LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 
 i^ap.S.V- ®onri# I0.I18. 
 
 sh6if,|4-5A 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
PIGEON SHOOTING. 
 
m'm 
 
 Capt. a. W. money 
 "BLUE ROCK" 
 
Pigeon Shooting 
 
 With Instructions for Beginners 
 
 and Suggestions for those who participate in the 
 
 Sport of Pigeon Shooting 
 
 BY 
 
 CAPT. ALBERT W. MONEY 
 
 " BLUE ROCK " 
 Edited by A. C. GOULD 
 
 J* \ 
 
 NEW YORK \ • ,.vi A 
 
 Shooting and Fishing Publishing Company 
 
 293 Broadway 
 
 '\(\o%-;£^» 
 
 \ 
 
 ■\ c ^„ 
 

 Copyrighted 1896, 
 
 By a. W. Money and a. C. Gould. 
 
 All rights Reserved. 
 
EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 The literature pertaining to field sports is represented by 
 many volumes, but, singular to state, there is no work devoted to 
 the great and constantly increasing sport of pigeon shooting. As 
 editor of a sportsman's journal, the writer some time ago per- 
 ceived the dearth of literature on this subject, and for a long time 
 sought to secure the service of one who could, from practical 
 experience, give the much called for information. This was a 
 difficult task, for those who had made an intelligent study of 
 pigeon shooting were very few, and most of tliose had confined 
 their practice to a limited field. 
 
 When Capt. A. W. Money came to America to engage in a 
 business here which was closely connected with the field and trap 
 shooting, the writer learned of his remarkable experience as a 
 pigeon shooter, both in Europe and America, and it seemed that 
 no one was so well qualified to write upon the subject of pigeon 
 shooting as Capt. Money. 
 
 It required considerable persuasion to induce this veteran to 
 wield his pen, but he finally consented, and a series of papers 
 were published in the columns of Shooting and Fishing. These 
 papers met with a flattering reception ; veteran pigeon shooters 
 were astonished at their thoroughness and the amount of practi- 
 cal information they contained; the novices by perusing them 
 were able to raise themselves to the ranks of experts. The issues 
 containing these papers soon became exhausted ; then followed 
 urgent requests that they be published in book form, and these 
 requests became so numerous that Capt. Money was induced to 
 revise the papers. By his emendation we feel that the volume 
 herewith presented is replete with practical information, which 
 will serve as a valuable guide to all who wish to acquire proficiency 
 in pigeon shooting. 
 
 A. C. G. 
 
 Editorial Office, 
 
 Shooting and Fishing, 
 
 Ne'w York. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 There have been many books written on shooting in the field, 
 but I have never come across one on trap shooting; and yet, it 
 appears to me that if a man wishes to become really expert at 
 this form of sport, he will be able to learn much from a careful 
 perusal of the experience of one who has made a study of it for 
 years, and who has himself been a successful trap shot as well as 
 a game shot, not only in America and England, but in many 
 other parts of the world. 
 
 In the course of the last twenty-five years, I have met and 
 known intimately most of the best known trap shots. I am one 
 who belives that the longer I live the more I can learn, and 
 that other people's opinions are always worth considering, and 
 perhaps adopting, if, on careful consideration they are found 
 to be based on facts and good judgment. Therefore, in the 
 following pages I have given my own experience as well as that 
 of the famous crack shots of Europe and America, both amateur 
 and professional. 
 
 A. W. M. 
 
 Oakland, N. J. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter I — Instructions for the Beginner, . . . . 9 
 
 Position in Pigeoii Shooting— How to Shoot at a Pigeon. 
 
 Chapter II — Guns and Ammunition for Pigeon Shooting, 13 
 The Proper Way to Handle a Gun — Sighting. 
 
 Chapter III — Field Shooting and Pigeon Shooting Com- 
 pared, . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 
 
 Chapter IV — The Trigger Pulls of Guns for Pigeon 
 Shooting, 
 
 23 
 
 Chapter V — Modern Improvements in Guns and Ammuni- 
 
 'iton, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 
 
 Chapter VI — Peculiarities of Pigeon Shooters, . . . . 29 
 Things that Balk Shooters. 
 
 Chapter VII — Centering a Bird with a Charge, 
 Gathering Birds. 
 
 Chapter VIII — Judgment on Calling Birds, 
 
 33 
 
 38 
 
 vu 
 
CONTENTS — Continued. 
 
 Chapter IX — Some of the Causes of Bad Shooting, . . 41 
 
 Chapter X — The Best Loads for Pigeon Shooting, . . 48 
 Velocities. 
 
 Chapter XI — Loading Ammunition for Pigeon Shooting, 55 
 
 Chapter XII — Conduct During Match Shooting, .61 
 
 Value of a Good Handler. 
 
 Chapter XIII — Responsibility of Handlers, . . .. .. 66 
 
 Tricks of Unprincipled Men. 
 
 Chapter XIV — The English Blue Rock Pigeon, .. .. 71 
 How It is Captured, Bred and Handled. 
 
 Chapter XV— Duties of Referees, . . . . . . . . 76 
 
 Chapter XVI— Inanimate Target Shooting, .. .. 82 
 
 Shooting Rules, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 
 
 Carteret Gun Club. 
 
 Shooting Rules, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 
 
 Hurlingham Club. 
 
PIGEON SHOOTING. 
 Chapter I. 
 
 Instructions for the Beginner — Position in Pigeon Shooting — 
 Hov7 to Shoot at a Pigeon. 
 
 For many years past, pigeon shooting has been such a 
 fashionable amusement, that for a man to say he has never shot 
 pigeons at the trap, is almost equivalent to saying he is not a 
 shooter. There are, of course, exceptions to this rule, and one, I 
 think, of the chief causes of these exceptions is that live pigeon 
 shooting is, and always must be, an expensive luxury; but it is 
 made more so from the fact that a beginner has little or no 
 chance of winning when competing with those who have practiced 
 this particular form of sport for any length of time and so become 
 expert at it. 
 
 The question is often asked. Does pigeon shooting help to 
 make a man a good shot in the field? I should undoubtedly reply, 
 Yes. It shows him what his errors are in shooting, and enables 
 him to correct them ; and if he wishes to be instructed, 
 he can learn more about guns, loads, swing, lead, and all that 
 goes to make him a master shot, in six months as a pigeon shot, 
 than he will learn in six years as a game shot. Few men living 
 have shot more game in the field than myself, and I can say the 
 same of pigeon shooting. I have for many years held my own 
 with the very best at either sport. 
 
 As I write these lines, I shall try to imagine that you, my 
 reader, are going to shoot a pigeon for the first time and that 
 you want to know as much about it as the writer. 
 
 First, study your position. You have the five traps in a 
 semicircle in front of you, and you must be able to swing your 
 bod}^ quickly toward whichever trap is pulled, so as to be in the 
 best position to kill the bird as it leaves that trap. If you stand 
 with your shoulders squarely to the front, you will not be able to 
 shoot a right quarter from No. 5 trap, the right hand one. 
 
lO PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 because it is always easier to swing to the left than to the right, 
 from the fact that the stock of the gun is resting against the right 
 shoulder. You must, therefore, stand with the left foot thrown 
 forward, the body upright, and the feet slightly apart; in fact, 
 very much in the attitude of a boxer. The higher the gun is held, 
 the quicker you will get your aim on the bird ; therefore, hold it as 
 nearly up to the shoulder as you can, the left hand well extended, 
 but not to its full length, or you will be hampered in shooting a 
 bird coming straight toward you. Take care that there is 
 nothing stiff or rigid about your body, arms, legs or head; grasp 
 the gun very firmly with both hands. You are now ready to 
 have the trap pulled. Give the caution, " Are you ready?" to the 
 puller, in a firm, distinct tone of voice, and on receiving his reply, 
 give the word, " Pull," in such a way as not to jerk your body, and 
 perhaps make you miss your shot, as I often see done. 
 
 On saying " Pull," your mind should be concentrated on trying 
 to see, as quickly as possible, which of the five traps is being 
 pulled, and this is of the greatest importance; therefore, keep 
 your eyes looking over the middle, or No. 3 trap, but in such a 
 way that you are seeing ail the other traps at the same time. At 
 the slightest sign of a trap moving, swing on your heels slightly 
 toward that trap, at the same moment bringing the gun to the 
 firing position and pull the trigger the instant you see that you 
 have covered your bird — that is, supposing the bird has left 
 the trap ; if you have missed with your first barrel, keep the gun still 
 to the shoulder and continue to follow the bird's flight with the 
 gun, firing the second barrel the moment you feel you are 
 pointing in the right place. 
 
 If the pigeon does not at once leave the trap, a thing which 
 rarely happens where they are fast, as in England, either call, " No 
 bird," or keep the gun leveled just over the bird's head, and at the 
 first moment of its flight throw the muzzle ahead of the bird and 
 pull. Remember that, other things being equal, a bird which 
 does not fly as the trap is pulled is a harder bird to shoot than one 
 that does; the reason for this being, that when you say "Pull," you 
 have your whole being, mind and body, braced up to its full 
 tension, and as the trap opens, you swing to it like lightning; but 
 if the pigeon then fails to rise, you have lost your swing, and 
 
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BEGINNER 1 1 
 
 should it afterward start with anything like a rapid flight, you 
 are very likely to shoot a little behind it. 
 
 The very best pigeon shots make it a rule to call, " No bird," 
 when there is what is called a sitter, unless the bird from its 
 appearance shows that it will not fly fast. Nothing but practice 
 will enable the shooter to decide this point at a glance. 
 
 Of course, I am taking it for granted that my reader has read 
 the rules of pigeon shooting, which vary slightly' according to 
 the club or ground at which he is shooting. 
 
 1 would lay great stress on the necessity of concentrating 
 your whole thought and attention on the shot. I have for many 
 years past, known all the best pigeon shots, both amateur and pro- 
 fessional, who have made their mark on either side of the water, 
 and I have seen the very best of them miss comparatively easy 
 birds, because their thought for the moment was on something 
 else ; some one, perhaps, having made a rem ark as they went to the 
 score and so called off their attention from what they were doing. 
 
 If these men, then, require all their attention and concentrated 
 energies to make sure of shooting true and killing their bird, how 
 much more must it be with the beginner. 
 
 Next to this I would advise keeping a cool and equable tem- 
 perament. Never allow yourself to be upset or put out by any- 
 thing that may occur. If a miss comes, take it philosophically; 
 we all miss at times. Don't lose your temper and blame your 
 gun, or shells, or anything but your own want of holding straight. 
 Note in what direction the bird was flying when you missed it, and 
 what trap it came out of, so as to discover your weak point as soon 
 as possible, and take measures to correct it. Never kick — it does 
 no good; it spoils your shooting, and makes you a nuisance to 
 others. If you keep on missing, and cannot account for it, get 
 some one who is an old shot to stand directly behind you when 
 you shoot, and tell you where you shoot. Strange as it may seem, 
 he can see the direction of your gun at moment of firing 
 better than you can. Do not, however, believe what 
 every one tells you in that respect. Many men who are not 
 standing in a proper position to see, or are not carefully noting 
 the direction of your gun and the bird at the moment, will say, 
 " You shot over or under, behind or in front of that bird." They 
 
12 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 are false prophets, and sometimes are wolves in sheep's clothing. 
 
 In shooting at a bird crossing you, as in game shooting, you 
 must swing your gun with the bird for a moment to get the true 
 speed, then force it ahead as far as your judgment tells you is- 
 necessary; then pull the trigger. Thedifficulty in doing this is that 
 you have to guard against two things: First, you may lead the 
 bird too much or too little; secondly, in trying to lead enough, 
 you may unconsciously pull your gun down below the proper line 
 of flight, or raise it above, though that is rarely done. The first, 
 however; z. <?., shooting below, is a common error, especially with 
 birds flying from right to left. 
 
 To show how necessary swinging with and leading a bird is^ 
 I would ask any shooter, who has not already done so, to go to a 
 swift running, but smooth stream, get some one to put a small 
 floating object in the water, and shoot point blank at it as it passes^ 
 you standing, say, 35 yards from the object. Note where your 
 shot strikes the water, and then compare in your mind the flight 
 of a swift bluerock pigeon and the object fired at. 
 
Chapter II. 
 
 Guns and Ammunition for Pigeon Shooting — The Proper Way 
 to Handle a Gun — Sighting. 
 
 While you are following my instructions in shooting at the 
 floating object, it will be very instructive also to note whether, 
 when you brought your gun to your shoulder and fired quickly, 
 you shot over or under the object. If the former, you have a gun 
 that is suited for pigeon shooting, the reason for which I shall 
 explain further on. 
 
 A gun with a pull-off to the trigger of about 3 to 3^^ pounds 
 is best, but one in which the pull-off keeps the same and 
 -does not vary is a necessity; and yet this is not as easy to find as 
 people generally suppose. 
 
 The question of cast-off in the stock of a gun is a most 
 important one. When a shooter throws his gun quickly to his 
 shoulder, pointing it at some near object, and finds, on closing his 
 left eye and glancing with the right along the rib, that he is look- 
 ing along the center, he may consider that he has a gun with the 
 right amount of cast-off ; that is to say, the heel of the stock has 
 a slight bend away from the body. Few guns are made with 
 a perfectly straight stock. I have, however, advocated them for 
 many years, and I see that gun makers are putting far less cast- 
 off to the stocks now than formerly. 
 
 The Winchester, Burgess, and Spencer magazine, or pump 
 guns, as they are generally called, which in the hands of such men 
 -as Rolla O. Heikes, Ferd. V. Van Dyke, Jack Parker, Capt. B. A. 
 Bartlett and scores of others, are doing such wonderful shooting, 
 are all built without any cast-off whatever. 
 
 It is necessary for a pigeon shooter to have a full choked gun, 
 especially if he intends to use the same gun in all weathers and 
 at all distances. A modified choke, or even a cylinder, might be 
 more useful when standing close to the traps and on a still day, 
 but for shooting at fast birds on a windy day and at 30 yards rise, 
 a full choke is a necessity. 
 
14 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 Using a full choke, however, means that the greatest accuracy 
 must be maintained with every shot, as the killing circle of No. 7 
 shot at 40 yards is not more than 26 inches. A bird shot at inside 
 an imaginary 26-inch circle will be riddled, but outside that, 
 though it may be struck with a few pellets, it is most likely to 
 escape. 
 
 What size of shot and what charge of powder are best, are 
 most difficult questions to answer, as almost everyone has an 
 opinion of his own on these subjects, and these opinions vary 
 extensively. 
 
 Small-sized shot gives you a larger killing circle, as it spreads 
 more than large ; but it does not travel so fast to the mark, and 
 each pellet, when it hits the pigeon, does not make such a killing 
 wound. I have used all sizes in turn, and, after long experience, 
 have come to the conclusion that i}4 ounces of No. 7 shot is the 
 best for all purposes, using No. 6 in left barrel on very windy 
 days, to escape the drift of the shot as much as possible. 
 
 The amount of the powder charge in a 12-bore gun of jj4 
 pounds weight should never be less than 42 grains (or three 
 drams), nor more than 50 grains of E. C, or its equivalent in 
 other nitro powders. No absolute rule can be laid down, as 
 different guns behave so differently with various charges. Some 
 guns shoot a closer pattern with 45 or 50 grains than they do with 
 42 ; some recoil very much with the higher charge, while others 
 dc not. 
 
 The chamber of a gun is bored, as a general rule, to take a 
 2^-inch shell; but this- length is too short to contain a proper 
 charge for pigeon shooting, if properly wadded, and leave suffi- 
 cient margin for a good turn-over, or crimp, which, with all nitro 
 powders, is of vital importance. 
 
 A shell should always have ^-inch of turn-over, and should 
 be crimped down hard on to the wad over the shot. A 2j4^-inch 
 shell is the most useful length. 
 
 There is a matter of the very greatest importance that I 
 should like to urge upon all pigeon shooters, old, experienced hands 
 as well as the young beginners ; that is, care in handling a loaded 
 gun. At all good clubs there are rules regarding this, which are 
 in the right direction, but they do not go far enough. Year after 
 
K 
 
l6 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 year the most deplorable accidents occur, which could be so easily- 
 avoided; and they seem rather to increase in number than 
 diminish. The most prolific source of these accidents is from 
 improperly closing the gun after the cartridge has been inserted. 
 I never attend a shoot that I do not, once or more during the 
 day, see a man close the action of a loaded gun with the muzzle 
 pointing directly toward some person or another, usually toward 
 the man who has gone out to place a bird in the trap. A gun is 
 always likely to go off when being closed; and this may happen 
 from various causes, about which I shall write later. Therefore, in 
 closing your gun, be very careful how you do it ; and especially be 
 careful where it is pointing at that moment. The usual way of 
 closing a gun is to raise the barrels to the stock with the left 
 hand; but the right and safe way is to raise the stock to the bar- 
 rels with the right hand. 
 
 In the first instance the muzzle is usually pointing breast 
 high at the moment of closing; in the second, the muzzle will be 
 found to be pointing toward the ground about three yards in front 
 of the shooter's feet. This precaution, however, is not sufficient. I 
 once saw an accident which terminated fatally for the shooter, and 
 I have seen the same thing happen a good many times when no 
 fatal result has followed ; but that was providential, and the 
 opposite might well have been the case. It happened in this way: 
 The shooter, an old sportsman, both in the field and at the trap, 
 went to the mark, placed his shells in the gun and closed it. As 
 he did so one barrel was discharged. The force of the explosion 
 caused him to let the gun drop, when the other barrel was dis- 
 charged, shooting him through the head. This was caused by the 
 jar as the butt of the gun came in contact with the ground, and it 
 being the heaviest part of the gun, fell fastest and brought the 
 gun into an almost perpendicular position. 
 
 I advise pigeon shooters to make these rules: First, never to 
 snap your gun shut, but close it gently; secondly, lift the stock 
 up to the barrels, and not the barrels to the stock; thirdly, while 
 closing your gun after putting in shells, hold it firmly, so that if 
 one barrel should explode, the gun will not fall out of your hands. 
 
 I would here mention that a common cause of guns being dis- 
 charged when being closed, is when shells are being used that 
 
GUNS AND AMMUNITION I 7 
 
 have been reloaded and the fresh primer has not been driven com- 
 pletely home. I have myself seen three shells out of about one 
 dozen used by a shooter explode in one day, and on looking at the 
 Test of his shells I found several more primers projecting; the 
 shooters present declined to risk their lives by allowing this care- 
 less shooter to use his ammunition. 
 
 Another cause of accidental discharges is the firing pin 
 Temaining slightly projecting beyond the breech piece ; this pin 
 coming in contact with the primer on the next cartridge as the 
 gun is closed, causing it to explode; or the second barrel may jar 
 ofif from the gun being roughly closed ; or a piece of grit or some 
 foreign substance may have got between the striker and the 
 primer. 
 
 I have already mentioned swing and lead. Every shooter 
 should study to get both to perfection, and nothing but practice 
 will do it. As the gun is thrown to the shoulder, instinctively the 
 shooter moves or swings the muzzle, to keep pace with the flight 
 of the object at which he is shooting; but if he does no more, 
 when he pulls the trigger his shot will pass behind the bird. He 
 therefore must make the muzzle, pass ahead of the bird at the 
 moment of firing, and he must take care that in pulling the trigger 
 he does not stop his swing. 
 
 Much has been written in books and newspapers on swing 
 versus lead. To my mind every good shot, instinctively, though 
 perhaps without being aware of it, is doing both every time he 
 shoots a crossing bird. 
 
 Another point on which much difference of opinion has been 
 ■expressed among shooters is, Should one shoot with one or two 
 eyes open? A man may think he shuts one eye, while in reality 
 he is keeping both wide open. He thinks he shuts one, because, 
 when he puts his gun to his shoulder, as if in the act of aiming, 
 he finds, in order to look along the rib, he closes one eye; but 
 when he has to watch the motion of a bird flying in the air, or an 
 animal running on the ground, he keeps both eyes wide open, 
 and wishes sometimes that he had an extra pair of eyes. Anyhow, 
 study to shoot with both eyes open, to their fullest extent. 
 
 If you take your gun in your hand, fix both eyes on some 
 object, throw the gun to your shoulder pointing at the object. 
 
1 8 PIGEON SHOOTING , 
 
 then close the left eye and look along the rib, — you will find that 
 you are pointing as truly at the object as though you had shut one 
 eye at first ; and had the gun been loaded, and had you pulled the 
 trigger at the moment you threw the gun to your shoulder, you 
 would assuredly have hit the mark. I am, of course, supposing 
 that the gun you are handling is one that suits you as to length of 
 stock, bend, cast-off, etc. 
 
