'*:» 
 
MORGAN HORSES: 
 
 % f rmiiim €bbri 
 
 O N 
 
 m ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS REMARKABLE 
 
 AMERICAN BREED OF HORSES; 
 
 TRACING THE PEDIGREE 
 
 FROM THE ORIGINAL JUSTIN MORGAN, THROUGH THK MOST NOTED 01 EFIS 
 
 PllOGENY, DOWN TO THE PRESENT TUIE. 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS PORTRAITS 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED 
 
 HINTS FOE BREEDING, BREAKING, AND GENERAL USE AND 
 MANAGEMENT OF HORSES, 
 
 WITH 
 
 PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS TOR TRAINING- THEM FOR EXHIBITION AT 
 AGRICULTURAL FAIRS. 
 
 / BT 
 
 D. o/lINSLEY, 
 
 MIDDLKBTJRT, VT. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 O. M. 8 AX TON A NO COMPANY, 
 
 AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHERS, 
 
 No. 140 FuLTox Street. 
 
 1857. 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 18;V\ by 
 
 C. M. SAXTON AND C0MPA:NT, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of Xow Yor^. 
 
 E. 0. JKXiaNS, 
 
 printer ;nt b c§ t f r c o t g p e r » 
 
 No. 26 Fraxkfort Street. 
 
 
.^ 
 
 ^^ PREFACE 
 
 Morgan Horses as a distinct and remarkable breed, 
 originating in "Vermont, and principally bred there, 
 have long been well known to the horsemen of New 
 England, and within a few years, to the people of the 
 West and South, who, having become acquainted with 
 them, have manifested a strong desire to introduce 
 them into their sections of the country. 
 
 Tlie author of the following work was acquainted 
 with these horses in Vermont, and familiar with their 
 peculiar form and action. But it was not until he en- 
 gaged in the prosecution of a great public work, at the 
 West in 1852, that he became fally aware of their ex- 
 traordinary hardiness, speed and endurance, from 
 severe use and daily comparison of them with horses 
 of different style. 
 
 Having determined to breed from this stock, it in- 
 duced a carefcd examination into the different famihes 
 which have sprung from the original or Justin Morgan. 
 
tV PKEFACE. 
 
 In the course of these inquiries a mass of information 
 was accumulated, with much labor and considerable 
 expense, which was deemed too valuable to be lost. 
 
 After determining to preserve it by publication in 
 some form, every effort was made to obtain the most 
 reliable information upon all disputed points ; in re- 
 gard to the origin of the breed, the history of the 
 most distinguished families, and their present condi- 
 tion. 
 
 To make the work useful to breeders who are un- 
 acquainted with them, the peculiarities of the different 
 families have been carefully pointed out, and full 
 and minute descriptions given of most of the sons 
 and grandsons of the original horse, with tlieir pedi- 
 gree, so far as it could be ascertained, and also the 
 pedigree and description of many other stallions of 
 the breed, more remotely descended from the Justin 
 Morgan. 
 
 A large number of cuts have been used, most of 
 which have been traced from daguerreotypes, and can 
 therefore be relied upon a-s correct portraits of tlio 
 forms of the animals they are intended to represent. 
 \.n examination of these cuts will enable a good 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 horseman to become familiar with the peculiar form 
 which is so distinguishing a feature of these horses, 
 ind leave him in little doubt as to the cause of their 
 remarkable qualities. 
 
 If size is, as is claimed bj some, the measure of 
 power, it will be found that form is the measure of 
 action. Too much size is, indeed, incompatible with 
 rapid and long-continued action. 
 
 The most casual observer of a good Morgan horse, 
 is conscious that he sees a pecuhar animal. His short, 
 light, rapid step, point to the great muscles which 
 give him motion. His prominent, clear, eager eyes, 
 set wide apart, ■ testify to his courage and docility — 
 while his clean, light head, carried high, with short, 
 pointed, sensitive ears, gives grace and elegance to 
 every motion. 
 
 A slight description has been given of some of the 
 most prominent breeds of horses, that they may readily 
 be compared with the Morgan. 
 
 The style, it is hoped, will be found plain and clear. 
 
 To the many gentlemen who have aided us in col- 
 lecting the materials for this book we return our sin- 
 cere thanks. Their hearty encouragement has cheered 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 as in the prosecution of our work, and mucli of any 
 interest that may attach to it, is due to their assistance. 
 Should occasion offer, we trust they will afford us an 
 opportunity to reciprocate their favors. 
 
 If the publication of this volume should prove in- 
 strumental in awakening increased interest in the 
 breeding of these noble animals, and in leading farm- 
 ers and breeders to the best sources for obtaining 
 this stock, or in enabling them to detect the many spu- 
 rious animals advertised throughout the country as 
 genuine Morgans, the author will feel satisfied that he 
 
 has not labored in vain. 
 
 D. 0. LINSLEY. 
 MiDDLEBUET, Vt., September 10, 1856. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface, --------- 3 
 
 Contents, 7 
 
 CnAPTEE I. 
 
 The Meet Esteemed Breed8,of Horses, and the Kinds of Service 
 
 to which they are Adapted, ------ 9 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Contrast Between the Kinds of Sei'viee Required of Hoises For- 
 merly, and at the Present Day, 29 
 
 CHAPTER ni. 
 Description of the Kind of Horses most sought for in the Prin- 
 cipal Markets of the Country, 44 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Peculiar Adaptation of the Morgan Horse to the Road and General 
 Use, 63 
 
 CHAPTER y. 
 Origin of the Morgan Horse, -------92 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Memoir and Description of the Justin Morgan, - - - - 131 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 History and Description of the Stallions Sired by the Justin 
 
 Morgan, - - 144 
 
 (T) 
 
viu coxTE^^Ts. 
 
 CHAPTER VIIT. 
 
 General Description of the different Families and their Distin- 
 guishing Characteristics, 165 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Present Condition of this Stock in Vermont, - . . . 175 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Pei-formances of Morgan Horses; the Demand for them, and 
 
 their Present Value as indicated by Sales, - - . . 185 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Hints as to the Best Methods forImprovin;r and Perpetuating the 
 Breed, 200 
 
 CHAPTER Xir. 
 HintB in Relation to Breaking and Driving, . - . . 219 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 The Proper Manner of Feeding and Driving upou the Road, - 238 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Hints to Purchasers of Morgan or other Horses, ... 250 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Pedigrees and Description of Stallions, 260 
 
 Appendi-s, 323 
 
[EXTEACT.] 
 
 TO THE VERMONT STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIET?. 
 
 The Committee of Awards, to wliom was referred the subject of 
 Essays, respectfully report, that they have attended carefully to ths 
 duties of their appointment, and do award the First Premium to 
 Mr. D. C. Linsley, of Middlebury, for his elaborate Essay on the 
 llorg-an Horse. 
 
 In consequence of the peculiar merits of this treatise, the 
 Committee feel authorized to commend it to the particular notice 
 of the Society, as one eminently adapted to the wants of the peo- 
 ple of this State, and as supplying a desideratum long felt, both in 
 regard to the true history of the Morgan Horse, and in respect to 
 the best methods of its perpetuation. "\Ve believe Mr. Linsley hag 
 collected all the facts pertaining to his subject which intelligent re* 
 search and thorough devotion can furnish ; and that he has em- 
 bodied them in an attractive form and with a just discrimination. 
 The information relating to the history of the Breed is important, 
 and, we think, can be found in no work yet published ; the style in 
 which it is communicated is clear, spirited, and in perfect keeping 
 with the subject discussed. 
 
 When it is considered that the sources of information in regard 
 to the origin and history of the Morgan Horse, now obscure at the 
 best, are rapidly diminishing, and that Mr. Linsley has rescued so 
 much, which in a short time would have been beyond the reach of 
 the compiler, it m.ust be admitted he has rendered a valuable service 
 to the farmers of the State, and one which, in the judgment of the 
 Committee, the Society ought not to leave unrecognized. * * * 
 
 January 15, 1856. 
 
 J. A. BECKTVITH, 
 EDWAED SEYMOUR, 
 
 E. B. CHASE, \ OommiUes. 
 
 F. E. WOOPBRIDGE, 
 JOHN GREGORY. J 
 
 [i] 
 
St. JoHNSBUiiY, Vt., Juhj 7, 1856. 
 D. C. LiNSLEY, Esq. : 
 
 Dear Sir, — Your favor of the 3(1 inst. is at band, as also the 
 accompanying drawing of the old Justin Morgan. I knew the 
 horse well, and owned him about seven years while in the prime of 
 his life. The drawing is a very faithful representation of him as 
 he appeared while I owned him, and I can suggest scarcely any 
 alteration ; perhaps none that would make it a more faithful copy 
 of the original. 
 
 Tours respectfully, 
 
 DAYID GOSS. 
 
 Derby Line, Yt., July 21, 1856. 
 
 D. 0. LiNSLEY, Esq. : — Your favor of the 18th inst, containing a 
 drawing of the old Justin Morgan, has this day come to hand, 
 and I hasten to reply. In early life it was my privilege to know 
 the original Morgan Horse perfectly well, and for some time to see 
 him almost daily at the time of his greatest popularity, and I have 
 no hesitation in saying, that the drawing exhibited, in my judgment, 
 is remarkably correct, and gives a very accurate delineation of tho 
 horse as he appeared in life. 
 
 I remain, Dear Sir, yours truly and 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 SOLO. STEELE, 
 
 Claremont, N. H., July, 1856. 
 D. C. LiNSLEY, Esq. : 
 
 Dear Sir, — I received a line from you yesterday, and with it a 
 drawing of the old Justin Morgan or Goss horse. As I have be- 
 fore told you, I knew the horse well, having seen him often, and 
 kept him one year while Joel Goss owned him. He was far the 
 best horse I ever had anything to do with, and my recollection of 
 him is perfectly clear and distinct. 
 
 The drawing you send is a very excellent likeness of him, and I 
 am pleased to see an effort making, even at this late day, to preserve 
 some record of him. 
 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 DAN. BALDWIN. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE MOST ESTEEMED BREEDS OF HORSES, AND THE KINDS OF 
 SERVICE TO WHICH THEY ARE ADAPTED. 
 
 The history of the horse, iutimatelj interwoyen as 
 it is with that of man, can hardly fail to interest the 
 most careless student. From the earliest ages he has 
 been man's faithful ally and willing slave. In war, he 
 not only moves all the machinery of the field and 
 camp, but shares with his rider all the fatigue and 
 danger of battle. In peace, how various and invalu- 
 able are his services. Every branch of industry owes 
 much to his patient toil ; he ploughs the soil, sows the 
 seed, reaps the harvest, and transports it to the distant 
 market. From year to year, and. age to age, he has 
 toiled unceasingly for his master, in the cart, the 
 mill, the freight-wagon, or the mail-coach. For many 
 centuries prior to the construction of canals, almost the 
 entire inland commerce of the world was carried on 
 by means of the horse. 
 
 Not only has he thus relieved our wants and minis- 
 tered to our comfort, but he shares with us in our 
 pleasures and amusements ; he not only works steadily 
 and patiently in the loaded wagon, but in the race 
 becomes as much excited as his master, and appears to 
 rejoice in the pleasures of the chase. In gracefulness 
 of motion, elegance of form, and dignity of carriage, 
 he is superior to every other quadruped ; and by those 
 1-^ (^ 
 
10 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 nations to wliom he is known he is almost universally 
 considered the most useful and manageable of all 
 our domestic animals Hence he has been admired, 
 cherished and loved, equally by the most enlightened 
 and most barbarous races of men. More time, money 
 and intellect have been used in the attempt to improve 
 and perpetuate the distinguishing characteristics of the 
 best breeds, than has been expended upon any^ perhaps 
 it may be safely said all^ other animals. His servant in the 
 field, his companion in the chase, and his willing slave 
 in trials of speed, he becomes the pride, the joy and 
 boast of his master. Boundless wealth is often scattered 
 for pleasures and amusements^ in which the flying foot 
 of the horse is the chief attraction. Attached to his 
 master and obedient to his will, he bears him without 
 question or murmur, through sunshine and storm, over 
 mountains and through rivers ; carries him with un- 
 faltering nerves into the thickest of the battle, and if 
 repulsed, his speed and endurance bid defiance to pur- 
 suit. 
 
 Hence no animal has received the same care and 
 attention in breeding and training as the horse. 
 
 Though the horse was domesticated in the time of 
 Moses, and is frequently mentioned in history, yet we 
 know little of his condition, or the manner in which 
 he was trained, until about four hundred years before 
 Christ. Xenophon was the first writer who left us any 
 record of what were then considered the best points of 
 a good horse ; or described, critically and in detail, the 
 proper method of breaking and training him. Consid- 
 ering that nearly twenty-three hundred years have 
 elapsed since this essay vra^ written, it must certainly 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BREEDS. H 
 
 be deemed surprisiug that it should still be admitted 
 as a standard authority upon the subjects of which it 
 treats. 
 
 Among the ancients the horse was little used, except 
 in war and the chase. For these uses the wild horses 
 of the East are perhaps as well adapted as any other 
 breed now in existence. The wild horse being so well 
 suited to the wants of the ancients, no attempt would 
 be made to improve him or alter his general conforma- 
 tion by careful breeding. Had other wants been felt, 
 and efforts made to alter his general form, it could 
 hardly have been productive of any improvement or 
 important change; for, to be successful, the breeding 
 must not only be continued for several generations, 
 but must be undertaken by a people fixed in their 
 habits, devoted to agriculture, and perfectly conversant 
 with the g. eat, physical laws that must be carefully ob- 
 served in crossing different breeds of animals, in order 
 to insure success. The ancients had not these advan- 
 tages, and'we think it may safely be inferred, that up 
 to the commencement of the Christian era, the main 
 characteristics of the horse had undergone little change, 
 except such as had been produced by the climates in 
 which he lived, the nature of the soil, and the pastures 
 upon which he fed. 
 
 In the central and northern parts of Asia, and the 
 northern part of Europe, where the climate is cold and 
 the vegetation scanty, the wild horses were then, and 
 are still, small, but active and hardy, with bodies 
 closely knit, and hair thick and long. They are capa- 
 ble of performing the longest marches without exhibit- 
 ing fatigue, are fleet, sure-footed, and well adapted 
 
12 THE MOEGAN HORSE. 
 
 for service in tlie cold and mountainous countries in 
 ^vllicll they are found. 
 
 The earliest records we have of the horse, trace him 
 to Egj^pt, whence he gradually found his way to 
 the various Egyptian colonies. Among the African 
 varieties, the Barh is remarkable for his fine and graceful 
 action; and is found chiefly in Morocco and Fez. II3 
 is lower than the Arabian, seldom exceeding fourteen 
 hands. The shoulders are flat, the chest deep, the 
 joints inclined to be a little long, and the head very 
 fine. He is superior to the Arab in form, but has not 
 his speed and endurance, nor his spirit and "counte- 
 nsmce." The Barb has chiefly contributed to the excel- 
 lence of the Spanish horse. The Godolphin Artibian was 
 a Barb, and from him has descended some of the best 
 racing stock of England. 
 
 The Arabian horse deservedly occupies the very 
 highest rank. So late as the seventh century, the 
 Arabs had very few horses, and those of a very in- 
 ferior quality. The horses that the}'' obtained from 
 Cappadocia and other neighboring countries Avere 
 preserved with so much care, and so uniformly pro- 
 pagated from the finest animals, that in the thirteenth 
 centurj' they had obtained great celebrity. The 
 Arabs divide their horses into three classes : the 
 Attechi^ or inferior breed, which are little valued, and 
 are found wild in some parts of the desert ; the Kadis- 
 eld, or mixed breed ; and the Koclilani, or thorough- 
 bred. Many of the latter have well-attested joedigrees 
 extending more than four hundred years, and the 
 Arab confidently asserts that the pedigree of his 
 favorite mare can be traced directlv to the stud 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BREEDS. 13 
 
 of Solomon. More care is taken to preserve tlie 
 pedigree of their horses, than the genealogies of their 
 chiefs : these pedigrees are always reckoned from the 
 dams. The Arabian horse might not always be 
 acknowledged to possess a perfect form, but no one 
 can fail to admire his inimitable head. The broad, 
 square forehead, the short, lean, firm, and delicate 
 muzzle, the bright, prominent, and intelligent eye, the 
 small, sprightly, and almost transparent ears, are uni- 
 versally acknowledged to be unrivalled in any other 
 breed. The fineness of his legs, and the oblique posi- 
 tion of his pasterns, may be supposed to lessen l\U 
 strength ; but the legs, although small, are flat and 
 wiry, and they are not required to carry heavy 
 Tv'eights. The muscles of the thigh and fore-arm are 
 strikinojly developed, and assure us of his ability to 
 perform many of the feats of strengtli and endurance 
 related of him ; but in reading of his really marvellous 
 marches, we must remember that there are no watches 
 to note accuratel}' the time, nor mile- stones to mark 
 correctly the distances on the paths of the desert, and 
 we must make some allowance for the proneness of the 
 Bedouin to exaggeration. The Arabian horse is as 
 celebrated for his docility as for his speed and courage. 
 He rarely exceeds fourteen hands in height, his body 
 is light, his hips and loins excellent, and his shoulders 
 extremely beautiful. It is to the Arabian that the 
 English are chiefly indebted for their unrivalled breed 
 of horses for the turf and the chase. 
 
 The Dongola horses, bred in the kingdom of Dongola, 
 and the country lying between Egypt and Abyssinia, 
 are somewhat celebrated for their showy appearance 
 
14 THE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 They are full sixteen hands iiigli, witli very short 
 bodies, long necks, fine crests, and sharp, high withers ; 
 but the breast is too narrow, the quarters and flanks 
 flat and thin, with carped or roached backs. Some 
 of these horses were imported into England about 
 1825, but were little valued. 
 
 There are several breeds of horses in India, of which 
 the Toorkj is the best, and is descended from the Per- 
 sian. 
 
 The Chinese horse is very inferior, and unworthy of 
 notice. 
 
 The Persian horse deservedly ranks next to the 
 Arabian ; his head is almost equally fine, his hip and 
 croup better; he is more stoutly built, is equal in 
 speed, but less enduring. Their food consists of bar- 
 ley and chopped straw, hay being unknow^n. The 
 Persian horses were ver}^ celebrated long before the 
 Arabian was known. They rarely exceed fourteen 
 and a half hands high, are full of courage, and very 
 tractable and docile. 
 
 Turkistan has long been celebrated for producing a 
 pure and valuable breed of horses, called Toorhomans. 
 They are large, standing from fifteen to sixteen hands 
 high ; are swdft and remarkably enduring. They are 
 said to be preferable even to the pure Persian for 
 severe service. They are too small in the barrel, too 
 long in the legs, and their heads are large and clumsy ; 
 yet they are highly esteemed. 
 
 The Flemish and Dutch horses are very large, 
 strongly and symmetically formed, with fine crests and 
 plenty of bone and muscle, but are a little dull in their 
 paces, and mostly used for purposes of draft. It is 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BREEDS. 15 
 
 principally from tliese that the celebrated draft horses 
 of England are descended. 
 
 France contains several breeds of horses, some of 
 which, particularly the Korman, are very valuable. 
 The government have for some years paid a good deal 
 of attention to the improvement of horses, but they 
 are still inferior to the English in beauty and speed. 
 The best French horses are raised in Limousin and 
 Kormandy. Those from the latter province are of 
 large size, with plenty of bone and muscle, large limbs, 
 heavy quarters, sloping croup, deep chest and deep 
 body, but a little flat-ribbed. They are very tractable, 
 and possessed of very great endurance, and can carry 
 great weight at the rate of six to seven miles per houi . 
 
 Spain has long been celebrated for her breed of 
 horses, but it is thought that they are less valuable 
 now than formerly, having suffered under the general 
 decline of the Spanish government. The Andalusian 
 horse, so called from that province of Spain in which 
 he was chiefly bred, still retains a resemblance to the 
 Barb, to which he was undoubtedly indebted for his 
 most valuable qualities. The Barb was brought into 
 Spain during the first part of the eighth century. 
 England owes much of the present excellence of her 
 horse to this breed. About the year 1060, William 
 of N'ormandy brought a large number of horses from 
 Spain for cavalry service, and probably these were 
 mostly from the provinces of Andalusia and Asturias, 
 for, owing to the richness of the pastures, horses were 
 much more numerous in these provinces than in any 
 other parts of Spain. 
 
 Italian horses were formerly thought very valuable, 
 
16 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 but are now less esteemed. The Neapolitan horses are 
 tolerably well shaped, and from their size and high 
 style of action are in some demand for carriage horses. 
 
 The Turkish horses are principally descended from 
 the Arab, crossed with the Persian, the Tartar, and some 
 other breeds. Compared with the Arabian, the head is 
 larger, the limbs heavier, the body longer, the shoulder 
 not so fine, and the hips higher. They are, if possible, 
 more gentle and tractable than the Arabian. The 
 Turkish horse has contributed much to the blood of the 
 present English race-horse. 
 
 The G-erman horses are generally large, heavy, and 
 slow. The Hungarian is, however, of medium size, 
 and possessed of a good deal of speed and endurance. 
 
 Many excellent cavalry horses are bred in Holstein. 
 They are generall}?" bay, of good size, with small, fine 
 heads, bold, lively ej'es, have good action, and are 
 strong and active. 
 
 The Swedish horses are between thirteen and four- 
 teen hands high, and are remarkable for their speed 
 and endurance. 
 
 The horses of Finland are yet smaller, not exceeding 
 twelve hands in height ; they are said to be beautiful, 
 and very fleet. 
 
 In Iceland, though the country is mountainous, and 
 the climate cold and inhospitable, there are yet very 
 numerous troops of wild horses. They are very small, 
 strong, and swift. 
 
