucretia .^nn I 
 Grimes: their children are as follows: Mary j 
 (Mrs. E. C. Smith), residing in Baltimore: 
 Charles, a contractor and builder in Balti- I 
 more: John T., a partner of Charles H., 
 contractor and builder of this citv: James j 
 J., bricklaver in Baltimore: Harrv, who ! 
 
 Dr. a. C. Smink was born December 
 17, 1875, '" Hebbville, Baltimore county, 
 Md. He is a son of Adolphus and Mary 
 (Shuel) Smink. He attended the schools 
 of his native place until he was seventeen 
 years old. He then entered the office of 
 Doctor Everhart, of Hebbville, under 
 whom he read medicine for one year. At 
 the expiration of this time he became 
 a student of the University of Mary- 
 land, graduating in 1896, after which 
 he located for a short time at 2013 W. 
 North avenue. From there he removed to 
 Hebbville, where he established an office, 
 also having one at Powhatan, and making 
 his home with his parents. He is a Re- 
 publican, 
 
 Adolphus Smink, the father of our sub- 
 ject, was born at Hebbville, When a young 
 man he learned the trade of plasterer, and 
 is now a prominent contractor. The chil- 
 dren of Adolphus and Mary Smink are M, 
 Clifton, who married Ethel Weiderman and 
 resides at Hebbville; A. C. subject of this 
 sketch, and Jessie, who lives at home. 
 
 Akert Smink, grandfather of A, C. Smink, 
 was an honorable citizen of Hebbville, 
 wdiere he died in 18 . He married a Miss 
 Macken, a lady of Irish extraction, wlio is 
 also deceased. The children are as follows: 
 Monterey and Jacob, who reside at Hebb- 
 ville: Franklin, who resides at Carroll; 
 Laura, who is Mrs. Adam Bupert. of Balti- 
 more, and .\dolphus. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mr. C. E. Paul, 2866 Lanvale street.— 
 This gentleman was born September 19, 
 1872, in Baltimore. He is a son of Samuel 
 B. and Catherine (Downey) Paul. He re- 
 ceived his primary education in the public 
 schools, finishing his studies at the a^e of 
 eighteen years, after which he read medi- 
 cine under Doctor Lewis. During this time 
 he entered the University of Maryland and 
 took a two years' course. He abandoned 
 his studies to be married, and will enter 
 upon another two years' course this fall. 
 He married in February, 1895, Miss Isa- 
 bella Dillon, daughter of William H. Pease, 
 of Baltimore. They have one child, Kath- 
 arine E. 
 
 In January, 1895, he accepted the posi- 
 tion of claim agent of the Eureka Insurance 
 Company, which position he still holds. He 
 is a Repul)lican, a member of the Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 William H., the father of our subject, is a 
 native of Maryland, and is at present a re- 
 tail cigar dealer in Baltimore. C. E. Paul, 
 the subject of this sketch, is the only child. 
 
 Dr. p. F. Saitixctox was born in 1866 
 in Baltimore, AM, He received his early 
 education in St. James College, finishing 
 his studies there at the age of si.xteen years. 
 His forefathers for five generations were 
 prominent physicians. After leaving St. 
 James College, he immediately began the 
 study of medicine under Doctor Tififany at 
 the University of Maryland. He took a five 
 years' course, graduating in 1887, at the age 
 of twenty-one. He first located at Govans- 
 town, Baltimore cotuity, where he con- 
 tinued for a period of eighteen months, after 
 which he jiracticed for a short time at the 
 New T'.oundarv T.ine. lie returned to Go- 
 
 vanstown, but did not remain long before 
 removing to his present location on Arling- 
 ton and Greenwood avenues. 
 
 Doctor Sappington has been prominently 
 connected with the Northeastern Dispen- 
 sary for eight years, in which institution he 
 is at present senior physician. He is also 
 county health officer. In politics he is a 
 Republican. 
 
 He was married in 1888 to Miss Bessie 
 Clare, daughter of John P. Ringgold, a 
 highly esteemed citizen of Govanstown. 
 Their children are Bessie Clare, Louise 
 Aralanta and John Ringgold. While at 
 Maryland University our subject graduated 
 in pharmacy. 
 
 Rkv. F. H. Lewis, Pastor of Broadway 
 Methodist Protestant Church. Residence 
 115 S. Washington street. — The subject of 
 this sketch was born November 4, 1870, in 
 Sussex county, Del. One year later his pa- 
 rents' removed to Caroline county, Md. He 
 passed through the public schools, gradu- 
 ating at Preston High School in 1880; hav- 
 ing determined upon a theological course, 
 he began his studies with such books as the 
 home library afforded, under his pastor. He 
 was dcvote<l to his studies. In 1880 he en- 
 tered Westminster College, in Carroll coun- 
 ty, graduating from the same in 1892. Im- 
 mediately afterward he was placed in charge 
 of a mission church at Frederica, Kent 
 county, Del., wliere he remained for two 
 years. He then entered upon his duties as 
 pastor of his present congregation, succeed- 
 ing Rev. J. L. Straughn. His church was 
 erectcfl in i860, its first pastor being Rev. 
 Jesse Shreex'c. who remained for four years. 
 .'\t the close of his pastorate the church was 
 free of all financial encumbrances, but the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 building of a parsonage during the pastor- 
 ate of Peter L. Wilson, incurred a debt of 
 eight thousand dollars, which resulted in 
 much trouble and Court litigation. Two 
 parties sprung up in the church which 
 caused much bitter feeling in the congrega- 
 tion ; one party held service in the basement 
 with J. P. Wilson as pastor, while the other 
 held services in the auditorium and was 
 presided over by Dr. S. B. Sutherland. The 
 affairs of the church became so complicated 
 under this regime that it was finally sold to 
 the Lutheran denomination, Rev. Mr. Wil- 
 son severed his connection with the Metho- 
 dist Protestant Church, became a Metho- 
 dist Episcopal minister. The Lutherans re- 
 tained the church for one year and the 
 Methodists once more took possession with 
 Rev. A. D. Murray as pastor. 
 
 Our subject was married September 8, 
 1890, to Miss Maud Bowie, of Baltimore. 
 In politics our subject is devoted to the 
 cause of Prohibition. 
 
 Abraham Lewis, father of our subject, 
 was born and reared in Denton, Caroline 
 county, Md. He was a farmer, ilarried in 
 Sussex county, Del., Miss Lizzie Handy. 
 They resided in Sussex county, Del., seven 
 years after they were married and then re- 
 moved to Caroline county, where they still 
 reside. Both are active members of the 
 Methodist Protestant Church. Their chil- 
 dren are as follows: William E., farmer, 
 Caroline county, Md. ; John B., fanner, 
 Caroline county, Md., and the subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 His paternal ancestors came from Wales 
 and his maternal ancestors from England. 
 
 Colonel Handy, the father of Mrs. Abra- 
 ham Lewis, was an officer in the War of 
 1812, and a descendant of a soldier of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Mr. F. C. Streett was born in June, 
 1S67. near the village of Jarrettville. Fourth 
 District or what is known as the ^Marshall 
 District. Harford county. He attended the 
 public schools of his native place until he 
 was fifteen years of age. His primary edu- 
 cation was obtained under somewhat ad- 
 verse circumstances, having been required 
 to assist with the farm duties at home, which 
 began early in the spring and continued 
 until late in the fall, and at times he was 
 compelled to walk three miles to school. 
 When he reached the age of fifteen he re- 
 moved to Baltimore, where he continued 
 his studies until he reached the age of 
 eighteen, hi 1887 he entered the Baltimore 
 Dental College, from which he graduated 
 in 1890, beginning the practice of his pro- 
 fession at his present location in 1891. It 
 was through pecuniary assistance rendered 
 him by his father that he was enabled to pur- 
 sue his studies at college. 
 
 In politics Doctor Streett is a staunch 
 Democrat, and while he may not be termed 
 an active politician, he takes a deep in- 
 terest in the success of his party. Al- 
 tliough not a member of any religious de- 
 nomination, he attends church regularly 
 and leans towards Methodism, in which 
 church his parents were active members. 
 
 Shadrach Streett, father of Dr. F. C. 
 Streett, was born in 1841 in the Marshall 
 District, Harford county, Md. He received 
 such education as the public schools of his 
 time aiTorded. He was reared to agricul- 
 tural pursuits until 1880, when he removed 
 to Baltimore. Soon after he became a mem- 
 ber of the police department and was pro- 
 moted to sergeant, where he remained until 
 1892, the year of his death. He was mar- 
 ried in Harford county, to Julia, daughter 
 of Caleb Wright, of same countv. He was 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 well known for his activity in the Demo- 
 cratic party, and while a member of the po- 
 lice department, he was an able and efficient 
 officer. His wife survives. Their children 
 are John W., farmer in Harford county; Ida 
 ^lary, Airs. Wm. Meise, of Baltimore; F. 
 C, subject of this sketch, and Allie and 
 Laura, who live at home. 
 
 John W^atkins Streett, grandfather of Dr. 
 F. C. Streett, was an old and respected citi- 
 zen of Harford county. He came of a 
 prominent family of that county, whose an- 
 cestors having immigrated from England 
 at an early day, became identified with the 
 best interests of the county. The majority 
 of the family were tillers of the soil, and 
 others w'on fame in the medical profession. 
 He married Miss Alary Swaine, of Balti- 
 more City. He died in Harford in 1872, 
 and his wife in 1887. Their children were: 
 Shadrach, father of our subject; Dr. Chas. 
 H., a prominent physician of Harford 
 county; John Franklin, farmer of Harford 
 county; James E., ditto, and Alary Ann, 
 who married a Air. Owens. 
 
 Dr. Ell\s Joxes was born October 27, 
 1842, near Fredericksburg, Dorchester 
 county. Aid. He attended the public schools 
 and academy in his native county, complet- 
 ing his studies at the latter institution at 
 about the age of twenty. His father was a 
 sea captain and after leaving school he be- 
 came a hand on his father's vessel. This 
 he continued for one year with the view of 
 becoming master of his own craft, but at the 
 end of a year he abandoned this project and 
 became a clerk in the wholesale and retail 
 mercantile store of Kimberly Bros., at For- 
 tress Alonroe, and remained with them 
 during the late war. 
 
 He was married Alarch 29, 1864, to Alary 
 B. Nichols, of Dorchester county. Aid. 
 Their union w^as blessed with the following 
 children: Albertis C, graduated from the 
 Baltimore Aledical College in 1890, and was 
 an active practitioner in Dorchester county 
 for nearly three years. He died in 1893. 
 He had married Aliss Burke, daughter of 
 Rev. Asbury Burke; she survives him; 
 Harvey, a druggist in Dorchester county, 
 Aid.; Silas, died young; Edgar A. P., gradu- 
 ated from the Baltimore Aledical College in 
 1894, and is now in active practice in Dor- 
 chester county; Edith, Ruth and Nellie, liv- 
 ing at home. 
 
 In 1865-66, Doctor Jones attended his 
 first course at the University of Alaryland, 
 and in 1867 began the practice of his profes- 
 sion at SharpstOAvii, Aid., where he re- 
 mained for one year. He then located in 
 his native county, and was successful in 
 building up a lucrative practice. He later 
 came to Baltimore and attended two courses 
 of lectures at the College of Physicians and 
 Siu-geons. Owing to confinement and close 
 application to his studies he was taken sick 
 just before the time of graduation, and did 
 not recover his health for one year. He next 
 located at Bishop's Head, Aid., and prac- 
 ticed in that place and vicinity until 1890, 
 when he moved to Baltimore and accepted 
 a position as clerk in the Custom House. 
 Since 1890 the Doctor has not been in active 
 practice. 
 
 In politics he is a Republican, becoming 
 affiliated with that party about 1877. As a 
 surgeon Doctor Jones has successfully per- 
 formed many difficult operations and has 
 achieved a high reputation as a physician. 
 
 Capt. Elhanan Jones, father of our sub- 
 ject, was born in 1815 in Dorchester county, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 775 
 
 Md. When a boy he became enamored of 
 sea Hfe. He sought and found employment 
 on board a vessel, afterwards becoming 
 captain, filling this position for forty-five 
 years. He married Mary Andrew. Both 
 died in 1896. The children are as follows: 
 Elias, subject of this sketch; Zora, who re- 
 sides in Baltimore; Martha, who is single, 
 and Mary, who married Air. William Elliott, 
 of Dorchester county. 
 
 Henry Jones, grandfather of subject, 
 lived and died in Dorchester county. In his 
 early days he followed the occupation of 
 school teacher and surveyor. He married 
 Xancy Payne, a lady of English descent. 
 Their children deceased are: Elhanan, 
 father of Dr. Elias Jones; John, Silas, Su- 
 san, surviving, (widow of Robert Bryan), 
 who resides in Caroline county; Elizabeth, - 
 who was the wife of John Caulk, died in 
 Caroline county in 18S4, and Mary, who 
 died at fourteen. 
 
 Thomas Jones, great-grandfather of 
 Doctor Jones, came to America from Eng- 
 land in 1769 and settled in Dorchester 
 county, Md. He was a farmer. 
 
 Rev. E. Feltox, 910 S. Canton street, 
 Pastor of Canton Street English Lu- 
 theran Church, was born August 24, 
 1857, near the town of Everett. Bedford 
 county. Pa. He attended the public schools 
 of his native place until he was about nine- 
 teen years old. His father was a farmer 
 and an extensive lumber dealer. While at 
 home our subject assisted with the farm 
 duties and for a time ran an engine in one 
 of his father's saw-mills. As a boy he was 
 very studious and devoted much of his leis- 
 ure time to the reading of books on the- 
 olog}-, it being his ambition and determina- 
 
 tion to prepare himself for the ministry. 
 His education was wholly obtained through 
 his own efiforts. He prepared at home for 
 the Freshman year at Pennsylvania College, 
 from which he was graduated in 1879, and 
 from the Seminary at Gettysburg in 1882. 
 He was for one year located at West Fair- 
 view, 'four years at St. Paul's Church, Balti- 
 more, and then in 1889 he organized his 
 present congregation in King's Hall, on 
 the corner of Patuxent and O'Donnell 
 streets. A church council was formed of 
 three elders and three deacons. Their pres- 
 ent church was dedicated February 16, 
 1890, and their membership now is 350. 
 
 He was married at Gettysburg in 1883 to 
 Miss Jane Elizabeth Kerr of that place. 
 His political sympathies are with the Re- 
 publican party. 
 
 Jacob Felton, father of Rev. E. Felton, 
 was born in 1820 in Bedford county. Pa. 
 He began life as a farmer, and subsequently 
 acquired large tracts of timber land on 
 which he erected and operated saw-mills. 
 After a long and useful life he retired to his 
 home near Everhard, on the banks of the 
 Juniata, where he now resides. He is a 
 staunch Republican. He has always been 
 an active worker in the Lutheran Church. 
 His wife, who was Miss Elizabeth Karnes, 
 departed this life some years ago. Mr. Fel- 
 ton is of German descent, as was also his 
 wife. Their children are, Simon P., who 
 studied for the ministry at Gettysburg 
 Theological Seminary, and who died just 
 before completing his course: Christian K., 
 deceased, who was a fanner and lumber 
 dealer; Rev. Anthony K., pastor of English 
 Lutheran Church, Upper Sandusky, O.; 
 Julia, who died young; Ephraim FT., sub- 
 ject of this sketch; Sadie, who died young; 
 
776 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Camilla, who lives at home, and Rebecca, 
 who is now Mrs. Steele. 
 
 Jacob Felton, grandfather of Rev. E. 
 Felton, when a young man went from Phil- 
 adelphia to Bedford county. Pa., took up a' 
 farm and died there. 
 
 Isaac H. Gardi.\Er, Physician and Sur- 
 geon, 1712 W. Lexington street. 
 
 Dr. I. H. Gardiner was born January 27, 
 1866, in Baltimore, Md. He is the son of 
 Isaac and Julia (Miller) Gardiner. As a 
 boy. Dr. Gardiner attended the public 
 schools and City College of Baltimore, from 
 which he graduated in 1885, after wdiich he 
 took special courses under directors in sev- 
 eral institutions in the city. He then ac- 
 cepted a professorship of Ancient Lan- 
 guages and Higher Mathematics at New 
 Windsor College, being associated with 
 Thomas Fell, LL. D., president of St. 
 John's College, Annapolis, Md. In 1886 
 Doctor Gardiner severed his connection 
 with this institution and accepted a profes- 
 sorship at St. George's College, western 
 Maryland, where he remained for several 
 years. He next became principal of the 
 Panola High School and Teachers' Normal, 
 Sardis, Miss. His health failing, he re- 
 signed at the end of three years. His duties 
 as principal were difficult and laborious, 
 having to teach thirteen different studies 
 each day. He returned to Baltimore in 
 1892-93, took his first course in medicine at 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 In .August, 1S93. 't-' accepted a position as 
 teacher at Warren (III.) Academy, where he 
 remained for two years. .-Vt the end of this 
 time he again returned to Baltimore and 
 took his second course in medicine at the 
 College of Physicians and .SurgCDns. gradu- 
 
 ating in the spring of 1897, after which he 
 began the practice of his profession at his 
 present location. 
 
 Since Doctor Gardiner was .seventeen 
 years old he has been self-supporting. Be- 
 sides earning sufficient money to pay his 
 tuition, he contributed to the support of the 
 family. During his vacations he worked 
 at the carpenter trade, and for a time was 
 employed in a printing office. 
 
 He is an independent voter, liberal in his 
 political views. While in Mississippi he 
 supported the Democratic party and served 
 as chairman of the Democratic County 
 Committee. He is a member of the Pres- 
 byterian Church. 
 
 On August 22, 1888, he married Miss 
 Mabel Henshaw-, of West Virginia. Their 
 two children are Annie and Robert H., both 
 of whom live at home. 
 
 Isaac Gardiner, father of our subject, was 
 born in Baltimore in 1827. He acquired a 
 common school education. He was left an 
 orphan at the early age of fifteen. He 
 learned the trade of sail-making with his 
 cousin, Thomas S. Clark, with whom he 
 went to live in his fifteenth year, and was em- 
 ployed by him for forty-five years. When 
 he attained the age of 21, he became fore- 
 man of j\Ir. Clark's business, in which ca- 
 pacity he remained until his retirement in 
 1882. He is a member of the Presbyterian 
 Church: is a staunch Democrat. The chil- 
 dren of Mr. and Yirs. Gardiner are as fol- 
 lows: Helen (.Mrs. M. C. IMettee), Balti- 
 more; Annie (ilrs. William Turner), Balti- 
 more; William E., in canvas and awning 
 business, Washington. D. C. ; Isaac H., sub- 
 ject of this sketch, and Julia (Mrs. Marvin 
 .\nderson). of .\nne Arundel county. Md.; 
 
lA^-^<£t.^:;^C^.=e^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Margaret (Mrs. Ed. O. Wig-ley), of Anne 
 Arundel county, Md. 
 
 Mr. Isaac Gardiner, grandfather of Doc- 
 tor Gardiner, emigrated from Scotland 
 when a young man. He was a near relative 
 of the Earl of Lovejoy of Western Ireland. 
 In his early youth he was betrothed to a 
 young lady selected by his parents. After 
 reaching manhood, the engagement having 
 become distasteful to him, he broke it ofi 
 with her. He had previously formed an 
 attachment for Martha Leak, and with her 
 eloped to America, locating in Baltimore. 
 He was one of seven brothers, all of whom 
 but one came to America and settled in 
 Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner's chil- 
 dren are as follows: James, deceased; 
 Isaac, father of our subject, and Catharine, 
 deceased. 
 
 Dr. James E. Whiteeord, 819 Aisquith 
 street. 
 
 This gentleman was born June 24, 1848, 
 in Harford county, Md. He was reared a 
 farmer and was educated in the countr}' 
 schools, and in the classical and military in- 
 stitution at Columbia, Pa., having earned 
 the money to pay for his tuition at this 
 school. He began his medical studies in 
 1874. In the fall of the same year he en- 
 tered the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons at Baltimore, Md., graduating in 
 1877, after which he began the practice of 
 his profession in Baltimore and has been 
 eminently successful. 
 
 He was married August 4, 1875, to Miss 
 Anora Porter, of Baltimore; no issue. He 
 is a Democrat. 
 
 During the small-po.x epidemicof 1882 he 
 treated one hundred and eighteen cases. 
 He is a Presbyterian in faith and a member 
 
 of the following orders: Landmark's Lodge, 
 No. 127, of the Masonic Order; Alhambra 
 Castle, No. 7, Knights of the Golden Eagle; 
 Liberty Lodge, No. 39, Knights of Pjiihias, 
 and of the Grand Lodge of the State of 
 Maryland; Welcome Lodge, No. 15, Order 
 of the Golden Chain ; Lord Baltimore Coun- 
 cil, No. 2, Legion of the Red Cross; Amer- 
 ica Council, No. 60, Jr. O. U. A. M. 
 
 He is supreme medical examiner of the 
 Golden Eagle and examiner for other or- 
 ders; also surgeon general in the military 
 branch of the Knights of the Golden Eagle, 
 with rank of brigadier general; also mem- 
 ber of the Grand Castle of the Knights of 
 the Golden Eagle of the State of Maryland, 
 and of the Supreme Castle of the United 
 States. 
 
 James Whiteford, father of our subject, 
 was born in Harford county, Md., in 1808, 
 and died in 1854; a farmer by occupation, 
 after his marriage with Nancy N. Ramsay, 
 mother of our subject, he bought a farm in 
 Harford county, Md., in Fox's D£n, a dis- 
 trict noted for its fox hunting, where he 
 died. His wife died March 25, 1892, in her 
 82d year. They had children as follows: 
 Robert H., killed by accident at the age of 
 16: Sallie J. (Mrs. John W. Berry), of Balti- 
 more; M. Nelson, retired; James, died 
 young; also Caroline and George, who died 
 young, and James E., subject of this sketch. 
 
 Michael Whiteford, grandfather of sub- 
 ject, was a native of the North of Ireland, 
 of Scotch-Irish descent. When a young 
 man he emigrated to America and settled 
 in Harford county, Md., where he died. 
 
 Dr. J. Calvin Schofield was born 
 August II, 1864, in the little town of Bir- 
 mingham, Huntingdon countv. Pa. His 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 primary education was obtained at the pub- 
 lic schools. He then entered the Mountain 
 Seminary, one of the oldest seminaries in 
 Pennsylvania, and was trained for college. 
 .After a competitive examination for a schol- 
 arship in the Pennsylvania State College, he 
 was successful and completed his literary 
 education. He then went to New York 
 City and entered the office of H. H. Brown, 
 author of "Brown's Supreme Court Re- 
 ports," where he studied law. After wrest- 
 ling with the legal profession in that great 
 citv for over a year, he concluded to take 
 up the study of medicine. Baltimore was 
 chosen as the place of study, which was 
 pursued at the Baltimore University School 
 of Medicine, whence he graduated. While 
 a student Doctor Schofield carried off all 
 the envied prizes. He was appointed as- 
 sistant professor on nervous diseases and of 
 the throat and chest, holding the position 
 for two years in that school. Then he was 
 placed in charge of the dissecting room as 
 demonstrator of anatomy and associate pro- 
 fessor of pathology, positions which he con- 
 tinues to fill. Doctor Schofield has been 
 often before the public as an expert witness 
 in many of the great murder cases which 
 have been tried in the courts of Baltimore 
 City and county. Seven years ago he open- 
 ed an office at Orangeville on the Philadel- 
 phia road, where he has built up an exten- 
 sive practice. He is also surgeon for the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. 
 
 Pie was married in 1892 to Miss Carrie 
 M. Reber, of (_)rangcville, Baltimore coun- 
 ty. They have no children. 
 
 He is a member of the Presbyterian 
 Church, Highlandtown : and is a staunch 
 Democrat. 
 
 William Schofield, father of subject, was 
 
 born in Belfast, Ireland; emigrated to 
 America at the age of 18, and settled in 
 Birmingham ; at first he worked at anything 
 he could get to do. When the war broke 
 out he enlisted in the loth Penna. Vol., 
 and served three years. He was wounded 
 July 9, 1863. He was honorably dis- 
 charged with rank of sergeant. After his 
 return he accepted the position of superin- 
 tendent of the Lippincott & Beckwell Axe 
 mamifacturing plant. In 1876 he retired to 
 Birmingham, where he now resides. He 
 married Katharine Hall, whose father, John 
 Hall, was a native of Berks county. Pa., and 
 whose grandfather, William Hall, came 
 from Holland in 1803. He died in Berks 
 county. 
 
 The children born to I\Ir. and Mrs. Scho- 
 field are as follows: John C. (subject); Wil- 
 liam, harnessmaker, of Tyrone, Pa.; Dr. 
 James F., Shirleysburg, Pa.; Robert K., 
 student at Baltimore University; Edward, 
 student at Dickinson College, Williams- 
 port, Pa.; Myrtle, at home. 
 
 William Schofield, grandfather of our 
 subject, resided in York Road, Belfast, Ire- 
 land, where he died in 1897 in his 93d year. 
 He was a book-keeper for a large ship build- 
 ing finn in Belfast. He married twice. His 
 children are: John, retired English Army 
 officer, Belfast, Ireland; William; Robert, 
 served thirty years of his life in India and 
 the British Army; Francis and Allen, are 
 partners in the bakery business in New 
 York City; James, lives at Bellefonte, Pa., 
 a member of the State Legislature; Mrs. 
 Sampson, of Belfast, Ireland; Lizzie, died 
 in New York City ; was wife of one Crocket. 
 
 Jamics Smith Rogers, Treasurer of the J. 
 C. Grafflin Company, 213 South street, resi- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 dence 709 W. Xorth avenue, was born in 
 Baltimore, November 12, 1828. His father 
 was Jonathan Rogers, and his mother 
 Maria Smith before her marriage; she was 
 born in BaUimore in 1797, and his father 
 was born in New London, Conn., Decem- 
 ber 29. 1794. Mr. Rogers comes from old 
 English stock (the founder of this line in this 
 country. James Rogers, born in England, 
 1615, came to America in 1635, and died in 
 New London, Conn., in 1687, where some 
 of his posterity still reside), his ancestors 
 having lived at New London, Conn., one 
 hundred and fifty years before his father 
 came to Baltimore to live in 1820. Jona- 
 than Rogers was a commission merchant, 
 and carried on business in Baltimore from 
 his arrival here up to the date of his death, 
 which occurred September 10, 1832; Mr. 
 Rogers' mother dying in 1847. His father 
 had five children, all deceased except Wil- 
 liam P. Rogers, accountant, 323 N. Charles 
 street, Baltimore, and Mr. Rogers the sub- 
 ject of this sketch. He was educated in the 
 private schools of Baltimore and always 
 lived in this city except from 1855 to 1870, 
 when he resided in A^irginia. During the 
 Civil War he served the first year in the 
 commissary department of the Confederate 
 States Army in Virginia. Mr. Rogers was 
 twice married ; first to Maria Virginia Leef , 
 October 25, 1854, and upon her decease, to 
 her sister, Mary Frances Leef, January 14, 
 1864; both his wives being daughters of 
 Henry Leef and Isabella Groom, his wife; 
 and all of them being natives and residents 
 of Baltimore. He has four children living: 
 James S., Jr., architect, residing in Detroit, 
 !Mich., and who was married June 5, 1895; 
 Caroline; William F., Jr., book-keeper; Nor- 
 man, electrical engineer. All his children 
 
 were educated in the public schools of Bal- 
 timore. He and all his family are members 
 of Iklemorial Protestant Episcopal Church 
 of the Ascension, Mr. Rogers being one of 
 the vestrymen. Up to the formation of the 
 Republican party, Mr. Rogers was a Whig, 
 after that a Democrat, but takes little active 
 interest in politics, and is strictly a business 
 man, devoting all his time to the duties of 
 his high and important office as treasurer 
 of the J. C. Grafiflin Company, with whom 
 he has been associated in business for more 
 than twenty years. 
 
 David Abercrombie, Manager of The 
 Baltimore News Company, whose place of 
 business is in the Sun Building, was born 
 May 6, 1840, at Grameston, near Falkirk, 
 Scotland. His father was David Aber- 
 crombie, and his mother Christian Taylor, 
 both Scotch. His father was a brick 
 burner, which business he was engaged in 
 until he came to Baltimore in 1847, when he 
 connected himself with Henry Ta^dor in the 
 newspaper business, both of whom con- 
 tinued in that business until Mr. Abercrom- 
 bie's death in 1864. Mrs. Abercrombie died 
 January 28, 1898. Mr. and ]\Irs. Aber- 
 crombie had ten children, of whom are 
 living: John, who is assistant manager 
 of the Baltimore News Company; William 
 T., a clerk in the same company; Mrs. Eliz- 
 abeth Hyde, of Baltimore; Christine, and 
 Mr. Abercrombie, the immediate subject of 
 this sketch. He had but few opportunities 
 to receive an education when young, and at- 
 tended the public schools of Baltimore but 
 a short time, as at eight years of age he be- 
 gan life as a newsboy in Baltimore, selling 
 papers on the streets for Henry Taylor, and 
 as he came up in life, educating himself; 
 
(80 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 next he became a messenger in Mr. Tay- 
 lor's office: then clerk, salesman, and before 
 he was twenty-one, manager of the entire 
 business, and when in 1863 the firm became 
 Henry Taylor & Co.. he was made a partner 
 in the firm; subsequently (1870) the busi- 
 ness was carried on under the present name, 
 "The Baltimore News Company." I^Ir. 
 Abercrombie was made treasurer of the 
 company, and has for years been its mana- 
 ger and cashier. Mr. Abercrombie mar- 
 ried when little over twenty-one years old, 
 on October 10, 1861, his wife being Aliss 
 Addie, daughter of the late John A. and 
 Mary A. Jenness, both being Americans. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Abercrombie have no chil- 
 dren. They are members of the Methodist 
 Church: he is a Mason and master of St. 
 John's Lodge; an Odd Fellow, member of 
 St. Andrew's Society, a director of the 
 Economy Savings Bank of Baltimore, treas- 
 urer of the Emory Grove Camp Meeting 
 Association, trustee for the Home of the 
 A.ged, M. E. Church, and one of the board 
 of managers of the Preachers' Aid Society 
 of the M. E. Church. He is an Independ- 
 ent Democrat. William and Henry Taylor 
 were the foimders of th.e Baltimore News 
 Coniriany in this city and were uncles of 
 Mr. Abercrombie, both natives of Scotland. 
 The business was started on North street in 
 1840, and in 1S52 removed to its present 
 ciuarters. An incident showing the push of 
 this house and the tact and energ}' of Mr. 
 Abercrombie occurred in April, 1861, when 
 the war began and when for a time all com- 
 munication with P>a!timorc and the North 
 was cut ofT by the destruction of the rail- 
 roads, bridges and telegraphs. Tliis house 
 determined, at the suggestion of Mr. Tay- 
 lor, to supply the i)eople with the northern 
 
 papers, and thus to keep open communica- 
 tion between Baltimore and the northern 
 cities. To this end they ran wagons, under 
 the direct management of Mr. Abercrom- 
 bie, to Havre de Grace, day and night, tak- 
 ing Baltimore mail and papers there and 
 bringing back Northern papers and mail. 
 This was done until regular communication 
 was restored. Mr. Abercrombie is very pop- 
 ular; known as a man of strict integrity and 
 sterling worth — aself-mademan. At the ter- 
 mination of his services as foreman of the 
 grand jury (January term of 1892) he was 
 given a banquet at the Hotel Rennert: his 
 fellow jurymen there presented him with a 
 handsome lamp, stand and shade as a testi- 
 monial of their high appreciation of his 
 worth as a man and of his able and con- 
 scientious performance of his duties as their 
 foreman ; and in respect to his principles as 
 a temperance man and a Christian dis- 
 pensed with wine at the banquet. Mr. 
 Abercrombie resides at 742 \\'est North 
 
 Edgar Kemp Legg, General Manager 
 Baltimore Building and Loan Association 
 of Baltimore City, was born in Winchester, 
 \"a., June 22, 1843. ^^^ parents were 
 George W. and Eliza (Doughty) Legg, 
 both of whom were born in Alexandria, Va., 
 their ancestors belonging to some of the 
 oldest families of that State. His father 
 was a flour merchant and carried on this 
 business in Georgetown and Winchester, 
 \'a., for sonic years, after which he resided 
 in Berkeley county, Va. (now ^V. Va.), and 
 represented the county for several sessions 
 in the Legislature of West \^irginia. His 
 father and mother are now deceased. Mr. 
 Legg was educated in the Winchester 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 rsi 
 
 Academy, at Winchester, \'a. When the 
 Civil War came on in 1861, he, at the age 
 of eighteen, joined the Confederate army, 
 and served in the 13th Virginia infantry, 
 Gen. A. P. Hill's troop, and on June 27, 
 1S62, in the seven days' tight around Rich- 
 mond, was severely woitnded; recovering, 
 he returned to the army, where he served 
 until the end of the war. After this he came 
 to Baltimore to reside and was engaged in 
 business for a number of years as a flour 
 and grain merchant, retiring from this busi- 
 ness upon the formation of the Baltimore 
 Building and Loan Association. He was 
 a]3pointed to the high and important office 
 of general manager of the Association, and 
 by his management and push it has built up 
 an extensive business, now having assets of 
 more than $2,000,000 a year, and is one of 
 the leading associations in the country, its 
 place of business being in the Fidelity 
 Building, corner of Charles and Lexington 
 streets. Mr. Legg was married " June 8, 
 1880, at Frederick City, Md., to Ellen Trail 
 Webster, whose parents were George F. 
 Webster and Ellen Trail; both of Mrs. 
 Legg's parents were bona in Frederick 
 county, Md., and their ancestors were 
 among the earliest settlers of that section 
 of the State. Mr. Legg has five children: 
 Frederick Webster; Edgar Kent, Jr.; Ellen 
 Trail; Charles Trail and Florence Golds- 
 borough Legg; they attend the various in- 
 stitutions of learning in the city. He and 
 his family are members of the Episcopal 
 Church. Li politics Mr. Legg is a Demo- 
 crat, but takes no active part except to vote, 
 devoting all his time to his business, and 
 being very domestic in his tastes spends 
 most of his time with his family when not 
 engaged in business. He resides at 112 W. 
 
 North avenue. Mr. Legg was active in 
 the reorganization of old North Baltimore 
 Club, and one of the incorporators of its 
 successor, the Commonwealth Club, of 
 which he is now president, after having been 
 a member of the board of governors. 
 
 William Gisriel, Brass Manufacturer 
 and Proprietor of the Maryland Brass and 
 Metal Works, at 1527 and 1529 Guilford 
 avenue, with residence at 1135 Johnson 
 Square, was born In Baltimore, March 29, 
 1853. He is the son of Frederick Gisriel, 
 who was born in Alsace Lorraine in 1826, 
 and came to America in 1840, settling in Al- 
 bany, N. Y., where he resided a short time, 
 after which he came to Baltimore. Mr. 
 Gisriel's modier was also a German, and 
 came to America from Germany about the 
 time his father did and a short time after 
 their arrival in this country they were mar- 
 ried. Mr. Gisriel's father was a baker and 
 soon after coming to Baltimore established 
 a bakery on Greenmount avenue and 
 Eager street, where he built up quite a busi- 
 ness and accumulated considerable prop- 
 erty; he died in 1868, and his wife in 1894, 
 leaving four children: Sophia, Jennie, John, 
 and William, the subject of this sketch, all 
 of them being residents of Baltimore. Mr. 
 Gisriel attended the public schools of Balti- 
 more until he was about fifteen years of age, 
 when his father dying, his mother appren- 
 ticed him to Henry McShane, brass found- 
 er, to learn that trade. He served his time 
 out with McShane and, when twenty-one, 
 went to Philadelphia and worked at his 
 trade, but did not remain there long and 
 returned to Baltimore to work at Davis & 
 Watts' foundry on Holliday street, near 
 Saratoga, this foundry being noted as the 
 
782 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 one wliere all the appliances for the Bell 
 telephone were first manufactured and the 
 first manufactured in the world. Mr. Gis- 
 rielwas the man who had charge of this de- 
 partment. In 1873 Davis & Watts closed 
 their foundry and a short time afterwards 
 Mr. Gisriel took the plant and commenced 
 business for himself. Having no money, 
 but good friends, by push and energy he 
 soon established a good business and pros- 
 pered, purchasing the property on Holliday 
 street, known as 312, 314, and 316 
 North Holliday street, where he built a 
 foundry aiid carried on business for 
 some years, but his business still in- 
 creasing he was compelled to seek more 
 commodious quarters for his plant, and 
 in 1893 leased the plant of the Mary- 
 land Brass Company's foundry, Guilford 
 and Girard avenues, where he is at pres- 
 ent located. Mr. Gisriel is the oldest 
 individual brass founder now in the busi- 
 ness in Baltimore, and his establishment is 
 known as the Maryland Brass and Metal 
 Works, of Baltimore. In 1872 he was mar- 
 ried in Baltimore to Martha Washinglon 
 Cornelius, daughter of John D. Cornelius, 
 whose wife was Priscilla I'arks, both of his 
 wife's parents In-ing Mar\landers and born 
 in Baltimore county. He has eight chil- 
 dren living iu Baltimore, viz: Lilly, Wil- 
 liam, Emma, Walter, Cora, Edward, Stew- 
 art, and Joshua Levering, and two dead — 
 Mary, who died in 1873, and Beulah, who 
 died in 1893. His daughter Emma is the 
 only one of his children married, she hav- 
 ing married James I'airbanks. His son 
 William is a l)rass founder and engaged in 
 business with his father. .-Ml of the family 
 are Methodists, attending Madison Square 
 Church. He is president of Summit Cirove | 
 
 Camp Meeting Association, and a member 
 of Phoenix Lodge, A. F. and A. M., and a 
 member of Maryland Commandery, No. i, 
 Knights Templar, which claims to be the 
 oldest commandery in the United States. 
 Mr. Gisriel is independent in politics and 
 votes for those he considers the best men, 
 but was formerly a Democrat. 
 
 GusTAVus A. DoBLLR, Paper Dealer, 
 was born in Elizabethto\«i, Lancaster 
 county. Pa., October 16, 1839. He is a son 
 of Daniel Dobler, who was born in Balti- 
 more, April 4, 1804. His mother was 
 Christina Barbara lehle, born in Kornwes- 
 theini, Wurtemburg, Germany, May 20, 
 1802, and came to Baltimore in 1816; both 
 resided here until their deaths, his father 
 dying in 1859, his mother in 1867. John 
 Michael Dobler, Mr. G. A. Dobler's grand- 
 father, located in Baltimore from Wurtem- 
 bm-g in 1798, and did patrol duty for Balti- 
 more September 12, 18 14, date of the batUe 
 of North Point. Mr. Dobler's father was a 
 chemist, physician and teacher; after follow- 
 ing these professions for some years he be- 
 came a manufacturer of paper boxes and 
 carried on this l)usiness in Baltimore until 
 1859. He had seven children, all deceased 
 except the subject of this sketch and a 
 daughter, Paulina Theodora, who is the 
 wife of James R. Shumacher, book-keeper 
 for Dobler & Mudge. Gustavus A. Dobler 
 attended the public schools of Pennsylvania 
 and Baltimore until 1853, when he went to 
 work in his father's factory, subsequently 
 becoming manager. In 185S he severed 
 that connection and was employed by .K. L. 
 Knight, paper dealer. From there he went 
 with Wheelwright, Mudge & Co., same 
 business, and as clerk and partner has been 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 with the successive firms and is at present 
 senior member of the firm of Dobler & 
 Mudge, paper dealers, one of the largest 
 houses of the kind in the city, doing a large 
 business south, west, etc. Their house is at 
 113 Hopkins Place. Mr. Dobler has been 
 twice married; first, December 17, 1874, to 
 Catherine, daughter of George Dobler, of 
 Baltimore. On March 10, 1885, to Ida 
 Gertrude, daughter of I. George Gehring, 
 of Baltimore; by his second marriage Mr. 
 Do'bler has three children, Martin Luther, 
 Emma Catharine and Mary Christina. Mr. 
 Dobler is a member of the Evangelical 
 Lutheran Church; is a trustee of St. Paul's 
 Evangelical Lutheran Seminary of Hick- 
 ory, N. C; has been a director of the Ger- 
 man Orphan Asylum for the past seven 
 years ; is a member of the Reform League, 
 the Civil Service Association, and also a 
 member of the German Society of Mary- 
 land, the Lutheran Statue Association of 
 Washington, D. C, and a member of the 
 State Senate of Maryland, having been 
 elected on the Republican ticket in 1895. 
 He is a Democrat by inheritance and re- 
 mained such until 1875, but votes for the 
 best man irrespective of party. Mr. Dob- 
 ler is noted for his strict integrity and ster- 
 ling honesty; he is domestic in his habits, 
 spending all his available time with his fam- 
 ily; he has at his home, 131 Aisquith street, 
 as fine and well selected a library as any lay- 
 man east of the Falls. He is much inter- 
 ested in public charities, hospitals, etc., indi- 
 vidually caring for the inmates, besides aid- 
 ing many institutions in various ways. Mr. 
 Dobler never turns a deaf ear to the appeal 
 of the needy, believing that "It is more 
 blessed to give than to receive." 
 
 Martin W.agxer, the subject of this 
 sketch, is one of the pioneers in Baltimore's 
 great oyster and fruit packing industry. 
 He is the founder and president of the Mar- 
 tin Wagner Company, the leading house of 
 its kind on this continent, and has been 
 identified with the packing industry since its 
 infancy. He was born in Baltimore July 
 24, 1849, 3-nd began life as an apprentice in 
 the tinsmithing business when all that work 
 ^^•as done by hand. Then as now the mak- 
 ing of tin cans was an important feature of 
 local commerce over which Mr. Wagner 
 acquired a perfect mastery and in the de- 
 velopment of which he was largely instru- 
 mental. Naturally the making of tin cans 
 was very closjcly allied to the packing busi- 
 ness, and Mr. Wagner's quick discernment 
 enabled him to appreciate the splendid op- 
 portunities which it offered. He then ac- 
 quired a complete knowledge of the art of 
 processing — an art at that time shrouded in 
 mystery and accessible only to a very limit- 
 ed few. With this valuable knowledge, to- 
 gether with aggressive methods he began 
 the packing of canned goods, improving 
 upon old methods and bringing about inno- 
 vations such as the business had not known 
 before. It was then that the now widely 
 Icnown "Martin Wagner" brands were 
 launched out to win jwpular favor over a 
 formidable array of competition. That 
 they are to-day everywhere known and that 
 a large demand for them proceeds from 
 every quarter of the United States and Can- 
 ada, extending largely to Europe, may be 
 attributed to the fact that with the packing 
 of the first as well as the last can this fixed 
 rule was laid down: that nothing but super- 
 ior excellence should appear under the 
 Wagner brand; and it is because this prin- 
 
(84 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ciple has never been changed that a uniform 
 merit has always prevailed and a vast and 
 increasing trade developed. In 1872 Mr. 
 Wagner began business in a small way as a 
 manufacturer of tin cans on Luzerne street, 
 and was successful from the beginning, so 
 much so that within a short period his es- 
 tablishment had grown to be one of the 
 largest plants for the manufacture of tin 
 cans in Baltimore. The methods of the 
 business have been revolutionized and the 
 output of the large tin can making depart- 
 ment of the Martin Wagner Company many 
 times multiplies what was considered an ex- 
 ceedingly large output in the other days. 
 In 1880, however, with characteristic en- 
 ergy, a prominent trait, "Sir. Wagner set 
 aside the making of cans as an exclusive 
 business and made it an auxiliary to his 
 new venture in the packing of oysters and 
 fruits. Thus from a small beginning the 
 establishment has reached its present 
 great proportions. In 1889 the Martin 
 Wagner Company was incorporated with a 
 capital of $200,000. The officers of the com- 
 pany are Mr. Martin Wagner, president and 
 general manager; Mr. M. J. Wagner, vice- 
 president: Mr. W. A. Wagner, treasurer: 
 Mr. George J. Wagner and Mr. John G. 
 Schorr, superintendents respectively of the 
 can manufacturing and packing depart- 
 ment. 
 
 At that time they occupied commodious 
 quarters at 23 1 5-23 17 Boston street, com- 
 prising a four-story building, 120x300 feet 
 in dimensions, with wide area of sheds and 
 wharves that afiforded facility in the dis- 
 charging of vessels. Mr. Wagner long ago 
 foresaw the conditions whicli to-day attach 
 to the great enterprise of which he is the 
 head and shrewdlv bought an extensive but 
 
 unimproved tract of land at Curtis Bay, 
 Anne Arundel county, to which place has 
 been moved the entire plant which had for 
 years made the old location a center of un- 
 ceasing activity. To-day the unimproved 
 land of other days is now Wagner's Point 
 and immediately contiguous is the uninter- 
 esting town of East Brooklyn, both places 
 owned and controlled by the Martin Wag- 
 ner Company. At the former place is lo- 
 cated the packing establishment of the com- 
 pany with largely increased capacity and 
 embracing every device known to this busi- 
 ness. Immediately adjoining is the can- 
 making department, the output of which has 
 recently been increased from 20,000,000 
 cans i)er year to 30,000,000 and 40,000,000 
 cans. Nearby and a striking figure in this 
 great group of buildings is the box manu- 
 facturing establishment: thus it is seen that 
 in one center is combined all the various 
 departments of the packing industry. Large 
 warehouses line the water front, affording 
 easy access to shipping on the one side and 
 to rail transportation on the other. Splen- 
 didly built docks and bulk-heads extending 
 into deep water admit of the presence of 
 a large number of draught vessels at one 
 time. An electric plant supplies illumina- 
 tion to the establishment, adding another 
 to the conveniences that facilitate the hand- 
 ling of a really enormous buisness. In car- 
 rying the plant from Baltimore to Wagner's 
 Point — about four miles distant from Balti- 
 more — they likewise carried the operatives 
 who form a happy and prosperous coin- 
 numity, to the now busy little town of 
 Kast Brooklyn, with its hundred two and 
 three-story finely built brick dwellings, a 
 I)OSt-oflice whither comes and goes the mail 
 three times a day, a largely attended country 
 
^ 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 puhlic school, drug store, bakery, shoe store 
 and restaurant, it has every clami to the dig- 
 nity of a town many times older and larger. 
 The town enjoys the presence of a well 
 conducted grocery and provision store at 
 which goods are sold at city prices. A fire 
 engine company with splendid quarters is a 
 feature of East Brooklyn and a fine chemi- 
 cal engine truck and accessories to their or- 
 ganization. Whilst serving a very distinc- 
 tively practical purpose the social feature is 
 not inconsiderable and the engine house is 
 a place of great local importance. To the 
 north of East Brooklyn is Alasonville, a 
 town of growing importance and named for 
 the great cracker baker of Baltimore; near- 
 by is Fairfield indicating its activity by a 
 number of factories and numerous pretty 
 dwellings; to the west is the old town of 
 Brooklyn and lying at the extreme souther- 
 ly end is South Baltimore, with its churches 
 and schools, mills and car' shops and one 
 of the finest sugar refineries in the country. 
 These growing towns have a combined 
 population of about 10,000 people, and dot 
 the landscape of one of the most successful 
 vegetable sections in the United States — far 
 famed Anne Arundel county. Baltimore 
 lies heavily banked against the north and is 
 easily reached by the electric cars which 
 penetrate these towns. 
 
 Hand in hand Wagner's Point and East 
 Brooklyn grow together, for there is never 
 any cessation in the march of improve- 
 ments. New buildings are constantly going 
 up and a strong building association makes 
 it possible for every family to own its own 
 dwelling, a convenience largely availed of. 
 Altogether the buildings of the Martin 
 Wagner Company used exclusively in their 
 packing business cover .... acres. 
 
 The subject of our narrative has not yet 
 reached the half century mark and yet there 
 has been crowded into his life the activities 
 and results of a much longer period. Look- 
 ing back over the past twenty-five years 
 there is reason for much elation and gratifi- 
 cation. The now towering proportions of 
 the company dwarf into insignificance the 
 place of beginning — a meagre and unpre- 
 tentious place that lives again the embodi- 
 ment of a town and a town's people. Mr. 
 Wagner is as actively present in the con- 
 cerns of the establishment as ever he was. 
 He laid the foundation of the business and 
 moulded its policy from which there has 
 been no deviation. Every department is 
 under his watchful eye — even the veriest de- 
 tails of the business do not escape him. The 
 past of the Martin Wagner Company's 
 plant has been prolific of great results and 
 indications point to a long continuance of 
 prosperity. 
 
 George W. Knapp, member of the firm 
 of Matthai, Ingram & Co., manufacturers 
 of tinware and sheet metal goods, a son of 
 the late John K. and Harriet Anne (Ford) 
 Knapp, was born in Baltimore county, Md., 
 July 18, 1847. His father was a chemist 
 and both his parents descended from Amer- 
 icans, being colonial settlers of the country. 
 The former was a native of Connecticut, 
 the latter of Maryland. Mr. John Knapp 
 died in 1857; his wife in 1895. They had 
 four children, all deceased except John T. 
 Knapp, civil engineer, of Baltimore, and 
 Mr. George W. Knapp, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this sketch. The latter was educated 
 at the public schools of Baltimore and by 
 private tutors. He was married February 
 28, 1878, to Emma Kate, daughter of the 
 late Nicholas and Susan (Gray) Boone, of 
 
786 
 
 HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Bucks county, Pa. Mrs. Knapp's parents 
 were Americans and descendants of the 
 earliest settlers of Pennsylvania. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Knapp have four children: George 
 Wroth, Alfred Marion, William Gideon, 
 and Emma Kate; his sons are students at 
 Johns Hopkins University and Professor 
 Lamb's School. The family are Episco- 
 palians and in politics Mr. Knapp is a Dem- 
 ocrat. He is a member of the Maryland 
 Club, Catonsville Country Club and the 
 Academy of x\rts and Sciences. Mr. Knapp 
 has full charge of the practical part of the 
 business of the firm of Matthai, Ingram & 
 Co., of which he is a member, having been 
 connected with it from its beginning. 
 Through his wise management and me- 
 chanical skill and inventive genius the busi- 
 ness has become one of the most important 
 of its kind in the world. The warerooms 
 are at 109, iii and 113 Hanover street. Mr. 
 Knapp is a genial gentleman and stands 
 high with our people. He resides with his 
 family at 1232 Lafayette avenue. West. 
 
 CoL. James Franklin Supplee, mem- 
 ber of the firm of Hodges Bros., importers 
 and jobbers of dress goods, hosiery and no- 
 tions, 23 Hanover street, is the son of 
 Franklin and Harriet (Lee) Supplee, and 
 was born in Wilmington, Del., ]\'Iarch 22, 
 
 1850, but has resided in Baltimore since 
 
 185 1. Colonel Supplee's father was born 
 December 27, 181 1, at the "Supplee Home- 
 stead," Worcester township, Montgomery 
 county, Pa., twenty miles nortlnvest of 
 Philadelphia. His mother was born in 
 Pennsylvania, February 21, 1809, Colonel 
 Supplee's father and mother being of Amer- 
 ican descent for five generations. His 
 father's first ancestor in this country was 
 
 a Frenchman, Hance Supplee, who was a 
 soldier and died at the "Supplee Home- 
 stead" in 1767; his son Abraham Supplee, 
 his grandson Nathan and great-grandson 
 Franklin Supplee were all born at this old 
 homestead. Colonel Supplee's father came 
 to Baltimore to reside in 1851; he was an 
 attorney-at-Iaw and Judge of the Orphans' 
 Court of Baltimore for eight years. Both 
 parents are now deceased, his father dying 
 in 1886 and his mother in 1870; they had 
 eight children, all of whom are deceased ex- 
 cept Mrs. Joshua P. Reynolds, Mrs. Eva 
 S. Megraw and Mrs. Howard Miller, of 
 Baltimore; Mrs. W. Frank Hart, of Bridge- 
 ton, N. J., and Col. Frank Supplee. Colonel 
 Supplee was educated in the public schools 
 of Baltimore and is a graduate of the Balti- 
 more City College. He was married No- 
 vember 22, 1874. to Miss Kate, daughter of 
 James Edward Cochran, of Maryland; both 
 her parents are deceased. Colonel Supplee 
 has six children: Bessie Cochran, James 
 FrankHn, Jr., Henry Clay Miller, Daisy 
 Kate, Albert Cummings and Cochran Sup- 
 plee. Bessie was educated at the Woman's 
 College, Baltimore; James Franklin, Jr., 
 at Princeton University and Henry Clay 
 Miller at Baltimore City College. Colonel 
 Supplee and family are members of the M. 
 E. Church. He is a meml^er of the A. F. & 
 A. M., O. G. C, U. S. B. F., Royal Arca- 
 num, Jr. O. U. .-\. M.. Sons of the Revolu- 
 tion, Merchants' Club and other organiza- 
 tions; is lieutenant colonel Fourth Regiment 
 Infantry, Maryland National Guard. He is 
 a Republican and takes an active part in 
 politics. Was elected City Register by the 
 City Council, h'ebruary, 1898, for two years. 
 As a public speaker has achieved quite a 
 reputation: is also a noted singer. Colonel 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 r87 
 
 Supplee is an active business man and was 
 connected with the wholesale dry goods 
 house of Daniel Miller & Co. from 1868 to 
 1890, being buyer and manager of the no- 
 tion department for seventeen years, and for 
 thirteen years a member of the firm. He 
 organized the Chesapeake Shirt Company 
 in 1887 and was for ten years its president, 
 an enterprise giving employment to 600 op- 
 eratives and having a capital of $100,000. 
 Upon the death of Mr. James Hodges in 
 1895 he re-organized the firm of Hodges 
 Bros., as the head of the concern. This 
 house was founded in 1846 and is the oldest 
 and largest of its kind in Baltimore. Colonel 
 Supplee also organized the Merchants' and 
 Manufacturers' Fire Insurance Company 
 in 1895, one of the most important com- 
 panies in the State; he is now its vice-presi- 
 dent. He is a director of the United States 
 Fidelity and Guaranty Company and a di- 
 rector of the Monumental Savings and Loan 
 Association, a director of the Merchants' 
 and Manufacturers' Association and was a 
 director on the part of the city in the B. & 
 O. R. R. from 1884 to 1887 and served in 
 the second branch of the City Council from 
 1889 to 1893. In all municipal celebrations 
 or anything that conduces to the city's inter- 
 est, Colonel Supplee always takes a promi- 
 nent and active part. He was organizer, 
 chairman of tlie committee and chief mar- 
 shal of the great Civic and Trades' Display 
 "in Baltimore in 1889. Colonel Supplee 
 stands high among all classes and is one of 
 the most popular and best known men in 
 Baltimore. He resides at 1625 Eutaw 
 Place, one of the most beautiful residence 
 portions of the city. 
 
 Ernst Schmeisser, Tobacco Manufac- 
 turer, formerly of the firm of G. W. Gail & 
 Ax (i to 19 Barre street), Baltimore, now 
 G. W. Gail & Ax, branch of the American 
 Tobacco Company, is a son of Christian 
 and Marianne (Dresler) Schmeisser, of Sie- 
 gen, Westphalia. Both of his parents were 
 of German nativity and descent, his father 
 (now deceased) having been a prominent 
 physician of Siegen and his mother being 
 still a resident of that city. They had six 
 children, two daughters who are still living, 
 and four sons, Adolph, Ernst, Heinrich and 
 Karl. Adolph and Heinrich died. Karl is • 
 Ober-Bergrath in the service of the German 
 Empire. In the interests of his Government 
 he made extensive investigations of the Af- 
 rican gold fields, and subsequently visited 
 the Australasian fields On behalf of an Eng- 
 lish syndicate. Ernst Schmeisser was born 
 in Siegen in 1851. Quitting school there 
 in the fall of 1868 he came to America 
 and located in Baltimore. For three years 
 he was in the employ of the banking house 
 of Kummer & Becker. From 1871 to 
 1876 he clerked and traveled for the to- 
 bacco manufacturing firm of G. W. Gail 
 & Ax. From April 2, 1876, to April 
 2, 1882, he was in partnership associa- 
 tion with Mr. Henry Lauts, carrying 
 on the export leaf and general commission 
 business under the firm name of Lauts & 
 Schmeisser. During this latter period, Sep- 
 tember 30, 1879, Mr. Schmeisser married 
 Miss Louise, daughter of G. W. Gail, Sr., 
 founder of the well-known firm of G. W. 
 Gail & Ax, and a member thereof until its 
 dissolution in 1892, when the business was 
 sold out to the American Tobacco Com- 
 pany. Mr. Schmeisser is now manager of 
 
788 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 this branch. ISlr. and Mrs. Schmeisser have 
 four children, Wilhehn C, Ernst Gail, 
 Heinrich C. and Gerhard Lauts Schmeisser. 
 The family are Lutherans, and reside at 
 2401 Eutaw Place. Mr. Schmeisser is a 
 valued and valuable factor in the business 
 growth of Baltimore, and is identified with 
 a number of the institutions and an active 
 member of many of the prominent societies 
 and clubs of the city. He is president of 
 the General German Orphan Asylum of 
 Baltimore: vice-president of the Germania 
 Club ; vice-president of the Mutual Fire In- 
 surance Company of Baltimore; vice-presi- 
 dent of the Patapsco Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany of Baltimore, and one of the directory 
 of Hopkins Place Savings Bank. He is a 
 member of the Masonic Fraternity and of 
 the Lincoln and Union League Clubs. 
 
 Charles O. Scull, Baltimore, was born 
 in Somerset county, Pa., November 27, 
 1851. He is a son of Edward and Louise 
 (Ogle) Scull, both Pennsylvanians, their an- 
 cestors being among the early settlers of 
 that State; his father is an attorney and both 
 of his parents reside in Somerset county. 
 Pa. Mr. Scull was educated at Newell In- 
 -stitute, Pittsburg, Pa., and graduated there- 
 from in 1869. He entered the railway ser- 
 vice at Columbus, O., in January, 1870, and 
 continued with the Pennsylvania lines west 
 of Pittsburg until 1886, when he entered the 
 service of the B. & O. R. R. as their general 
 passenger agent, which position he held un- 
 til April, 1897. The intricate and onerous 
 duties of this ofifice Mr. Scull discharged 
 with signal ability and he was regarded as 
 one of the most efficient general passenger 
 agents in the country. The severance of 
 his connection with railroad interests was 
 
 regretted generally by his professional col- 
 leagues and associates. February i, 1898, 
 Mr. Scull was appointed general manager 
 of the railway department of the United 
 States Fidelity and Guaranty Company of 
 Baltimore. He is unmarried and resides in 
 Baltimore. 
 
 George Washington I\Ioore, Oyster 
 and Fruit Packer, place of business foot of 
 Montgomery street, was born in Somerset 
 county, Md., November 11, 1842. His 
 father was Jonathan W. Moore, a sea cap- 
 tain of Scotch descent, born and raised in 
 Delaware. He came to Maryland to reside, 
 settling in Somerset county, and married 
 Rebecca E. Shores, of tliat county, her an- 
 cestors being of English descent and among 
 the earliest settlers of Maryland. Her 
 father served in the War of 1812. Mr. 
 Moore's ancestors were early settlers in 
 Delaware. Capt. Jonathan W. Moore had 
 four children, all deceased except the sub- 
 ject of this sketch and his brother Jonathan 
 W. Moore, who lives in this State and is also 
 a sea captain; both their parents are de- 
 ceased. Mr. Moore was educated in the 
 public schools of Somerset county, but early 
 in life he went to Annapolis to live and 
 started in life as a clerk in a small grocery 
 store, after which he went into the oyster 
 business, beginning in a very modest way, 
 but by hard work, energy and attention to 
 business gradually increased it until he es- 
 tablished a good business; then wishing to 
 still further increase it, he came to Balti- 
 more in 1872 to reside and opened a place 
 here as oyster and fruit packer under the 
 name of George W. Moore & Co., until 
 1875, when the firm of Moore & Brady was 
 formed, which is now one of the leading 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 789 
 
 houses of the kind in the city, doing one of 
 the largest businesses. The firm of Moore 
 & Brady was one of the originators of the 
 Canned Goods Exchange of Baltimore. 
 Mr. Moore sensed twice as first vice-presi- 
 dent and is now serving his second term as 
 president; he is also president of the Na- 
 tional Canned Goods Association of the 
 United States. Mr. Moore has been mar- 
 ried twice, first in 1862 to Lutia Evans, 
 daughter of Samuel Evans and Jane Nor- 
 man, all of Maryland, and after the death 
 of his first wife, to Alice Brown, daughter of 
 Jacob Brown, of Baltimore, and Alice 
 Owens, of Matthews county, \'a. Mr. 
 Moore has eight children: George N., 
 Laura, Harvey, Brady, Alice, Carrie, Cath- 
 erine, and Jacob Carson Moore. He and 
 his family are Methodists; he is also a Ma- 
 son, Odd Fellow and belongs to the order 
 of Red Men. In politics he is a Democrat 
 and in 1866 held a position as an officer in 
 the Legislature of Maryland, and has been 
 a member of the Harbor Board of Balti- 
 more. Mr. Moore stands high as a business 
 man and citizen, noted for his kind disposi- 
 tion and liberality, always contributing to 
 deserving charities and taking pleasure in 
 doing good to others. He and his family re- 
 side at their beautiful home, 1806 Eutaw 
 Place. 
 
 James H. Brady, Oyster and Fruit 
 Packer, member of the firm of Moore & 
 Brady, whose place of business is the foot 
 of Montgomery street, is the son of Patrick 
 Brady and Catherine O'Rourke, and was 
 born in Ireland in January, 1848; in 1853 
 came with his parents to this country, land- 
 ing in Philadelphia, and settling in Steuben- 
 ville, O., where his mother still resides, his 
 
 father being deceased. He resided with his 
 parents at Steubenville until 1871, when he 
 came to Baltimore to live and was with 
 James E. Stansberry as salesman, who was 
 engaged in the oyster business, until 1875, 
 when he formed a partnership with Mr. 
 George W. Moore and they formed the 
 firm of Moore & Brady, oyster and fruit 
 packers, now one of the leading houses in 
 that line in our city, Mr. Brady through 
 his activity, push and business qualification 
 having assisted his partner, Mr. Moore, 
 very much in bringing the house and its 
 business to the present high standard and 
 great business. Mr. Brady is married and 
 has six children. He and his family are 
 Protestants and reside at No. 100 East 
 North avenue, Baltimore. 
 
 George William Gail, Jr., Tobacco 
 Manufacturer, place of business Gail & Ax 
 Building, Nos. i to 19 E. Barre street, is 
 the son of Georg Wilhelm Gail, founder of 
 the well-known house of Gail & Ax, to- 
 bacco manufacturers, and was born in Bal- 
 timore the 14th of October, 1864. His 
 father, Georg Wilhelm Gail, was born in 
 Giessen, Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, the 
 8th of July, 1828, and came to this country 
 in 1847, locating in Baltimore; his mother 
 was Mary E. Feigner, and was born in Bal- 
 timore, February 8, 1837, her parents both 
 having located in Baltimore from Germany. 
 Georg Wilhelm Gail, after settling here, 
 started in a small way in the tobacco busi- 
 ness and continued in this busines^ until 
 i860, when he and Mr. Ax formed a part- 
 nership and established the house of Gail 
 & Ax, tobacco manufacturers; his father is 
 still living, but his mother is deceased, she 
 dying the 9th of March, 1891, leaving one 
 
790 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 son and four daughters. Mr. Gail married 
 a second time and has one son by this mar- 
 riage. Mr. George W. Gail, Jr., has a fine 
 education, having attended the public and 
 private schools of Baltimore and also had 
 the advantages of private tutors. 
 
 After attaining his education, his father 
 desiring to make a business man of him, put 
 him with the wholesale tobacco house of 
 Bendheim Brothers & Co., then of Balti- 
 more, where he served in the capacity of 
 clerk, after which his father in Februarv', 
 1885, took him into business in the house of 
 Gail & Ax, of which firm he became a mem- 
 ber January i, 1888. Mr. Gail was married 
 the 5th of December, 18S8, in Richmond, 
 Va., to Helen Christiana Bauch, who was 
 born in Richmond, she being the daughter 
 of Charles Bauch and Olga Von Bucholtz, 
 both born in Germany, and on coming to 
 this country, settling in Richmond, Va., 
 where the family resided up to the decease 
 of Mr. Bauch in tlie spring of 1897, since 
 which time they have resided in Baltimore 
 with Mr. Gail. Mr. Gail has four children, 
 Helen Maria, George William, Nanny 
 Louisa and Olga Elise. Mr. Gail and his 
 family attend St. Peter's Episcopal Church. 
 In politics he is independent and votes for 
 those he considers the best men and best 
 fitted for the positions they rtm for. 
 
 Mr. Gail is one of our coming young busi- 
 ness men, noted for his high character, 
 both in business and as a citizen, and de- 
 votes his time strictly to his business and 
 the large interests he has under his charge, 
 of the Gail & A.x factory and as assistant 
 manager of the American Tobacco Com- 
 pany. ;Mr. Gail is a member of the Ger- 
 mania Club of Baltimore City, an active 
 member of the Maryland llicvcle Club, 
 
 Maryland Bicycle County Club, the Aler- 
 chants' Club, a director in the Mt. Wash- 
 ington Electric Light and Power Company, 
 and various local organizations. In local 
 affairs Mr. Gail's especial interest has been 
 in the Fire Department and in so far as op- 
 portunity has been afforded he has assisted 
 toward its growth, development and effi- 
 ciency. He resides on the Pimlico Road in 
 the Annex. 
 
 Harvey G. Skinner, Ship Builder, 
 whose place of business is at the foot of 
 Cross street, is the son of William H. Skin- 
 ner and Martha A. Wilson, and was born 
 in Baltimore December 17, 1858. Both his 
 parents were Americans, their ancestors 
 being among the early settlers of the coun- 
 try; his father was a ship builder and died 
 April 9, 1891; his mother is still living and 
 resides at 1603 Eutaw Place. His father 
 had seven children. Mr. Skinner was edu- 
 cated in the public schools of Baltimore, 
 and quitting school in 1875 he was appren- 
 ticed to William Skinner & Sons, his 
 father's firm, to learn the business, and on 
 the death of his father in 1891, as a partner 
 with his uncle, George W. Skinner, he man- 
 aged and conducted the business of the firm 
 of Wm. Skinner «Sr Sons, until in January, 
 1894, when his uncle died, he succeeded to 
 the business and now carries it on at the 
 old shipyard, foot of Cross street, under the 
 same firm name of Wm. Skinner & Sons 
 that his grandfather, William Skinner, 
 adopted when he first founded the business 
 at that point early in the forties, the business 
 being carried on continuously at tlie same 
 place and under the same firm name for 
 three generations, by father, grandfather 
 and now by him, for over fifty years, and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 791 
 
 this firm having in these years built some of 
 the finest ships and steamers that have 
 sailed from the port of Baltimore, and being 
 now, as it has been in the past, one of the 
 leading ship building concerns in Balti- 
 more. Mr. Skinner was married in Balti- 
 more, April 7, 1885, his wife being Miss Ger- 
 trude Thompson, daughter of John C. 
 Thompson and Elizabeth C. Price. Both 
 Mrs. Skinner's parents are Americans and 
 came from families of the old settlers of 
 Maryland. He has four children living. 
 He and his family are Protestants and at- 
 tend the Methodist and Episcopal Churches. 
 He is a Mason. Mr. Skinner is a fine busi- 
 ness man and stands high among all people 
 as a man of sterling worth. He and his fam- 
 ily reside at Mt. Washington, Baltimore 
 county. 
 
 WiNFiELD ScoTT Cahill, President and 
 Treasurer of thejames Clark Company, ma- 
 rine engine and boiler builders and repairers 
 of steamships, and president of the South 
 Baltimore Bank, is the son of the late John 
 and Mary Ann (Gallagher) Cahill, and was 
 born in Baltimore November 2, 1861 ; both 
 parents were of Irish descent, but born in 
 America. John Cahill, his father, was a ma- 
 rine engine and boiler builder, and president 
 of the James Clark Company. Mr. Cahill, at 
 the death of his father, succeeded him as 
 president of the company. His father had six 
 children, three of whom are living, Mr. Ca- 
 hill, his sister Mary, a Religieuse in the Con- 
 vent at Short Hill, N. J., and Carrie Cahill, 
 who resides at 1124 W. North avenue, Bal- 
 timore. During the Civil War his father 
 served in the United States Navy as acting 
 chief engineer on the steamer Underwriter. 
 Particular mention is made of his gallantry 
 
 in assisting at the guns in battle, by Lieu- 
 tenant Commander Jeffers, commanding 
 tlie steamer, to the Secretary of the Navy, 
 and by the Secretary of the Navy in his re- 
 port in 1862 about the battle. His father 
 and mother are deceased, the former dying 
 in 1896, the latter in 1866. Mr. Cahill was 
 educated in the public schools of Baltimore, 
 St. Charles College, Howard county, Md., 
 and Rock Hill College, Ellicott City, Md. 
 He is also a graduate of Bryant & Stratton's 
 Business College, Baltimore, having gradu- 
 ated therefrom about 1878. After quitting 
 school he served an apprenticeship of two 
 years at marine pattern making; was eight 
 years an apprentice in the machine shops of 
 thejames Clark Company and ten years with 
 the same company as time-keeper, book- 
 keeper, treasurer and secretary, until at his 
 father's death in 1896 he became president 
 of the company and is also still its treasurer. 
 Mr.Cahill was married toSarah Jane, daugh- 
 ter of Geo. W. Voyce,in Baltimore, Septem- 
 ber 26, 1883. Mr. Voyce was a brick manu- 
 facturer, born in this city of Scotch parents ; 
 her mother was of German descent; both 
 are deceased. Mr. Cahill has no children. 
 He is liberal in his religious views, having 
 been educated a Catholic, but attends the 
 Methodist Chur^ch with his wife. He is a 
 Knight Templar. Mr. Cahill is an active 
 business man standing high in the commu- 
 nity, and besides his positions already men- 
 tioned, he is treasurer of the People's Ma- 
 rine Railway, a director of the Baltimore 
 Dredging Company and manager of large 
 tow boat interests. His place of business is 
 at the south side of the Basin, foot of Web- 
 ster street; his residence is at 204 Warren 
 avenue, Baltimore. Mr. Cahill is one of the 
 promoters of the Blue Ridge Power and 
 
<92 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Electric Railway Company, which is oper- 
 ated on electric road between Pen-j\lar and 
 Waynesboro. 
 
 George Frederick Patterson, of the 
 firm of Patterson, Ramsay & Co., Steamship 
 Agents, was born in Bristol, England, in 
 1840, his father being a prominent ship 
 builder, who lived in England until his 
 death. Mr. Patterson was educated in pri- 
 vate schools in England and was married in 
 that country in 1864; he came to Baltimore 
 in 1880. He has six children, two of whom 
 reside in South Carolina, one in Norfolk, 
 Va., one in Boston and the other two in Bal- 
 timore. Mr. Patterson and his family are 
 Episcopalians. On coming to Baltimore in 
 1880 the firm of Patterson, Ramsay & Co. 
 was formed and is now one of the leading 
 firms of that business in the city; their office 
 is in the O'Donnell Building. Mr. Patter- 
 son resides at Mt. Washington, Baltimore 
 county, Md. 
 
 Robert Rams.ay, member of the firm of 
 Ramsay & Co., Steamship Agents and 
 Brokers, O'Donnell Building, Baltimore, is 
 the son of Robert and Margaret (Winton) 
 Ramsay, of Melbourne, Australia, and was 
 born in Melbourne, August 11, 185 1. His 
 parents were Scotch, his fatlier being a ship- 
 master of Melbourne until his decease. They 
 had five children, three of whom are liv- 
 ing, David Winton and Mary Sproule, who 
 reside in Melbourne, and Robert, the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, whose mother still lives 
 in Melbourne. Robert Ramsay was edu- 
 cated at the High School and the Athen- 
 aeum, Glasgow, Scotland. After finishing 
 his education he went into the office of Curie 
 & Co., ship-builders, Glasgow, after which 
 
 he entered the service of the Allen Line at 
 Liverpool. England, becoming assistant 
 freight manager of their lines. On leaving 
 this company he went to London in the ser- 
 vice of the William, Johnston & Co., limited, 
 of London, and was with them as manager 
 of their lines of steamships for two years, 
 when he left their service, and came, in 
 1880, to Baltimore, and with Mr. George 
 F. Patterson formed the partnership of Pat- 
 terson, Ramsay & Co., steamship agents and 
 brokers. He was married in England, Au- 
 gust 25, 1881, to Emily Easton Boultbee, 
 whose parents were English. They have 
 three children, Amy Isabel, Margery Win- 
 ton and Dorothy. He and his family are 
 Episcopalians and reside at Mt. Washing- 
 ton, Baltimore county. Mr. Ramsay is a di- 
 rector of the Corn and Flour Exchange, 
 and was elected its president in 1896, and re- 
 elected in 1897, under its new name, the 
 Chamber of Commerce. He is noted as a 
 first-class business man, and is very popular 
 among his business associates. In politics 
 he is a Democrat. 
 
 James F. Hevward, formerly General 
 Manager of the City and Suburban Rail- 
 way Company, with headquarters at the 
 company's office, Waverly, was born in Wil- 
 mington, Del., March 19, 1856. He comes 
 of old English stock, his ancestors on both 
 sides having been distinguished people in 
 England before any of the family came to 
 this countr}-, as well as being distinguished 
 in the civil antl military history of this coun- 
 try. 
 
 Daniel Hcyward, one of the ancestors, 
 emigrated to this country in 1669 and 
 settled in South Carolina, the family being 
 among the earliest settlers of the country. 
 
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HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 participating in the Spanish. French, In- 
 dian and Revolutionar)' Wars, and distin- 
 gnishing themselves and holding high po- 
 sitions in the service of their country; 
 among them was his great-grandfather, 
 Thomas Heyward, Jr., who was a member 
 of the First Continental Congress from 
 South Carolina, also captain of artillery in 
 the War of the Revolution and a signer of 
 the Declaration of Independence; after 
 the Revolution he was Judge of the 
 Court of General Jurisdiction of South 
 Carolina. His father was James E. Hey- 
 ward, a prominent physician, of Wilming- 
 ton, Del., whose father, James Hamilton 
 Heyward, was a planter of South Caro- 
 lina, and died in that State, when his widow, 
 Decima (Schubrich) Heyward, with her 
 children removed to and settled in Wil- 
 mington, Del., where Mr. Heyward's father 
 was reared. His mother was Maria Prest- 
 man, a daughter of the Rev. Stephen Wil- 
 son Prestman, a South Carolinian, who. be- 
 fore going into the ministry, was an ensign 
 in the United States Navy, and distinguished 
 himself in the service of his country in the 
 War of 1812, on Lake Erie, when having 
 command of a number of men he boarded 
 and carried off two British vessels under the 
 guns of Fort Erie, then held by the British. 
 After the war closed Ensign Prestman, Mrs. 
 Heyward's father, though a youth, was re- 
 tained in the service, but resigned his com- 
 mission in the navy, and exhibiting a higher 
 and nobler courage, which he ever after 
 evinced, in the year 1823, enlisted under the 
 standard of the Cross and was admitted to 
 holy orders of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, by Bishop Moore, of Virginia. 
 Doctor Heyward, his father, is dead, but his 
 mother is still living and resides with him 
 
 in this city. His father had four children, 
 three of whom are living: Mr. Heyward, 
 the subject of this sketch ; Mrs. Decima Tay- 
 lor, wife of Winfield S. Taylor, a prominent 
 member of the Baltimore bar, and W. P. 
 Heyward, all of whom reside in this city. 
 
 One notable instance in connection with 
 Mr. Heyward's family, and proving that the 
 blood is not degenerating, is that in the 
 Civil War there were tzvcnty-thrcc Hey- 
 wards relatives of his, who entered the Con- 
 federate Army, many of whom were killed 
 in battle and died in hospitals from wounds 
 received in battle and diseases contracted 
 from exposure in the service. In addition 
 to these, his mother's only brother. Col. S. 
 Wilson Prestman, who was in the engineer 
 corps of the Confederate Army with Beau- 
 regard and Hardee, after serving during the 
 entire struggle, was killed in a railroad acci- 
 dent on his way home from the war. This 
 record of the Heyward family is unprece- 
 dented and unequalled by any family on 
 either the Confederate or Union side during 
 the Civil War. Many of these young Hey- 
 wards were in their teens when they en- 
 tered the service, and some as young as 
 eleven, thirteen and fifteen years of age. 
 Their devotion to a cause which they be- 
 lieved to be right, and offering their for- 
 tunes liberally and lives in behalf of it, dem- 
 onstrates clearly, as I have said, that the 
 Heyward blood has not degenerated, and 
 that these young men "were worthy sons 
 of illustrious sires," and such devotion to a 
 cause in one family, no matter which side 
 was espoused in that contest, is worthy of 
 special mention in this book. 
 
 Mr. Heyward was educated in the private 
 schools of \Mlmington, for a time attend- 
 ing Rugby Academy, of that place, and for 
 
(94 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 a short time attending Sadtler's Business 
 College in this city. He was not permitted, 
 however, to devote much of his younger life 
 to education, but was compelled to start 
 out in life to make a living, and in March, 
 1874, at the age of eighteen, he entered the 
 service of the Baltimore Hall Springs Pas- 
 senger Railway Company, as clerk at $3-75 
 per week, serving in this capacity for some 
 years and advancing by degrees until he be- 
 came superintendent of the company. He 
 was with this company for about ten years, 
 when he dissolved his connection with it to 
 take a position with the Equitable Gas Com- 
 pany, of this city, during its construction, 
 as time-keeper and pay-master, and later on 
 when his work was completed here, he ac- 
 cepted similar positions with this company 
 in the construction of their plant in Chi- 
 cago, in 1886; after which he went into the 
 service of the United Gas Improvement 
 Company, of Philadelphia, and was in their 
 service about foivr years, part of the time 
 stationed at Omaha, Neb., as agent of the 
 Omaha Gas Company, which was owned 
 and operated by the United Gas Improve- 
 ment Company. C^n severing his connec- 
 tion with this company, he returned to Wil- 
 mington, Del., and accepted a clerical posi- 
 tion with the Repanno Chemical Company, 
 of that city, manufacturers of dynainite; he 
 remained in their service about eight 
 months, when he dissolved his connection 
 with the comiiany and went to Alabama to 
 take charge of the Montgomery Street and 
 Terminal Railway Company as superintend- 
 ent, with headquarters in Montgomery, 
 which company he managed for a time, 
 when he resigned his position and went to 
 New York to reside and accept a position 
 as assistant secretary of the Anaconda Min- 
 
 ing Company, of that city, remaining in 
 New York awhile in the service of this com- 
 pany; he severed his connection with it and 
 returned to Baltimore to reside, where he 
 was appointed purchasing agent for the 
 Union Passenger Railroad Company, which 
 position he held until about five years since, 
 when he resigned and was appointed gen- 
 eral manager of the City and Suburban 
 Railway of this city, which position he held 
 until June 17, 1897, when the City and 
 Suburban Railway Company consolidated 
 with the Baltimore Traction Company, 
 under the name of the Baltimore Consoli- 
 dated Railway Company, when he was 
 promoted to the high and important 
 position as secretary of the Consolidated 
 Company. Thus it will be seen, after 
 starting in life as a clerk with the small 
 salary of $3.75 per week, and the varied 
 and important positions he has since 
 held, and the number of places at which he 
 has operated, he is back to his first love, the 
 business of street railways, and back to the 
 city in which he started life twenty-three 
 years ago, but he has been going forward all 
 the time, and under his management for the 
 last five years, and mostly by his ability, 
 energy and push, the City and Suburban 
 Railway Company had grown to be one of 
 the best regulated and best paying of the 
 kind in the city; and now that it has been 
 consolidated with the Baltimore Traction 
 Company, and Mr. Pleyward is retained in 
 the service of the consolidation, with his 
 abilities and experience as a railway man, 
 the new company must grow as did the City 
 and Suburban under his management, as he 
 is considered and looked upon by railway 
 ofificials and people interested in the pro- 
 gress of street railway business, as a coming 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 795 
 
 man in this business, and as one of the most 
 efficient street railway officers in this city. 
 He is pleasant and affable in his intercourse 
 with the people, and popular with the public 
 and the hundreds of men he has had under 
 him in the service of his company and all 
 like him. 
 
 He is not married: is a Protestant and at- 
 tends the Episcopal Church. He resides 
 with his mother, brother and j\Ir. and Mrs. 
 Taylor, his sister, at the corner of Thirtieth 
 and St. Paul streets. 
 
 Henry Keidel, of Henry Keidel & Co., 
 Importers and Manufacturers' Representa- 
 tives of Hardware and Cutlery, with place 
 of business at 32 Hopkins Place, is an illus- 
 tration of the self-made man and what can 
 be done by diligent application to business 
 and hard work. 
 
 Mr. Keidel commenced business in 1866 
 as a member of the firm of Moritz & Keidel, 
 their business being hardware. and cutlery. 
 Their beginning, on account of limited 
 means, was very small, they being able to 
 occupy only half of the second floor of No. 
 33 S. Charles street. Being determined to 
 succeed, they worked hard — late and early, 
 and their business increasing they removed 
 to larger quarters, No. 10 S. Charles street, 
 also occupying No. 8. Still growing, they 
 moved to Nos. 8 and 10 W. German street, 
 where they were later compelled to vacate 
 on account of increasing business, and re- 
 moved to No. 25 Hanover street, and finally 
 they took the large and commodious ware- 
 house they now occupy. No. 32 Hopkins 
 Place. Mr. Moritz died in 1886 and Mr. 
 Keidel continued the business under the 
 ' firm name of Henry Keidel & Co. 
 
 Mr. Keidel is very Democratic in his 
 
 ways, and success in life has not spoiled him 
 as it does many; he is plain and unassum- 
 ing and the humblest person can approach 
 him and always -receive a kind and polite 
 hearing. 
 
 He and his family reside at Catonsville, 
 Baltimore county, Md. 
 
 Francis X. Ganter, ^lanufacturer of 
 Show Cases, Bar Fixtures, Billiard and 
 Pool Tables, Bank, Store and Office Fix- 
 tures, whose place of business is 9., 11 and 
 13 W. Pratt street, was born December 25, 
 1849, at Freiburg, Briesgau, Baden, Ger- 
 many, and is the son of Peter Ganter and 
 Christina Georgii, whose home was at Frie- 
 burg until they came to this country and set- 
 tled in 1872. 
 
 In Frieburg his father caried on the cabi- 
 net and glacier making business, having a 
 large establishment and doing an extensive 
 business. He had two children, a daughter, 
 now deceased, and Mr. Ganter, the subject 
 of this sketch. His father died in this city 
 in 1888 and his mother is still living and re- 
 sides with him in this city. 
 
 Mr. Ganter came to this country in 1870, 
 two years before his parents. He located 
 in Baltimore and in 1876 began business for 
 himself in a small way on Hanover street, 
 at that time confining his operations to man- 
 ufacturing show cases mainly, but by extra- 
 ordinary energy and enterprise, also by 
 adding the different branches of industry to 
 his business, enlarged his workings from 
 time to time, and to-day in the extent of his 
 operations and the reputation of his pro- 
 ductions, he stands without a peer in his 
 line in the United States. 
 
 His main factory is a spacious building, 
 and by his recent purchase at the Wilkins 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Tobacco Factory adjoining, he still further 
 increased its size, both buildings covering 
 a working space of 86,000 square feet, and 
 this factory, built acording to the ideas and 
 under the supervision of Mr. Ganter him- 
 self, is regarded as better equipped in his 
 line of business, for manufacturing first- 
 class goods, than any factory in the country, 
 liiesides paying the strictest attention to the 
 management of his large business, the mi- 
 nutest details of which he understands and 
 looks after as well as the larger ones, Mr. 
 Ganter also is constantly studying out new 
 ideas in connection with his business. He 
 is the sole inventor and patentee of twenty- 
 four inventions, some of which are exclu- 
 sively by himself in his factory, thus en- 
 abling him by his genius to manufacture 
 goods not in the power of other concerns to 
 produce. Mr. Ganter, besides his business 
 here, has branches at 351 Canal street. New 
 York: 40 N. Fourth street, Philadelphia, 
 and 446 Pennsylvania avenue, N. W., Wash- 
 ington, D. C, and altogether furnishes the 
 greatest number of cases used in the North, 
 East and South, also doing a large export 
 lousiness to all civilized countries of the 
 world through his New York house. 
 
 Mr. Ganter is married and has four chil- 
 dren, Charles F. W. and Arthur Ganter, 
 \'.ho are in the service of their father at his 
 factory: Joseiihine, and Mrs. Victoria Jose- 
 ])hine I'lricli, wife of Mr. Henry A. Ulrich, 
 of thr ISaltimore bar. Mr. Ganter and 
 family are Protestants; he is also a member 
 of tlie Masonic fraternity. He is a plain, 
 unassuming man, pleasant in manner and of 
 a kindly disposition. He has many friends, 
 and in business circles stands high for 
 honor and honesty. He and his family re- 
 .side at 632 N. Gilmor street, lialtimore. 
 
 Roger William Barron, Produce Mer- 
 chant, whose place of business is 17 W. 
 Pratt street, is a son of the late John Barron 
 and Eleanor (Oremm) Barron and was born 
 in Baltimore, May 3, 185 1. His father was 
 of Irish and Welsh descent and born March 
 25, 1820, in Springfield, Mass.; his mother 
 was born in Baltimore, Md., and was of 
 Irish descent. Both his parents belonged 
 to families who came to this country in the 
 early days. His father for many years fol- 
 lowed huckstering and marketing in Balti- 
 more from early manhood up to the time of 
 his death. During the Civil War he was an 
 uncompromising Union man and a Repub- 
 lican in politics; in the sixties served two 
 terms in the Legislature as a representative 
 from Baltimore, and several terms in the 
 First and Second Branches of the City 
 Council of Baltimore: was a close friend of 
 John Lee Chapman, Mayor of Baltimore, 
 in the early sixties. Flis father had five chil- 
 dren: Mary E., wife of Robert Wellslager; 
 Clara Virginia Putts, wife of Thomas Putts; 
 Eleanor, John Barron, and the subject of 
 this sketch, all residents of Baltimore. His 
 parents are now dead, his father dying in 
 1879 and his mother in 1886. Mr. Barron 
 was educated in the public schools of Balti- 
 more and at the age of fifteen he had to quit 
 school and go to work. He followed in the 
 steps of his father, and young as he was, 
 commenced the business of a huckster in the 
 markets of Baltimore, which business he 
 continued for some time, and by push and 
 energy made a success of it, prospered and 
 when he went into his present business as a 
 produce merchant, as a partner in the firm 
 of Stewart & Barron, this being the pioneer 
 in that kind of business in Baltimore; in 
 1884 they dissolved partnership, l\Ir. Bar- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ron succeeding to and carrying on the busi- 
 ness himself at the stand 105 W. Pratt street 
 until 189 1, when he purchased the ground 
 and built his present commodious ware- 
 house_ at 17 W. Pratt street, where he con- 
 tinues to do business; he has also a branch 
 store at 117 W. Pratt street, where he also 
 does a large business which extends to Vir- 
 ginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and 
 throughout Maryland, tO' all of which States 
 he ships large quantities of fruit and pro- 
 duce, his house being one of the leading 
 houses in this business in the city and doing 
 the largest business. As will be seen, Mr. 
 Barron started the world when a boy of fif- 
 teen, and his success in life and present po- 
 sition are due to his untiring energy and up- 
 right dealing. Among his business asso- 
 ciates and the public generally no one 
 stands higher than Mr. Barron. In politics 
 he is a Republican; is a member of the Elks 
 and a Knight Templar. He is married and 
 has two children, Lizzie S. and Edna E- 
 Barron. He and his family attend Grace 
 Methodist Episcopal Church and reside at 
 1042 Edmondson avenue, corner of Arling- 
 ton. Mr. Barron is one of the Board of Di- 
 rectors of the South Baltimore Bank. 
 
 Jonathan Kirkeridge Taylor, Gen- 
 eral Agent Provident Life and Trust Com- 
 pany, of Philadelphia, whose place of busi- 
 ness is in the Fidelity Building, Charles and 
 Lexington streets, this city, was born in 
 Loudoun county, Va., September 3, 1838. 
 He is a son of the late Jonathan and Lydia 
 (Brown) Taylor, who were also born in 
 Loudon county, the former in 1797, the lat- 
 ter in 1803. Both parents were of English 
 descent, their ancestors having been among 
 the earliest settlers of Pennsylvania and re- 
 
 moving thence to Virginia. Jonathan Tay- 
 lor, Sr., was in early manhood a teacher and 
 in later life and up to the time of his decease 
 (1846) a prominent farmer of Virginia. His 
 wife died in 1878. Their children were eight 
 in number, four sons and four daughters, 
 viz: William H. Taylor, B. Fenelon Tay- 
 lor (both farmers), Caroline Taylor and L. 
 Alice Pancoast, who reside in Loudon 
 county, Va.; Hannah B. Stabler, Montgom- 
 ery county, Md., and the subject of this 
 sketch. Of the deceased children, T. Clark- 
 son Taylor was a prominent educator, of 
 Wilmington, Del, and was an eminent min- 
 ister of the Society of Friends, and Susan- 
 na C. Taylor was a teacher in Loudon 
 county, Va. Jonathan K. Taylor completed 
 his education at Allen's Normal School, 
 West Chester, Pa., in 1861, and then fol- 
 lowed in the footsteps of his father by adopt- 
 ing the profession of an educator, establish- 
 ing the Chester Valley Academy at Coates- 
 ville. Pa., of which he was principal and pro- 
 prietor. He was one of the most successful 
 teachers Coatesville ever had and many 
 young men look back with pride and pleas- 
 ure upon their course of instruction under 
 him. Chester Valley Academy was started 
 with one boarder and ten day scholars. Si.x 
 years later, when the academy was closed 
 by Mr. Taylor because of very serious weak- 
 ness of sight from over-taxation, there were 
 enrolled 125 students, representing seven 
 States. The excellent reputation of this in- 
 stitution was widespread and for many years 
 after it had been closed strangers inquired 
 after Chester Valley Academy. For two 
 years subsequent to closing his Coatesville 
 school Mr. Taylor engaged in mercantile 
 pursuits at Hamilton, Loudon county, Va. 
 Then being wedded to his vocation as an 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 educator he established Loudon Valley 
 Academy for the education of both sexes, he 
 being proprietor and principal. Under his 
 management a flourishing school was soon 
 built up and in the latter years of his con- 
 nection therewith he added to it the normal 
 idea for the training of teachers and it was 
 thereafter known as the Virginia Normal 
 Institute. He remained as principal of this 
 school until 1873, when the call to a wider 
 sphere in which to employ his splendid 
 ability as a teacher came through his pur- 
 chase in the latter part of that year of the old 
 Taylor and Jackson Academy building, 
 Eighth and Wollaston streets, Wilmington, 
 Del., an institution of learning that had been 
 established by his brother, the late T. Clark- 
 son Taylor. The building was materially 
 improved by Mr. Taylor and he established 
 therein a school of high grade for both 
 sexes, which was called the Taylor Acad- 
 emy. The first session of this institution 
 began September 7, 1874. and it eventually 
 became one of the most popular and suc- 
 cessful schools of its kind in Delaware, the 
 reputation of its principal as an educator at 
 Coatesville and Hamilton having preceded 
 him and assured the success of his school 
 from its inception. While engaged here Mr. 
 Taylor met with a disability which destroyed 
 all his hopes, ambitions and plans as an edu- 
 cator. His eyesight became so seriously 
 impaired that his retirement from the pro- 
 fession of teaching was enforced and he sold 
 his school property- to the city of Wilming- 
 ton. Being a man of indomitable will, in- 
 defatigable energy and untiring industry, 
 Mr. Taylor could not and did not remain 
 long idle. On January i. 1878. he became 
 a special agent of the I'rovident Life and 
 
 Trust Company, of Philadelphia, at Wil- 
 mington, Del., where a great business suc- 
 cess attended his efforts. November 6, 
 1879, Mr. Taylor, in partnership association 
 with Mr. E. H. Walker, opened an ofifice on 
 German street near South, this city, as gen- 
 eral agents of the Provident Life and Trust 
 Company, of Philadelphia, and on the com- 
 pletion of the Fidelity Building May i, 
 1894, moved to their suite of rooms on the 
 second floor of that structure. The firm has 
 offices also in the Atlantic Building, Wash- 
 ington, D. C, and Wilmington, Del, and 
 have over $12,000,000 of life insurance in 
 force. Mr. Taylor was married July 15, 
 1863, to Emma L., daughter of the late Jo- 
 seph and Mary (Cloud) Pyle, residents of 
 Chester county. Pa., of English ancestry. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Taylor are members of the 
 Society of Friends, of which Mr. Taylor is 
 chairman of the Board of Trustees; of the 
 School Committee; Historical Committee, 
 and First Day School Committee. In addi- 
 tion to his business connection as above 
 Mr. Taylor is vice-president of the Guar- 
 dian Security, Trust and Deposit Com- 
 pany, of Baltimore. Mr. Taylor has never 
 held office other than the postniastership 
 at Hamilton, Va., during two administra- 
 tions. During the war he was an uncon- 
 ditional Union man and was nominated by 
 the Republican party for the State Senate 
 at the first election following the surrender 
 of Lee. The campaign was an extremely 
 lively one, Mr. Taylor canvassing five or six 
 counties (the then district) in a joint debate 
 in opposition to Edgar A. Snowden and 
 Thomas E. Taylor. He was defeated by a 
 few hundred votes, running far ahead of his 
 ticket. Mr. Taylor has been a popular lee- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 turer on the natural sciences, his travels 
 in Europe and this country- and on temper- 
 ance. For a number of years he was a mem- 
 ber of the Frankhn Institute, Philadelphia. 
 Mr. Taylor is a most zealous advocate of the 
 cause of temperance. He is vice-president 
 of the Maryland State Temperance Alliance 
 and a most valued and valuable member of 
 that organization as witness the following 
 extract from the annual report of President 
 Henry Branch, D. D., to the Convention 
 held in Baltimore May 26, 27 and 28, 1896: 
 
 "Ihe purchase of permanent headquar- 
 ters, itself the dream of a vivid imagination, 
 became the settled purpose of one of the 
 most untiring, as he is one of the most in- 
 telligent of our consecrated workers, and 
 the story will be told to you by the man 
 whose clear head and generous heart have 
 heretofore so largely shaped the destiny of 
 this body and whose loyalty with unswerv- 
 ing devotion, has been a tower of defense 
 to this cause. For wisdom in counsel, skill 
 in management, and patient continuance in 
 well doing Prof. J. K. Taylor excites our 
 highest admiration and should receive our 
 most grateful recognition.'" 
 
 Rev. W. G. Herbert in his annual report 
 to the same convention paid the following 
 tribute to Mr. Taylor: 
 
 "To my friend, and the friend of every 
 man and cause that has merit, whose life 
 of unostentatious benevolence has blessed, 
 and shall ever bless the world, in whose fer- 
 tile brain was born the thought of a per- 
 manent place where the work of the Alli- 
 ance might be carried on, and who in the 
 midst of bodily sufifering still thought, and 
 prayed, and gave of his means, and by dint 
 of personal effort, has made that conception 
 
 a glorious reality, to Prof. Jonathan K. Tay- 
 lor, I make my bow of appreciation." 
 
 Alexander M. Briscoe, Conveyancer 
 and Builder, whose office is at 11 East Fay- 
 ette street, was born in Charlestown, Jeffer- 
 son county, Va., (now West Virginia) on 
 the i6th of May, 1843. He is a son of John 
 Thomas Briscoe and Henrietta E. ' Little. 
 His father was born in Fairfax county, Va., 
 and his mother in Harper's Ferry, Jefferson 
 county, Va. His ancestors were among the 
 early settlers of Virginia, having emigrated 
 from Crofton Hall, Cumberland county, 
 England, in the year 1722. The family coat 
 of arms is : Anns argent, three greyhounds, 
 current in pale sable, crest greyhound cur- 
 rent sable seizing a hare. Crofton Hall, 
 County Cumberland, England. 
 
 His father was a farmer and stock raiser 
 and died at Little River, Kansas, in 1895, 
 and his mother died in Baltimore in April, 
 1882. 
 
 Mr. Briscoe was educated in the public 
 schools of Baltimore, but did not have much 
 opportunity for an education in his early 
 days, as at the age of nine years he started 
 life selling pop-corn ; at twelve years of age 
 he went to Kent county, Md., to learn farm- 
 ing. He returned to Baltimore after a year 
 and began to learn the trade of carpenter- 
 ing, and in 1861 started in this business for 
 himself on Paca near Lexington street, and 
 carried on this business until 1863, when 
 he enlisted as a private in the Union Army, 
 Company F, First Regiment, Potomac 
 Home Brigade, Maryland Cavalry, known 
 as Cole's cavalry. From private he was 
 promoted to quai'termaster sergeant, then 
 to second lieutenant, Company L same regi- 
 ment, then to first lieutenant, same com- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 pany and regiment. He was in most of the 
 battles fought by this cavalry, and was 
 noted for his bravery and gallantry. In a 
 fight at Hagerstown, Md., July 29, 1864, he 
 was wounded and taken prisoner by the 
 Confederates and imprisoned at Columbia, 
 S. C, until February, 1865, when he made 
 his escape from prison, worked his way suc- 
 cessfully through the South and the Con- 
 federate lines, and returned to Maryland. 
 He then rejoined his regiment in Virginia 
 and served with it until the war closed and 
 thev were mustered out of service. After 
 the war he worked at his trade as carpenter 
 in Baltimore for one year, when he was ap- 
 pointed letter-carrier in the Baltimore post- 
 office, and was in that service three years. 
 In 1870 he was appointed enrolling officer of 
 the Maryland Militia; was register of voters 
 during 1872-73; was appointed justice of the 
 peace for Baltimore in 1875 and occupied 
 that position until May, 1880, when he com- 
 menced the business he is now in, that of 
 conveyancer and builder. He was clerk of 
 the First Branch of the Baltimore City 
 Council in 1889, 1890. 1891. 1892, 1893 and 
 
 1894. 
 
 Mr. Briscoe has been married twice: first 
 on May 22, 1865, to Christiana S. Barth, 
 and after his decease was, on May 14, 1868, 
 married to Alvira Toland. He has four 
 children; Charles A. Briscoe, attorney-at- 
 law; Fenton H. Briscoe, traveling advance 
 theatrical agent ; Henrietta E. and Alexena 
 McLane Briscoe. All reside with him at 
 his home, 734 W. Hamburg street, Balti- 
 more, except the eldest, who is married and 
 lives at 2316 Ruskin avenue. He and his 
 family are Episcopalians. He is a member 
 of the Grand Army of the Republic, also of 
 Gem Conclave, No. 3, Heptasophs, and of 
 
 American Flag Council, Jr. O. U. .\. AL, 
 No. 90. In politics he is a Democrat and 
 tal<es quite an active part in party matters. 
 He was secretary of the first Democratic or- 
 ganization in 1867. He always engages in 
 a campaign when it takes place — ^making 
 speeches and working hard for the success 
 of his party. Mr. Briscoe is a genial and 
 pleasant gentleman, stands well in the com- 
 munity and has hosts of friends. 
 
 Charles E. Baker, of Baker Bros., 
 Manufacturers of Glass, 26 and 38 S.Charles 
 street, is a son of Charles J. Baker and Eliz- 
 abeth (Basserman) Baker, and was born in 
 Baltimore, February 5, 1845. His father 
 and motlier were both of German descent, 
 their ancestors coming to this country from 
 Germany in the early days of the settlement 
 of the country. His father, Charles J. Baker 
 was a glass manufacturer and banker, one 
 of the most prominent and well-known busi- 
 ness men of his day in Baltimore, and iden- 
 tified with large business enterprises of 
 various kinds, and a successful man in 
 everything he engaged in. He had nine 
 children, eight of whom are living, William, 
 Jr., George B., president of the Third Na- 
 tional Bank; Bernard N., Richard J., Frank 
 M., Ashby Lee Baker, who resides in Ral- 
 eigh, N. C, and is a cotton manufacturer, 
 and Mrs. Mary H. Bradenbaugh, wife of 
 Rev. A. E. Bradenbaugh, and the subject of 
 this sketch; all reside in Baltimore except 
 Ashby Lee. Mr. Baker's father and- mother 
 are deceased. Mr. Baker was educated in 
 the private schools of Baltimore, but quit 
 school at thirteen years of age, when he 
 went into the service of the firm of Baker 
 Bros., glass manufacturers, working for one 
 dollar a week. This firm was founded in 
 
HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 801 
 
 1857 by Mr. Baker's father and uncle and 
 has continued to do business under that firm 
 name up to the present time, forty years. 
 ^Ir. Baker, after working with the firm as 
 clerk, salesman, etc., in 1865 became a part- 
 ner in the firm, and to-day is the head of the 
 house of Baker Bros., and has the chief 
 management of their large business, not 
 only at their glass factory, but at their ware- 
 house and general offices, 36 and 38 S. 
 Charles street. Mr. Baker has been married 
 twice, having married sisters, the daughters 
 of Benjamin Whitely and Elizabeth W. 
 Stone, whose great-grandfather was one of 
 the most distinguished gentlemen of that 
 day, and a signer of the Declaration of In- 
 dependence. His first wife was Mary E. 
 Whitely, and his second Hattie Stone 
 Whitely, and he was first married February 
 5, 1867, and on the decease of his first wife 
 married again; he had ten children, nine of 
 whom are living: William H., who is sec- 
 retary of the Chemical Company,- Canton; 
 Charles J., Jr. ; Mary E. ; Benjamin W., who 
 is in business in Raleigh, N. C: Hattie S., 
 Florence L., Edith M., Emma R. and Vir- 
 ginia Baker. Mr. Baker and his family are 
 Protestants and are members of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church. In politics he 
 is a Democrat, but takes no part in such 
 matters, only to vote, he being strictly 
 a business man, and his large business 
 matters requiring all his attention. With 
 the public and among his business as- 
 sociates he stands high and is noted as 
 a man of fine business qualities and 
 sterling honesty and worth. He is, besides 
 being identified with his own business en- 
 terprises, president of the Chemical Com- 
 pany, of Canton, treasurer of the Baltimore 
 Guano Company, treasurer and member of 
 
 the Board of Managers of the Baltimore 
 General Dispensary, one of the oldest chari- 
 ties of the State of Maryland. His home is 
 at 1405 Eutaw Place. 
 
 William R. Hammond of the firm of 
 Hammond & Snyder, Grain Exporters and 
 Receivers, Nos. 49 and 51 Chamber of Com- 
 merce Building, was bom March 4, 1864, at 
 Berlin, Worcester county, Md. He is the 
 son of William K. Hammond and Myra G. 
 Hammond ncc Marshall. His father was 
 born in Worcester county, Md., and his 
 mother in Georgetown,, Del. Both his par- 
 ents' ancestors were old settlers of Maryland 
 and Delaware. His father was a boot and 
 shoe merchant, and died in Baltimore in 
 1887; his mother is still living and resides in 
 this city. His parents had five children: 
 Eleanor, who is the wife of Mr. Robert A. 
 Lynch; Thomas T.; Harry M., and Bessie 
 Hammond, all of whom reside in Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. Hammond was educated in the public 
 schools of Baltimore, but commenced his 
 business career early in life, and in 1879, 
 when 15 years of age, left school and went 
 into the office as office boy of the firm of J. 
 S. J. Gordon & Co., flour and grain mer- 
 chants of this city. After a short time he 
 severed his connection with this firm and en- 
 tered the servic'e of Charles D. Fenhagen as 
 a clerk, Mr. Fenhagen being in the flour 
 and grain business. Now Mr. Fenhagen is 
 City Comptroller of Baltimore. After being 
 in the service of Mr. Fenhagen a short time 
 Mr. Hammond was made a partner in the 
 business. Dissolving his connection with 
 the firm of Fenhagen & Co., he and Mr. 
 John W. Snyder, formerly of Martinsburg, 
 W. Va., formed a partnership under the 
 name of Hammond & Snyder, grain export- 
 ers and receivers, and it is under this firm 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 name that Messrs. Hammond & Snyder are 
 noAv doing business. 
 
 Mr. Hammond was married in Baltimore 
 November 13, 1888, to Mrs. Fannie Frost 
 
 (Pomp). Her fatlier is Mr. Pomp, 
 
 and her mother Mrs. (Frost) Pomp. 
 
 Mr. Hammond has one daughter, Audrey 
 Frost Hammond. He and his family are 
 members of the Presbyterian Church. In 
 politics he is a Republican. 
 
 The firm of which Mr. Hammond is the 
 head is a young firm, both he and Mr. Sny- 
 der being young men, but they are full of 
 push, energy and business; they do a large 
 business, exporting grain to all parts of the 
 world. They are very popular among their 
 business associates and stand high for in- 
 tegrity and fair dealing. Mr. Hammond is 
 regarded as one of the best and most suc- 
 cessful grain merchants on the Atlantic sea- 
 board. 
 
 He and his family live at 1533 Linden av- 
 enue. 
 
 SamuLL Budd Se.\ton, Jr., Mamifac- 
 turer of Stoves, Furnaces and Ranges, of 
 Baltimore, Md., was born in Baltimore City 
 April 25, 1853; his father was Samuel Budd 
 Se.xton, of Burlington county. New Jersey, 
 who commenced business Jn Baltimore in 
 the }ear 1839 and established the well 
 known house of S. B. Sexton & Co., which 
 has since been succeeded by the firm of S. 
 B. Sexton & Son. He was the inventor and 
 patentee of the celebrated Baltimore fire- 
 place heater, which has won fame for the 
 firm throughout the country. 
 
 Mr. Sexton, Sr., retired from the business 
 in the year 1889, after celebrating the fiftieth 
 anniversary in business, and died July 30, 
 1890, aged 79 years. Mr. Sexton's mother 
 
 was Elizabeth Ann Sexton, iice Elbert, and 
 was born in Easton, Talbot county, Md., 
 and died in Baltimore December 26, 1883, 
 aged 64 years. Mr. Se.xton had one brother 
 and two sisters, of whom there is only one 
 now living — Mrs. Sarah E. Kiefer, wife of 
 George T. Kiefifer, of Baltimore, Md. 
 
 He was educated in Baltimore, attending 
 the public schools for a number of years and 
 finished his studies at the Friends' High 
 School ; he afterwards graduated from Bry- 
 ant, Stratton & Sadtler Business College, of 
 Baltimore, July 8, 1871. In August, 1871, 
 he was taken into the office of S. B. Sexton 
 & Co., and from March, 1872, to 1874, was 
 given charge of the management of the 
 manufacturing department of the busi- 
 ness. In 1874 he became a partner with 
 his father, and the style of the firm 
 changed to S. B. Sexton & Son, the 
 business continuing under that style ever 
 since. In 1889 he bought out his father's 
 interest in the firm and has since been the 
 sole proprietor of the business, which has 
 been gradually increasing, necessitating the 
 acquirement of other property and also a 
 considerable enlargement of the plant and 
 warehouse, which are situated in the follow- 
 ing parts of the city, viz: The foundry, fac- 
 tory and warehouse buildings are on West 
 Conway street, Nos. 511 to 527, inclusive. 
 Warehouse on Wayne street; store and 
 salesroom No. 23 E. Lombard street. 
 
 Within a recent date Mr. Sexton has pur- 
 chased three large warehouses four stories 
 in height, with iron fronts, known as Nos. 
 5, 7 and <■) S. Cay street, which he intends 
 to use in connection with his business. 
 
 Mr. Se.xton is married and his family con- 
 sists of his wife and six children, two daugh- 
 ters and four sons. Thev reside in Balti- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 803 
 
 more City during the winter, at 1914 Eutaw 
 Place; in the summer at their country seat, 
 "The Cedars," at Mt. Washington, Balti- 
 more county. He and his family are con- 
 nected with Grace Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, Baltimore. He is a member of the 
 Masonic fraternity, also a member of a num- 
 ber of fraternal and benevolent associations. 
 He is very conservative in his views on po- 
 litical matters, but adheres firmly to his con- 
 victions on any subject when he believes he 
 is right. He was president of the Builders' 
 Exchange, one of the principal organiza- 
 tions of the city, during the year 1895, when 
 the National Association of Builders of the 
 United States held their convention in Bal- 
 timore, and were the guests of the Builders' 
 Exchange" of Baltimore. Last year he was 
 elected delegate at large to represent the 
 Baltimore Builders' Exchange in the Na- 
 tional Association of Builders; he is also a 
 director in the last named association. He 
 has been connected with a number of local 
 enterprises and has given much of his time 
 to the advancement of the city, so as to make 
 it one of the principal commercial centres 
 of the country. 
 
 Mr. Sexton has the full confidence of the 
 public ; is an active man of untiring energy, 
 full of progress and a generous, public- 
 spirited citizen. 
 
 George Smith Kieffer, son of the Rev. 
 Moses Kieffer, D. D., and Catherine Ann 
 Kiefifer (nee Smfth), was born in Hagers- 
 town, Md., September 23, 1844. After 
 growing up in the bosom of a pious family 
 he started, at the age of eleven years, to the 
 preparatory school at Heidelberg College, 
 in Tiffin, O.. and afterwards entered the col- 
 lege, where he studied until the age of fif- 
 
 teen, with a view to graduate and afterwards 
 make law his profession, but owing to cir- 
 cumstances he went into business, develop- 
 ing land, which he successfully operated for 
 a time. In 1869 he came to Baltimore; in 
 1871 married Miss Sarah Elizabeth Sexton, 
 daughter of Samuel Budd Sexton (the in- 
 ventor of the celebrated Baltimore fire-place 
 heater) and Elizabeth Ann Sexton {nee El- 
 bert, of Easton, Md.). Three children were 
 born to them, viz: Bessie Kate, Mary Sex- 
 ton and George Samuel M., all of whom are 
 living in Baltimore. In 1881 he was com- 
 missioned a justice of the peace for the Thir- 
 teenth election district of Baltimore county, 
 and retained the position until May, 1896. 
 From 1 879, in connection with this position 
 of magistrate, he has assisted the well 
 known firm of S. B. Sexton & Son, stove 
 manufacturers of Baltimore, in their busi- 
 ness as their accountant. In 1894 he was 
 elected a Democratic member of the Mary- 
 land Legislature; while a member of that 
 body he became noted for his efiforts to se- 
 cure protection to motormen on our electric 
 cars, from October to April of every year, 
 from the cold and storms, by having them 
 enclosed in glass. The committee to whom 
 the bill was assigned brought in an unfav- 
 orable report; he substituted the bill for the 
 report, and in an extended speech, suc- 
 ceeded. It passed the second reading, and 
 was finally killed by a great efifort of the 
 lobby, after (according to the records) the 
 bill was before the House six times, show- 
 ing with what persistency and determina- 
 tion he espoused the cause of those he claim- 
 ed as the bread winners of the corporation 
 they serve. He also had a charter granted 
 to the South Baltimore Company, to con- 
 struct a bridge across the upper portions of 
 
804 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Spring Gardens, to connect Baltimore coun- 
 ty with Baltimore City, in order that electric 
 cars could be run from Ridgley street, along 
 the Annapolis road and around the Spring 
 Gardens, thus developing on the Baltimore 
 county side the most beautiful resorts for 
 the weary toilers of our great city and in- 
 creasing the taxable basis of the county, and 
 thus gradually enhancing the value of all 
 the surrounding land. By this act of As- 
 sembly, brought about by his indefatigable 
 efforts in the face of much opposition, thou- 
 sands of citizens with their families during 
 the hot months avail themselves of a cool 
 and refreshing trip to the beautiful groves 
 and around the water's edge, where the poor 
 mothers and their sick children are benefit- 
 ed, as the Baltimore Traction Company has 
 given them a five cent fare, thus putting 
 within the reach of all health and happiness. 
 Mr. Kieffer, although a self-made man (so 
 far as this phrase can be sensibly quoted), 
 has inherited from his father, the Rev. M. 
 Kieffer, a gift of oratory, cjuite natural, be- 
 ing a pleasant and edifying speaker, always 
 in demand during a political canvass. His 
 views are, as a rule, consistently held, logic- 
 ally developed and clearly presented; he 
 holds his audience by what he says and also 
 by his manner of saying it. He is a Demo- 
 crat and firmly believes that the only hope 
 of our country, for its betterment, is that the 
 principles of Jefferson, Jackson and William 
 Jennings Bryan (on whom rest their man- 
 tle.s) shall be carried out. Reared by a pious 
 father and mother of Protestant faith, he be- 
 came a member of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, yet he has charity for all denomina- 
 tions, believing there exists truth enough in 
 them all to keep them alive. Although an 
 Episcopalian, he has been for more than 
 
 eighteen years, superintendent of a Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Sunday-school at Sexton- 
 ville, in Baltimore county. He is a member 
 of the Masonic fraternity and also of the 
 Royal Arcanum. He looks back upon the 
 days of youth and holds in sacred reverence 
 his father, the Rev. M. Kieffer, D. D., presi- 
 dent of Heidelberg College and professor 
 of Theology, at Tiffin, O., for a number of 
 years, and remembers how his father la- 
 bored for years in writing a book of "Dog- 
 matic Theology," and when completed he 
 took the ]\ISS. to Chambersburg, Pa., with 
 a view of having it published. The next 
 day after he had left it with the publishers, 
 the Confederate soldiers burned Chambers- 
 burg, and his labor of years went up in 
 smoke. His father died in Sandusky, C)., 
 February 3, 1888, and his mother in Tiffin, 
 September 14, 1867. Four children were 
 born to them, two dying in infancy, the 
 other, the Rev. Augustin Rauch Kiefifer, is 
 an Episcopal minister, now residing at 
 Bradford, McKean county. Pa., a graduate 
 of Heidelberg College, Tiffin, O., and of the 
 Theological Seminary of Gambier, O. He 
 married Miss Lena Hall, daughter of the 
 celebrated Doctor Hall, now of New York 
 City. The subject of this sketch resides on 
 Spence avenue. Thirteenth District, Balti- 
 more county, Md., during the summer, and 
 his city home during the winter is 1414 Mt. 
 Royal avenue, where with his family blessed 
 of God, a welcome hearty hand is extended 
 to those many friends who for nearly thirty 
 years of close personal and endearing mem- 
 ories are held in sweet recollection. Truly 
 can it be said, '"The good man's steps are 
 ordered by the l,ord."' Mr. Kieffer's place 
 of business is 521 W. Conway street. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 805 
 
 Edward J. Codd, Engineer and Machin- 
 ist, whose place of business is at 700-708 
 South CaroHne street, was born in Balti- 
 more, August 6, 1833. He is the son of 
 Pilkington Codd and Eliza Anna Cowpland. 
 His father was an Irishman, and was born 
 in Ireland and came to this country when a 
 youth and settled in Baltimore. He was a 
 lawyer and practiced in the courts of Balti- 
 more and the adjoining counties. His mo- 
 ther was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and was 
 the daughter of Capt. William S. Cowpland, 
 whose family was among the early settlers 
 of Pennsylvania. During the War of 1812 
 and 1814 with England, he commanded the 
 privateer Revenge, distinguishing himself 
 by the number of merchantmen he captured 
 and destroyed. He became such a terror 
 that the English Government determined to 
 capture Captain Cowpland nnd his cruiser, 
 "The Revenge," and finally in a severe bat- 
 tle with him, they succeeded in doing so, 
 taking him and his crew prisoners and de- 
 stroying his ship. They held him captive 
 two years, confining him in the Dartmouth 
 prison. The cruel treatment and suffering 
 of the prisoners at that prison were a notable 
 event in the history of our country. After 
 his release he returned to this country, and 
 settled in Baltimore, where he resided for 
 some years until his death. 
 
 Mr. Codd's father had five children, all 
 deceased except the subject of this sketch. 
 One of his sons, William H. Codd, and bro- 
 ther to Air. E. J. Codd, went south when 
 the Civil War commenced, entered the 
 Confederate Army (infantry), and was noted 
 for his gallantry. He was severely wounded 
 at the first battle of Manassas. On his re- 
 covery he was transferred to the Confeder- 
 ate Navy and assigned to the position of first 
 
 assistant engineer on the famous Confeder- 
 ate cruiser "Shenandoah," Capt. James Ire- 
 dell Waddell commanding, and was with 
 the "Shenandoah" in all its exciting cruises 
 around the world, capturing and destroying 
 United States' merchantmen, until Novem- 
 ber 6, 1865, when Captain Waddell ran his 
 ship into Liverpool and delivered her up to 
 the English Government, Capt. Waddell 
 not hearing that the war had ended until the 
 2d of August, which information he received 
 from a British bark, when on his way to the 
 California coast. On turning his ship over 
 to the English Government, Assistant En- 
 gineer Codd and his men were discharged, 
 and he returned to Baltimore, where for 
 some years he was in business with his bro- 
 ther, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Codd's 
 father died in 1842, and his mother on the 
 4th of July, 1891. Both died in Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. Codd was educated in the public 
 schools and St. Patrick's parochial school 
 of this city. He left school at the age of 15. 
 He was apprenticed to Wells & Miller, well 
 known machinists of that day. He was with 
 this firm five years, when he severed his con- 
 nection with it and served on a steamship for 
 two years as engineer. He then started in 
 his present business in a small way, until to- 
 day it is one of the largest establishments of 
 its kind in our city, employing an average of 
 one hundred and fifty men annually. 
 
 He started in business by himself, then 
 with his brother, William H. Codd, as a 
 partner, and then with his son, William C, 
 until 1888, when he formed and incorpor- 
 ated the E. J. Codd Co., he being the presi- 
 dent of the company, and J. W. Mohler, Jr., 
 the secretary and treasurer, their business 
 being engine, machine, boiler builders and 
 millwrights. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 In 1859 — when 26 years of age — he mar- 
 ried Avarilla Hooper, daughter of James 
 Hooper and Marianna Hooper. Mr. 
 Hooper was a prominent and well-known 
 merchant in this city of that day, and 
 he and his wife's family descended from 
 one of Maryland's oldest families. He has 
 eight children: Mary Stella, William C, 
 Charles, Edward J., Eugene, Vernon, Clar- 
 ence and Clinton, all residents of this city. 
 He and his family belong to the Catholic 
 faith. In politics he says he is a Jefifersonian 
 Democrat. He has never held any public 
 office except that of a member of the Har- 
 bor Board a few years ago. 
 
 He is treasurer of the Dolan Aid Society, 
 member Board of Protectors St. Mary's Fe- 
 male Orphan Asylum, trustee St. Mary's 
 Industrial School, and is a director of Can- 
 ton National Bank, Economy Savings 
 Bank. East Baltimore Business Men's Asso- 
 ciation, Assurance Building Association, 
 Equitable Building Association, Friendly 
 Inn, Baltimore Poor Association, Baltimore 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company, American 
 Banking and Trust Company and the Mu- 
 tual Guarantee Building and Loan Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. Codd is one of our most prominent 
 business men and is well known through- 
 out the city, but is more particularly known 
 in the eastern section, being clearly iden- 
 tified with everything that goes to build 
 up and develop that vicinity, alvvavs" 
 ready to assist with his means and in every 
 way to accomplish this end. Besides busi- 
 ness matters, as will be seen, he is identified 
 with the charities of the city, and it is his 
 greatest pleasure to help the needy and do 
 what he can to alleviate the sufferings of the 
 poor, the unfortunate and destitute. He is 
 
 of a kindly disposition, pleasant in his inter- 
 course with his fellow men, everybody loves 
 him, and for sterling honesty and integrity 
 none stand higher in our city than he. He 
 and his family reside at 506 North Broad- 
 way. 
 
 William H. Hoffman, Leather Mer- 
 chant, 112 E. Lombard street, was born in 
 Baltimore, May 27, 1839. He is the son of 
 George Lockman Hoffman and Mary Dru- 
 silla Lyeth, both of w'hom were born in 
 Baltimore, their ancestors being among the 
 early settlers of the countr>-, and on both 
 sides serving as soldiers in the Revolution- 
 ary War. His father's business was that of 
 a tanner and currier, and in his early life he 
 was in the service of the Defords ol this city, 
 well-known tanners and leather merchants 
 of that day, dissolving his connection with 
 them in 1856. He then went into the leather 
 business himself and became a partner in 
 the firm of Stansbury & Hoffman, he being 
 the principal manager and conductor of the 
 business of this firm. They carried on the 
 leather business until 1858, when the firm 
 was changed and became the firm of Hoff- 
 man & Deford, and continued under this 
 name and style until 1868, when it was dis- 
 solved and his father succeeded to the busi- 
 ness and formed the firm of G. L. Hoffman 
 & Co., his eldest son, John M. Hoffman, 
 being the company in this firm. It con- 
 tinued until November. 1881, when his son, 
 John M. Hoffman, died, and in 1890 Mr. 
 Wm. H. Hoffman was taken into the firm 
 as a partner with his father under the same 
 firm name of G. L. Hoffman & Co. His 
 father died June 18, 1891, and he succeeded 
 to the business which he still conducts under 
 the old firm name at the same warehouse 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 807 
 
 at 112 E. Lombard street, where his father 
 commenced the business forty years ago. 
 His mother died April 28, 1883. 
 
 His parents had seven children, all of 
 whom are deceased with the exception of 
 Mr. Hof?m.an, the subject of this sketch, and 
 his sister, Mrs. Mary E. Keister, wife of 
 W. H. Keister, a commission merchant of 
 this city. 
 
 Mr. Hofifman was educated in the public 
 schools of Baltimore. After leaving school 
 in 1837, he went to Berkeley county, Va., to 
 live, and was engaged in looking after some 
 farming interests of his relatives in that 
 county until 1862, when he located at Mar- 
 tinsburg, the county seat of Berkeley 
 county, Va., now West Virginia, and en- 
 gaged in the general merchandise business 
 at that place until 1870, when at the instance 
 of his father he closed out his business and 
 took charge of his father's tannery, known 
 as the Union Tannery, at Uniontown, Car- 
 roll county, Md., and continued in charge of 
 this until 1890, when as we have said he was 
 made a partner in his father's business in 
 Baltimore, and came to this city to reside. 
 