 Another point on which shooters disagree, is as to whether 
 shooting at inanimate targets spoils a man's shooting at live birds. 
 
 In my opinion, a man can learn a great deal from inanimate 
 bird shooting ; though, perhaps, shooting too often at them may 
 make him slow at live birds. This is because no ordinary shooter 
 breaks a clay pigeon thrown from a strong trap, until it has trav- 
 eled about 25 yards from the trap, which, if he is standing 16 
 yards from it, makes the target 41 yards away before he shoots. 
 The reason of this is, the clay bird travels fastest as it leaves 
 the trap, but gets slower at 30 yards away from it; exactly the 
 opposite is the case with live birds, which fly slowest at moment 
 of starting, and acquire speed as they get their full power of 
 flight. 
 
 It is desirable to shoot a live bird as soon as possible after it 
 leaves the trap ; the more so as then you have more time in which 
 to use the second barrel; while with the clay pigeon you should 
 wait till it has attained a distance of 25 yards before shooting. A 
 man can, however, as I said before, learn very much from target 
 shooting, especially if he has them thrown with that object. For 
 instance, few men can swing on to their birds equally well to left 
 and right; but by persistent practice at clay birds thrown first 
 left and then right, at a sharp angle across you, you can overcome 
 your weak point. 
 
 This you can do, especially if you stand 20 yards to the right 
 or left of the trap, and 16 yards in rear of it, and have the targets 
 thrown so as to pass, say, 30 yards across your front, or from that 
 to 40 yards. You will find this difficult shooting, and without 
 swing and lead you cannot hit them. Again, some people are bad 
 shots at rising birds. They can have the targets thrown 
 upward at different angles, find out the cause of missing and 
 practice at their weak point. Others are weak at incomers. 
 
GUNS AND AMMUNITION I9 
 
 Nothing is easier than to have a trap throw birds back at you and 
 passing over your head, by taking your position, say, 45 yards 
 behind the trap and thus secure the desired practice. 
 
 Beginners, especially, are apt to be very slow in using the 
 second barrel ; but by practicing at clay targets, that can be easily 
 overcome, and the second barrel used quickly. 
 
 In all this practice, however, care must be taken to have the 
 targets thrown far enough, never less than 46 to 50 yards from 
 the trap, or more, otherwise the practice will be too easy, and will 
 not be good practice for shooting live birds. 
 
 * 
 
Chapter III. 
 Field Shooting and Pigeon Shooting Compared. 
 
 So far, I have written what I thought might be useful to a 
 novice in trap shooting, and 1 hope that some of the hints I have 
 given may be of use. Almost anyone may become a good shot 
 at the traps who will take the trouble to practice and study his 
 weak points and correct them. 
 
 It is really far easier to become a good pigeon shot than to 
 become a good game shot; but anyone who is expert at one 
 ought, in time, to acquire skill with the other. 
 
 But there is a wide difference between the two sports. In 
 field shooting a man cannot study his position ; he is probably 
 moving along at the moment the game rises; his right foot may 
 be in front of his left, or the opposite ; he may at the moment be 
 standing squarely to the direction the bird is flying, or he may 
 have to turn round to shoot ; he may have one foot on a rock, and 
 the other eighteen inches lower; and so on. And as to the bird. 
 In place of coming out of a trap at a set distance in front of 
 him, and then flying over level ground, with a good background 
 it may rise under his feet, or 40 yards away to the right, left, or 
 rear of him and the background, which always more or less 
 affects a shooter's aim, is likely to vary with every shot. 
 
 In field shooting, too, most game flushes within 25 yards of 
 the shooter, and as the sportsman is probably shooting with either 
 a modified choke or a cylinder gun, he not only has a closer view 
 of the game, but also has a much larger killing circle. Then 
 again, with game, it is not necessary to center your bird every 
 time to score a kill; a bird which falls dead 50 or 60 yards from 
 you is gathered, and counts a kill ; but this would be a miss in 
 pigeon shooting, with a short, low boundary, as is usually 
 employed. Then again, most game birds are very tender, and 
 fall if struck with only a few pellets; whereas the bluerock pigeon 
 is a marvel of pluck and endurance, and will continue its flight 
 while there is a breath left in its body. 
 
FIELD SHOOTING 21 
 
 In pigeon shooting the question of nerves play an important 
 part. A man standing at the score, with a number of people 
 watching his shot, and perhaps laying bets on the result, is, with- 
 out his knowing it, likely to be affected by an over wish to kill, 
 which makes him shoot perhaps a little quicker or a little slower 
 than he would have done had he been walking on the hillside and 
 a bird had sprung 28 or 30 yards ahead of him. He would 
 look upon the bird flushed on the hillside as a long shot, and 
 would shoot in a quick, determined manner, giving his bird as 
 little chance as possible, at the same time not over hurrying or 
 being in the least bit jumpy. But a pigeon rising from a trap 
 would be further away from the shooter when shot at, and would 
 probably be flying faster, consequently a much longer lead would 
 be necessary for a successful shot. 
 
 A man must be prepared to shoot game in any position, at 
 any angle, at varying distances, with no two shots alike, with body 
 bent or upright, on the side of a hill or on the level, in brush or in 
 the open. One day he may be wearing a thick, warm coat, on 
 another a thin one ; whereas a pigeon shot studies always to wear 
 the same coat. The game shot may have his pockets loaded with 
 game or shells so as to pull on his arms ; a pigeon shot would despair 
 of doing any good work under such conditions. A pigeon shot, 
 has, or ought to have, every bit of his mind concentrated on the 
 shot he is about to take ; a game shot is probably watching his 
 dog or his companion, or perhaps at the moment he flushes a bird, 
 is smoking his pipe or thinking of something else. 
 
 Pigeon shooting and game shooting are so different that you 
 cannot make them alike. To be a first class pigeon shot, a man 
 must have nerves like iron ; no weak point about him. He must 
 be able to concentrate all his thoughts and energies on the work 
 he is doing. Good luck or bad luck must make no difference with 
 him ; he must not be easily cast down or easily elated. Nothing 
 brings out the points of a man's character more than pigeon shoot- 
 ing. If he has a weak spot, it is sure, sooner or later, to come to 
 the front. The niggardly man, the selfish man, the bad tempered 
 kicker, and above all, the crooked man will surely come to grief. 
 The crooked man had better leave the sport alone, as he will soon 
 be found out and be known for what he is. But the nervy, high 
 
22 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 principled, whole souled, hearty, jolly fellow, who can give and 
 take, and enjoy life and good fellowship, and be a good fellow 
 amongst good fellows, will iind few ways of enjoying his leisure 
 time more than in competing with others like himself at the 
 traps. 
 
 No man lives that enjoys game shooting more than I, and 
 few have had more opportunities of enjoying it. But I long ago 
 learned that one cannot shoot game with a crowd; man is a 
 gregarious creature, likes companionship, and plenty of it, there- 
 fore the company of fellow-shooters makes pigeon shooting appeal 
 to many. Besides, the season for game shooting is short, and 
 often one is unable to devote the necessary time to it, whereas, 
 an afternoon's shoot at your favorite club takes little time and 
 requires no preparation. Then, too, many men are not physically 
 fitted for game shooting. Bad health, advanced years, stoutness, 
 lameness, and many such causes, incapacitate a man from game 
 shooting who would otherwise be devoted to it. To such I say, 
 try pigeon shooting ; give it a good, thorough trial. 
 
 In your early efforts don't be discouraged if at first it seems 
 too hard; it only wants practice. Make it a sport, and not 
 an art; try, to help your neighbor to succeed. In sweep- 
 stake shooting, always be willing to divide with another man, 
 whether you think you can beat him or not, when he or you 
 are left in it alone. Never watch for an unfair advantage over 
 any adversary, and if it offers, don't take it. If a dispute arises, 
 leave the decision to any unbiased brother sportsman, and then 
 cheerfully abide by his decision. Nothing destroys sport so much 
 as greed and hoggishness. If I could have my way, I would 
 make it a rule in every club that where a tie had occurred, between 
 any two men in a shoot, either of them could insist upon his right 
 to divide. Many clubs have been broken up by the hoggishness 
 of one or two good shots insisting upon winning everything for 
 themselves. This has led to class shooting ; but this, while very 
 useful where there are a great number of entries, as in a tourna- 
 ment, for instance, and among a certain class of shooters, never 
 could be adopted in first-class clubs. 
 
Chapter IV. 
 
 The Trigger Pulls of Guns for Pigeon Shooting. 
 
 Looking back at what 1 have written, I would say a word 
 more on the subject of the trigger pulls or pull-offs of the gun. 
 Not only should a shooter be sure that he has the puU-offs of the 
 triggers of his gun correct, but he should from time to time see 
 for himself that they have not varied, as they are likely to do; 
 especially is this the case with hammerless guns, and more par- 
 ticularly so when, in addition, they are ejector guns. Many years 
 ago I learned how much this matter of pull-off had to do with 
 good shooting, and I had made for me a simple and inexpensive 
 apparatus for testing the pull-offs of my guns, which I keep in 
 constant use. This was nothing but one of the small spring 
 weighing machines which are sold by all fishing tackle dealers 
 for weighing fish, and which most anglers carry in their pockets. 
 Have a piece of metal bent around the weighing machine in such 
 a manner that it registers the weight at which the trigger is pull- 
 ing at the moment it releases the tumbler. Also have a piece of 
 stout wire six inches long attached to the hook from which the 
 fish when being weighed would be hung, and let the end of this 
 wire be bent so as to catch the trigger of the gun. By placing the 
 gun on a table, hooking the wire on either trigger, and pulling 
 steadily, you will at once see exactly how many pounds of pres- 
 sure you must give with your finger to cause the gun to go off. 
 As I said before, the usual puU-oflE for pigeon shooters is 3 to 3^ 
 pounds. The right barrel is usually 3, and the left ^Vz pounds. 
 If the left barrel is less than 3 pounds, there is always a great 
 chance that the explosion of the first barrel will cause the second 
 lock to jar off, in which case both barrels are exploded almost 
 simultaneously, causing an unpleasant sensation to the shooter 
 and the probable loss of the bird, unless it be at those clubs 
 where the rule has been changed so that the simultaneous dis- 
 charge of both barrels is called, "Noshot," or, "No bird," under any 
 circumstances. 
 
24 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 But there is another point connected with the pull-off which 
 materially affects a man's shooting. Some triggers have what 
 is called a dragging pull-off ; i. <?., when the pressure is first put 
 upon the trigger it gives without releasing the tumbler. This 
 is the case with all inferior guns, and with some high class guns. 
 Never buy or use a gun which does not go off at once to the 
 requisite pressure, without any drag or give; and never buy or 
 use a gun which puUs-off with a varying pressure — at one time, 
 perhaps, of 3 pounds, at another of 5 pounds, at another of \\^ 
 pounds, and so on. 
 
 A friend of mine, who was a very fine shot in the field and at 
 the traps, once complained to me that he had gone behind in his 
 shooting at the traps, while in the field he was as good or better 
 than ever. I mentioned this matter of pull-off, and asked him 
 what pull-off he used. He said 3 pounds. On trying his gun, I 
 told him he had quite a 6 pound pull-off, and on his getting it 
 properly tested, he found it was, in fact, 8 pounds. He was, of 
 course, using a different gun in the field, with a proper pull-off, 
 but his pigeon gun had changed in trigger pull from 3 to 8 
 pounds ; as he was shooting for very large stakes at the time, 
 this little matter had probably cost him the price of a new gun 
 sevc-al times over. 
 
 A few pigeon shots, and among them some good ones, 
 stick to a heavy pull- off, because they have always been used to 
 it; but these men from practice, have acquired a habit of applying 
 about three pounds pressure to the triggers as they bring the gun 
 to their shoulder; at the moment they wish the gun to go off, 
 they apply the final pressure. 
 
 With the Army rifle, which, for safety, is never allowed to 
 pulloff under 6 pounds, a man who tried to suddenly put a 6- 
 pound pull on with his finger would make very poor shooting, 
 but practice enables him to keep a steady pressure of probably 
 four pounds on the trigger till the moment he wishes to fire, 
 when a little extra pressure is sufficient. 
 
 The flight of a pigeon is or can be so rapid that a gun should 
 go off at the moment you wish it. Any hang, however slight, 
 is fatal to good marksmanship. 
 
Chapter V. 
 Modern Improvements In Guns and Ammunition, 
 
 The quickness of explosion of primer and quickness of igni- 
 tion of powder charge is another important matter. If you take a 
 village sportsman in some remote part of Asia, who is provided 
 only with a matchlock gun, and who has never seen anything 
 better, and tell him that igniting the powder with a piece of slow 
 match is not quick enough, he will probably reply, as I have 
 heard them, that it is quick enough for him, and he has no 
 ambition to have anything better. Some sportsmen, like this 
 man, are satisfied with what they have, refusing to believe there 
 can be anything better, and quite content with the work they are 
 able to do with their old-fashioned appliances. 
 
 I can remember, when I was a boy, |_hearing an argument 
 as to the advantages or disadvantages of a percussion gun over 
 the old flint and steel, and the laugh of derision when it was 
 claimed by one speaker that the percussion was so much quicker. 
 So, later on, when the breech-loader came into fashion, men were 
 very slow to realize that ignition was quicker with it than with the 
 percussion muzzle-loader ; still more was this the case when the 
 central-fire breech-loader took the place of the pin-fire, which 
 preceded it. Since that time still further i tnprovements have 
 been made in the same direction of quickness of explosion of the 
 cap, or primer, which ignites the charge of powder. In the case 
 of hammer guns, the hammer has been made smaller, so as to 
 reduce the interval of time, small as that is, between the hammer 
 beginning to fall and the moment of its reaching the striker, 
 which gives the blow to the primer. 
 
 The hammerless gun goes still further in the same direction ; 
 but these, again, vary very much, some makes being very much 
 faster than others ; the Parker gun, for instance, is an American 
 
26 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 gun which is exceptionally fast, and the Greener gun among the 
 fast acting guns made in England. But while the gun manufac- 
 turers have been working in this direction, the powder manufac- 
 turers, and still more the shell and cartridge makers, have been 
 trying to outdo each other in providing the sportsman with a 
 primer, a shell, and a powder, which will be as quick as the pro- 
 verbial lightning, or quicker. 
 
 It is the trap shooter who has made the need of these 
 improvements apparent and forced manufacturers of sporting 
 goods to pay due attention to them, and both the game shooter 
 and the trap shooter is now reaping the benefit. It is only within 
 the last few years, comparatively, that instruments have been 
 invented which show the manufacturer what his gun or his 
 powder, or his shell and primer can do. The chronograph, 
 worked by an electric current, the cap testing machine, first 
 invented and brought out by the E. C. Powder Co., and the 
 various forms of pressure gauges which are now universally used 
 by all first-class ammunition manufacturers, have, during the last 
 few years, worked a marvelous change in ideas, and disposed of 
 many theories and beliefs which were founded on ignorance. 
 
 At the present time it is useless for a manufacturer to claim 
 more merits than his products possess. Formerly this was a mat- 
 ter of guess work, now it can be determined to a nicety by the 
 instruments I have mentioned. 
 
 The chronograph will tell you to ten thousandth part of a 
 second how much time elapses from the moment the trigger is 
 pulled until the shot charge begins to move in the barrel, or until 
 it reaches the muzzle of the gun, and so on up to any distance 
 you wish to know the velocity of your charge, whether that be 
 at lo, 20, 40 or 100 yards from the muzzle of the gun. 
 
 Now, this rapidity of explosion, of ignition, and of flight of 
 shot, which are all three separate and distinct things, tending to 
 the same result ; viz. , that of the shot striking the object aimed 
 at in the shortest possible space of time, mean a great deal more 
 to the shooter than perhaps he is aware of. 
 
 If it were possible for the shot from a gun to reach the object 
 shot at, at the same moment the trigger was pulled, a good shot 
 would rarely, if ever, miss the mark, any more than he would if 
 
MODERN IMPROVEMENTS 27 
 
 it were stationary ; but it is having to allow for the interval that 
 elapses between the moment of pulling the trigger and the charge 
 of shot reaching the object, that makes most, if not all, of the 
 difficulty. The more you can minimize this delay, the nearer you 
 are sure to shoot to the object aimed at, the less likely is a bird, 
 by some sudden twist in its flight, to pass out of the killing circle. 
 
 Before nitro, or smokeless, powders came into general use, 
 and no one now dreams of using any other for trap shooting 
 especially, it was only necessary for the shell maker to use a 
 primer which gave a full, hot flash to insure perfect and instan- 
 taneous ignition. If this flash came through a larger or smaller 
 hole in the base of the cartridge, and was closer or more remote 
 to the powder, it made little or no difference so far as results 
 went; but nitro powders, which are regular in their action and 
 safe to use, are not nearly so sensitive as black powders, and it 
 has been found necessary to construct a slightly different shell, 
 or rather primer, for them. Shell manufacturers have to be far 
 more careful now than they were formerly, that the quality and 
 quantity of fulminate mixture in the primer is perfect and regu- 
 lar; that the thickness of metal used in making the primer is. 
 always alike, as well as that the base of the shell which holds it 
 is correct in shape, and the hole through which the flash passes- 
 the same size, and, lastly, that the anvil, which fits into the- 
 primer and causes the explosion when the base of the shell is. 
 struck, is of proper size and shape and properly placed. 
 
 And again, with regard to the powder itself, there is far 
 greater difference in the action of the different nitro powders now 
 on the market than people have any idea of. It is the easiest, 
 thing in the world to make a smokeless gunpowder; any novice- 
 can do it who has a few chemical ingredients at his command p. 
 but it is quite another thing to make a powder which will not. 
 only be smokeless, but will, while giving the highest velocity, 
 give regular pattern, not unduly strain a gun, not injure it by the 
 action of the powder in the interior of the barrel or the breecb; 
 mechanism, and be perfectly regular, so that one shot will always, 
 give the same result as another with the same load. 
 
 Some of the nitro powders now sold are good in one respect, 
 and bad in another ; few of them are as regular as they should be^ 
 
28 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 and chiefly, I believe, for this reason, that a nitro powder is far 
 more expensive to manufacture than the black, and there is 
 always a great temptation for manufacturers to work it off at as 
 low a cost as possible. Therefore, I would strongly recommend 
 my readers to purchase powder manufactured by well established 
 and wealthy corporations, such, for instance, as the E. C. Com- 
 pany, of Oakland, N. J. 
 
 ® 
 
Chapter VI. 
 Peculiarities of Pigeon Shooters — Things That Balk Shooters. 
 
 I have before remarked, that to be a good pigeon shot a man 
 must concentrate his mind on each shot he fires. This is so much 
 the case, and so well known among trap shooters that, if a loose 
 pigeon is flying over the ground, or any little thing is happening 
 which might in the slightest degree take off the attention of the 
 man at the score, he will wait until it has ceased. The extent to 
 which some crack shots carry this is ludicrous, and yet they are 
 right. Some men will not shoot if an empty shell or a piece of 
 paper is lying on the platform in front of them, and insist that 
 they be removed. I think I am as free from what might be 
 termed fancies as anyone, and yet I am aware that I have missed 
 many shots from one thing or another quite as slight ; something 
 catching my eye and disturbing my attention at the moment 
 of saying, "Pull." 
 
 Nearly all shooters have their special fads and fancies ; but I 
 think the most curious I ever met with was a man who would 
 never shoot, no matter what the weather, without wearing a pair 
 of rubber shoes, to give him, as he said, a good grip of the ground. 
 This man is a very fine shot, both at the traps and in the field, and 
 by no means finikin. Another man whom I know, and than 
 whom no finer shot exists in America, will, before every shot, 
 slightly raise his hat from his head and replace it again. Others 
 breathe upon their hands to give them a firmer grip of the gun ; 
 some wipe their hands for the same reason ; some think they can 
 only shoot well in a thin soled pair of boots ; others believe they 
 must wear shoes with thick soles, and so on. 
 
 Now, are these mere fancies? There is generally something 
 in them, and at all events, if a man has a fancy, he had better 
 hurhor it, for nothing is so necesary for good, effective shooting 
 as for a man to feel that himself, his gun, his ammunition, and 
 everything about him are right. 
 
PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 Absolute freedom of the arms and a firm bed for the butt of 
 1he gvri is very essential. Starched shirt fronts, brace buckles 
 ccmirg on the shoulder where the butt of the gun will rest, a 
 
 Capt. Money's Position at the Traps 
 
 coat which is so loose that it will wrinkle differently each time the 
 gun is thrown up, or, on the other hand, one that in any way 
 
PECULIARITIES OF PIGEON SHOOTERS 3 1 
 
 holds the arm, or a waistcoat which is not cut out enough at the 
 arm, and catches it astne gun comes up to position, are all 
 causes for poor shooting. 
 