 The horses of that part of Tartary comprehending 
 the great plains of Central Asia, and a considerable part 
 of European Russia, are almost in a wild state ,• they 
 are small and badly made, but are very liardy and en- 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BREEDS. 17 
 
 during. They are not very docile or tractable. Tar 
 tar horses form a large portion of the Persian cavalry, 
 being preferred on account of their great hardiness and 
 endurance. 
 
 All the horses we have enumerated, with the ex- 
 ception of the German, Italian, French and Flemish, 
 are peculiarly adapted to use under the saddle, carry- 
 ing light weight ; and with few exceptions they are 
 seldom put to any other service. 
 
 The Eussians have some excellent horses. The 
 most celebrated of their breeds is the Orloff Trotter, 
 of large size and fine action. Great pains are taken in 
 breaking and training them, to prevent their moving 
 in any other gait than a walk or trot, consequently 
 some of them are fast trotters. 
 
 The English horse, on account of its just celebrity, 
 and as the source from which the best of our own have 
 been derived, demands a more careful notice. 
 
 Horses were exceedingly numerous in Britain at 
 the time of its conquest by Julius CaBsar, and they 
 were so valuable, that Caesar carried many of them to 
 E/Dme. The Eomans having established themselves in 
 Britain, kept a large force of cavalry there, and these 
 horses, gathered from all parts of the Eoman Empire, 
 mixed with the native breed. Whether this cross re- 
 sulted in any improvement cannot now be ascertained. 
 
 The next importation of which we have any account 
 was early in the tenth century. Hugh Capet, of 
 France, made Athelstane a present of several German 
 *' running horses.'''' About the middle of the eleventh 
 century, with William the Conqueror came a marked 
 improvement in the English horse. His followers, 
 
18 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 coming from a countrj far in advance of England in 
 tlie science of agriculture, were of great service to tlie 
 English in improving their horses, by introducing the 
 Spanish horse. The first recorded importation of an 
 Arabian horse took place in 1121 — Alexander I., of 
 Scotland, having presented the church of St. Andre\Y 
 with an Arabian horse, " decked in Turkish armor, and 
 costly trinkets." About the close of the twelfth or be- 
 ginning of the thirteenth century, King John imported 
 one hundred stallions from Flanders, and thus laid the 
 foundation of the draft horse, which has since become 
 so celebrated. In the beginning of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, Edward II. imported thirty war horses, and 
 twelve draft horses. Edward III. purchased fifty 
 Spanish horses, which cost him about seven hundred 
 dollars each. 
 
 The English had used horses from Turkey and Bar- 
 bary, to improve the native stock, but up to the time 
 of James I. with but little success. 
 
 About 1610, James purchased a celebrated Arabian 
 horse of a merchant named Markham, for which he paid 
 five hundred pounds. After this, James purchased of 
 Mr. Place, a beautiful horse called the White Turk. 
 
 Not long after this, the first Duke of Buckingham im- 
 ported the Helmsly Turk. These two animals produced 
 a great change in the character of the English horses. 
 Charles I. eagerly pursued the favorite sport of the 
 English gentleman, and established races at Hyde 
 Park and Kewmarket. Cromwell was himself anxious 
 to continue the improvement of the horse, and kept a 
 stud of race-horses ; but racing was not countenanced 
 by his party, and the race courses were closed. 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BEEEDS. 19 
 
 At the Eestoration in 1660, a new impulse was given 
 to the cultivation of the horse. Eace courses were 
 opened, and royal plates were now given at the prin- 
 cipal ones. Charles sent his Master of the Horse to 
 the Levant, to purchase both mares and stallions. 
 These were principally Barbs and Turks. His nobles 
 followed his example, and from that time until the 
 eighteenth century almost every valuable variety of 
 Eastern blood was from time to time engrafted on the 
 old stock. In 1703, Mr. Darley imported the Arabian 
 that has since borne his name, being then four years 
 old. About twenty-five years later, a Mr. Coke brought 
 the Godolphin Arabian from France to England, and 
 presented him to Mr. Williams, Master of St. James' 
 Coffee House, vfho presented him to the Earl of Godol- 
 phin. It is to these importations chiefly that is due 
 the high degree of perfection which the English race- 
 horse has attained. 
 
 The English Hunter is not as distinct a breed of 
 horses as has often been supposed. Every variety of 
 blood has been resorted to, to produce the horse best 
 suited to the work required of him, and he is noAV 
 usually three-quarters thorough-bred. Mr. Skinner 
 says the Hunter is but a combination of the race-horse 
 or thorough-bred, with one of less blood. Formerly, 
 hunters were bred from coach mares, or " Machiners" 
 as they are called ; but now the hunter is lighter, and 
 more nearly thorough-bred. Many of the hunters of 
 fifty years ago were bred by crossing the Cleveland 
 Bay with the race-horse ; and resembled the best Hack- 
 neys of the present day. 
 
 Of the Hackney, a standard English work says : " The 
 
20 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 Hackney sliould be a hunter in miniature, with these 
 exceptions : his height should rarely exceed fifteen 
 hands and an inch. He will be sufficiently strong, 
 and more pleasant for general work, below that stand- 
 ard. He should be of more compact form than the 
 Hunter — more bulk according to his height, for he has 
 not merely to stand an occasional though severe burst, 
 but a great deal of every-day work." 
 
 The English coach horse was formerly bred from 
 the Suffolk, and the Cleveland Bays (breeds now 
 nearly extinct) by crossing the mares with horses pos- 
 sessing more or less racing blood, and was, in fact, but 
 a large, heavy Hunter or Hackney. 
 
 The Cleveland Bays, the Clydesdale, the Northamp- 
 tonshire, the Suffolk Punch, and the heavy Black, or 
 Lincolnshire horse, • are but different varieties of the 
 English draft horse, and are but little used for any 
 other purpose. 
 
 The coach horse, and the draft horse, have diminished 
 very rapidly of late years, having given way to a lighter, 
 and faster animal. 
 
 The foregoing glance at the most important races of 
 horses will, it is hoped, enable the reader to form a 
 tolerably correct idea of the main sources from which 
 our horses are derived. 
 
 The wild horse is found in great numbers in Tartary, 
 in some parts of South America, and a few in the 
 south-western territories of the United States. In none 
 of these can we recognize an original race. The horses 
 of the Ukraine, and those of South America, are 
 equally the descendants of those which have escaped the 
 slavery of man. The former are thought to be de- 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BREEDS. 21 
 
 Bcended from horses that were employed in the siege 
 of Azoff, in 1657 ; but were turned loose for want of 
 forage. The latter are descended from animals im- 
 
 orted by the Spaniards, and they still retain, almost 
 unimpaired, the size and form of the stock from which 
 they sprung. They are not remarkable for their speed 
 at short distances, but possess great endurance ; and 
 many instances are recorded of the natives pushing 
 them over one hundred miles without drawing rein. 
 
 In our own country we have several breeds of horses. 
 
 The Conestoga horse is found chiefly in the Middle 
 States, but is not as often met with now, as formerly. 
 He is descended from early importations from Flanders 
 and Denmark ; he is inclined to be too long in the leg, 
 too light in the barrel, and too dull in his paces. His 
 quarters and shoulders are generally good ; and when 
 his body is found sufficiently deep he makes an excel- 
 lent draft horse; he is often over seventeen hands 
 high. 
 
 The English thorough-bred is found in perfection 
 in many of the States, but is bred chiefly at the South. 
 In most of the States, the great majority of the horses 
 in ordinary use possess traces of racing blood. 
 
 The Canadian horse is found chiefly in Canada, and 
 is undoubtedly of Norman-French descent, and to this 
 day they preserve, in a high degree, the distinguishing 
 traits of the stock from which they sprung. There 
 are many varieties, some having been crossed with the 
 English thorough-bred. They have maintained the 
 good qualities of their ancestors, but have less size, 
 probably owing in a great measure to the rigor of the 
 climate, and their scanty fare. They are exceedingly 
 
22 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 hardy, easily kept, are long-lived, and perfectly gentle 
 and docile. Some of tliem are celebrated for speed at 
 short distances, but as a breed tbey are not good road- 
 sters. 
 
 The Narragansett pacer, a breed long celebrated in 
 Ehode Island, is said to have descended in part from a 
 horse imported by Gov. Robinson from Andalusia in 
 Spain. They were noted for their easy pace under 
 the saddle, docility, and powers of endurance. They 
 were small and not well adapted for draught. 
 
 The Norman horse has not yet been extensively 
 bred in this country, but a few fine animals have been 
 imported. They are large, usually full sixteen hands 
 high, compact and muscular ; and though not adapted 
 to high speed with light weight — yet it is believed they 
 are unrivalled in their powers of endurance, carry- 
 ing a great weight at the rate of six or seven miles per 
 hour. 
 
 In addition to these varieties, there are in various 
 parts of the country families claiming more or less 
 alliance to the thorough-bred. Of these, the Messen- 
 gers, the Hamiltonians, the Henrys, the Bellfounders, 
 are perhaps the most noted, as they were generally 
 well-formed, fine-moving, fast-going, and enduring 
 horses. 
 
 Hamiltonian or Hamlintonian was got by Diomed, 
 sire of the celebrated Sir Archy. Diomed was by 
 Florizel, he by King Herod, he by Tartar, and he by 
 Croft's Partner, who was by Jig, a son of the Byerly 
 Turk ; dam by Spectator, g. dam by Blank, gg. dam 
 by Childers. Dam of Hamiltonian was by Shark, g. 
 dam by Apollo. Hamiltonian was long owned by Col. 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BREEDS. 23 
 
 Tayloe, of Yirginia, and run by him witli mucli success. 
 He was bred by Mr. Thomas Hamlin, from whom he 
 was named ; but of late the stock has been called 
 Hamiltonian. He was chestnut, of good size, and was 
 foaled in 1800. 
 
 He had an excellent figure and good constitution, 
 and he ran several successful four-mile races. His 
 stock was excellent, but has been frequently confounded 
 with that of Hambletonian, a son of imported Messen- 
 ger. 
 
 Hambletonian, by Messenger, was a fine horse, and 
 left some very valuable stock that has been a good 
 deal scattered throughout the States of ISTew York and 
 western part of Vermont ; and we think much of the 
 stock in these States called Hamiltonian or Hamlin- 
 tonian should be Hambletonian. We have not at hand 
 the necessary data to give his pedigree or any further 
 description of him^ which we regret, as his descendants 
 have been deservedly esteemed for their speed and 
 power of endurance. Many of them are large, and 
 make excellent carriage horses. 
 
 The pedigree and some description of several other 
 noted horses will be found at the close of the chapter 
 on Pedigrees. 
 
 The stock descended from Messenger, Hamiltonian, 
 and some others, proved very valuable ; many of 
 them were excellent roadsters, and some of them were 
 fast trotters. Hence, it soon became policy for dealers 
 to advertise their horses as descended from those whose 
 stock was known to be good ; and at the stables of 
 those dealers whose honesty is not of the adamantine 
 kind, you can usually purchase a horse of any of the 
 
24 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 well-known families provided you give a reasonable 
 hint of the stock you prefer. Hundreds of horses are 
 sold every year as Morgans, Messengers, Hamiltonians, 
 &;c., who have not a particle of the blood they are rep- 
 resented to possess. 
 
 Messenger was a gray, fifteen and three-quarters 
 hands high, and stoutly built. He was got by Mam- 
 brino, he by Engineer, and he by Sampson, dam by 
 Turf, his grandam by Kegulus. He was foaled in 
 1780, and bred by John Pratt, Esq., of Newmarket, 
 England. He ran several successful races, and finally, 
 in 1785, won the king's plate. He was imported into 
 New York by Mr. Benger. The first two seasons after 
 his arrival, he was kept at Shammany Bridge, near 
 Bristol, Pennsylvania. Mr. Henry Astor then pur- 
 chased him and kept him on Long Island for two years. 
 About this time Mr. 0. W. Yan Kanst, Esq., pur- 
 chased an interest in him, and for the remainder of his 
 life he was kept in various parts of the State of New 
 York, with the exception of one year at Cooper's 
 Ferry, opposite Philadelphia. 
 
 He died January 28, 1808. His stock were cele- 
 brated as roadsters rather than racers, though he 
 was sire of Miller's Damsel and some others of note. 
 "Whether animals of either of these families can now 
 be found possessing suf&cient resemblance to one an- 
 other, and enough of the blood of the ancestor from 
 whom they derive their name, to render it possible to 
 establish a distinct and permanent variety, we are un- 
 able to say, but think it doubtful. 
 
 The observant traveller through the different States 
 of the Union, who possesses any taste for a horse, can- 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BREEDS. 25 
 
 not fail to mark tlie striking difference in the general 
 character of the horses of different sections of the 
 country. In the New England States he sees a com- 
 pact, hardy stock of horses of medium size, with high 
 carriage — good travellers, and extremely gentle and 
 tractable driving horses. 
 
 In almost every county he may find descendants of 
 the Justin Morgan, and in some he will see that they 
 comprise a large portion of the stock. Along the Can- 
 ada border he will see many specimens of the French- 
 Canadian horse, and in some j^arts of Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut he will see descendants of the ISTorman, 
 the Flemish^ and the Danish horse. 
 
 Throughout New England he will see evidences of 
 the blood of the English racer, and the Arabian ; Mes- 
 senger, Dey of Algiers, Hamiltonian, Cock of the 
 Eock, Henry, Po^t Bo}^, Sir Walter, Sir Charles, and 
 many others, having mingled their blood with the com- 
 mon stock of the country, but the pure thorough-bred 
 he will not be apt to see. Passing through New York, 
 we see a greater variety of horses. Within the State 
 may be found individuals exhibiting the form and 
 characteristics of every breed known in this country. 
 As a general rule the driving horses (many of them 
 very fine) are taller than those of New England, and 
 less compact. The fiirm and draft horses are generally 
 larger, but vary much in size from the Canadian pony 
 to the English cart horse. The thorough-bred may 
 occasionally be met with, though not so common nov\r 
 as formerly ; but scattered throughout the State may 
 be found the descendants of Messenger, Eclipse, Henry, 
 Duroc, and other celebrated horses of that breed. In 
 2 
 
26 THE MOEGAN HOKSE. 
 
 the central and northern parts of the State may bo 
 seen some of the descendants of the Justin Morgan, 
 some of these horses having been taken there within 
 the past few years. 
 
 As we pass through Pennsylvania and Ohio, we 
 observe a more striking change in the character of the 
 horses. The fine driving horse is more rarely seen. 
 The farm and draft horses are much larger, and some- 
 times are really immense. They are descended from the 
 Flemish and Danish horses, are usually fat, slow and 
 awkward, are sometimes pretty well formed, but are 
 inclined to be leggy and loosely built. 
 
 In the eastern part of Pennsylvania and northern 
 part of Ohio, many fair driving horses may be seen, 
 but in the western part of Pennsylvania and southern 
 part of Ohio, good buggy horses are not common — 
 light wagons are not much used. Many good sad- 
 dle horses may be found possessing more or less of the 
 characteristics of the English thorough-bred, a good 
 specimen -of which may occasionally be seen. 
 
 As we go west and south we find the good buggy 
 horse becoming more and more rare, and the number 
 and quality of the saddle horses constantly increasing ; 
 until arrived in Kentucky and Tennessee, the former is 
 not often seen, while the latter are both numerous and 
 excellent. 
 
 Many of the draft and carriage horses used in Ken- 
 tucky, are brought from Ohio and Indiana, and are 
 taken from the same stock of those States, the coarsest 
 being used for draft and the finest for the carriage. 
 
 The horses in common use for farm and similar work, 
 are decidedly inferior. This is, perhaps, in a great de« 
 
THE MOST ESTEEMED BKEEDS. 27 
 
 gree, due to tlie flict tliat a large number of the best 
 mares are constantly used for breeding mules, and tbat 
 more attention is paid to raising tbe latter animals, 
 wbicli bave become one of the great staples of Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 ThrouQ^hout the remaininpi; Southern States the ani- 
 mals used upon the farm and road are principally 
 mules ; light wagons are but little used ; the white popu- 
 lation is more thinly scattered ; and though most of the 
 planters keep a family carriage, yet the ordinary busi- 
 ness travel is principally upon horseback. Through- 
 out the Southern States the English thorough-bred is 
 found in high perfection, and many of the horses in 
 common use partake largely of his blood. 
 
 The horses of Indiana, Illinois and the other Western 
 and Korth-Western States, closely resemble the horses 
 of Ohio, and in fact, many of them were raised in that 
 State, and taken farther west by persons emigrating to 
 new lands. 
 
 Although emigration has been going on for some 
 time from 'New England to these States, yet until with- 
 in the last few years the emigrants very rarely took 
 any animals with them, the journey being too long to 
 . be undertaken with teams ; but the emigration to that 
 country from Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia, has 
 very generally been made in wagons, the emigrants 
 taking their horses with them. 
 
 Within the last few years a few Morgan horses have 
 been taken into that section, where they command 
 high prices ; and as they become more and more known, 
 so the demand for them is steadily increasing, and in 
 
28 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 passing thraugli the large towns tlie traveller will occa- 
 sionally see a good specimen of the race. 
 
 It is a fiict worthy of note that the English thorough- 
 bred is found most numerous, and in the greatest per- 
 fection, in those States where the saddle horse is most 
 in demand, and where the light buggy has not yet 
 come into very general use ; while in those States 
 where the horse is little used under the saddle, but 
 almost entirely in harness, he is not often met with. 
 
CHAPTEK II. 
 
 CONTRAST BETWEEN THE KINDS OF SERVICE REQUIRED OP HORSES 
 FORMERLY, AND AT THE PRESENT DAY. 
 
 Up to the tentli century the Arabs alone seem to 
 liave taken mucli pains in breeding tlieir horses, and 
 the crosses of the different breeds in Europe were due 
 more to chance than to any matured plan of improve- 
 ment. The warlike sports of the joust and the tour- 
 nament, which originated in France, reached their full 
 perfection in that country during the tenth century, 
 and by the close of the twelfth had extended over 
 Europe. 
 
 Success in these contests depended as much upon 
 the power and activity of the horse, as upon the skill 
 and strength of the rider. Every effort was made to 
 procure the finest horses by those who engaged in 
 these sports. At first the Spanish horse was almost 
 exclusively used. 
 
 The motley assemblage of people from every nation 
 of Europe, to form the armies engaged in the crusades, 
 brought together horses of every known variety. The 
 Icnights of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were 
 almost constantly engaged in a fierce struggle with the 
 Saracens, or in the warlike sports of that age. The 
 a,nnouncement of a "passage at arms" drew them 
 
80 THE MOEGAN HOKSE. 
 
 together from tlie most distant points. The knights 
 liad increased the weight of their armor until it alone 
 Avas an ample load for the horse, consequently ani- 
 mals of great size and strength were needed; and it 
 soon became evident that neither the Andalusian, the 
 Turkish, the Arabian, nor the English horse, was 
 able to cope successfully in the crushing charge of the 
 tournament with the much larger and stronger, though 
 less spirited and active horses of Lombardy, Norman- 
 dy, Flanders, and Denmark. It was this size and 
 strength, combined with symmetry of form and good 
 carriage, that caused these horses to be much sought 
 after by the knights and nobles throughout Europe. 
 
 It must not be forgotten in considering the services 
 demanded of the horse in that age, that it is not prob- 
 able he was used for field labor on the farm before 
 the commmencement of the eleventh century, and we 
 have no notice of his being put to such service until 
 1066. Horses were at that time little used except 
 under the saddle, for ordinary travelling, for cavalry 
 carrying heavy armor, and for heavy draft. 
 
 About the middle of the fourteenth century the use 
 of gunpowder for military purposes, and the decline 
 of chivalry with its accompanying martial sports and 
 exercises, produced a great change in the horses used 
 for cavalry, and by the nobles and gentry of Europe. 
 Cavalry no longer derived its chief eflS.ciency from the 
 size and strength of the horse, which was necessary to 
 enable him to carry the two or three hundred pounds 
 of armor that was sometimes put upon him. 
 
 This armor, encasing both horse and rider, was 
 almost impervious to any weapons that had before been 
 
CONTRAST BETWEEN THE KINDS OF SERVICE. 31 
 
 used, but afforded little protection from musketry, and 
 was of course utterly useless when exposed to artillery. 
 The horses, large, clumsy and awkward, were incapa- 
 ble of executing evolutions rapidly, or of going into 
 action at anything but a moderate pace ; and they 
 rapidly fell into disuse, their place being supplied by 
 a much smaller and more active horse. 
 
 For cavalry of the present day a horse of medium 
 size is required. He carries no defensive armor. 
 The principal purposes for which cavalry are now 
 used are, keeping open communication between dif- 
 ferent bodies of infantry, and patrolling the country. 
 In battle, they are usually held in reserve to take ad- 
 vantage of any momentary confusion in the ranks of the 
 enem}^, and the success of an attack at such a moment 
 depends in a great measure upon the promptness and 
 celerity with which it is made. Finally, they are of great 
 service in following up the success in case of victory, 
 and in covering a retreat. For these kinds of service 
 it will be readily seen that the horse most suitable 
 must be of medium size, compact, muscular, hardy, 
 courageous, and active. 
 
 Since the use of gunpowder, the greatest changes 
 that have taken place in the general character of the 
 horse have occurred in England ; and for this reason, 
 together with the fact that our American horses are 
 principally descended from English stock, we shall 
 glance chiefly at the changes that have taken place in 
 the character of the English horse, and the service to 
 which he has been put. 
 
 At the commencement of the seventeenth centurj^, 
 the great mass of the horses of England, with the ex- 
 
82 I'HE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 ception of tlie tliorougli-breds, miglit be divided into 
 two classes, viz. : draft horses, and saddle horses. The 
 former were used for transporting merchandise from 
 place to place in heavy carts, to which were attached 
 from one to six horses. As, up to that time, canals 
 and railroads were unknown, an enormous number of 
 these horses was required to move to the seaboard the 
 exports of a coantrj rich as England was in agricul- 
 tural productions and manufactured aiiicles; and to 
 distribute throughout the country the imported arti- 
 cles received in exchange. 
 