 Mr. Hofifman was married in Hagers- 
 town, Md., December 23, 1862, to Laura 
 Virginia Mead, the daughter of Stephen 
 Barton Mead and Sarah Elizabeth Bennett. 
 Her father was born in New York and her 
 mother in Pennsylvania. Both of them are 
 descendants of old and prominent families 
 of their respective States. After her parents" 
 marriage in Pennsylvania, they went to 
 Martinsburg, Va., to reside, where Mrs. 
 Hofifman was born. Her father is now de- 
 ceased. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hoffman have eight chil- 
 dren: Sallie; John William, whose wife was 
 Miss Sadie O. Anderson, of this city; Mary 
 
 Drusilla, wife of Norman Paduzzi; Frank, 
 Howard, whose wife was Miss Blanche De- 
 hofif, of Carroll county, Md.; Laura Vir- 
 ginia, wife of Charles Rooke; Benjamin Al- 
 bert and Bertha Edna. All his children re- 
 side in Baltimore with the exception of 
 Howard, who resides in Baltimore county. 
 Mr. Hofifman and his family attend the Lu- 
 theran Church. In politics Mr. Hofifman is 
 a Republican. He is a fine business man, 
 and does a large business. Among his as- 
 sociates he stands high for honest and fair 
 dealing, and his word is considered as good 
 as his bond. He is very domestic, loves and 
 is devoted to his home, where he spends all 
 his spare time with his family. He is of a 
 very kindly disposition, always ready to 
 help those in need and is liked by all who 
 know him. His home is at 627 North Cal- 
 houn street, fronting Harlem Square. 
 
 Bernard WiESENFELD, Attorney-at- 
 Law, ofifice 706 Fidelity Building, N. W. 
 corner Charles and Lexington streets, was 
 born in Baltimore December 29, 1857. His 
 father was Moses Wiesenfeld, born in the 
 Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in the 
 year 1819 and settled in Baltimore in 1837. 
 His mother was Betsey Friedenwald, 
 daughter of the late Jonas Friedenwuld, and 
 sister of Joseph Friedenwald and Dr. A. 
 Friedenwald. She was born in Giessen, 
 Germany, in 1825 and came to Baltimore 
 with her parents in 1832. Her father was 
 the founder and head of the firm of Wiesen- 
 feld & Co., manufacturers of clothing, who 
 were the pioneers in this business in the 
 United States, doing a very large business 
 for years in this city and amassing a large 
 fortune. He had nine children, five sons, 
 David, Hiram, Robert S., Joseph and Mr. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Wiesenfeld, the subject of this sketch; also 
 four daughters, Caroline, the wife of Mi- 
 chael Rosenfeld, a member of the firm of 
 Rosenfeld Bros., proprietors of the New 
 York clothing house of this city; Rebecca, 
 wife of Abram Altemayer; Amelia, wife of 
 Joseph Miller, retired merchant; and Rose, 
 wife of Goody Rosenfeld, one of the firm of 
 Rosenfeld Bros. All of them reside in Bal- 
 timore, except Mr. and Mrs. Altemayer, 
 who live in San Francisco, Cal. Both ol 
 Mr. Wiesenfeld's parents are deceased, his 
 father dying in 1871 and his mother in 1894. 
 Mr. Wiesenfeld was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Baltimore and is a graduate 
 of Baltimore City College ; he also attended 
 Harvard College, Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity, and graduated in law at the University 
 of Maryland in 1889, previous to which he 
 was a clerk with the firm of Wiesenfeld & 
 Co. Since his graduating at the University 
 Law School, he has been practicing law in 
 the courts of Baltimore. Mr. Wiesenfeld is 
 married and has one child, Elizabeth Wie- 
 senfeld. lie was married in Baltimore 
 March 26, 1895, and his wife, Blanche Fried- 
 enwald, is the daughter of Isaac Frieden- 
 wald, who was born in Giessen, Germany, 
 and Eugenie Dalsheimer, who was born in 
 Vicksburg, Miss. He and his family are 
 ijrthodox Hebrews. In politics he is a 
 Sound Money Democrat. He is an alumnus 
 of Baltimore City College, Johns Hopkins 
 University, Law School of the University of 
 Maryland; also a member of Phoenix Club 
 and connected with a number of charitable 
 institutions of our city, being like his ances- 
 tors on both sides, the Wiesenfelds and 
 Friedenwalds, devoted to charity and help- 
 ing the needy and destitute. He stands high 
 with his brother members of the bar for ster- 
 
 ling integrity and honor. He is of a kindly 
 and genial disposition and liked by all who 
 know him. He and his family reside at 1926 
 Eutaw Place, Baltimore. 
 
 Edward S. Judge, Editor and Publisher, 
 also Secretary of the National Food Pack- 
 ers' Association, office 38 S. Holliday street, 
 Baltimore; residence, Winston avenue, Go- 
 vanstown, Baltimore county, Md. 
 
 This gentleman was born in Baltimore on 
 the 25th of June. 1842. His father was 
 Henry Judge and his mother's maiden name 
 was Anne AIcNuIty; his father was a native 
 of Ireland, born on Easter Sunday in the 
 year 1809. His mother was born in Dublin 
 of English and Irish parentage in the year 
 1819. At sixteen years of age his father set- 
 tled in the island of Jamaica, W. I., where 
 he was connected with a firm dealing largely 
 in music and musical instruments. He left 
 there in 1840, coming to Baltimore. His 
 mother died in January, 1866, and his father 
 in August. 1871. 
 
 Mr. Henry Judge, who was very well 
 known in Baltimore, was the father of 
 twelve children, eleven of whom lived to be 
 over forty years of age. Of these, eight 
 were sons and three daughters. The latter 
 all went into religious life and became nuns. 
 Two of the sons also entered the religious 
 life, one of whom is Rev. Charles J. Judge, 
 professor in the College of St. Charles, near 
 Ellicott City, Md., and the other. Rev. Wil- 
 liam H. Judge, is at present a Jesuit mission- 
 ary in Alaska, located among the miners at 
 Forty Miles. 
 
 The subject of this article was educated 
 partly at Calvert Hall and partly in the pub- 
 lic schools of Baltimore; but at fifteen years 
 of age, being well grown, he found himself 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 809 
 
 occupation with the gilding firm of Barrett 
 & Bros., where he remained until the out- 
 break of the war. In June, 1862, near the 
 close of his nineteenth year, he ran the 
 blockade to Richmond and entered the 
 Southern Army, joining Captain (after- 
 wards Colonel) Herbert's company; and 
 from that until his capture at Hatcher's Run 
 on the 2d of April, 1865, he was steadily with 
 the command, having had neither sickness 
 nor furlough. In May, 1863, while in camp 
 at Lacey's Springs, in the valley of Virginia, 
 he was appointed by Colonel Herbert as as- 
 sistant commissary of subsistence to Capt. 
 J. Edgar Howard, who was regimental com- 
 missary. After the Gettysbtirg campaign, 
 shortly after the command reached Warren- 
 ton, he was appointed by Captain Crane, 
 then in command of the battalion, commis- 
 sary sergeant, under the' new law of the Con- 
 federate Congress which had abolished the 
 office of captain commissary, and substi- 
 tuted that of commissary sergeant. As 
 stated, he remained with the regiment 
 through all its experiences until captured at 
 Hatcher's Run on April 2, 1865. Thence 
 he was sent as prisoner to Point Lookout, 
 where he remained until June 9th following, 
 when he returned to Baltimore. Here he 
 went into the provision business for two 
 years, but later gave his attention to orna- 
 mental architectural work, which his previ- 
 ous knowledge in the gilding and orna- 
 mental business specially fitted him for. At 
 this time he took out a patent for Papier- 
 mache and Carton-Pierre work, and shortly 
 afterwards went to Philadelphia, where he 
 sold the right to use the same to some large 
 manufacturers of ornamental work in that 
 city. While superintending that branch of 
 their business, he established a factory for 
 
 the manufacture of floU heads, on his own 
 account; but receiving favorable ofTers from 
 some capitalists there for the general work- 
 ing of his patents, they formed a company 
 for its manufacture. Success and loss 
 marked the course of the next ten years; the 
 six years following 1873 being continuously 
 disastrous. In 1880 he dismissed his work- 
 ing force, closed up his business and went 
 West to start life afresh. He went to St. 
 Louis, where he remained but two years, 
 and then returned to Baltimore to take 
 charge of a weekly paper which had been 
 started in the interests of the Canned Goods 
 Packers, known as Tlic Trade, of which he 
 was editor and publisher. He soon suc- 
 ceeded in making it the organ of the canning 
 interests and gave his attention to the build- 
 ing up of the influence of the Canned Goods 
 Exchange of Baltimore, of which he was for 
 five years secretary. He resigned that posi- 
 tion in 1889, after having organized the 
 canned goods packers in various parts of the 
 United States, and consolidated them in the 
 National Canned Food Packers' Associa- 
 tion, of which he was made secretary, an of- 
 fice which he still retains. 
 
 From his earliest years Mr. Judge had a 
 literary inclination, and about 1887 he 
 bought out the Labor Free Press of Balti- 
 more and several other weekly publications, 
 including the Commercial Index, The Market 
 Journal, The Farmers' Alliance Journal. La- 
 ter on he purchased the Fifth Regiment Ga- 
 zette, his purpose being to keep in touch with 
 the Southern military movement. 
 
 In 1870, in Philadelphia, he married Miss 
 
 Therese M. C. Leahy, the daughter of an 
 
 officer of the Federal Army and a native of 
 
 Philadelphia. Her father was Mr. James 
 
 I Leahy, a merchant of Philadelphia, of Irish 
 
810 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 descent: lier mother had been Rebecca Fox, 
 a Hneal descendant of the Fox who came 
 over with WilHam Penn. 
 
 Mr. Judge has eight children living, five 
 sons and three daughters; the three elder 
 boys are connected with his business in the 
 office in one way or another. As can be 
 seen, he was born and raised in the Roman 
 Catholic faith, and at 55 years of age says 
 he cannot see that any other creed will make 
 better men or women, if it is only properly 
 lived up to by a liberal American mind. 
 Some years ago he joined the Knights of 
 Labor for the purpose of studying their 
 views, and he believes the principles of the 
 Order the best of any he knows of, and 
 finds fault only with the fact that instead of 
 championing the cause of the idle they os- 
 tracize them as "scabs." While a member 
 of this Order he was an urgent pleader for 
 the idle man, maintaining that the only so- 
 lution of our labor difficulties is for the em- 
 ployes in each of the industries to divide the 
 work that is to be done among all those who 
 need to work to live by it; that it is of no 
 consequence to body-politic whether a day's 
 work is five hours or fifteen: that the only 
 necessity is that the man shall be in demand 
 and the rates of wages will adjust and fix 
 themselves satisfactorily. 
 
 As editor of the Fanners' Alliance Journal, 
 he was a foremost and fearless advocate of 
 an increase of the currency, preferring 
 greenbacks even to silver, and maintaining 
 that while an increase of currency of any 
 kind whatever will cause an inflation and a 
 depreciation of the currency, unless the 
 country is ])ro(lucing an amount of real 
 value in equal proportion to the currency 
 increase: it is equally true that an increase 
 of the products of the country, the real ma- 
 
 terial wealth of the country, with no increase 
 of the currency, will cause such an inflation 
 and depreciation in value of the products as 
 will ruin all producers, especially in a coun- 
 try that is as heavily in debt as ours, for the 
 conveniences of public and private life which 
 always maintain their face value and do not 
 depreciate as products do. He sums up his 
 political views by saying that no republic 
 can exist unless it cares primarily for its 
 producers. 
 
 Mr. Judge is a member of the Society of 
 the Army and Navy of the Confederate 
 States in ^Maryland, and of the James R. 
 Herbert Camp of Confederate Veterans of 
 Baltimore. While all his present occupation 
 is literary work, it is mainly of a commercial 
 character: he has done but little in the line 
 of fiction and that only for his own private 
 use. 
 
 AIr. George C. AIorrison, Attorney-at- 
 Law, offices 949 Equitable Building, was 
 born in Baltimore June 13, 1869. He is the 
 son of F. D. Morrison and Mary A. (Pat- 
 rick) Morrison. His parents are Americans 
 of Scotch-Irish descent. His father was 
 born in Harford county, Md., in 1837 and 
 his mother in New Hampshire in 1839, both 
 of them coming from families who were 
 among the early settlers of this country, 
 their ancestors immigrating in the early part 
 of the eighteenth century. Mr. Morrison 
 was educated in Baltimore, first attending 
 for several years the school of Mr. George 
 G. Carey. Subsequently he entered the 
 Johns Hopkins University, where he grad- 
 uated in 1890. and took the degree of A. B. 
 After graduation he taught school in this 
 city from 1891 to 1893, at the same time at- 
 tending the Law School of the University 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 811 
 
 of Maryland. In 1893 he graduated from 
 this university with the degree of L. B. Af- 
 ter his admission to the bar, Mr. Morrison 
 commenced the practice of his profession 
 in Baltimore City, practicing in both the 
 United States and State Courts. He has 
 also given considerable attention to the 
 study of co-operative banking systems so 
 common in Europe, and is at present a di- 
 rector of the Co-operative Savings and 
 Loan Association of Baltimore City. Mr. 
 Morrison is a member of the Alumni Asso- 
 ciation of the Johns Hopkins University, 
 and of the University of Maryland. He is 
 also a member of the Alpha Delta Phi and 
 Phi Beta Kappa fraternities, and of the 
 Green Spring Valley Hunt Club. In poli- 
 tics he is a Democrat. 
 
 Mr. Morrison stands well at the bar as a 
 young lawyer, and painstaking and careful 
 attorney and counsellor, and is regarded as 
 having a promising future before him in his 
 profession. He is genial and pleasant in 
 his manners and is popular among his 
 friends. 
 
 ;\Ir. James H. S.mith, Attorney-at-Law, 
 whose office is at 11 East Lexington street, 
 was born in Howard county, Md., March 
 17, 1841. He is the son of Henry 
 Smith and Sarah Ayler. His father was 
 born in the north of Ireland and immigrated 
 to this country in 1835, when eighteen 
 years of age, and settled in Baltimore. His 
 mother was a native of Maryland, and a res- 
 ident of Baltimore. His father's profession 
 was that of an accountant, and he followed 
 his profession in Baltimore until his death 
 in 1880. His mother died in 1858. His 
 parents had four children: James H. Smith, 
 the subject of this sketch; Joseph M. Smith, 
 
 merchant; William O. Smith, clerk, and 
 Sarah E. Smith; all of them reside in Bal- 
 timore. Mr. Smith was educated in the 
 public and private schools of Baltimore. 
 On finishing his education in 1858 he was 
 employed for five years in the machine 
 works of Pool & Hunt, of Baltimore. Af- 
 terwards, for several years, he was in the 
 mercantile business. He then studied law, 
 and in 1870 was admitted to the bar in Tow- 
 son, Baltimore county, and also was ad- 
 mitted to the Baltimore bar, and he prac- 
 tices in the courts of both Baltimore county 
 and city. 
 
 On the 27th of May, 1872, he was married 
 to Miss Frances R. Gibson, the daughter of 
 James F. Gibson and Araminta (Sanders) 
 Gibson. Mrs. Smith's father and mother 
 were Marylanders and descended from old 
 Maryland families. They have three chil- 
 dren, two sons and four daughters. He and 
 his family are Protestants and attend the 
 Presbyterian Church. Mr. Smith is a Dem- 
 ocrat and takes quite an active part in poli- 
 tics. He has been elected a number of times 
 by the Democratic party to the Baltimore 
 City Council, as a representative from the 
 Twenty-second ward, serving as follows: 
 .In 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894 and 
 again in 1896, and was chairman of the im- 
 portant Committee of Ways and Means in 
 1890, 1891 and 1892; was a member of the 
 same committee in 1896 and '97, and was 
 president of the Second Branch, City Coun- 
 cil, in 1893 and '94. Mr. Smith has always 
 taken a prominent part in public afifairs. and 
 has been very active in the development of 
 the annexed section of the city, the people 
 of which section have kept him in the Coun- 
 cil because of his abilities and great use- 
 fulness to them and to the city, as he is con- 
 
812 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 sidered by people of all political parties as a 
 model councilman, and a representative of 
 whom the people of Baltimore can be 
 proud. He stands high in his profession 
 among the people, and as a man of sterling 
 worth and honesty. He has been favorably 
 and prominently mentioned a number of 
 times for the nomination as Mayor of the 
 city by the Democratic party. He is pres- 
 ident of the Baltimore Association for the 
 Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, 
 and takes great interest in charity, and is 
 ever active in looking after and helping 
 those in need. He is president of the Citi- 
 zens' Association of North Baltimore. Mr. 
 Smith is very pleasant in manner and of 
 a kindly disposition and is very popular 
 with all classes of people. His home is 2455 
 Maryland avenue. 
 
 Walter Roblv Townsend, Attorney- 
 at-Law, offices 17 St. Paul street, was born 
 in Baltimore county, July 20, 1857. He is 
 the son of Wilson and iNIary L. (Robey) 
 Townsend. His father was born in Balti- 
 more City, February 18, 1829, and his 
 mother in Prince George's county, Md., 
 October 14, 1838, both being descended 
 from early English colonial settlers of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Wilson Townsend, a very prominent and 
 popular man of his day, was a farmer and 
 a large real estate owner, and for over 
 thirty-eight years was connected in a confi- 
 dential capacity as special agent with the 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
 Railroad Company. He also represented 
 Baltimore county in the I^'gislature of 
 Maryland, being a member of the House of 
 Delegates in the session of 1878, elected to 
 this position on tlic Democratic ticket. He 
 
 had three children, two of whom are living, 
 Walter R. Townsend, the subject of this 
 sketch, and Mrs. Elizabeth T. Douglas, 
 wife of Mr. James M. Douglas, a promi- 
 nent civil engineer of this city. They 
 have one child, Malcolm Townsend Doug- 
 las. The deceased child, Addie C, married 
 Dr. Sidney O. Henkell, quarantine physi- 
 cian of Baltimore. She died February 26, 
 1885. Mr. Townsend's mother resides at 
 the old Townsend homestead, "Sunny 
 Side," Rossville, Baltimore county, Md. 
 His father died March 7, 1893. 
 
 Mr. Townsend was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Baltimore City and county, 
 and attended the Baltimore City College 
 for three years. He then entered the law 
 offices of the late Thales A. Linthicum and 
 Julian J. Alexander, reading law with them, 
 and in 1881, after passing a very creditable 
 examination, was admitted to the bars of 
 Baltimore City and Baltimore county to 
 practice, since which time he has been prac- 
 ticing his profession in the courts of the city 
 and county, and has by his energy and abil- 
 ity built up a good practice. 
 
 Mr. Townsend was married in Philadel- 
 phia, May 30, 1888, to Miss Cora, daughter 
 of Mayer Farmer, an agriculturist of Ches- 
 terfield county, Va. Both Her ])arents are 
 N'irginians of English descent, and are de- 
 scendants of some of the oldest families of 
 that State. Mr. Townsend and his family 
 are Protestants and Episcopalians. He is 
 a member of the Royal Arcanum, Ancient 
 Order United Workmen, and an alumnus 
 of the Baltimore City College. He is a 
 Democrat and takes an active part in i)oli- 
 tics. In 1885 he was elected on the Demo- 
 cratic ticket as a member of the Maryland 
 Legislature to represent Baltimore county, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 813 
 
 and served in the House of Delegates in the 
 session of 1886. He was also elected by the 
 House of Delegates of Maryland reading 
 clerk for the legislative sessions of 1888, 
 1890, 1892 and 1894, and in all these posi- 
 tions he has the reputation of having filled 
 them, with ability, general satisfaction and 
 credit to himself, his constituency and the 
 members of the Legislature. He is pleasant 
 in his manner, has many friends and is pop- 
 ular in his county as well as our city, also 
 stands well at the Towson and Baltimore 
 bars as a lawyer. 
 
 He has no children, and he and his wife 
 reside with his mother, and Mr. and Mrs. 
 Douglas, at their old family homestead, 
 "Sunny Side," Rossville, Baltimore county. 
 
 Richard Be.\uregard Tippett, Attor- 
 ney-at-Law, 603 Law Building, southwest 
 corner of Lexington and St. Paul streets, 
 was born in St. Mary's county, Md., Janu- 
 ary 14, 1862. He is a son of Robert Bruce 
 Tippett and Susan E. Payne, of St. Mary's 
 county, Md., where his father is a prominent 
 farmer. Mr. Tippett's father is of Scotch 
 and his mother of English descent, and both 
 belong to families that were among the 
 early settlers of Maryland. His parents 
 have nine children as follows: Mr. Tippett, 
 the subject of this sketch; Mary B., wife of 
 Bernard Long; Jennie, wife of T. Webster 
 Mattingly; Nora, wife of A. Kingsley Love, 
 attorney-at-law; Robert Lee Tippett, mer- 
 chant; William T. Tippett, merchant and 
 farmer; Bruce G. Tippett, merchant; James 
 E. Tippett. attorney-at-law and junior mem- 
 ber of the firm of R. B. Tippett & Bro., 
 and J. Preston Tippett, merchant. His 
 father and mother are both living and reside 
 at Chaptico, St. Mary's county. 
 
 Air. Tippett was educated at Charlotte 
 Hall Military Academy, in St. Mary's 
 county, Md., and at St. John's College, An- 
 napolis, Md. He graduated from the latter 
 in the class of 1884 and delivered the vale- 
 dictory address of the graduating class. 
 While attending St. John's College, in ad- 
 dition to his studies, he read law under the 
 instruction of Mr. James Revell, of the An- 
 napolis bar, and now one of the judges of 
 the Circuit Court of that Judicial District. 
 In 1885 he took his examination in law and 
 was admitted at Upper Marlboro, Prince 
 George's county, Md., to practice law. A 
 short time thereafter he came to Baltimore 
 to reside and practice his profession in this 
 city. Subsequently his brother, James E. 
 Tippett, graduated in law at the University 
 of Maryland, with whom he formed the law 
 firm of R. B. Tippett & Bro. He and 
 his brother have built up a large and lucra- 
 tive practice and both hold prominent po- 
 sitions at the bar as able and reliable attor- 
 neys. 
 
 Mr. Tippett was married April 7, 1885, 
 to Miss Margaret F. Thornton, of Balti- 
 more. Her father was James M. Thornton, 
 of this city, now deceased. Both of Mrs. 
 Tippett's parents were residents of Balti- 
 more. Mr. Tippett has four children: 
 James Royal, Mary Helen, Richard Edgar 
 and Margaret Natalie Tippett. He and his 
 family are Catholics, and in politics he is a 
 Democrat. Mr. Tippett resides at Wal- 
 brook and has a charming country cottage 
 there, where he resides the year around and 
 is said to be the leading spirit in improving 
 and making Walbrook the pleasant suburb 
 that it now is. He is a member of the Catho- 
 lic Benevolent Legion and is the orator of 
 
814 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Maryland State Council of the C. B. L., and 
 a member of the Catholic Club. 
 
 He is a large owner of real estate and is 
 connected with many enterprises and in- 
 dustries of this city. Mr. Tippett is pleas- 
 ant in his manners, a forcible and fluent 
 speaker, of a kindly disposition, and besides 
 standing well as a lawyer, is popular as a 
 man, and has hosts of friends. 
 
 Eugene N. Belt, whose place of busi- 
 ness is 606 E. Lombard Street, was born in 
 Baltimore and is a son of Thomas Walter 
 Belt and Louisa Ann (Steever) Belt. His 
 father was of English and his mother of Ger- 
 man descent, and on both sides his ancestors 
 were among the early settlers of the coun- 
 try, his mother's parents and ancestors 
 first settling in Pennsylvania and his father's 
 in Prince George's county, Md., in 1647. 
 Beltville in this county took its name from 
 his ancestors. His father was born in Bal- 
 timore; engaged first in business as a mer- 
 chant and then as a banker, being among 
 the most prominent merchants and bankers 
 of that day. The father died in 1840. the 
 mother in 1881. 
 
 Mr. Belt was educated by private tutors 
 in Baltimore, and in Louisville, Ky. After 
 finishing his education he w-ent to New Or- 
 leans in 1841 and began life as a clerk in a 
 mercantile business. After remaining there 
 Tiwhile he returned to Baltimore and was en- 
 gaged as clerk in the insurance business. 
 From this he went into the Franklin Bank 
 of Baltimore, and from there to the Bank of 
 Baltimore as clerk, after which, in 1859, he 
 formed a partnership with P. C. Martin and 
 conducted a conniiission and liquor busi- 
 ness under the name of Martin, Belt & Co., 
 initil the Civil War in iS6[, when this firm 
 
 went into liquidation. In 1868 J\Ir. Belt re- 
 sumed business, and became a member of 
 the firm Calm, Belt & Co., wholesale liquor 
 dealers, and is still a member of that firm. 
 
 Mr. Belt attends the Episcopal Church. 
 He is a member of the Historical Society, 
 the Archaeological Society, Merchants' 
 Club, Maryland Club, and Elk Ridge Fox 
 Hunting Club. In politics he is a Demo- 
 crat, but takes no active part being strictly 
 a business man. Mr. Belt is one of our lead- 
 ing business men and stands high as a man 
 of the strictest integrity; has many warm 
 friends and is noted for his kindly and gen- 
 erous disposition. His home is at 816 N. 
 Charles street. 
 
 Hon. Frank Brown, Ex-Governor of 
 the State of Maryland. Offices No. 230 N. 
 Charles street, Baltimore. — This gentleman 
 was born on "Brown's Inheritance," an es- 
 tate of his father, the late Stephen T. C. 
 Brown, near Sykesville, Carroll county, 
 Md., August 8, 1844. His mother was Su- 
 san A. Bennett, daughter of Wesley Ben- 
 nett, a prominent farmer of Carroll county, 
 Md. Both his father's and mother's ances- 
 tors were among the early settlers of the 
 country, and prominent people in Maryland 
 in their day; they were Scotch-Irish. His 
 father, Stephen T. C. Brown, was one of 
 the most prominent farmers of his time in 
 Carroll county, and a large land owner in 
 that county. The farm called "Brown's In- 
 heritance," where the Governor was born, 
 he inherited from his father, and in addi- 
 tion to another farm of over 2,000 acres 
 called "Springfield," inherited from an 
 uncle; he thus i)ccanie one of the largest 
 land owners in the State. His father had 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 815 
 
 two children, the Governor being the only 
 one living. His mother still lives. 
 
 He sold the greater part of his land a few 
 years ago to the State of Maryland, as the 
 most suitable location for the new State In- 
 sane Asylum, which has recently been fin- 
 ished. 
 
 Governor Brown was educated in the pri- 
 vate schools of Carroll and Howard coun- 
 ties and in Baltimore, but early in life was 
 put to work on the farm, his father's ambi- 
 tion being to make him a first-class farmer, 
 which ambition was gratified as Mr. Brown 
 is considered one of the best farmers in the 
 State, and up to the time of severing this 
 large farm of 2,000 acres by the sale of a 
 portion of it to the State, it was regarded 
 in all its appointments as one of the 
 finest farms in Maryland, it having been 
 brought up to this high state of perfec- 
 tion by the Governor's exertions and indi- 
 vidual attention, he being a great lover of 
 agricultural pursuits. For some time Mr. 
 Brown was employed in the agricultural im- 
 plement and seed house of R. Sinclair & Co., 
 of this city. A few years later he made his 
 first political appearance as clerk in the State 
 tobacco warehouse in this city. In 1875 he 
 was nominated by the Democratic party as 
 a candidate for the Legislature in his county, 
 and was elected to the House of Delegates 
 to represent Carroll county; in 1877 he was 
 re-elected to the same position. After serv- 
 ing out his term he declined further elec- 
 tion. 
 
 During the campaign of 1885 the Gov- 
 ernor was treasurer of the Democratic State 
 Central Committee and took an active part 
 in the campaign, and it was considered as 
 being largely due to his skillful manage- 
 ment that the party achieved such a marked 
 
 success at the polls as they did at this elec- 
 tion. During this time and for several years 
 he was a director of the B. & O. R. R. on 
 the part of the State. This position he re- 
 signed when he was appointed postmaster 
 of Baltimore by President Cleveland during 
 his first term. He held the office four years, 
 and during his term he introduced in the 
 postoffice many reforms which were 
 adopted by the Government at Washington. 
 
 In 1881 he was elected president of the 
 State Agricultural Association and during 
 his occupancy of this position new life and 
 energy were imparted to agricultural pur- 
 suits in Maryland, owing to his knowledge 
 of the subject, coupled witli his unusual en- 
 ergy. The State Fairs held afterwards were 
 remarkable for their success. Under his 
 management, but for the unfavorable 
 weather, the Exposition of the Agricultural 
 Society in 1889 would have been one of the 
 most successful events of its kind ever held 
 in the United States. 
 
 During this time Mr. Brown was making 
 an enviable reputation as a man of push, 
 sterling integrity and faithfulness to any 
 duty he was assigned to, and in 1891, when 
 the question as to who should be the next 
 Governor of the State arose, the people 
 throughout Maryland at once centered 
 upon him as the man best suited for the po- 
 sition, and when the Democratic State Con- 
 vention met at Ford's Opera House in this 
 city, July 30, 189 1, Frank Brown was nomi- 
 nated for Governor, and on the following 
 3d of November he was elected, carrying 
 the State by one of the largest majorities 
 given for years. His Republican opponent 
 for this office was Mr. William J.Vannort.of 
 Chestertown, Kent county, Md. There was 
 a good deal of what is called "ring politics" 
 
816 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in the Democratic party of tlie State at this 
 time, and the ring generally dictated the 
 nominations and was not favorable to the 
 nomination of Frank Brown, preferring one 
 who would be more subservient to their will 
 than they knew Mr. Brown would be. But 
 the latter had taken such a strong hold upon 
 the confidence of the people that his nomi- 
 nation was demanded and the ring was com- 
 pelled to yield. He was inaugurated at An- 
 napolis on January 13, 1892. His term was 
 for four years, when he was succeeded by 
 Hon. Lloyd Lowndes, who was elected on 
 the Republican ticket and is the present 
 Governor of the State. 
 
 Governor Brow'n's administration was a 
 complete success and he is considered the 
 best Governor the State has had for years, 
 and he came out of office as popular as when 
 he went in, which is a very unusual fact. 
 When his name was presented in the Con- 
 vention in a nominating speech by his friend 
 Doctor Shaw, of Carroll county, (and at 
 present United State Collector at the Port 
 of Baltimore) the Doctor said, among other 
 complimentary things, that Frank Brown 
 would make one of the best Governors the 
 State ever had, because besides other Cjuali- 
 fications, he was noted as having plenty of" 
 ■'good old cornfield horse sense," a trait of 
 character ofter exhibited by him during his 
 administration when handling the many 
 difficult matters that came before him, and 
 when he would break off from all precedent, 
 to take the bit in his mouth and decide these 
 questions in his own way and according to 
 the rules of "good old cornfield horse sense," 
 or in everyday parlance, common sense, and 
 always to the satisfaction of the people of 
 the State. Among the many acts showing 
 how the Governor decided matters and in 
 
 illustration of the character of the man, was 
 his action in the case of the eight negroes 
 convicted and sentenced to be hanged in 
 Chestertown, for the murder of Doctor Hill, 
 a crime which at that time created such an 
 excitement throughout the State. It was 
 by the most strenuous efforts on the part of 
 the authorities these negroes were not 
 lynched. Among these eight negroes were 
 some who were mere boys and who, it was 
 demonstrated at the trial, were not the ring- 
 leaders in the murder, but through drink 
 and in other ways were lured by the older 
 ones and actual murderers into the matter, 
 and were more by-standers in it than any- 
 thing else; but they were convicted and sen- 
 tenced to be hanged wdth the balance. The 
 matter was brought to the attention of the 
 Governor by their friends, and some of the 
 best people of the county, who thought it 
 unjust to punish these boys in the same 
 manner as the actual murderers. The Gov- 
 ernor made a quiet examination into the 
 matter, but w-as not satisfied; he kept his 
 counsel, however, and exhibiting that "good 
 old cornfield horse sense" determined to see 
 these men himself, and went to Kent county 
 to investigate the matter, spending a day at 
 the jail in Chestertown and having all these 
 negroes brought before him. After mak- 
 ing this investigation he said nothing to in- 
 dicate what course he would pursue, but to 
 disarm suspicion of his interference, direct- 
 ed the sheriff, who was also the jailer, to 
 proceed with his preparations for the execu- 
 tion of the eight negroes, and returned to 
 Baltimore. He then had a conference with 
 the police commissioners, announcing to 
 them his intention to commute the sen- 
 tences of four of the eight men to imprison- 
 ment for life in the Penitcntiarv, and direct- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 8n 
 
 ing them, with the utmost secrecy, to take 
 Captain Cadwallader. of the Baltimore po- 
 lice, with a squad of poHcemen, and pro- 
 ceed on the State ice-boat "Latrobe" to 
 Chestertown and bring the four men he des- 
 ignated to Baltimore. The boat left here in 
 the afternoon and in order to get to Ches- 
 tertown had to break ice fifteen inches thick 
 in the Chester river. The people in the vicin- 
 ity thought she was sent to break a channel 
 in the river, one of the impressions the Gov- 
 ernor wished to make. If the people had- 
 known his real intentions they would have 
 lynched these men before the boat arrived 
 at Chestertown. The boat arrived at Ches- 
 tertown about 2 o'clock in the morning, 
 when Captain Cadwallader and his squad 
 proceeded quietly to the jail, awakened the 
 sheriff, w^ere admitted, and on the order of 
 the Governor he delivered to them the four 
 men, whom they took to- the boat and 
 brought to Baltimore. They were well on 
 their return trip before the good people of 
 Chestertown were aware that the Governor's 
 people had been to the jail and taken away 
 the four prisoners. When it became known 
 what was done the people became highly 
 incensed at the Governor and it was by the 
 greatest efifoTts that the authorities prevented 
 them from taking the other four from the 
 jail and lynching them. The people quieted 
 down, however, and the other four were exe- 
 cuted at the appointed time. Governor 
 Brown was at the time severely criticized by 
 the people of Kent county, but as time 
 rolled on and the excitement died away all 
 saw the wisdom and justice of his act. To- 
 day he has no stronger friends than those in 
 Kent county. 
 
 Another exhibition of his firmness and 
 wisdom during his administration w-as when 
 
 the coal strike took place in Allegany 
 county and he was called upon to send the 
 military to Frostburg to protect the lives 
 and property of the county. After carefully 
 considering the application for troops it did 
 not take him long to decide what to do and 
 when he did it was not long before he had 
 the Fourth and Fifth Maryland Regiments, 
 of Baltimore, in Frostburg, himself accom- 
 panying them, the effect of which was at 
 once to restore order, to save many lives 
 and the destruction of thousands of dollars 
 worth of property. About the close of the 
 Governor's term he was elected president 
 of the Baltimore Traction Company, one of 
 the largest street railway companies in the 
 city, and under his administration the busi- 
 ness of the company improved very much. 
 He held this position until a few years since, 
 when, to give attention to his own private 
 matters and manage his large estate, he re- 
 signed, and although often solicited to take 
 charge of many large interests here in the 
 city, he has been compelled to decline. 
 Since his term as Governor ended, he has 
 made several trips to Europe, traveling 
 all over the world with his family. He is a 
 very close observer. 
 
 On the 23d of December, 1879, Mr. 
 Brown was married in Baltimore to Mrs. 
 Mary Ridgely Preston, widow of Mr. Ho- 
 ratio Preston, of Boston. She was the 
 daughter of Mr. David Ridgely, of this city, 
 who belonged to a noted Maryland family. 
 Mrs. Brown died in 1895; her death was a 
 severe blow to the Governor as she was 
 a most estimable lady, noted for her chari- 
 ties and kindness and loved by all who 
 knew her. Mr. Brown has two children, 
 Frank Snowden and Mary Ridgely Brown. 
 He and his family attend the Protestant 
 
818 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 
 
 Episcoijal Church. He is a member of sev- 
 eral of our leading clubs, a director in many 
 large business enterprises. He is a man of 
 genial temperament, approachable by the 
 most humble. 
 
 William Fletcher Edwards, ex-Judge 
 of the Orphans' Court, of Baltimore, Drug- 
 gist, 1800 E. Baltimore street, Baltimore, 
 was born at Jones's Neck, Kent county, 
 Del., May i. 1843, and is the son of George 
 Edwards and Margaret Ann (AUaband) Ed- 
 wards. George Edwards was born in Kent 
 county, Del., near what is now Felton, in 
 18 1 7, being for many years a farmer, but at 
 the time of his death, when he was thirty-six 
 years of age, was proprietor of the Wash- 
 ington House, Dover, Del. The mother of 
 our subject was born in Kent county, Del-., 
 in 1820, being of English descent and at the 
 time of writing, still living. William F. Ed- 
 wards was raised in Kent county, Del., and 
 educated in the public schools of the county, 
 District Twenty-one, farming during busy 
 seasons and attending school in session. 
 April 19, 1858, he entered the drug business 
 at Dover, Del., with James Cowgill & Son 
 as clerk, remaining in Dover until 1864, 
 when he went to Philadelphia as clerk for 
 Isaac H. Kay, Eleventh and Arch streets. 
 While in Philadelphia he was clerk in turn 
 for Samuel Chapman, Eighth and Coates 
 streets, and Dr. Samuel Creadick, Fifth and 
 Wharlon streets. On June 23, 1877, he 
 came to Baltimore, locating at his present 
 stand. In 1882 he was made commissioner 
 of City Springs Square, Pratt and Eden 
 streets; elected to the City Council from 
 Third ward October, 1885, re-elected 1886, 
 and in September, 1890, appointed one of 
 the judges of the Orphans' Court to fill the 
 
 vancancy caused by the death of Chas. 
 E. Jenkins: elected to the same po- 
 sition in 1892. He became a mem- 
 ber of the Royal Arcanum July 16. 1879, 
 charter member of Baltimore City Council, 
 357; in 1882 Judge Edwards was made 
 regent of his Council, then collector of said 
 Council in 1889, which position he still re- 
 tains. In 1883 he was representative to 
 Grand Council of Maryland and in 1893 ap- 
 pointed to till the vacancy caused by the 
 resignation of Col. Willard Howard, as 
 Grand Guide of the Grand Council of Mary- 
 land. In 1894 he was elected Grand Orator; 
 1895 Grand \"ice-Regent; 1896 Grand Re- 
 gent of Grand Council of Maryland. As a 
 Mason he is Past Master of Warren Lodge, 
 A. F. and A. M., having passed through all 
 minor chairs to this point. Pie is a member 
 of St. John's Royal Arch Chapter and Con- 
 cordia Council of Royal and Select Masters. 
 He is a member also of the Finance Com- 
 mittee of Supreme Camp, Fraternal Legion, 
 Past Archon of Improved Order of Hepta- 
 sophs; Past Chancellor Knights of Pythias, 
 (passed through all chairs to this point); 
 Past Master Shield of Honor; member 
 Committee of Appeals of Grand Council, 
 Legion of the Red Cross ; life member of the 
 Most Excellent Assembly of the Artisans 
 Order of Mutual Protection. Judge Ed- 
 wards was married January 11, 1876, to 
 Miss Mary W. Davis, daughter of Alexan- 
 der D. and Mary PI. (Walton) Davis, of 
 English descent. Our subject has one child, 
 Susan May, born 1889. Judge Edwards 
 and his wife are members of East Baltimore 
 Street Methodist Church, he being trustee 
 and agent of Church Cemetery on the Phil- 
 adelphia road, and his wife president of the 
 Ladies' Guild. Judge Edwards is also a 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 member of the East Baltimore Business 
 JMen's Association and East End Improve- 
 ment Association, being director and vice- 
 president of the first mentioned. He was 
 one of the incorporators of Economy Sav- 
 ings Bank, of Baltimore. 
 
 Columbus Clark Isaacs, Cigar Manu- 
 facturer and Dealer, of Baltimore, was born 
 in Baltimore, September 20, 1831, and is 
 the son of William Creighton and Caroline 
 Dorothy (Knight) Isaacs, the former of 
 Prince George's county, and the latter of 
 Frederick county, Md. Columbus Clark is 
 the eldest of four children. His sister, Re- 
 becca C, married Mr. Andrew J. Yeager, 
 of an old and representative Maryland 
 family; the other children are now deceased. 
 The subject of this sketch attended the pub- 
 lic schools of this city until thirteen years of 
 age, at which time he took up the trade of 
 cigar making, and in 1856 commenced busi- 
 ness on his own account at the present ware- 
 rooms, 40 and 42 South street, as cigar 
 manufacturer and dealer, under the firm 
 name of C. C. Isaacs. In 1882, his sons be- 
 ing admitted, the firm was changed to C. C. 
 Isaacs & Sons, which is among the best 
 known and most highly respected of Balti- 
 more's business houses. Not only is he 
 most creditably identified with Baltimore's 
 business interests, but also along other lines 
 equally important. He was a Master Mason 
 in Mystic Circle Lodge, No. 109, in 1859, 
 while it was still working under dispensation, 
 and was elected master in 1872, serving in 
 that capacity two terms; in 1878 he was elect- 
 ed its treasurer and since then has been con- 
 tinuously elected to the same position. In 
 1865 he was exalted in Jerusalem Chapter, 
 No. 9, elected its high priest in 1879, serv- 
 
 ing four successive terms and was re-elected 
 in 1885 and 1886; in 1887 was elected grand 
 high priest and in 1891 again elected high 
 priest of his Chapter. He received degrees 
 of Royal and Select Master under the old 
 system, and after the organization of Je- 
 rusalem Council, No. 2, he served as Thrice 
 111. Master for a number of years and was 
 deputy grand master of the Grand Council 
 in 1888, and at present is deputy grand 
 master of the Grand Council of Maryland, 
 as well as Thrice 111. Master of Council. 
 Was dubbed a Knight Templar in Mary- 
 land Commandery, No. i, April 26, 1867; 
 was elected its Eminent Commander in 
 1877 and in 1885 was elected Grand Com- 
 mander of the Grand Commandery of Mary- 
 land. In 1879 he was elected one of the 
 Board oi Managers of Masonic Temple, 
 Baltimore, which honor he still enjoys. In 
 November, 1890, he was elected Junior 
 Grand Warden of Grand Lodge of Mary- 
 land. He received the degree of Scottish 
 Rite to the Thirty-second degree in Grand 
 Consistory of Maryland, under its Southern 
 Jurisdiction, and was the Grand Treasurer of 
 that Body at the time of the surrender of 
 charter, after which he assisted in the or- 
 ganization for Maryland of the Accepted 
 Scottish Rite of the United States of Amer- 
 ica, their Territories and dependencies, the 
 Corean bodies of his city, from which he 
 withdrew in 1889. Aside from this most 
 commendable Masonic record he is a mem- 
 ber of the following: Ancient Order of 
 United Workmen; Improved Order of Hep- 
 tasophs; Royal Arcanum; American Le- 
 gion of Honor; Knights of Honor; National 
 Union; U. S. Benevolent Fraternity; Ma- 
 sonic Aid Association and National Life 
 Association. In May, i8s8, he married Miss 
 
820 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Annie Blythe Rogers, of Baltimore, daugh- 
 ter of William Rogers, of Irish descent, by 
 whom he had three sons and two daughters ; 
 three children now deceased; Annie Blythe 
 died November 30, 1882. In October, 1885, 
 he married his second wife, Mrs. Catharine 
 L. Hastings. During the late war Colum- 
 bus C. Isaacs was a member of Union Relief 
 Association and was a liberal contributor to 
 the same. Mr. Isaacs is a member of the 
 Public School Board of Baltimore City, 
 Twenty-eighth ward, elected March, 1897. 
 
 William Chapman Jenness, of Balti- 
 more, was born March 10, 1850, at Abing- 
 don, Harford county, Md., and is the son of 
 John A. and Mary A. (Hutton) Jenness. 
 John A. was a merchant of Baltimore, in the 
 produce business on Hillen street. He was 
 of English descent, his parents having set- 
 tled in Rye, N. H., in 1665. He was bom 
 in 181 5 and died March, 1888. The mother 
 of the subject of this sketch was of Welsh 
 descent. William C. was the youngest of 
 seven children, six of whom were daughters 
 and all are deceased except Mrs. Addie H. 
 Abercrombie, wife of the manager of the 
 Baltimore News Company; Mrs. Rudolph, 
 of Baltimore, and William C. Jenness. He 
 was educated in the public schools of Bal- 
 timore, leaving the City College in 1867 to 
 accept a clerkship in the Natioaial Fire In- 
 surance Company, of Baltimore, where he 
 arose to his present position as president 
 of the company. Mr. Jenness is well identi- 
 fied along :\lasonic. Odd Fellow and Royal 
 .'\rcanum lines. 
 
 Rev. Conrad Clever. D. D.. Pastor of 
 Third Reformed Church, rialtiniorc, was 
 born at Cleversburg, Cumberland countv. 
 
 Pa., February 11, 1848. and is the son of 
 George and Isabella (Kelso) Clever, both 
 of Cumberland county. His father was a 
 well-known merchant of his county and of 
 German descent, while his mother was of 
 Scotch-Irish extraction. Conrad C. was 
 the second son of eight children, four of 
 whom were boys; one son and three daugh- 
 ters are deceased. His early youth was 
 spent in the fields and on the mountains, 
 which life was naturally conducive to a 
 healthy constitution and has served him well 
 in the performance of his clerical duties. In 
 the spring of 1865 Doctor Clever entered 
 the preparatory department of Gettysburg 
 (Pa.) College and in the beginning of the 
 scholastic year of 1866 entered the Fresh- 
 man Class of the same college and com- 
 pleted the Sophomore year. In 1868 he 
 joined the Junior class of Franklin and 
 Marshall College at Lancaster, Pa., at 
 which he graduated with the class of 1870. 
 He afterwards entered the Theological 
 Seminary located at the same place, at which 
 he took the full three years' course. On 
 the 26th of June, 1873, he was ordained and 
 installed as pastor of Trinity Reformed 
 Church at Columbia, Pa. His pastoral re- 
 lations at this church continued for nearly 
 six years, during which time the church 
 debt was cancelled and its membership so 
 increased that what was for a long time a 
 mission became almost a self-supporting 
 church under his charge. In 1880 Doctor 
 Clever was called to the Third Reformed 
 Church of Baltimore, where, under his 
 guidance and direction, the church has been 
 blessed by a steady growth. The degree 
 of D. D. was conferred upon our subject 
 by Ursinus College, of Collegeville, Pa. 
 Doctor Clever is a most pleasant writer and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 821 
 
 frequently contributes to the magazines and 
 papers of his city as well as of other com- 
 munities. It is needless to state that Doctor 
 Clever is highly esteemed and respected by 
 every one whose good fortune it is to make 
 his acquaintance. Doctor Clever was mar- 
 ried June 7, 1889, to Miss ]\Iary L. Ever- 
 hart, daughter of the late David L. Ever- 
 hart, of Baltimore City. 
 
 William Morgan Jett, Salesman, of 
 Baltimore, was born in Mrginia, June 3, 
 1862, and is the son of Robert E. and Sarah 
 A. (Covington) Jett, of Virginia, of English 
 descent. William had three brothers and 
 three sisters, two of the latter being de- 
 ceased. Those living are Mrs. R. D. Carter, 
 R. Arthur Jett, J. C. Jett and R. Storke Jett. 
 Robert E. was a farmer and stock raiser, of 
 Northumberland county, Va., until his de- 
 cease some twenty years ago. William be- 
 gan his education in the public schools of 
 Mrginia and completed the same at Eaton 
 and Burnett's Business College, in Balti- 
 more. He took his first position in 1884 with 
 Louis Israel, gentlemen's furnisher and 
 clothier, Baltimore and Gay streets. Next 
 with A. Mandlebaum & Co., retail clothiers, 
 a prominent Baltimore firm, and from there 
 to the New York Clothing House, Septem- 
 ber, 1888, as salesman, which position he has 
 held since, ranking among its best repre- 
 sentatives and commanding a large trade. 
 He was married March 7, 1888, to Miss M. 
 Louise Bangs, daughter of W. H. Bangs, of 
 Baltimore. His wife was of the Killings- 
 worths, a prominent and wealthy Delaware 
 family. Three sons and one daughter are 
 the fruits of this union: Owen W., M. \'er- 
 non, W. Melvin and Vera Louise. Both Mr. 
 Jett and his wife are members of the Lafay- 
 
 ette Avenue AI. P. Church, and he takes an 
 active part in all the departments of his 
 church and was granted a license by it in 
 1896 to preach the gospel. Our subject is a 
 member of the Royal Arcanum, Ancient 
 Order United Workmen and Junior Order 
 LTnited American Mechanics. 
 
 Joseph St. Clair Neal, Clergyman, of 
 Baltimore, was born in Winchester, Vn., 
 February 17, 1849, and is the son of Joseph 
 and Margaret (Sloat) Neal, of Pennsylvania 
 and Virginia respectively, being of Scotch- 
 Irish extraction. His father, Joseph Neal, 
 was a manufacturer of tin-ware at Winches- 
 ter, Va. J. St. Clair attended the Valley 
 Academy of Winchester until seventeen 
 years of age. He entered the Baltimore Con- 
 ference of Methodist Church in 1870. His 
 first charge was South Branch Circuit, 
 Hampshire and Mineral counties, W. Va. 
 From there he went to Hancock, Md., Cir- 
 cuit: next Mt. Savage Station, Md.; Long 
 Green, Baltimore county Circuit: West 
 River, Anne Arundel county Circuit: First 
 Church, Woodberry, Md.; Columbia Ave- 
 nue Methodist Church; Grace Methodist 
 Church; Broadway Methodist Church, and 
 was finally made presiding elder West Bal- 
 timore District, 1891; Harford Avenue 
 Methodist Church, Baltimore, 1897. His 
 wife was Miss Lizzie Brosius, of Maryland. 
 
 Dr. Augustus Pennington Badger, 
 Dentist, of Baltimore, was born in Charles- 
 ton, S. C, March 4, 1863, and is the son of 
 David E. and Adelia (Lee) Badger, of Eng- 
 lish-French descent. His father was born 
 in Charleston, S. C, August 8, 1834, being 
 for many years a builder in Iiis native city. 
 During the late war he was stationed at 
 
822 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Fort Sumter, serving in the engineer depart- 
 ment, and occupies a conspicuous place in 
 history on account of his nailing the Con- 
 federate flag to its stafif in the heat of an en- 
 gagement after its having been shot down 
 by Union soldiers. (See Johnson's Defense 
 of Charleston Harbor.) David E. died 
 in 1886, leaving four children, Mrs. Fowler 
 and Mrs. Graves, of Baltimore; Mrs. 
 G. W. Rice, of New York, and our subject, 
 (five children being deceased at the time of 
 this sketch). Doctor Badger came to Bal- 
 timore in 1863 ami attended the public 
 and private schools of the city, graduating 
 from the Maryland Institute with honorable 
 mention in the architectural division of 1885. 
 After this he took up the study of dentistry, 
 graduating from the University of Mary- 
 land March 13, 1889, entering at once upon 
 his practice in Baltimore, where he still con- 
 tinues with marked success, having been re- 
 peatedly appointed assistant demonstrator 
 at the University of Maryland. He has filled 
 the various chairs in Golden Chain and Fra- 
 ternal Legion of Baltimore, and is also a 
 member of Baltimore City Dental Club and 
 Maryland State Dental Association. Oc- 
 tober 13. 1886, he married A-Iiss Matilda 
 Phillips Jones, of Bahimore, daughter of 
 Charles and Ozelah M. (Linthicum) Jones. 
 Mrs. Badger is descended on her mother's 
 side from John Linthicum, who came from 
 England 133 years ago. Her great-uncle, 
 Abner Linthicum, then nineteen years of 
 age, fired the signal gun at Annapolis, an- 
 nouncing the ap]M-oach of the British u]) the 
 bay. On her father's side she is descended 
 from the Lush, Jones and Dickison fami- 
 lies, of Baltimore county. Mrs. Badger's 
 great-grandfather, Charles Jones, came 
 from Prince George's county in the latter 
 
 half of the eighteenth century, with a large 
 following of slaves and bought an immense 
 tract of land in the vicinity of Woodensburg, 
 which has now been divided into many 
 farms, one of them still remaining in the 
 possession of one of the family, Mrs. Mar- 
 garet Henkle, who lives at the old home- 
 stead, and is more than a hundred years of 
 age. They have two children, Robert Ver- 
 non and Mollie Ozelah. Doctor Badger is 
 a member of Columbia Avenue Methodist 
 Church and has been for the last twenty- 
 four years, besides being one of the trustees. 
 His wife is a member of Starr M. P. Church, 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Sollkrs Waters, of Bal- 
 timore, was born in Montgomery county, 
 Md., near Brookville, May 11, 1842. He is 
 the son of Rev. Ignatius Waters, a farmer 
 of Montgomery county, Md., being at 
 the time of his death in 1870 a local minis- 
 ter of the Methodist Church, South, but for 
 many years a member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. Doctor Waters' mother 
 was Miss Mary D. Sollers, a descendant of 
 the family which settled Sollers' Point, Md., 
 opposite Fort Carroll (Fort Carroll being 
 at one time called Fort Sollers after that 
 family). Doctor Waters is of Scotch and 
 English descent. He is the third of five chil- 
 dren. Our subject was educated at Brook- 
 ville Academy and Calvert College, New 
 Windsor, Carroll county, Md. After leav- 
 ing college he had conferred upon him 
 an honorary degree. He farmed for several 
 years, coming to Baltimore in 1863 and be- 
 gan to study dentistry under the late Philip 
 H. Austin; attended Baltimore College of 
 Dental Surgery two years, graduating 
 March, 1S65, beginning practice at once in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 823 
 
 Baltimore. Immediately upon receipt of 
 his diploma he was appointed demonstrator 
 of mechanical or prosthetic dentistry, which 
 position was retained for eight years con- 
 secutively, and at the present time Doctor 
 Waters has entire charge of the clinical 
 work of the institution, being Chief of Clin- 
 ics. At the beginning of his practice, in 
 connection with Doctor Gorgas, Doctor 
 Waters succeeded the late Dr. William 
 Stinson at 43 Hanover street (1865) under 
 the firm name of Gorgas & Waters. This 
 partnership lasted five years and at its disso- 
 lution Doctor Waters continued to practice 
 at the old stand for several years, when he 
 removed to Eutaw street, near Saratoga 
 street, where he remained for seventeen 
 years, removing to his present location, 756 
 N. Eutaw street, in 1894. In 1868 he mar- 
 ried Miss Amanda P. Grafiflin, of Baltimore; 
 they have one child, Thomas Stephen. Doc- 
 tor Waters is a member of the American 
 Dental Association, Southern Dental Asso- 
 ciation, honorary member New Jersey State 
 Dental Society, honorary member First Dis- 
 trict Dental Society of New York, honorary 
 member Central Dental Association of New 
 Jersey, president Maryland State Dental 
 Association. He was one of the first mem- 
 bers of the Board of Dental Examiners, hav- 
 ing been a member for eight years ; was 
 one of a committee to have the first dental 
 law passed, and succeeded in the last Legis- 
 lature (as chairman of committee) in having 
 dental law re-enacted. Doctor Waters was 
 president of the National Association of 
 Dental Examiners for two years, being now 
 honorary member of the same. As a Alason 
 we find the following record: Past ]\Iaster 
 Blue Lodge: Past High Priest Chapter; 
 Past Officer Royal and Select Masters; 
 
 member of Council High Priests ; Past Offi- 
 cer Adherence Lodge, No. 88; Past High 
 Priest Druid Lodge, No. 28; member of 
 Grand Chapter Royal Arch Masons and 
 member of Grand Lodge Masons ; Past Of- 
 ficer of Knights Templar. He is also a 
 member of the Royal Arcanum. Doctor 
 Waters and wife are members of Grace M. 
 E. Church, the Doctor being one of the 
 official board and his wife a member of the 
 Ladies' Aid and other church societies. 
 
 John Pentland Brown. — Among the 
 many nations that have contributed to the 
 prosperity of our national life, none have 
 been more potent than the hardy race of 
 Scotchmen who for a few generations made 
 their home in the north of Ireland before 
 emigrating to America. From ancestors of 
 Scotch-Irish birth the subject of this sketch 
 has sprung. His father, Matthew J. Brown, 
 was born in Baltimore, and is a son of James 
 and Mary A. (Gault) Brown, natives of 
 County Antrim, Ireland. Matthew J. 
 Brown was in early life interested in oil 
 properties in the firm of Brown, Hamil & 
 Co., which they sold to the Standard Oil 
 Company about 1870, and immediately es- 
 tablished a pottery business under the firm 
 name of Hamil, Brown & Co. In 1885 they 
 incorporated under the name of Maryland 
 Pottery Company of Baltimore, Mr. Brown 
 becoming president, which office he held 
 until his death October 13, 1895. Mr. 
 Brown was an elder in the Presbyterian 
 Church, and a Democrat in politics. He 
 was married to Miss Elizabeth M. Pent- 
 land, a native of Philadelphia, daugh- 
 ter of John and Margaret (Findlay) Pent- 
 land, natives of the north of Ireland. John 
 Pentland was a designer of patterns for tex- 
 
824 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tile fabrics and an expert in his profession. 
 
 Of nine children born to his parents, John 
 Pentland Brown is second. Of these four 
 survive: Clara Findlay, wife of William J. 
 King, Jr., of Baltimore, is third: [Matthew 
 J., Jr., secretary of Pottery Company, is 
 sixth, and Alice Bradbury Brown, is the 
 youngest. 
 
 John Pentland Brown was born October 
 2, 1857, in Baltimore City. His education 
 was secured in the schools of Baltimore, 
 and his legal knowledge in the University 
 of Maryland, where he graduated in the law 
 department in the class of 1879, and imme- 
 diately opened an office for the practice of 
 his profession. Since the death of his father 
 Mr. Brown has served as president of the 
 Maryland Pottery Company, which claims 
 the distinction of being the only company 
 to first make all vitrous sanitary ware. He 
 is manager and director of the Patapsco 
 Title Company. He is a member of the 
 Reform League and also on the executive 
 committee of the Civil Service Reform 
 Commission. In all national affairs he is a 
 staunch Democrat, but in local. questions is 
 strictly independent. He is a member of 
 Asquith Street Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Hon. D. Hopper Emory. — The Emory 
 family is descended from the earliest colo- 
 nials, dating back to the immigration of 
 Arthur Emory (first), who left Old England 
 for the wilds of America between the years 
 1680 and 1690. He was followed by a son 
 and grandson, named for himself, and to 
 Arthur E. Emory (third) were born two 
 sons. The family was of no little promi- 
 nence as John, the elder of the two brothers, 
 was appointed surveyor to his Majesty, 
 King George. The second Thomas was the 
 
 father of Jno. K. Emory, whose son, Judge 
 D. C. H. Emory, so long occupied with 
 much dignity and credit a seat on the bench 
 of the courts of the State of Maryland. 
 
 The subject of this sketch, a son of Judge 
 D. C. H. Emory, was born in Queen Anne 
 county, Md., in 1841, and was an infant 
 when his parents moved to the city of Balti- 
 more, where he attended private schools, 
 Newton Academy, Rugby Institute, Mt. 
 Washington private school, and the school 
 of Dr. Edwin Arnold. After completing his 
 literary courses, Mr. Emory began the 
 study of law in his father's office, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1871 in the Superior 
 Court. For fifteen years he was commis- 
 sioner of Chancery in the Baltimore county 
 court, and was at times candidate for Judge 
 and State's Attorney. In 1896 he was elect- 
 ed to the State Senate by a handsome ma- 
 jority in a district usually giving fifteen hun- 
 dred majority to the opposition. Mr. 
 Emory held a prominent place on the com- 
 mittees of the session of 1896, serving on 
 those of education, engrossing bills, library, 
 public buildings, Annapolis, committee on 
 Article III, section 24 of the Constitution, 
 and re-valuation and assessment. In the 
 session of 1898 [Mr. Emory was on commit- 
 tees' as follows, viz: corporations; educa- 
 tion; railroads and canals; insurance, fidel- 
 ity, security and loan companies; re-valua- 
 tion and assessments, and was chairman of 
 the committee on education. 
 
 Mr. Emory and family are members of 
 the Alethodist Episcopal Church. He is a 
 member of the Alasonic Order, affiliating 
 with the ]\It. I\Ioriah Lodge, No. 116, of 
 Towson, and Jerusalem Chapter and Mary- 
 land Commandery, No. i, of Baltimore, and 
 Past Grand [Master of Towson Lodge of In- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 825 
 
 dependent Order of Odd Fellows. Mr. 
 Emory is one of the board of directors of 
 the Female House of Refuge and is secre- 
 tary of that board. He is secretary of the 
 board of beneficence of St. John's Independ- 
 ent Methodist Protestant Cliurch. 
 
 William Penn Lewis. — This family, as 
 the Christian name indicates, is of Quaker 
 origin. William Penn Lewis, Sr., was born 
 in Philadelphia May 13, 1829, and was edu- 
 cated there. Already interested in mercan- 
 tile pursuits, he came to Baltimore in 1852 
 and engaged in the wholesale dry goods 
 business. In 1864 he became a member of 
 the firm of Hodges Brothers. He was for 
 many years one of the best known mer- 
 chants in the trade, and crossed the ocean 
 one hundred and twenty times as European 
 buyer for his firm. He retired from busi- 
 ness in 1888 and died October 8, 1897. He 
 married in Philadelphia June 24, 1852, Miss 
 Janie ilacferran, who died September 17, 
 1895. They left surviving them, a son Wil- 
 liam Penn Lewis, and a daughter, the wife 
 of Dr. B. Merrill Hopkinson. 
 
 William Penn Lewis, Jr., was born in 
 Baltimore September 2, 1856; and was edu- 
 cated in the private schools of the city, and 
 at the Institution Sillig, Vevey, Switzerland. 
 For about four years he held a position in 
 the house of Hodges Brothers under his fa- 
 ther, and in 1880 began the study of law in 
 the offices of Hinkley & Morris. While 
 reading there, he entered the law depart- 
 ment of the University of Maryland, from 
 which he was graduated in 1882. He prac- 
 ticed law in the offices of Hinkley & Morris 
 until 1894, when he removed to the Build- 
 ers' E.xchange Building and opened offices 
 with Mr. Frederick W. Storv. On the 2d 
 
 of July, 1890, Mr. Lewis was married to 
 Mary Claytor, daughter of J. Rogers Wool- 
 len, of West River, Anne Arundel countv. 
 They have one child, \Mlliam Penn Wool- 
 len Lewis. 
 
 Daniel Gans, Attorney-at-Law, 300 
 Equitable Building, was born near Waynes- 
 boro, Pa., in the year 1822. His father, 
 Samuel Gans, who attained the age of 67 
 or 68, was of German descent, though the 
 family has been American for many gen- 
 erations, his ancestors having been amongst 
 the early colonists. The wife of Samuel 
 Gans was Miss Mary Linn, of Scotch-Irish 
 parentage. Of six children born to them, 
 Daniel was fifth and youngest of the three 
 sons. His education was secured in Mar- 
 shall College, in the preparatory depart- 
 ment of which he was taught the rudimen- 
 tary branches. After completing the liter- 
 ary course he entered the theological sem- 
 inary, a department of his Alma Mater, and 
 on completing his course was ordained min- 
 ister of the German Reformed Church of 
 America. His first charge was at Bloom- 
 field, Pa., where he remained two years. 
 Thence he was called to Hagerstown and 
 six years later accepted the pulpit at Harris- 
 burg, where he remained nine years. Mor- 
 ristown, near Philadelphia, was his next 
 charge, whence, after four or five years, he 
 came to Baltimore, preaching some eight 
 years until he experienced a change of faith, 
 abandoned the pulpit, and became a com- 
 municant of the Catholic Church under the 
 spiritual direction of Father Clark of 
 Loyola. 
 
 Having abandoned the ministry, Mr. 
 Gans began the study of law in the office of 
 his distinguished son Edward H. Gans, and 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in 1882 was admitted to the bar. Shortly 
 after he was elected to the judgeship of the 
 Orphans" Court, which position he filled 
 with honor until 1896 when he went out with 
 the overturning of the political wheel. Dur- 
 ing his long term of service his administra- 
 tion was such that his descendants in after 
 years may look upon it with pride. 
 
 Mr. Gans was twice married ; first to Miss 
 Sarah Duncan, daughter of Judge Duncan, 
 an associate on the bench of Perry county. 
 Pa. Of the two children born of this mar- 
 riage, the only survivor is Mary, a Sister of 
 Charity in Richmond, Va. Mr. Gans was 
 married the second time to Miss Schwartz, 
 Hagerstown, and she is the mother of six 
 children, of whom five survive. The eldest 
 of these, Edgar H. Gans, for eight years the 
 distinguished Deputy State's Attorney un- 
 der Hon. Chas. G. Kerr, is mentioned more 
 at length in this work. 
 
 Mr. Daniel Gans has always been a 
 staunch supporter of Democratic doctrines, 
 placing patriotism and principle above par- 
 ty. So firm a believer is he in the principles 
 and traditions of his party that in the politi- 
 cal revolution of 1896 he cast his ballot for 
 the candidate who stood for sound money 
 and a stable government, although the 
 ticket bore another name. Its principles 
 were those of true Democracy and he felt he 
 was honoring his party by giving that ticket 
 his support. Mr. Gans was never a member 
 of any of the fraternal orders, not being in 
 sympathy with secret societies of any kind. 
 During the days of his ministry .there was 
 conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of 
 Divinity by the college of the city of Tif^fin. 
 State of Ohio. 
 
 .\t the Synod of the German Reformed 
 Church convened at Hagerstown, Md., 
 
 1868, Mr. Gans, then pastor at Morristown, 
 Pa., was elected to the chair of Biblical His- 
 tory and E.xegesis in the Theological Sem- 
 inary at Lancaster, Pa., but as the endow- 
 ment of this chair was not entirely com- 
 jileted, tlie position was not accepted. 
 
 For many years he was an extensive con- 
 tributor to the columns of the weekly paper 
 of the church, called the Reformed Church 
 Messenger. 
 
 He also furnished quite a number of heav- 
 ier articles for The Merccrsbnrg Rcviezv, 
 then a very lively periodical. The subjects 
 here were mainly theological and contro- 
 versial. 
 
 At the Tercentenary Jubilee, held in Phil- 
 adelphia, Pa., in 1863, he was chosen to fur- 
 nisli one of the leading essays of the occa- 
 sion. The theme given was: The Educa- 
 tional System of Religion Underlying the 
 Heidelberg Catechism. 
 
 In the year 1869 he prepared two small 
 volumes of cjuestions and answers on the 
 Church Year, one on the gospels and the 
 other on the epistles, adapted especially to 
 Bible Classes and Sunday-schools. 
 
 Throughout his ministerial career Mr. 
 Gans was an active advocate of what was 
 then called High-Churchism, over against 
 the strong tendency to regard the church, 
 with all its admitted virtues, as on a level 
 practically with any other merely human 
 organization. Amid all his practical care as 
 pastor, Mr. G. never seemed to lose sight of 
 the higher intellectual work of the Christian 
 minister. 
 
 RoiiiCRT T.WLOR. Investment and Stock 
 P)roker, 15 South street, a native of Balti- 
 more county, was born at Cloud Capped in 
 the year 1853. His great-grandfather, Jo- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 seph Taylor, came with a brother from 
 Pennsylvania, making Baltimore his home. 
 His son, Robert Taylor, a leading whole- 
 sale grocer of Baltimore, lived for many 
 years at the corner of Charles and Mulberry 
 streets, until retiring from business, when 
 he purchased Cloud Capped from James 
 Cox, and the estate descended to Talbert 
 J. Taylor, father of our subject. Under its 
 roof four generations of the Taylor family 
 made their homes. i\lr. Taylor disposed of 
 the estate in 1886. 
 
 Mr. Taylor's education was secured at St. 
 Timothy's School at Catonsville, in which 
 he completed the course. Mr. Taylor very 
 early began business life, becoming a mem- 
 ber of the firm of J. S. Yeaton & Co., deal- 
 ers in coal at 3 West Saratoga street. Mr. 
 Taylor is at the head of the firm of Robert 
 Taylor & Co., investment and stock brokers, 
 at 15 South street. Mr. Taylor holds a 
 membership in the Stock Exchange of Bal- 
 timore. Mr. Robert Taylor, his grand- 
 father, married Miss Easor Jones, daughter 
 of Mr. Talbert Jones, a prominent business 
 man, member of the firm of Andrew D. 
 Jones & Co. Mr. Talbert J. Taylor was 
 never actively engaged in business, giving 
 his entire time to the management of his es- 
 tates. His wife was a daughter of Mr. Al- 
 exander Kirkland, of the well-known firm 
 of Kirkland, Chase & Co. A more extended 
 account of this family will be found else- 
 where in this work. 
 
 Mr. Taylor is a member of St. Timothy's 
 Church at Catonsville. In politics he is a 
 Democrat, but of the sound money type. 
 He is not blindly partisan, but casts his vote 
 with a view- to the merits of the men and 
 measures before the public. 
 
 Frederick Story, Attorney-at-Law, 11 
 Builders E.xchange, of well-known New 
 England family, was born at Boston, on 
 January 5, 1852. His great-great-grand- 
 father, William Story (son of Elisha), was 
 Register of the Admiralty at Boston during 
 the turbulent days prior to the Revolution ; 
 as such he was custodian of the "stamps," 
 which created so much of the popular dis- 
 content, and it was from his office that the 
 mob took them to burn them before his 
 door. Nevertheless his eldest son (by Eliza- 
 beth Marion, his first wife). Dr. Elisha Story 
 was an ardent patriot from first to last. He 
 was the original president of the Sons of 
 Liberty and one of the three commanders 
 who led them to the Boston Tea Party. He 
 served at Concord, Lexington and Bunker 
 Hill (where he was surgeon in charge the 
 night following), and was with Washington 
 at the crossing of the Delaware. Four of 
 his younger brothers also won commissions 
 in the Continental Army, of whom John 
 died unmarried, a major in the regular army, 
 after the peace. Doctor Story was very emi- 
 nent in his profession, was twice married 
 and had many children — Capt. John Patten 
 Story, U. S. A., being a great-grandson by 
 the first wife. His second wife was Meheta- 
 bel Pedrick, daughter of Col. John Pedrick, 
 of Marblehead, who prudently contrived 
 "Leslie's Retreat" in 1774, and so put off 
 the war one year. She also was an ardent 
 patriot and refused the hand of the British 
 Lieut. Col. McGraw, who afterwards fell 
 at Bunker Hill at the head of his men. The 
 eldest child of that second wife was Joseph 
 Story, one of the Justices of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, and the author 
 of "Story's Equity Jurisprudence." father of 
 
828 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 William Westmore Story, sculptor, poet 
 and author, father of Julian Russell Story, 
 painter: the second son by the second wife 
 was Isaac Story, captain of ^larblehead 
 Light Infantry when the frigate "Constitu- 
 tion" sought refuge there in the War of 
 1812, father of Isaac Story, one of the oldest 
 living members of the Massachusetts bar 
 and Justice of the Court at Somerville these 
 twenty-five years last past, now in his 
 eightieth year. Among the younger sons 
 by the second wife are Capt. Horace Cullen 
 Story. U. S. A., and Frederick Washington 
 Cathan Story, U. S. X., both of whom 
 served in the War of 1812, and afterward 
 died unmarried. Isaac Story last above 
 named married his first cousin, Elizabeth 
 Bowen Woodberry, whose father served in 
 the War of 1812, and her grandfather in the 
 Revolution, and they had ten children, of 
 whom but the third, fourth and sixth sur- 
 vived childhood, viz: Wm. Edward Story, 
 Harvard, 187 1, Ph. D., Leipzig, formerly 
 Associate Professor in Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity and now Professor of Mathematics 
 in Clark LTniversity at Worcester, Mass; 
 Frederick Story, of Baltimore, and Isaac 
 Marion Story, C. E.. Massachusetts Insti- 
 tute of Tecimology, now living at Somer- 
 ville. 
 
 Frederick W. Story, Harvard 1873, 
 learned to read very early at his mother's 
 knee, and was graduated with distinction 
 from the Somerville High School in 1869. 
 He read law under his father and was ad- 
 mitted to the Massachusetts bar at Boston 
 in July, 1875. After teaching private school 
 in Ohio, he came to Baltimore December 8, 
 1876, and for a time tauglit private pupils 
 here. In September, 1870, he entered the 
 office of Ilinklev & Morris, where he con- 
 
 tinued the study of law, and was admitte<l 
 on certificate to practice in Maryland in the 
 spring of 1880, making the law of real es- 
 tate a specialty. 
 
 In August, 1894, Mr. Story left the office 
 of Hinkley & Morris, in company with Wil- 
 liam Penn Lewis, Jr. (who had been there 
 the same time), removing to the Builders 
 Exchange, where they are still located. 
 
 In February, 1896, Mr. Story was ap- 
 pointed to the office of Examiner of Titles 
 for the city of Baltimore by Mayor Hooper, 
 and was unanimously confirmed by the City 
 Council. April 15, 1896, Governor Lowndes 
 appointed him on the "Torren's Plan" com- 
 mission and he was unanimously confirmed 
 by the Senate. He is first vice-president of 
 the Harvard Club of Maryland. He is a 
 member of the Episcopal Church and of the 
 Brotherhood of St. Andrew of that denomi- 
 nation. He is a corresponding member of 
 the New England Historic-Genealogical So- 
 ciety and of the Harford County Historical 
 Society, and an active member of the Mary- 
 land Historical Society, a recognized au- 
 thority in the heralding of genealogy. He 
 is a member of the Bar Association of Bal- 
 timore, and of the Maryland State Bar As- 
 sociation. In politics he has always been a 
 consistent Republican, in shade and in sun- 
 shine. 
 
 On June 17, 18S5, the one hundred and 
 tenth anniversary of the battle of Bunker 
 Hill, he married Mary Aline, daughter of 
 Richard Blakistone Keys by his wife 
 Rachel Jackson Mary Barker, daughter of 
 Maj. James Nelson Barker, appointed 
 Comptroller of the U. S. Treasury by Presi- 
 dent .'Andrew Jackson, for whose wife 
 (Rachel Jackson) Mrs. Keys was named. 
 Major Barker, also well known as a jxjet 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 829 
 
 and author, served in the War of 1812, as did 
 his father. Gen. John Barker, of Pennsyl- 
 vania, in the Revolution. Father and son 
 was each in his time Mayor of Philadel- 
 phia. The paternal grandfather of Richard 
 B. Keys likewise served as an officer in the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Story have an only child, 
 Frederick Washington Marion Story, now 
 in his eleventh year. 
 
 Mr. Edwin J. F.arber, Attorney-at- 
 Law, 207 St. Paul street, Baltimore, is a na- 
 tive of Baltimore City. His ancestors are 
 of English, French and German origin, his 
 paternal grandfather coming from Bavaria, 
 Germany, his paternal grandmother from 
 France, and in the maternal line he descend- 
 ed in part from the English people and from 
 Hanoverian stock, and some of his kindred 
 still reside in Hanover. One branch of the 
 family, the Klares, have been well known 
 bankers in the city of Bremen and another 
 branch, the Mayors, also of the city of Ba- 
 varia. The father of our subject, Henry 
 J. Farber, came from Germany and was 
 during his business career a leading com- 
 mission merchant and also a bank director 
 in the city of Baltimore. Through his inde- 
 fatigable energy he amassed a competency. 
 He was one of the earliest of those families 
 who built up handsome estates in the vi- 
 cinity of Catonsville, where he and his 
 family have resided for forty years on one 
 estate. Edwin J. Farber is the oldest son, 
 born December 22, 1856. He first attended 
 Newton Academy, and subsequently en- 
 tered Pennsylvania College as a member of 
 the class of '"jy, where he took the Fresh- 
 man prize for best general scholarship, lead- 
 ing his class. He then went to Lafavette 
 
 College at Easton, Pa., where he graduated 
 in 1877 as the youngest member in a class 
 of over one hundred; was selected class 
 historian of his class for class day and was 
 awarded one of the honorary orations on 
 the occasion of his graduation. In 1877 on 
 his graduation he received the degree of A. 
 B. and in 1880 the college conferred on him 
 the degree of A. M. Previous to his colle- 
 giate course Mr. Farber was also a student 
 of music at the Peabody Conservatory of 
 Music. He is the author of a number of 
 musical compositions, some of which have 
 been published. On returning to Baltimore 
 upon his graduation he entered the law of- 
 fice of Mr. Orville Horwitz as a student and 
 also the law department of the University 
 of Maryland, from which he graduated in 
 1879 as one of the youngest members of his 
 class with the degree of LL. B. He was 
 also elected class historian of his class in the 
 University of Maryland. He was imme- 
 diately admitted as a member of the bar of 
 Baltimore City, .\fter completing his col- 
 lege course Mr. Farber spent several 
 months in the mercantile establishment of 
 H. J. Farber & Co. to familiarize himself 
 with practical business principles for use in 
 later life. In 1881 he was elected to the 
 lower branch of the Maryland Legislature 
 and although the youngest Democrat in 
 the House has the distinction of having 
 more bills passed than any member of the 
 House with the exception of one. He took 
 a prominent part in the proceedings and 
 was instrumental in pushing through much 
 needed legislation. One bill that might be 
 mentioned was that excusing the executors 
 of wills from giving bond, saving to many 
 estates thousands of dollars. During his 
 term there Mr. Farber served on the Com- 
 
830 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 mittees on Engrossing, Library, Judiciary 
 and the special committee on Edmondson 
 avenue, of which he was chairman, and was 
 instrumental in having that thoroughfare 
 promptly and economically completed. Mr. 
 Farber was admitted to practice in the 
 Courts of the United States on motion of 
 Hon. J. M. Dickinson, Assistant Attorney 
 General under the administration of Presi- 
 dent Cleveland. 
 
 Of many business enterprises of Balti- 
 more City and county Mr. Farber has been 
 a principal promoter. With several col- 
 leagues he was instrumental in having the 
 railroad built to Catonsville, making that 
 suburb what it now is. He is president of 
 the Daily Record Building Company, and 
 vice-president of the Daily Record Pub- 
 lishing Company, president of the Mary- 
 land Medical Journal, president of the Argus 
 Printing Company and president of the 
 Economy Novelty Manufacturing Com- 
 I)any, and director in and counsel for the 
 First National Bank of Catonsville, and for 
 most of them is attorney and counsellor, as 
 well as several corporations of which he is 
 director. When time permits Mr. Farber 
 is an occasional contributor to the various 
 publications with which he is connected, 
 but as much of the business management 
 falls upon him, little time is given for the 
 use of his versatile pen. One of the most 
 interesting cases with which Mr. Farber has 
 i)een connected in his professional e.\- 
 perience was the famous will case of John 
 McCaffcry, of Chicago — a case that rivals 
 a novel in romantic features. During two 
 \-ears of the litigation, Mr. l-'arbcr traveled 
 over fifty thousand miles, securing evidence 
 and adjusting the claims of his clients. 
 
 In politics Mr. Farber has always been a 
 
 staunch Democrat, and was a delegate of 
 his constituency in the State Convention of 
 1895, and has frequently represented them 
 in the County Conventions. 
 
 Socially, he is a member of the college 
 fraternity Phi Kappa Psi. 'Sh. Farber has 
 probably a wider acquaintance with the 
 leading men in various walks of life of his 
 day than any man of his age, and has many 
 communications from them attesting their 
 friendship and interest. 
 
 George R. Carter, D. D. S., is a repre- 
 sentative of one of the oldest Virginia 
 families, dating back into earliest colonial 
 times. He is descended from Mr. Robert 
 Carter, the first American ancestor of the 
 family, who was knowni in colonial days as 
 "King Carter," one of the most influential ' 
 and wealthy men of his State, whose de- 
 scendants intermarried with the Lees, Pages 
 and other prominent families of Virginia. 
 Doctor Carter is a great-grandson of Rich- 
 ard Carter, of Westmoreland county, Va., 
 who married Agnes Rutledge, of South 
 Carolina, a daughter of Justice Rutledge, 
 of the United States Supreme Court. 
 
 Doctor Carter is a son of Francis M. Car- 
 ter, whose wife. Miss Pritchard, like him- 
 self, was a native of the Old Dominion. Mr. 
 Francis M. Carter was born in Loudoun 
 county, where he cultivated a fine estate. 
 He has served his county as magistrate and 
 supervisor. He is also a director in the local 
 insurance company. During the Civil War 
 he did no active service in the field after the 
 first battle of Manassas, owing to bad health. 
 He was commissioned by the State to look 
 after the Confederate soldiers families, which 
 he did most faithfully, not only distributing 
 the State funds, but most liberallv of his 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 831 
 
 own. Two of his brothers, Col. George W. 
 and Capt. John R. Carter, served in the 
 Confederate Army. 
 
 Doctor Carter was born in Loudoun 
 county, Va., in October, 1855, attending 
 private schools at an early period, and later 
 was under the instruction of a private tutor 
 in his father's house. When a young man 
 Doctor Carter clerked in a store for a few 
 years, and for a longer period followed farm- 
 ing. Preferring a professional career he 
 came to Baltimore and matriculated in the 
 Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
 where he graduated in the spring of i88g, 
 and immediately opened an office in his 
 present location, where he has built up a 
 comfortable practice. 
 
 Doctor Carter was married to Miss Kath- 
 arine Gordon McCoy, February 22, 1892, 
 daughter of Mr. Robert H. McCoy, of Bal- 
 timore. They have one child, George 
 Pritchard Carter, born September, 1894. 
 The Doctor and his wife are regular at- 
 tendants of the Episcopal Church, of which 
 Mrs. Carter is a member. Doctor Carter is 
 not connected with any of the social clubs 
 or fraternal orders. In politics he is a 
 staunch Democrat of the Jefifersonian type. 
 
 George Edw.\rd Hardy, M. D., D. D. 
 S., 716 Park avenue, is a native of Bruns- 
 wick county, Va., and was born July 12, 
 1868. His early education was secured in 
 public and private schools of his native 
 county. In 1886 he came to Baltimore and , 
 began his studies in the Baltimore College 
 of Dental Surgery, graduating in March, 
 1888. Continuing his studies in the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Doctor 
 Hardy passed the final examinations and 
 
 was licensed to practice medicine in March, 
 1889. Beginning the practice of dentistry 
 in the office of his preceptor, Dr. R. B. Win- 
 der, Doctor Hardy continued that asso- 
 ciation until the death of the former, since 
 which time he has continued the practice 
 where he began, having held the elder 
 Doctor's patronage and added much of his 
 own. In 1894 Doctor Hardy was appointed 
 senior demonstrator of Mechanical Den- 
 tistry of his Alma Mater, which position he 
 now fills. 
 
 Doctor Hardy is a son of Dr. George E. 
 Hardy, Sr., who during his lifetime, was a 
 leading physician and surgeon of Lunen- 
 berg county, Va., where he died in 1894, at 
 the age of seventy-two. He was a surgeon 
 in the Confederate Army during the Civil 
 War, serving w4th Pickett in the army of 
 Virginia. He married Miss M. Ellen, 
 daughter of Mr. William Irby, of Virginia. 
 The father of Doctor Hardy, Sr., was 
 John Covington Hardy, a native of Eng- 
 land, who on coming to America about the 
 ; close of the Revolutionary War, settled in 
 1 Lunenberg county, Va., of which he was a 
 I highly respected citizen. 
 
 Doctor Hardy, the subject of this sketch, 
 I was married in the city of Baltimore to a 
 j daughter of Mr. Alvin Corell, a native of 
 New Jersey, who came to the city of Balti- 
 more when nine years of age. Some of his 
 ancestors were participators in the War of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 Doctor Hardy is a member of the Im- 
 proved Order of Heptasophs, of the Mary- 
 land State Dental Association, of which he 
 is secretary, and of the Southern and the 
 National Dental Association of .America, 
 1 In politics he is a consistent Democrat. 
 
832 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mr. Henry J. Bowdoin, a member of 
 one of the leading legal firms in Baltimore, 
 Marbury & Bowdoin, was born in that city 
 in November, i860. After fitting himself 
 for college in private schools, Mr. Bow- 
 doin matriculated in Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity, from which he graduated in 1881, 
 and two years later graduated from the Law 
 School of the University of Maryland, and 
 was immediately admitted to practice. For 
 three years Mr. Bowdoin practiced in the 
 office of Mr. S. T. Wallis, then for a time 
 alone, until forming a partnership with Mr. 
 Wm. Cabell Bruce. Following the dissolu- 
 tion of this firm Mr. Bowdoin was a mem- 
 ber of the firm of Marshall, Marbury & 
 Bowdoin, which was dissolved January i, 
 1897. The present firm of Marbury & Bow- 
 doin has been in existence since the latter 
 date. 
 
 Mr. Bowdoin \s father, George E. Bow- 
 doin, was a native of Virginia. Moving to 
 Baltimore prior to the war, he engaged in 
 the grain business. The first .\merican an- 
 cestor of the family was Pierre Bowdoin, 
 a Huguenot, who was compelle'd to flee 
 from France after the Revocation of the 
 Edict of Xantes. Settling in Virginia, his 
 family increased and spread out from there 
 to other States. Mr. Bowdoin's grand- 
 father served in the Revolutionary War. 
 
 In politics Mr. Bowdoin is strictly inde- 
 pcdent. He is a member of the University, 
 the Maryland and the Merchants' Club, and 
 of the jNIaryland Historical Society. He is 
 serving as second vice-president in the 
 Maryland Trust Company, of which he is 
 one of the stockholders. Mr. Bowdoin has 
 never sought nor filled any ofScial position 
 in the gift of the people. While taking an 
 interest in the political affairs of the State 
 and Nation he is in no sense a politician. 
 
 Dr. Chaplain H. Carson, D. D. S., is a 
 native of Moorefield, Hardy county, W. 
 Va., his birth occurring October 6, 1871. 
 When ten years old his parents moved to 
 Baltimore. Prior to that time he had at- 
 tended the public and private schools of 
 Virginia, in which State his parents had 
 lived since his infancy. After coming to 
 Baltimore Doctor Carson attended the 
 grammar school for a time and then pur- 
 sued a three years' course in the City Col- 
 lege. After completing his college course 
 our subject secured a position in a whole- 
 sale house and for six years was engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits. 
 
 In 1894 he began the study of dentistry 
 in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
 graduating and receiving his diploma 
 March 19, 1897. He has since been ap- 
 pointed assistant demonstrator in his 
 Alma Mater. Doctor Carson has an office 
 on Madison avenue with his preceptor. Dr. 
 B. Holly Smith. 
 
 Doctor Carson is independent in politics, 
 casting his ballot for whom he considers 
 the man best suited for the place. He is a 
 member of the Psi Omega Fraternal Order, 
 and of the Maryland State Dental .\ssocia- 
 tion, and of the American and Southern 
 Dental Association. 
 
 The parents of Doctor Carson are Rev. 
 Thomas E. Carson and Mary A., daughter 
 of Mr. Richard Keene, a prominent citizen 
 of Dorchester county, Md., which he has 
 represented in the Legislature. Rev. 
 Thomas E. Carson, a native of Baltimore, 
 has for many years been a leading light in 
 the clergy of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South, having filled many of the 
 pulpits in Maryland, Virginia and West 
 Virginia. His father, Daniel Carson, was a 
 soldier in the War of 1812, and his earlier 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 833 
 
 ancestors, amongst them, the Chaplains and 
 Tildens, served in the War of Independence. 
 The family is of English origin, the last for- 
 eign-born ancestors coming to America in 
 colonial times. 
 
 Benjamin F. Clarksox, D. D., Pastor 
 of the Woodberry First Methodist Church, 
 No. 29 Woodberry avenue, Baltimore. 
 Rev. Benjamin F. Clarkson was born Janu- 
 ary 19, 1841, in Cassville, Huntingdon 
 county. Pa., where his primary education 
 was secured in the public schools. After 
 teaching a few years Mr. Clarkson entered 
 the Cassville Seminary, which his father was 
 instrumental in founding, from which he 
 graduated in the spring of 1861. On the 
 outbreak of the Civil War and the call for 
 troops, Mr. Clarkson was the first from his 
 town or township to offer his services. En- 
 listing August 30, 1861, he served three 
 years and two months, receiving his dis- 
 charge in November, 1864. Had it not been 
 for a serious injury to his eyes, from which 
 he has never recovered, Mr. Clarkson would 
 have re-enlisted and served through the en- 
 tire war or have shed his life's blood for the 
 cause. The injury mentioned was caused 
 by the settling of a cold in his eyes brought 
 on by being out all night in the rain the day 
 after his discharge from the hospital, where 
 he had endured a severe spell of typhoid 
 fever. Mr. Clarkson served in D Company, 
 Forty-ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Vol- 
 unteers, Hancock's Corps, under General 
 IMcClellan. Among the battles in which he 
 fought may be mentioned Fredericksburg, 
 :Mayer's Heights— a part of the battle of 
 Chancellorsville, Antietam, Gettysburg, the 
 second battle of Bull Run, Rapidan— 
 
 through the battles of the Wilderness and 
 Spottsylvania. 
 
 On his return from the army Mr. Clark- 
 son taught a school for one year and then 
 entered the ministry on trial, in March, 1866, 
 in the East Baltimore Conference. The 
 successive charges over which he presided 
 were as follows: Harford Circuit in Carroll 
 and Baltimore counties ; Piedmont, W. Va. ; 
 Great Falls, in Baltimore county; Harford 
 Circuit, Harford county; West Harford, 
 Severn, Baltimore Circuit. Since that 
 time Mr. Clarkson has been stationed in 
 Baltimore, first at Hanover Street Church, 
 followed by High Street Station, Harford 
 Avenue Station, Franklin Street Station, 
 and in !March, 1897, was assigned his present 
 charge. Mr. Clarkson has now served fif- 
 teen consecutive years in the city of Balti- 
 more, the longest term of any living min- 
 ister of his denomination. 
 
 Our subject is a son of David West Clark- 
 son, who married Eleanor, daughter of Mr. 
 Jesse Corbin, of Huntingdon county, Pa. 
 David West Clarkson was a native of Ger- 
 mantown. Pa., where he was for a number 
 of years an undertaker. On removing to 
 Cassville, he became, in addition to his for- 
 mer business, a contractor and builder. He 
 was a man of profound religious convictions 
 and an earnest promoter of educational and 
 religious enterprises. With a few equally 
 devout friends, he established the Cassville 
 Seminary, under the auspices of the Metho- 
 dist Church, and remained secretary of the 
 Board until the close of its career as an edu- 
 cational institution. Prior to the war he 
 held the office of justice of the peace for fif- 
 teen years and was later twice elected As- 
 sistant Judge of Huntingdon county, serv- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ing in that capacity ten years. He died in 
 July, 1895, in his eighty-first year, mourned 
 by all who knew him. His life is a good ex- 
 ample for the rising generation to follow. 
 
 The immigrant ancestor of our subject 
 was John Clarkson, a native of Old Eng- 
 land, where he was possessed of large land- 
 ed estates, which he sold and invested in the 
 region of Philadelphia, where he became 
 a man of prominence. During the Revolu- 
 tion he held a colonel's commission in the 
 patriot army. His wife was a sister of the 
 famous American artist, Benjamin West. 
 His son, Samuel Clarkson, grandfather of 
 our subject, was a sergeant in the War of 
 1812. He was born in Philadelphia in 1787; 
 married Susan Bowman, of Montgomery 
 county, and moved with his family to Hunt- 
 ingdon county, where he died in 1830, his 
 wife attaining the age of eighty-four. He 
 was a carpenter and builder by trade, and 
 many of the buildings he erected are stand- 
 ing in Huntingdon county to-day. One of 
 his sons, Capt. Adam Clarkson, was a sol- 
 dier in the Mexican War under General 
 Scott. 
 
 The family from first to last has been a 
 race of fighters and patriots, and each suc- 
 ceeding generation has furnished a soldier 
 to each successive war of the country since 
 the Revolution. One of Mr. Clarkson's 
 brothers fell with Reynold's command at 
 Gettysburg. Mr. Clarkson was married to 
 Miss Laura Kelly, of Manchester, Carroll 
 coimty, Md., daughter of Mr. James Kelly, 
 for a number of years surveyor of Carroll 
 county. Mr. Clarkson is a Republican in 
 politics, but not a rank partisan. He js a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity, affiliat- 
 ing with Adherence Lodge and Druid Hill 
 
 Chapter of that order, and has had conferred 
 upon him the fourteen degrees of the Scot- 
 tish Rite. He is a comrade of Dushane 
 Post, G. A. R., and the Union Veterans, 
 and has served as chaplain of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic, department of Mary- 
 land. He is also a member of the Ministers' 
 Fund Society of the Methodist Church. 
 
 The First M. E. Church, of Woodberry, 
 over which Mr. Clarkson presides, is a fine 
 brown-stone structure of Gothic architec- 
 ture and of remarkably fine proportions, on 
 a location especially favorable for display- 
 ing its symmetrical outlines. The structure 
 was begun in the spring of 1867, the corner- 
 stone being laid July 2d of that year. The 
 lecture-room was opened for services Janu- 
 ary 19, 1868, and the church dedicated by 
 Bishop E. R. Ames on December 18, 1870. 
 The parsonage, a block west of the church, 
 is one of the best in the conference. On 
 Sunday, July 4, 1897, the church celebrated 
 the thirtieth anniversary of its building with 
 appropriate ceremonies. Under Mr. Clark- 
 son's pastorate the church is growing in 
 strength and influence; the Sunday-school, 
 the Epworth League and the various socie- 
 ties are progressing and spreading their in- 
 fluence for the good of the community. 
 
 Dr. William Rosenau, 2114 Bolton 
 street. — The Eutaw Place Temple, in which 
 Doctor Rosenau presides, is one of the finest 
 in the city of fine churches and temples. It 
 is the place of worship of the Oheb Shalom 
 (Lover of Peace) congregation, an offshoot 
 from the congregation of the Madison Av- 
 enue Temple, and has grown to be the 
 largest Hebrew congregation in the city, in 
 fact as large as any other two. The con- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 835 
 
 gregation was organized in a hall on Gay 
 street, October 30, 1853. The first regular 
 place of worship was in a hall over Childs' 
 Coach Factory on Gay street and the first 
 president of the congregation was Julius 
 Stife. The first service was held November 
 12, 1853. In January, 1858, the congrega- 
 tion moved to Hanover street, below Lom- 
 bard. Prior to 1859 the congregation had 
 been under the charge of Doctor Lansberg, 
 and from that date until 1892 the congrega- 
 tion was under the charge of the memorable 
 Doctor Szold, Rabbi emeritus; Doctor 
 Szold is a native of Hungary, received his 
 rabbinical degree in Breslau, and came di- 
 rect to Baltimore, where he has lived for 
 nearly forty years. He is one of the most 
 eminent Hebrew scholars in the world and 
 is the author of many works, among them 
 a commentary on the Book of Job, written 
 in Hebrew. He is now preparing a trans- 
 lation of the same book for the forthcoming- 
 English edition of the Hebrew Bible. 
 
 Almost as remarkable in years of service 
 is the venerable Cantor Mr. Kaiser, who for 
 thirty-one years has been the leader of the 
 sacred music of the congregation. A na- 
 tive of Hungary, he received his musical 
 education in Vienna, and shortly after came 
 to America, settling in Baltimore, which has 
 since been his home. He is known as one 
 of the foremost writers of sacred music liv- 
 ing, and his compositions are sung in every 
 city of importance in America as well as in 
 many abroad. 
 
 The present house of worship was begun 
 in July, 1892, the cornerstone laid with im- 
 posing ceremonies September ist, follow- 
 ing, and formally dedicated September 8tli 
 and 9th in the year 1893. 
 
 Rev. Dr. William Rosenau was born 
 
 in the village of Wollstein, Silesia, 
 Germany, May 30, 1865. His father, Na- 
 than Rosenau, a merchant of Newburg, N. 
 Y., emigrated to America when William 
 was eleven years of age. He had attended 
 school in the Fatherland, and on coming 
 to America graduated from the grammar 
 schools of Philadelphia, where the family 
 then resided. In 1882 Mr. Rosenau en- 
 tered the Colleges of Cincinnati and gradu- 
 ated from the Hebrew Union College with 
 the rabbinical degree in 1889. He received 
 a call to Temple Israel at Omaha, Neb., 
 where he remained until his call to Balti- 
 more in 1892. 
 
 Doctor Rosenau was married in Omaha 
 to Miss Mabel Hellman, daughter of Mr. 
 Meyer Hellman of that place. 
 
 Doctor Rosenau is instructor in rabbin- 
 ical studies in Johns Hopkins University. 
 While in Omaha he became a member of 
 the Masonic fraternity, St. John's Lodge, 
 No. 22; Ancient Order of United Work- 
 men, and the Hebrew Order B'nai Berith. 
 In politics he is a believer in republican 
 principles. 
 
 A number of Doctor Rosenau's sermons 
 have been published and favorably received, 
 as has been his paper on Semitic Studies in 
 American Colleges. His occasional con- 
 tributions to the press are likewise of a high 
 order. Doctor Rosenau is a teacher of 
 strong mentality and personal influence, in 
 the prime of life with the best of his career 
 before him. 
 
 Robert B. Cromer, a native of Balti- 
 more, was born October i, 1852. His 
 training was secured in the public schools 
 of the city, Lester's private school, Newton 
 Academy, and in Eli Lamb's Quaker 
 
836 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 School. .After completing his literary edu- 
 cation, Doctor Cromer began the study of 
 dentistry in the of^fice of Doctor Duck, un- 
 der whose tutelage he remained five years. 
 He then attended the Maryland Dental Col- 
 lege two sessions, and in 1873 ^^ the close 
 of the second session, opened an office near 
 the corner of Eutaw and Saratoga streets, 
 and has been engaged in the practice of his 
 profession at or near this corner for tw-enty- 
 four years. He is a member of the Mary- 
 land Dental Association. 
 
 The father of Doctor Cromer, Thomas 
 W. Cromer, married Miss Emily J. Whit- 
 ney, a member of an old and honored Mas- 
 sachusetts family. Thomas W. Cromer, for 
 many years the senior member of the whole- 
 sale tobacco firm, Cromer & Hofif, died in 
 1887 at the age of sixty-five. He was a Re- 
 publican in politics and a member of the 
 Methodist Church. His father was a ser- 
 geant in the War of 1812. 
 
 Doctor Cromer is married to Miss Helen 
 A. T. Miller, daughter of William D. and 
 Mary H. (Edwards) Miller. The ancestors 
 of Mr. Miller served in the War of the Rev- 
 olution. The Doctor and Mrs. Cromer have 
 one son, William D. The Doctor and his 
 wife are members of the Lafayette Avenue 
 Methodist Protestant Church. In politics 
 he is a thorough Republican. Secret socie- 
 ties have never appealed to the Doctor, he 
 preferring to spend his evenings at home. 
 
 Dr. Charlks E. Duck. Dentist, 112 
 West Mulberry street, though a Baltimor- 
 ean by birth is of English parentage. His 
 father, Dr. James Duck, an eminent special- 
 ist in insanity, was born in Bristol, England. 
 He studied medicine under Sir Astley 
 Cooper, and making insanity a special 
 
 study, established an asylum at Plympton, 
 known as the Plympton House. This be- 
 came a well known place for the treatment 
 of cerebral diseases and proved a source of 
 profit to its proprietor. Doctor Duck emi- 
 grated to America in 1845, being fifty years 
 of age, settling first in Baltimore, where 
 Charles E. was born, but removed within a 
 year to Brooklyn, where he died January i, 
 1859. His family was of the Quaker sect, 
 but after his marriage Doctor Duck experi- 
 enced a change of faith and became a com- 
 municant of the Episcopal Church, to which 
 his wife belonged. Doctor Duck and all his 
 children were baptized the same day by a 
 minister of that denomination, while the 
 family was living in Brooklyn. Doctor 
 Duck was married in England to Miss Eliz- 
 abeth Sargent, a native of London, a de- 
 scendant of Earl Godwin through her 
 mother, who bore that name. The grand- 
 father of our subject was John Duck, a 
 leader of the Friends' Church. His life was 
 spent in England, where his dust and ashes 
 now repose. 
 
 Dr. Charles E. Duck was born at Waver- 
 ly, now within the limits of Baltimore, 
 which his father named in honor of Waverly 
 Hall in England. Shortly after his birth. 
 Doctor Duck's parents moved to New York, 
 where he attended the grammar schools and 
 was under the instruction of a private tutor. 
 He finished his education at the Stanmore 
 school in Montgomery county, Md. Choos- 
 ing the dental profession for his life's work, 
 Doctor Duck entered the office of Dr. Wil- 
 liam H. Stinson, w-here he remained a year 
 and then spent the same length of time un- 
 der the instruction of Dr.O..\.J.Volck. He 
 practiced the two following years with Dr. 
 Edwin Chandler, and then in 1867 formed a 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 partnership with Doctor Stone, at No. 67 
 North Charles street. In 1868 Doctor Duck 
 opened an office for himself, and has since 
 been one of the leading practitioners of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 In the days when he began the practice of 
 dentistry, the student was taught to roll the 
 gold of which plates were made and to man- 
 ufacture the teeth, in fact almost everything 
 that is now readily purchased at a dental 
 supply depot. Times have changed. 
 
 Doctor Duck was married to Miss Susan 
 Sheppard, daughter of Mr. Thomas Shep- 
 pard, of Baltimore. Many of her ancestors 
 were patriots in the Revolutionary War and 
 in the War of 1812. One of her brothers 
 was a soldier in the Confederate Army in the 
 late war, and the Doctor had a brother on 
 either side. There is quite an interesting 
 item of international history connected with 
 the Sheppard family. 
 
 In 18 1 7 when the Chilian patriots were 
 endeavoring to throw off the Spanish yoke, 
 Senor Jose M. Carrera, president of the 
 Junta, came to Baltimore, a guest of Mr. 
 Thomas Sheppard. Interesting his host 
 and the firm of d'Arcy & Didier in the cause 
 of the revolutionists, they fitted out a cargo 
 of supplies and arms sufficient to equip 
 twelve thousand men. It was principally 
 through this expedition that the patriots 
 made a success of the Revolution. When the 
 claim for repayment was first made Daniel 
 Webster prosecuted the claim and in 1840 
 the debt was acknowledged and part of it 
 paid. Efforts are now being made to se- 
 cure the balance of amount due wdth eighty 
 years' interest, which amounts to more than 
 one million. Thomas Sheppard, the first 
 colonial ancestor of the family, built the first 
 church in Massachusetts some time during 
 
 the early part of the seventeenth century. 
 Moses Sheppard, the philanthropist, is of 
 near kinship. 
 
 Doctor Duck resides at Whitemore 
 Heights, where with his wife he worships in 
 the Episcopal Church. In politics he is a 
 Republican. He is one of the incorpora- 
 tors of the Baltimore Society of Dental Sur- 
 geons, the only incorporated society of its 
 kind in the State. He is also a member of 
 the Maryland State Dental Society. Doctor 
 Duck merits and enjoys a large practice and 
 is recognized as one of the foremost practi- 
 tioners of the city. 
 
 William H. Dawson, Attorney-at-Law, 
 33 S. Gay street, a native of Baltimore, was 
 born December 8, 1842. His primary edu- 
 cation was secured in private schools and in 
 Loyola College, which he attended until af- 
 ter his nineteenth year. After a course of 
 reading in the office of Mr. George Haw- 
 kins Williams, Mr. Dawson was admitted 
 to the bar of Baltimore in July, 1866. Mr. 
 Dawson devotes his time to general practice 
 in all the courts of the State. Mr. Dawson's 
 father, Mr. William Dawson, Jr., a native 
 Baltimorean, was a civil engineer of well 
 known ability. He married Harriet, 
 daughter of Mr. George Fernald, natives of 
 New Hampshire and descendants of Renald 
 Fernald, one of the earliest settlers of Maine. 
 Many members of the Fernald family took 
 part in the Revolutionary War. They were 
 probably of Scotch-Irish origin and were 
 of the Presbyterian faith. Mr. William 
 Dawson, Sr., was a ship builder, descended 
 from John Dawson, an emigrant from Eng- 
 land in colonial times. They were of the 
 Friends Society and consequently took no 
 part in the wars of the country. 
 
838 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mr. Dawson was married to Miss Balder- 
 ston, daughter of Hon. Isaiah Balderston, 
 for many years Judgeof the Orphans' Court. 
 Mr. Dawson is a staunch Democrat in po- 
 litical faith and with his family is a member 
 of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Judge Robert Gilmor.— Of all the e.x- 
 judges of the Supreme Court of the city of 
 Baltimore, none is more favorably known 
 nor more highly respected than Judge Rob- 
 ert Gilmor. Born in Baltimore March 8, 
 1833, he moved at a very early age with his 
 parents to their country seat, "Glen Ellen," 
 where his childhood was spent. After some 
 years' study under a private tutor he became 
 a pupil in the classical school of Mr. M. R. 
 McNally, one of the best educators of the 
 day. 
 
 Entering as a student the office of Hon. 
 John Glenn, afterwards Judge of the United 
 States Circuit Court of Maryland, after a 
 course of reading, Mr. Gilmor was admitted 
 to the bar of Maryland and of the Federal 
 Courts. 
 
 Engaging in the practice of his profes- 
 sion, Mr. Gilmor gave it his undivided at- 
 tention until his elevation to the bench after 
 the close of the war. When the Demo- 
 cratic-Conservative party came into power, 
 during the reconstruction period, they re- 
 formed the judiciary system of the State, 
 and Robert Gilmor was one of those nomi- 
 nated on the first ticket and triumphantly 
 elected to the Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
 City. 
 
 Being the youngest member of that bench 
 Judge Gilmor was assigned to preside over 
 the criminal branch of the Court, which re- 
 quired the most labor and the closest appli- 
 cation. Subsequently he presided over 
 
 each of the courts of the system. After fif- 
 teen years' service the Judge received the 
 endorsement of his party and re-nomina- 
 tion, but as is known the political wheel that 
 year was reversed. 
 
 Since that date, 1882, Judge Gilmor has 
 devoted himself exclusively to his private 
 practice, except during the time he served 
 as City Counsellor by appointment of 
 Mayor James Hodges. 
 
 Later, leading citizens and members of 
 the bar, regardless of party, united in press- 
 ing his claim for re-appointment. One of 
 the most prominent members of the bar, al- 
 though of the opposing party, wrote to the 
 Governor as follows: "Judge Gilmor, in my 
 opinion, is not surpassed by any of his con- 
 temporary judges nor their successors. It 
 is hardly becoming in me to commend him, 
 who served the city so long and ably, for 
 his judicial qualities: but I may say that the 
 bar always felt he had a strong grasp of 
 every case which was ever discussed before 
 him — that his learning was rated as exten- 
 sive — that his industry was ever to be de- 
 pended upon — that he had in a high degree 
 the habit of decision which lends so much 
 dignity and authority to the conduct of ju- 
 dicial business — and finally, that he was al- 
 most always right." This was a tribute to 
 him of which he might indeed well be proud. 
 
 Since his retirement from the bench 
 Judge Gilmor has given most of his atten- 
 tion to practice in the courts of equity. 
 
 The family of which the Judge is a worthy 
 representative was established in Baltimore 
 some time prior to the War of Independ- 
 ence. Robert Gilmor & Sons were among 
 the most enterprising and successful ship- 
 ping merchants and owners. They amassed 
 a comfortable fortune and it was one of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYI^ND. 
 
 839 
 
 their ships that carried the Stars and Stripes 
 for the first time into St. Petersburg and 
 other ports of the world. 
 
 Judge Gilmor is the father of a large fam- 
 ily. He was twice married; his first wife 
 being Miss Hodges, and his second wife 
 Miss Josephine Albert, both of Baltimore. 
 
 Robert Gilmor, the father of the Judge, 
 was a native of Baltimore, graduated at Har- 
 vard in 1828 in the class with Oliver Wendel 
 Holmes, Robert C. Winthrop, Professor 
 Pierce and George S. Hilliard. He was im- 
 mediately after graduating appointed at- 
 tache to Ambassador William C. Reeves of 
 the Embassy to France Claims, and lived 
 several years abroad. His wife was Miss 
 Ellen Ward, daughter of Judge Ward, of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 William Gilmor, a brother of Judge Rob- 
 ert Gilmor, has for many years held a prom- 
 inent position as one of the ablest and most 
 active railroad men in the State. 
 
 Mr. Nicholas P. Bond, a" member of 
 one of the leading law firms of the city of 
 Baltimore, was born in that city, September 
 27, 1856. His earlier education was in the 
 hands of private tutors and when of suitable 
 age he entered the famous old Phillips 
 Academy at Exeter, N. H., and on 
 completing the course there matriculated 
 at Harvard, where he graduated in 1878. 
 Returning home he began the study of law 
 in the office of Mr. George H. Chandler and 
 was admitted to the bar of Harford county, 
 April 15, 1880, although not yet of age, for 
 the purpose of trying several cases for Mr. 
 Chandler, who was at that time ill and un- 
 able to attend court. Mr. Bond was ad- 
 mitted to the Court of Appeals October 6, 
 1880. Shortlv after admission to the bar. 
 
 Mr. Bond formed a co-partnership with Mr. 
 Robert D. Mason, and later Mr. Howard 
 Munnikhuysen was taken into the firm 
 which lasted until the death of Mr. Morri- 
 son. Later Mr. Edward Duffy became a 
 partner of the firm of Munnikhuysen, Bond 
 & Dufify, which lasted until the death of Mr. 
 Munnikhuysen. Since the 1st of January, 
 1897, Mr. Bond has been a member of the 
 firm of Steele, Semmes, Carey & Bond. Mr. 
 Bond is a son of Judge Hugh Lennox Bond, 
 deceased, a sketch of whom appears in this 
 work. 
 
 The first American ancestor of the family 
 was William Bond, who came in early colo- 
 nial days from Cornwall, England, settling 
 in the colony of Maryland. Here he estab- 
 lished a fine country place, giving it the 
 name of "Kalmia." He imported the bricks 
 for the mansion house from England. It 
 was probably the first brick building in the 
 colony. 
 
 Mr. Bond married a daughter of Dr. 
 Thomas F. Murdoch, of Baltimore. (The 
 family of Mrs. Murdoch are natives of Mas- 
 sachusetts. Her colonial ancestors took a 
 leading part in the Revolutionary War.) 
 Mr. Bond is a Republican in politics, and 
 while taking an active interest in all political 
 questions has never accepted any ofifice in 
 the gift of the people. 'He is a member of 
 the Maryland, the Merchants', and the 
 Country Clubs, the latter formerly known 
 as the Patapsco Hunting Club. Mr. Bond 
 is a man of strong executive ability, devoted 
 to the active prosecution of his chosen pro- 
 fession. 
 
 Mrs. Murdoch's maiden name was Win- 
 chester. Her maternal grandfather was 
 Archibald Campbell, a prominent merchant 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 of Baltimore, who came to Maryland from 
 Scotland shortly after the Revolution. 
 
 Mr. John E. Semmes (Steele, Semmes, 
 Carey & Bond), Attorney-at-Law, Equita- 
 h\e Building-, and City Solicitor of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Mr. John E. Semmes, a native of Cum- 
 berland, Md., was born July i, 1851. His 
 father, Samuel M. Semmes, a native of 
 Charles county, moved to Cumberland in 
 early life where he practiced law until his 
 death. 
 
 Mr. Semmes" education was first in the 
 hands of private tutors. Rev. John W. 
 Nott, a relative of Judge Nott, of the Court 
 of Claims, occupied the position of private 
 tutor in his father's family for many years. 
 Later he became a pupil of Chestnut Hill 
 School, conducted by Rev. Frederick Gib- 
 son, who married a sister of Mr. 
 Semmes, whom he met while on a visit to 
 his pupil's country home near Cumberland. 
 For two years Mr. Semmes conducted a 
 farm near the city of his birth. Leaving the 
 farm Mr. Semmes matriculated in the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia, graduating as an an- 
 alytical chemist, and shortly after entered 
 the service of the United States Navy as 
 clerk and secretary to his maternal uncle, 
 Connnodore John^ Guest, and remained 
 abroad with the European squadron some 
 eighteen months. Returning from abroad 
 to Baltimore Mr. Semmes entered the Law 
 School of the University of Maryland, grad- 
 uating in 1874, and shortly afterwards be- 
 came associated with the late Hon. John H. 
 B. Latrobe; a warm friendship sprang up 
 between them, almost as strong as the love 
 i)f fathcM- and son. This association lasted 
 luilil the return of John H. B. Latrobe, Jr., 
 
 from Samoa. Air. Semmes then entered 
 into a partnership with Mr. George Savage, 
 which lasted two years. For a few years 
 Mr. Semmes had an office alone; in 1888 he 
 became a member of the firm of Steele, 
 Semmes & Carey, to which the name of Mr. 
 Nicholas P. Bond has been added since 
 January i, 1897. 
 
 Samuel Middleton Semmes, father of our 
 subject, was a native of Maryland, and only 
 brother of Admiral Raphael Semmes, of the 
 Confederate Navy, famous as commander of 
 the celebrated "Alabama," which came near 
 causing hostilities with Great Britain. Mr. 
 Samuel Middleton Semmes was prominent 
 as a lawyer in western Maryland. He 
 married ?iliss Eleanora Guest, whose 
 brother. Commodore Guest, was in the ser- 
 vice of the United States, and with whom 
 Mr. Semmes, of this sketch, cruised in Euro- 
 pean waters. He had the distinction of hav- 
 ing an uncle eminent in naval circles on 
 each side during the late war. 
 
 The family in America is descended from 
 Joseph Semmes, who emigrated from 
 Poundsford, England, to Maryland, about 
 1688. The family spring, at an earlier date, 
 from Normandy, from which place several 
 of the name offered their sen'ices because 
 of the name to Admiral Semmes while the 
 "Alabama" was lying at Cherbourg before 
 the fight with the "Kearsage," believing 
 themselves kin and desiring to take part in 
 the fight. Of course because of neutrality 
 laws their ofTers had to be declined. Others 
 of the family fought in Spain under the Iron 
 Duke, where they remained after peace was 
 declared and married Spanish women. 
 
 Mr. Semmes married Miss Frances Hay- 
 ward, a native of Baltimore, daughter of Ne- 
 hemiah Peabody Hayward, whose birth oc- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 841 
 
 curred in the Granite State. His wife was 
 Miss Carnan, a descendant of Capt. Robert 
 North Carnan, whose ancestors, together 
 with the Norths, were prominent in the 
 early history of Baltimore. A portion of 
 the lot upon which the Equitable Building 
 now stands came into the possession of 
 Robert North in 1750. 
 
 Mr. and Airs. Semmes are members of St. 
 Paul's Episcopal Church. In politics Mr. 
 Semmes is a Democrat, adhering to all of 
 the fundamental principles of the party as 
 enunciated by Jefiferson, Jackson, and a host 
 of lesser lights, the oldest American political 
 organization. Socially he is a member of 
 the Maryland Club. 
 
 Mr. Henry C. Kennard, a native of 
 Kent county, Iild., was born April 2, 1842. 
 He early attended the Harmony School, 
 which at that time was of the grade of an 
 academy, and later matriculated at Wash- 
 ington College, near Chestertown, gradu- 
 ating in August, 1861. After graduation 
 Mr. Kennard spent a year on the farm, when 
 he accepted a professorship in his Alma 
 Mater where he remained from September, 
 1862, until November of the following year, 
 at which time he resigned to accept a similar 
 position in the Maryland Agricultural Col- 
 lege near Washington. Resigning in De- 
 cember, 1864, Mr. Kennard einbarked in 
 Christmas week of that year for Europe, 
 where he spent a year in travel on the con- 
 tinent. On his return he became a student 
 in the Law School of the University of Vir- 
 ginia. The following year he entered the 
 office of :\fr. S. Teackle Wallis, in Baltimore 
 City, and after a sufficient course of reading, 
 was admitted to the bar in December, 1867. 
 From the time of his admission to the bar. 
 
 Mr. Kennard was associated with i\Ir. Wal- 
 lis until the death of the latter, since which 
 time Mr. Kennard has been in practice 
 alone. Mr. Kennard is one of thirteen chil- 
 dren born to Dr. Thomas C. Kennard and 
 wife, who was Miss Jane Hanson, of Kent 
 county. 
 
 Dr. Thos. C. Kennard was for years the 
 leading physician of Kent county, and 
 amassed a comfortable fortune, consisting 
 in" part of three fine farms aggregating near- 
 ly a thousand acres. The home estate was 
 known as "Elmwood." His father, Isaac 
 Kennard, was one of the early dwellers in 
 Harford county. 
 
 Mr. Kennard married Miss Willie S. Wal- 
 ters, daughter of Mr. Thomas Littleton 
 Walters, who with his wife, Mary A. Dir- 
 ickson, came from Somerset county, Md. 
 In politics Mr. Kennard is an independent 
 Democrat. Socially he is a member of the 
 fraternity Signa Alpha Epsilon, the Mt. 
 Vernon Literary Society of his Alma Mater, 
 and of the Jefiferson Literary Society of the 
 University of Virginia. The family of 
 which Mr. Kennard is a member has be- 
 come widely scattered. A brother, John 
 Hanson Kennard, became a member of the 
 Louisiana bar, and was elevated to the Su- 
 preme bench of the State. Dr. Thomas 
 Kennard became one of the leading practi- 
 tioners of his profession in St. Louis, and 
 was for many years president of the St. 
 Louis Medical Society, the leading medical 
 organization in the Mississippi Valley. 
 James Alfred Kennard, a younger brother, 
 fighting under Kirby Smith, was amongst 
 the earliest to fall in the beginning of the 
 first battle of Bull Run, and was probably 
 the first man from Maryland to fall in the 
 great struggle. He has three sons. Henry 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 
 
 W. Kennard, William Hanson Kennard, 
 and James Alfred Kennard, now living. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Hughes was born at 
 Wheeling, W. Va., August 25, 185 1. After 
 attending private schools at his native place 
 until prepared for higher education, he en- 
 tered the Virginia Military Institute, which 
 he attended during the war, the youngest 
 by two years of any of the students of that 
 famous old educational institution. The 
 students formed part of the military force of 
 the South during the long struggle, and 
 were frequently called out in defense of 
 Richmond. Being the youngest of the stu- 
 dents, Mr. Hughes was left with others on 
 guard at the institute, while the older ones 
 went to the front just prior to the evacuation 
 of Richmond. After the close of the war 
 Mr. Hughes was a student at the Richmond 
 College for a time, and later at the Balti- 
 more City College where he graduated in 
 1 87 1, first in his class, notwithstanding his 
 having taken the four years' course in two. 
 In 1873 he graduated at the Law School of 
 the University of Virginia, having com- 
 pleted the course in one year, receiving his 
 degree of B. L. Immediately on his ad- 
 mission to the bar Mr. Hughes opened an 
 office in Baltimore and has since practiced 
 his profession without the help of a partner. 
 His practice is general, except that he will 
 not accept retainers in criminal cases; chan- 
 cery receiving probably more of his atten- 
 tion than any other branch. 
 
 Mr. Hughes is a son of Dr. Alfred 
 Hughes, whose wife was Miss iMary Kirby 
 Adrain, of Baltimore, a daughter of Mr. 
 Washington Adrain. Doctor Hughes died 
 January 25, 1880, at the age of 56. The 
 Doctor's great-grandfather, Felix Hughes, 
 
 was one of the earliest settlers in what is 
 now western Pennsylvania, then a part of 
 Virginia. He emigrated from Loudoun 
 county, Va., together with his own large 
 family and that of the Swans and Hillers, 
 making a large colony. They settled about 
 a hundred miles east of Fort Duquesne, 
 where Mr. Hughes built and maintained a 
 block house for the protection of the fami- 
 lies of the settlement from Indian incursions 
 during the Revolutionary War. These facts 
 are mentioned more at length in Flint's 
 Mirror of Border Life and History of Vir- 
 ginia and Pennsylvania. When the country 
 was set off to Pennsylvania, and Jefferson 
 county in which they lived was organized, 
 Mr. Hughes was their first commissioner. 
 Later his grandson Thomas, after serving 
 in the War of 1812, removed to Wheeling, 
 Va., and established a line of steamers be- 
 tween Pittsburgh and New Orleans, by 
 which he amassed a very comfortable for- 
 tune. He was a man of fine executive abil- 
 ity and spotless integrity, and held a promi- 
 nent place in public affairs in whatever com- 
 munity his lot was cast. For thirty-two 
 years he was treasurer of Wheeling — an un- 
 precedented term for so responsible a posi- 
 tion. He reached an advanced age and 
 died mourned by the entire community. 
 
 The original American ancestor of the 
 family was Thomas Hughes, who settled in 
 Loudoun county, Va., in 1739, coming from 
 County Donegal, Ireland. In one of his an- 
 nual tours abroad Mr. Hughes visited the 
 old family seat, and by inquiry at Inver, the 
 place of sailing, found, through the aid of a 
 village priest, some of the kindred of the 
 name whose fathers had remained on the 
 "old sod." 
 
 Mr. Hughes was married to Miss Helen 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Roberta, daughter of Capt. Robert D. Thor- 
 burn, who, prior to the war, was an officer 
 in the United States Navy, from which he 
 resigned to cast his lot with the South after 
 the firing on Fort Sumter. Another of his 
 daughters married Captain Morris, second 
 in command on the "Monitor" in her mem- 
 orable encounter with the "Merrimac," and 
 after Captain Worden's injuries, in full com- 
 mand. Captain Thorburn died in 1886 at 
 the advanced age of 82. 
 
 Mrs. Hughes' grandfather, Capt. Miles 
 King, was an officer in the Revolutionary 
 War. He was prominent in business and 
 political circles in Norfolk, which city he 
 served as mayor for many years. 
 
 Mr. Hughes with his family is a member 
 of the First Presbyterian Church of Balti- 
 more. In politics he is an old line Demo- 
 crat, believing in gold as the standard 
 money of the world. He is Past Master of 
 Concordia Lodge, A. F. & A. M., of Balti- 
 more; one of the original members of the 
 Bar Association of Baltimore City, whose 
 committee on admission he served a term 
 as chairman; he is also a member of the 
 American Bar Association and of the Mary- 
 land Historical Society. His office is at 301 
 St. Paul street. 
 
 AIr. H. D. Loney, a well known prac- 
 titioner at the bar of the city of Balti- 
 more, is a native of this city. His early edu- 
 cation was secured in private schools, prin- 
 cipally those of Rev. William N. Pendleton, 
 who during the war served on the stafT of 
 General Lee, and Mr. Topping. Matricu- 
 lating at Princeton, Mr. Loney graduated 
 from that L'niversity in 1854. After reading 
 law for a time in the offices of Mr. Hugh 
 Davev Evans and Mr. S. Teackle Wallis, 
 
 Mr. Loney was admitted to the bar of Balti- 
 more in 1857. Beginning practice alone, 
 Mr. Loney later associated himself with Mr. 
 R. Stockett Matthews, but since 1877 he has 
 practiced alone. 
 