 Most men shoot better at one part of the day than at another; 
 some shoot best in the morning, others in the afternoon, and so 
 on, showing, I think, that good shooting is often a question of 
 good digestion, and affected by what a man's habits are as 
 regards eating and drinking. As a rule, I think most men 
 shoot well on a comparatively empty stomach; but this is by 
 no means always the case ; some men also require a little stimulant, 
 some a good deal, some do best with none at all. 
 
 The position which different men assume at the traps is 
 various, and some are ridiculously awkward and constrained. 
 As a rule, the best shots stand in an easy, unconstrained attitude, 
 as described in one of my earlier chapters ; but some of the very 
 finest shots have adopted the most extraordinary positions. Thus 
 Roberts, who is well known all over Europe as a splendid amateur 
 ■shot, stoops so low that it really looks as if he were trying to get 
 the butt of his gun on to the top instead of the front of his 
 shoulder. Another splendid shot, generally known among his 
 shooting associates by the name of " Bummer," appears not to be 
 able to shoot at all unless he gets the sit down part of his body 
 stuck out at right angles to the rest of his anatomy ; hence his 
 cognomen. Another very fine trap shot in England, " Turner 
 Turner," leans so much forward, that if by accident his second 
 barrel misses fire, he has great difficulty in keeping from tumb- 
 ling on his nose. 
 
 Here, in America, as a rule, a man's position at the traps is 
 more natural and better than with shooters in England, though 
 here, too, there are grotesque exceptions, but these are not usually 
 to be found among the best shots. 
 
 To a beginner, I would say, study to adopt the position in 
 -which some very good shot stands and holds his gun ; but choose for 
 a model one who stands as though nothing could throw him off his 
 balance, and who looks unconstrained and easy. 
 
 I know no finer shot in America, considering all things, than 
 Edgar Murphy, the blonde giant of New York, and I know of no 
 man who stands up better and looks more like a man that means 
 
32 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 business than he does when he takes his place to shoot a pigeon. 
 It is worth going to see him shoot to learn how to stand and how 
 to handle a gun. Watching a good shooter will also teach a 
 novice the right time in which to shoot both his first and second 
 barrel, varying the time of each with the various qualities of the 
 birds and their various flights. 
 
 ^ 
 
Chapter VII. 
 Centering a Bird With a Charge — Gathering Birds. 
 
 I wish to refer to a subject that is of great importance, but is 
 usually thought little of ; that is, centering your birds with your 
 charge. 
 
 Do not be content to bring your bird down and gather it. It 
 is true, it counts a dead bird, but never be satisfied with any shot 
 you make unless you are sure that you had the bird in the center 
 of your charge. 
 
 In nine out of ten crossing shots, the birds, even though 
 gathered, are shot with the outer edge of the killing circle and not 
 with the center. Don't be afraid of holding too far ahead ; it is 
 far easier to miss by shooting behind. A crossing bird at forty 
 yards struck with the center of the charge, when a proper load 
 and a proper pigeon gun is used, will double up and fall as dead 
 as it is possible to see a bird fall. 
 
 A man who finds no fault with himself as bird after bird falls 
 only partially killed, will soon miss a bird and then perhaps miss 
 shot after shot. He will wonder why he is doing so and think he 
 is holding the same as when he was killing. So he is, almost ; at 
 first he was getting his bird with the outside of the charge only ; 
 but later he failed to do even that. At first he was not leading 
 enough, later he was leading much less. 
 
 So far, I have touched lightly on the points with which a 
 beginner should try to make himself familiar. I shall now enter 
 a little more fully into the details of various points connected with 
 shooting live pigeons from the trap. First I shall take the ques- 
 tion of gathering a bird after it is shot. 
 
 In England, and on the Continent, there are always good 
 retrievers employed to gather the birds, and the rule there, is for 
 the dog to be released the moment the shooter leaves the score, 
 or before that if the bird is on the ground, whether the second 
 barrel has been fired or not, time being given the shooter to use 
 his second barrel if he wishes. There is no such thing as a time 
 
34 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 allowance for gathering the birds. This custom, which gives 
 every shooter the same chance, is one I should like to see univer- 
 sally followed in America — at all events, at all ordinary club 
 shoots, thus preventing delay in trapping, etc. 
 
 The old rule, that the shooter can, at his option, call for either 
 a, man or a dog to gather his bird, and is allowed two minutes, 
 and, at some clubs three, in which to have the bird so gathered, 
 the time to be taken from the gun going off, has, I am glad to 
 say, been changed at most of the New York and Philadelphia 
 clubs, and the new rule adopts the English plan, doing away with 
 time allowance. The new plan cannot, however, be properly 
 carried out unless the dog or dogs used for retrieving are good 
 ones at the work. 
 
 The old rule gives room for a good deal of exercise of judg- 
 ment on the shooter's part, and many sweeps have been won or 
 lost, and many matches decided, by that judgment being good or 
 bad. A bird slightly wounded only will often be gathered by a 
 dog when a man could never have done so, because a good dog 
 will rush so quickly on [a bird that, if it is sluggish in rising, 
 the dog will catch it in the act, or even in mid-air. This is 
 especially the case with what are termed body shot birds or those 
 with a wounded leg. Body shot birds are those which, being hit 
 in the body, but having no wings broken or vital organ touched, 
 are, perhaps, bleeding internally, and, therefore, although able to 
 fly, are slow and weak ; but where a bird has dropped near the 
 boundary line, and especially when that is a plain string or wire 
 only, or a wire fence less than three feet high, which is usually 
 the case, a man can go round outside the boundary and drive the 
 bird, which, perhaps, is able to ily a few yards, towards the center 
 of the ground and so gather it ; whereas, a dog going straight to 
 the bird, would very likely drive it beyond the boundary before 
 he caught it. 
 
 Also, in the case of a bird which has been shot in the head, 
 and has, therefore, very likely become blind in one eye. A man 
 can see, as he gets near, whether such is the case, and, by creeping 
 tip on the blind side, can grasp the bird on the ground ; although, 
 if he had attempted to approach from the other side, the bird 
 would easily have ilown out of bounds. 
 
CENTERING A BIRD WITH A CHARGE 35 
 
 Sometimes a bird has its wings injured in such a way that, 
 although able to fly a little, it cannot fly either far or fast ; such a 
 bird can get away from a man, or keep him running until after 
 the time allowance has expired, whereas a dog could run it down 
 and catch it at once. 
 
 Speaking of this reminds me of a curious sight I once saw at 
 an important shoot at Philadelphia. The bird was badly wounded 
 and had alighted or fallen within the boundary. The shooter 
 waited for some time to elapse and then called the dog. The dog, 
 as he approached the bird, in place of rushing in and seizing it as 
 usual, and as he had been before in the habit of doing, stood on a 
 point at it and refused to move, and it took the united efforts of a 
 man and a boy pushing behind to make the dog get up to the bird 
 and gather it before time was called by the referee. Later, in 
 the same match, the same man called for the same dog under 
 much the same circumstances, believing that the dog would not 
 repeat his first performance. The dog again came to a dead 
 point and it was amusing to watch the agony of mind of the 
 shooter as the referee kept calling, " One minute gone; one min- 
 ute and a half gone." And yet no effort would force the dog on. 
 At last he made his rush, but at the same moment the referee 
 called, "Time!" and the bird, though gathered within bounds, 
 was declared " Lost bird." When a bird has been shot in the 
 t)ody it sometimes happens that, though seriously wounded, it is 
 yet capable of flying fast and strong ; but if it is still within the 
 boundary, by giving it the full time allowance, it may bleed to 
 death. In this case, judgment is required as to whether it is best 
 to risk alarming it by letting the man get near and watch it till 
 time is nearly up, or depending on the quick rush of the dog at 
 the last moment. In the latter case, the shooter should always 
 look to see if the dog is watching the bird and seems eager to go, 
 and to see that no one gets between the dog and the bird, and 
 that his attention is not called off. 
 
 There also comes the question: Is the dog a good, fast, 
 reliable retriever, and does the man who is doing the gathering 
 know anything about it? Every man thinks he can gather a 
 bird, but few are really good at it. 
 
 There are three secrets in gathering a wounded bird by hand 
 
36 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 which are not generally known, and the knowledge of which 
 makes some men wonderfully good at it. 
 
 First. The fact that nothing frightens any wild animal so 
 much as the direct glance of the human eye. 
 
 Second. That most animals will let you approach them very 
 closely, if, instead of going directly toward them, you circle slowly 
 round them sideways, so as to make them believe you are going 
 to pass them by. 
 
 Third. That a pigeon is watching your hands as you prepare 
 to grasp it, and will invariably spring the way its head is pointing, 
 and if you try to put your hand on it, you will probably only suc- 
 ceed in touching the tail feathers as it starts, the first spring being 
 very rapid and elusive ; but if you grasp at a point a foot or so 
 beyond the pigeon's beak, you will find that you have a secure 
 grasp of it. 
 
 Knowing these three points, a good gatherer circles round or 
 half round his bird, keeping his side toward it all the time, watch- 
 ing it out of the corner ot his eye, but avoiding catching the bird's 
 eye, and moving slowly and smoothly. When close enough, he 
 sinks his body gradually toward the bird till his hands are near 
 enough for a sudden lightning-like grasp at a "point well ahead 
 of it. 
 
 When a boy, I caught many rabbits, crouched in their form 
 in the grass, in this way, which had not even been shot at ; but if 
 I once let my eye meet that of the rabbit's, he was off like a 
 will-o'-the-wisp. All wild animals are more or less the same in 
 this respect. Take a ruffed grouse. How often one is seen 
 crouched on a ledge of rock within a few feet, its plumage so like 
 the rock and dead leaves that no one but a hunter would detect 
 the shape of this game bird ; but the moment your eye catches 
 his, he feels he is discovered, and the place that knew him knows 
 him no more. 
 
 Before I leave this subject I would caution young shooters 
 against making too sure that they have killed their bird with the 
 first barrel, and so either not shooting the second or being care- 
 less in doing so. I have often seen old seasoned pigeon shots 
 taken in by the apparent killing of a bird. I remember on one 
 occasion when a match at 200 birds to a man was taking place at 
 
CENTERING A BIRD WITH A CHARGE 37 
 
 the Westminster Kennel Club grounds, at Babylon, L. I., that 
 three birds were lost in the first too shot at by one of the oldest 
 members and best pigeon shots of the club ; each of these pigeons 
 had been slightly hit with the first barrel only and knocked down 
 within thirty-five yards of the shooter, who each time missed the 
 bird clean with his second barrel when it was stationary on the 
 ground, thus allowing it to escape. The match was for $r,ooo a 
 side. 
 
 On another occasion at the Hurlingham Club, London, 
 England, a member of the club, who was generally considered to 
 know more about pigeon shooting than any two men on the 
 ground, though a poor shot himself, bet^ioo to^ 5, or $500 to $25, 
 that a bird shot at, and which to all appearance was stone dead, 
 would be gathered. The shooter, who had laid a heavy bet before 
 he wfent to the mark, that he would shoot this bird, accepted 
 Mr. Gambler's bet, and the next moment as the dog reached what 
 appeared to be a mere inanimate mass of fowl and feathers, to 
 everybody's astonishment, the bird rolled over, sprang clear of the 
 dog, and flew over the boundary, leaving Mr. Gambier to pay his 
 $500 and look as pleasant as he could under the circumstances. 
 
 If, as is probably the case, the shooter is using a very straight 
 stocked gun, it is always advisable to shoot at the feet of a pigeon 
 on the ground ; you will then get the bird in the center of the 
 charge,and a dead bird will be the result. If, however, there is 
 a strong cross wind blowing, remember that your shot will drift 
 with the wind before it reaches the bird, and hold 3, 6 or 12 
 inches, or even more, to right or left, according to strength of 
 wind. If the gun is not a very straight stocked one, then aim 
 fairly at the center of the bird. 
 
Chapter VIII. 
 Judgment on Calling Birds. 
 
 The question of calling, " No bird," when a bird does not at 
 once fly on the trap being opened, is one which requires better 
 judgment in this country than in England. There, as I have 
 previously remarked, the birds are so very much faster than here, 
 this judgment is unnecessary. As a rule, the shooter has less- 
 chance at a sitting bird than at one that leaves the trap at once. 
 
 Some very good shots make it a rule always to call, " No bird"" 
 to a sitter, but this is, I think, a mistake, and a man handicaps- 
 himself by doing so without any sufficient reason. A little study 
 will enable a pigeon shooter to discern the difference between a 
 sitter, which, when it springs, is going to go off with a really- 
 rapid and perhaps twisting flight, and one that, when it does fly,, 
 will move slowly and give an easy shot. 
 
 Another point worth remembering is this: The poorest 
 birds, those that are either gorged with too much food or are 
 faint for want of it, and those that are so tame that they don't see 
 any particular reason for flying away, will generally fly toward 
 you. Those that have been trodden on by their mates in the bas- 
 ket, and those that perhaps have been injured in catching or 
 trapping, are the sitters, and none of them will prove difficult to> 
 shoot when they fly. 
 
 On the other hand, the strong, lusty birds will usually be out 
 of the trap before it is fully open and be speeding on their way, 
 zigzagging perhaps in their flight, as if they knew that a charge 
 of shot was coming after them. The quick, perky looking bird, 
 with his head turned away from you, is the one to cry, " No bird " 
 to, as quick as lightning ; at the same time throwing your gun 
 up, so there shall be no mistake about your meaning. Don't 
 waste a moment, or he will be off before you can get the words 
 out, and then, whether you are prepared or not, you must take 
 him. 
 
JUDGMENT ON CALLING BIRDS 3^ 
 
 If you see the bird sitting in a confiding sort of way, especially 
 if he has his head toward you, keep your gun to your shoulder, 
 the muzzle pointing just over the bird's head, and as he makes- 
 his spring, let your gun follow the movement and pull the trigger, 
 and you will rarely score a miss with the first barrel. Sometimes 
 several seconds may elapse before the bird can be made to fly; 
 keep a very close watch upon him and if, as happens sometimes, 
 you see signs of his becoming what you may term a dangerous 
 bird, at once call, "No bird." These signs are: turning his body 
 quickly round so as to face away from you ; giving a quick shake 
 out of his tail feathers; moving his head quickly from side to side, 
 etc. Another thing you must watch against is that your arm 
 does not get tired keeping your gun in position to fire, or that your 
 eye begins to water from perhaps facing a cold wind; in either 
 case at once call, " No bird." 
 
 Sometimes a bird rises from the trap, but alights again before 
 the shooter has time to fire. A bird which has once been on the 
 wing cannot be called, "No bird," but must be taken by the shooter. 
 In this case use your judgment, and if the bird looks likely to fly 
 fast when he again takes flight, shoot him on the ground before 
 he makes his second start, thereby making, " No bird " of him and 
 you will be given another in his place. 
 
 I will here speak of the other times a shooter may call, " No- 
 bird " and refuse the bird pulled for him. These are five in num- 
 ber, and are as follows : 
 
 First. When two or more birds are liberated at once (of 
 course^ I am not speaking of double rise shooting), this will hap- 
 pen occasionally from the traps being out of order ; when it does, 
 the shooter has^ the right to take either of the two birds so liber- 
 ated or call, "No bird," and have a fresh trap pulled. Here it i& 
 not necessary, according to the rules, for the shooter to call, "No 
 bird," instantly ; but he may use his judgment as to whether either 
 of the birds is an easy one to shoot ; but if he fires he has to abide 
 by the consequences. 
 
 Second. If, when the trap is pulled, although the bird should 
 leave it, yet if the trap has not fully opened, the shooier may call, 
 " No bird." Here again he would be guided by whether the bird 
 was a hard one or not. 
 
40 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 Third. If the trap is pulled before the shooter called, " Pull " 
 or was not pulled at once on his saying, " Pull," in either case he is 
 at liberty to call, " No bird," or to take the bird at his option. 
 
 Fourth. If the shooter finds at the moment of his calling, 
 " Pull," and before he has time to fire, that the dog is loose and 
 running into the field, or there is danger of his doing so, he may 
 call, " No bird." 
 
 Fifth. If, in the act of shooting he is in any way balked by 
 any person on the ground, or by the dog running against him, he 
 may call, "No bird." 
 
 The first of these five only is actually mentioned in most sets 
 of rules ; but the others come under the head of being balked by 
 antagonist, looker-on, trapper, or dog, which is the wording com- 
 monly used in the rules provided by the best clubs in America. 
 
 % 
 
Chapter IX. 
 Some of the Causes of Bad Shooting. 
 
 In an earlier chapter I spoke of the very small matters which, 
 by taking off a shooter's attention, are likely to cause him to shoot 
 badly. Among these are, sore finger, from the recoil of the gun 
 causing the trigger of the right barrel to cut the forefinger, or the 
 trigger guard to cut the middle finger of right hand ; or the shoot- 
 er's cheek is bruised and made sore ; or his shoulder suffers in 
 same way. It is very bad policy to disregard these matters, slight 
 as they may appear, for they will assuredly have an effect on a 
 man's shooting, though he himself may not realize that such is the 
 case. The remedy for the first of these is to have the trigger of 
 right barrel rounded so as to remove any sharp edge ; or, better 
 still, have it made to work on a pivot, so that while absolutely firm 
 when pressed back, as when pulling gun off, yet it is free to swing 
 forward if pushed the other way ; or an India rubber guard may 
 be used on the finger ; though this is likely to interfere with the 
 shooting, and cannot be recommended except as a temporary 
 matter ; and the same can be said of a glove. In the case of the 
 middle finger, the remedy is to have the rear part of the trigger 
 guard rounded and made smaller, which is very easily done; and 
 also, if that is not sufficient, to have a piece of chamois leather or 
 India rubber tubing fastening around it. 
 
 As regards the cheek, there is nothing like having a small pad 
 of soft, smooth leather, with some stuffing underneath, let into 
 the gun stock at the spot which touches the face. In many cases 
 I have known this pad to very much improve a man's shooting, 
 even when his face had not been hurt by the recoil, as it takes off 
 the jar caused by recoil of first barrel, and enables a man to use 
 his second quicker and with greater precision. 
 
 When the shoulder is bruised, nothing will remove the sore- 
 ness so quickly as two or three applications of arnica applied with 
 the hand or a brush, without the addition of any water ; and to 
 prevent a recurrence, either have the stock slightly lengthened, 
 which will usually prove effective, or use a recoil pad. 
 
42 • PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 Many old shooters are under the impression that a gun held 
 very lightly in the hands and not pressed against the shoulder at 
 all will give a very violent blow to the shoulder if fired. This, 
 however, is not the case and it is useful sometimes to know this. 
 For myself, in targeting a gun or shooting at a sitting object I 
 always hold my gun loosely and scarcely touching the shoulder, 
 as otherwise I feel the blow of a heavy charge on my shoulder too 
 much for my comfort. 
 
 There is a slight loss of penetration when a gun is fired like 
 this, and if targeting for penetration, I should hold it as firmly as 
 possible, or if anxious to make a very long sitting shot. 
 
 The man experiences most recoil who holds his gun just 
 firmly enough to take all its weight on his hands and have it 
 pressing just hard enough against his shoulder to get the full 
 blow. 
 
 Among the things which affect shooters is the question of 
 light. I do not so much mean a good, strong light, sunshine as 
 opposed to a dark, foggy day, as the sudden change of light which 
 sometimes takes place, and is quite unnoticed by the shooter 
 until he finds himself missing a bird in a way that he cannot 
 account for. 
 
 This happens more frequently in a climate like that of 
 England than in America, and is, of course, more noticeable 
 where the birds are very fast, than where they are sluggish ; but 
 I have seen it happen again and again in this country, and I have 
 never heard any good explanation of it. A number of good shots 
 are shooting and killing all their birds; suddenly one misses, and 
 immediately there are four or five misses, with no apparent 
 reason for them. If you question the shooters, you will hear 
 such remarks as "I was holding dead on; I cannot account 
 for it," etc. 
 
 I remember seeing a very noticeable case of this sort at the 
 Gun Club, Notting Hill, England, where a valuable prize was 
 being contested for by the best crack shots. Suddenly there were 
 mo fewer than six successive misses by six different shooters; and 
 yet there was no change in the light that anyone could easily 
 notice. It created a good deal of comment at the time. 
 