 The great demand for these horses caused much at- 
 tention to be paid to breeding them, and the best 
 English cart horse has never been excelled for the 
 kind of service to which he is so peculiarly adapted. 
 
 The people of that age moved but little from home ; 
 when they did, the journey was made on horseback, 
 and for the saddle they had their hackneys, or hunters. 
 It is somewhat difficult to distinguish very clearly be- 
 tween the .hunter and hackney of that age, for both 
 were usually possessed of more or less blood, and the 
 best hackneys were good hunters. 
 
 Carriages for any other purposes than the transport- 
 ation of merchandise were comparatively unknown, 
 and the heavy draft horse, being the only one broken 
 to harness, was almost universally used for all farm or 
 similar work. Coaches as a public means of convey- 
 ance, were first used in France and England about 
 1620 ; but they were long in coming into general use, 
 and in 1637 only fifty hackney coaches were licensed 
 in London. From this time the number rapidly in- 
 creased, and in 1778 there were twenty-three thousand 
 
CONTKAST BETWEEN THE KINDS OF SERVICE. 83 
 
 in England. These were all liackney, and not mail 
 coaches. The first mail coach started from London 
 for Bristol the 2d day of August, 1784. In forty 
 years from that time the English mail-coaches travelled 
 nearly thirteen thousand miles per day, and the num- 
 ber of miles travelled daily by hackney coaches 
 largely exceeded this. The opening of canals in 
 France about two hundred, and in England about one 
 hundred years since, caused a great decrease in the 
 demand for heavy draft horses, and the attention of 
 breeders was turned to horses for coaches, Avhich were 
 then just coming into use. The introduction of steam 
 power upon railways some twenty -five years since, soon 
 superseded the use of coaches on all the great thorough- 
 fares, and produced a vast change in the kind of service 
 required of horses on the road. 
 
 The roads relieved from the heavy coaches that be- 
 ing drawn at a rapid rate kept them in bad condition, 
 were much improved, and consequently much better 
 fitted for the movement of light carriages at a high 
 speed. Formerly the English mail was thought to 
 travel at a rate that defied all competition, but to the 
 traveller upon the railways, ten miles an hour seemed 
 but a moderate pace, and horsemen, emulous of steam, 
 made every effort to increase the speed of light car- 
 riage horses. Horses differing from the old coach 
 horse in size, the slope of the shoulders, and style oH 
 action, grew rapidly in demand. But the English have 
 not the same taste for pleasure driving that our coua 
 trymen possess, and though they take a greal deal of 
 exercise out of doors, it is generally on foot or in the 
 saddle. 
 
 2* 
 
B4: THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 The clianges that have taken place in this country 
 during the last fifty years, in the kinds of service re- 
 quired of horses, have been more rapid and marked 
 than in England. 
 
 Fifty years ago almost the entire inland traffic was 
 carried on by means of horses. Excepting in the vicin- 
 ity of the large cities, the roads throughout the coun- 
 try vfere wretched, and the best consisted of no other 
 material than the natural soil, a little raised by ditching 
 at the sides, and forming the road-bed with the mate- 
 rial thus obtained. Even this was often neglected, 
 and nothing was done but to cut down the forest, and 
 record in the proper office the course of the road. 
 When we consider that over such roads all the freight 
 of the country was moved upon wagons, it v/ill not be 
 a matter of surprise, that the rate of travel of the 
 lightest carriages rarely exceeded four or five miles 
 per hour. 
 
 Contracts were made for carrying the mail at this 
 rate, and often in the thinly-settled parts of the coun- 
 try at even a lower speed. The wagons loaded with 
 merchandise, and the heavy mail coaches, kept the 
 roads in a condition that entirely forbade any attempt 
 at rapid driving with any description of carriage. 
 The farmers, as they were often compelled to haul 
 their ptoduce long distances to find a market, required 
 a horse heavier than vv'as necessary or profitable for 
 23erforming only their farm work, although the farm 
 work of that day was far more severe for both the farmer 
 and his horse, than it is now. Transporting the mails, 
 hauling freight, and ordinary field labor, were then 
 the principal services demanded of the horse. But 
 
coNTKAST betwee:n the kinds of service. 85 
 
 iio\v tlie lumbering freight wagon witli its long teana 
 of slow, lieavy horses, is rarely seen. The mail coach 
 with all its comforts and annoyances, will be known 
 to the coming generation only from histoi}^. The farm- 
 er, instead of being compelled to transport his farm 
 products to the largest towns or cities, now finds a ready 
 market almost at his door, for, guided by science, steam 
 with its giant power has scaled our mountains, and 
 drives the locomotive cheerily through almost every 
 valley of our country, relieving the worn draft horse 
 of his load, the panting, steaming coach horse of his 
 mails and passengers, and bringing the dealer in produce 
 into almost every hamlet. Science also has greatly les- 
 sened the labor of tilling the soil, has substituted the 
 light, beautifully-shaped, and easy-running iron plow, 
 for the heavy, clumsy, and hard-running wooden one 
 of our ancestors.. Every description of agricultural im- 
 plement has been remodelled and improved, until they 
 bear little resemblance to the rude instruments used 
 by our fathers. These improvements in all kinds of 
 agricultural tools, wagons, plows, harrows, <fcc., have 
 very much lightened the labors of the horse. In ad- 
 dition to this, the forests having been felled, the fields 
 cleared of the timber and stumps, and the soil being 
 in a higher and easier condition for cultivation, the 
 farmers have discovered that active, hardy horses of 
 medium size, are much more profitable than the large, 
 slow, and clumsy animals so generally in use fifty years 
 ago. The former can certainly accomplish more ordi- 
 nary farm work than the latter. They will plow as 
 much in all cases except perhaps turning a stiff clay 
 
36 THE MORCAX IIORJ^E. 
 
 sod ; they will harrow more, and reap more ; they are 
 much easier kept, and are less liable to accidents. 
 
 When used upon the road, they are almost invari- 
 ably better travellers ; and if selected with judgment 
 from good stock, they are fleet and tractable. 
 
 It is probably in a great measure owing to the im- 
 provement in our farms, and forming tools, that horses 
 are now much more generally used for farm work than 
 they formerly were. When the country was new, and 
 the fields cumbered with huge stumps, whose tough 
 roots spread like a net- work through every part of the 
 soil, the ox was most generally used for plowing, for his 
 very dulness is in such ground an advantage, as at the 
 most moderate pace, and with the utmost care, ordinary 
 plows and harnesses will frequently be broken, when 
 the plow comes in contact with the stumps or roots. 
 The substitution of the improved cultivator for the 
 hoe, the reaper for the cradle, and the threshing-m.a- 
 chine for the flail, has rendered the horse almost indis- 
 pensable to -the farmer in the prosecution of his calling ; 
 so that whatever may be the difference of opinion as 
 to the relative cost of keeping, amount of labor per- 
 formed, &c., horses are now almost miiversally pre- 
 ferred to oxen for a farm team. 
 
 The English race-horse or thorough-bred is less 
 ?.ffected than any other class of horses, by great 
 changes in the modes of public conveyances, the im- 
 provements of roads and carriages, or the introduction 
 of improved implements upon the farm. Although 
 most of the English horses, with the exception of the 
 draft horse, have a greater or less infusion of blood, 
 
CONTRAST BETWEEN THE KINDS OF SERVICE. 37 
 
 yet tlie thoroagli-bred is put to no ordinary labor, but 
 is bred for one specific purpose, which is to win on 
 the race-course the stakes that are offered. The nature 
 of the qualities he should possess must depend on the 
 distance run, and the weight carried. For while the 
 long, leggy, light-chested horse, may be able to take a 
 prodigious stfide, and with plenty of bone and muscle 
 he may carry a heavy weight a short distance at a 
 flight of sj)eed ; yet he can never make four miles and 
 repeat with the same weight, unless he possesses a deep 
 roomy chest to give him wind, a more compact frame, 
 and a shorter leg, that he may be able to keep up 
 his speed without fatiguing the muscles. A century 
 ago there were six, and even eight-mile races at New- 
 market, with old horses, the ordinary races being at 
 four miles and repeat — now the " heavy plates " are 
 all offered to two and three-year-olds for short, single 
 races, of from one to two miles. That this is an im- 
 provement on the score of humanity may be true ; 
 but does it not tend to depreciate the horse for those 
 qualities that render him useful in ordinary business, 
 by inducing the breeder to seek for and foster those 
 qualities that give speed to the horse, and to neglect 
 those which are indispensable to give him endurance? 
 This would seem at a glance to bo the inevitable ten • 
 dency of such a change in the length of the race, 
 and the age of the horses. But we must not stop to 
 discuss this question, nor inquire into the causes 
 which produced this gTeat change in the character of 
 English racing, however interesting such an inquiry 
 might prove to ourselves or the reader. It will be 
 sufficient for our present purpose to inquire whether 
 
88 THE MORGiiiT nORSE. 
 
 there has been any change in the character of the 
 thorough-bred, and if so, whether it has been for bet- 
 ter, or worse. This Litter inquiry is of the utmost im- 
 portance to the breeder, for in England, and in our own 
 country, many breeders have been accustomed to be- 
 lieve that direct resort to the thorough-bred was indis- 
 pensable to the production of a fine horse, acting from 
 f;[dth in the old adage that ''blood will tell," without 
 stopping to inquire if that blood is still the same, 
 much less what is the true and proper meaning of the 
 expression. 
 
 That a marked change has taken place in the char- 
 acter of the thorough-bred, and that the change has 
 been a deterioration in compactness, and power of en- 
 durance, seems hardly to admit of a doubt. 
 
 A writer in the "American Turf Eegister and 
 Sporting Magazine," Yol. IX., p. 9, (a paper devoted to 
 the interest of thorough-bred stock,) tells us, that "his 
 size, or perhaps his height, has been much increased, 
 without any diminution of his blood-like appearance, 
 but he has lost that full, round carcase and compact 
 form, which belonged to the horses of the olden time — 
 and if as they now believe they have increased the 
 speed, stride, and capacity to carry weight for short 
 single-heat races, they have not increased their powers 
 of endurance, or enabled them to run long repeating 
 races at short intervals." 
 
 Thomas Emory of Maryland, certainly a most criti- 
 cal and competent judge of all the points requisite to 
 the perfect race-horse, in a letter to the same paper, 
 Yol. IX., p. 126, says : " The result of my examination 
 was disappointment in my expectations of Enghsh 
 
CONTRAST BETWEEN THE KINDS OF SERVICE. 39 
 
 race-liorses. There are here and there a few specimens 
 - of the race-horse of the very highest order, but the 
 proportion of the trash to the good, is greatly beyond 
 what I expected, and it is wonderful with what per- 
 tinacity some of the breeders stick to their trash. * * 
 * * * They breed for speed and ability to carry high 
 weights at an early age for short distances ; and many 
 of them acknowledge their error, and admit they may 
 ere long have to come to our country for hard-bot- 
 tomed horses. -5^ * * * At Doncaster, I saw sold 
 the produce of several of the large breeding studs in 
 the contiguous counties; a few of them were good 
 colts, many of them leggy, weedy animals, and more 
 than half of them were so badly splented at one and 
 two years old, as to destroy their value. 
 
 " This splenting at this age unbroke I could not ac- 
 count for, and could find no one who could, but there 
 it seemed a matter of course and nobody seemed sur- 
 prised at it. It was new to me." 
 
 In an essay on the improvement of horses published 
 in the '' Farmer's Magazine " (London) for 1845, the 
 writer says the qualities required in the business horse 
 " are speed and endurance, with the capability of car- 
 rying heavy weight, with varied pace, through deep 
 ground across a broken country ; and in order that 
 they should possess these capabilities they should have 
 v/hat are commonly termed in hunter's phraseology 
 bone, muscle, and compactness. * ^- * 
 
 " It would appear that our blood stock formerly pos- 
 sessed these characteristics in an jeminent degree ; and 
 by reference to former sporting publications, it will be 
 seen that they were shorter in the leg, and capable of 
 
40 THE MORGAN HOKSE. 
 
 carrying heavy weights, and running long distances 
 now they run with light weights and short distances, 
 where bottom is not so necessary. Our fleetest racers 
 were then what are now called small horses, which 
 means that they were not the tall, lengthy, leggy 
 racers of the present day, but compact, muscular, and 
 remarkable for their capabilities of carrying heavy 
 weight, and power of endurance." 
 
 Mr. Lawrence, in his " Treatise on the Horse," Vol. 
 I., page 105, says, in speaking of those thorough-breds 
 that fail to be winners : "As to the refuse of our studs 
 of race-horses, it consists usually of a parcel of half- 
 gotten, delicate, weak, spider-legged creatures, which 
 it is a misery to see applied to any labor whatever." 
 
 Similar extracts might be multiplied indefinitely, 
 but the foregoing seem amply sufiicient to establish the 
 fact, that the thorough-bred, or race-horse, is less com- 
 pact, hardy, and enduring than formerly. It is such 
 evidence that must establish what are the qualities of 
 a breed of horses, and individual instances of animals 
 of the breed-exhibiting qualities widely different from 
 those described as characteristic of their kind, whether 
 better or worse, are only to be regarded as exceptions 
 to a general law. 
 
 The English hunter has undergone a change equally 
 marked, and similar to the race-horse. The field sports 
 now indulged in by the gentry of England, differ ma- 
 terially from those of their ancestors. The chase of the 
 present day is a short, but spirited and exciting raco 
 of a few hours. 
 
 It is now a common custom for the huntsmen to 
 have an extra horse ridden by a light jockey, who, 
 
CONTRAST BETWEEN THE KINDS OF SERVICE. 41 
 
 keeping far enougli in the rear to avoid the circuitous 
 course of the hounds by watching their turnings, and 
 by riding at only a moderate pace, is thus at frequent 
 intervals at hand to give his master a fresh horse, in 
 exchange for his blown and exhausted one. Thus 
 fresh-mounted, the chase is continued at a dashing pace, 
 and the already heated and panting fox is soon run 
 over, and the day's sport is ended at an early hour. 
 The noble sport of hunting was a far different amuse- 
 ment with the English gentleman of the seventeenth 
 century, and taxed to the utmost the poAver of endur- 
 ance both of man and horse. The earliest light of 
 morning found them gathered in the field, and the 
 shadows of evening often put an end to the chase. If 
 the pace was less rapid, and the sport less exciting, the 
 former was much longer continued, and the latter was 
 certainly more noble and manly. From this change 
 in the character of the field sports, it can easily be un- 
 derstood why the horse who brought his rider "in at 
 the death of the stag," at the close of a hard day's 
 run over broken hills, marshy valleys, and through 
 tangled forests, should differ materially from one 
 equally successful in the short, but furious chase of 
 the present day. 
 
 The hunter of the olden time was remarkable for his 
 stoutness and endurance, was rarely more than half, 
 and often not more than a quarter, thorough-bred ; he 
 was short in the leg and back, with deep flanks, and 
 muscular hips and loins ; his stride was short, compared 
 with tlie hunter of the present day, but he was sure 
 footed, and his step was elastic, nervous, and untiring. 
 The hunter of the present day is rarely less than three- 
 
42 THE MORGAN HORSE 
 
 quarters tliorougli-bred, is taller, longer, less compact, 
 and sinewy, and takes a much, longer stride. 
 
 Th^e thorough-bred having, as we have shown, be- 
 come taller, longer, and less compact and enduring 
 than formerly, and the hunter having now more of 
 tliis blood than formerly, it is plain that he must have 
 altered still more in these respeccts. 
 
 A writer in "Bell's Life in London," in 1845, says: 
 " It is not near so easy now as it used to be, to buy a 
 good, strong, young hunter." William Goodwin, Yete- 
 rinar}^ Surgeon to the Queen, in an article published 
 in the " London Veterinarian," for February, 1847, says : 
 " It is an admitted fact by all those conversant with the 
 horse market in England, that good horses were never 
 known to be so scarce as they now are ''"' * '^ * 
 it being but too true that the superior riding horse or 
 valuable hunter has become almost a rara avis as 
 compared with former days." 
 
 The increase of blood seems not only to have injured 
 the hunter, but also the carriage and road horse. Pro- 
 fessor Gibson, of Philadelphia, an admirer and critical 
 judge of the horse, thus speaks of English horses. 
 After saying that it is not uncommon to meet with 
 English dealers at the Irish fairs, buying horses for 
 the English markets, he continues: "The English 
 horse, indeed, within the last twenty years has degen- 
 erated so much, in some respects, as not to serve the 
 many useful purposes to which he was accustomed at 
 that period, owing to breeders having run too much 
 upon blood. On this accotmt it is now hardly possible 
 to meet with any of the old stock of hunters so large 
 and powerful, and with so much bone and sinew. * * * 
 
CONTEAST BETWEEN THE KINDS OF SERVICE. 43 
 
 Even tlie carriage horses, indeed, tlirongliout every part 
 of England, are conspicuous for their long, low necks, 
 slab sides, and spindle shanks, and are very inferior as 
 a race to our own stock for the same purposes." 
 
 We have not a class of horses in this country corre- 
 sponding to the English hunter, but we have the Eng- 
 lish thorough-bred ; and as we have from time to time 
 imported breeding animals from England, a similar 
 change has taken place in our thorough-bred horses. 
 This change may not have been so great with us, as 
 the causes which we believe to have produced that 
 change are here less active. N"o one who has paid any 
 attention to the subject can have failed to notice that 
 for the last twenty years racing has steadily declined 
 in this country. We do not intend to assert that less 
 speed is attained now than in the days of Henry and 
 Eclipse, but that far less interest is now taken in these 
 contests, especially in the Northern and Middle States. 
 The trotter has been steadily supplanting the racer 
 upon the road and turf. 
 
 This change, instead of being matter of surprise, 
 seems to ns the natural result of the substitution of the 
 light buggy for the saddle. For the latter service the 
 thorough-bred is eminently adapted ; for the former, 
 he is not so well fitted. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 DESCKIPTION OF THE KIND OF HORSES MOST SOUGHT FOE IN THB 
 PRINCIPAL MARKETS OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 The uses to which, the horses sold in the principal 
 markets of our country are put, are hauling omnibuses, 
 hacks, driving in light carriages, and trucking, or 
 moving freight from place to place, in the large towns 
 or cities. Some horses are still used under the saddle, 
 but the number thus employed in the Northern States 
 is comparatively very small, and in New England a 
 person is rarely seen on horseback. 
 
 At the South, horseback riding is still a common 
 mode of travelling, but light buggies are rapidly com- 
 ing into use, and will undoubtedly soon afford the 
 favorite means of conveyance, on account of the many 
 conveniences they offer — ^the comparative protection 
 from the weather, the facility for carrying light pack- 
 ages and ordinary personal baggage, added to the fact 
 that with a light carriage upon good roads, a single 
 horse easily performs the work of two under the sad- 
 dle. 
 
 Though it is undoubtedly true, yet we cannot but 
 regret, that our countrymen at the North are losing all 
 taste for the manly and healthful exercise of horseback 
 riding. 
 
 All writers upon the subject of the proper mode of 
 
 (44) 
 
GREEN M O U N T A T N 
 
 K O M E (). 
 
HOESES MOST SOUGHT FOR. 45 
 
 li-ving, urge upon us,' in the strongest language, the im- 
 portance of this exercise, as one most conducive to 
 health, and there are certainly few exercises more 
 graceful or exciting. The healthful excitement pro- 
 duced by this exercise, in a bracing atmosphere, must 
 have been felt by the writer of the following beautiful 
 lines, or he would have been unable to describe its 
 effects so graphically and beautifully. It was first pub- 
 lished in 1832, over the signature of "Idler," in the 
 "American Turf Eegister and Sporting Magazine," 
 Vol. in., page 512 : 
 
 MY HOKSE. 
 
 " With a glancing eye and curving mane, 
 He neighs and champs on the bridle-rein, 
 One spring, and his saddled back I press. 
 And ours is a common happiness ! 
 'Tis the rapture of motion — a hurrying cloud 
 "When the loosened winds are breathing loud ; — 
 A shaft from the painted Indian's bow, — 
 A bird — in the pride of speed we go. 
 
 " Dark thoughts that haunt me, where are ye now, 
 "While the cleft air gratefully cools my brow. 
 And the dizzy earth seems reeling by, 
 And naught is at rest but the arching sky, 
 And the tramp of my steed, so swift and strong, 
 Is dearer than fame and sweeter than song ? 
 
 ^- There is life in the breeze as we hasten on ,• 
 With each bound some care of earth has gone, 
 And the languid pulse begins to play, 
 And the night of my soul is turned to day. 
 A richer verdure the earth o'erspreads, 
 Sparkles the streamlet more bright in the meads ; 
 And its voice, to the flowers that bend above, 
 Is soft as the whisper of early love. 
 
46 THE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 With fragrance spring-flowers hare burdened the .hJ*, 
 And the blue-bird and robin are twittering clear. 
 
 " Lovely tokens of gladness, I marked ye not 
 When last I roamed o'er this self same spot. 
 Ah ! then the deep shadows of Sorrow's mien 
 Fell like a blight on the happy scene, 
 And Nature, with all her love and grace. 
 In the depths of the spirit could find no place. 
 
 " So the vexed breast of the mountain lake, 
 When wind and rain mad revelry make, 
 Turbid and gloomy and wildly tossed, 
 Ketains no trace of the beauty lost : 
 But when through the moist air, bright and warm, 
 The sun looks down with his golden charm, 
 And clouds have fled, and the wind is lull. 
 Oh ! then the changed lake, how beautiful ! 
 
 " The glistening trees in their shady ranks. 
 And the ewe, with her lamb along its banks, 
 And the king-fisher, perched on the withered bough, 
 And the pure blue heaven all pictured below ! 
 