 Mr. Loney's father, a well known mer- 
 chant of Baltimore, was also a native of the 
 city. His wife was Miss Rebecca Tryer, 
 of Lancaster, Pa. The grandfather, Amos 
 Loney, was a native of Baltimore county. 
 His great-grandfather, Thomas Bunnell, 
 served with distinction as Adjutant General 
 during the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Air. Loney married Miss Anna McEvers 
 Van Ness, daughter of Col. Eugene Van 
 Ness of the United States Army. Mr. 
 Loney is an attendant upon the Episcopal 
 Church. In politics he is a Democrat of 
 the sound money wing of the party, believ- 
 ing in establishing our currency on the 
 highest standard of the civilized countries 
 of the world. He is a member of the Elk- 
 ridge Club and the ^Merchants' Club of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 Mr. John T. Mason, R., is a descendant 
 of one of the oldest and most distinguished 
 families of the Old Dominion. The immi- 
 grant ancestor. Col. George Mason, was a 
 large landed proprietor at Stratford-upon- 
 Avon, England, where he was head of one 
 of the leading families, and is reputed by 
 some to have held a seat in Parliament. He 
 took an active part in the political disturb- 
 ances between King Charles and his sub- 
 jects, and after the battle of Worcester in 
 which he commanded he was compelled to 
 flee the country. Escaping with his brother 
 William he made his way to Virginia about 
 1650, forfeiting all his possessions in the 
 mother country. Here he was joined by 
 
844 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Others of his compeers who had espoused 
 the losing side in that contest, and set about 
 retrieving in the new world the fortune he 
 had lost in the old. He acquired large tracts 
 of land in the colony of Virginia, leaving his 
 descendants amongst the wealthiest of the 
 new colony. The most distinguished of his 
 descendants was his grandson George 
 Mason of Gunston Hall, one of the most 
 prominent figures of Mrginia, and the west- 
 ern world, during the stormy period pre- 
 ceding and during the Revolutionary War. 
 Born in 1726, he lived to see the new gov- 
 ernment which he was so prominently in- 
 strumental in organizing, firmly established 
 on its foundations, passing away during 
 Washington's first administration, in 1792. 
 He refused a seat in the Senate of the First 
 Congress. 
 
 Thomson Mason, a younger brother of 
 George Mason, was but little if any less dis- 
 tinguished than the famous sage of Gunston 
 Hall. He was educated for the bar at the 
 Temple, London, in 1774. In 1778 he be- 
 came first president of the College of Vir- 
 ginia and in collaboration with his distin- 
 guished brother, revised the laws of the 
 State of Virginia. 
 
 Col. Stevens Thomson Mason, son of the 
 above, was an ofiicer in the Revolutionary 
 \Ycir in command of Virginia troops. He 
 bore a conspicuous part in the councils of 
 the nation, having served in the Virginia 
 Convention in 1778, and in the Senate from 
 1794 until his death in 1803. He was noted 
 for his eloquence. He was later succeeded 
 in the Senate by his son Armistead Thom- 
 son Mason. His birth occurred in 1787, in 
 Loudoun county, Va. He was colonel of 
 the Horse Guards during the W'ar of 1812. 
 He served as brigadier general in the \'ir- 
 
 ginia militia; represented his county in the 
 State Legislature, and finally his State in the 
 National Senate, and while in that body, 
 through a political altercation, fought a duel 
 with his cousin John Mason McCarthy and 
 was killed February 5, 1819. 
 
 Capt. Stevens Thomson Mason, son of 
 Col. Armistead Mason, was a distinguished 
 member of the Virginia bar, and like his 
 ancestors who had been officers in every war 
 of the country, answered his country's call 
 when trouble began on the Mexican border. 
 He was killed leading troops at the bloody 
 battle of Cerro Gordo. 
 
 The mother of our subject was a daughter 
 of John Thomson Mason, and granddaugh- 
 ter of Capt. Stevens Thomson Mason. On 
 the death of the only son of John Thomson 
 Mason, Stevens Thomson Mason second, 
 and his two sons, the grandfather requested 
 that the name of our subject be changed to 
 Ma.son, that his race and name should not 
 be obliterated, and the request was granted. 
 
 The father of our subject was Mr. Isaac 
 S. Rowland. He served as captain during 
 the }ilexican War, fitting out a company at 
 Iiis own expense. From exposure during 
 the campaign, he died soon after the close 
 of the war. His father, Riaj. Thomas Row- 
 land, was a native of Uniontown, Pa., and of 
 Welsh origin. For many years he served as 
 postmaster at Detroit, where he was in com- 
 mand of part of the force for the defense of 
 the city. When Hull so ignominiously sur- 
 rendered. Major Rowland was at some dis- 
 tance from the city. A detachment being 
 sent to apprise him of the surrender, and to 
 bring his command in as prisoners of war, 
 were surprised by his refusing to be handed 
 over by his superior ofiicer, and having 
 somewhat the larger force, he captured the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 845 
 
 captors and marched them down to the forts 
 in Ohio, and never did surrender during the 
 war. 
 
 On the death of Captain Rowland, his 
 widow with her little family, returned to 
 her Virginia home, where shortly after, at 
 the request of her father, our subject took 
 his name. 
 
 John T. ]\Iason. R., was born in Detroit, 
 March 9, 1844, and at the age of five came 
 to Virginia with his mother, and here at- 
 tended private schools mostly in the Episco- 
 pal High School of Fairfax county, Va. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Civil War Mr. 
 Mason offered his services to the South, and 
 being too young to enlist, served with his 
 cousin as marker for the Seventeenth Vir- 
 ginia Regiment until the proper age for the 
 navy, and while in the service of the army, 
 participated in the first battle of Bull Run. 
 In November, 1861, he became midshipman 
 in the navy, and in October, 1863, joined the 
 Confederate cruiser "Shenandoali" in Euro- 
 pean waters. In thirteen months he cruised 
 with the vessel over fifty thousand miles, 
 capturing many prizes. Cruising in the 
 northern Pacific, the "Shenandoah" knew 
 not that the war had closed, and captured 
 forty or fifty Yankee whalers after peace was 
 declared. Storing her guns in her hold and 
 fastening up the port-holes, the "Shenan- 
 doah" was headed for Liverpool by way of 
 Cape Horn, landing in that port in Novem- 
 ber. From Liverpool Mr. Mason went to 
 South America, where he was a farmer for 
 two years, when he came home, making 
 Baltimore his residence. He attended the 
 University of Virginia during the sessions 
 of 1870-71, graduating in the law depart- 
 ment in the spring, and was admitted to the 
 bar in September of 1871. On admission to 
 
 the bar Mr. Mason began practice in the of- 
 fice of Mason & Rowland, his uncle and 
 brother. After the death of his brother, Mr. 
 Mason took his place in the firm until the 
 death of his uncle Judge Mason in 1874, 
 since which time Mr. Mason has been prac- 
 ticing alone. Mr. Mason married Miss 
 Helen Jackson, a native of Washington, 
 daughter of Alonzo C. Jackson, of the 
 United States Navy. Her mother was Miss 
 Mumford, of New York. Mr. Mason is a 
 Democrat of the sound money branch of the 
 party. 
 
 Of the social orders, Mr. Mason holds 
 membership in the Royal Arcanum, the 
 Knights of the Golden Chain and the 
 Knights of Honor. He is also enrolled in 
 the University Club of which he is one of 
 the original members. Mr. Mason is an at- 
 torney of marked ability, inheriting his legal 
 acumen from a long line of ancestors versed 
 in the law. His practice is one of the largest 
 and most lucrative in the city. His offices 
 are at 200 E. Lexington street. 
 
 Isaac Lobe Straus is one of the most 
 highly respected and best known of the 
 younger members of the bar. In point of 
 learning and ability he is conceded an ex- 
 ceptionally high position in his profession. 
 Mr. Straus has acquired this distinction by 
 constant and earnest application to the 
 study of the law. He is above all things a 
 thorough student of his profession. He had 
 the great advantage of beginning his legal 
 studies after a finished course in letters, 
 philosophy, economics and languages at the 
 Johns Hopkins University, of which insti- 
 tution he is a Bachelor of Arts and a Uni- 
 versity Scholar. After graduating witli 
 very high honors at. the Johns Hopkins at 
 
846 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the early age of eighteen years, he pursued 
 a post-graduate course there in jurispru- 
 dence and economics, and in the same year 
 entered the law department of the Univer- 
 sity of Maryland, receiving the degree of 
 Bachelor of Laws of that institution in 1892. 
 In June of that year he was admitted to the 
 bar, and soon acquired an extensive equity 
 and civil trial practice. Mr. Straus is espec- 
 ially gifted and successful in the trial of 
 cases, and is considered to be a fine jury and 
 nisi prills advocate. His eloquence and ef- 
 fectiveness as a public speaker have ren- 
 dered him one of the most popular orators 
 of the Democratic party, and he has yearly 
 since 1891 canvassed Maryland and the 
 neighboring States in the interest of his 
 chosen political principles. Mr. Straus is a 
 fine linguist, and besides being read in the 
 classics, speaks French and German fluent- 
 ly. He has also contributed to political and 
 legal journals various articles upon such 
 subjects. He is unmarried, and resides at 
 1706 St. Paul street, in Baltimore City. Mr. 
 Straus is very charitable and contributes 
 regularly to many benevolent institutions of 
 this city. 
 
 Mr. LivWis HociiHiCiMER, a well-known 
 attorney of the Baltimore bar, was born in 
 the city, August i, 1853. He attended the 
 grammar and high schools of Baltimore 
 and at the age of eighteen years began the 
 study of law in the office of Maj. J. G. Fer- 
 guson, at the same time attending lectures 
 in the Law School of the University of 
 Maryland, graduating in 1873, not yet hav- 
 ing attained his majority. Mr. Hochhcimcr 
 was compelled to wait a year before being 
 licensed to practice his profession, the date 
 of his actual admission to the bar being the 
 
 fall of 1874. On his admission to the bar 
 Mr. Hochheimer and Major Ferguson 
 formed a co-partnership, which lasted about 
 six years, since which time Mr. Hochheimer 
 has practiced alone. 
 
 Mr. Hochheimer is a son of Dr. Henry 
 Hochheimer, a rabbi in the Hebrew denom- 
 ination, a man of wide learning. A native 
 of Bavaria he enjoyed the advantages of 
 the best schools of his native country, and 
 of the most renowned German universities. 
 During the social revolution in the latter 
 part of the forties. Doctor Hochheimer ac- 
 tively espoused the cause of the reformers 
 and together with many other men of high- 
 est mental and moral attainments, was com- 
 pelled to flee the country when the reform 
 movement was crushed. Coming to Amer- 
 ica in 1849, Doctor Hochheimer located in 
 Baltimore where he has since continued to 
 reside. The Doctor was married before leav- 
 ing the Fatherland to Miss Rosalie England- 
 er, a native of Bavaria, who encountered with 
 liim all the hardships of his flight from the 
 old country, and the deprivations incident 
 to establishing themselves in a strange land. 
 
 Mr. Hochheimer is in politics an inde- 
 pendent with strong leanings toward prohi- 
 bition. He is a member of the Masonic Or- 
 <ler, having passed through the chairs of 
 Center Lodge, No. 108; Concordia Chapter, 
 No. I, and has occupied all but the highest 
 chair of the Concordia Council, No. i. He 
 is also a member of the Independent Order 
 of Mechanics, in which he has occupied all 
 the official chairs. Mr. Hochheimer is still 
 a bachelor and a devotee of the wheel. 
 
 Mr. Thomas S. Hodson, Attorncy-at- 
 Law, 6 E. Lexington street. The "family of 
 which ]\Ir. Thomas S. Hodson is a worthy 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 847 
 
 representative is descended from one John 
 Hodson, who came from near Canterbury, 
 England, and settled in the colony of Mary- 
 land in 1664 with his family of eleven sons, 
 one of whom was named after him. He 
 married a second time in Dorchester county 
 and of this family a son was named John 
 also, and was known as John second to dis- 
 tinguish him from John, Jr., who received a 
 grant of a tract of land known as "Maiden 
 Forest," which became the homestead of the 
 Hodson family. 
 
 John Hodson, Sr., was prominent in pub- 
 lic afifairs and a member of the Colonial As- 
 sembly, which position he was filling at the 
 time of his death. He was a large landed 
 proprietor, accumulating upwards of four 
 thousand acres of Maryland's finest land. 
 During one of the Indian Wars, he, together 
 with other public-spirited citizens, furnished 
 tobacco from the proceeds of which the war 
 was successfully carried on. Many years 
 after the State repaid the debt to his heirs. 
 
 The father of our subject, Thomas J. 
 Hodson, was a man prominent in the afifairs 
 of the nation. Between the years 1818 and 
 '32, Mr. Hodson resided in Washington. 
 Between the years '42 and '53 he resided in 
 Florida, where he acquired large tracts of 
 land, and during his residence there specu- 
 lated in real estate on a large scale. During 
 part of those years he served the Govern- 
 ment as register of the Land Office. He 
 married Margaret, daughter of Willis Vin- 
 cent, of Dorchester county. Willis Vincent 
 served at one time as sheriff when it was 
 more of an honor than it is usually consid- 
 ered now. He died at the early age of 
 thirty-five or six. 
 
 The great-grandfather of our subject, 
 Thomas Hodson, moved to Boston in 1766 
 
 and resided there during the Revolutionary 
 War, eventually returning to his native 
 State, where he died in 1803. His son, 
 Levin Hodson, the grandfather of our sub- 
 ject, married Lydia Sherwood, of Talbot 
 county, and died in 1809, leaving four chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Mr. Hodson, of this sketch, was born in 
 Dorchester county, August 21, 1837. First 
 attending the public schools of his native 
 county he next completed the course of 
 The Sherman Institute near East New 
 Market. Entering Yale in the class of '58, 
 Mr. Hodson 's course there was cut short by 
 a severe spell of pneumonia, which necessi- 
 tated his return home as soon as able to 
 travel. The succeeding fall he matriculated 
 in Princeton College, graduating well up in 
 the class of '57. His Alma Mater conferred 
 upon him the degree of Master of Arts in 
 1882. He had had conferred upon 'him 
 prior to this time the degree of LL. D. by 
 Dickinson College of Pennsylvania. Mr. 
 Hodson's first intention was to enter the 
 ministry, and he gave three or four years 
 to the study of theology. In 1863 he be- 
 came the editor of The Somerset Herald, a 
 staunch supporter of Republican principles. 
 During his editorship, Mr. Hodson read law 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1872, prac- 
 ticing at Crisfield, Md., until his coming to 
 Baltimore in 1891. 
 
 Mr. Hodson had always been prominent 
 in public affairs of the State of Maryland, 
 having espoused the cause of Republicanism 
 while a very young man in the campaign of 
 i860 at a time when it was anything but a 
 popular or safe move for a man to make 
 in the South. During the terms of '84 and 
 '86, Mr. Hodson represented his county in 
 tiie State Senate, and for two terms, begin- 
 
848 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 ning in 75, he served as collector of the 
 port of Crisfield. At the National Republi- 
 can Conventions of 1884 and 1892 Mr. Hod- 
 son represented the State as delegate-at- 
 large. In '91 Mr. Hodson moved to Bal- 
 timore, opening an office on Fa3'ette street, 
 later moving to his present chambers on E. 
 Lexington street. 
 
 Mr. Hodson has been twice married. 
 First to Miss Alice Mauck, of Laurel, Del. 
 Her brother, Maj. Clarence Mauck, in 
 command of the Fourth United States Cav- 
 alry, distinguished himself in the campaign 
 of Northern Texas, and was with General 
 McKenzie when he crossed the Rio Grande 
 for the first time, following the red-skins on 
 to foreign soil. Mr. Hodson's second mar- 
 riage was to Miss Clara, daughter of Mr. 
 Samuel G. Miles, formerly of Somerset 
 county, Md. Of Mr. Hodson's sons, the 
 eldest, Clarence, is distinguishing himself as 
 a financier. Admitted to the bar, he soon 
 displayed his fine executive ability by or- 
 ganizing a bank at Crisfield, which has been 
 followed by others at Delmar, Upper Marl- 
 boro and at Lonaconing. He is at the head 
 of several successful building associations 
 and the ist of September, 1897, The Mary- 
 land Home Fire Insurance Company, of 
 which he is president, opened for business in 
 Baltimore. 
 
 W. Burns Trundle. — Among the mem- 
 bers of Baltimore bar who hail from the 
 mountain regions of the State must be men- 
 tioned Mr. W. Burns Trundle. Born at Mt. 
 Auburn, his fatlier's estate in Frederick 
 county, December 2. 1847, he attended the 
 public schools of the county until the out- 
 break of the Civil War. During tliat stormy 
 period he remained at home, waiting until 
 the close of the war before renewing his 
 
 studies. Entering Calvert College at New 
 Windsor in '65, at the age of seventeen, he 
 graduated in two years, completing in that 
 time the four years' course, and ranking at 
 the head of his class. Beginning in Septem- 
 ber, '67, Mr. Trundle taught in an academy 
 near Charlestown, W. Va., at the same time 
 reading law under the tutorage of his uncle, 
 Mr. N. S. White, a well-known member of 
 that bar. In September, '67, he entered the 
 office of Judge John Ritchie, and the loth of 
 October of that year was admitted to the 
 bar of Frederick, Md., after examination by 
 Judges Maulsby and Lynch. Shortly after 
 his admission to the bar, Mr. Trundle came 
 to Baltimore, where he opened an office and 
 has been a success in his profession 
 from the start. Mr. Trundle has never been 
 associated with a partner, preferring to man- 
 age his practice entirely alone. His prac- 
 tice extends to all branches of the law ex- 
 cepting criminal cases, which he dislikes. 
 
 Our subject is a son of Mr. Otho Wilson 
 Trundle, a native of Maryland, who died in 
 1891, at the age of seventy-five. He was 
 for many years a prominent agriculturalist 
 of Frederick county, and his large estate 
 "Mt. Auburn" was one of the finest in the 
 western section of the State, ^h. Trundle 
 is descended from William Burns, of Scot- 
 land, first cousin of Robert Burns, the Scot- 
 tish bard. His father, Otho Wilson Trun- 
 dle, married Sarah White, daughter of Mr. 
 Benjamin White, a prominent citizen of 
 Montgomery county, Md. 
 
 Mr. Trundle, subject of this sketch, has 
 been a member of the Episcopal Church 
 since his eighteenth year, and for twenty- 
 three years past a vestryman of St. Barthol- 
 omew's congregation, of Baltimore. He 
 married Annie ^I. Drvden, dauHiter of Mr. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 849 
 
 Joshua R. Dryden, a well-known retired 
 merchant of Baltimore. Air. Trundle is a 
 member of the Maryland Historical Society 
 and of the City and State Bar Associations. 
 Of the secret orders the Royal Arcanum 
 is the only one which can claim his member- 
 ship. In politics he is a Democrat, but not 
 a partisan, claiming the right to work and 
 vote against any man or measure that may 
 be advanced by those in control of the party 
 when the public interest, in his judgment, 
 requires it. He is especially opposed to ma- 
 chine politics and boss rule. If all who wield 
 the franchise were of that stamp political 
 impurity would soon disappear. 
 
 Mr. Johx Hanxibal. — Among the 
 prominent younger members of the Bal- 
 timore bar must be mentioned Mr. 
 John Hannibal, a native Baltimorean, 
 whose birth occurred December 20, 
 i860. His father, Plenry Hannibal, was 
 a native of Germany, who, on coming to 
 America, settled in Baltimore, where he es- 
 tablished himself in mercantile business, 
 wiiich he conducted successfully until the 
 time of his death in 1883, in the prime of his 
 business career, at the age of fifty-eight. 
 Mr. Hannibal was educated in private 
 schools of his native city, supplementing 
 them with a course in Bryant and Stratton's 
 Business College, fitting himself for a mer- 
 cantile career. After the death of his father 
 Mr. Hannibal decided to adopt the legal pro- 
 fession, and matriculated in the Law School 
 of the University of Maryland in 1885, being 
 shortly after admitted to the bar and imme- 
 diately began practice, at which he has been 
 signally successful. He has never had a 
 partner, preferring to practice alone. Mr. 
 Hannibal is affiliated with a number of the 
 
 leading social and benevolent organiza- 
 tions. He is a member of Adherence Lodge, 
 A. F. and A. M.; Madison Lodge, I. O. O. 
 F.; Steuben Lodge, Knights of Pythias; 
 Merchants' Council, Royal Arcanum, and 
 the Shield of Honor. In politics Mr. Han- 
 nibal is a staunch Democrat, taking a lively 
 interest therein, and while seeking no office, 
 he is always found in the field when a politi- 
 cal campaign is on. In 1896 he was a dele- 
 gate to the National Convention of his party 
 at Chicago and was one of the electors 
 named by them to represent his State in the 
 Electoral College. He is also a member of 
 the Supervisory Committee. 
 
 Mr. Hannibal is recognized as one of the 
 leading attorneys at the Baltimore bar. and 
 is withal a genial, courteous gentleman with 
 a host of warm friends. His offices are in 
 the Law Building, 
 
 Mr. Louis B. Bernei. — Among the 
 well-known- members of the Baltimore bar, 
 who are a credit to the profession, may be 
 mentioned Mr. Louis B. Bernei. Born in 
 Baltimore, April 10, 1859, Mr. Bernei se- 
 cured his education in the public schools of 
 the city and the City College, from which he 
 graduated with first honors in 1876. Enter- 
 ing the University of Virginia, he graduated 
 from that famous old institution well up in 
 his class in 1880, receiving his degree of 
 Master of Arts. Deciding on the legal pro- 
 fession for his career in life, Mr. Bernei be- 
 gan the study of law in the office of Mr. 
 Luther M. Reynolds, and graduated from 
 the Law School of the University of Mary- 
 land in 1882. For two years he practiced 
 with his old preceptor, since which time he 
 has been in partnership with no one. Mr. 
 Bernei's practice is probably most extensive 
 
850 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in mercantile and patent law, altliough his 
 practice is general excepting criminal cases. 
 Mr. Bernei in prominent in fraternal circles. 
 He is Past Master of Warren Lodge, A. F. 
 and A. M. ; a member of St. John's Chapter 
 and the Albert Pike Lodge of Scottish Rite 
 Masons, having attained the Thirty-second 
 degree. He is a member of the Royal Ar- 
 canum, Merchants' Council and of the Or- 
 der B'nai B'rith, District No. 5, being a 
 Judge in its Court of Appeals and a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Control of its Orphans' 
 Home at Atlanta. 
 
 He is a leading member of the Hebrew 
 Benevolent Association, that at their annual 
 banquet raise many thousands of dollars for 
 benevolent purposes for the needy of their 
 race. The Clover Club, a social organiza- 
 tion, has him on its membership roll. In 
 politics Mr. Bernei is an Independent 
 Democrat, reservingthe right to cast his bal- 
 lot against any man or measure advanced 
 by his party which his conscience cannot ap- 
 [)rove. 
 
 Mr. Edwin J. Griffin, surviving mem- 
 ber of the old and well known firm of Thos. 
 W. Griffin & Son, was born in Baltimore, 
 January 28, 1852. Attending private and 
 public schools, until the age of sixteen, Mr. 
 Griffin began the study of law in his father's 
 office, followed by a course in the Law 
 School of the Universit\- of jNIaryland, from 
 which he graduated in 1874. and a few- 
 months later was admitted to the bar and 
 began the practice of law in partnership 
 with his father, which continued until the 
 death of the latter in 1886. Mr. Griffin, how- 
 ever, continues business under the old 
 firm's name. He engages in the general 
 practice of law except criminal cases, which 
 
 are not to his taste. Conveyancing and 
 equity and Orphans' Court business make 
 up the greater part of his practice. Thomas 
 W. Griffin was born in Washington in 1825, 
 coming to Baltimore in early childhood; 
 when a young man he read law in the office 
 of one of the leading attorneys of the day, 
 and when admitted to the bar began the 
 practice of his profession, which grew to be 
 large and lucrative. He was a Republican 
 from the organization of the party, having 
 been an old time Whig. During the war 
 he served as police magistrate and had 
 served as magistrate many years prior to 
 that time. He married Miss Mary S., daugh- 
 ter of Mr. Simon West, of Baltimore. The 
 immigrant ancestor of Mr. Griffin came from 
 the border between Scotland and England 
 and settled in Charles county in colonial 
 days. Richard West, great-grandfather of 
 our subject, was a soldier in the War of 
 1812. 
 
 Mr. Griffin is a member of the Masonic 
 fraternity. Past Alaster of Warren Lodge, 
 Past High Priest of St. John's Chapter, 
 Deputy Illustrious Master of Concordia 
 Council, member of the Baltimore Com- 
 mander}-, and is Senior Warden of Albert 
 Pike Lodge, Scottish Rite Masons of 
 the Thirty-second degree. The only office 
 Mr. Griffin has ever accepted at the hands 
 of the people is that of school commissioner 
 of the First ward. In politics he is a life 
 long Republican, taking a deep interest in 
 the party's welfare, but asking no political 
 preferment. He is interested in the upbuild- 
 ing of the city, helping it as secretary for 
 many years of East Baltimore Business 
 Men's Association, being connected with 
 many building associations, and serving as 
 their attorney. Mr. Griffin is married to 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 851 
 
 Alice A., daughter of Mr. Samuel Ring 
 Rose, of Baltimore, and both are earnest 
 members of the Methodist Protestant 
 Church. 
 
 The first American ancestor of Messrs. 
 Charles C. and Francis T. Homer was 
 Charles C. Homer, First, who came from 
 Hanover, Germany, to America in 1828. He 
 was a farmer most of his life, and was en- 
 gaged in the meat packing business for 
 many years, accumulating a comfortable 
 fortune. His son, Charles C. Homer, Sr., 
 a native of Baltimore, was for many years 
 associated with his father in his various 
 business enterprises. He is now president 
 of the Second National Bank of Baltimore. 
 His wife was Miss Fannie M. Holthaus. 
 
 Charles C, Jr., and Francis T. Homer 
 were born in Baltimore; the former Octo- 
 ber 15, 1870, and the latter January 6, 1872. 
 After attending private schools in the city, 
 they became pupils of Loyola College, grad- 
 uating from that institution in 1892, with the 
 degree of A. B. Taking up the study of 
 law in the Maryland University Law School, 
 they graduated in 1894, and immediately 
 began practice in the city. Mr. Charles C. 
 Homer, Jr., after a time discontinued the 
 practice of law to accept the vice-presidency 
 of the Second National Bank of Baltimore. 
 ]\Ir. Francis T. is now associated in practice 
 with Mr. Willis. Both are members of Ger- 
 mania Lodge, A. F. and A. M., and of the 
 Reformed Lutheran Church. In political 
 beliefs they adhere to the principles of the 
 old Democratic party that is unswervingly 
 in favor of sound money for our currency 
 and for fair trade. 
 
 Hon. Francis Putnam Stevens for over 
 fifty-two years has been a resident of Bal- 
 timore. His birthplace was Ashburnham, 
 Mass., born on the 4th day of October, 
 1842. During the past thirty-three years he 
 has been well known as a prominent citizen 
 and lawyer. 
 
 Educated in the schools and academies of 
 Baltimore, he entered in January, 1859, 
 upon the study of law in the ofifices of Mil- 
 ton Whitney and Hon. John L. Thomas, Jr., 
 both of whom were eminent members of the 
 bar. In September, i860, he entered the law 
 school of Harvard University, and gradu- 
 ated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws 
 in 1862. Returning from Cambridge, Mass., 
 he entered the law office of Mr. Reverdy 
 Johnson, Jr., continuing his studies until he 
 was of age, being admitted to the Baltimore 
 bar November 2, 1863, on motion of Mr. 
 Johnson. 
 
 His first step in political life was as a can- 
 didate for the House of Delegates in the 
 fall of 1866, to the Legislature of 1867, to 
 which he was elected on the Democratic 
 Conservative ticket. This Legislature 
 passed the Convention bill, providing for a 
 new Constitution for the State and effected 
 the overthrow of the Republican party in 
 the State by the Constitution of 1867. Mr. 
 Stevens was an ardent supporter of this 
 measure. During this session he served on 
 the Judiciary, Claims and other important 
 committees, introduced the bill to permit 
 the City Passenger Railway to run cars on 
 Sunday, for a fire-boat for the harbor of 
 Baltimore, and many amendments to the 
 laws of the State. He was elected to the 
 State Senate on November 4, 1873, l^v a ma- 
 jority of 3,402 in the district over John Car- 
 
852 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 son, the Republican candidate. During the 
 session of 1874 he served on the Judiciary 
 Committee and the Committee on Educa- 
 tion, Corporations and Elections, and was 
 chairman of the Committee on Labor and 
 Immigration, and of the Committee on the 
 Extension of the Limits of Baltimore City. 
 
 He was prominently mentioned in the 
 Senate of 1876 for president of that body, 
 but declined to be a candidate. During 
 this session he was chairman of the Judi- 
 ciary Committee and of the Joint Commit- 
 tee of the House and Senate upon the Cen- 
 tennial of the LTnited States, serving on the 
 Committee on Federal Relations, Printing 
 and on other special committees. 
 
 He introduced the bill making an appro- 
 priation for the erection of the Maryland 
 building commemorating the one hun- 
 dredth anniversary of American Independ- 
 ence at Philadelphia. 
 
 He was a member of the Congress of Au- 
 thors which met in Independence Hall, 
 Philadelphia, July i, 1876, and contributed 
 a sketch for deposit there of Hon. John 
 Henry, Jr., Governor of Maryland, mem- 
 ber of the Continental Congress, and first 
 United States Senator from the Eastern 
 Shore. 
 
 Mr. Stevens' next political service was as 
 a member of the Second Branch of the Bal- 
 timore City Council for two years — 1878-79 
 — representing the Eleventh and Twelfth 
 wards. He was chairman of the new Post- 
 ofifice Committee, and through his and 
 others efforts the new postoffice site was 
 selected. On the occasion of its dedication 
 September 12, 1889, Mr. Stevens made an 
 address in the building. Mr. Stevens is the 
 son of Samuel Small and Martha Osgood 
 Stevens: his parents came to this city in 
 
 1844: his father, Samuel S., was the largest 
 manufacturer of cabinet furniture in the 
 South for many years, well known and most 
 highly esteemed in this community. He 
 died December i, 1874. His mother is still 
 living in good health at the age of eighty- 
 eight. She is a descendant of John Osgood, 
 among whose descendants was Samuel Os- 
 good, aide to Gen.ArtemusWard.a member 
 of Provincial Congress, one of the Board of 
 War, one of the commissioners to manage 
 the Treasury of the United States, a mem- 
 ber of President Washington's cabinet as 
 first Postmaster General, and after\vards 
 Collector of Customs at New York. Other 
 prominent men related to the family were 
 Samuel Stevens, John Putnam, John Os- 
 good and Robert Fletcher, all of whom bore 
 a conspicuous part in the early history and 
 struggle for independence of the colonies, 
 Samuel Stevens being a lieutenant and John 
 Putnam a captain in the Continental Army, 
 "embattled farmers," who rallied to the 
 "first alarm at Lexington" on April 19, 
 1775, when "the shot was fired which was 
 heard round the world." Among others 
 whose history is interwoven with the estab- 
 lishment of the independence of the colonies, 
 to whom Mr. Stevens is related, were Gen. 
 Israel Putnam, the senior major general of 
 the army of General Washington, Gen. Ru- 
 fus Putnam and Gen. Ebenezer Stevens. All 
 his ancestors were English. 
 
 Mr. Stevens married, September 27, 1864, 
 Alexina. youngest daughter of Alexander 
 J. and .\rianna Bouldin. Her father, grand- 
 father and great-grandfather were eminent 
 surveyors, and her brother Augustus was 
 for fourteen years surveyor of Baltimore. 
 She is a great-grandmother of Thomas Sel- 
 lers, the first naval officer of the port of Bal- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 853 
 
 timore, and great-granddaughter of Thom- 
 as Owings, of Owings Mills, Baltimore 
 county. 
 
 The sons are Francis Alexander and Mor- 
 ris Putnam — are both lawyers, the latter be- 
 ing a law partner of his father. Mr. Stevens 
 has occupied many positions of honor and 
 trust, among them as manager on the part 
 of the city, appointed by the Mayor, of the 
 Industrial Home for Colored Girls for four- 
 teen years. He is now secretary of the 
 Board of Managers and chairman of the 
 Executive Committee. For the years 
 1S76-77 he was manager of the House of 
 Refuge, and is a life director of the Boys' 
 Home, etc. In 1880 he was appointed by 
 Mayor Latrobe chairman of the Sesqui- 
 centennial committee to celebrate the one 
 hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the 
 founding of the city of Baltimore. 
 
 He has been a member of Madison Av- 
 enue Methodist Episcopal Church since 
 i860, is a member of Fidelity Lodge, No. 
 136. A. F. and A. M., and of Beauseant 
 Commandery, Masonic Knights Templar, 
 is one of the vice-presidents of the Maryland 
 Prisoners' Aid Society and secretary of the 
 JMaryland Sunday-school Union. 
 
 Mr. Stevens and his father, the latter Sam- 
 uel S. Stevens, together with Mr. G. S. 
 Griffith and others, were among the organ- 
 izers of "The Baltimore Christian Associa- 
 tion" in 1862, which afterwards became 
 "The United States Christian Commission," 
 the operations of which extended through- 
 out the United States for the relief of sick 
 and wounded soldiers. 
 
 Air. Stevens was also one of the organi- 
 zers of the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tion of North Baltimore, which was formed 
 
 April 19, 1859, and was corresponding sec- 
 retary thereof. 
 
 In addition to the above Mr. Stevens is a 
 member of the Maryland Society Sons of 
 the American Revolution, was one of the in- 
 corporators, drew its charter, served as its 
 treasurer for several years and as one of its 
 Board of Managers, and is now one of the 
 most active members. He is a member of 
 the City and State Bar Association and of 
 many other societies. 
 
 Mr. J. Charles Linthicum. the subject 
 of this sketch and one of the well known at- 
 torneys of Baltimore City, was born in Anne 
 Arundel county, Md., about six miles south 
 of that city. November 26, 1867. Mr. Lin- 
 thicum is one of Maryland's oldest and best 
 known families, his father being Sweetser 
 Linthicum, a native of Anne Arundel coun- 
 ty, and one of Maryland's largest landed 
 proprietors, whose father was William Lin- 
 thicum and his mother Betsy Sweetser, a 
 daughter of Seth Sweetser. 
 
 Sweetser Linthicum married ]\Iiss Laura 
 E. Smith, also of Anne Arundel county, in 
 the year 1847, from which union of over 
 fift)--one years there have been born unto 
 them eleven children, nine of whom are 
 now living. 
 
 I\Ir. J. Charles Linthicum was educated 
 in the public schools of his native county 
 and those of Baltimore City, also in the 
 Knapp Institute and the Maryland State 
 Normal School, from which latter institu- 
 tion he was graduated in 1886; after his 
 graduation he was elected principal of Brad- 
 dock School, Frederick county, and though 
 not yet nineteen years of age, he success- 
 fully conducted the school during the follow- 
 ing year, after which he took a special 
 
854 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 course in history, political economy and in- 
 ternational law, at the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Choosing the profession of law, Mr. Lin- 
 thicum entered the Law School of the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland, from which he was 
 graduated and received the degree of LL. 
 B. in 1890. One year prior to this event, 
 however, he had taken an examination be- 
 fore the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City 
 and was admitted to practice in the Courts. 
 He enjoys a large practice which keeps him 
 constantly busy. During the present year 
 he has associated with him his brother, Seth 
 Hance Linthicum, a member of the bar and 
 a graduate of St. John's College with the 
 degree of B. A., under the firm name of J. 
 Chas. Linthicum & Bro., which firm enjoys 
 the confidence and respect of the public and 
 is well known in legal circles. 
 
 Socially, Mr. Linthicum is a regular at- 
 tendant of church, but does not belong to 
 any clubs, nor does he take any special in- 
 terest in politics, attending solely to his 
 practice and private business interests. He 
 has been twice married, his first wife being 
 a Miss Eugenia May Bidcn, a talented and 
 finely educated young lady, of Baltimore; 
 she died several years ago. His second 
 wife, with whom he now resides at their 
 commodious residence in Baltimore, was 
 Mrs. Helen A. Clark, nee Perry, whose 
 first husband was the late Gabriel D. Clark, 
 of Baltimore. She was born in Saratoga 
 Springs, N. Y. Mrs. Linthicum's father. 
 Dr. John L. Perry, was a noted physician 
 of his native town, and her mother, Harriet 
 Perry, nee Sadler, was one of the best 
 known Christian women of that section. 
 
 Mrs. Linthicum has three sisters and one 
 brother now living, her brother being Dr. 
 
 John L. Perry (named after his father), of 
 Saratoga Springs. She is of English de- 
 scent, one of her ancestors being Commo- 
 dore Perry, of historical fame. She is a lady 
 of high intellect, a fine education and is con- 
 stantly sought after in both the business 
 and social world. 
 
 Mr. a. Robinson White. Attorney-at- 
 Law, Central Savings Bank Building, is a 
 native of Howard county and was born at 
 the family country seat. February 16, 1857. 
 His father, Charles Ridgeley White, was a 
 native of Baltimore, where he lived until 
 after his marriage, moving thence to How- 
 ard county, which has since been his home. 
 He married Mary Louisa, daughter of Mr. 
 Bernard Waters, whose father, Charles Wa- 
 ters, was a native of England. Steven- 
 son White, the grandfather of our subject, 
 was for many years a member of the well 
 known firm of Henry White & Brothers. 
 who for many years conducted an extensive 
 business in Baltimore. The first American 
 ancestor was Dr. John Campbell White, a 
 native of the north of Ireland, who with his 
 thirteen sons was compelled to emigrate at 
 the close of the Irish rebellion in 1798, hav- 
 ing espoused the losing side in that disturb- 
 ance. He was one of the very prominent 
 physicians of his day and became a resident 
 of Baltimore shortly after coming to Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 Mr. A. Robinson White attended private 
 schools, St. Clement's Academy at Elli- 
 cott City and vSt. John's College at Annapo- 
 lis. After reading law for a suitable time 
 in the office of Mr. Frederick J. Brown, Mr. 
 White was called to the bar of Baltimore 
 City in March, 1878, since which date he 
 has g-iven his time exclusively to his practice. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 855 
 
 which extends to all branches of law except 
 criminal cases. Mr. White's only appear- 
 ance in the Criminal Courts was by ap- 
 pointment of the Court in a case very dis- 
 tasteful to him, and he has accepted no cases 
 in that brancli of the law since. His prefer- 
 ence and principal practice is in cases in- 
 volving the law of real estate. 
 
 Mr. White is a Democrat in politics, and 
 while not an active politician, frequently is 
 heard in the hustings for some candidate 
 whose qualifications for office he especially 
 commends. 
 
 Mr. White married Miss Mary Louisa 
 Carter, daughter of Mr. Bernard Carter, 
 mention of whom is made elsewhere in this 
 work. 
 
 Mr. Joseph C. pRANCEwas born in York, 
 Pa., October ii, 1862, during the temporary 
 residence of his parents in that city. 
 
 He attended the Baltimore City College, 
 graduating from that institution in 1879 
 with first honors. After taking a special 
 course at Johns Hopkins University, 
 Mr. France entered the law depart- 
 ment of the University of Maryland and was 
 graduated in 1883, taking the first scholar- 
 ship prize. He was admitted to the Balti- 
 more bar on reaching the age of twenty-one 
 and has practiced his profession ever since. 
 
 Is a son of the late Rev. Joseph France, 
 of the Baltimore Conference of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, whose grandfather, 
 Joseph France, came to this country in the 
 last century and died in Philadelphia at the 
 close of the Revolution. Married, 1892, 
 Roberta Lee, daughter of Adolph Simon, 
 of Baltimore, and has two children, Joseph 
 and Robert. 
 
 Mr. William H. Bayless, Daily Rec- 
 ord Building. — Mr. Bayless is a scion of an 
 old Scottish family that has upwards of two 
 centuries been well known and leading citi- 
 zens on American soil. The emigrant an- 
 cestor settled first in New Jersey, but a cen- 
 tury and a half ago the family seat was 
 changed to Harford county, Md. The es- 
 tate owned by the forefather at that time has 
 never been out of the family, having de- 
 scended from father to son during all those 
 years, and has never been the subject of a 
 deed or mortgage. 
 
 William F. Bayless, father of our subject, 
 a native of Harford county, was born in the 
 year 181 5, and died in '73, at the compara- 
 tively early age of fifty-eight. He was a 
 very prominent citizen of Harford county. 
 He was for many years president of the 
 Board of County School Commissioners, 
 and upon him devolved the responsibility of 
 examining teachers and granting certifi- 
 cates. He was a man of broad and liberal 
 education, whose death caused a vacancy 
 in the community hard to fill. He repre- 
 sented his county in both branches of the 
 Legislature and served on prominent com- 
 mittees while a member of those bodies. He 
 married Miss Sarah E. Hanna, daughter of 
 the late Col. William Hanna. 
 
 Mr. Bayless, subject of this sketch, was 
 born in Harford county, Md., April 26, 
 1854. After a suitable time in the public 
 schools of his native county, Mr. Bayless 
 was a pupil for several years in Washington 
 Institute at Columbia, Pa., later attending 
 Lafayette College at Easton, Pa., where 
 he graduated in 1874, after a four years' 
 course, at the age of twenty. Beginning 
 the study of law in the office of the Hon. 
 Henry D. Farnandis, he pursued his studies 
 
856 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 one year in the Law School of the Univer- 
 sity of Maryland. Seeing a favorable open- 
 ing in the West, Mr. Bayless entered the 
 Law School of the State University at Iowa 
 City, la., graduating in the spring of 1877, 
 and was shortly after admitted to the bar, 
 after e.xamination before the Supreme 
 Court of the State. Fearing the severity of 
 the climate of the West, Mr. Bayless re- 
 turned to Baltimore, was admitted on cer- 
 tificate to practice in the Courts of Balti- 
 more and the State of Maryland, and short- 
 ly after associated himself with Mr. Orlan- 
 do F. Bump, the association lasting until the 
 death of that gentleman. Since 1881 Mr. 
 Bayless has been in practice entirely alone. 
 His practice extends over all branches of 
 the law excepting criminal cases, in which 
 he will not accept retainers, but prefers 
 equity cases and practice in the Orphans' 
 Court. 
 
 Mr. Bayless is a stockholder and director 
 in the National Howard Bank, of Baltimore. 
 He is trustee in the Boundary Avenue Pres- 
 byterian Church, of which his family are 
 members. In politics he is a Democrat, and 
 while taking a lively interest in the cam- 
 paigns, is not an active politician and de- 
 cidedly not an office holder. 
 
 Mr. Bayless married Miss Annie P. Sil- 
 ver, daughter of Mr. James Silver, deceased, 
 a member of one of the old and prominent 
 families of Harford county. 
 
 Mr. Peter E. Tome, 33 S. Gay street, a 
 native of York county. Pa., was born Octo- 
 ber 28, 1848. His father, Peter E. Tome, 
 Sr., was also a native of York county, where 
 he is a pros]x;rous farmer. He is of old co- 
 lonial stock, the emigrant ancestor having 
 come to the countrv about the time of Wil- 
 
 liam Penn. The original spelling of the 
 name was Toombe of English origin, but 
 for the last century and a half the orthog- 
 raphy has been as written now — Tome. Mr. 
 Tome's mother was a daughter of Mr. 
 George Woodson, of York county. 
 
 Our subject attended the public schools 
 of his native place and a school at West Not- 
 tingham near Port Deposit, Md., graduat- 
 ing from the latter in 1879. He finished his 
 literary course at Lafayette College at 
 Easton, Pa., in '83. Beginning the study of 
 law in the office of the Hon. George Haw- 
 kins, Mr. Tome completed his professional 
 course at the L'niversity of Maryland Law 
 School, graduating in May, 1885, being ad- 
 mitted to the bar on the last day of that 
 month. Mr. Tome has never been a mem- 
 ber of a partnership, preferring to practice 
 his profession alone. His practice, which is 
 general, excepting that he will take no crim- 
 inal cases, has grown in the twelve years of 
 his professional career to comfortable pro- 
 portions. ;\Ir. Tome is a prominent mem- 
 ber of the Masonic fraternity, holding mem- 
 bership in the Patapsco Lodge, No. 183, of 
 Sparrow's Point; Adoniram Chapter of 
 Royal x-\rch IMasons; Maryland Command- 
 ery. No. i, Knight^Templar, and in the Al- 
 bert Pike Consistory, Scottish Rite Masons, 
 in which he has attained the Thirty-third 
 degree, an unusual honor, there being only 
 about fourteen of the degree in the entire 
 State. 
 
 He is a member of \\'arren Lodge, No. 
 71, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and 
 also of the Royal Arcanum. Of the clubs of 
 the city he is on the membership rolls of 
 the Merchants' Club. In politics he is a 
 member of the Madison Avenue Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 85; 
 
 Mr. J. Markham Marshall, Glenn 
 Building. Among the younger attorneys of 
 the Baltimore bar who are winning their 
 way to distinction is the subject of this 
 sketch. Mr. J. Markham Marshall was born 
 in Baltimore August i, 1871. After attend- 
 ing private and the high schools in Balti- 
 more and Virginia, Mr. Marshall matricu- 
 lated in the University of Virginia, where he 
 received his M. A. degree in June, 1893, and 
 the degree of B. L. the following year. Go- 
 ing abroad immediately, he travelled during 
 the summer through Europe, returning in 
 the autumn, when he was examined and ad- 
 mitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of 
 Baltimore in October. 1894. Mr. Marshall 
 began the practice of his profession without 
 the aid of a partner, continuing that way 
 until January I. 1897, when he became jun- 
 ior partner in the firm of which his father 
 is the head. i\Ir. Charles Marshall, senior 
 member, father of our subject, is a native 
 of Fauquier county, Va.,his birth occurring 
 in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 
 1852, since which time he has been a leading 
 member of the Baltimore bar. During the 
 Civil War he was on the staff of Gen. Robert 
 E. Lee, ranking as colonel. He married 
 Miss Rebecca, daughter of Richard Snow- 
 den, of Maryland. 
 
 Mr. J. Markham Marshall is a member 
 of the Baltimore Club, the Catonsville 
 Country Club and the Chi Phi college fra- 
 ternity. In politics he is a Democrat. 
 
 Mr. S. Taggart Steele, a member of 
 the leading legal firm of Steele, Semmes, 
 Carey & Bond, has been a practitioner at 
 the bar of Baltimore since his graduation 
 from the University of Maryland Law 
 School in the spring of 1887. His birth 
 
 occurred in Baltimore, November 21, 1863. 
 After preparatory courses in private schools 
 Mr. Steele attended the University of Vir- 
 ginia for two years prior to his law studies 
 mentioned above. After his admission to 
 the bar, Mr. Steele practiced in association 
 with his father, Mr. L Nevitt Steele, until 
 the death of the latter in 1892. From that 
 date until January I, 1897, Mr. Steele was 
 associated with the firm of Steele, Semmes 
 & Carey, of which his brother, Mr. John N. 
 Steele, is senior member. On the date last 
 mentioned William S. Taggart Steele, Wil- 
 liam H. Buckley and Mr. N. P. Bond came 
 into the firm which is known as Steele, Sem- 
 mes. Carey & Bond. Mr. Steele's practice 
 is a general one, excepting criminal cases. 
 The law of real estate, however, receives 
 more of his attention than any other one 
 branch of the law. Mr. Steele is one of the 
 governors of the Maryland Club. His in- 
 terest in outdoor sports is indicated by his 
 membership in the Baltimore Cricket, Golf, 
 Bicycle and Athletic Clubs, as well as the 
 Roland Park Club and the Bachelors' Co- 
 tilHon Club. In politics Mr. Steele is a 
 Democrat. Religiously he is a member of 
 Grace Episcopal Church, of which his wife 
 is also a member. Mrs. Steele (7iec Thomp- 
 son) was a native of Springfield, Mass., the 
 daughter'of the late James Madison Tliomp- 
 
 Mr. Hyland p. Stewart.— Chester- 
 town, Kent county, Md., is the birthplace of 
 Mr. Hyland P. Stewart, and the date of that 
 event was August 15, 1863. His father, 
 William H. Stewart, one of the most es- 
 teemed citizens of Kent county, is descended 
 from the immigrant ancestor, David B. 
 Stewart, through his son David, who was a 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 mere boy when the family moved from Soot- 
 land to America in colonial times. Mr. Wil- 
 liam H. Stewart married Miss Sarah E. ' 
 Murphy, of Kent county. Her grandfather 
 Murphy was a soldier in the War of 1812. I 
 
 The childhood and youth of Mr. Stewart 
 were spent on the farm, where he attended \ 
 to the usual duties incident to rural life, go- 
 ing to the public school through the winter 
 seasons. Entering Washington College in j 
 1880, he won the gold medal for industry 
 and progress in the year 1882, and the year 
 following graduated with first honors, hav- 
 ing won the distinction of reading the Latin 
 salutatory. On completing his literary ; 
 course 'Mr. Stewart came to Baltimore to 
 study law in the University of Maryland 
 from which he was graduated in May, 1885, 
 ranking very near the first in a large class, 
 notwithstanding having completed a three 
 years' course in two. In the fall of his grad- 
 uating year Mr. Stewart began the practice 
 of his profession without the assistance of a 
 partner, and he has continued to practice 
 alone as advocate and counsellor in all 
 classes of cases except in the criminal court. 
 He has by his own merit built up a lucrative 
 practice in the courts of Baltimore City. 
 
 In politics Mr. Stewart is a thorough 
 Democrat, and although he has no desire 
 for office, takes a lively interest in the State 
 and national campaigns, appearing upon the 
 hustings for the measures and candidates 
 of his party organization. At the time of 
 the rising of the business men of the State 
 to throw ofT ring rule in 1890, Mr. Stewart 
 was a member of the convention, serving as 
 its secretary, and was appointed one of the 
 delegates to the State Convention, which 
 met later, and successfully accomplished the 
 mission of the movement. 
 
 ^Ir. Stewart married Miss Mamie Adams, 
 daughter of Mr. William H. Adams, a re- 
 tired merchant of Baltimore. Mr. Stewart 
 was the organizer of the Gramercy Demo- 
 cratic Club of the Twenty-second ward, and 
 when its mission was finished, wound up its 
 affairs and disbanded it. The Golden Chain 
 is the only one of the secret orders to which 
 Mr. Stewart belongs; and he is also a mem- 
 ber of the Bar Association of Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stewart are members of the 
 Boundary Avenue Presbyterian Church. 
 His offices are at 710 and 712 Equitable 
 Building. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Foley Hisky, Attorney- 
 at-Law, 215 N. Charles street. 
 
 The first American ancestor on the pater- 
 nal side, Joseph Hisky, came from Vienna 
 early in the present century and resided in 
 Baltimore until his death in 1848. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Hisky was a piano manufac- 
 turer and established the first factory for the 
 queen of musical instruments ever operated 
 in Baltimore City. 
 
 Mr. John F. Hisky, father of our subject, 
 married Miss Matilda L. Shipley, daughter 
 of Mr. William Bennett Shipley, of Wil- 
 mington, Del., who was a grandson of Wil- 
 liam Shipley, a native of Leicestershire, 
 England, who settled in Delaware with the 
 Swedes and Finns in the early colonial days. 
 Air. William Bennett Shipley, grandfather 
 of our subject, was a soldier in the War of 
 1812, while his great-grandfather, Samuel 
 Shipley, was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
 War. 
 
 Mr. Thomas F. Hisky, a native of Balti- 
 more, was born July 22, 1865. After finish- 
 ing the courses of the public schools of the 
 city and the Baltimore City College, from 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 which he graduated in 1883, fourth in a class 
 of twenty-one, Mr. Hisky began the study 
 of law in the office of Hinkley & Morris, the 
 oldest in the city, having been established 
 in 1819 by the late Edward Hinkley, one of 
 the lights of the Baltimore bar. After pass- 
 ing a rigid examination by those appointed 
 for that purpose, Mr. Hisky was admitted 
 to the bar of Baltimore, November 11, 1886. 
 He retained an office with the firm of Hink- 
 ley & Morris several years, until 1888, since 
 which time he has been an associated mem- 
 ber of the firm. 
 
 Mr. Hisky attends St. Alartin's Catholic 
 Church, is a member of the Catholic 
 Club of Baltimore, and is Past Chancellor 
 of the Catholic Benevolent Legion in Mary- 
 land. Mr. Hisky is connected with the 
 management of several charitable institu- 
 tions and societies, and is one of the man- 
 agers and a member of the executive com- 
 mittee of the Association for the Improve- 
 ment of the Condition of the Poor. He is 
 also a member of the Maryland Historical 
 Society, and of the Bar Associations of Bal- 
 timore and Maryland. In politics he is a 
 Dem.ocrat, but has never sought or held po- 
 litical office. By appointment of Mayor 
 Hooper he lately served on the Commission 
 on City Charities which recently made its 
 report to Mayor Malster. 
 
 ^Ir. Hisky married ]\Iiss Hannah AIc- 
 Clelland. daughter of the late ^Ir. George 
 McClelland, of Baltimore, a native of Edin- 
 boro, Scotland. 
 
 Mr. Isador Schoexberg. a well and 
 favorably known attorney of the Baltimore 
 bar, was born in that city November 26, 
 1864. His earliest education was secured in 
 private schools and from private tutors, af- 
 
 ter which he took a course in Sadler's Busi- 
 ness College. After completing his busi- 
 ness course Mr. Schoenberg entered the of- 
 fice of his father, Emanuel Schoenberg, in 
 the oyster and fruit packing business. See- 
 ing an opening for a wider field of labor in 
 the east, he became a resident of Boston, 
 where he became the promoter of various 
 business enterprises, an occupation for 
 which he possessed the requisite business 
 tact and talent. Deciding upon a legal ca- 
 reer for his life work, Mr. Schoenberg re- 
 turned to his native city and matriculated in 
 the Law School of the Maryland University 
 in 1887; he graduated in July, 1889, and im- 
 mediately opened an office in the city. He 
 began practice without the aid of a partner, 
 and has by his own unaided efforts built up 
 a large and lucrative practice, principally in 
 cases of a commercial nature and in equity. 
 Mr. Schoenberg is a member of the Phoe- 
 nix Club, the Benevolent Order of Elks, and 
 of the Young Men's Republican Club. He 
 was married, in Baltimore, to Miss Gertrude 
 Meyer, daughter of the late Mr. Elias 
 Clever, well known in the business circles of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. Noah E. Offutt.— In noticing the 
 prominent younger members of the Balti- 
 more bar we take pleasure in making men- 
 tion of :Mr. Noah E. Ofifutt, of Towson. His 
 father. Dr. Thomas Offutt, a well-known 
 physician of the second district of Baltimore 
 county, was born in Montgomery county, 
 ]\Id. He has practiced his profession for 
 many years in Baltimore county, where he is 
 known for his sterling worth as a citizen 
 and loved for his watchful care as a physi- 
 cian by a wide circle of friends to whose 
 bodilv ills he has tenderly ministered for so 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 many years. Doctor Offutt served through 
 the war as surgeon in the Fourth Texas 
 Regiment, and at the close of the great con- 
 flict returned to his native State and re- 
 sumed the practice which he laid aside to be 
 of service to the suffering boys in grey. 
 
 Doctor Offutt married Miss Mariah E. 
 Offutt, also of Montgomery county. 
 
 The family in America originated from 
 William Offutt, one of three brothers who 
 emigrated from Wales in 1632, settling in 
 Maryland. Many members of the family 
 were participants in the colonial wars as well 
 as in the War of the Revolution and the 
 War of 1 81 2. 
 
 Mr. Noah E. Offutt was born in the sec- 
 ond district of Baltimore county, July 27, 
 1873. His early education was secured in 
 the public schools of the county, supple- 
 mented by courses in the City College of 
 Baltimore and St. John's College of Ann- 
 apolis, where he was graduated fourth in his 
 class in June, 1892, while still in his i8th 
 year. After graduating Mr. Offutt joined 
 his brother in Chattanooga, Tenn., and was 
 engaged there for a year in mercantile pur- 
 suits. In 1893 l""^ returned to Baltimore 
 county and began the study of law in the 
 office of his brother Milton W. Offutt, at 
 Towson, and was called to the bar April 13, 
 1895, since which time he has been success- 
 fully practicing his profession in the courts 
 of Maryland. 
 
 Mr. Offutt was married in August, 1897, 
 to Mrs. Comfort M. W. Saddler, daughter 
 of Mr. Joshua F. Cockey, of Baltimore 
 county, a representative of one of the oldest 
 and most highly respected families of Mary- 
 land. Mr. Offutt is a Democrat in politics 
 and takes an active interest in political af- 
 fairs. He has taken but litde iiUcrest in 
 
 fraternal organizations, his membership be- 
 ing limited to the Philomethean Society, in 
 which, durin'g his college days, he took a 
 very active part. 
 
 Mr. I. GoRHAM MoALE. — One of the 
 best known attorneys of the city of Balti- 
 more is Mr. I. Gorham Moale, whose ofifices 
 are located in the building of the Mer- 
 chants' National Bank. 
 
 The family is one of the oldest in Mary- 
 land and has taken a prominent part in the 
 wars of the nation, as well as in the civil 
 affairs of the State. The great-grandfather, 
 John Moale, who came to Maryland in 1719, 
 was owner of Moale's Point, and refused in 
 very early colonial days to sell his holdings 
 w^hen it was desired to lay out a city there, 
 necessitating the building of the city on the 
 north side of the river, which was no doubt 
 a much more suitable place. The city is 
 growing in that direction, however, and will 
 some day spread out over land that at one 
 time was denied it. Handle H. Moale, fa- 
 ther of the subject of this sketch, was born 
 in Baltimore in 1782, shortly after the close 
 of the Revolutionary War. He lived until 
 nearly the close of the Civil War, passing 
 over to the great majority in 1864. His fa- 
 ther, John Moale, was one of the first judges 
 of the county court after the organization 
 of that branch of the judiciary, and a mem- 
 ber of the Association of the Freemen of 
 Maryland: was a lieutenant colonel in the 
 Maryland militia <luring the Revolutionary 
 War, and a member of the Convention of 
 1774- 
 
 Randle H. Moale read law when a young 
 man, and for many years was a well known 
 solicitor in chancery of tJaltimore. During 
 the War of 1812 he was a mend)er of Col. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 861 
 
 Samuel IMoale's Columbian Artillery Com- 
 pany, and served creditably through the 
 war. His wife was a Aliss Peck, of Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 Mr. I. Gorham Moale is a native of Balti- 
 more, where he received his education in the 
 private schools and from private tutors. 
 
 He studied law in the offices of Messrs. 
 Wallis & Thomas, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1863, since which time he has given 
 his attention to the general practice of his 
 profession. 
 
 Mr. Moale is a staunch Democrat in poli- 
 tics and was one of the Maryland members 
 of the Electoral College in the presidential 
 campaign of 1888. He served for a time as 
 a city councilman, but beyond that has held 
 no political office. For over thirty years 
 Mr. Moale has been a member of Concordia 
 Lodge, A. F. & A. M., a longer term of 
 membership than usually falls to members 
 of any fraternity. He is also a member of 
 the Royal Arcanum and of the Golden 
 Chain. 
 
 Mr. Wilton Snowden. — The family of 
 which Mr. Wilton Snowden is a representa- 
 tive is of Welsh origin. His first American 
 ancestor, Richard Snowden, held a major's 
 commission under Oliver Cromwell, and 
 came to Maryland in the year 1665, subse- 
 quently owning large tracts of land in the 
 State. His son erected Birmingham Manor 
 House in 1690 (destroyed by fire in 1891) 
 and added largely to the lands left by his 
 father, which included at his death ten plan- 
 ■ tations. 
 
 Mr. Wilton Snowden is a son of J. 
 Thomas Snowden, who, together with his 
 wife {ncc Maria Louise Schwrar). was a na- 
 tive of Maryland. Many of his ancestors 
 
 were prominent and active during the colo- 
 nial and revolutionary periods. 
 
 The subject of this review was born in 
 Annapolis, June 5, 1852. After attending 
 for some years the private schools of his na- 
 tive city, Mr. Snowden came to Baltimore, 
 where, entering the public schools, he sub- 
 sequently took the full course in the City 
 College, from which he graduated in 1869. 
 
 Shortly after graduation, Mr. Snowden 
 became interested in the real estate busi- 
 ness, to which he gave his entire attention 
 for a period of ten years. In 1879, he began 
 the study of law in the University of Mary- 
 land Law School, graduating and receiving 
 his license in June, 1881. Air. Snowden's 
 practice is principally office and trust busi- 
 ness. His interest in several of the corpora- 
 tions in the city and conduct of estates, for 
 which he is attorney, demand all of his time, 
 leaving little for court practice. He is a di- 
 rector in the Central Savings Bank and the 
 Mercantile Trust Company, and is director 
 and treasurer of the Baltimore Equitable 
 Society, the latter the oldest corporation in 
 Maryland, having been incorporated in 
 1794. 
 
 Mr. Snowden has had quite a number of 
 trust estates placed in his hands, being rec- 
 ognized as a safe and conservative business 
 man, and one in whom such trust can safely 
 be reposed. 
 
 In politics, our subject is an independent 
 Democrat, and a staunch supporter of the 
 sound money wing of the party. 
 
 Mr. Snowden was married, in 1879, to 
 Miss Adela B., daughter of Mr. Horatio N. 
 Vail, of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Snowden 
 are members of the Memorial Episcopal 
 Church. Mr. Snowden's office is in the 
 I Central Savings Bank Building. 
 
862 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Nathan Winslow Williams & Henry 
 WiNSLOVv Williams, partners in practice 
 of law, are the sons of John Butler and Kate 
 (Winslow) Williams, the latter a native of 
 Cleveland, O., daughter of Nathan C. Wins- 
 low, a descendant of Kenelon and Job Wins- 
 low, who served in the colonial wars. 
 
 John Butler Williams, a native Baltimor- 
 ean, as was his father, was for many years 
 a member of the firm of John Williams & 
 Son, for many years a prominent firm in the 
 grain commission business. 
 
 Nathan Winslow Williams was born in 
 Cleveland, O., August 26, i860, and in his 
 early childhood lived in that city and Buf- 
 falo. In 1866 his parents returned to Bal- 
 timore and shortly after our subject became 
 a pupil of the best private schools of the 
 place, principally in that of Dr. Robert At- 
 kinson. After a three years' course in the 
 City College, he matriculated in the Johns 
 Hoiikins University, taking a special course 
 in history and political economy. Deciding 
 on the law for a profession, Mr. Williams 
 attended lectures in the law department of 
 Columbia College, New York, from which 
 he was graduated in the spring of 1893, and 
 in June of that year was admitted to practice 
 in the courts of Maryland. Shortly after- 
 wards he became assistant deputy attorney 
 in the office of Hon. Charles G. Kerr during 
 his incumbency as State's Attorney, which 
 jxjsition he held until 1889. On severing 
 his connection with the State's Attorney's 
 ofifice, Mr. Williams formed a partnership 
 with his brother, Henry Winslow Williams, 
 and they now occupy comfortable ofifices in 
 the Fidelity Building. Their practice is of 
 a general nature, though corporation law 
 forms the greater part of it. 
 
 Mr. Williams is a member o{ St. I'aul's 
 
 Episcopal Church of Baltimore, the Mary- 
 land Historical Society, and the Society of 
 the Colonial Wars. He holds membership 
 in the Maryland Club, the Elkridge Coun- 
 try Club, and the Civil Service Reform As- 
 sociation. In political faith he is a Demo- 
 crat. Mr. Williams was married, in 1890, 
 at Hartford, Conn., to Miss Anne Tyler 
 Foster, daughter of Mr. Frederick Rose 
 Foster, of Hartford. 
 
 Henry Winslow Williams, a native of 
 Buffalo, N. Y., was born in that city Octo- 
 ber 6, 1864, during the temporary residence 
 there of his parents, and was but two years 
 of age at the time of their return to Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Here he attended the public schools and 
 City College, after which he became a pupil 
 of Mr. W. S. Marston, preparatory to enter- 
 ing Johns Hopkins University, from which 
 he graduated in 1883, having completed the 
 course in two years. 
 
 An opening in the engineering corps of 
 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company 
 presenting, Mr. Williams accepted, and for 
 twelve months was employed with that cor- 
 poration. Entering the Law School of the 
 University of Maryland in 1884, he gradu- 
 ated in one year, and on attaining his ma- 
 jority in October, 1885, was admitted to the 
 bar of Baltimore and the State of Maryland. 
 On coming to the bar, Mr. Williams entered 
 the ofifice of the firm of Barton & Wilmer, 
 and for two years practiced his profession 
 in connection with them. In the fall he sev- 
 ered his connections here and opened an of- 
 fice in St. Paul, Minn., remaining for the 
 space of nearly two years, when he returned 
 and formed a partnership with his brother 
 as before stated, in the fall of i88g. They 
 together are the legal advisers of the Fidel- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 863 
 
 ity and Deposit Company, the National 
 Building Association, and of several trac- 
 tion and transportation companies. Mr. 
 Williams is a member of the University and 
 Elkridge Clubs and is a member of the Ex- 
 ecutive Committee of the Civil Service Re- 
 form Association and the Baltimore Reform 
 League. For four years he was chairman 
 of the Legislative Committee of the Mary- 
 land Road League, and during that time 
 most of the work of the League fell upon 
 him. Mr. Williams is the author of many 
 articles on various subjects that have ap- 
 peared from time to time in the magazines 
 and journals of Baltimore and elsewhere. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Williams is an independ- 
 ent Democrat, having taken a prominent 
 part in the independent campaign of 1895. 
 
 J. Wilson Leakin. — The family of which 
 Mr. J. Wilson Leakin is a worthy represen- 
 tative is one of the oldest in America. The 
 prime ancestor was John Leakin, who emi- 
 grated from Northumberland in Old Eng- 
 land some time in 1684, about the time that 
 William Penn brought his first colony to 
 Pennsylvania. He acquired an estate on the 
 point between the Patapsco and Chesapeake 
 Bay, and in this vicinity the family has re- 
 sided ever since. 
 
 The grandfather of our subject, Gen. 
 Shepard C. Leakin, was born in Baltimore 
 county, but later removed to the city which 
 he served as mayor from 1838 to 1840. He 
 was a colonel in the War of 1812, partici- 
 pating in the battle of Fort McHenry, and 
 for meritorious conduct was brevetted gen- 
 eral, by which title he was always known. 
 
 During his mayoralty he was conspicuous 
 for prompt and brave defense of the Carmel- 
 ite Convent on Aisquith street, from the fury 
 
 of the mob. He had also been prominent 
 in quelling the mob in the bank riots of 
 1835, and in defending the houses of his 
 friends, Reverdy Johnson and John Glenn. 
 
 His wife. Miss Margaret Dobbin, was a 
 cousin of John Dobbin, well known during 
 the middle decades of the present century. 
 
 Of the children of General Leakin, Shep- 
 ard A. read law and became one of the lead- 
 ing members of the Baltimore bar. He 
 passed away in 1864 at the early age of 39. 
 in the prime of life, with prospects bright 
 before him. He married Miss Isabella K. 
 Wilson, daughter of James Wilson, of Bal- 
 timore. Mrs. Leakin was a descendant of 
 Rev. Samuel Knox, a descendant of John 
 Knox who was a thorn in the side of royalty 
 in Britain three centuries ago. Samuel 
 Knox was educated in the University of 
 Dublin and began his ministry in Ireland. 
 Espousing the cause of the oppressed in the 
 Irish rebellion in 1798, he found it expedient 
 on the collapse of that movement to emi- 
 grate, which he did, coming to America and 
 settling in Maryland. Through his writings 
 he attracted the attention of Mr. Jefiferson, 
 who adopted his scheme for the organiza- 
 tion of the University of Virginia, and Doc- 
 tor Knox was ofTered the first professorship, 
 which he felt constrained to decline. Al- 
 though he was intensely religious, as all old 
 Scotch Presbyterian divines were in those 
 days, and Jefferson was an atheist, the two 
 were intimate and life-long friends. Mr. 
 Knox died at Frederick in 1833, at the ad- 
 vanced age of eighty years. 
 
 J. Wilson Leakin, son of Shepard A., was 
 born in Baltimore September 24, 1857. Af- 
 ter attending the private schools of Doctor 
 Atkinson and Rev.Mr.Griswold. he entered 
 the L^niversity of Virginia, from which he 
 
864 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 graduated in 1875. This was followed by a 
 course in law which he completed the fol- 
 lowing year. Being too young to apply for 
 admission to the bar, Mr. Leakin returned 
 to Baltimore and entered the office of Mr. 
 William A. Stewart (who was subsequently 
 judge), where he remained until he was li- 
 censed to practice in 1878. While his prac- 
 tice is general in all the courts of the city 
 and State, Mr. Leakin gives more attention 
 to cases in admiralty and probate. He is a 
 member of the Franklin Street Presbyterian 
 Church, and of the University Club. In 
 politics he is a Democrat. His office is at 
 the Fidelity Building, room 705. 
 
 Mr. Charles W. Field. — The family is 
 one of the oldest in the South, dating back 
 into the earliest colonial days. The first of 
 the ancestors of our subject of whom any 
 authentic information is available is Col. 
 John Field, who was prominent in colonial 
 affairs during the middle of the last century. 
 He held a commission in the British colo- 
 nial service and gave efficient aid in several 
 of the campaigns. He was in the memora- 
 ble engagement at Fort Duquesne when 
 Braddock sustained his crushing defeat, 
 and no doubt was, with Washington, instru- 
 mental in saving the day, being familiar 
 from childhood with the methods of border 
 warfare. In times of peace he was a well 
 known planter and farmer of the Old Do- 
 minion. 
 
 Charles W. Field, Sr.. was a native of 
 Kentucky from whicli State he received the 
 appointment to West Point from which he 
 graduated in 1849, serving at various posts 
 of the army service until the outbreak of the 
 Civil War. He had for faithful services been 
 repeatedly promoted and at the commence- 
 
 ment of the memorable struggle risen to the 
 rank of captain of cavalry. 
 
 Believing the cause of the South to be 
 just, he resigned his commission in the Uni- 
 ted States Army and offered his services to 
 the Confederacy, which were accepted and 
 the rank of major general was conferred 
 upon him. He fought valiantly through the 
 entire war, serving under Longstreet in the 
 Army of Northern Virginia. He was with 
 Lee at Appomattox in charge of one of the 
 largest divisions that laid down its arms on 
 that fateful day. After the close of the war, 
 General Field became a resident of Wash- 
 ington, giving his attention to engineering. 
 Among the many works with which he was 
 connected were the improvements in the 
 harbors of Brunswick, Savannah and 
 Charleston. He was also in charge of the 
 improvements on the government reserva- 
 tion of Hot Springs, Ark. 
 
 General Field married Miss Monimia 
 Mason, daughter of Mr. W. Roy Mason, of 
 Virginia, and descended from the same an- 
 cestors as George Mason, of Gunston, so 
 prominent in the turbulent times during the 
 l)irth of the republic. 
 
 Charles W. Field, of this sketch, was born 
 in King George county, Va., November 18, 
 1S57. Until the age of fourteen he received 
 his education from his mother, and after that 
 age was a pupil in the Bethel Military Col- 
 lege in Virginia. Deciding on the law as a 
 profession, Mr. Field read in the office of his 
 uncle, J. J. Mason, and later attended the 
 law course of the University of Virginia, 
 from which he graduated in 1879. and was 
 admitted to the bar. In 1881 he became a 
 resident of Baltimore, practicing in the city. 
 In May. 1897, he formed a partnership with 
 Mr. Robert Clinton Cole, with whom he is 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 865 
 
 now associated in the general practice of 
 law. In 1892 Mr. Field was elected to the 
 lower house of the Alaryland Legislature, 
 and was re-elected for the term of 1894-95, 
 serving on the judiciary and election com- 
 mittee, and was chairman of the committee 
 of re-assessment measure, one of the most 
 important committees of the session. In 
 politics Mr. Field is, of course, a Democrat. 
 In religious belief he is of the Catholic faith, 
 to which church his mother held allegiance. 
 Socially he is a member of the Baltimore 
 Club and the Baltimore Athletic Club, the 
 iNIaryland Bicycle Club and the Maryland 
 Club. Mr. Field was married in Baltimore, 
 in 1897, to Miss Alberta von Lingen, daugh- 
 ter of Mr. George A. von Lingen, of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Air. Field's office is in the Law Building, 
 521. 
 
 Mr. Robert Clinton Cole, Attorney- 
 at-Law. 521-522 Law Building. 
 
 Mr. Robert Clinton Cole, though at pres- 
 ent a practicing attorney at the Baltimore 
 bar, has been familiarly known in the city 
 as an educator. Born in Baltimore Novem- 
 ber 16, 1857, he has since been a resident of 
 the city, and is intimately associated with 
 its interests. Private tutors had charge 
 of the early education of Mr. Cole, pre- 
 paring him for Dickinson College, from 
 which he graduated in 1879 after a four 
 years' course. On completing his educa- 
 tion Mr. Cole became an educator, having 
 had charge of Grammar School No. 12 dur- 
 ing the ten years preceding 1890, at which 
 time he w-as made professor of history and 
 political economy in the City College, in 
 \\hich he continued until 1896. During the 
 years of his connection with the grammar 
 51 
 
 school, Mr. Cole took the law course in the 
 University of Maryland, which he com- 
 pleted and was admitted to the bar in 1889. 
 In May, 1897, Mr. Cole formed a partner- 
 ship with Mr. Charles W. Field as men- 
 tioned elsewhere in this work in the review 
 of that gentleman's career. Mr. Cole was 
 married to Miss Elizabeth Rice, also a na- 
 tive of the Monumental City, daughter of 
 Mr. Frederick Rice, well known in the city. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Cole are members of St. 
 Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church. Of 
 the social orders, Mr. Cole has membership 
 in several. He is Past Master of Maryland 
 Lodge, No. 120. A. F. & A. M.: member of 
 the Baltimore City Lodge, I. O. O. F.; the 
 Baltimore Club: the Park Bicycle Club; the 
 Baltimore Athletic Club, of which he is 
 president, and member of the college frater- 
 nity Beta Theta Psi. He is State Director 
 of the Sons of the Revolution, and member 
 of the Society of the War of 1812. In his 
 connection with corporate bodies, Mr. Cole 
 is president of the Law Building, director of 
 the Maryland Real Estate Company, and a 
 trustee of Dickinson College. In politics 
 he is an unswerving Democrat. His occu- 
 pation and tastes have been contrary to 
 office holding, so he has never served the 
 people in an official capacity. 
 
 Mr. Cole is a son of Mr. Robert C. and 
 Ellen A. (Wise) Cole, the latter a daughter 
 of Mr. John Wise, a well known Virginia 
 gentleman, whose wife, Miss Verlinda A. 
 Selby, was a daughter of Mr. Henry Selby, 
 Jr., who served with honor through the War 
 of 1812. His father, Henry Selby, Sr.. was 
 an officer in the War of the Revolution. 
 
 Robert C. Cole was a son of William Cole, 
 a prominent planter on the Eastern Shore, 
 who served in the Maryland troops during 
 
866 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 the War of 1812. The first American ances- 
 tor of the male Ihie of whom any authentic 
 data at hand was James Cole, although 
 it is well known that the family had been liv- 
 ing on the Eastern Shore of Maryland sev- 
 eral generations prior to him. He, too, was 
 a soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 Mr. Cole is descended through both pa- 
 ternal and maternal lines from James Small- 
 wood, the ancestor of Maj. Gen. William 
 Smallwood, of the Maryland Line, who in 
 early colonial times was a major in the 
 Maryland troops in the early wars with the 
 Indians. He was a well known character 
 in the colonial period of Maryland. 
 
 Mr. George M. Upshur, Jr., was born 
 at Snow Hill, Worcester county, Md., De- 
 cember 14, 1847. After completing the 
 course of Union Academy at Snow Hill, he 
 attended Yale College from 1864 to 1867. 
 Returning to Snow Hill he began the study 
 of law in the offices of Senator E. K. Wilson 
 and M.r. John H. Handy, and in October, 
 1869, was called to the bar of Maryland. 
 His practice is general, not confining him- 
 self to any one branch of the law. 
 
 Mr. Upshur is the son of Dr. George N. 
 Upshur, Sr., who was a native of Northamp- 
 ton county, Va. After completing his liter- 
 ary education, Doctor Upshur entered the 
 Jefiferson Medical College of Philadelphia, 
 from which he graduated. In his many 
 years' i)ractice in Snow Hill he endeared 
 himself to a wide circle of patrons and 
 friends, and like many of the old school doc- 
 tors, much of his services was given freely 
 to the poor, receiving in payment only the 
 consciousness that he was doing good. He 
 died in 1S77, at the age of sixty years. His 
 wife was Miss Priscilla .'\., daughter of 
 Levin Townsend, of Snow Hill. 
 
 The first ancestor of the direct male line 
 to come to.-\mericawas Mr. Arthur Upshur, 
 who emigrated in 1638 from Essex county, 
 England, settling in Northampton county, 
 Va., which has since been the family seat of 
 his many descendants. He became one of 
 the leading planters of his day, leaving an 
 honored name. Among his descendants 
 was Mr. Abel P. Upshur, a near kinsman of 
 our subject, who served as Secretary of 
 State under President Tyler, after having 
 first held the portfolio of the Navy under the 
 same administration. 
 
 George M. L^pshur married Miss Emma 
 Franklin, daughter of Mr. John A. Frank- 
 lin, of Snow Hill. He was one of the Mary- 
 land National Commissioners to the 
 World's Fair in 1893. He was a delegate- 
 at-large from the State of Maryland to the 
 Democratic National Convention which 
 nominated Mr. Cleveland for President in 
 1892. He is a director in the Fidelity and 
 Deposit Company of Maryland. In political 
 faith he is a Democrat, having been honored 
 by that party with election to the House of 
 Delegates over which he presided as Speak- 
 er in 1888. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Upshur have three children, 
 Priscilla Franklin and Emily Franklin. 
 Franklin Upshur is a student in the law 
 department of Maryland University. The 
 family reside at 1813 N. Charles street. 
 
 He is a member of the Episcopal Church, 
 and socially holds membership in the 
 Athenaeum, Maryland and Merchants' 
 Clubs. His offices are in the Equitable 
 Building. 
 
 Henry D. Haki.an, Chief Judge of the 
 Supreme l^ench of I)altimore, was born in 
 Harford ct.unly. Md., on October 23, 1858. 
 His father, David Harlan, was a large land- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 owner at Harford, near Churchill, and 
 a medical director of the United States 
 Navy. His mother's maiden name was 
 Margaret Rebecca Herbert. Her grand- 
 father on her mother's side was Jeremiah 
 Baker, who was a captain in the Revolu- 
 tionary War. The Harlan family is an old 
 one. Two brothers of that name, George 
 and Michael, settled in Pennsylvania about 
 two hundred years ago. Their descendants 
 in this country now number over three 
 thousand. Michael is the remote progen- 
 itor of Judge Harlan, and George is one of 
 the ancestors of Justice John M. Harlan, of 
 the United States Supreme Court. His 
 grandmother on his father's side was Esther 
 Stump. Through her, Judge Harlan is re- 
 lated to Judge Frederick Stump, of Cecil 
 county, and to Herman Stump, formerly 
 representative in Congress from the Second 
 District. Mr. Harlan graduated at St. 
 John's College, Annapolis, in 1878, taking 
 second honor. He read law in the office of 
 Henry D. Farnandis, at Belair for a year. 
 He came to Baltimore in 1879 and entered 
 the Law School of Maryland University 
 from which he graduated in 1881, with both 
 honors, having secured the prize as first- 
 grade student and for the best thesis. The 
 subject of his thesis was "Contributory 
 Negligence." Judge George W. Brown 
 and A. W. Machen were members of the 
 committee that awarded the thesis prize. 
 While he was a student in the university he 
 also read law in the office of John P. Poe. 
 He was admitted to the bar in May, 1881. 
 In 1883 he was chosen associate professor 
 in the Law School of the University of 
 Maryland to lecture on elementary common 
 law and domestic relations. At the same 
 time he was elected secretary and treasurer 
 
 of the law faculty with executive control of 
 the school. He was subsequently made full 
 professor and his connection with the Law 
 School still continues, which has grown in 
 the number of its students from sixty to 
 nearly two hundred. Mr. Harlan practiced 
 in all the courts. In October, 1888, Gover- 
 nor Jackson asked him to fill the vacancy 
 caused by the resignation of Chief Judge 
 Brown, on account of his having arrived at 
 the constitutional age limit, and the selec- 
 tion met with general approval. It was of- 
 ficially endorsed the following year by his 
 forma! election to the position by the people 
 of the city for the full term of fifteen years. 
 In 1889 he married Helen, daughter of 
 Henry and Hannah Eyre Altemus, of Phil- 
 adelphia. Judge Harlan was for some years 
 one of the Board of Visitors and Governors 
 of St. John's College. He is one of the 
 trustees of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and 
 a member of the Executive Committee of 
 the Board. He is one of the Building Com- 
 mittee of the new Court House, and has 
 taken a prominent part in its work. He is 
 a member of the Baltimore Club, University 
 Club, Elkridge Fox Hunting Club and the 
 Baltimore Country Club. He is a Demo- 
 crat in politics and a Protestant Episco- 
 palian in religion. 
 
 Richard T. Martin is a native of Talbot 
 county, Md., where he was reared and edu- 
 cated. At the age of eighteen he went to St. 
 Louis, where he remained a short time, but 
 finally located in southern Missouri, where 
 he became connected with the lead mines of 
 that country. In 1861, on account of sym- 
 pathy with the Southern cause he was 
 obliged to return to his native place. 
 
 After his marriage, which took place at 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Talbot, he removed to Belair, Harford 
 county, :Md., where he opened a drug store. 
 Mr. Martin, being a man of integrity and 
 decided intellectual ability, was elected 
 deputy clerk of the county of Harford. In 
 1884 he returned to Talbot, where the same 
 honor was conferred upon him by his fel- 
 low citizens. 
 
 In 1895 he removed to Baltimore, where 
 he now resides. Mr. Martin is a descendant 
 of one of the oldest families of Maryland, 
 his father being one of the "Old Defenders" 
 of 1S12. The :\Iartins held a large tract of 
 land under a patent from Lord Baltimore. 
 
 Mrs. Richard T. Martin is the accom- 
 plished daughter of John B. and Jane Pairo. 
 natives of Washington, and who belong to 
 the first and oldest settlers of the District of 
 Columbia. The Pairos removed to Balti- 
 more about 1840 and became largely en- 
 gaged in the dry goods trade, but subse- 
 quently embarked in the vinegar business 
 in partnership with Mr. Frisby. To Mr. and 
 Mrs. Martin were born four children. One 
 son, Richard H., is a graduate of the Law 
 School of Maryland University. 
 
 Dr. Charles Carroll Bombaugii was 
 born in Harrisburg, Pa., February 10, 1828. 
 He is a son of Aaron and Mira (Lloyd) 
 Bombaugh. His paternal ancestry was 
 German, the old robber barons Von Baum- 
 bach dating back to the fourteenth century. 
 George Bombaugh, founder of the Ameri- 
 can branch of the family, came from the 
 Palatinate to settle in Pennsylvania in 1740. 
 On the maternal side he is of English de- 
 scent, the Lloyds having been prominently 
 identified with the early settlement of Penn- 
 sylvania and Delaware. Fitted for college 
 at the Militarv Academy of Capt. Alden 
 
 Partridge, at Harrisburg, he was graduated 
 at Harvard L^niversity in 1850, and Jeffer- 
 son Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1853. 
 
 On the outbreak of the war he was ac- 
 tively engaged in practice at Chestnut Hill, 
 Philadelphia, but upon the organization of 
 the Philadelphia Brigade he yielded to the 
 urgent invitation of Col. E. D. Baker (after- 
 wards killed at Ball's Bluff) and became sur- 
 geon of the Second Regiment, August, 
 1861. He served as a medical officer in Gen- 
 eral Stone's division on the Potomac river, 
 and afterwards in General Sedgwick's divi- 
 sion in the Peninsular Campaign. At 
 Berkeley (Harrison's Landing) he was 
 brought to the point of death with 
 typho-malarial fever, the result of over- 
 work and exposure during McClellan's 
 retreat to the James river, from the 
 effects of which he never fully recovered. 
 In September, 1862, he was transferred to 
 hospital duty in Philadelphia, whence, in 
 April, 1864, he was ordered at his own re- 
 quest to Baltimore on special lines of duty, 
 to which he gave his best endeavors until 
 the close of the contest in May, 1865. 
 
 Obliged to abandon general practice on 
 account of impaired health and deficient 
 energy he engaged in journalism and gen- 
 eral literary pursuits and also became med- 
 ical examiner for several life insurance com- 
 panies. For awhile he was editor of the 
 Baltimore American. In 1865 he assumed 
 charge of and has since successfully con- 
 ducted the Baltimore Undcrzvriter, which in 
 point of editorial ability, vigor and independ- 
 ence has always maintained a leading posi- 
 tion among class journals. Aside from fre- 
 quent contributions to medical and other 
 journals, and papers and essays on various 
 public occasions, he has published several 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 books, some under Iiis own name and others 
 anonymously. Among the former are 
 "Gleanings for the Curious," "The Book of 
 Blunders," "The Literature of Kissing," 
 "First Things," and "Stratagems and Con- 
 spiracies to Defraud Life Insurance Com- 
 panies." 
 
 Prof. Otto Fuchs, Principal of the 
 Maryland Institute, was born in Saltzwedel, 
 in the Province of Saxony, Prussia, in Octo- 
 ber. 1839. He received his early education 
 in Germany, and came to the United States 
 in 185 1, landing in New York City. He ac- 
 quired his professional education in New 
 York City, in the branches of civil and me- 
 chanical engineering, his tutors being pri- 
 vate instructors. His purely technical edu- 
 cation was thus under the auspices and su- 
 pervision of men eminently qualified for 
 their duties. In mathematics, for example, 
 Professor Fuchs had, as private tutor, Pro- 
 fessor Boeck, who was private secretary to 
 that patriot, Louis Kossuth, during the lat- 
 ter's residence in this country. During the 
 Civil War in America, Professor Fuchs was 
 constructor in the General Inspector's Of- 
 fice of iron-clad steamships, which were 
 the beginnings of our first monitors. He 
 also taught, as professor of drawing in the 
 Cooper Institute, of New York City. In 
 1865 he accepted the appointment as 
 professor of drawing at the Naval 
 Academy in Annapolis, his specialty being 
 mechanical drawing. He was in Annapo- 
 lis for two years, when he resigned his posi- 
 tion and went to Boston to enter the service 
 of Harrison Loring, one of the largest ship 
 and engine builders in Boston. Professor 
 Fuchs was a specialist there in the engineer- 
 ing department. He also took up teacjiing 
 
 and drawing in the evening schools in Bos- 
 ton, as principal, and also in Massachusetts 
 in the Massachusetts State Normal Art 
 School. In this latter trust he had charge 
 of the technical department, and subse- 
 quently became the principal of that institu- 
 tion, an office which he held for two years. 
 He then accepted a directorship, as princi- 
 pal of the ^Maryland Institute Schools of 
 Art and Design. That was in 1883. These 
 schools he reorganized and brought to their 
 present state of proficiency. The number 
 of students in these schools, when Professor 
 Fuchs assumed charge, did not exceed 500. 
 Two years ago the roster showed the 1,000 
 mark. When he started the Institute 
 Schools the Faculty consisted of eleven 
 teachers, whereas they now number twenty- 
 six. The pupils at these schools embrace 
 residents of many Southern and Western 
 States. 
 
 Professor Fuchs is a factor in other 
 spheres of usefulness than those above 
 noted. He is a member of the Board of 
 Managers of Germania Society of Mary- 
 land. He is also a member of the General 
 Orphan Society of Baltimore, and is presi- 
 dent of the German Technical Society of 
 Baltimore. He is, as well, a member of the 
 Executive Committee of the Society for the 
 History of the Germans of jNIaryland. 
 
 Professor Fuchs is Past Master of Fidelity 
 Lodge of Masons. He married, while in 
 Annapolis, Miss Tuck, a cousin of the late 
 Judge Wm. H: Tuck. In club circles. Pro- 
 fessor Fuchs holds membership in the Ger- 
 mania, and in the Harmonic Musical So- 
 ciety. 
 
 Through such men, truly, it may be af- 
 firmed, are our great municipalities devel- 
 oped and expanded. 
 
870 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Enoch Pratt.— The late Enoch Pratt. 
 with whose life work this article will be con- 
 cerned, was unquestionably one of the 
 most conspicuous individuals of this or 
 any other American municipality. His 
 achievements were notable in number, 
 and their fruitage redounded to the com- 
 mon good. Mr. Pratt was born in North 
 Middleborough, Plymouth county, Mass., 
 September lo, 1808, and was the son 
 of Isaac Pratt and Naomi Keith. His 
 ancestor, Phineas Pratt, who arrived at 
 Plymouth, Mass., in the ship "Ann," in 
 1623, and died at Charleston April 9, 
 1680, at the age of eighty-seven years, 
 was cotemporary with the Pilgrim fathers, 
 and was one of those who fled from persecu- 
 tion in the old world to enjoy political and 
 religious liberty in the new land. 
 
 On the maternal side he was descended 
 from Rev. James Keith, who came to Mas- 
 sachusetts from Scotland in 1662, and set- 
 tled at Bridgewater. Enoch Pratt left 
 school at the age of fifteen and served an 
 apprenticeship of six years as clerk in a 
 Boston store, where his lousiness faculties 
 were early developed, and he exhibited 
 those qualities of clear judgment and tireless 
 application that ever afterwards, to the date 
 of his death, made him the leading financier 
 and capitalist of this, the city of his adop- 
 tion. Mr. Pratt removed to Baltimore in 
 '31, and engaged in business here as a com- 
 mission merchant. He founded the very 
 successful wholesale iron house of E. Pratt 
 & Bro. ]\lr. Pratt was for many years prior 
 to his death the president of the National 
 Farmers' and Planters' Bank, of this city. 
 He was also vice-president of the Philadel- 
 phia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad 
 Company, and a director of the Savings 
 
 Bank of Baltimore, one of the most impress- 
 ive and opulent financial institutions south 
 of Philadelphia. Mr. Pratt filled very many 
 offices in connection with reformatory and 
 charitable institutions, a bare summarized 
 list of which would swell these pages be- 
 yond all measure. He was, in short, such a 
 conspicuous and potential factor in this 
 community that the perpetuation of his 
 name and deeds is a pleasant task to com- 
 pilers of a history. His active and intimate 
 identification with individuals, corporations 
 and charitable institutions shed a lustre 
 upon his name which centuries cannot 
 efface. His benefactions and bequests 
 are emphasized in enduring and be- 
 neficent works, which survive him. Had 
 he achieved nothing beyond the splen- 
 did Pratt Free Libraries of this city, his 
 memory must have been perpetually held in 
 love by the citizens who are thus given free 
 access to books. His will, when opened for 
 probate, however, gave yet another evidence 
 of the far-reaching philanthropy of the tes- 
 tator. The ratification of the will, by the 
 State General Assembly in 1898, marks the 
 culmination of the life work of Mr. Pratt. 
 By the terms of that will a vast sum was set 
 aside for the scientific treatment of the in- 
 sane and the enabling clause, or title, to the 
 Shepard Asylum was thus conjoined to Mr. 
 Pratt's name. Did space permit the public 
 acts of our subject could be almost indefi- 
 nitely enumerated, and all of them designed 
 for the amelioration of others. Full of years 
 and honors and beloved after his demise, as 
 he had been for decades previously, Mr. 
 Pratt rounded out a well-spent life, and 
 "sleeps with his fathers," the sleep of those 
 who made the world better for having lived 
 in it. His widow, who was Maria Louisa 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Hydz prior to her marriage to Mr. Pratt 
 in 1839, still survives him. Mrs. Pratt's pa- 
 ternal ancestors were among the earliest set- 
 tlers of Massachusetts, while on the 
 mother's side she is descended from a Ger- 
 man family who located in Baltimore more 
 than 150 years ago. Mr. and Mrs. Pratt 
 were childless. 
 
 Mr. Joseph M. Gushing, the subject of 
 this sketch, needs but a slight introduction 
 to the present generation of Baltimoreans. 
 
 His father, Joseph AI. Gushing, was born 
 in New Hampshire, but came to Baltimore 
 in 1808, with his parents, being then but six 
 years old. The paternal grandfather of our 
 subject was named Joseph and came of stur- 
 dy Scotch ancestry. 
 
 Mr. Joseph M. Gushing was born in Bal- 
 timore, December 15, 1835, and was edu- 
 cated at Harvard, from which he graduated 
 in 1855. His father was. a graduate of Yale, 
 in the class of 1829. The business of which 
 Mr. Joseph M. Gushing is the present head 
 and owner was founded here by his pater- 
 nal grandfather in 1810, and his son, the 
 father of our subject, entered the business 
 as a partner at once after his graduation. 
 On the maternal side, Mr. Gushing's mother 
 was a Miss Ann Mackenzie, a daughter of 
 the celebrated Dr. Golin Mackenzie, of Bal- 
 timore. Upon the completion of his colle- 
 giate course at Harvard, Mr. Gushing at 
 once embarked upon his active life-work, 
 becoming a partner in his father's business 
 in 1857, to the control of which he succeed- 
 ed, as before noted. He is a recognized and 
 potential factor in various spheres here, all 
 tending to identify him with the material 
 growth and advancement of this great me- 
 tropolis. Some of his connections are es- 
 
 pecially worthy of note in this article. He 
 is vice-president, for example, of the 
 "Charity Organization Society," the scope 
 and usefulness of which is far-reaching and 
 helpful. This society is undenominational. 
 He is also the president of the Maryland 
 Institute, one of the landmarks of progress- 
 ive ideas and methods, in many lines, in his 
 city. He is a member, as well, of the State 
 Board of Education, and its acting presi- 
 dent pro tern, in the absence of the Gov- 
 ernor. He is chairman, too, of the "Board 
 of Trustees of the Baltimore Normal School 
 for the Education of Golored Teachers." 
 Mr. Gushing enjoys a large acquaintance- 
 ship in other spheres than those above 
 enumerated. In club circles he is a member 
 of the Maryland Glub, the Athenaeum, 
 the University, the Germania, the Mer- 
 chants', the Harvard, and an honorary 
 member, as well, of the Phi Beta Kappa of 
 the Johns Hopkins University. He is also 
 a member of the Historical Society. Mr. 
 Gushing is a recognzed factor in financial 
 circles, probably due, in part, to an inherit- 
 ed trait of his father in that direction. His 
 father was one of the founders, in 1818, of 
 the Baltimore Savings Bank, and became 
 its president in 1825, and so remained until 
 his death. His son, our subject, is a direc- 
 tor in the same institution, regarded as the 
 largest financial institution south of Phila- 
 delphia. Mr. Gushing, busy man as he is, 
 and ever has been, has nevertheless always 
 been appreciated as a safe counsellor and 
 zealous worker in political aflairs as well. 
 As a member of the Gonstitutional Gonven- 
 tion of 1864 he was assigned to the position 
 of chairman of the Gommittee on Educa- 
 tion of that body. As chairman of the Ex- 
 ecutive Committee of the Republican party 
 
872 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 at the second election of President Lincoln, 
 hehadas co-laborerson that committee such 
 men as Henr\- Winter Davis and Archibald 
 Stirling, Jr., whilst Hon. J. Morrison Har- 
 ris was also an advisor, being then in Con- 
 gress. 
 
 From the foregoing data, brief as it neces- 
 sarily is, it will be seen that Air. Cashing 
 has richly earned the perpetuation his 
 achievements merit in finding mention in a 
 history like this. 
 
 Lal'rexce S.\ngster Gwynn was born 
 in Freeport, Gloucester county, Va., Octo- 
 ber 25, 1863. He is a son of John T. and 
 Mary (Thurston) Gwynn; his father is de- 
 scended from an old Welsh line, while his 
 mother is of English ancestry. His father 
 came from Virginia, where he had never 
 been engaged in business, just after the war, 
 in consequence of loss of property, etc. He 
 was lieutenant in the Twenty-second Vir- 
 ginia Regiment, Captain Fitzhugh's com- 
 pany, C. S. A., and acting captain when 
 Captain Fitzhugh was killed; he was at Bull 
 Run, Malvern Hills and Seven Pines, being 
 wounded at both last named battles; he w^as 
 taken prisoner and paroled. 
 
 He was educated in the public schools of 
 Baltimore, after which he engaged in book- 
 keeping; about fifteen years ago he entered 
 the service of the B. & O. R. R. Co., where 
 he is now. He was for some time clerk in 
 a broker's office and then went with Geo 
 C. Frick & Co., dry-goods, for three years; 
 then with Tabb Bros. & Dimmock one year. 
 .A^fter this he made a voyage around the 
 world, and when he returned went into the 
 shoe business for five or six years. He was 
 a member of the Fifth Regiment, Company 
 H, Captain Albers, for five years, and is 
 
 now' of the Fifth ^Maryland Veteran Corps, 
 also a member of the Jr. O. U. A. M. and 
 Forresters. He married, June 15, 1891, Miss 
 Sue Sedgwick, daughter of Benjamin J. 
 Sedgwick, of Calvert county, Md. They 
 have one child, Laurence S., Jr., born July 
 31, 1896. Mr. and Mrs. Gwynn are mem- 
 bers of Holy Trinity P. E. Church. Mr. 
 Gwynn has three sistei's: Grace, Mrs. Dr. 
 J. H. Branham; Lucy, Mrs. Dr. John W. 
 Branham; Fannie, JNIrs. Dr. J. H. Hannor, 
 of Middle River, Md. ; also four brothers. 
 Dr. j\Iatthew Kemp, Charles, Hugh and 
 John. 
 
 George Graham Billmire was born 
 October 24, 1870. He is a son of William 
 H. O. and Eliza (West) Billmire, of Ger- 
 man and English descent respectively. His 
 father was born in Virginia, but left that 
 State when quite young to go into business 
 at Cumberland, Md., with his father, 
 George's grandfather, who conducted large 
 mills at that place. Their property, how- 
 ever, having been confiscated during the 
 war by the Confederates, Mr. Billmire came 
 to Baltimore, where George was born. 
 George went through the public schools of 
 Baltimore and finished his education with a 
 business course at Bryant and Stratton's 
 Business College; afterwards he engaged 
 in the manufacture of cigars. In 1887 he 
 enlisted in Company F, Fifth Regiment, M. 
 N. G., as a private under Capt. Frank Sup- 
 plee; he afterwards became senior corporal 
 of his company. Resigning after six years' 
 service he again enlisted for one year, in 
 1894, to accompany the regiment to Frost- 
 burg. Md., where it took so prominent a 
 jjart in the quelling of the labor riots. On 
 July 11. 1893, JNIr. Billmire was married to 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 873 
 
 Miss Charlotte R. Maris, youngest daugh- 
 ter of Lewis R. and Frances (De La Chelle) 
 Maris; as a result of this union they have 
 one son, William Ernest, born November 
 25, 1895. Mrs. Billmire, on her mother's 
 side, comes from an ancient French family; 
 her grandfather, Archelle de la Chelle, 
 was a soldier of Waterloo and one of the 
 earliest linguists, writers and educators of 
 the present century in Baltimore. He was 
 the first teacher of the French language in 
 the Baltimore City College. Mr. Billmire 
 is a member of the Improved Order of Hep- 
 tasophs, Zeta Conclave, and of the Jr. O. 
 U.A.M. He is a member of the Fulton Av- 
 enue M. E. Church, his wife a member of 
 St. Mark's P. E. Church. Mr. Billmire is 
 a man of sterling business qualifications and 
 undoubtedly will attain the success in life 
 he is entitled to. In politics he is a Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Mr. Henry A. Parr, an account of 
 whose career, ancestry and life work will be 
 found below, is a Baltimorean by nativity. 
 He was carefully educated at St. James' 
 College, Hagerstown, Md. His father, I. 
 M. Parr, enjoyed such a merited measure of 
 public confidence and esteem from his fel- 
 low citizens that a glance at our subject's 
 paternal line is a fit setting to this article. 
 The oldest established house, identified with 
 the grain trade in Baltimore is that of I. M. 
 Parr. The business was originally estab- 
 lished by William McDonald & Son, about 
 1790. For one year afterwards it was 
 known as George W. Richardson & Co. 
 up to the death of Mr. Richardson, and 
 then became McConkey & Parr. These 
 two partners had been clerks in the old firm 
 of William McDonald & Son. Thev were 
 
 thus its legitimate successors. The firm 
 name was changed in 1871 to its present 
 style and has continued so ever since. Their 
 business of handling grain on commission, 
 as receivers, as extensive exporters, cannot 
 properly belong in this mention save as a 
 reference and indication of events which will 
 be noted as a sequence. One branch of the 
 great interests centered in and forming an 
 integral factor in the whole, and adding as 
 it does so materially to the general welfare 
 deserves, however, a passing notice. The 
 Baltimore Elevator Company, of which Mr. 
 I. M. Parr is the president, has since 1876 
 leased the elevators of the Northern Cen- 
 tral Railway at Canton, who have handled 
 all the grain received at that point by the P. 
 R. R. Co. Mr. I. M. Parr, the founder of 
 this firm, and father of our subject, of course, 
 was a native Baltimorean, having been born 
 here on September 27, 1822. He was edu- 
 cated at the Baltimore College, graduating 
 in 1837 and began business as we have 
 seen in 1838, and succeeded to the manage- 
 ment as noted in 1846. He filled many po- 
 sitions of trust and great responsibility, 
 among them being the presidency of the 
 Corn and Flour Exchange and also of the 
 Board of Trade. 
 
 Mr. Henry A. Parr, the present executive 
 head of the firm, traveled extensively 
 abroad after having completed his collegi- 
 ate course. Upon his return he at once en- 
 tered into active business life as a partner 
 with his father. This was in 1871. Busy 
 man as he is and ever has been, Mr. Parr's 
 counsels have been in demand in other 
 spheres than those purely commercial. He 
 is interested in numerous prominent finan- 
 cial and manufacturing enterprises in this 
 and other cities and countries. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 He is a director in the Farmers' and Mer- 
 chants' National Bank of Baltimore and is 
 president of the Oakland }ilanufacturing 
 Company. He is likewise president of the 
 Liibroleine Oil Company, and president of 
 the Pikesville, Reisterstown and Emory 
 Grove Electric Railroad. His identification 
 with and control of the electric city lines 
 of passenger railways in Richmond, Va., is 
 also another significant "straw," so to ex- 
 press the matter, emphasizing the status of 
 the man in his varied fields of activity. In 
 association with Mr. John K. Cowen, presi- 
 dent of the B. & O. R. R. Co., and other 
 Baltimoreans, Mr. Parr has large interests 
 ' in the extensive and newly developed man- 
 ganese mines on the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Perhaps no other sphere of his activity 
 so well accentuates Mr. Parr's resourceful- 
 ness as the political arena. Again and 
 again he has thrown his energy, integrity 
 and personal resources and time into this 
 field. The space at command permits refer- 
 ence to but one incident in this connection. 
 In the campaign of 1897 Mr. Parr rounded 
 out and completed his fight for himself, his 
 party and his country on the Sound Money 
 platform. This stand, against many life- 
 long friends who favored the "Silver 
 Heresy" caused not a few ruptures. One 
 of these was the severance of life-long affili- 
 ations politically with the senior United 
 States Senator from Maryland. Like his 
 father, Mr. Parr cannot be severed from 
 any course he believes to be right. Of a 
 modest, retiring disposition, the subject of 
 this article enjoys the esteem and confidence 
 of hosts of friends in the various fields of his 
 activity and social environments. 
 
 By such men, therefore, as the above are 
 our great metropolitan CLiitrcs developed. 
 
 The perpetuation of such careers is one of 
 the agreeable features attendant upon the 
 compilation of a work of this character. 
 
 Mr. Parr is a member of all leading social 
 clubs of this city, many of Philadelphia and 
 New York as well. Five children, all boys, 
 are the result of his marriage. 
 
 Eaianull Hecht, Importer of Mattings, 
 310 W. Lexington street, Baltimore, is a 
 son of Samuel, Jr., and Bettie (Wolfsheimer) 
 Hecht, and was born in Baltimore, Octo- 
 ber 24, 1856. His parents are Germans, his 
 father having settled in Baltimore in 1843, 
 his mother in 1850; they were married in 
 Baltimore, where they still live, his father 
 being a merchant. They have had nine chil- 
 dren, seven of whom are living: Meyer C, 
 Hannah, Tillie, Albert S., Alexander, Moses 
 and Emanuel Hecht, the subject of this 
 sketch. All reside in Baltimore. Mr. Hecht 
 was educated in the public schools of Bal- 
 timore and is a graduate of the Bryant and 
 Stratton Business College. He began the 
 world as a clerk in a store when thirteen 
 years of age, after which he went into his 
 father's store first as clerk and salesman 
 and subsequently as partner, doing busi- 
 ness under the firm name of Samuel Hecht, 
 Jr., matting importers, in which business he 
 is at present. He is likewise largely inter- 
 ested in other branches of trade with his 
 brothers and other parties. He stands well 
 in business circles. He was married in Rich- 
 mond, Va., November 26, 1885, to Miss 
 Mamie Sycle, of that city, and a daughter 
 of Isaac Sycle; both her parents are Ger- 
 mans; her mother is deceased, but her father 
 still resides in Richmond. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Hecht have six children, Edna, Martin, 
 Sadie, Howard, Hortense and Julian. In 
 politics he is a Rejiublican. He and his 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 875- 
 
 family are of the Hebrew faith and reside 
 at 1617 Eutaw Place. 
 
 Nicholas M. Rittenhouse, proprietor 
 of the Baltimore Terra Cotta Works, foot 
 of Cross street, comes from old and distin- 
 guished Pennsylvania stock, whose ances- 
 tors came from Germany and settled in that 
 State in 1674, his father being a miller. Both 
 his parents are deceased. They had eight 
 children. Mr. Rittenhouse being the only 
 one living; he is iifty-three years old, hav- 
 ing been born in Philadelphia county. Pa., 
 April 4, 1844. He was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Philadelphia county and Phil- 
 adelphia. He was seventeen years of age 
 when the Civil War commenced. He 
 enlisted in the Second Pennsylvania Cav- 
 alry, Colonel Brinton commanding, and 
 served in the United States Army until the 
 close of the war, having been in some of the 
 most noted battles and wounded three times. 
 After being mustered out of the service he 
 returned to Philadelphia and learned teleg- 
 raphy; was a telegraph operator in that 
 city until 1874, when he came to Baltimore 
 to reside, succeeding his uncle in the terra 
 cotta business, in which he is now engaged. 
 Mr. Rittenhouse was married in Philadel- 
 phia in 1869 to Miss Emma G., daughter of 
 John Omensetter and Mary Simpson ; both 
 her parents were born in Pennsylvania, of 
 German parentage. Mr. and Mrs. Ritten- 
 house have had eight children, four of whom 
 are living: David Martin, John Edgar, Anna 
 Margaret and Carrie E. Rittenhouse, all of 
 whom reside in Baltimore with their father 
 except David M., who is married and lives 
 with his family in Baltimore county. The 
 family are Baptists. Mr. Rittenhouse is a 
 Mason; in politics a Republican and was 
 elected by that party to the Second Branch 
 
 of the Baltimore City Council in 1895 to rep- 
 resent the Twenty-first and Twenty-second 
 wards. His term expired in 1897. When 
 residing in Philadelphia in 1868 he was sent 
 as a delegate from Judge Kelly's District in 
 that city to the Soldiers' Convention, which 
 met in Chicago just previous to the Nation- 
 al Republican Convention, which also met 
 in Chicago, nominating General Grant for 
 his first term as President. The first paper 
 ever made in North America was manufac- 
 tured by an ancestor of Mr. Ritten- 
 house. viz: Mr. Claus Rittenhouse at his 
 paper mill on Paper Mill Run in the town- 
 ship of Roxborough, (now incorporated in 
 Philadelphia) in i6go. Another of his an- 
 cestors, David Rittenhouse, was the manu- 
 facturer of the compass and surveying in- 
 struments used by George Washington and 
 Thomas Jefiferson in Virginia. When Ma- 
 son and Dixon were trying to run their fa- 
 motis line for Lord Baltimore and William 
 Penn they were unable to run the arc of a 
 circle twelve miles from New Castle, Del., 
 on acount of the magnetic attraction of the 
 instruments caused by the soil being im- 
 pregnated with minerals; they called up 
 David Rittenhouse to help them out of their 
 trouble, who thereupon made an instrument 
 to answer the purpose and succeeded in 
 running "Mason's and Dixon's Line." This 
 David Rittenhouse was the first director of 
 the United States Mint at Philadelphia; also 
 chairman of the Committee of Safety of 
 Pennsylvania during the Revolution, and 
 Treasurer of the State both during the Rev- 
 olution and afterwards. Mr. Nicholas M. 
 Rittenhouse is an active and pushing busi- 
 ness man and stands well with our people. 
 He resides w-ith his famly at 141 Winder- 
 mere avenue, Waverly. 
 
876 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 WiLLLAM Alexander Coale, Rector of 
 St. Luke's P. E. Church, Baltimore, was 
 born in Harford county, Md., October 29, 
 1843. He was a son of Nathan and Martha 
 Ann (Draper) Coale, who were Quakers 
 and both of English descent. His father's 
 family came with Lord Baltimore to Mary- 
 land, and his father was a native of Harford 
 county, Md., and was an architect. In 1844 
 he came to Baltimore to live. William was 
 educated in private schools in Baltimore and 
 at a boarding school at Milford, York Road, 
 and from there went to Trinity Hall at Ca- 
 tonsville for four years; at the age of nine- 
 teen he entered St. James College at Ha- 
 gerstown and remained there until the col- 
 lege was suspended on account of the break- 
 ing out of the war. He commenced his the- 
 ological studies witii Bishop Whittingham 
 and Rev. Dr. Charles W. Rankin and Dr. 
 S. A. Dalyrimple, finishing in about four 
 years. He was ordained to the diaconate of 
 Mt. Calvary Church September, 1867; to 
 the priesthood of St. Paul's Church April, 
 i86g. Lnmediately upon ordination to the 
 diaconate he became assistant to St. Luke's 
 Church, where he was baptized; upon ordi- 
 nation to the priesthood became first assist- 
 ant priest on the staft of four priests and dea- 
 cons. Li connection with work instituted a 
 congregation for colored people, which was 
 crowned with great success, and started 
 mission work at Franklintown, which re- 
 sulted in the organization of the congrega- 
 tion of the Church of St. Mary the Virgin. 
 In June, 1875. after a service of eight years, 
 was called to the rectorship of St. Michael's 
 Parish, Genesee, Livingston county, N. Y., 
 in the Diocese of BufTalo, which he retained 
 fifteen years. During his rectorate here he 
 was elected to the position of Dean of Dio- 
 
 cese six times consecutively without one op- 
 posing vote, clerical or lay, and during his 
 period of service was never opposed. In 
 1888 in Diocesan Council in Geneva, N. Y., 
 was elected delegate of the Diocese of Buf- 
 falo to the General Council of the Ameri- 
 can Church. He held both the position of 
 dean and delegate until October, 1889, when 
 he was called to the rectorship of St. Luke's 
 Church — his old church, but owing to the 
 strong opposition on the part of the people 
 of St. Michael's Parish to his leaving, he did 
 not determine to accept the charge until 
 February, 1890, but finally did so, and en- 
 tered upon the duties of the office on the 9th 
 of March in the same year. He was married 
 June 28, 1866, to Elizabeth J., youngest 
 daughter of Col. Wm. H. Frien, who owned 
 a place of 300 acres at Arlington, Baltimore 
 county, Md. They have four children: 
 William Frien, Howard Dorsey, Alexander 
 Draper and Walter Lauderdale. Mr. Coale 
 has one brother, Edward T. His parents 
 died when lie was twelve years old. 
 
 William T. i\L\LSTER, Mayor of Balti- 
 more. — In the pages of a historical work 
 such as this, biographical "selections," as 
 against "collections," form a distinctive feat- 
 ure. The selection in this instance is a con- 
 spicuous indication of a fruitful field, inas- 
 much as this municipality grows, and ever 
 has grown timber of executive and admin- 
 istrative character. 
 
 Mr. Wm. T. ]\Ialster, then, is the subject 
 of this I:)rief article. He is in the full vigor of 
 matured manhood, having first seen the 
 light in Cecil county, Md., in '43. In the 
 search for a life employment, suited to his 
 tastes and attainments, Mr. Malster's ca- 
 reer marks the gradations attendant upon 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 877 
 
 successful self-made men of our country. 
 Successive advancements, never retrograd- 
 ing, are the mile posts along his route. The 
 culmination (not to summarize each step) 
 was, and is engineering, which, in theory 
 and practice, he long since mastered. This 
 affirmation is emphasized to a demonstra- 
 tion by the fruitage born of his skill. Com- 
 mercial men and corporations alike have the 
 products of the man's achievements in the 
 many ice boats, merchant ships, transports, 
 etc., over all the seas. The capstone, how- 
 ever, is the output of Mr. Malster's estab- 
 lishment — The Columbian Iron Works and 
 Dry Dock Company. The battleships, 
 cruisers, torpedo boats, etc., turned over, 
 complete, to the United States Government 
 from that institution, are matters of national 
 and international knowledge. Such an in- 
 stitution as these works is valuable to Balti- 
 more, not only as a matter of reputation 
 and civic pride, but as a valuable movement 
 and factor in the development in the city's 
 population, her trade, and her business. 
 
 Mr. Malster is recognizedin other spheres 
 than the one above mentioned, however. 
 His resourcefulness, state-craft and envia- 
 ble status with his fellow-citizens, is accen- 
 tuated by his culminated career, or present 
 laurels, in the fields other than merely in- 
 dustrial and commercial. By a most flat- 
 tering vote against "machine" politicians 
 he was elected in '97 to the mayoralty of Bal- 
 timore, a trust at once commanding and im- 
 pressive. Fortunate may be called the mu- 
 nicipality that has such a leader and execu- 
 tive: but more fortunate still the acquies- 
 cence and service of the "right man in the 
 right place," as is seen in this instance. 
 'Slere fulsome, effusive tribute is ever gross 
 and regarded with just suspicion wherever 
 
 found. In these columns, as will be noted, 
 the "selections" accorded mention have 
 been those materially identified with the 
 city's growth and development. Any seem- 
 ing exception to this rule must be seen to 
 be in striking contrast to the whole. As has 
 been said, this is an historical, not biograph- 
 ical work. Histories of men or corporations 
 have been gathered in the space at com- 
 mand from among those deserving perpetu- 
 ation. The article here given, therefore, 
 will be seen to merit the notice devoted to it. 
 
 Dr. Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, 845 N. 
 Eutaw street.— Of the oldest continuous 
 dental professors in the United States, if not 
 in the world, Dr. F. J. S. Gorgas is second. 
 There are one or two other living professors 
 who may have begun teaching earlier, but 
 no others have been continuously in the pro- 
 fessor's chair as have Dr. Jonathan Taft, of 
 the University of Michigan, and the subject 
 of this brief review. 
 
 A native of Winchester, in the famous 
 Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, Doctor Gor- 
 gas' birth occurred July 27, 1839. As a boy 
 at school he was precocious and early out- 
 stripped others of his age. After attending 
 private and a few public schools of his na- 
 tive city. Doctor Gorgas matriculated in 
 Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., from which 
 he was graduated at the age of seventeen. 
 Having studied dentistry under practi- 
 tioners, he was prepared to enter the Bal- 
 timore College of Dental Surgery in ad- 
 vanced classes, and graduated from that in- 
 stitution in one year, in the spring of 1857. 
 His proficiency being recognized by the 
 Faculty, he was forthwith offered a position 
 as teacher in the institution, beginning his 
 duties the following autumn, and has since 
 
878 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 occui>ied continuously a professor's chair, 
 a period of forty-one years. Recognizing 
 early the necessity of a wider range of 
 knowledge to elevate the profession of den- 
 tistry above the plane of a trade, as it was at 
 first considered. Doctor Gorgas entered upon 
 a course of medicine and surgery as well, 
 and graduated with the title of M. D. from 
 the Medical School of the University of 
 Maryland. It is this love for a broader plane 
 of knowledge that has elevated Doctor Gor- 
 gas to the high position he now holds in the 
 profession in America. 
 
 The Doctor is an author of recognized 
 ability by his professional colleagues. His 
 "Medical and Dental Dictionary" has passed 
 through the sixth edition, as has his work 
 "The Dental Medicine." He has eleven 
 times revised and brought down to date 
 "Harris's Principles and Practice of Den- 
 tistry" and the "Questions and Answers 
 for Medical and Dental Students" has had 
 a wide circulation amongst practitioners, as 
 well as among those for whom it was es- 
 pecially written. The Doctor is the editor- 
 in-chief of The .lincrkan Joiintal of Denial 
 Science, the oUlest dental journal in tiie 
 world, founded by Dr. Chapin A. Harris, 
 the founder of the Baltimore College of 
 Dental Surgery as well. 
 
 Doctor Gorgas is prominent in Masonic 
 circles. He is thrice Past Master of Oriental 
 Lodge, Ko. 158, and Past Senior Grand 
 Warden of the Grand Dodge of Maryland. 
 He has also been High Priest of Jeru.sa!em 
 Chapter, No. 9, Royal Arch Masons, and 
 Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter of 
 the State; in Jerusalem Council of Royal 
 and Select Masters, and three times served 
 the order as Illustrious Grand Master of the 
 State. In Knight Templarism he has 
 
 served as Eminent Commander of two com- 
 manderies, Maryland Commandery, No. i, 
 and Beauseant Commandery, No. 8; for 
 twenty-one years has been chairman of the 
 Corresponding Committee of the Grand 
 Commandery of Maryland and was for 
 seven years chairman of the Committee of 
 Correspondence of the Grand Lodge of 
 Maryland. 
 
 Doctor Gorgas is one of the few who has 
 attained the highest degree in Masonry, the 
 33rd of the Scottish Rite. That high honor 
 was conferred upon him by those eminent 
 members of the Order, Albert Pike and 
 Judge Josiah Drummond, of Portland, Me. 
 
 The Doctor also holds membership in the 
 Knights of Honor, the Improved Order of 
 Heptasophs, and the United Order of 
 American ^Mechanics, for all of W'hich he 
 has the highest regard. C)f the profes- 
 sional societies he holds membership in 
 many; the principal ones being the Ameri- 
 can Medical Association, the American 
 Dental Association, the Southern Dental 
 .Association and the National Association 
 of Dental Faculties; and is one of the com- 
 mittee of three known as the ' ad interim 
 committee, in whose hands is placed the en- 
 tire management of afifairs between sittings 
 of the Association, and many are the dis- 
 putes arising between the different dental 
 colleges of the country that require tact and 
 judgment of a high order to settle them to 
 the satisfaction of all concerned. 
 
 The ancestry of Doctor Gorgas dates far 
 back into the early colonial period of the 
 continent, the immigrant ancestor, Samuel 
 Gorgas, coming from England at a remote 
 date unknown. The great-grandfather, 
 Sanuiel Gorgas, was a soldier of the Revo- 
 lution. He marred a Miss De Lancey, of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 879 
 
 the old New York family of that name. His 
 son, Samuel De Lancey Gorgas fought in 
 the War of 1812 and attained a ripe old age. 
 
 The father of our subject, John De Lan- 
 cey Gorgas, was for many years a success- 
 ful merchant of Winchester and Martins- 
 burg, Va. ; he died in 1841 at the age of sev- 
 enty-seven. His wife, Mary A., was a 
 daughter of Mr. James R. Smith, a planter 
 of the Old Dominion and of one of the old 
 families of the State. 
 
 Doctor Gorgas was married to Miss 
 Anna, daughter of Mr. Leroy Swormstead, 
 of Madison, Ind., whose brother. Rev. 
 Swormstead, was for many years editor of 
 the Western Christian Advocate, published 
 at Cincinnati. 
 
 Of the four children, three sons and a 
 daughter, born to the Doctor and his wife, 
 two survive : Lawrence De Lancey Gorgas, 
 a leading physician, of Chicago, and Her- 
 bert Ferdinand Gorgas. who practices den- 
 tistry with his father. 
 
 The Doctor and his family attend Mt. 
 Vernon Methodist Church. 
 
 HosEA Woodman Kapp, Superintendent 
 of the Baltimore Division of the Northern 
 Central Railway, which is composed of that 
 part of the Northern Central Railway from 
 Baltimore to Marysville, the Green Spring 
 Branch from Hollins to Green Spring Junc- 
 tion, the Canton Branch sidings in Balti- 
 more, and the Union Railroad from the cen- 
 ter of North street, Baltimore, to Bayview 
 Junction and Canton and Colgate Creek, 
 Md., was born at Marietta, Pa., on the 23rd 
 day of July, 1844. He attended school un- 
 til sixteen years of age at Northumberland, 
 Pa., to which place his parents had removed. 
 He entered the army as musician in the 
 
 Fifth Pennsylvania Reserves, in the fall of 
 1861, and served eleven months, in the 
 Army of the Potomac, Peninsula campaign. 
 In the fall of 1862 he entered the service of 
 the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad 
 as laborer on construction work, and later 
 served as laborer on work train. He con- 
 tinued with that road as a laborer and brake- 
 man until the spring of 1863, when he en- 
 tered the service of the Philadelphia and 
 Erie Railroad as brakeman. He continued 
 in the service of the latter company through 
 the various positions of brakeman, flagman, 
 freight conductor, yard master, passenger 
 conductor and train master until the sum- 
 mer of 1866, when he was promoted to be 
 train master of the Middle Division of that 
 road, with headquarters at Renovo, Pa. In 
 the spring of 1870 he was transferred to the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, and made assistant 
 train master of the Pittsburg Division, with 
 headquarters at Pittsburgh, in which posi- 
 tion he served until the spring of 1874, when 
 he was promoted to be train master at Bal- 
 timore of the Baltimore Division of the 
 Northern Centra! Railway. On January 
 IS- 1875. h^ received the additional appoint- 
 ment of train master of the Baltimore and 
 Potomac and Alexandria and Fredericks- 
 burg Railroads. On January i, 1883, when 
 the Baltimore Division of the Northern Cen- 
 tral Railway was placed under the general 
 superintendent of the other divisions of that 
 road whose headquarters were at Williams- 
 port, Pa., and the Baltimore and Potomac 
 and Alexandria and Fredericksburg Rail- 
 roads were placed under the general super- 
 intendent of the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
 and Baltimore Railroad, w^hose headquar- 
 ters were in Philadelphia, Mr. Kapp was 
 promoted to his present position, the super- 
 
880 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 intendency of the Baltimore Division, with 
 headquarters at Baltimore. Mr. Kapp was 
 married December 8, 1868, to Ceecie C, 
 daughter of the late Mrs. Mary Homer, of 
 Jersey Shore, Pa. Mr. and Mrs. Kapp have 
 eight children: William P., assistant round 
 house foreman, Pennsylvania Railroad, at 
 Altoona; Stacy W., assistant supervisor, P. 
 W. & B., at Baltimore; Percy C, with Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad, at West Philadelphia 
 shops; J. Bailey, Co. A, Fifth Maryland; 
 Edward R., student, Baltimore City Col- 
 lege; Miss May Rosabelle, and Martha 
 C, and Edith A., students at Woman's Col- 
 lege, Baltimore. The family reside at Pax- 
 ton, and attend St. John's P. E. Church. 
 Mr. Kapp is a member of Maryland Com- 
 mandery. Knights Templar. 
 