44 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 I can suggest no way of guarding against this state of things ; 
 but if you have any reason to think that the light has changed, 
 and is making shooting more difficult, especially if there has been 
 some unaccountable missing before it is your turn to shoot, take 
 every possible precaution, and shoot rather quicker than you 
 usually do. I have always found in my own experience, and I 
 have noticed it constantly in that of others, that where any cause 
 exists which makes birds more difficult to shoot than usual, the 
 man who trusts himself to shoot quickly, without waiting for 
 anything like a deliberate aim, is the man who comes out 
 ahead. 
 
 I have sometimes thought that with some conditions of the 
 atmosphere the air has the same effect on an object that water 
 has. We all know the effect of putting one end of a stick under 
 water, while the other is still held in the hand. The stick appears 
 to be broken at the point where it enters the water, and the end 
 furthest from the hand is .some inches out of the direct line. If I 
 am right and such is the case, a shot fired straight at a bird under 
 these conditions, with a full choke bore gun, would nearly always 
 miss, if held correctly. In no other way can I account for some of 
 the missing which I have seen done by one good shot after 
 another at particular times. 
 
 While on the subject of unaccountable missing, I will say 
 something of the effect which the irregularities of shooting 
 grounds may have on the shooter ; I refer to grounds so situated 
 that there is a rise or slope to the background. There are few men 
 who do not find they .can shoot better on some grounds than on 
 others. The slope of the ground over which a bird is flying 
 may give the shooter a very erroneous idea of a bird's true 
 flight. For instance: Supposing the ground is perfectly level; 
 the eye at once catches the true flight of the bird; but if it 
 slopes gently downward, and the bird follows the slope in its 
 flight, it will appear to the shooter that the bird is keeping a level 
 course, and he will shoot over the bird, unless he allows for the 
 slope of the ground. In the same way he will shoot under or 
 behind a bird that is flying over rising ground. To prove to your- 
 self how easily this may happen, go on to almost any ground that 
 slopes slightly, either up or down, stand at say thirty yards from 
 
SOME OF THE CAUSES OF BAD SHOOTING 45 
 
 the traps, and cast your eye over the ground beyond; perhaps it 
 will even appear to you that the ground is level, but in no case 
 will the true rise or fall of the ground be apparent to you from 
 that distance. 
 
 Then walk up to and a little beyond the traps, and compare 
 •what you then see with what you saw from the thirty yard mark, 
 and at once a great many of the missed birds will be accounted 
 for to your mind. 
 
 A background of slopes and rises will have, to a great extent, 
 the same effect ; in addition, it will make a great deal of differ- 
 ence to the shooter what colored background he has, when a dark 
 bird is flying against it. He can see the bird, but he cannot see 
 it plainly enough to exactly and instantly gauge its true flight at 
 the moment of firing. 
 
 You must remember that to kill a bird flying down hill you 
 •must shoot below it ; by so doing the bird will be in the center of the 
 charge when the shot reaches it, and in the same way with a bird 
 rising or flying up hill, you must shoot above it to kill. Take a 
 piece of paper and draw a straight line, representing thirty yards, 
 to the traps ; then draw a slightly sloping line from the traps down- 
 ward ; then put a dot for the bird, following that line ; now draw the 
 line, which would be the line of your shot, from the shooting mark 
 to the spot your bird is; prolong the line showing slope of ground 
 and the line of shot, and see how they diverge as the bird 
 increases its distance from the trap. But how much more is this 
 the case if, as is likely, you have not noticed the slope in the 
 ground, and you fire as though the bird were following the same 
 level as exists between yourself and the traps. Then try the same 
 plan with an imaginary ground, where the slope from the traps is 
 upward and not downward. No doubt some men's sight is 
 much more affected Vjy this matter of slope of ground than 
 others. 
 
 Nothing is more difficult in pigeon shooting than to detect a 
 slight divergence from the direct line of flight. Every day you 
 see it ; a bird appears to be flying straight away from the shooter, 
 but is very slightly inclined to the right or left. You fire at it 
 as though it were keeping in direct flight, and cannot think why 
 you did not kill it. This is especially the case with incomers 
 
46 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 The pigeon appears to be flying about the same level as it comes 
 in toward you, but is really rising as it gets nearer to where you 
 stand. You do not notice this slight rise, and therefore shoot 
 under your bird, and as he is within a very short distance of the 
 muzzle of your gun, and the whole charge is going in a ten-inch 
 circle or less, you the more easily miss it. Some men never seem 
 to get over this difficulty in gauging the flight of incomers, because 
 they never find out what is wrong in their judgment. 
 
 Another bird that one may often see missed is a very slow 
 bird ; one that perhaps has been wounded by the first barrel and 
 is flying slowly within a foot or two of the ground. This class of 
 bird is constantly missed because it appears to be flying so slowly 
 that the shooter is afraid of firing too far ahead of it, whereas it 
 is really getting over the ground faster than is apparent, and I 
 have noticed that no one ever does shoot too far ahead of a bird 
 of this sort, but if missed at all, it is invariably from the shot 
 passing behind. 
 
 A common fault with shooters and one which a man is apt to 
 get into, especially in this country, where you are likely to get a 
 good many slow birds and then perhaps a very fast one, is when an 
 extra fast bird leaves the trap, to dwell on it with your first barrel ;. 
 whereas, you ought to be just so much quicker, not only because 
 you are really more likely to kill him with the first, but because, 
 failing with your first, you have so much more chance with your 
 second, as the bird has not had time to get out of range. I could 
 name several men who are now shooting and who are splendid 
 shots, but who carry this fault so far that you can safely predict 
 that whenever they get a succession of very fast birds, they 
 will kill fewer of them than some other man who is nothing 
 like as good shot, but who has not fallen into this bad habit. 
 
 A very noticeable case was when, in the winter of 1893-94, a 
 team of four shooters from New York, went to shoot against four 
 members of the Riverton Gun Club, of Philadelphia. The New 
 York shooters were George Work, Edgar Murphy, Fred Hoey and 
 Capt, Money. The Riverton team consisted of Chas. Macalester, 
 Yale Dolan, Tom Dando and Bob Welch. The Riverton Club 
 shooting ground is very much exposed to the wind, which, on the 
 day of the shoot, was blowing a stiff gale from directly behind 
 
SOME OF THE CAUSES OF BAD SHOOTING 47 
 
 the traps, making the birds, which were a picked and very fast 
 lot of themselves, direct drivers. The men of the New York 
 team all shot in the same style, letting the first barrel off the 
 moment the bird took wing, and following almost as quickly with 
 the second. 
 
 Those of the Riverton team, who, up to that time, had been 
 quite invincible, tried to make sure with the first barrel, and in 
 consequence suffered a very crushing defeat, not one of their 
 team being within a good many points of the score of the lowest 
 on the New York side. These same teams competed again a few 
 weeks later at the Westminster Kennel Club grounds, on Long 
 Island, when fortunately, I think, for the New Yorkers, there 
 was again a strong breeze blowing behind the birds, which made 
 them very fast, and once more New York won. 
 
 Nothing is easier than for a man, without his knowing that 
 he is doing so, to acquire a bad habit of one sort or another, 
 which may, in time, very much affect his shooting, and which, 
 when once acquired, may be difficult to get rid of. 
 
 The most frequently acquired of these is that of stooping or 
 leaning forward when shooting, which arises from an over anxiety 
 or nervous wish to kill, or getting into a nervous, jerky way of 
 throwing the gun up, getting too deliberate with the first barrel, 
 or too snappy (equally bad faults). A man should be on the 
 watch against these faults, always, as long as he is shooting at 
 the traps. 
 
Chapter X. 
 The Best Loads for Pigeon Shooting. — Velocities. 
 
 We will now come to the much debated question of what is 
 the best load for pigeon shooting. 
 
 I would first lay down this point, that no argument as to 
 what is best for game shooting applies here. No man would wish 
 to carry home a bag of game so riddled with shot that it was 
 practically worthless for culinary purposes; but this is just the 
 charge you require when shooting at the trap, as otherwise many 
 of your birds would escape over the boundary. 
 
 The charge used for pigeon shooting, is, by the rules of 
 most clubs, unlimited as to powder, but limited to i^ ounces 
 of shot. 
 
 The shooter, therefore, must decide: First, whether the i^ 
 oz. shall be used, or less; secondly, what amount of powder will 
 give the best result with the quantity of shot chosen. 
 
 As regards the first of these questions, it stands to reason 
 that if there is no good argument for using less than the full 
 quantity allowed, it must be better to have every pellet permiss- 
 able, both because by doing so you get a larger killing circle, and 
 also because there will be more shot pellets in that circle to stop 
 your bird. 
 
 But there are three arguments used by many trap shooters 
 in favor of the smaller charge, which is usually put at i}^ oz. 
 First, that the full charge of i^ oz. does not travel so 
 rapidly through the air as i^ oz. of the same sized shot, and 
 therefore the shooter has to lead a crossing bird more, and has 
 not such a good chance with a fast direct driver; secondly, that the 
 full charge causes too much recoil, and by throwing the gun off 
 the line of flight of the bird when first barrel is fired, makes it 
 harder to put in as speedy and efficient a second ; thirdly, that the 
 outside pellets of the charge with the heavier load have little 
 penetration, travel up slowly, and are practically useless. All of 
 
THE BEST LOADS FOR PIGEON SHOOTING 49 
 
 these objections are urged by men who have had much experi- 
 ence and are good judges. There is also a fourth argument, 
 which, however, does not always apply, and that is, that some 
 guns shoot a poor pattern with i^ oz. of shot, while making a 
 good one with less. This last argument, which, however, has its 
 reverse side; viz., that some guns which make a good pattern 
 with i^ oz. make a bad one with 1)4 oz., is, as regards that par- 
 ticular gun, unanswerable. I do not think myself that the ques- 
 tion of velocity, especially where you have made sure of having a 
 velocity of close to goo feet per second or over, sufficiently coun- 
 terbalances the advantage which is gained by having a larger 
 killing circle and more pellets striking the bird. 
 
 The question of recoil is one not so easily disposed of. There 
 are many men to whom the recoil of i ^ oz. of shot would be uncom- 
 fortable, giving them a sore shoulder and interfering with use of the 
 second barrel. Such men must be content to use a lighter charge ; 
 but to the man who presses the gun firmly to his shoulder, so as 
 to reduce the recoil to a minimum, and holds his gun with so firm 
 a grip with both hands that he is not handicapped in the use of his 
 second barrel, I say, use i)4 oz. of shot. 
 
 I may here mention that occasionally a gun is found that 
 gives no more recoil with the heavier than with the lighter 
 charge, or so little more as not to be noticeable; also, that the 
 recoil can be materially lessened by using softer wadding be- 
 tween the powder and the shot, and a very thin wad over the shot. 
 
 The third argument, as to outside shot having little penetra- 
 tion, I do not think counts for much, for my experience has shown 
 me that this is by no means the case with all, or even with a 
 majority of guns, and if there is a slight loss, they have sufficient 
 force to kill, if only a sufficient number strike the bird. 
 
 There is still another argument, and one which I am very 
 anxious to see thoroughly tested, but up to the present time I have 
 had no opportunity of doing so. That is, that if you put as much 
 as i^ oz. of shot into a 12 bore gun, you will get bad stringing of 
 the charge, whereas with only i)4 oz., the whole charge would go 
 up in one mass. If this is so, and I am inclined to believe it is, 
 then not only is it no advantage to have the extra }4 oz., but a 
 decided drawback. 
 
50 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 Next comes the question of how much powder ? Few, if any, 
 of the crack pigeon shots use less than 50 grains of " E. C." or its 
 equivalent in other powders. I mention " E. C." as it is the pow- 
 der now in most general use by the crack pigeon shots, both in 
 America and on the other side of the Atlantic, and was used by 
 Armin Tenner, the expert on ballistics, in his late tests at the 
 American Testing Institution, as the standard powder. Macalas- 
 ter, "Work, Murphy, Welch, Hoey, Dando, Money, Elliott, Morfey, 
 Budd, Parmelee, Grimm and scores of other cracks, both amateur 
 and professional, use this powder, and in almost every case use 
 the charge I have named, or thereabout, when they want to put 
 in their best work ; but it is what may be called a punishing 
 charge, and it is not every one who would care to fire two or three 
 hundred shells out of a 7>^ lb. gun with that load in one day. 
 
 Of the names mentioned above. Work and Welch each hold 
 an amateur record of having killed 98 out of 100 birds in first-class 
 matches at 30 yards rise, with a 50 yards boundary, and Elliott of 
 having killed 100 straight in his late match with Carver, following it 
 up on the next day with 99 out of 100. On the other hand, there are 
 men who are daily doing great shooting with only as much as 
 42 gi-ains, and some wonderful scores have been made with this 
 charge. 
 
 It used to be considered an axiom in shell loading, that in- 
 creasing the charge of powder opened the pattern, and was apt to 
 give wild shots and create balling ; but experience has shown that 
 with modern guns the heavier charge of powder often holds the 
 charge of shot together and gives closer patterns than with a 
 smaller charge. 
 
 The way in which a shell is loaded, and the wadding used, 
 has very much, of course, to do with this, and later on I shall give 
 some hints on shell loading which may, I hope, correct some mis- 
 apprehensions and be of use. 
 
 Speaking of velocities reminds me that it must not always be 
 taken for granted that a heavy charge of powder gives greater 
 velocity than one less heavy and more suited to the gun in use. 
 Each gun seems to have its proper load, and if you exceed this, 
 the pressure caused by the formation of gas is exerted in a lateral 
 direction, and does not impel the load with any greater force. 
 
THE BEST LOADS FOR PIGEON SHOOTING • 5 1 
 
 The question of velocity is an important one in all kinds- 
 of shooting, but being especially so in pigeon shooting I cannot 
 help referring to it from time to time. 
 
 Few people are aware how much difference there is in the 
 velocity of a shot fired under different conditions of temperature. 
 Everyone knows that shot is propelled out of a gun by the gases 
 which form on the ignition of the powder. Powder of all kinds, 
 black as well as nitro, not only ignites much quicker when it is 
 warm itself, and all its surroundings are warm, but its gases are 
 also more fully developed under these conditions; therefore, in 
 cold weather keep your gun as well as your shells, warm, if 
 possible. The moist warmth of the body, which is imparted! 
 to the shells if they are carried in the pocket, is very good in this- 
 respect. On the other hand, if shells are left exposed to the 
 rays of a very hot sun, or allowed to bake near a hot stove, they 
 are likely to become abnormally strong, and pattern as well as 
 velocity may suffer in consequence. 
 
 Recent experiments have taught us many things that our 
 ancestors never dreamed of; one of these is that powder can 
 be made to give out its gases so quickly that it will force the 
 shot from the breech to the muzzle of the gun with amazing 
 rapidity ; but that the load afterwards loses velocity as it travels 
 so fast, that by the time it has reached, say, forty yards from 
 the muzzle, it is moving much slower than a charge fired with 
 a slower burning powder, and this difference increases the 
 farther the two charges get from the firing point. 
 
 When a man is shooting with one of the powders I speak 
 of, this quickness of ignition and action is very perceptible and 
 pleasant to the shooter; but he soon finds out from experience 
 that, in gaining quickness at and near the muzzle, he is losing 
 it where he most wants it, further away; and though he may 
 make some long kills, he would make many more with the 
 powder which, while beginning slower, catches up and over- 
 takes its volatile antagonist, and reaches the 40 yards mark 
 before it, and keeping up its velocity, can be depended on every 
 time at distances of 50 yards and over. These fast burning^- 
 powders also strain the barrels and mechanism of a gun far 
 more than the others. 
 
52 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 But to go back to large and small loads. You cannot use 
 i^ oz. of shot with advantage unless you have a heavy charge 
 of powder to propel it, as otherwise you must of necessity get 
 too low velocity. 
 
 Having satisfied yourself that you wish to shoot with a 
 iX 02. load of shot, you must find out what charge of powder 
 will, in your gun, best suit that quantity of shot. With different 
 guns this will be found to vary from 48 to 52 grains; but if 
 less than 48 grains is used, I would advocate i^ oz. of shot. 
 This load, as I said before, is a heavy one for a 7^ lb. gun, 
 and intended to be so. It ought not to be used, except in a 
 very strongly built gun of that weight and one which is made 
 of the best material ; and even then it will, in course of time, 
 shake most guns and necessitate their being sent to a gun- 
 maker to be closed up. 
 
 It should always be borne in mind that nitro powders are 
 strong powders; that they are intended to be as strong as the 
 best and strongest black powder ever manufactured — and that 
 I take to be Curtis's & Harvey No. 3 or No. 4 — and no one 
 would expect to use such a charge of either of those powders 
 for long, in such a gun, without its showing signs of wear 
 and tear. 
 
 If, after reading this, any one is still of the opinion that 
 he can shoot as many pigeons, and gather them within bounds, 
 with a light load of powder and shot, as he can with a heavy, 
 provided he is physically able to use the heavy, let him shoot 
 with a man who is as good a shot as himself, but no better, 
 on a windy day at strong birds at 30 yards rise, and let the 
 latter use a 10 bore gun with 50 grains of " E. C." powder and 
 i}( oz. of shot, and see whose load does the most execution. 
 
 While writing on this subject of heavy loads, 1 should like 
 to say something as to the question of safety to the shooter 
 and his gun when using nitro powder, as compared to the 
 old-fashioned black powder. Having myself used nothing but 
 black powder for the first twenty-five years after I began to 
 shoot, and having used nothing but nitro powders for the last 
 twenty years, and having during the whole of this time been 
 in the habit of mingling among shooters of every sort and kind, 
 
THE BEST LOADS FOR PIGEON SHOOTING 53 
 
 and been a constant reader of all newspapers which treat of 
 shooting, 1 feel that I am entitled to give an opinion on this 
 point. I unhesitatingly say that fewer guns are injured now- 
 adays with nitro powders than used to be injured with black, 
 when that powder alone was used. 
 
 Two years ago, when paying a short visit to London, England, 
 I asked the opinion of several old time gunmakers, whose memory 
 could carry them back on this subject at least as far as mine, and, 
 as I fully expected, found that their opinions coincided with mine, 
 and not only so, but two of them added that guns were, as a rule, 
 now made far lighter than they used to be, while there were far 
 more 28, 20 and 16 bores in use, most of which were built as light 
 as it was possible to make such guns ; and yet people insisted upon 
 using heavy charges in them. 
 
 I have before written on swing and lead, in shooting at cross- 
 ing birds, but I want to add a little to what I then said. 
 
 The theoretical shooter is seldom a good shot ; but theory may 
 sometimes be of great use to a shooter in helping him to arrive at 
 a correct solution of some of the difficulties which he meets with 
 in practice. For instance, if you ask most shooters how far they 
 try to hold ahead of a crossing bird, their answer will usually be 
 very vague, and they have no correct notion of what the length of 
 their lead should be; but if you work out the average speed of a 
 crossing bird at, say, 40 yards away, and the length of time it will 
 take for the shot to reach 40 yards from the moment it leaves the 
 muzzle of the gun, you will have acquired a very valuable bit of 
 knowledge, which in later practice you will find very useful. 
 
 Many authorities on shooting have from time to time carried 
 out experiments, with a view of finding out the average speed at 
 which different species of birds fly, and most works which have 
 been written on shooting contain a table giving the result of these 
 experiments. 
 
 From these, it appears that the crow, which is a slow flying 
 bird, is credited with a speed of 40 miles an hour, while some of 
 the most rapid flyers among the wild ducks, such as a canvas back, 
 are given a speed of from 90 to 100 miles an hour. Now, there 
 is little doubt but that a pigeon usually travels faster than 40 
 miles an hour when leaving the trap, but for the sake of 
 
54 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 illustration we will call it 40. As we know just how long it takes a 
 charge of shot to travel 40 yards, all we have to do is to see how 
 far a pigeon, flying at the rate of 40 miles an hour, will have 
 flown during the time it takes the shot to reach him from the 
 moment it leaves the muzzle of the gun. The answer is just 8 
 feet. You should, therefore, lead your bird 8 feet to get it into the 
 centre of your shot. 
 
 And exactly in proportion to the greater rapidity with which 
 a bird is flying over and above 40 miles an hour, by just so much 
 more must you lead that bird. Thus you must allow 16 feet for 
 a bird flying 80 miles an hour, and more even than that if the 
 bird is more than 40 yards from you ; while, of course, you need 
 not lead it so much if the distance is less than 40 yards, or if it is 
 not flying across at right angles, but is inclining away from or 
 toward you. 
 