 " Bound proudly, my steed ; nor bound proudly in vain, 
 Sinc« thy master is now himself again. 
 And thine be the praise, when the leech's power 
 Is idle, to conquer the darkened hour — 
 By the might of thy sounding hoof, to win 
 Beauty without and and a joy within ; 
 Beauty, else to my eyes unseen. 
 And joy, that then had a stranger been." 
 
 The demand for saddle horses is so small, that verj 
 lew breeders make any effort to raise animals suited to 
 this service, and even if the demand were much greater, 
 it would hardly prove profitable ; for it is difficult, by 
 the most skilful breeding, to produce horses that will 
 
HOESES MOST SOUGHT FOR. 47 
 
 have the natural paces that are usually deemed iudis- 
 peusable to a good saddle horse. It is a slow and la- 
 borious process to teach a horse to move in a gait 
 altogether unnatural to him, and, however well he may 
 be trained, he cannot move easily in it. 
 
 The horses best adapted to, and most sought, for om- 
 nibus and hack use, are of medium size, weighing from 
 ten to eleven hundred pounds. Very man}^ of them 
 weigh less than ten hundred pounds. For hacks they do 
 very well at nine hundred and fifty pounds, but for 
 omnibus service, ten hundred is about the minimum 
 size with buyers when the market is well supplied. As 
 omnibuses are usually heavily loaded, and drawn at a 
 moderate rate, it might at first seem advisable to use 
 horses of much larger size. It would, perhaps, be more 
 economical if the carriages were drawn over common 
 earth roads ; but the road is usually a hard, uneven 
 pavement, and the heavy horse soon breaks up his 
 feet, injures his knees, and becomes unfit for use. 
 Large horses have not, as a general thing, as good feet 
 as smaller ones, and the omnibus horse, however good 
 his feet and knees, is very apt to injure them. To us, 
 it is a matter of astonishment that they withstand as 
 well as they do, the constant pounding upon the flinty 
 pavements. For this reason, the well-formed horse, 
 weighing from ten to eleven hundred pounds, is pre- 
 ferred to a larger animal for omnibus- work. The same 
 objection applies, only with greater force, to the large 
 horse for the hack ; for in the latter carriage, the load 
 is less and the speed greater. 
 
 The horse best suited to hack service, is well adapt- 
 ed to a vast many kinds of business. He must be 
 
is _J THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 liardj and enduring, a good, free driver, with high, car- 
 riage, and easy action; in short, he must be a good 
 roadster. He must also be " kind at a pull," for he will 
 occasionally be put to one ; he must be quiet and fear- 
 less, for he will be frequently required to stand by the 
 roadside hours at a time, and he will be driven where 
 there are ten thousand things to frighten and annoy 
 him. With all these good qualities, his owner will find 
 him dull of sale if his feet and limbs are not super- 
 latively good, for to no animal are they as indispensa- 
 ble as to the city hack or livery horse. He is con- 
 stantly driven rapidly over roads harder than iron. 
 Often after being heated by fast driving, he will be left 
 to cool with his feet standing in cold water, or with a 
 stiff northwester blowing on him, and unless his feet 
 and constitution are both perfectly sound, he will be 
 soon used up. 
 
 The omnibus or coach horse may be straightcr in the 
 shoulder, and heavier in the forehand, than would be 
 at all pleasant in the buggy horse, without detracting 
 from his usefulness ; but most coach and omnibus own- 
 ers prefer a horse of high carriage, good action, and fine 
 style ; and it is very certain that such horses always 
 sell readily for such service, even if doctors do not all 
 agree that their form is the very best for their work. 
 
 For truck horses there is usually a fair demand. 
 For this service, a heavy horse is best adapted, and 
 perhaps the heavier he is the better, provided he is 
 compact, well proportioned, with good limbs and feet. 
 For this kind of service speed is not required, and the 
 most important requisites are a good constitution, 
 good figure, a quiet temper, and a moderately-quick 
 walk. 
 
HOUSES MOST SOUGHT FOR. 49 
 
 Fine, large, well-matclied liorses, such as are used by 
 men of fortune in the cities before their showy car- 
 riages, are always in deniand, and command high 
 prices ; but the number of horses in use for this service 
 is comparatively small, and their labor being very light, 
 they live to a good age, and do not require to be often 
 replaced, as is the case with horses put to more severe 
 service. 
 
 Horses that maybe called "Sporting Horses," arc 
 still less numerous, and always command high prices. 
 In all the Northern cities, by the term sporting horse 
 is generally understood a fast-trotting horse ; but at 
 the South, by the same term is generally understood a 
 race-horse. It is extremely difficult to say just what 
 rate of speed entitles a trotting horse to the distinction 
 of " sporting horse," and if it could be stated to a sec- 
 ond, it would be ,of no importance, for the standard 
 must be constantly changing, so long as the speed of 
 our road horses goes on increasing ; for it is n.ot the 
 power to go a given distance, within a given time, that 
 gives a horse this distinction, but the power to " do it" 
 relatively quick, or quicker than the majority of the 
 horses he meets on the turf 
 
 A few years since, a horse that could trot his mile 
 inside of three minutes, could fairly lay claim to this 
 distinction ; but now persons will rarely take the 
 trouble to record his time if he cannot do it several 
 seconds within that. "We think it safe to say, that no 
 horse can lay claim to the title of a sporting horse that 
 cannot make his single mile in three minutes, and 
 unless he can do much better than that he will not be 
 called "fast." The true sporting horse is valuable 
 3 
 
50 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 mainly on account of liis speed ; and symmetiy of form 
 and elegance of style are but little considered provided 
 lie can " make time." 
 
 In all the cities and large towns there is a great 
 demand for horses similar to those used in omnibuses, 
 hacks, and livery stables : namely, for express wagons, 
 butchers' carts, milk carts, bakers' carts, &c., &c., and 
 the horse that is test adapted to any one of these uses 
 will be vrell suited to all the rest. A horse suited to 
 these kinds of service, should possess an iron constitu- 
 tion, for he will be put to the severest kind of labor, 
 and without this, all other good points will be of little 
 service to him, for he will soon break down. His feet 
 and limbs must be unexceptionable, for he will be 
 driven rapidly over flinty roads, with little regard to 
 the ascent or descent of the ground, and if they are 
 not superlatively good, corns, sand-crack, thrush, 
 founder, broken knees, &c., one or all of them, will be 
 sure to result. 
 
 Horses suitable for driving in light carriages are 
 in great demand, and in our agricultural fairs are 
 classed as " Roadsters." Pleasure-driving has become 
 a national amusement, and one for which a growing 
 passion is to be noticed among all classes of our citi- 
 zens. 
 
 This may undoubtedly be partly attributed to th? 
 easy circumstances of our tradesmen and mechanics, 
 enabling most of them to indulge in sports and amuse- 
 ments involving but a moderate expense, such foi 
 instance as the keeping of a bird-dog and gun, for a 
 few days recreation in the summer, and in the luxury 
 of a fine driving horse, with which they give their 
 
HOBSES MOST SOUGHT FOR. 51 
 
 wives and children an occasional airing. The im- 
 portance of this peculiarly American amusement can 
 hardly be over-estimated ; it affords a mode of recrea- 
 tion both for the mind and body, of the most pleasant 
 and useful kind. The physician recommends it to the 
 invalid and hypochondriac, and the lovers of nature and 
 the moralist seek it as their favorite mode of amuse- 
 ment. It performs the two-fold of&ce of strengthening 
 the body, and invigorating the mind. 
 
 Who has not felt the glow of pleasant excitement, 
 and the new impulse given the blood in his veins, by 
 a short drive of a few miles, after a good horse ? Walk- 
 ing is by no means a substitute for it — the fact of the 
 rapid motion, and the multiplicity of objects met and 
 passed, constantly calling our attention to objects, only 
 to be left again for others, each suggesting thoughts so 
 fugitive and electrical, gives a relief to the wearied 
 faculties which nothing else can give. 
 
 In the increase of the population of our country, 
 there is of course a corresponding increase in the num- 
 ber of mechanics and professional men, whose business 
 is all carried on within the walls of their offices and 
 shops. To these, who form a large share of our popu- 
 lation, this mode of exercise is most pleasant and 
 healthy. The mechanic and merchant, after the labors 
 of their callings, do not want recreation that will make 
 new draughts upon their physical energies, but that 
 which will give them rest at the same time that it 
 gives them entertainment — invigorating them as well 
 as affording relief from fatigue. 
 
 Doctors seem well agreed that any exercise taken 
 
52 THE MOKGAN HOKSE. 
 
 for one's healtli, to be in the liighest degree beneficial, 
 must be entertaining. 
 
 Riding always has an interest Avithin itself — the ex- 
 citement of the rapid motion, the spirit and beauty of 
 the horse, the persons we meet, the hills, the streams, 
 the trees, all give a life and ecstasy to the exercise, that 
 cheers and vivifies even the invalid. We had it at 
 our pen's end to make a few remarks on the import- 
 ance of this exercise for ladies, but for several cogent 
 reasons have determined to postpone them to a more 
 convenient season. First, because we are distrustful of 
 our ability to throvv^ any more light upon this veteran 
 subject. Second, we fear we shoald be trespassing 
 upon ground that belongs by right of possession to the 
 orthodox lecturers upon the subject of phvsical culture ; 
 and thirdl}'', we firmly believe that the announcement 
 of such an intention would cause four-fifths of our 
 readers to skip the rest of this chapter, which we intend 
 shall yet contain some important matter. 
 
 In addition to the amusement that our citizens derive 
 from their fine horses, and liglit buggies, most of them 
 make theii- horses useful in a variety of ways. Tlie 
 merchant of moderate means often keeps him con- 
 stantly employed in delivering packages of goods to 
 his customers, moving his wares from the railroad 
 depot to his store, and often driving him into the coun- 
 try collecting his accounts, and visiting his customers. 
 Mechanics find him useful in a variety of ways. In 
 the prosecution of their trades, many of them are often 
 called to practice their art at places distant from their 
 shops, and but for their horse the time that would be 
 
H0KSE3 MOST SOUGHT FOR. 53 
 
 necessarily occupied in going and returning on foot, 
 would, in many instances, prevent their attending such 
 orders, or they would do so at little profit. The me- 
 chanic, too, has a great variety of materials to move 
 to his shop, and from his shop to his customers, and 
 very many similar services, or chores, that his driv- 
 ing horse can do, not only Avithout injury, but with 
 very decided benefit. To any housekeeper, how 
 many small sums that would otherwise be paid for 
 omnibus-fare, to truckmen, expressmen and porters, 
 may be saved by keeping a good driving horse. 
 We do not wish it to be inferred that, considered 
 only as a matter of economy, we think it would be 
 profitable for every family to keep a horse, for the 
 sole purpose of performing these small services; we 
 wish merely to show how any family can indulge 
 in the luxury of keeping a good horse, at a far less 
 actual expense than might at first seem necessary. 
 
 To the butcher and the baker, a good horse is indis- 
 pensable to the transaction of their daily business ; and 
 though it would seem that the butcher's horse might, 
 without detracting from his usefulness, be a little 
 straighter in the shoulder, a little duller in his paces, 
 and a little heavier in the forehand, than would be 
 desirable in the light driving horse, yet the butcher 
 thinks very differently ; in fact, there seems to be a 
 perfect passion among this class of tradesmen for a 
 high-headed, smooth-stepping, and fast-going horse; 
 indeed, so great is the emulation between them, that 
 they will often incur great expense to obtain a "crack 
 goer." It is a common saying, that " a butcher always 
 drives a trotter," and many a fast young man, just 
 
 y 
 
54 THE MORGAN IIOKSE. 
 
 commencing Ms explorations in tlie direction of Por- 
 ter's, Brighton, or tlie country beyond the head of 
 Third Avenue, wlio has pulled out his nag with the 
 utmost confidence to pass a lumbering butcher's wagon, 
 has discovered to his mortification that they were not 
 the safest kind of cattle to "challenge for a brush." 
 
 We think the horse well adapted to the wants of the 
 merchant and mechanic, may be fairly considered a 
 good type of the "horse of all work," or business 
 horse. 
 
 Before proceeding to describe what we consider 
 should be the distinguishing characteristics of such 
 animals, let us fully understand what is meant by the 
 term "horse of all work," since it has come into very 
 general use, and is frequently used by Agricultural 
 Societies in this country to denote a class of horses. 
 By this term we understand that kind of horse which is 
 best adapted to general use—to work on a farm, to go 
 to mill, or to meeting, to haul a coach, or a buggy, to 
 work in the field, or go a journey. This is certainly 
 the natural meaning, and we should not have thought 
 any explanation necessary, had it not sometimes been 
 understood to mean such a horse as is best fitted for 
 each of these different kinds of service. 
 
 To describe fully and correctly, all the qualities that 
 should be found in the horse of all work, or business 
 horse, requires that we should enter somewhat into 
 details, for he must come up to a given standard in a 
 greater variety of points than the horse for any other 
 service. It is true, that many of his good qualities 
 should be found in all really valuable horses, whatever 
 be the service to which they are put. To illustrate our 
 
HORSES MOST SOUGHT FOR. 65 
 
 « 
 
 meaning : the good business liorse mnst be a fine 
 roadster ; but a fine roadster may not necessarily be a 
 good business horse, for he may lack that docility of 
 temper, that quietness, and perfect tractability,which the 
 latter should invariably possess. 
 
 First of all, the business horse should be compact. 
 Youatt defines compactness to be: "as much goodness 
 and strength as possible in a little space." Without 
 this he cannot have endurance and hardiness of consti- 
 tution. Next to compactness of form, he should have 
 good limbs — a little larger than the hunter's, but the 
 increased size should be in bone and muscle, and not 
 in meat or hair. The limbs should be short, and the 
 fore and hind-legs should have a proper adaptation to 
 one another; that is, he should not have short fore-legs 
 and long hind-legs, nor should he have short hind-legs 
 and long fore-legs, as there should be little difference in 
 the height of the hips and the withers, though the 
 withers should be the highest. Horses that are highest 
 on the hips labor much in ascending hills, though 
 on level or descending ground they may have greater 
 speed, but they are very liable to stumble, and are 
 usually low-headed and heavy in hand. The fore-legs, 
 upon which mainly depends the safety and ease of the 
 animal's movements, should be well spread at the chest, 
 to give ample room for the full development and action 
 of the vital organs. Measured at the chest, they should 
 be a little wider from outside to outside than at the pas- 
 terns; but this difference should be owing to the promi- 
 nence of the muscle of the fore-arm, more than to the 
 general inclination of the legs inward, or towards each 
 other This general inclination of the fore-legs towards 
 
56 THE MOEGAN HORSE. 
 
 eacla other, must be slight and barely noticeable, as nmch 
 deviation from the perpendicular is a serious defect. 
 The legs must be straight, bending neither outward nor 
 inward at the knee, for all horses with such limbs have 
 imperfect action, are inclined to cut (or interfere), and 
 travel either upon the inside or outside of the foot. The 
 fore-arm should be long, and view^ed from the side, 
 should be ¥,^ide at the top, tapering gradually to the 
 knee, witli the muscle swelling out plump and full, par- 
 ticularly in front. The knees should be wdde and flat, 
 free from flesh, clean and compact, with the hinder-bone 
 prominent. The knees being less liable to injury than 
 the hocks, too little attention is generally paid to their 
 form, and provided they are not " sprung," the purchaser 
 is generally satisfied. The cannon (or the bone between 
 the knee and the fetlock,) should be short and free from 
 meat ; tlie back sinew^s should be large and flinty, and 
 shoidd stand well out from the bone. Viewed from the 
 front, the legs should be thin ; viewed from the side, they 
 should be wide and sinewy. The contrary formation, or 
 "tied in back sinews," is a very serious defect, and it is 
 almost impossible that horses wdth this conformation 
 should be capable of great endurance. The fetlock 
 sliould not be round, but rather wade, and thicker in 
 front than behind. The pasterns sliould be short, not 
 upright nor very sloping, for if upright, the joints will 
 be liable to injury from the concussion attending every 
 step ; and if, on the other hand, long and sloping, it 
 denotes weakness. 
 
 Mr. Hinds, in his w^ork on Farriery, says: " Horses 
 having long and sloping pasterns soon tire, and I may 
 say are generally weak, having the flexor tendon or 
 
HORSES MOST SOUGHT FOR. 57 
 
 back sinews considerably relaxed." It is impossible to 
 describe exactly what should be the length and slope 
 of the pasterns. In horses intended for very fast Avork 
 the pastern should be moderately long and sloping, as 
 it gives more elasticity to the step and ability to take a 
 long stride. Large horses should have more sloping 
 pasterns than smaller ones, as their greater weight 
 will add to the concussion in travelling. The hoof 
 should be nearly round, open at the heel, smooth and 
 hard, but not brittle, without any bunches or depres- 
 sions in front, or at the quarters ; should be straight in 
 front from, the hair to the toe, and not be too high 
 behind. 
 
 The shoulders should be long and oblique, thin 
 and flat at the withers, the point pretty low and well 
 forward. They can hardly be too oblique for the 
 road horse, and are not objectionable except when the 
 horse is wanted for heavy and constant draught. The 
 hips should be long, wide and muscular, the croup a 
 little sloping, the quarters full, wide at the stifle, the 
 stifle-joint well forward, and the muscles of the thigh 
 should continue plump and full, well down to the hock. 
 The hock should be wide, short, free from all lumps, 
 the muscles connected with it clearly defined, and the 
 point should be long. Below the hock, the hind-legs 
 should resemble the fore-legs; they should descend 
 perpendicularly, and the hocks should not be nearer 
 together tlian the fetlocks ; it is less objectionable to 
 have the fetlocks nearer together than the hocks, but 
 the nearer they approach the perpendicular the better. 
 
 With such formed shoulders as we have described, 
 the neck will almost invariably be well-placed, and the 
 8* 
 
58 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 head carried liigli. The neck should be of moderate 
 length, tapering well towards the head, slightly crown- 
 ing on top, and very slightly curved underneath. On 
 such shaped necks, the head is almost invariably well 
 placed, with the muzzle neither too high, nor too low, 
 not too much projected forward, nor too much drawn 
 in towards the chest. When the neck is very short, 
 the horse is apt to be heavy in hand, and want sensi- 
 tiveness to the rein ; it also gives the animal an awkward 
 and uncouth appearance. The head should be small, 
 lean, and tapering rapidly from the jowls to the muzzle: 
 the jowls should be thin, but muscular, and the jaws 
 well apart. The profile should be straight, neither 
 "hollow-faced" or "Eoman nosed" — both are unsightly, 
 and the Koman nosed horse rarely has a good nostril ; 
 the forehead should be long and broad, the muzzle 
 thin, the lips small and firm, and the nostril full and 
 prominent, showing a bright red membrane on the 
 inside. But the eye and ear are the most important 
 features of the head, and it is from these chiefly that 
 we form our opinion of the horse's temper and disposi- 
 tion. The eyes should be placed wide apart, should 
 be full, large, and prominent, Avith an expression which 
 it is almost impossible to describe, for it is susceptible 
 of almost as many different shades as the eye of man. 
 It should be roving, bold, and eager, but mild and 
 pleasant ; the lids should be well open when at rest, for 
 horses who keep the lids partly closed will generally be 
 found dull in their paces, and sullen in their tempers. 
 The ears should be small, clean, free from many long 
 hairs on the inside, be thin and upright, and have a 
 fine taper from the root to the tip, which should be 
 
HORSES MOST SOUGHT FOR. 59 
 
 pointed and turned a little inward. It is not a serious 
 objection that they are a little large, provided they are 
 upright, fine and lively. They should set well apart 
 but not very wide, for when close together they indi- 
 cate a timid and skittish disposition, and when very 
 wide, they arc generally thought to indicate a sluggish 
 and stubborn temper; besides this objection, when very 
 wide apart, they set so much on the side of the head 
 that they appear unsightly, being inclined to lean out 
 and become "lop-eared." The back should be short 
 and nearly straight, the withers high and thin ; the body 
 should be deep at the shoulder, the barrel round, the 
 ribs starting from the back-bone in a direction nearly 
 horizontal, forming what is called a broad back ; the 
 back and hips should be well joined or coupled ; there 
 should be no depression just forward of the hip-bones, 
 but it should keep up plump and full ; the loins should 
 be wide and muscular, and the hindermost rib should 
 come out near to the hip-bone, such horses being called 
 " well-ribbed up." The flanks should be deep and full. 
 The mane should be pretty long and thick, but not so 
 long and thick as to appear heavy. The tail should 
 be full, heavy, and carried well up. He should be be- 
 tween fourteen and a half, and fifteen and a half hands 
 high — rather a little under than much above this height, 
 and should weigh about ten hundred and fifty pounds ; 
 his hair should be short, soft and glossy. 
 
 Such an animal, w^e should ex'peci^ would prove him- 
 self a fine roadster ; but we might be disappointed, for 
 though we think it cannot be successfully denied, that 
 such a form as we have described would be well adapted 
 
60 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 for easy motion, and endurance on the road ; 3^et lie 
 might not, after iill^ have the requisite courage and 
 nervous energy ; }ie might take up his feet too high 
 and put them down with a sort of thrust, which requires 
 a great and useless expenditure of muscular exertion, 
 besides wearying the whole system by the constant and 
 unnecessary jar ; or he might have some other awkward- 
 ness of gait that would prove a serious objection. Nor 
 can Yv^e always judge correctly of a horse's courage and 
 spirit from the closest examination, without a trial of 
 his powers. 
 