 William Henry Matthai, of the firm 
 of Matthai, Ingram & Co., was born in Bal- 
 timore July 26, 1856. He is a son of I\Ir. 
 John Christopher Matthai, whose personal 
 history is contained in this volume. Wil- 
 liam H. Matthai received his early train- 
 ing in the public schools of Baltimore, with 
 a supplementary academic course at New- 
 ton Academy. At the age of sixteen he en- 
 tered the employ in office service of Matthai 
 & Ingram, in which he was successively 
 promoted until his accession, in 1880, to the 
 firm, then known as Matthai, Ingram & Co. 
 Mr. Matthai is one of the board of directors 
 of the United States Fidelity and Trust 
 Company, of Baltimore. He was married 
 November 15, 1882, to Alice Bancroft, sec- 
 ond daughter of William H. Jones, of the 
 mercantile house of Clark & Jones, Balti- 
 more. Mr. and Mrs. :Matthai have six chil- 
 dren: William Howard, John Clark, Al- 
 
 bert Dilwarth, Joseph Fleming, Alice Ban- 
 croft and Margaret Matthai. 
 
 The family reside in the historic home- 
 stead, Lexington, on the Reisterstown road 
 near Pikesville, purchased by Mr. Matthai 
 from the Hamilton Caughey estate. This 
 mansion was built in 1775 and received its 
 name from the then recently fought battle 
 of Lexington. For some years immediately 
 following the Revolutionary War this fine 
 old mansion was a favorite rendezvous for 
 officers of the patriot army. Mr. Matthai is 
 a member and one of the trustees of Arling- 
 ton M. E. Church (South), and Mrs. Mat- 
 thai is a member of the First English Luth- 
 eran Church. 
 
 Isaac Holmes Shirk was born in Balti- 
 more, February 21, 1858. He is a son of 
 Henry and Catharine I. (Orrick) Shirk, na- 
 tives of Maryland, the former of German, 
 the latter of English descent. The first 
 comer to America of the Shirk (then 
 Scherch) family emigrated from Germany 
 about 1700, locating in Lancaster county, 
 Pa. The grandfather of the immediate sub- 
 ject of this sketch removed in 1847 from 
 Hagerstown to Baltimore, Md., where he 
 purchased twenty-five (25) acres of ground 
 in the northern section of the city, and was 
 for years an active agent in the improve- 
 ment and development of that part of Balti- 
 more. He gave a parcel of ground 255 by 
 184 feet on the west side of St. Paul street, 
 between Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth 
 streets, and other bequests aggregating a 
 value approximately of $200,000, to the 
 Woman's College, of Baltimore. Isaac 
 Shirk was educated in the public schools 
 and City College of Baltimore, spent the 
 following fifteen years in mercantile pur- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 881 
 
 suits, and has since 1887 been engaged in 
 real estate and financial brokerage business 
 with present offices in the Latrobe Build- 
 ing. He is a member of the National Real 
 Estate Association which he represented in 
 World's Congress Auxiliary at the World's 
 Fair, Chicago. He resides at 2133 Mary- 
 land avenue. 
 
 Charles E. Ford, Owner and Manager 
 of Ford's Grand Opera Houses, Baltimore 
 and Washington, was born in Baltimore in 
 1856, and is a son of the late John T. Ford, 
 who was not only closely identified with the 
 history of the theater in the United States, 
 but was also one of Baltimore's most prom- 
 inent citizens, interested in the principal 
 public improvements of that city. His life 
 was almost a history of the local stage, for 
 though not himself old in years at the time 
 of his demise, he was in point of service the 
 senior theatrical manager in the United 
 States, and personally knew the majority of 
 the dramatic, literary and political celebri- 
 ties of his day. His wide knowledge of the 
 drama, his practical experience and theatri- 
 cal management and his intellectual tastes 
 made him a target for all collectors of rem- 
 iniscences of the State, and he was always 
 called upon by every contemporary writer 
 of dramatic history as a private source of 
 information. He was identified with one of 
 the most tragic events in this nation's his- 
 tory, for it was in his theater at Washington, 
 D. C, that President Lincoln was assassin- 
 ated by John Wilkes Booth, that actor hav- 
 ing been employed in Mr. Ford's Stock 
 Company. At one time and another Mr. 
 Ford had under his management all the 
 prominent stars of the day, and it was 
 through his efforts that the first successes 
 52 
 
 of Edwin Booth and Mary Anderson were 
 made. He also introduced Gilbert and 
 Sullivan to the American public. His gen- 
 erosity was as marked a characteristic of his 
 nature as was his energy. Through agen- 
 cies of the theater which he managed, he 
 contributed fully $100,000 to various chari- 
 ties. His famous grand opera house in Bal- 
 timore was erected in 1872, at a cost of 
 $175,000, including the lot on which it was 
 built. The architect was James T. GifTord. 
 In it, during the year it was opened to the 
 public, Horace Greeley was nominated for 
 the Presidency by the Democratic National 
 Convention, and in 1876, Dom Pedro, Em- 
 peror of Brazil, and the Empress were en- 
 tertained during their tour of the United 
 States, on which occasion Mary Anderson 
 was the star. In 1886 a benefit was held for 
 the sufferers by the Charleston earthquake, 
 and the sum of $5,000 was realized. In 1889 
 a reception was given there to Captain Mur- 
 rell and officers of the steamship "Mis- 
 souri," in recognition of their gallantry in 
 the famous rescue of the Danish vessel 
 "Denmark" in mid ocean. The house was 
 remodeled in 1893, and now ranks as one of 
 the finest opera houses in the United States. 
 Politically Mr. Ford was a prominent and 
 life-long Democrat. He served several 
 terms in the State Legislature and was City 
 Commissioner and Acting Mayor of Balti- 
 more. He was a director of the B. & O. 
 and Western Maryland Railroads. During 
 the latter part of his life he was assisted in 
 management by his son, Charles E. Ford. 
 Mr. Ford, Sr., married Miss Edith B. An- 
 drews, of Hanover county, Va. Ten children 
 were born of this union, of whom Charles E. 
 Ford is the eldest. The early education of 
 the latter was acciuired under the tuition of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 Rev. John H. Dashiell, one of the most 
 noted scholars of his day. He completed 
 his studies in the University of Virginia. 
 From 1872 until his father's death he as- 
 sisted in the management of the opera 
 houses, and then assumed full control, and 
 is now the owner of both houses. In 1876 
 he married Annie, daughter of Addison 
 Hardcastle, of the Eastern Shore. They 
 have three children: Mabel, wife of P. P. 
 Dunan, of Baltimore; Charles E., Jr., now 
 in the Johns Hopkins University, and Edith 
 Octavia Ford. Although not politically in- 
 clined, Mr. Ford takes a deep interest in the 
 welfare of his city and county, being strong- 
 ly allied to the Democratic party and its 
 principles. He has refused all overtures for 
 office, being content with the busy life ne- 
 cessitated by his theatrical ventures. He 
 has a beautiful home near Pikesville, which 
 he purchased riine years ago, and his spa- 
 cious greenhouses are a source of much 
 pleasure to him. He is noted for hospitality 
 and generosity; agreeable and courteous in 
 his manners, few men are more highly re- 
 spected in the city of his birth. Fraternally 
 he is a member of the Order of Elks. 
 
 Dr. Cii.\kli:s Raymond SiioiiMAKEK 
 was born in Shenandoah in 1870. He is the 
 son of Martin and Margaret (Titman) Shoe- 
 maker, natives of Pennsylvania, and resi- 
 dents of Shenandoah where Mr. Shoemaker 
 is engaged in business as a coal merchant. 
 Charles R. Shoemaker received his general 
 education in the public schools of his native 
 county, and came to P)altimore to enter the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, from 
 which institution lie was graduated witli the 
 class of '91. Following his graduation he 
 was for one year assistant resident physician 
 
 at Bay View Asylum, since which time he 
 has been engaged in general practice, with 
 present office and residence at 1735 Ais- 
 quith street. He has been on the staff of 
 the Presbyterian Eye, Ear and Throat Hos- 
 pital since 1894, is a member of the Medical 
 and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and 
 is examining physician for the Home 
 Friendly Society. 
 
 He was married June 14, 1892, to Miss 
 Hallie, daughter of the late Henry and 
 Mary (Phillips) Stevenson, of Baltimore. 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Shoemaker have one child, 
 Martin. 
 
 Doctor Shoemaker is a Methodist, and 
 Mrs. Shoemaker a communicant of the 
 P. E. Church of the Messiah. 
 
 Rivv. Alphonse MagniEn, President of 
 St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, was born 
 in Lozere, France, June, 1837. He took his 
 classical course in the diocese of Mende, 
 France, and completed his ecclesiastical 
 education at Orleans, France, where he was 
 ordained for the priesthood. He was a 
 teacher for several years at La Chapelle, 
 diocese of Orleans, a preparatory seminary 
 made famous by Bishop Dupanloup. He 
 then entered the Society of Saint Sulpice, 
 and occupied the chair of philosophy at 
 Nantes and Rodez successively, one year at 
 the former and two at the latter place. In 
 1869 he came to America to become one of 
 the faculty of St. Mary's Seminary, Balti- 
 more, with which institution he has ever 
 since beeil connected, teaching at different 
 periods philosophy, scripture, church liis- 
 torv and theology, and has been the j)resi- 
 dent since 1878. 
 
 Under his superiorship there was so great 
 an influ.x of candidates that a separate de- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 partment of philosophy under a special su- 
 perior and later on a double course of divin- 
 ity were added. The building was materi- 
 ally increased by the addition of a large 
 wing. Three hundred pupils has been the 
 average attendance during the past several 
 sessions. 
 
 James Edmondson Ingram, second 
 member of the firm of Matthai, Ingram & 
 Co., was born in Baltimore, April 22, 1847. 
 He is a son of the late Charles and Eliza 
 (Edmondson) Ingram, natives of Maryland, 
 and descendants of early English settlers of 
 the colony. The ancestry of the Ingrams is 
 traceable to Timothy and Sarah (Cowell) 
 Ingram, who owned in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury a large portion of the present site of 
 Leeds, England. Joshua Edmondson, ma- 
 ternal great-grandfather of the immediate 
 subject of this sketch, was one of two bro- 
 thers who located in Cecil county, Md., 
 prior to the" Revolutionary War. His son, 
 James Edmondson, was one of the Old De- 
 fenders. Charles Ingram, Mr. James E. In- 
 gram's paternal grandfather, settled in Dor- 
 chester county, where he was an agricultur- 
 alist, and whence his son Charles came to 
 Baltimore about 1817, and was a manufac- 
 turer of cigars and tobacco up to within a 
 few years of his decease (1848). He was for 
 many years a member and official of the 
 Caroline Street M. E. Church, and was the 
 founder of what is now known as JefTerson 
 M. E. Church. He was a generous sup- 
 porter of Methodism generally, and the 
 congregations above named particularly. 
 
 James E. Ingram attended the public 
 .-schools including the City College, of Balti- 
 more. At the age of thirteen he entered the 
 employ of Thomas Austin, provision dealer. 
 
 After brief periods of other employment he 
 was apprenticed January 4, 1865, to John 
 Evans, manufacturer of tinware. After 
 learning his trade he continued for some 
 time in the employ of Mr. Evans, and later 
 with the firm of Conklin & Willis. On 
 February i, 1870, he formed a partnership 
 association with John Christopher Matthai, 
 under the firm name of Matthai & Ingram, 
 dealers in and manufacturers of tin ware and 
 house furnishings. (For subsequent history 
 of firm see sketch of John Christopher Mat- 
 thai, this volume.) Mr. Ingram has been 
 since early manhood a member of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, and has occupied 
 all of the official positions, honors and trusts 
 in connection therewith that fall to the lot 
 of the layman. He has been trustee, stew- 
 ard, local preacher, class leader, Sunday- 
 school superintendent, was president for 
 several years of the Local Preachers' Asso- 
 ciation of Baltimore, and is now president 
 of the City Missionary and Church Exten- 
 sion Society, and superintendent of the Sun- 
 day-school at Arlington. He was delegate 
 to the General Conference at Omaha in 
 1892, and was largely instrumental in the 
 building of the Arlington M. E. Church. 
 He has been a liberal contributor to educa- 
 tional and other benevolent church institu- 
 tions and originated and was president of 
 the board of the Methodist Bazar of 1897, 
 which in ten days raised $8,000 for the City 
 Missionary and Church Extension Fund. 
 He is a director of the Citizens' National 
 and Hopkins Place Savings Banks, and 
 vice-president of Baltimore Methodist Pub- 
 lishing Company. 
 
 He was married January 26, 1871, to 
 Mary A., eldest daughter of John Christo- 
 pher Matthai. Mr. and ]\Irs. Ingram have 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 five children, viz: John M. Ingram, Balti- 
 more representative of Falcon Tin Plate 
 Company and Hyde Park Steel Sheet Com- 
 pany; James E. Ingram, Jr., of the firm of 
 Gould, Ingram & Hubner, attorneys of 
 Baltimore; Charles Ingram, with the firm of 
 Matthai, Ingram & Co., and the Misses 
 Florence T. and May D. Ingram, pupils at 
 Womans' College of Baltimore. The family 
 residence is on Park Heights avenue, near 
 Pikesville. 
 
 Robert Grain, Attorney, Baltimore, 
 Md. This gentleman is a member of the 
 firm of Grain & Hershey, well known cor- 
 poration lawyers of Baltimore, rooms 606- 
 7-8 Fidelity Building. Mr. Grain was born 
 in Charles county, Md., November 12, 1866. 
 His father was Dr. Robert Grain. His moth- 
 er's maiden name was Nellie Morgan, 
 daughter of James Henry Morgan, an ex- 
 tensive planter in southern Maryland. Doc- 
 tor Grain was a prominent physician and 
 enjoyed an extensive practice in southern 
 Maryland. Mr. Grain's great-grandfather 
 was Dr. Gerald Wood, who was surgeon to 
 Gen. George Washington during the Revo- 
 lutionary War. 
 
 Peter Wood Grain, great-uncle of Robert 
 Grain, was an attorney and judge, and 
 served twenty-seven years as judge of the 
 seventh judicial circuit of Marvland. It 
 may be seen that Mr. Grain's ancestors took 
 a prominent part in the affairs of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this 
 sketch was reared and educated in Mary- 
 land, receiving his preparatory education at 
 Charlotte Hall, St. Mary's cinuity, and St. 
 John's College, Annapolis. Md. He subse- 
 quently graduated from the Law School of 
 
 Maryland University in 1886; he then com- 
 menced the practice of his chosen profes- 
 sion and was admitted to the bar of Balti- 
 more, and in 1892 the present firm was 
 formed. He soon acquired an extensive cli- 
 entage and a lucrative practice. He has 
 been identified with numerous notable 
 criminal trials in this State. Mr. Grain be- 
 gan to take an active interest in politics be- 
 fore he reached his majority, and when a 
 mere boy he made several political speeches. 
 He is an out and out Democrat and has oc- 
 cupied a prominent position in the councils 
 of the Democratic party. He was elected a 
 delegate to the National Democratic Con- 
 vention in 1888 and although the youngest 
 delegate in that body, he took a prominent 
 part. The same year he organized in St. 
 Louis the National League of Democratic 
 Clubs. In 1892 he received the appoint- 
 ment of Liquor License Commissioner, and 
 served on that Board during the administra- 
 tion of Governor Brown. April 25, 1896, 
 Mr. Grain was appointed the Democratic 
 Member of the Board of Supervisors of 
 Elections, by Governor Lowndes. In 1898 
 he resigned and since then has devoted his 
 entire time to the practice of his profession. 
 Mr. Grain was married April 20, 1898, to 
 Miss Margaret, daughter of Judge William 
 George Bennett, of Weston, W. Va. 
 
 Mr. Talbot J. Albert was born in the 
 city of Baltimore, Februtry 16, 1847. On 
 the paternal side he is of German descent. 
 His great-great-grandfather, Laurens Al- 
 bert, was a native of Germany and settled in 
 York county. Pa., in 1752, where he pur- 
 chased a farm. 
 
 His son, ,\ndrew Albert, was the father of 
 Tacob Albert, who came to Baltimore in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 
 
 885 
 
 1805 engaging in the wholesale hardware 
 business. The firm of Jacob Albert & Co. 
 was widely known throughout the South 
 and West and was reputed to have the larg- 
 est trade in its line of goods of any firm 
 south of New York. 
 
 For a number of years Jacob Albert was 
 the only representative of his name in the 
 Baltimore Directory. At the time of his 
 death in 1854, and for a number of years pre- 
 vious, he was president of the Commercial 
 and Farmers' National Bank. His resi- 
 dence, surrounded by its spacious gardens, 
 occupied the site where the Young Men's 
 Christian Association Building now stands. 
 
 Jacob Albert associated with him in busi- 
 ness his two sons, Augustus James and Wil- 
 liam Julian. With great good judgment 
 and sagacity, foreseeing a conflict between 
 the Northern and Southern States, they 
 closed the business of the firm a short time 
 before the outbreak of hostilities. The only 
 surviving child of Jacob Albert is a. daugh- 
 ter by a second marriage, Mary Schroeder 
 McKini, wife of Dr. Robert V. McKim, of 
 New York City. 
 
 Mr. Talbot J. Albert, son of William Ju- 
 lian Albert, was a pupil at the school of the 
 late Rev. Benjamin B. Griswold, and subse- 
 quently entered Harvard University, where 
 he was graduated from the academic depart- 
 ment in 1868. Having a taste for the legal 
 profession he entered the Law School of the 
 same university from which he w^as gradu- 
 ated and admitted to the Suffolk bar of Bos- 
 ton in 1870. At different times he has re- 
 ceived from his Alma IN'Iater the degrees of 
 A. B., A. M. and LL. B. On his admission 
 to the bar of Boston, Mr. Albert was ten- 
 dered a position in the office of the late 
 Mayor Goston, a prominent attorney of that 
 
 city and afterwards Governor of the State 
 of Massachusetts, but preferring to practice 
 in his native city he removed to Baltimore 
 in the same year, when he becaine associa- 
 ted with the late Archibald Stirling, of the 
 United States District Attorney's Office. 
 As a lawyer, he subsequently became asso- 
 ciated with the Hon. William M. Marine, 
 ex-Collector of the Port. 
 
 Ainong the important cases with which 
 Mr. Albert has been connected as counsel, 
 was the famous case of Denison vs. Deni- 
 son, reported in \'ol. 35, p. 361, of the De- 
 cisions of the Court of Appeals of Mary- 
 land. This case established the marriage 
 law of Maryland. He argued it for tw^o days 
 in the Orphans' Court of Baltimore City; 
 and the judgment of that Court being 
 against his client, he took an appeal. Al- 
 though Mr. Albert did not argue the case in 
 the Court of Appeals, he prepared a brief 
 which was closely followed by Judge Al- 
 vey, who delivered the opinion of the Court, 
 unanimously reversing the judges of the 
 lower Court. The decision in this case once 
 for all put the contract of marriage in Mary- 
 land on a sounder basis than in any other 
 State, by requiring it to be solemnized by 
 a religious ceremony, and our tribunals are 
 not disgraced by the fraudulent claims of al- 
 leged widows contending for the wealth of 
 dead men. 
 
 While devoting himself to the practice of 
 his profession, ]\Ir. Albert has always taken 
 an active interest in politics. In the Re- 
 publican party he has always been known 
 as a staunch party man, never favoring fu- 
 sion or coalition movements. As a resident 
 of Baltimore county he has frequently been 
 a delegate to the County Conventions, and 
 a member of the Republican State Central 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Committee. He sustained his party in the 
 dark days of prejudice when it cost a man 
 something to be known as a RepubHcan 
 in Maryland. In 1884 he helped to re-or- 
 ganize the Young Men's Republican Club, 
 of Baltimore City, after the demoralizing de- 
 feat of Mr. Blaine, and after an able and 
 scholarly address on the political situation 
 at that time, he was elected president of the 
 Club, which position he held for one year, 
 declining a re-election. Shortly preceding 
 the Harrison Campaign of 1888 he was one 
 of the founders and first presidents of the 
 North Baltimore Republican Club, which 
 is now known as the Commonwealth (a so- 
 cial) Club. In the campaign of 1896 Mr. 
 Albert was president of the Columbian 
 Club, one of the most influential political 
 organizations of the State. On his appoint- 
 ment that year to the Board of Supervisors 
 of Elections of Baltimore county, he was 
 made president of the Board by his col- 
 leagues. This was up to that time the only 
 public ofifice he had ever held and his ap- 
 pointment by Governor Lowndes was with- 
 out his knowledge or solicitation. This po- 
 sition he relinquished to become Presiden- 
 tial elector, and on January 11, 1897, at the 
 meeting of the Electoral College at Annap- 
 olis, he had the honor of casting his vote 
 for William McKinley for President and 
 Garrett A. Hobart for Vice-President of the 
 United States. 
 
 It is a strange coincidence that thirty-two 
 years before, his father, William J. Albert, 
 was president of the only Republican Elect- 
 oral College of the State which had ever 
 cast its vote, casting it that year for Abra- 
 ham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Mr. 
 yVlliert's [iolitical tastes and party predilec- 
 
 tions it will be seen were inherited. Both of 
 his parents took a most active interest in be- 
 half of their country in the war for the 
 Union, and were as sincere and earnest pa- 
 triots as any throughout the North. 
 
 William J. Albert, father of the subject 
 of this review, was the political associate of 
 the late Henry Winter Davis and Judge 
 Hugh L. Bond. It was at the residence of 
 Mr. Albert that Mr. Lincoln was a guest 
 the only time he was known to accept pri- 
 vate hospitality, the occasion being his at- 
 tendance in 1864 at the Fair of the Sanitary 
 Commission of the city of Baltimore. Gen- 
 eral Grant, Chief Justice Chase and other 
 distinguished men were frequent guests at 
 the same hospitable mansion, which was al- 
 ways open to the friends of the Union cause. 
 Mr. W. J. Albert took a deep interest in 
 the welfare of the newly enfranchised race 
 and was president of the Society for the 
 Moral and Educational Improvement of the 
 Colored Race, which furnished school facili- 
 ties for the late slaves of the State before the 
 public school system was extended to them. 
 Judge Bond facetiously shortened the name 
 of the Society to "Timbuctoo." Mr. Al- 
 bert's services were so highly appreciated 
 by his fellow-citizens that he was elected to 
 represent them in the Forty-third Congress 
 of 1872. 
 
 In a sketch of his life contained in the 
 Biographical Encyclopedia of Maryland 
 and District of Columbia, p. 48, we find this 
 reference: "Mr. Albert still looks back 
 with pride to the days when he was a fire- 
 man under the old volunteer system, twenty- 
 j five or thirty years ago, and to the efforts 
 I he put forth to have that system replaced 
 I by a paid (le])artnKnt. He was one of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 first and most influential in proposing and 
 securing that change. So enthusiastic was 
 he on the subject that he had Latta's Steam 
 Fire Engine brought from Cincinnati to 
 Bahimore for trial, almost entirely at his 
 own expense. 
 
 While of German descent on his father's 
 side, our subject's maternal ancestors were 
 of Irish extraction. His grandfather, Tal- 
 bot Jones, after whom he is named, was one 
 of the Irish patriots, and his articles against 
 British Rule in Ireland, published during 
 the Rebellion in which Robert Emmet lost 
 his life so incensed the Government that a 
 price was set upon his head. When about 
 to be apprehended, he took passage on an 
 American vessel bound for the States, and 
 his parting words to his only sister were: 
 "Where liberty dwells shall be my home." 
 
 During the War of 1812 he took an active 
 part and was captured at the battle of North 
 Point. His identity was known and he 
 would have been tried and executed under 
 charges for his action on the "Old Sod" fif- 
 teen years before, had it not been for his 
 finding in the captain, his captor, a brother 
 ^lason through whose influence he was ex- 
 changed. 
 
 He was one of Baltimore's most promi- 
 nent merchants in his day and a projector 
 of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, serving 
 on its first Board of Directors. 
 
 The mother of our subject, Emily Albert, 
 like her father, was conspicuous for her pa- 
 triotism as well as her charity. She was 
 educated at the Willard Academy, of Troy, 
 N. Y., where she was graduated with hon- 
 ors. Her sentiments were always bitterly 
 opposed to slavery. Early in the war the 
 condition of the Federal soldiers excited her 
 greatest sympathy, and with the assistance 
 
 of other philanthropic persons she estab- 
 lished the Home for Sick and Disabled Sol- 
 diers of the Union Army, of which she was 
 sole president for a number of years until 
 the establishment of the Asylums by the Na- 
 tional Government. She was also one of 
 the founders of the Union Orphan Asylum, 
 of Baltimore City, of which she was treas- 
 urer, and her devoted friend. Miss Margaret 
 Purviance, was president. When, by the 
 lapse of time, the last of the soldiers'orphans 
 had attained maturity and had been pro- 
 vided for, the question arose as to what 
 should be done with the valuable property 
 at the northeast corner or Franklin and 
 Schroeder streets. At the suggestion of 
 these ladies the Board of Trustees trans- 
 ferred it to the Nursery and Child's Hos- 
 pital of Baltimore, and this action of the 
 trustees was sanctioned by the Circuit Court 
 of Baltimore City, obtained by Mr. Albert, 
 who acted as counsel for the ladies. A bal- 
 ance in cash remaining in the treasury was 
 appropriated to build the Soldiers' Monu- 
 ment at Loudon Park Cemetery, which was 
 designed under Mrs. Albert's direction with 
 the determination that the brave men who 
 died for their country should have some 
 memorial. At the dedication of this monu- 
 ment Mr. Albert delivered an eloquent and 
 touching address. 
 
 Mrs. Albert was a devout Christian and 
 took a deep interest in foreign and domestic 
 missions. She was the first president of 
 the Maryland Branch of the Woman's Aux- 
 iliary to the Board of Foreign Missions, 
 which she helped to organize. She was also 
 a member of the Board of Directors on the 
 Union Protestant Infirmary and was con- 
 nected with other charitable institutions. 
 Her sudden death, which occurred Decem- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ber 28, 1889, ten years after the death of her 
 husband on March 29, 1879, was lamented 
 by a large circle of acquaintances in the 
 humblest and highest walks of life. 
 
 During the campaign of 1896, under the 
 auspices of the Columbian Club, Mr. Talbot 
 T. Albert aided in organizing the JMaryland 
 Wage-earners' Excursion to Canton, O. It 
 consisted of twenty-five hundred men and 
 repre.'^ented the varied industries of Balti- 
 more City. It was probably the largest 
 delegation that ever went so great a dis- 
 tance to congratulate a candidate for the 
 presidency of the United States. The ad- 
 dress of Mr. Albert as chairman of the dele- 
 gation, ]\Iajor McKinley highly com- 
 mended. 
 
 Mr. Albert has on several occasions been 
 tendered the nomination for Congress by 
 the Republicans of the Fifth District, but 
 owing to untoward circumstances, was un- 
 able to accept. It was therefore the great- 
 est satisfaction to the many friends of Mr. 
 Albert when it became known in the au- 
 tumn of 1897 that he had been tendered the 
 American Consulship to the City and 
 Duchy of Brunswick, Germany, and had 
 signified his acceptance. Taking the oath 
 of office on October 25th, :\Ir. Albert made 
 immediate preparation for his four years' 
 sojourn abroad, and sailed about the 1st of 
 December of that year. On October 28, 
 1884, Mr. Albert was married to Miss 
 Olivia Patricia Macgill, daughter of Mr. 
 Oliver Patrick Macgill, former Register of 
 Wills of Baltimore county. Mr. Macgill's 
 great-grandfather. Rev. James Macgill, in 
 1742 was first rector of Queen Caroline 
 Parish at Elkridge Landing. Mrs. Albert's 
 mother was Miss Mary Clare Carroll 
 Spcnce, a lineal descendant of Barrister Car- 
 
 roll, of Revolutionary fame, and through 
 her she is connected with the Lowell and 
 Putnam families, of Massachusetts, being 
 first cousin to James Russell Lowell, late 
 ]\Iinister to England. 
 
 ]Mr. Albert has been more than twenty 
 years a member of the Maryland Historical 
 Society. He holds membership in the 
 Athenaeum Club, Catonsville Country 
 Club, Bachelors' Cotillion Club and the 
 Harvard Club of ilaryland, of which he is 
 second vice-president. 
 
 He is a gentleman of refined and literary 
 tastes and is a great reader, taking a deep 
 interest, not only in the literature of the 
 past, but also in the current literature of the 
 day. 
 
 Mr. Robert G. Keexe. — One of the 
 well known practitioners of the Baltimore 
 bar, whose face has been familiar in the va- 
 rious courts of the city for the past thirty 
 years, is Mr. Robert Goldsborough Keene. 
 
 He is a native of Baltimore and received 
 his earlier education in private schools and 
 academies. Deciding upon the law as a pro- 
 fession, Mr. Keene entered the office of Mr. 
 George M. Gill, a most eminent counsellor, 
 where he was pursuing his studies at the 
 time of the outbreak of the Civil War. 
 
 On the first call for men, Mr. Keene en- 
 listed in the First Virginia Cavalry of the 
 Confederate Army, and later, in Company 
 A, First Maryland Cavalry, serving through 
 the whole course of the war. One of 
 tlie most exciting engagements in which 
 he participated was a hand to hand encoun- 
 ter with the Michigan Cavalry in the second 
 battle of Bull Run. He was in the battle of 
 Gettysburg, also at Antietam, through the 
 W'est \^irginia Camp?ign. also in the famous 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 charge in Greenland Gap, with Jackson 
 in the valley of Mrginia. with the Army 
 of Northern \'irginia in all its great cam- 
 paigns. At Luray, after the burning of 
 Chambersburg, Mr. Keene was taken pris- 
 oner and idled away some eight months 
 amid the scenes of Camp Chase, O., when 
 he was exchanged and served until the close 
 of hostilities, which occurred shortly after- 
 wards. 
 
 At the end of the war Air. Keene renewed 
 his studies and was called to the bar in 1867, 
 since which time he has been engaged in the 
 practice of law in Baltimore. 
 
 His father, Mr. John H. Keene, a son of 
 Dr. Samuel Young Keene, who took part 
 in the struggle for independence, serving 
 as a surgeon through the entre contest, was 
 a native of Talbot county, Md., as was like- 
 wise his wife, who was a Miss Sallie Law- 
 rence, of the Dorsey family, of that State 
 Doctor Keene married a Miss Sarah Golds- 
 borough, for whose father the subject of this 
 sketch was named. 
 
 The Keene family is of English origin 
 and one of distinction in the mother country. 
 Edmund Keene, Lord Bishop of Ely, was 
 an ancestor of the family, as also was Sir 
 Benjamin Keene, English Ambassador to 
 Spain in 1757. Mr. Keene was married in 
 October, 1895, to Mrs. Abbie P. Bresee, 
 daughter of George W. Patterson, of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 In his political views Mr. Keene is, and 
 always has been, an unsw'erving Democrat, 
 and while never consenting to accept office, 
 has generally taken an active part in every 
 campaign. 
 
 Mr. Keene holds a pew in Christ Church 
 (Episcopal), which he attends. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Maryland Club and Elkridge 
 
 Fox Hunting Club. Of the secret organi- 
 zations he affiliated with the Masonic fra- 
 ternity, holding membership in Central 
 Lodge, Xo. 108. Mr. Keene has interested 
 himself considerably in real estate opera- 
 tions, and was the chief founder of Ocean 
 City on the Atlantic coast. Purchasing a 
 large tract of land from the Tabor heirs, he 
 organized a company, laid out a town 
 near the beach and thus became instru- 
 mental in building up a beautiful summer 
 city by the sea. 
 
 John Prentis Poe. — No attorney is bet- 
 ter or more favorably known than the genial 
 author of the code of Maryland laws. Mr. 
 John P. Poe is thoroughly identified with 
 all the varied interests of the city of Balti- 
 more, having made it his home since his 
 birth, which occurred August 22, 1836. His 
 parents. Nelson and Josephine Emily Poe, 
 were also natives of Maryland, the former 
 during his lifetime a well known member of 
 the bar. John P. Poe was educated at the 
 public schools of Baltimore and at the 
 French and English Academy of Professor 
 Boursand. Later he attended St. Mary's 
 College, and subsequently Princeton Col- 
 lege, from which he graduated in June, 1854, 
 being at that time in his eighteenth year. 
 On his return from college, Mr. Poe se- 
 cured a clerkship in a bank and during this 
 time read law under the supervision of his 
 father. He was appointed librarian of the 
 Law Library, which gave him an excellent 
 opportunity of pursuing his studies. Ap- 
 plying for admission to the bar, his petition 
 was granted in the Superior Court of Bal- 
 timore, August 22, 1857, in the Court of 
 Appeals of Maryland in December of that 
 year, and in the Supreme Court of the 
 
890 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 United States in January, 1858, since which 
 time he has been in active practice in the 
 various State and Federal Courts. From 
 the first, Mr. Poe has taken an active part 
 in all political movements of the State and 
 nation, advocating the principles of true 
 Democracy. In 1871 Mr. Poe was appoint- 
 ed School Commissioner for the Eleventh 
 ward, serving upwards of seventeen years. 
 In 1885 he was appointed president of the 
 Baltimore City Tax Commission, and of the 
 State Tax Commission the following year. 
 Under the administration as Mayor of Hon. 
 William Pinkney White, Mr. Poe served as 
 City Counsellor from 1882 to '84, and later 
 on was elected Attorney General of the 
 State in 1891. 
 
 Mr. Poe is well known as an author of 
 recognized authority on legal subjects, his 
 "Pleading and Practice in Courts of Com- 
 mon Law," first published in 1880, having 
 passed through three editions, the last one 
 being issued in 1897, the first one in 1882 to 
 "84. Because of his eminent fitness for the 
 work, Mr. Poe was appointed by the Gen- 
 eral Assembly in 1886 to prepare the Mary- 
 land Code of Public. General and Local 
 Laws, and his codification was adopted in 
 the act of 1888 and re-adopted in 1890. As 
 a whole it is as complete and perfect a code 
 of laws as can be found in any State of the 
 Union. He prepared also the Baltimore 
 City Code of 1885 and also that of 1893. 
 
 As early as 1869 Mr. Poe was elected a 
 Regent of the University of Maryland and 
 ion the establishment of the School of Law 
 of the University he was appointed pro- 
 fessor, and later became Dean of the Fac- 
 ulty. As a practitioner at the Baltimore 
 bar, Mr. Poe has had a long and successful 
 career, his success dating back to his ad- 
 
 mission to practice. As an author his 
 reputation is firmly established and will re- 
 main bright and untarnished long after his 
 being called to the bar above. In political 
 views Mr. Poe has always given his un- 
 swerving support to the standard bearers of 
 Democracy. On the hustings or in the 
 party councils he has been a pillar of the or- 
 ganization, and one whose counsel has been 
 eagerly sought and highly esteemed. 
 
 i\lR. S. Johnson Poe, a native of Balti- 
 more, was born March 27, 1864. After se- 
 curing his preliminary education in the well 
 known school of Mr. George G. Carey, Mr. 
 Poe matriculated in Princeton University 
 in 1880, graduating in the class of '84. Hav- 
 ing a predilection for the law, Mr. Poe be- 
 gan the study of his profession in the office 
 of his father, Mr. John P. Poe, and after 
 graduating from the Law School of the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland in May, 1887, was ad- 
 mitted to the bar the following month. 
 Shortly after he opened an office in the city. 
 He continued the practice of his profession 
 alone until the ist of January, 1895, at 
 which time he and his brother became part- 
 ners of their father under the firm name of 
 John Poe & Sons. Mr. Poe holds com- 
 munion with St. Paul's Episcopal Church. 
 He is a member of Lord Baltimore 
 Lodge, No. 275, Knights of Honor, 
 and the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Of the 
 social clubs he holds membership in the fol- 
 lowing: The Baltimore Club, the Elkridge 
 Fox Hunting Club, the Catonsville Country 
 Club, and the Bachelors" and Junior Cotil- 
 lion Clubs of Baltimore. 
 
 In politics he is an unswerving Democrat. 
 By appointment of the Supreme Court, Mr. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Poe served in 1896 on the Committee of 
 Examination for admission to the bar. 
 
 Mr. Edgar Allan Poe, youngest mem- 
 ber of the firm of John P. Poe & Sons, was 
 born in Bahimore, September 15, 1871. As 
 a pupil of Mr. George G. Carey's private 
 school, he acquitted himself with credit, and 
 in 1887 entered Princeton University, com- 
 pleting his course and graduating in 1891. 
 Reading law under the tutelage of his father, 
 Mr. Poe attended lectures of the Law 
 School of the University of Maryland, grad- 
 uating in 1893, at which time he was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. 
 
 Before settling down to the practice of 
 his profession, Mr. Poe spent upwards of 
 a year in foreign travel, returning in the au- 
 tumn of 1894. The beginning of the follow- 
 ing year, he, with his brother, formed a part- 
 nership with their father under the firm 
 name of John P. Poe & Sons, enjoying an 
 extensive practice in the State and Federal 
 Courts. Mr. Poe is a member of St. Paul's 
 Episcopal Church and is a supporter of the 
 Bachelors' and Junior Cotillion Clubs. In 
 politics he agrees with all the members of 
 his family, being a staunch supporter of 
 Democracy. 
 
 Mr. Joseph B. Seth, Attorney, 100 E. 
 Lexington street, is a worthy representa- 
 tive of one of the old colonial families. His 
 first .American ancestor of the direct male 
 line was Jacobus Seth, who came to the 
 Colony of Maryland in 1684, when he was 
 admitted to citizenship by the Act of the 
 Provincial Assembly. Whence he came is 
 not definitely known. He lived in Calvert 
 county, where he married Barbara Beck- 
 with, daughter of Capt. George Beckwith, 
 
 whose wife Frances was a daughter of 
 Nicholas Harvey, who settled at Point Pa- 
 tience in Calvert county on the Patuxent 
 river, where he had a large landed estate. 
 He sat in the first Colonial Assembly of 
 Maryland, which was convened at St. 
 Mary's City, January 25, 1637. On Decem- 
 ber 2, 1642, a patent was granted him for a 
 tract of land called St. Joseph's Manor, ly- 
 ing on the south side of Patuxent river op- 
 posite Point Patience and containing 1,000 
 acres. 
 
 On January 3, 1639, a commission was is- 
 sued to said Nicholas Harvey by Leonard 
 Calvert to raise a company of men and in- 
 vade the Mancantequut Indians and inflict 
 punishment by law of war for sundry in- 
 solences and rapines committed upon the 
 English inhabitants. 
 
 Jacobus Seth in 1685 moved to Talbot 
 county and purchased Mount's Mill, now 
 known as the Wye Mill. In religious belief 
 he was a Catholic, and his will, made in 
 1694, bequeathed an amount of tobacco to 
 the five fathers to say masses for the repose 
 of his soul. He asked that if a priest could 
 be secured to officiate at his burial that it 
 should be done. Whether his wish was car- 
 ried out we know not. 
 
 Mr. Seth's great-grandfather's brother, 
 Jacob Seth, served as sergeant in the Fifth 
 Maryland Regiment during three years of 
 the Revolutionary War, enlisting August 
 15, 1777, his discharge bearing date of Au- 
 gust 20, 1780. 
 
 Mr. Seth's father, Alexander Hamilton 
 Seth, was for many years a well known and 
 prominent farmer of Talbot county. His 
 death occurred in 1882, at the age of sev- 
 enty; his good wife survived him just three 
 years, attaining the same age. By a strange 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 coincidence each died on Good Friday and 
 was interred on Easter Sunday. Mr. Jo- 
 seph B. Seth was born on the family estates 
 in Talbot county, November 25, 1845. Un- 
 til the age of thirteen he attended public 
 schools and then was under the instruction 
 of a private tutor until of age for college. 
 He had a scholarship in Dickinson College, 
 but owing to the outbreak of the Civil War, 
 did not attend, but later studied advanced 
 branches under Mr. Daniel Hahn. In No- 
 vember, 1865, he began the study of law 
 with Mr. John W. Frazier, of Baltimore, 
 and two years later, in November, 1867, 
 was admitted to the bar of Baltimore. He 
 immediately began the practice of his pro- 
 fession in partnership with his younger 
 brother, T. Alexander Seth, and Mr. Harry 
 E. Mann, until 1871, when he severed his 
 connection with the firm and returned to 
 Talbot county, where he continued to reside 
 until the death of his brother in 1893, when 
 he returned to Baltimore, where he has since 
 had his office. Mr. Seth's practice is of a 
 general nature, but cases in maritime law 
 predominate. 
 
 Mr. Seth sat in the Legislature as a dele- 
 gate from Talbot county in the session of 
 1874. and again in '84 and '86, when he was 
 speaker of the House of Delegates. By 
 appointment of Gov. Robert M. McLane 
 in 1S84. Mr. Seth served as judge advocate 
 general with the rank of brigadier, and was 
 re-appointed by Governor Lloyd and again 
 by Governor Jackson. In October, 1890, he 
 was appointed commander of the State Fish- 
 eries forces and while commanding the 
 State Navy raised the service to a high de- 
 gree of efficiency. In politics he has always 
 l)een a Democrat of pronounced views. He 
 is a member of Emanuel Episcopal Church. 
 
 and of the Masonic fraternity, affiliating 
 with Coates's Lodge, of Easton. He is also 
 a member of the Maryland Historical So- 
 ciety. 
 
 Mr. Seth held at one time an appointment 
 to the Senate which he never presented to 
 that body, as the contingency for which it 
 was issued never arose. The circumstances 
 were these: On the death of Judge Eph- 
 raim K. Wilson in February, 1891, there oc- 
 curred a vacancy until the 3d of March, 
 when he would have succeeded himself. 
 The notorious force bill had been defeated 
 by the efforts of Senator Gorman, but it 
 was bruited about that the bill would be 
 called up again, and possibly carried 
 through, the majority being so small that 
 one vote might change the result. To pre- 
 vent the possibility of such a proceeding, 
 Governor Jackson issued a commission ap- 
 pointing Mr. Seth, Senator for the ten or 
 twelve remaining days of the session, which 
 would have been presented, and Mr. Seth's 
 vote cast against the hated measure should 
 it have been resurrected. 
 
 Air. Seth was first married in 1879, ^^ 
 Aliss Sallie Goldsborough Barnett, daugh- 
 ter of Mr. Alexander H. Barnett, of Talbot 
 county, and granddaughter of Dr. John 
 Barnett, so well and favorably known in the 
 earlier decades of the present century. Her 
 death occurred August, 1881, folowed by 
 that of her only child, a son, in September, 
 1881. 
 
 Mr. Seth was a second time married, in 
 June, 1892, to Miss Mary S. Walker, daugh- 
 ter of Rev. Albert Rhett Walker, of South 
 Carolina, and granddaughter of Bishop Wil- 
 liam Boone, first missionary Bishop to 
 China, whither he went in 1840 as a minister 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Mrs. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 893 
 
 Seth's ancestors, the Rhetts, fought in the 
 early wars of the country, and her father in 
 the Civil War. 
 
 Dr. J. Edgar Orrison, 805 N. Eutaw 
 street. — A native of Virginia, Dr. J. Edgar 
 Orrison was born near Leesburg in Lou- 
 doun county, July 22, 1862, at a time when 
 the dogs of war were let loose in the beauti- 
 ful valleys of the Old Dominion, and hostile 
 armies were advancing and retreating in 
 quick succession as the tide of war rose or 
 fell for them. Happily the close of hostili- 
 ties came before Doctor Orrison attained 
 the age of a school boy, so that his educa- 
 tion suffered none of the interferences of 
 many sons of the South. His earliest edu- 
 cation was secured in the schools of Lees- 
 burg, and later he attended the High School 
 of Waterford, from which he graduated in 
 1880. Determining on dentistry as his pro- 
 fession in life. Doctor Orrison preparatory 
 to attending dental school, placed himself 
 for a time under the tutelage of Doctor 
 Trussell. Coming to Baltimore in 1884, 
 Doctor Orrison entered the Baltimore Col- 
 lege of Dental Surgery, from which he grad- 
 uated in 1886. The two following years 
 were spent in the office of Dr. T. S. Waters, 
 who had been his preceptor during his stu- 
 dent life, and in 1888 he opened an office for 
 himself, since which time he has been in 
 continuous practice. The same year he was 
 selected to fill the post of assistant demon- 
 strator in his Alma Mater, which he served 
 in that capacity until 1895, when he was in- 
 strumental in organizing the dental depart- 
 ment of the Baltimore Medical College, and 
 became Professor of Operative Dentistry, 
 Dental Science and Dental Technique. 
 
 Doctor Orrison is a member of the Eutaw 
 Place Baptist Church. He affiliates with 
 the XI Psi Phi college fraternity and is 
 enrolled on the records of the Maryland 
 State Dental Society and the National Den- 
 tal Association. 
 
 Doctor Orrison married Miss Grace A. 
 Callow, daughter of Mr. William Callow, of 
 Baltimore. The Doctor is a great lover of 
 books and has a fine collection of volumes, 
 many of them of rare editions and first is- 
 sues, of which he is a connoisseur and very 
 fond. His library contains many of the 
 choicest specimens of the book-maker's art. 
 
 His parents, John W. and Rebecca 
 (Smith) Orrison, are representative old Vir- 
 ginia families, who have been identified with 
 the country since early colonial days, and 
 many of them participated in the colonial 
 wars and the war of independence. 
 
 The professional career of Dr. George V. 
 Milholland has been less of a stormy one 
 than often befalls a younger practitioner. 
 The son of a physician, he was reared in a 
 professional atmosphere and naturally ac- 
 quired a proficiency in the sister profession 
 — dentistry. Born in Baltimore, August 7, 
 1871, he has always made the city his home. 
 After attending a number of years the best 
 private schools of the city he became a stu- 
 dent of Loyola College, in which he re- 
 mained some six or seven years. Decid- 
 ing upon dentistry as a profession, our sub- 
 ject placed himself under the tutelage of 
 Dr. Thomas S. Waters, and matriculated in 
 the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
 from which he graduated in 1891, receiving 
 his diploma and license to practice. Open- 
 ing an -office with his preceptor, Doctor 
 Milholland has attained to a comfortable 
 
894 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 practice which his skill as a professional 
 man well merits. 
 
 The Doctor has been elected by his Alma 
 Mater as one of the assistant demonstrators, 
 which official position he now holds. He is 
 a member of the Maryland State Dental As- 
 sociation and is secretary of the Alumni As- 
 sociation of his Alma Mater. In religious 
 belief the Doctor is a sincere Catholic and 
 holds membership in the Catholic Club, of 
 Baltimore. Socially he affiliates with the 
 Knights of Columbus, a social and benevo- 
 lent Order that is growing in strength. 
 
 Dr. Edward F. MilhoUand, father of our 
 subject, was born in the city of Baltimore, 
 September 30, 1837, and here attended va- 
 rious schools. He studied for his profession 
 in the Medical School of the University of 
 Maryland, graduating in 1858. His wife, 
 iicc Mary C. Saunders, a native of Balti- 
 more, is of Scottish descent. The Doctor 
 and his wife are members of the Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 The grandfather, .\rthur MilhoUand, came 
 from Ireland to x\mcrica early in the cen- 
 tury. He died in Baltimore in 1887, at 
 the age of eighty-one. His wife survived 
 him fifteen vears, dying at the age of eightv- 
 
 Undoubtedly tiie Nestor of the dental 
 profession of Baltimore is Dr. Orlando A. 
 Burton, who has practiced in the city since 
 April, i84<j, excepting the few months he 
 was conii)kiing lii> medical studies in the 
 Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia 
 the winter following. 
 
 Born in I'hiladelphia December i, 1829, 
 he attended the private and public high 
 schools of his native city until the age of 
 fourteen, at which time he accepted a clerk- 
 
 ship in the mercantile establishment of an 
 uncle where he remained two years. At 
 the age of sixteen he entered the office and 
 laboratory of his uncle, W. A. J. Birking, 
 then a prominent dentist of the Quaker 
 City, and remained under his uncle's tute- 
 lage until attaining his majority. At that 
 time a practitioner must know how to man- 
 ufacture everything in his use from the raw 
 materials. The teeth were moulded, and 
 after mixing the dififerent constituents on 
 the metallic plate, and when sufficiently 
 dried, were carved into the proper form and 
 then burned. The component parts of 
 amalgam filling was a secret scarcely to be 
 spoken of above a whisper; in fact, all that 
 is now published to the world were "secrets" 
 of a trade that was full of mysteries. The 
 Doctor is the first and possibly the only den- 
 tist to receive from the Maryland Institute 
 a medal for the excellence of his work. This 
 occurred in 1851. 
 
 After completing his medical studies and 
 returning to Baltimore, Doctor Burton 
 opened an office at the corner of Park and 
 Fayette streets which he occupied about a 
 year and then formed a co-partnership with 
 Doctor Brown, becoming the junior mem- 
 ber of the firm. The firm dissolved in two 
 years, when Doctor Burton married and set 
 uj) an office for himself, and has since i>rac- 
 ticcd alone. 
 
 Doctor I'jurton was married in 1832 to 
 Miss Emeline Curley, daughter of Mr. 
 James W. Curley, of Baltimore. 
 
 The Doctor is a member of the Independ- 
 ent Order of Odd Fellows, Iris Lodge, No. 
 48, in which he has filled all of the official 
 cliairs, and is a member of the Grand Lodge. 
 He affiliates also with Excelsior Lodge, No. 
 7. Knights of Pythias. In politics he is a 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 895 
 
 Republican. The father of our subject, 
 John Burton, was for many years a promi- 
 nent dealer in books and stationery in Balti- 
 more, having been engaged in that business 
 in Philadelphia. His death occurred in 
 1872 at the age of 64. His wife w^as in maid- 
 enhood Miss Ann Maria Smith. The grand- 
 father, Capt. William Burton, was one of a 
 number of brothers, sea-faring men, who on 
 retiring from the hardships of life on the 
 ocean settled in the lower counties of Dela- 
 ware, and many of their descendants have 
 become prominent in the affairs of the State. 
 As one of the earliest living practitioners 
 in the city. Doctor Burton is most interest- 
 ing. His memory of former methods and 
 operations and his knowledge of those of 
 the present day, make an interesting con- 
 trast. He is a link connecting the fathers 
 of the dental profession with the younger 
 generation that are turned out annually 
 from Baltimore's excellent dental schools. 
 
 Edward Hoffmeister. D. D. S. — The 
 rapid rise of the subject of this sketch in 
 his professional career is a matter of pleas- 
 urable gratulation to his friends, and al- 
 most if not quite unprecedented in one so 
 young in the profession. 
 
 Dr. Edward Hofifmeister, a native of Bal- 
 timore, was born December 9, 1870. After 
 attending public and Zion Parochial 
 schools, the Doctor entered the City Col- 
 lege, from which he graduated, after which 
 he took a special course in chemistry at the 
 Johns Hopkins University. He next began 
 a course in the Maryland College of Phar- 
 macy, graduating in 1892, with the degree 
 of Ph. G., and two years later from the Bal- 
 timore College of Dental Surgery, receiving 
 
 the degree of D. D. S. He was immediately 
 appointed assistant demonstrator, and the 
 following year demonstrator of chemistry, 
 which position he held until his appoint- 
 ment in 1897 to the position of lecturer on 
 materia medica, which he is now filling with 
 credit to himself and satisfaction to the col- 
 lege. 
 
 By a course of study at Loyola College 
 during the time he was busily employed at 
 his profession, or his preparation therefor, 
 the Doctor passed all the requisite examina- 
 tions and received the degree of A. B. in the 
 spring of 1897. He is a hard and continu- 
 ous worker and has made an earnest effort 
 for all the preferment that has worthily been 
 conferred upon him. If any one would 
 know the secret of his success, the answer 
 is work, work, more work. The Doctor's 
 time has been fully employed; idleness or 
 leisure is an unknown quantity to him. 
 
 Doctor Hofifmeister is a worthy member 
 of the First English Lutheran Church, and 
 of the Maryland State Dental Society. In 
 the summer of 1897 Doctor Hoffmeister 
 was married to Miss Katie Spring, of Cen- 
 tralia, 111., daughter of Mr. James H. 
 Spring, a prominent contractor and builder 
 of that place. 
 
 The parents of our subject, John and 
 Elizabeth (Volker) Hoffmeister, are natives 
 of Baltimore, where Mr. Hoffmeister has 
 been long and favorably known in commer- 
 cial circles, as a jeweler on Greene street. 
 The paternal grandfather, a native of Hesse 
 Cassel, Germany, came to America during 
 the first half of the present century. The 
 maternal grandfather, Michael Volker, was 
 also of foreign birth, a native of the father- 
 land. 
 
896 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Dr. William B. Mann, Dentist, 2105 
 Maryland avenue. One of the leading den- 
 tists of the northern section of the city is 
 Dr. William B. Mann. His birth occurred 
 at Zanesville, O., February 23, 1849, while 
 his parents were temporarily residing there. 
 Shortly after they returned to their home at 
 Frederick, Md., where our subject was 
 reared and attended school, later taking a 
 course in Rockhill College and Dickinson 
 Seminary, where his literary education was 
 completed so far as schools go. The Doc- 
 tor engaged in mercantile pursuits for a 
 time until he decided upon dentistry for a 
 profession. Coming to the city. Doctor 
 Mann finished the course of Baltimore 
 Medical College and Maryland Dental Col- 
 lege in 1877. Later he pursued the course 
 of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
 and graduated from that institution in 1882. 
 Opening an office on Howard street, he be- 
 gan the successful practice of his profession 
 and has since enjoyed a goodly share of 
 patronage. The Doctor is of an inventive 
 turn of mind and many ingenious devices 
 come from his busy brain, not only apply- 
 ing to his profession, but also to other fields 
 of activity. One of the earliest of these 
 was a can testing machine to save the loss 
 of products put up in machine made cans. 
 It works perfectly and has been adopted by 
 most of the large canning establishments 
 between Maine and California. One of his 
 latest inventions is an improvement in pneu- 
 matic tires, that will be on the market in 
 1898. In the tick! of his profession. Doctor 
 Mann has patented a dental oliair, a dental 
 engine and a vulcanizcr, all of which are 
 manufactured by While & Co., which be- 
 speaks their excellence. 
 
 The Doctor, some years since. oi)ened an 
 
 office at his residence, 2105 Maryland av- 
 enue, and for a time held his practice at 
 each office. But desiring more out of door 
 life and exercise, he discontinued his How- 
 ard street place, and opened a suburban of- 
 fice at No. 19 Chestnut avenue in Hampton, 
 going out each afternoon on pleasant days 
 on his wheel. 
 
 The Doctor is a member of the Maryland 
 State Dental Association and the American 
 Dental Association, and takes a deep inter- 
 est in all that pertains to the advancement 
 of his profession. He was fortunate in be- 
 ing under the tutelage of Doctor Winder, 
 during his incumbency as Dean of the Den- 
 tal College, at a time when Doctor Riggs 
 was a guest of the Dean. Doctor Riggs had 
 made a special study of that common and 
 distressing malady pyorrhoea alveolaris, 
 thought by many to be incurable. Doctor 
 Mann gave close attention to the clinics of 
 Doctor Riggs, and has fortunately succeed- 
 ed in learning thoroughly his treatment of 
 this malady, and has been signally success- 
 ful in obtaining complete cures in almost 
 every case. He has reached the rank of 
 specialist in that disease. 
 
 Doctor Mann married Miss Carrie Grace, 
 daughter of Mr. James H. Grace, of Balti- 
 more. The IMann family is of old New 
 England stock, dating back into earliest 
 colonial times. The earliest mention of one 
 of the family was about 1650. when James 
 Mann was made a freeman of Rohoboth, 
 Mass. His will was executed in 1692, prob- 
 ably a year subsequent to his death. He is 
 presumed to be the father of Thomas Mann, 
 who died July 18, 1794, having participated 
 in the famous Indian battle, known as 
 Pierce's Fight, in which eleven whites were 
 the only survivors of sixtv-three English- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 men and twenty friendly Indians, who were 
 surrounded. They formed a circle and sold 
 their lives dearly. Nearly twice as many of 
 the attacking party were slain. Thomas 
 !Mann was severely wounded, and this may 
 have hastened his death. His second wife, 
 Mary Wheaton, bore him five children, of 
 whom John was the youngest. His birth 
 occurred at Providence, R. I., whither the 
 family had moved, in the year of his father's 
 death and two years prior to his mother's. 
 His entire life was spent on his farm pur- 
 chased from his brother, his death occurring 
 December 7, 1782, at the age of eighty- 
 eight. He married Abigail, daughter of 
 Eleazer Arnold. Of their children, John, 
 Jr., lived on the farm, and owned and oper- 
 ated a smithy. He was a member of the 
 town council and served in the court of pro- 
 bate. He was born December 13, 1734, and 
 died October 9, 1807. His first wife, Mary, 
 daughter of Thomas Stafford, was the mo- 
 ther of Samuel Mann, whose birth occurred 
 September 2, 1766. He lived many years at 
 Smithfield, R. I., where he served as justice 
 of the peace, coroner and town councilman. 
 Like his father, he was a farmer and black- 
 smith, healthy occupations that lengthened 
 his life to a good old age. His wife. Amy 
 Bryton, died in 1858, at the age of eighty. 
 
 Their son, Stephen Stafford Mann, father 
 of our subject, was born in Smith, R. I., 
 .A.pril II, 181 1, the last of a family of nine 
 children. He became an expert chemist, 
 and for many years was in the employ of 
 the Standard Oil Company, with headquar- 
 ters in Cleveland, O., where he died in Sep- 
 tember, 1884, at the age of seventy-three. 
 His wife, Anna M., daughter of Rev. John 
 Hurtsock, survives him. 
 
 The Doctor can trace his lineage back into 
 53 
 
 the earliest colonial times, through a line of 
 ancestors in whom he may feel a pardonable 
 pride. They have left an honorable record 
 behind them. 
 
 Col. William A. Hanway. ex-City 
 Commissioner and Attorney, 822 Equitable 
 Building. 
 
 Col. William A. Hanway, the genial ex- 
 City Commissioner, is a native of the Old 
 Dominion, his birth occurring in Morgan- 
 town, Monongahela county, now West Vir- 
 ginia, December 16, 1836. 
 
 After attending private schools and the 
 Monongahela Academy until the age of 14, 
 he concluded he was old and wise enough 
 to embark in business. His father, deeming 
 it well to give him a taste of business life, 
 purchased for him an interest in a mercan- 
 tile establishment which he successfully car- 
 ried on for two years. About this time he 
 came to a realizing sense of the fact that 
 more of an education would not come amiss 
 in any walk of life. After spending two 
 years at Monongahela Academy, at Mor- 
 gantown, he entered Washington College 
 (now Washington and Jefferson College), 
 at Washington, Pa., from which he gradu- 
 ated with credit in 1857. Deciding on the 
 law- for a profession Mr. Hanway entered 
 the private law school of Judge Brocken- 
 borough, of Lexington, Va., since merged 
 into the Washington and Lee University. 
 All graduates from the Judge's school have 
 been enrolled as graduates of the Univer- 
 sity, where Colonel Han way's name can be 
 found. He was admitted to the bar of Vir- 
 ginia at Morgantown in the spring of i860. 
 During the stormy period prior to and dur- 
 ing the Civil War. Colonel Hanway, al- 
 though quite a young man, took a promi- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 nent part and was a member of the conven- 
 tion that met at WheeHng and reorganized 
 the government of Virginia by the election 
 of Francis Pierpont Governor and at the 
 same time provided for taking the steps for 
 a legal separation of West Virginia from the 
 "Old Dominion." 
 
 His father having died possessed of large 
 landed estates, Colonel Hanway was quite 
 busily engaged for a number of years, sur- 
 veying the many tracts, and settling up the 
 estate. In 1870 he came to Baltimore, first 
 engaging in mercantile pursuits, but later 
 engaging in real estate transaction.s on an 
 extensive scale, giving more attention to 
 real estate business than to the legal profes- 
 sion. He has enjoyed the confidence of his 
 fellow-citizens in being elected to the city 
 council three successive terms, beginning 
 in 1883: the second term he was honored by 
 his fellow councilmen by being elected pres- 
 ident of the first branch. By appointment 
 of Mayor Hooper on December 14, 1896, 
 Colonel Hanway assumed the office of City 
 Commissioner, which he efficiently filled 
 throughout his term, l)eing a man of marked 
 executive ability. 
 
 The Hanway family is of English origin. 
 The eccentric Jonas Hanway, the first man 
 to carry an umbrella in the streets of Lon- 
 don, was a distant kinsman of the American 
 families of that name. The first American 
 ancestor came to the colonies early in their 
 settlement, and made his home on the East- 
 ern Shore of Maryland, fr<Mn which the fam- 
 ily immigrated first to \''irginia and some 
 branches to the west, settling in later gener- 
 ations in the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Jesse Hanway", the grandfather of our 
 subject, was a native of Old Virginia, and 
 when emigration began after the close of 
 
 the Revolutionary War, pushed out to the 
 west and became a pioneer in what is now 
 West Virginia. Here he died while his son, 
 John Hanway, father of our subject, was 
 quite a small boy. 
 
 John Hanway was reared by his uncle. 
 Col. Samuel Hanway, an expert civil engi- 
 neer, who was with Washington on his ex- 
 pedition surveying lands in the western part 
 of the State. He was the second surveyor 
 of Monongahela county at a time when it 
 comprised what is divided into thirty coun- 
 ties now. His predecessor started on an ex- 
 pedition into the wilderness and never re- 
 turned. It was supposed he was killed by 
 the Indians. John Hanway learned civil 
 engineering from his uncle, and for many 
 years followed that profession. His wide 
 knowledge of the country enabled him to 
 make good selections of lands, which his 
 thrift enabled him to secure. He took a 
 prominent part in local affairs and on liis 
 demise in 1852 was greatly missed. 
 
 He married Miss Sarah Steen, a native of 
 Philadelphia, daughter of James Steen, who 
 emigrated from Ireland probably during 
 the time of the Irish Rebellion in 1798. 
 
 Colonel Hanway married Mary Dins- 
 more Scott, daugliter of Doctor Scott, pres- 
 ident of Washington College during the 
 time the Colonel was a student there. They 
 are members of the Brown Memorial Pres- 
 byterian Church. 
 
 Colonel Hanway is a member of the Ma- 
 sonic Order, holding memijcrshi]) in Con- 
 cordia Lodge, Xo. 13. His Chapter affilia- 
 tion is in West Virginia. He has served in 
 all the chairs of Maryland Commandery, 
 No. I, Knights Templar, and is Grand Com- 
 mander of the State. In early manhood 
 Colonel Hanway was a Whig, casting his 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 899 
 
 first vote for Bell and Everett; later when 
 politics in his State became corrupt he voted 
 independently and with the Democrats. Of 
 late years, since coming to Baltimore, he 
 has been a staunch Republican. 
 
 Dr. Robert S. Corse, Jr., Dentist, 254 
 N. Eutaw street. 
 
 Dr. Robert S. Corse, Jr., one of the 
 younger members of the dental profession, 
 was born near the city of Baltimore, No- 
 vember 24, 1872. His grandfather many 
 years ago established the extensive nurser- 
 ies carried on for over fifty years under the 
 firm name of William Corse & Sons. He 
 was of a Quaker family, who on account of 
 their faith took no part in the War of the 
 Revolution, nor in that of 1812. 
 
 Robert S. Corse, Sr., was a native of Har- 
 ford county. On attaining manhood he be- 
 came a member of the firm of which his 
 father was the head, and after the latter's 
 <leath continued the business some twenty- 
 five years. He then retired from active busi- 
 ness and is now residing in Baltimore, taking 
 life easily in his declining years, under his 
 own vine and fig tree. He married Miss 
 Rachel S. Norris, daughter of Dr. Caleb 
 Xorris, a native and for many years a resi- 
 dent of Frederick. His father came from 
 Mrginia at a very early period in the present 
 century. Caleb Norris was one of the first 
 dentists of the State, being an intimate friend 
 and colleague of Dr. Chapin A. Harris and 
 Doctor Chandler. He was a man of un- 
 usual proficiency in his profession, and far 
 in advance of his times. A sample of his 
 bridge-work until recently extant antedates 
 the present work of that kind nearly fifty 
 years. Samples of his plate work and fill- 
 ings now in the hands of his descendants 
 
 show mechanical skill that would test most 
 modern practitioners beyond their capacity, 
 even with the many improvements in appli- 
 ances and tools. 
 
 Dr. Robert S. Corse, Jr., was educated in 
 the Friends' Elementary and High Schools, 
 graduating in 1889. Entering the Balti- 
 more College of Dental Surgery, he gradu- 
 ated in 1894, since which time he has been 
 in practice with his uncle, Doctor Norris. 
 
 Doctor Corse is a member of the Friends' 
 Society of Baltimore. He holds member- 
 ship in the college fraternity Psi Omega, 
 and in the Maryland State Dental Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 Dr. William S. Norris, D. D. S., 234 
 N. Eutaw street. 
 
 Dr. William S. Norris, one of the pro- 
 gressive dental practitioners of Baltimore, 
 inherits his mechanical skill and taste for 
 his profession from his father. Dr. Caleb 
 Norris was regarded by his early associates 
 as one of the most ingenious men in Fred- 
 erick county and was one of the early expert 
 dentists of which Baltimore, in the infancy 
 of the profession in America, was the center. 
 He was an intimate friend of Dr. Chapin A. 
 Harris and Doctor Chandler, two of the 
 early lights in dentistry, and was their peer 
 in his profession. Born near the city of 
 Newmarket, Frederick county, Md., about 
 1816, his professional life was mostly spent 
 in that section of the State, practicing his 
 profession in Baltimore City and Frederick. 
 Over half a century ago he designed bridge- 
 work and constructed sonie of the work on 
 practically the same plans that the work is 
 now done. Dr. William S. Norris has in his 
 possession one of the first pieces of work of 
 this kind done bv his father, also a tooth 
 
900 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 with a perfect gold filling placed there by 
 him, which remained in the mouth of 
 the subject for a period of forty-five years. 
 He was in many things that length of time 
 ahead of many of his colleagues. Part of 
 his professional career was spent in Balti- 
 more, but he returned to Newmarket, where 
 he died in 1858, at the early age of forty- 
 one. Doctor Norris was united in marriage 
 to Aliss Alary Penn, daughter of Charles 
 Penn, whose wife was a Miss Davis. Mrs. 
 Norris is a descendant of William Penn, the 
 founder of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Joel Norris, the grandfather of our sub- 
 ject, was a native of Virginia, and moved at 
 a very early day to Frederick county, Md., 
 where he became owner of a large farm near 
 the town of Newmarket, where he died 
 about 1856, at the age of seventy-five. Be- 
 ing of the Society of Friends, none of the 
 Norris family were participants in the War 
 of the Revolution nor of the subsequent 
 wars. 
 
 Dr. William S. Norris was born in Fred- 
 erick county. Md., near Newmarket, July 4, 
 1849. After a course in the public schools, 
 he attended Glenwood Institute in Howard 
 county some two or three years. Having 
 decided on the dental profession for a voca- 
 tion, Doctor Norris came to Baltimore and 
 entered the Maryland College, from which 
 he graduated in 1894, and from the Balti- 
 more College of Dental Surgery the follow- 
 ing year, and during these years had been 
 practicing under the tutelage of Doctor 
 Etheridge, with whom he remained some 
 five years after graduation, since which time 
 he has practiced for and by himself. The 
 Doctor is a meniljcr of the Maryland State 
 Dental Association. 
 
 Doctor Norris was married to Miss 
 
 Avondale Milburn, daughter of Mr. Alex- 
 ander Milburn, of St. Mary's county, Md., a 
 member of one of the old colonial families 
 of that region. Dr. and Mrs. Norris are 
 members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 One of the leading experts of Balti- 
 more in digestive and nutritional dis- 
 eases. Dr. Charles Edmund Simon, is a 
 native of the city, his birth having oc- 
 curred September 23, 1866, and here the 
 first six years of his life were spent. Owing 
 to continued ill health of the mother, the 
 family in 1872 removed to Germany, and 
 for twelve years our subject was a student 
 of the Gymnasium, where he secured a fine 
 classical education. On his return to Balti- 
 more, Doctor Simon entered Johns Hop- 
 kins University, from which he graduated 
 in 1888. The following winter he was a 
 student in the medical department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, and on his re- 
 turn was an assistant in the dispensary of 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital. Matriculating in 
 the medical school of the University of 
 Maryland, Doctor Simon graduated in 
 1890, and for a year after was assistant resi- 
 dent physician of the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
 pital. The season of 1891-92 he spent in 
 Paris, studying in the hospitals in the line 
 of his specialty. On his return Doctor 
 Simon opened an office, making a specialty 
 of digestive and nutritional diseases, and his 
 skill and efforts have been appreciated. 
 
 On December i, 1897, Doctor Simon 
 opened at his residence a private clinical 
 laboratory for post-graduate course in 
 clinical chemistry and microscopy. It is the 
 first of its kind in Baltimore. On the day of 
 the o])ening he entertained at a social func- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 901 
 
 tion, the Faculty of the University, an 
 auspicious beginning for a grand field of 
 labor. 
 
 Doctor Simon takes a commendable in- 
 terest in all societies for the promotion of a 
 wider knowledge and the ethics of the pro- 
 fession. Of the societies to which he be- 
 longs the leading ones are: The Medical 
 and the Historical Societies of Johns Hop- 
 kins University, the Medical and Chirurgi- 
 cal Faculty of ]Maryland, Fellow of the 
 American Academy of Medicine and char- 
 ter member of the American Society of Gas- 
 troentrology. Doctor Simon is the author 
 of "Clinical Diagnosis" and many articles 
 on various topics in the journals devoted 
 to medical and surgical interests. 
 
 Charles Simon, father of our subject, is a 
 native of Baltimore. He was for many years 
 connected with the large dry goods 5rm 
 which bears his name. In 1895 he retired 
 from active business, and is now enjoying 
 a competency free from the turmoils of a 
 business life. He married Miss Helen 
 Kirchner, daughter of Mr. Henry Kirchner, 
 a native of Minden, Germany. The grand- 
 father, Charles Simon, Sr., came from Wal- 
 deck, Germany, in 1816, to Baltimore, and 
 built up a large business here. He was mar- 
 ried in Baltimore to Miss Amelung, whom 
 he had met on the vessel during a long and 
 stormy passage from the fatherland. He 
 was a great friend of Reverend Scheib, his 
 revered pastor. 
 
 Doctor Simon was married in Basle, 
 Switzerland, to Miss Lina Stumm, only 
 daughter of Gustav Stumm. 
 
 In religious belief Doctor Simon is in ac- 
 cord with the Unitarian doctrines. 
 
 Dr. .Abram B. Arnold, though not a 
 native of Baltimore, is as thoroughly identi- 
 
 fied with all of its varied interests as if he 
 were. His birth occurred in Goessingen, 
 Wurtemberg, Germany, February 4, 1820. 
 Here the first dozen years of his life were 
 spent until 1832 or 1833, when his parents 
 emigrated to America, sailing from Havre 
 de Grace and landing in New York. Pro- 
 ceeding to Berks county. Pa., the family 
 settled at Meiersburg, where the father, 
 Isaac Arnold, went into mercantile busi- 
 ness, in which he continued there until re- 
 moving to Baltimore. Mr. Arnold contin- 
 ! ued business on removing to Baltimore un- 
 til an advanced age, when he retired from 
 } active life and spent in ease his declining 
 years. He died in Baltimore about 1883 at 
 the age of eighty. His wife, who was Han- 
 ' nah Blumenthal, also a native of Goess- 
 j ingen, attained the age of ninety-one. 
 ! Abram Arnold attended the parochial 
 j schools and gymnasium of his native city 
 and the common schools of Pennsylvania, 
 supplemented by a course in the Meiers- 
 burg College, from which he graduated 
 about 1842. Having a liking for the medi- 
 cal profession. Doctor Arnold placed him- 
 i self under the instruction of his uncle, Doc- 
 , tor Levis, of London, Pa., with whom he 
 studied for a time and then entered the Penn- 
 sylvania University at Philadelphia, where 
 he was a student for a year. From the Uni- 
 j versity of Pennsylvania he entered the 
 1 Washington University from which he 
 i graduated in 1848, and soon after was ap- 
 I pointed to the chair of materia medica. Af- 
 ter this institution was merged into the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons Doctor 
 Arnold occupied the chair of clinical pro- 
 I fessor on diseases of the nervous system. 
 He afterwards occupied the chair of prac- 
 tice of medicine which he held for nearlv 
 I fifteen years. He published for the use of 
 
902 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Students a "Alanual of Nervous Diseases;" 
 also contributed a number of articles on 
 medical subjects to medical journals. His 
 paper on "Circumcision" is considered a val- 
 uable contribution. In 1892, having more 
 than attained his three score years and ten, 
 and been in practice nearly half a century. 
 Doctor Arnold retired from active practice 
 to spend his declining years free from the 
 anxieties of an active practitioner. His years 
 sit lightly upon him and in appearance a 
 score of years should be deducted from his 
 age. A better preserved physician after tlie 
 exposures and cares of half a century's prac- 
 tice would be hard to find. 
 
 Doctor Arnold was married to Miss Ellen 
 Dennis, daughter of Mr. Adam Dennis, of 
 Easton, Pa. Her brother, Capt. John Den- 
 nis, was in command of the gunboat "Hun- 
 tress" on the famous Red river expedition 
 during the Civil War and died during the 
 operations on that stream. 
 
 Doctor Arnold worships in Bolton Street 
 Temple. He was formerly a member of a 
 number of the leading lodges, but has with- 
 drawn from active affiliation. In the medi- 
 cal societies he has always taken an active 
 interest and more so than many practition- 
 ers man}- years his junior. He is ex-presi- 
 dent of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
 of Baltimore, and of a number of other or- 
 ganizations of the profession. Doctor Ar- 
 nold was chairman of Section of General 
 Practice at the Ninth International Medical 
 Congress that met at Washington. 
 
 Chess has always been a diversion of Doc- 
 tor Arnold, and as president of the Balti- 
 more Chess Club, it has been his pleasure 
 to entertain the world famed exponents of 
 the king of games. As president of the 
 Monumental Club it fell to his lot to play 
 
 against Paul Morphy on his visit to Balti- 
 more, and although defeated he was not 
 cast down; there were others who fared as 
 he did. Steinmetz was a warm personal 
 friend of the Doctor's, as were many of the 
 leading players of his time. 
 
 Although for many years Doctor Arnold 
 had charge of two large hospitals, gave daily 
 lectures and attended to an unusually large 
 practice, he has passed through a very busy 
 life with but a light touch of Father Time, 
 and a heart as young as when he started on 
 the threshhold of his professional life. 
 
 Dr. Marbury Brkwf.r, 1106 McCulloch 
 street, Baltimore. 
 
 In Doctor Brewer we find a man with the 
 courage of his convictions, strong enough 
 to break away from old ideas and adopt new 
 ones, although it may sever old friendships 
 and break the fraternal ties of many years' 
 standing. 
 
 Educated, and for many years, a practi- 
 tioner of the regular school of medicine, 
 Doctor Brewer a quarter of a century ago 
 became a convert to homeopathic treatment 
 and at the expense of old professional ties 
 and society affiliations, took up the practice 
 of the newer school regardless of conse- 
 quences. 
 
 Born in Annapolis May 28. 1830, his early 
 life was spent in that city and his education 
 secured in its schools. Attending first the 
 English and Latin grammar schools of St. 
 John's College, he graduated from the col- 
 legiate department in 1846. With Doctor 
 Claude he began the study of medicine, and 
 later entered the medical school of the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland, from which he gradu- 
 ated in 1850, while in his nineteenth year. 
 For two years he practiced with his old pre- 
 
HISTORY OF BAI,TlMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 903 
 
 ceptor in Annapolis and in 1852 opened an 
 officfe in Baltimore which has since been his 
 field of labor and his home. After over 
 twenty years' practice in the regular school 
 of medicine, Doctor Brewer became a con- 
 vert to homeopathy and gradually worked 
 from one practice to the other, studying 
 with Dr. Todd Helmuth, the well known 
 homeopathist of New York. Doctor Brew- 
 er is a member of the Maryland Homeo- 
 pathic Society, and for twenty years was 
 physician to St. Vincent's Infant Asylum 
 and Maternity Hospital. Since 1862 he has 
 been a member of the Catholic Church, hav- 
 ing been prior to that time an Episcopalian. 
 Doctor Brewer's wife was Miss Albuna D. 
 Strandley, of Baltimore. 
 
 George G. Brewer, the father of our sub- 
 ject, was born inAnnapolis in i8oi,and died 
 in 1862. He was a prominent man of his 
 day, serving in official capacities many 
 years. Prior to 1851 he was registrar of the 
 Land Office for Maryland, resigning at that 
 
 The family of which Doctor Branham is 
 a worthy representative is one of colonial 
 antecedents. The earliest ancestor settled 
 in Suffolk county at a very early period, 
 and his descendants participated in all the 
 wars of the country, including the late Civil 
 War. 
 
 Mr. Branham, father of the Doc- 
 tor, was for many years a prominent planter 
 of Walker county, Ga., the place of his 
 nativity. His death occurred here in 1897 
 at the age of seventy-one. He served dur- 
 ing the Civil War three years in the 69th 
 Georgia Volunteers, and although frequent- 
 ly offered a commission preferred serving 
 in the ranks. 
 
 His grandfather. Dr. Henry Branham, of 
 Eatonton, Ga., was one of the most 
 prominent men in this section of the State 
 during the early decades of the century. He 
 was not only prominent in professional cir- 
 cles, but in religion and politics as well. 
 He was a profoundly religious man, well 
 versed in theology, and a licensed preacher 
 of the Methodist faith, serving many times 
 as local delegate to the Annual State 
 Conference. He represented his district, 
 Putnam county, in the halls of the State 
 Senate with credit to himself and his con- 
 stituency. 
 
 The mother of Doctor Branham was 
 Miss Catharine C, daughter of Mr. Joseph 
 P. McCullough, of Scottish origin. His 
 uncle came to America as an officer in the 
 British Army, some time prior to the Revo- 
 lutionary War. Sympathizing with the 
 colonists he resigned his commission, and 
 when the struggle actually began enlisted 
 in the Colonial Army and served through 
 the war. Doctor Branham's maternal 
 grandfather married a Miss Daniel, of the 
 well-known family of that name, and settled 
 in Georgia. 
 
 Doctor Branham was born in Walker 
 county, Ga., May 7, 1857, and enjoyed 
 what educational privileges the country 
 schools afforded, after the close of the war 
 finishing at Chatata Academy in Bradley 
 county, Tenn. On completing his educa- 
 tion. Doctor Branham taught school for one 
 year, during which time he read medicine 
 under the tutelage of Dr. A. T. Pricks, of 
 Rising Faun, Ga., as well as during vaca- 
 tions between terms of the College of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, from 
 which he graduated second in a class of 
 sixtv-nine. It was revealed some years 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 afterward that but for unwarranted as- 
 sumption on the part of one of the ex- 
 aminers who was acting as proxy, Doctor 
 Branham would have carried ofT first honoTS 
 instead of second. A brother and cousin 
 each secured first honors in subsequent 
 years, showing a family penchant for study 
 and hard worlc. 
 
 For two years succeeding his graduation, 
 Doctor Branham ofSciated as resident phy- 
 sician in the College Hospital. In 1881 he 
 opened an ofifice and has since been in ac- 
 tive practice in the city. For a number of 
 years he acted as demonstrator in anatomy 
 in his Alma JMater, and is now filling the 
 chair of Obstetrics and Clinical Gynecol- 
 ogy of the Baltimore University. Of the 
 many societies for professional advance- 
 ment to which Doctor Branham belongs 
 may be mentioned the Medical and Chirur- 
 gical Faculty, the Clinical Society, the 
 American Association of Gynecology and 
 Obstetrics and the American Medical As- 
 sociation. He holds membership in the 
 University Club, Oriental Lodge, No. 
 158, of the Masonic fraternity, and several 
 of the minor orders. Doctor Branham has 
 written upwards of fifty monographs on 
 various interesting topics, which have been 
 read before the different medical societies 
 and printed in the journals devoted to the 
 interests of the profession. 
 
 The wife of Doctor Branham was ]\Mss 
 Grace M.. daughter of Mr. John T. Gwinn, 
 of Baltimore, formerly of Virginia. 
 
 Dr. William W. Dumiracco, Dentist, 
 1023 Edmondson avenue, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Prominent among the younger members 
 of the dental profession of Baltimore is 
 Dr. William W. Dunbracco, a native of 
 
 Queen Anne county, Md. His birth oc- 
 curred at Centreville, July 14, 1861. 
 
 His 'father having been appointed by 
 Governor Bradford a Grain Inspector of the 
 port of Baltimore, in 1863, the family re- 
 moved to the city, where the Doctor at- 
 tended the public schools and the City Col- 
 lege, from which he graduated July i, 1881. 
 He immediately entered the counting-room 
 of the late firm of Adams, Buck & Co., 
 wholesale hatters, as assistant book-keeper 
 and entry clerk, but resigned in July fol- 
 lowing to accept a position in Louisiana, 
 where for three years he was principal of 
 the Covington Academy. Returning to the 
 city, he matriculated in the Baltimore Col- 
 lege of Dental Surgery, from wdiich he 
 graduated as class orator in 1888. He at 
 once joined the Odontological Society of 
 Baltimore, and later the Maryland State 
 Dental Association, of which for seven 
 years he was the recording secretary, and 
 in 1896 was elected president, and presided 
 at the union meeting of this Association 
 and the Washington City Dental Society 
 held in Washington, D. C. He is at pres- 
 ent the corresponding secretary. He has 
 been an assistant demonstrator in the Bal- 
 timore College of Dental Surgery for ten 
 years, having been appointed immediately 
 after graduation, and has taken an active 
 interest in the College Alumni, of which 
 he is recording secretary. He is an honor- 
 ary member of the Xi Psi Phi dental 
 fraternity. In social orders he has taken 
 c|uite a prominent part. He is a Past Com- 
 mander of the Order of the Golden Chain, 
 and in the Royal Arcanum has filled all the 
 chairs in his Council, is now serving as 
 Orator of Calvert Council, and is a District 
 Deputy Grand Regent of the State of Mary- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 land. In religious faith Doctor Dunbracco 
 is a member of Grace Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, and takes an active interest in its 
 welfare. 
 
 Doctor Dunbracco is the son of Mr. Wil- 
 liam T. Dunbracco, a native of Queen Anne 
 county, Md. His father, Nathan Dun- 
 bracco, a prominent citizen of Beaver 
 Dams, now Ingleside, died in 1849, when 
 William was fourteen years of age, who 
 then entered a mercantile store at Ingle- 
 side. Several years later, in 1856, he went 
 to Centrevilie, the county seat, and was 
 appointed under the administration of Pres- 
 ident Lincoln in 1861 postmaster, which 
 office he held till May, 1863, when the 
 Governor made him a Grain Inspector. 
 Two years later he removed to Baltimore, 
 where he remained after the expiration of 
 the term of his office and entered the mer- 
 cantile world in the carpet trade. Dispos- 
 ing of his business later, he became asso- 
 ciated with the largest carpet establishment 
 of the city, where he is still engaged. Wil- 
 liam T.'s father and mother both dying be- 
 fore his fifteenth year, little is known of his 
 ancestry in the agnate branch. The name 
 is thought by some to be of Spanish origin, 
 but others Scotch, which is most probably 
 true. 
 
 Doctor Dunbracco's mother was Miss 
 Margaret M. Vickers, a daughter of Mr. 
 Samuel Vickers, an eminent citizen of 
 Queen Anne county, which he served for a 
 number of years as Clerk of the Court, and 
 at his death was Register of Wills. He 
 was a prominent member of the Order of 
 Free Masons. The Vickers family is one 
 of the oldest in Maryland, originating in 
 George Vickers, who came from Hull, Eng- 
 land, about 1620, settling in Maryland. The 
 
 name as originally spelled was Vicars or 
 Vickery, and would indicate a connection 
 with the clergy. 
 
 Doctor Dunbracco married Miss Ella N. 
 Alford, daughter of Rev. James E. Alford, 
 of Baltimore. Two children have been 
 born to them: Estelle Edmondson and Ju- 
 lia Vickers. 
 
 Among the prominent physicians of Bal- 
 timore who have made an enviable success 
 in a professional as well as a business way 
 must be mentioned Dr. Edward E. Macken- 
 zie. His family for several generations have 
 been residents of Baltimore and of the State 
 of Maryland. His great-grandfather, 
 Thomas Mackenzie, was a native of Inver- 
 ness, Scotland, and came to America in 
 1745, settling on the Western Shore of the 
 Chesapeake in Calvert county, where he 
 owned large landed estates. He had three 
 sons, Colin, Cosmo and George. Cosmo 
 Mackenzie, the grandfather of our subject, 
 was a lawyer in his native county of Calvert, 
 and it was his son, Thomas Mackenzie, the 
 father of Dr. Edward E. Mackenzie, who, 
 on attaining manhood, moved to Baltimore 
 and entered upon a mercantile career in this 
 city, successfully conducting the Saddlery 
 Hardware business until his death in 1866. 
 Thomas Mackenzie, the father, married 
 Eleanora I. Brevitt, daughter of Dr. Joseph 
 Brevitt, who during his life was one of the 
 noted physicians of Baltimore. He was a 
 native of England, and served in the Brit- 
 ish Navy as surgeon in the Royal Fleet. 
 Dr. Edward E. Mackenzie was born in Bal- 
 timore August 19, 1858. His education was 
 secured in private schools and the Univer- 
 sity of Maryland School of Letters, con- 
 ducted for many years under the presidency 
 
906 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 and direction of Rev. E. A. Dalrymple. 
 Afterwards he attended the regular course 
 in the School of Medicine in the same uni- 
 versity and graduated with high honors 
 March 4, 1884, since which time he has had 
 a successful and increasing practice in this 
 city. In 1890 Doctor Mackenzie was one 
 of the organizers of the Immediate Benefit 
 Life Insurance Company, and has ever since 
 its incorporation occupied the position of 
 its Medical Director, and his ability and 
 judgment have been recognized as two of 
 the main causes for that organization'^ 
 rapid success and growth, until to-day it is 
 one of the leading industrial insurance com- 
 panies in the South. Doctor Mackenzie, 
 like his ancestors, comes of Quaker stock, 
 and he is a member of the Society of 
 Friends. He takes an active interest in all 
 work looking to the advancement of his 
 profession, and is connected by member- 
 ship with the Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
 ulty of Maryland, the Clinical Society of 
 Maryland, and from 1887 to 1891 was one 
 of the Corps of Lecturers in the Woman's 
 Medical College, but owing to the other 
 demands upon his time resigned the chair 
 he held to devote himself to his large prac- 
 
 TiiK family of which Dr. Frank West is 
 a worthy descendant is one of the oldest in 
 Maryland. The first .American ancestor, 
 great-great-grandfather of our subject, 
 came from Horton, Buckinghamshire, Eng- 
 land, where he was one of the nobility, hav- 
 ing a coat of arms, whicii is still preserved 
 by his descendants. Ilis son, Stephen 
 West, married a Miss Williams, who inher- 
 ited from her father the old country seat 
 "The Woodvard," the second brick house 
 
 built in Alaryland, probably from imported 
 bricks. The old weather-vane bore date 
 1 712, and the oldest part of the house was 
 used to make munitions for the Revolution- 
 ary Army. Two of the sons of the original 
 purchaser, Charles and William, served in 
 the Continental ranks. The old house 
 burned in 1866, carrying up in smoke many 
 treasures of the colonial period in furniture, 
 paintings and manuscripts. 
 
 The father of our subject, Edward Lord 
 West, son of Richard Williams West, was 
 born in Prince George's county. He served 
 many years as an officer in the United States 
 Navy, and died at sea in 185 1. While on a 
 cruise in New England waters he met and 
 married Miss Lucy Cushing, daughter of 
 Dr. Ezekiel Dodge Cushing, a prominent 
 physican of Hanover, Plymouth county, 
 Mass. The venerable mother still survives 
 at the age of seventy-seven, making her 
 home with a brother of Doctor West on the 
 old family estate in Prince George's 
 county, Md. 
 
 Dr. Frank West was born in Prince 
 George's county, Md., March 20, 1851. His 
 education was secured in the schools of Fau- 
 cjuier county, \'a. AMiile still a youth he 
 began farming with his brother and for 
 seven years continued in that vocation. De- 
 ciding on medicine as a profession he came 
 to Baltimore, matriculating in the medical 
 school of the University of Maryland, from 
 which he graduated March i, 1879. After 
 a year's practice in the city he became resi- 
 dent physician in the University Hospital, 
 continuing in that institution from the last 
 of February, 1880, to the 1st of April. 1885. 
 At the close of his incumbency in the hos- 
 pital he resumed private practice in the city 
 until bv reason of overwork his health failed 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in 1889. From ^larch of that year until 
 June of 1890 he resided in the Bahama Is- 
 lands, practicing his profession and specu- 
 lating in the products of the islands. His 
 residence was most of the time on Green 
 Turtle Key and Governor's Island, where 
 the salubrious climate fully restored him to 
 vigorous good health, as his present ap- 
 pearance attests. Since his return Doctor 
 West has resided and had his office at 59 
 Chase street. A general practitioner. Doc- 
 tor West is a skillful surgeon as well, having 
 successfully performed many dangerous 
 and delicate operations during his profes- 
 sional career in the city. 
 
 j\lrs. West in her girlhood was Miss Ma- 
 tilda Price Smith, daughter of Mr. Benjamin 
 Price Smith, of Washington, D. C., during 
 his life a prominent landed proprietor of that 
 city. 
 
 Doctor West is a vestryman of St. Barna- 
 bas Church, of Baltimore. Although at 
 times a club member, Doctor West was 
 never an attendant upon any of those 
 bodies and has since withdrawn from all of 
 them, preferring to spend what leisure time 
 he may have in the seclusion of his happy 
 home. 
 
 Adelbert J. VoLCK, Dentist, 338 N. 
 Charles street, Baltimore. 
 
 It is with pleasure that we devote space 
 to a brief sketch of the Nestor of the dental 
 profession in Baltimore, the well-known Dr. 
 Adelbert J. Volck. His practice extends 
 farther back into the century than any prac- 
 titioner in Baltimore. Born in a foreign 
 land, the career at first planned for him was 
 far other than the scenes in which it has 
 been cast. His father, Andreas Volck, was 
 a man of scientific attainments, being a 
 
 large manufacturing chemist of Nuremberg, 
 Bavaria. He was a man of wide culture 
 and learning and devoted his leisure hours 
 to scientific researches, especially in the 
 field of theological learning. Several of his 
 sons are men of renown in various fields of 
 human activity in their native land, only 
 two of them having come to America. 
 
 Adelbert J. Volck was born in the city of 
 Augsburg, Bavaria, April 14, 1828. While 
 yet in early childhood his parents removed 
 to Nuremberg, where his early education 
 was secured, after which he became a stu- 
 dent in the University of Munich. His ca- 
 reer here was cut short by reason of having 
 to flee the country for being suspected of 
 participating or sympathizing with the rev- 
 olution of 1848, when Schurz, Hecker and 
 many other of our now distinguished Amer- 
 t ican citizens inaugurated a movement for 
 I greater freedom that resulted in their e.xpa- 
 triation. Escaping from the fatherland, 
 I our fleeing student made his way in secret 
 to Bremen, whence he sailed for New York, 
 where he landed late in November, 1848. 
 A penniless stranger in a strange land, little 
 familiar with a foreign tongue, he met with 
 discouragement everywhere he applied for 
 work. The young foreigner found little de- 
 mand for an expert chemist or one of the 
 scientific attainments. He sought positions 
 as teacher, as assistant, as chemist — any- 
 thing that would bring him remuneration, 
 but nothing was to be found. Hoping for 
 better fortune in Boston, he departed for 
 that city, where it was worse than in New 
 York. He nearly starved. To sustain life 
 he sought any kind of employment, manual 
 ! or otherwise, but met with discouragement 
 on every hand. By good fortune he came 
 I to the notice of Doctor Keep, an eminent 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 dentist of Boston, and was given employ- 
 ment assisting him in chemical experiments 
 and operations in his laboratory, and was 
 here employed something upwards of a 
 year. 
 
 Dr. Chapin A. Harris, hearing of the 
 young German who was so expert a chem- 
 ist, sent for him to assist in his of-fice and 
 the laboratory of the Baltimore College of 
 Dental Surgery, and from that time on the 
 field was open to him. He became at once 
 a teacher as well as student in the dental 
 school, and on graduating in 185 1 opened 
 an office in Baltimore, where he has since 
 been in active practice for upwards of forty- 
 eight years. Though unable to remain at 
 the university in Germany to complete his 
 course. Doctor Volck wrote his thesis here, 
 and had conferred upon him the degree of 
 D. Ph. He has always been an original in- 
 vestigator, never being content to tread the 
 beaten paths of others' research. He made 
 many investigations in the field of micro- 
 scopy with Dr. Christopher Johnson. In- 
 metalurgy he has had a wide experience, 
 assaying thousands of samples of foil used 
 in the practice of dentistry to establish 
 what manufacturers' products are pure and 
 in which an alloy is found, either by care- 
 lessness or design of the manufacturer. 
 
 Doctor Volck was the fir.-^t dentist to 
 make use of enamel inlays for fillings, as 
 far back as 1854. At that time the work 
 was inlaid in gold, and was more durable 
 than more modern methods of cement. The 
 Doctor now has in his possession his first 
 specimen of work and the inlay is in a per- 
 fect state of preservation. 
 
 The Doctor works at his profession for 
 the nourishment of his body, finding food 
 for his soul in art. .A.nd it is not in one 
 
 branch of art alone that this many sided 
 man excels. Had he chosen that for his 
 vocation in life instead of his avocation, 
 there can be little doubt that he would have 
 made his mark. As a designer and draughts- 
 man he is excelled by few; as a painter he 
 shows a familiarity with the handling of 
 pigments and of the various schools of art 
 and the individual styles of the old masters 
 that might be envied by many who make a 
 profession of painting. A little study in the 
 Doctor's office, dashed ofif in a few hours 
 one morning before a little coterie of artist 
 friends who used to congregate weekly at 
 his house to discourse on topics of art, is 
 a good imitation of the style of Rem- 
 brandt, whose work the Doctor was il- 
 lustrating, and which has many times been 
 taken for a work of that master. The 
 branch of art for which the Doctor is most 
 widely known, perhaps, is his fine work in 
 metals. There is probably not his superior 
 in the establishments of Tiffany or Graham 
 in New York, nor in any of the cities of 
 America. The Appold Testimonial, the 
 product of his brain and hand, is as artistic 
 a piece of work as one can find. For exqui- 
 site and artistic delicacy of design, and for 
 boldness of execution, it could not well be 
 excelled. Much of the finest work turned 
 out by the various establishments of artistic 
 metal work in Baltimore was executed by 
 him. A testimonial, artistic groups in silver, 
 etc., to Mayor Hooper, by the citizens of 
 Baltimore, irrespective of political creed, 
 a large and important work, is from his de- 
 signs. 
 
 ^^'hcn the work of the day is over — when 
 his last patient has gone — then the work of 
 his heart and soul begins. His hours are 
 long and midnight usually finds him in his 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 laboratory with the tools of the silversmith 
 in his hand, or niayhaps the charcoal or pen- 
 cil of the artist. Though Hearing the sev- 
 entieth mile-stone in the journey of life, 
 Doctor \'olck retains to a remarkable de- 
 gree his faculties. His eyesight is still so 
 strong and perfect that he has little use for 
 glasses. 
 
 He is a member of the University and 
 Athenaeum Clubs of this city and of various 
 medical and dental societies, both National 
 and State. In his professional and private 
 life he is revered by his colleagues and loved 
 by all his friends. 
 
 Dr. Thomas S. L.\timer was born in 
 Savannah. Ga., in 1839, one of a family of 
 eleven children. He attended public and pri- 
 vate schools and enjoyed the advantages 
 of having a private tutor. He completed his 
 literary education in Sherwood Academy, 
 located at York, Pa., and shortly after ma- 
 triculated in the University of Maryland 
 Medical School, from which he graduated 
 in 1861. At the outbreak of the Civil War, 
 Doctor Latimer espoused the cause of the 
 South, and enlisted April 19th as a private 
 in the First Regiment of Maryland C. S. A., 
 and went south early in May. After about 
 eight months' service in the ranks, his med- 
 ical ability was recognized and he was ap- 
 pointed assistant surgeon to his regiment, 
 where he completed his first year's service. 
 In the spring of 1862 he was appointed 
 medical field purveyor to General Lee's 
 army of Northern Virginia, which position 
 he held until after the battle of Gettysburg. 
 On reaching Richmond, Doctor Latimer was 
 made surgeon in charge of the Confederate 
 States Dispensary and the Robinson Hos- 
 pital, and attended to the medical needs of 
 
 the wives and children of soldiers in the 
 field, which was his pleasant duty until the 
 fall of Richmond and the army's retreat. 
 On that unhappy event the Doctor was as- 
 signed to the division of Gen. Joseph John- 
 ston, and reached Charlotte, N. C, before 
 receiving the news of the surrender, and 
 there laid down his arms. Fearing that 
 the lot of the vanquished might be anything 
 but a pleasant one. Doctor Latimer went to 
 the Spanish West Indies, intending to prac- 
 tice his profession and make his home there 
 for a time at least. But as leniency was 
 shown all who had been supporting the 
 Confederate States he returned in a few 
 months to Richmond, where he spent 
 the winter of '65-66. Coming to Balti- 
 more in the spring of '66 with the intention 
 of enlisting under Generals Price and Ma- 
 gruder in Mexico to sustain Maximilian, he 
 was deterred by a letter from General Early, 
 who seeing that the French Empire in JMex- 
 ico was doomed, advised Confederate vol- 
 unteers not to come. 
 
 During his service in the army of North- 
 ern Virginia, Doctor Latimer enjoyed the 
 personal friendship of General Lee, as inti- 
 mately as a young surgeon could that of his 
 superior ofificer, and in his intercourse with 
 the greatest Confederate became very much 
 attached to him. In 1866, receiving an ap- 
 pointment as resident physician to the Uni- 
 versity Hospital, Doctor Latimer was placed 
 in charge and remained with the institution 
 two years, when he resij;ned to begin his 
 private practice, in which he has received 
 recognition as one of the most skillful phy- 
 sicans in the city, holds a high place 
 amongst his colleagues, and has a large and 
 influential practice. 
 
 Doctor Latimer is Professor of Phvsiol- 
 
910 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ogy in the Baltimore College of Surgery and 
 Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Bal- 
 timore, and during the existence of the 
 Post-Graduate Medical College held a 
 professorship in that institution. He has 
 held a prominent position in the pro- 
 fession in the city and State, having served 
 as president and vice-president of the 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, and Pres- 
 ident of the Baltimore Medical Association. 
 
 Of the writings of Doctor Latimer the 
 chief is "Anatomy and Physiology of Har- 
 ris' Principles and Practice of Dentistry." 
 His chapter on Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis 
 is a well-written part in Loomis' Text-book 
 on Medicine, and his many monographs are 
 papers of recognized merit. 
 
 The earliest American ancestor in the 
 male line was one James Latimer, who com- 
 ing from England settled in Wilmington, 
 Del., in early colonial times, his descendants 
 spreading thence southward. 
 
 The father of our subject, Mr. William 
 Geddes Latimer, was prominent in public 
 affairs during the firsj, half of the century, 
 and at the time of his death about 1846 was 
 postmaster of Savannah. The lady whose 
 life was linked with his own was in her 
 maidenhood Miss Mary Collins, of an old 
 and respected family. 
 
 Dr. Hknkv Luk Smith, Physician and 
 Surgeon, of Baltimore. 
 
 This gentleman was born at Ashland, 
 Va., March 23, 186S. lie is the son of 
 Maj. J. Thomas Smith and Margaret 
 Lewis (Marshall) Smith, both of Fancpiier 
 county, Va. Through his father. Doctor 
 Smith has conmion ancestors with Generals 
 George Washington and Robert E. Lee, 
 
 and through his mother he is a great-grand- 
 son of Chief Justice Marshall, and great- 
 great-grandson of Col. Tliomas Marshal! 
 (father of the Chief Justice), who com- 
 manded the Third Virginia Regiment, and 
 for distinguished services was presented 
 with a sword by the House of Burgesses, 
 in 1777. He is also a descendant of Augus- 
 tus Warner, Speaker of the first Plouse of 
 Burgesses. Augustus Warner was an an- 
 cestor of Gen. George Washington. 
 
 He was educated in private schools and 
 in the Episcopal High School near Alex- 
 andria, \'a. In 1866 he came to Baltimore, 
 and foT five years was engaged in mercan- 
 tile life. In 1891 we find him a student in 
 the Maryland Lfniversity School of Medi- 
 cine from which he graduated with honors 
 in 1894, having enjoyed, during the last year 
 of his studies there, the privilege of resident 
 student in the University Hospital, and the 
 position of special assistant to the eminent 
 Dr. Wm. T. Howard. Since his graduation 
 he has held the position of assistant physi- 
 cian to the Out-Patient Department of the 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital; resident physi- 
 cian to the Hospital for the Women of 
 Maryland, and resident physician to the 
 Blue Mountain House, a well-known sum- 
 mer resort in the western part of the State. 
 
 He is identified with the leading medical 
 organizations, holding membership in the 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- 
 land, the Clinical Society of Maryland, and 
 in others. While a young man. Dr. Henry 
 Lee Smith has won a place of recognition 
 in his profession that promises a successful 
 career. 
 
 The ancestry of Dr. Isham Randolph 
 Page, dating back into the earliest colonial 
 da^•s, is one in which anv American niav 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 911 
 
 well take pardonable pride. The earliest 
 progenitor of the male line was Col. John 
 Page, son of Francis Page, a merchant of 
 the parish of Bedford, Middlesex, England, 
 who died November 13, 1678, at the age of 
 84. Col. John Page settled at Williams- 
 burg, James City county, Va., where he 
 died January 23, 1692, at the age of 65. 
 He was a man prominent in the affairs of 
 the colony, and his name appears frequently 
 in the annals of the time. Omitting the 
 names of several intervening generations 
 we find during the period of the Revolu- 
 tionary War that of Maj. Carter Page, 
 grandfather of our subject, who was born 
 on the old family estate "Willis Fork," 
 Cumberland county, and was a student in 
 William and Mary College during the 
 Revolutionary War. Leaving school be- 
 fore completing his course he joined the 
 patriot army, and by his attainments and 
 valor became aide-de-camp on the staff of 
 General Lafayette, and was in the final en- 
 gagements around Yorktown. resulting in 
 the surrender of Comwallis and the close 
 of the war. 
 
 He married Lucy, daughter of Gen. 
 Thomas Nelson, one of the most prominent 
 personages of Virginia during the strug- 
 gle for liberty. Gen. Thomas Nelson was a 
 native of Virginia, born at Yorktown De- 
 cember 26, 1738, and died in the prime of 
 life, January 4, 1789, just at the time the 
 nation began its career under the Constitu- 
 tion he had struggled so long and at such 
 a cost to establish. Although a young man 
 in his thirties when the great conflict began 
 he was even then prominent in the councils 
 of the province. He was a member of the 
 Provincial Convention that advanced the 
 idea of independence; he took part in the 
 
 proceedings of the Colonial Congress and 
 was a signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence; he fought throughout the war as 
 colonel of Second Virginia Infantry; was 
 one of those who suffered during the ter- 
 rible winter at Valley Forge, and was one 
 of the besieging army at Yorktown. 
 
 The day after the surrender of Corn- 
 wallis, October 20, 1781, he was highly 
 commended by General Washington on the 
 field, for valiant services of himself and men, 
 and was appointed major general of Vir- 
 ginia militia. He raised and equipped from 
 his own private fortune a regiment of three 
 thousand men and spent his entire fortune 
 in the cause. He never asked nor received 
 any recompense from the Government, al- 
 though he gave one of the largest fortunes 
 of colonial times to the cause. He inherited 
 at his father's death, besides large landed es- 
 tates, forty thousand pounds in hard cash, 
 a fortune that in those days was larger than 
 a million now. At the close of the war he 
 was elected Governor of the State, and was 
 first Senator from Virginia to the United 
 States Senate. When Virginia erected a 
 statue to Washington, Governor Nelson's 
 was chosen as one of the six statues to sur- 
 round it, and was thus honored by Vir- 
 ginians as one of the greatest men of the 
 colonial period. The woman who was help- 
 meet to Governor Nelson and who sus- 
 tained him throughout that time which tried 
 men's souls, was in maidenhood Miss Lucy 
 Grimes, a woman of sterling worth. Her 
 charm of person and earnest piety endeared 
 her to all that knew her. At her death, as 
 recorded by one of her time, "She gave 
 twenty dollars to her minister and freedom 
 to her soul." 
 
 The father of our subject, Prof. Wii- 
 
912 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 liam Nelson Page, was born in Cumber- 
 land county, Va., in 1803. He was educated 
 at Hampden Sidney College, in which in- 
 stitution he became a Professor of Latin 
 and Greek. Later he conducted a private 
 school of his own, and for the unusual 
 period of fifty years was an educator in his 
 native State, making his influence for good 
 felt in more than one generation, teaching 
 father and son. He passed away Novem- 
 ber, 16, 1883, at the advanced age of 
 eighty-one, as vigorous in mind as at any 
 period of his life. Latin and Greek were 
 to him as his native tongue, and were 
 spoken as fluently. His marriage occurred 
 in his early manhood, when he was united 
 to Miss Frances P., daughter of Mr. Isham 
 Randolph, a cousin of John Randolph, of 
 Roanoke, of Revolutionary fame. 
 
 Dr. Isham Randolph Page was born near 
 Richmond, Va., June 3, 1834. He attended 
 his father's private school until prepared for 
 college, when he became a student in the 
 medical department of the University of 
 Virginia during 1857-58. Next he entered 
 the University of New York, graduating in 
 medicine in 1859. The two succeeding 
 years he was interne of Bellevue and Char- 
 ity Hospitals, and then returned to his na- 
 tive State and enlisted in the service of the 
 South. For a few months he was assistant 
 surgeon in the Eighteenth Virginia Regi- 
 ment, and after an examination by a board 
 of officers was appointed in November, 
 1861, to the position of Surgeon of Artillery 
 of the Army of Northern Virginia. In No- 
 vember, 1864, he was asigned to hospital 
 duty in Richmond, and was employed at the 
 Chimborazo Hospital at the close of the war. 
 For a short time after the close of hostilities 
 Doctor Page resided in Danville, and in the 
 
 fall of 1865 removed to Richmond, which 
 continued to be his field of labor until his 
 removal in 1871 to Baltimore, since which 
 time he has made his residence in the City 
 of Monuments. 
 
 During the existence of the Washington 
 University, before its mersion with the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Doctor 
 Page was Professor of Principles and Prac- 
 tice of Surgery. Since that time he has de- 
 voted his entire time to his private practice, 
 which is general in its nature, with a pre- 
 dominance of cases of obstetrics and g}'ne- 
 cology. Doctor Page is a member of the 
 Medical and Chirtirgical Faculty of Mary- 
 land, the Obstetrical and Gynecological So- 
 ciety, the Clinical Society and the Book and 
 Journal Club. He has contributed at vari- 
 ous times to the medical journals papers 
 of interest on various topics of a medical 
 nature. 
 
 Doctor Page communes with Brown 
 Memorial Presbyterian Church; holds fel- 
 lowship with the Benjamin Franklin Lodge, 
 A. F. and A. M., of Baltimore, and formerly 
 held fellowship with the Royal Arch Chapter 
 in Richmond. He is also a member in good 
 standing of the Royal Arcanum, the 
 Knights of Honor and the Golden Chain. 
 
 Doctor Page first married in 1863 Miss 
 Virginia Barton, daughter of ]\Ir. Robert 
 Barton, of Richmond. His second mar- 
 riage in October, 1886, occurred in Balti- 
 more to Miss Charlotte Stevens, daughter 
 of ]\Ir. Robert Stevens, of this city. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Edward Clagett, 108 S. 
 Eutaw street. 
 
 Of the physicians of Baltimore who saw 
 active service during the trying times of the 
 Civil War, few have passed through more 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 9] 3 
 
 interesting experiences than Dr. Joseph E. 
 Clagett. His birth occurred in Pleasant 
 Valley, Washington county. Aid., Septem- 
 ber 5, 1830. After completing his academic 
 education in the private schools of Wash- 
 ington and Frederick counties, at the age of 
 eighteen Doctor Clagett began his medical 
 course in the medical college at Winchester, 
 Va., with Prof. Hugh McGuire as precep- 
 tor, after which he attended a course of lec- 
 tures in Philadelphia, going thence to New 
 York, where he studied in the hospitals of 
 the city, and later in Charity Hospital in 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Returning to Maryland he began practice 
 with his father. Dr. James H. Clagett, for a 
 period of two years. His health failing, 
 Doctor Clagett discontinued his practice 
 and purchased a drug store in Harper's 
 Ferry, and was there during the stormy 
 period preceding the outbreak of the Civil 
 War. He was an eye-witness of the turbu- 
 lent scenes of the John Brown Raid, and the 
 attending events, and for a long period saw 
 almost daily the central figure of that tragic 
 prologue to the great tragedy that followed, 
 as he made the Doctor's store his daily stop- 
 ping place. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Civil War Doctor 
 Clagett espoused the cause of his State and 
 remained in the service until the last gun 
 was fired and arms were stacked for the last 
 time at Appomattox. It was his pleasure 
 to give to General Lee his last breakfast 
 prior to the surrender. It was not an elab- 
 orate spread, only a tin cup of black coffee 
 and a slice of bacon resting on a piece of 
 corn bread. The General refused to accept 
 it at first, but when assured that the Doctor 
 could procure another such ration, accepted 
 54 
 
 gratefully. During most of his service Doc- 
 tor Clagett was at the head of the Receiving 
 and Forwarding Hospital of the army of 
 Northern Virginia. 
 
 After the close of the war Doctor Clagett 
 remained for a year in Richmond and then 
 removed to Baltimore in 1866, engaging in 
 the general practice of medicine. For sev- 
 eral years after his coming to Baltimore 
 Doctor Clagett occupied the chair of Ma- 
 teria Medica and Alidwifery in the Wash- 
 ington University of Maryland prior to its 
 merging with the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. 
 
 Doctor Clagett is a member in good 
 standing of the Masonic Fraternity, affiliat- 
 ing with Adherence Lodge, No. 88; Druid 
 Hill Chapter, No. 8, and Beausant Com~ 
 mandery. 
 
 Dr. James Hawkins Clagett, father of Dr. 
 Joseph Clagett, was a native of Alontgomery 
 county, Md., born in 1804. His death oc- 
 curred in 1869, after a long life of usefulness. 
 After graduating from the Maryland Uni- 
 versity Medical College he practiced for a 
 time in his native county, and then moved 
 to Washington county, where he spent his 
 remaining years. His wife was Miss Eliza- 
 beth M. Garrott, daughter of Mr. Edward 
 and Mary Ann Garrott, of Washington 
 county. 
 
 The first .Vmerican ancestor of the male 
 line was Rev. Thomas John Clagett, the 
 first Episcopal Bishop of Maryland, who for 
 many years presided over St. Peter's Church. 
 Doctor Clagett was married to Miss Sid- 
 ney Carter Lindsay, daughter of Mr. Lewis 
 Lindsay and Nancy Lindsay, of Virginia. 
 Mrs. Clagett is the mother of a daughter — 
 Miss Rose Clagett. 
 
914 
 
 HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Dr. Geo. Warner Miltenberger, 321 
 W. Monument street. 
 
 Few, if any, of the noble men of medicine 
 who have been an ornament to the profes- 
 sion in Baltimore have won a higher re- 
 gard in the hearts and minds of the thou- 
 sands who have gone out from their teach- 
 ings, than has the venerable Dr. George 
 Warner Miltenberger, now retired from the 
 active practice of the profession of which 
 he was so long a leader. 
 
 During the many years he was called 
 upon to preside over one of the most ef- 
 ficient and renowned institutions of medical 
 instruction in America, he endeared himself 
 to the thousands who came within the 
 sphere of his influence, and by his precept 
 led them to higher planes of ethical and 
 moral conduct, making them better citi- 
 zens while making of them healers of the 
 sick. 
 
 Doctor Miltenberger was born in Balti- 
 more, March 17, 1819. His father, Gen. 
 Anthony F. W. Miltenberger, won his title 
 and distinction by meritorious services dur- 
 ing the War of 1812. He died in October, 
 1869, at the age of eighty years-. He was 
 as a citizen prominent in civil life, a man of 
 wide influence and sterling worth, of strong 
 mental and moral attributes, and of a stamp 
 too seldom found in high places. His help- 
 meet was a Miss Warner, who was graced 
 with a high type of Christian womanhood. 
 
 Doctor Miltenberger attended Boisseau 
 Academy under the tutelage of Dr. Stephen 
 Roszell, and was one of the brightest pupils, 
 having for a number of successive years car- 
 ried oft' the scholarship prizes of his class. 
 Attending the University of Virginia dur- 
 ing the season of 1835-36 he began his 
 medical studies in Baltimore, which he con- 
 
 tinued until 1840, postponing his graduation 
 one year for the benefit of the study during 
 that time as resident student of the Balti- 
 more Infirmary, performing all the duties of 
 house physician during that period. He was 
 immediately appointed demonstrator of 
 anatomy, and as he took an especial per- 
 sonal interest his classes .soon became the 
 largest and best attended in the college. 
 When his private practice became too large 
 to allow him to attend to his classes during 
 the day, rather than discontinue them, ses- 
 sions were held at night. 
 
 During these years Doctor Miltenberger 
 was an indefatigable worker, and as fast as 
 vacancies occurred he was promoted to 
 higher positions on the stafif of the college, 
 filling at times two chairs simultaneously. 
 From 1840 to 1852 he was demonstrator of 
 Anatomy and lecturer on the same from 
 1840 to 1847: lecturer on Pathological 
 Anatomy from 1847 ^o 1849; Professor of 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics from 
 1852 to 1858, and after that date until his 
 resignation Professor of Obstetrics. In 
 1855 he became Dean of the Faculty, and 
 during his long administration evinced a 
 high order of executive ability. During 
 most of these years he served as treasurer 
 also, and although a man of many duties, 
 nothing that was allotted to him was neg- 
 lected, but all that was expected of him was 
 done well. 
 
 Doctor Miltcnlierger's life was lirightened 
 and its trials made lighter bv the presence 
 of one who was a heli)nu'et indeed. She 
 was Miss Sarah E. Williams, daughter of 
 Mr. Nathaniel Williams, formerly of Mo- 
 bile, Alabama, but later of Baltimore. 
 Doctor Miltenberger is a member of all the 
 leading medical societies. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 915 
 
 Dr. B. Holly Smith, Jr., 1007 Madison 
 avenue. (D. D. S.) 
 
 Dr. B. Holly Smith, Jr., first saw the 
 light of day at Piscataway, Prince George's 
 county, Md., March 17, 1858. His earliest 
 education was received under a pri- 
 vate tutor, and later in the Virginia Normal 
 Institute at Hamilton, Va. Between his 
 twelfth year and attaining his majority, 
 Doctor Smith was variously employed; 
 part of the time on the railroad, for a time 
 dispensing news, and lastly book-keeper for 
 a banking concern. The family having 
 moved to Baltimore in 1870, Doctor Smith 
 was employed in the city until his matricu- 
 lation in the Baltimore College of Dental 
 Surgery, from which he graduated in 1881. 
 He also obtained a diploma from the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1883. 
 He began at once the practice of dentistry, 
 and has merited a liberal patronage from 
 the better class of Baltimore citizens. In 
 1 88 1 Doctor Smith was appointed assist- 
 ant demonstrator in his Alma Mater, and 
 in 1888 lecturer on operative dentistry. 
 The following year he was advanced to a 
 professorship, filling the chair of Materia 
 Medica and Special Anatomy. 
 
 The father of our subject, Rev. Bennett 
 HoUoway Smith, Sr., a native of Virginia, 
 was born in 1823. He was a man of liberal 
 education and religious convictions. He 
 was early converted to the simple faith of 
 the Wesleys, and for many years was an 
 honored minister of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church. In 1870 he was appointed to 
 a ]iosition in the Baltimore Custom House, 
 and thereafter made Baltimore his home. 
 
 The mother of Doctor Smith was Miss 
 Matilda C. Janney, daughter of Mr. John 
 Janney. The wife of our subject was Miss 
 
 Frances G. Hopkins, daughter of Mr. Wil- 
 liam Conwell Hopkins, and granddaughter 
 of Judge Keene, of Maryland. 
 
 Doctor Smith is a member of the leading 
 Dental Associations of the State and Na- 
 tion. Of the Southern Dental Association 
 he was president in 1893-94, and is now 
 serving as vice-president for the South of 
 the National Dental Asociation. He is 
 secretary of the Executive Committee of the 
 National Association of Dental Faculties 
 since 1893. and has presided in the Mary- 
 land State Dental Association. In a literary 
 way Doctor Smith has made himself felt, 
 having contributed to the various publica- 
 tions devoted to his profession. Of the so- 
 cial orders he holds membership in the 
 Royal Arcanum, the Golden Chain, and the 
 Improved Order of Heptasophs. Doctor 
 Smith and wife are members of the Asso- 
 ciate Reformed Church. 
 
 Dr. G. Lans Taneyhill, 1103 Madison 
 avenue. The family of which Dr. G. Lane 
 Taneyhill is a worthy representative is one 
 dating back to the colonial period of our 
 national existence. The first American an- 
 cestor, John Taneyhill, came from Paisley, 
 Scotland, early in the seventeenth century, 
 settling in Calvert county, where he re- 
 ceived a large grant of land from Cecil Cal- 
 vert, Lord Baltimore, and the old parch- 
 ment deed bearing his signature was in the 
 county records until their recent destruc- 
 tion by the burning of the court house at 
 Prince Fredericktown, Calvert county, Md. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Taneyhill, father of the 
 Doctor, was for many years a well known 
 light in the ministry of the leading Metho- 
 dist Church. He was one of the pioneer 
 preachers, his work extending over the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 States of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsyl- 
 vania. As a boy he was a witness of many 
 of the scenes of the War of 1812, and on 
 one occasion came near losing his life dur- 
 ing that turbulent time. He had climbed a 
 tree to watch the operations, and a portion 
 of the troops of General Ross passing 
 through his father's farm, thinking him to 
 be a turkey, was about to fire, when he 
 called to them, ofifering to come down. He 
 did so, and was not further molested. He 
 heard the explosion when Barney blew up 
 his own fleet in the Patuxent river to pre- 
 vent its falling into the hands of the British 
 under Claiborne. During the course of his 
 life he was the witness of three wars of the 
 government. Thomas Taneyhill was boa-n 
 in Calvert county, December 7, 1803. He 
 was almost wholly a self-educated man. Af- 
 ter his seventy-third year he took up the 
 study of Greek and Hebrew and within three 
 years had translated the Greek Testament. 
 He was licensed to preach by Reverend 
 William Prettyman, admitted to the confer- 
 ence by Bishop Soule, and assigned to his 
 first charge at Green Brier, Va., March, 
 1828. After a long life, well spent in the 
 Master's vineyard, he retired from active 
 work at the age of sixty and made his home 
 at Bryan, Williams county, O. His death, 
 at the age of ninety-one, occurred at the 
 residence of his son, Rev. Ch:irl. s Wrsky 
 Taneyhill, of Toledo, O., X-v,iii1m, u]. 
 1894. He was the hero of Hadlcy's novel, 
 "George Brown's Courtship," the scene of 
 which was laid in the Juniata valley. It is 
 a beautiful story, and at one time one that 
 was very well known. His wife, the heroine 
 of the story, was Miss Elizabeth Berryman, 
 daughter of Mr. Thomas Berryman, whose 
 ancestors came from the NcDrth of Ireland. 
 
 Their wedding occurred February 28, 1833, 
 and in 1883 they celebrated their golden 
 wedding, at which they gave each of their 
 children a gold coin on which was engraved 
 their names with the date of the celebration. 
 
 Dr. G. Lane Taneyhill was born in Belle- 
 fonte. Center county, Pa., March 11, 1840. 
 After classical education in the high school 
 of Professor Bradley, of Bloomsburg, our 
 subject entered Dickinson Seminary at Wil- 
 liamsport, from which he graduated in 1858, 
 with the degree of A. B. After graduation 
 he proceeded to Stryker, Williams county, 
 O., where for two years he engaged in pre- 
 paring students for Oberlin College. 
 
 Leaving Ohio at this time, Doctor Taney- 
 hill returned to his father's old plantation in 
 Calvert county, Md., teaching school until 
 1863, at the same time studying medicine 
 under Dr. John K. Petherbridge. Coming 
 to Baltimore in that year he became a medi- 
 cal cadet in the Camden Street Military 
 Hospital, at the same time attending lec- 
 tures in the medical school of the University 
 of Maryland with Professor McSherry as 
 preceptor, graduating in the spring of 1865. 
 He was immediately commissioned by Gov- 
 ernor A. W. Bradford, assistant surgeon of 
 the Eleventh Maryland Regiment, stationed 
 at Fort Delaware, serving without pay until 
 the close of the war, being mustered out in 
 June, 1865. He is a member of Wilson 
 Post, No. I, G. A. R., of ALiryland. 
 