 These figures have been worked out so often that there is no 
 ■doubt as to their correctness, and I think the shooter who 
 Tealizes what they mean in actual practice, will say to himself, 
 ^' I' 11 hold further ahead of my crossing birds in future; higher 
 over my rising ones, and more under a dipping bird." And so 
 sure as he does, he will have fewer misses scored against him. 
 
 Remember, however, that this matter of leading is not all ; 
 there is the time occupied in making up the mind as to the 
 •direction the bird is traveling; then the time occupied in 
 pulling the triggers, the time it takes for the hammer to fall 
 on the striker, for the striker to ignite the primer, the primer to 
 ignite the powder, the gas to form, the charge of shot to get 
 tinder way and reach the muzzle. 
 
 All this time the bird has been speeding on ; but if your hand 
 and eye are true, you have been swinging your gun with him 
 and covering him, and now, if you give the right amount of lead, 
 you will see him fall to your shot; only be sure that at the 
 moment you press the trigger you do not stop your gun, and so 
 lose your lead. 
 
 Swing cannot, of course, affect the shot after it has once left 
 the muzzle, but when you are pressing the trigger it has not yet 
 done so, and many more shooters than know it themselves do 
 stop the gun as they press the trigger. 
 
Chapter XI. 
 Loading Ammunition for Pigeon Shooting. 
 
 We will now come to the most important question of shell 
 loading. 
 
 You may be a magnificent shot, and have the best gun in the 
 world, but if your shells are badly loaded, you will do no really 
 good shooting. 
 
 All nitro powders require a strong, hot flash to explode them 
 properly. This can be obtained with an ordinary shell which is 
 not intended for use with nitro powder, by putting in a small 
 pinch of fine black powder first, as a priming, and then loading 
 the same as in any other shell especially made for nitro powder, 
 but a shell made especially for nitro powder with a strong 
 primer should always be preferred. 
 
 All guns are chambered at the breech to take a shell of a 
 special length ; but it is now customary to so gradually slope off 
 the shoulder of this chamber, and taper it into the barrel proper, 
 that a shell of almost any length may be used, with good results, 
 therefore, if a shooter wishes to use a heavier load one day than 
 another, and there is not sufficient room in the shell for that load, 
 he can, provided his gun is bored as I have said, use a shell of a 
 size longer, and vice versa. 
 
 This is far better than the plan usually adopted of using less 
 wadding to make room for the larger load or filling up with extra 
 -wadding where the load used does not fill the shell sufficiently. 
 
 Never allow your shell to be so full that you cannot get a quarter 
 inch of crimp, if possible ; although, if you are obliged to choose 
 between sacrificing one of the three waddings (which you should 
 always have over the powder), or doing with less crimp, choose 
 the latter; yet it will usually be found that by putting a little 
 more pressure on the powder itself, and then on the three wads 
 over the powder, you will get room for your charge and a good 
 crimp also. 
 
56 
 
 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 Metal shells are not recommended for nitro powders in shot 
 guns, because the crimp is not secure and regular on the over 
 shot wad, and does not hold back the shot while the gases are 
 forming in the base of the shell. 
 
 In Mr. W. Greener's book 
 on shotguns, he says, at page 
 79: "Occasionally bad patterns, 
 or patchy patterns, prove the 
 gun to be improperly bored." 
 l'>ut I cannot agree with him that the fault 
 lies altogether with the gun. for I know that 
 it may be equally caused by a bad, irregular 
 primer in ttie shells used, by bad loading, 
 or by poor, uneven powder. 
 
 The chief ways in which a shell can be 
 badly loaded are : 
 
 I. Powder not sufficiently rammed, or, 
 in rare cases, rammed too hard. (A charge 
 of nitro powder should be firmly pressed 
 down, so that if the over powder wad is 
 removed, the powder has to be disturbed 
 with the point of a knife, or something 
 of that sort, from top to bottom, before it 
 will shake out, but not so hard that any 
 of the grains are broken). 
 
 2. Not sufficient wadding over the powder, or wadding that 
 does not properly fill , the shell and will allow an escape of gas 
 around the edges. 
 
 3. Wadding not firmly pressed together, so that on the shell 
 being exploded, there is an air space at once created over the 
 powder, before the whole of the gases have formed. (Wadding 
 will sometimes, after having been firmly rammed down, rise again 
 and follow the rammer as it is withdrawn. This arises from the 
 air still remaining under the wad, and has to be watched for and 
 guarded against). 
 
 4. One or all of the waddings not being level when pressed 
 down on powder. This is a common fault, and a very fatal one 
 to good shooting. 
 
 Mr. George Work. 
 
 By Courtesy of The 
 Illustrated American. 
 
LOADING AMMUNITION FOR PIGEON SHOOTING 57 
 
 5. When the metal re- enforcement of the shell is inside, and 
 rises to above the height of the charge of powder, the wadding, in 
 careless loading, is sometimes left resting on this ledge of metal, 
 in place of resting on the powder, and thus creating a fatal air 
 space. 
 
 6. Using faulty or inferior wadding. 
 
 7. Insufficient crimp, or crimp not being firmly down on to top 
 wad, allowing shot to shake in shell. 
 
 8. The charge of powder or shot, or both, not being kept uni- 
 form, or not being the quantity represented or ordered. 
 
 9. Some unscrupulous shell loaders will use a poor, inferior 
 make of shot, the pellets of which are not regular in size or weight, 
 and some are misshapen. This shot can be_^purchased by them at 
 a very low price. 
 
 If, while shooting, you can notice any difference in recoil, in 
 the quickness of ignition, or in the report, you may at once sus- 
 pect that there is a fault in the ammunition you are using, although 
 the fault may lie in the lock mechanism or in the striker of your 
 gun. To get regular shooting, it is necessary that the powder 
 charge in each shell shall be ignited equally, and the primer 
 manufacturers use all their endeavors to make the primers regular 
 in their action ; but to keep this regularity it is absolutely neces- 
 sary that the blow on the cap containing the fulminate shall be 
 regular in force and shall strike the primer fairly in the centre ; 
 if this is not so, the velocity as well as the pattern given by that 
 gun will be irregular. Therefore, if you have a gun which gives 
 you misfires, you may suspect that you are getting irregular 
 shooting ; or if you notice that some of your shells, after firing, 
 show a deep indentation on the primer, while others have a very 
 slight one — just sufficient to explode it, and no more — you may be 
 certain that if you target that gun for pattern or penetration, you 
 will get irregular results. 
 
 The right way to load a shell is as follows: Place the charge of 
 powder in the shell ; tap the shell, so that the powder will lie level ; 
 put one trap or field wad (z. e., a wad with a glazed waterproof 
 side), next the powder ; press it down with the rammer until it is 
 seated on the powder, taking care that it goes down perfectlv flat. 
 and seeing that it, as well as each subsequent wad you use, is 
 
58 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 perfect in shape. Now with both hands on the rammer, for one 
 moment put about sixty pounds of pressure on it ; then put in 
 a ^ in. felt wad, and over it a black edge ; put about the same 
 pressure on these two waddings when they are both seated as you 
 did on the first. Next pour in your load of shot, putting over it a 
 thin card wad, and crimp down very firm. This all sounds very 
 easy and simple, and so it is, and yet mistakes are made and 
 shells are badly loaded. 
 
 I have said nothing about the apparatus used for loading shells. 
 It is in the bad use of these that most of the errors which are so 
 fatal to good shooting creep in. We will first take the ordinary 
 dip measure. I have seldom found a make of measure 
 that did not vary, and vary badly ; therefore, before trusting to 
 any measure, test it by weighing a charge of powder. All the 
 various powder companies issue instructions for loading with their 
 powder, in which they tell you what is the proper charge by 
 weight, and its equivalent in drams by measure. The E. C. 
 Powder Co., for instance, says 42 grains by weight (apothecary's) 
 equals 3 drams by measure; therefore, 14 grains goes to the dram, 
 7 grains to the half -dram, and so on. So you can easily weigh 
 any sized charge you wish, pour it into your measure, and satisfy 
 yourself, so far as that powder is concerned, at all events, how far 
 your measure is correct, and set it accordingly. 
 
 Nowhere you must bear one most important matter in mind;; 
 viz., that when measuring powder, the measure must not be 
 shaken or tapped. It is quite easy to take a 3 dram measure, fill 
 it with powder by pouring the powder in or lightly scooping it up 
 out of a bowl, and then by tapping it make room for 3 grains or 
 even more of powder, thus increasing your charge from 42 to 45 
 grains. In measuring powder, never shake or tap the measure 
 you are using. Every shell loader should work with a pair of 
 scales by his side, and from time to time test the charge he is- 
 loading, to see if it is what he thinks it to be ; nothing but doing 
 this will ensure your shells being loaded accurately and evenly. 
 
 Every maker of a loading machine or new style of measure 
 will be ready to contradict this statement; but I have tried my- 
 self, or seen tried, every kind of loader, and I have seldom 
 seen the one that even the most careful man might not go astray 
 
LOADING AMMUNITION FOR PIGEON SHOOTING 59 
 
 with at times ; and when you think that shells are often loaded 
 by boys or men who know little or nothing about it, how much 
 more likely is it that they should inadvertently fall into some 
 error. 
 
 Jones' accuratus machine for loading is known over all the 
 world, and is believed to be, and is, I think, the most accurate 
 and best form of loading machine of its class that is made. 
 I have at present two of these, and have had many more, and 
 I can show anyone how very easy it is to go very much astray 
 when using this machine. 
 
 As regards the shot, which, however, is of far less con- 
 sequence, the best way is to have one of the shot counters which 
 are made by most of the firms that manufacture loading 
 machines, and can be procured through any good sporting goods 
 dealer. These are flat trays with indentations, each holding one 
 pellet of shot. By means of a movable slide, the tray can be so 
 fixed that any number of these indentations are left uncovered. 
 Should you wish to test your shot measure, you find out how 
 many pellets of that make of shot go to the ounce, and fix the 
 tray for whatever charge you require. You push the tray into a 
 shallow box in which you have placed some loose shot, and on 
 withdrawing it, you have each indentation occupied by a pellet 
 of shot. These being poured through a funnel into the measure 
 to be tested, show you at once whether it is correct or not. It 
 must be remembered that different makers vary the number of 
 pellets to the ounce in the different sized shot very materially. 
 Any dealer knows how many pellets of any make of any sized 
 shot go to the ounce, as they all publish tables showing this. 
 
 For rapid and good regular loading, nothing is better than 
 the blocks which are used by most sporting goods dealers who 
 loads their own shells, especially when these blocks are used as 
 they should always be, with the apothecary's scales close at hand 
 to test the load now and again. 
 
 I shall suppose you are using some form or another of block, 
 for all other ways of loading by hand are, I think, tedious, 
 compared to the use of blocks. 
 
 For quick loading it is very convenient with these to use a 
 rammer which presses down five or ten wads at a time ; but this 
 
60 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 multiple rammer must not be trusted for putting the necessary- 
 pressure upon the powder, or even for pressing the three central 
 wads together, for the reason that wadding varies very much in 
 thickness, and if, as will often happen, one of the wads under the 
 rammer is thicker than the rest, it follows that, while getting the 
 right pressure on that particular shell, you have not got enough 
 on the ones next to it ; and further, you cannot give sufficient 
 pressure with any but a single rammer, without using a blow, 
 which is alwaj's to be avoided, as it packs the top of the charge, 
 but leaves the powder in the base loose. 
 
 It requires a certain amount of practice to use any form of 
 loader so as to get uniform results, and a beginner should always 
 take a few lessons from some old hand at the business ; but when 
 once used to them, nothing gives more regular and exact loading 
 than well made blocks. 
 
 ^ 
 
Chapter XII. 
 
 Conduct During Match Shooting — The Value of a ^Good 
 Handler. 
 
 There are few more enjoyable ways of spending an afternoon 
 than in watching a keenly contested match between two good 
 shots, each man shooting at loo pigeons from the 30 yards rise. 
 
 This is where character, coolness and determination come 
 into play. Many a man who, day after day, comes out ahead in 
 sweep shooting, and appears to be a better shot than his neighbor, 
 breaks down more or less when it comes to match shooting, while 
 very few men who shoot matches well are bad sweep shots, 
 though such are to be found. To shoot a match well, requires 
 that a man should have plenty of confidence in himself, and be 
 able to take. things as they come, without troubling his head 
 about such a thing as luck. Nothing is more common than to see 
 a man lose a match, for no other reason than that he had got into 
 his head that he was being outlucked. 
 
 A match at 100 birds a man, usually occupies from two to two 
 and one-half hours from start to finish ; during the whole of this 
 time the shooter's nerves are at full tension, and nothing should be 
 allowed to distract his mind from what he has in hand; the match 
 may be lost or won on a single careless shot, therefore, every- 
 thing required during the match should be seen to and arranged 
 for previous to its commencement. 
 
 The shooter should take care that his gun and shells are all in 
 order, and ready to his hand ; the same with any refreshment or 
 stimulant he can possibly need. He should make every arrange- 
 ment beforehand to guard against getting wet or cold, so that 
 when he once cominences to shoot, he can devote all his attention 
 to the work before him. A little forethought in these matters, or 
 the want of it, has often won or lost a match. 
 
 No absolute rule can be laid down about a shooter doing this or 
 that, while the match is in progress, because men are so differently 
 
62 
 
 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 constituted, and what will keep one man's nerves in good order 
 will make another man nervous; but as a general rule, the less 
 talking a man does while he is shooting, the better, and especially 
 just before it is his turn to shoot. Also, he will most likely shoot 
 better if he watches each bird that his opponent shoots at, so as to 
 keep his eye accustomed to the flight of the birds, as well as the light. 
 If any one of my readers happens to be a cricket player, he will 
 know that leaving the wicket, and especially leaving the ground 
 when he is batting, takes his eye off and makes him far more 
 likely to miss the next good ball he gets ; and so it is with pigeon 
 shooting ; the eye gets used to instinctively following the flight of 
 the birds, and gauging the direction and velocity of each one. He 
 will also, if he is a good shot himself, see why his antagonist has 
 missed, and avoid, perhaps, committing the same error. 
 
 It is difficult for anyone to 
 keep a close watch through a loo 
 bird match, and shoot as well at 
 the finish as at the commence- 
 ment ; and most men require some 
 little stimulant to quicken the 
 nerves of the eye and to keep up the quick, simul- 
 taneous action of eye, brain and hand which good 
 shooting requires. Eating a bite of biscuit, smok- 
 ing a few whiffs of tobacco, taking a little stimulant 
 of any sort, are all good things in moderation, and 
 a man has to find out what is best for himself in 
 this respect. It is usual, when shooting a match, 
 to have a friend with you to look after your 
 interests. It is certainly better to be provided 
 with a friend who is a really good judge of the 
 game, and who will do this for you, 
 MR. ROLLA o. HEiKEs. especially where large interests are at 
 
 Shooting a Winchester stake. It is your friend's dutv then to 
 
 Repeating Shotgun. r. t ^ a iii.i,"'i.^ ^^ 
 
 watch each shot, and call the attention 
 
 of the referee to any point that he thinks requires his decision or 
 interference. You then leave all such matters absolutely to your 
 handler, as he is called, and do not require to trouble yourself 
 about them at all. 
 
CONDUCT DURING MATCH SHOOTING 63 
 
 It is not usual for any dispute to arise, and yet there 
 are so many little matters which spring up in pigeon shooting 
 that cannot be foreseen, that no one can tell when some question 
 may not arise which may require to be brought to the notice of 
 the referee; and this should not be done by the shooter himself. 
 
 When shooting a match, try as far as possible to forget that it 
 is one; as you go up to shoot each bird, try to feel and thiak 
 about it just as you would if you were going up to shoot a practice 
 or bye bird. When shooting a match I make a point of never 
 watching the score, and I endeavor as far as possible, neither to 
 know how many birds have been shot at, nor how I stand as re- 
 gards my antagonist. All I think about is, trying to kill as many 
 birds out of a hundred as I possibly can, and as a match-shooter I 
 have been very successful, beating many men who could beat me 
 in sweep shooting every day of the week. 
 
 To show how useful a handler maybe, if he understands his 
 work, I will mention an incident I saw happen not long ago: 
 
 An important match for a valuable stake was being shot be- 
 tween two old pigeon shots whom we will call A and B. The shoot- 
 ers were being handled by two men who have shot as many matches 
 as any men in America. The scorer was rather new to the work, 
 and as it was a bitterly cold day, was inside the puller's shanty. 
 The match was about half through, and some hot coffee had just 
 been brought for the shooters, handlers and referee. A went to 
 the mark and called, " No bird," to a pigeon that did not at once 
 fly on the trap being pulled. A shot the bird, and left the mark 
 with his handler to get some coffee, while another bird was being 
 put into the trap. There happened to be a little delay, and when 
 A was going to the mark to shoot another bird, he saw B already 
 there. 
 
 B and his handler as well as the referee, had been drinking 
 coffee, and were not aware that the bird shot by A had been 
 called, " No bird." The scorer probably did not know enough to 
 say anything, and so the match went on, A getting the benefit of 
 having scored as a dead bird one which, had he missed it, would 
 have only been, "No bird," and not counted in the match. 
 Here B's handler was of no use to him, from not paying attention. 
 But I mention the case to show how useful a handler may be. 
 
64 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 I could recall twenty such incidents, all of them materially- 
 affecting the result of the different matches they occurred in, and 
 no two of them alike. 
 
 It is better to have no handler at all, than to have a man 
 who does not know his duty; who is either over fussy and 
 anxious, or, on the other hand, sleepy and careless. 
 
 A good handler will watch carefully, to see that his principal 
 is not balked or interfered with in any way ; that no one is 
 talking near the shooting point or in the puller's box so that the 
 puller is unable to hear the shooter, or is not ready to pull when 
 the word is given ; that the dog is in hand and all in readiness 
 before the shooter goes to his mark to shoot; that it is his proper 
 turn ; that when his gun is placed in the rack, no one interferes 
 with it or the safety bolt; that the shooter goes to his proper 
 distance, and when the shot has been fired, it is the handler who 
 should call for dog or man to gather it, and remain watching 
 until the referee has given his decision. 
 
 Very many referees do not half know their business, and a 
 good handler will often be able to prevent a wrong decision by 
 putting some matter in its proper light to the referee, and asking 
 him to look at the rules before deciding. The handler should 
 always have some spare shells in his pocket, so that in case of a 
 misfire, it is not necessary to go back into the shooting house for 
 a fresh one; he should stand directly behind his man, but not too 
 close, and should try to see, when he misses, what is wrong, and 
 if he thinks best, tell him where he held. Should the sun be 
 shining from behind, he should be careful that his shadow does 
 not fall in front of the shooter, as it may balk him ; and the same 
 of any other persons' shadows. He should do all in his power to 
 keep up his man's confidence and make him feel good, but should 
 always remember that, while some men need talking to, others 
 are best left to themselves. 
 
 Nothing in the world is more uncertain than pigeon shooting, 
 and a match is never won until it is finished. A shooter who has 
 missed one or two birds badly is very apt to forget this, and to 
 consider himself beaten ; but if his handler is of any use he knows 
 what he is thinking about, and reminds him that the other man is 
 more than likely to do the same, and keeps him pegging along. 
 
CONDUCT DURING MATCH SHOOTING 6$ 
 
 On the other hand, a man with a good lead on his adversary 
 is very hkely to feel unduly exhilarated, and forgets that his turn 
 to do a piece of bad shooting may come before the end of the 
 match; and before he realizes it he has lost his good form, and 
 perhaps finds himself falling behind his so lately despised 
 antagonist. 
 
 Here again the services of a good handler come in, as he 
 obliges his man to keep quiet and continue to take as much care 
 as if he were behind in the score, in place of leading. 
 
 ® 
 
Chapter XIII. 
 
 Responsibility of Handlers— The Tricks of Unprincipled 
 Men. 
 
 I have not said anything about the handler being responsible 
 for his man getting fair play, because it is not supposed, among 
 the class of shooters for whom I am writing, than there can be 
 anything but fair play ; and the referee at any good club would at 
 once put a stop to any practice which had the least suspicion of 
 foul play attached to it, if he were aware that such were going on ; 
 though it is more than likely that he knows nothing and has no 
 suspicion of such matters. 
 
 But 'supposing, as -no doubt would always be the case, that 
 the principals in a match had no thought of anything but what 
 was fair and straightforward; there are always the men who 
 handle the birds, and the man who pulls the traps, to be taken into 
 consideration. These men have it in their power to give which- 
 ever of the shooters they favor a very great advantage over the 
 other, and I have heard of cases where this has been done, merely 
 to demonstrate what they were able to do in that way ; at other 
 times simply because one of the shooters had made himself ob- 
 noxious to them. Sometimes it is done because they like one 
 man better than the other, or because one is a member of the club 
 they work for, and the other is not. 
 