 An English writer, in speaking of this matter, says: 
 " Equally true is it, that after we have approved of the 
 proportions of a pair of horses, in respect to bone and 
 build, certain powers of lastingness are frequently dis- 
 covered to be possessed by one so much bej'oud his 
 mate, that we are compelled to admit these powers do 
 reside in something else than his build." So true, 
 indeed, is it that the power of endurance — the courage 
 that never flinches while a breath can be drawn — cannot 
 alwaj^s be discovered except by actual trial, that some 
 of those horses which have performed the most aston- 
 ishing feats on record, Avere passed for years by the best 
 horsemen as animals possessed of no extraordinary 
 powers. The great Eclipse, whose Yery name is used 
 as synonymous with greatest speed and endurance, was 
 cast by the Duke of Cumberland, when a colt, on ac- 
 count of his apparent deformity, and was sold by him 
 for forty-five guineas. In addition to his apparent 
 deformity, he was a thick- winded horse, or in other 
 words, a " roarer." Yet in four-mile races he distanced, 
 
HORSES MOST SOUGHT FOR. 61 
 
 witli the greatest ease, ttie finest horses upon the English 
 turf. Our description, therefore, would be incomplete, 
 without describing his gait and temper. 
 
 In harness, when the reins are taken up, and he is 
 told to go (he should not start before), he should raise 
 his head a little above its position when at rest, keep it 
 there steadily and quietly, and move ofp nimbly, with 
 a light, but steady, and yielding pressure upon the bit. 
 His feet should be raised only enough to clear the ordi- 
 nary inequalities of the ground, carried well for^vard 
 in straight lines, swinging neither out nor in, and ])e 
 set down evenly, so that the entire sole comes upon the 
 ground at the same time. If the heel is set down first, 
 it is liable to injury from tlie tenderness of the parts; 
 and if the toe is set down first, the horse will almost 
 always ])rove a stumbler. The fore-legs should bend 
 well at the knee, instead of the legs being raised prin- 
 cipally by the movement of the shoulder-joint, and the 
 leg carried stiffly forward, causing an unsteadiness of 
 motion and a sort of rollinsf from side to side. The 
 
 o 
 
 hind-legs should take up light and quick, be carried 
 well forward under the body, and should have a pecu- 
 liar, nervous, springy "pick-up," but without any 
 hitching, or twitching of the muscles of the haunches. 
 The step should not be long, and yet it may be too 
 short; observation can alone determine when this is 
 right. This much is certain, that when there is an ap- 
 parent effort to reach the full length of his step, it is too 
 long ; and when there is any cutting off of the natural 
 stride, as is the case with the foundered horse, it is too 
 short. 
 
 Of color, we shall only say, that he should have some 
 
62 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 dark coior, for this is so entirely a. matter of taste that 
 any remarks we might offer would, after all, be little 
 more than an assertion of our own preference, and we 
 have sometimes been inclined to adopt the creed of a 
 thorough horseman of our acquaintance, which is, that 
 "a good horse is always of a good color." 
 
 Such a horse as we have" attempted to describe, we 
 feel the greatest confidence in asserting, will prove ad- 
 mirably adapted to all ordinary kinds of service. When 
 used upon the road, he moves off easily, quietly, and 
 freely, without the least disposition to fret, at a lively 
 pace, on a pleasant rein ; but when roused a trifle by 
 an increased pull upon the bit, and an urging word, his 
 head raises higher, his eye dilates, and he is at once a 
 full hand for the best horseman ; the taller, more open 
 built, and longer horse, with a long, reaching stride, 
 may easily dash by him at the first start in the morning, 
 but if their course is the same, and the journey be con- 
 tinued for a day or a week, he will have ample oppor- 
 tunity to renew the acquaintance. Such horses will be 
 hardy, rarely affected with any complaint, easily kept 
 in good condition, will be always ready for use, and 
 easily taught to perform almost any kind of service, 
 with ease to themselves, and pleasure to their, owners. 
 
CHAPTER lY. 
 
 PECULIAR ADAPTATION OF THE MOKGAN HOKSE TO THE ROAD AND 
 
 GENERAL USE. 
 
 In the foregoing chapter we have endeavored to de- 
 scribe what we considered should be the form and char- 
 acteristics of the business horse, or horse of all work. 
 Assuming that the reader is satisfied with the general 
 soundness of the views there expressed, we now proceed 
 to compare the Morgan horse with the standard of ex- 
 cellence we have there set up. First, as to compactness of 
 form : This we have considered a primary and indispens- 
 able requisite in the business horse, and in this respect 
 the Morgan particularly excels ; his body is not remarlc- 
 ahly long, but round and deep at the chest, the quarters 
 large and full, the shoulders and hips well shaped, the 
 loins wide and muscular, the flanks deep, and the whole 
 form swelling with muscle and life. 
 
 There is not a single feature of his frame but gives 
 unmistakable evidence of his vigorous health, and iron 
 constitution ; and though he has been, and is still, prin- 
 cipally bred in the States of Vermont and Kew Hamp- 
 shire — States that are notoriously hilly and mountain- 
 ous, and where consequently every description of work 
 to which he is put is more than ordinarily laborious — 
 yet he is remarkably long-lived, and in his age retains 
 his spirit and vigor. 
 
 (63) 
 
64 THE MORGAN IIOKSE. 
 
 Still another evidence of the soundness of liis con- 
 stitution is found in liis almost universal freedom from 
 every species of disease. Before railroads had taken the 
 place of the stages, a great many of these horses could 
 be found in various parts of Kew England that had 
 been running for several years before a mail-coach, yet 
 were perfectly sound, in vigorous health, and still as 
 free in spirit as when first broken to harness. "We 
 have seen them running daily in the stage in fine con- 
 dition when twenty j^-ears old, making daily trips of 
 sixteen miles each in two hours, over a broken and 
 mountainous country. 
 
 A single instance will illustrate both their endurance 
 and style of going. A few years since, late in the 
 month of September, in company with several gentle- 
 men, we made a trip to the White Mountains. Having 
 made the customary examinations in the orthodox way, 
 we arrived late one evening at the Franconia " Notch 
 House." Here we learned that the stage would leave 
 for St. Johnsbury the following morning on its last 
 trip of the season. 
 
 This being the route we projDOsed to take, we en- 
 gaged our seats, and the following morning about 9 
 o'clock, six good-sized individuals (besides the driver), 
 with our baggage, were stowed away in a snug, rugged 
 looking stage-wagon, to which was attached a pair of 
 horses of medium size. 
 
 The near horse was of a deep chestnut color, abou^ 
 fourteen and a half hands high, very closely and com 
 pactly made, with clean, small head, and exceedingly 
 small ears, set pretty wide apart, but very lively and 
 active. The other animal was a gray mare of about 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE EOAD, ETC. 65 
 
 the same weiglit, but at lea-^t half a hand higher. She 
 had a fine long hip, and a good hind leg, her shoulders 
 were well shaped, better at the with rs than the horse, 
 and she was on the whole a very fair animal, although 
 her general muscular development was decidedly in- 
 ferior to that of her mate. 
 
 A7e all objected to starting with so small a team 
 over the hilly country we knew Ave had to cross ; but 
 these remonstrances availing nothing, my companion 
 and I, w^ho occupied the front seat, fell to discussing 
 the chances of getting on with our " infant team," as 
 he called it, and from this to discussing the relative 
 merits of our nags. The mare was restive, eager and 
 impatient, and my friend declared wdth great confi- 
 dence that all horse-flesh of her dimensions could do, 
 she would. 
 
 My OAvn fancy had been taken by the full, brilliant, 
 but pleasant eyes, that stood out large and full, the 
 ever-restless ears, and the strong muscular loins and 
 quarters of the chestnut. Accordingly I proposed to 
 " back the horse," much to the amusement of most of 
 the party. Our driver, after several " false starts" from 
 the bar-room, finally took up the reins and "gave 
 them the word." 
 
 The mare dashed ahead as if she w^ould pull the 
 driver from his seat. The horse struck out with a 
 short, nervous step, but did not seem much inclined to 
 pull, or move at any but a moderate pace. The m^are 
 took us along over the first half mile almost entirely 
 ])y the bit, and my comxpanions had a hearty laugh at 
 my chestnut horse. 
 
 A half hour passed, and with it some five miles of 
 
6Q THE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 our road. By tliis time ^' bets were not so freely 
 offered on tlie mare ;" she had fallen off in her pace, 
 prespired freely, moved unsteadily, and every few 
 moments gave her head a toss that plainly told she 
 Vf as beginning to lose her relish for the work. The day 
 was hot. The horse had worked more freely as he 
 grew warm, but not a muscle moved — save those of 
 his ears — which was not indispensably necessary to 
 give him motion. Thus we kept on for about twelve 
 or fourteen miles to the end of the first stage, the mare 
 fully satisfied, and panting with heat and exertion. 
 Here we were to have a fresh team, but one of them 
 being very lame from a sprain, the driver put in only 
 one, and drove the chestnut through to St. Johnsbury. 
 
 This seemed pretty hard, but the horse did not appear 
 to mind it in the least, and up the long hill as we 
 entered St. Johnsbury he pressed on at the same short, 
 nervous trot he had kept almost the entire way. As 
 we stepped out at the hotel we all took a good look at 
 him. His general appearance was that of a horse 
 about ten years old, but what was our surprise when 
 
 upon speaking of him to my friend Dr. S , we 
 
 learned that he was one of Sherman's sons, eighteen 
 years old, and had been running constantly nearly 
 eleven years in a stage team. 
 
 The limbs of the Morgans are large in proportion 
 to the size of the animal, but they are free from meat, 
 remarkably v/ide, flat, and sinewy, with the back sinews 
 standing well out from the bone. The joints are very 
 close, the pasterns short, the feet rather small, but 
 almost invariably excellent. A good many of them 
 have considerable long hair about the legs, and this 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. 67 
 
 we do not like, as it detracts from tlie beauty of tlie 
 animal, and retains tlie moisture about tbe limbs longer 
 after the animal lias been exposed to the wet. True, 
 if carefully groomed, they will not be left wet, but it 
 is a melancholy fact that grooms are not always thus 
 careful. Where the limbs are otherwise unexception- 
 able, we do not consider this a very serious objection, 
 especially in horses whose legs are short, the vital 
 energy great, and the circulation consequently good. 
 
 The shoulders are large and muscular, the blade slop- 
 ing w^ell back, the point low and well formed, and the 
 breast broad, giving a deep, wide, roomy chest. The 
 hips are long, deep, and wide, the loins are broad and 
 full, the thighs plump and sinewy, the muscle extend- 
 ed large and hard well down to the hock. The neck 
 is rarely very long, and sometimes hardly as long as we 
 should like to see it, though many excellent judges dis- 
 agree with us in this respect, claiming that the neck 
 being barely long enough to make the animal pleasant in 
 hand, not another ounce should be added, because it is 
 only an unnecessary weight that must be carried, with- 
 out contributing anything towards the power of motion. 
 
 To a certain extent this is undoubtedly true, but we 
 place so high an estimate upon a good and sensitive 
 mouth, that we should prefer to have the neck a trifle 
 too long, rather than have the animal heavy in hand. 
 Still it must be admitted that heaviness in hand is a 
 very rare fault with this class of horses. 
 
 However horsemen may differ as to the perfection 
 or imperfection of the neck, there can be no sort of 
 question as to the head, which can be found as fine and 
 beautiful in no other breed of horses except the 
 
68 THE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 thoroiigli-bred or Arabian. Some difference of opinion 
 exists among horsemen as to tlie size of the head, but 
 we think it is now the generally received opinion that 
 the head should be small, and all agree that it should 
 be lean below the jowls. The first injunction given 
 to the purchasers of horses for the French cavalry, is to 
 " see if he has a smiall head," while Mr. Hinds com- 
 mences, the" Englishman's long-accepted description of 
 a good horse, and nothing else," thus: "His head 
 ought to be lean, of good size, and long." 
 
 The Morgan has a small, lean head, broad between 
 the eyes, which are prominent, bold, lively and pleasant, 
 full of spirit and courage, yet mild, giving evidence 
 of a temper at once spirited and tractable. The ears 
 are small and well shaped, set rather wide apart, but 
 are delicate and lively. 
 
 The back is short and broad, the hips well coupled, 
 the loins wide, and displaying on each side masses of 
 firm, unyielding muscle, which will satisfy the horse- 
 man of his ability to carry weight and endure fatigue. 
 Just behind the withers the back is often a little de- 
 pressed, and individuals are occasionally met with, in 
 which the depression is suflicient to warrant their being 
 called hollow or sway-backed. This must, by no means 
 be considered a characteristic, many families being 
 entirely free from it, and where it is found it is usually 
 very slight. 
 
 Where the back is very hollow we think it decidedly 
 objectionable ; but for many purposes we think a slight 
 inclination to sway-back may be no disadvantage, espe- 
 cially where the loins are good. Youatt evidently 
 considers it a far less serious objection than a tendency 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. 69 
 
 to the opposite formation or " roacli-back." Tliis in- 
 clination to liollow back, where it occurs, is so slight, 
 and is so far from being a characteristic of the family, 
 that it would hardly be deserving of notice were it not 
 for the fact that it has been sometimes magnified into 
 a universal, and of course, hereditary defect. 
 
 The origin of this mistaken notion may be easily 
 discovered. These horses have been bred in a portion 
 of the country that, until within the last few years, 
 was little visited by travellers, and they were little 
 known to horsemen abroad, except by reports of per- 
 sons who had visited the country, and seen the ances- 
 tors of the family. All the early stallions of the breed 
 lived to a great age, and it was not until their youth 
 was passed, and a numerous j^rogeny had borne testi- 
 mony to their excellence, that they became objects of 
 interest to visitors from abroad. These horses, no 
 doubt, exhibited at an advanced age an appearance of 
 "hollow-back," and due allowance was not often made 
 for the advanced age of the animal ; for although well 
 known to most breeders, it is a fact not equally patent 
 to a large proportion of those who have a good eye 
 and taste for a fine horse, that old stallions are almost 
 always defective in this respect. The loins and back 
 of the horse, as of the dog, are the first points to show 
 signs of failing in his old age. Another objection that 
 may in some instances be properly urged against indi- 
 vidual members of this breed, has, by interested per- 
 sons, been magnified into a cliaracteristic trait, and that 
 is that they are too low on the withers. Tliis is so far 
 from being the fact that the ojDposite is the usual for- 
 mation in this breed, and the great rise of the withers 
 
70 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 and crest, is certainly one of tlie striking points of tlie 
 liorse at first glance, but the withers- are not always as 
 thin as we should like. High, thin, fine shaped with- 
 ers, is one of the rarest excellencies in the horse, and 
 no breed or family can justly lay claim to anything 
 like universal excellence in this particular. The rea- 
 son for this may perhaps be found in the fact, that less 
 attention is paid by breeders to this point, as it is far 
 less important than many others. Though excellence 
 in this point undoubtedly assists to give the horse easy 
 and safe action, yet the race-horse is very often defec- 
 tive in this respect. Eclipse was remarkable for his 
 extremely low shoulders, and many other horses distin- 
 guished for their performances on the turf, have exhib- 
 ited the same defect. The mane and tail of Morgan 
 horses are sometimes heavy, and often curly, but in 
 most cases they are only moderately so. The general 
 color of these horses has been much mistaken by those 
 who are but slightly acquainted with them. It has 
 often been supposed, and is by many believed to this 
 day, that all genuine Morgans are bay, with black legs, 
 manes, and tails. So far is this from being true, that it 
 is extremely doubtfal if bay be the prevailing color, 
 chestnut being, we believe, quite as often met with. 
 
 Bay, chestnut, brown and black, are almost the only 
 colors, the latter being quite uncommon, and with few 
 exceptions, confined to the Black Hawk flxmily. Gray 
 or buckskin is very rarely seen, and is a pretty sure 
 indication that what Morgan blood the animal has, has 
 been derived through only one branch of the parent 
 stock. 
 
 The average height of Morgan horses may be stated 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. 71 
 
 at from fourteen, to fifteen and a half hands. There are 
 a few that will fall below fourteen hands, but the num- 
 ber is very small, and there are also some that will ex- 
 ceed fifteen and a half hands, but it is by no means com- 
 mon, and in such cases it will generally be found, that 
 the animal has bat a small amount of Morgan blood. 
 Their weight may be stated to range from nine hun- 
 dred, to eleven hundred ^jounds, the usual weight 
 being about one thousand ; any great deviation from 
 this weight should induce the suspicion of a large in- 
 fusion of other blood, although exceptions may, and 
 doubtless do occur, in the case of animals that can show 
 a good pedigree ; still they must be considered as the 
 exceptions to the rule, and not the rule itself. The hair 
 of the Morgan is almost invariably fine and soft, though 
 in some instances a little long. In the fineness and 
 softness of their coats, they resemble the thorough-bred, 
 though it is generally thicker. 
 
 In describing the temper, and style of action of these 
 horses, we can say but little more than that they come 
 fully up to our standard in this respect, with this ex- 
 ception, that they may sometimes have more fire and 
 impetuosity, than we think is desirable in the " business 
 horse," but such generally make very superior road- 
 sters under proper management and good driving. 
 
 These horses having now been scattered a good deal 
 in the ISTorthern and AYestern States, fair specimens of 
 the race may generally be seen at any of the State ag- 
 ricultural fairs, and the truth of our remains can be 
 verified so far as they relate to form, and style of mov- 
 ing. Much may also be determined on seeing them, 
 as to their temper, and " lastingness;" but as it requires 
 
72 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 more than a sliort examination to determine conclu- 
 Bively an animal's temper, courage and endurance, and 
 as there are many who will have no opportunity ot 
 seeing specimens of the breed, we will not leave the 
 truth of our remarks to depend upon our own " dic- 
 tum," but will introduce some evidence in support of 
 our positions, consisting of extracts from writers whose 
 authority upon this subject cannot be called in ques- 
 tion. This is rendered the more necessary from the 
 account of "Morgan Horses," published in a late edi- 
 tion of Youatt, to which is prefixed an account of the 
 breeds of horses in the United States, by II. S. Ean- 
 dall. With this account there is published a very fair 
 likeness of "General Gifford," as a representative of 
 the race. The figure of the General Gifford, we admit, 
 is a fair representative of the race, though equalled, if 
 not excelled, by many others. As what the compiler 
 says is very short, we extract it in full : 
 
 " Of this celebrated American variety or family of 
 horses, the writer of this possesses little knowledge de- 
 rived from personal experience. That they have obtain- 
 ed much celebrity as light buggy and saddle horses, — 
 attracted much notice and admiration at the New York 
 State Fairs from their remarkably spirited action and 
 evident docility, — sold for high prices, not only for the 
 saddle and buggy, but as stallions to extend the breed, — 
 is certain. They have many warm admirers, and find 
 ready purchasers. Others, on the contrary, are dis- 
 posed to concede to them no uncommon value as a 
 family, as will be seen by some quotations which we 
 shall presently make." Then follows a letter from 
 Burlington, Vt., relative to the origin of the Morgan 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. 73 
 
 horse, without a single word as to his value, or good 
 qualities, the sole object of the writer being to give an 
 account of his origin. The compiler then gives an ex- 
 tract from the Keport of the Committee of the Wew York 
 State Agricultural Fair, held at Auburn in 1846, in 
 which they say of the two stallions there exhibited, one 
 being the Greneral Gifford, and the other bis sire, the 
 Gifford Morgan : " Their action attracted the marked 
 admiration of all. This breed are reported to possess 
 great bottom and hardiness, and everything about the 
 two presented, goes to prove that their reputation in 
 this particular is well founded." Then follows a letter 
 which the compiler says is from " a distinguished judge 
 of horses in Vermont." In view of the extraordinary 
 character of this letter, we extract it entire : 
 
 " The original Morgan ought not to be pronounced a 
 thorough-bred horse, not having been bred from a full 
 blood mare. Yet it is evident that the rich, high blood 
 from which be sprung, though slightly diluted, is the 
 cause of the reputation to wbich. bis stock has attained. 
 But when we trace down his stock, we find in the very 
 first generation an admixture of cold, worthless blood, 
 to the full measure of one half. The result usual in 
 such, cases is found here. Many of the colts related 
 more or less nearly to the old horse, exhibit the char- 
 acteristics of the Morgan /or/Ti, but lack compactness, 
 not of general form, hut of muscle^ and they lack bottom. 
 The general characteristics of the Morgan family are, 
 small size, weio-hingj from seven hundred to one thou- 
 sand pounds ; a long, but strong back ; plumpness of 
 general contour, like a Berkshire pig ; short, hairy 
 legs; a hmsque air, a bustling gait, with more pucker 
 4 
 
74 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 and gatlier, tlian freedom and elasticity of step ; long, 
 coarse hair ; lieavy mane and tail, and a surprising dis- 
 position to accumulate fat instead of muscle, and a re- 
 markably docile and tractable temper. As a general 
 thing, the ' Morgans ' have not length of stride enough 
 to be good roadsters. They take too many steps in a 
 mile. It is but very rarely one can be found that 
 proves to be a good all-day horse. It often occurs that 
 one can be driven ten miles Avithin the hour, and per- 
 haps at the same rate for the second hour, without ap- 
 parent distress or inj ury. But for a high rate of speed, 
 throughout the day^ search must bo made among other 
 families than the 'Morgan.' There is a place for 
 them, however. They are good for an hour's drive for 
 short stages. They are good to run about town with. 
 They are good in the light pleasure- wagon — prompt, 
 lively (not spirited), and ' trappy.' There is no ques- 
 tion among those who have had fair opportunities of 
 comparing the ' Morgans ' with horses of purer blood, 
 and descended from different stocks, in regard to the 
 relative position of the ' Morgan.' lie is. as he exists 
 at the present day, inferior in size, speed and bottom — 
 in fact in all those qualities necessary to the perform- 
 ance of ' great deeds ' on the road or the farm, to the 
 descendants of Messenger, Duroc, imp. Magnum Bonum^ 
 and many other horses of deserved celebrity. Tho 
 Gifford Morgan embodies the characteristics of the 
 Morgan form, or did embody them, better and in more 
 prominent and pleasant relief than any horse I am 
 acquainted with, of this family. ■^■" * * *'^" 
 
 We are at some loss to determine exactly the motives 
 of the writer of this letter, in admitting that the origi- 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. T.". 
 
 nal Morgan horse was nearly thorongli-bred. He 
 either thought it impossible to deny it, or, having 
 adopted the theory that no horse can possess any really 
 valuable qualities for farm or road service unless close- 
 ly allied to the English race-horse, it was indispensably 
 necessary to admit him to have been nearly thorough- 
 bred, in order to sustain his theory ; for he felt that it 
 was folly to attempt to deny that his immediate de* 
 scendants were possessed of many excellent qualities. 
 