 From 1865 to 1868 Doctor Taneyhill was 
 assistant surgeon in the Maryland Hospital 
 for the Insane, which stood on the ground 
 now occupied by the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
 ]>ital, studying nervous diseases. The fol- 
 lowing year he was a student and assistant 
 in Bellevue Plospital, New York. (;)n re- 
 turning from New York, Doctor Tanevhill 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 917 
 
 opened an office in Baltimore and has been 
 a leading practitioner of the city ever since. 
 
 The Doctor is the author of the well- 
 known History of Medical Societies of Bal- 
 timore from 1730 to 1880, and of the in- 
 teresting lecture "Personal Reminiscences 
 of a Medical Official in an Insane Hospital." 
 
 Doctor Taneyhill takes an active interest 
 in all societies of a professional nature, and 
 is connected with many of them. He is a 
 member of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion, State Medical Society, served as presi- 
 dent of the Baltimore Medical Association 
 in 1874; for thirty years he was a member 
 of the State Medical Faculty, and is serving 
 on its board of trustees; is vice-president of 
 the Baltimore Obstetrical and Gynecologi- 
 cal Society and treasurer of Alumni Asso- 
 ciation of Maryland University. Over thir- 
 teen years he has served as examining sur- 
 geon for the pension bureau in Baltimore 
 and for several large insurance companies. 
 He was appointed March 7, 1898, by Mayor 
 Malster to the position of Quarantine Hos- 
 pital Physician (salary $3,000), which ap- 
 pointment was confirmed by unanimous 
 vote of the City Council, March 9. 1898. 
 Two days subsequently he declined to ac- 
 cept the proffered honor on account of 
 private practice. 
 
 Of religious and civic societies he is stew- 
 ard in the Madison Avenue Methodist 
 Church : vice-president of the City Mission- 
 ary and Church Extension Society; and is 
 physician of St. Andrew's Society, organ- 
 ized in 1806 for aiding needy Scotchmen in 
 the city. Doctor Taneyhill was one of the 
 original incorporators of the Maryland 
 Academy of Sciences. 
 
 He is the aggressive and popular school 
 commissioner from the Twelfth ward of Bal- 
 
 timore, endorsing the Civil Service idea, and 
 one of the most active in advancing the cur- 
 riculum and enlarging the list of text- 
 books, and takes a deep interest in 
 all that pertains to education. He is 
 thoroughly interested in all reform move- 
 ments calculated to improve our civil insti- 
 tutions, and is an active member of the 
 Good Government Club of his ward, the 
 Civil Service Reform League, and the Co- 
 lumbian Club. He has been for many years 
 a member of Maryland Historical Society. 
 
 In 1882 he had conferred upon him the 
 degree A. M. by Dickinson College. 
 
 On November 20, 1873, Doctor Taney- 
 hill was married to Miss Carrie A., daughter 
 of the late Rev. William McAllister, of New 
 York. They are both members of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church. Dr. and Mrs. Ta- 
 neyhill have two living children: G. Lane 
 Taneyhill, Jr., an undergraduate of Johns 
 Hopkins LTniversity, and Ruth Hollis Ta- 
 neyhill, a pupil at Miss Russell's school, N. 
 Charles street, Baltimore. 
 
 John Stonewall J. Healy, Attorney- 
 at-Law, was born in Baltimore, Md., on the 
 nth day of August, 1862. His father was 
 John Healy, who came to this country from 
 Ireland in 1837, and went to Virginia, join- 
 ing an uncle, Bartholomew Curry, who was 
 a large contractor extensively engaged in 
 the construction of canals and railroads, 
 with whom he remained two years, when, 
 his health failing, ■he_ visited Cuba, spending 
 a year on that island. In 1840 John Healy 
 came to Baltimore and established himself 
 in the retail grocery business in the eastern 
 .section of the city at the corner of Pratt and 
 President streets, and built up a large 
 trade. At that time cargoes of sugar, mo- 
 
918 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 lasses, coffees and teas were sold by the im- 
 porters at auction on the vessels immedi- 
 ately upon their arrival, and among the 
 largest and best known purchasers was John 
 Healy. He was a man of scholarly attain- 
 ments, having received a classical education 
 at one of the world-renowned Irish univer- 
 sities, with the intention of entering upon 
 a professional career. He was thoroughly 
 conversant with the Greek, Latin, Spanish 
 and French languages, and was one of the 
 best of English as well as Latin gram- 
 marians. His acquaintance with the ancient 
 authors was extensive and thorough, and 
 few could hold their own with him in dis- 
 cussing Mrgil, Horace and Juvenal. He 
 was of quiet tastes, retiring habits and un- 
 assuming and unpretentious manners, de- 
 voting himself almost exclusively to his 
 liome and his books. In 1861 he married 
 Eliza J. Donnelly, daughter of Peter Don- 
 nelly and Margaret Donnelly and the sister 
 of David Donnelly, of Baltimore. Miss Don- 
 nelly was born in Williamsport, Md. Her 
 ])arents came from Ireland in 1819, and set- 
 tled in western Maryland. Miss Donnelly 
 on her mother's side came from the O'Neils, 
 of Tyrone, and was the youngest of fifteen 
 children. The result of this union was two 
 children, the eldest the subject of this 
 sketch and the second a daughter, who died 
 in infancy. 
 
 During the war John Healy was an ar- 
 dent though quiet Southern sympathizer 
 and was several times threatened with arrest 
 for his Southern tendencies. He was al- 
 ways a strong Democrat and often boasted 
 that during a period of nearly sixty years he 
 voted at every election even during the dark 
 days of Know Nothingism and always cast 
 a Democratic ballot. He died in 1898 at the 
 advanced age of eighty-six years. 
 
 John Stonewall J. Healy was educated at 
 Calvert Hall, completing his education at 
 Loyola College, from which institution he 
 received the degree of A. B. At the age of 
 seventeen he left school and took a position 
 with the old and well-known wholesale gro- 
 cery house of Calvin Chestnut &Co., located 
 at the northw^est corner of Pratt and South 
 streets. He was connected with this firm for 
 ten years, rising from an humble position to 
 that of head book-keeper and cashier, a po- 
 sition of trust and responsibility which he 
 ably and conscientiously tilled until the dis- 
 solution of the firm. During that time he 
 took an active interest in public affairs, 
 having through the Taxpayers' Association, 
 a large body of well-known and influential 
 citizens, become prominent in connection 
 with many public and popular reforms. 
 Among these was the street cleaning ques- 
 tion. As chairman of a committee of this 
 association, and representing a number of 
 public-spirited citizens he had prepared and 
 submitted to the City Council a proposition 
 to take a contract to clean the streets of the 
 city for a term of years at a saving of $1 10,- 
 000.00 per annum to the municipality. He 
 was also chairman of the committee on 
 street paving reform, which accomplished 
 some good results; on the Belt Line Rail- 
 road, which secured additional safeguards 
 from the B. cSi O. R. R. Co. in building its 
 line around the city, and numerous other 
 committees, and was recognized by that 
 body as a young man of exceptional force 
 and ability. 
 
 In 1891 he took up the study of law, en- 
 tering the ofifice of Hon. A. Leo Knott, for- 
 merly State's Attorney of Baltimore county 
 and ex-Assistant Postmaster General, and 
 taking the course at the Maryland Uni- 
 versity, he graduated with honor in the class 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 919 
 
 of 1893. Since coming to the bar he has 
 participated in some prominent cases. 
 
 In 1892 Mr. Healy ardently supported 
 Grover Cleveland first for the nomination 
 and afterwards for the Presidency. He 
 spoke at the first meeting indorsing Mr. 
 Cleveland's candidacy, and also at the rati- 
 fication meeting immediately after his nom- 
 ination. He made several speeches during 
 the campaign, part of the time in New York 
 State. 
 
 In 1896 he supported Hon. William J. 
 Bryan, the candidate of the Democratic 
 party, and the Chicago platform, with an en- 
 thusiasm and ardor that won him many 
 friends. He was very active during the 
 campaign of that year, and worked hard and 
 faithfully for the success of the ticket. In 
 1897 he was selected by the Democratic 
 party as its candidate for legislative honors 
 from the Third Legislative District, but 
 went down with the entire Democratic 
 ticket which met such disastrous defeat in 
 that year. During that campaign he at- 
 tended two and three meetings a night, 
 making speeches and striving hard for vic- 
 tory for his party, showing himself well 
 qualified and equipped for legislative 
 honors. He is mentioned for future politi- 
 cal honors. I\Ir. Healy is active and ener- 
 getic, and as a young man bids fair to be- 
 come prominent legally and politically. 
 
 Charles Messersmith was a native of 
 Germany. He came to this country when 
 about four years of age. His parents lo- 
 cated in Baltimore, where they became 
 good, law-abiding citizens of their adopted 
 country. Charles, at an early age, went into 
 the butcher business, which he successfully 
 followed up all his life. By a close appli- 
 
 cation to business principles he succeeded 
 in building for himself a fortune, and at the 
 same time helped in a material way the 
 growth of the city. He confined himself to 
 veal exclusively. His business grew to such 
 an extent that he had stalls in the leading 
 markets of the city. 
 
 He married Miss Louisa E. Saumnig, a 
 native of Baltimore, but of German parent- 
 age, in 1849, by whom he had ten children, 
 six of whom are living; four of these are 
 boys who have succeeded their father in 
 his business. These are Charles E., Sam- 
 uel J., John K. and Oliver, all of whom are 
 prominent men in their line of business. 
 
 Charles Alessersmith died in 1893 la- 
 mented and honored by all who knew him. 
 
 John Christian Roth, proprietor of the 
 Fayette Cafe and Billiard Hall, was born in 
 Baltimore, May 29, i860. He is the son 
 of the late George and Katharine (Gess- 
 wein) Roth, natives of Germany, who lo- 
 cated in Baltimore some years prior to the 
 late war, where George Roth was latterly 
 engaged in the marketing business. He 
 died in 1880; his wife in 1873. John C. 
 Roth attended the public and parochial 
 schools of Baltimore, learned the trade of 
 cigar making and was variously employed 
 up to 1887, when he entered the sennce of 
 J. Requardt & Co., with whom he continued 
 to be associated until 1898, when he as- 
 sumed the proprietorship of the establish- 
 ment named above. Mr. Roth is a Mason 
 and Past Master of Joppa Lodge, a mem- 
 ber of the B. P. O. E., Baltimore Lodge, 
 No. 7, and of the Order of the Golden 
 Chain. He was for five years a member of 
 the Fifth Regiment, being mustered out as 
 sergeant. He is now a member of the Fifth 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Regiment Veteran Corps. He was mar- 
 ried November 26, 1884, to Anna Elnora, 
 daughter of the late Joseph Hackett, a pas- 
 senger engineer for thirty years in the em- 
 ploy of the B. & O. R. R. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Roth have one child, Margaretta C, reside 
 at 1926 W. Baltimore street and attend the 
 Lutheran Church. 
 
 George K. McGaw, leading importing 
 grocer of Baltimore, was born at Bush 
 (head of Bush river), Harford county, Md., 
 January 8, 1850. He is a son of John Mc- 
 Gaw, a prominent citizen of that comity, 
 who, like his father and grandfather, en- 
 gaged principally in the business of tan- 
 ning. The ancestors of Mr. McGavv were 
 early colonial settlers. 
 
 George K. McGaw first attended Abing- 
 don Academy (formerly known as Cokes- 
 bury College), spent one year at Bel Air 
 Academy, and from 1865 to 1868 was at 
 West Nottingham Academy, a Presbyterian 
 school, in Cecil county. In July, 1868, he 
 entered the employ of Hon. Jacob Tome, of 
 Port Deposit, serving in various capacities 
 in bank, warehouse and steamboat offices, 
 and for three years at the office of the Bal- 
 timore & Susquehanna Steamboat Co.. at 
 Baltimore. On May i, 1875, Mi M.'', iw 
 embarked in the grocery Im-i!.: - ;ii ihe 
 northeast corner of Lexington and Paca 
 streets, in jjartnership association with Mr. 
 John B. Ramsey (now president of the Na- 
 tional Mechanics' Bank), under the firm 
 name of Geo. K. McGavv & Co. Mr. Ram- 
 say's connection with the business was sev- 
 ered after several years, Mr. McGaw con- 
 tinuing it under its original name, and re- 
 moving to his present commodious and 
 handsome establishment, 220 and 222 North 
 
 Charles street, February i, 1888. From a 
 modest beginning, both in volume of busi- 
 ness and capital employed, Mr. McGaw 
 has, with rapid strides, pushed forward un- 
 til he now occupies the foremost position in 
 his line, not only in this city, but in the 
 South. In fact, there are few houses in the 
 United States so fully equipped for handling 
 a large trade. Each of the cities of the first- 
 class in the United States has one and only 
 one such establishment, and it was for years 
 the ambition of dealer after dealer to found 
 and maintain just such an exclusive em- 
 porium as Mr. McGaw's well directed, en- 
 terprising eiTorts have succeeded in secur- 
 ing for Baltimore. Mr. McGaw takes an 
 active interest in all public matters and en- 
 terprises. He was one of tjie committee of 
 seventy in the recent Democratic sound 
 money campaign. He is president of the 
 Buena Vista Hotel Co., of the Exchange 
 Permanent Loan and Building Association ; 
 a member of the Board of Trade. Corn and 
 Flour Exchange and Merchants' and Man- 
 ufacturers' Association, and a director of 
 the Guardian Trust and Deposit Company. 
 He is a Mason, a member of the Order of 
 the Golden Chain and Royal Arcanum. 
 
 He was married January 16, 1877, to Mar- 
 garet A., daughter of the late James War- 
 den, at one time leading flour merchant of 
 Baltimore, and one of the incorporators of 
 the Corn and Flour Exchange. Mr. and 
 Mrs. McGaw have two children, Mary Bar- 
 tol and Sophie Warden McGaw; reside at 
 1021 St. Paul street and are members of the 
 First Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Mk. I. Fki:i-:m.\\' Rasi.\ was born at 
 Castle Cary. Ktut county, Md.. March n, 
 1833. His fatlK-r was Robert Wilson Rasin, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 whose father was Philip Freeman Rasin.also 
 of the same county and place; whose father 
 was William Rasin, the progenitor of the 
 family in America. He married Sarah Free- 
 man and settled in Kent county, Md., in 
 1750, under Charles Calvert, Lord Balti- 
 more, and was a man of estate and promi- 
 nence, being a member of the Assembly as 
 early as 1757, and was one of the earliest 
 and leading vestrymen in Chester Parish. 
 His descendants have intermarried with 
 families of distinction, and are related to 
 some of the earliest and most eminent set- 
 tlers of ^Maryland of Colonial, Revolution- 
 ary and historic fame, such as the Wil- 
 sons of 1700; Halidays, 1700; Ringgolds, 
 1650; Claypooles, 1653; Wilmers, 1660, and 
 Morris, who came over about 1657 with 
 William Penn. The subjoined official copy 
 is instructive: 
 
 (Copy.) 
 "Laxd Office of Maryland. 
 
 I hereby certify that there is deposited in 
 and belonging to this office, a certain Rec- 
 ord Book, entitled record of the officers and 
 soldiers entitled to land westward of Fort 
 Cumberland in Washington county, with 
 the numbers of the lots drawn for them, 
 agreeably to an Act of the General Assem- 
 bly, passed November session, 1778: and 
 that it appears, from said record, that lots 
 numbered 2045, 2046, 2047 and 2048 were 
 under the drawing aforesaid awarded to 
 Lieut. William Rasin. 
 
 In testimony whereof I have hereunto set 
 my hand and affixed the seal of the Land 
 Office of Maryland, this 7th day of Decem- 
 Iier in the year 1894. 
 
 (Signed) Philip D. Laird, 
 
 [seal.] 
 
 Commissioner of Land Office. 
 
 This \Mlliam Rasin entered the Revolu- 
 tionary service and was promoted to ensign, 
 lieutenant and captain of Light Infantry of 
 Kent county, Md. He married Sarah Free- 
 man. His son. Philip Freeman Rasin, mar- 
 ried Phoebe Wilson; his son, Robert W. 
 Rasin, married Mary Rebecca Ringgold, 
 and his son, Isaac Freeman Rasin, married 
 Julia Ann Claypoole. The father of Mary 
 Rebecca Ringgold was Edward, a farmer 
 and planter, and possessed of large landed 
 estate in Kent county and Kent Island. He 
 married his first cousin, Martha, daughter 
 of William Ringgold, of Corsica. His sec- 
 ond marriage was to Rebecca Smith, of 
 Chestertown, Md., where he resided till his 
 death, December 10, 1880. He was the 
 youngest son of Thomas and Elizabeth 
 Suddler Ringgold, planter of Coxe's Neck, 
 Kent Island. Thomas was the son of James 
 Ringgold, of Coxe's Neck, who died in 1740. 
 He was the son of James Ringgold, gentle- 
 man and planter, of Talbot county, Md. 
 James, of Talbot, was the son of Maj. James 
 Ringgold, "Lord of Manor" on Eastern 
 Neck, and his second wife, Mary \'aughan, 
 was a daughter of Capt. Robert Vaughan, 
 commander of Kent from 1647 to 1652. 
 Maj. James Ringgold was one of the com- 
 missioners for holding Court in Talbot, as 
 early as 1662, and afterwards in Kent from 
 1674 to his death in 1686, and was a great fa- 
 vorite with the Crown. He was the son of 
 Thomas Ringgold, "Lord of Huntingfield," 
 who was the progenitor of the family in 
 America. He emigrated from England and, 
 it is thought, settled first in \'irginia and 
 afterwards, in 1650, with his two sons, James 
 and John, settled on the Isle of Kent. He 
 possessed large landed estate, and was a 
 very prominent and influential man. He 
 
922 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was a member of the Courts as early as 165 1. 
 In 1652 England appointed commissioners 
 for the settlement of all matters in dispute 
 in the English plantations on the Chesa- 
 peake Bay, and stipulated that Philip Con- 
 nor or Thomas Ringgold should always be 
 one of them. He was a true Royalist, and 
 in 1652, with si.xty-five others, pledged him- 
 self to be true and faithful to the Common- 
 wealth of England, without King or House 
 or Lords. The Ringgolds have been men of 
 wealth, high social and political promi- 
 nence, and also of military distinction. 
 Coxe's Neck on Kent Island, now owned 
 by Samuel Ringgold, descended from father 
 to son for eight generations, covering a 
 period of nearly two and a half centuries. 
 
 Philip F. Rasin married Phoebe Wilson, 
 daughter of George and Susan Haliday Wil- 
 son. George Wilson was a son of George 
 and Margaret Hall Wilson, of "Castle 
 Cary." He was the son of George and Mary 
 Kennard Wilson, of "Broad Oak," who was 
 the son of James and Catharine Wilson, of 
 "Old Field Point" (still owned by the sub- 
 ject of this article, together with his 
 brother). James Wilson came from Eng- 
 land to the Province of Maryland, and set- 
 tled in Shrewsbury Parish, Kent county, 
 about the year 1700, and died 1732. Susan 
 Haliday \\'ilson was a daughter of James 
 and Margaret Cook Morris. He was the 
 son of Anthony Morris, of St. Dunstans, 
 Stepenny of London, England, born Au- 
 gust 23, 1654. He married Mary Jones 
 January 30, 1676, and died October 24, 1721. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Morris family of Revo- 
 lutionary fame descended from said .An- 
 thony Morris. Their family tree, for 300 
 years back, is now in possession of Mr. I. 
 Freeman Rasin, the subject of this sketch. 
 
 He married, March 4, 1862, Julia Ann, 
 daughter of Capt. John Claypoole, a de- 
 scendant of James Claypoole, who was a 
 man of note at the time of the founding of 
 Philadelphia, Pa., 1683. He was the author 
 of a number of works of high repute, and 
 was the admired friend of William Penn, 
 long before he came to America. James 
 was the son of Adam Claypoole, who was 
 seated at the Manor of Narborough, North- 
 ampton county, England, in 1610. He was 
 the owner of Waldram Parks and Gray Inn 
 estates in that county. He was an uncle of 
 Lord John Claypoole, who married Eliza- 
 beth, the favorite daughter of Oliver Crom- 
 well. Adam Claypoole married Dorotha, 
 daughter of Robert Wingiield and Elizabeth 
 Cecil, sister of William Cecil, Lord Bur- 
 leigh, and Prime Minister of England in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The Clay- 
 poole arms were granted to James Clay- 
 poole, of Waldram Parks, Northampton, 
 England, by Robert Cook Clarenciux, King 
 of Arms, June 17, 1588. On the maternal 
 side, Mrs. Julia A. Rasin is descended from 
 Edward Browne, of Kent county, an old 
 English family that came here prior to 1700, 
 possessed of large landed estate and high 
 social position. The following table shows 
 the royal descent of Mrs. Julia Ann Clay- 
 poole Rasin, of Baltimore, Md. : 
 Edward I, King of England — Princess Elea- 
 nor, of Castile. 
 Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet — Humph- 
 rey de Bohun, Earl of Heweford. 
 Wm. de Bohun, Earl of Northampton — 
 
 Elizabeth de Badelesmenre. 
 Elizabeth de Bohun — Sir Richard Fitz 
 
 Alan, K. G. Earl of Arundel. 
 Elizabeth Fitz Alan— Sir Robert Gonshill, 
 of Hault Hucknall. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Elizabeth Gonshill — Sir Robert Wingfield, 
 
 Knight of Letheringham. 
 Sir Henry Wingfield, Knight of Oxford — ■ 
 
 Elizabeth Rook. 
 Sir Robert Wingfield of Oxford and Upton 
 
 — Margaret Quarles. 
 Sir Robert Wingfield of Upton — Elizabeth 
 
 Cecil. 
 Dorothy Wingfield — .Adam Clayi>oole. Esq., 
 
 of Latham. 
 Sir Jno. Claypoole, Knt. Bart, of Latham- 
 Marie Angell. 
 James Claypoole, of Philadelphia. Pa. — 
 
 Helen Merces. 
 Nathaniel Claypoole, of Philadelphia, Pa. — 
 
 — Elizabeth. 
 James Claypoole, of Philadelphia, Pa. — 
 
 Mary Hood. 
 James Claypoole — Mary Kemp. 
 James Claypoole — Elizabeth Morrison. 
 John Claypoole — Martha Ann Browne. 
 Julia Ann Claypoole Rasin — Isaac Freeman 
 
 Rasin, Baltimore Md. 
 
 (From a "collection of genealogies of 
 American families, whose lineages are 
 traced to the legitimate issue of Kings." By 
 Chas. H. Browning, member American His- 
 torical Association, of the Historical Society 
 of Pennsylvania, the American Authors' 
 Guild, &c., &c.) 
 
 The education of Mr. L Freeman Rasin 
 was by private tutors, and completed at 
 W^ashington College. He began merchan- 
 dising on his own account in 1862 in Balti- 
 more, continuing it until his election as 
 Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in Bal- 
 timore in 1867, for a term of six years. He 
 was re-elected in 1873 for another term. 
 Again re-elected in 1879 for another term, 
 and declined the fourth nomination in 1885. 
 
 He was appointed by President Cleveland 
 
 in 1886 as Naval OfScer of the Port of Balti- 
 more, and was elected in 1892 to the Na- 
 tional Convention in Chicago as delegate 
 at large for Maryland, and supported Presi- 
 dent Cleveland. He was appointed by the 
 Board of Public Works, State Insurance 
 Commissioner, which he held for three 
 years, resigning the same. He is a director 
 in the Rasin Fertilizing Company, but has 
 ever been averse to too many business offi- 
 cial entanglements of such character. 
 
 As a politician Mr. Rasin has wielded an 
 influence in the State second to no other 
 citizen. Though he never obtrudes himself 
 upon the notice of the public, he is an ener- 
 getic worker, a marl of quick perception, 
 clear views of men and things, positive 
 opinions, of rare executive ability and true 
 to the last to his word, promises and friends. 
 His influence is recognized and appreciated. 
 In connection with his brother he owns one 
 of the finest estates on the Eastern Shore. 
 "Old Fields Point," heretofore alluded to. 
 It is on the Sassafras river in Kent county, 
 a tract that has been in the family for more 
 than 200 years. 
 
 I\Ir. Rasin's children are John Freeman, 
 born 28th October, 1869; Gertrude Browne, 
 born March 22, 1876: Julia Angela, born 
 September 18, 1877; Helen Ringgold, born 
 August 17, 1879; Carroll Wilson, born nth 
 June, i88i,and AHce Regina, 5th Jtdy, 1883. 
 Helen Ringgold Rasin married, November 
 17, 1897, Hugo Albert Rennert, Professor 
 of Romanic Languages, University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr. Philip A. McLaughlin, only son 
 of Thos. Jefferson McLaughlin, was born 
 in Baltimore, December 17, 1828. His 
 father, a native of Harford county. M d , 
 
924 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was born in 1800, and died in Baltimore, 
 December 31, 1859. ! 
 
 The subject of this sketch enjoyed but 
 limited educational advantages when a boy. 
 Until the age of fifteen he attended public j 
 and private schools, and the three succes- 
 sive years he gained what educational bene- 
 fits he could from attending night schools. 
 None but the elementary branches were | 
 taught in these schools, but Mr. McLaugh- 
 lin learned them thoroughly, as his success- 
 ful life will show. 
 
 When fifteen years of age he was appren- i 
 ticed to the carpenter trade, in which ca- 
 pacity he served until attaining his majority. 
 The following year he secured employment 
 with the B. &. O. R. R. Co.. in the bridge 
 and building department, and during his ! 
 service with them assisted in the construc- 
 tion of the depot at Washington; the large 
 sill )| IS at Alt. Clare, and also those at Mar- 
 tiii'-bnr-. W. \'a. At this time he was taken 
 ill and returning to Baltimore suffered a 
 long siege of pneumonia. 
 
 Deciding to abandon his trade, Mr. Mc- 
 Laughlin secured employment with the 
 Adams Express Company, under Mr. Sam- 
 uel Shoemaker. His services began as 
 messenger in 1852. and during the fifteen 
 years of his connection with the company, 
 he rose from the ranks and at the time of his 
 resignation was filling the responsible posi- 
 tion of assistant superintendent. It was his 
 experience in this situation and the execu- 
 tive ability he there dis].)layed that laid the 
 foundation for his future .success. 
 
 In 1867, when the P. W. & B. R. R. Co. 
 found its yards and warehouses so congested 
 with undeliverable freight, that they decided 
 to adopt the system of the express company 
 and lay down the freight at the consignee's 
 
 door, in casting about for some one to 
 manage so great an undertaking, Mr. Mc- 
 Laughlin was selected as the one best able 
 in the city to manage the business. In com- 
 pany with Mr. John H. Geigan, Mr. Mc- 
 Laughlin undertook to keep the yards and 
 warehouses clear of freight, which was man- 
 aged to complete satisfaction up to 1892, 
 Mr. Geigan dying in 1890. 
 
 In 1892 a corporation was formed to man- 
 age the business, with a capital stock of 
 $80,000, of which Mr. McLaughlin hords 
 the control. Commencing with twelve 
 wagons and thirty head of stock, the busi- 
 ness has increased until now it requires over 
 sixty trucks and wagons, and more than 
 one hundred horses to move the immense 
 amount of freight they are called upon to 
 handle. Their reliability and carefulness 
 have secured for them the moving of heavy 
 machinery required by the traction com- 
 panies in their engine rooms and power 
 houses, and the immense presses of the 
 various metropolitan newspapers in Balti- 
 more. At the time the cable roads were 
 l)uilt, they transported the immense cables 
 used as motive power, some of them weigh- 
 ing nearly forty tons. 
 
 From small beginnings this company em- 
 ploys over one hundred men, with a pay- 
 roll amounting to over $1,000 per week. 
 Mr. McLaughlin does not mingle in the 
 turmoil of politics, preferring to give his 
 entire attention to the business of which 
 he is the executive. As a voter he is en- 
 tirely independent of party ties, casting his 
 vote ,for the man whom he deems most 
 worthy of the place. He also holds aloof 
 from any lodge affiliations, and has no de- 
 sire to become a member of any of the clubs. 
 
 Mr. McLaughlin looks ten years younger 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 than he really is, an evidence of a temperate, 
 well-spent life. 
 
 SiGNOR Hazazer. — Among- the citizens 
 who have contributed largely to Baltimore's 
 advancement and prominence as a great 
 metropolis, few can felicitate themselves 
 more upon their individual efforts to that 
 end than the subject of this sketch, Signor 
 Hazazer. The Signor needs but slight in- 
 troduction to most Baltimoreans, particu- 
 larly to that large and ever increasing num- 
 ber who enjoy music, dancing and the ele- 
 vating branches taught by the Signor. 
 
 His early training, ancestral characteris- 
 tics and an inborn fondness for his art — 
 all these make instructive reading. Signor 
 Hazazer is of Spanish ancestry, but was 
 born in Philadelphia, Pa., fifty-six years 
 ago, his parents having settled there. His 
 father's immense estate had been confiscated 
 on account of political differences prior to 
 this epoch. The Signor has been a veritable 
 "globe-trotter," but settled, prior to the war, 
 for a time in St. Paul, Minn. There, as 
 everywhere, he made friends, and in the 
 foremost ranks of the citizens. In St. Paul 
 his maritime and terpsichorean pursuits 
 clung to him amidst the turmoils of those 
 years. Just at this period the Signor en- 
 joyed the personal friendship of Gov. Alex. 
 Ramsey, of Minnesota, and the latter .meet- 
 ing him on the street one day, remarked : 
 
 "I hear, Signor, that you have not only 
 been instructing some of our city people in 
 dancing, but that you have also included 
 therein drills in naval tactics. Why don't 
 you accept a commission, Signor, in our 
 navy, and carry them with you, these rare 
 gifts of your's?" The Signor knew naught 
 
 of the red tape necessary to secure such 
 an end, and so admitted. 
 
 '"Never mind that," remarked Governor 
 Ramsey, "I'll get you a commission any 
 way." And so he did, Secretary of the 
 Navy Hon. Gideon Welles sending on one 
 very shortly after the interview mentioned. 
 Signor Hazazer thereupon enlisted in the 
 navy, serving for seven years under Ad- 
 miral Farragut, when he actually confronted 
 "gunpowder flashed in malice." 
 
 In 1880, after various tours and vicissi- 
 tudes, he made Baltimore his permanent 
 home, bringing here a high character, a 
 rich, ripe knowledge of his arts, and 
 bounded to the front at once, remaining 
 there ever since. Persons of all stages and 
 grades, lovers of refined arts taught by the 
 Signor, have continuously been his friends 
 and patrons. The Signor is, however, a 
 strict disciplinarian, and an unrelenting foe 
 to all lax conduct wherever it shows its ugly 
 head. He is merciless under such circum- 
 stances, paying no sort of regard to the 
 purse or alleged social status of offenders. 
 Small wonder, then, that his friends every- 
 where have always been legion. As a so- 
 ciety man, the Signor is at the top of the 
 ladder in the Masonic fraternity, and the 
 Shrine habitually use his spacious hall for 
 their numerous banquets, etc. 
 
 This hall, by the way, is one of the features 
 of Baltimore's development. , It has a seat- 
 ing capacity of 1,500, and the acoustic prop- 
 erties are unsurpassed. The house was 
 once used as St. Mary's Orphan Asylum, 
 having been refitted by its present owner, 
 Signor Hazazer. As "Niblo's Garden" in 
 New York City was an integral part of the 
 hotel where it was located, so is this hall. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 once devoted to other purposes, named after 
 the Signor. The Signor has prospered 
 on merit, and has long been ranked among 
 the opulent Baltimoreans. He is married, 
 liis wife being formerly a Miss Hunt, of 
 Philadelphia. Two sons and one daugh- 
 ter have been born to them. In church 
 matters he is an Episcopalian. He is a 
 Democrat in politics, but not a partisan. 
 As a citizen and a gentleman, he is one of 
 the best. 
 
 Mr. Wm. Graham Bowdoin was born 
 in Baltimore county, July 28. 1842. His 
 father, Geo. E. Bowdwin, was a Virginia 
 planter of Northampton county, before he 
 moved to Baltimore. On the maternal side 
 Mr. Bowdoin's ancestral line came from the 
 Graham family, of Baltimore, his mother, 
 Mary Ann, being a daughter of Capt. 
 William Graham. The Bowdoin family 
 are, as the name signifies. Huguenots by 
 extraction, the progenitors of the American 
 branch having emigrated from Rochelle, 
 France. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was fitted for 
 jiis collegiate course at private schools, after 
 which he took a course at the University 
 of Mrginia. At once thereafter he com- 
 menced the active business career which he 
 has ever since pursued. 
 
 He entered the banking house of Alex- 
 ander Brown & Sons, in Baltimore, in 1861. 
 Eleven years later, or in January, 1872, he 
 was admitted into partnership in the firm, 
 Mr. Geo. S. Brown, since deceased, being 
 then the executive head of the concern. 
 Another partner at that Uuw was Mr. Wm. 
 N. Graham, since likewise deceased. 
 
 In April, 1878, Mr. Bowdoin was married 
 to !\liss Katharine Gordon Price, a daugh- 
 
 ter of James E. Price, an opulent and highly 
 respected citizen of Wilmington, Del. Two 
 daughters and one son are the fruits of this 
 marriage. 
 
 The arduous and exacting duties attached 
 to the affairs of his firm have not deterred 
 Mr. Bowdoin from assuming other respon- 
 sibilities. He is a director in the Mer- 
 chants' National Bank, the Eutaw Savings 
 Bank, and is treasurer of the Annapolis, 
 Washington & Baltimore Railroad Com- 
 pany. He is a vestryman of St. Paul's P. 
 E. Church, and one of the trustees in church 
 charities — one of the organizations of the 
 Diocese of ]\Iaryland. 
 
 Even a casual perusal of the above facts 
 will attest the assertion that Mr. W. Graham 
 Bowdoin is an active and potential factor in 
 Baltimore's commercial and other strides to 
 prosperity and general development as a 
 great metropolis. Mr. Alexander Brown 
 and Mr. Bowdoin now constitute the firm 
 of Alexander Brown & Sons. Tliis con- 
 cern is the parent house of Brown Bros. & 
 Co., of Philadelphia, New York and Boston, 
 and of Brown, Shipley & Co., London, with 
 all of whom they are still most intimately 
 connected in business transactions. In all 
 financial matters of great moment this firm 
 has ever been a factor in this city's transac- 
 tions. 
 
 Mr. Bowtkiin never consented to hold 
 political positions. 
 
 Alberti^s Fixley Horner is a son of 
 Franklin Finley Horner, who was a native 
 of Baltimore. Tie was also one of the first 
 and foremost wholesale merchants of his 
 period here. .Vt the commencement of the 
 Civil War he, like most others having busi- 
 ness relations with the South, found him- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 927 
 
 self hard pressed for ready money. This 
 fact did not deter him, however, from sell- 
 ing his extensive stock of goods and settling 
 as he did with his Northern and all other 
 creditors dollar for dollar. 
 
 His father was William Horner and was 
 one of three men who came from Ireland 
 to America about 1735, after having fled 
 from Scotland on account of church troubles 
 incident to the rise and growth of the noted 
 Covenanters of Scotland. 
 
 Sir Francis Horner was knighted for dis- 
 tinguished legal acumen by his sovereign, 
 and he is buried with the notables in West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 American descendants of the Horners 
 have always been given to mercantile pur- 
 suits. James Wilson, Mr. Horner's grand- 
 mother's grand uncle, was one of the sign- 
 ers of the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Mr. A. F. Horner's mother was Miss 
 Catherine Jackson Kelley. a daughter of 
 John Kelley, of Maryland. This Kelley 
 was an opulent land holder and planter. 
 and was a son of Wm. Kelley. who gallantly 
 fought for his country in the troublous 
 times of 1812. 
 
 Mr. Horner, the subject of this sketch, 
 was educated at the Westminster Male 
 Academy. He began his active business 
 career on his own account at once, or in 
 1875. He is forty-nine years of age now. 
 From modest initial efforts his wholesale 
 boot and shoe trade has grown to its pres- 
 ent enviable proportions, ramifying, as it 
 does, vast areas in the Southern and West- 
 ern States. 
 
 Mr. Horner is a member of Emmanuel 
 Church (M. E.) South, being president of 
 its Board of Trustees as well as a steward. 
 In general charities, he is an enthusiastic 
 
 patron. He is an auxiliary member of the 
 Salvation Army and one of the Executive 
 Committee of the Florence Crittenten Mis- 
 sion, that beautiful charity with branches all 
 over the land. He is also one of the Board 
 of Directors in the Y. M. C. A. (West 
 branch), and as a citizen he has contributed 
 in no small degree to the development of 
 this city's growth, as can be seen from the 
 above. 
 
 Mr. Alfred Poor.— The subject of this 
 sketch, as will be gathered by the reader, 
 is one of the many potential factors aiding 
 Baltimore's development and rank in the 
 list of great American municipalities. He 
 has contributed his "mite" of energy, ac- 
 quaintanceship, business "snap." etc., to 
 that end. Born in Alexandria, Va., No- 
 vember 17, 1855, Mr. Alfred Poor began 
 his education at private schools. His schol- 
 astic curriculum was finished, however, un- 
 der Mr. J. C. Kinear. principal of Pem- 
 broke School, in this city, he being a mem- 
 ber of the graduating class of 1873. 
 
 Mr. Poor comm.enced business at once, 
 or in 1873, in the wholesale boot and shoe 
 house of James Carey. He left that ser- 
 vice to accept a position as book-keeper 
 and assistant teller in the well known bank- 
 ing house of Johnston Bros., on Baltimore 
 street. Mr. Henry Johnston, it will be re- 
 called, married Miss Harriet Lane, the 
 "Mistress of the White House" under Bu- 
 chanan. About 1881 Johnston Bros, dis- 
 continued business on the death of Henry 
 E. Johnston. Mr. Poor then accepted a 
 position as traveling salesman for Long & 
 Dugade, dealers in fertilizers. The Old 
 Bay Line Company in 1886 secured his ser- 
 vices, and he has ever since been identified 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 as contracting freight and passenger agent 
 of that concern and its connections. His 
 duties, however, are far wider in scope than 
 this. He also contracts for such corpora- 
 tions as the Cumberland Gap Despatch; 
 Norfolk & Western Despatch ; N. & W. R. 
 R.; Va., Tenn. & Georgia Air Line, etc. 
 
 Mr. Poor is named from his father, who 
 was a Baltimore miner and shipper of coal, 
 and who was a notable figure in Baltimore 
 mercantile circles. The father was, at one 
 stage of his business career, in partnership 
 with Jas. Boyce, and later of the firm of R. 
 G. Rieman & Co. At the date of his death 
 in 1873 he was the head of the house known 
 here as Alfred Poor & Co. His partners 
 at that time were Hon. Heury G. Davis. 
 United States Senator from West Virginia, 
 and the Senator's two brothers, T. B. and 
 W. R. Davis, all of Piedmont, W. Va. 
 
 On his paternal side, Mr. Poor traces his 
 ancestral lineage from his grandfather, John 
 H. Poor, one of Baltimore's oldest and best 
 known merchants. The maternal branch 
 of this family included Alfred Poor's 
 mother, who was Miss Marian N. Smith, 
 of Loudoun county, Va., a daughter of 
 lienj. F. Smith, a prominent merchant in 
 his day. 
 
 Mr. Alfred Poor married Miss Isabel B. 
 Dunnington, of Baltimore, a daughter of 
 Wm. A. Dunnington, April 15, 1891. Mr. 
 Dunnington was a merchant and connected 
 with large milling interests in this city. 
 Two children have been born to this mar- 
 riage, named respectively Sarah Dunning- 
 ton and Marian Mayhew Poor. Mr. Poor 
 is an active member of the well known or- 
 ganization the "Green Spring Valley Hunt 
 Club." In church matters he is a member 
 of St. Thomas' P. E. Church, of Garrison 
 
 Forest. He votes the Democratic ticket, 
 but is not a partisan. His family hearth is 
 his earthly haven. 
 
 Mr. James Clark, President of the Dro- 
 vers' and Mechanics' National Bank, of Bal- 
 timore, first saw the light of day in Mary- 
 land June 18. 1840. His father was James 
 Clark, of Howard county. The late 
 James Clark was a farmer. His father, 
 in turn, was John Clark, who came to 
 America from the North of Ireland, one of 
 three brothers. They came over just sub- 
 sequent to the War of the Revolution. 
 These other two brothers were named James 
 and David Clark, respectively. All three 
 of them settled in Maryland, and were the 
 founders of the carding wool business in 
 Howard county on the manor of Charles 
 Carroll, of Carrollton. Those mills have 
 given place in later years of advancement 
 in machinery, etc., to grain mills. The 
 Clarks of Howard county haA'e descended 
 as a majority from the two brothers, David 
 and John. 
 
 The mother of Mr. James Clark was Miss 
 Jemima Ward, of London, England, a 
 daughter of a cattle dealer in London. Mr. 
 Ward came to America about 1828, bring- 
 ing witli him his two daughters, Jemima 
 and Mary .Ann. He located on a farm on 
 Carroll's Manor in Howard District then, 
 now known as Howard county. This his- 
 toric manor is still called "Doughorhegan 
 Manor." On this Manor Mr. Clark m'et, 
 wooed and married Miss Ward, mother of 
 the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Mr. James Clark attended the public 
 schools of his county until he became quali- 
 fied to enter the Ellicott City Academy and 
 St. John's Church. After that he engaged, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 for a time, in agricultural pursuits with his 
 father. Then succeeded an experience in 
 the grocery trade, followed by his entry in 
 the service of Adams Express Company at 
 Richmond, Va. In 1862 Mr. Clark went 
 into the Confederate service. 
 
 After having seen about twelve months' 
 service in the army, as a volunteer, the agent 
 of the Southern Express Co. in Richmond, 
 Va., secured Mr. Clark's transfer under or- 
 ders to that company's offices there, and to 
 sen^e in a military capacity. He remained 
 in that service until the close of the war, 
 1865. 
 
 He then returned to Virginia after a 
 short sojourn at home with his parents in 
 Maryland. He resumed business with the 
 Southern Express Company in Richmond 
 for two years. Then he accepted a posi- 
 tion in the employ of the Va. & Tenn. R. R. 
 Co., under General Alahone, continuing 
 therein for five years as purchasing agent. 
 He came to Baltimore in 1872 after giving 
 up the above position, and embarked in the 
 cattle and live-stock business at Calverton 
 Stock Yards. At this business he con- 
 tinued for fifteen years, and with eminently 
 satisfactory results. 
 
 His large and diversified interests at this 
 epoch found themselves congested to quite 
 a degree at Lynchburg, Va. Thither, ac- 
 cordingly, he went and became the presi- 
 dent of the Lynchburg National Bank. 
 This business connection he maintained for 
 five years, or until 1892, when he was called 
 to his present position, the presidency of 
 the Drovers' and Mechanics' National Bank 
 of Baltimore. This he has ever since held. 
 
 Mr. Clark is a busy citizen, too busy, in- 
 deed to accept many of the very many prof- 
 fered seats in other financial and commer- 
 55 
 
 cial concerns. He does retain, however, his 
 seat as a director in the company owning 
 Bonsack's cigarette machine, which still re- 
 tains its supremacy in its field. The com- 
 pany's works are at Salem, \'a. 
 
 !Mr. Clark is not a club man nor a poli- 
 tician. 
 
 In 1865 he married in Lynchburg, Va., 
 Miss E. R. Booker, who died in 1883, leav- 
 ing six children. He married in 1887 Miss 
 E. V. Lumpkin, a daughter of Robt. Garrett 
 Lumpkin, of this city. They have one 
 child. Mr. Clark's children by his first wife 
 are Viola Lee, wife of Lawrence Naylor, a 
 merchant of New York City : James Booker 
 Clark, a farmer of Howard county; Garnet 
 Y., John Lawrence, Nannie Price and 
 Helen Clark; and by his second wife. Sue 
 Ward Clark. The family residence is No. 
 118 N. Calhoun street. They attend the 
 M. E. Church South. 
 
 G. S. Griffith & Co., Wholesale and 
 Retail Dealers in Carpets, Oil Cloths, Mat- 
 tings, Fine Linen Shades and Upholstery 
 Goods, 403 and 405 E. Baltimore street, is 
 a house that has had standing and reputa- 
 tion in Baltimore for over half a century. 
 
 The business now is owned entirely by 
 Mr. Goldsborough S. Griffith, of Baltimore, 
 who is one of our most public-spirited and 
 widely-known citizens. Although at the 
 head of a large business, he finds time to 
 devote to various Christian and pliilan- 
 thropic enterprises. 
 
 Goldsborough S. Griffith was Ijorn near 
 Havre de Grace, Harford county, Md., No- 
 vember 4, 1814. His father was a volun- 
 teer in the United States Army wlien Gen- 
 eral Ross, at the head of the British troops, 
 advanced towards Washington and Balti- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 more. The exposure of camp life seriously 
 impaired his health and he died soon after 
 his return home. At this time the subject 
 of this sketch was an infant. His mother 
 again married and removed to Baltimore 
 with her family. 
 
 At the age of twelve years young Grif- 
 fith secured a position in a large tobacco 
 house, where he remained several years. 
 He afterwards engaged in the occupation 
 of paper hanging, entering for this purpose 
 the largest establishment of the kind in Bal- 
 timore. In 1836 he began business for him- 
 self, having as partner one who was experi- 
 enced both in paper-hanging and upholster- 
 ing. He subsequently purchased his part- 
 ner's interest, and until 1844 conducted the 
 business alone, having in connection with 
 it a wholesale and retail carpet waerhouse, 
 which he still owns and directs. He was 
 eminently successful in all his commercial 
 ventures, notwithstanding a large part of his 
 time and energy was devoted to religious 
 and philanthropic work. 
 
 In 1856 he was appointed by the Ceneral 
 Synod, which met at Chambersburg, Pa., a 
 delegate of the Reformed Church of the 
 United States to the Evangelical Alliance 
 Convention at Lubeck, Germany, and in 
 1857 attended a Conference at Berlin, which 
 was favored with the presence of the King 
 and Queen of Prussia, who manifested their 
 interest by inviting the members of the Con- 
 ference to visit their palace, where they were 
 delightfully entertained. In 1880 he was a 
 delegate to the Centennial Sunday-school 
 Convention held in London, England, in 
 connnemoration of Robert Raikes, who es- 
 tablished the first Sunday-school in Glou- 
 cester, England, in 1780. In i860, at Mr. 
 Griffith's suggestion, the "Children's Aid 
 
 Society" was organized by himself and two 
 associates; he has never ceased to be an 
 active supporter of the institution, and is 
 still one of its efficient vice-presidents. This 
 society was afterwards, through the bequest 
 of Henry Watson of $100,000, changed to 
 the "Henry Watson Children's Aid So- 
 ciety." Since the organization of the So- 
 ciety, 2,637 children have been received. Of 
 this number 2,235 have secured desirable 
 Christian homes. 
 
 By reason of the riots which occurred 
 April 19, 1861, Mr. Griiifith was convinced 
 that a long and desperate struggle had be- 
 gun, and was impressed with the necessity 
 of some organization to aid the soldiers phy- 
 sically and spiritually, both in army and 
 navy, in pursuance of a call by Mr. Grif- 
 fith, in 1861, about forty gentlemen, known 
 to be loyal to the United States Govern- 
 ment, met at his dwelling May 4, 1861. and a 
 Christian Association was organized with 
 Mr. Griffith as president. A circular was 
 promptly issued enumerating supplies 
 needed for camp and hospital purposes. 
 This was the first organized movement in 
 this direction during the Civil War. About 
 six months later the United States Christian 
 Commission was organized with George H. 
 Stuart president, headquarters in Philadel- 
 phia. Because of Mr. Griffith's energy and 
 efficiency as president of the Christian As- 
 sociation, he was appointed chairman of an 
 auxiliary committee in the city of Balti- 
 more, to have control of a central depart- 
 ment of the work of the United States Chris- 
 tian Conuuission. Mr, Griffith, for a pe- 
 riod of four years, generously devoted his 
 time and money to this cause. This great 
 benevolence had the hearty endorsement 
 of v'^ecretarv Stanton, Secretarv Seward, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 931 
 
 Chief Justice Chase, General Sherman, 
 President Lincohi and many other eminent 
 officials. General Grant, when the Com- 
 mission was about to close its labors, ad- 
 dressed to its president a letter of com- 
 mendation, from which the following ex- 
 tract is taken: 
 
 "It affords me pleasure to bear evidence 
 to the services rendered, and the manner 
 in which they have been rendered. By the 
 agency of the Commission much suffering 
 has been saved, on almost every battle-field 
 and in every hospital during the late Re- 
 bellion. No doubt thousands of persons 
 now living attribute their recovery, in a 
 great part, to volunteer agencies sent to the 
 field and hospital by the free contributions 
 of our loyal citizens." 
 
 Soon after the Civil War he was elected 
 president of the Alaryland Union Commis- 
 sion, which was organized, at his sugges- 
 tion, for the purpose of co-operating with 
 the people of the South in relieving desti- 
 tution occasioned by the ravages of war; 
 also for aiding refugees with money, cloth- 
 ing, provisions and agricultural implements. 
 In May, 1866, this Commission was dis- 
 solved, the necessity which called it into ex- 
 istence having disappeared. Relief was 
 given, in cash and otherwise, to the value 
 of about $24,000. 
 
 Mr. Griffith has been a strong advocate 
 of temperance from his youth. At the age 
 of seventeen he was elected president of the 
 Temperance Society of St. Peter's P. E. 
 Sunday-school, of which Mr. Wm. Wood- 
 ward was superintendent. This was one of 
 the first "Sunday-school temperance or- 
 ganizations in the country. 
 
 Mr. Griffith was one of the founders of 
 the Union Soldiers' Orphan Asylum, the 
 
 Asylum and Training School for Feeble- 
 Minded Children, the House of Reforma- 
 tion and Instruction for Colored Boys, the 
 Industrial Home for Colored Girls, and the 
 Society for the Protection of Children from 
 Cruelty and Immorality. He is president 
 of the last two mentioned institutions. The 
 two refoTOiatory institutions — the one for 
 boys and the other for girls — were the first 
 established in the United States for the ne- 
 gro race. 
 
 He has also, for many years, been actively 
 engaged in prison refonn, having in 1869 es- 
 tablished the Maryland Prisoners' Aid As- 
 sociation, of which he has been president 
 since its organization. In this capacity he 
 has done much directly for the moral im- 
 provement of the prisoners, by providing 
 them with religious literature and by estab- 
 lishing Sunday-schools and religious ser- 
 vices in the Maryland Penitentiary and 
 other penal and reformatory institutions 
 and almshouses throughout the State. As 
 president he visits annually the penal and 
 pauper institutions in the State, and keeps 
 the society well posted with regard to the 
 buildings, management and condition of the 
 inmates. This is done without expense to 
 the society. 
 
 He has been instrumental in securing a 
 number of legislative enactments, which 
 have removed abuses and saved unneces- 
 sary expense. 
 
 In 1879 a bill passed the Maryland Legis- 
 lature establishing the Maryland House of 
 Correction, to utilize the time and labor of 
 tramps, vagrants, drunkards and petty 
 thieves, who had been previously supported 
 by the State. This bill was first suggested 
 by Mr. Griffith at a meeting of the Mary- 
 land Prisoners' Aid Association. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mr. Griffith is clearly upon record as the 
 friend of the mechanic, the champion of hon- 
 est toil, and the enemy of anything that 
 tends to lower the dignity of manhood and 
 render employment less remvmerative and 
 honorable; yet he cannot shut his eyes to 
 the fact tliat the State owes a duty to the 
 convict and prisoner, who as its wards 
 should be lifted up from a condition of 
 idle degradation and be taught habits 
 of honest industry. January 4, 1876, Mr. 
 Griffith read a paper at a meeting of the 
 Maryland Prisoners' Aid Association em- 
 phasizing the necessity for a change in the 
 Magistrate fee system of Baltimore. A bill 
 to this effect was framed and soon after- 
 wards became a law. Under the old system 
 there were twenty-four Magistrates, each 
 empowered to commit persons for trial who 
 were charged with ofifenses or merely sus- 
 pected. This power was abused for the 
 sake of fees and costs, and the expense to 
 the tax-payers was great. Under the new 
 law each Station House is entitled to one 
 committing Magistrate, who receive salary 
 instead of fees, and who is required to care- 
 fully examine into charges. The number 
 of commitments at once largely decreased, 
 and it is estimated that the tax-payers have 
 been saved from $30,000 to $40,000 an- 
 nually. 
 
 He secured the passage of an act pro- 
 hibiting the receiving and detaining of chil- 
 dren between three and sixteen years of 
 age in any almshouse in the State, unless 
 such child be a paralytic or otherwise in- 
 capable for usefulness; also to prevent the 
 employment of young girls as sitters in con- 
 cert saloons. He also prepared a bill that 
 passed l>oth Houses of the TvCsislature, 
 without an amendment, prohibiting children 
 
 from begging, peddling and visiting low 
 places of amusement, which prepare them 
 for lives of prostitution and crime. This 
 law has had a most satisfactory effect on the 
 youth of this city. Also he took an active 
 interest in securing the passage of the law 
 prohibiting the selling of cigarettes to 
 youths under fifteen years of age. 
 
 In 1883, Mr. Griffith urged, and had 
 passed, an act by the Legislature to au- 
 thorize the Baltimore Police Conunissioners 
 to appoint matrons to the District Police 
 Stations, to take charge of female prisoners, 
 who often arrive in a shameful condition. 
 He also originated the bill giving judges 
 discretion to suspend sentence in certain 
 cases, particularly as to first offenders. 
 
 Mr. Griffith is a member of the National 
 Prison Association, and in 1870 he was ap- 
 pointed a delegate, by the Governor of 
 Maryland, to the first National Prison Con- 
 gress held at Cincinnati, O., and was one 
 of its vice-presidents; Governor Hayes, of 
 Ohio^ afterwards President of the United 
 States, being its presiding officer. 
 
 In 1872, he was appointed by the Gover- 
 nor of Maryland a delegate to the Inter- 
 national Penitentiary Congress, held at 
 London, England, July 3-13, and read a 
 paper before that body on the penal, re- 
 formatory and charitable institutions of 
 Maryland, which was received with such 
 favor that 1,000 copies were ordered to be 
 printed by the Executive Committee; it was 
 also compiled in the report of the Congress. 
 Again, in 1S78, he was appointed a delegate 
 to the International Prison Congress held 
 at Stockholm. He has personally inspected 
 the principal corrective and charitable in- 
 stitutions of Ivurope and America, and is a 
 corresponding member of the Societe Gen- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 933 
 
 erale des Prisons of France, and the How- 
 ard Association of London. 
 
 He was for a number of years a mem- 
 ber of the board of directors of the National 
 Prison Association of New York. He was 
 appointed by Hon. John Lee Chapman, 
 Mayor of Baltimore, a member of the board 
 of visitors to the Baltimore city jail for 1865, 
 '66 and '67. He was for several years di- 
 rector on the part of the city to the Female 
 House of Refuge. 
 
 He is president of the Maryland Sunday- 
 school Union and during the thirty-one 
 years he has filled this office over 1,500 
 Sunday-schools have been organized and 
 aided, a large proportion of them for the 
 colored race. Since the war Mr. Griffith 
 has been indefatigable in his efforts to. ame- 
 liorate the educational and spiritual condi- 
 tion of this race. Maryland has now 
 greater educational advantages offered to 
 the colored race and a higher standard 
 of morals among them than any State in 
 the Union. During his incumbency as 
 president, 151,400 children and teachers 
 have been gathered in, and $141,688.62 col- 
 lected and disbursed, of which amount Mr. 
 Griffith has contributed $13,373, '" afl^ii- 
 tion to which he has defrayed his own ex- 
 penses while traveling in the interest of the 
 society. 
 
 For thirty years he was a teacher of the 
 normal Bible class of the First Reformed 
 Church, during which time one hundred and 
 fifty-one scholars united with the church; 
 many of these became useful in Sunday- 
 school work, and four became ministers of 
 the gospel. 
 
 Fie is a member of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association, having contril^uted 
 liberally to the erection of its building in 
 
 Baltimore, and to its annual support. He 
 was among the first members of the Board 
 of the Boy's Home Society and contributed 
 generously for the building and its sup- 
 port. He has, for forty years, been one of 
 the board of managers of the Maryland 
 Tract Society. He has, for thirty-five 
 years, been a leading Elder in the First Re- 
 formed Church, and has always represented 
 this church in the Classis, District and Gen- 
 eral Synods of the Reformed Church of 
 the United States. He has, for thirty-two 
 years, been a member of the Board of For- 
 eign Missions; was a member of the Board 
 of Home Missions of the Potomac Synod, 
 and is now president of the Board of Pub- 
 lication of the Reformed Church in the 
 United States at Philadelphia, of which 
 board he has been a member for over thirty- 
 five years. He was elected a member of 
 the Board of Trustees of Franklin and Mar- 
 shall College, at Lancaster, Pa., when James 
 Buchanan, afterwards President of the 
 United States, was its chief officer. He is 
 also president of the Sunday-school Board 
 of the Synod of the Potomac. He is pres- 
 ident of the Board of Trustees of the Union 
 Protestant Infirmary. He was for many 
 years a director of the Old Town Bank and 
 the Washington Fire Insurance Company 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. Griffith is a self-made man, having 
 had but limited educational advantages in 
 his youth, and has acquired most of his ed- 
 ucation at the Sunday and night schools; 
 but being a man of great executive ability, 
 indefatigable energy and strong will, he has 
 surmounted all the difficulties tliat were 
 thrown across his path. He is a frequent 
 contributor to the daily, weekly and relig- 
 ious papers; his articles on Sunday-school 
 
934 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and church work, prison retorm, the tem- 
 perance cause and kindred subjects, having 
 been widely read and productive of mucli 
 needed legislation. 
 
 Mr. Griffith, although eighty-three years 
 of age on November 4, 1897, is still active 
 and energetic in the prosecution of his com- 
 mercial and philanthropic enterprises, and 
 is proud of the fact that, although com- 
 mencing life in the business world, in a to- 
 bacco house, he never chewed nor smoked, 
 nor has he ever used alcoholic beverages; 
 but has saved the money which such indul- 
 gences cost, and applied it to charitable pur- 
 poses. Mr. Griffith prizes, perhaps more 
 than any one gift, a recently tendered gold- 
 headed cane from the prisoners of the 
 Maryland State Penitentiary to himself. 
 
 At the close of the report of the general 
 agent of the Maryland Prisoners' Aid As- 
 sociation, he added the following: "After 
 serving ten years as general agent of this 
 society, we most heartily acknowledge the 
 great assistance rendered us by the presi- 
 dent, Mr. G. L. Griffith. No man could 
 be more devoted to a cause than he is to 
 the work in which we are engaged. He 
 contributes, he labors, he directs and en- 
 courages the work the whole year round. 
 Thousands of men in high salaried posi- 
 tions do far less than he does. Truly, he 
 must realize that 'it is more blessed to give 
 than to receive.' " 
 
 DfCATUR H. AIii,!.i;k. Ju. — The name 
 and family of IMillcr are long and definitely 
 identified with many commercial, landed 
 and financial interests, all tending to the ad- 
 vancement, growth and development of Bal- 
 timore, as will more fully ajipear further 
 along in this article. 
 
 Decatur Howard Miller. Jr., the surviv- 
 ing executive head of this family and its 
 varied business concerns, bears his father's 
 name. His father died December 31, 1890, 
 having attained to a ripe age of three score 
 and ten. He was pre-eminently a man of 
 affairs in his life time. Having served only 
 once in the political field, and then as a 
 member of the City Council, he devoted his 
 time and talents to his personal and com- 
 mercial affairs. These were large enough 
 to demand careful custody, too. Mr. Mil- 
 ler was vice-president of the Board of Trade; 
 director in the Consolidated Coal Company; 
 director in the B. & O. R. R. Co.; sugar re- 
 finer, when that industry was in its infancy 
 in this city, and with such men as co-labor- 
 ers in that industrial field as the late Joseph 
 Rieman; a director in the Baltimore Dry 
 Dock Company ; and a director in that great 
 corporation the Merchants' and ^Miners' 
 Transportation Company, with ships trad- 
 ing along the entire N. A. Atlantic sea 
 coast. One of the ships of this line still bears 
 the Miller name. 
 
 This gentleman, the honored father of the 
 subject of this sketch, w'as born in Balti- 
 more and received his education under pri- 
 vate tutors. His father, in turn, was George 
 H. Miller, also a Baltimorean, who was the 
 owner of the large tract of land known as 
 Hawkins' Point, not far down the river. 
 
 The Decatur portion of this family name 
 is derived from relationship to Stephen De- 
 catur, a relation of Commodore Decatur, of 
 Revolutionary fame. On the paternal line 
 or side, the Millers here mentioned have 
 long and elaborate Revolutionary incidents 
 in their family archives, showing the partici- 
 pancy of their ancestors in that struggle. 
 
 On the maternal side, Mr. Decatur How- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 935 
 
 ard Miller, Jr.'s, mother was Miss Eliza S. 
 Harn, a daughter of Jesse Harn, of Lynch- 
 burg, \'a., the first man to introduce licorice 
 into the manufacture of chewing tobacco. 
 This secret, like that of the manufacture of 
 silk (preserved by monks), Mr. Harn suc- 
 cessfully guarded for many years. He was 
 an extensive and extremely wealthy to- 
 bacco manufacture. 
 
 Mr. D. H. Miller, Jr., was born January 
 20, 1850, in Baltimore, and like his father 
 received a careful education under private 
 tutors. He began his active business career 
 with his father in 1868, as wholesale com- 
 mission tobacco dealer, and on their present 
 business site, 112 S. Gay street. The old 
 firm name used to be Jacob Heald & Co., 
 afterwards changed to D. H. Miller & Sons. 
 
 Mr. Miller, with whom this article is spe- 
 cifically dealing, is an active, aggressive man 
 of business. He has little fancy for over- 
 worked positions, however, and steadfastly 
 declines all tenders as a director in the many 
 Boards. In the directory of the Merchants' 
 and Miners' Transportation Company he re- 
 tains a seat, and in that one corporation 
 alone. 
 
 Like his father. Mr. INIiller has neither 
 fondness nor time for political preferment, 
 and declines to do more in that field than 
 vote, and that as he sees fit. 
 
 He is a member of the Maryland Club 
 and also of the Baltimore Yacht Club. He 
 is a pew holder in Grace Church. Mr. Mil- 
 ler married Miss Agnes Owens, a daughter 
 of James Owens, of Maryland. Three bovs 
 and three girls have blessed this marriage. 
 
 Mr. Jacod H. Taylor was born in Bal- 
 timore county and came to Baltimore in 
 1839, where he has ever since been actively 
 
 engaged. His conmiercial and financial en- 
 terprises are so large and varied that even 
 more space than that apportioned here to 
 them ought to be utilized. Then again, Mr. 
 Taylor's descent is entitled to special men- 
 tion among citizens thus identified with this 
 city's development. 
 
 His father was Elijali Taylor, who died 
 at the ripe age of eighty-three, after a ca- 
 reer of probity mixed with patriotism, as he 
 fought in the War of 1812 in defense of Bal- 
 timore. Three brothers, who came from 
 England early in America's history, were 
 the progenitors of the Taylors in this coun- 
 try. One of these three settled in Virginia, 
 one in the West and the other in Maryland. 
 President Zach. Taylor was a son of one 
 branch of these three brothers. 
 
 On the maternal line, Mr. Jacob H. Tay- 
 lar's mother was named Hiss, a daughter 
 of Jacob Hiss, who came from Germany. 
 The large patrimonial landed interests 
 which he bought are still in the family. Mr. 
 Taylor does not look his three score and ten 
 by at least ten years, and is, as has before 
 been remarked, actively engaged, as ever, in 
 vast enterprises. He is president, for ex- 
 ample, of five coal companies: The Taylor- 
 McCoy Coal and Coke Company, Glen- 
 White Coal and Lumber Company, the 
 Howard Coal and Coke Company, the Oak- 
 land Coal and Coke Company, and the Big 
 \'ein Coal Company. 
 
 Mr. H. S. Taylor, his son, is also inter- 
 ested in these properties. Mr. Taylor owns 
 2,400 acres of superior coal lands at Gallit- 
 zin, Cambria county, Pa. These lands yield 
 vast quantities of bituminous coal, named 
 after the mine above. He also owns over 
 350 coke ovens, producing an excellent 
 (|uality of coke. The Glcn-Whitc Coke 
 
936 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Company's product of coke is recognized 
 as the finest coming from Pennsylvania. 
 The Howard Coal Company is owned in 
 part by some Baltimoreans, as co-partners 
 of Mr. Taylor. He is a director in the Con- 
 tinental Bank, of Baltimore, and is largely 
 interested in charitable organizations, as 
 well in the ofiicial Boards, in which con- 
 cerns he is continuously heard and his influ- 
 ence felt. 
 
 In political matters he has been tendered 
 almost all of the usual and desirable offices, 
 like the Mayoralty and so on up and down 
 the scale. He has never accepted any of 
 them however. When the Old Light Street 
 M. E. Church (then opposite the Carroll- 
 ton Hotel, as it is now known, but then 
 called "the Fountain Inn") outgrew its 
 quarters and moved to Charles and Fayette 
 streets, Mr. Taylor followed, being then as 
 now a member. The ne.xt move was to Mt. 
 Vernon Place, its present site. For thirty- 
 two years, amidst all the vicissitudes, Mr. 
 Taylor was the leader of that famous church 
 choir. He is also a trustee of the Mt. Ver- 
 non Place M. E. Church. 
 
 It thus appears, from the above, that few 
 men have been more intimately identified 
 with the .growth and development of this 
 city than Mr. Taylor. 
 
 Me. Ch.\ri,i;s O'Donnell Lee. — The 
 subject of this article, Mr. Charles O'Don- 
 nell Lee, is a lineal descendant of the first 
 Lee — Richard — who came to America from 
 Shropshire, England. The Lees came to 
 England in 1066 from Normandy with Wil- 
 iam the Conqueror. In the history of the 
 colonies of Virginia and Maryland no name 
 has been made more respected and famous. 
 
 Our subject was born February 8, 1841, 
 in Baltimore, and like his ancestors on the 
 paternal and maternal side has been an im- 
 portant factor in the development of this 
 city's growth. He was educated at George- 
 town College and entered upon his active 
 business career in 1869, as a member of 
 the firm of Hoffman, Lee & Co., importers 
 and jobbers of coffee. His father, Thomas 
 Sim Lee, who still lives at the family seat, 
 "Needwood," Frederick county, Md., is a 
 gentleman of the old school, cultivated, re- 
 spected, retiring in disposition, and enjoy- 
 ing the leisure of a well spent life. 
 
 The father of Thos. Sim Lee was William 
 Lee. The first Thos. Sim Lee, the great- 
 grandfather of our subject, was born in 1743 
 in Prince George's county, Md. His wife 
 was Mary Digges, of Milwood, the only 
 child of Ignatius Digges, and the wealthiest 
 and most coveted matrimonial prize in her 
 section. This first Thos. Sim Lee was a 
 highly educated and cultured man, as will 
 be observed from the following historical 
 facts. 
 
 On January 13, 1776, he was elected by 
 the Maryland Convention major of the 
 Lower Battalion of Prince George's county. 
 He was Governor of Maryland' during the 
 Revolution, from 1779 to 1783, and repre- 
 sented his State in the Continental Congress 
 in 1783-4. He served a second term as 
 Governor of Maryland from 1792-4, and 
 died March 7, 1819, full of hcjnors and years, 
 having declined a ]iroffered third term as 
 Governor. 
 
 Another grandfather of our subject was 
 Gen. Columl)us O'Donnell. than whom 
 few citizens were more widely or favorably 
 known to Baltimoreans. He was the po- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 937 
 
 tential, organizing and executive head of 
 many and varied large commercial inter- 
 ests in the city, among them the original 
 Baltimore Gas Company and the first water 
 works company. In financial and social 
 circles here his individuality was most con- 
 spicuous, and his influence far reaching and 
 appreciated. 
 
 Air. Lee's mother was Josephine O'Don- 
 nell. a daughter of the General. Her grand- 
 father was John O'Donnell. who owned and 
 named Canton, after Canton, China, he 
 being largely engaged with the China trade. 
 
 Mr. Lee steadily declines many entangle- 
 ments in official boards, being too much 
 wedded to private interests. 
 
 His wife, Matilda D., was a daughter of 
 Jos. W. Jenkins, a well known and con- 
 servative merchant. Their children are 
 Joseph Jenkins, Thos. Sim, Chas. Stewart 
 (who is one of the incorporators of the Mer- 
 chants' Coffee Company of Baltimore); 
 Chas. O'D., Jr., Adrian Iselin, Mary 
 Digges, Louisa Carroll, Gertrude Jenkins 
 and Dorothy Courtney Lee. 
 
 Mr. Edward Hambletox, the subject of 
 the following article, comes of one of the 
 oldest and most distinguished families of 
 Maryland. His father, Thos. E. Hamble- 
 ton, who died in 1876, was for manv years 
 a leading man of commercial and financial 
 affairs in Baltimore. He filled among other 
 positions of honor and trust the presidency 
 of the Maryland Fire Insurance Company, 
 of this city. His father, in turn, was a cap- 
 tain in the Revolutionary War, holding his 
 commission from Governor Johnson, of 
 Maryland. 
 
 The Hambletons are of sturdy Scotch an- 
 cestry, having first settled in America ])rior 
 
 to 1650. The family tree is full, flattering 
 to contemplate, from a patriotic standpoint, 
 and justly cherished by the subject of this 
 sketch as being a priceless heirloom to his 
 posterity. 
 
 It is a safe assertion that there is not to- 
 day a man more thoroughly identified with 
 and fomiing an integral part of the financial 
 and commercial development of Baltimore, 
 than Mr. T. Edward Hambleton. He was 
 born in New Windsor, Carroll county, Md., 
 in 1829. He graduated from St. Mary's 
 College in '49, and first began his general 
 business career as a manufacturer of agri- 
 cultural implements. Afterwards he en- 
 gaged for a time in the wholesale provision 
 trade, which he abandoned in turn to em- 
 bark with his brother in the wholesale dry 
 goods trade. At the outbreak of the Civil 
 War, his sympathies, as well as his vast and 
 varied interests in the South, induced him to 
 cast his fortunes and his life with the Con- 
 federacy. Accordingly, he moved to Rich- 
 mond, Ya., and became a firm member of 
 "Importing and Exporting Company" of 
 that city. 
 
 This concern owned and manned several 
 swift steamers, which ran in and out of the 
 blockaded harbors of Charleston, Wilming- 
 ton and other places South. They often 
 escaped the vigilance of the Federal fleets 
 and carried cotton, stores, munitions of 
 war. etc. These swift "rumiers" were not 
 always able to escape, however, but Mr. 
 Hambleton, the man in charge, most fre- 
 quently was. 
 
 He made many European voyages or 
 trips in safety, and after the close of the 
 war he and his brother, John A., returned 
 to Baltimore. 
 
 In 1865 they founded their banking house 
 
938 
 
 HISTORY OF Baltimore:, Maryland. 
 
 of which far famed concern he is the execu- 
 tive head. This house has ever been char- 
 acterized by its reaching out for Western, 
 Eastern and foreign capital, thus brought 
 into Baltimore and with what results all 
 readily see. In this particular field the Ham- 
 bletons are pioneers. And, it may be ob- 
 served here, Mr. T. E. Hambleton is a legit- 
 imate successor to his banking affairs and 
 practices, being a grandson of Jesse Sling- 
 lufif, one of Baltimore's distinguished 
 citizens. 
 
 Busy as he ever is. Air. Hambleton finds 
 time to devote to and help develop other 
 interests than banking. He is a potential 
 factor in the Gas Light Company, a large 
 warehouse concern, and is the head of that 
 notable company, "The Traction Com- 
 pany," the pioneer of real rapid transit here. 
 
 The country seat of Mr. Hambleton is 
 called "Hamlik-dune," situated a few miles 
 from the city, in Baltimore county. It is 
 called the handsomest country residence in 
 the State, and both inside and outside, to- 
 gether with its spacious lawns and grounds, 
 is an evidence of its owner's refined tastes. 
 
 In Talbot county also, Mr. Hambleton 
 owns large landed estates, which have been 
 in the family over two hundred years, and 
 are still among the most impressive for 
 beauty of landscape and admired in the 
 State. 
 
 Mr. Hamblcton's wife was a daughter of 
 Gen. Salisbury, U. S. .Army. They were 
 married in 1856. In the banking house his 
 son, F. S. Hambleton, is a partner with his 
 father. 
 
 Mr. CiiARLKS F. Mavkk, the subject of 
 this sketch, is a son of the late Lewis Mayer, 
 also a Baltimorean of much reputation, and 
 
 ] wide commercial connections. His father, 
 I as a very little boy, was sent abroad to be 
 ' educated at the then, and indeed still, cele- 
 i brated school of Herr Salzmann at Schnep- 
 1 fethal in Saxe-Gotha, Germany. 
 
 As the only American boy who had ever 
 been there, he was as much an object of curi- 
 osity on this account, as he was of high re- 
 gard on account of his singularly high in- 
 telligence and attractive bearing. 
 
 Upon his return to this country he com- 
 menced his commercial career, etc., etc. 
 He was one of the defenders of Fort Mc- 
 Henry as a volunteer artilleryman in the 
 War of 1812, commenced his commercial 
 career as supercargo upon his father's ves- 
 sels engaged in the trade between this coun- 
 try and Spanish and other European ports. 
 He afterwards became actively identified 
 with the importing dry-goods trade here, 
 and later removed to Philadelphia, where, 
 with the members of his family in Pennsyl- 
 vania, he became interested in the develop- 
 ment of their large interests in the anthra- 
 cite coal fields of that State. This great in- 
 dustry was then in its earliest infancy. 
 
 The father of Lewis Mayer was Christian 
 Mayer, the paternal grandfather of our sub- 
 ject. He was also a resident of Baltimore 
 and one of the earliest merchants to engage 
 in the East India trade of this port. He 
 came to America from Amsterdam as a rep- 
 resentative of an important mercantile firm 
 there, and continued to be for many years 
 one of our largest shipping merchants en- 
 gaged in the foreign trade. He was the 
 progenitor of the Baltimore branch of the 
 Mayer family. 
 
 The mother of ]Mr. Charles F. Mayer was 
 Susan O. Mayer, daughter of Christopher 
 Maver, of Lancaster, Pa. This branch of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 939 
 
 the family came to America in 1754 and set- 
 tled in Lancaster, Pa. 
 
 The Mayers had been for many genera- 
 tions natives of the old free city of Ulm in 
 Germany. 
 
 Our subject, Mr. Charles F. ^Mayer, was 
 born in the early thirties and was carefully 
 educated at private schools, and at JMount 
 Hope College, in Baltimore. In early man- 
 hood he went to the west coast of South 
 America as a super-cargo. On his return to 
 Baltimore about 1852, he entered at once 
 into active commercial life, and continued 
 therein until 1865. In that year he joined 
 with a number of other gentlemen of wealth 
 and enterprise in developing the immeasur- 
 ably rich gas-coal fields of West Virginia. 
 He continued interested in that region for 
 many years. 
 
 In 1877 Mr. Mayer became the presi- 
 dent of the Consolidation Coal Company, 
 of Maryland, the largest producer of the 
 celebrated Cumberland George's Creek 
 steam coal and one of the largest coal min- 
 ing companies in the country. He at the 
 same time became the president of the Cum- 
 berland and Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
 pany, which traverses this Cumberland and 
 George's Creek Coal Region and carries the 
 vast coal product of that region to its con- 
 nections with the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
 road and Pennsylvania Railroad systems, 
 and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at 
 Cumberland, Md. Mr. Mayer continued 
 in these two positions until the early part of 
 1896, when he withdrew from both. In No- 
 vember, 1887, Mr. Mayer became a director 
 in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Com- 
 pany and chairman of its Executive Com- 
 mittee, and in December, 1888, he became 
 its president. He declined a re-election in 
 
 December, 1895, and withdrew from the 
 presidency of the company the following 
 January upon the election of his successor. 
 It was during the presidency of Mr. Mayer 
 that the great work of constructing the Bal- 
 timore Belt Railroad was undertaken, and 
 largely through his energy that it was car- 
 ried to a successful completion. This great 
 work connects the main line of the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Railroad at Camden Station, 
 Baltimore, with its Philadelphia Division at 
 Bay View, just outside the limits of the 
 city — passing under the city by a tun- 
 nel of something over a mile in length. 
 It gives the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road Company the commodious and 
 handsome Mount Royal Passenger Sta- 
 tion, up-town, and it also gives it access for 
 freight business to the upper and growing 
 sections of the city of Baltimore, to which 
 the road had not heretofore had access. The 
 Company's former connection with its Phil- 
 adelphia Division had been by the unsatis- 
 factory methods of a ferry across the harbor 
 from Locust Point to Canton and thence by 
 rail construction to Bay View. This great 
 work is said to have cost something over 
 eight millions of dollars. It was through 
 the tunnels of the Baltimore Belt Railroad, 
 during Mr. Mayer's administration, that 
 electric motors were first successfully used 
 for the hauling of trains instead of loco- 
 motive engines. This use of electric motors 
 entirely avoids the smoke created by the 
 ordinary coal-burning locomotive engine, 
 which has heretofore rendered the passage 
 of trains through tunnels so very objection- 
 able. 
 
 To Baltimore therefore belongs the credit 
 of having first solved this difficult railroad 
 problem. 
 
940 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 The Baltimore Belt Line tunnel is lighted 
 throughout its entire length with electric 
 lamps. 
 
 Had Mr. Mayer accomplished only this 
 great railroad undertaking, which is of so 
 much importance to his native city, his name 
 and memory would be an enduring one. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, Mr. Mayer 
 is a director in the following institutions: 
 
 The Western National Bank, of Balti- 
 more, in which he has served some thirty 
 years; the Baltimore Steam Packet Com- 
 pany, the Mercantile Trust and Deposit 
 Company, the United .States Fidelity and 
 Guaranty Company. 
 
 He is also a trustee of the Johns Hopkins 
 Hospital, the Church Home and Infirmary 
 of Baltimore City, the Benevolent Society 
 of the city and county of Baltimore, and a 
 vestryman of old St. Paul's Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church. 
 
 In club circles he is a member of the 
 Maryland Club, the University Club and 
 the Merchants' Club. 
 
 Mr. Alayer married in 1867, his cousin. 
 Miss Susan Douglass Keim, a daughter of 
 the late Hon. George May Keim, of Read- 
 ing, Pa., a prominent member of Congress 
 f> >r several terms from his native city in the 
 :ui}' forties. 
 
 Mr. Mayer is of retiring disposition, but 
 IS, as will be seen from the foregoing, ac- 
 tively and prominently identified with the 
 growth and development of Baltimore as a 
 great conuuercial city. 
 
 Mr. J. II. JruiK, President of the Peo- 
 ple's National Bank of r.;iltiniore, comes of 
 sterling ancestry. His father, Joseph Judik, 
 came to .America early in this century, set- 
 tling in Baltimore. His father. Joseph, was 
 
 a commissioned officer in Holland and when 
 his adopted country was invaded by the Brit- 
 ish in the memorable Campaign of 1812, Jo- 
 seph Judik became a defender of Baltimore 
 together with other patriots. 
 
 The mother of our subject was Miss 
 Mary M. Eagle, of Lancaster, Pa., a daugh- 
 ter of Henry Eagle, a gentleman of high 
 personal character. Mr. J. H. Judik was 
 born in Baltimore in 1845: was educated 
 at Georgetown College, D. C, as his father 
 was before him. He began his active busi- 
 ness career almost at once, after graduation, 
 or in 1865. Although a merchant of large 
 and varied commercial interests, Mr. Judik 
 is perhaps not so widely known in that 
 sphere as in the financial world. 
 
 Before accepting his present official po- 
 sition, Mr. Judik acted as vice-president of 
 his bank, "The People's." When Presi- 
 dent Grover Cleveland sent Mr. W. S. Car- 
 roll his commission as Consul to Dresden, 
 Mr. Judik accepted the presidency as Mr. 
 Carroll's successor. This was in 1877. The 
 People's Bank is and ever has been since it 
 was chartered in 1856 most ably managed. 
 It has likewise been one of the most pros- 
 perous financial institutions in the city and 
 State. Mr. Judik is widely known and rec- 
 ognized as a successful, careful and able 
 financier. 
 
 The People's Bank has weathered every 
 financial storm since it was chartered, its 
 success then as measurably reflecting the 
 ability, integrity and precedence of its head, 
 as well as its Board of Directors. Some 
 Ifght will also shine upon its status else- 
 where than at home, from the following sig- 
 nificant list of its intimate business connec- 
 tions with other financial institutions. 
 Transacting as it does a general and lucra- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 941 
 
 live banking business, tlie People's Bank 
 has correspondents at every financial centre. 
 In this list are, among others, the Chemical 
 National Bank of New York, with the larg- 
 est undivided surplus of any bank in Amer- 
 ica; "The Independence" of Philadelphia; 
 and that bulwark of financial stability, the 
 First National of Chicago, Secretary Gage's 
 bank. To readers familiar with men and af- 
 fairs this summary speaks volumes for the 
 status of Air. Judik's executive administra- 
 tion. As "a tree is known by his fruit," so 
 may a bank be said to be known from the 
 character and ability of its head and man- 
 agement. 
 
 Mr. Judik married Miss Bringues, of New 
 York City. In temperament he is of rather 
 retiring disposition, and too much en- 
 grossed with his varied interests to become 
 a club man. 
 
 He likewise eschews political life, and 
 is on the whole a man whose life and career 
 would materially aid in developing any city 
 in which he might elect to live into a great 
 metropolis. 
 
 Mr. Isaac S. George, President Trader's 
 National Bank, German street near Light 
 street. Perhaps it is perfectly safe to afifirm 
 at the outset that the subject of this article, 
 Mr. Isaac S. George, occupies a position 
 without a parallel as regards public ser- 
 vice and its attendant results in aiding the 
 development of this great city. His whole 
 life, as this brief summary will attest, has 
 been one devoted to business enterprises 
 and to public measures calculated to ad- 
 vance the material growth of Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. George was born here July i8, 1818, 
 his father, James B. George, being also a 
 Marylander. His father was a participant 
 in the historical War of 1812. He was sta- 
 
 tioned with his regiment at Fort McHenry 
 during its bombardment, and was an hon- 
 ored and respected member of the Old De- 
 fenders' Association until his death, Febru- 
 ary I, 1869. He served his State and city 
 respectively in the Legislature and City 
 Council. He was of Huguenot ancestry, 
 his progenitors having come to America in 
 1730, and having participated in the battle 
 of Brandywine. 
 
 The paternal grandmother of Mr. Isaac 
 S. George was Elizabeth A. George, one of 
 the original members of the Light Street M. 
 E. Church, with which she was connected 
 for seventy years until her death at the ripe 
 old age of 96. 
 
 Mr. George's maternal ancestors were 
 Scotch-Irish and came to America in 1801. 
 His maternal grandfather was John. Stew- 
 art, whose wife's maiden name was Nancy 
 Glasco. They were Calvinistic Presbyte- 
 rians, and were here identified with the Sec- 
 ond Presbyterian Church under the pastor- 
 ate of Rev. John Glendy. 
 
 Mr. George's mother, Mary Ellen Stew- 
 art, came to America with her family in 
 1801. In 1817 she married our subject's 
 father, Mr. Isaac S. George being the eld- 
 est of ten children by this marriage. 
 
 On February 3, 1843, Mr. I. S. George 
 in turn married Elizabeth A. Mann, of Hali- 
 fax. The husband and wife were active in 
 aiding to found and establish a Universalist 
 Church here. 
 
 Commencing, however, in an orderly ar- 
 ray of facts prior to those just mentioned, 
 Mr. Isaac S. George was educated chiefly 
 under the guidance and supervision of pri- 
 vate tutors.- Before attaining his majority 
 he embarked in business as an assistant to 
 his father. He subsequently established a 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 business for himself on Centre Market 
 Space, which he conducted with success for 
 several years. In 1864, together with his 
 son, J. Brown George, he established the 
 mercantile house of I. S. George & Son, 
 on Baltimore street. On the death of this 
 son, Mr. George again embarked in busi- 
 ness with his youngest son as extensive boot 
 and shoe dealers. As asserted at the outset, 
 Mr. George's business career is unique and 
 extremely noteworthy. It is replete with 
 large trusts, careful control and successful 
 outcomes, the results as stated, all tend- 
 ing to the advancement of the growth of the 
 metropolis and the general good. 
 
 In 1869 he was the president of the At- 
 lantic and George Creek Coal Company, 
 but he resigned afterwards. In 1868 he 
 accepted the presidency of the Atlantic Fire 
 and Insurance Company, holding it until the 
 voluntary liquidation of the company years 
 after. In political affairs, too, he has ever 
 ])een a worker and a trusted adviser. In 
 i860 Mayor Brown appointed him as a 
 member of the Water Board. In 1864 he 
 accepted a Dcmricratic nomination for State 
 Senator. 
 
 In 1867 he filled the most important and 
 distinguished position of member of tlie 
 Constitutional Convention. His city also 
 secured his services as chairman of the 
 Committee on Ways and Means in the City 
 Council in '68-9. For two years he also 
 served as president of the Board of the 
 Maryland Institute. He was induced to 
 serve for six years, the last two as president, 
 as a visitor of the I'.oard to the city jail, aj)- 
 pointcd by Mayor Vansant. 
 
 He is likewise a director, of many v'cars" 
 standing, in the Associated Firemen's In- 
 surance Company. Busy man as he is and 
 
 ever has been, Mr. George has found time 
 for other pursuits than those above noted. 
 
 In Odd Fellowship he is widely recog- 
 nized as a worker, while as a Mason he is 
 a craftsman of high repute and zealous pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Mr. George was also one of the founders 
 of the Murray Institute, a notable social 
 and literary association. In 1879, '" addi- 
 tion to his many other labors, he accepted 
 the presidency of the Consolidated Real 
 Estate Fire Insurance Company. 
 
 In no sphere, however, is Mr. George bet- 
 ter or more favorably known and respected 
 than in financial matters. As president of 
 the Traders' National Bank, his name and 
 status are too well recognized to require 
 any extended mention in the space at coin- 
 mand. 
 
 The Traders' was organized in 1865. as 
 the First National Bank of Annapolis, Md., 
 and opened for business there on June 5th 
 of that year. By act of Congress, June, 1872, 
 the bank was moved to Baltimore, and 
 its name changed as above. On the resig- 
 nation of Wm. H. Tuck, Mr. George ac- 
 cepted its presidency, which he has ever 
 since held. The bank's capital is $230.- 
 000.00: its undivided surplus, $27,000.00; 
 dividends, to stockholders, average of 6 per 
 cent.; deposits, $400,000.00. Its corre- 
 spondents are "Commerce" and "Conti- 
 nental," of New York. 
 
 Of such men as Mr. George, as coadju- 
 tors and citizens, are made great metropoli- 
 tan centres like Baltimore. His life work 
 to that end is a fit setting to such a history. 
 
 Dr. a. S. W.\r\ER, 1 1 20 Highland ave- 
 nue. 
 
 Dr. A. S. Warner was born in 1856 in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 943 
 
 Manchester, Carroll county, Md. When a 
 child, his parents moved to York, Pa., 
 where he began his primary education at 
 the usual age; after passing through the 
 public schools he attended the York Acad- 
 emy for a time, then entered the Millers- 
 ville State Normal School, Millersville, Pa. 
 After completing his studies here he be- 
 came a teacher in the public schools of 
 York, county, Pa., which occupation he 
 followed for a time. In connection with his 
 duties as teacher, he took up the study of 
 medicine. After severing his connection 
 with the York county public schools, he 
 accepted a position as principal of the pub- 
 lic schools of New Market, Pa., in which 
 capacity he successfully served for two 
 }-ears. He then, in 1878, entered the school 
 of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, 
 graduating in 1881 and immediately after 
 began the practice of his profession at his 
 present location. 
 
 He married in 1881 Miss Florence Night- 
 ingale Eisenberger, of New Cumberland, 
 Pa. They have one child, Harry Augustus, 
 who graduated from the public schools of 
 Baltimore with first honors in 1897 and is 
 now preparing for the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Doctor Warner is an active member of 
 the Presbyterian Church and has held the 
 offices of tru.stee and treasurer for many 
 years. He is a member of the Knights of 
 Pythias and of the Masonic Fraternity. 
 In politics he is a Republican. 
 
 Peter Warner, father of our subject, was 
 born in Europe, and when a boy came to 
 America with his parents. He is now de- 
 ceased. His wife, who was Miss Rachel 
 Fair before marriage, and mother of our 
 subject, still survives. 
 
 Dr Reuben M. Dorsey, 727 Third ave- 
 nue, Hampden, Baltimore. 
 
 This gentleman was born February 22, 
 1869, in Howard county, Md. He was 
 brought up as a farmer and from childhood 
 was inured to the hard labor of a farmer's 
 life. When not at school, he employed his 
 time advantageously in the fields and get- 
 ting out lumber, thus rendering his father 
 much valuable assistance. He pursued his 
 primary studies in the public schools. 
 
 Having determined upon a professional 
 career, with the view to the acquirements 
 of a physician, he prepared at Maupin's 
 University, near Ellicott City, Md., and be- 
 gan his medical studies under Dr. Wm. E. 
 Hodges, of Ellicott City, with whom he re- 
 mained for one and a half years. He was 
 graduated from the Maryland University in 
 1891 and then took a special course in the 
 treatment of nervous diseases under Dr. J. 
 S. Conrad. Doctor Conrad was a well 
 known and highly e.steemed physician. His 
 labors in the field of medicine won for him 
 a high place in the profession. After leav- 
 ing Doctor Conrad, our subject was asso- 
 ciated in the general practice of medicine 
 with Dr. J. Carroll Monmonier for one year. 
 He then accepted a position as surgeon for 
 the B. & O. R. R. Co., and successfully 
 served in this capacity for two years, leaving 
 it to accept the higher position of medical 
 examiner for the same company and is at 
 the present time occupying the same posi- 
 tion. For a time he practiced his profession 
 on Madison avenue whence he removed to 
 his present location. 
 
 On September 25, 1893. he was married 
 to Miss Alice Berger, daughter of Rev. 
 Alexander Berger of Baltimore county. 
 He is a member of the Episcopal Church; 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in politics he is a Democrat. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Maryland State Medical and Chi- 
 rugical Society, also a member of the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows. 
 
 Reuben M. Dorsey, the father of our 
 subject, is a native of Ellicott City, Howard 
 county, Md. He has been a prominent and 
 successful farmer all his life, in connection 
 with which he has served for i6 years as 
 Judge of the Orphans" Court of Howard 
 county. 
 
 He married Mary E. KralYt, daughter of 
 a Prussian Consul to this country. Mr. 
 KrafTt was a thorough linguist, being 
 master of seven languages. He died in 
 Baltimore. The union of Mr. Dorsey and 
 his wife has been blessed with the following 
 children: Charles K., a prominent attorney 
 of Elkhart City; Dr. Reuben M., (subject); 
 Philip Hammond, a farmer of Howard 
 county; Nicholas, a farmer of Howard 
 county, and Henry, who is at school; and 
 Caleb Dorsey, D. D. S., residence, 1218 W. 
 Lexington street. 
 
 Mr. Louis F. BeklER was born Feb- 
 ruary 18, 1827. at Alexandria, Va. When 
 a boy he went to Washington to live with 
 his grandparents, his parents locating there 
 about 1834. He attended private schools 
 until he was seventeen years old. At one 
 time he had for a preceptor a Mr. McCloud, 
 a very peculiar man, tioted for his strange 
 ideas in the school-room. During the sum- 
 mer the pupils were placed under very strict 
 discipline, one rule being that the scholars 
 should be at their desks at 4 o'clock in the 
 morning. When our subject was about 
 fourteen, the B. & (). R. R. was about to 
 begin operations, and a big demonstration 
 in honor of the event had been arranged. 
 
 General Scott was in command of theL'nited 
 States troops which were to take an ac- 
 tive part that day. The military company 
 of which young Beeler was a member call- 
 ed upon General Scott in a body and asked 
 permission to take part in the celebration. 
 He inspected the youthful company and 
 assigned them to an important position on 
 Wilkes Hill, and they were highly compli- 
 mented upon their appearance. 
 
 At seventeen young Beeler became a 
 clerk in a dry goods store in Washington 
 and continued as such until Congress pass- 
 ed the resolution that War existed with 
 Mexico, and he with others hired a drum- 
 mer, fifer and color bearer, paraded the 
 streets of Washington and got together 
 enough young men to form two companies, 
 our subject being chosen as sergeant. They 
 were assigned to Baltimore and Washing- 
 ton battalion, under command of Col. Wm. 
 H. Watson, who was killed at the battle of 
 Monterey. He proceeded with his com- 
 pany to Mexico where they remained for 
 one year, taking an attive part in the battle 
 of Monterey. A few months after his re- 
 turn to Washington, he went to Cumber- 
 land, Md., and accepted a position as clerk 
 for a shipping and forwarding company. 
 This was before the railroads became so 
 numerous, and the company did all its busi- 
 ness with teams. The concern was known 
 as Calhoun & Harrison. He remained with 
 this company until the latter part of 183 1, 
 when he accepted a position as delivery 
 clerk and assistant yard master for the B. 
 & O. R. R. When the B. & O. completed 
 their road to Wheeling, W. Va., he became 
 an assistant of Joseph B. Ford, who looked 
 after the company's interest at that point. 
 Mr. Beeler remained at Wheeling until 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 945 
 
 about 1859. when he was transferred as 
 agent to Benwood, W. Va., and continued 
 here until 1864. During the war as agent 
 at Benwood he rendered the Government 
 valuable assistance in the building of the 
 pontoon bridge across the Ohio river at 
 that point, which w^as erected at his sug- 
 gestion as being the best means of trans- 
 portation for the troops and munitions of 
 war. In 1864 he severed his connection with 
 that company, and for a time was a clerk 
 in an Ohio river steam boat. In 1865 he 
 went to New York City as soliciting agent 
 for a line of steamers plying between Park- 
 ersburg and Louisville and some years later, 
 to Wheeling, W. Va., as agent for the 
 National Express and Transportation Com- 
 pany. After the failure of this concern, in 
 1866, he accepted a position as agent at 
 Locust's Point for the B. & O. Co., and 
 save for a year or two has remained in their 
 employ ever since. Tlie freight depot at 
 that time was situated on the present site of 
 Ober's fertilizing plant, and the business in 
 the warehouse was done with horses, and 
 compared to the present business was very 
 small. The wonderful increase in the busi- 
 ness of this department necessitated the 
 building of the pier 8 and 9 in 1868, where 
 the first North German Lloyd steamship 
 landed the same year. 
 
 Louis F. Beeler married Miss Amanda 
 M. Fillius, of Washington, on February 3, 
 1 85 1. They have the following children: 
 Mary Frances (Mrs. A. A. Swing) of Balti- 
 more; Ida Catharine, who lives at home; 
 Martha Louise, who married Capt. Richard 
 A. Dunn of the ice boat patrol; Richard 
 Francis, bookkeeper for B. & O. Co., and 
 Sally May (Mrs. Wm. E. Helm), of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 .56 
 
 Mr. Beeler is a member of the Democratic 
 party, with which he became connected 
 in 1840. During that year he heard many 
 noted speakers, among them were Henry 
 Clay and Daniel Webster, and it was 
 through their eloquence he was won over 
 to the principles of Free Trade. His family 
 are members of the Roman Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 His father, Louis Beeler, came to Amer- 
 ica from Germany when a young man, lo- 
 cating in Alexandria, W. Va., where he be- 
 came an extensive confectioner and large 
 importer of foreign fruit. He amassed con- 
 siderable wealth. He owned a large inter- 
 est in a steamboat and lost $80,000 by the 
 burning of the same and through the failure 
 of a bank. He removed his family to Wash- 
 ington about 1834, and followed the same 
 business there. He died while on a visit to 
 Norfolk, Va., in 1850 in his 68th year. His 
 wife, who was Mary Stittinious and mofher 
 of our subject, survived him a few years. 
 Of their five children, all but one survive. 
 
 Dr. D. S. Williams, 254 Carroll, Wood- 
 berry. 
 
 This gentleman w-as born September 4th, 
 1844, on a farm in York county. Pa. He is 
 a son of Luther M. and Mary A. (Allison) 
 Williams. The elder Williams, when our 
 subject was a boy, was assistant supervisor 
 for the Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R. 
 Co., now the Northern Central, and in 
 order to be at a more convenient point, re- 
 moved his family to Baltimore about 185 1. 
 Here our subject attended private and pul)- 
 lic schools until the age of 18, when he be- 
 gan his studies under Dr. E. W. Free, of 
 New Freedom, Pa. He entered the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland in 1863. was grad- 
 
946 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 uated in 1865, and immediately began the 
 practice of his profession at Oakland, Ralti- 
 more county, where he remained until 1874, 
 when he located at his present address, 
 which was then Woodberry. From Janu- 
 ary 1st, 1879, to the present time he has rep- 
 resented the N. C. Railway as Company's 
 surgeon at Woodberry continuously. On 
 May 1st, 1880, he was appointed by Gov. 
 Wm. T. Hamilton, Registrar of Voters 
 Ninth District of Baltimore county: on 
 May 1st, 1882, was appointed Visiting and 
 Consulting Physician to Baltimore county 
 Almshouse, '"Uj^lands Home," Texas, Bal- 
 timore county. On May ist, 1888, he was 
 appointed Sanitary Inspector of Baltimore 
 county; about one month later Woodberry 
 became part of the city of Baltimore, and 
 Doctor Williams was appointed by Mayor 
 Latrobe as City Sanitary Inspector, which 
 office he has held ever since. 
 
 He married, April 29th, 1869, Miss Ida 
 W., daughter of Henry Hush of Baltimore; 
 their children are: Annie C, a school 
 teacher, and Clarence D., a druggist. 
 
 Doctor Williams is a Democrat. His 
 professional career has been very honorable 
 and eminently successful. He is deserving 
 of the great esteem in which he is held. 
 
 Luther M. Williams, the father of our sub- 
 ject, received a connnon school education, 
 and began life as a cart-bo_\- when the Balti- 
 more & Susfjuehaiuia R. R. Co. was con- 
 structing its road. He later assisted in the 
 construction of many small roads through 
 this section of the country. He worked 
 himself up to the position of assistant super- 
 visor for the Company, and acted in this 
 capacity until his retirement to his farm in 
 Baltimore county, where he still resides. 
 He was born in the above county in 1S19. 
 
 His wife. Mary, is deceased. Their children 
 are: our subject, D. S.; Jennie_ (Mrs. Eli S. 
 Brown), of Baltimore; H. Benton, farmer; 
 Mary E., maiden lady at home; Annie E., 
 maiden lady at home; L. Meredith, farmer, 
 at home. 
 
 Abraham Williams, grandfather of our 
 subject, was a native of Baltimore county, 
 Md., where he died. He was a farmer by 
 occupation, and took part in the Iiattle of 
 North Point. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Von Kuell, 1132 N. Car- 
 rollton avenue. 
 
 The subject of this sketch comes of an 
 old and distinguished family of Vienna, 
 Austria, where he was born Aug. 19, 1848. 
 After receiving his primary education he 
 was a pupil at the Military School for four 
 years. In his seventeenth year he entered 
 the Austrian Army and was later promoted 
 to first lieutenant; in connection with his 
 duties as a soldier he took up the study of 
 medicine at a medical college in Vienna, 
 from which he graduated in 1877. He was 
 connected with the army for fifteen years, 
 and took an active part in the Revolution. 
 In 1869, at the battle of Cattaro South Dal- 
 mation, he received twenty-two wounds, 
 which necessitated his being confined in the 
 hospital for three years. For his bravery on 
 the field of battle he received three medals, 
 and after his discharge from the hospital 
 he took up his residence in Vienna, receiv- 
 ing the pension of a retired army officer 
 from the Austrian Government up to five 
 years after his coming to America. He lo- 
 cated in New York, where he practiced for 
 a short time, then came to Baltimore and 
 for a few years practiced his profession 
 here, abandoning it to accept the position of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 947 
 
 solicitor for a company, which position he 
 still holds. 
 
 He was married March 5, i8gi, to Miss 
 i\Iary Miller, daughter of Jacob Miller, a 
 native of Germany, now a resident of New 
 York City. Mrs. \'on Kuell was born in 
 Germany in 1870, and when fourteen years 
 of age came with her parents to New York 
 City, where she resided until her marriage. 
 
 Jacob \'on Kuell, father of our subject, 
 was a native of Vienna, Austria. For many 
 years after reaching manhood, he served as 
 Governor of an Austrian province. He 
 died in Vienna where his wife also passed 
 away. She was before marriage Anna Von 
 Stockinger. Four children blessed their 
 union, viz: Jacob, a general in the Aus- 
 trian Army; Alex, Mine Inspector for the 
 Austrian Government; Elizabeth (Mrs. 
 Alex. Von Meyer), and Dr. Von Kuell, our 
 subject. 
 
 Jacob Von Kuell, grandfather of subject, 
 was of the Austrian nobility, and held a 
 high government position. 
 
 J. Percy Wade, Physician and Superin- 
 tendent of Spring Grove Asylum, Catons- 
 ville. 
 
 Dr. J. Percy Wade was born October 22, 
 1869, in Montgomery county, Va. About 
 1872 his father moved his family to Balti- 
 more. He received his education in the 
 public schools, and for four years was a 
 student at Baltimore City College, where 
 he made rapid progress in the various 
 branches of study. His early impressions 
 were decidedly in favor of a professional 
 career. He entered Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity, where he successfully studied for 
 one year, after which he took a three years' 
 course at the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, graduating in April, 1891. For 
 
 a time he was resident physician at the col- 
 lege. In April of the same year he was ap- 
 pointed second assistant at Spring Grove 
 Asylum; was later promoted to first assist- 
 ant, and in April, 1896, was appointed su- 
 perintendent. 
 
 He is an independent voter. 
 
 His father, John J. Wade, recently de- 
 ceased, was a prominent attorney in Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Sydney O. Heiskell, Quarantine Phy- 
 sician, P. O. Box 231, Baltimore City, Md. 
 
 Our subject was born at Washington, D. 
 C, in 1854, and was reared by his grand- 
 father, Samuel J. Gouverneur, who was 
 Secretary of State under Monroe. His 
 father, Henry Lee Heiskell, who for many 
 years prior to his death was Surgeon Gen- 
 eral in the United States Army, died when 
 the Doctor was but an infant. 
 
 Our subject was educated at Mt. St. 
 Mary's College, near Emmettsburg, Md., 
 and at St. John's College, Annapolis, Md. 
 He began his medical studies at Baltimore 
 School of Physicians and Surgeons, gradu- 
 ating in 1 88 1, after which for one year he 
 was connected with Bay View Asylum. He 
 was later connected with the Spring Grove 
 Asylum for one and a half years. He was 
 afterwards appointed assistant at the Quar- 
 antine Hospital in January, 1882. At the 
 beginning of the awful small-pox epidemic 
 in January, 1881, Dr. James McHenr\ 
 Howard was in charge of the hospital, 
 which was then opposite Fort McHenry. 
 So inadequate were the hospital facilities 
 that when the scourge reached its height, 
 tents were erected upon the grounds for the 
 accommodation of jjaticnts. Since 1883 
 Doctor Heiskell has treated one thousand 
 
948 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 two hundred and fifty small-pox cases. 
 From June i, 1883, when the last patient of 
 this awful epidemic was discharged from the 
 hospital, no more small-pox cases came un- 
 der his treatment until May, 1894. At this 
 time the "South Before the War" troupe 
 was playing an engagement in Baltimore, 
 and it was discovered that one of the mem- 
 bers had a mild case of the disease. From 
 this one nineteen others contracted the 
 disease and were sent to the hospital, four 
 deaths resulting. Doctor Heiskell was ap- 
 pointed Quarantine Physician November 
 I, 1884. The old hospital was abandoned 
 and in June, 1884, the present one was 
 opened. Since then the Doctor has devoted 
 much of his time to beautifying the build- 
 ings and surrounding grounds, and has suc- 
 ceeded in changing what was once a wilder- 
 ness into one of the most beautiful places 
 imaginable. 
 
 He was married in March, 1883, to ]\Iiss 
 Addie C. Townsend, of Baltimore county. 
 She died in Februan,-, 1884. The Doctor 
 is a member of the Monday Social Club, 
 Baltimore. 
 
 His mother, who was Miss Gouverneur 
 before marriage, was a direct descendant 
 of President Monroe. Her father, Samuel 
 L. Gouveneur, had been married twice. 
 His second wife was a Miss Lee, and first 
 cousin of Gen. Robert E. Lee. She is at 
 present living in Frederick county, Md. 
 
 Thomas B. Horton, M. D., South Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 Of the prominent young physicians in 
 the suburbs of Baltimore none are more 
 worthy of mention than Dr. Thomas B. 
 Horton, of South Baltimore. His father, 
 Timmas C. Horton, of a prominent old 
 
 family of the Old North State, was a native 
 of Franklin county. On completing a com- 
 mon school education he was proficient 
 enough to teach, having fitted himself for 
 that profession by self-instruction, in addi- 
 tion to his regular school work. Teaching 
 but a few years, his many excellent quali- 
 ties attracted the attention of Mr. W. K. 
 Davis, Clerk of the Court of Franklin 
 county, and Mr. Horton was offered the 
 position of assistant clerk, which he filled so 
 satisfactorily that two years later he was 
 elected to succeed his principal as Clerk of 
 the Court. His conduct of the affairs of the 
 clerkship was so thorough and business- 
 like that his constituents were loth to part 
 with his service, and kept him continuously 
 in office for sixteen years. 
 
 Subsequently he served as Register of 
 Deeds for two years, and then retired from 
 public life, meriting a well-earned rest. 
 Purchasing a large tract of farming land 
 near the county seat, he retired to the quiet 
 and rest of a country life, which he enjoyed 
 for a number of years, and then removed 
 to Louisburg intending to spend his declin- 
 ing years here, having by business tact and 
 judgment, through economy and good in- 
 vestments, amassed a comfortable fortune. 
 He was cut off in 1882 at the comparatively 
 early age of fifty-nine. His wife, who sur- 
 vives him, was Miss JNIaria H. Hollings- 
 worth, of one of the old families of the State. 
 
 Mr. Horton was a member of the Baptist 
 Church. His demise was lamented by all 
 who knew him, he having through his long 
 years of public service endeared himself to 
 the entire population, who for so many 
 years honored themselvt-s in honoring him. 
 He was all in all a man to be admired. 
 
 Dr. Thomas B. Horton was born in 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 949 
 
 Loiiisburg, N. C, September 24, 1866. He 
 attended the public schools and academy 
 of his native city, from which he graduated 
 at the early age of sixteen. Deciding upon 
 medicine as his profession he secured a po- 
 sition in the drug store of Dr. J. B. Clifton, 
 of Louisburg, where he studied pharmacy 
 and medicine until 1888, when he came to 
 Baltimore to enter the Baltimore Medical 
 College, from which he was graduated in 
 1 89 1. Shortly after graduation he pur- 
 chased his present store in South Baltimore, 
 and offered his services as a healer to the 
 citizens of that portion of the city. That 
 his worth has been appreciated is indicated 
 by his success, which was marked from the 
 first, and his practice has grown to be a 
 very lucrative one, as has trade in his store. 
 
 Recognizing his ability as a physician 
 and surgeon, the numerous corporations 
 were not slow to secure his services for their 
 many employes. He is serving officially for 
 the Baltimore Sugar Refinery, South Balti- 
 more Car Works, South Baltimore Foun- 
 dry Company, Ryan & McDonald's Manu- 
 facturing Company, Curtis Bay Brass and 
 Aletal Works, and the Diamond Soap 
 Works. 
 
 September 27, 1895, when the delivery 
 system was extended to the suburbs. Doctor 
 Horton was appointed superintendent of 
 Station No. 13, of South Baltimore, which 
 position he is filling to the satisfaction of 
 all patrons of the office. 
 
 Doctor Horton is a member of the Im- 
 proved Order of Heptasophs, and in poli- 
 tics is an independent Democrat. 
 
 The Doctor was married June 14. 1892, 
 to Miss Blanche Ouaid, of Annapolis. One 
 child has blessed their union, born ^Mgrch 
 20, 1893. 
 
 Dr. J. Bryox Robinson, Brooklyn, Anne 
 Arundel county. 
 
 Dr. J. Byron Robinson, of Brooklyn, 
 Anne Arundel county, a prosperous suburb 
 of Baltimore, is a descendant of one of the 
 old colonial families of Maryland. His re- 
 mote ancestors came from Scotland, bring- 
 ing with them the sturdy qualities of mind 
 and body of the old Covenanters. They 
 trace their lineage without a break far back 
 into the twelfth century, and in later gener- 
 ations were closely allied with the Stuarts, 
 the royal family of Scotland. 
 
 Thorton Fleming Robinson, Sr., grand- 
 father of our subject, was a native of Mary- 
 land. For many years he was a prosperous 
 merchant of Baltimore, and died in that city 
 in the third decade of the present century. 
 He was a soldier in the War of 1812, and 
 was probably in the battle of North Point. 
 His son, Joseph, served with distinction in 
 the same war, and came out of the service 
 with the rank of general. 
 
 Thorton Fleming Robinson, Jr., father 
 of the Doctor, was born in Baltimore in the 
 year 1799. He was educated in the private 
 schools of the city, and on attaining matur- 
 ity entered the real estate business, in which 
 he was engaged the greater part of his life. 
 In political views he was a firm supporter of 
 the Whig party, and took an active part in 
 politics. He was a vigorous supporter of 
 the party candidates, but refrained from ac- 
 cepting nomination for any office for him- 
 self. His death occurred in Queen Anne 
 county, ]\Id., in 1872, at which time he was 
 living a quiet, peaceful life. He had always 
 beeji a consistent member of the Episcopal 
 Church, and died happy in the faith that had 
 sustained him through the trials and vicis- 
 situdes of life. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Doctor Robinson, of this sketch, was 
 born in Baltimore. Here his childhood and 
 school days were spent, and here in 1858 his 
 medical studies began under the tutelage of 
 Doctor Dunbar. Entering the Medical 
 School of the University of Maryland, he 
 received his diploma in the spring of 1862, 
 opening an office in Baltimore in the fall of 
 that year. 
 
 Securing a position as surgeon^ in the 
 United States Army, with the rank of cap- 
 tain, he remained in the service si.x years, 
 being stationed at various army posts 
 throughout the South. 
 
 He was considered a skillful and efficient 
 surgeon, and it was regretted by all with 
 whom he came in contact when he decided 
 to sever his connection with the National 
 military service and resign. On his retire- 
 ment from Government employ, Dr. Robin- 
 son located at Savannah, Ga., remaining 
 eight years. At the end of that time he 
 opened his present ofifice, and from that day 
 until the present his success has been un- 
 questioned. In connection with his prac- 
 tice, to insure the proper filling of his pre- 
 scriptions, the Doctor opened a drug store, 
 which is now in charge of his son, while he 
 gives his princijjal attention to his ever- 
 increasing practice. He married in 1865 
 Miss Addie Gros Claude. Her death oc- 
 curred in 1877, lamented by a wide circle of 
 loving friends. Their only son, Frederick 
 F., a graduate in medicine, is now with his 
 father in full charge of the store. The Doc- 
 tor is a member of the leading medical so- 
 cieties of Georgia and Maryland. In poli- 
 tics he is a Democrat, and while taking a 
 lively interest in all political issues of the 
 day, cannot be induced to come out from 
 his private life and accept office. 
 
 In religious belief he is a consistent mem- 
 ber of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Francis Moore Darby, Treasurer of the 
 Safe Deposit and Trust Company, of Balti- 
 more, is a son of the late Charles A. and 
 Martha (Chandler) Darby, who were de- 
 scended from early English settlers of 
 Montgomery county, Md. Mr. Darby was 
 born near Monrovia, Frederick county, 
 Md., March 11, 1838. 
 
 He completed his education at Rockville 
 Academy, and immediately thereafter en- 
 tered upon the study of the law, under the 
 ])receptorship of Hon. James Dixon Ro- 
 man, in Hagerstown, Md. He was admitted 
 to the bar in November, 1858, and early 
 evidenced that native ability which led to 
 the prominence he soon attained as orator, 
 careful counsellor and successful lawyer. 
 In 1859 Mr. Darby married Louisa Ken- 
 nedy, a daughter of Benjamin Price, and 
 granddaughter of John Kennedy. Mrs. 
 Darby died twenty years later, or on July 
 5-1879. 
 
 In those troublous times of 1863. when 
 it cost men much to maintain Union senti- 
 ments, especially in Maryland, ]\Ir. Darby 
 accepted the Republican nomination for 
 State's Attorney of Washington county and 
 was elected. This was the inception of his 
 public service. Subsequently and often 
 when defeat seemed inevitable, his party 
 leaders appealed to him, and never in vain. 
 Throughout many campaigns he abandoned 
 his considerable law practice and its emolu- 
 ments to further the interests of his party. 
 In 1859 he had been defeated as a candidate 
 for State's Attorney. In 1869 he again, 
 with his party ticket, met defeat for the 
 Uegislaturc. In 1871 the same result at- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 951 
 
 tended his candidacy for State Senator, al- 
 though he was beaten in this contest by only 
 eleven votes, and he was genuinely fright- 
 ened lest he might be elected and thus com- 
 pelled to abandon his profession during a 
 too protracted stay at Annapolis. In 1879 
 some exceptional recognition of his services 
 was accorded to him, and he accepted the 
 nomination for Attorney General of Mary- 
 land, when Hon. James A. Gary was the 
 candidate for Governor. In the spirited 
 and vigorous contest that ensued, Mr. Dar- 
 by led his ticket by a flattering vote of sev- 
 eral hundred. 
 
 Early in his public life, or in 1859, Mr. 
 Darby gave evidence of clear msight into 
 financial affairs. He consented to accept a 
 seat as director in the Hagerstown Bank, 
 where he served for twenty-five years, act- 
 ing also as the bank's attorney. He also 
 became president of the "Washington 
 County Insurance Company." For a 
 number of times also he served as a mem- 
 ber of the Republican State Central Com- 
 mittee. During that period of service, from 
 i860 to 1882, he served his county in State, 
 county, judiciary and other conventions al- 
 most w^holly without interruption. As will 
 be gathered from the above, Mr. Darby fias, 
 from the first, been a zealous worker for his 
 party. State, and the general welfare. 
 
 His services were given w^hen his party 
 was in the minority and were accentuated 
 by an absence of any reasonable hope of 
 personal reward, other than an approving 
 conscience and the making of hosts of 
 friends. 
 
 Mr. Darby w-as appointed August 18, 
 1882, by President Arthur to the responsi- 
 ble position of Assistant Treasurer of the 
 United States at Baltimore, which he held 
 
 until 1886. The latter part of his tenure 
 extended into President Cleveland's first 
 term. Mr. Darby's retirement from this 
 office was regretted by Mr. Cleveland's 
 United States Treasurer, Mr. Conrad N. 
 Jordan, because of the latter's appreciation 
 of the business-like conduct of his office in 
 connection with the Central Office at Wash- 
 ington. Mr. Darby was appointed June i, 
 1890, treasurer of the Safe Deposit & Trust 
 Company of Baltimore. His peculiar fit- 
 ness in such an enkrged field of general use- 
 fulness had been seen and was thus recog- 
 nized. His identification with Baltimore's 
 growth, development and material interests 
 has accordingly been thus cemented. He 
 is a director in the Union Railroad Com- 
 pany and director in and treasurer of the 
 Merchants' and Manufacturers' Permanent 
 Building and Loan Association of Balti- 
 more, and a member of the Young ^Nlen's 
 Republican Club and Columbian Club. 
 
 In early manhood Mr. Darby united with 
 the Presbyterian Church at Hagerstown, 
 but a few years ago "Christian Science" as 
 taught by Mrs. Mary Baker G. Eddy was 
 brought to his attention, and by careful 
 study of her text-book, "Science and Health 
 with Key to the Scriptures," he is thor- 
 oughly convinced that she has given to 
 humanity the guide that will lead every one 
 who follows it to real practical Christianity 
 the same as Christ came to establish; a 
 Christianity which reveals health, holiness 
 and happiness, even the kingdom of God 
 here and now, and enables man to enter into 
 them as his inheritance; a Christianity which 
 must result in the universa'i brotherhood of 
 man. 
 
 Mr. Darby was married, October 25, 
 iSSi, to Miss Ella V., daughter of John S. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Leib, late treasurer of the Northern Cen- 
 tral Railway Company. 
 
 Mr. Charles Goldsborough, whose 
 identification with this city's growth, devel- 
 opment and rank as a great metropolis, has 
 been noteworthy, began his active business 
 career in 1865, as head of the firm of Golds- 
 borough & Tate, jobbers and dealers in 
 wines, brandies and whiskies. 
 
 Before recounting his public life here, it 
 seems not amiss to trace his ancestry. His 
 father, Hon. William T. Goldsborough, 
 lived in Dorchester county, Md., and died in 
 Baltimore. The ancestral manor there, 
 "Horn's Point," only a few miles below 
 Cambridge, was second to no other planta- 
 tion in the county, as regards productive- 
 ness of soil and beauty of location. Our 
 subject's father was a "gentleman of the old 
 school," of unswerving integrity, imtarn- 
 ished character, proud, and justly so, of de- 
 scent from a line of Maryland's honored 
 sons; and honored himself (whenever he 
 would accept public trusts) by his constitu- 
 ents. Three terms he served as State Sena- 
 tor for Dorchester and he was a member of 
 the Peace Commission in 1861. In 1867 he 
 consented once more to serve his country 
 and State as a member of tlie Constitutional 
 Convention. 
 
 The paternal grandfather of the subject 
 of this sketch, after whom he was named, 
 was Hon. Charles Goldsborough, once 
 Governor of Maryland. He, too, the Gov- 
 ernor, was a native of Dorchester county, 
 his ancestors having .come to Aniericn in 
 1636. 
 
 Mr. Charles Gold.sborough's mother. 
 Miss Lloyd, was a daughter of Hon. Ed- 
 ward Lloyd, of "Wye," Talbot county, and 
 
 one of the foremost orators and most noted 
 gentlemen of the State. He, too, was once 
 Governor of Maryland. It is somewhat 
 unique therefore, and an extremely agreea- 
 ble reflection to note two Governors in this 
 one family, and on each side of the line. The 
 subject hereof, however, has ever been too 
 busy a man to embrace political life, per se. 
 He was born at Annapolis in 1839, during 
 one of the periods of his father's service 
 there as State Senator. Carefully educated, 
 he completed his scholastic training at the 
 "Balmar School," West Chester, Pa., and 
 began his active business life in Baltimore 
 in 1857, when he entered the counting room 
 of Lambert Gittings & Co., the most exten- 
 sive shippers of that date here. 
 
 In i860 Mr. Goldsborough made a trip 
 to the West Indies for them. On his re- 
 turn he was tendered, and declined, a part- 
 nership in their extensive business, prefer- 
 ring to cast his lot and fortunes with the 
 Confederacy. He accepted the post of a 
 commissioned officer in the Confederate 
 States Navy, serving under Capt. Smith 
 Lee, a brother of Gen. Robert E. Lee, at 
 Drury's Bluff, where he was, during the 
 troublous days incident to that campaign 
 (Drury's Bluff being the one stronghold 
 never captured), ordered away, to another 
 scene. Captain Lee made a personal appli- 
 cation to Secretary Mallory for his reten- 
 tion. The naval service finally became use- 
 less, so Mr. Goldsborough enlisted in the 
 First ]\Liryland Light Artillery and sur- 
 rendered at .\])i>oniattox. His commission 
 in the navy came from the strong personal 
 recommendation of Admiral Buchanan, en- 
 dorsed by Gen. R. E. Lee. Atlmiral Bu- 
 chanan was an uncle by marriage of ]\[r. 
 Goldstorough. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 953 
 
 The firm in which Mr. Goldsborough is 
 such a conspicuous member controls that 
 luxury of "bon vivants," known the world 
 over as Wilson Whiskey. Their distillery 
 has a capacity of one thousand bushels of 
 rye per day, with a yield of one hundred 
 barrels per day of "the finest rye whiskey 
 in the world." 
 
 With $500,000 capital invested in the 
 business, and with practically unlimited 
 means outside of the enterprise, Mr. Golds- 
 borough's firm can and does compete with 
 the world. They are recognized as the lead- 
 ing distillers of whiskey in North America. 
 Mr. Goldsborough, is, however, widely 
 known and his counsel sought in many 
 other spheres. He is the president of both 
 the ?,Ierchants' and Athaeneum Clubs in 
 Baltimore, and governor of the Maryland 
 Club. The first named of these organiza- 
 tions, the Merchants', is an aggregation, at 
 once, of the most influential, opulent and 
 potent citizens of this great metropolis. The 
 commodious and artistically equipped build- 
 ing occupied and owned by this club is one 
 of the features of the city. He is also a 
 member of the Elkridge Fox and Hunting 
 Club, and holds membership as well in the 
 Manhattan and Commercial Clubs of New 
 York. 
 
 In financial circles in which he moves, 
 Mr. Goldsborough's counsels are in request, 
 a statement accentuated by a glance at the 
 trusts imposed upon him. Among these 
 may be cited his directorship in the National 
 Union Bank, which he has held for many 
 years. In 1865 he married Miss Gait, a 
 daughter of James Gait, of Fluvanna coun- 
 ty, Va., an opulent planter and owner of 
 four thousand acres of the finest farming 
 land in the United States. The children are 
 
 five boys and two girls, named respectively: 
 Charles, William Fitzhugh, Robert G., 
 Francis C, Lilvurn C. One daughter is the 
 wife of Mr. Francis H. Purnell, clerk of 
 Worcester county. ]\Id. The other is Ellen 
 Lloyd, unmarried. 
 
 From the above facts it may be truthfully 
 said that Mr. Goldsborough has contrib- 
 uted, and largely, too, to the material ad- 
 vancement, progress and general welfare of 
 this city. His time, talents and means have 
 all been employed here, and the results have 
 been seen and felt accordingly. 
 
 J. Pembroke Thom, M. D., was born in 
 Culpeper county, \'a., at "Berry Hill," his 
 father's large estate, on March 13, 1828. 
 