 These men usually belong to a class who bet on such matters 
 among their own associates, and as likely as not they have 
 from one to ten dollars bet on the match that is being shot, 
 although the match itself is between two friends who wish only to 
 have some amusement, and there is no money depending upon it. 
 But as long as it is in the power of such men to affect the 
 ■ultimate result of a contest, shooters may be sure that certain 
 unscrupulous persons will take advantage of their positions ; and 
 where there is much betting on the result of a pigeon match, it is 
 more than likely that the puller or his associates, or both, have 
 
RESPONSIBILITY OF HANDLERS 67 
 
 been approached with a view of inducing them to work in the 
 interest of one party or the other, 
 
 I have often thought of writing on this matter, but have never 
 before done so; this, however, appears to me to be a good oppor- 
 tunity, as every pigeon shooter who reads these Hnes will see 
 what he may be contending with, and how he can guard against 
 it, and every management of a club should be compelled to adopt 
 safeguards against a state of things which exists to a very much 
 greater extent than is generally supposed. 
 
 A very little study of the rules for pigeon shooting in force" at 
 any club will show that those rules were m.ade not only for the 
 good government of a shoot, but also to prevent cheating. There 
 is no use, therefore, in blinding ourselves to the fact that there 
 may be such a thing. Formerly, whenever 'pigeons were shot 
 from five traps, they were worked by means of five cords, which 
 lay above ground and were pulled by a man who held all five in 
 bis hand at once, but pulled only the one designated by a throw 
 of the dice or the turn of an indicator. Among professional 
 shooters and that class, it was a common custom to shoot what 
 were called trap and handle matches ; that is to say, that each 
 competitor or his representative put a bird from his own selected 
 lot into the trap before his antagonist shot, and then pulled the 
 trap for him. The match then not only depended upon who 
 could shoot best, but upon who could outwit his antagonist best; 
 and it soon became apparent that there was such a large scope 
 for cheating, where this way of pulling was used, that, in the 
 first place, a wooden frame was introduced with five holes for the 
 ropes to pass through, so that the puller only touched the one 
 which he was about to pull; and later on, various forms of 
 automatic trap pulling machines were invented, which are now in 
 general use. 
 
 It must be remembered that these machines were invented to 
 stop the cheating, which it had become evident was going on with 
 the old ropes before in use. 
 
 This cheating was done mainly as follows : 
 
 I. The traps could be pulled very slowly, or very fast; if the 
 former, the bird would be more likely to dart out quickly, being 
 frightened by the clatter of the trap. 
 
68 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 2. The rope of one trap could be pulled slightly, so as to make 
 that trap move, and cause the shooter to turn his head toward it ; 
 and at the moment another trap would be pulled. 
 
 3. On the shooter calling, "Pull," the trap would sometimes be 
 pulled at once; at other times after a pause; nothing] is more 
 balking to a shooter and likely to make him miss than the latter. 
 
 4. Some of the birds in the traps would be fast, and some slow, 
 and by the use of a loaded dice a puller could get any number of 
 trap he wished for, and so give a fast or slow bird, as he wished. 
 
 5. If the shooter were in collusion with the puller, the latter, by 
 slightly moving the rope leading to the trap about to be pulled, 
 could show the shooter, when he first went to the score, which 
 trap he was going to get. 
 
 6. With a crossing wind, and from other causes as well, it is 
 generally the case that certain traps are more difficult to kill out 
 of than the others. The difficult trap could be pulled for one man, 
 the easy ones for the other, more or less. 
 
 The new automatic traps were introduced, and were supposed 
 to correct these six ways of cheating ; and perhaps for a time they 
 succeeded; but there were clever scoundrels at work, and it was 
 soon found out that by carefully studying the working of these 
 automatic machines, the puller could tell which trap was coming, 
 and more than that, could get the trap he wished ; but he could 
 not do this fully if he were under observation the whole time, and 
 carefully watched. However, he can still juggle a little, even if 
 watched. 
 
 In England, where betting on each shot runs very high, and 
 where the stakes shot for are very heavy, the trap puller stands 
 out all alone, without any shelter, in front of the .referee, and all 
 the shooters and onlookers, with the automatic machine in a 
 locked-up box in front of him ; and yet, if not watched, he can 
 play tricks. In this country the climate in winter is so severe 
 that the puller is allowed a shelter hut with a stove in it, and he 
 has it in his power to do what he pleases, 
 
 - This is quite wrong, and no manager of a club should allow it 
 for one moment. The pulling machine should be locked up and 
 the key hung up in the club-house to be fetched if necessary, so 
 that no member or guest should have to put themselves in the 
 
RESPONSIBILITY OF HANDLERS 
 
 69 
 
 invidious position of asking that it be done. Even when this has 
 been done you have not stopped all the ways for making you have 
 a poorer chance than your antagonist, whether in a match or 
 sweep; and woe betide the man who hurts the feelings of the 
 puller by suggesting that he can be doing anything he ought 
 not. 
 
 You cannot even then stop his giving you particular traps 
 than others, which is arranged by having the wires connecting 
 those traps a little tighter or looser, as the case may be. 
 
 Mr. Charles Macalester. 
 
 You cannot prevent his pulling quicker for you at one time and 
 slower at another ; not answering to your call, "Are you ready ? " 
 on the pretense that he did not hear you ; and lastly, and what is 
 of vital importance, you cannot prevent his playing you this common 
 trick : as soon as your antagonist has got ahead of you in the score, 
 putting in slow birds, so that you are both likely to kill out 
 straight and therefore your antagonist will keep his lead. 
 
70 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 A man whose business it is to handle pigeons for trap shooting 
 very soon gets to know which are the strong, fast birds, and which 
 are the slow and poor ones. When catching them to put into the 
 crates, he knows that those which are most difficult to catch, and 
 those which struggle in his hands after catching, will be the fast- 
 est flyers ; these he can put into a separate basket, to use or not, 
 laler on, as he thinks best. The birds which allow themselves to 
 be caught easily will not leave the trap with any dash. 
 
 Much also depends on the amount of food the birds have had. 
 A bird with its crop full will not fly so fast as one that has been 
 well fed some hours before he is trapped, and so has had time to 
 digest its food. 
 
 The men who handle pigeons have many secret ways which 
 they know of, by which they can make a bird fly slowly when it 
 leaves the trap. 
 
 As in horse racing, so in pigeon shooting, if those who have 
 the control of things do not make themselves conversant with the 
 ways in which cheating can be carried on, and take proper pre- 
 cautions to prevent it, it is sure to exist to a greater or less degree, 
 in proportion to the amount of the stakes involved. 
 
 A new man is put in charge of the pigeons and the pulling 
 apparatus at a club. He finds that he cannot make the birds fly 
 as fast and freely as they do at some other club, he is afraid he 
 will lose his position, and inquires among those who have had the 
 handling of birds elsewhere, how they deal with them, and he 
 soon becomes initiated in the crooked ways of the older hands. 
 And the same with the pulling apparatus ; sooner or later he learns 
 all that can be done with it, and while, undoubtedly, some men 
 are too straightforward, no matter what their rank in life is, to 
 take advantage of "such knowledge, yet undoubtedly there are 
 many others who would not hesitate ,to make use of it to favor 
 their friends, to injure those they have a grudge against or lastly, 
 to make money for themselves. There is no doubt, for it has been 
 proved to be so, that at the present moment no automatic trap 
 pulling machine is so perfect that it cannot be tampered with 
 though this is easier with some than with others. 
 
Chapter XIV. 
 
 The English Bluerock Pigeon — How it is Captured, Bred 
 and Handled. 
 
 In the course of these articles, repeated mention has been made 
 of the fact that the English bluerock pigeon is a much faster bird 
 in its flight than those which are bred in this country. 
 
 I am often asked to explain the reason for this being so, and 
 whether it would not be possible to import and breed from the 
 English bluerock, and keep it as fast here as it is there. 
 
 Several attempts already, have been made to do this, but as 
 might be expected, without success. The conditions under which 
 the bluerock exists in England are all such as to make it and keep 
 it strong and hardy and exceptionally fast in its flight. 
 
 The wild bluerock exists in vast numbers all around the rocky 
 coasts of England, Scotland and Ireland; it lives and breeds in 
 caves and ledges in the cliffs; it is exposed to all the storms that 
 blow, and like all birds living near the sea, appears to acquire 
 much of the wildness and force of its surroundings. It has to 
 make long flights to obtain its food, especially in winter, when it 
 exists chiefly on what it can pick off the turnips in the fields. The 
 flight of these birds is so rapid that, standing in front of one of 
 the caves where they frequent, and knowing that thirty or forty 
 of them are coming out of the opening within twenty yards of you, 
 it takes something more than a good shot to kill one, with any 
 degree of certainty, and it is rarely the case that a kill is made 
 with each barrel. 
 
 This is especially so when they have been shot at a few times ; 
 the way in which they will then zigzag up the cliff, crossing each 
 other and twisting in their flight, is most extraordinary. By 
 secreting one's self near the entrance of the cave, and waiting for 
 the birds as they come in from feeding, some very pretty shooting 
 may be had. These birds are caught and used, either to rear 
 
72 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 fresh stock from, for pigeon shooting purposes, or to supply fresh 
 blood to flocks already raised. Quite a number of people in En- 
 gland and Scotland make a business of rearing them to supply the 
 ever increasing demand for fast birds for pigeon shooting in En- 
 gland and on the Continent. The places where they are reared are 
 usually stone towers, built for the purpose, distant from any habi- 
 tation and in some very thinly populated part of the country ; 
 otherwise the birds, which fly and feed in large flocks, would be 
 shot and destroyed by neighboring farmers. They are never fed 
 by hand, summer or winter, and are rarely visited by any person, 
 except when it is required to catch them for the purpose of send- 
 ing them away to the various people who supply pigeons for the 
 shooting clubs. They thus keep up many of the characteristics of 
 the true wild bluerock; and these birds will always command a 
 very high price in the market. The price paid by the shooters at 
 the clubs is usually 54 cents for each bird, or, if specially picked 
 for a match, 62 cents each. 
 
 An impression prevails in this country that, even if faster in 
 its flight, the English bird will not carry away such a heavy load 
 of shot as the American bred bird. 
 
 This, however, I am sure, from my own experience in both 
 countries, is not the case. There is no tougher or pluckier bird 
 living than the true bluerock, and unless killed dead, or with a 
 broken wing, he will fly as long as his wings will work, though 
 riddled with shot. 
 
 I think a reference to the scores made at Hurlingham or the 
 Gun Club, where the boundary is the high fence all around the 
 ground, and is in some places more than eighty yards, will show 
 this to be the case. 
 
 To kill nine or ten birds straight there is quite an exceptional 
 performance ; and yet, the men shooting are good shots, and there 
 is little or nothing to choose between them and the best shots here, 
 though naturally, from the size of this country, and the vast 
 number of shooters, there are more good shots in America than 
 in England. 
 
 But to return to the matter of rearing the bluerock here. It 
 might be done if there were any part of the country where the 
 birds could get their own food all the year round without having to 
 
THE ENGLISH BLUEROCK PIGEON 73 
 
 Tae hand-fed, and where they would have to take long flights to find 
 their food ; but I do not know where this could be found. 
 
 The handling of the birds before and when being trapped, is 
 much better done in England, as a rule, than in this country, and 
 that alone makes a vast difference in the way in which a bird flies 
 when the trap is pulled. Few, if any, clubs in England handle 
 their own pigeons; but these are all supplied by the nearest 
 pigeon purveyor, who sends to the grounds the number of birds 
 required on any particular day, with men to trap them and dogs 
 to retrieve them. The birds arrive there fit to fly for their lives, 
 having been caught that morning; each bird as he is caught 
 is examined, and if not strong and healthy it is put back. 
 Each bird then has its tail feathers squared off with a pair 
 of shears, so that while in a coop their feathers do not become 
 dirty and ruffled from the other birds treading on them, and so 
 retarding the pigeon in its flight. The matter of food and water 
 has been most carefully attended to, so that the birds are neither 
 surfeited with over feeding nor yet faint for want of food or 
 water; each bird is in the pink of condition. They have been 
 kept in large, very roomy cages, and several times a day men 
 have gone in and made them fly about these cages, so as to 
 •exercise themselves. When trapping them, the utmost care is 
 taken not to injure them in taking them out of the baskets, nor to 
 hold them in the hand a moment longer than necessary. In cold 
 or wet weather after the trapper takes the bird from the coop, he 
 will hold it inside his jacket or under his arm, so as to keep it 
 warm and dry. 
 
 The birds, while in the coop, are guarded from wet, cold, and 
 too much sun. In this country none of these matters are suffici- 
 ently attended to, and it is no uncommon occurrence to see birds 
 which should, from their appearance, fly well, doing the reverse, 
 because those in charge don't know how to handle them. 
 
 There is no doubt that great cruelty has been practiced in 
 pigeon shooting; all kinds of cruel devices have been used to 
 make the birds fly at once and fly fast. But the men who handle 
 pigeons for the clubs in England have given up any such prac- 
 tices, having found out that no bird flies so well as one that is 
 feeling well and strong, and that has had no tricks played with it. 
 
74 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 Every pigeon shooter should do his utmost at all times to stop 
 anything approaching to cruelty in handling the birds. There is 
 no cruelty in clipping the tail feathers as above described, but 
 all attempts to maltreat the birds should be met with condign 
 punishment whenever discovered. Wounded birds should be 
 despatched as speedily as possible ; and it is a shame ever to allow 
 such a thing as a wounded bird to remain anywhere within reach 
 without putting it out of its misery, either by shooting it or other- 
 wise. 
 
 With regard to this, I think the English plan of retrieving is 
 far better than the American. In England there is no time allow- 
 ance; as soon as the bird is shot, the dog is loosed; if it catches 
 the bird, well and good ; if not, it drives it out. 
 
 This plan is as fair for one man as for another, and it does 
 away with the cruelty of waiting one, two, or three minutes, until 
 a wretched bird dies or gets stiff and faint from its wounds. If 
 there is no dog on the ground, a man takes its place ; but in that 
 case he must endeavor to catch the bird as speedily as he can. 
 
 Not only does this plan do away with one of the strongest 
 arguments used by the " Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to 
 Animals," and other misguided people, who want to stop all kinds 
 of sport, but it makes the shooting quicker and prevents vexatious 
 delays. 
 
 Before quitting the subject of the speed of English bluerocks, 
 I would mention that it is rare in England to find a ground used 
 for shooting pigeons that is not perfectly level and covered with 
 grass like a well-kept lawn ; were it not for this the scores over 
 there would be far smaller than they are even now, as there is no 
 rise or fall in the ground to deceive the eye ; and the background 
 is invariably good. In America it is the exception, and not the 
 rule, to find such a ground. 
 
 In England it is so unusual to have a bird remain sitting 
 when the trap is pulled, that there are no special devices used to 
 make them fly; but in America it is usual, and in fact necessary, 
 to have some mechanical contrivance to frighten up birds which 
 would otherwise remain sitting. 
 
 The best of these is one which was first used by the Carteret 
 Club, New York, at the beginning of the present winter, and 
 
THE ENGLISH BLUEROCK PIGEON 75 
 
 which has since been adopted by some of the other clubs. It con- 
 sists of two short sticks, or pieces of strong wire, covered with 
 colored cloth, which are so placed on each side of the trap, that, 
 as it opens, it draws them over, so that they fall lightly from 
 either side into the center of the open trap and on to the top of 
 the bird, if it does not move at once. 
 
 This plan has been found very efficacious, and is far better 
 than the ball, which, on the opening of the trap, is drawn by a 
 string up to the trap, but can go no farther. 
 
 * 
 
Chapter XV. 
 Duties of Referees. 
 
 The referee's duties at a pigeon shoot are not quite so arduous 
 as they are at a game of baseball, nor does he get assaulted with 
 a bat, but he does not altogether lie on a bed of roses, and his 
 position is no sinecure. A good referee is a thing of beauty and 
 a joy forever, and seldom to be met with. 
 
 There are two gentlemen in the neighborhood of New York 
 who are universally known to pigeon shooters, and one or the 
 other of whom is almost always to be found acting in the capacity 
 of referee at every pigeon shoot of any importance which takes 
 place within their reach ; both of them shooters themselves, and 
 men who have lived among shooters and talked shooting, and 
 made it and the rules of shooting their study for many years. 
 
 These men's decisions are invariably correct. They are J. S. 
 Hoey, of Long Branch, N. J., and Jacob Pentz, of Bergen Point, 
 N. J., one tall and thin and the other short and stout, but both 
 actuated by the same desire to give everybody fair play, never to 
 show the slightest partiality, favor, or affection for this or that 
 competitor, but to keep an absolutely free and unbiased mind, and 
 to decide every point on its true merits. These are the men that 
 everyone who undertakes the duties of referee should strive to 
 imitate. 
 
 I hope that a tinie will come when pigeon shooters will be 
 willing to adopt one universal set of rules, and that these shall be 
 so framed as to leave fewer points than at present to the judgment 
 of the referee. Some rules now generally in force are useless, 
 others are too vague, and can be read to mean very different 
 things. It is therefore a difficult matter for a referee, at present, 
 to know in all cases what decision he ought to give, as it is the 
 custom on different grounds to read these rules in different ways 
 and give them very different meanings. 
 
 I will now refer to'some of the chief mistakes which I see 
 made from time to time, by referees who have not attained to the 
 
Mr. Fred Hoey. 
 Shooting at Monte Carlo. 
 
78 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 proficiency of the two gentlemen I have named above. The first 
 of these is the common one of thinking that when a referee has 
 once given his decision he cannot reverse or modify it. This is a 
 mistake; there is no rule, or even custom, to justify it. It is true 
 that there is a rule which says that "the referee's decision shall 
 be final;" but this can mean only that the decision of the referee, 
 when finally given, must be accepted by the shooter, who cannot 
 appeal against it. 
 
 A referee may have given a hasty judgment, or something 
 may be brought to his notice later on, which he was not aware of 
 at the time he gave his decision ; in either case he has the most 
 undoubted right to alter it, and it is only proper that he should do 
 so. 
 
 The next point that occurs to me is where a balk is claimed 
 by the shooter. The rule applying to this is No. 6 in the Hurling- 
 ham rules, and reads as follows: " If, in the opinion of the referee, 
 the shooter is balked by any antagonist or looker on, or by the 
 trapper, whether by accident or otherwise, he may be allowed 
 another bird." The referee is here called upon to use his judg- 
 ment, first as to whether the balk claimed comes under the above 
 category, and secondly, whether the miss was caused by that balk ; 
 and unless he is satisfied on both these heads, he has no right to 
 give another bird. 
 
 The balk here clearly refers to the shooting, and not to any- 
 thing that may occur later on ; yet all sorts of outrageous claims 
 have been made under this rule, and in very many instances have 
 been most unjustly allowed, and the shooter, who had really never 
 been balked, but through his own bad shooting had missed his bird, 
 has been allowed another one, or, in other words, has, nine times 
 out of ten, been given a kill in place of his miss. 
 
 For instance: I remember, while a match was in progress at 
 a leading New York club, between two of its principal members, 
 that one of them claimed a balk and had it allowed, solely because, 
 while the bird he had shot at, but not wounded, was flying round 
 inside the boundary, the trapper proceeded to put a fresh bird 
 into the trap. The shooter claimed that the bird might have 
 alighted, and might have been gathered, and the referee, who 
 was the man in charge of the ground, allowed the ridiculous claim. 
 
DUTIES OF REFEREES 79 
 
 Another point in connection with this rule as to balking, and 
 one which seldom is given proper consideration, is, that if there 
 has been a balk, such, for instance, as one of the spectators call- 
 ing out to the shooter while he was in the act of shooting, or the 
 dog being released and getting in the shooter's way before he 
 could use his second barrel, and such balk should have occurred 
 after the first barrel was fired without the bird being wounded , 
 the shooter should not have the use of both barrels at a fresh 
 bird, but should have one barrel only, as when a misfire has oc- 
 curred with the second barrel. 
 
 The referee should always bear in mind that in giving another 
 bird to a shooter, it almost always means giving thatshooter a kill 
 in place of a miss, and he is doing a very great injustice to the 
 other contestant or contestants by doing so, unless by the rules 
 the man who missed was clearly entitled to have a fresh bird, and 
 the missed bird called, "No bird." 
 