 Having assumed that the good qualities of the Mor- 
 gan all came from the racing blood he supposes he had 
 in his veins, he is obliged to depreciate his descendants, 
 as the racing blood disappears in his stock. He says : 
 " When we trace down his stock, we find in the very 
 next generation an admixture of cold, worthless blood, to 
 the full measure of one-half'' According to this writer, 
 all blood is cold and worthless, except it comes from 
 the English thorough-bred, and he is evidently one of 
 that small class of horsemen who adulate "high blood," 
 and rejoice in the faith that the English race-horse has 
 reached the acme of perfection for every variety of ser- 
 vice — that he is the Alpha and Omega of all excellence 
 in the entire genus, and who implicitly believe that he 
 is bound to over-run the earth, as the waters do the 
 sea, to the utter and complete extinction of all the other 
 members of the horse family — ^from the Lincolnshire 
 draft-horse to the Shetland pony. 
 
 But let us come a little nearer to the subject, and 
 give this letter some further attention ; for having been 
 admitted by the compiler into Youatt, a standard Eng- 
 lish work, it derives from its connection a credit and 
 authority, that would not otherwise attach to it. The 
 
76 THE MOKGAN HOKSE. 
 
 writer says: "Many of the colts, related more or less 
 nearly to the old liorse, exhibit the characteristics of 
 the ' Morgan' forrn^ but lack compactness — not of gene* 
 ral form, hut of muscle — and they lack bottom." It is 
 very satisfactory to know from so intelligent and disin- 
 terested a horseman, that the Morgan horse still preserves 
 the characteristics of the Morgan form, and that, though 
 lie lacks compactness, it is not of form, but of muscle. 
 
 According to this writer, on the outside all is still 
 right with this breed of horses. No fault is found with 
 the size, or shape of the muscles ; but they have an in- 
 visible defect — " they lack compactness of muscle." 
 "We think the great and striking muscular development 
 of the Morgan horse, giving him such unrivalled ease 
 and vigor of motion, may be safely trusted to live down 
 this invisible defect of this invisible writer. But, he 
 says, " they lack bottom." 
 
 Not a word of proof is offered, and the assertion leads 
 one to think that the writer is neither a horseman nor 
 9, Yermonter, and that he has only borrowed the name 
 of our little State, to have a good place to write from 
 about Morgan horses. 
 
 The unrivalled endurance of the Morgan is so uni- 
 versally admitted, not only in Yermont, but through- 
 out New England, that it is desirable in charity to 
 conclude, that Mr. Eandall's "distinguished judge of 
 horses" was not much acquainted with the animals he 
 was attempting to describe. 
 
 Again, he says their weight is from seven hundred 
 to one thousand pounds. 
 
 This is evidently an under-estimate, and leads any- 
 one well acquainted with the breed, to doubt the fairness 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. 77 
 
 and candor of the writer. The fair average weight of 
 the Morgan horse, as now, and for a long time bred in 
 Vermont, we think will prove to be, as we have already 
 stated it, from nine hundred to eleven hundred pounds. 
 Many breeders will think this estimate too low ; but 
 we intend to go under rather than over the weight. A 
 few will weigh less than nine hundred, and some will 
 weigh more than eleven hundred pounds. Let anv 
 one look at the list of Morgan horses exhibited at the 
 last United States Agricultural Fair ; the weights of a 
 large number of them are given, and it appears that 
 their medium size cannot be less than from nine hun- 
 dred to ten hundred and fifty pounds. 
 
 The next assertion of this writer is much more re- 
 markable ; he says of the Morgans, they have " a long 
 hut strong hachy One cannot but fear that, before 
 writing this, this '; distinguished judge of horses in 
 Yermont" had been looking through some deceptive 
 glasses. One of the marked and striking characteris- 
 tics of Morgan horses ?s, and always has been, the short- 
 ness of their backs. 
 
 Let any horseman look at the plates in this volume, 
 or at any of the numerous cuts published in various 
 forms, and see how near this writer has come to a fair 
 description of these horses. Again, he says : 'As a 
 general thing, the ' Morgans' have not length of stride 
 enough to be good roadsters. They take too many 
 steps in a mile." Now, it is because they take more 
 steps in a mile than the long-strided horse, that the 
 Morgans so easily leave them behind before night-fall. 
 It will take a long time for this writer, or any other, to 
 
78 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 convince tlie horsemen of Yermont that a long-stepping 
 animal is the thing for an "all-day horse." 
 
 But, as the " distinguished judge of horses in Ver- 
 mont" maj not think much of New England opinions, 
 we refer to Youatt, who, in speaking of the compara- 
 tive advantages of a long or short-strided horse under 
 the most trying circumstances, namely, in going over 
 soft ground and over hills, says: "The compact, short- 
 strided horse will almost skim the surface, while the 
 ■feet of the longer-reached animal will sink deep, and 
 he will wear himself out in his efforts to disengage 
 himself * * * Every horseman knows how much 
 more enduring is a short-bodied horse in climbing 
 hills, though, perhaps, not quite so much in descending 
 them." At the present day, a long strided horse can 
 hardly be sold for a driving horse, in the Boston or 
 New York markets. Short steps come from short legs, 
 and short legs are indispensable to the greatest endu- 
 rance. 
 
 Let us compare for a moment this assertion, that 
 *'they have not length of stride enough to be good 
 roadsters," with what he says in the second sentence 
 following. Here he admits that they can often be 
 driven twenty miles in two hours, without apparent 
 distress or injury. Where is there a horseman but 
 must at once admit, that the horse which can be driven 
 twenty miles in two hours, without distress or injury, 
 has abundance of stride for endurance throughout the 
 day I and it is evident that, for a short distance, he 
 must have far greater speed — for no horse can be 
 driven at the top of his speed for two hours without 
 distress. 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. 79 
 
 We tliink tlie.sim|)le fact that a liorse can make his 
 twenty miles in two hours without distress, will, bj 
 most horsemen, be deemed the strongest possible evi- 
 dence (save actual trial) of his ability to perform more 
 than an ordinary day's journey. 
 
 The compiler, at the close of this long attack on 
 Morgan horses, from a concealed enemy, says of it: 
 " The above is not^ as already stated, the popular esti- 
 mate of this family. Having stated both sides of the 
 question, we leave it to the judgment of the public." 
 AVhat does the compiler mean by " having given both 
 sides" ? The only thing the compiler gives favorable 
 to the Mor2:an is from a New York Committee, who 
 vrere evidently strangers to the breed, and whose opin- 
 ion was based on the two specimens before them. 
 The Morgans w^ere among strangers, where they and 
 their owners w^ere unknown. They were judged by a 
 New York Committee, and New York had then but 
 little interest in the Morgan breed of horses, and they 
 were, of course, surrounded by friends and acquaint- 
 ances interested in other breeds. But they were too 
 accomplished horsemen to overlook the extraordinary 
 characteristics of the Morgans, and too frank and manly 
 not to speak out fully and boldly their opinions. 
 
 What they have said is the verdict of a Nevvr York 
 jury. Aside from that verdict, the compiler has ad- 
 mitted nothing in favor of the Morgan horse ; and this 
 is what he calls " giving both sides." 
 
 The reputation of this breed of horses is not the re- 
 sult of a temporary excitement, got up by interested 
 parties to assist their sale, but it is the result of a long 
 and convincing trial of their powers. The attention 
 
80 THE MORGAN HOESE, 
 
 of horsemen was drawn to them long ago, and their 
 reputation has gone on increasing steadily from that 
 day to the present. 
 
 The following extracts are from a letter written by 
 a gentleman of Philadelphia to the American Tnrf 
 Eegister and Sporting Magazine, in 1831. 
 
 "* * * It may not be generally known that the 
 first trotting matches in this country took place in New 
 England ; and twenty years ago, every stranger who 
 travelled the road from Boston to Portland, a distance 
 then of one hundred and twenty miles, must have 
 been surprised to see horses, not quite fifteen hands 
 high, drawing heavy carriages, with nine passengers, 
 at the rate of eight and ten miles an hour, accomplish- 
 ing the journey with ease in one day. - * " - From 
 what is knov/n of the speed and strength of this horse, 
 and his properties, so v/ell adapted for the road as well 
 as the turf, it has always seemed unaccountable to me 
 why farmers and breeders generally do not introduce 
 the trotting horse instead of the high-mettled racer, of 
 whose usefulness scarcely one word can be said. I am, 
 however, far from underrating the thorough-bred horse : 
 the sports of the turf are always interesting to me ; but 
 I now address practical men, and I ask, if they would 
 not benefit themselves and the community more by 
 raising the trotter instead of the racer ? 
 
 " The one is useful as a Avork-horse on the farm or on 
 the road ; generally kind and gentle in harness, and 
 often active enough for the saddle. AVhilst the other, 
 if his strain is superior, has an irritability, a nervous- 
 ness, that unfits him for the steady routine of making 
 wheels turn round, and is only calculated to carry a 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. 81 
 
 light weight and occasionally win a plate or purse. I 
 believe it is estimated tliat only one colt in thirty proves 
 himself a first-rate runner, under the most judicious 
 management in the selection of brood mares, and the 
 greatest care in feeding, grooming and bitting. Such 
 a colt may possibly bring two or three thousand dol- 
 lars, but the tv/enty-nine may not average one hundred 
 and fifty dollars; while the trotting colt of good prom- 
 ise (which is indicated not unfrequently at three years 
 old,) readily brings from two to five hundred dollars, 
 and some of them one thousand. Besides, these horses 
 are always in demand ; every man in the neighbor- 
 hood of our large cities, travelling on dusty roads, 
 wants a trotter for his every-day use ; but how few of 
 them keep a racer ? 
 
 " I am aware that fine roadsters are sometimes obtain- 
 ed by crossing the large common mare with the full- 
 blooded horse. There are instances of it in the progeny 
 of old Messenger; he was the sire of Fagdown, and, I 
 believe, of Mambrino and Hamiltonian ; and this stock 
 has supplied Philadelphia and New York with the 
 only trotting horses that they raised for some time. 
 Tippoo Saib, who now stands at the Hunting Park 
 Course, belongs to the same family; and although, as 
 a trotter, I have never heard of his performance, yet 
 he is the sire of Lady Miller, a very celebrated trotter. 
 
 " Now, with the exception of Messenger, I have never 
 been able to trace extraordinary trottmg families derived 
 from such a source. There are individuals of celebrity 
 whose origin is unknown ; but we want, in this quar- 
 ter, the distinct race, as they pervade some parts of the 
 Eastern States, and the county of Norfolk, England. * * 
 4* 
 
82 THE MOIIGAN HOHSE. 
 
 " I think there are two reasons why we have not sup- 
 plied the Philadelphia market with the right kind of 
 roadster ; one is, we have mixed np too much of the 
 running stock, particular]}^ in JSTew Jersey and South- 
 ward of U.S ; and the other is, we have too little. That 
 medium so desirable for the road, w^hich for years has 
 given celerity to the private and public conveyances 
 in New England, was not generally known here until 
 the establishment of the Trotting Club on the Hunting 
 Park Course." 
 
 In the March number of the Albany Cultivator for 
 1848, J. B. Burnett, a '^ ihoroiLgli-hrecV man, in an arti- 
 cle in favor of thorough-bred horses, and against the 
 Morgans, with equal truth and candor saj^s : "It can- 
 not be denied that they possess great energy and cour- 
 age, great strength and endurance, great ambition and 
 docility ; that they mature early and are easily kept ; 
 that they are pleasant drivers and always ready for 
 business, and — what is more important — sell at high 
 prices." 
 
 E. L. Allen, Esq., an accomplished gentleman in 
 New York, and a thorough horseman, having no inter- 
 est then or since in Morgan stock, so far as we can 
 ascertain, thus speaks of them in his American Agri- 
 culture. After pointing out their origin, he says : 
 
 " The result has been the production of a fiimily of 
 roadsters of much similarity of appearance and uni- 
 formity of character, unsurpassed by any others for ser- 
 viceable qualities. They are of medium size, from 
 thirteen and a half to fifteen hands high, with a well- 
 formed head and neck, high withers, deep chest, round 
 body, short back, large quarters, broad, flat legs, mod- 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. S3 
 
 erately small feet, long, wavy mane and tail, present- 
 ing altogetlier tke beau ideal of the road horse. 
 
 " They are spirited and docile, hardy and easily kept. 
 They have an easy and rapid trot, and glide along 
 with a good load without clatter or apparent efrort, at 
 the rate of ten or twelve miles an hour." 
 
 Mr. Weissinger, formerly one of the editors of the 
 Louisville (Kentnck}^) Journal^ tnat has for many years 
 been a leading paper at the South, made a tour through 
 the Northern States in the summer of 1845. While 
 in Vermont, his taste lor horses prompted him to exam.- 
 ine carefully the Morgans. In a letter to the "Jour- 
 nal," after some remarks in relation to their origin, 
 he says: 
 
 " There is no doubt vv'hatever of this — that the breed 
 of the Morgan horse was, and is now, in the few in- 
 stances where it can be found, far the best breed of 
 horses for general use that ever was in the United 
 States — probably the best in the world ; and it is re- 
 markable that this breed was, and is now, knov\'n by 
 many striking peculiarities, commxOn to nearly every 
 individual. They have a full, heavy, wavy mane and 
 tail, good head and neck, small, well-shaped ears ; are 
 broad between the eyes ; legs broad and short, with 
 large tendons, bodies rather thick-set ; but their most 
 striking peculiarity is in their carriage : legs well un- 
 der, trot quick, short and springy, the fore-legs bending 
 remarkably, the very reverse of the slow, slouchy move- 
 ment of the race-horse in the trot. They are likewise 
 exceedingly hardy and well-tempered." 
 
 In the American Farmer's Encyclopedia, edited by 
 
84 THE MOEGAN HORSE. 
 
 Governeur Emerson, and published in Philadelpliia, in 
 1844, is tlie following description of the Morgan horse : 
 
 "Perhaps the very finest breed of horses in the 
 United States, when general usefulness is taken into 
 consideration, is what is commonly known in the North 
 ern and Eastern States as the Idorgan horse. 
 
 " This breed is distinguished by its activity, united 
 v/ith strength and hardiness. Its size is moderate, and 
 though not often possessing the fleetness which recom- 
 mends it to the sportsman, it has speed enough to entitle 
 it to the appellation of a fast traveller. Their usual height 
 is from fourteen to fifteen hands, color bay, make round 
 and rather heavy, w^ith lean heads, broad and deep chests, 
 the fore limbs set wide apart, legs clean and sinewy, 
 short, strong backs, wdth that projection of the ribs 
 from the backbone which is a sure indication of great 
 development of lungs, and consequently of great wind 
 and bottom. For saddle, draught, and other useful 
 purposes, the Morgan horses, bred in Vermont and in 
 all the Eastern States, including the Northern and 
 Western parts of New York, are so much prized as to 
 command much higher prices in the principal cities of 
 the Atlantic States, than horses from other parts of the 
 Union." 
 
 The Maine Farmer for 1853 (we think in the April 
 number) in an editorial, thus speaks of the Morgan 
 horses: "The stock of Morgan horses is so univer 
 sally known and admired throughout New England, 
 that it is hardly necessary to repeat their merits. For 
 a seller of horses, it is only necessary to establish the 
 fact that his horses are of the Morgan blood, and ho 
 
ADAPTATI02T TO THE ROAD, ETC. 85 
 
 meets with, a ready sale at good prices, and tlio pur- 
 '^hasers are more tlian satisfied. 
 
 " They excel in great endurance, carrying weight a 
 long distance; and as roadsters they excel all other 
 horses in this or any other country ; are full of noble 
 and generous spirit, with such docility of temper tliat 
 the most timid can driye them ; but if put to their met- 
 tle, they are a full. hand for the best driver." In fin 
 elaborate article in the Neio York Herald^ in relation 
 to the horses of that city, published early in 1853, in 
 speaking of the large number of horses employed iu 
 hauling the cars on the Sixth Avenue Railroad, the 
 writer says : " Four-fifths of all the horses em.ployed on 
 this road are fi'om Vermont and Kew Hampshire, and 
 of these neary all are of the celebrated Morgan breed. 
 These horses have long and justly been celebrated for 
 their admirable qualities as roadsters. 
 
 "They are particularly remarkable for their great 
 strength in proportion to their size, and for their pov,^er 
 of endurance, bearing up under hard labor that would 
 break down the strongest draft horse. 
 
 " The Morgan horse, though a small animal, is noted 
 for his great bottom and hardiness, as well as for com- 
 pactness and roundness of form. He is a very sprightly 
 animal, and is said to be more sagacious than the gener- 
 ality of horses." 
 
 By reference to the report of the United States Agri- 
 cultural Society's Fair, held in Boston, Ma^s., the fourth 
 week in October, 1855, it appears that three premiums 
 were offered to stallions as "roadsters;" of these all 
 were awarded to stallions of Morgan descent; four 
 premiums were offered to stallions for general use, four 
 
86: THE MOEGAN HORSE. 
 
 years old and upwards. All of these vrere awarded to 
 Morgans. To stallions for general use, three years old 
 and under four years, two premiums were offered ; one 
 of these was aw^arded to a Morgan. To stallions for 
 general use, one year old and under two, three premiums 
 offered ; two awarded to Morgans. To breeding mares 
 and fillies four premiums were offered ; two awarded to 
 Morgans. To fillies three years old, two premiums 
 offered ; one awarded to a Morgan. Fillies one year 
 old, only one premium awarded, and that to a Morgan. 
 To trotting stallions four premiums were ofiered, and 
 three of them awarded to Morgans. 
 
 That this was a very large exhibition of horses is cer- 
 tain, for there w^ere four hundred and forty-three horses 
 entered for premiums. The report of every State Fair 
 at the North and West, shov/s that wherever exhibited, 
 the Morgans take the very highest rank as horses for 
 general use. Now this evidence of his value is the more 
 striking, as at most of these agricultural exhibitions 
 he is among strangers, and he comes into competition 
 with horses long known and having many friends 
 around to assist in sustaining them. A horse that can 
 compete successfully for the highest honors under such 
 circumst^^nces, must be so plainly, and so far su.perior 
 to his rivals, that the moment he is seen the spectator 
 acknowledges, without hesitation, his great superiority. 
 The appearance of " Champion Black Hawk," and Silas 
 Hale's " Green MountaiD," on the fair grounds of Ken- 
 tucky, at different times, strikiugly illustrate this. 
 
 In the account of the agricultural fair, at Florence, 
 Kentucky, in October, 1855, published in the Cincin 
 nati Gazette of October ISth; 1855, is the follow- 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE ROAD, ETC. 87 
 
 ing description of the exhibition of stallions for har- 
 ness: 
 
 " The Fair at Florence. — Yesterday was the day 
 for the exhibition of horses. In the ring of stallions 
 for harness, of four years old and upwards, the blue 
 ribbon (highest premium) was tied on a dapple grey, 
 but just then Champion Black Hawk, beloDging to 
 Messrs. P. & L. Melendy, of Hamilton County, Ohio, 
 was brought in, and the multitude immediately shouted, 
 'take it off,' 'take it off.' 
 
 " It was accordingly taken off and put upon Black 
 Hawk, and no judgment of the Committee was more 
 heartily approved by the spectators than this. Cham- 
 pion Black Hawk is of the Morgan stock, and closely 
 resembles old Green Mountain Morgan in size, build, 
 and carriage. He is a small horse, but compactly 
 built, indicates power and endurance, and in horseman 
 phrase is ' big for his size.' " 
 
 So, also, when Hale's Green Mountain appeared on 
 the show grounds at Louisville, Kentucky, in 1858, he 
 met with a cordial welcome, and the horse was greeted 
 on his entering the exhibitioD ring, with such eager 
 applause as told, full plainly, that his form and his 
 style of action were new, but were appreciated by the 
 thousands of strangers before whom he was moving. 
 It is hardly necessary to say that he received the high- 
 est premium, as he had previously done the same season 
 at the Michigan State Fair at Detroit, and the Ohio State 
 Fair at Dayton. 
 
 It is proper to add, that the horse was taken from 
 Yermont to Da3rton, Ohio, by railroad, without any 
 stop for the purpose of rest. The fail at Dayton being 
 
88 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 over, lie went directly to Detroit, arriving there after 
 the commencement of the fair. From Detroit he went 
 directly to Louisville, where he arrived late the night 
 previous to the last day of the fair. 
 
 The following letter is from a gentleman long en- 
 gaged in staging, whose opportunities for observation 
 have been very extensive, and we would as soon rely 
 upon his judgment in anything relating to the qualities 
 of a good horse, as that of any person we have ever 
 met: 
 
 "Jefferson City, Missouri, April 14, 1856. 
 "D. G. Linsley^ Esq, 
 
 "Dear Sir: — It is with much pleasure I have to 
 acknowledge the receipt of your favor of a recent date, 
 requesting me to give you my views of Morgan horses, 
 as compared with horses in general use at the AYest. 
 