 On the paternal side Doctor Thom was 
 the son of Col. John Thom, a Mrginian by 
 birth, and an officer in the War of 1812. He 
 also served his State as a State Senator, and 
 was for many years a high sheriff, serving 
 several successive terms. That office was, 
 at that period, one of much dignity and re- 
 quired a familiar and thorough knowledge 
 of law and jurisprudence. Colonel Thom 
 was a lawyer and therefore measured up to 
 these requirements of the situation. His 
 early training had been under the tutorship 
 of the Rev. William Woodville, of St. 
 Mark's parish, a custom then much in 
 vogue being the education and instruction 
 of Virginia gentry by clergymen. Colonel 
 Thom was the eldest of several brothers and 
 brought into his equipment for his after life 
 service another quality. To perfect his early 
 scholastic training then, he taught his own 
 brothers, thus qualifying himself in part for 
 the exacting duties of his subsequent judi- 
 cial career. He inherited the ancestral 
 manor from his father, and was a man of 
 
•54 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 large means, even for those days. He lived 
 to the ripe old age of 84, and the world is 
 always made better by the lives of just such 
 men. 
 
 The Tlioms are of Scotch descent, and 
 the progenitor of the Virginian branch of 
 the family was Alexander Thom, the father 
 of Col. John Thom, and the paternal grand- 
 father, of course, of our subject. After the 
 battle of Culleden, Alex. Thom, who was 
 engaged therein, made his escape with some 
 others and came to Virginia, settling in 
 Westmoreland county, but subsequently 
 moved to Culpeper county, as we have 
 seen. There he married Elizabeth Triplett, 
 a daughter of John Triplett, a name rich in 
 associations of high character and patriot- 
 ism throughout American history of that 
 early period. Ale.x. Thom was a soldier in 
 Scotland, as has been said, and a man of 
 affairs. He was one of the gentry there and 
 here and no higher tribute can well be be- 
 stowed than that of "a gentleman." 
 
 Doctor Thom's mother was a Miss Abby 
 D'Hart Mayo, a daughter of Col. William 
 Mayo, of "Powhaton Seat," Va. Her mo- 
 ther was a Miss Portress, of Virginia. This 
 historic country seat has been in the Mayo 
 family for many generations. 
 
 The early education of the subject of this 
 article was conducted under the personal 
 supervision of his father. He subsequently 
 attended the "Old Field Schools," of his 
 father's neighborhood. These were not anal- 
 ogous to the free school systems of this 
 period, but were institutions of high grade 
 and exacting pay for the tuition imparted. 
 He soon afterwards entered the academv 
 in Fredericksburg, Va., conducted under 
 Thos. H. Hanson, Esq. Leaving this acad- 
 emy. Doctor Thom entered the United 
 
 States Army as a lieutenant of the Eleventh 
 Regiment of Infantry and saw much service 
 in it in Mexico at the battles of National 
 Bridge, Chihuahua, and other points. After 
 leaving the army he studied medicine with 
 his brother. Dr. William Ale.x. Thom, of 
 Eastrella, Northampton county. Va., and 
 subsequently at the University of Virginia, 
 and thence perfected this branch of his edu- 
 cation by graduating from the Jefiferson 
 University of Philadelphia, Pa., as an M. D. 
 What may be regarded as the pivotal or 
 turning point in his career occurred at this 
 epoch. An opportunity was presented just 
 then for a competitive contest, before the 
 Naval Board, for an examination of candi- 
 dates seeking the post of Surgeon in the 
 Navy. High as the prima facie evidence 
 was of owning a diploma from the Jefiferson 
 University, the Naval Board demanded of 
 the applicants still other examinations at 
 their hands. Doctor Thom passed as "No. 
 2" in his large class of competitors, and 
 was immediately assigned to sea service in 
 the good ship"Savannah,"a staunch United 
 States frigate, as assistant surgeon, for a 
 period of more than three years. He re- 
 signed from the Navy and married Miss 
 Ella Lee Wright, of Baltimore. She died 
 just prior to the breaking out of the Civil 
 War, leaving two children, De Couisey W. 
 Thom and Pembroke Lee Thom, both of 
 whom are still living. The Doctor espoused 
 the cause of the Confederacy, and entered 
 that service as captain of a battalion of reg- 
 ulars. He was wounded a number of times, 
 and a bullet struck him immediately over 
 the heart at the battle of Kernstown. The 
 bullet hit his E5ible in his breast pocket, thus 
 saving his life. The Doctor cherishes that 
 Bible to this day as a precious souvenir of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 955 
 
 this miraculous escape from death. He 
 reeled, staggered and fell from the shock, 
 however, and was subsequently determined 
 by a board of examiners to be unable to dis- 
 charge the duties of full service. He was 
 for this reason assigned to the superintend- 
 ence of transfer of troops from Richmond 
 down the Peninsula. His health not mater- 
 ially improving, he ran the blockade from 
 Charleston to Bermuda, eluding the Fed- 
 eral gunboats by only a few rods, after hav- 
 ing crossed the lines of boundary. After a 
 somewhat protracted sojourn in Bermuda 
 in fruitless quest of health, he finally rejoin- 
 ed his family for a brief period in Canada, 
 the meeting taking place at Niagara Falls. 
 Thence he went to England and the Conti- 
 nent for health, and remained abroad till 
 1866. Three years prior to that date, or in 
 1863, he married his second and present 
 wife, who was a Miss Catherine G. Rey- 
 nolds, of Kentucky. They were married at 
 Leamington in England. With compara- 
 tively restored health he returned to Balti- 
 more in 1866, purchasing the residence 
 which he has ever since occupied. 
 
 In politics Doctor Thom has always been 
 a party man, but not a partisan. No party 
 whip nor dicta of party boss has ever been 
 able to swerve him from the individuality 
 and uprightness which have been such con- 
 spicuous traits in the man. He once con- 
 sented to serve for one term in the first 
 branch and one term in the second branch 
 of the Baltimore City Council. In 1884 he 
 again consented to an election to the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, when he was recognized as 
 the most available man for Speaker of the 
 House of Delegates. He declined a re-nom- 
 ination, however, and was succeeded by his 
 son, Mr. Pembroke Lee Thom. Doctor 
 
 Thom was president of the first Cleveland 
 Club ever established in the United States. 
 After the membership had mounted beyond 
 one thousand he ceased to publish the 
 names. Being uijon a footing of warm per- 
 sonal status with President Cleveland, Sec- 
 retary Manning, and most of the Maryland 
 delegation in both branches of Congress, 
 this Cleveland Club matter quite naturally 
 brought him into official recognition. He 
 was accordingly "slated" for the coUector- 
 ship of the Port of Baltimore, a position 
 sought for him by his friends. As will be 
 gathered from a perusal of the facts here 
 noted, Doctor Thom has been from the first 
 more wedded to private and humanitarian 
 pursuits than to official and political affairs. 
 The collectorsliip, therefore, fell through. 
 And now we come to another phase of char- 
 acter, accentuating the true status of such 
 men as deserve perpetuation in civic mem- 
 ory. 
 
 "I regard myself and such means as I 
 have, as a stewardship," once remarked our 
 subject. It will be pertinent to note results 
 or fruitage bearing upon and emphasizing 
 this expression, "By their fruits ye shall 
 know them." For a number of years Doc- 
 tor Thom gave his time, talents and means 
 as president to the furtherance of the lines 
 of action incident to the management and 
 conduct of the Spring Grove Asylum, one 
 of the admirable institutions of our State. 
 Doctor Thom served as president of this 
 institution for many years, resigning upon 
 the successive Gubernatorial changes, only 
 to be reappointed. Our subject also was 
 one of the founders and establishers of that 
 most praiseworthy institution known as the 
 Hospital for Women in this city. He re- 
 signed its presidency, finally, after many 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 years of active connection. The institution 
 was the initial one of its character in Mary- 
 land and forestalled the demand, always 
 urgent, of a subsequent institution, the 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital. Both are regu- 
 larly filled, and thus will be seen the intui- 
 tive perception of the humane trend which 
 marks our subject. 
 
 In church affiliations Doctor Thorn is a 
 Protestant Episcopalian, a vestryman in- 
 deed of over a quarter of a century's stand- 
 ing. In that time he has been president of 
 the board of church trustees of Christ's P. 
 E. Church Orphan Asylum and allied insti- 
 tutions. He is also a member of many years' 
 standing of the Diocesan Convention of the 
 P. E. Church of Maryland, and has been a 
 zealous and regular attendant upon its vari- 
 ous sessions. He was a member of the 
 building committee of Christ's P. E. 
 Church, and did heroic work in that field, 
 contributing his means, talents and ripe ex- 
 perience and connections to the consumma- 
 tion, i. c, the completion of the church. For 
 twenty years or more Doctor Thorn has 
 been an ardent advocate before the General 
 Assembly for suitable appropriations for the 
 lunatics in our institutions. The Maryland 
 Asylum and Training School for the Feeble 
 Minded, under its stewards, attests the ser- 
 vices of men who aided in its foundation by 
 the names given to its various buildings. 
 These are called "Gundry," "Pembroke" 
 and "Thom" respectively. 
 
 Two sons, H. R. INIayo and J. Pembroke 
 Thom are the issue of Doctor Thom's sec- 
 ond marriage, making four sons by both 
 marriages, all surviving. 
 
 r.y such men as our subject are our great 
 metropolitan centers developed, expanded 
 and made notable. 
 
 Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe is so well 
 and favorably known, especially in Balti- 
 more, that a mere compilation of facts re- 
 lating to his ancestral line, and his career, 
 will prove instructive. He comes of a fam- 
 ily highly distinguished in Maryland his- 
 tory. The son of that eminent lawyer and 
 scholar, John H. B. Latrobe, and nephew 
 of the famous engineer B. H. Latrobe, who 
 carried the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 over the Alleghany mountains, he was born 
 in Baltimore, October 14, 1833, and was 
 educated at the College of St. James, Wash- 
 ington county, Md. He studied law with 
 his father, and after being admitted to the 
 bar, in 1858, became assistant counsel of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 
 and has participated in most of the import- 
 ant suits to which the corporation has been 
 a party in the Maryland Court of Appeals. 
 His early manifested inclination for public 
 life was gratified by an election to the House 
 of Delegates of the General Assembly of 
 1868, when he was acting chairman during 
 the entire session of the Ways and Means 
 Committee. He was thoroughly a working 
 member, and the author of various import- 
 ant measures, among wliich was the mili- 
 tary law. Gov. Thomas Swann appointed 
 him Judge Advocate General, and he and 
 Adjt. Gen. John S. Berry were main- 
 ly instrumental in organizing eleven fine 
 regiments of militia. He was re-elected to 
 the General .\ssembly, and was elected 
 Speaker of the House of Delegates, where 
 he made an honorable record as presiding 
 officer. He took the stump for Greeley and 
 Brown in 1872, and the ne.xt year was a can- 
 didate for the Democratic nomination for 
 mayor of Baltimore, but was defeated by 
 Joshua \"ansant. In 1875 he was again a 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 957 
 
 candidate, receiving the nomination, and 
 was elected in October of that year. His 
 administration was characterized by a num- 
 ber of reforms in the municipal government, 
 especially the abolishment of the extrava- 
 gant Port Wardens' Department and the 
 city yard, and the substitution of the Harbor 
 Board, consisting of seven gentlemen, who 
 serve without pay, and have charge of all 
 matters appertaining to the harbor. In con- 
 nection with the officials of the National 
 Government, they have secured a depth of 
 twenty-five feet, or more, in the channels, so 
 that the largest class of steamships can now 
 enter the port. The improvements of Jones's 
 Falls ; the replacement of the cobble stones 
 by Belgian block pavements; the institution 
 of an admirable system of fire alarm tele- 
 graph; a reduction of the annual municipal 
 expenses $400,000; and of the tax rate of 
 assessed property; the refunding of the $5,- 
 000,000 of six per cent, debt at five per cent., 
 and the exemption of the plant and machin- 
 ery of manufacturers from city taxation — 
 are achievements connected with Mayor 
 Latrobe's administration. In 1877 he was 
 a candidate for re-nomination, and was de- 
 feated by the late Col. George P. Kane, but 
 upon Colonel Kane's death, in 1878, Mr. 
 Latrobe was elected to fill out the unexpired 
 term, and was re-nominated and re-elected 
 in 1879. In 1881 he withdrew from the con- 
 test for the re-nomination, which was con- 
 ferred upon Hon. William Pinkney Whyte. 
 To summarize the official mayoralty status 
 of General Latrobe, it may be sufficient to 
 state that he has served seven times as 
 mayor of this great municipality, an event, 
 or series of events and trusts, without a pre- 
 cedent, it is believed, in any other American 
 city. General Latrobe's talents are of a 
 
 character too useful to the public to be con- 
 fined to the limited sphere of individual sta- 
 tion, and it is safe to say that Baltimore has 
 never had an executive who has kept a bet- 
 ter official record, or who has earned a bet- 
 ter right to the public gratitude and recol- 
 lection. The wise and conservative policy 
 which he inaugurated, and the practical 
 benefits and reforms which have been ac- 
 complished during his administrations will 
 make themselves felt for many years to 
 come, and will doubtless lead the way by 
 their example to the still further improve- 
 ment of the public service. General La- 
 trobe is a pleasing orator; a well read law- 
 yer, and a financier of imcommon ability. 
 For a long term of years he was counsel for 
 the late Thos. Winans & Co., and when Mr. 
 Winans died he was chosen attorney for the 
 executors of that immense estate. 
 
 He was married in i860 to a daughter of 
 Hon. Thomas Swann, who died in 1865. 
 leaving one son; and in 1880 he was married 
 to the wiclow of Thomas Swann, Jr. 
 
 Full of honors; ripe in experience gained 
 in the benefits conferred upon the body poli- 
 tic ; enjoying his earned laurels. General La- 
 trobe is an example of men who are poten- 
 tial factors in the development of our great 
 American municipalities. 
 
 Mr. John A. Whitridge, Banker, Bank 
 President and gentleman of afifairs, comes 
 of English descent on both sides. Before 
 entering into the details of his career, how- 
 ever, a glance at the paternal head of the 
 family will be eminently proper. 
 
 His father, John Whitridge, M. D., was 
 born in Tiverton, R. I., March 23, 1783. He 
 was the third son of a fainily of nine chil- 
 dren w^ho reached adult life. His ancestors, 
 
958 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 as before stated, were of direct English de- 
 scent on both sides. Their history is trace- 
 able for several generations, and the Ameri- 
 can branch is believed to have come from 
 England with Governor Winthrop in 1630. 
 The paternal grandfather was Thomas 
 Whitridge, of Rochester, Mass. His wife 
 was Hannah Haskell. His grandfather on 
 the maternal side was John dishing, of 
 Scituate, Mass., a colonel in the Army of 
 the Revolution, a son of Judge John Gush- 
 ing, and brother of Judge William Gushing, 
 Ghief Justice of Massachusetts and for 
 many years Associate Judge of the Supreme 
 Judicial Gourt of the United States. He 
 was appointed by President Washington, 
 and was the immediate predecessor of Judge 
 Story. His grandmother, on the maternal 
 side, was Deborah Barker, a sister of Gen. 
 Joshua Barker. His father. Dr. William 
 Whitridge, was born in Rochester, Mass., 
 1748. He was educated for a physician ac- 
 cording to the custom of those days, under 
 the immediate directions of the celebrated 
 Doctor Perry, of New Bedford, Mass. 
 There were then no courses of medical lec- 
 tures of which he could avail himself. Har- 
 \ard Univer.^it}', in 1823, conferred upon 
 him the iionorary degree of Doctor of Medi- 
 cine, He became a ripe scholar in theologi- 
 cal, scientific and linguistic lines, and died 
 at the ripe old age of 84, at Tiverton, in 
 1831. His widow, Mary Gushing Whit- 
 ridge. survivc<l him fourteen years, and died 
 in 1846, aged S7. 
 
 Dr. John Whitridge. tin- father of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, entered Fnion GoUege, 
 • Schenectady, .\. V., ah.>nt i8i_', where he 
 took the degrees of A. 1!. and A. M. He 
 sul>se(|uently, or in iSiy, graduated in med- 
 icine from Harvard University, and decided 
 
 soon after to locate in the South. As a total 
 stranger, therefore, he settled in Baltimore 
 in the following year, 1820. For fifty-three 
 years (until 1873) he was accordingly ac- 
 tively engaged in practice here, devoting 
 himself solely to the care of his patients, 
 and positively declining all outside positions 
 of trust and emolument that would in any 
 measure interfere with his duty to those 
 who had entrusted their lives and health to 
 his care. 
 
 His eldest brother, Dr. William Gushing 
 Whitridge, settled in New Bedford, Mass., 
 where he practiced his profession until his 
 death. He was the father of the late Hora- 
 tio L. Whitridge, a highly esteemed mer- 
 chant of Baltimore. His second brother. 
 Dr. Joshua Barker Whitridge, after resign- 
 ing his position as surgeon in the army, set- 
 tled in 1815 in Gharleston, S. G., where he 
 died during the late war. His younger bro- 
 ther, Thomas Whitridge, is a well known 
 merchant of the city of Baltimore, exten- 
 sively engaged in the Ghina and Rio trade. 
 Doctor Whitridge was a vestryman of 
 Glirist P. E. Ghurch. In politics he was a 
 Whig, and during the Givil War a Union 
 man. He died 23d of July, 1878, at Tiver- 
 ton, R. I., full of honors and years. He mar- 
 ried Gatherine Gocks Morris, of New York, 
 a sister of Gen. William Morris, one of tiie 
 most prominent lawyers of that city. Six 
 children were born to Doctor Whitridge 
 and his wife. Dr. William Whitridge is one 
 of them. One of the daughters married Dr. 
 Philip G. \\'illiams. and another Maj. 
 Douglas H. Thomas, the widely known 
 president of the Merchants' Xational Bank 
 of this city. 
 
 Mr. John .A. Whitridge, another son, and 
 the subject of this sketch, thus comes of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 distinguished lineage. "As the twig is bent, 
 etc." may be traceable in his Ufe work. By 
 instinct, choice and natural fitness, there- 
 fore, we find him engaged all along in the 
 custody and management of financial inter- ■ 
 ests. The steps from stock brokerage to 
 private banking, culminating in his present 
 status, /. e., president of the National Farm- 
 ers' and Planters' Bank, accentuate the re- 
 sourcefulness as well as the popular appre- 
 ciation in which Mr. Whitridge's attain- 
 ments are held by those who have known 
 him best and longest. 
 
 Such men as this one are integral factors 
 in helping the development of a great mu- 
 nicipality like Baltimore. For that reason 
 they are perpetuated by insertion in a work 
 of this character. 
 
 Mr. James Sloan, Jr., President of the 
 Farmers' and Merchants' National Bank of 
 Baltimore, is conceded on all hands to be 
 one of the most prominent financiers in this 
 city and State. This is much to affirm, as 
 this municipality can point with pardonable 
 civic pride to not a few citizens of repute in 
 that sphere. 
 
 Mr. Sloan is a Baltimorean, and has been 
 recognized and honored by his fellow-citi- 
 zens, and that too upon "his native heath," 
 to a degree at once suggestive of merit on 
 the one hand and public recognition on the 
 other. The bank over which he presides is 
 an old, opulent and solid institution, char- 
 tered in 1808, and ever since has been in the 
 enjoyment of an unusual share of public 
 confidence, both at home and abroad. This 
 latter condition may be inferred, even ac- 
 centuated, from a passing notice of the im- 
 pressive list of its principal correspondents. 
 
 These include in part that gigantic institu- 
 tion, the National Park Bank, of New York 
 City; The Western National Bank, of Phila- 
 delphia, Pa.; The First National, of Boston; 
 National Bank of Commerce, of St. Louis; 
 Louisiana National Bank, of New Orleans, 
 La.; Third National Bank, of Cincinnati; 
 Pittsburg National Bank of Commerce; 
 Union National, of Chicago, etc. These 
 connections, of the closest and most inti- 
 mate character, would of themselves be 
 most significant indices of the standing of 
 the institution over which Mr. Sloan wields 
 the presidential sceptre. 
 
 He entered the service of the bank as 
 teller; became its cashier in 1862, and was 
 chosen its president in 1878. Mr. Sloan's 
 counsels are in request in other spheres, 
 however, than those enumerated. He re- 
 signed the responsible trust of chairman of 
 the Finance Committee of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad in 1896, after many 
 years incumbency. He is, likewise, a direc- 
 tor in the Consolidation Coal Company, 
 the treasurer of the Maryland Construc- 
 tion Company and president of the South 
 Baltimore Car Works, Curtis Bay, which 
 employs five hundred men in car building. 
 In these varied corporations it will be 
 noticed by even a casual reader that our 
 subject is in the list of many whose sketches 
 have been admitted into these pages. 
 
 The selections of biographical articles 
 here inserted are designed to include only 
 those who have been or now are factors 
 and promoters of this city's growth and ex- 
 pansion. That the subject here under re- 
 view fonns no exception to this rigid rule 
 will be apparent to even the most super- 
 ficial reader. 
 
960 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 AIr. Daniel W. Dwyer, 9 N. Calvert 
 street. 
 
 Mr. Daniel W. Dwyer, a brief account of 
 whom will be found in this article, is a na- 
 tive of Minnesota, but a Baltimorean by 
 choice for nearly a decade past. Like 
 many others before him, Mr. Dwyer real- 
 ized the fact that this municipality offered 
 a sphere and field for brains, resourceful- 
 ness and enterprise. He accordingly, as has 
 been noted, brought with him here the at- 
 tainments and equipment for prosecuting 
 his work. Mr. Dwyer is widely recognized 
 in this community as a wide-awake and pro- 
 gressive man of affairs. His special sphere 
 is that of a dealer, rather than a mere broker 
 in realty. In that field, accordingly, he has 
 achieved results tending to and eventuating 
 in the growth, expansion and general de- 
 velopment of this great metropolis. Pre- 
 cisely, therefore, in so far as Mr. Dwyer's 
 activities have borne such fruit exactly so 
 far is his public career a matter of proper 
 perpetuation, in State and city archives, a 
 result secured by being recorded in a his- 
 t<5ry like this one. Mr. Dwyer has been, 
 from the outset, identified with transactions, 
 purchases, transfers and allied interests of 
 city and suburban realty in and around Bal- 
 timore. The minor features of his avoca- 
 tion, such as placing loans, collections, etc., 
 are only incidental "straws," so to express 
 it, which emphasize the large field of activi- 
 ties in which he is a conspicuous operator. 
 No place will be made in this article for ref- 
 erences purely person.-il. It may not be 
 amiss, however, to advert to one or two 
 heads, relatively allied to this point. Mr. 
 Dwyer enjoys an extended acquaintance- 
 ship in spheres other than those of a strictly 
 business character. His friends, too. are 
 
 many, and to be found in arenas of social, 
 financial and other walks. He is, for ex- 
 ample, a well known club man, holding 
 membership in that well known organiza- 
 tion, tlie Baltimore Country Club, and in 
 numerous other organizations of lesser 
 note. 
 
 In politics Mr. Dwyer is a pronounced 
 Republican, but never a partisan. He is a 
 member of the Union League Club of this 
 city and zealous in his convictions on this 
 as also on all subjects claiming his atten- 
 tion. 
 
 His social and business connections then, 
 added to his many known achievements as 
 a potential factor in the development of this 
 municipality's growth — these are the chief 
 facts desired to be gathered and preserved. 
 Baltimore can point with pardonable pride 
 to many such men in her midst, but extends 
 a cordial welcome to others. 
 
 Mr. Littleton T. DrydEn, Superin- 
 tendent of the State Bureau of Immigra- 
 tion. 
 
 Air. Littleton T. Dryden, a brief account 
 of whose life-work, ancestry, etc., will be 
 found below, is a type of the citizens by 
 whose achievements our great American 
 municipalities have attained to such rank in 
 the connnercial and financial world. There 
 are obviously types and anti-types of such 
 men. A few bask in the reputations and in- 
 herited wealth of their ancestors. All such 
 are not necessarilyto be classed as drones. A 
 few — very few — of this class actually aid in 
 the development of the city or State where 
 they reside. The true typical representative 
 of progressive and aggressive citizenship, 
 however, must be found among those men 
 who bear fruit and carve out and "blaze" 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 their way, so to speak, against difficulties. 
 When the fruitage attendant upon such ca- 
 reers is to be seen in solid, practical, endur- 
 ing results, and those results attach to and 
 redound to the common good, then, indeed, 
 is such a career deserving of perpetuity. 
 Precisely for this reason, therefore, Mr. 
 Dryden's works will be committed to city 
 and State custody, by finding the mention 
 they merit in a critical history of this char- 
 acter. 
 
 Mr. Dryden is a native of TMaryland, hav- 
 ing been born some sixty years since. With 
 his vicissitudes, struggles and failures, inci- 
 dent to early manhood, an article like this 
 can have small concern. With his public 
 achievements, however, treatment will be 
 made in the limited space at command. 
 
 Mr. Dryden commenced his public career 
 as U. S. Deputy Marshal in Crisfield, Md. 
 He held that important trust for twelve 
 years, only to accept, later on, the position 
 of U. S. Commissioner in Baltimore. This 
 he vacated, in turn, for the post of U. S. 
 Shipping Commissioner for the Port of Bal- 
 timore. His present trust, that of Superin- 
 tendent of the State Bureau of Immigration, 
 he has held for some two years past, in 
 which sphere Mr. Dryden's capabilities have 
 been matters of State and municipal recog- 
 nition. This assertion is emphasized by his 
 re-appointment, and an added appropriation 
 for his Bureau, given by the last Maryland 
 General Assembly, made upon the showing 
 or fruitage of his superintendency. 
 
 Even a summarized statement of these re- 
 sults would swell these columns beyond the 
 space at command. A glance, however, at 
 the status of affairs before Mr. Dryden's in- 
 cumbencv, and as thev now e.xist, will be 
 
 significant. His Bureau then found every 
 natural inducement in Maryland ready and 
 waiting immigration of the right sort. The 
 immigrants had not come, however, until 
 Mr. Dryden began his thorough and sys- 
 tematic work. Maryland stands as high as 
 any other State, but its true wealth of pro- 
 duce needs to be made as well and as widely 
 known as that of some other States. It is 
 the land of the forest and of the rocks, and 
 of the broad blue bay and the mighty rivers, 
 while its genial soil responds liberally to 
 every demand that intelligent labor can 
 make upon it. All the products of the 
 temperate zone, wdth some of the semi- 
 tropical fruits, are brought forth in the 
 greatest abundance in many sections of the 
 State. Those who wander in summer amid 
 the mountains are refreshed with its lovely 
 scenery of wood and field. Nothing can 
 excel its charming landscapes, and every- 
 where the useful is blended with the beau- 
 tiful — the forest with the crag and quarry, 
 the rugged mountain side with the fertile 
 slope, the rushing waters with tlie green 
 pastures. Here nestles a pretty village, and 
 there a thriving town ; here a mill, and there 
 a furnace or a factory. Down where the 
 State is flanked by the Potomac on one side 
 and the Delaware on the other, and where 
 the beautiful Susquehanna makes its way 
 into the Chesapeake Bay, the scenery is a 
 grand panorama of luxuriant farms and or- 
 chards, of winding streams and deeply 
 shaded woods. From the mountains to the 
 sea, the State has been blessed by nature 
 with all that can please the eye and command 
 the admiration of man; to these attractions 
 let us add those which are suggested by the 
 presence of a refined and hospitable popula- 
 
962 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tion, living amidst all the conveniences 
 which a progressive age has given them — 
 quick transportation by rail and steamer; 
 public and private schools without superior; 
 churches of every denomination; the two 
 great markets which Baltimore and Wash- 
 ington afford, to say nothing of the vicinity 
 of the larger cities farther east, or the smaller 
 ones within and near the border of the 
 State. The prudent man in search of a 
 home free from the ordinary vicissitudes of 
 the settler in a new country; the farmer who 
 seeks a better living nearer to the great mar- 
 kets of the East; the capitalist who would 
 establish industries, where mines and for- 
 ests, railroads and rivers and abundant la- 
 bor all combine to promote his purposes, 
 might search the whole country from ocean 
 to ocean, and he would fail to find a more 
 desirable location than Maryland offers. 
 Facts like these, widely disseminated, 
 caused the stream of desirable immigration 
 to set in under Mr. Dryden methods. The 
 results are to be seen in many, very many, 
 sections of the State. The men, families 
 and capital come and remain here. 
 
 vSuch achievements as these are note- 
 worthy, and when they emanate — as in this 
 instance — from advanced methods, backed 
 by resourcefulness, and from one head, cer- 
 tainly then perpetuation is a fitting tribute. 
 
 Mr. Drydcn's private career might be 
 dwelt upon with profit did space permit. 
 His children, or sons, seem to evince the 
 push and "snap" of their father. One of these 
 sons. State Senator A. Lincoln Dryden, is 
 one of the foremost young men in the State, 
 in i>oint of mental equipoise and public rec- 
 ognition. vSuch cases are matters of jiar- 
 donable civic pride. Baltimore has many 
 
 such men as our subject, but a welcome for 
 others like him. 
 
 Gen. R. Skowden Andrews. — Balti- 
 more has many conspicuous citizens, 
 whose activities and identification with in- 
 terests here entitle them to honorable men- 
 tion in a work of this character. Among 
 these Gen. R. Snowden Andrews easily 
 ranks among the foremost, in his active 
 business pursuits, and connection with in- 
 terests of public character. General Andrews 
 is a son of Col. T. P. Andrews, of the U. S. 
 Army, who was born in 1794, and was dis- 
 tinguished for bravery at the battle of El 
 Molina, Mexico, in 1847, and received a 
 brevet as brigadier general for conspicuous 
 gallantry at Chapultepec. He was after- 
 wards appointed Paymaster General of the 
 Army in September, 1862. He married 
 Emily Roseville, fourth daughter of Rich- 
 ard and Eliza (Warfield) Snowden. Richard 
 vSnowden, of Wales, the progenitor of the 
 Snowdens of Maryland, is said to have held 
 a major's commission under Oliver Crom- 
 well. He came to America in 1639, and 
 died in 1704. There is on file at Annapolis 
 a deed for 10,000 acres of land to "One 
 Richd. Snowden. gentleman." His son, 
 Richard Snowden, Jr., married and was 
 
 j living as late as 1717. Thomas, the son of 
 Richard, married .Ann Redgely. Their old- 
 est child was Rich'ard, who married Eliza- 
 beth, a daughter of Dr. Charles Alexander 
 Warfield— a Peggy Stewart Warfield. Of 
 
 I this marriage, Emily Roseville, was the wife 
 
 I of Col. T. P. .Andrews, and, of course, the 
 motlier of our subject. 
 
 General .Andri'ws was born in Washing- 
 
 I ton, D. C. 20th October, 1830, and received 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 his education under private tutors, there and 
 in Georgetown. When a lad of only eigh- 
 teen he began his preliminary studies in 
 architecture, the profession of his choice. 
 He graduated in 1852, as an architect, under 
 the firm of Neirnse & Nelson, the foremost 
 architects of Baltimore at that date. Among 
 the achievements of his art, to be chronicled 
 as going to his credit, may be mentioned 
 the Hospital for the Insane, in Weston 
 county, W. Va.; the Gubernatorial mansion 
 at .\nnapolis; the superintendency of the 
 South Wing of the Treasury Department, 
 at Washington, D. C.; also the U. S. Cus- 
 tom House at Baltimore; the Eastern High 
 School, and churches, &c., of lesser note. 
 
 General Andrews is widely known and 
 recognized in other spheres than those 
 noted. He is president and principal owner 
 of the Westham granite quarries, upon the 
 James river, seven miles above Richmond. 
 From these quarries came the granite used 
 in the construction of the State, Army and 
 Navy Departments at Washington, D. C, 
 regarded as being the finest piece of granite 
 work in the world. The Baltimore Cham- 
 ber of Commerce building is also finished 
 with granite from these quarries. General 
 Andrews espoused the cause of the South 
 in the troublous days of 1861. He was, 
 therefore, early in the field, holding a ma- 
 jor's commission in the Virginia cavalry. 
 His fondness for artillery, however, in- 
 duced him to reserve the privilege of transfer 
 to that branch of the service, as soon as a 
 battery could be provided. The Confed- 
 eracy adopted, from his designs, the first 
 three brass 12-pound Napoleon guns used, 
 and three 12-pound brass howitzers were 
 cast bv Colonel Dimmock. The first ser- 
 
 vice seen by the battery, equipped and en- 
 listed by our subject, was in the blockade of 
 the Potomac, at Evansport, Va. Thence he 
 went to Magruder's lines at Yorktown and 
 co-operated in the McClellan campaign 
 which followed. Subsequently, upon the 
 raising of the siege of Richmond, the battery 
 was sent to the line of the Rappahannock 
 and attached to Gen. Stonewall Jackson's 
 command until his death. Our subject was 
 only a captain at that epoch. Although 
 wounded he remained with his com- 
 mand during the entire seven days fight 
 around Richmond. Conspicuous gallantry 
 earned him his promotion as major. He 
 was, upon withdrawal at Cedar Run, 
 wounded and fell into the hands of the en- 
 emy. His wound was a terrific, disembow- 
 eling affair. Against all official statements 
 that he "must die," Major Andrews uttered 
 I his disclaimer — and "still lives," decidedly. 
 He was paroled, and finally recovered. In 
 an exchange in '62 he was put in charge 
 of a bureau of the ordnance. In '63 he re- 
 I turned to duty and participated in the battle 
 I of Fredericksburg, Hamilton's Crossing, 
 [ and at Winchester, where he was again 
 wounded, in the arm. In '63 Colonel An- 
 drews was appointed on a board of officers 
 at Richmond to designate what guns should 
 be used in the campaign of '64. He was 
 made president of that board. Under or- 
 ders, he visited Europe, and examined the 
 artillery of England, France, Prussia and 
 Austria. Whilst in Europe, he had built 
 and shipped to the Confederacy some guns, 
 but they reached Bermuda too late. When 
 he returned, his arrival at Havana brought 
 to him the news of Lee's surrender, and ac- 
 conlinglv he is next seen in Mexico, where 
 
964 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 he was engaged for two years in the con- 
 struction of the Imperial Railroad. Return- 
 ing to Baltimore in '67 he resumed the prac- 
 tice of his profession. 
 
 Gov. John Lee Carroll made Colonel An- 
 drews a General of Artillery, and he sers-ed 
 three successive Governors as Chief of Artil- 
 lery of the State of Maryland. In 1877, Gen- 
 eral Andrews, by his activity, knowledge, 
 and strong personality received the excep- 
 tional compliment of having his battery mis- 
 taken — on parade — for U. S. Regulars, and 
 that, too, by U. S. officers. It has been as- 
 serted before, in this article, that its subject 
 is a man of great versatality of talent, and 
 all his energies redound to the public good. 
 An impressive and conspicuous attestation 
 of this is seen in the city's mosaic pave- 
 ments, fostered by General Andrews. In 
 his private career little need find place here. 
 He is married, however, to Mary C. Lee, a 
 daughter of Josiah Lee, a leading Baltimore 
 banker. Her mother was a daughter of 
 Hon. Charles Smith Sewell, a member of 
 the Twenty-seventh Congress from Mary- 
 lanil. By such men as General Andrews, 
 then, it can be truly affirmed that our great 
 municipality has been aided in its e.xpansion 
 and development. 
 
 Dr. Charles H. Brooke, Brooklyn. — 
 The leading young physician of Balti- 
 more's southern suburb, Brooklyn, is un- 
 doubtedly Dr. Charles H. Brooke, who has 
 been practicing in that part of the city since 
 the summer of 1893. Displaying from the 
 first an enviable proficiency in his chosen 
 calling, the Doctor soon secured a lucrative 
 clientage from tlie leading families of the 
 village and the country round. Courteous 
 
 entrusted their physical welfare to his hands, 
 and adds new patients to his clientage as 
 rapidly as any practitioner in his environs. 
 The Doctor began his medical studies in 
 1884 with Dr. Norman F. Hall, of Balti- 
 more, and five years later entered the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland Medical School, from 
 which he graduated in 1891, and shortly af- 
 ter began his practice at Knoxville, Tenn., 
 where he remained some two years, and 
 then removed to his present location, as be- 
 fore mentioned, in 1893. 
 
 Doctor Brooke is a son of Mr. Samuel 
 Brooke, of .\nne Arundel county, where he 
 was born in the year 1866. His early edu- 
 cation was secured in the Episcopal High 
 School at Ale.xandria, Va., after which he 
 engaged in farming in his native county 
 until he began his medical studies under 
 Doctor Hill. It was during this period of 
 country life that Mr. Brooke secured most 
 of his education, for which much credit 
 should be given him. Naturally of a studi- 
 ous temperament he empioyed spare time 
 and long winter evenings in reading profit- 
 able books, as well as the current literature 
 of the day, the daily press, keeping abreast 
 of the times, while feeding his mind with the 
 good things that had been written in the 
 past. 
 
 The Doctor has not at^filiatcd with any of 
 the fraternal orders, but is a consistent mem- 
 ber of the Episcopal Church. 
 
 Richard F. Gun'drv, Medical Director 
 of the Richard Gundry Home, Catonsville, 
 Md. 
 
 Our subject was born in Dayton, O., and 
 began his primary education there. When 
 he was twelve years of age his parents came 
 to Maryland, where he finished his primary 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 
 
 965 
 
 education in the common schools. He 
 graduated from the Baltimore School of 
 Physicians and Surgeons in 1888, and was 
 subsequently connected with the Dayton 
 (Ohio) Hospital, from which he was trans- 
 ferred to Athens (Ohio) State Hospital, 
 where he remained until after the death 
 of his father in April, 1891, at which time 
 he returned to Baltimore, and with his 
 mother, Mrs. R. Gundry, opened the Rich- 
 ard Gundry Home. The late Dr. Richard 
 Gundry was born in England in October, 
 1 83 1. When a youth his father took him 
 to Canada, locating in Ontario. He began 
 his medical studies under Doctor Covern- 
 ton, then of Simco, Ontario. He subse- 
 quently entered Harvard College, from 
 which he was graduated in 185 1, after which 
 he practiced medicine at New York for one 
 year. He then w^ent abroad and pursued 
 his studies in England, returning to Amer- 
 ica in 1853. On his return voyage he ren- 
 dered valuable assistance to the cholera 
 stricken passengers on board. One of the 
 passengers prevailed upon him to locate at 
 Columbus, O., where he became connected 
 with the Sterling Medical College and also 
 edited a medical journal. In 1855 he be- 
 came assistant physician at Columbus 
 (Ohio) Insane Asylum. He later became 
 connected with the Dayton Asylum, and in 
 1861 became its superintendent, continuing 
 as such until 1872, when he accepted the 
 superintendency of the Hospital at Athens, 
 O., and continued until 1877. The new asy- 
 lum was completed that year, and he was in 
 charge of this institution until his appoint- 
 ment as superintendent of Spring Grove 
 Asylum, Catonsville, Md., in 1878. which 
 position he filled until his death in i8qi. 
 
 He was Professor of Materia Medica and 
 Mental Diseases, College of Physicans and 
 Surgeons, from 1880 to the time of his 
 death. 
 
 Joseph C. Wunder. Physician, 1075 W. 
 Fayette street. 
 
 This prominent young member of the 
 medical profession first saw the light of day 
 in Baltimore. He was born October 18, 
 1865, and is the son of George and Mary 
 A. (Grandelmyer) Wunder, one of the 
 original settlers of Minnesota. He attend- 
 ed St. Alphonsus German School and sub- 
 sequently the public schools, where he fin- 
 ished at the age of eighteen. Soon after he 
 entered the printing ofifice of the Maryland 
 Farmer, a journal devoted to agriculture, 
 horticulture, etc., and edited at that time 
 by Ezra Whitman. After a short period he 
 was placed in charge of the office, and con- 
 tinued so until he began his medical studies 
 at the Maryland University in 1866, after 
 having taken a preparatory course with the 
 late Prof. Robert Seymour Murray, who was 
 a graduate of Oxford University, England, 
 and who prepared many of the leading phy- 
 sicians of Baltimore. After graduating in 
 1889 at the AIar_\-land University, Doctor 
 Wunder began the practice of his profes- 
 sion at 1303 HoUins street, from thence 
 moving to his present location about 1890. 
 He has been successful in building up an 
 extensive practice. He has the honor of 
 being the first physician in the city to use 
 anti-toxine. 
 
 He was married April 28, 1892, to Miss 
 Emma C. Albert, daughter of Michael Al- 
 bert, of Baltimore, at St. Gregory's R. C. 
 Church. To their union have been born the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 following three children: Joseph Albert, 
 Louis McLane Tiffany and Richard Kd- 
 ward. 
 
 In politics Doctor Wunder is a Demo- 
 crat. He served as vaccine physician for 
 nearly three terms. He is a prominent 
 member of the Order of Elks, and also of 
 the following Orders: Fraternal Mystic 
 Circle, Shield of Honor, Catholic Benevo- 
 lent Association, and of the Baltimore 
 Medical Association, Medical Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland, and of the American 
 Medical Association. He is a member of 
 St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 George Wunder, father of our subject, 
 was the first photograher in Baltimore, and 
 was an old and respected citizen of the city. 
 He died at the age of sixty-five. His wife 
 still survives. Doctor Wunder is the sev- 
 enth son of George Wunder, is a brother 
 of Rev. Edward J. Wunder, pastor of St. 
 Bernard's Church, Waverly, Md., and a 
 brother-in-law of the Rev. Richard Albert, 
 Prefect of Niagara University. 
 
 Dk. Edward X. Brush, Superintendent 
 of Sheppard Asylum. 
 
 Dr. Edward N. Brush was born in 1852, 
 in Buffalo, N. Y., where he received his 
 primary education in the public schools. 
 He graduated at the University of New 
 York, taking his degree in 1874. after 
 which, until 1S84, he was connected with 
 the New York State Lunatic Asylum at 
 Utica, N. Y. From 1884 until 1891, at 
 which time he became Superintendent of 
 the Sheppard Asylum, he was connected 
 with the Pennsylvania Hospital for the In- 
 sane at Philadelphia. 
 
 T. Gibbons Smart, Physician, 415 Shel- 
 don avenue, Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 T. Gibbons Smart was born August 12, 
 1862, in North End, Matthews county, Va. 
 When a boy he moved with his parents to 
 Baltimore, where he pursued his primary 
 studies in the public schools. Being of a 
 studious nature, he diligently applied him- 
 self to his books, which resulted in the 
 breaking down of his health. His father 
 took him back to the old home farm to re- 
 cuperate, and for a time he was engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits. He began his medi- 
 cal studies in 1881 at Petersburg, Va., un- 
 der Dr. T. D. Beckwith, with whom he re- 
 mained until September, 1882, at which 
 time he entered the Baltimore School of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, graduating in 
 1885. He then located in Elk county. Pa., 
 as surgeon for a coal mining company, and 
 subsequently became surgeon for the Cedar 
 Run Tanning Company, Tioga county. Pa., 
 and later located at Marathon, N. Y., 
 where he continued in general practice for 
 over three years. At the expiration of this 
 time he came to Baltimore county, and ac- 
 cepted a position as senior assistant at the 
 Sheppard Asylum under Dr. Edward N. 
 Brush. For five years he remained at this 
 institution, resigning to accept the super- 
 intendency of the Maryland Asylum and 
 Training School for the Feeble Minded at 
 Owings, Baltimore county, and was con- 
 nected with the same for fifteen months. 
 His father, William R. Smart, is a success- 
 ful merchant in Baltimore. His mother, who 
 was Miss Rosalie Carter, of Lancaster 
 county, Va., is a descendant of King Car- 
 ter. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIlIORn:, MARYLAND. 
 
 967 
 
 Rev. Thomas Lowe, 1412 William 
 street. 
 
 The career of Rev. Thomas Lowe since 
 his advent to America is one surprising in 
 its results, and shows what indomitable 
 energy and pluck can accomplish. Born in 
 Foleshill, Warwickshire, England, March 
 26, 1844, his early education was secured 
 in private schools, a national college and 
 St. John's College at Coventry, gradua/ting 
 in 1861. His father was a prosperous rib- 
 bon manufacturer, and a man of profound 
 religious convictions, being a pillar in the 
 Wesleyan Methodist Church. He died in 
 i860 at the early age of forty-nine. 
 
 The father's religious zeal was reflected 
 in the son, and in his early manhood he be- 
 came a licensed local preacher, and for 
 seven years presided in the pulpit in his 
 native land. In 1875, desiring to see the 
 Western Continent, he set sail from Liver- 
 pool in December, landing in Baltimore in 
 January. For a time he held services before 
 the Young Men's Christian Association, 
 and then began a nine weeks' revival in the 
 Bethel Methodist Church, followed by thir- 
 teen weeks at the Fort Avenue Church, se- 
 curing by his convincing arguments the 
 saving of many souls. Desiring to conduct 
 his meetings under his own management, 
 Mr. Lowe began services in a tent near his 
 present residence, and within seven months 
 had built a neat church, seating four hun- 
 dred and fifty. It was not long before it 
 became apparent that this edifice would 
 soon be too small, and arrangements were 
 made for the construction of the present 
 building, with a seating capacity of nine 
 hundred, which on special occasions is 
 taxed to its uttermost limit of even stand- 
 ing room. The first church was disposed 
 
 of, and the proceeds turned into the treas- 
 ury of the new edifice. 
 
 Mr. Lowe has been very successful in his 
 ministry. His fervor and earnestness im- 
 part his own deep religious feelings to his 
 hearers and win souls to Christ. During 
 his ministry in Baltimore, Mr. Lowe has 
 had the pleasure of bringing over four thou- 
 sand sinners to repentance, and in one re- 
 vival made nearly seven hundred conver- 
 sions, recalling the days of Timothy and 
 Paul. 
 
 Our subject was married in England to 
 Miss Elizabeth Gilbert, daughter of Mr. 
 William Gilbert, a tailor and clothier of 
 Coventry, England. 
 
 Mr. Lowe has taken but little active in- 
 terest in fraternal orders, although he has 
 high respect for them. His only member- 
 ship in secret societies is in that of the 
 Ancient Essenic Order, to which he has be- 
 longed but a short time. 
 
 As a minister of the Gospel, Mr. Lowe 
 has a record of which his children may well 
 feel proud, and one that for energy and 
 efifectiveness has few equals. 
 
 Harry A. Weaver, 523 Columbia 
 avenue. 
 
 Wm. H. Weaver, deceased, was a native 
 of Germany. He came to the United States 
 with his parents when seven years old. He 
 received but six months' schooling in 
 America. He began life as a butcher at the 
 age of sixteen. When his employer failed, 
 young Weaver took the business, and 
 through thrift, energy and business faculty, 
 made a success of it. He conducted this 
 business from 1848 until 1886, at which 
 time he disposed of it to his son Adolphus 
 H. In 1877, with Edward C. Harman, he 
 
9(38 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 
 
 engaged in the manufacture of bricks, with 
 a yard on the \\^ashington Road near 
 Gywnn's Falls. With careful management 
 it rapidly increased, and Mr. Weaver scored 
 another success in this branch of industry. 
 Mr. Harman withdrew from the firm some 
 time prior to his (Mr. Weaver's) death. He 
 joined the Republican party when it was 
 in its infancy and continued a prosperous 
 worker in the party until his death. He 
 was a candidate for political honors several 
 times, but never served in any. His defeat 
 was due more to his inactivity during cam- 
 paigns rather than to the lack of popularity. 
 He was the architect of his own fortunes, 
 having begun life at the foot of the ladder. 
 He was strictly a home man, much devoted 
 to his wife and family. His beautiful home 
 on the Harford Road, where he died, bears 
 strong evidence of his devotion to his home 
 life. He was a director in the National Fire 
 Insurance Company for many years, and 
 in the past served as president of the 
 Butchers' Building and Loan Association, 
 and in recent years was president of the 
 Harford Road Improvement Association. 
 He was a member of the Masonic Order 
 and of St. Stephen's Evangelical Church, 
 of which congregation he was president for 
 more than thirty years. His sons inherited 
 a great deal of his business integrity. They 
 are as follows: Adolphus H., Edward E., 
 William C, Harry A. 
 
 The latter was born in Baltimore in 1873. 
 He received his education in the public and 
 private schools of Baltimore, and in 1889 
 entered his father's office as clerk. In 1893 
 he entered the University of Maryland Law 
 School, graduating from the same in 1895, 
 after which he successfullv i->racticed his 
 
 profes 
 
 mlil .\pril, 1897, 
 
 :'n he 
 
 tially abandoned it to continue with his 
 brother, Edward E., in his father's busi- 
 ness. He and his brothers, Adolphus H. 
 and Edward E., are members of Christ 
 Lutheran Church. William C. is a member 
 of St. Stephen's Evangelical Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 Mrs. Weaver, wife of William H., resides 
 at their country seat on the Harford Road. 
 She is a native of Germany, and was Miss 
 Sophia P. Brown before marriage. 
 
 Hexrv Williams was born in Calvert 
 county, Md., on the 9th of October, 1840. 
 His father was Rev. Henry Williams, a 
 Protestant Episcopal minister, whose an- 
 cestors were of English and German de- 
 scent, and came to this country in the 
 early days of its settlement and located 
 in South Carolina, his grandfather coming 
 from that State and settling in Washington 
 county, Md., where Mr. Williams' grand- 
 father and father were born. His father was 
 born January 20, 1810. 
 
 Mr. Williams' mother was Priscilla Eliza- 
 beth Chew, of English descent, born in 
 ^Maryland July 25. 1809, her ancestors be- 
 ing among the earliest settlers of INIaryland, 
 and later distinguished in the revolutionary 
 period. She was a granddaughter of 
 Samuel Chew, whose name appears In 
 colonial history as a member of the Federa- 
 tion of Freemen, and was one of the mem- 
 bers of the Maryland House of Delegates 
 who in 1780 made a personal subscription 
 to aid the country in its hour of distress, 
 Sanuiel Chew giving ten hogsheads of to- 
 bacco. 
 
 Mr. Williams" father died April 8, 1852: 
 his mother July 6, 1881. There were five 
 children: lohn Hamilton Chew, in the ,ser- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 vice of the W'eems Steamboat Company at 
 their office in this city; Ferdinand, a promi- 
 nent member of the bar at Cumberland, 
 Tild.; Samuel Chew, in the service of the 
 Consolidated Gas Company, of this city; 
 Thomas William Chew, connected with the 
 editorial department of the Baltimore Sun, 
 and Mr. Williams, the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Mr. Williams attended a private school 
 in Calvert county, and finished his educa- 
 tion at the school of Mr. Topping, of this 
 city, a noted private school of that day. 
 Afterwards he read law in the offlce of 
 Charles J. M. Gwinn, one of the most 
 prominent lawyers of the Baltimore bar, 
 and on being admitted to practice com- 
 menced at Prince Fredericktown, Calvert 
 county, where as a young man he was quite 
 successful in building up a lucrative prac- 
 tice. Seeking a wider field for the practice 
 of his profession, he opened an oi^ce in 
 this city in 1873. In conjunction with his 
 practice in Calvert county he practiced in 
 the Courts of this city until 1875, when he 
 gave up his former practice and with his 
 family took up his residence in this city. 
 While living in Calvert county he was elect- 
 ed twice as a delegate to the State Legisla- 
 ture of Maryland without opposition, hav- 
 ing the distinguished honor of receiving 
 every vote cast in the county for this posi- 
 tion. After serving these two terms he was 
 elected in 1871 to the Maryland Senate, 
 where he served his full term of four years. 
 
 Mr. Williams was married in Baltimore 
 June II, 1868, to Miss Georgiana Weems, 
 daughter of Capt. Mason Lock Weems and 
 Matilda (Sparrow) Weems. Mrs. Williams' 
 father was of Scotch descent, and belonged 
 to an old Maryland family. Her mother's 
 family were of Anne Arundel countv, Md. 
 
 Her father, Captain Weems, was the son 
 of Capt. George Weems, who established 
 about 1825 what was known as the 
 "Weems' Line" of 'steamboats, now known 
 as the "Weems" Steamboat Company." 
 These boats run out of Baltimore down the 
 Chesapeake Bay and the Patuxent, Poto- 
 mac and Rappahannock rivers into all its 
 tributary rivers, with their dock at No. 
 289 Light street, where cargoes are loaded 
 and unloaded in the very center of the ship- 
 ping district. This line is one of the largest 
 and most successful transportation lines 
 on the Chesapeake, being a very impor- 
 tant factor in the commercial progress of 
 the city. It has always been one of the 
 most popular lines on the Chesapeake for 
 passenger trafific as well as freight, its boats 
 being elegantly fitted up, and its accommo- 
 dations for passengers being of the most 
 modern and comfortable kind. All its 
 ofificers, too, are noted for their obliging 
 and courteous treatment of the passengers 
 who travel on their boats, and, without 
 prejudice, it can be said that the Weems 
 Steamboat Company line is one of the most 
 reliable and popular running boats out of 
 this port. 
 
 On the death, in 1872, of Mrs. Williams' 
 father. Mason L. Weems, who was the first 
 manager of the company, Mr. Williams re- 
 tired from the practice of law, became presi- 
 dent and manager of the company, and man- 
 ages its business now. Under Mr. Wil- 
 liams' management it has grown and pros- 
 pered until to-day, when it is one of the 
 largest and wealthiest steamboat companies 
 in our city, and does one of the largest busi- 
 nesses done in that line. An incidait in the 
 history of Mrs. Williams' father's family is 
 that her father. Mason Lock Weems, \vas 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 named after Rev. Mason Lock Weems (who 
 baptized him), who is distinguished as the 
 biographer of George Washington. And 
 a notable incident in tire family history of 
 Air. Williams is that his great-grandfather 
 on his mother's side was Bishop Thomas 
 John Claggett, the first bishop of any de- 
 nomination ordained in America. 
 
 In 1895 the Democratic party in Balti- 
 more, being in what politicians call "bad 
 condition," with but slight hopes of winning 
 the election in November, determined to 
 make the fight with one of its best and 
 strongest members, and the business people 
 of the city and the party presented Mr. Wil- 
 liams as the man who came up to all the 
 requirements and the man who could win, 
 if any one could, and Mr. Williams was 
 nominated by the party for the mayoralty. 
 He stumped the city, making a brave and 
 determined fight, but the fates were against 
 liim, and Mr. Alcaeus Hooper, the Repub- 
 lican candidate, was elected. Not only was 
 the Mayoralty candidate defeated, but all 
 the Democratic candidates for the various 
 offices, Judge, Congressmen, Councilmen, 
 etc., Mr. Williams, however, leading his 
 ticket by over 3,000 votes. Again, in 1897, 
 the people of his party, after much persua- 
 sion, induced Mr. Williams to run again 
 for the Mayoralty, and he was renominated 
 by the Democratic party. He made a gal- 
 lant fight, but on account of certain cir- 
 cumstances and issues, connected with the 
 campaign, which had no relation whatever 
 to him, personally or politically, he and the 
 whole Democratic ticket were defeated at 
 the November election, Mr. William T. 
 Malster, his opponent on the Republican 
 ticket, being elected Mayor. Mr. Williams 
 ran ahead of his ticket again. .Vlthongh he 
 
 was defeated, there is no man who stands 
 higher in Baltimore to-day as a gentleman 
 and business man of the strictest integrity, 
 or is more popular among all classes of the 
 people, he being regarded as one of our first 
 class and most progressive citizens, who 
 since he came among us, over twenty years 
 ago, has done as much, if not more, than 
 almost any other citizen in building up our 
 city and its business. As a man he is af- 
 fable, pleasant and kind, very charitable 
 and always ready to lend a helping hand to 
 those in need. 
 
 He has six children: Mason Lock Weems, 
 who is associated with his father in the 
 management of the business of the Weems 
 Steamboat line, and is a director in the 
 company; Henry, Jr., who is treasurer of 
 the company; Elizabeth Chew; George 
 Weems, member of the Baltimore bar; John 
 Hamilton Chew, and Matilda Weems Wil- 
 liams. He and his family are Protestants 
 and members of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 He is a member of the University Club, 
 Merchants' Club and belongs to the Ma- 
 sonic Order of Calvert county, Md. He 
 and his family reside at 407 W. Lanvale 
 street. 
 
 Cai'T. .Augustus L. Shutt, dealer in coal 
 and wood, office No. 106 N. Eutaw street, 
 was born in Baltimore February 21, 1845. 
 He is a son of the late Col. .\ugustus P. 
 Shutt, who was born in Baltimore, June, 
 181 6, and of Mary A. (Miller) Shutt, also 
 born in Baltimore, July, 1820. His father's 
 and mother's parents were Germans who 
 came to this coimtry about the commence- 
 ment of this century and settled in Balti- 
 more. His father, after complctins; his edu- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 cation in the schools of BaUimore, started 
 Hfe by going into the business of manufac- 
 turing furniture on Gay street, in 1840, 
 where he did a large business in this line, 
 making extensive shipments to South 
 America and other countries. Colonel Shutt 
 continued in this business until 1845, when 
 he was appointed High Constable of the 
 city of Baltimore, a position now known as 
 Marshal of Police, having under his control 
 all the police force of the city; he held this 
 office until 1853, when he was appointed 
 Warden of the Baltimore City Jail, which 
 position he held for several years, when he 
 obtained a position as passenger conductor 
 on the B. & O. R. R., running to Wheeling; 
 he resigned this position in 1866. He was 
 very popular and considered by the railroad 
 authorities one of its most effective and re- 
 liable officers. In 1858 he was an inde- 
 pendent candidate for the Mayoralty of Bal- 
 timore, running against Hon. Thomas 
 Swann, who was elected. Colonel Shutt's 
 friends were driven from the polls and not 
 allowed to vote. In those "Know-Nothing" 
 days it was almost certain death to vote, 
 to say nothing of running for an office. But 
 Colonel Shutt was noted for his pluck and 
 on this occasion was induced by the best 
 people of the city to run for the office and 
 did so, making a brave fight, but before the 
 polls closed retired, being convinced that 
 the cause was lost. Colonel Shutt's run on 
 the B. & O. R. R. was through a great por- 
 tion of Virginia, and in those troublous 
 times during the Civil War the track was 
 frequently torn up by the Confederates and 
 the trains held up by Mosby's men, and on 
 one occasion near Duffield's Depot, in Vir- 
 ginia, Colonel Shutt's train was thrown 
 from the track by Mosby's men in the 
 
 night. His engineer was killed and a U. S. 
 Paymaster relieved by them of thousands of 
 dollars, the capture of this money being the 
 object of the raid. Colonel Shutt was com- 
 manded to hand over his gold watch and 
 chain; this he did, considering it gone for- 
 ever. Some time afterwards, when the Col- 
 onel stopped at Duffield's Depot, a man in 
 citizen's clothes stepped up to him and 
 handed him his watch and chain, apologiz- 
 ing for taking it, and explaining that when 
 he took it he did not know the Colonel was 
 a Southern sympathizer. Captain Shutt 
 carries this watch and chain to-day and no 
 money could buy it, as he values it more 
 than any relic his father left him. Although 
 Colonel Shutt was a strong Southern sym- 
 pathizer, which was well known to the au- 
 thorities of the road and to the highest Gov- 
 ernment officials at Washington, he had the 
 confidence of all of them, because they knew 
 his high sense of honor would cause him to 
 perform faithfully any duty he might under- 
 take. As an illustration of this, when the 
 mother of Secretary of War Stanton was ill 
 at Steubenville, O., and the Secretary was 
 called to her bedside, he asked the officials 
 of the B. & O. R. R. for a special train to 
 take him ; he was given a train and Colonel 
 Shutt was detailed to take the Secretary to 
 Steubenville and bring him back safely. 
 After the train left Washington and came 
 to Monocacy in Frederick county, Md., 
 some friends of the Secretary went into the 
 car and told him that the conductor of the 
 train, Shutt, was a notorious "rebel;"' and 
 when he arrived in Virginia said they would 
 not be surprised if Shutt would have him 
 captured by the rebels. The Secretary in- 
 formed them that he knew Colonel Shutt 
 was a Southern sympathizer but that he had 
 
972 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 perfect confidence in him and was not in the 
 least alarmed. Colonel Shutt took the Sec- 
 retary to Steubenville and back to Washing- 
 ton safely, and when the latter was leaving 
 the train he thanked Colonel Shutt for his 
 kindness during the trip, and mentioned the 
 incident at Monocacy, assuring him that he 
 could always rely upon him (the Secretary) 
 as a friend; as a matter of fact they were 
 close friends until the Secretary's death, 
 
 In May, 1857, Colonel Shutt conducted 
 a train with military to suppress the freight 
 conductors' strike on the B. & O. R. R. at 
 Mt. Clare; his train was thrown from the 
 track by the strikers. On account of his 
 courage and faithfulness to his duty during 
 this strike, his conduct was commended by 
 the company and he was presented with a 
 fine gold medal, which Captain Shutt now 
 justly considers one of his most valued pos- 
 sessions. 
 
 During the John Brown raid at Harper's 
 Ferry, \'a., in 1859, when Mr. Beckman, 
 agent of the railroad company was killed by 
 Brown's men. Colonel Shutt, who had gone 
 to Harper's Ferry in command of the mil- 
 itary that went from Baltimore, was ap- 
 pointed temporary agent of the company 
 there, and when Brown and his men were 
 taken. Colonel vShutt helped tu take them, 
 captured from John Brown his own indi- 
 vidual Sharpe's rifle and ]:)rought it home 
 with him ; and it is now in the possession of 
 Captain Shutt. 
 
 W h.ju \Uv Civil War came and the Sixth 
 Alassachusetts Regiment was ])assing 
 through Baltimore to Washington, on the 
 19th of April, 1861, and was attacked by the 
 mob, it was Colonel Shutt who was selected 
 to conduct the train which finally took them 
 through to Washington, Colonel SluUt 
 
 had a great deal of martial spirit and early 
 in life took a great interest in military mat- 
 ters, being commissioned from time to time 
 until he rose to the position of colonel and 
 commanding officer of the old Fifth Regi- 
 ment. Maryland Volunteer Infantry, one of 
 the most famous military organizations of 
 that day. His commissions are now in pos- 
 session of his son, Captain Shutt, and are 
 as follows: 
 
 30th May, 1856, commissioned third lieu- 
 tenant Independent Greys, Fifty-third Reg- 
 iment. 
 
 27th December, 1856, commissioned sec- 
 ond lieutenant same company. 
 
 26th April, 1847. commissioned captain 
 Independent Blues, Fifth Regiment, Mary- 
 land Volunteer Infantry. 
 
 loth October, 1853, commissioned major 
 Fifth Maryland Volunteer Infantry. 
 
 22d March, 1856, commissioned lieuten- 
 ant colonel, Fifth Maryland Volunteer In- 
 fantry. 
 
 1 2th March, 1861, commissioned colonel 
 of this distinguished regiment and remained 
 its colonel and commanding officer until 
 it was disbanded at the beginning of the 
 war. 
 
 In 1866 Colonel Shutt, having resigned 
 his position as conductor on the B. & O. 
 R. R., removed his family to Martinsburg, 
 W. Va., and took cliarge of the B. & O. R.. 
 R. Dining Hotel at that place, where he re- 
 mained until 1877, when he returned to Bal- 
 timore with his family and took up hi.s resi- 
 dence in this city. He was a very public- 
 spirited man and when he went to Martins- 
 burg at once entered into every movement 
 calculated to build up the town and efiface 
 the ravages »)f war; he soon became one of 
 the most popular men in the place, being 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 esteemed so highly that the citizens elected 
 him Mayor three terms, and when he re- 
 turned to Baltimore in 1877, the City Coun- 
 cil of Alartinsburg passed resolutions ex- 
 pressing their deep regret at the loss of so 
 good a citizen; an engrossed copy of these 
 resolutions was presented to him on his de- 
 parture. 
 
 Upon his return to Baltimore he went 
 into the coal and wood business, taking with 
 him his son, Captain Shutt, under the firm 
 name of A. P. Shutt & Son; their business 
 grew and the firm soon became one of the 
 foremost in their line in the city; Colonel 
 Shutt continued in this business until his 
 death, July 10, 1881, when his son, Captain 
 Shutt, succeeded him and still conducts it 
 under the original firm name. 
 
 Colonel Shutt's life was such an eventful 
 one and was made up of so many stirring 
 incidents that it would fill a volume to write 
 them all; but looking back over his whole 
 life, perfectly familiar as the writer of this 
 sketch is with it, we see nothing but enno- 
 bling qualities cropping out under all the 
 circumstances in which he was placed; a 
 kinder or more tender-hearted man never 
 lived. His life was made up of charities and 
 doing good to others, hence his popularity 
 during his whole life. 
 
 Colonel Shutt had eight children, Captain 
 Shutt, the subject of this sketch, being the 
 only one living. He was educated in the 
 private schools of Baltimore and at Loyola 
 College, but his education was interrupted, 
 when, as a member of Company E, Fifth 
 Regiment, his father, Colonel Shutt, com- 
 manding, was ordered out April 19, 1861, 
 to suppress the riots occasioned by the 
 Sixth Massachusetts Regiment passing 
 through this city to Washington. After 
 
 this he quit school and went as a clerk with 
 Lord & Robinson, wooden ware dealers; he 
 remained with this firm until his father went 
 to Martinsburg, when he went with him and 
 assisted him in conducting the hotel busi- 
 ness; he returned to Baltimore with his 
 father in 1877 and became a partner in the 
 firm of A. P. Shutt & Son. Captain Shutt 
 has been married but has no children. He 
 and his family are Protestants. He is a 
 Democrat; Captain Shutt inherits some of 
 his father's martial spirit and is a member 
 of the Fifth Regiment, Veteran Corps, L M. 
 N. G. He is captain and quartermaster of 
 that command and is very popular. He and 
 his mother live at 1205 W. Lexington 
 street. 
 
 W. Cook Sanderson, Commission Mer- 
 chant, whose place of business is at 104 W. 
 German street, was born in Baltimore Sep- 
 tember 17, 1846. His father was George 
 H. Cook Sanderson, teller in the various 
 banks of this city. His mother was Emily J. 
 Cook. His father and mother were both 
 born in this city; his father in April, i8og; 
 his mother in June, 1812. Mr. Sanderson 
 comes of English stock on both parent's 
 side, his ancestors being among the old 
 families of Maryland and Baltimore. His 
 father died in June, i860, and his mother in 
 May, 1865. His father had nine children, 
 five of whom are living, viz: George H., 
 Mary Eliza, widow of William J. Bayless; 
 Emily Matilda, wife of James H. Parrish; 
 Eleanor Sweeny, wife of George H. Hein- 
 ick, and Mr. Sanderson, the subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 Mr. Sanderson was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Baltimore, but early in life 
 left school and entered the service of A. J. 
 
974 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Norris, retail tobacco dealer, as an errand 
 boy. From this house in i860 he entered 
 the service of Joseph T. Lea, wholesale dry 
 goods commission dealer. From Mr. Lea's 
 house in 1861 he entered the_ service of Isaac 
 Coale, Jr., & Bro., gents' furnishing busi- 
 ness, where he learned the business which 
 he now carries on at his store, 104 W. Ger- 
 man street. He was with the firm of Isaac 
 Coale, Jr., & Bro. until 1876, when they re- 
 tired from business and Mr. Sanderson suc- 
 ceeded, doing business on his own account. 
 He had no capital and depended upon his 
 own exertions for success: by hard work, 
 plenty of pluck, and observing in all his 
 dealings the strictest honesty, he has built up 
 a large and successful business, extending 
 over Maryland, \'irginia, West Virginia and 
 the District of Columbia, all of which go to 
 show that our self-made men like Mr. San- 
 derson, if they pursue his course can achieve 
 as great a measure of success as he has done. 
 
 Mr. Sanderson was married in this city 
 December 16, 1869, to Miss Mary Eliza 
 Cator, daughter of Benjamin and Louisa 
 Cator: both her parents were Marylanders 
 who belonged to some of the oldest fami- 
 lies in the State. ;\Ir. Sanderson has two 
 children, Eva Coale and Emily Louise San- 
 derson. He and his family attend Grace M. 
 E. Church, 
 
 He is a member of tiie Odd Fellows, 
 Merchants' Club, and has for several years 
 been commissioner for Lafayette Square. 
 He is a Democrat but not a politician; he 
 devotes all his time to his business. His 
 manner is pleasant, having a very kindly dis- 
 position and is popular among his friends, 
 lie is a business man of the strictest integ- 
 rity and honor and stands high in the com- 
 nnuiity. He with his family reside at 906 
 N. .'\rlington avenue. 
 
 ' Col. George Riggs Gaitiier, office 100 
 W. Lafayette street. 
 
 Col. George Riggs Gaither was born in 
 Baltimore January 21, 1831; his father was 
 George Riggs Gaither, born in Montgom- 
 ery county, Md., April 15, 1797; his mother 
 was Hannah Smith Bradley, born in Wash- 
 ington City in 1800. His father's ancestry 
 were English. John Gaither, his father's 
 ancestor, came to this country with Lord 
 Baltimore and settled in Maryland. His 
 mother's ancestors, the Bradleys, who were 
 Scotch, came to this country in the early 
 
 j days of the country and settled in Connecti- 
 cut: on both his father's and mother's side 
 he came from families that were the most 
 prominent people of their day. His father 
 was one of the leading dry goods merchants 
 of this city: lie died September 14, 1875, 
 
 j and his mother June 20, 1873. His father 
 had ten children, two of whom arc living — 
 Thomas Henry Gaither. of Howard county. 
 
 j Md., and Colonel Gaither. 
 
 Colonel Gaither was educatetl at Law- 
 
 ' renceville, N. J., and at H. R. McNally's 
 Classical School in Baltimore: after finish- 
 ing his education he commenced the world 
 as a farmer, and continued farming until 
 
 I the war began in 1861, when he went South 
 and entered the Confederate Army: he com- 
 
 j manded Company K, First Virginia Cav- 
 alry, one of the most noted and distin- 
 guished regiments in the Confederate ser- 
 vice, its first commander being Gen. J. E. B. 
 Stewart; second. Gen. W. E. Jones: after- 
 wards. Gen. Fitz Lee. Colonel Gaither 
 served during the entire war and was in all 
 of the most important battles — first and sec- 
 ond battle of Bull Run; the celebrated cav- 
 alry fight at Brandy Station, \'a.. June 9, 
 1863: battle of Cold Harbor: battle of Get- 
 ty.sburg. etc. — fought by the army of Gen. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 975 
 
 Robert E. Lee during the war. Colonel 
 Gaither was regarded in his command as 
 one of the bravest and most gallant officers 
 in the regiment — in fact, he could not have 
 been an officer and served in the First Vir- 
 ginia Cavalry, or, as it was called, Stewart's 
 regiment, if he had not been a brave and 
 gallant soldier. He was captured and made 
 a prisoner once during the war, exchanged 
 and returned to his command. At the end 
 of the war Colonel Gaither returned to 
 Maryland and took up his residence in Bal- 
 timore and engaged in the cotton business 
 until 1879, when he retired. Although he 
 went through all the harshdips of war his 
 martial spirit has not died out and he takes 
 a great interest in the J\laryland military; 
 he has served as lieutenant colonel of the 
 Fifth Maryland Infantry, M. N. G., and is 
 now colonel commanding the Fifth Regi- 
 ment, M. N. G., Veteran Corps. 
 
 August 7, 1851, in Howard county, Md., 
 Colonel Gaither married Miss Rebecca 
 Hanson Dorsey, of that county; she is the 
 daughter of Col. Charles S. W. Dorsey and 
 Mary Pue Ridgely, her parents on both 
 sides being descendants of the earliest set- 
 tlers and most prominent families of Mary- 
 land. Colonel Gaither has had nine chil- 
 dren: ^lary Ridgely, Henrietta, George 
 Riggs. Jr.. Charles Dorsey, Abram Bradley 
 John Dorsey, Thomas Henry, Ridgely and 
 Rebecca Dorsey Gaither, all of whom are 
 living except Thomas who died. All of 
 these children were educated in private 
 schools in Baltimore. George Riggs, Jr., 
 who is a prominent member of the Balti- 
 more bar, and a prominent Republican pol- 
 itician, and his brother, Abram Bradley, a 
 prominent physician, of this city, are both 
 graduates of Princeton College. John Dor- 
 
 sey is treasurer of the State Tobacco Ware- 
 houses. 
 
 Colonel Gaither and his family attend the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church. He is a 
 Democrat. 
 
 Colonel Gaither comes from good stock 
 on both his father's and mother's side, as 
 his father's uncle, Henry Gaither, was an 
 officer in the Revolutionary War, serving as 
 captain in the Maryland Line, and lieutenant 
 commanding in the Third Regiment Infan- 
 try, U. S. A., and one of five lieutenant col- 
 onels appointed when the U. S. Army was 
 first organized. His father also sei-ved in 
 Peter's Artillery during the War of 1812 and 
 was in four engagements including the bat- 
 tle of Bladensburg, from which his com- 
 pany retreated after the battle was lost, 
 bringing off their guns and caissons, their 
 company being one of the very few in that 
 light which maintained good order when 
 they retired from that unfortunate field. 
 
 His grandfather on his mother's side, 
 Abram Bradley, was one of the early officers 
 of the U. S. Government, being First As- 
 sistant Postmaster General under President 
 John Adams, and had entire charge of the 
 removal of the General Postoffice to Wash- 
 ington when the Government was removed 
 there in 1800; he carried everything belong- 
 ing to the department in four 4-horse 
 wagons, traveling from Philadelphia to 
 Washington by the county roads. Now it 
 would take a dozen trains of cars to trans- 
 fer everything connected with the postoffice 
 department from Washington to Philadel- 
 phia, which goes to show how this great 
 and grand country of ours has grown. 
 
 Colonel Gaither is a pleasant, genial man 
 and stands high in the community as a man 
 of sterling worth and integrity. He is very 
 
97U 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 popular with the men and officers of the 
 Fifth Regiment and the Veteran Corps and 
 with the public generally. He is very do- 
 mestic, loves his home and takes great pride 
 in his children; he and his family have their 
 home at No. 510 Cathedral street. 
 
 David E. Evans, Engineer and Con- 
 tractor, plant, 7, 9 and 11 Harrison street, 
 and offices 229 E. German street, was born 
 at Pontypridd, South Wales, in 1848. His 
 father was Evan Evans, a railway iron 
 worker, and his mother, Alary Ann Lewis; 
 both his parents were Welsh and natives of 
 South Wales; his father died in 1877, his 
 mother in 1894. 
 
 His father has eight children living: 
 Thomas L.. mechanical engineer: Lewis, 
 coal merchant: Henry, captain of police, 
 Honolulu. Hawaii: Jacob, William, Walter, 
 j\Jiss Evans and Air. Evans. 
 
 Mr. Evans was educated in the private 
 schools of Wales and after quitting school, 
 at the age of fourteen, was apprenticed as 
 an engineer and machinist, where he con- 
 tinued until he was twenty years old, when 
 lie was made master mechanic of the Taff 
 \alc Iron Works, Pontypridd, South 
 Wales. Afterwards he became chief engi- 
 neer to the Cymmer's Steam Coal Colliers 
 at Cardiff. Next was made superintendent 
 of Alessrs. Llewellyn & Cubitt, engineers 
 and machinists at Ystrad, South Wales. 
 Mr. Cubitt was a grandson of Sir William 
 Cubitt. who l>uilt London Bridge (London. 
 England). Mr. Evans served as second en- 
 gineer of the boat S. S. "English Lizzie" 
 during the Franco-German War in 1870, 
 and ran the blockade on the River Elbe dur- 
 ing this time. 
 
 In 1880 he came to the United States, tak- 
 
 ing up his residence at Cleveland, O., where 
 he entered the Brush Company's service as 
 a journeyman machinist. In two months 
 he was promoted to a foremanship, and later 
 was sent out on the road as engineer and 
 electrician for the erection and installation 
 of electric light plants. He erected the first 
 electric light in Chicago at the Palmer 
 House; the first at Rochester, Auburn and 
 Albany, N. Y., when he was sent to Balti- 
 more in 1882. He was then appointed su- 
 perintendent and chief engineer of the 
 Brush Electric Light Company. He held 
 this position for six years, during which 
 time he equipped and operated the first elec- 
 tric light station that was ever erected in 
 the United States. He was afterwards ap- 
 pointed superintendent for the Baxter Elec- 
 tric Motor Company of Baltimore City and 
 served in this position three years, when he 
 commenced business on his own account 
 in 1891 at No. 16 S. Gay street, where he 
 sold and rented large and small electric mo- 
 tors for domestic, tailoring and other pur- 
 poses. During this time he contracted with 
 the North Avenue Electric Railway Com- 
 pany and erected the first electric overhead 
 work for street railway purposes in the city 
 of Baltimore; he also erected all electric 
 overhead work for the Baltimore City Pas- 
 senger Railway Company on the Green and 
 Yellow lines. He lighted with electricity 
 the B. & O. belt tunnel, which is regarded 
 as the best lighted tunnel in the world. Also 
 lighted the P., W. & B. tunnel between 
 Pennsylvania and North avenues. 
 
 He sui)erintcndod and erected the electric 
 light plant at .\nnai)olis, jNId. Later on he 
 superintended and erected an electric light 
 plant at Lynchburg, Va., and was appointed 
 Advisory Electrical Engineer to the Mayor 
 
HIS'ORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and City Council of that city. He con- 
 structed the overhead Hne and track work 
 for the fJelair Division of the Central Rail- 
 way Company of Baltimore City and about 
 eight miles of extensions in East Baltimore 
 for the same company. He also built the 
 first section of what is now known as the 
 Boulevard Line between Baltimore and 
 Washington. 
 
 He has done, and still does, considerable 
 street railway and electric work for the Bal- 
 timore Consolidated Railway Company. 
 The first underground conduit for electric 
 lighting in Baltimore City was built by him. 
 
 Among the positions he now occupies is 
 that of president of the Standard Manufac- 
 turing Company, manufacturers of plumb- 
 ers" supplies, 232 E. Hamburg street: vice- 
 president of the Maryland Oil Company, 
 524 and 526 Light street, and vice-presi- 
 dent of the Southern Asphalt Paving Com- 
 pany, of Baltimore City. He has a large 
 plant at his works, 7, 9 and 1 1 Harrison 
 street, and does a large business in his vari- 
 ous lines: his main or up-town offices are 
 at 229 E. German street. 
 
 He was married July 16, 1876, at Bridg- 
 end, South Wales, to Miss Elizabeth Rob- 
 erts, daughter of Jabez Roberts and Mary 
 Ann (Holmes) Roberts: her parents were 
 Welsh and are residents of South Wales. 
 
 Charles A. ALxrtin, Exporter of To- 
 bacco and Consul for Austria-Hungary, 
 with offices at 105 E. German street, was 
 born in Baltimore and is the son of Charles 
 V. Martin, whose birth occurred in Balti- 
 more in 1819, and Harriet W. (Osborn) 
 ^Lirtin, who was born in Xew York. His 
 father's ancestors were Scotch and his moth- 
 58 
 
 er's English, and all of them settled in this 
 country in colonial days. 
 
 His father, Charles V. Martin, was a 
 prominent merchant, member of the firm of 
 Love, Martin &. Co., who did a large pro- 
 duce and commission business for years in 
 this city until his death in 1872. His mother 
 is still living. 
 
 Mr. Martin was educated in the private 
 schools of Baltimore and upon finishing his 
 education in 1869 entered the office of F. 
 L. Brauns & Co., tobacco exporters, as 
 clerk. He continued with this firm until it 
 was dissolved, and the firm of J. D. Kremel- 
 berg & Co. w-as formed in 1872 conducting 
 the same line of business. Mr. Martin was 
 employed as clerk, remaining until the death 
 of Mr. Kremelberg in 1882, w-hen he was 
 given an interest in the firm and made man- 
 ager of the business. In 1886 he became a 
 full partner and now has entire control of the 
 w'hole business of J. D. Kremelberg & Co., 
 who are among the largest exporters of to- 
 bacco in the city; their business with Ger- 
 many, Holland, Belgium and France being 
 very heavy; on a number of occasions they 
 have secured the contract for furnishing the 
 French Government with Maryland and 
 Ohio tobacco. Mr. Kremelberg was for 
 years Consul for Austria-Hungary — for 
 Maryland, Delaware and the District of Co- 
 lumbia, and upon his death in 1882, the Gov- 
 ernment of Austria appointed Mr. INFartin 
 Consul in his place, of which he is still the 
 incumbent. 
 
 He attends the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. He is a member of the Baltimore 
 Club, member of the Germania Club, vice- 
 l)resident of the Oratorio Society, secretary 
 of the Leaf Tobacco Association and a di- 
 rector of the Board of Trade. 
 
978 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Ill politics he is an Independent Demo- 
 crat. He is a very pleasant man, of a kindly 
 disposition; stands well as a business man 
 and has hosts of friends. Mr. Martin is not 
 married. He resides at 1212 St. Paul street 
 with his aged mother. 
 
 jAMJis StonL WhitelEY, offices Rialto 
 Building, Water street, Baltimore. — This 
 gentleman was born in Baltimore, Novem- 
 ber 16, 1855. He is the son of Calvin White- 
 ley and Harriet H. (Stone) Whiteley. His 
 parents were born in Maryland, and were of 
 English descent. His father was for many 
 years interested in and a member of the firm 
 of Whiteley, Brother & Co., dry goods job- 
 bers of this city; one of the leading houses 
 of this line in Baltimore at the time. His 
 mother died in 1872; his father is still living, 
 being a resident of Baltimore, and having 
 retired from active business some years 
 since. 
 
 Mr. James S. Whiteley had two brothers, 
 one of whom is now living, viz., Calvin 
 Whiteley, Jr., civil engineer. Mr. James S. 
 Whiteley was educated at Stewart Hall, of 
 which Messrs. Grape and Hartman were the 
 principals. He also for a short time at- 
 tended the school of Mr. George Carey. He 
 entered active service as entry clerk in the 
 employ of Messrs. Whiteley, Brother i*t Co. 
 when seventeen years of age. After serving 
 in this capacity for a short time, he was pro- 
 moted to stock clerk and then put on the 
 road as a drummer, meeting with consider- 
 able success in this latter occupation. In 
 1876 Mr. Whiteley left the employ of the 
 firm of Messrs. Whiteley. Brother & Co., 
 and started in business for himself — he and 
 Mr. Bernard N. Baker forming a partner- 
 ship under the name of Baker & Whiteley, 
 
 for conducting the coal business in Balti- 
 more. They were the pioneers of the Penn- 
 sylvania coal trade at Baltimore, and grad- 
 ually worked up a large business at this 
 Port, introducing Pennsylvania coals in 
 successful competition with those supplied 
 from the George's Creek region. 
 
 In 1887 Mr. Whiteley with IMr. Baker in- 
 corporated the Baker-Whiteley Coal Com- 
 pany. Subsequently they purchased the 
 Rohr Scow Company, and incorporated that 
 under the name of the Baltimore Storage 
 and Lighterage Company, for the purpose 
 of conducting a foreign steamship business. 
 At the same time they organized the At- 
 lantic Transport Line, and acquired the 
 ownership of steamships engaged in busi- 
 ness between New York, Philadelphia, Bal- 
 timore and London, which is now composed 
 of a fleet of fifteen steamers. 
 
 Mr. Whiteley is the vice-president and 
 general manager of the Baker-Whiteley 
 Coal Company and also vice-president of 
 the Baltimore Storage and Lighterage 
 Company. 
 
 The above companies employ over two 
 thousand people in their offices in America 
 and England, and transport between two 
 and three million tons of merchandise and 
 coal each year. 
 
 C.M'T. B. F. Bond, Division Passenger 
 Agent, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, of- 
 fices B. & O. Building, N. W. corner of 
 Baltimore and Calvert streets, Baltimore. 
 
 This gentleman was torn in Baltimore 
 county, Mi\.. July 2 1 , 1844. His father was 
 George Bond, wlui was born in Howard 
 county, M<1., and was a prominent farmer 
 of tlirit county. His mother was Elizabeth 
 Clark, also born in Howard countv. and all 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 979 
 
 of Ills ancestors were among the first set- 
 tlers of the State in the seventeenth century, 
 his father of English, his mother of Irish 
 descent. His mother died in 1847 and his 
 father in 1888. His father was twice mar- 
 ried and Captain Bond is the only living 
 child by his first wife. He received part of 
 his education in the public schools of How- 
 ard county and Baltimore City, and also at- 
 tended White Hall Academy (now a mili- 
 tary academy), Cumberland county, Pa., for 
 four years, graduating in 1859. The year 
 following he went to Weathersford, Parker 
 county, Tex., where he taught school a short 
 time. The war coming on about this time 
 and being a strong Southerner, he went to 
 Richmond, Va.. and at the age of seventeen 
 enlisted in E Company, Forty-fourth Regi- 
 ment (Richmond Zouaves) Virginia In- 
 fantry, Confederate States, serving in this 
 regiment with Capt. Noah Walker, of Bal- 
 timore, who was killed, at the battle of 
 Chancellorsville. Captain Bond continued 
 in this regiment until after the bat- 
 tle of Port Republic, Va., in June, 1862, 
 when he was transferred to A Com- 
 pany, First Regiment, Maryland Line In- 
 fantry, Col. Bradley T. Johnson com- 
 manding. He was severely wounded in the 
 battle of Gaines Mill, near Richmond ; he re- 
 covered arid returned to his command, and 
 after the disbanding of that regiment he was 
 transferred to A Company, Second Mary- 
 land Infantry, Capt. W. H. Murray com- 
 manding. Fie remained with this company 
 until after the battle of Gettysburg in which 
 he participated. As a matter of fact. Cap- 
 tain ]\lurray was noted as being one of the 
 bravest and most gallant soldiers who came 
 from Maryland and entered the Confederate 
 sendee; he was so popular that upon the 
 
 disbanding of the First Regiment, numbers 
 of the men flocked to him anxious to serve 
 under him, having a company of 125 men, 
 and at the battle of Gettysburg took into 
 the fight one hundred men, he himself being 
 killed and his company losing heavily in 
 killed and wounded. After the Confederate 
 Army retired to Virginia, Captain Bond was 
 detailed for scout duty for Gen. A. P. Hill, 
 Third Army Corps, and remained with him 
 and his command until General Hill was 
 killed and until General Lee surrendered on 
 the 9th of April, 1865, at Appomattox, he 
 surrendering with General Hill's Corps. 
 Captain Bond was considered by his com- 
 rades a faithful, brave and gallant soldier 
 and was in all the important battles fought 
 by General Lee during the war. Immedi- 
 ately after General Lee's surrender he re- 
 turned to Baltimore and lost no time in 
 getting to work, as ten days after the sur- 
 render, on the 19th of April, 1865, he en- 
 tered the ser^'ice of the B. & O. R. R. as a 
 brakeman on one of its passenger trains 
 running to Wheeling. He has been in the 
 service of this company thirty-three years, 
 or ever since, passing through' the grades of 
 brakeman, baggage master, passenger con- 
 ductor, train master, traveling passenger 
 agent to division passenger agent, his pres- 
 ent position, with a future for still further 
 promotion. He is in the prime of life and 
 is considered one of the company's most 
 efficient officers in the department to which 
 he belongs. In addition to this, from his 
 long and continuous service with the B. & 
 C). R. R., he is brought into contact with the 
 jjublic all the time as division passenger 
 agent, etc. He is known all over the coun- 
 try and is extremely popular. 
 
 Captain Bond was married at Wheeling, 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 W. Va., October 1 1, 1869, to :\Iiss Elizabeth 
 Parker. Her father was a Pennsylvanian 
 and her mother belonged to an old Virginia 
 family. They have one child, Fannie Cus- 
 tis. They attend the Presbyterian Church. 
 Captain Bond is a Democrat. He is a mem- 
 ber of Blue Lodge, Royal Arch Chapter 
 Masons, Knight Templar, JMystic Shrine, 
 Royal Arcanum and a member of the ]iler- 
 chants' Club. He is a genial, pleasant gen- 
 tleman with a legion of friends. 
 
 John H. FowlER, President and Treas- 
 urer of the Navassa Phosphate Company, 
 of New York, with main offices at 815 and 
 816 Merchants' National Bank Building, S. 
 E. corner Water and South streets, Balti- 
 more. 
 
 This gentleman was born in Washington 
 county, Md., September 14, 1835. His 
 father was Robert Fowler, who was born 
 in Montgomery county, Md., and resided 
 in Washington county in his early life, after 
 which he removed to Baltimore county and 
 engaged in the flour and grain commission 
 business in Baltimore City, being the head 
 of the firm of Fowler, Ziegler & Co., one of 
 the leading houses in that business in the 
 city at that day. His father was one of the 
 most popular men in the State and repre- 
 sented Baltimore county in the Legislature 
 a number of times, and was State Treasurer 
 four consecutive terms from 1864 to 1872, 
 this being unparalleled in the history of the 
 State. 
 
 His mother w^as Susan Keed_\', a native of 
 Wa.shington county, Md. Her ancestors, 
 as well as those of his fatlicr, were early set- 
 tlers of Maryland and prominent people in 
 their ilay. the Keedys being at one time 
 among the largest land owners (if western 
 
 IMaryland. His mother was of German de- 
 scent and his father of English; his father 
 died in 1874 while a member of the Legisla- 
 ture; his mother is still living and resides in 
 Baltimore. His father had nine children; 
 those living are Hon. David Fowler, Chief 
 Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit of Mary- 
 land and one of the Judges of the Court of 
 Appeals of the State, who resides at Catons- 
 ville, Baltimore county; Miss Celeste Fow- 
 ler, of Baltimore; Robert S. Fowler, Cape 
 Vincent, N. Y.; Frederick Fowler, Clarks- 
 burg, W. Va. ; Albert Fowler, of Baltimore, 
 and Mr. Fowler, the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Mr. Fowler was educated at the Hagers- 
 town Academy and Rock Hill College, Elli- 
 cott City, Md., graduating from the latter 
 institution in 1855. He then entered the 
 service of Fowler, Ziegler & Co., grain and 
 flour business, and continued with them 
 for several years as clerk and traveling sales- 
 man, when he was made a partner in the 
 firm, still retaining the partnership when the 
 firm was changed to Blandford, Fowler & 
 Co. After several years had elapsed he went 
 into his present business, fertilizers, and 
 was elected president and treasurer of the 
 Navassa Phosphate Company, which owns 
 Navassa Island, West Indies, and under the 
 management of Mr. Fowler does one of the 
 largest businesses in that line in the city. 
 
 ]\Ir. Fowler was married June 14. 1868, 
 at St. Timothy's P. E. Church, Catonsville, 
 :Md., to :\Iiss Nannie Morgan McKendree, 
 who was the daughter of the late John H. 
 AIcKendree and Eugenia (Morgan) Mc- 
 Kendree, of Shepherdstown, \a. (now West 
 \'irginia). Her father was of Scotch-Irish 
 descent and one of the most prominent citi- 
 zens of his town. He was a descendant of 
 an old \'irginia family. Her mother comes 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 981 
 
 of an old \"ir^iiia family of English and 
 Scotch descent, distinguished both in colo- 
 nial and revolutionary times, she being a 
 descendant of Daniel Morgan, the com- 
 mander of "Morgan's Men" in the Revolu- 
 tion. Mrs. Fowler died September, 1881. 
 She was a sister of Mrs. Dr. Charles Magill, 
 of Catonsville; both of her parents are dead. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Fowler have had four chil- 
 dren, three of whom are living, Louisa Mc- 
 Kendree, Susan and Eugenia Fowler; the 
 son Robert died when sixteen years of age. 
 Mr. Fowler is a member of the P. E. 
 Church. He is a member of the Chamber 
 of Commerce and one of its incorporators; 
 he is also a member of the board of man- 
 agers of the Maryland Hospital for the In- 
 sane. In politics he is a consistent Demo- 
 crat and served eight years as chairman of 
 the Democratic Executive Committee of 
 Baltimore county. 
 
 Mr. Fowler is a courteous, genial gentle- 
 man, is esteemed in the community as 
 a first-class business man and stands high 
 in regard to integrity and honor. He re- 
 sides at 1500 John street. 
 
 James Miltox Schryver, General Pas- 
 senger Agent Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
 offices B. & O. Central Building, was born 
 in Pickaway county, O., December 20. 1848. 
 His father is Jacob Howard Schryver and 
 was born October 21, 1820, at Red Rock, 
 Dutchess county, N. Y. His mother was 
 Elizabeth Rose, born May 30, 1822, in Pick- 
 away county, O. His ancestors on both 
 sides were Hollanders. His great-grand- 
 father, John I. Schryver, and his wife, Cath- 
 erine, emigrated to this country from Hol- 
 land about 1790 and settled in New York 
 
 State; his mother's family also coming from 
 Holland settled in the last century in Ohio. 
 
 Mr. Schryver's father lived in New York 
 State until he was about twenty years of 
 age, when he moved to Ohio, settling in 
 Pickaway county, where he engaged in 
 mercantile business and farming and be- 
 came a large land owner and leading and 
 well-to-do farmer. In 1857 he was elected 
 county clerk of Pickaway county and moved 
 his family from his farm to Circleville, the 
 county seat of Pickaway county, where he 
 resided for the two terms he held the of^ce 
 of clerk of the county, after which he re- 
 turned to his farm where he resided for a 
 time, removing to Circleville and afterward 
 to ]Mt. Sterling, J\Iadison county, where he 
 now resides, though advanced in years and 
 broken in health. His mother died of peri- 
 tonitis in May, 1870, in Circleville, during 
 their residence there. 
 
 His father was married twice; he had six 
 children by his first wife and three by his 
 second; three of those by his first marriage 
 are living and are Mr. Schryver, the sub- 
 ject of this sketch; his brother, Edson Ma- 
 rion Schryver, one of the Police Commis- 
 sioners of this city, whose sketch will be 
 found on another page of this book, and M. 
 W. Schrvver, a prominent citizen and mer- 
 chant of Mt. Sterling, O. 
 
 Mr. Schryver was educated in the public 
 union schools of Circleville. O.. gradu- 
 ating in 1866. After, quitting school he 
 taught school in Pickaway and Fairfield 
 counties, O., in winter and worked on the 
 farm in summer, until he was twenty-one 
 years of age, when he entered the law office 
 of Palmer C. Smith, at Circleville; he read 
 law with ]\[r. Smith for three vears, when 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 in 1872 he was admitted to the bar and com- 
 menced the practice of law. He came to 
 Baltimore in 1873. After a short time he 
 entered the service of the B. & O. R. R., 
 serving as voucher clerk, rate and division 
 clerk, chief clerk, assistant general ticket 
 agent, and in 1889 was appointed assistant 
 general passenger agent, and in 1897 was 
 appointed to his present position, general 
 passenger agent B. & O. R. R. for all lines 
 east of the Ohio river. 
 
 He was married at Circleville, O., June 
 12, 1872, to Miss Vista C. Steele. She is 
 a daughter of Jas. P. Steele, who was born 
 near the Natural Bridge, in Virginia, and 
 afterwards moved to Ohio ; he was of Scotch 
 descent and of an old Virginia family. Her 
 mother was Mary A. Taylor, born at Circle- 
 ville. O.. of German descent and a relative 
 of Bayard Taylor. 
 
 Mr. Schryver has two children: ]\Iary 
 Clara, educated in the public and private 
 schools and Woman's College, Baltimore, 
 and married April 30, 1896, to Mr. Edwin 
 Llewellyn Parker, of Baltimore; and Charles 
 Milton Schryver, who is attending Mars- 
 ton's Academy, preparing for the Johns 
 Hopkins University. 
 
 He and his family attend the ^I. E. 
 Church. He is a member of the Royal Ar- 
 canum, United States Benevolent Frater- 
 nity, Fraternal Legion and the Pimlico 
 Driving Club. In politics he is a gold Dem- 
 ocrat. 
 
 Mr. Schryver comes of good stock on 
 both sides, the members of his father's fam- 
 ily numbering among them many promi- 
 nent people of the State of New York. He 
 and his family reside at 2001 Madison ave- 
 nue, Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. James Sloax Hoskins, Timber and 
 Lumber Dealer, offices 32 and 33 Marine 
 Bank Building, was born in Harford county, 
 Md., September 6, 185 1. His father was Jo- 
 seph T. Hoskins, a prominent farmer of that 
 county; his mother was Ellen Sidney Mor- 
 gan. His father was of English, his mother 
 of Welsh descent. Both of his parents be- 
 longed to families whose ancestors were 
 among the early settlers of Maryland. His 
 father died in 1858, his mother in 1891. His 
 parents had four children, two of whom 
 are living: Mary Ella D., wife of George 
 R. Willis, a prominent member of the Balti- 
 more bar, and Mr. Hoskins, the subject of 
 this sketch. He was educated in the public 
 schools of Baltimore and in 1868 entered 
 the real estate office of Henry W. Rogers 
 as errand boy. Here he remained until 1870 
 when he entered the service of William Mc- 
 Clymont as clerk; from here he went into 
 the ser\Mce of H. C. McComas, coal dealer, 
 in 1872, as clerk. In 1884 he went with 
 Emerson Rokes, timber, lumber and ship- 
 building business, as clerk, and held this 
 position until Mr. Rokes' death in 1887, 
 when Hr. Hoskins succeeded him in the 
 business. Besides his own business, he 
 gives his attention to other matters; he is 
 president of the Hoskins Lumber Company, 
 local and foreign exporters of timber and 
 lumber, a concern doing a large business. 
 
 Mr. Hoskins is a live business man of in- 
 domitable energy and push and his success 
 in business is due to his own efforts, as he 
 started life in Mr. Rogers' office as errand 
 boy and knew that his success depended 
 upon himself alone; and to every young 
 man who puts his shoulder to the wheel and 
 keeps it there, success is bound to come, as 
 is shown in the career of Air. Hoskins. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 983 
 
 Mr. Hoskins married in Baltimore, Sep- 
 tember II, 1893, Miss Jennie Spamer, 
 daughter of Christian and E. M. (Schroe- 
 der) Spamer, both of American birth and 
 German descent, their ancestors being 
 among the earliest settlers of Maryland. 
 They have no children. He and his wife are 
 Protestants. 
 
 Mr. Hoskins is a member of the Elks, 
 a ]Mason, member of the social Monday 
 Club and member of the Board of Trade. 
 In politics he is a Democrat. Mr. Hoskins 
 is a pleasant, genial man, very quick to de- 
 cide when a matter is presented to him, but 
 polite to all who have business with him. 
 He is a man of the strictest integrity : is very 
 popular and has many friends. He and his 
 wife reside at 2129 E. Baltimore street. 
 
 Edward T. Chism, General Freight and 
 Ticket Agent of the Baltimore, Chesapeake 
 and Richmond Steamboat Company, offices 
 530 Light street, was born in Baltimore, 
 July 16, 1854. He is a son of the late Rich- 
 ard and Margaret (Macky) Chism, natives 
 of Ireland, whose parents emigrated to 
 America and located in Baltimore during 
 their early childhood. Richard Chism was 
 a leading dry goods merchant of this city. 
 He died in 1894; his wife the following year. 
 Their surviving children are Joseph T., glass 
 manufacturer; Margaret Ewing, Elizabeth 
 Macky, wife of George M. Shriver; Sarah 
 Knox Chism and Edward J. Chism, the im- 
 mediate subject of this sketch. 
 
 Edward J. Chism was educated in the 
 public schools of Baltimore and attended 
 the Baltimore City College but did not grad- 
 uate. In 1869 he entered the service of 
 the Richmond and York River Steamboat 
 Company as messenger boy: then in the ser- 
 
 vice of its successor, the Baltimore, Chesa- 
 peake and Richmond Steamboat Company, 
 passing through the different grades of ser- 
 vice as clerk, etc., in both companies until 
 he was appointed to his present position, 
 general freight and ticket agent of the lat- 
 ter company, a high and important office. 
 This company is one of the wealthiest and 
 most important steamboat lines of this city. 
 
 Mr. Chism was married in this city, De- 
 cember 7, 1880, to Miss Mary E. Crowl, 
 daughter of Edward W. and Josephine 
 (Greble) Crowl ; both her parents were born 
 in Maryland, their families being among the 
 early settlers of the State. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Chism have one son, Harry Thornley 
 Chism. He and his family are Protestants 
 and in politics he is a Democrat. 
 
 Mr. Chism's success in life has been due 
 to his own exertions, as starting a poor boy 
 and rising to the important position he now 
 holds, demonstrates what a boy can do if he 
 applies himself as he should do and as Mr. 
 Chism has done, and it affords us pleasure 
 to hold him up as an example to the 
 youth of this city. He is courteous and 
 gentlemanly in his bearing, easily ap- 
 proached by all. Among, steamboat men 
 he is considered one of the best ticket and 
 freight agents in the city and as a man of 
 the most sterling integrity and honor. He 
 is most popular in the business community 
 and has a legion of friends. He and his 
 family live at Walbrook. 
 
 Edson ]\Iarion Schryver. — This gen- 
 tleman was born in Circleville. Pickaway 
 county, O. His father was Jacob Howard 
 Schryver, who was born October 21, 1820, 
 at Red Hook, Dutchess county, N. Y.. and 
 his mother was Elizabeth Rose, born May 
 
984 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 30, 1822, in Pickaway county, O.; iiis an- 
 cestors on both sides were Hollanders. His 
 great-grandfather, John I. Schryver, and 
 his wife Catherine, emigrated to this coun- 
 try from Holland about the year 1790 and 
 settled in New York State; his mother's 
 family also came from Holland and settled 
 in Ohio early in the last century. 
 
 Mr. Schryver's father lived in New York 
 State until he was about twenty years of age, 
 when he moved to Ohio, settling in Pick- 
 away county, where he engaged in mercan- 
 tile business and farming and became one 
 of the leading citizens of that county and a 
 large land owner. About 1865 he was 
 elected clerk of Pickaway county and moved 
 his family from his farm to Circleville, where 
 he remained while he held the office, two 
 terms. He afterwards moved to Mt. Ster- 
 ling, where he now resides. 
 
 His father was married twice; by his first 
 wife he had six children, and by his second, 
 three. Three of those by the first marriage 
 are living, and are Mr. Schryver, the sub- 
 ject of this sketch; James Milton Schryver, 
 general passenger agent of the B. & O. R. 
 R., of this city, and M. W. Schryver. a mer- 
 chant of Mt. Sterling, O. 
 
 His rudimentary education was obtained 
 in the public schools of his native county. 
 In 1861 he entered tlie Miami University at 
 Oxford, O. The war breaking out, he en- 
 listed in the 1 14th Ohio Regiment (\'olun- 
 teers) Infantry and was ordered directly 
 to the front, going to ;\Iemphis, Sherman's 
 army, which was organizing for an attack 
 on Vicksburg; however, before going to 
 \'icksburg, his regiment went with General 
 Sherman's command up the Yazoo river 
 and began its operations in the Walnut 
 Hills, where he ."^aw his first battle, the 
 
 troops being constantly engaged in a series 
 of skirmishes and fights until the 26th of 
 December, 1862, when the Union troops re- 
 treated, and re-embarking on the Yazoo 
 river sailed to its junction with the Missis- 
 sippi. There they w-ent to the White river 
 into Arkansas and up the Arkansas river 
 to Arkansas Post, a military station not far 
 from Little Rock, where they met the Con- 
 federates 8,000 strong under the command 
 of General Churchill and after a severe bat- 
 tle of forty-eight hours captured the post. 
 Almost immediately after this victory the 
 Northern soldiers were attacked by the fe- 
 vers which prevailed about Arkansas Post 
 and made it practically uninhabitable. Mr. 
 Schryver was stricken with the disease but 
 with indomitable determination fought it 
 and avoided being sent to the army hospital, 
 \\hich at that time, owing to insufficient at- 
 tendance, was even more fatal than the field. 
 On his recovery, his command and those 
 who survived the \A'hite river command, 
 were hurried to Mcksburg, the cry being 
 still "On to Vicksburg." 
 
 It was about this time that General Grant 
 took command of this army and ;\Ir. Schry- 
 ver passed through, under Grant, all the 
 stirring events attending the attack and 
 memorable siege and surrender of Vicks- 
 burg to General Grant by General Pember- 
 ton. Several times during his career as a 
 soldier he won promotion by his gallantry 
 and was complimented by his officers for 
 it; but probably owing to his political faith, 
 he being a strong Union Democrat, the Gov- 
 erninent neglected him; finally in June, 
 1865, his merits were so conspicuous that 
 the Secretary of W'av commissioned him 
 first lieutenant, and assigned him to the post 
 of assistant commissary of musters (muster 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 985 
 
 officer). While serving in this capacity he 
 mustered out of the service 6,000 men. He 
 held this position tmtil 1866, when he re- 
 ceived his discharge from the service. 
 
 At the termination of his service in the 
 army, he returned to Circleville, bearing 
 with him the honors that came to a gallant 
 soldier who had on all occasions done his 
 duty faithfully to his country. 
 
 On his return to Circleville, Mr. Schry- 
 ver became the confidential clerk of Morris 
 Steeley & Co., then an important milling 
 and distilling firm of that city. He was soon 
 advanced to a partnership and in 1872 was 
 sent to take charge of the interests of his 
 house in this city, where he established a 
 branch of their business, which under his 
 master hand soon became nearly as import- 
 ant as the home house. The latter, how- 
 ever, soon afterwards became involved in 
 financial trouble and in 1873 failed in busi- 
 ness: this did not aiTect the branch in this 
 city, but ^Ir. Schryver wound up its affairs 
 here without loss to anyone. 
 
 In a short time afterwards he went into 
 the grain and general produce business with 
 Mr. Henry Wagner, under the firm name of 
 Wagner & Schryver; this firm continued 
 until 1876, when Mr. Wagner died. April 
 I. 1876. Mr. Schryver joined his business 
 interests with those of Mr. J. G. Harryman, 
 under the firm name of Harryman & Schry- 
 ver: this co-partnership continued its op- 
 erations until 1882. when Mr. Schryver se- 
 lected his book-keeper, Mr. M. B. Schol!, 
 as a business associate, doing almost en- 
 tirely a grain business under the firm name 
 of Schryver & Scholl, their offices being in 
 the Chamber of Commerce Building. 
 
 Mr. Schryver has been a member of the 
 Corn and Flour Exchange since 1872: be- 
 
 came a director in 1879 and served on the 
 board for nine years; he was then elected a 
 member of the Executive Committee and 
 served two years. He was then elected sec- 
 ond vice-president and served two years in 
 that office, being subsequently advanced to 
 first vice-president, serving two years in this 
 office, and in 1885, when the president re- 
 signed, he succeeded him as president, and 
 in 1886 he was elected at the head of the 
 regular ticket president of the Board, filling 
 all these positions with distinguished ability 
 and fidelity. In 1887 he was elected Police 
 Commissioner and was made president of 
 the Board immediately after entering upon 
 his duties, which office he held until 1897. 
 He is still a member of the Board. 
 
 In 1895 he gave up his grain business in 
 order to devote more time to the duties of 
 his office. He was soon made president of 
 the Mutual Protective Building and Loan 
 Association of Baltimore, which occupies all 
 his spare time from his duties as commis- 
 sioner. He is also Supreme Regent Royal 
 Arcanum. Mr. Schryver has been for a 
 number of years a member of and since '95 
 one of the vice-presidents of the Board of 
 Managers of the Charity Organization So- 
 ciety, of Baltimore. He is one of the di- 
 rectors of the Royal Arcanum Club Build- 
 ing Company. 
 
 Mr. Schryver was married at Circleville, 
 O., April 9, 1868, to Miss Louisa Burns. 
 Her father was George Burns, born in Ire- 
 land, and settled in Ohio. Her mother was 
 born in Ohio. Mr. Schryver was born in 
 Circleville. 
 
 Mr. Schryver had eight children, six of 
 
 I whom are living: Georgie Marshall, wife 
 of Mr. Charles Howard Parrish. manufac- 
 
 ; turer, of Baltimore; Walter Crim, Edith 
 
986 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ilay, Fanny Grace, ^Marion Edson and 
 Maud Louise Schryver. The family are at- 
 tendants of the M. E. Church and reside at 
 641 N. Calhoun street, Baltimore. 
 
 Capt. Samuel Todd Hamilton was 
 born at Beaver, Beaver county, Pa., March 
 10, 1844. His father was George Washing- 
 ton Hamilton, and his mother Eliza Jane 
 Todd; his father was born in 1819 and his 
 mother in 1817; both were Americans, their 
 families being among the early settlers of 
 Pennsylvania and prominent people of their 
 day. His father was an engine builder near 
 Pittsburg, Pa. Both his parents are dead; 
 his mother died February, 1885, his father 
 two months later. His father had six chil- 
 dren, four of whom are living — Captain 
 Hamilton, the subject of this sketch; George 
 Washington Hamilton, engine builder, 
 Beaver, Pa.; William Hamilton, clerk. Char- 
 tiers, Allegheny county. Pa., and John 
 Hamilton, Beaver Falls, Beaver county, Pa. 
 
 Captain Hamilton was educated at Beaver 
 -Academy, Beaver, Pa., and at Beaver Col- 
 lege at the same place; he stood well in his 
 classes and would have graduated with dis- 
 tinction, but tlie Civil War was raging in 
 the country, and like the youth of that day 
 both North and South, Captain Hamilton 
 was imbued with patriotism and could not 
 be prevailed U])on to remain at college and 
 graduate, but insisted on entering the army 
 and left college in June, 1862, when only 
 eighteen years old; enlisted in the Fifteenth 
 Pennsylvania \'olunteer Cavalry, and in 
 tlircf nioiuhs (Se]>tember. 1S62) received 
 his bai>tisni in war in the terrible and hotly 
 contested battle of Antietam, between Gen. 
 R. E. Lee's and Gen. Geo. B. McCIclland's 
 armies. The following October he was sent 
 
 with his regiment to Nashville, Tenn., and 
 engaged in the Stone River Campaign, end- 
 ing with the battle of Stone river and the 
 occupation of Murfreesboro in December, 
 1862; he was also in the campaign and bat- 
 tles of the Army of the Cumberland, includ- 
 ing the battles of Chickamauga. around 
 Chattanooga, September and November, 
 1863, and battle of Nashville in December, 
 1864; was with General Stoneman in his 
 raid through East Tennessee, Virginia, 
 North Carolina, South Carolina and .Ala- 
 bama from March to ]\Iay, 1865; in fact. 
 Captain Hamilton saw hard service, and 
 was in most of its important battles, always 
 proving himself faithful to duty and a brave 
 and gallant soldier to the end of the war, 
 and was mustered out of the volunteer ser- 
 vice in June, 1865, and on account of his 
 sjilendid record, in June, 1867, was ap- 
 pointed second lieutenant in the regular 
 United States .\rmy, and assigned to the 
 Second LTnited States Cavalry, where he 
 served through different actions, campaigns 
 and expeditions against the Indians in Kan- 
 sas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, 
 Montana, Dakota, Idaho and Washington, 
 until July, 1892. when on account of disa- 
 bility incurred in the line of duty he was re- 
 tired from active service, with the rank of 
 ca]5tain, which rank no man in the service of 
 his country merited more than Captain 
 Hamilton. In his services on the fron- 
 tier, as in the Civil War, he was noted 
 for faithful discharge of duty, bravery and 
 gallantry; and had it not been for his dis- 
 abilit\- he would no doubt have risen to still 
 higher distinction in the army. 
 
 .\fter his retirement from the army lie 
 took up his residence in our city, and though 
 coming here a stranger, it was not long be- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 987 
 
 fore he made many friends, and October 7, 
 1897, when the police commissioners of this 
 city selected a marshal of police, Captain 
 Hamilton was appointed to this high and 
 important position, and since he has been in 
 office, from the efficiency with which he per- 
 forms its duties, it has been demonstrated 
 that the commission made no mistake in ap- 
 pointing him. 
 
 Captain Hamilton is a Protestant and a 
 Republican, and is a member of the Wash- 
 ington Commandery, Loyal Legion of the 
 United States. 
 
 Captain Hamilton is over six feet in 
 height, straight as an arrow, soldierly in 
 bearing, and looks every inch a soldier; in 
 his manners he is pleasant and afifable, and 
 is of kindly disposition, and though a strict 
 disciplinarian is very popular with the men 
 under him. He resides at No. 7 East Frank- 
 lin street, Baltimore. 
 
 WiLLL\M Hunt, deceased, was born at 
 Alexandria, Va., in 1818. His parents were 
 New Englanders. His father removed to 
 Virginia when he was in his minority. His 
 son, William, the subject of this sketch, 
 came to Baltimore when only a boy, where 
 he served his time as apprentice to a ship 
 carpenter. Subsequently, and at the age of 
 twenty-four, he went into partnership with 
 William Wagner as ship builder under the 
 firm name of Hunt & Wagner on South Ann 
 street, but finally removed to Canton to ac- 
 commodate their large increase in business. 
 He carried on this profitable business dur- 
 ing the succeeding years until 1854, when 
 he sold out his ship-building business upon 
 the advice of his physician and engaged in 
 the coasting trade. He owned several tug 
 
 boats and schooners for bay traffic, was a 
 man of large influence in his circle and was 
 respected by all who knew him. In social 
 life he held offices of honor and trust. 
 Though weak in body he was a man of 
 energy and endurance. He built up for him- 
 self a beautiful home with all the modern 
 comforts and luxuries, which his wife en- 
 joys in her declining years. 
 
 He was married to Miss Susannah, 
 daughter of Patrick Dickey, a native of Bel- 
 fast, Ireland, who came to this country 
 about 1817. He was a manufacturer of 
 woolen goods, etc., and was located on West 
 Saratoga street. He was an extensive 
 dealer in his day. He died February 18, 
 1872. 
 
 Thomas E. Masson is a native of Balti- 
 more, and was born in 1827. He was a son 
 of Abraham Masson, also a native of Balti- 
 more, but of French parentage. Abraham 
 was a sail maker by trade in the early period 
 of his life, a business which he carried on 
 with success. His son, Thomas E., how- 
 ever, chose another profession — that of 
 builder, a business which he extended and 
 carried on successfully until 1867, when he 
 engaged in the real estate business. This 
 he conducted with equal success. 
 
 Mr. Masson was an enthusiast on re- 
 ligion. What he did, he did it with his 
 might. He was deeply devoted to the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he 
 was a worthy and influential member for 
 twenty-five years, and one of its principal 
 supporters. 
 
 He was married to Miss 'Sla.vy Cecil, 
 daughter of Edward Cecil, a farmer of Caro- 
 line countv, j\Id. There were born to them 
 
988 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 five children, four of whom are living, one 
 son being a prosperous business man of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. James Bates, deceased, was born at 
 Marietta, Pa., in 1816. He was the son of 
 John Bates, of A'ermont, and a prominent 
 business man of his State. He left his na- 
 tive towm in Vermont and removed to Bos- 
 ton, Mass., where he was as well known as 
 in his native town, because of his qualifica- 
 tions. He removed to Baltimore in 1820, 
 where he engaged in the manufacture of 
 brick. His sons, who inherited their father's 
 push and energy, turned their attention to 
 the moulding and casting of iron. James 
 learned his trade under the care of John 
 Barker, an experienced moulder and worker 
 in iron. James Bates carried on his busi- 
 ness with tact and integrity during his life. 
 He was a man in whom the public reposed 
 perfect confidence. He was at one time 
 vice-president of the Marine Bank of Balti- 
 more, besides being director of various in- 
 stitutions in the city. 
 
 His sons have succeeded him in his busi- 
 ness at the old stand, corner of President 
 and Pratt streets, under the firm name of 
 James Bates' Sons, and they are extensively 
 engaged in building elevators. 
 
 James Bates married Miss Frances R. 
 Atkinson, daughter of Joshua Atkinson, of 
 Maryland, l)y whom he had seven children. 
 
 Hexry J. FauiU'R. — This gentleman (de- 
 ceased) was born in Bavaria, Germany. He 
 was reared and educated partly in Bavaria 
 and partly in Baltimore. He studied in the 
 University of Hof until he reached his fif- 
 teenth year, when he came to .America, 
 where he completed his education under 
 
 private tutors. In early life his intention 
 was to enter the ministry, but after he made 
 this his adopted country, the land of civil 
 and religious liberty, his home, he aban- 
 doned the idea and turned his attention to 
 material things. He entered mercantile 
 business in connection with Stellman, Him- 
 rich & Co., who were wholesale importers 
 of general merchandise. He remained an 
 honorable and trusted member of the firm 
 until, twenty years later, he dissolved his re- 
 lations therewith, the business having be- 
 come too burdensome. 
 
 He soon, however, became dissatisfied 
 with a retired life and entered the wholesale 
 commission business, in which he was en- 
 gaged until his death. 
 
 Mr. Farber married Miss Annie E., 
 daughter of Frederick and Anna Stafford, 
 of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Stalford are 
 natives of Germany, but became useful and 
 respected citizens of this country. Mr. 
 Stalford carried on an extensive trade in the 
 wholesale hide, oil and leather business. 
 
 There were born to Mr. and Mrs. Farber 
 si.\ children, all of whom are living. Ed- 
 ward J. is a prosperous attorney, of Balti- 
 more; Fred M. is a wholesale commission 
 merchant, of New York; Flenry J., Jr., 
 wholesale commission merchant, of Balti- 
 more; William C. is associated with Harry 
 Farber, a wholesale commission merchant 
 (dry goods) at 37 Hopkins Place; Gustav 
 A. is a member of the firm of Price, Heald 
 & Co.: Anninea married Marshall, the son 
 of the late Moro Phillips, of Philadelphia. 
 Mrs. Farber resides at 1012 N. Charles 
 street in the winter months, going to her 
 summer residence at Catonsville during the 
 heated term as has been her custom for the 
 i)ast thirtv-eight \-ears. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 S. G. BuRRouGii was born in Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., 1839. He is a son of Jacob and 
 Elizabeth Burrough, the former a native of 
 Pennsylvania, and the latter of New Jersey. 
 
 Jacob Burrough was a prosperous busi- 
 ness man of Philadelphia, Pa., extensively 
 engaged in contracting and building. In 
 1845 li^ removed to Baltimore, where he en- 
 gaged in the wholesale lime trade and lo- 
 cated at what was known as "The City 
 Block." He owned his kilns and manufac- 
 tured his own lime at Texas, Baltimore 
 county, Md. He continued in that business, 
 which he carried on successfully until his 
 death in 1881. He was a member of the So- 
 ciety of Friends, and in politics was an old 
 time Whig. He was a man respected and 
 honored by all who came in touch with him, 
 and left to his son who succeeds him an un- 
 sullied name and an established trade. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was reared and 
 educated in Philadelphia and Baltimore. He 
 completed his studies at Newton University, 
 Baltimore. He came to this city in 1845, 
 but returned to his native city in 1854, 
 where he engaged in the hardware trade. 
 In 1862 at the call of his country he entered 
 the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. In 
 1863 he returned to Baltimore, where he en- 
 gaged in the drug business. In 1866 he be- 
 came interested in the lumber trade, which 
 he followed up to 1881, when he succceeded 
 his father at the time of the latter's death. 
 He has like his father ingratiated himself 
 into the regard and confidence of the public ; 
 is honest to a fault, and carries out the prin- 
 ciples that he learned in youth from his 
 parents. 
 
 Edward L. Coulson'.— This gentleman 
 is a native of Baltimore, and was born in 
 
 1841. He is a son of James Coulson, a glue 
 manufacturer, whose place of business was 
 situated on Jenkins' Lane, Baltimore. 
 James began business in this city in early 
 life, and as the city developed so did his 
 trade, for by integrity and tact he grew in 
 favor and esteem. His industrious and 
 eventful life closed in 1866, at which time 
 his son, Edward L., succeeded him in his 
 business. 
 
 Edward L. was reared in Baltimore, 
 where he was born, and educated at Union 
 Academy in this city. In early life he en- 
 tered the drug business, at which he suc- 
 ceeded in a material way, but on the death 
 of his father in 1866, he abandoned it and 
 took his father's place in the manufacture 
 of glue. 
 
 Mr. Coulson is of a retiring nature, so- 
 ciable in his intercourse with his fellows, 
 and successful as a business man. 
 
 He married ^Nliss Sarah, daughter of 
 Henry Curtain. ]\Ir. Curtain is also a native 
 of this city and was one of its leading busi- 
 ness men in his calling. He was born on 
 Pitt now Fayette street, and for over fifty 
 years lived on the Harford Road, Baltimore 
 county. 
 
 To Mr. and ]^Irs. Coulson were born two 
 lovely daughters. The family is of English 
 ancestry on both sides. 
 
 Tho.mas Meredith Jenkins, deceased, 
 was a native of the city of Baltimore, and 
 was born in 1855. He was the son of Aus- 
 tin and Margaret Jenkins, who were also 
 Baltimoreans, and members of a large and 
 influential family, well known and promi- 
 nent in Baltimore society. Austin Jenkins 
 was largely engaged in the hardware busi- 
 ness, and was a member of the well known 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 firm of Edward Jenkins & Son. This pros- 
 perous firm is still in existence and has the 
 full confidence of the public, as well as their 
 patronage. 
 
 Austin Jenkins is now senior partner in 
 the firm. Thomas Meredith Jenkins was 
 reared in Baltimore and educated at George- 
 town College, from which he graduated 
 with honors. After his graduation he en- 
 tered the firm with his father, where he re- 
 mained a useful member until his death in 
 1890, at the age of thirty-five years. 
 
 He married Miss Sarah Leigh, the ac- 
 complished daughter of Stephen and Fanny 
 (Land) Bonsai, natives of Norfolk, Va. The 
 Bonsals have been residents of Baltimore 
 for about twenty-five years, very prominent 
 in society and also in business circles. Mr. 
 Stephen Bonsai was an extensive importer 
 of cofTee, and by his largeness of heart, his 
 strict integrity and his unsurpassed business 
 qualities, had built for himself a prosperous 
 and growing trade. His office was located 
 at 63 Exchange Place. 
 
 Rev. Thomas J. Kenny was born No- 
 vember 26, 1865, and is a native of Balti- 
 more City. He is the son of John and the 
 late Mary Kenny, respectable and honored 
 citizens of Baltimore. 
 
 There is no more pleasing exercise of the 
 mind than to contemplate the life of a man 
 who has given himself up, body and soul, 
 to doing good to others, and whose aim in 
 life is to make the world 1)etter, life purer, 
 heaven nearer and to be the visible media- 
 tor bet wen God and man. On such a holy 
 mission has the subject of our sketch, the 
 Rev. Thomas J. Kenny, entered. He was 
 reared in the city of Baltimore. When his 
 preparatory studies were completed, he en- 
 
 tered the St. Charles College in Howard 
 county, Md., in September, 1879. He pur- 
 sued his course of studies with zeal and faith- 
 fulness and on June 23, 1885, graduated 
 with honor to himself and his instructors. 
 He next entered St. Mary's Seminary, 
 where he laboriously and faithfully pursued 
 his studies in theology and philosophy. 
 From that institution he also graduated 
 with merited credit. He was ordained to 
 the priesthood at the Cathedral in Balti- 
 more, by his Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. 
 On December 21, 1890, he was appointed 
 temporarily to the pastorate of St. Mary's 
 Church, Marlboro, Prince George's county, 
 Md. On April 10, 1891, he was appointed 
 to his church, St. Mary's Star of the Sea, 
 where he is assistant under Rev. John T. 
 Whelan. He was formerly assistant to the 
 late Rev. Peter McCoy, who founded the 
 church. The membership of this congre- 
 gation numbers 4,000,' while the Sunday- 
 school counts 700. 
 