 Then again, in the case of a bird which, after being shot at, 
 and before it has crossed the boundary, is killed by some person 
 other than the proper shooter, or is gathered by some person 
 other than the designated gatherer, the referee has no right, in 
 either of these cases, to allow another bird, unless he is of opinion 
 that, had the bird been left to itself, it would have been properly 
 gathered within the boundary, and before the expiration of the 
 time limit. 
 
 Or, in the case where the dog is released, without any order 
 from the shooter, and without his breaking open his gun, and the 
 bird escapes. Here again the referee has no right, in fairness to 
 others, to stretch any point in favor of the shooter, but is bound 
 to call, "Lost bird," unless he really believes that, had the dog 
 been held, the bird would have been gathered. 
 
 Or, lastly, when a bird escapes through any opening in the 
 fence, the referee has only the right to call, "No bird," when, in 
 his opinion, the bird could not have flown over the fence. 
 
 I can recall several cases where wounded birds have been 
 caught by people who had no right to touch them, and when it 
 would have been an impossibility for the man who has gone out 
 to gather them to do so before they had crossed the boundary ; 
 and in every one of these cases these birds were given in favor of 
 
8o PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 the shooter, either as dead birds, or as no birds, when they 
 should have been lost birds. The shooter has no claim to any 
 more consideration than his opponent ; both should get fair play, 
 and no more. 
 
 Another point that referees very often err about is when a 
 bird, after being shot at, lights on the fence. The rule reads: 
 " When a bird perches or settles on the boundary fence, it is a 
 lost bird." Not a word is said about the bird closing its wings. 
 
 This rule should be read in the same light as the one which 
 says that "a bird shot at on the ground with the first barrel, if 
 killed, is no bird." In this case no claim is ever made that, to be 
 on the ground, a bird must have closed its wings ; if its feet are 
 touching the ground when shot at, the bird is always given as 
 no bird. 
 
 The moment a bird touches the top of a boundary fence in 
 the act of lighting, it has lighted ; the closing of the wings has 
 nothing to do with it. If the bird has been wounded in the feet 
 or legs, it cannot rest on them, and therefore cannot close its 
 wings, but will keep balancing itself with them. 
 
 In the same way, when, as often happens, some man or boy 
 on the outside of the fence is trying to catch or knock the bird off 
 the fence, it will continue to flutter its wings, though perhaps too 
 badly wounded to take flight altogether. Only recently I saw this 
 happen, and when, after so fluttering for some seconds, the bird 
 was struck with a stick and knocked back into the ground dead, 
 the referee decided it a dead bird, a most wrong and unjust decision. 
 
 Many of the decisions which are given, as to birds having 
 been in the dog's mouth, or the gatherer's hands, are wrong. To 
 be scored a good bird, the dog should have actually held the 
 pigeon in his mouth, even if for a moment only, or the man should 
 have held it in his hand. In either case, the dog or man should 
 have had actual control of the bird, the same as in a catch at foot- 
 ball or cricket, where the catcher need not hold the ball for any 
 length of time, but he must clearly have had control of the ball, 
 and it must not merely have passed through his hands, only, for 
 the referee to allow a catch. 
 
 Perhaps more mistakes are made by referees in deciding 
 whether a bird which has flown near the boundary fence has been 
 
DUTIES OF REFEREES 81 
 
 beyond it or not, than are made about any other point. It is a 
 most difficult matter at any time to say at what moment a bird 
 flying away from the shooting point reaches the boundary, and 
 the further off the boundary is, the more the difficulty is increased. 
 It is a good thing to bear in mind that, as a rule, a bird always 
 appears to have reached the boundary, if well up in the air, before 
 it has actually done so. 
 
 The referee at the Gun Club, Notting Hill, London, England, is 
 paid $2, 500 a year to superintend the management of the club and 
 to act as referee, and therefore would be likely to be well informed 
 on all such matters ; and yet I once saw him give a decision on 
 this point which was proved wrong, in a very curious manner. 
 The pigeon, a fast driver, had been severely wounded ; there was 
 heavy betting on the result of the shot, and therefore its flight, 
 as it wended its way toward the boundary (which is there the 
 stone wall surrounding the ground, and about eighty yards dis- 
 tant), was keenly watched by many pairs of eyes. Mr. Battcock, 
 the referee, considering the bird had passed over the wall, called, 
 " Lost bird." At that moment the bird fell dead, without in any 
 way circling round or changing its flight, and fell fully twelve or 
 fourteen yards within the boundary. Of course the referee re- 
 versed his decision, and the bird was scored a dead bird. 
 
Chapter XVI. 
 Inanimate Target Shooting. 
 
 Shooting targets made of composition thrown from traps has 
 become a rage in America, and is fast growing in favor over all the 
 world. Among the many inanimate objects thrown from traps 
 which, from time to time, have been invented and put before the 
 public, the composition target is the only one which seems destined 
 to stay. The extent to which this form of shooting is now being 
 carried on in America may be judged from the fact that one 
 factory alone, sold 12,000,000 targets during the year 1893. There 
 are many reasons why this form of shooting should become a 
 favorite amusement with the mass of shooters: 
 
 First. In some States of the Union shooting live birds from 
 traps is prohibited by law, and, therefore, this is the only trap 
 shooting which can be practiced. 
 
 Secondly. It is not nearly so expensive as live bird shooting. 
 
 Thirdly. The shooting is quicker; if a man wants plenty of 
 shooting he can get it. There are no long pauses between shots, 
 when he can do nothing but watch others shooting. 
 
 Fourthly. More people can be shooting at one time and there 
 is more fun and geniality about a clay bird shoot than there is 
 usually about one at live birds. 
 
 Fifthly. It is simple and there is not so much preparation 
 required for it as for live bird shooting. The birds are always 
 alike, not good one day and bad another, or even on the same 
 day ; fast at one time, and slow at another, as is too often the 
 case with the live birds. 
 
 Sixthly. As day by day the number of shooters increase, so 
 game becomes scarcer. Then men have to go further to find it, 
 thus putting it out of the power of many, who cannot afford or 
 do not care to give the time, to indulge in what is perhaps their 
 favorite pastime; also, target shooting can be and is chiefly 
 carried on during the summer months when it is close time for 
 all forms of field shooting. 
 
INANIMATE TARGET SHOOTING 83 
 
 As a result of all this, inanimate target shooting clubs have 
 been formed in about every town in this country. 
 
 The old pigeon shot looks down from a lofty height at what 
 he considers child's play, from his point of view, until he tries 
 his hand at this, to him, new game. He then finds that it is 
 far easier for him to hit a live bird than one of those despised 
 saucers, when thrown from a strong trap. He feels piqued at 
 the poor success he meets with at his first trial and tries again and 
 again, till suddenly he realizes that he is enjoying the quick 
 shooting and keen competition, and begins studying his gun and 
 load for inanimate target shooting and getting as keen about it as 
 a.ny school boy. Speaking of school boys, they, too, are in it, 
 and very much so. In this 'sport each shot costs so little, the 
 father allows his son to try his hand ; he finds that the boy does 
 as well as himself, and so the boy has to have targets to shoot at, 
 and his school companions tease their parents to be allowed to do 
 the same, and so the game goes on merrily. These youngsters, 
 by following club rules as to loading and unloading their guns, 
 etc., learn to be careful in handling firearms, and later on, when 
 they are shooting game in the bush and on the hills, they reap 
 the benefit of the early training and accidents are less common. 
 
 Trap shooting at inanimate targets is also popular with the 
 fair sex, as there is none of the suspicion of cruelty which attaches 
 to live bird shooting, while the skill required is quite as great 
 or greater. 
 
 It is easy to have a clay bird trap set up anywhere, and to go 
 out and shoot either a few shots or as many as a person wishes, 
 removing the trap afterward or not as most convenient. 
 
 Several gentlemen whom I know carry these traps on their 
 yachts, and when the fancy takes them, amuse themselves 
 and their guests by shooting clays, whilst becalmed or at anchor. 
 
 What perfection this sport has been brought to no one who 
 has not seen a well managed tournament can realize. These 
 tournaments are now almost invariably conducted, and every 
 detail supervised by one or more men who make it their sole 
 business to arrange and look after tournaments from year to year. 
 
 A stranger going to the grounds and understanding nothing 
 of what was going on, would see a crowd of men, some with 
 
84 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 guns in their hands and some without ; some shooting and some 
 filling up their pockets with ammunition. He would think that 
 everything was confusion, and feel alarmed, perhaps, for his 
 personal safety from an accidental discharge of one of the 
 numerous guns he sees in every direction, but as he gets used to 
 the scene, he notices that there is no confusion. One squad is at 
 the traps shooting; every man in that squad is firing and re- 
 loading his gun with the regularity and precision of a drilled 
 soldier, and should there be a new comer and he shows the least 
 sign of awkwardness by turning round with his gun loaded or 
 handling it carelessly, he at once hears the voice of the referee 
 calling him to order. Should he persist in being careless, his gun 
 is taken from him and he is not allowed to shoot any more. 
 While this squad is shooting, the squad hustler is calling up the 
 next, telling each man his place and seeing that all are ready to 
 step into the places of the squad before them as soon as the 
 last gun has been fired by that squad. No one is allowed to 
 approach the shooter or interfere with him in any way. As each 
 shot is fired, the result is called in distinct tone by the referee, 
 repeated by the scorer and so registered. 
 
 Inanimate target shooting is as unlike live pigeon shooting as 
 that is unlike game shooting in the open fields ; but it is great 
 sport, and if any of my readers have not tried it, I strongly advise 
 them to do so. I have shot big game and little game of all sorts, 
 but admit that a good clay target shoot has a very great attraction 
 for me. 
 
 The perfection to which guns, shells and ammunition have 
 been brought is here very clearly seen, when the regularity with 
 which any good shot can break these targets is considered. As a 
 rule none are shot at nearer than 35 yards, and thus when they 
 are thrown as hard as they can be, which is now very often 
 done, the range is nearer 45 yards. As everyone who partici- 
 pates in this sport knows, the target is edgewise to the shooter, 
 and the object to shoot at, is, therefore, very small, scarcely 
 larger than an English sparrow, yet such men as Heikes, Van 
 Dyke, Parker, Upson, McMurchy and Dickey, will break 95 per 
 cent., and make occasional runs of 150 consecutive breaks No 
 matter how true is the shooter's aim, if the gun and ammunition 
 
INANIMATE TARGET SHOOTING 
 
 85 
 
 are not right, a miss will be scored occasionally. The pattern made 
 by the gun at that long distance must be even and regular every 
 time; there must be no wild shots, no balling, no patchy patterns. 
 The most common system for throwing targets is what is 
 termed known traps and unknown angles ; /. e. , the shooter stands 
 in front of the trap that is to be pulled, but he does not know in 
 
 Mr. J. A. R. Elliott 
 Shooting a Winchester Shot Gun. 
 
 which direction the target will be thrown. Occasionally this is 
 varied by the old " known traps and known angles rules," where 
 the shooter stands opposite the trap that is to be pulled and knows 
 in which direction the target will be thrown. As a further varia- 
 tion on these two plans, and to make the shooting as difficult as 
 possible, what is called "the expert system," is sometimes 
 employed. Here the shooter neither knows which of the five 
 traps will be pulled, nor in which direction the target will be 
 thrown. 
 
so PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 Still another way called "the reverse system" is used at 
 many tournaments. Here the shooter, standing opposite No. i, 
 or the left hand trap, gets No. 5 trap, which throws the target 
 from right to left ; he, therefore, gets a crossing shot, but as it is 
 also increasing its distance from him during its flight, it is a very 
 difficult shot to most people. When the shooter is standing oppo- 
 site No. 5 trap. No. i trap is pulled to him in the same way, and 
 the bird from that crosses from left to right, inclining outward all 
 the time. When standing opposite No. 2 trap, No. 4 is pulled for 
 him, giving a straightaway shot. When at No. 3, he gets No. 3, 
 and when at No. 4 he gets No. 2 ; in both these cases getting 
 straightaway shots. This sort of shooting is very difficult, and 
 there is more knack in it than in any of the other forms I have 
 mentioned. 
 
 Last comes double rise shooting, when two traps are pulled 
 at the same time. Here only the three center traps are used, and 
 the shooter knows every time which two he is going to get and 
 what the flight of the birds will be. They are pulled in the 
 following order : First, No. 2 and 3; second. No. 3 and 4; third. 
 No. 2 and 4; and so on over and over again. 
 
 These might be termed the ordinary ways of throwing inani- 
 mate targets. They can be varied when the targets are being 
 shot on private grounds or at club meetings, and can be made 
 useful auxiliaries to live bird shooting. Having targets thrown 
 from the top of a wall or a house, over the shooter's head, gives 
 very pretty sport and teaches a man to shoot incomers. Two 
 or more traps pulled in this way at the same time and throw- 
 ing birds in the same direction makes the shooting more difficult 
 and teaches use of the second barrel ; or again, having them 
 thrown diagonally across in front of the shooter either from right 
 to left or vice versa, makes pretty shooting and teaches swing 
 and lead. 
 
 Very great improvements have been made in the traps which 
 throw the targets as well as in the targets themselves, during the 
 last few years, and with a modern trap and a good target, it is 
 possible to throw birds so far and fast that it is extremely diffi- 
 cult to break them ; whereas, by easing the spring somewhat on 
 the other hand, you can make them as easy as you choose. 
 
INANIMATE TARGET SHOOTING 87 
 
 A very close shooting gun, and one that gives very regular 
 patterns, is a necessity for inanimate bird shooting, as such a 
 very small surface is presented to the shooter; a gun making an 
 open pattern is sure to let an occasional target escape unbroken. 
 
 In choosing a place for shooting inanimate targets, care should 
 be taken to get a good background, as otherwise it is very diffi- 
 cult to see the target, when thrown. The ground should also be 
 level, if possible. At the present moment the chief difficulty in 
 connection with inanimate target shooting to be solved seems to be 
 to find out some way of preventing the best shots from carrying 
 off all the money, both at club shoots and at tournaments, with- 
 out so badly handicapping them as to make them stay away alto- 
 gether. It should be remembered that these experts have had 
 their day of beginning and have seen others better than them- 
 selves carry off all the valuable prizes ; by dint of hard practice 
 and studying out the matter they have succeeded in winning their 
 way into the front rank of shooters ; it, therefore, would be emi- 
 nently unfair to shut them out from a fighting chance of winning. 
 Many plans have been tried, but I know of none so far that has 
 proved successful. It is undoubtedly true that at the present day 
 the poorer shooters do not have a sufficiently fair show. I think 
 that the best solution of this difficulty would be to give all the men 
 who can shoot well enough to find a position, an equal division 
 of the money ; this, of course applies to class shooting only, where 
 there are three, four or five moneys, according to the number of 
 entries. The great benefit of this arrangement lies in its once 
 and for all doing away with any such thing as dropping for 
 places. But there is more in it than that. No matter how poor 
 shooter a man is, he can at times shoot better than at others, and 
 if he can shoot at all, would occasionally find himself winning as 
 much money as the best shot on the ground, and would be so 
 pleased with that performance that he would be encouraged to 
 persevere and try again and again. On the other hand, the expert 
 shooter who would never fail to get a place in every event, would 
 get a steady return from his shooting, though not able, as at pres- 
 ent, to make a living out of it, at the expense of the poorer shots. 
 
 To encourage the experts to attend, a certain number of 
 events might be shot where the prizes would go to a more limited 
 
88 PIGEON SHOOTING 
 
 number, according to the number of entries. In all events, whether 
 at live birds or inanimate targets, I would make it an invari- 
 able rule that in case of a tie between two, three or four, accord- 
 ing to the number of shooters, division of the monej^ should be 
 compulsory. This would kill off the shooting hog who wants to 
 fatten on his weaker brother. 
 
 In target shooting as in live bird shooting from traps, there 
 are many things which the expert has neither found out for him- 
 self nor learned from others, the knowledge of which is very 
 useful in helping to make long breaks or a big average. 
 
 It must be remembered that a live bird usually flies slower 
 on leaving the trap and faster as it gets further away; with clay 
 targets the reverse is the case. Therefore, you do not want to 
 shoot too quickly at an inanimate target, but rather wait until 
 the target has lost some of its first momentum. As the object to 
 be shot at is very small, it is necessary that great precision 
 should be used and that the centre of the charge should strike it, 
 otherwise a dusted target and not a broken one will be the result. 
 
 Experts always try to catch sight of the target as soon as 
 possible after it leaves the trap and the gun is nearly always 
 held up to the shoulder and not below as in live bird shooting. 
 The moment the eye catches sight of the target, the muzzle is 
 aligned on it, and carried along with its flight until it has reached 
 a point at which it begins to lose some of its speed. At this 
 moment it really begins to fall and it is necessary, therefore, to 
 shoot slightly under it — for this reason a more bent gun is 
 necessary for target than for live bird trap shootmg. 
 
 There is something in the flight of an inanimate target which 
 is very deceiving to the eye, and it is a most difficult matter to 
 discern at what moment the moving object, which has hitherto 
 been rising slightly, is falling, and it is this which necessitates the 
 use of a gun with more drop than would be chosen for live birds 
 which are usually rising when shot at. 
 
 For the same reason the head must not be held too upright, but 
 the eye must be well down to the rib of the gun. 
 
 It is a disadvantage to have the pull-off of the trigger too 
 light; have the trigger so arranged that the finger may press 
 lightly on it at the moment the gun is first aimed and slightly 
 
INANIMATE TARGET SHOOTING 89 
 
 increased until the instant the gun should go off, when a slight 
 further pressure releases the tumbler and the gun is fired. 
 
 Never shoot at a broken piece of a target, no matter how 
 tempting; the flight is different and you will be more likely to 
 miss it, however easy it looks. 
 
 Always note the flight of the target given the shooter fol- 
 lowing you, as you will have that trap next, and it is a great 
 assistance to you to know whether you are going to get a target 
 thrown at the usual angle or at a higher or lower one than usual. 
 
 Watch carefully the length of flight before the target com- 
 mences to drop. Try to determine whether the curve will be 
 longer or shorter. This is beyond doubt the point in inanimate 
 target shooting where most men show weakness. 
 
 Formerly very small loads of powder with i% oz. of shot 
 were foun& best, but as the conditions have been made more 
 difficult the load has been increased and probably that most in 
 use by the best shots to-day, is from 45 to 50 grs. of " E. C." or 
 other smokeless powders with 1% oz. No. 7. or 7^ shot. I am 
 very often asked the question, Does clay target shooting have 
 an injurious effect on live bird shooting? 
 
 I think when a man is commencing to shoot targets it has the 
 effect of making him slow on live birds, but that as he becomes 
 an efficient shot at the former it improves his shooting all round, 
 giving him more power of swinging his gun to right or left and 
 making him shoot with more precision at his birds. While he is 
 fully as quick as formerly, he must not attempt to shoot live birds 
 with the same gun for the reason before given. 
 
 Always'useahand guard on the barrels when shooting inani- 
 mate targets. The heat of the barrel is unpleasant and you cannot 
 shoot well when unable to hold your gun firmly with the left hand 
 on account of hot barrels. 
 
 Never allow yourself to shoot carelessly ; give each shot your 
 full attention and brace yourself up for it as though it was the 
 final winning shot of a match. 
 

PIGEON SHOOTING RULES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Cartkrkt Gun CIvUB. 
 
 Single Bird Shooting. 
 
 Rule i. 
 The Referee's decision shall be final. 
 
 Rule 2. 
 
 The shooter, when he is at his mark ready to shoot, shall 
 give the caution : "Are you ready?" to the puller, and then call: 
 " Pall." Should the trap be pulled without the word being given, 
 or not pulled when the word is given, the shooter may take the 
 bird or not; but if he fires, the bird must be deemed to be taken. 
 
 Rule 3. 
 The shooter may hold his gun in any position he pleases. 
 
 Rule 4. 
 
 If the shooter goes to his mark and orders the trap to be 
 pulled, and does not shoot at the bird, or his gun is not properly 
 loaded, or does not go off, owing to his own negligence, the bird 
 is to be scored lost. 
 
 Rule 5. 
 
 A miss-fire is no shot, provided the Referee decides the 
 shooter not responsible for any defect in the ammunition or gun. 
 
92 carteret gun club shooting rules 
 
 Rule 6. 
 
 If the shooter's gun miss fire with the first barrel, and he uses 
 the second barrel and misses, the bird must be scored lost; but if 
 killed with the second barrel on the wing, it is to be scored a good 
 bird. 
 
 Rule 7. 
 