 " I have spent the greatest portion of my life in stag- 
 ing, formerly in Yermont, and now in Missouri, and I 
 take pleasure in bearing testimony to the decided superi- 
 ority of Morgan horses for coach service, over any 
 others that I have ever used. I have bought many horses 
 in Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, and 
 though occasionally a good roadster can be found, they 
 are not common. Many of the horses of these States 
 have fine forms and good carriage, yet lack the high, 
 free spirit, u.nflinching courage, and iron constitutions 
 the Yermont horses so generally possess. Yery many 
 of the "Western horses are too large. Large horses may 
 be the best for draft, but I have always found horses of 
 medium size, weighing, say about ten hundred and 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE EOAD, ETC. 89 
 
 fifty pounds, much the most serviceable and enduring 
 when used before a coach. 
 
 "I am, Sir, very respectfully yours, 
 
 "MILO JUNE." 
 
 The writer of the following letter is well knoAvn at 
 the East, and throughout the West, as one of the 
 largest and most successful stage-owners in our country, 
 and the noble fortune he has secured, by his own ex- 
 ertions, sufficiently attest his practical wisdom, and the 
 soundness and solidity of his judgment. His large ex- 
 perience at the West gives peculiar value to his opinion, 
 with regard to horses, adapted to that country : 
 
 " Chicago, April 21st, 1856. 
 "D. C. Linshy^ Esq. 
 
 ''Dear Sir : — Your favor of the 8th inst. is received, 
 in relation to the Morgan breed of horses, and express- 
 ing your desire to make them more generally known 
 in the Western States. This desire I sincerely share 
 with you, and cannot doubt your entire success. 
 
 " Being a Vermonter, I have known Morgan horses 
 as long as I have known any. I have resided at Chi- 
 cago the last seventeen years, during which time I 
 have been largely engaged in the business of staging — 
 which business affords constant employment for about 
 fifteen hundred horses — and have thus had opportuni- 
 ties for observing and testing the capacity and endur- 
 ance of horses. I have no hesitation in saying, I con- 
 sider the Morgan horses far superior to any other breed 
 or blood I have ever known for the road or farm. 
 
 "In fact, I Avould prefer them over all others for 
 
90 THE 3I0RGAN HOKSE. 
 
 any kind of service on the American Continent. They 
 are invariably good feeders, are easily kept, and will 
 not only perform and endure more service in a year, 
 but more years of service, than any other breed of 
 horses I have ever known. 
 
 " Of the horses heretofore raised in the Western 
 States, and particularly West of the Lakes (although 
 much improvement has been made within a few years, 
 and many fine horses may now be found among them), 
 it is undeniably true, that a Morgan horse, from New 
 England, will outlast two horses raised in the West. 
 
 "It is also true, that but few Morgan horses have, 
 as yet, been brought from New England West of the 
 Lakes, and equally true, that their services are very 
 generally sought by intelligent breeders of horses 
 throughout the country. Any number of inferior 
 horses may be found in the West, which are claimed 
 to be of Morgan blood. 
 
 "This attempt to palm off counterfeits, is the highest 
 evidence of the value of the genuine blood. The 
 ready and general objection in the West, with those 
 who are not familiar with the Morgans, is want of size, 
 forgetting that their size should be judged by their 
 weight, and not by the length of their legs, and that 
 the same bodies, upon longer legs, vv'ould look much 
 larger. Wishing you success, and hoping that you 
 may be instrumental in causing the vvhole of our fine 
 State to be filled with horses of pure Morgan blood, 
 " I am, Sir, your friend and servant, 
 
 "M. 0. WALKER" 
 
 We might continue to adduce testimony of a similar 
 
ADAPTATION TO THE KOAD, ETC. 91 
 
 cliaracter to almost any extent, but we think t"he fore- 
 going extracts from the highest sources, from persons 
 uninterested in these horses, and residing in quarters 
 of the country where they have not been bred, amply 
 sufficient to establish the fact, that the Morgans, as a 
 race, are possessed of great powers of endurance, and 
 are admirably adapted for the road and general use. 
 
 From a consideration of the foregoing extracts, it is 
 to be hoped, that "a distinguished judge of horses in 
 Yermont," will review his opinions, and that the ac- 
 complished compiler of the breeds of horses in the 
 United States, will not admit into a future edition of 
 so valuable a work as Youatt's, an article so prejudiced, 
 and so untrue. 
 
CHAPTER Y, 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 The different accounts tliat have been circulated in 
 regard to the origin of the Morgan breed of horses, 
 agree that they are descended from a horse called the 
 Justin Morgan, who derived his name from Mr. Jus- 
 tin Morgan, of Randolph, Yt., once his owner. As 
 to the origin of the Justin Morgan, however, they 
 differ widely. 
 
 The fact that little or no interest was felt in the sub- 
 ject until after the death of Mr. Morgan, and indeed 
 until after the death of his horse, will account for this 
 diversity. 
 
 Almost half a century passed away before any 
 serious effort was made to determine the origin of an 
 animal, whose value was daily more and more appre- 
 ciated. After the death of Mr. Morgan the horse 
 passed through several hands, and was kept at differ- 
 ent places, and when at length serious inquiry was 
 awakened on the subject, it was found that Mr. Morgan 
 had left no written pedigree of his horse, and different 
 reports of what he said in relation to it got into circu- 
 lation. 
 
 We think it may be considered as certain, that during 
 Mr. Morgan's life and until long after his death, very 
 little interest was felt in the question, " What was the 
 
 C»2) 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 98 
 
 exact pedigree of the horse ?" When the inquiry be- 
 came interesting, and discussion arose, different stories 
 were current, and opinions were frequently formed in 
 accordance with previous prejudices or views of the in- 
 dividual forming them, as to the value of different 
 breeds of horses. Some, holding the opinion that no 
 valuable horse could be expected without a great deal 
 of racing blood, sought to make it appear that he was 
 nearly thorough-bred. Others having less faith in the 
 English racer, entertained different opinions, and adopted 
 for their creed stories that ascribed to him a very dif- 
 ferent origin. No person seemed to take the matter 
 in hand and investigate it thoroughly, until those who 
 might have given the necessary information were gone. 
 
 It is not now probable that the blood of the Justin 
 Morgan can ever be exactly and absolutely ascertained. 
 We think, however, it may be considered certain that 
 this unrivalled animal was produced by a cross of the 
 Arabian or thorough-bred with the common stock, 
 but the proportion of each cannot now be determined. 
 
 There are no opinions that men maintain so stren- 
 uously, and give up so reluctantly, as those which 
 they form and publicly avow upon matters in which 
 they are supposed by others to be particularly well-in- 
 formed. This is more especially true when these opin- 
 ions entertained and expressed, relate to matters of 
 practical importance, and not simply to some abstract 
 doctrine. 
 
 Thus, suppose a man has studied long upon the 
 subject of rotation of crops, and is thought to under- 
 stand it thoroughly ; if his neighbor acting upon his 
 advice is thereby injured, he will account for the fail- 
 
94 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 ure in any way, ratlier tlian ascribe it to his own want 
 of information, or error of judgment. 
 
 So the tradesman much more reluctantly acknow- 
 ledges an error of judgment in relation to an article of 
 which his very trade presupposes him to be a judge, 
 than the man whose attention has been but momen- 
 tarily drawn to it. It is to this disinclination to admit 
 they have been in error, coupled with inattention to the 
 proofs that have been offered, that we mainly attribute 
 the disparity which may be noticed in the accounts given 
 by horsemen of the origin of the Morgan horse ; for 
 we think all candid persons who will devote but a lit- 
 tle time to an examination of the subject, can hardly 
 fail to arrive at one and the same conclusion. So much 
 importance has of late years been attached to this sub- 
 ject, and some excellent horsemen not fully agreeing 
 in relation to it, we have been led to devote a good 
 deal of time and labor to a careful examination of all 
 such evidence as we could discover, and the result of 
 our investigation is (as before stated) the firm convic- 
 tion that the original Morgan horse v,^as not thorough- 
 bred, but yet, had a large infusion of blood. 
 
 Before considering the evidence that has led us to 
 this conclusion, we wish to explain what seems to us 
 should be the character of the evidence that should be 
 deemed amply sufiicient to establish this point. 
 
 While the friends of these horses have been some- 
 times ready to declare the original Justin Morgan fully 
 thorough -bred, on the strength of evidence which we 
 think can hardly be deemed sufficient; yet on the 
 other hand, parties interested in denying he had any 
 claim, even to a particle of that noble blood, insist 
 upon proof that shall amount to demonstration. 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 95 
 
 The pedigree of a stock liorse may in one sense he 
 considered property ; it is a valuable thing, and one 
 from which the owner may derive great benefit. Now 
 what reason can be assigned for insisting that a man 
 shall adduce stronger evidence to establish his claim 
 to such a pedigree, than is required before a court of 
 justice to secure him in the possession of his house, or 
 his farm ; or stronger than would be suf&cient to enable 
 his neighbor to turn him out of doors ? There can be 
 no reason. But some gentlemen insist that the pedi- 
 gree of an animal, to be entitled to credit, should be 
 supported by evidence as conclusive as would be re- 
 quired to send the owner to the gallows, if he were in- 
 dicted for murder. This is certainly most unreason- 
 able and unjust. 
 
 The following articles^ we believe, comprise all the 
 important statements in relation to the origin of the 
 Morgan horse that have ever been published. Some 
 of them have been printed in very many different papers 
 throughout the country, but, with a single exception, 
 we believe, they were all originally published in The 
 Albany Cultivator. 
 
 In the October number of that paper for 1841, Yol. 
 8, p. 162, there appeared the following letter and ac- 
 companying affidavit : 
 
 ''Messrs. Gaylord & Tucker: I lately received 
 great satisfaction from hearing vfhat appears to be 
 a correct account of the origin of the Morgan horses 
 of Vermont ; a breed known and esteemed for activ- 
 ity and hardiness, throughout all the Korthern States ; 
 not remarkable for size, and scarcely known to tho 
 
96 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 sportsman for speed. This race is perhaps as highly 
 celebrated as any for general usefulness, and for such 
 a degree of fleetness as entitles it to the appellation of 
 fast traveller. 
 
 " Their height is from fourteen to fifteen hands ; color, 
 bay ; make, round and heavy, with lean lieads, broad 
 and deep chests, the fore-limbs set far apart, clean and 
 sinewy legs, short strong backs, with that projection 
 of the ribs from the spine which is a sure indication of 
 powerful lungs, and, consequently, of great \\ind and 
 bottom. The original Morgan horse, called also the 
 Goss horse, is well known to have appeared in Ran- 
 dolph and in St. Johnsbury (Yt.) some forty years 
 since, and to have been kept as a stallion, at first with 
 but little, and subsequently v,dth very great patronage, 
 some five and twenty years, or until he was thirty 
 years old or more. Yarious accounts are current as to 
 his origin ; many think it quite distinct from the Cana- 
 dian breed of Korman-French extraction, and consider 
 the horse to have been of Dutch blood, and to have 
 been introduced from som.e of the settlements on Hudson 
 river, southward of Albany. Stories are told of a travel- 
 ler's blood mare having got with foal by a Canadian 
 or Indian pony, at various places north and west, and 
 having brought forth this horse ; all these accounts are 
 improbable, and appear to be unauthenticaited. 
 
 "For the last dozen years, being aware, both by 
 observation and experiment, of the surprising results 
 of crossing the Canadian with other breeds of horses, 
 and having become acquainted with the vast variety 
 and different qualities of various races in the Canadian 
 breed, I have believed that the original Morgan horse 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 97 
 
 was of French Cauadian origin. This opinion being 
 confirmed by the accounts here given. I am anxious to 
 ascertain whether any one can prove it erroneous, and, 
 if not, to make it public, that it may be known that 
 thousands of horses may be obtained in French Cana- 
 da of the same blood, and not inferior in qualities to 
 the Morgan, whose existence added several hundred 
 thousand dollars to the wealth of Vermont. 
 
 "George Barnard. 
 ''Sherbrooh, P, C, August, 1841." 
 
 "(affidavit.) 
 
 " I was about thirteen years of age when the Mor- 
 gan horse was first brought to St. Johnsbury, in Ver- 
 mont, where my father lived. As I am now fifty, it 
 must have been about 1804. On the eve of the second 
 Tuesday in June (for I well remember that the morrow 
 was training-day) I was at my father's house, and a 
 man of the name of Abel Shorey, a skilful horseman 
 of the neighborhood, was there also ; when David G oss, 
 jr., my cousin, then aged about seventeen, came up 
 from his father's, distant about three-quarters of a 
 mile, with a message to Shorey, requesting him to go 
 to his father's (my uncle David's) and trim a horse 
 that uncle John Goss had just then brought over from 
 Eandolph, distant forty miles. 
 
 " I accompanied them, and, at my imcle David's, we 
 found uncle John from Eandolph, with a little, heavy, 
 handsome, active bay horse, vfhich he requested Shorey 
 to trim, chiefly by pulling out and cutting the hairs of 
 his tail, which appeared as if it had been gnawed by 
 calves. Uncle John said he was a Canadian horse 
 5 
 
98 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 that lie had just got from Justin Morgan of Eandolph, 
 wlio had lately brought hhn from Montreal. I, after* 
 wards, frequently heard the manner of his purchasing 
 the horse related in my father's and uncle David's 
 families, which was this : uncle John had lent Morgan 
 the sum of forty dollars on occasion of the latter's go- 
 ing a journey to Montreal in Canada. Morgan obtained 
 the horse, then four years old, at Montreal, and being 
 unable to repay the money on his return, disposed of him 
 to uncle John, to pay the debt. Uncle John, who was 
 no horseman, now brought him to my uncle David, 
 who was much of a horseman, in the hope that some- 
 thing might be made by keeping him for mares. I 
 remember Shorey's calling him ' a full blood French 
 horse.' 
 
 " Uncle John Goss engaged Shorey to take the horse 
 next day to training, at Maj. Butler's, and there I saw 
 him cover four mares. 
 
 " My uncle, David Goss, kept the horse through the 
 season, working him on his farm, and putting him to 
 mares when they were brought; he also kept him 
 through the next winter and the ensuing spring, when 
 the foals were found to be universally excellent ; uncla 
 John took him back to Eandolph, where he made his 
 socond season : the third season he was brought to St. 
 Johnsbury, and stood at u.ncle David's again. After 
 this, as I went to learn my trade, I cannot give so 
 particular an account of the horse, but remember that 
 he was kept several seasons in St. Johnsbury. 
 
 '' This, and more to the same purpose, maybe attested 
 by David Goss, sen., Phillip Goss, David Goss, jr., 
 
ITS ORIGIN". 99 
 
 Clark Stearns, Abel Sliore}^, Abel Butler, and Thomas 
 Pierce, all of St. Jolinsburj. 
 
 "John Stearns. 
 
 '* Sworn before me at Charleston village, 
 this 14th of August, 1841. 
 
 "David Connell, J. P." 
 
 In the June number of " The Cultivator" (Vol. IX., 
 p. 99), is the following letter: 
 
 "Messrs Gaylord and Tucker: — Mr. Edward 
 Terry, of Eochester, Yt., recently sent me two numbers 
 of your 'Cultivator,' containing some account of the 
 origin of the Morgan breed of horses, and also an affida- 
 vit of John Stearns, of St. Johnsbury, Yt., relative to 
 the same subject. I have read the affidavit of the said 
 Stearns attentively, and know that he is entirely mis- 
 taken in all his statements relative to the time said 
 horse was brought into Yermont, the place from which 
 he was brought, and the manner in which he says his 
 uncle, John Goss, obtained said horse of my father. I 
 know very well that Mr. John Goss never obtained 
 said horse of my father in any way whatever. My 
 father owmed said horse to the day of his death, and, in 
 the settlement of my father's estate, said horse passed 
 into the hands of William Eice, then living in Wood* 
 stock, Yt., since deceased. 
 
 " I will now relate the facts relative to said 
 Morgan horse, as I recollect them. My father, 
 Justin Morgan, brought said horse, or, rather, said 
 colt, into Eandolph, Yt., in the summer or autumn of 
 1795. Said colt was only two years old when my 
 
100 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 fatlier brouglit him to Kandolph, and never had been 
 handled in any way, not even to be led by a halter. 
 My father went to Springfield, Mass., the place of his 
 nativity, and the place from which he removed to 
 Eandolph, in the spring or summer of 1795, after 
 money that was due to him at that place, as he said; 
 and, instead of getting money as he expected, he got 
 two colts — one a three years old gelding colt, which he 
 led, the other, a two years old stud colt, which followed 
 all the way from Springfield to Eandolph ; having been, 
 as my father said, always kept with, and much attached 
 to the colt he led. Said two years old colt was the 
 same that has since been known all over New England 
 by the name of th(3 Morgan horse. 
 
 "My father broke said colt himself, and, as I have 
 before remarked, owned and kept him to the time of 
 his decease, which took place in March, 1798, and said 
 horse was five years old the spring my father died ; 
 and, as before stated, soon affcer my father's decease, he 
 passed -from my father's estate into the possession of 
 Wm. Rice, of Woodstock, Yt. I cannot state positively 
 that my father purchased said colt in Springfield, 
 Mass., but I am very confident that he purchased him 
 in that town, or in the immediate vicinity on Connec- 
 ticut river, and I know that my father always, while 
 he lived, called him a Dutch horse. 
 
 "Justin Morgan. 
 
 ''jStockbridge, Yt, March 1, 1842." 
 
 In the next number of " The Cultivator" (Yol. IX., 
 p. 110), under the head of " Condensed Correspondence 
 end Enquiries," we find the following article: 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 101 
 
 "After our last paper -went to press, containing the 
 statement of Justin Morgan, Esq., of Stockbridge, Vt., 
 that his father brought the original Morgan horse from 
 Springfield, Mass., we received a communication from 
 Mr. John Morgan, of Lima, in this State, confirming 
 the statement of Justin Morgan, that the sire of the 
 celebrated Morgan horses of Vt. came from Massa- 
 chusetts, instead of from Canada, as has heretofore 
 been supposed. Mr. John Morgan informs us that 
 he resided in Springfield, Mass., near Mr. Justin Mor- 
 gan, sen., previous to his removal to Vermont, and 
 that the two years old stud which he took with him to 
 Vermont, as stated in our last paper, by Mr. J. Morgan, 
 jr., ' was sired by a horse owned by Sealy Norton, of 
 East Hartford, Conn., called the True Briton, or Beau- 
 tiful Bay ; he was kept at Springfield one season, by 
 the said Justin Morgan, and, two years after, I kept 
 him two seasons.' This horse was said to be raised by 
 Gen. De Lancey, commander of the refugee troops on 
 Long Island, and rode by him in the Revolution. It 
 was said thai one Smith stole the horse from the 
 General, at King's Bridge, while the General was in 
 the tavern — ran him across the Bridge, and took him 
 to the American army near White Plains, and sold 
 him to Joseph Ward, of Hartford, Conn., for $300. It 
 was also said, at that time, that he Avas sired by the 
 noted imported horse, called the ' Traveler,' said to bo 
 kept in 'Ne\Y Jersey. Ward was a merchant, and kept 
 the liorse three or four years for a saddle and car- 
 riage horse, and traded him off to Norton, and Norton 
 kept him for mares while he lived. The description 
 
102 THE MORaAN HORSE. 
 
 of the Morgan breed, given bj Mr. G. Barnard, answers 
 well to the description of the stock of True Briton. 
 
 "His stock was all bright bays, some inclining to 
 sorrel. I have always understood that Morgan kept 
 the colt for a stud at Eandolph, and was very celebra- 
 ted for his stock." 
 
 The following extract from Mr. Weissinger's letter 
 to " The Louisville Journal," published in the autumn 
 of 1845, to which we have before alluded, embodies 
 one of the stories that have been circulated to some ex- 
 tent in relation to this matter. 
 
 " Mr. Cottrel, of this place, (Montpelier, Yt.,) who 
 is as well acquainted with horses as any man in Ver- 
 mont, says there is not the slightest doubt that the 
 original Morgan was got by a Canada horse. He says 
 the most probable account of his origin is this : 'A 
 man by the name of Smith, of Plainfield, N. H., had a 
 fine imported mare. He rode this mare to Canada on 
 a courting expedition, and while there his mare got in 
 foal. Smith regretted the accident, and laying no 
 value upon the colt, he sold it to Morgan, a siDging-mas- 
 ter, who, when the colt was grown, rode him around 
 on his singing circuit. When the colts from Morgan's 
 horse grew up, thej proved fine, and this gave him 
 celebrity. He was a fleet runner at short distances, 
 and this originally induced the people to try him.' " 
 
 In the January number of " The Albany Cultivator '' 
 for 1846, Vol. IIL, (new series,) page 19, is published a 
 letter from Frederick A. Weir, of Walpole, New Hamp- 
 shire, from which we extract all that in any way re- 
 lates to the origin of the Morgan horse, as follows : 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 103 
 
 " For the last fifteen years my business has called 
 me frequently into almost all parts of Vermont, and I 
 liave been led to make very extensive and particular 
 inquiries into the liistory of the Morgan horse. Al- 
 though there are six or eight, or more, different stories 
 in circulation in relation to his origin, and several of 
 them attempted to be supported by affidavit, yet I per- 
 fectly agree with you that the account given by Justin 
 Morgan's son, Justin Morgan 2d, who is a merchant 
 now in business at Stockbridge, Vermont, and a gen- 
 tleman of intelligence and stpmding, extended and con- 
 firmed by that of Mr. John Morgan, is the only one 
 entitled to belief. 
 
 "From my correspondence with Justin and John 
 Morgan, and others, I am enabled to state the pedigree 
 on both sides of the Morgan horse. 
 
 "He was foaled in 1793, was sired by True Briton^ 
 or Beautiful Bay, owned by Sealy Norton, of East 
 Hartford, Conn., and then kept by John Morgan at 
 West Springfield, Mass. True Briton was sired by 
 the imported horse Traveller. 
 