 Rev. Thomas J. Kenny is a scholarly 
 gentleman of a sweet and winning disposi- 
 tion, fit to grace any pulpit. 
 
 John W. Bowen is a resident of Randalls- 
 town, Baltimore county, Md., w'here he was 
 born April 16, 1854. He is the son of Graf- 
 ton and Mary Bowen, both of whom are na- 
 tives of Baltimore county. Grafton Bowen 
 was an extensive farmer, but has retired. 
 He was a strictly moral and upright man in 
 all his intercourse with his neighbors. As a 
 farmer he was not surpassed. In all the 
 various branches of agriculture he was up 
 to date and even ahead of the times. 
 
 His son, John W., the subject of this 
 sketch, was lx)rn at Dover, Md., and edu- 
 cated in the public schools of Baltimore 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 county. Brought up as a farmer, he took 
 a pride in it and like his honored father has 
 been eminently successful. He has con- 
 fined himself principally to dairying. He 
 has a beautiful herd of fine Alderney grades, 
 thirty in number. He controls a large farm 
 and is a thorough going business man. He 
 is a man of large influence and unlimited 
 acquaintance. In 1895 he was nominated 
 for sherifif of his native county on the Pro- 
 hibition ticket with Mr. Levering, and 
 polled twenty votes ahead of his ticket. This 
 shows his popularity and political position. 
 
 In 1887 Mr. Bowen rented a stall in Rich- 
 mond Market, where he is a large dealer in 
 cream, the product of his own dairy. His 
 patronage is large and includes the best peo- 
 ple of that section of the city. Mr. Bowen 
 is courteous in his manner, social in dispo- 
 sition and honest and upright in his deal- 
 ings with all. 
 
 He married Miss .Vnnie, daughter of 
 Gideon Herbert, Esq., to whom were born 
 seven children. Mr. Herbert is a well 
 known man in Baltimore county, having 
 held several public offices there. 
 
 Thomas S. Godman is a native of Balti- 
 more and belongs to one of the oldest fami- 
 lies in Maryland. He is a son of Thomas 
 W. and Eveline Godman and was born on 
 Pennsylvania avenue, October 22, 1831. 
 Thomas W. was an extensive mutton 
 butcher, whose patronage extended over a 
 large territory. His reputation for square 
 dealing was proverbial. He was the son 
 of Brutus Godman, a man of talent wiio 
 spent some time as an educator. He was 
 also a man of patriotism, for when the 
 mother country placed its hands too heavily 
 upon the shoulders of the infant colony, 
 
 Brutus and his father, Capt. Samuel God- 
 man, immediately joined the forces under 
 Washington. The latter organized and 
 equipped a company at his own expense. 
 
 Thomas S. Godman at an early age took 
 up the occupation of his father, and under 
 the latter's superidsion. At the age of 
 twenty-one he left the company of his 
 father to do business for himself, and en- 
 gaged in the beef trade. When Mr. God- 
 man entered the Hollins Market, forty-six 
 years ago, there were only eight stalls erect- 
 ed there, and at the expense of those who 
 occupied them. Mr. Godman has a wide 
 reputation for his honesty as a business 
 man, by which means his patronage is large. 
 He is a worthy member of the Methodist 
 Church, of which he was at one time a trus- 
 tee. In politics he is a Republican. He is 
 a member of the I. O. O. F. of the State of 
 Alaryland and also of the Seven Wise Men. 
 
 He married Miss Emma A., daughter of 
 George Bell, by whom he had eight chil- 
 dren, five of whom are now living. His 
 family is very interesting and all belong to 
 the Methodist Church. His son, George 
 W., is in the butcher business in Richmond 
 Market. 
 
 Mr. Adam Appel. — The subject of this 
 sketch (deceased) was a native of Germany, 
 who, with his parents, came to this country 
 in 1854. They located in Baltimore, where 
 they engaged in the butcher business, and 
 so conducted themselves that they found 
 favor in the estimation of their American 
 neighbors and their business grew exten- 
 sively. After working with his father and 
 with other noted men in his line, he em- 
 barked in the same business for himself in 
 1872, locating in liollins' Market, where he 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 remained for twenty years, or up to the 
 time of his death in 1893. ^^i"- Appel was 
 a moral man, of strict integrity and honest 
 for the sake of principle, not policy, whose 
 business grew as his acquaintance widened. 
 He confined himself strictly to his calling 
 which extended far beyond his expecta- 
 tions. 
 
 He married ]\Iiss Alary, daughter of 
 Christopher Hoehn, a native of Germany. 
 She has succeeded her husband in his busi- 
 ness, which prospers as greatly t:- it did 
 under his supervision. There are no chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Henry Elliot Shepherd. — The sub- 
 ject of our sketch was born at Fayetteville, 
 N. C, in 1844. His father was one of the 
 most cultured and successful lawyers that 
 the South has produced; his maternal un- 
 cle was James C. Dobbin, Secretary of the 
 Navy during the administration of Presi- 
 dent Pierce, and a colleague of such "men 
 of light and learning" as William L. Mar- 
 cey, Caleb Cushing and Jefferson Davis. 
 Mr. Shepherd received his preliminary 
 training in the schools of his native town, 
 and at a very early age entered the Univer- 
 sity of \'irginia, where he was especially 
 distinguished in the sphere of languages, 
 literature and history. The beginning of 
 the war between the States in 1861 found 
 him in the service of the Confederacy: he 
 was wounded, almost fatally, at Gettys- 
 burg, July 3, 1863, and for several months 
 lay prostrate in the hospital. Gen. D. H. 
 Hill, the brother-in-law of "Stonewall" 
 Jackson, pul;)licly complimented him as "a 
 splendid young soldier" of the Army of 
 Northern Virginia. Upon the cessation 
 of hostilities he repaired to Baltimore with 
 
 the intention of making his permanent 
 home there. Within a few months after 
 his arrival he was elected to the chair of 
 History and English in the City College, 
 and retained the position until July, 1875. 
 at which time he was promoted withont so- 
 licitation on his own part to the office of 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, be- 
 ing one of the youngest men ever called to 
 the discharge of so grave, delicate and re- 
 sponsible a trust. In October, 1882, he re- 
 signed the superintendency in order to ac- 
 cept the presidency of the College of 
 Charleston, S. C, the oldest institution de- 
 voted to the advancement of high culture in 
 that State, its origin dating back into colo- 
 nial times. In July, 1897, he retired from 
 the presidency of the college and returned 
 to Baltimore, where he is now actively en- 
 gaged in literary and educational enter- 
 prises in a variety of fields. Mr. Shepherd 
 is an author and lecturer whose reputation 
 far exceeds a merely local limit. His his- 
 tory of the English Language, his His- 
 torical Reader, Advanced Grammar of the 
 English Language, his address upon the 
 genius of Edgar A. Poe, delivered at the 
 formal dedication of the monument. No- 
 vember 17, 1875: his numerous contribu- 
 tions, educational, philological, historical, 
 have secured for him a recognized position 
 among scholars not in America alone, but 
 in the leading shrines of culture and learn- 
 ing in the European world. In all his 
 public lectures he speaks without notes or 
 memoranda of any kind whatever. His 
 lectures upon English literature have been 
 received with enthusiastic appreciation in 
 all parts of the country, from Boston to 
 Savannah; and the manner of his delivery 
 as well as the flucncv of his utterance has 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 induced more than one discriminating critic 
 to compare him to tlie late Dr. PhilHps 
 Brooks. Mr. Shepherd is now engaged in 
 the preparation of an elaborate commen- 
 tary upon the poetry of Tennyson which 
 will be issued at a future day. He is an 
 intense student of the aesthetic and spiritual 
 phases of literature, not a student of its 
 merely verbal or structural form, an atti- 
 tude of mind which has more than once in- 
 volved him in severe conflict with the ad- 
 vocates of an extreme and exclusive philo- 
 logical method. During his term of ser- 
 vice as Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, Mr. Shepherd organized and selected 
 the Public School Library, which ranks 
 among the most complete and admirable 
 libraries of its kind in the entire country. 
 He devoted himself to the educational life 
 of the city through the elevation of the in- 
 dividual teacher, and labored for the attain- 
 ment of that end through all the legitimate 
 agencies at his command, lectures, special 
 classes, contributions to the journals, in- 
 deed every medium through which educa- 
 tional activity can assert its force and con- 
 vey its inspiration. His home is 1109 Mc- 
 Culloh street and he hopes that he is es- 
 tablished in Baltimore for life. It was the 
 scene of his early labors and is one of the 
 principal centres of his strong attachment 
 and affection. 
 
 Benjami.n Howell Griswold. — The 
 subject of this sketch, B. Howell Griswold, 
 was born at St. Louis, Mo., October 3. 1845. 
 He is the son of Rev. Whiting and Ellen 
 Maria (Howell) Griswold. His father was 
 a much esteemed minister of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, a graduate of the Gen- 
 eral Theological Seminary of New York 
 
 and first rector of St. John's Parish, St. 
 Louis, Mo. He was also founder of The 
 Church Home and Orphan Asylum of the 
 latter city. He died in 1849 ^ft^r ^ useful 
 and eventful life. Rev. Whiting Griswold 
 was the son of Capt. Chester Griswold, who 
 served in the War of 1812. Chester was the 
 grandson of Lieut. Ebenezer Griswold, who 
 served his country with honor in the 
 Franco-Indian war. B. H. Griswold's ma- 
 ternal great-grandfather was Joseph How- 
 ell, a major in the Revolutionary War. He 
 served under Washington, and was the first 
 Paymaster General of the United States 
 Army. The subject of this sketch is a di- 
 rect de'scendant of two of the regicides of 
 Charles the First of England, namely, Sir 
 Gregory Clement and Gen. Thomas Harri- 
 son, men who were lovers of freedom and 
 liberty. 
 
 Benjamin Howell Griswold was educated 
 at Hagerstown Academy and by private 
 tutors. He subsequently entered St. John's 
 College, Washington county, Md. During 
 the Civil War, when this college was closed, 
 he entered Trinity College, Conn., from 
 which institution he graduated in 1866. 
 After leaving college he entered the rail- 
 road service as civil engineer, and in 1871 
 was appointed chief clerk and telegraph op- 
 erator of the B. & O. R. R. at Hagerstown, 
 Md. In 1872 he was made agent of the 
 Western Alaryland railroad at Hagerstown. 
 In 1874 this company transferred him to 
 Baltimore, where he was made Auditor and 
 General Freight and Ticket Agent. At 
 that time the road was in an undeveloped 
 state, with but limited local traffic. When 
 the road branched out to other sections, Mr. 
 Griswold was placed in charge of its traffic 
 as General Freight and Passenger Agent, 
 
994 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 which position he has most creditably and 
 satisfactorily retained since 1883. In his 
 extensive acquaintance in the railroad 
 world Mr. Griswold is recognized as an 
 official thoroughly conversant with the 
 intricacies of traffic and transportation 
 details. Not only does Mr. Griswold 
 hold a positon of trust and responsibility 
 in business, but likewise maintains an 
 enviable popularity. His afifable manners 
 and genial nature have won for him 
 universal esteem and respect. He is a 
 member of the Masonic Fraternity and of 
 the Alpha Delta Phi College Fraternity, 
 also of the Royal Arcanum, National Union, 
 Order of the Golden Chain, Sons of the 
 American Revolution, Society of the Colo- 
 nial Wars, University Club, Baltimore 
 Country Club, and Maryland Historical So- 
 ciety. On December 21, 1871, he married 
 Miss Carrie G. Robertson, daughter of Col. 
 Thomas G. Robertson, of Hagerstown, 
 Md., to whom were born three children, 
 named Ellen Howell, Ben. Howell and 
 Robertson. Ben. Howell, Jr., is a grad- 
 uate of Johns Hopkins University and also 
 of the Maryland University Law School, 
 and is now professionally associated with 
 the well-known legal firm of Charles Mar- 
 shall i\: .'^ons, of Baltimore. 
 
 Dk. Jamks DosliCv was born in Balti- 
 more county, Md., October i, 1852. He is 
 a son of John and Mary (Pearce) Bosley, 
 natives of Maryland and descendants of co- 
 lonial settlers. Their .son, James, received 
 his initial training in the public schools 
 of his native county, took his academic 
 course at Milton Academy, and tiien en- 
 tered the University of \'irgiiiia, from the 
 medical dei)artment of which institution he 
 
 was graduated with the class of 1874. Dur- 
 ing the following year he was resident phy- 
 sician at Bay A'iew Asylum and then en- 
 tered upon the general practice of his pro- 
 fession, in which he has ever since been en- 
 gaged with present office and residence at 
 iioi Lanvale street. Doctor Bosley was 
 one of the Board of School Commissioners 
 representing the Fourteenth ward from 
 1888 to 1896. Politically he is a Democrat, 
 has taken a lively interest in and worked for 
 his party's success, and his acceptance of 
 official trusts at his party's hands has been 
 frequently urged, which the demands of an 
 extensive practice have compelled him to 
 decline. He is a member of the American 
 Medical Association, Medical and Chirurgi- 
 cal Faculty of Maryland, and Baltimore 
 Medical and Surgical Society. He has 
 been twice married, his lirst wife being Le- 
 clare, daughter of the late Charles R. Wat- 
 ers, of Carroll county, Md. Mrs. Bosley 
 died, leaving two children, Charles Ed- 
 monds Bosley, now a student at the Univer- 
 sity of Virginia, and ^lary Leclare Bosley, 
 a student at Bryn Mawr. Doctor Bosley 's 
 second wife is his deceased wife's sister. 
 The family are members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South. 
 
 Dr. FuiiDJiKiCK WiLi.iA.M Wilson is a 
 native of Baltimore, a son of Dr. Pierce B. 
 and Henrietta (Stewart) Wilson, natives of 
 Philadelphia, whence they came to Balti- 
 more, where Dr. P. B. Wilson has since re- 
 sided and engaged in business as consulting 
 physician and expert chemist. Frederick 
 W. Wilson received his education in the 
 public and manual training schools of Bal- 
 timore, pursued the study of medicine under 
 the i)reccpt(.rship uf his father, then !ine of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 the Faculty of the Bahimore University 
 School of Medicine, from which institution 
 he (Frederick) was graduated. Believing, 
 after investigation, in the superiority of the 
 new over the old school methods, Doctor 
 Wilson took up the study of Homeopathy, 
 was duly graduated, and is engaged in that 
 practice in Mewark. N. J. 
 
 Mr. J. M. Buck, deceased, was a native of 
 I'.altimore, and was born January 7, 1814. 
 He was the son of Capt. Benjamin C. Buck, 
 a prominent business man of Baltimore, and 
 an extensive ship owner and importer of 
 foreign merchandise. J. M. Buck, his son, 
 at the age of seventeen was manager for 
 Herr & Co., one of the largest firms in the 
 city. In 1832 he engaged in the commission 
 business with the son of his former em- 
 ployer, under the firm name of Herr & 
 Buck. In 1845 Mr. Buck retired from city 
 life to a farm he owned near Frederick City, 
 one of the finest farms in the country. 
 There he remained until 1849, when he re- 
 turned to Baltimore and purchased one of 
 the flouring mills situated on the Franklin 
 turnpike. In 1855 'i^ acquired another 
 farm on which he lived about four years. 
 
 Mr. Buck was not only a practical busi- 
 ness man, looking to personal ends, but he 
 was a public-spirited man as well. He was 
 trusted implicitly by his fellow-citizens. He 
 was for three years cashier of the Franklin 
 Bank of Baltimore. 
 
 \\'hile Mr. Buck took no active part in 
 the late war, yet he was a pronounced 
 "Southern Democrat" in his views. At the 
 breaking out of the war, when every heart 
 was stirred to its depths and men were 
 obliged to show to which side leaned their 
 sympathies, Mr. Buck was not slow in re- 
 
 vealing his colors. He was one of the lead- 
 ing spirits in the organization of the M. E. 
 Church South. 
 
 While Baltimore was under martial law 
 the militia demanded that the Union flag 
 be placed in the pulpit of the M. E. Church 
 South, then oh Hanover street: Mr. Buck 
 objected and corresponded with the Gov- 
 ernment of the State to interfere. 
 
 Mr. Buck was twice married; his first wife 
 was the daughter of Capt. Jas. F. Frazier. 
 His second wife is the daughter of 
 Alex. Benson Coe. There are four sons 
 and four daughters living. Henry B., his 
 son, is a prominent lawyer, of Syracuse, N. 
 Y. Another son, Thomas Corner Buck, is 
 a banker and broker in New York City; 
 while J. M., another son, is an active man 
 in business in the same city. 
 
 Abner B. Mudge, deceased, is a native of 
 Lynn, Mass. He was born in 1807. He 
 came to Baltimore in 1833, at which time he 
 became a clerk for Mr. TifTney, where he 
 endeared himself to his employer and soon 
 rose in influence and importance as a busi- 
 ness man. Later on he went into the paper 
 business with Samuel Epes Turner and 
 Geo. W. Wheelwright under the firm name 
 Turner, Wheelwright & Mudge. After the 
 accumulation of means he entered into a 
 partnership with Mr. Wheelwright, who 
 formed the boot and shoe concern of Wheel- 
 wright & Mudge on Charles street. This 
 firm, however, gave up the boot and shoe 
 trade, embarking in the paper business 
 under the old firm name. Afterwards in 
 185 1 the brother of George W. Wheel- 
 wright, the late Jeremiah Wheelwright, who 
 had been in the boot and shoebusiness.took 
 the firm name of Wheelwright & Mudge. 
 
99G 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mr. Mudge was a self made and self edu- 
 cated man. and contributed in a material 
 way to make Baltimore what it is to-day. 
 
 In politics he was a staunch Republican. 
 He was married to Miss Caroline C. Phil- 
 lips, daughter of Isaac and Ann Phillips, of 
 Baltimore, who bore him nine children, six 
 of whom are living ; of this number two are 
 prominent business men of Baltimore — E. 
 Tileston Mudge, who succeeded his father 
 and whose firm name is Dobler & Mudge, 
 and Frank Mudge, who is engaged in the 
 grain and flour business. 
 
 Abner B. INIudge died in 1872 at the age 
 of seventy-two years. 
 
 .Among the attorneys of the Baltimore 
 City and County bar who have successfully 
 mingled their profession and politics may 
 be mentioned Hon. J- Fred C. Talbott, of 
 Towson. The emigrant ancestor of the male 
 line was John Talbott, who settled first on 
 the Eastern Shore in the early colonial days, 
 moving thence to Anne .\rundel county and 
 finally to Baltimore county, where he be- 
 came a large landed proprietor. He was 
 succeeded by his son, Edward, and he in 
 turn by Jusluia F. C. Talbott, grandfather 
 of our sul)ject, for whom he was named. 
 The Talbotts have always been landed pro- 
 prietors, cultivating the soil. The father of 
 our subject, lidward Talbott, was born on 
 the homestead near Towson. He. married 
 Miss Temperance Ellen, daughter of Anion 
 Bosley, of Baltimore county. The Bosleys 
 are of English origin, the colonial ances- 
 tor, Joseph Bosley, coming to Baltimore di- 
 rect from the mother country. His father- 
 in-law. Captain Marsli, was an officer in the 
 Revolutionafy Army. Both of our subject's 
 
 grandfathers, J. C. F. Talbott and Anion 
 Bosley, were soldiers in the War of 1812. 
 
 Mr. J. Frederick C. Talbott was born in 
 Baltimore county, July 29, 1843. After at- 
 tending the public schools of the county, 
 Mr. Talbott began the study of law in the 
 offices of Messrs. Wheeler & Keech.of Tow- 
 son. On the outbreak of the war Mr. Tal- 
 bott enlisted in Company F, Second Mary- 
 land Cavalry, in July, 1863, and participated 
 in the battle of Winchester on September 
 19th following, and at Fisher's Hill in Oc- 
 tober; also in the Chambersburg Raid 
 and innumerable skirmishes. After the 
 close of the war Air. Talbott returned to 
 Towson, renewed his studies in the same of- 
 fice and was called to the bar September 6, 
 1866, and at once sprang into prominence 
 as an acute and skillful practitioner and trial 
 lawyer, and many are the prominent cases 
 in which he has participated. In 1885 Mr. 
 Talbott opened an office in Baltimore in ad- 
 dition to the one he has occupied in Towson 
 since his coming to the bar. 
 
 Mr. Talbott's political career has been 
 prominent and interesting. He served as 
 State's Attorney for Baltimore county from 
 1872 to '76. In 1878 he was elected to rep- 
 resent his district in the Lower House of 
 Congress, and was twice returned, serving 
 six consecutive years. He again represent- 
 ed his district in that body for the term be- 
 ginning in 1893. During his earlier terms 
 in Congress Mr. Talbott took a prominent 
 part in the establishment of the new navy; 
 he ]3repared and introduced the bill for es- 
 tablishing the two national gun foundries; 
 he secured the appropriation for the De- 
 Kalb monument; secured an amendment to 
 the naval appropriation bill providing for 
 tlie building of the cruisers Newark and 
 
HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 997 
 
 Baltimore. As chairman of tlie sub-Com- 
 mittee of Naval Affairs in the Fifty-third 
 Congress he prepared the naval appropria- 
 tion bill and had charge of it while being 
 considered, finally securing the appropria- 
 tion for building the cruisers Kearsarge and 
 Kentucky. Mr.Talbott may well feel proud 
 of the part he has taken in establishing the 
 new navy. At the dedication of the York- 
 town monument in 1881 Mr. Talbott was a 
 member of the Congressional Committee, 
 who oilficially represented the House on that 
 occasion. Mr. Taibott represented his dis- 
 trict in the National Democratic Conven- 
 tions of the memorable campaign of 1876, 
 and again in that of '84, which nominated 
 the winner. j\Ir. Talbott is a Democrat of 
 pronounced type and a firm believer of the 
 Democratic doctrine that the majority 
 should rule, and gives his support to the 
 party nominees regardless of his own per- 
 sonal preferences. He is a speaker of fine 
 ability, and his logical discourses in the halls 
 of Congress or on the hustings carry con- 
 viction to unprejudiced hearers. 
 
 Mr. Talbott married Miss Laura B., 
 daughter of Mr. John G. Cockey, of Balti- 
 more county, and of English descent. The 
 fraternal orders have found favor in Mr. 
 Talbott's e\'es, he being a member of the 
 three leading organizations. He is affiliated 
 with the Mount Moriah Lodge of Masons 
 and the Towson Lodge of Odd Fellows, 
 both of Towson; and of the Hebron Lodge 
 of ICnights of Pythias, of Cockeyville. 
 
 Joseph Friedexwald, retired mer- 
 chant, whose office is at 216 N. Holliday 
 street, was born in Geissen, Germany, in 
 1829. His father was Jonas Friedenwald, 
 
 of Geissen, Germany, who, with his wife, 
 came to this country in 1832, and settled 
 in Baltimore, where he carried on the re- 
 tail hardware business for years and accu- 
 mulated a fortune. He had four sons and 
 one daughter; three only living: Isaac, 
 who is in the printing business and resides 
 on McCulloh street; Dr. Aaron Frieden- 
 wald, practicing physician, of N. Eutaw 
 street, and Mr. Friedenwald, the subject 
 of this sketch. 
 
 His father was one of the most promi- 
 nent Israelites of this city in his day, and 
 when he retired from business some years 
 before his death, he devoted his remaining 
 years to charities, it being the greatest 
 pleasure to him to relieve the destitute and 
 needy, not only those of his own faith but 
 everybody in need, being noted as a philan- 
 thropist in the true sense of the term. He 
 died in 1894, his wife in 1882, both of them 
 loved and respected by the whole com- 
 munity. 
 
 Mr. Friedenwald was educated in private 
 schools of Baltimore and upon completing 
 his education entered as a partner the firm 
 of Wiesenfeld & Co., wholesale manufac- 
 turers of clothing. He was also a member 
 of the firm of Wiesenfeld, Stern & Co., cot- 
 ton commission merchants, both of these 
 firms being old and established business 
 houses of Baltimore at that day. though not 
 in existence at the present time. Although 
 retired from business as a merchant, Mr. 
 Friedenwald still looks after many business 
 interests, and is now president of the Crow'n 
 Cork and Seal Co., a large establishment 
 near Guilford avenue and Lanvale street, 
 employing a great number of hands and 
 doing a large business in this line. He is 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 also a director in the Equitable National 
 Bank and connected as trustee and other- 
 wise with nearly every charity in the city 
 of every denomination, being like his father 
 devoted to doing good to others and to 
 helping those who need help. He was the 
 organizer and founder of the Hebrew Hos- 
 pital and Asylum of this city and for six- 
 teen years was president of the board of this 
 institution; the only public office (if it may 
 be so termed) he ever held was that of 
 trustee of Bayview Asylum, to which 
 he was appointed by Joshua Vansant, 
 Mayor of Baltimore, some years ago, and 
 re-appointed by the successive Mayors of 
 the city since Mayor Vansant's time, hav- 
 ing served on the board twenty-one years, 
 most of the time being president. 
 
 'Sir. Friedenwald was married in this city 
 in 1852 to Miss Rosina Rosewald, a daugh- 
 ter of Judah Rosewald, a prominent and 
 leading business man of Baltimore at that 
 day. She is a sister of Professor Rosewald, 
 now deceased, who at that time, with his 
 wife, was well known here and distinguished 
 for his rare musical attainments, each 
 having fine voices. Mrs. Rosewald now 
 resides in California. 
 
 Mr. Fritndenwald has had fourteen chil- 
 dren, twelve living, as follows: Hiram W., 
 Benjamin B., Bertha, wife of Julius Gold- 
 enberg, of the firm of Goldenberg Bros., 
 retail dry goods; Blima, wife of A. A. 
 Brager, department store; Moses S., Jacob 
 H., Leo W., Flossie, wife of M. Selz, of the 
 firm of Selz Bros., wholesale dry goods; 
 Merla, wife of Samuel Thalheimer, of the 
 firm of Oppenheimer & Co., wholesale 
 clothing merchants; Jennie, Aimee and 
 Berleen. All reside in Baltimore. He and 
 his family are Israelites. In politics he is 
 a Democrat. 
 
 Mr. Friedenwald is noted for his kindly 
 disposition, strict integrity and honesty and 
 is universally liked. In winter he and his 
 family reside at 1916 Eutaw Place and in 
 summer at his country residence near Glyn- 
 don, Baltimore county, where he has a 
 beautiful place and fine farm of 900 acres. 
 
 Richard Curzon Hoffman, President 
 of the Seaboard Air Line System Railways, 
 and president of the Baltimore Steam 
 Packet Co., offices Equitable Building, 
 Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, July 13, 
 1839. His father, Samuel Hoffman, was 
 bom in Frederick county, Md., September 
 30, 1782, and his mother, Elizabeth Re- 
 becca Becker (Curzon) Hoffman, was born 
 in Baltimore, May 5, 1796. Their ancestors 
 were among the early settlers of Maryland 
 and their people belong to some of ^lary- 
 land's most prominent families. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Hoffman w^as one of Balti- 
 more's leading merchants in his day, and 
 the senior member and head of the old and 
 prominent finn of Hoffman & Co., which 
 did a large and extensive business in this 
 city for years. He died in Baltimore, June 
 20, 1852. His wife died March 15. 1880. 
 They had six children. Those living are 
 Mrs. Sophia L. AIcLane, wife of Louis Mc- 
 Lane, iioi N. Charles street, this city; 
 Mary Dorothea Hoffman, No. 1039 St. 
 Paul street, this city, and Mr. Hoffman, the 
 subject of this sketch. 
 
 Mr. Hofifman was educated at Chestnut 
 Hill School and McNally's School, Balti- 
 more. After leaving school he entered the 
 service of William G. Hofifman, stock 
 broker, Baltimore, as clerk, in 1857. After- 
 wards, in 1865, he was in the service of 
 Hoffman, Thompson & Co., iron conmiis- 
 sion merchants, this city, now R. C. Hoff- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 man & Co., Equitable Building, Baltimore. 
 On May 7, 1888, he was made vice-presi- 
 dent Seaboard Air Line System Railways, 
 and February 14, 1893, was made presi- 
 dent of this company, and February 23, 
 1893, was also made president of the Bal- 
 timore Steam Packet Company, which two 
 important positions he now holds. 
 
 Being a strong Southerner when the 
 Civil War came on, he enlisted in the Con- 
 federate Army, May 24, 1861, as first lieu- 
 tenant of Company B, Thirty-first Regi- 
 ment, Virginia Infantry, Second Brigade, 
 Stonewall Jackson's Division, Army 
 Northern Virginia, and was promoted to 
 captain of his company April 4, 1862, and 
 June, 1862, he was appointed captain 
 Company E, Thirtieth Battalion Sharp- 
 shooters, Confederate Army, Wharton's 
 Brigade, Breckinridge's Division. On 
 April 9, 1865, he surrendered at Appomat- 
 tox Court House with Lee's army. He 
 was a faithful and gallant soldier and popu- 
 lar with the ofificers and men of his com- 
 mand. 
 
 Mr. Hofifman was married in Baltimore, 
 October 28, 1880, to Miss Eliza Lawrence 
 Dallam, daughter of Edward Boothby Dal- 
 lam, who was born in Harford county, Md., 
 and Henrietta Julia (Mactier) Dallam, who 
 was born in New York City. Mrs. Hoff- 
 man's parents were both members of old 
 American families. Mr. and iVIrs. Hoff- 
 man have six children: Richard Curzon, 
 Jr., Henrietta Mactier, Elizabeth Curzon, 
 Mary Dorothea, Wilmer and Eliza Law- 
 rence Hoffman. The family are members 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church and re- 
 side at Ruxton, Baltimore county, Md. 
 
 Mr. Hoffman is a member of the Society 
 of Colonial Wars, Societv of the Armv and 
 
 Navy of the Confederate States, for the 
 State of Maryland; the Society of the Army 
 of Northern Virginia, in Virginia, and a 
 member of Buchanan Camp, United Con- 
 federate Veterans of Baltimore. In poli- 
 tics he is an Independent, and votes for 
 those he considers the best men for posi- 
 tions. He stands high as a man of strict 
 honor and is one of the leading railway 
 managers of the day. The system of rail- 
 ways he has under his charge is among the 
 largest in the country, extending and per- 
 meating over all sections of the South, all 
 of which he manages with marked success 
 and with satisfaction to the stockholders 
 and the public. 
 
 John Fredijrick Adams, contractor and 
 builder, was born at Ellicott's Mills, Md., 
 January 30, 1829. His father, John Adams, 
 an Irishman by birth, had immigrated to 
 this country in 1820, and was for many years 
 a successful contractor and builder of public 
 works. His mother's maiden name was 
 Anne Kuhn, the daughter of a wealthy mil- 
 ler, of Adams county. Pa., and later of Rich- 
 mond, \'a. Mr. Adams died when the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was four j-ears of age, 
 and the family then moved to Cumberland. 
 From an early age, rather from choice than 
 necessity, John F. Adams relied upon his 
 own efforts for support, and when but four- 
 teen was engaged in running a steam engine 
 at the first planing mill of Bell & Hendrick- 
 son at Cumberland. At sixteen he was ap- 
 jirenticed to learn the carpenter's trade with 
 William McClellan, with whom he served 
 three and a half years. In 1849 ^^ came to 
 Baltimore, where he worked as a journey- 
 man carpenter for two years, then entering 
 I into a partnership association with his 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 brother, Samuel H. Adams. This partner- 
 ship was dissolved in 1854 by mutual con- 
 sent, and the brothers continued in business 
 separately until i860, when they re-united 
 under the firm name of S. H. & J. F. Adams. 
 This firm built many of the most notable 
 structures not only in this city, but Phila- 
 delphia, Washington, Richmond and other 
 cities. They built all the shops and round 
 houses at J\Jt. Vernon, the offices of the 
 Northern Central Railway Company on 
 Calvert and Centre streets, the Baltimore 
 and Potomac Railroad Depot in Washing- 
 ton, as well as the new Union Depot on 
 North Charles street in this city; the Mt. 
 Hope Insane Asylum, Carrollton Hotel, 
 Notre Dame Convent, Union Bank and 
 many other prominent buildings in this and 
 other cities. 
 
 Charles Snowden Watts, Attorney-at- 
 Law, was born October 25, 1868, at "Bev- 
 erly," Baltimore county, the country seat of 
 his parents. He is a son of Garrard Snow- 
 den and Anne Elizabeth (Wolvington) 
 Watts, the former a native of Maryland, the 
 latter of Mrginia. The firm of G. S. Watts 
 & Co. was for a number of years a leading 
 wholesale tobacco house of Baltimore. The 
 firm is now dissolved, its senior member, 
 Mr. G. S. Watts, having retired in x88o 
 from business. His eldest son, George W. 
 Watts, removed to Durham, N. C, in 1878, 
 where he has since identified himself with 
 various important interests of the South. 
 To the town of Durham he gave a thor- 
 oughly equipped hospital. A college known 
 as the .\rthur G. Watts jNIemorial College 
 was founded by the Messrs. Garrard S. and 
 C.eorge W. Watts at Guntur, India. This 
 memorial college, founded in the interests 
 
 of the Lutheran Church, was offered as a 
 tribute to the memory of Arthur G. Watts, 
 M. D., of Baltimore, third son of Mr. Gar- 
 rard S. Watts. The Presbyterian Theolog- 
 ical Seminary now located at Richmond, 
 \'a., through the munificence of Mr. George 
 W. Watts was the beneficiary of a sum of 
 $50,000, the gift of that gentleman. Charles 
 S. Watts received his initial training at 
 Carey's School for Boys, Baltimore, and 
 then entered Johns Hopkins University 
 from which institution he was graduated in 
 1890. He attended the law department of 
 Maryland University and was graduated 
 therefrom and admitted to the bar in 1893 
 and shortly thereafter formed his present 
 partnership association with William C. 
 Smith, under the firm name of Watts & 
 Smith. 'Mr. Watts is a member of the Sec- 
 ond English Lutheran Church, of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Judge Hugh Lennox Bond was born in 
 Baltimore in 1826. He was the son of Dr. 
 Thomas E. and Christiana Bond, a well 
 known and much respected family of Balti- 
 more. Doctor Bond was a practitioner of 
 large experience and unsurpassed intel- 
 lectual attainments and ability. Seeing the 
 necessity of providing for his growing-up 
 family an education superior to that wliich 
 Baltimore could furnish at that time, he 
 gave up the practice of medicine, removed 
 to New York and took the editorship of The 
 Christian Adz'ocatc. the leading paper in the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. This honor- 
 able office of trust and responsibility he 
 filled with creditable acceptance while he 
 lived. His son Hugh L. Bond was educated 
 and fitted for the bar in New York, and is 
 a graduate of New York L^niversity. He 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, M.- 
 
 1001 
 
 came to Baltimore and studied law under 
 Judge Talbot, and was admitted to the bar 
 in his native city. He practiced law for a 
 number of years, rising step by step un- 
 til! he reached the climax in his profes- 
 sion. He was elected judge of the crim- 
 inal court, an office which he held before 
 and during the war. During the late war 
 Judge Bond was very unpopular in the 
 South because of his pronounced convic- 
 tions of duty to the Union cause. Aside 
 from a political standpoint he was a uni- 
 versal favorite. A man of sterling qualities, 
 with a keen sense of justice and with force 
 and courage to administer it. At the close 
 of the war President Grant appointed him 
 to the honorable office of Judge of the Cir- 
 cuit Court of the United States. This office 
 he held till he died at the age of 64. 
 
 He married Miss Annie, daughter of Wil- 
 liam Penniman, Esq., a nati\;e of Baltimore, 
 Init whose parents were natives of Boston 
 and who removed to Baltimore "where Mr. 
 Penniman became an active agent for north- 
 ern manufacturers. 
 
 The house in which Mrs. Bond and fam- 
 ily live was built by Doctor Birkett in 1800, 
 to which was attached at that time ninety 
 acres of good farming land. Most of this 
 property has been divided between the heirs, 
 but the old homestead, grand and stately 
 still remains. 
 
 There were born to Judge and Mrs. Bond 
 three sons — Nicholas P. and. Hugh L., who 
 are prominent lawyers of Baltimore, and Dr. 
 Summerfield Bond, who is a leading physi- 
 cian of the city. 
 
 WiLLi.VM CuRLEv (deceased). — William 
 Curley was born in Baltimore in 182 1. He 
 is the son of James Curley. who was a strict 
 
 member of that noble society called 
 "Friends." He was an architect of superior 
 skill and a builder of great ability. He was 
 a man in whom his fellow-citizens trusted 
 and showed their confidence in placing him 
 in offices of trust. He was at one time city 
 commissioner. His son, William, followed 
 the professional footsteps of his respected 
 father as an architect and builder. He also 
 followed in his father's foot-prints in his 
 superiority as an artist, not only with pen 
 and compass, but with saw and plane. As 
 a mechanic he was in great demand. He 
 was a man of large heart and responsive 
 sympathies who practiced the "golden rule." 
 
 He was a strict member and a practical 
 supporter of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. He died of small-pox January 
 30, 1858, at the age of thirty-six years. 
 He was married December 16, 1845, to 
 Mary E., daughter of James and Catherine 
 (Litchfield) Carr, by whom he had six chil- 
 dren, three of whom are (1897) living. One 
 of his sons. Rev. William E., is a successful 
 pastor of the M. E. Church, of Sykesville, 
 Md. Charles H. is in the stationery busi- 
 ness in Baltimore, while James A. is a trav- 
 eling salesman for \\'illiam H. Crawford, 
 Baltimore: the two latter are residents of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Mrs. Mary E. Curley has been a resident 
 of her present home for the last forty years, 
 and has been confined to her room as an in- 
 valid for the last six years. 
 
 Louis ScHNEEBERGER. Cashier of Post- 
 office, Baltimore, was born in Bavaria, Ger- 
 many, March 30, 1850; received his educa- 
 tion at Nuremberg, Bavaria; came to the 
 L^nited States in 1869. and was for a brief 
 period engaged in mercantile pursuits in 
 
1002 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 New York City, removing thence to Junc- 
 tion City, where he was in business one year, 
 then coming to Baltimore. He was for six- 
 teen years head book-keeper for the wliole- 
 sale grocery firm of H. Cone & Sons, and 
 upon its retirement from business in 1890, 
 received the appointment of cashier of the 
 Baltimore postofifice under Postmaster W. 
 W. Johnson, and was re-appointed under 
 Postmaster S. Davies Warfield. Mr. 
 Schneeberger was one of the founders and 
 is one of the board of governors of the 
 Young Men's Republican Club of Balti- 
 more, and has been its treasurer for the past 
 seven years. He is one of the board of gov- 
 ernors and secretary of the Phoenix Club, 
 and was for two years first vice-president of 
 Independent Order B'nai B'rith. He is also 
 a member of the Masonic fraternity. In 
 1874 he entered the Fifth Regiment, Mary- 
 land National Guard, as private and was 
 successively promoted until he had attained 
 a captaincy, serving as such ofificer for five 
 years prior to his resignation in 1886. He 
 is a member and was one of the charter 
 members of the Fifth Regiment Veteran 
 Corps. He was married May 22, 1870, and 
 has five children: David, Morris and Mil- 
 ton, engaged in mercantile pursuits in Bal- 
 timore, and Misses Fannie and Birdie, the 
 latter a teacher in the public schools of Bal- 
 timore. The family reside at 2042 Fair- 
 mount avenue, and are members of Eutaw 
 Place Temple. 
 
 JuDGK Nicni)i..\s CiiAKLns Burke. — 
 The career of Ju<lge Nicholas Charles 
 Burke is an illustration of what merit and 
 perseverance can accomplish when honestly 
 and intelligently directed. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was born in 
 
 tlie city of Washington, D. C, March ij, 
 1854, and when about a year old v»as 
 brought by his parents to Baltimore county, 
 where they cultivated a farm near Newmar- 
 ket in the Seventh district. Here the boy at- 
 tended public school, where he excelled as 
 a student, displaying unusual faculty for 
 reasoning and for memory, which powers 
 have won for him the merited distinction he 
 enjoys. During these years he read Black- 
 stone's Commentaries at night after his 
 work on the farm was done. When of suit- 
 able age he attended Calvert College at New 
 Windsor, Carroll county, Md., and finished 
 at St. Mary's College, at Emmittsburg, Aid. 
 It was here that his surprising powers of 
 memory won a substantial recognition. 
 Doctor McCloskey offered a prize for the 
 greatest number of pages of Greek grammar 
 committed to memory. When it came to 
 young Burke's time to compete, he began 
 with the first page and recited through to 
 the end. It is needless to say he won the 
 prize. 
 
 Having previously decided upon a legal 
 career, Mr. Burke, on completing his col- 
 lege course, began the serious study of the 
 law in the office of Air. Robert L. Boarman, 
 of Towson, and on attaining his majority, 
 was admitted to the bar in March, 1875, af- 
 ter a thorough examination by Hon. George 
 Yellott, who was appointed for that purpose 
 by the Court. Judge Burke's success from 
 the first was marked. The thoroughness of 
 his legal learning and the clearness of his 
 logical application of legal principles was at 
 once recognized and in much less time than 
 usually befalls a young attorney he acquired 
 a large and lucrative practice. 
 
 In November, 1883, his talents were rec- 
 ognized by election to the office of prosccut- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1003 
 
 ing attorney, and in 1887 he was again elect- 
 ed to that important position. Before his 
 term had expired, however, he was appoint- 
 ed, in August, 1889, by Governor Jackson, 
 to fill the unexpired term of Hon. David 
 Fowler, associate justice of the third circuit, 
 and in November of that year was elected 
 to the full term of fifteen years, after nomi- 
 nation by acclamation by his party. It is a 
 noticeable fact that in every convention in 
 which Judge Burke came at his party's call, 
 he was nominated without a dissenting 
 voice. The Judge is a strong party man, 
 always burying his own desires in the gen- 
 eral consensus of the majority's belief in 
 what is most expedient for the organization. 
 His counsel is eagerly sought by his co- 
 workers for Democratic success and his 
 judgment given due weight in conferences 
 and conventions. 
 
 Judge Burke is the author of the Criminal 
 Information Law, which was enacted by the 
 Maryland Legislature, by which the work 
 of criminal courts is expedited, smaller of- 
 fenses being submitted to the prosecuting 
 attorney, without waiting for the session of 
 the grand jury, thus disposing of them long 
 before they would have been commenced 
 under the old system. One of the first acts 
 of Judge Burke on coming to the bench was 
 to give the old court-room an over-hauling. 
 The antiquated system of ventilation and 
 heating made it uncomfortably warm in 
 summer and cold in winter. All this is 
 changed and instead of a dingy old court- 
 room, it is now as cheerful and comfortable 
 a room as will be found in the State. 
 
 The father of our subject, Capt. Nicholas 
 Burke, was for many years an honored citi- 
 zen of Maryland. His wife, a daughter of 
 Mr. Joshua Shipley, is of old Revolutionarv 
 
 stock, her grandfather Shipley having 
 served in the War of Independence. Capt. 
 Nicholas Burke served with distinction in 
 the Mexican War, as an aide to General 
 Walker, and in the late Civil War, where he 
 won his title, under the command of Gen. 
 Harry Gilmor. He died in 1874, while his 
 good wife survived until 1892. 
 
 The grandfather of our subject, Capt. 
 Nicholas Burke, Sr., was in command of 
 troops in the Sixth Regiment during the 
 battle of North Point in the War of 18 12. 
 
 Judge Burke was married November 21, 
 1878, to Miss Chloe C. Ady, daughter of 
 Edward H. .A.dy, Esq., of Baltimore county, 
 a former clerk of the Circuit Court. Judge 
 Burke is not connected with any of the so- 
 cial orders or clubs. He is a member of the 
 Catholic Church. His home in the suburbs 
 of Towson, named "Greystone" in honor of 
 that of Samuel J. Tilden of whom the Judge 
 is a great admirer, is one of the most taste- 
 ful and homelike of the country seats sur- 
 rounding the town of Towson. 
 
 Dr. Robert Taylor Wilson.— This 
 gentleman was born in Baltimore June 16, 
 i860. He is a son of the late Dr. Henry 
 Parke Custis Wilson and Alicia B. (Griffith) 
 Wilson, natives of Eastern Shore of Vir- 
 ginia and Marj'land, respectively, and de- 
 scendants of Scotch-Irish and English colo- 
 nial settlers. Dr. H. P. C. Wilson was grad- 
 uated from Maryland University Medical 
 Department, and was engaged up to the 
 time of his decease (1897) •" the practice of 
 his profession in Baltimore. He was recog- 
 nized as one of the leading, as he was, one 
 of the most successful of Baltimore's physi- 
 cians and surgeons, and gave many years of 
 professional and official service to the hospi- 
 
1004 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tals and other benevolent institutions of the 
 city. Among these were the Church Home 
 Infirmary, Union Protestant Infirmary, St. 
 Mncent's Hospital, St. Agnes' Hospital and 
 A\'oman's Hospital of Maryland. 
 
 Dr. Robert T. Wilson attended private 
 schools in Baltimore, Episcopal High 
 School of Virginia (near Alexandria), and 
 the University of Virginia, where he took 
 academic and medical courses, and was 
 graduated from Maryland University Medi- 
 cal Department, class of 1881. During the 
 last year of his university course. Doctor 
 Wilson was resident student at University 
 Hospital, .\fter graduating he went to New 
 York, where for some months he continued 
 his medical studies. In 1882 he spent some 
 months in medical studies in London and 
 Edinburgh, and again in 1889 in London, 
 F.irminghani. Berlin and Liverpool. He 
 was gynecologist for several years of Union 
 Protestant Infirmary, and one of the visiting 
 stafT of St. Vincent's Hospital: also assistant 
 surgeon of Woman's Hospital of Maryland. 
 He is one of the founders, ex-treasurer and 
 ex-first vice-president of the Gynecological 
 and Obstetrical Society of Baltimore; assist- 
 ant recording secretary, and secretary of the 
 Executive Committee of the Medical and 
 Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland since 
 April, 1881 ; member of the Clinical Society 
 of Maryland and Baltimore Medical and 
 Surgical Association ; Foundation Fellow of 
 British Gynecological Society, and Honor- 
 ary member of the Sci-I-KK'ai of Japan (the 
 leading medical society of the Japanese Em- 
 pire): member of the Maryland .\cademy of 
 v'^ciences, and the Sabbath Association of 
 ]\Iaryland: secretary of Baltimore Micro- 
 scopical Society; life member of .American 
 Seamen's Friend Societv of New York; 
 
 member and ex-director of the Charcoal 
 Club of Baltimore; member of the Book and 
 Journal Club (of the Medical and Chirurgi- 
 cal Faculty of Maryland). Doctor Wilson is 
 president of the Hospital Relief Association 
 of Maryland ; consulting gynecologist to the 
 Home for Incurables; consulting physician 
 to the Young Women's Christian Associa- 
 tion; The Christian (female) Home (N. 
 Greene street). The Home (N. Exeter 
 street). Female House of Refuge (N. Carey 
 street). Hospital for Consumptives, St. 
 Lukeland Cottage Convalescent Hospital, 
 Catonsville, Md.; and to some of the religi- 
 ous (female) orders of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal and Roman Catholic Churches. He 
 is one of the board of directors of the Fe- 
 male House of Refuge, Maryland Sunday- 
 school Union, Maryland Hospital for Con- 
 sumptives and the Home for Fallen Wo- 
 men. He is a contributor to medical jour- 
 nals at home and abroad, and an inventor of 
 some useful surgical instruments used in his 
 specialty. He is interested in the work of 
 the Port Mission of Baltimore and of the 
 "Anchorage" (Thames street). He is one 
 of the medical examiners of Manhattan Life 
 Insurance Company of New York. He is a 
 life member of the Bible Society of South 
 Carolina. He has been a delegate from 
 medical societies of Maryland to medical 
 societies at home and abroad. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tion, the L^niversity Club and Amateur 
 Photographic Society of Baltimore: and a 
 life director of Maryland Bible Society. In 
 February, 1898, he was unanimously elected 
 surgeon to the Woman's Hospital of Mary- 
 land (Lafayette avenue and John street) to 
 succeed his father. 
 
 He was married January 9. 1884. to Ma- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1005 
 
 bel, daughter of the late Dr. James T. 
 Chunn, of Baltimore. Doctor Wilson is a 
 member and elder of Franklin Street Pres- 
 byterian Church ; Mrs. Wilson is a commu- 
 nicant of Emmanuel P. E. Church, and Dr. 
 and Mrs. Wilson reside at 820 Park avenue. 
 
 Mr. Jacob Klein. Manufacturer of 
 Building and Paving Brick, was born July 
 23, 1843, in Marburg, Hesse Cassel, Prussia, 
 and came to this country when only nine 
 years of age, with his parents, who located 
 in Baltimore, in 1855. His education was 
 obtained at the public schools in his native 
 country and this city. At the age of thir- 
 teen he began to earn a livelihood, being ap- 
 prenticed to learn metal working with the 
 firm of Collins, Hay ward & Heath. Mr. 
 Klein followed metal w'orking as journey- 
 man up to 1866, and for himself since that 
 date up to 1886, on Pratt street, near Han- 
 over, when he connected himself with Chris- 
 tian G. Nickel in the manufacture of brick, 
 a business which Mr. Nickel established in 
 1883 and in which he continued until his 
 decease, since which time it has been con- 
 ducted as Klein Brothers. The yards are 
 very extensive, covering over five acres of 
 ground, with a capacity of seven millions of 
 brick per annum. The working force runs 
 from seventy-five to eighty hands, employ- 
 ing twelve teams. 
 
 When the Civil War broke out Mr. 
 Klein took sides with the South, enlist- 
 ing in the First Virginia Cavalry under 
 Colonel Wood. His espoused cause was 
 well and faithfully served by him during the 
 closing years of the war, the scene of his 
 service being in the vicinity of Richmond, 
 Va. He has taken an active interest in the 
 
 success of the Germania Maennerchor, and 
 has been its presiding officer since 1894. 
 
 He married, in 1867, Marie C, the accom- 
 plished daughter of the late Christian G. 
 Nickel. His son, Albert D., a pushing 
 young man of business ability is his chief 
 clerk. Mr. Klein is one of the Board of Man- 
 agers of the German Society of Maryland, 
 and vestryman for many years of the Ger- 
 man Science Church, North Gay street (es- 
 tablished about 1733). Mr. and Mrs. Klein 
 reside at no E. Huntington avenue. 
 
 Dr. Ferdinand E. Cii.\tard was born 
 in Baltimore October 7, 1839. He is a son 
 of F. E. Chatard and grandson of Pierre 
 Chatard, both prominent physicians of Bal- 
 timore since the beginning of the nineteenth 
 century. Doctor Chatard was educated at 
 Mount St. Mary's College, Frederick coun- 
 ty, Md., graduating in the class of 1858. He 
 then entered the University of Maryland 
 medical department from which institution 
 he was graduated in 1861. He was for one 
 year resident physician at the almshouse, 
 and then spent two and a half years at Ber- 
 lin. Paris and Vienna, in the study of medi- 
 cine. Upon his return from Europe he be- 
 gan the practice of his profession. He is 
 president of the board in St. Agnes' and St. 
 Joseph's Hospitals, a member of the State 
 Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, Clinical 
 Society, Academy of Science, medical direc- 
 tor of the Maryland Life Insurance Com- 
 pany, and various other organizations. He 
 married Miss Miles, daughter of George H. 
 Miles, the distinguished poet of Maryland. 
 
 JNIr. William J. Dickey (deceased) was 
 born in County Antrim, Ireland. He emi- 
 grated to America when a very young man. 
 
1006 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 After arriving in tliis country, which he 
 thoroughly adopted as his own, he located 
 in the city of Baltimore. He soon became 
 accustomed to the ways of his new sur- 
 roundings, and by honesty and industry 
 built for himself a character which still 
 lives in the hearts of those who knew him 
 best. 
 
 In a few years, his business as manufac- 
 turer of woolen cloth, at Wetheredsville, 
 assumed extensive proportions. Since his 
 death, which occurred August 20, 1896, it 
 became a stock company, of which his son 
 William is president. Mr. William J. 
 Dickey was for a number of years presi- 
 dent of the National Manufacturing Bank 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 He was a kind-hearted Christian gentle- 
 man, who contributed largely to charitable 
 objects. At Wetheredsville he built and 
 supported the Presbyterian Church of 
 which he was a member. This church he 
 maintained in order that his employes 
 might not be deprived of the ministry of 
 God's Word. 
 
 In 1847 lit" was married to Miss Agnes 
 Murphy, by whom he had two sons and 
 two daughters; the latter are dead but his 
 sons have succeeded him in business. 
 
 J. B. SuTiii-.RLAND, D. D. S., is a native 
 of Richmond, Va., and is the son of Samuel 
 and Martha Sutherland; the former is a 
 native of Scotland, the latter of Richmond, 
 Va. 
 
 Samuel Sutherland was an extensive 
 hardware dealer, win. by industry and 
 honesty built uj) for hiinsrlf a nourishing 
 trade. He received his classical education 
 at Randolph-Macon College, \'a. : his 
 professional education at the Baltimore 
 
 College of Dentistry. He is a graduate of 
 the New York Dental College, and also of 
 the Wisconsin Dental College. He has 
 been established in this city since 1867, and 
 during the interim of twenty-eight years 
 has been steadily increasing his hold on 
 popular favor and patronage. There are 
 but few, if any, among Baltimore's leading 
 dental practitioners, who sustain a higher 
 reputation for skill and reliability. He" 
 stands at the head of his profession and has 
 an enviable practice. His many years of 
 e.xperience have made him a thorough ex- 
 pert and all-round dentist. He is a courtly 
 mannered man of the Southern type. He 
 occupies commodious and well-appointed 
 quarters at 1208 E. Monument street and 
 employs the latest improvements in appli- 
 ances, while a competent assistant is in at- 
 tendance. In a word, all the operations of 
 modern dentistry are performed in a most 
 superior and skillful manner. Aside from 
 his profession, the Doctor is an educator, 
 having been in various ways connected 
 with the Baltimore College of Dental Sur- 
 gery, and now serves on one of its Boards. 
 Doctor Sutherland's services are in great 
 demand because of his powers of oratory. 
 Indeed he is a naturally and artificially 
 polished elocutionist. 
 
 During the late War he served as Ad- 
 jutant to Col. B. F. Fairinholt of the 
 Twenty-fourth I'.attalion, Army of Virginia. 
 He served the cause he represented faith- 
 fully and well for over three years. He is 
 now a member of the Camp Herbert Vet- 
 erans, "Confederate." In social life he 
 served the city as coimcilman of the Fifth 
 and Sixth wards. 
 
 He was married in 1869 to the accoin- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1007 
 
 plished daughter of John and Ann Gorm- 
 k'V, by whom he has had two sons. 
 
 Rev. S. Schaffer, Rabbi of Shearith 
 Israel Congregation, was born in Cour- 
 land, Russia, May 4, 1862. In his eariiest 
 youth he devoted himself to the study of 
 Hebrew hterature and rabbinical lore, at the 
 same time taking a complete course of 
 secular knowledge at the gymnasium. 
 
 In 1880 he went to Libau and entered 
 upon a preparatory course under the able 
 guidance of Rev. Dr. P. H. Kline, rabbi 
 of the congregation of that city, now rabbi 
 in New York. Provided with a diploma 
 from Libau he went to Berlin in 1883, 
 where he continued his studies for eight 
 successive years as a student of the Rab- 
 binical Seminary of Rev. Dr. I. Hildes- 
 heimer, and also at the University. Philos- 
 ophy, semitics, German literature and 
 Roman law occupied his time there, under 
 the guidance of Professors F. "Feller, Sac- 
 han, Barth and others. In 1889 he grad- 
 uated, after passing a satisfactory examina- 
 tion before Professors Heinze, Delilzseh 
 and Maurenbrecher. He presented for his 
 graduation a dissertation on "Law and 
 Morals according to the Talmud," and re- 
 ceived his diploma as Doctor of Philos- 
 ophy. 
 
 In 1890 he also graduated at the Rab- 
 binical Seminary and received his diploma 
 as rabbi. The year following, 1892, he re- 
 turned to receive his ordination from the 
 prominent rabbis of that country, which he 
 succeeded in obtaining from the famous 
 rabbi of Rosseny and the well known rabbi 
 of Kyrno. Owing to the political condi- 
 tions of Germany, which made it impos- 
 sible for a foreigner to obtain a position 
 
 there, he turned his attention to his coun- 
 try. The congregation Shearith Israel of 
 Baltimore being without a rabbi and hav- 
 ing resolved to engage one, applied to Dr. 
 Hildesheimer for a suitable candidate from 
 among his numerous disciples, and he 
 gladly recommended Doctor Schafifer as 
 one of his best and brightest pupils, and 
 in 1893 he was unanimously elected rabbi 
 of the congregation. The congregation 
 Shearith Israel was organized about forty 
 years ago, and is the union of two sepa- 
 rate congregations. Attached to this 
 synagogue is a school where children are 
 taught the Hebrew faith. They claim that a 
 person is not educated whose religious 
 training has been omitted; this is outside 
 of the public school life. The school is in 
 charge of Doctor Schaft'er and his assistant. 
 
 John ]\IcKni. Jr. (deceased), was born 
 in Ireland in 1766 of Scotch-Irish parent- 
 age. His father, John McKim, was a ship- 
 ping merchant of Londonderry, Ireland. 
 He emigrated to this country shortly after 
 the Revolutionary War and located in Bal- 
 timore, Md., where he also engaged in 
 shipping, his vessels sailing to India and 
 other countries. He was a man of great 
 energy, superior business qualities, and 
 whose public spirit was more than once 
 demonstrated in assistance rendered to his 
 adopted country. He was deeply inter- 
 ested in the financial growth of Baltimore 
 and helped in a material way the various 
 institutions of the city. During the War of 
 1812 Mr. McKim loaned the Government 
 two hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 Besides being an extensiv* ship owner 
 and shipper, he was largely engaged in the 
 Copper Works of Baltimore. Mr. McKim 
 
1008 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 was one of the incorporators of the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Railroad and later became 
 one of its directors. In the latter part of 
 his life he served as president of the ^ler- 
 chants' National Bank. His wife was the 
 daughter of Rev. Telfair, a Huguenot 
 clergyman. After his death, which oc- 
 cured in 1842. his sons David T. and John 
 S. succeeded him in the copper business. 
 David. T. died in 1847, leaving two sons — 
 Robert who fell in the Confederate Army 
 and John who is in the insurance business 
 i:- the city of Baltimore. John S. subse- 
 quently became president of the Powhatan 
 Steamboat Company, a position he sus- 
 tained for twenty-five years. John S. died 
 in 1865, leaving two children, Telfair, a 
 young lawyer who died in 1876, and Rev. 
 Randolph H. McKim, D. D., who is at this 
 writing (1897) pastor of Epiphany Church, 
 Washington, D. C. Rev. Dr. McKim 
 served one year as private in the Confeder- 
 ate Army, after which he was promoted 
 to the stafif of Gen. G. H. Steuart. He re- 
 mained in active service until the surrender 
 in 1865. During the latter part of the time 
 he also filled the position of chaplain. 
 
 Abrah.vm Sharp, Attorney-at-Law, was 
 born in Kent county, Del.. IMarch 6, 
 1844. He is a son of the late William and 
 Temperance (Ferguson) Sharp, natives of 
 Delaware and descendants of early Scotch- 
 English settlers of the State. Abraham 
 Sharp was graduated from Dickinson Col- 
 lege with the class of '65. He then moved 
 to Maryland and took u]) the study of law. 
 He was admitted to the bar before the 
 Supreme Bench of Baltimore in 1869, 
 where he has since practiced law. with pre- 
 sent offices in the Latrobe Building. Mr. 
 
 Sharp is one of the Directors of the Daily 
 Record Company and Daily Record Build- 
 ing Company. He is counsel of the Au- 
 tomatic Telephone Exchange Company 
 (limited) of Washington, D. C, and Lon- 
 don, England. Mr. Sharp is a member of 
 the Executive Committee of Emory Grove 
 Association and of its Board of Trustees. 
 He was married in October, 1871, to Sallie 
 A., daughter of the late Charles Council- 
 man, an agriculturist of Baltimore county. 
 Charles Councilman was a son of Jacob 
 Councilman, who was paymaster at Fort 
 McHenry during the War of 1812. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Sharp have three children, Er- 
 nest, Ethel C. and Herbert Stanley; re- 
 side at the northeast corner of Lafayette 
 avenue and Carey street and are members 
 of Grace Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 Ernest Sharp is a graduate of the law de- 
 partment of Maryland University, class of 
 '94, and a member of the bar of Baltimore, 
 with offices in the Latrobe Building. He 
 was married June 2, 1897, to Wiilia, daugh- 
 ter of the late William Tull, and grand- 
 niece of the late James Cox, for many 
 years cashier of the Bank of Baltimore, and 
 great-granddaughter of Maria Greshani. of 
 the historic Gresham family. 
 
 William Wales, for some years con- 
 nected as publisher and editor with the 
 press of Baltimore, and for a time during 
 President Johnson's administration Sur- 
 veyor of the Port of Baltimore, w-as born in 
 the city of Hartford, Conn., in 1814. His 
 initial training was obtained in the jniblic 
 schools of his native city and he subse- 
 (luently attended the Academy at West 
 Point, N. Y. lie took up the study of 
 law. pursuing it for two years under the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1009 
 
 preceptorship of Judge Charles Fox, at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. During the three years 
 following his admission to the bar his time 
 was fully occupied in looking after the 
 interest of an uncle who was involved in 
 vexatious litigation over the title to exten- 
 sive sugar plantations near Caraccas, \'en- 
 izuela, which j\Ir. Walej succeeded m 
 bringing to a successful issue. A part 
 payment for his services in the business 
 made to Mr. Wales by the United States 
 Consul General to Cuba, who was inter- 
 ested in the property, consisted of seven 
 thousand dollars worth of Venezuelan 
 bonds. Mr. Wales had early developed an 
 interest in journalism and upon his return 
 to the United States accepted an editorial 
 position on a Knoxville (Tenn.) weekly 
 newspaper. In 1844 he removed to Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., where he edited the Banner 
 until 1850. In 1851 he founded the South 
 Western ^lonthly Alagazine, which he 
 edited and published in Nashville until the 
 following year, when he married and re- 
 moved to Baltimore, Md. Upon the 
 breaking out of the Civil War Mr. Wales 
 was offered and accepted a position as 
 editorial writer on the Baltimore Amer- 
 ican, and in that capacity wielded a pen 
 in behalf of the preservation of the 
 Union that was a potent factor in keeping- 
 Maryland in line with the loyal States. 
 His association with the Amcriean con- 
 tinued until 1864 and dtrring all of this 
 stormy period his strong and cogent ed- 
 itorials were ever in behalf of the Federal 
 Government. In the summer of 1864, Mr. 
 Wales purchased the Baltimore Clipper, 
 from the surviving partner of the firm of 
 Bull & Tuttle. The publication of the 
 Clipper was suspended the following 
 GO 
 
 year and in October (1865) Mr. Wales, in 
 partnership association with Col. R. M. 
 Newport and Mr. William B. Cole, found- 
 ed the Baltimore Commcreial, a morn- 
 ing daily. He withdrew from this enter- 
 prise in 1869 and removed to Minneapolis, 
 Minn., where he accepted a position on the 
 Tribune. He continued to reside in 
 Minneapolis, or its suburbs throughout 
 the remainder of his life, except for two 
 short periods, the one while editorially as- 
 sociated with the Star of Cincinnati, O., 
 and the other when connected with a 
 Temperance publication at Chicago, 111. 
 He died at Chicago in 1882, Mr. Wales 
 was an accomplished journalist and a man 
 of the highest personal character. His 
 literary attainments were large and his 
 gentle although retiring disposition en- 
 deared him to all who were admitted to his 
 friendship. He was married in Pulaski, 
 Tenn., in 1852, to Desdemona, daughter of 
 Capt. John Phillips, a leading planter of 
 Giles county, who served in the War of 
 1812 as captain of a company of Kentucky 
 volunteers. After the war Captain Phillips 
 bought of the Government occupant 
 claims in Giles county, Tenn.. whither he 
 brought his five slaves and established a 
 cotton plantation, aiid at the time of his 
 decease had added very largely to his pos- 
 sessions in lands, slaves and other proper- 
 ties. Capt. John Phillip was a son of 
 Moses Phillips, who was a soldier in the 
 patriot army in the War of the Revolution. 
 The newspaper ventures undertaken by 
 Mr. Wales during a period of groat busi- 
 ness depression had entailed upon hjm 
 serious financial loss. By the time he had 
 settled in Minneapolis, material inroads 
 had been made into the family possessions 
 
1010 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 and Mr. Wales' strength, taxed by arduous 
 journalistic work, was unequal to the de- 
 mands of a growing family. At this junc- 
 ture his noble wife, a woman of remark- 
 able force of character and vigorous in- 
 tellect joined to the lovable Southern dis- 
 position, determined upon utilizing her 
 very superior musical education by in- 
 structing scholars in music. Despite the 
 protestation of Mr. Wales she persisted in 
 this effort, meeting with marvelous success, 
 both in the number of pupils secured and 
 in the efficiency attained by them. No 
 teacher ever wielded a greater or more 
 beneficent power in a community and her 
 name is synonomous with all that is able, 
 faithful and upright. Throughout the lat- 
 ter years of Mr. Wales' life, and through 
 all the subsequent years up to the attain- 
 ing by her children of their majority, Mrs. 
 Wales provided for the family, educated 
 her children and purchased and furnished a 
 pretty home in Minneapolis. She now re- 
 sides in a handsome dwelling which she 
 purchased in Pulaski, Tenn., near the 
 scenes of her childhood, to which i^lace 
 she removed some years subsequent to her 
 husband's decease. Mrs. Wales has been a 
 life-long member of the Presb\terian 
 Church and is actively identified with the 
 interests of the congregation at Pulaski. 
 Of the children born "to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Wales, Edwin, the youngest, is deceased. 
 The remaining children are William Wales, 
 of San Francisco; .'\rthur Wales, of South 
 Dakota; Philip Wales, of Nashville Tenn.; 
 Leonard Wales, of Cliicago. Til.; .Mice, 
 wife of J. C Getzendannei-, of Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, and Charles Wales, of New York 
 City. Mr. and Mrs, J. C. C.ctzendanner 
 have two chihlrcn. Cortlandl Walts Gctz- 
 
 endanner and Dorothy Phillips Getzen- 
 danner. 
 
 Henry James, President of the Citi- 
 zens' National Bank, was born July i, 
 1 82 1, in the town of Truxton, Cortland 
 county, N. Y., of English descent. His 
 parents were Nathaniel and Elizabeth 
 Ingersoll James, natives of Vermont, who 
 were distinguished for their prudent and 
 pious lives. His education in the common 
 schools and the academy was supple- 
 mented by the counsel and example of 
 these wise and loving parents, and as he 
 grew up to manhood he had reason to 
 bless the home training which he had re- 
 ceived. Much of his youth was passed 
 upon a farm, taking part in all its labors, 
 thus strengthening his physical constitu- 
 tion and making industry a habit which 
 has never forsaken him. In 1840 Mr. 
 James left his home, desiring to try his for- 
 tune in the world. He had no capital but 
 his own strong will, his readiness to grap- 
 ple with work, and his confidence in these 
 as his best resources. He found employ- 
 ment in New York City, at which he as- 
 siduously labored for three years, manag- 
 ing to maintain himself and profiting by 
 his business experience and increased 
 knowledge of the world. In 1843 he 
 landed in Baltimore. He was an entire 
 stranger to the city and its people, but he 
 had looked to Baltimore as a place where 
 he might succeed in his ambition for enter- 
 prise and its rewards, and he found that 
 his intuitions were correct. The lumber 
 business ])roved to be the especial field open 
 to his cultivation. From modest begin- 
 nings in it he annually extended his opera- 
 tions: his name became known in all the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1011 
 
 avenues of commerce and trade, and in a 
 few 3-ears his adopted city was happy to 
 count him among her soHd men. The 
 wholesale lumber firm of Henry James & 
 Co. is now composed of himself and N. W. 
 James. Among the partners have been 
 William E. Dodge and James Stokes, of 
 New York, and Daniel James, of Liverpool. 
 It has vast tracts of timber land in Penn- 
 sylvania and mills in that State and Harford 
 county, Md., and is one of the largest estab- 
 lishments of the kind in the United States. 
 On the death of the late John Clark, Mr. 
 James was elected president of the Citizens' 
 National Bank, and has been re-elected year 
 after year up to the present time. This bank 
 has been connected with the development 
 of the industry and commerce of Baltimore 
 for a long period, and under Mr. James' 
 presidency its affairs have flourished. Mr. 
 James was one of the first projectors of the 
 Baltimore Warehouse Company, and is 
 one of its directors. He was married in 
 1 85 1 to tne daughter of Ammon Cate, of 
 this city, and has a large family. He is a 
 member of the Presbyterian Church, and 
 regular in the performance of his religious 
 obligations. 
 
 The present large business of the Citi- 
 zens' National Bank is chiefly due to the in- 
 telligent Jabor and strict attention to all the 
 details of its business by Mr. James. The 
 strong points of his character are visible in 
 his daily business — energetic, positive, firm, 
 yet spirited and liberal. He has doubled the 
 capital of tne bank since he became its 
 president, and the splendid marble banking 
 house in which the bank is conducted was 
 built under his auspices. His whole busi- 
 ness career has been one of honorable suc- 
 cess, attained by diligent attention to detail 
 
 rather than by speculation, and he stands 
 to-day among the solid men of the city 
 without a stain on a long business life. He 
 is honored in Baltimore, and deserves the 
 esteem in which he is held. 
 
 Miss Melissa Baker, Fulton avenue, 
 Grove No. 2, is a native of Baltimore, and 
 was born January 29, 1814. She is the 
 daughter of William and Jane (Jones) 
 Baker. William was the son of another 
 William Baker, who was bom in 1752 near 
 Reading, Pa., where his father, of German 
 nativity, was killed during an Indian war. 
 Through the friendship of an Indian, Wil- 
 liam Baker, then a mere boy, was brought to 
 Philadelphia, and subsequently, in 1769, 
 came to Baltimore, where he finally en- 
 gaged in the mercantile business and 
 eventually became a leading importer. He 
 died in January, 1815. His son, William, 
 Jr., the father of Melissa, was engaged with 
 and succeeded his father in business. He 
 was extensively engaged in the wholesale 
 dry goods trade, a man of keen business 
 qualities, conscientious in all his dealings 
 with his fellows, and with a clear perception 
 of right. He served his country honorably 
 in the War of 1812. He was elected by his 
 fellow-citizens as Judge of the Orphans' 
 Court, a position which he filled impartially 
 and with satisfaction to all. He settled on 
 what is now the old homestead in 1786, 
 which is known by the name of "Friends- 
 bury." His family consisted of eleven chil- 
 dren, nine of whom grew to maturity, and 
 the male portion of which engaged in vari- 
 ous pursuit.=. William George practiced 
 law, Henry and Charles became interested 
 in the window glass business, in which pur- 
 suit their sons have succeeded them. Miss 
 
101^ 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Baker's ancestors on her mother's side were 
 of Welsh origin. Her grandfather, Jones, 
 was contemporary with the Wesleys, be- 
 came much interested in the Methodist 
 movement, and finally became a member of 
 one of John Wesley's classes, and from this 
 has passed down from one generation to 
 another the spirit of Methodism. "Friends- 
 bury" has always been, and is now, a home 
 for Methodist preachers. Miss Baker is 
 alive to every good work, and a generous 
 contributor to the numerous charitable in- 
 sti'tutior.s. She is now vice-president and 
 manager of the Home for the Friendless. 
 She still resides on the old homestead. 
 
 Peter .AinsliE. Jr., Pastor of Calhoun 
 Street Church of Disciples, is a native of 
 Virginia. He is the son of Peter and Re- 
 becca E. (Sizer) Ainslie. Mr. Ainslie 
 graduated from Kentucky University with 
 high honors. He is a member of the class 
 of 1889. After he graduated he became 
 pastor of the Disciple Church at Newport 
 News, which office he filled with credit to 
 himself. His next pastorate was the Cal- 
 houn Street Church of Disciples of this city, 
 where he is now in the sixth year of his pas- 
 torate. Thus far his young life has be.en 
 active and useful. He founded the Chris- 
 tian Tribune, an organ of his people, along 
 the Eastern Coast, in 1894. He is also 
 editor, assisted by Rev. B. A. Abbott. He 
 has written also a book, "Plain Talks to 
 Young Men," on which he has received 
 many compliments. He is also the author 
 of many tracts which have been the means 
 of working for good to those who have read 
 and studied them. His father, Peter Ainslie, 
 Sr., was a preacher of importance also. He 
 received his education at Bethany College. 
 
 He began preaching at the age of twenty. 
 He founded and edited The Christian Teach- 
 er, a church organ of Little Rock, Ark. He 
 also edited The Christian Examiner. He 
 was the author of an extensive biography 
 of Geo. W. Abel. His wife, Miss Rebecca 
 E. Sizer, was a native of King Williams 
 county, Va. The Sizers are of old English 
 stock, who settled in Virginia previous to 
 the Revolutionary War. To this union were 
 bom eight children, three of whom are liv- 
 ing. Charles H. is a prosperous business 
 man of Wilmington, N. C. Etta is a gradu- 
 ate of Norfolk College for young ladies. 
 She subsequently became principal of the 
 Southern Institute of Newport News. Peter 
 Ainslie, grandfather of Peter Ainslie, Jr., 
 was a Scotch divine of the Baptist denomi- 
 nation, who sent him to this country as a 
 missionary in 1812. He finally settled in 
 \'irginia, -vhere he met the founder of the 
 Disciples of Christ Church. The meeting 
 was congenial, their doctrine the same, and 
 therefore the two souls became as one. Mr. 
 Ainslie was the first Disciple preacher ui 
 Richmond. His life was short but useful. 
 He met his death by drowning while cross- 
 ing the Mattaponi Creek on his way to fill 
 an appointment, at the age of 42. 
 
 Rev. B. a. Abbott, 917 CaroUton ave- 
 nue. Pastor of the First Church of the Dis- 
 ciples of Christ, was born in Craig 
 countw \'a., in 1866. He is a son 
 of S. C. an.l Lucinda (Williams) Ab- 
 bott. Nine children were born of this 
 union. One son, F. L., is State's Attorney 
 in Craig county, Va.; another son, P. B., 
 is practicing law in the same county. L. M. 
 Clynician and R. E. Lee conduct the busi- 
 ness department of Tazwell College. Others 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1013 
 
 are following useful and honorable voca- 
 tions in life. Rev. Philip B. Williams, father 
 of Lucinda (\Mlliams) Abbott, was one of 
 the first pioneer preachers of the Disciples 
 of Christ Church. S. C. is the son of 
 Thomas Abbott, whose father came to this 
 country from England in colonial days, and 
 was one of the first settlers in Virginia. 
 Rev. B. A. Thomas' great-grandson, and 
 the subject of this sketch, after receiving a 
 public school education and a preparatory 
 training, entered ]\Iilligan College, Tenn., 
 from which he graduated. He then entered 
 the University of Virginia, taking a special 
 course in Moral Philosophy, from which in- 
 stitution he graduated with the class of 
 1887. He then, in connection with teaching 
 school, served four county churches as 
 preacher. He subsequently became, by ap- 
 pointment of the church, General Evangelist 
 for the churches of the southwest of Vir- 
 ginia. After serving well and honorably in 
 that capacity, he became pastor of the Dis- 
 ciples of Christ Church in Charlottesville, 
 \'a., where he remained six years. While 
 there he was co-editor of The Missionary 
 U'cchly, the organ of the Disciples of Christ 
 in Virginia. He was largely instrumental in 
 organizing the Ministerial Association of the 
 Disciples of Christ and remained its presi- 
 dent while he resided in that State. He was 
 apix)inted literary editor of the Christian 
 Guide, which office he filled with credit to 
 himself and with profit to his associates. He 
 is novv associate editor of The Christian Tri- 
 bune. He became the pastor of the First 
 Church of the Disciples of Christ in this city 
 in 1894, where he has endeared himself to 
 the hearts of his people by his high standard 
 of Christian ethics. He has organized in his 
 church something unique in connection 
 
 with church work, ;'. r., a normal Bible Class, 
 of which he is teacher. In 1897 he published 
 a biography of Rev. C. S. Lucas, which has 
 been w-ell received and has had an extensive 
 
 sale. 
 
 Richard Grady, M. D., D. D. S., was 
 born in Syracuse, N. Y., November 28, 
 1850. His parents moved to BaUimorein 
 his early childhood. His father having been 
 a teacher, the son early in life gave unmis- 
 takable evidence of his love for teaching. 
 He entered the Maryland State Normal 
 School in his seventeenth year and gradu- 
 ated in 1870 at the head of his class, deliver- 
 ing the honorary address, "Ignorance and 
 Her Twin Sisters, Poverty and Crime." 
 While a student he was the first president 
 of the Pestalozzi Literary Society; after 
 graduation he was president of the Alumni 
 Association. In 1870 he was also elected 
 teacher in the Normal School and clerk to 
 the State Board of Education ; but later be- 
 came principal of the Boys' Model School, 
 an annex to the Normal School. 
 
 In 1871 Doctor Grady entered the service 
 of the public schools of Baltimore, continu- 
 ing for fifteen years, during which time he 
 was president of the Public School Teachers' 
 Association and organized several schools, 
 which speedily grew to such an extent that 
 commodious buildings w-ere erected for 
 them. H:e was the first principal of English- 
 German School No. 2, and left it in two 
 years with nearly 600 pupils ; he was the first 
 principal of the High and Grammar School 
 and left it with 538 students ; he was the first 
 director of the Baltimore Manual Training 
 School (Polytechnic Institute), which he 
 conducted for two years, retiring in 1886, at 
 which time the State Board of Education 
 
1014 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 reported the school "a distinguished and 
 pronounced success." This was the first 
 manual training school of its class incorpo- 
 rated into the regular public school system 
 of any city in the United States. There was 
 no exemplar which Doctor Grady could 
 safely copy; but his varied experience as a 
 teacher in every grade of school, and his 
 knowledge of mechanical tools and appli- 
 ances eminently fitted him to organize the 
 Baltimore Manual Training School. In 
 1883, after inspecting as the representative 
 of the city of Baltimore the typical "manual 
 training school" attached to Washington 
 University. St. Louis, Doctor Grady pub- 
 lished an exhaustive report on the history, 
 objects and methods of manual training 
 schools and proclaimed that instruction, not 
 construction, is the object sought — the great 
 object is educational, other objects are sec- 
 ondary. 
 
 As a fit conclusion to this part of the 
 sketch, the words of one thoroughly imbued 
 with the teaching instinct are quoted. The 
 letter is highly prized because it came from 
 a cultured gentleman who is known in the 
 community as one not given to writing con- 
 ventional testimonials. Dr. Henry E. Shep- 
 herd, superintendent of schools for many 
 years, speaks in praise of Doctor Grady, as 
 an educator, as follows: 
 
 "Dear Doctor Grady: It is with genuine 
 pleasure that 1 bear my testimony to the 
 high character, the thoroughness and the ef- 
 fectiveness of your educational work during 
 the years of my official relation to the pub- 
 lic schools of Baltimore. I had ample op- 
 portunity to observe its progress in more 
 than one relation or capacity. The status 
 of your classes, the character of your in- 
 struction, the order and discipline that pre- 
 
 vailed during the two administrations of 
 which I have personal knowledge were the 
 theme of commendation, and your adminis- 
 trative efficiency as well as your scholastic 
 capabilities were repeatedly recognized in 
 official language too clear and explicit to be 
 susceptible of mistake or misapprehension. 
 To you, too, is to be attributed the honor of 
 reviving the Teachers' Association by your 
 individual energy and persistence at a time 
 when it had approached perilously near to 
 decadence, if not extinction." 
 
 In 1877 Doctor Grady began the study of 
 dentistry, believing he had found his life 
 work, and for the past twenty years he has 
 practiced that profession, the first nine years 
 while engaged in teaching, but, beginning 
 in 1886, he has devoted his whole time to 
 diseases of the mouth and not mere opera- 
 tive work upon the teeth. He is a graduate 
 of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
 the oldest dental institution in the world, 
 and of the Maryland Dental College, from 
 which he received the prize for the best 
 thesis, "'Conservative Treatment of the 
 Dental Pulp." He has served for eight 
 years as a member or secretary of the State 
 Board of Dental Examiners under three 
 Governors of Maryland, and has been a 
 licliiful friend of dental legislation. He is 
 the founder and first president of the Asso- 
 ciation of Dental Surgeons, the incorporated 
 local organization of dentists. He is co- 
 editor of the American Journal of Dental 
 Science, the first dental periodical published 
 in the world. He is also, for the time, chair- 
 man of the Committee on Dental Education 
 of the State Dental .Association, whose duty 
 is to award scholarships. 
 
 Doctor Grady, wliile in the practice of his 
 profession, deeming a full medical and sur- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1015 
 
 gical education desirable by dentists, as 
 well as oculists and aurists, pursued a course 
 at the Baltimore Medical College and was 
 graduated in 1888. The Alumni Associa- 
 tion awarded him a gold medal in 1891 for 
 the prize thesis "Maladies Dependent Upon 
 Affections of the Teeth."' He is one of the 
 faculty of this institution, being lecturer on 
 Stomatology, the science of diseases of the 
 mouth. He is also a member of the Balti- 
 more County Medical Society. 
 
 While Doctor Grady is best known as an 
 educator and as a dentist, and his life may be 
 broadly divided into two phases, the nine- 
 teen years in which he was a teacher and the 
 nineteen years in which he practiced dentis- 
 try, yet he has been a W'Orker of indefatiga- 
 ble energy in other fields. He is the founder 
 and only president of the Industrial Educa- 
 tion Association, incorporated in 1888, an 
 organization of 150 representative citizens, 
 whose purpose is to create and express pub- 
 lic sentiment in regard to the necessity of 
 industrial education as a part of the training 
 of youth. For years he has been an active 
 member in Presbyterian churches — as trus- 
 tee, deacon and treasurer and in giving di- 
 rection to the best forces in the community 
 by inspiring teachers and training boys for 
 noble citizenship. 
 
 In 1895, the "ruling spirit" too strong to 
 be overborne, Doctor Grady organized the 
 Helping Head, Heart and Hand Club for 
 boys and young men at the First Presby- 
 terian Church. Fifty or more are instructed 
 weekly in drawing, shorthand, book-keep- 
 ing, arithmetic, telegraphy, whittling and 
 Venetian iron work; and scientific knowl- 
 edge is communicated in a popular and en- 
 tertaining form in experiments made in the 
 
 presence of the boys. He is happy in the 
 boys' pleasure. 
 
 In 1878 he became interested in fraternal 
 beneficiary orders and has held office in sub- 
 ordinate, grand and supreme councils. He 
 was elected secretary of Mount Vernon 
 Council, Royal Arcanum, in 1879, and has 
 proved such an excellent official that he has 
 been unanimously re-elected every year 
 since. He is Grand Commander of the 
 American Legion of Honor in Maryland, 
 unanimously elected in 1896 for two years, 
 having previously been Grand Orator and 
 Vice-Commander for two terms each. 
 
 Notwithstanding the demands of the lec- 
 ture room and the onerous duties of his pro- 
 fession (he is visiting dentist to five schools 
 or institutions) Doctor Grady has contrib- 
 uted regularly to the American Journal of 
 Dental Scienee of which, as said, he^ is co- 
 editor, and to medical and dental societies, 
 including the American Medical Associa- 
 tion, the Odontological Society of Pennsyl- 
 vania, etc. His w-ritings have been com- 
 mended or translated by European journals. 
 Among his published papers are "The Pro- 
 gress of Dentistry," "Dental Jurispru- 
 dence," "The Abuse of Dental Charity," 
 "Competitive Examinations for Dental 
 Scholarships," and illustrated cases treated 
 by him for closure of the jaw, for fracture of 
 the maxillae, for everted crown, etc. 
 
 Doctor Grady's style is simple and clear. 
 There is a steady aim in his writings to be 
 understood. His long service in the class 
 room and his mental methods make him an 
 instructive rather than a popular speaker. 
 Occasionally he writes sketches of valued 
 friends, including his preceptor. Dr. II. H. 
 I Keech, with whom he lived and studied den- 
 
1016 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 tistry, and ]\Ir. John T. Morris, president of 
 the Board of School Commissioners, on 
 whose recommendation he was appointed 
 a teacher in 187 1 and who has been his abid- 
 ing friend for thirty years. He spoke the 
 praises of Mr. Morris on the occasion of the 
 celebration of his 70th birthday by the pub- 
 lic schools, which celebration was suggested 
 by Doctor Grady in recogniton of thirty- 
 four years of service as commissioner and 
 twenty-seven years as president. 
 
 Doctor Grady is a man of decision. 
 Nobody needs question to which side he be- 
 longs. His convictions are positive and he 
 has the courage of his convictions. When- 
 ever it happens to be needed he has on hand 
 "that desperate courage which makes one 
 a majority." He believes in a square, fair, 
 open fight. He never depends upon ques- 
 tionabfe methods. In asserting the claims 
 and dignity of the dental profession he came 
 in conflict with the U. S. Census Bureau 
 in 1S90. and is the author of the movement 
 which defeated the classification of dentists 
 as manufacturers — "one of the grandest 
 victories achieved in dentistry," says the 
 report of the American Dental Associa- 
 tion, and adds: "In 1890 the effort was made 
 by Baltimore men, Doctor Grady and 
 others. To these who were brave when 
 bravery was most needed, who stood alone, 
 as it were, in the breach and suffered con- 
 tem])t, ccMitumely and even threatened im- 
 prisonment; who l)y their intrepid courage, 
 before the cause was popular, made the end 
 possible — to these yoiu- committee would 
 accord their fair meed of praise and recog- 
 nition." 
 
 What is Doctor Grady's special, or chief, 
 line of knowledge is a c|uestion one is luiable 
 to answer with dcfiniteness. Onlv those ac- 
 
 quainted with the wide scope of his varied 
 learning and his ever willing use of it can 
 have any apprehension of his character and 
 work. His heart goes out rather to the 
 starting and fostering of new enterprises 
 than to the management of those fully devel- 
 oped. Whatever work he takes in hand, he 
 does it with all his might — and he does it 
 well. The imprint of his master hand has 
 been stamped upon many a forward move- 
 ment in educational, industrial and philan- 
 thropic work. A helper to many in many 
 spheres, the work that is dear to his heart 
 seems to be that of friendly adviser to boys 
 and young men whose confidence he in- 
 spires, and who reward his interest in them 
 by unmistakable evidences of personal af- 
 fection for stimulating their thinking, build- 
 ing up their habits, fostering their independ- 
 ence and respecting their personality. This 
 interest in boys, especially working boys, 
 has continued from his early manhood, when 
 he organized and taught a brass band at the 
 Boys' Home, which his musical education 
 qualified him to do, and as a manager of the 
 House of Refuge, a benevolent and reforma- 
 tory and educational institution for boys. 
 
 December 29, 1874, he married Ellen C. 
 Godfrey, daughter of Joseph Godfrey, of 
 W^orcester county, Md. His family consists 
 of his mother, his wife and two daughters. 
 
 Inspired by the noblest of all convictions 
 that he has only done his duty in his active 
 and useful life, it is an extraordinary record 
 that all the positions of profit or trust or 
 honor which Doctor Grady has held have 
 come to him unsought because of worth and 
 cai^acity. In fact, it is a cardinal principle 
 with this respected teacher, strong organ- 
 izer, and leader with the power to command 
 confidence and gain support to heed the im- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1017 
 
 perative demand of the duty of to-day and 
 not protect himself against the causes which 
 sohcit his support. He says: "Heaven helps 
 those who help others; God's hand takes 
 hold of our work when our work is done 
 out of love in brotherly kindness." 
 
 W. Power Oakford was born at Arling- 
 ton, Baltimore county, Md. He is the son 
 of Charles A. and Emma A. (Zollinger) 
 Oakford, the oldest and most highly es- 
 teemed residents of Arlington. Charles A. 
 Oakford came to this city in 1850, where he 
 engaged in the provision trade under the 
 firm name of Oakford & Co., to v.'hich busi- 
 ness he confined himself all his mature years. 
 He was a man of sterling qualities, respected 
 and trusted by all who knew him. He mar- 
 ried Miss Emma Zollinger, a most estima- 
 ble lady, in i860, by whom he had five chil- 
 dren. He was at one time elected County 
 Commissioner, an office which he held for a 
 long period with credit to himself and satis- 
 faction to his constituents. He belonged to 
 that much respected society known as the 
 Friends. His very home would seem to in- 
 dicate the gentleman's taste and refinement. 
 This beautiful home is known as "Ros- 
 lyn" and contains twenty acres. Mr. Oak- 
 ford died after a brief and useful life at the 
 age of 43. Col. W. P. Zollinger, uncle to 
 the subject of this sketch, and brother to 
 !\Irs. Emma A. Oakford, should receive due 
 honor, because of his prominence in busi- 
 ness, politics and society. He was at one 
 time known among the liquor trade as one 
 of the wholesale dealers in Baltimore. He 
 had a wide reputation as a military man. He 
 was captain of Company H, Fifth Maryland 
 Infantry. He afterwards became colonel of 
 the same regiment and took an active part 
 
 in the B. & O. R. R. riot, and was the means 
 of saving the road. He fought under Stone- 
 wall Jackson in the Confederate Army, and 
 was a prisoner at Johnson's Island. He was 
 a man of wide influence and usefulness. 
 
 Mrs. Laura C. Gault, 920 W. North 
 avenue. 
 
 Mrs. Laura C. Gault is the daughter of 
 \\'illiam Deale and Araanna (Auld) Gauit, 
 of Maryland, a daughter of Hugh x\uld, who 
 fought in the War of 1812. 
 
 Matthew Gault, the husband of Mrs. 
 Laura C, was born in New Hampshire. 
 He came to the city when a boy of 
 seventeen years of age, and entered into 
 business with his brother Cyrus, who was 
 extensively engaged in the granite business. 
 He and his brother were contractors in the 
 erection of the Post Office in Washington, 
 D. C. He was an experienced workman, 
 and executed some fine specimens of his 
 genius while engaged on the Treasury De- 
 partment. Died 1877. 
 
 He married in Washington, in which 
 place he resided for a number of years. He 
 was the son of Andrew, who was the son of 
 Matthew, who with his father Samuel were 
 Revolutionary soldiers. They were of 
 Scotch-Welsh descent. 
 
 The family of Matthew and Laura C. 
 Gault consisted of ten children, five of 
 whom are living. The Gaults are members 
 of Baltimore's best society. The three sons 
 are in honorable positions in business. Two 
 of them, William A. and Matthew, have 
 succeeded their father in the stone (marble) 
 trade. Ed. A. is a banker, clerk of the 
 National Bank of Baltimore, chartered m 
 1795- 
 
1018 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Mrs. O. B. Warfield is a native of 
 Baltimore. She was born in 1816, and is 
 tlie daughter of William and Jane (Jones) 
 Baker. The Bakers are one of the oldest 
 and most respected families of Baltimore. 
 They descended from Gennan parents, who 
 settled in Pennsylvania at a very early day, 
 when the Indian contested every inch of 
 ground with his pale-faced brother. It is 
 traditionally reported that the great-grand- 
 father of Mrs. O. B. Warfield, (William) 
 Baker, was massacred by the Indians: his 
 son, another William, through the assist- 
 ance of some friendly Indians, reached 
 Philadelphia, where he grew up, removing 
 thence to Baltimore, where he became an 
 extensive importer of merchandise. 
 
 His son, William, Jr., succeeded his 
 father in business and became very success- 
 ful in the dry goods trade. He was a man 
 of sterling qualities, and had a clear percep- 
 tion of what was right, and did it. He was 
 the choice of his fellow-citizens to serve as 
 Judge of the Orphans' Court, an office 
 which he filled with credit. He was honest 
 to a fault, thoroughly conscientious in all 
 his business transactions. Mrs. Warfield's 
 maternal grandfather settled on the grounds 
 now occupied by his daughter, Melissa 
 Baker, in 1786, and which are now known 
 by the name of "Friendsbury." Mr. Baker's 
 well regulated family consisted of eleven, 
 nine of whom grew to maturity. They fol- 
 lowed various professions. Charles and 
 Henry became interested in the manufac- 
 ture of glass. William practiced law. Mrs. 
 Warfield's mother was of Welsh descent, 
 and she inherited from the Jones' a love of 
 Methodism. Mr. Jones, Mrs. Warfield's 
 grandfather, was a contemporary with 
 Charles Wesley, and consequently became 
 
 much interested in that movement. In the 
 early history of Baltimore, the Methodists 
 were in the habit of holding their meetings 
 in the bam belonging to Mrs. Warfield. 
 The Bakers have inherited from their 
 mother the love of Methodism. Their home 
 is the home of the preacher. Mrs. Warfield 
 was married to Dr. John J. L. Warfield, a 
 native of Pipe Creek, Md., a graduate 
 of the Maryland University School of Medi- 
 cine, and a practitioner for many years m 
 Carroll county. He died about 1887, after 
 a life of usefulness. There were no children 
 born to them. Mrs. Warfield was for. a 
 number of years identified with the manage- 
 ment of various charitable institutions of 
 tliis city. 
 
 Mrs. Alice (Slinglufe) Smoot is the 
 daughter of Chas. D. and Eliza (Haines) 
 Slinglulif, both' of whom were born in Mary- 
 land. Mr. Slingluff has been a prominent 
 business man in this city for fifty years, 
 succeeding his father in that capacity. Dur- 
 ing these years he has been engaged in the 
 wholesale grocery trade. Subsequently he 
 entered tlie phosphate or fertilizing busi- 
 ness, in which latter business his son is now 
 engaged, under the firm name of SlinglufT 
 & Co. Mr. Slingluff was at one time a 
 director of the Union Bank of Baltimore, 
 and also a director of the House of Refuge. 
 He was much respected by his fellow-citi- 
 zens. His daughter, Alice, the subject of 
 this sketch, was married to Col. Luther R. 
 Smoot, a native of Washington, D. C. He 
 served his country as a faithful soldier in 
 the Mexican War, under Gen. Winfield 
 Scott. During the late war, he served the 
 cause of the South in defense of the Con- 
 federate princii^les as faithfully as he for- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1019 
 
 merly served under General Scott. He ef- 
 fected several runs through the Federal 
 blockade which proved very advantageous 
 to the South. He was sent abroad at one 
 time by the Confederate authorities to 
 transact business of importance for them. 
 In business life he was trusted and loved. 
 His family consists of one daughter and one 
 son, Chas. D., a young business man of 
 promise. 
 
 Rev. U. F. Swengel, A. M., upon whose 
 genial countenance we share a look with 
 you, was born a farmer's son near IMiddle- 
 burg, Pa., 1846. He is the son of John and 
 Sarah (Frantz) Swengel. The family con- 
 sisted of ten children, four of whom are 
 preachers. He was converted at the age of 
 fourteen, and joined the Evangelical Asso- 
 ciation two years later. When sixteen he 
 began his work as a school teacher, which 
 work was for a time interrupted by his en- 
 listment in the Union Army when a youth 
 of less than eighteen. During his soldier 
 life he remembered that he belonged to the 
 army of the living God, and then already 
 showed the true Christian spirit by taking 
 up the leadership of a prayer-meeting, which 
 was continued until the close of the war. 
 Upon being mustered out of the United 
 States service, he re-entered Union Semi- 
 nary (now Central Pennsylvania College). 
 In this institution he was student, teacher, 
 and is now an honored trustee, representing 
 the Alumni Association of the college. Be- 
 fore reaching the age of twenty he was li- 
 censed to preach the gospel, and began to 
 serve his first charge when less than twenty- 
 one. He has effectually filled some of the 
 most important pastorates of Central Penn- 
 sylvania Conference, of which he is a mem- 
 
 ber, and has also served as presiding elder. 
 He is now pastor of the Memorial Church, 
 Baltimore, Md., for the second term. He 
 has served his Conference as secretary for 
 nine years, president of the Conference Mis- 
 sionary Society, and now is trustee of the 
 Conference, and president of her Educa- 
 tional Aid Society. Thrice in succession 
 has he been elected a delegate to the Gen- 
 eral Conference of the Evangelical Associa- 
 tion, and again in 1894 his Conference 
 elected him to represent her in the fir.st 
 General Conference of the United Evan- 
 gelical Church. He has served his church as 
 assistant editor of Sunday-school literature 
 and The Living Epistle, and was one of the 
 founders and the first publisher of the first 
 English missionary magazine in his church. 
 He is author of some tracts on missions, 
 a number of Keystone League of Chns- 
 tian Endeavor leaflets, a book, "Modes and 
 Methods of Sunday-School Work," a 
 manual of the United Evangelical Church, 
 and is now editor of The Evangelical Bible 
 Teacher, The Evangelical Quarterly, and co- 
 editor of The Pathfinder, a bright, helpful 
 Christian Endeavor monthly. He was one 
 of the founders and is co-editor ol tlie 
 Keystone League of Christian Endeavor Jour- 
 nal, the organ of the Keystone League of 
 Christian Endeavor, into which The Path- 
 finder was merged. The first General Con- 
 ference of the United Evangelical Church 
 placed Rev. Mr. Swengel on a committee 
 to compile a hymn book for the church 
 rnd on another committee to arrange 
 the new church discipline for publication. 
 He was also elected at the same Con- 
 ference recording secretary of the Gen- 
 eral Board of Missions. Bishop R. 
 Dubs, D. D., LL. D., of Chicago, says: 
 
1020 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, .MAKVL-' 
 
 "Brother Swengel is in the fullest and best 
 sense of the word a man of progress. He is 
 systematic in his labors, a man of pro- 
 nounced, positive convictions. Having 
 reached conclusions after mature delibera- 
 tions, he supports them resolutely, and yet 
 v.-ith dignity. Righteousness and truth 
 weigh more with him than personal ad- 
 vantage. As he believes so he speaks." 
 But this tireless worker has not been less 
 active as a Christian Endeavorer than ni 
 any other branch of church work. He or- 
 ganized the first Christian Endeavor So- 
 ciety of his Conference in the church of 
 which he is now the [jastor, the first local 
 Christian Endeavor Union within its de- 
 nomination. That union still lives, and is 
 known as the Baltimore B. L. C. E. Union. 
 Mr. Swengel took an active part in the first 
 Maryland State Christian Endeavor Con- 
 vention, and was a member of the Execu- 
 tive Committee. When the General Con- 
 ference met in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1891, 
 Mr. Swengel presented a plan for the or- 
 ganization of a denominational Christian 
 Endeavor Union for the church. This met 
 with determined opposition on the part of 
 many who favored the organization of a 
 distinctively denominational Young Peo- 
 ple's Society. i\Ir. Swengel, in a masterly 
 and convincing manner, championed the 
 cause of Christian Endeavor, which result- 
 ed in the organization of the Keystone 
 League of Christian Endeavor. He was 
 then elected a member of the first general 
 managing board, and its recording secre- 
 tary, and was re-elected in 1894. Mr. 
 Swengel was elected a trustee of the United 
 Society of Christian Endeavor at Boston in 
 1896 to represent the United Evangelical 
 Church in that Board. ]n June, 1S92, he 
 
 was elected president of the Central Penn- 
 sylvania Conference, Keystone League 
 of Christian Endeavor, and re-elected m 
 1893 and 1894. He presided at the Evan- 
 gelicaJ denominational rally at the Inter- 
 national Convention, New York, 1893, ''■"tl 
 represented his denomination in the pas- 
 tors' hour at Montreal in 1894. He has 
 been frequently called upon to take import- 
 ant parts on Christian Endeavor programs, 
 and in this capacity has rendered efifectu.al 
 service for the cause he loves so well. He 
 is prominently connected with the Bible 
 Conference movement of the Central Penn- 
 sylvania Conference of his church. He is 
 a member of the Board of Directors of the 
 American Anti-Saloon League, and also a 
 member of the Executive Committee of the 
 American State Temperance League. He 
 married for his first wife Mrs. Mary B. 
 Hippie in 1871. by whom he had two chil- 
 dren. For his second wife he married Lot- 
 tie Anthony in 1875. The latter died 111 
 November, 1896. 
 
 History of Memorial Uxited Evax- 
 
 OELICAL ClIL'RCH. 
 
 In March, A. D. 1870, Rev. J. M. Ettin- 
 ger was sent to Baltimore by the Central 
 Pennsylvania Conference of the Evangeli- 
 cal Association, to organize the congrega- 
 tion now worshiping in this church. The 
 first services were held in Fisher's Hall, 
 corner of Green and Lexington streets. The 
 first year was spent in this hall and the 
 following two years the congregation wor- 
 shiped in China Hall, on Baltimore street. 
 The first Board of Trustees consisted of R. 
 Hengst, W. N. Numsen, C. H. Flaxcomb, 
 L. A. Waidner and A. Smith. In 1873 the 
 Trinity Chapel was built on Edmondson 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1021 
 
 avenue near Fremont avenue, where the 
 parsonage now stands. Rev. Benjamin 
 Hengst was pastor at that time. The beau- 
 tiful edifice in which the congregation now 
 worships was dedicated on the thirteenth 
 day of November, 1887. Rev. U. F. 
 Swengel, the present pastor, took charge 
 of this work in October of that year, 
 and relieved Rev. J. C. Hummer, M. D., 
 who had served the charge as a supply for 
 two months. The edifice was dedicated by 
 Bishop R. Dubs, D. D., LL. D.; Revs. Et- 
 tinger and Swengel and J. C. Hummer, M. 
 D., assisted in the services. A united choir 
 of one hundred voices from Evangelical 
 churches of the city furnished the music for 
 the occasion. The largest contributor to the 
 enterprise was the now sainted Rev. William 
 Numsen. The names on the memorial 
 windows indicate liberal donations by 
 others. The edifice is of rough-hewn 
 green stone blocks with sandstone trim- 
 mings. It has a frontage of fifty-five 
 feet on Edmondson avenue and seventy feet 
 on Fremont avenue, with a transept on 
 the latter. The interior of the Ijuilding 
 is neatly and comfortably arranged. Five 
 hundred easy and comfortable opera chairs 
 furnish ample room for a large con- 
 gregation. The transept has, during the 
 past year, been converted into a choir 
 gallery which adds mucli to the effective- 
 ness of this department of the work of the 
 church. The building committee of the 
 church consisted of William N. Numsen, 
 L. .-V. Waidner, C. P. Gerber, Andrew Ja- 
 cobs, Charles H. Flaxcomb, J. B. Walter 
 and George Schaib. E. F. Decker was the 
 contractor. When the Evangelical Asso- 
 ciation was divided in 1844, this church 
 
 became affiliated with the United Evan- 
 gelical Lutheran Church, which was for- 
 merly a part of the Association. The Sun- 
 day-school was organized in Fisher's Hall 
 in the spring of 1870. At the first session 
 there were only three persons present, viz: 
 Rev. J. M. Ettinger, Mary Frey (afterward 
 Mrs. Flaxcomb), and Annie Dasch. In the 
 afternoon the same persons met, and in ad- 
 dition to them were Lydia Beard, Joseph 
 Ball, Wm. Dill and Jacob Frey. All these 
 had come to teach. There were no scholars 
 until the second Sunday. 
 
 Grace United Evangelical Church was 
 established in 1887, and is an of?-shoot of 
 Memorial Church. 
 
 Olive Branch United Evangelical Church 
 was established in 1888, and is also a child 
 of Memorial Churcii. 
 
 Charles Sixgleton Montell, Cashier 
 of Customs at this port, was torn in Balti- 
 more on the 5th day of January, 1864. 
 He is the son of James E. Montell and 
 Elizabeth (Singleton) Montell. His par- 
 ents were born in Baltimore, and are of 
 French and English descent. His father's 
 people came from New Providence, Nassau, 
 and settled in Baltimore about 1810; his 
 mother's ancestors were among the early 
 settlers of Maryland, and belong to some of 
 our most prominent families, the well- 
 known McKim family of this city being rel- 
 atives of Mr. Montell. His father was for 
 years a prominent wholesale tobacco mer- 
 chant of this city and did an extensive busi- 
 ness. He also carried on for a number of 
 years the coal mining business at Frostburg, 
 Allegany county, Md. He died in Balti- 
 more in 188 1. His wife is still living, and 
 resides with Mr. Montell, the subject of 
 
1022 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 this sketch. They had six children, viz : Dr. 
 WilHam A. Montell, a well-known dentist 
 of this city; James E., a book-keeper; Cath- 
 erine Singleton; Alexander McKim, clerk 
 in the City Hall ; Arthur C. cashier of the 
 Catonsville National Bank at Catonsville; 
 and Mr. Montell, the subject of this sketch. 
 All reside in Baltimore, except Mr. Arthur 
 C. Montell, who resides at Catonsville. 
 
 Mr. Montell was educated at St. James 
 College, Washington county. Md. After 
 quitting school he went into the service of 
 Thomsen & ]\Iuth. wholesale druggists of 
 this city, and was with this house for thir- 
 teen years. After this he went into the em- 
 ploy of the Murphy Varnish Company, of 
 Newark, N. J., as salesman, and was with 
 this company for some time. In 1895 lie 
 was the nominee of the Republican party 
 for the second branch of the City Council 
 to represent the Eleventh and Twelfth 
 wards, and was electctl at the Novem1)cr 
 election of that year by a handsome ma- 
 jority. His term was for two years, expir- 
 ing November, 1897. He made a good and 
 popular councilman, and but for his being 
 a resident of the Eleventh ward, it being the 
 Twelfth ward's turn to have the councilman, 
 he would have been returned to the Council 
 in 1897. He is now Cashier of Customs at 
 the Custom House, a high and important 
 office, to which he was appointed June i, 
 1898. going into office with Mr. William 
 F. Stone, who was made Collector of Port 
 by President McKinley. 
 
 Mr. Montell is a l)acliclor, attends the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, and resides 
 at 833 North Eutaw street. 
 
 He is a member of the L'nion League of 
 Baltimore and Maryland, is one of its gov- 
 ernors and ciiairman of the hou.sc commit- 
 
 tee: a member of Young Men's Republican 
 Club of this city and a member of other Re- 
 publican clubs. He is also a member of the 
 Junior Order United American Mechanics. 
 He is a pleasant man, stands well in our 
 city, and has many staunch friends among 
 our people. As a Republican, he is very 
 popular with his party. 
 
 Dr. George Hexrv Roue, of Sykes- 
 ville, Md., son of John and Margaret 
 (Fuchs) Rohe, both natives of Bavaria, was 
 born January 26, 1 851, in Baltimore county, 
 near Baltimore, Md. He was educated in 
 the public and parish schools in Baltimore 
 City and county and commenced the study 
 of medicine in 1867 at Baltimore, under the 
 late Prof. August F. Erich; attended three 
 courses of lectures at the University of 
 Maryland School of JNIedicine, and was 
 graduated therefrom in March, 1873. He 
 afterward studied dermatology in Boston 
 under Dr. Edward Wigglesworth. After 
 some years spent in travel he returned to 
 Baltimore and engaged in general practice 
 until his appointment as superintendent of 
 [Maryland Hospital for the Insane at Catons- 
 ville in 1891, which position he resigned in 
 April, 1896, to accept the superintendency 
 of the Second Hospital for the Insane of the 
 State of Maryland at Springfield, near 
 Sykesville. Doctor Rohe was acting assist- 
 ing surgeon United States Army, 1885; has 
 been Professor in the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. Baltimore, since 1881, and 
 now fills the chair of therapeutics, hygiene 
 and mental diseases in that college; he was 
 Health Commissioner of Baltimore, 1890- 
 91. He is a member of the American Med- 
 ical Association, American Public Health 
 Association, American Association of Ob- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1023 
 
 stetricians and Gynecologists, and its pres- 
 ident in 1893; Medical and Chirurgical 
 Faculty of Maryland, and its president in 
 1893; American Medico-Psychological As- 
 sociation : American Electro-Therapeutic 
 Association ; Clinical Society of Maryland ; 
 Baltimore Medical Association; Balti- 
 more Neurological Society; Medical and 
 Surgical Society of Baltimore; South- 
 ern Surgical and Gynecological Associa- 
 tion; member of the Committee on Organi- 
 zation First Pan-American Medical Con- 
 gress; American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science; foreign associate member 
 of the Societe Francaise d'Hygiene, and 
 secretary and treasurer of the Rush Monu- 
 ment Committee. Doctor Rohe introduced 
 a number of new methods of treatment of 
 the insane, which have been adopted in a 
 number of insane hospitals in this country, 
 and have received recognition abroad. In 
 1894 he was elected an honorary member of 
 the Society of Mental Medicine of Belgium, 
 and corresponding member of the Medico- 
 Psychological Society of Paris. Doctor 
 Rohe is the author of many papers pub- 
 lished in the transactions of the American 
 Medical Association and of the American 
 Public Health Association; has published a 
 "Text-Book of Hygiene," third edition, 
 Philadelphia, 1894; a work on "Practical 
 Electricity in Medicine and Surgery (with 
 G. A. Liebig, Jr.), Philadelphia, 1890, and 
 a "Manual of Skin Diseases," Philadelphia, 
 1891. He is also associate editor of the 
 Annual of the Universal Medical Scioicc. He 
 was married in 1890 to Miss Mary Lauder- 
 nian Coffin, of Baltimore, a descendant of 
 Tristam Coffin, the original settler of Nan- 
 tucket Island in 1660. Doctor and Mrs. 
 Rohe have one child, Margaret Rohe. 
 
 Richard Parran Henry St.aub, Attor- 
 ney-at-Law, was born at Shepherdstown, 
 Jefferson county, Va. (now West Virginia), 
 on the 18th day of March, 1834. He is the 
 son of Henry Staub, who was born at Ep- 
 pingen. Grand Dukedom of Baden, Ger- 
 many, July 8, 1808; his father's people orig- 
 inally emigrated from Switzerland to Ger- 
 many, and his father was of French and 
 German descent. His mother was Mary 
 (Boxell) Staub, born at Winchester, Freder- 
 ick county, Va., April i, 1809. She was an 
 American and descended from an old Mr- 
 ginian family, her mother being Catherine 
 Orr, and belonged to that old and distin- 
 guished Virginian family. His mother was 
 of English and Scotch-Irish descent and 
 many of her people served in the colonial 
 wars of the Revolution and 18 12. His 
 father emigrated from Germany to this 
 country about 1825, and settled at Shep- 
 herdstown, where he engaged successfully 
 in the milling and grain business until 1846, 
 when he moved to Martinsburg, Berkeley 
 county. Va., and continued this business 
 until 1850, when he went into the hotel busi- 
 ness and engaged in it until 1864. He was 
 one of Martinsburg's prominent citizens. 
 He died September 29, 1864. He had six 
 children: an infant daughter, who died Oc- 
 tober 4, 183 1, and a son Stephen Samuel 
 Roszel, who died December 20, 1855; the 
 living children are John Frederick Staub, 
 who is connected with the wholesale boot 
 and shoe house of Carroll, Adams & Co., 
 this city; Laura Morgan, wife of John H. 
 Tegmeyer, civil engineer, this city; Ellen 
 Margaret, widow of J. R. Crown, deceased, 
 who was associated with tlic firm of W. T. 
 Sneeringer & Co., wholesale tobacco deal- 
 
1024 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 
 
 ers, of this city: and Mr. Staub, the subject 
 of this sketch. 
 
 Mr. Staub was educated in the private 
 schools of Shepherdstown, and the old Mar- 
 tinsburg Academy, and was a student at 
 Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., in 1853 and 
 1854, when he quit college and read law with 
 the Hon. C. J. Faulkner, of Martinsburg, 
 Va., one of the most distinguished lawyers 
 of that day in Virginia. He was licensed to 
 practice by Judges Richard Parker, John 
 Kenney, and Lucas P. Thompson, Decem- 
 l>er 31, 1855, and practiced at Martinsburg 
 until .April 18. 1861, when he entered the 
 Confederate service at Harper's Ferry, 
 Va., and served first in the famous 
 Stonewall Brigade, commanded by Stone- 
 wall Jackson, and in Ashby's celebrated 
 cavalry, during the whole war, and until he 
 surrendered with Lee at Appomattox Court 
 House, A'a., on the 9th of .April, 1865. His 
 service was private, adjutant, captain, and 
 on stafif duty, and he participated in most of 
 the notable battles fought by Lee's and 
 Jackson's armies during the war. Among 
 them Jackson's first fight at Falling 
 Waters, in June, 1861, with Patterson's 
 army; first battle of Manassas, Kerns- 
 town, Winchester, Cedar Mountain, Fred- 
 ericksburg, the great cavalry battle at 
 Brandy Station, June 9, 1863; Gettysburg, 
 battle of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, 
 Trevilian Station, etc., etc. He was 
 hurt twice during the war, first in the 
 fight at Sangster's Station on the railroad 
 near Fairfa.x Court House, Va., in a night 
 charge, and again in the fight at Jack's Shop, 
 Va., in July, 1864. He was captured twice, 
 first near Harrisonburg, Va., in 1862, and in 
 a short time, in December, 1862, exchanged 
 at Vicksburg, Miss. He was captured again 
 
 at Martinsburg in July, 1864, and in Febru- 
 ary, 1865, exchanged at Richmond, Va. 
 Each time he was confined at the military 
 prison at Camp Chase, near Columbus, O. 
 
 Mr. Staub has a lot of war relics which he 
 values as his most precious treasures, among 
 them a sabre captured at the battle of Tre- 
 vilian Station from a colonel of a New York 
 regiment, orders from Stonewall Jackson, 
 and an autograph letter written him bv Gen. 
 R. E. Lee. 
 
 During the war \'irginia was divided, and 
 Mr. Staub and his home put in West 
 \'irginia. When he returned home on 
 the i8th of .April, 1865, he was confronted 
 with a law of West Virginia which prevented 
 all attorneys w^ho aided or assisted the Con- 
 federacy from practicing law in that State, 
 and as he had lost all his property during 
 the war, and had his mother and others 
 to care for, and could not practice his pro- 
 fession there, he determined to leave Alar- 
 tinsburg: he qualified as his father's admin- 
 istrator, settled up his estate, his mother 
 sold her property, and all of them in the 
 spring of 1867 came to this city to live. Im- 
 mediately on arriving here, he commenced 
 the practice of law and by push and energy 
 built u[i a good practice. He has resided 
 here ever since, with the exception of six 
 years, when he went back to Martinsburg 
 and practiced his profession, in 1876, and 
 returned here in the spring of 1882. W'hile 
 at Martinsburg, on the loth of July, 1876, 
 his mother died, and at that place, in 1880, 
 he was nominated on the Democratic ticket 
 for State's Attorney of Berkeley county, 
 but he and the whole ticket was defeated. 
 
 Mr. Staub was married at West Alexan- 
 der, Pa., January, 18, 1867, to Miss Alelia 
 .Ann Goshorn, of Wheeling, W. Va., daugh- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1025 
 
 ter of Mr. AMlliam Scott Goshorn, one of 
 Wheeling's most prominent citizens, who 
 was born on McMahon's Creek, Belmont 
 county, O., January 19, 1814; one year af- 
 terward his father, John Goshorn, took up 
 his residence in Wheeling. Mr. Goshorn 
 was of German and of English descent, and 
 his ancestors were old settlers of the coun- 
 try and served in the colonial wars. His 
 great-grandfather on his mother's side, Jo- 
 seph Scott, with others, serving with dis- 
 tinction as an ofificer in the Revolutionary 
 War. Mrs. Staub's mother was Priscilla 
 Jane (Zinn) Goshorn, who was born in Mar- 
 tinsburg, Berkeley county, Va., June 28, 
 1 82 1, and in her girlhood moved to Wheel- 
 ing. She was of German and Irish descent. 
 She belonged to old Virginia families, who 
 were among the early settlers of that State. 
 Both of Mrs. Staub's parents are dead. Her 
 mother died January 18, 1878, and her 
 father, October 23, 189 1. Mr. Staub has had 
 six children. The living ones are Mrs. Jane 
 Goshorn Shanklin, wife of Arthur Percival 
 Shanklin, member of the Towson and Bal- 
 timore bars; Mrs. Mary Fellows, wife of 
 Frank Bradbury Fellows, associated with 
 the P. Hanson Hiss Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, this city; William Henry Staub, pur- 
 chasing agent of Baltimore Consolidated 
 Railway Company, this city ; John Tegmey- 
 er, law student, and Richard Parran Henry 
 Staub, Jr., clerk in the office of the C. H. 
 Pearson Packing Company, this city. All 
 reside in Baltimore, except Mrs. Fellows, 
 who lives at Roland Park. He and his fam- 
 ily are members of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 He is a member of the Belle Lettres So- 
 ciety of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa.; 
 member of the Society of the Army and 
 61 
 
 Navy of the Confederate States for the 
 State of Maryland, and a member of James 
 R. Herbert Camp of United Confederate 
 Veterans of Baltimore. In politics he is a 
 Democrat. 
 
 Under Harrison's administration he was 
 appointed examiner in the Department of 
 Justice, a high and important ofifice, and 
 traveled nearly all over the United States in 
 the discharge of his duties, examining the 
 United States Courts, but as it took him 
 away from his home over ten months in the 
 year, after holding the ofifice about a year, 
 he resigned. 
 
 As will be seen, Mr. Staub has had quite 
 an eventful life. In 1859 he was at Harper's 
 Ferry, ^'a., called into the military service 
 of Virginia, and saw John Brown and his 
 men captured, and afterwards saw Brown 
 and all of them tried, sentenced and hung. 
 Mr. Staub and his family reside at 2453 
 Maryland avenue. 
 
 Jacob Fizone, Coal and Wood Dealer, 
 1321 N. Fremont avenue, was born in Balti- 
 more, November 2, 1849. He is the son of 
 the late Jacob F. and Cordelia (Burk) Fi- 
 zone. Tlie former is a native of Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., and a book-binder by profession. 
 He came to this city about 1842, and short- 
 ly after engaged in the dairy business, which 
 he followed for twenty years, and at which 
 he was ver\' successful. In 1868 he opened 
 a coal and wood yard on the site now oc- 
 cupied by his son and successor, and the 
 business was soon established upon a suc- 
 cessful basis. He was a man of strict in- 
 tegrity, conscientious in all his relations 
 with the public, a man whose word was as 
 good as his bond. He was his party's nomi- 
 nee to the House of Delegates, and again 
 
1026 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 for City Councilman. He was one of the 
 founders of St. Paul's English Lutheran 
 Church, and one of its main pillars. He 
 died in 1892, lamented by all who knew 
 him. The Burks, his wife's people, were 
 members of an old Maryland family. Wil- 
 liam B. Burk was among the first to enter 
 into the oyster packing business in Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Jacob Fizone, the subject of this sketch, 
 received his education at the public schools 
 of this city. He entered into business with 
 his father in 1868, and has continued to fol- 
 low in his footsteps in a business way. so- 
 cially and politically. He is in touch with 
 the times, and a favorite with his party (Re- 
 publican). He is a member of the City 
 Council, representing the Twenty-first and 
 Twenty-second wards. Mr. Fizone is on 
 the Ways and Means, Highways, Sewer- 
 age, Parks, Streets, Internal Improvements, 
 Fire Department and Almshouse Commit- 
 tees. Of these he is chairman of Parks and 
 Highways Committees. He is successful m 
 his dealings with men, gives one hundred 
 cents' worth for a dollar; his motto being, 
 "Live and let live." He is vice-president 
 of Lafayette Building and Loan Associa- 
 tion, and a director in the Reliable Building 
 and Loan Association. 
 
 He was married in 1870 to Anna, daugh- 
 ter of the late James Myrty, of Baltimore. 
 Mr. and Mr; Fizone have four children, 
 William, Florence, Frank and Bertha. 
 William Fizone is a draughtsman in the 
 employ of Wyeth & Nolting. Frank Fi- 
 zone is in his father's employ. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Fizone reside at 2115 Linden avenue, 
 and are mendiers of St. Paul's Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 Wade Hampton Schmenner, Butcher, 
 No. 28 Lafayette Market, is a native of 
 Baltimore. He was born in 1827, and is the 
 son of John H. and Sarah A. (Perkins) 
 Schmenner. The former is a native of 
 Baltimore, and the latter of Washington. 
 John H. is a baker by trade, a business he 
 followed for a number of years with profit. 
 About thirty years ago he turned his at- 
 tention to butchering. He has carried on 
 business successfully in Lexington Market 
 for thirty years, in Richmond JNIarket for 
 twenty-five years, and in Centre Market for 
 ten years. He occupies stalls in both Lex- 
 ington and Hollins Street Markets at pres- 
 ent. His son, W. H., the subject of this 
 sketch, has succeeded his father in tlie 
 Lafayette Market for the last three years, 
 and has proved by his success to be adapted 
 to the business. He has spent some time 
 at Bryant and Stratton's College, from 
 which he graduated with credit. 
 
 George J. HaFER. Dealer in Coal and 
 Wood, No. 6 Hafer street, was born in Bal- 
 timore, May 25, 1875. He is the son of 
 George and Caroline F. (Byrle) Hafer, bodi 
 of whom were born in Germany. They 
 came to this country in 1864. He was a 
 stone mason and bricklayer by trade, but in 
 1881 he entered the coal and wood busi- 
 ness, in which he continued until his de- 
 cease on January 19, 1897. Mr. Hafer, 
 while not a man of acquired education, was 
 strong in his natural abilities. He stood 
 high with his fellow-citizens both socially 
 and morally, lie was strictly honest in 
 all dealings with the public, who placed im- 
 plicit confidence in liim as a man of veracity. 
 Fie was one of the founders of and officers 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 in St. John's Lutheran Church, which he 
 very liberally supported. His family con- 
 sists of two, George J. and Henry. The 
 former is successor to his father, and has 
 been a partner in the business since 1888. 
 He employs about fifteen hands and thir- 
 teen teams, showing that the business has 
 not decreased with the loss of its head. 
 George J. is a graduate of Bryant & Strat- 
 ton's Business College, a member of the 
 class of 1894. He is a young man of good 
 morals and is a supporter of his father's 
 church. 
 