 If a miss-fire occurs with the second barrel, the shooter shall 
 have another bird, using a full charge of powder only in the first. 
 He must, however, put the gun to his shoulder and discharge the 
 blank cartridge in the direction of the bird ; and the bird must be 
 on the wing when the first barrel is discharged. 
 
 Rule 8. 
 
 The shooter shall be at his score at the expiration of two 
 minutes from the last shot, unless in case of an accident, when the 
 Referee shall decide what time shall be allowed to remedy the 
 accident. 
 
 Role g. 
 
 The shooter's feet shall be behind the shooting mark until 
 after his gun is discharged. 
 
 Rule 10. 
 
 If, in the opinion of the Referee, the shooter is balked by any 
 antagonist or looker-on, or by the trapper, whether by design or 
 otherwise, he may be allowed another bird. 
 
 Rule ii. 
 
 If more than one bird is liberated when the shooter calls "Pull," 
 he may call ' ' No bird " and claim another shot ; but if he shoots, he 
 must abide by the consequences, and the first bird shot at shall be 
 considered his selection. 
 
 Rule 12. 
 
 A bird hit with a missle shall be declared " No bird" by the 
 Referee. 
 
carteret gun club shooting rules 93 
 
 Rule 13. 
 
 If the shooter, after having discharged one barrel, opens his 
 gun, or leaves the score, he may not shoot again at the same bird. 
 
 Rule 14. 
 
 Should the bird not take wing on the opening of the trap, the 
 shooter has the privilege of rejecting it, by calling " No bird ;" but 
 should he shoot after declaring, it is not to be scored for or against 
 him. 
 
 Rule 15. 
 
 If a bird that has been shot at perches or settles on the top of 
 the boundary fence, it is to be scored a lost bird. In case of 
 boundary ground line, any portion of a bird on the line is a'good 
 bird. « 
 
 Rule 16. 
 
 A bird shot at on the ground with the first barrel is ' 'No bird " if 
 killed; but it may be shot on the ground with the second barrel, 
 if it has been shot at with the first while on the wing. 
 
 Rule 17. 
 
 Should a bird walk one yard toward the shooter, it shall be 
 called " No bird " by the Referee. 
 
 Should a bird not fly after five missies have been thrown at it, 
 the Referee shall declareit "No bird," and the bird shall be charged 
 to the Club. 
 
 Rule 18. 
 
 In all cases in which shot is limited, any shooter found to 
 have a greater charge of shot than is allowed, is to be at once 
 disqualified. 
 
 Rule 19. 
 
 No wire cartridges or concentrators allowed, nor is any foreign 
 substance to be mixed with the shot. 
 
 Rule 20. 
 A bird to be scored good must be gathered within two minutes. 
 
94 carteret gun club shooting rules 
 
 Rule 21. 
 
 In all events the standard bore of the gun is No, 12. Those 
 shooting with less are allowed to go in at the rate of half a yard 
 for every bore less than 12 down to 16 bore. 11 bore guns to 
 stand back half a yard from the handicap distance, and no guns 
 over II bore allowed. 
 
 Rule 22. 
 
 Members saving or dividing stakes in an advertised event 
 will be handicapped as if each won. 
 
 Rule 23. 
 
 Should any shooter stand at a distance nearer than that at 
 which he is handicapped, the bird shall be scored "No bird," if 
 killed; "lost," if missed. 
 
 Rule 24. 
 The weight of the gun used must not exceed eight pounds. 
 
 Rule 25. 
 
 The size of shot is restricted to Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8 andg; the 
 charge is limited to one ounce and one quarter. 
 
 Rule 26. 
 
 If any bird escapes through any opening in the boundary 
 fence, it shall be " Nobird," if, in the opinion of the Referee, it could 
 aot have flown over the boundary. But in no instance shall it be 
 scored a good bird. 
 
 Rule 27. 
 
 No scouting allowed on the Club premises, and no bird may 
 be shot at on the Club, grounds except by the shooter at his mark, 
 unless specially permitted by the Referee. Any one infringing 
 this rule shall be fined $5.00. 
 
 Rule 28. 
 
 In the event of both barrels being discharged at once, the 
 bird shall be scored " No bird," if killed ; a lost bird, if missed. 
 
carteret gun cluij shooting rules 9s 
 
 Rule 29. 
 
 Only one person, or a dog if the shooter will allow it, shall be 
 permitted to gather the bird. No instrument is to be used for this 
 purpose. All birds must be gathered by dog or man ; and no 
 shooter shall have the right to gather his own bird, or to touch it 
 with his hand or gun. 
 
 Rule 30. 
 
 When a dog is used to retrieve, the bird shall be scored a good 
 bird when the dog has had it in his mouth ; if a man retrieves, 
 when he has had it in his hands. 
 
 Rule 31. 
 
 Should the dog escape from the handler before the shooter 
 discharges his second barrel, and so balk the shooter that he does 
 not use his second barrel, the shooter may have another bird. 
 
 Rule 32. 
 
 No one may shoot until the trapper and dog have returned to 
 their places. 
 
 Rule 33. 
 
 All claims under the rules must be made before the succeed- 
 ing shot has taken place. 
 
 Rule 34. 
 
 In no event may any entry be made after the beginning of 
 the second round. In case more than one entry be allowed, the 
 shooter must declare the number of his entries before shooting at 
 his first bird. 
 
 Rule 35. 
 
 When in the opinion of the Referee a shoot has reached the 
 point where the "two-miss" men have no chance, he may hasten 
 to finish by calling up only the clean scores and " one-miss" men, 
 or only the former, even though the event be announced as ' ' three 
 misses out," etc. 
 
 Rule 36. 
 
 Sweepstakes or Cup-shooting ties are to be decided by " miss 
 and out," unless otherwise ordered or agreed upon. 
 
96 carteret gun club shooting rules 
 
 Rule 37. 
 
 If, in the opinion of the Referee, the bird is in danger of being 
 lost through delay or failure of the dog to properly retrieve it, a 
 man may, at the request of the shooter, be substituted for the 
 dog. 
 
 "DOUBLE BIRD" SHOOTING. 
 
 All double bird shooting shall be done under the following 
 rules : 
 
 1. Members handicapped in single bird shooting at less than 
 27 yards may shoot at 21 yards; all others at 25 yards. 
 
 2. The birds shall be liberated from Nos. 2 and 4 traps, unless 
 otherwise agreed upon. 
 
 3. Only one barrel should be used at either bird. 
 
 4. Each bird must be shot at in the air, and when plunge 
 traps are used, both must be in the air when the first is shot at. 
 
 5. If the first bird be shot at on the ground and retrieved, 
 both birds shall be adjudged "No birds ;" but if not retrieved, the 
 first bird shall be scored as lost, and the second, if shot at on the 
 wing and retrieved, as ' 'No bird ;" but if not retrieved, as a lost bird. 
 If the first be lost, and the second shot at on the wing and re- 
 trieved, the shooter shall shoot at another pair with blank car- 
 tridge in his first barrel, and his second bird only shall be scored. 
 His first bird shall be paid for by him as if a " No bird." 
 
 6. Should both birds be shot at on the ground and retrieved, 
 they shall be adjudged "No birds." Should either escape both 
 shall be scored lost. 
 
 7. Should both birds be killed on the wing with one barrel, 
 and gathered, both shall be scored " Kills." 
 
 8. If, on the traps being pulled, neither of the birds rise, the 
 shooter may call " No birds," and demand another pair. 
 
 9. If a miss-fire occurs with the first barrel, the shooter may 
 demand another pair ; but if he uses the second he must abide 
 by the consequences. If the miss-fire occurs with the second 
 barrel, Rule 7 in single bird shooting shall govern. 
 
 10. Plunge traps shall be permitted, and if used, shall be 
 placed in positions corresponding with Nos. 2 and 4 traps. 
 
 11. Except as hereinbefore provided, the rules of the Club 
 for single bird shooting shall, as far as applicable, prevail. 
 
CARTERET GUN CLUB SHOOTING RULES 97 
 
 FINES. 
 
 For turning or leaving the score before taking cartridges or 
 shells from guns, $2.00 for each offense, atter being cautioned 
 once. 
 
 For shooting behind the danger flags, $5.00, and the bird to be 
 scored a lost bird. 
 
 For shooting about the house and platform, without per- 
 mission from the Referee, $5.00. 
 
 For putting cartridges in gun before reaching the score, $2.00. 
 
 CLUB NOTICE. 
 
 Th^ attention of members is particularly called to articles 10 
 a^nd. II of the By-laws, and they are informed that, by resolution 
 of the Governors, no private matches may be shot on the Club 
 
 g-ounds on Public Holidays, which are also designated as Club 
 ays. 
 
HURLINGHAM CLUB. 
 
 SHOOTING RULES.' 
 
 1. The Referee's decision shall be final. 
 
 2. f The gun must not be held to the shoulder until the 
 shooter has called " Pull." The butt be clear below the armpit, 
 otherwise the Referee shall declare "No bird." (This rule has 
 been abolished.) 
 
 3. A miss-fire is no shot, under any circumstances. 
 
 4. If the shooter's gun miss-fire with the first barrel and he 
 use the second and miss, the bird is to be scored lost. 
 
 5. If the miss-fire occurs with the second barrel, the shooter 
 having failed to kill with his first, he may claim another bird ; 
 but he must fire off the first barrel with a cap on, and a full charge 
 of powder before firing the second. 
 
 6. The shooter's feet shall be behind the shooting mark until 
 after his gun is discharged. If, in the opinion of the Referee, the 
 shooter is balked by any antagonist or looker-on, or by the trapper, 
 whether by accident or otherwise, he may be allowed another 
 bird. 
 
 7. The shooter, when he is at his mark ready to shoot, shall 
 give the caution ' ' Are you ready ? " to the puller, and then call 
 " Pull." Should the trap be pulled without the word being given, 
 the shooter may take the bird or not ; but if he fires, the bird must 
 be deemed to be taken. 
 
 8. If, on the trap being pulled, the bird does not rise, it is at 
 the option of the shooter to take it or not ; if not, he must declare 
 it by saying " No bird;" but should he fire after declaring, it is 
 not to be scored for or against him. 
 
 * The wording and punctuation of these rules are according to the official 
 copy of shooting rules issued by the Hurlingham Club. — Editor. 
 
 tRule 2 has been abolished. As no edition of these rules has been 
 printed by the Hurlingham Club since discontinuing rule two, the other 
 rules retain the old numbering, as here given. — Editor. 
 
lOO HURLINGHAM CLUB SHOOTING RULES 
 
 g. Each bird must be recovered within the boundary, if 
 required by any party interested, or it must be scored lost. 
 
 10. If a bird that has been shot at perches or settles on the 
 top of the fence, or on any part of the buildings higher than the 
 fence, it is to be scored a lost bird. 
 
 11. If a bird once out of the ground should return and fall 
 dead within the boundary, it must be scored a lost bird. 
 
 12. If the shooter advances to the mark and orders the trap 
 to be pulled, and does not shoot at the bird, or his gun is not 
 properly loaded, or does not go off, owing to his own negligence, 
 that bird is to be scored lost. 
 
 13. A bird shot on the ground with the first barrel is "No 
 bird," but it may be shot on the ground with the second barrel, if 
 it has been fired at with the first barrel while on the wing; but if 
 the shooter misses with the first and discharges his second barrel, 
 it is to be accounted a lost bird, in case of not falling within 
 bounds. 
 
 14. All birds must be gathered by the dog or trapper, and 
 no member shall have the right to gather his own bird, or to touch 
 it with his hand or gun. 
 
 15. In Smgle Shooting, if more than one bird is liberated, 
 the shooter may call "No bird," and claim another shot; but if he 
 shoots, he must abide. by the consequences. 
 
 16. The shooter must not leave the shooting mark under any 
 pretence to follow up any bird" that will not rise, nor may he 
 return to his mark after he has once quitted it to fire his second 
 barrel. 
 
 17. Any shooter found to have in his gun more shot than is 
 allowed, is to be at once disqualified. Any loader supplying in 
 Sweepstakes or Matches, cartridges loaded in excess of the author- 
 ized charge, will be dismissed from the Club grounds. 
 
 18. None but members can shoot except on the occasion of 
 private matches. 
 
 19. No wire cartridges or concentrators allowed, or other sub- 
 stance to be mixed with the shot. 
 
 20. In all handicaps, sweepstakes, or matches, the standard 
 bore of the gun is No. 12. Members shooting with less to go in 
 at the rate of half-a-yard for every bore less than 12 down to 16- 
 bore. Eleven-bore guns to stand back half-a-yard from the 
 handicap distance, and no guns over ii-bore allowed. 
 
 21. The winner of a sweepstakes of the value of ten sovereigns, 
 including his own stake, goes back two yards ; under that sum, 
 one yard, provided there be over five shooters. Members saving 
 or dividing in an advertised eventwill be handicapped accordingly. 
 
 22. Should any member kill a bird at a distance nearer than 
 that at which he is handicapped, it shall be scored no bird, but 
 should he miss, a lost bird. 
 
HURLINGHAM CLUB SHOOTING RULES lOI 
 
 23- iX o^- ^^ ^^°t and 4 drachms of black powder, or its 
 equivalent in any other description of gunpowder, is the maximum 
 charge. Size of shot restricted to Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8. 
 
 24. All muzzle-loaders shall be loaded with shot from the 
 Club Bowls. 
 
 25. If any bird escape through any opening in the paling, it 
 shall be a " No bird." 
 
 26. From the istof May the advertised events shall begin 
 at three o'clock, unless otherwise notified, and no shooter will be 
 admitted after the end of the second round in any advertised 
 event. 
 
 27. No scouting allowed on the Club premises, and no pigeon 
 to be shot at in the shooting ground except by the shooter stand- 
 ing at his mark. Anyone infringing this rule will be fined ;^i. 
 
 28. Members can plate guns up till 3 o'clock, but not whilst 
 sweepstakes or matches are being shot. 
 
 RULES FOR DOUBLE RISES. 
 
 1. In Double Shooting, when more than two traps are pulled, 
 the shooter may call " No birds," and claim two more; but if he 
 shoots, he must abide by the consequences. 
 
 2. If on the traps being pulled, the birds do not rise, it is at 
 the option of the shooter to take them or not. If not, he must 
 declare by saying " No birds." 
 
 3. If, on the traps being pulled, one bird does not rise, he 
 cannot demand another double rise ; but he must wait and take 
 the bird when it flies. 
 
 4. A bird shot on the ground, if the other bird is missed, is 
 a lost bird ; but if the other bird is killed, the shooter may demand 
 another two birds. 
 
 5. If the shooter's gun misses fire with the first baiTel, he 
 may demand another two birds; but if he fires his second barrel, 
 he must abide by the consequences. If the miss-fire occurs with 
 the second barrel, the shooter having killed with the first, he may 
 demand another bird, but may only use one barrel; if he missed 
 with his first barrel. Rule 5 in Single Shooting will apply. 
 
THAT THE— > 
 
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The opinions of a few of the best amateur shots in the world as regards 
 
 Smokeless ** E. C." Powder 
 
 H. YALE DOLAN, Esq., Walnut St., New York : 
 
 " I believe ' E. C to be the best and most reliable powder on the 
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 Extract from the " Badminton Library," edited by Lord Walsingham and 
 Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey : 
 
 " As far as our experience goes, and we have fired at grouse and wild 
 fowl some 15,000 ' E. C during the lasttwo seasons, we have never found 
 one cartridge differ from another." 
 Fked'k Hoey, Esq., Hollywood, Long Branch : 
 
 "Ever since its introduction into this country I have used ' E.G.' in 
 preference to any other powder, though from time to time I have given 
 the others a thorough trial. I consider it the best and most perfect 
 powder manufactured. All my highest scores have been made with it 
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 R. MONCORGE (the celebrated French Pigeon Shot), Thizy, France : 
 
 " After shooting with other powders I have come to the conclusion 
 that the ' E. C powder is the most reliable and regular I have used." 
 Charles Macalaster, Esq., South Seaville, N.J.: 
 
 " The highest scores I have ever made have been with ' E. C powder. 
 I consider it the best powder in the world." 
 George Work, Esq.: 
 
 "For the past three years I have been using ' E. C at the trap and in 
 the field with entire satisfaction. It is easy to load, quick and regular, 
 qualities which I have not found combined in any other nitro." 
 The late Lord De Clifford : 
 
 " I shall always do my best to recommend ' E. C powder. I think 
 myself that for regularity, penetration and pattern, it is quite the best in 
 the market." 
 L. J. Thompson, Esq., Brookdale, Red Bank, N. J.: 
 
 " I have found that ' E. C would meet the most exacting tests, and 
 have used it exclusively in the field and at the traps. I regard it as 
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 Edgar Gibbs Murphy, Esq., New York : 
 
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 R. A. Welch, Esq., Broad St., Philadelphia : 
 
 "I have iised ' E. C powder ever since it has been obtainable in this 
 country and have always found it clean, regular and very easy to load." 
 Thomas S. Dando, Esq.: 
 
 " I have shot exclusively for the last three years with ' E. C powder, 
 and now fully seventy-five per cent, of the members of the Riverton 
 Club use it. I would use no other as I consider it not only safe and easy 
 to load without breaking the grains, but shoots with great regularity." 
 Talbot Palmer, Esq., The Elms, Uxbridge : 
 
 " Some cartridges I had loaded with ' E. C powder in New York gave 
 me great satisfaction. After a journey of upwards of 2,000 miles to the 
 foot of the Rocky Mountains by rail, rough wagon and on the backs of 
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 below zero." 
 
CHARLES LANCASTER. 
 
 Hammer and Hammerless Ejector Guns 
 
 ALSO 
 
 Double Barrel Guns ^^*""**'' ""one ^trigger 
 
 The FIELD, April 27, 1895. 
 "The lock mechanism is very compact and simple." 
 
 Also the FIELD, June i, iSqs. 
 ". . . . A weapon which we must say does great credit to the ingenuity 
 of the maker. 
 
 Advantages Claimed: Rapidity of firing. No bruised fingers. Grip 
 of stock never need be relaxed. Same length of stock for each barrel, there- 
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 "THE COMNDIAN" 
 
 A Non-fouling Smooth Oval-bored 
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 Non-Fouling Smooth Oval-Bore 
 EXPRESS RIFLES, 
 also 
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 Non-Foviling Smooth Oval- Bore 
 
 Rook and Rabbit Rifles 
 
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 DOUBLE -30.3 RIFLES 
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 8 and 4 barrel Pi.stols, Revolver.s, 
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 LESSONS IN 
 
 THE ART OF SHOOTING 
 
 At private grounds at Stonebridge, 
 near Willesden Junction. 
 
 Terms on application. 
 
 Consultations re fit of gun, and its 
 correct handling taught, at 151, New 
 Bond Street, W. 
 
 The Editor of the FIELD says, 
 June I, 1895: 
 
 "Here is to be found every con- 
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 FOLLOWING ARE THE 
 
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 Divided Second Prize of the Prix des (Billets Handicap. 
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 Divided Second Prize Prix des Glycines Handicap. 
 
 Divided Prix des Benes=de=Jour Handicap. 
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 ^'"orTA""' IDEBL inaHIIFflCTOBIHS COPIPIDIY, M Haveq, Com. , D. S. fl. 
 
 Use 
 
 u.n.c.AnnuNiTiON 
 
 FOR KORKST 
 
 FOR F^IKLD. . . 
 FOR TARGET 
 
 I^*or S^le £k± skUL JDeskX^tr^ 
 
 The Union Metallic Cartridge Company 
 
 NEW YORK 
 313-315 Broadway 
 
 BRIDGEPORT 
 CONN. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 5>7°5i9 Market Street 
 
Scott's Monte Carlo 
 
 LATEST AUTOHATIC EJECTOR MAMMERLESS 
 
 Also Westly Richards, Greener, Purdey, Lang, Colt, Parker, 
 L. C. Smith, etc. We have these with ordinary style stock, or 
 with special stock as shown by cut. 
 
 OTHER GUNS TAKEN IN TRADE 
 
 At the Monte Carlo 1895 meeting for the International Pigeon 
 Shooting the Scott Gun took no less than Eleven of the principal 
 prizes, which speaks volumes as to its reputation and praise. 
 
 Send for Catalogue 'and Second-hand list of Guds. Also send 
 ten cents in stamps for our new beautifully illustrated catalogue 
 of Fishing Tackle. 
 
 Also fine Swedish Leather Jackets, tan color; impervious to 
 cold and wet; finest garment made for anyone exposed to the 
 weather. 
 
 Wm. Read & Sons 
 
 107 Washington Street, Boston 
 
 EstabJished 1826