 IsiDOR L. Myers was born in Baltimore, 
 Md., in 1868. He is the son of Louis and 
 Sarah Myers. The former is a native of 
 Germany, the latter is a native of Baltimore. 
 Isidor Myers has reached his majority and 
 is connected with his father at the Union 
 Stock Yards. He was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Baltimore, after which he 
 took a course in Lamb's School. His 
 father, Louis, came to this country in 1848. 
 He settled in Pittsburg, Pa., where he was 
 extensively engaged in general merchan- 
 dise. About i860 he removed to Baltimore, 
 where he entered into a contract with the 
 Federal Government to supply beef for the 
 army. In this relation he continued dur- 
 ing the Civil War. At that time Mr. 
 Myers had his office at the Calverton 
 Road Yards. There he continued until 
 tlieir removal in July, 1892, where he is 
 now located. Air. Myers is an extensive 
 business man in his line. His exports 
 amount to about 700 cattle per week; his 
 retail to about 300. He is the oldest living 
 dealer in Baltimore. His family consists 
 of four. He has two sons, Solomon B., who 
 is a student at Johns Hopkins University, 
 
 and Isidor L., the subject of this sketch, 
 who is in business with his father. 
 
 N. T. HuTCHiNS, proprietor of "The 
 Eureka Hotel," Brunswick avenue, was 
 born on the York Road in 1846. He is the 
 son of Richard and Mary Susan Hutchins, 
 both of whom are natives of Maryland. He 
 was a hotel-keeper for years on the York 
 Road. In 1856 he abandoned the hotel 
 business and bought a farm in Howard 
 county, where he made his home. Mr. 
 Hutchins was successful in his business 
 pursuits. He had the full confidence of his 
 fellow-citizens, through whose influence he 
 was made ganger of spirits under Bu- 
 chanan in 1858. He was appointed weigh- 
 master in Baltimore in 1870, and was elecv- 
 ed tax collector for Howard county at one 
 time, all of w^hich offices he filled with credit. 
 
 The Hutchins belong to a very old fam- 
 ily. Tradition says that one of the old 
 Hutchins, uncle of Richard, owned, and his 
 heirs rightly now own, ninety acres of land 
 on and around where the prison now stands. 
 
 N. T. Hutchins was reared and educated 
 until he was eight years of age, when his 
 father removed with his family to the farm 
 now owned by Joseph H. Judik, in Balti- 
 more county. He entered into business for 
 himself at a very early age, his first enter- 
 prise being farm machinery. He sold his 
 farm in Baltimore county and removed co 
 Howard county in June, 1857. 
 
 In 1877 he was appointed Deputy Sheritif 
 of Howard county. In 1883 he was elected 
 SherifT of the same county under Governor 
 Hamilton. He was appointed Inspector of 
 Hay and Straw for the city of Baltimore 
 March 21, 1888. To this office he was ap- 
 pointed two terms, two years each. Being 
 
1028 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 weary of political life lie retired from the 
 political field. 
 
 In 1892 he purchased his present property 
 on Brunswick avenue, formerly owned by 
 Mrs. Kingsmore. 
 
 Mr. Hutchins is a worthy man and keeps 
 a first-class hotel of its grade. 
 
 Mr. Anthony Cook, Florist, was born 
 in Germany in 1818. He is the son of Mat- 
 thews Cook, who was a noted German 
 tiorist. During the French Revolution he 
 lost all his property as a result of the for- 
 tunes of war. He came to this country in 
 1840, bringing his family with him. His 
 thorough knowledge of his business so es- 
 tablished him in the confidence of the Balti- 
 moreans that his son, Anthony, who was his 
 partner and successor, became eminently 
 successful. 
 
 When Baltimore was an infant city An- 
 thony's place was at the corner of Lexing- 
 ton avenue and Republican street. He then 
 removed to CarroUton avenue, where he re- 
 mained forty years. He removed to his 
 present place in 1858. He has one of the 
 finest floral displays in the city. His skill 
 is unsurpassed and his reputation extensive. 
 
 While Mr. Cook is conservative by na- 
 ture, yet he can express himself. He is a 
 Roman Catholic. In politics he is a Re- 
 publican. 
 
 His sons. Charles and George, are with 
 him in business. They are all men of in- 
 tegrity. 
 
 Rkv. J. C. D.wiDSox, Pastor of Grace 
 Baptist Church, was born in .-\ppomattox 
 county, \'a., in 1849. He is the son of Jesse 
 and Martha A. (Osborn) Davidson. He 
 received his early education at the public 
 
 schools and at Union .\cademy, after which 
 he attended Firrman University, South 
 Carolina, and graduated from the Southern 
 Baptist Theological Seminary of the same 
 town. His first pastorate was at Sedalia, 
 Mo., where he served eight years; at Han- 
 nibal two years; was then called to Win- 
 chester, Va., where he organized a church 
 and built an edifice. From there he was 
 called to his present pastorate, where he 
 has served his people faithfully and loving- 
 ly for nine years. 
 
 Grace Cnurch was incorporated June 24, 
 1874, under the pastorate of Rev. Miles 
 Reid. In 1877 Chas D. Parker was called. 
 In April, 1S84, J. B. English was called, 
 during whose pastorate the building was 
 erected. In November, 1889, the present 
 incumbent, J. C. Davidson, was called. 
 During his pastorate the debt on the build- 
 ing has been reduced from $15,000 to $3,- 
 000, and a parsonage built costing $5,000. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Davidson is president of the 
 M. B. A., and chairman of the Educational 
 Board. He is an untiring worker, a logical 
 speaker and an eloquent preacher. 
 
 He married Miss Lizzie Dinguid, daugh- 
 ter of Geo. A. and P. A. Dinguid, of Lynch- 
 burg, Va., an accomplished lady and a help- 
 meet for a minister of the gospel. 
 
 RI■^^ B. G. W. Reid, Pastor of North 
 Avenue M. E. Church, is a native of Mont- 
 gomery county, Md. He is the son of 
 George N. and Cassandra Reid, both of 
 whom are natives of Maryland. He re- 
 ceived his education at the public schools, 
 and subsequently fitted himself for the min- 
 istry by constant application to his studies. 
 He stood high in his Conference class and 
 was admitted to the Baltimore Conference 
 
HISTORY Ol' liALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1029 
 
 in 1856. He was ordained a deacon m 
 1858: an elder in i860. ' 
 
 He served faithfully the following charges 
 and Circuits: Hancock, Frederick, Boons- 
 boro, Prosburg, Painsburg, Allegany, Lib- 
 erty. Harford Avenue and Greenmount, 
 Bedford, Winchester, Hanover Street, 
 Hagerstown, Fourth Street, Washington, 
 D. C; Jefferson Street, Baltimore; Caroline 
 Street, Ricetown; East Harford County 
 Station, Md.; also Emory Church and 
 North Avenue Church, Baltimore. He is 
 serving the last named charge in his fifth 
 year. The North Avenue Church was a 
 mission of the Aladison Square Church up 
 to 1892. Under the pastorate of Thomas 
 Wilhide it became a separate charge. Un- 
 der the judicious management of Mr. Reid 
 a new edifice was built in 1896, costing 
 $20,000. The ground was donated by 
 Joshua Register. 
 
 Mr. Reid first married Miss Maggie Mor- ! 
 rison. of Baltimore, in 1867. She died in 
 1878. His second wife was Mrs. Isabelle 
 Pennington, of Glyndon, Md. To this lady . 
 he was married in 1885. One son was born j 
 to the first union. 
 
 Howard L. Harker, Lumber, Mill 
 Work and Hardware, Harford avenue cor- j 
 ner of Hoffman street, was born in Balti- 
 more, October 23, 1875. He is the son of 
 Charles E. and Ellen F. (Creig) Harker, 
 both natives of Baltimore. Charles E. is a 
 master mechanic who has worked as car- 
 penter and builder for a number of years. 
 
 In 1892 he established his present busi- 
 ness at the above place, where his integrity 
 and business qualities, added to his skill, 
 have worked up a successful business. 
 
 His son, Howard, the subject of this 
 
 sketch, has been in company with his father 
 since 1892. He was reared and educated in 
 Baltimore. After receiving a liberal educa- 
 tion in the public schools, he attended 
 Eaton & Burnett's Business College, of this 
 city. He is a promising young man of 
 business. 
 
 Rev. j. M. Slarrow, Pastor of West 
 Baltimore Station M. E. Church, was born 
 in Tioga county, Pa., June 16, 1856. He is 
 the son of George W. and Elizabeth (Camp- 
 bell) Slarrow. The former was born in 
 Bath, N. Y., and the latter in Pennsylvania. 
 Rev. :\Ir. Slarrow received his early training 
 and education in Potter county. Pa.; some 
 years were spent in the Academy at Cou- 
 dersport. In 1882 he entered the prepar- 
 atory department of the same institution 
 and graduated from the college proper in 
 June, 1887. This year he was received into 
 the Baltimore Conference. He spent his 
 first three years as associate in City Station, 
 Baltimore; four years as pastor at Bel Air, 
 Md.. and two successful years pastor of the 
 Twelfth Street M. E. Church, Washington, 
 D. C. From the last named church he 
 was placed in his present responsible posi- 
 tion. • 
 
 He was ordained deacon in Grace 
 Ciiurch, Baltimore, in 1889 by Bishop 
 Foss; ordained elder in 1891 by Bishop 
 Joyce in the Wesley Chapel, Washington, 
 D. C. While Rev. Mr. Slarrow's minis- 
 terial career has been short thus far it has 
 not been uneventful. When at Belair he re- 
 constructed a church at Mt. Zion, an out- 
 side appointment, at a cost of $2,000 besides 
 other work of a similar character. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Slarrow married Miss May F. 
 Gordon, the flauHitcr of Mr. and IMrs. Mai- 
 
1030 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 com B. Gordon, of Washington, D. C. To 
 this union one child has been born. 
 
 The churcli over which Mr. Slarrow pre- 
 sides had its beginning on the corner of 
 Cumberland street and Pennsylvania av- 
 enue. In 1832 a plot of ground was pur- 
 chased on which a building was erected, on 
 Fremont street near Pennsylvania avenue, 
 known as Whatcoat Chapel. In 1835 the 
 trustees incorporated it under the name of 
 West Baltimore Station. The property was 
 finally disposed of in 1870; the present edi- 
 fice was built under its present title, under 
 the pastorate of Rev. T. Daugherty. From 
 that time to the present the church has had 
 the labors of e.xperienced pastors. Its mem- 
 bership is 600; Sunday-school 525. 
 
 Joel Gutman (deceased) was born in 
 Merchingen, Grand Duchy of Baden, Ger- 
 many, September 3, 1829. His parents, 
 Moses and Ella Gutman, were natives of 
 Germany also. Mr. Gutman received an 
 elementary education, and when fourteen 
 years of age entered a mercantile house in 
 Buchen by Odenwald, where, according to 
 the custom of the country, he served an ap- 
 prenticeship of several years, and having 
 learned the business, went to the city of 
 Wurtzburg in his eighteenth year and en- 
 tered the employ of a firm engaged in the 
 wholesale dry goods trade, filling tlie posi- 
 tion of salesman. 
 
 In 1849 he emigrated to the United 
 States, landing in New York July, 1849, 
 after a tedious voyage. He located in Bal- 
 timore, where one of his brothers resided. 
 He soon, however, went to Virginia, where 
 he merchandised in a small way. By 
 the practice of honesty and economy in busi- 
 ness, he succeeded beyond all expectations. 
 
 and was soon able to return to Baltimore, 
 where he and his brother entered into 
 a partnership in 1852. In 1853 this part- 
 nership was dissolved by mutual consent 
 and Joel Gutman began business on his own 
 account at (then) 29 N. Eutaw street. 
 
 In 1866, finding his place too small for 
 his rapidly increasing trade, he bought the 
 property opposite (then) Nos. 34-36 N. 
 Eutaw street, which he rebuilt and beauti- 
 fied, and later he purchased the adjoining 
 premises, which he again enlarged in 1886, 
 pulling down the former structure and re- 
 building with stone and brick. This store 
 (Nos. 112, 114, 1x6, 118, 120, 122 N. Eutaw 
 street) is now one of the largest in Balti- 
 more, and employs over 500 people. The 
 establishment is a general store, with over 
 thirty departments. 
 
 The choicest and finest goods are import- 
 ed direct from the European and American 
 manufacturers. 
 
 After the death of ]\Ir. Gutman, which 
 took place February 23, 1892. he was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, Louis K., who is the head 
 of the firm which still retains its old name 
 of Joel Gutman & Co. 
 
 The wide spread reputation for integrity 
 of this firm is one source of its phenomenal 
 growth in trade. 
 
 Mr. Gutman was of the Hebrew faith, a 
 member of the First Baltimore Hebrew 
 Congregation, of which he was also a trus- 
 tee and for a number of years president. He 
 was president of the Hebrew Orphan Asy- 
 lum, one of the many noble charitable in- 
 stitutions of the city. Mr. Gutman was alive 
 to every noble and philanthropic enterprise. 
 
 In August, 1852, he was married to Miss 
 
 Bertha, the accompli5he<l daughter of the 
 
 1 late Louis and Caroline Kavton, of Balti- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORi;, MARYLAND. 
 
 1031 
 
 more, who emigrated to this country in 
 1833. They were one of the first German 
 Jewish famihes in Baltimore, and were 
 charter members of the First Hebrew Con- 
 gregation, which worshiped in the old 
 Lloyd Street Synagogue. 
 
 Abk.miam Lincoln Dryden, Special 
 Deputy Collector of Customs, was born in 
 Fairmount, Somerset county, j\Id., Feb- 
 ruary 18, 1865. He is the son of Littleton 
 T. Dryden and Charlotte E. (Ford) Dryden. 
 Both of his parents are Americans, born in 
 Somerset county, Md., their ancestors being 
 old settlers of this State. His father is Su- 
 perintendent of State Bureau of Immigra- 
 tion, and his sketch will be found on another 
 page of this history. Both his parents re- 
 side at 1604 St. Paul street, this city. His 
 father has four children: Annie Neale, and 
 Sherman Dryden, clerk; Mrs. Etta Sterling, 
 wife of Horace Sterling, General Agent 
 Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Rail- 
 road, Crisfield, Md.; and Mr. Dryden, the 
 subject of this sketch. 
 
 He was educated in the public schools 
 of Somerset county, Md., attending the 
 High School at Crisfield, Washington 
 Academy at Princess Anne; was a student 
 for two years, or to the end of his sopho- 
 more year, at St. John's College, Annapolis, 
 Md.,and graduated from Dickinson College, 
 Carlisle, Pa., in 1888. Though very young, 
 he went into the oyster packing business 
 before going to college, and his father's cir- 
 cumstances being limited he had to work 
 hard to earn money to attend college, and 
 traveled through the nearby towns of his 
 home, Crisfield, selling oysters to enable 
 
 him to accomplish this object, and gradu- 
 ated from Dickinson as above stated. 
 
 After his graduation he resumed the 
 oyster packing business at Crisfield, and 
 continued in this business until 1890, 
 w^hen he was appointed assistant in the 
 library of the Navy Department, Washing- 
 ton, D. C, and held this office up to May, 
 1893. Previous to this, in the session of 
 1890, he represented Somerset county in 
 the Legislature of Maryland, being a mem- 
 ber of the House of Delegates. From the 
 House he went to the Senate, representing 
 his county in that body in the sessions of 
 1896 and 1898, and on the 1st of Jvme, 1898, 
 was appointed to his present position of 
 Special Deputy Collector of Customs for 
 the Port of Baltimore, and as he is a push- 
 ing, energetic man, and has given general 
 satisfaction in every position he has held 
 1 before and the way he is discharging the 
 I duties of his ofifice the short time he has held 
 j it, it is fair to assume he will make a first- 
 class and efficient officer. 
 
 Mr. Dryden was married at Crisfield, 
 Md., November 14, 1894, to Miss Effie 
 Clarke Venable, daughter of Mr. Seth D. 
 Venable and Mrs. Susan A. (Jones) Vena- 
 ble. Both Mrs. Dryden's parents were 
 born in Maryland, belonging to old Mary- 
 land families. He has one child, a daugh- 
 ter, Ethelyn Dryden. He and his family 
 are members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. He is a member of the Junior Or- 
 der United American Mechanics, Knights 
 of Pythias, Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows, and a member of the Belle Lettres So- 
 ciety of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. 
 Also member of the Phi Kappa Psi and 
 
1032 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa fraternities of this college, 
 and a member of the Union League of 
 Maryland. 
 
 In politics he is a Republican, and takes 
 an active interest in party matters, and in 
 1894 was nominated by the Republicans of 
 the First District, this State, as a candidate 
 for Congress from that district. He ran 
 
 against the Hon. Joshua Miles, the Demo- 
 cratic candidate, made an active campaign, 
 but was defeated, reducing however the 
 usual Democratic majority of about two 
 thousand to about a thousand, or one-half. 
 His country residence is Crisfield, Somerset 
 county, and his city residence is with his 
 father, 1604 St. Paul street. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The Modern City, by Col. William H. Love. 
 
 The great city, which to-day spreads over 
 thirty-two square miles of hill and valley, 
 strikes every visitor within its confines as a 
 most attractive one, and all agree with 
 "Fanny Fern" that it is the most "elegant 
 of cities;" every stranger at once feels the 
 charm of its bright streets, crowded with 
 five hundred thousand people, a very large 
 portion being natives who are noted for 
 their politeness and affability of manner. 
 
 The principal objects of interest in all the 
 great cities of the world are their parks, 
 squares, churches, monuments, hospitals, 
 &c., &c.; and in this article particular atten- 
 tion will be paid to them. 
 
 The City Hall, built upon the square 
 bounded by Holliday, Lexington, Fayette 
 and North streets, is in the centre of the 
 city: here we find ourselves at the front of 
 municipal life. When it was erected, it was 
 regarded as the most conspicuous as it was 
 the most elegant building ever erected in 
 our city, having a front of 238 feet on Holli- 
 day and North streets, and 149 feet on Lex- 
 ington and Fayette. The building covers a 
 superficial area of 30,552 square feet. The 
 material used in its construction was Bal- 
 timore county marble, a white magnesia 
 limestone. The columns of the portico are 
 monoliths. 
 
 The style of the architecture is "Renais- 
 sance." The general plan or division of 
 the mass consists of a centre structure four 
 stories high, and two connected lateral 
 
 wings three stories high, the centre finished 
 with pediments, the others with mansard 
 roofs. The architect has preserved the sim- 
 plicity and dignity of the ancient and has 
 added sufficient of the modern style to 
 adorn. This was accomplished by dividing 
 and relieving the extensive fronts and faces 
 with projecting pilasters, columns and 
 arches over the openings of each story, and 
 graceful cornices, balustrades and parapets. 
 
 The interior is in accord with the exterior 
 and has always been kept in perfect order. 
 
 Directly facing the City Hall stands the 
 oldest theatre in America, the "Holliday," 
 embalmed in the hearts of all P.altimoreans 
 as the place where the "Star Spangled Ban- 
 ner" was first sung. It has entered the sec- 
 ond century of its existence, having been 
 built in 1794. It is held in affectionate re- 
 membrance by the profesion. 
 
 Passing up Fayette street we are con- 
 fronted by another very conspicuous build- 
 ing, standing on the block immediately west 
 of the City Hall, the United States Post Of- 
 fice, a recent erection, built of granite in the 
 style known as Italian Renaissance. There 
 are a number of towers, the central one be- 
 ing 189 feet high with fronting on Monu- 
 ment Square; the building is fitted with 
 every modern improvement to facilitate post 
 office work. The entire third floor is occu- 
 pied by the United States and District 
 Courts. The ground cost $553-000. The 
 city gave two lots costing $56,000. and the 
 
1034 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 entire appropriation for the building was 
 $2,011,835. It was dedicated September 12, 
 1SS9. 
 
 The west and principal front faces Monu- 
 ment Square, in which stands the "Balti- 
 more Monument," called by all our citizens 
 the "Battle Monument," and erected to the 
 memory of those who fell at North Point. 
 It is the work of the celebrated sculptor, 
 Maximilian Godefroy. It consists of an 
 Egyptian base raised to the height of four 
 feet from the pavement of the street, is 
 surmounted by a column representing a 
 fasces, upon the bands of which are placed 
 in bronze letters the names of those who fell. 
 On each angle of the base are grififins, and 
 the lower part of the column is ornamented 
 with basso relievos, the whole being 
 crowned by a statue of the city, by Capel- 
 lano, with the eagle at her side, holding a 
 laurel wreath suspended in her uplifted 
 hand. The entire height of the monument 
 is fifty-two feet two inches. 
 
 Opposite the Post Ofifice formerly stood 
 the old Court House, finished in 1809. It 
 has been taken down to make way for a 
 splendid new Court House now in course of 
 erection, which will cover the entire block 
 bounded by Lexington, Calvert, Fayette 
 and St. Paul streets. 
 
 This magnificent public building will be 
 finished in 1899. It was much needed by 
 the growing business of the Courts, and will 
 add another to the many beautiful build- 
 ings, public and private, which have been 
 erected in this city. Xothing more elegant 
 could have been placed on the western side 
 of the old Monument Square than this great 
 building, which, while transforming the en- 
 tire cliaractcr of the looalitv. has also ob- 
 
 literated all traces of that older order of 
 things which has departed forever. 
 
 The dimensions of the new Court House 
 will be in keeping with its character and 
 adornments, the Calvert street front be- 
 ing two hundred feet with a depth of three 
 hundred and twenty-five feet to St. Paul 
 street. The exterior will be built of "Be- 
 verdam" Baltimore county marble with the 
 exception of the basement story, which will 
 be of Maryland granite; possibly the colon- 
 nade and recessed loggia on the Calvert 
 street facade will be the most interesting 
 feature, and here will be placed the largest 
 monolithic columns in the United States. 
 They are thirty-one feet, two and five-eighth 
 inches high exclusive of the base and capi- 
 tal, diameter at base four feet, two and one- 
 half inches; at top, three feet, five and one- 
 fourth inches with flutes, bands and mould- 
 ings. They are purely Ionic and have rich- 
 ly moulded and carved bases and capitals. 
 The entasis is drawn according to the usual 
 methods employed by the ancient Romans. 
 The diameters for about one-third of the 
 length vary but little, while for the remain- 
 ing length the beautiful swell can be readily 
 seen. 
 
 When quarried each stone weighed aljout 
 eighty-nine tons, and as the block was sepa- 
 rate from the main ledge it contained two 
 columns, making a mass of about 180 tons; 
 the size of these monster shafts can hardly 
 be understood or appreciated unless seen. 
 There are eight required in all. They were 
 scrabbled or roughed at the quarry and then 
 shipped on a specially built car to Baltimore, 
 where it required twenty-five teams and two 
 trucks, weighing about ten tons each, to 
 convcv them to the site of the new Court 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1035 
 
 House, where the cutting is being done in 
 a shop specially designed for the purpose, 
 lighted by electricity and supplied with hot 
 water for rubbing and finishing. 
 
 These splendid specimens of the stone 
 worker's art were obtained from the Bever- 
 dam quarries. The rest of the exterior is 
 created with Ionic pilasters supporting an 
 enriched entablature, crowning the whole. 
 A special feature of the St. Paul street en- 
 trance and the Criminal Court vestibule will 
 be the various richly colored marble col- 
 umns and lining. 
 
 In this great building will be located the 
 Superior Court, additional Superior Court, 
 the two Courts of Common Pleas and the 
 two Circuit Courts and their offices. On 
 the third floor will be located the Supreme 
 Bench, a domed room about forty feet in di- 
 ameter, the dome being carried on sixteen 
 monolithic columns and sixteen pilasters 
 of a rich yellow brown veined vermilion 
 marble. This room is lighted almost solely 
 by a large eye or window in the centre of 
 the dome. The Supreme Bench will occu- 
 py the centre of the Calvert street facade. 
 The Bar or Law Library will occupy the 
 whole of the St. Paul street facade. The 
 great room will be one hundred and five 
 feet long and thirty-five feet wide; the ceil- 
 ing will be very beautiful. At either end of 
 the library will be three reading rooms, fin- 
 ished in mahogany. The prisoner's entrance 
 is through the archway on the Lexington 
 street side, and the prison van will be driven 
 to the prisoner's entrance in the lower court 
 yard; a staircase leads directly to the guard 
 rooms, which will be surroimdcd by the 
 lock-up. 
 
 The guard rooms will be floored with 
 marble and lined throughout with enameled 
 
 brick, so that tliey can be kept very clean by 
 flushing with hose. All the passages and 
 corridors through which prisoners pass will 
 be lined with marble. All the"j«ry rooms 
 will be in direct communication with their 
 Court rooms and can be entered only 
 thnough the Court room so that when the 
 jury has gone to its room for consultation 
 there is no opportunity for outside com- 
 munication. 
 
 The staircases from the Calvert street en- 
 trance to the second story are entirely of 
 marble, lighted by skylights. Electricity 
 will be used in every available way, and 
 private telephone wires will be established 
 from one ofSce to the other. In all the 
 rooms where records will be filed, fire-proof 
 vaults will be provided, in fact, the whole 
 building will be as near fire-proof as mod- 
 ern skill can make it. A recent description 
 truly says: "This building, grand and im- 
 posing, will be without dome, tower or spire 
 of any kind; the charm of its simple yet 
 grand and dignified exterior leaves nothing 
 to be desired, and the commission of gen- 
 tlemen who, without money and without 
 price, have given days, weeks, and months 
 of serious thought to its planning and con- 
 struction deserve and will receive the un- 
 stinted thanks of this community." 
 
 On the southwest corner of the square 
 has lately been erected on the site of the 
 Old Barnum Hotel, the Equitable Build- 
 ing. The style of architecture is described 
 as Italian Renaissance, admirably adapted 
 to the building of such size and importance. 
 Its great height, towering as it does over 
 the loftiest of the downtown structures, to- 
 gether with the happy coinbination of ma- 
 terial chosen, renders it a lasting monument 
 to the business sagacity and enterprise of 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 its promoters. The top floor contains a res- 
 taurant and cafe forty-four by ninety-five 
 feet. The building contains the new Law 
 Library. 
 
 Due south of this structure stands the im- 
 IX)sing Baltimore & Ohio Central Building, 
 containing all the offices of that company. 
 It was erected at a cost of several millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 Passing west, on Fayette street, we are 
 confronted at the corner of St. Paul street 
 by the beautiful new building of the Morn- 
 ing Herald, a strong daily and weekly, inde- 
 pendent in politics. 
 
 Turning north on Charles street, we find 
 the home of the Builders' E.xchange on the 
 northeast corner of Lexington street, and 
 on the northwest corner the Fidelity Trust 
 and Deposit Company, a splendid building. 
 
 The new home of the Exchange is a 
 handsome five-story inarble structure, occu- 
 p\-ing a lot eight-four feet, four inches on 
 Charles street; the entire cost was about 
 $200,000, including the ground. 
 
 The meeting room of the Exchange is on 
 the fifth floor and extends seventy-two feet 
 on Lexington street and forty-nine feet on 
 Charles street. The other floors are divided 
 into ofiices. The interior finish is in quar- 
 tered oak, and the walls and ceilings are 
 tinted in oil. 
 
 The stairways are of iron, and great care 
 has been taken to make the building as 
 nearly fire-proof as possible. 
 
 Hotel Rennert. — The Rcnnert is a fine 
 specimen of modern architecture, occupy- 
 ing the block bounded by Saratoga, Lib- 
 erty, Clay and Sharp streets. Its dimen- 
 .'•ions arc ninety feet front and two hundred 
 and twenty feet deep. 
 
 The stvle of architecture is the Renais- 
 
 sance. The front is of pressed brick 
 trimmed with brown stone and terra cotta, 
 ornamented with pilasters and handsomely 
 carved capitals, band courses, panels, cor- 
 bels, crowned with a very ornamental man- 
 sard roof, high pitched gables and clustered 
 chimney shafts, and flanked at angles with 
 a round tower and turret. 
 
 Tlte main tower, forming bays in the 
 angle room, is finished with a highly en- 
 riched domed roof and lantern over one 
 hundred feet above the street. The build- 
 ing contains three hundred rooms for the 
 accommodation of guests and is substan- 
 tially fire-proof throughout. 
 
 As we continue north the white marble 
 mass of the Masonic Temple attracts the 
 eye on the east side of the street. While 
 the front presents some of the characteris- 
 tics of the Grecian and Romanesque styles, 
 they are so blended with modern principles 
 of construction as to confuse any but the 
 most expert, but are none the less interest- 
 ing on that account. 
 
 The main entrance to the building is 
 through two broad doorwa,vs into a vesti- 
 bule or stair-hall, extending through two 
 stories. The walls of this vestibule up to 
 the line of the second floor are faced with 
 A. Bohm and Eschallen marble. 
 
 The hydraulic passenger elevator is per- 
 fect and runs to the top floor. A broad cor- 
 ridor leads from the vestibule to a large 
 banquet hall in the rear fifty-four by eighty- 
 five feet. 
 
 Ascending to the second floor a corridor 
 crosses the building from north to south at 
 the head of the main stairways, giving en- 
 trance to the Grand Lodge room, tlie Ro- 
 man Hall, the Grand Master's room and the 
 Librarv. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 The Corinthian Hall, which is used for 
 the Grand Lodge, is forty-nine by seventy- 
 four feet. Detached columns rise at inter- 
 vals along the walls supporting the entabla- 
 tures, which extends across the room, di- 
 viding the ceilings into bays. 
 
 Roman Hall is fifty-five by thirty-five 
 feet. The ceiling is arched with deeply re- 
 cased panels, modeled in high relief. 
 
 In the south front are the rooms of the 
 Grand ]\laster and Grand Secretary, each 
 room eighteen by twenty feet, finished in 
 mahogany. The walls of the Grand Mas- 
 ter's room are hung in tapestry. A broad 
 mantel extends to the ceiling, with African 
 marble facing, and barcled glass panels 
 above the shelf. 
 
 The Library, thirty-two by twenty feet, is 
 finished in cherry. 
 
 The Secretary of the Grand Chapter has 
 a room in the south front eighteen by 
 twenty feet, which is finished in cherry. 
 
 Social Hall, seventeen by twenty-one 
 feet, is on the mezzanine floor, over the ves- 
 tibule. A hooded fire-place supported by 
 carved and cluted columns, forms the cen- 
 tral feature of this apartment. The inscrip- 
 tion: "Here Let Good Fellowship Reign 
 Supreme," is carved in the frieze of the man- 
 tel. A banquet hall thirty-one by twenty 
 feet opens into the Social Hall, through 
 sliding doors. 
 
 On this floor are located Oriental. Ionic, 
 Doric, Composite and Renaissance Halls; 
 these rooms take their names from the style 
 of architecture used in them. 
 
 The building is lighted with gas and elec- 
 tricity and heating and ventilating appara- 
 tus of the most approved character. 
 
 Next to the Masonic Temple and north 
 of it is St. Paul's P. E. Church, a good speci- 
 
 men of the Romanesque. This was the site 
 of the first church erected in the city in 1731. 
 In front, over -the frieze and architectrave 
 are two alto relievo figures representing 
 Christ and Moses, sculptured by the great 
 Italian artist Capellano. 
 
 Opposite to St. Paul's Church, on the 
 corner of Saratoga, is the Young !Men"s 
 Christian Association Building, built of 
 pressed brick, trimmed with Cleveland 
 stone. It has a collegiate appearance, the 
 roofing and towers being very prominent 
 by reason of the fine location. 
 
 Looking west on Saratoga street we get 
 a fine view of the front and east side of the 
 Hotel Rennert. 
 
 Opposite the Hotel Rennert is the old 
 parsonage of St. Paul's Church, built in 
 1789. The lot on which it stands was deeded 
 to the vestry of St. Paul's Parish in Balti- 
 more county in 1786 for the purpose for 
 which it is now used. The home which now 
 forms the central portion of the rectory was 
 finished in 1789, the wings a little later. It 
 is interesting to know that the room on the 
 second floor over the hall was used for the 
 "House of Bishops" of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church, which held its sessions here, 
 including in all probability its first session. 
 
 On the lot east of the parsonage stands 
 the old mansion of Johns Hopkins, who 
 gave the city a Hospital and University 
 which will perpetuate his name forever. At 
 the proper place we shall describe both. 
 
 We have now reached the intersection of 
 Saratoga and Liberty streets. The latter 
 after passing Saratoga and running north 
 is known as Cathedral, on the northwest 
 corner of which street and Saratoga stands 
 the new "Odd Fellows Hall," a large brick 
 building. 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 North of this, and ahiiost joining it is the 
 Roman CathoHc School l<no\vn as "Calvert 
 Hall." This fine building has lately been 
 erected. 
 
 We have now reached one of the most in- 
 teresting localities in the city, the ground 
 on which the French General Count de 
 Rochambeau campe<l with his army during 
 the Revolution, and on which stands to-day 
 one of the most imposing church buildings 
 in the United States, the Metropolitan 
 Catholic Cathedral, fronting on Cathedral 
 at the corner of Mulberry, and running 
 east to Charles street. It was commenced 
 in iSoo. Its outward length, including the 
 portico, is 200 feet: its width, including 
 the arms of the cross, is 177 feet; and its 
 height, from the floor of the nave to the 
 sunmiit of the cross which surmounts the 
 dome, is 127 feet. Its style and decorations 
 are of the Grecian order. It is remarkable 
 throughout for the chaste simplicity of its 
 design, and the beautiful proportion of all 
 its parts. The great dome is 207 feet in cir- 
 cumference internally and 231 externally. 
 
 Circular panels ornamented with bro- 
 settes and decreasing as they approach the 
 verte.x, terminate at the opening in the cen- 
 tre, seventy-two feet in circumference. 
 Above this is the external dome, and the 
 flood of light is introduced is such a manner 
 that the means of its introduction are not 
 seen from below. Between each of the sup- 
 ports of the principal dome springs an ellip- 
 tical arch, the arch at the head of the cross 
 forming the outer line of a smaller dome, 
 which, sni)i5orted by six Ionic pilLirs. covers 
 the grand altar. 
 
 The organ gallery rests on an Ionic col- 
 onnade, whicli contains an organ that is said 
 to be the largest, or was up to a very re- 
 
 cent period, in the United States. It has 
 600 pipes and thirty-six stops. 
 
 The side aisles are terminated by two 
 pictures, that on the right is the descent 
 from the cross, painted by Pauline Guerin, 
 a present from Louis XVIII to the Arch- 
 bishop, and that on the left, St. Louis 
 burying his officers and soldiers slain before 
 Acre. This very valuable painting is the 
 work of the celebrated Steuben, and was 
 presented by King Charles X, of France. 
 
 The beautiful building was designed by 
 the distinguished architect and civil en- 
 gineer, B. H. Latrobe, and built under his 
 personal superintendence. 
 
 Passing down Mulberry to Charles we 
 have one of the beautiful glimpses of "Old 
 Town," which one gets in passing Charles 
 street as you cross Saratoga, Mulberry, 
 Franklin and Monument streets and look 
 east. 
 
 The hill on whicli we now stand is about 
 one hundred feet above tide, the singular 
 topography of the city making it possible 
 «to obtain panoramic views from the various 
 hills, while from the many bridges may be 
 had views of the sky line of the city; these 
 varying views have a tendency to make the 
 stranger remember Baltimore when the re- 
 ciilKction of other places has vanished. 
 
 Tlir -|>;i.-ious mansion in the rear of the 
 Cathedral fronting on Charles street is the 
 home of the Cardinal Archbishop of Balti- 
 more and was built more for comfort than 
 for display. It contains many valuable 
 pictures and some mosaics. Many distin- 
 guished men and women have passed within 
 its gates. 
 
 Continuing our walk we reach Franklin 
 street, noted for the beautiful old homes of 
 the merchants, doctors and lawvers of the 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 103U 
 
 last generation and in some instances of 
 their descendants. A notable example 
 stands in front of us on the northeast corner, 
 the mansion of Dr. William Howard, the 
 splendid portico of which is an exact copy 
 of the temple of Minerva Polias. It is now 
 the home of the x\thenaeimi Clul). 
 
 On the northwest corner is the Old Uni- 
 tarian Church, designed and built under the 
 superintendence of the great architect Max- 
 imilian Godefroy, and dedicated on the i8th 
 of October, 1818. The whole length of the 
 office, including the portico, is 108 feet and 
 its breadth is seventy-eight feet. The per- 
 istyle is formed by a colonnade of the Tus- 
 can order. Four columns and two pilasters, 
 forming three arcades of about twelve feet 
 opening, support the grand Tuscan cornice 
 which runs around the exterior of the pedi- 
 ment. In the centre there is a colossal fig- 
 ure of the Angel of Truth, surrounded by 
 rays and holding a scroll, on which is in- 
 scribed in Greek characters: "To the only 
 God." 
 
 Five doors of equal size open from the 
 portico and are copied from those of the 
 \'atican in Rome. The nave of the church 
 is a square formed by four equal arches, full 
 semi-circles of thirty-three feet, six inches 
 diameter, which support a dome of fifty- 
 five feet, four inches diameter. The sum- 
 mit of the cupola is eighty feet high, termin- 
 ating with a glass star. The dome is a copy 
 of the Pantheon at Rome. 
 
 The pulpit stands upon a douljlc square 
 base, the first of which is the verde antique 
 marble from Connecticut, the second is of 
 white Carrara marble. The pulpit rests on 
 the second sock, and is constructed of bird's 
 eye maple. The organ is tiie most curious 
 in this country, as it is constructed in the 
 
 form of an ancient lyre, the strings of 
 which are represented by pipes. We have 
 devoted some space to this old chiurch be- 
 cause it is a most interesting one to archi- 
 tects and builders. 
 
 We shall move west on Franklin street 
 pausing for a moment to glance at the old 
 colonial building at the northeast corner of 
 Cathedral street, formerly the home of the 
 Hoffman family, and for many years of the 
 celebrated "Maryland Club." Through the 
 liberality of Mr. Enoch Pratt the building 
 was purchased and presented to the Acad- 
 emy of Sciences. This whole neighbor- 
 hood is filled with these comfortable old 
 homes on Franklin, Cathedral, Charles and 
 Monument streets. 
 
 Turning north for three squares we come 
 all at once into the presence of one of the 
 grandest monuments of the world, dedicated 
 to that great patriot and soldier, George 
 Washington. 
 
 The erection of this monument was con- 
 ceived in the year 1809, when Messrs. John 
 Comegys, James A. Buchanan and Daniel 
 Winchester obtained from the Legislature 
 of the State permission to raise $100,000 
 for the purpose. Mr. Robert Mills fur- 
 nished the design and on July 4, 1815, the 
 corner-stone was laid. The monument is a 
 Doric column upon a scjuare base sur- 
 mounted by a pedestal, upon which is placed 
 a colossal statue of Washington. The base 
 is fifty feet square and elevated twenty feet. 
 The coJunui to tlie foot of the statue is 160 
 feet, and the statue is thirteen feet in height; 
 it is the work of Causici. and represents 
 Washington as lie appeared the moment 
 tliat he resigned iiis commission at Annap- 
 olis. 
 
 The squares running north and south are 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 called Washington Place, and those run- 
 ning east and west Mount Vernon Place. 
 The square due west has been most beauti- 
 fully embellished by that late William T. 
 Walters, by the placing of the Barye 
 bronzes representing War, Peace, Force 
 and Order, and Military Courage by Du- 
 bois. At the east end of this square and fac- 
 ing the monument sits the great Lion, also 
 by Barye. 
 
 Mr. Walters has also presented the city 
 with the seated statue of the late Chief Jus- 
 tice Taney, which has been placed in the 
 square north of the monument. In the east 
 square has been placed a seated statue of 
 George Peabody, the great philanthropist. 
 
 On the southeast corner of Monument 
 and Charles streets stands the imposing 
 marble building of the Peabody Institute, 
 which consists of a great reference library, 
 and Academy of Music, to which has lately 
 been added a gallery of art. The building 
 fronts I/O feet on Mount Vernon Place and 
 is 150 feet deep. The library room is sev- 
 enty by eighty feet, and fifty-five feet high, 
 accommodating 300,000 volumes. There 
 are seven alcoves on each side, six floors 
 high and beautifully finished. On the left 
 of the entrance is the reading room, seventy- 
 two by thirty-six feet. The basement con- 
 tains three fine lecture rooms. 
 
 Before leaving this charming locality we 
 must pause for a moment to look at the 
 graceful outline of the Mount Vernon ^l. 
 E. Church opposite the Peabody Institute. 
 The peculiar color of the stone used in the- 
 construction (a pale green) adds very much 
 to the beauty of the style of architecture, 
 wiiich is pointed Gothic. 
 
 F.very one who has had the pleasure of 
 visiting the locality we arc contenqilating 
 
 will freely acknowledge the subtle charm of 
 these beautiful squares surrounded on every 
 side by refined and immaculately clean man- 
 sions, not a speck of dust being allowed on 
 the marble steps or the snowy lace curtains. 
 However this constant washing of the win- 
 dows and steps of houses is common to all 
 Baltimore housekeepers; the enormous 
 quantity of the city water supply no doubt 
 having something to do with its very gen- 
 erous dififusion, our 500,000 people now 
 using between fifty and sixty millions of 
 gallons per day. 
 
 We have now before us the tower-like 
 Hotel Stafford on the west side of Washing- 
 ton Place near Madison street. 
 
 No description of this locality would be 
 complete without a word in regard to the 
 William T. Walters Art Galleries located 
 in his private mansion Mount Vernon Place. 
 The collection of paintings is of the finest 
 and most valuable in this country, and the 
 Oriental Gallery is the most valuable in the 
 world. 
 
 At the northwest corner of Madison street 
 and Park avenue stands one of the most 
 graceful church buildings in the country, 
 The First Presbyterian. The style is 
 pointed Gothic, and the material used is 
 brownstone from the Xew Brunswick quar- 
 ries. The perfect grace and symmetry of 
 the numerous spires have always been a 
 source of much pleasure to men of refined 
 tastes. The height of the three principal 
 spires is 78, 128 and 268 feet. The princi- 
 pal spire contains a large colony of pigeons. 
 Walking west on Madison to Dolphin 
 street, we turn to the right and in a moment 
 we arc in Eutaw Place. We do not realize 
 the full beauty of this mile of garden until 
 we reach the apex of the hill at Lanvale 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1041 
 
 Street. The place is 125 feet wide, giving 
 ample room for the central Almeda, which, 
 adorned with flowers and fountains, con- 
 tinues to North avenue. The Altaniont 
 Hotel stands on the southeast corner, and 
 on the other the beautiful white marble 
 synagogue "Oheb Shalom," oriental in its 
 style, attracts at once our attention, the 
 blending of marble, copper and glittering 
 yellow tiles carries the beholder back to the 
 mythical east. Close by on the same side of 
 the street stands the new Phoenix Club, a 
 monument to our Hebrew citizens. 
 
 Continuing our walk we find charming 
 residences on either hand and on reaching 
 Wilson street we get a view of the great Har 
 Sinai Temple, on the corner of Bolton 
 street, of Romanesque design built of Port 
 Deposit granite and tile roof. The portico, 
 with its Doric columns, is very imposing. 
 Still going west we have a most attractive 
 view of the last of the new Hebrew: temples, 
 the Byzantine Temple of the Baltimore He- 
 brew Congregation on the corner of Madi- 
 son and Roberts streets. Its stately dome 
 and towers together with its general appear- 
 ance of grandeur make it one of the attract- 
 ive buildings in the city. On our way out 
 this noble avenue and very near the park, 
 we pass the splendid Italian villa of G. W. 
 Gail, and a few hundred feet further the an- 
 cient mansion of the "Brooks" family with 
 its grand old portico. 
 
 We have now reached the Eutaw Place 
 entrance to Druid Hill Park. While not so 
 imposing as the other entrances, still it is 
 admitted that the view of lake and forest, 
 and the embellishments of driveways and 
 monuments are nowhere seen to better ad- 
 vantage. A noble park surely, and in natu- 
 ral beauty not surpassed by any in tlie world. 
 
 It is filled with springs of pure water, some 
 of which are medicinal, and everything has 
 been done to make it the people's pleasure 
 ground. The grounds, walks, driveways 
 and bridle-paths have been laid out by dis- 
 tinguished engineers and are all that could 
 be desired. Passing down to the lake drive 
 and going around the head of the lake, we 
 are confronted by the colossal statue of 
 Wallace, erected by our fellow-citizen, Wm. 
 W. Spence. It is modeled after the one 
 which crowns the Abby Craig, near Ster- 
 ling, Scotland. 
 
 The pedestal is of Woodstock granite and 
 measures thirteen feet high, ten feet square 
 at the base, and six feet, four inches at the 
 top, and bears this inscription : 
 
 Wallace, 
 
 Patriot and Martyr 
 
 for 
 
 Scottish Liberty. 
 1305- 
 
 The statue is thirteen feet, six inches from 
 the feet to the top of the helmet, seventeen 
 to the top of uplifted sword, and is the work 
 of the great Scottish sculptor, D. W. Stev- 
 enson, R. S. A. 
 
 At the intersection of two roads almost 
 in the rear of the Wallace ^Monument is 
 Bartholomew's Washington, donated by 
 the Walker family, a beautiful full-length 
 statue, standing in a niche. Within a few 
 hundred feet of these and on the lake drive, 
 the Italians of Baltimore have placed a cost- 
 ly and graceful pedestal surmounted by a 
 life-size figure of Christopher Columbus, a 
 replica of the one at Genoa by .\chillc Can- 
 essa. 
 
 Passing out of the park by the great gate- 
 wa}-, which is the largest in the world, (133 
 feet, 10 inches) at the head of Mount Roval 
 
1042 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 entrance, we soon reach the outer gateway, 
 itself a work of art, the marble columns at 
 either side being single blocks and weigh- 
 ing twenty-one tons each. Within a stone's 
 throw of this entrance, through which we 
 pass out on West North avenue, we cross 
 the new and splendid marble bridge span- 
 ning Jones' Falls, with one exception the 
 widest bridge in the world, the largest of 
 the twenty-one bridges that cross that 
 stream. The material used was Beaver- 
 dam marl)le. the entire cost will be about 
 half a million dollars. A fine view of the St. 
 Paul and Calvert streets and Guilford av- 
 enue Ijridges can l)e had from this bridge, 
 the three former cross the yard and gardens 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. 
 
 On East Xorth avenue near St. Paul 
 street is a marl)le building of generous pro- 
 portions, the Maryland Institute for the In- 
 struction !>f the I'liind, incorporated in 1853. 
 The location is most beautiful and the ex- 
 tensive grounds are always in perfect order. 
 
 Almost due north of the Blind Asylum 
 stands in detached masses the gray building 
 of the Woman's College, looking at the dis- 
 tance of a quarter of a mile like bold strokes 
 of .stin.ie water-color artist who had exhaust- 
 ed every sliade of gray known to the palette 
 for the walls and n(3t content with that had 
 laid on every tint from brown umber to 
 chiret in tn-,uin<; ijie S|>ani,sh 1 xiking tiling 
 of the roofs. We .shall let I'mfL-ssor Butler 
 describe tln.s -iganlic mnsaic. He .says: 
 "'i'liey (the buildings) are throughout in the 
 Romanesque style, of the Lombard variety, 
 with adaptations from that to which \'itru- 
 \ius gave the name Tuscan. Tlicy are built 
 of dark, undressed granite and are sur- 
 mounted by conspicuous roofs of Roman 
 red tiles, .\rchitecturallv a member of the 
 
 group is the First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church standing farthest south, the tower 
 of which is the most conspicuous object in 
 the northern part of the city. This tower is 
 almost an exact reproduction of a campanile 
 to be seen just outside the ancient city of 
 Ravenna. The church itself owes some of 
 the most distinctive features of its architec- 
 ture to suggestions taken from the cele- 
 brated San Vitale in Ravenna, the church 
 which, built in 526 A. D., upon the general 
 plan of St. Sophia in Constantinople, be- 
 came the model for Charlemagne's Cathe- 
 dral at .\ix-la-Chapelle. The beautiful win- 
 dows of the frieze, which serve to light the 
 interior from above, are copied from mosaics 
 in San Nazarioe Celso, the mausoleum of 
 Galla Placidia the daughter of Theodosius 
 the Great." 
 
 The main college building, Goucher Hall, 
 is built in the same general style of architec- 
 ture, the Lombard. It is continued in Ben- 
 nett Hall, the Latin School, and will be re- 
 tained in the buildings to be added for music 
 and art, a biographical laboratory, and an 
 astronomical observatory, thus finishing the 
 central group of buildings. 
 
 ( )ne of the most beautiful adjuncts of tlie 
 Woman's College are the dormitories. They 
 stand some squares apart at present, and are 
 being added to as occasion requires. They 
 are elegant structures of brick; no expense 
 has been si>ared in their interior arrange- 
 ments to make the girl student feel at home. 
 .Ml are in charge of ladies of the highest 
 character and attainments. 
 
 President Goucher is the directing and 
 ruling siiirit which has brought to ])ass all 
 that we see and admire in this beautiful 
 group of buildings; and better, the origina- 
 tor of the enlightened and cultured course 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1043 
 
 of studies pursued within the walls; to every 
 young woman a protector and friend, to 
 the orphans a father and counsellor; to all 
 the Christian gentleman, sans pcur ct sans 
 rcproclic. 
 
 Looking westward we see the great city 
 of the dead, "Greenmount," and are next 
 attracted by the beauty of the situation and 
 grounds of the "Samuel Ready Orphan 
 Asylum," under the charge of ladies who 
 devote all their time to the little ones. It is 
 at once a home and a playground. A very 
 remarkable object stands within this en- 
 closure, the first monument to Christopher 
 Columbus, erected by the Chevalier 
 D'Amor, French Consul General, October 
 12, 1792, the three hundredth anniversary 
 of his landing. It is fifty feet in height and 
 quadrangular in form. Thirty years after- 
 wards his native city, Genoa, erected its first 
 monument to him. 
 
 Changing our general direction from east 
 to south, we proceed down the model city 
 street. Broadway, and catch a glimpse of 
 the new park "Clifton," lying northeast of 
 us, its hundreds of acres containing some 
 of the most valuable trees in the country. 
 The city is to be congratulated on securing 
 this beautiful addition to her diadem of 
 l^arks. It was the former home of the great 
 citizen and philanthropist, Johns Hopkins, 
 whose hospital we are now approaching by 
 way of Broadway's endless gardens. On 
 the east side of the street, and opposite Jef- 
 ferson street, which it closes, stands the 
 greatest hospital in the world to-day. The 
 grandeur of the situation overlooking the 
 city and bay is in perfect accord with the 
 noble purpo.ses of its founder. The main 
 front of the hospital and the principal en- 
 trance is on Broadway facing to the west. 
 
 The buildings upon the main front and es- 
 pecially the administration, with the two 
 pay wards, may be said to embody the archi- 
 tectural features of the hospital. All the 
 other buildings have comparatively plain 
 exteriors. The buildings having special re- 
 lation to the educational features of the in- 
 stitution — namely, the amphitheatre, dis- 
 pensary and pathological laboratory, are lo- 
 cated on the northeast in proximity to 
 grounds owned by the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity, on the northeast corner of Monu- 
 ment and Wolfe streets, upon which 
 grounds the buildings of the medical de- 
 partment of the imiversity are to be erected. 
 All the buildings except the gate lodge, the 
 pathological laboratory, the laundry and the 
 stables are connected by a covered corridor. 
 The floor of the corridor is at the uniform 
 level of 114 feet above mean tide. The top 
 of this corridor is nearly flat, forming an 
 open terrace walk at the level of 124 feet 
 above mean-tide, being the level of the ward 
 floors. It is not possible to pass to or from 
 the octagon or either of the common wards 
 without going into free external air. so that 
 there can he no communication between the 
 air of different wards. The general con- 
 struction of the buildings may be described 
 1 as follows: They are constructed of brick 
 I with trimmings of Cheat river stone, and of 
 1 moulded terra cotta. The Cheat river stone 
 is a very fine grained compact sandstone of 
 I a l)luish gray ci>!r)r, which harmonizes with 
 the red brick. The buildings on the main 
 or west front are constructed of the best 
 ([uality of pressed brick. Tlic foiuidations 
 of the principal buildings consist of a solid 
 concrete base. For the others broad flags 
 of Port Deposit granite arc used. All 
 foundations and interior walls arc of hard 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 brick, laid in Cumberland cement below the 
 ground level, at which point they are cov- 
 ered by a layer of heavy slate. Lines of 
 drain tile are laid around the foundations. 
 
 All pitched roofs are covered with care- 
 fully selected Peach Bottom slate laid on 
 English Asphalt felt and secured with cop- 
 per nails. The entire cost was $2,250,000. 
 
 This is all the space that can be devoted 
 to this subject; five hundred pages would 
 be required to do it justice. The full intent 
 in the founder's mind may be gathered from 
 this oft repeated injunction that "in all your 
 arrangements in relation to this hospital, 
 you will bear constantly in mind that it is 
 my wish and purpose that the institution 
 shall ultimately form a part of the medical 
 school of the University." 
 
 With much reluctance we take our de- 
 parture and again walk south through the 
 almost endless gardens of Broadway until 
 we reach the monument of Thomas Wildey, 
 founder of the Order of Odd Fellows of 
 America, dedicated on April 26, 1865. The 
 base is surmounted by a Grecian Doric col- 
 umn fifty-two feet in height, on which 
 stands a figure of Charity. 
 
 On the west side of the street facing the 
 monument is the Episcopal Church Home 
 in which the gifted poet Edgar Allen Poe, 
 author of the "Raven" died, October, 1849. 
 
 Turning down East Baltimore street we 
 soon reach Patterson Park, another emer- 
 ald in the diadem of the city. It is mo.^t 
 beautifully adorned, has a very fine observa- 
 tory tower from which extensive views of 
 the city harbor and the Chesapeake Bay can 
 be obtained. A fine Casino has lately been 
 added to the many attractions, and the Park 
 Board has very wiselv retained the old en- 
 
 trenchments thrown up by the American 
 Army during the War of 1812. 
 
 Before leaving East Baltimore we must 
 visit the elegant marble monumeQt erected 
 to the memory of the two apprentice boys, 
 Daniel Wells and Henry McComas, killed 
 at the battle of North Point, both members 
 of Captain Aisquith's company of sharp- 
 shooters, and the same age, 18; friends and 
 members of the same trade, both fell at the 
 first fire of the English. Their deaths were 
 so touching, and their conduct so gallant, 
 that a grateful community erected this 
 monument to them with every mark of re- 
 spect. The bodies of the boys rest under it. 
 It stands at the intersection of Aisquith,Gay 
 and Monument streets — Ashland Square. 
 
 Soon reaching Baltimore street by way of 
 Aisquith, we pass the McKim Free School, 
 an exact copy of the temple of Theseus at 
 Athens. The portico consists of six fluted 
 columns, the four central ones being three 
 feet three-quarter inches in diameter, and 
 what is most singular the two external col- 
 umns are made thicker than the others — 
 because the best Greek architects claimed 
 that this must be done to correct an imper- 
 fection of the sight in judging of the magni- 
 tude of objects in similar situations. 
 
 A short distance west of the McKim Free 
 School and on the south side of Baltimore 
 street is the Maryland Institute for the pro- 
 motion of Mechanic Arts. It contains a 
 school of art and design, museum of art 
 and design, library and commercial school. 
 Over one thousand scholars attend the vari- 
 ous classes, day and night. In this building 
 John C. Breckenrklge was nominated for 
 President, .'\pril 23, i860. 
 
 A block or two further west brings us to 
 the center of the citv. and the localit\- where 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1045 
 
 the great daily newspapers and the banks, 
 safe deposit companies, offices of steam ship 
 lines, the Corn and Flour Exchange, are 
 situated. 
 
 Among the newspapers, in ix)inl of age, 
 the American stands first, although it began 
 under the title of the Maryland Jonrnal and 
 Baltimore Advertiser, August 20, 1773. Pre- 
 vious to that time we had to depend on the 
 Annapolis papers for our local news. 
 
 The Sun was founded by Mr. A. S. Abell, 
 ]\Iay 17, 1837. It was the first penny paper, 
 and proved to be a success from the first 
 issue, gaining a wonderful reputation for 
 untiring energy in procuring the news of 
 the day, which was much extended by the 
 establishment of the Pony Express at the 
 commencement of the Mexican War, 
 through which it gave to the world the 
 earliest intelligence from the seat of hos- 
 tilities. The tendency to exaggerate the 
 most common place events which has be- 
 come so popular with many of our Ameri- 
 can journals has not affected the Sun, as the 
 news that it presents is always in a concise 
 and attractive form. It is a noteworthy fact 
 that its building, "The Sun Iron Building," 
 as it is called, was so designated because of 
 the fact that it was the first metal building 
 erected in America. 
 
 Three years after the founding of the Snn, 
 in 1840, Col. Frederick Raine launched the 
 German Correspondent, which is the leading 
 German paper of our city. Originally a 
 weekly it became a daily in a few years. 
 Noted for the strong common sense of its 
 public utterances it has the respect and con- 
 fidence of all classes, not only in our State 
 and city, but all over the country. 
 
 The Morning Herald, a young, bright 
 journal is making rapid progress, is very 
 
 62 
 
 popular and has now the finest newspaper 
 building in the city, on the northwest cor- 
 ner of Fayette and St. Paul streets. 
 
 While in this central part of the city a 
 look at the banking institutions and trust 
 companies seems not out of place. First in 
 importance is the Merchants' National 
 Bank, their building lately erected being on 
 a scale of magnificence seldom surpassed. 
 The building occupies fifty-two feet on 
 South street and one hundred and forty- 
 four feet on Water street. Modern Renais- 
 sance is the style of architecture, and as the 
 building has three fronts it is very effective. 
 All work and material used were the best 
 that could be procured. The character of 
 the foundations will be of interest to build- 
 ers, and are the first of the kind used in this 
 city, being formed of four layers of beams 
 giving a width of twenty-two feet all bedded 
 in Portland cement, laid on solid gravel be- 
 low the tide level. The entrance proper is 
 through an archway ten feet w-ide protected 
 by an elaborate wrought transom grille and 
 solid bronze doors. The interior w-ood work 
 is all mahogany, and the book-keepers and 
 clerks are all enclosed by a richly designed 
 screen made of Jane Lamertene marble and 
 bronze. 
 
 The elegant building of the Safe Deposit 
 and Trust Company was when built re- 
 garded as the finest in this country; it stands 
 on South street near German. 
 
 The open air markets of Baltimore arc a 
 never-ending source of interest to strangers. 
 There are now eleven of them. .Mthough 
 the city has been in existence for almost two 
 centuries, it has very few antiquities. Fort 
 McHenry, built in 1794, is possibly the old- 
 est United States fort, and an old church in 
 the southern portion of the city on Conway 
 
1046 
 
 HISTORY OF BALTrMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 street near Sharp, the German E. R. 
 Church, otherwise known as the "Otter- 
 bein," is perhaps the most ancient ecclesias- 
 tical building. The present church was 
 built in 1785, taking the place of a frame 
 church built in 1771. 
 
 In the southwestern portion of the city 
 there is an interesting mansion, "Mount 
 Clare," built by Hon. Charles Carroll, bar- 
 rister, in 1765. He was next to Daniel Du- 
 laney, possibly the greatest lawyer of the 
 Revolutionary period, was educated at the 
 University of Cambridge and at the Middle 
 Temple, London, and was a direct descend- 
 ant of Daniel Carroll, of Ely, who presented 
 his twenty sons mounted, accoutred and 
 armed to the Earl of Ormond, for the ser- 
 vice of King Charles the First. It was a 
 favorite resort of Maj. George Washing- 
 ton before the Revolution, and the city has 
 a copy of a picture showing the Major and 
 Mr. Carroll going on a hunting trip from 
 this house. It hangs in the office of the 
 Park Board. 
 
 On the south of the Harbor and over- 
 looking the entire city is Federal Hill Park. 
 The hill is noted for its wonderful deposits 
 of clay, iron and fossils of all kinds. Here 
 Gen. P.. F. Butler built his fort during the 
 Civil War, and gallant Armistead's memory 
 is kept green by the monument erected to 
 him at the northeast corner of the Park. 
 
 The Enoch Pratt Free Library, with its 
 six branches, on which Mr. Pratt spent 
 more than $1,200,000, will always remain as 
 enduring monuments to his memory. The 
 Central Library is located on West Mul- 
 berry street, and is a fine marble l)uiMing 
 free to all citizens who aie vouched for 1)V 
 
 card signed by some one of known respecta- 
 bility in the community. 
 
 The world renowned Johns Hopkins 
 University can hardly make any pretensions 
 as yet in an architectural way, the best 
 building so far erected being McCoy Hall; 
 the other buildings are plain and solid and 
 well adapted to the purposes for which they 
 are used. But all this fades into insignifi- 
 cance when we consider the wonderful work 
 now being done by this institution for the 
 advancement of modern science and every 
 branch of human research. President Gil- 
 man and the accomplished scholars and sci- 
 entists associated with him appear to have 
 cast aside the ordinary means by which 
 knowledge is obtained and to have grasped 
 new methods of their own. Thus this school 
 of advanced thought has almost at a bound 
 distanced all competitors in the field of 
 greatest successes, original research. Johns 
 Hopkins needs no other monument to per- 
 petuate his name than this school. The latest 
 and one of the greatest in the world by ra- 
 diation, if the term may be so applied, it has 
 shed the rays of its profound knowledge 
 into the remotest parts of the earth and in 
 so doing it lias carried his name and fame 
 of fair Baltimore and Maryland with it into 
 all the leading shrines and centers of cul- 
 ture throughout the enlightened world. 
 
 Having described what is most wortliy of 
 note in the beautiful city of the Chesapeake, 
 we beg the reader's indulgence as we pass 
 from the aesthetic and artistic phases of our 
 local development, to those that relate to its 
 material growth and welfare — expansion 
 of population — police — fire — water — all of 
 which play an essential part in the preserva- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 1047 
 
 tion of a sound, harmonious and healthful 
 civilization. 
 
 Comparison of Population. 
 
 Per 
 
 /SSo. i%o. Inctfasc. cenl. 
 
 St. Ivouis, . . 350,518 451,770 101,252 28.89 
 
 Boston, . . . 362,839 448,477 85,638 23.60 
 
 Baltimore, . . 332,313 434,439 102,126* 30.73 
 
 San Francisco, 233,959 298,997 65,038 27.80 
 
 Cincinnati, . 255,139 296,908 41,769 i6.37 
 
 New Orleans, 216,090 242,039 25,949 12.01 
 
 Washington, . 177,624 230,392 52,768 29.71 
 
 ' Polii 
 
 1897, 
 
 Fire Department. — 1897, twenty en- 
 twines, ten hook and ladders, seven chemical 
 engines, water tower one, fire boat one, 
 54.000 feet of hose, 176 horses, 1,964 fire- 
 plugs, 384 men, 363 boxes. 
 
 Total Dwellings in Cities. 1890. — 
 New York, 81,823: Chicago, 127,871; Phil- 
 adelphia, 187,052; Brooklyn, 82,282; St. 
 Louis, 60,937; Boston, 52,669; Baltimore, 
 72,112: Cincinnati, 33,489; Bufifalo, 37,290; 
 Newark, 23,296; Jersey City, 18,562; Provi- 
 dence, 17,639; New Orleans, 43,000; Wash- 
 ington, 38,798; Detroit, 36,992; Minneap- 
 olis, 25,281 ; Louisville, 24,999: Omaha, 20,- 
 194; Washington City, Mo., 23,140; San 
 Francisco, 47,183. 
 
 Baltimore has 9.71 1 less than New York, 
 55,759 less than Chicago, 115,940 less than 
 Philadelphia, 10,190 less than Brooklyn. 
 
 Baltimore has 11. 175 more houses than 
 .St. Louis, 19,443 more than Boston, 38,625 
 more than Cincinnati, 34.822 more than 
 IkifTalo, 29,112 more than New Orleans, 
 33.314 more than Washington, 24,929 more 
 than San Francisco. 
 
 Water Department. — The supply comes 
 from Loch Raven on the Gunpowder river, 
 ;uid Lake Roland on Jones' Falls. 
 
 Storage aPWATV.R.— Druid Lake, Jones' 
 Falls water, from 150 to 200 feet; Mt. Royal, 
 
 Gunpowder water, from i to 150 feet; 
 Hampden, Jones' Falls water, storage; 
 High Service, Gunpowder water, from 200 
 to 350 feet; Clifton, Gunpowder water, from 
 I to 150 feet; Montebello, Gunpowder 
 water, storage; Guilford, Gunpowder water, 
 from 200 to 350 feet; total gallons, 3,313,- 
 000,000. We use about 60,000,000 gallons 
 each day or in other words we empty Mt. 
 Royal reservior twice each day. 
 
 Churches. — Roman Catholic, 5 1 church- 
 es; Episcopal, 41 churches; Reformed, 13 
 churches: Presbyterian, 35 churches; Bap- 
 tist, 41 churches: Congregational, 4 
 churches: Lutheran, 43 churches; Friends, 
 4 churches; Independent, 15 churches; 
 Methodist, 139 churches, white and colored; 
 Unitarian, i church ; United Brethren, 9 
 churches; Universalist, 2 churches; Dunk- 
 ard, I church ; total, 398. 
 
 Swedenborgian, 21; Synagogues, 24; 
 Spiritualist, 3, Seventh Day Advent, i, 
 grand total, 428. 
 
 Cemeteries, 42. 
 
 Hospitals, 31. 
 
 Dispensaries, 17. 
 
 C)ther charitable institutions. 59. 
 
 Libraries, 12. 
 
 One post office and 46 sub and 10 full 
 carrier stations. 
 
 Public schools, 103. 
 
 Markets, 1 1 . 
 
 How WE Clean the Stke.ets, 1897. — ' 
 187 sweepers and scrapers, 87 street carts, 
 8 sweeping machines, contract, 5 sprinklers, 
 contract, 170 garbage carts; 55,126 loads of 
 garbage removed, 177,695 loads of ashes 
 removed and 154,439 loads of street dirt re- 
 moved. 
 
 Polict;, 1897. — 620 men, 74 scrgoairts. 
 
1048 
 
 HISTORY Oe BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 14 round sergeants, 8 captains, 16 lieuten- 
 ants, 15 detectives, 14 turnkeys, 7 station 
 house clerks, 14 station house matrons, 14 
 are mounted men. 
 
 Amount of stolen goods recovered and 
 returned in 1896 and 1897: Turned in, 
 $181,343.53; returned to owners, $169,743. 
 
 Fines, which pays for patrol system, $22,- 
 332.70; fines, policemen's, $1,930.00, total, 
 $24,262.70. 
 
 In 1896 the city was lighted by 1.338 elec- 
 
 tric arc lamps, 5,928 gas lamps, 980 gasoline 
 lamps. 
 
 TiiK City Parks. — The following are the 
 dimensions of the various parks: Druid 
 Hill, 672 acres; Patterson, 106 acres; Fed- 
 eral Hill, 8^ acres; Riverside, 17^ acres; 
 Carroll, 355 acres; Clifton, 253 acres; Har- 
 lem, 7 acres. 
 
 The present area of the city is 31.54 
 square miles or 20,186 acres, with 780 miles 
 of streets and 225 miles of street railways. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 A 
 
 Abbott, Rev. B. A 1012 
 
 Aberci-ombie, David op. 213, 779 
 
 Abercrombie, Dr. John K 61S 
 
 Abrahams, Woodward 743 
 
 Academy of Sciences 68-69 
 
 Adams, John Fredericlv 999 
 
 Ainslie, Peter, Jr 1012 
 
 Albert, Talbot J S84-888 
 
 Alexander, Thomas S 253 
 
 Alger, William Hart 750 
 
 Andrews, Gen. R. Snowden 962-964 
 
 A nti-Slavery Society 75 
 
 .\))pel, Adam 90 
 
 Armistead 26 
 
 Arnold, Dr. Abram B 901 
 
 Art Gallery, Walter's 67-68 
 
 Asylum.? and Homes. — Mt. Hope. Asylum, 
 478; Sheppard Asylum, 478; Home for 
 Feeble Minded and Epileptics, 479; Bay 
 View Asylum, 479; Enoch Pratt Home, 
 479. 
 
 B 
 
 r.adger. Dr. Augustus Pennington 821 
 
 r.aer, Thomas Sargent op. 256, 692 
 
 I'.aker, Charles E 800 
 
 liaker, Melissa 101 1 
 
 r.;iker, William op. 104 
 
 r.aker, William George op. 120 
 
 I'.aldwin, William Henry. Jr op. 136, 667 
 
 r.altimore. County of 12 
 
 I'.AI.TIMORE, City or.— Origin of Name, 9; 
 Date of First Settlement, 9; Investiture 
 of City, 10; Religious Liberty Granted, 10; 
 Fir.st Town Laid Out, 10; Additions to 
 town. 10-11; True Founding, 11; Deed 
 Locating City, 11-12; Plan of Allotment. 
 13; Incorporation with Jonestown, 13-14; 
 Enlargement of Town in 1747, 14; En- 
 
 largement of Town in 1781, 15; Enlarge- 
 ment from 1T.J0-1T53, 14; in 1765, 14; in 
 1773, 15. 
 
 Baltimore, before Revolution 31 
 
 Baltimore, after Revolution 20-22 
 
 Baltimoee Duking Revolution, 16-19. — 
 First Company Organized, 32; Baltimore 
 Committee, 32-33; Aid Sent Boston, 33; 
 Arrival of Delegates to Continental Con- 
 gress, 33; Regiment of Maryland Troops, 
 33-34; Declaration of Independence Read, 
 34; Congress in Baltimore, 35. 
 
 Baltimore in 1791 74 
 
 Baltimore at Present. — City Hall, 1033; 
 Post Office, 1033; Court House, 1034; Hotel 
 Rennert, 1036; Masonic Temple, 1036; 
 Metropolitan Cathedral, 1038; Old Uni- 
 tarian Church, 1039; Washington Monu- 
 . ment, 1039; Eutaw Place, 1040; Druid 
 Hill Park, 1041; Woman's College, 1042; 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1043; City Pa- 
 pers, 1045; Banks, 1045; Markets, 1045; 
 City Statistics, 1047-1048. 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio R. R., History of 516 
 
 Baptist Church in Baltimore. — Establish- 
 ment, 390-391; First Baptist, 391-393; Sec- 
 ond Baptist, 393-394; Fourth Baptist, 394- 
 396; First Colored Baptisst, 396; Seventh 
 Square, 399; Lee Street, 400; First Ger- 
 398; Union (colored), 398; Franklin 
 Baptist, 396-398; Huntingdon (Waverley), 
 niiin, 403; Eutaw Place, 403; Macedonia 
 (colored), 404; Hampden, 405; Grace, 405; 
 Calvary (colored), 406; Fuller Memorial, 
 406; Perkins Square (colored), 407; Im- 
 manuel, 407; Fulton Avenue, 407; Rivei-- 
 side, 408; Brantly Memorial, 408; Sharon 
 (colored), 409; Antioch (colore/3), 409; 
 Trinity (colored), 409; Enou (colored), 
 409; Bethlehem (eoloretl), 409; Scott 
 Street, 409; Arlington, 409; Faith (col- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ored), 410; Israel (colored), 410; Division 
 Street (colored), 410; North Avenue, 410; 
 Calverton, 410. 
 
 Barclay, Dr. Delancey Heathcote 641 
 
 Barnard, Dr. Jamess Sherman 712 
 
 BaiTon, Kog-er William ''■>'> 
 
 Bartlett, David L op. 034, 02.-> 
 
 Barwick, Dr. G. Irwin 767 
 
 Bates, James 9S8 
 
 Bayless, William II 85.5 
 
 Bayley, Most Rev. Jame.s Roosevelt 305 
 
 Beeler, Louis F 044 
 
 Bell, Dr. Alex. Taylor 717 
 
 Belt, Eugene N 814 
 
 Benthall, William OSS 
 
 Berkley, Dr. Henry J 76!) 
 
 Beraei, Louis B 849 
 
 Bernard, Gen. Simon 28 
 
 Biedler, Dr. Hampsou Hubert op. 446, 622 
 
 Billingslea, Dr. James 757 
 
 Billmire, George Graham 873 
 
 Bladensburg, battle of 41 
 
 Blake, Dr. Charles French 636 
 
 Blaney, Dr. George W 771 
 
 Bombaugh, Charles Carroll 868 
 
 Bond, Capt. B. F 978-080 
 
 Bond, Judge Hugh LennoK 1000 
 
 Bond, Nicholas P 830 
 
 I'osley, Dr. James 994 
 
 Bowdoin, Henry J 832 
 
 Bowdoin, William G 926 
 
 Howen, John W 990 
 
 Hoyd, William Alexander 626 
 
 1 loy le, Thomas 26, 39 
 
 Brady, James H 789 
 
 Hranham, Doctor J. H 903 
 
 I'.reckenridge, Rev. Hiiliert .1 458 
 
 r.rent, Robert J 354 
 
 Brewster, Cora ISellc M. I) oj). 696, 694-699 
 
 Brewster, Flora .M/.ora 697-699, op. 760 
 
 Brewer, Dr. .Nfarbiu y 902 
 
 Briscoe, .Alexander M 799 
 
 Brooke. Dr. Charles H 9()4 
 
 Brown, Hon. Fi-ank 814-818 
 
 lirown, John Pentland 823 
 
 Briish. Dr. Kdwnrd N 96,) 
 
 Bryan, Olin OSl 
 
 Biivk, J. .\4 995 
 
 Budeker, Dr. William 652 
 
 Burke, Judge Nicholas Charles 1002 
 
 Buriiap, Rev. George W 453 
 
 Burrough, S. G 989 
 
 Burton, Dr. Orlando A 894 
 
 (• 
 
 Cahill, Winfield Scott 791 
 
 Cairnes, Dr. George II 722 
 
 Caldwell, Dr. John J op. 152, 716 
 
 Calwell, James S 6S0 
 
 Calvert, George 9 
 
 Campbell, John .Mason 253 
 
 Canals 24, 28 
 
 Carroll, Charles 28-30 
 
 Carroll, Dr. Charles J 708 
 
 Can-oil, Mo.st Rev. John 291-296 
 
 Carson, Dr. Chaplain H., D. D. S 832 
 
 Carter, George R., D. D. S 830 
 
 Caruthers, Dr. Frederick 727 
 
 Chabot, Dr. Gabriel Hen7-y 710 
 
 Chappell, Dr. William ,1 701 
 
 Charcoal Club 69 
 
 Chase, Rev. Thomas 445 
 
 Chathard, Dr. Ferdinand F 1005 
 
 Chew, Dr. Samuel Clagett op. 490, 642 
 
 Chism, Edward T 983 
 
 Christian Church. — Origin, 435; Establish- 
 ment in Baltimore, 425; Pa<'a Street or 
 Harlem Avenue, 426-427; Calhoun Street, 
 427-438. 
 Churches (see Roman Catholic and Protest- 
 ant). 
 
 Chunn, Frederic 677 
 
 Cinnamond, (ieo7-ge R 746 
 
 City Hall 1033 
 
 Clagett, Dr. Joseph F 913 
 
 Clark. Abraham 10 
 
 Clark, James op. 16S. 928 
 
 Clark, Dr. Thaddeus Watkins 620 
 
 Clark.son, Benjamin F.. D. D 833 
 
 Cleaveland, Allan 673 
 
 Clement, J. Arthur 770 
 
 Clendenin, Thomas R op. 202, 6.59 
 
 Clever. Rev. Conrad, D. D 820 
 
 Coalc, William .Mexander 876 
 
 Codd, Edward J 805 
 
 Coffroth, Dr. Hamilton J 618 
 
rORY OF BALTI.MCJRK, MARYLAND. 
 
 Cole, Robert Cliutou 865 
 
 Cole, Thomas 10 
 
 Cole's Harbor 10 
 
 Colleuberg, Dr. John Heiuy 727 
 
 COLLEGES.— Jledical Colleges, 4S4; Dental 
 Colleges, 485-486; College of Dental Sur- 
 gery, 28, 61-62; Woman's College, 57-58, 
 1042. 
 
 Collins, Kev. John A 466 
 
 Co.MSiEKCE. — Tobacco, 10; Building of 
 Wharves, 14; Western Commerce, 23; In- 
 dentured Servants, 16; Trade in Wheat, 27. 
 CoXGREGATlONAl, Church, 440-443. — Canton, 
 442; Second Church, 443; Fourth, 443. 
 
 Conway, Michael Joseph 678 
 
 Cook, Anthony 1028 
 
 Cook, Dr. Charlton Jlyron 721 
 
 Correll, Dr. J. William 707 
 
 Corse, Robert S., D. D. S 899 
 
 Cotter, James D 676 
 
 Coulson, Edward L 989 
 
 Courts 201-263 
 
 Court House 25, 1034 
 
 Cowen, Hon. John K 610 
 
 Crain, Robert 884 
 
 Cromer, Robert B 835 
 
 Cummings, Rev. George D 447 
 
 Curley, William 1001 
 
 Custom House 25 
 
 Gushing, Jos. M S71 
 
 1) 
 
 Darby, Francis M 950 
 
 Davidson, Rev. J. C 1028 
 
 Davis, Dr. Charles Rawlins 649 
 
 Davis, Henry Winter 254 
 
 Dawkins, Walter Ireland 617 
 
 Dawson, William H 837 
 
 Decorative Art Society 69 
 
 Deford, Benjamin 628-630 
 
 Democratic Party in Baltimore, History 
 
 of 539-564 
 
 Dentat, Colleges.— Dental Department^ 
 University of Maryland, 485. 513-514; Bal- 
 timore College of Dental Surgery, 485. 507, 
 512-513; Dental Department, Baltimore 
 Medical College, 485, 514; Maryland Col- 
 lege of Pharmacy, 485-486. 
 Dextlstrt in- BALTiMonE.— First Dental 
 
 Lectures in America at University of 
 Maryland, 405; First Dental College, 504- 
 506; Passing of Dental Law, 506-507; First 
 Periodical, 507; Baltimore College of Den- 
 ial Surgery, 507; Women in Dental Pro- 
 fession, 508; Prominent Dentists, 510- 
 512; Baltimore College Dental Surgery, 
 512-513; University of Maryland Dent^al 
 Department, 513-514; Dental Department, 
 Baltimore Medical College. 514. 
 
 Dickey, William J 1005 
 
 Diehl, Charles F 702 
 
 Dobler, Gustavus A 7S2 
 
 Dolan, Rev. James 450-452 
 
 Donaldson, Thomas 254 
 
 Dorsey, Charles W op. 080, 683 
 
 Dorsey, Dr. Reuben M 943 
 
 Drj'den, Abraham Lincoln 1031 
 
 Dryden, Littleton T 960-962 
 
 Duck, Charles E., D. D. S 836 
 
 Dunbracco, Dr. William W 904 
 
 Duncan, Rev. John Mason 454-459 
 
 Dulajiy, Daniel 246 
 
 Duvall. Dr. Wirt A C40 
 
 Dwindle, James Elliot, M. D op. 500, 630 
 
 Dwyer. Daniel W 900 
 
 E 
 
 Eccleston, Most Rev. Samuel 300-303 
 
 Editors.— Well Known, 87-89; Samuel 
 Barnes, 86; Billy Pechim, 86; Dr. E. J. Al- 
 cock, 86; William Lloyd Garrison, 86-87. 
 
 Education, status of 53 
 
 Educational Institutions 53-69 
 
 Edwards, William P 818 
 
 Eisenberg, Dr. Adolph C 730 
 
 Ellicott, Major Andrew 632-633 
 
 Elliott, Thomas Ireland op. 712. 714 
 
 Emory, Bishop John 462-463 
 
 Emorj', Hon. D. Hopper 824 
 
 Eplscopal, I'uoTESTANT CnuRCH. — Organi- 
 zation, 314; Establishment. 314; St. 
 Paul's Parish, 314; Second Church, 315; 
 Chri.st Church, 317-318; Church of Mes- 
 siah. 318; St. Peter's. 318-319; Trinity, 
 319; .St. James, First African. 319-320; St. 
 Andrew's, 320; Church of Our Savior, 
 320; St. John's, 320-321; St. Mark's, 321; 
 Church of the Ascension, 321; Mt. Cal- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 vary, 321; St. Luke's, 322; Grace, 322-323; 
 Emanuel, 323-324; St. Mary's, Hampden, 
 324; Church of the Holy Innocents, 324; 
 St. Bartholomew, 324; St. John, the Bap- 
 tist, 324; Jlemorial, 324-325; St. Thoma.s, 
 Homestead, 324; Free Church of St. Bar- 
 nabas, 325; All Saints, 325; Chapel of the 
 Advent, 326; Chapel of the Holy Cross, 
 326; Chapel of the Holy Evang-elist, 326; 
 Holy Trinity, 326; Chapel of the Atone- 
 ment, 326-327; Chapel of St. Mary the 
 Virgin, 327; Henshaw Memorial, 328; 
 Church of St. Michael's and All Ang-els, 
 328; St. Barnabas, 331; Chapel of Prince 
 of Peace, 331; Church of Transfiguration, 
 331-332; Roland Park Mission, 332. 
 
 Episcopal Institutions 332-333 
 
 E])iscopal Church, Reformed, 443-444 
 
 Evans, David E 976 
 
 Evangelical Association 432-433 
 
 Evangelical Association, United 433 
 
 Everluirt. Dr. George Henry 720 
 
 F 
 
 Farber, Henry .1 '.ISS 
 
 Fell's Point 15, 20 
 
 Felton, Rev. K 775 
 
 Field. Charles U' sil4 
 
 Fire Department 1047 
 
 Fizone, .Tacob 1025 
 
 Foley, Daniel .lames op. 302 627 
 
 Ford, Charles E ^^si 
 
 Fort Mcllonry 42-43 
 
 Fowler, Edward H 638 
 
 Fowler, .lohn U 080 
 
 Frances, Joseph C 8.%5 
 
 Frazier, Dr. Joseph 1! 725 
 
 Friedenwald, .losepli 007 
 
 Fkiknos. Sociktv of.— First Friends in lUiI- 
 (imore. 410: I'irst. Meelin-, ill; ICarly 
 ClmreU Kdilice. 411; Friends' Meeting 
 lliMise, III 112; Separatic.H, 112; Promi- 
 nent ^leinliers. 412-413; Vai\:\w Meeting 
 llcnise. Ii:;; Light Street, 413-414. 
 
 l'n<-l,s, I'nif. Otto 860 
 
 Fuller, ISev. Richard, D. D 460 
 
 G 
 
 Gaither, Col. George Riggs 974-976 
 
 Gail, George W. Jr op. 400, 789 
 
 Gale, Lewis 253 
 
 Gallatin, Albert 23 
 
 Gamble, Dr. Cary B 768 
 
 Cans, Hon. Edgar H 654 
 
 Cans, Daniel 825 
 
 Ganter, Francis X op. 792, 795 
 
 Garbage, System of City 501-503 
 
 Gardiner, Isaac H 776 
 
 Garey, Dr. Henry F 632 
 
 Garj', James A op. 72, 623-625 
 
 Gault, Mrs. Laura C 1017 
 
 Genese, David, D. D. S 747-749 
 
 George, Isaac S 941 
 
 George, Philip Thomas op. 632, 633 
 
 German Refoumed Church. — Establish- 
 ment, 333-335; Second Church, 336; Third 
 Church, 336; Aisquith, 336; Fifth Church, 
 337; St. Johannes, 336; St. Paul's, 337; 
 Emanuel, 337; Zion, 337; Trinity, 337; 
 Christ Church, 337; St. Stephen's, 337-338; 
 Ciraee, 338; Church of Peace, 338. 
 
 Gibbons, James, Cardinal op. 292, 306-310 
 
 Gibbs, Dr. Edmund C 710 
 
 Gibson, Rev. Alexander Early. D. D 467-470 
 
 Gill, Nicholas Rufus 7.32 
 
 (iiUet, Martin op. 24, 635 
 
 Cilman, Daniel C op. 56 
 
 ( I ilmor. Judge Robert 838 
 
 Gilpin, Joseph .\lban 6S8 
 
 fiilpin, Henry B 078 
 
 (lirdwood. Dr. John 728 
 
 Girdwood, .Tames Stevens 743 
 
 Gist, Mordecai 34-36 
 
 Gisriel, William op. 346, 781 
 
 Glendy. Rev. John, 1). D 454 
 
 Glinn, John 253 
 
 Godmaji, Thomas S 991 
 
 Goldsborough, Charles 952 
 
 Gorgas, Ferdinand J. S., D. D. S 877 
 
 Gorsuch, Charles 10 
 
 (iottlieb, Frederick H 703 
 
 Grady, Richard. D. 1). S op. .50S. 1013-1017 
 
 Greeiiley, Dr. Thomas W 703 
 
 Gregory. Dr. Oliver 1' 7()2 
 
 Griffin. ICdwin J 8.50 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Uriffith, G. S. & Co 929-934 
 
 Griswold, Benjamin Howell op. 526, 993 
 
 Gundry, Richard F 904 
 
 (Uitman, Joel 10:>0 
 
 Gwiuu, Charles J. M 2o4 
 
 (iwynu, Ijawrence S ST2 
 
 H 
 
 llafer, George J 1026 
 
 Hall, John Bannister, Jr 687 
 
 Hambleton, T. Edward op. 230, 937 
 
 Hamilton, Capt. Samuel Todd 986 
 
 Hummer, Dr. Milton Elmer 716 
 
 Hammond, William 1! 801 
 
 Hannibal, John 849 
 
 Hanway, Col. William A 897 
 
 Hardy, Dr. Georg-e E 831 
 
 Harker, Howard L 1029 
 
 Harlan, Henry D 866 
 
 Harper, Dr. Charles T 718 
 
 Harper, Dr. John 495 
 
 Harper. Kobert Goodloe 250 
 
 Harris, Joseph op. 040, 640 
 
 Harrison's ilarsh 15 
 
 HaiTyman, Dr. H. G 713 
 
 Hartman, Dr. George .\ 728 
 
 Havenner, Rev. F. H 765 
 
 Hazazer, Signor 925 
 
 Health Boards 482-484 
 
 Health Ordinances 480-481 
 
 Healy, John Stonewall J 917-919 
 
 Heeht, Emanuel 874 
 
 Heddinger, Daniel Crea 735 
 
 Heinekamp, William 764 
 
 Heiskell, Sydney 947 
 
 Henry, William Thomas 071 
 
 Henshaw, John Prentiss Rewley, D. T>. . .447-449 
 
 Herrman, Augnistus II. 21 
 
 Hersey, John 88 
 
 Henisler, Charles W 622 
 
 Henisler, Joseph S op. 1S4, 621 
 
 Hewitt, John H 380-584 
 
 Hey ward, James V 792-795 
 
 Hill, Xocholas S. Jr op. 464, 615 
 
 Hill, Rev. Stephen 4.59 
 
 Hisky. Thomas Foley 858 
 
 Hoblemann, Herman H 700 
 
 Hochheimer, Lewis 846 
 
 Hodgdon, Dr. Alexander Lewis 674 
 
 Hodson, Thomas S 846-848 
 
 Hoffman, William H 806 
 
 Hoffman, Richard Curzon 998 
 
 Hoffman, David 251 
 
 Hoffmeister, Edward, D. D. S 895 
 
 Homeopathy, History of in Baltimore 494 
 
 Homer, Charles C 851 
 
 Homer, Francis T 851 
 
 Homes, (see Asylums). 
 
 Hood, John Mifflin 011-613 
 
 Hopkins, John 23 
 
 Hopkins, Harry Fatterson 754 
 
 Homer, Albertus Finley 92G 
 
 Hoi-ton, Dr. Thomas B 948 
 
 Hospitals. — University Hospital, 53-54; 
 Special Hospitals, Infirmaries, Dispen- 
 saries, Institutions for Insane, 487-489; 
 JIaryland Hospital, 487; Second Hospital, 
 488. 
 
 Hoskins, James Sloan 982 
 
 House, William A (Jl, op. 1032 
 
 Howard, Charles Mon-is 693 
 
 Howard, John 10 
 
 Howard, Dr. W'illiam Travis op. 482, 740-743 
 
 Hiibbell, Frederick Brooks 604 
 
 Hughes, Dr. W'illiam .Tames 706 
 
 Hug-hes, Thomas 842 
 
 Hummer, Dr. James C 040 
 
 Hunt, German H op. :'.64, 660 
 
 Hunt, William 987 
 
 Hunekel. Otto 672 
 
 Hurst, John n 
 
 Hutohin.s, X. T 1027 
 
 Hykuid. Dr. Henry Ayre.s 708 
 
 I 
 l.NDtsTRiE.'i.— Gun-making, 17; After Revo- 
 lution, 21; Sugar Refinery, 24; Flour 
 Mills, 25. 
 
 Ingham, James E. Jr 686 
 
 Ingle, Dr. Joseph Lowrie 731 
 
 Inglehart, Dr. James Davidson 723 
 
 Ingram, .Tames E op. 320, 883 
 
 Insurance, Marine 24 
 
 Irons, Dr. Edward V 707 
 
 Isaacs, Columbus Clark 819 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 J 
 
 Jackson, Lloyd Lowndes 6JS 
 
 James, Henry lUlU 
 
 Jenkins, Thomas Meredith 'JS'.i 
 
 Jenness, William Chapman S:iO 
 
 Jett, William Morg-an «:;i 
 
 Jewett, Dr. Fred. Clarke Giil 
 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital 1043 
 
 Johns Hopkins University. — Site, 54; 
 
 Founder, 54; Scope, 54; History, 55; 
 
 Buildings, 55; rublications, 50; Library, 
 
 56. 
 
 Johns, Henry Van Dyke, D. D 440 
 
 Johnson, Eeverdy L'55 
 
 Jones, David 10, l'.)-i!0 
 
 Jones, Dr. George Oriftith 71',) 
 
 Jones, Dr. Elias TT4-7T5 
 
 Jones, Town iri, l<)-20 
 
 Judge, Edward S 808-810 
 
 Judges, Prominent 201-204 
 
 Judik, J. H 040 
 
 Jumji, Alfred Pratt 075 
 
 K 
 
 Kapp, Hosea Woodman .s7'.l 
 
 Katz, K. and Sons 754 
 
 K.-lly, Dr. Sylvester K 022 
 
 Keeiie, Hubert ( ! 8^s 
 
 Keene, Dr. Samuel Aloysius 0:i4 
 
 Keidel, Henry 705 
 
 Keirle, Dr. Nathaniel (i 725 
 
 Kemp, Lawrence Brengle (U:! 
 
 Kenly, Major William L 655 
 
 Kennard, Henry C / 841 
 
 Kennedy, John Pendleton 252 
 
 Kenny, Rev. Thomas J 900 
 
 Kenrick, Most Eev. Francis P :iO:! 
 
 Kenyon, Dr. Robert Browning ri5:i 
 
 Keown, Dr. Thomas William 701 
 
 Kerr, Charles G 001 
 
 Key, Francis Scott 27. 43 
 
 Kieffer, Georg-e Sm 1 1 h so:! 
 
 Kines, Edward Spalding 600 
 
 Klein, Jacob 1005 
 
 Knapp, George W op. 784, 785 
 
 Knott, A. Leo op. 536, 537-530 
 
 Biography, Including Review of Demo- 
 cratic Parfv in Mnrvlnnd; P.iliti.-s from 
 
 1801-1868; Education, 530; Entrance to 
 Bar, Elected State's Attorney, Noted 
 Cases, Political Views, Reform Work, 
 Life During Civil War, 539-577; Made 
 Second Assistant Postmaster General, 
 577; Ancestry, 579; Marriag'e, 579; Polit- 
 ical Events Connected with Mr. Knott's 
 Life; Democi-atic Party in Maryland in 
 1864, 539-547; Federal Interference in 
 Maryland Elections, 547-553; Democratic 
 Party in 1865, 553-555; Two Conventions 
 of 1860, 555; Triumph of Conservative 
 Democracy 1866, 559-564; in 1867, 504. 
 
 L 
 
 Latimer, Dr. Thomas S 90» 
 
 Latrobe, Hon. Ferdinand (' 956 
 
 Leakin, J. Wilson 863 
 
 Lee, Charles O'Donnell 936 
 
 Legg, Edgar Kemp op. 104, 780 
 
 Levering, Eugene 644-046 
 
 Levering, Joshua 044-646 
 
 Lewis, Rev. F. H 772 
 
 Lewis, Lawrence F 739 
 
 Lewis, William Penn 825 
 
 Ley burn. Rev. John, D. D 457 
 
 LiBRAEiE.s. — Enoch Pratt Free Library, 
 05-66; General, 66; Medical, 496. 
 
 Lingenfelter, Henry 686 
 
 Linthicum, J. Charles op. 768, 853 
 
 Loney, II. D 843 
 
 Lowe, Rev. Thomas 967 
 
 Lumpkin, Rev. Robert Garrett Lee 724 
 
 Lunacy Commission of Maryland 489 
 
 Liindy, Benjamin 88-S9" 
 
 LuTiiEKAN Church. — Establishment, 339- 
 340; Synod of Maryland, 341-345; First 
 English Evang-elical, 340-341; Second Eng- 
 lish, 341; Third English, 341; St. Mark's 
 English, 342; St. Paul's English, 342; St. 
 Stephen's German, 343; Grace English, 
 343; St. Luke's, 343; Church of Messiah, 
 344; Christ English, 344; Church of the 
 Reformation, 344; English Evangelical 
 Church of the Messiah, 344; German 
 Church of Peace, 344; Trinity Evangeli- 
 cal, 345; Calvary, 345; Synod of Missouri, 
 :j40-340; St. Paul's German, 346: Tuimaiuiel 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORK, MARYLAND. 
 
 German, 346; Martini Germaji, 346; 
 Emanuel English, 346; St. Thomas' Ger- 
 man, 349; Jackson Square English, 349; 
 German Evangelical Synod of North 
 America, 349-351; St. John's, 349; St. Mat- 
 thew's, 349; Jerusalem, 350; First United 
 Evangelical, 350; Zion's, 350; St. John's 
 Independent, 350; Salem, 350; St. Peter's 
 Independent, 350; Christ Church, 351; St. 
 Matthew's Mission, 351; Concordia, 351; 
 Synod of Ohio, 351-352; St. Mark's Ger- 
 man, 351; St. Peter's English, 351; Con- 
 cordia English, 352; Martin Luther, 352; 
 Faith, 352; St. James, 353. 
 
 Independent Chukohes.— Trinity, St. 
 Luke's German, 353. 
 Lutheran Institutions 353 
 
 M 
 
 Mackenzie, Dr. Edward E 905 
 
 Mackenzie, George Xorbury 690 
 
 Magruder, Robert 682 
 
 Ma^uder, Dr. W. Edward 616 
 
 Magnien, Rev. Alphonse 882 
 
 ilalster, William T 876 
 
 Mann, Dr. Arthur Howard, Jr 616 
 
 JIann, Dr. William B 896 
 
 Marburg, Charles L 636 
 
 Marine, William Matthew op. 584, 584-589 
 
 Ancestry, Education, Life During Civil 
 War, Study of Law, Admission to Bar, 
 Law Cases, Part in Politics, Well-known 
 Speeches, Collector of Port of Baltimore, 
 Contributions to Literature, Speech on 
 Decoration Day, 1898. 
 
 Markets, First 25, 1045 
 
 Marshal], Most Rev. Ambrose 29(i-298 
 
 Marshall, J. Markham 857 
 
 ilartin, Charles A 977 
 
 Martin, Dr. Frank 620 
 
 ilartin, Luther 246-24S 
 
 Martin, Richard T 867 
 
 Maryland Academy of Sciences 68-69 
 
 Maryland Colonization Society 87-89 
 
 ^Maryland Historical Society 66-67 
 
 Maryland Institute 64-65 
 
 Mason. Jolin T. of R 813-84 :'> 
 
 Matthai, John Christopher 701 
 
 Matthai, William Henry op. 776, 880 
 
 Maj'er, Charles F 254 
 
 Mayer, Charles F op. 220, 938-940 
 
 Mayors of Baltimore 74 
 
 McConachie, Dr. Alexander Douglas 639 
 
 McCreary, George Worthington 089 
 
 McCurley, Isiuic 679 
 
 McElfresh, Dr. Charles Wesley 660 
 
 McGaw, George K op. 454, 920 
 
 McHenry, James .24, 71-73 
 
 McKim, John, Jr 1007 
 
 McLaughlin, Philip S 923-925 
 
 McMahon, John Van Lear 253 
 
 McShane, Dr. James Francis 656 
 
 Medical Journalism in Baltimore 490-494 
 
 Medical Libraries 496 
 
 Medical Profession in Baltimore. — Phy- 
 sicians, 476-478; First Medical Men, First 
 Faculty, 476; Eminent Phj-sicians of Last 
 Century, 477-478. 
 Medical Schools. — School of Medicine in 
 1820, 28; Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
 of JIaryland, 60, 484; College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, 60-61; Baltimore 
 Medical College, 61, 484; Baltimore Uni- 
 versity, 61; Woman's Medical College, 61. 
 
 iledical Societies 490 
 
 Meredith, Jonathaji 251 
 
 Merriken, William 674 
 
 Messersmith, Charles 919 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. — F.arly 
 Methodism, 369; First Church, 370; 
 First Conference, 370; Early Churches, 
 372-373; Exeter Street, 373; East Balti- 
 more Station, 373; Sharp Street, 374; 
 ICutaw Street, 374; Caroline Street, 374- 
 375; Seaman's Union Bethel, 375; Asbury 
 JI. E., 375; West Baltimore Station, 375; 
 Wesley Chapel, 375-376; Fayette Street, 
 376; South Baltimore, 376; Monument 
 Street, 376; Orchard Street., 376; Colum- 
 bia Avenue, 377; Franklin Street, 377; 
 Harford Avenue, 377; Emory, 377; Straw- 
 bridge, 377-378; Mt. Vernon Place, 
 .378; Jefferson Street, 378; High Street., 
 379; Broadway German, 379: .Sailor's City 
 Bethel, 379; John Wesley M. K., 379; Can- 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 ton Street, 370; Pennsylvania Avenne 
 
 
 Baltimore Monument, 1034; Wash 
 
 ington. 
 
 German, 380; Broadway, 380; Union 
 
 
 1039, 531; Wallace, 1041; Battle 
 
 Monu- 
 
 Square, 380; Monroe Street, 380; Chester 
 
 
 ment, 531; Wells, McComas Monument, 
 
 Street, 380; Madison Avenue, 381; Madi- 
 
 
 534; Randall, 534; Odd Fellows' 534. 
 
 son Square, 381; Grace, 381-382; Fort 
 
 
 Moore, George Washington 
 
 788 
 
 Avenue, 382; Bethany, 382; Appold, 382; 
 
 
 Morfit, Dr. John Campbell 
 
 729 
 
 Harford Avenue German, 382; Harlem 
 
 
 Morris, Dr. John op. 
 
 608, 007-610 
 
 Park, 382; Centennial, 382; Twenty- 
 
 
 Morris, John G., D. D 
 
 449 
 
 Pourth Street, 385; Waverley, 385; High- 
 
 
 Morris, John Thomas 
 
 037 
 
 land Avenue, 385; Guildford Avenue, 385; 
 
 
 Mon-ison, George C 
 
 810 
 
 Greenmount Avenue, 385; Homestead, 
 
 
 Moseley, Dr. William E 
 
 op. 356, 042 
 
 385-386; Oxford, 380; First Woodbury, 
 386; Grace, Woodbury, 386; Bennett Me- 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 Mudge, Abner B 
 
 995 
 
 morial, 386; Mt. Vernon, 380; Summer- 
 
 
 Muse, Dr. Bernard Purcell 
 
 ....727-728 
 
 field, 386; Roland Avenue, 386; David Rog-- 
 
 
 
 668 
 
 
 
 
 
 387; Gajrett Park, 387; Fulton Avenue, 
 
 
 
 387; Memorial, 387; Curtis Bay, 387; 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 Walbrook, 387; Roland Park, 387; Ames, 
 
 
 Naas, Hon. John Henry 
 
 737 
 
 388; Metropolitan, 388; Eastern Chapel, 
 
 
 Naval Engagement.s in 1812 
 
 37-39 
 
 Canton, 388; Asbury, 388; Centennial, 
 
 
 Navy, 1812 
 
 ..26, 37-40 
 
 388; St. Paul's, 388-380; Waug-h Chapel, 
 
 424 
 
 Ne-il Toseph St Chiir 
 
 8"! 
 
 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, African 
 
 New Jerusalem Ciiukch 
 
 ....418-422 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South.. 434 
 
 439 
 
 Origin and Establishment, 418-421 
 
 : First 
 
 Trinity, 434; Emanuel, 435; Calvary, 435; 
 
 
 Genuan Church, 421. 
 
 
 Frederick Avenue, 435; Arling-ton, 435; 
 
 
 Newspapers 
 
 1045 
 
 St. Paul's, 436; Central, 430; North P.ulli- 
 
 
 Nolcn. Dr. Charies Frederick 
 
 730 
 
 mgre, 430. 
 
 440 
 
 
 
 Methodist Chunh, IndeiH-iulent 4:i9 
 
 Norris, Dr. William S., D. D. S 
 
 899 
 
 Methodist Institutions .. . 
 
 3S0 
 
 North Point, Battle of 
 
 26 
 
 Methodist ( hurch, Protestant 42S 
 
 
 Mexican War 4 
 
 4-4C. 
 037 
 
 O 
 O;ikfoi-d, W. Power 
 
 
 Miiflin Dr Robert Wn'>-ht 
 
 
 Milholland, Dr. George V 
 
 893 
 
 1017 
 
 
 
 Offutt, Noah E 
 
 859 
 
 During Kevolution, 30; in 1812. 40: During 
 
 
 Ohle, Dr. Henry Charles 
 
 653 
 
 Civil \\:n: 47-51 ; Dining McKi.-au War, 
 
 
 Ophthalmology, eariy history of, D 
 
 ■. John 
 
 44-45. 
 
 
 Harper's work 
 
 495 
 
 Miller, Decatur H., .Ir 
 
 934 
 
 Ordinances 
 
 14, 480-481 
 
 Miller, Rev. George W., IX 1) 755 
 
 757 
 
 Regarding Fairs, Protection from Fire, 
 
 Miller, Dr. Irving 721 op. 
 
 72S 
 
 Selection of Delegates to General 
 
 Assem- 
 
 Miller, Dr. William Krnst 
 
 723 
 
 hlv. Injury to .\aviy;in(>n, 14: Hea 
 
 th, 480- 
 
 
 ,,. , 
 
 tsl 
 
 
 Mitchell, Dr. Charles Wellman 
 
 01 s 
 
 Orrison. Dr. J. Kilgar 
 
 Otology, eariy history of 
 
 Owcn.s, P.cnjinnin Buck 
 
 893 
 
 496 
 
 651 
 
 Montell. Charles Singleton 1 
 
 O-l 
 
 
 oil 
 
 
 
 
 
 '' 
 
[ISTORY OF BALTIMORi:, MARYI.AXD. 
 
 J'sige, Dr. Isham Randolph 010-912 
 
 I'anetti, Dr. Philip Alk-ii 714 
 
 Park, Druid Hill 1041 
 
 Parlett, John Fletcher op. aiiG, 705 
 
 Parr, Henry A op. 428, 873 
 
 Patterson, George Frederick 792 
 
 Paul, C. E 773 
 
 i'EADODY Institute ' G1-G4 
 
 Endowment, 61-62; Collection of Books, 
 G2; Present Condition, 6.'!. 
 
 Pearce, Dr. William Herbert 722 
 
 Phillips, Dr. Albert Joseph 630 
 
 Physicians, Some Eminent Baltimore. . .445-475 
 
 I'hysicians, Work of in Past 503-504 
 
 Pinkney, Edward C 250 
 
 Pinkney, William 24S-250 
 
 Pitts, Charles H 254 
 
 Poe, Edgar Allen, Poet G03-604 
 
 Poe, Edgar Allen 891 
 
 Poe, John Prenti.ss 889 
 
 Poe, S. Johnson 890 
 
 Pole, Dr. Arminius Cleveland op. 472, 715 
 
 Politics in Baltimore. — History of 177G 
 to 1800, 70-75; 1800 to 1812, 75-78; 1812 to 
 1835, 78-90; 1835 to 1850, 90-100; 1850 to 
 1860, 100-111; Development of Native 
 American Party, 101; Death of Whig 
 Party, 101; Convention of Free Colored 
 People, 102-103; Maine Liquor Law, 106; 
 National American Party, lOG-107; Re- 
 foiTQ ilovement of '58 and '59, 108-111; 
 Riots at Polls, 111; 1860 to 1866, 112-168; 
 Union Mass Meeting, '60, 112-113; Nomi- 
 nation of Douglass, 117; Nomination of 
 Breckinridge, 118; Breckinridge Conven- 
 tion, 122; Wide Awake Republican Pro- 
 cess, 125; Unionist Mass Meeting, 133- 
 134; Speeches, 134-141; State's Rights 
 Convention, 141-142; Speeches by Davis, 
 Thomas, Collins, Bradford, etc., 147-153; 
 Democratic and Union Conventions, 154- 
 164; 1866 to 1875, 169-200; Democratic 
 Supremacy, Republican Mass Meeting 
 Speeches, 170-173; Democratic Mass Meet- 
 ing, 174; Bolters' Convention, 176-177; 
 Meeting of Colored Republicans, 177-1 SO, 
 182-184; First Colored Vote, 184; Speeche.s, 
 188-194; Democratic Mass Meetings, 195- 
 
 197; Greely Campaign, 198; Contest Be- 
 tween Reformers and Democrats, 199- 
 200; 1875 to 1895, 200-245; Reformer and 
 Republican vs. Democrat, First Serious 
 Effort at Reform, 201; Democratic Rally, 
 202-206; Jlerchant's Reform Meeting, 205- 
 20G; Presidential Election of 1876, 207-208; 
 Reformer's Jlass Meeting, 209; Working- 
 man's Convention, 209;' 1878 to 1879, 210- 
 212; ISSO to 1885, 212-224; 1886 to 1890, 224- 
 230; 1890, Factional Diiferences, 230-231; 
 1891 to 1895, 231-245; Presidential Election 
 of 1892, 235-236; Mayoralty Contest of 
 1893, 231; Congressional Election of 1894, 
 237-242; Contest for Governor, 1895, 242- 
 245. 
 
 I Polytechnic Institute of Baltimore 52-53 
 
 I Poor, .\lfred 927 
 
 I Popvlation 16, 22, 29, 34 
 
 I In 1790, 16; First Census, 22; 1850, 29; 
 1776, 34. 
 
 Post Office 1033 
 
 Powell, Rev. Arthur Chilton 607 
 
 Pratt, Eno<'h 870 
 
 Preachers, Sueccessful Baltimore 445-475 
 
 PmCSBYTERIAN Chuuch 353-369 
 
 Est<ibli.shment, 353-356; Second Church, 
 356; Third, 357; Fourth or Frank- 
 lin Street, 357; Aisquith Street, 357; 
 Broadway, 358; Franklin Street, 359; 
 Westminster, 360; ^Memorial, 361; Hamp- 
 den, 361; Faith, 362; Twelfth, 362; Mad- 
 ison Street, 362; South or Light Street, 
 363; Brown Memorial, 363; Knox, 364; 
 Canton, 364; Lafayette Square, 364; 
 Boundary Avenue, 364; Fulton Avenue, 
 364; Waverley, 367; Church of Covenant, 
 367; Maryland Avenue, 367; Bohemian and 
 Moravian, 367; Crisp Jtemorial, Brooklyn, 
 367; Ridgely Street, 368; Reid Xfemorial 
 Hope Institute, 368; Park, 368; St. Hel- 
 ena, 368; Walbrook, 369. 
 
 Presbyterian Church, Reformed 424-425 
 
 Presbyterian Church, United 433-434 
 
 Price, Dr. Elridge Cowman 693 
 
 Price, Dr. Elias C 466 
 
 I'ritchett, Thomas .Tames G70 
 
 Private Schools 52 
 
 Protestant Churches 313-444 
 
IISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 rublic Schools 5;' 
 
 riillmun, JJev. Koynl H., U. D. . . .op. :;H>, T.-.T-KU 
 
 Q 
 Quakers, (See Friends) 410 
 
 Kailroads in iiALTrJioRE as-ti'J; 51G-5:iU 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio Chai'ter, 2S; Balti- 
 more and Ohio, 516; Susquehanna, 2'J; 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, 
 29; Western Marylajid, 522; Northern 
 Central, 524; Baltimore and 1-ehigh, 524. 
 
 Kalhvay, Street 524 
 
 llamsay, Robert T'.i2 
 
 Kasin, I. Freeman '.i2U-'.(2.1 
 
 Ueamer, James <'>15 
 
 Iveese, Rev. Daniel Evans 4(J1 
 
 Reformed .\ssociate 422 
 
 Reformed Church, (See (ierman ItefoiTued). 
 
 Reid, Rev. B. (J. W 1028 
 
 Iteid. Ilauce Wilson Brown 047 
 
 Reinhardt, Henry J 745 
 
 Reinhart, Br. Daniel Jerome 619 
 
 Requardt, J. Frederick (ii2 
 
 Reynolds, Dr. George Brown op. 704, 704 
 
 Richardson, George R 25:! 
 
 liidgely. Ruxton il 1542 
 
 RichL Hon. Charles Frederic 7:iS 
 
 liiemaii. Joseph H 053 
 
 Uiley. Kev. J. M.-Keudry, D. 470-472 
 
 IJittcidiousc, Xichola.s M .S75 
 
 Roads, National 22-2:) 
 
 i;ul)inson. Dr. .1. JWyoii '.HO 
 
 Rogers, James Smith 77s 
 
 Rohe, Dl\ George Henry 1022 
 
 Roman CATiior.ii' Ciirncu. — i'^arly History, 
 1729 to 1789, 2S7; First Church, 2S7-;js,S; 
 Episcopate Established, 289-291; Church 
 Under Most Uev. .lohn Carroll. 291-290; 
 Second Ciinn-li, SI. I'atrick's, 292: Corner 
 Stcnu- of Catlicdr.il L.-iid, 295; Increase of 
 Bishoprics. 295: Cl.un-h Cndcr Most Rev. 
 Ambrose .Marshall, :.'9r,-:."j,s: Cathedral 
 Opened. 297: iMincral of llishnp. :>97: 
 Chiinh fndcr .Most Kev. .lames Whitfield. 
 29s-:;(.ii: Two Provincial Councils. ;e98; [n- 
 crcasi-il Activity. 298-299; Educational 
 Works I'nblishcd. 299; Chi.lcra Scniir-c. 
 
 299; Whitfield's Death, 299; Church Under 
 Most Rev. Samuel Eccleston, 301-30:'.; 
 I'rovincial Councils, 300-301; Establish- 
 ment of Religious Communities, 301; 
 Building of Churches, 302; Death of Ec- 
 cleston, 303; Church Under Most Rev. 
 Fiancis P. Kenrick, 303-304; First Plenary 
 Coiincil, 303; New Churches and Asylums, 
 :iO:i; Death of Keni-ick, 304; Church Under 
 Most Rev. Martin John Spaulding, 304- 
 :>()5; Second Plenary Council, 304; New 
 Cluirches, 305; Church Under Most Rev. 
 .lames Roosevelt Bayley, 305-300; Church 
 Under Most Rev. James, Cardinal Gib- 
 bons, 306-310; Third Plenary Council, 306; 
 Elevation to Raniv of Cardinal, 307; Epis- 
 copal Jubilee, 307; New Churches, 308- 
 309; Education, 309. 
 
 Rosenau, Dr. William 834 
 
 Roth, Dr. John 715 
 
 Roth, John Christian 919 
 
 Rothschild, Moses 701 
 
 Rumsey , J a.mes 24 
 
 Uusk, Dr. George Glanville 720 
 
 Rus.sell, Dr. William L 768-770 
 
 S 
 
 Sahm, Peter 004 
 
 Sanders, David Henry 080 
 
 Sanderson, W'. Cook 973 
 
 Sapping-ton, Augustin de Rus-sy <il7 
 
 Sappington, Dr. P. F ''72 
 
 Sauei'wein, Edwin A 710 
 
 Saunders, Dr. Joseph Bernard 719 
 
 Scally, Dr. John H "08 
 
 S«ull, Charles "8'^ 
 
 Schaffer, Rev. S 1007 
 
 Schapiro. Dr. Max (iSI 
 
 ScluHimloetfel. 'I'. Julius 075 
 
 Scheib, Rev. Henry 4.TO 
 
 Scherf, Harry I'.dgar 089 
 
 .Schloy. William 2.53 
 
 SclHUcisscr. Krnst op. 2:!8, 727 
 
 SchnuMincr. Wade Hampton 1020 
 
 Schmuckcr, Samuel T):ivis 071 
 
 SchneeV>erger, Louis ' "01 
 
 Schoenberg, Isador 859 
 
 HchoOcld. Or. J. Calvin "' 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Schools, 52-53, 61; Public, 52; Normal, 53; 
 Private, 61. 
 
 Schreiber, Rev. Peter Stanislaus 419 
 
 Kchryver, Edson il 983-986 
 
 Schrj-ver, James Jlilton op. 518, 981 
 
 Sehulz, Alfred J 648 
 
 Sellmau, Dr. William Alfred Belt... op. 720, T20 
 
 .Seminary, St. Marj-'s of St. Sulspice 59-60 
 
 Semmes, John E op. 274. 810 
 
 Setli, Joseph B SOI S-X, 
 
 Kevall, Rev. Thomas, D. D U.7 
 
 Sexton, Samuel Budd 802 
 
 Sharp, Abraham op. 3S2, 1008 
 
 Shaw, Major Alexander 640 
 
 Shepherd, Heou-y Eliot 992 
 
 Shirk, Isaac Holmes 8S0 
 
 Shirk, Henry, Jr 675 
 
 Shoemaker, Dr. Charles Raymond 882 
 
 Shrig-ley, Rev. James 452 
 
 Shriver, Alfred Jenkins 687 
 
 Shutt, Captain Augustus L 970-973 
 
 Simon, Charles Edmund 900 
 
 Skinner, Harry G 790 
 
 Slarrow, Rev. J. 51 1039 
 
 Slicer, Rev. Henry 463-465 
 
 Sling-luff, Dr. Frank 656 
 
 Sloan, Frank Howard 669, op. 752 
 
 .Sloan, .Tames, Jr 959 
 
 Smart, T. Gibbons 966 
 
 Smink, Dr. A. C 771 
 
 Smith, Dr. B. Holly, Jr 915 
 
 Smith, Rev. Charles Ernest 749 
 
 Smith, Dr. Edward Augustus 680 
 
 Smith, Dr. Henry Lee 910 
 
 Smith, James H op. 392, 811 
 
 Smith, Dr. Marshall (hnndy 635 
 
 Smith, Robert Henry 665 
 
 Smith, General Samuel 40 
 
 Smith, Samuel King 700 
 
 Smoot, Mrs. Alice 1018 
 
 Snowden, Wilton oji. 418, 861 
 
 Soper, Morris Ames 677 
 
 Si)alding, Most Rev. Martin Jolin 30 i 
 
 Spruill, Dr. Joseph L 713 
 
 Sprnill. Dr. .St. Clair 632 
 
 Stanley, Charles Haney 711 
 
 Stansbnry. Dr. Percy 731 
 
 Staub, Richard P. H 1033-1025 
 
 .Steamboats, Use of 28 
 
 Steele, John Xelson 664 
 
 Steele, I. Nevett 255 
 
 Steele, S. Taggart 857 
 
 Sterrett, Samuel 72-73 
 
 Steuart, Dr. Ceeilius Calvert 726 
 
 Stevens, Hon. Francis Putnam S51-853 
 
 Stewart, Hyland P 857 
 
 Stokes, Sylvanus 721 
 
 Stone, William F op. 736, 730 
 
 Story, Frederick W 827-829 
 
 Straus, Hiram F 753 
 
 Straus, Isaac Lobe , . 845 
 
 Street!, Dr. David oji. 338. 718 
 
 Streett, F. C 773 
 
 Supplee, Col. James Franklin 7S0 
 
 Sutherland.' J. B., D. D. S 1006 
 
 Swengel, Rev. IT. F ; loio 
 
 Swinney, Ei)nphroditus 6()S, op. 672 
 
 T. 
 
 Talbot, Hon. J. Fred. C 996 
 
 Tall, Dr. Reuben James Hooper op. 610, 616 
 
 Taney, Roger Brook 251-252 
 
 Taneyhill, Dr. G. Lane op. 436, 915-917 
 
 Tattersall, Samuel Henry 658 
 
 Taylor, Dr. George Florence 712 
 
 Taylor, Jacob H 935 
 
 Taylor, .lonathan Kirkbridgc. . .op. 374, 797-799 
 
 Taylor, Robert 826 
 
 Taylor, William Wallace op. 664, 662-664 
 
 Taxes — Property, Vehicles. Playhou.ses 15 
 
 Thom, J. Pembroke, M. I) 95.3-950 
 
 Thomas, Col. David W 73,3 
 
 Thomas, Dr. Henry Briscoe 628 
 
 Thoma.s, William Strobcl 665 
 
 Tiernan, Luke Frontispiece 
 
 Tiernan, Charles o]). 8S 
 
 Tiernan, Charles B op. 600 
 
 Tiernaus of Maryland 599-603 
 
 Tippett, Rev. Charles B., I). D 465 
 
 Tippett, Richard Beauregard op. 2S4. 813 
 
 Tobacco Trade 10. 21-22 
 
 Todd, .Tames 11 
 
 Tome, Peter E 856 
 
 Townsend, Walter Robey S12 
 
 Tr.-ivers, Br. John Chapin 689 
 
 Trunaie. W. P.urns 848 
 
 T\icker, William Frank 676 
 
HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 Turner, Dr. John 626 
 
 Turner, Dr. Joseph Pinkney 639 
 
 U. 
 
 Ullrich, Capt. Seth S., Jt. D 705 
 
 Ulman, Dr. S. J 701 
 
 Unitarian Church -122-423 
 
 United Bbethken in Christ. — Origin, 414; 
 Founder, 414-415; Other Pioneers, 41U- 
 417; Otterbeiu Chapel, 417; Third Church, 
 417; Filth Church, 417; Salem. 417-418; 
 Otterbeiu Jlcmorial, 418; Scott Street Mis- 
 sion, 418. 
 
 United Evangelical Association 433 
 
 United Presbj'terian 433-434 
 
 Universalist Church 429-432 
 
 U.xivERSiTiES. — University of ilaryland, 53; 
 Johns Hopkins, 54-57. 
 
 Upshur, Georg-e M., Jr S(ii) 
 
 Urquhart, Dr. Kichard .\lexander 715 
 
 Utley, Dr. Harry Cibson 623 
 
 V. 
 
 Van Bibber, Dr. Claude 699 
 
 Van Ness, Dr. Eugene McEvers 729 
 
 Vansant, James Menzies 643 
 
 Vernon. Col. (ieorge Washinoton Fayette 
 
 605-607 
 
 Vital Statistics of Baltimore 497 
 
 Vogler, Dr. (ieorge Christopher Ernest 709 
 
 Volck, Adelbert, Jr.. D. D. S 907-909 
 
 Von Kuell. Dr. Joseph 916 
 
 W. 
 
 Wade, John J 686 
 
 Wade, Dr. J. Percy 947 
 
 Wagner, Martin 783-785 
 
 W'ales, William 1008-1010 
 
 Walling, Robert Brciit 677 
 
 WaJlis, S. Teackle 256-260 
 
 Walsh, Thomas Yeates. — Parentag-e, 264; 
 J'^lueation, 265; Admission to Bar, 265; 
 Personal Appearance, 263; Character. 265- 
 266; Kepartee, 206-267; Political Career, 
 26S; Speeches, 208-274; Oration on Henry 
 Clay, 268-274; Oratiou ou Inl.-m.l. 2TS-279: 
 Later Life, 282: Death .•lud iMiricral, 2SI- 
 
 Waes. — Baltimore's Share in, 35-47; 1812, 
 35-44; Mexican War, 44-46; Civil War, 46- 
 47. 
 
 Wardens of the Port 25 
 
 Warfield, Mrs. O. B 1018 
 
 Warfield, Dr. Ridgeley Brown 733 
 
 Warfield, S. Davies 613-615 
 
 Warner, A. S., M. D 942 
 
 \Varner, Dr. Michael Kimmel 725 
 
 \Vater Department 1047 
 
 Waters, Dr. Thomas Sollers 823 
 
 Walters, William J. H op. 410, 662 
 
 Watts, Charles Snowden 1000 
 
 Way man. Bishop Alexander M 472-475 
 
 Weaver, Hariy A 967 
 
 Wedderburn, Major George Chase 673 
 
 West, Dr. Frank 906 
 
 Wharton, Kev. H. M., D. D 751-753 
 
 White. A. Robinson 854 
 
 White. I''rancis op. 648 
 
 White, .Miles 6(9-651 
 
 Whiteford, Dr. James E 777 
 
 Wliitehead, Dr. Alfred 717 
 
 Whiteley, James Stone 978 
 
 Whitelock, George 670 
 
 Whitfield, Most Rev. James 398 
 
 Whitridge, John A 957-959 
 
 Wiener, Charles Jefferson op. 688, 691 
 
 Wiesenfeld, Bernard 807 
 
 Wilkins. George C 683-686 
 
 Williams, Dr. D. S 945 
 
 AVilliams, Henry 968-970 
 
 Williams. Henry Wiuslmv 862 
 
 Williams, Xatliau Wiuslow 862 
 
 Willis, Georg-e Roberts op. 248, 652 
 
 Wilson, Dr. Frederick W 994 
 
 Wilson, Dr. Robert Taylor op. 328, 1003-1005 
 
 Wiltshire. Dr. .lames Gerard op. 40, 611 
 
 Windei-. Williaru II 250 
 
 Winter, Samuel op. 744, 74* 
 
 Wirt. William 251 
 
 Wisner. Dr. .1. Ward 712 
 
 Woman's College of Baltimore 57-58. 1012 
 
 Woods, Hiram 666 
 
 Wood.s, Rufus 648 
 
 Woodward, .loliii Stafford 678 
 
 Wright, Riley op. 656, 657 
 
 Wroth, Rev. K. W 763 
 
 Wander, .losepli C 965 
 
. <^ "'0, v*~ ,A 
 
 ,0 o^ 
 
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