 " The dam of the Justin Morgan horse, at the time 
 he was sired, was owned by Justin Morgan himself, at 
 Springfield, Mass., where he then 'livecL 
 
 " The dam is described by Mr. John Morgan, who 
 knew her, as of the Wild-air breed, of middling size, 
 with a heavy chest, of a very light bay color, with a 
 bushy m^ane and tail, the hair on the legs rather long, 
 and a smooth, handsome traveller. She was sired by 
 Diamond, a thick, heavy horse of about the middling 
 Bize, Avith a thick, heavy mane and tale, hairy legs and 
 a smooth traveller. Diamond was kept by Justin Mor- 
 
104 THE MORGAN liOESE. 
 
 gan himself, at the time the dam of the Morgan hors3 
 was sired. He was raised in East Hartford, Connecti- 
 cut. His sire was the Wild-aii^, known as the Church 
 horse. His dam was the noted imported mare Wild- 
 air, owned by Capt. Samuel Burt, of Springfield, Mass. 
 The Church horse was sired by the horse Wild-air, 
 imported by Delancy, of Long Island, and as it was 
 said, was afterwards taken back to England. 
 
 '' Mr. John Morgan describes True Britton as being 
 a high-headed and hollow, or sway -backed horse, and 
 his stock of such a description ; and states that the 
 Wild-airs also, were generally so." 
 
 Under date of Stockbridge, Yt., Feb. 27, 1847, Mr. 
 Justin Morgan writes to "The Albany Cultivator" as 
 follows : 
 
 "There seems to be some persons who still continue 
 to suppose that there was ' French-Canadian ' blood in 
 the original horse which belonged to my father, Justin 
 Morgan, and from which the excellent stock of ' Mor- 
 gan horses' sprung; while no one Avho has attended to 
 the clear proofs to the contrary, which have from time 
 to time appeared in your valuable Journal, can now 
 justly entertain any such notion. 
 
 "In the fall of 1795, my father brought the horse, 
 then a two years old colt, from Springfield, Massachu- 
 setts, to Eandolph, Vermont. Mr. John Morgan, of 
 Lima, N. Y., who,' though of the same name, is but a 
 distant relative of my father's family, then lived, as I 
 have been informed, in Springfield, and had every op- 
 portunity, as I believe, of knowing the truth in relation 
 to the horse. Mr. J. Morgan says he was not only 
 well acquainted with my father's horse, but also with 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 105 
 
 the sire of that horse, 'True Briton' or 'Beautiful 
 Bay,' and he states that he (Mr. J. M.) kept the latter 
 horse at the time m j father's colt was begotton by him. 
 He says, also, that he was acquainted with ' Traveller,' 
 ' Diamond,' and ' Wild-air,' and at the time knew them 
 to be Engiish-blood horses. Mr. John Morgan further 
 says, that however much may have been said relative 
 to my father having brought the horse from Canada, 
 he knows that it was not so. His means of knowledge, 
 and the respectability of his character, entitles his state- 
 ments to the fullest credit. The fact that my father 
 died about two and a half years after he brought the 
 colt into Eandolph, his children all being young, and 
 the horse having been sold out of the family very soon 
 after my father's decease, may account for his pedigree 
 not being better understood. I have a jDerfect recol- 
 lection of the horse when my father owned him and 
 afterwards, and have always lived where his stock is 
 well known, and well remember that my father always 
 spoke of him as a horse of the best bloocl. * -^ * " 
 In order to get a clearer idea of the whole subject, 
 let us glance at some fects in rehation to Mr. Justin 
 Morgan. He was born in 1747, at West Springfield, 
 Mass. His father was not wealthy, and was able to 
 give Justin only a common education. He was natu- 
 rally quick and intelligent, and by application obtained 
 a thorough knowledge of the primary English branches, 
 was an excellent penman, and a very fine singe i-. 
 Physically he was tall, slim, and of feeble health, being 
 inclined to consumption. In fact, he was unable to 
 perform any manual labor of importance after he was 
 twenty years old, and supported himself almost entire- 
 5* 
 
106 THK MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 ly by teaching siDging, writing, and common district 
 schools. As a teacher, he seems to have been success- 
 ful, and was very much liked wherever he went, on 
 account of his urbane manners and upright character. 
 At about thirty he was married, and the fruit of this 
 connexion was one son and four daughters. The son 
 was born March 15, 1786, and was called after his 
 father, Justin. 
 
 In the Spring of 1788 Mr. Morgan sold his place in 
 Springfield, Mass., and removed with his family to 
 Randolph, Vt. His wife, Martha, died March 20, 
 1791, and he died March 22, 1798. The most import- 
 ant of these facts, so far as they relate to our present 
 subject, are first, the time at which he removed his 
 family from Springfield, Mass., to Randolph, Yt. ; and 
 second, the time of his death ; and we will here give 
 the reasons for the statements we have just made in re- 
 lation to these events. 
 
 In the Book of Record of Deeds of the county of 
 Hampshire, Mass., 'No. 29, page 29, it appears that on the 
 12th of March, 1788, Justin Morgan soldto Abner Mor- 
 gan a lot of land in West Springfield, Mass., estimated to 
 contain about two-thirds of an acre, and upon which there 
 was a house and barn, for the sum of thirty-three pounds 
 seventeen shillings and six-pence. From this time until 
 his death, there is no record of his having conveyed 
 any other real estate in that county, nor can we find 
 any record of any conveyance of real estate to him. 
 
 From this it is clear that he sold his property in 
 Springfield, Mass., in the Spring of 1788. It seems 
 equally clear, that he removed his family to Randolph 
 the same Spring, for his daughter Nancy was born in 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 107 
 
 Eandolpli, Yt., Sept. 3, 1788, as appears from the town 
 records. 
 
 That lie remained constantly in tliat town until the 
 summer of 1793 is evident, for lie was cliosen Lister 
 March 19, 1789, and was chosen Town Clerk March 
 9, 1790, and served the town in that capacity until 
 March 18, 1793. As his name appears from time to 
 time in the parish records of West Springfield previ- 
 ous to 17SS, it is plain that he lived there up to the 
 time he sold his place ; and from the facts we have be- 
 fore given, it is no less plain that from 1788 to 1793, 
 he resided in Randolph, Vt. 
 
 That he died in 1798, is shown by the record of 
 births, marriages and deaths, in the town of Randolph, 
 which reads ^'Justin Morgan died March 22, 1798;" 
 and the same is inscribed UDon his tombstone in the 
 burying-ground at Randolph Centre, Yt. In the me- 
 moirs of Mrs. Emily Edgerton, (a daughter of Justin 
 Morgan,) edited by Rufus ^^uttiiig, and published in 
 1832, is the following statement: ''Among the early 
 settlers of this town (Randolph) was Justin Morgan, 
 Esq., the father of the subject of this biographical 
 sketch. Emily was the second of his five children, and 
 was born Feb. 16, 1784. In her seventh year, she was 
 called to one of the most severe afilictions, the loss of 
 a kind and faithful mother. * * * ^ -" Her affection- 
 ate father survived her mother about seven years." If 
 this was correct, it might be said that Justin Morgan 
 died in 1797 ; but there is evidently a mistake in say- 
 ing her mother died Vvdien Emily was " in her seventh 
 year," for her sister Polly was born March 10, 1791, 
 or nearly one month after Emily was seven years old, 
 
108 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 find, as we have before stated, her mother aied ]March 
 20, 1791. (See town record.) Such an error may 
 easily be accounted for by considering, that in the me- 
 moirs referred to, the exact date of her mother's death 
 was not considered important, as is manifest from the 
 general way in which it is stated, and the author evi- 
 dently intended to convey no other idea than that' 
 when about seven years old, her mother died. A clear 
 understanding of these flicts is necessary, and its im- 
 portance will appear from a consideration of what Ave 
 shall say in regard to the foregoing extracts relating 
 to the origin of Morgan liorses. 
 
 The account of the origin of the Morgan horse, em- 
 bodied in the affidjivit of John Stearns, has been pretty 
 v/idely circulated, and is undoubtedly believed by 
 many to this day. The first objection that a thorough 
 horseman would urce to this statement vv^ould be, that 
 if descended from a Canadian sire, both he and his stock 
 should bear a strong resemblance to that breed of 
 horses ; wdiereas nothing can be more clear than that 
 in most of their leading features they are altogether 
 unlike. 
 
 Mr. George Barnard, of Sherbrook, Canada East, 
 who has devoted years to the breeding of horses, and 
 who has owned, and we believe still owns, some very 
 line racing stock, is an intelligent gentleman, and all 
 who know him must confess him to be reliable au- 
 thority upon such a subject. In a letter to "The Al- 
 bany Cultivator," under date of October, 25, 1841, 
 he thus compares the Morgan with the Canadian horse : 
 "In my communication on this subject, published in 
 the late October number, I have expressed too confi- 
 
ITS ORIGI^^. 109 
 
 dent an opinion in saying I believe the original horse 
 (Morgan) was of French Canadian origin. I have 
 recently had some acquaintance with a Morgan horse 
 endowed with all the peculiarities of the breed, suffi- 
 cient to make me forbear any decided opinion on the 
 point in question, until very clear evidence is adduced. 
 The affidavit Avhicli I furnished is only probable, and 
 not conclusive testimony that the original horse was 
 of Norman-French descent, and procured in Montreal. 
 
 The horse which has been v/ith me of late is one of 
 those called, from being in-bred, a fall blooded Morgan 
 — an absurd term, for it is impossible that a descend- 
 ant can inherit full blood from a single progenitor. 
 The term full-hlood OT thorough-bred can only be used 
 with propriety where the distinctive appellation is 
 derived from a race or sort ^vhich furnished both 
 parents; thus we may say a thorough - bred or full- 
 blood English race-horse, a full-blood or thorough- 
 bred Alderney cow, if both sire and dam were of the 
 breed or sort designated. The term thorough-bred, 
 however, has heretofore almost exclusively been ap- 
 plied to race-horses, because for centuries before the 
 present, the racing breed of horses has been the only 
 breed of animals highly cultivated, and of which the 
 pedigrees could be ])roved by written or printed docu- 
 ments. 
 
 "All the accounts, being not less than half a dozen, 
 which I have heard of the origin of the first Morgan 
 horse, agree in this, that one Justin Morgan, of Ran- 
 dolph, Yt., from whom the name was derived, owned 
 the animal while he was yet a colt. Doubtless there 
 live persons who can testify to his origin, whether or 
 
110 THE MORGAly HORSE. 
 
 not it be such as represented in the late affidavit. The 
 public would be not only gratified, but greatly bene- 
 fited by such evidence. There has probably never 
 been another stallion Avhose stock for thirty or fort}^ 
 years have produced so much net profit to the 
 growers. 
 
 " I will now endeavor to point out what appears to 
 be the chief points of distinction between the Morgan 
 breed and the horses of Norman-French descent, pro- 
 duced in Canada. Let me premise that a gTcat variety 
 of races exists in the Canadian breed, yet all clearly 
 impressed with a certain general character. The broad, 
 courageous - looking head, Avith ears far apart, thick 
 neck, with general stoutness of frame, full breast and 
 strong shoulder, with a round or fleshy croup ; the 
 low-set muscles and large sinews, with those tough 
 feet that know not disease, are distinguishing marks 
 of the French Canadian horse. 
 
 " The shagginess or abundance of hair in the mane 
 and tail and on the legs are much owing to the severity 
 of the climate, wdth the manner of rearing the animals, 
 and may be expected in a great measure to disappear 
 under good cultivation, long before the innate excel- 
 lencies and peculiarities will perceptibly change. 
 
 "The Morgan horse does not partake of all these 
 marks in common with the Canadian. The clear, and 
 deep-toned bay color, too^ which prevails in the Morgan, 
 is rare among Canadian horses. It occurs in individ- 
 uals ; but unless characteristic of the race for a long 
 period of time, it could hardly bo supposed that this 
 color would so generally occur as it does in the Morgan 
 horses of the present day. Peculiaiities produced by a 
 
C O M E 'J^ 
 
 P K I N C E A L B E K T 
 
ITS ORIGIN. Ill 
 
 single cross are apt to wear away in a few generations, 
 ■unless maintained by careful selection on the part of 
 tlie breeder. If, tben (supposing the Morgan horse to 
 have come from Canada), his color was an accidental 
 variety, it wonld not have so generally marked his 
 numerous offspring, unless great pains were taken to 
 preserve it by selection, which has not been the case. 
 It appears evident from the prevalence of this color 
 through several successive generations, as well as the 
 similar descent of various qualities, which are authen- 
 ticated as having belonged to the first known sire, that 
 the Morgan horse, whatever may have been its origin, 
 was of one pure stock ; that is, that he was not cross- 
 bred, or produced by the union of two different breeds ; 
 for in that case, there must have been a greater variety 
 in his progeny ; some running to one family, and some 
 to the other, whereas a remarkable similarity is known 
 to prevail in all of this race. And here we may notice 
 that the breeder is apt to find an essential difference in 
 the two races : the Morgan, crossed or mixed with the 
 various common breeds, inclines to retain its peculiar 
 characteristics and its small size in the offspring for 
 many generations, while all the French Canadian 
 races, though not larger for the most part than the 
 Morgan, when used as a cross, increase the size of the 
 progeny, and frequently assimilate so that the blood 
 can only bo recognized by a practiced observer, in the 
 greater development and robustness of form, and the 
 courage, spirit, and aptness to thrive, which are com- 
 monly reckoned as constitutional health. 
 
 " The Morgans differ essentially from the Canadian 
 horses in their action or mode of travelling. A Mor- 
 
112 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 gan horse glides over tlie ground eight or nine miles 
 an hour, with such easy movements of his legs, that 
 one would think they only felt relieved when so em- 
 ployed ; the Canadian, if he has speed, seems to go by 
 main strength, every stride arising plainly from a pur- 
 posed exertion of his powerful muscles. 
 
 " Another principal dissimilarity is in the endurance 
 of the feet ; and here the Canadian horse has all the 
 advantage. The Morgan appears to be subject, as 
 much as equally strong-constitutioned horses of any 
 breed, to founder, and other diseases of the feet, while 
 with the Canadian such ailments are less known, per- 
 haps, than with any other breed in the world. There 
 are numbers of horses in Canada that, under a mavSS 
 of shaggy hair, possess dry, sinewy legs, on which the 
 severest service never raises a wind-gall. The legs of 
 the Morgan, though destitute of long hair, have this 
 excellent conformation in a very high degree. 
 
 "The Morgan is a great traveller; an untiring, all- 
 day horsCj but seldom a very fast-trotter or galloper, 
 and less frequently a perfect saddle horse. The Cana- 
 dian, if he has the power of rapid locomotion, inclines 
 for the most part to put forth his energies only for a 
 short time, and then to take a leisurely gait, as if a 
 slight sense of fatigue overbalanced the alacrity of his 
 nervous system. There are, however, splendid excep- 
 tions to this description ; horses that with no light load 
 behind them will travel eighty and even ninety miles 
 in a day. Some of the light-footed Canadian horses, 
 too, are very pleasant under the saddle, though in 
 general the weight of the neck and uprightness of the 
 shoulder disqualify them for this use. The head of 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 113 
 
 the Morgan, thougli not less energetic, is somewhat 
 dissimilar to that of the Canadian. The ears of one 
 are upright ; of the other, more apart. The head of 
 the Canadian horse is broader at the upper part than 
 that of the other. Each has a great space between the 
 eyes, which is considered a sure indication of energy 
 in an animal. The Morgan has the best open nostril 
 for wind and bottom, more like that of the race-horse ; 
 and the whole of the muzzle, as well as the eye and 
 ear, indicate more breeding, or a longer cultivation 
 than those of the Canadian. There is a difference of 
 shape observable throughout the whole figure. The 
 Morgan is long in the side, but always short on the 
 back, and strong and beautiful in the loins. His fina 
 shoulder, too, differs from that of the Canadian horse. 
 It is deep, well-sloped, comparatively thin at the top, 
 and heavy at the bottom, serving, conjointly with a 
 wdde chest, and the fore-legs set far apart, to give the 
 horse an appearance of strength and endurance scarcely 
 to be looked for in one of his spirit and fleetness. The 
 high-crested neck, and thick wavy tail of the Morgan, 
 shovvT much of the character of some races of the 
 Canadian. 
 
 "Whether the Morgan be a scion of the Canadian 
 stock, or be derived from the Dutch, or some other 
 breed wdiich has disappeared in the United States, ap- 
 pears to be a question of some importance to those who 
 would make good selections in order to improve the 
 breed of horses, and w^hoever can throw any light on 
 the subject v/ill gratify a large portion of your readers 
 by making known his information through ' The Culti- 
 tivator.' If the French Canadian did not supply the 
 
114 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 Morgan, I, for one, sliould be glad to learn what other 
 breed has ever been known upon this continent that 
 could boast such excellent qualities for common serv- 
 ice as are universally admitted to distinguish both of 
 these breeds." 
 
 The great difference in form, temper, and general 
 character that exists between French Canadian and 
 Morgan horses, as pointed out in the above letter, 
 should cause us to receive with great caution any ac- 
 counts ascribing his origin to the Canadian horse. 
 
 Had Mr. Barnard been, at the time he penned the 
 foregoing, better acquainted with Morgan horses, he 
 might have added to his list of important particulars 
 in which the two breeds differ materially. The Mor- 
 gan horse is remarkable for the projection of his ribs 
 from the spine, giving him a wide back and a round 
 barrel ; v/hile the Canadian horse is inclined to be flat- 
 sided. They differ much in their style of travelling. 
 The Morgan raises his fore-feet but little, while the Ca- 
 nadian horse has a high and labored action of the fore- 
 feet. The Canadian horse is certainly very remark- 
 able for the excellence of his feet, but, however the 
 specimen Mr. Barnard had may have failed in this 
 respect, poor feet are of very rare occurrence among 
 Morgan horses. 
 
 These remarks apply of course equalty Avell to all 
 accounts that ascribe to the Morgan a French Canadian 
 origin. As far as the affidavit of Mr. Stearns is con- 
 cerned, they are not indispensable, for it can easily be 
 shovrn to be erroneous. Mr. Stearns fixes the date of 
 the Justin Morgan's first appearance in St. Johnsbury 
 in June of 1804, which is perhaps correct. He says : 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 115 
 
 '* Uncle John said lie was a Canadian horse that he 
 had got from Justin Morgan, of Randolph, who had 
 lately brought him from Montreal" — that is to saj, 
 within a few weeks, that spring, or, perhaps, the pre- 
 vious winter. Now, Justin Morgan died March 22d, 
 1798, or six years previous to this time, as we have 
 shown. 
 
 With regard to the statement of Mr. Cottrel, as 
 rendered by Mr. Weissenger, it will be observed that 
 Mr. Cottrel by no means undertakes to vouch for its 
 truth ; he does nothing of the sort, he merely gives it 
 as the most probable account, the most plausible story 
 in relation to it that he has heard. 
 
 If there was no direct proof to contradict it, this 
 story would be entitled to very little credit. It lacks 
 any definite points — it is stated in the loosest and most 
 general way. Mr. C. does not give Mr. Morgan's 
 christian name, and "our only reason for inferring that 
 the Morgan here spoken of and Mr. Justin Morgan, are 
 one and the same individuals, is the statement that he 
 owned the founder of the Morgan breed of horses, and the 
 identity of their vocation — each being a singing teacher 
 and living in the same vicinity ; for although. Mr. C. does 
 not tell us where Mr. Morgan lived, Ave are left to sup- 
 pose that he lived somewhere in the neighborhood of 
 ]\Ir. C, at least in that section of the country. We are 
 not told at w^hat time this Mr. Smith sold this colt to 
 Morgan, or how old the colt was Vv'hen sold;, he does not 
 explain how it was that a man owning a fine imported 
 mare, which we are allowed to infer must have been 
 nearty if not quite thorough-bred (for we are imme- 
 diately told that the colt became celebrated for running 
 
116 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 short races), should set no value upon her offspring, 
 which from almost any kind of sire must have been 
 valuable at a time when racing stock was in such de- 
 mand and was so rare. But we will not pursue this 
 subject further, as the letter of Justin Morgan, the 
 younger, seems to us perfectly clear and conclusive on 
 this point ; and it is, moreover, confirmed by a great 
 many persons who were neighbors of Mr. Morgan's at 
 the time he brought the colt from Massachusetts. 
 
 Mr. David Goss, a man of high standing and charac- 
 ter, who owned the original Justin Morgan seven years, 
 says there is no doubt that the horse came from Spring- 
 field, Mass. Mr. Goss further says, that he had no 
 written pedigree of the horse, but that he bought him 
 believing him to be partly thorough-bred, and that no 
 question was ever made of it, so far as he knew, during 
 the lifetime of the horse. The letters of Justin and 
 John Morgan comprise all the important facts that can 
 now be obtained in relation to the place where the 
 horse originated ; and we can see no reason to doubt 
 that he Avas sired by True Briton, as is clearly and dis- 
 tinctly stated b}^ Mr., J. ]\Iorgan. No account of the 
 pedigree of the horse was reduced to writing during 
 the lifetime of Mr. Justin Morgan, and the accounts he 
 gave verbally have been remembered somewhat differ- 
 ently by diiferent individuals. All accounts (as before 
 remarked) agree that he had racing blood in his veins ; 
 some insist that it came from the sire, some that it came 
 from the dam, and still others that it came from both. 
 Even if we had no evidence, except what is derived 
 from the descriptions given of him and from his stock, 
 we should know that he was not a stranger to blood. 
 
ITS OKIGIN. 117 
 
 His clean, lean head — his broad forehead — bold, full 
 and prominent eyes — delicate ears, and flat, bony legs, 
 give unmistakable evidence of a large infusion of racing 
 or Arabian blood. Youatt says : " Few things indicate 
 more clearlv the blood of the horse than the form of 
 the frontal bones. Who has not remarked the broad, 
 angular forehead of the blood-horse, giving him a beau- 
 tiful expression of intelligence and fire, and the face 
 gradually tapering from the forehead to the muzzle, 
 contrasted with the large face of the cart or dray-horse, 
 and the forehead scarcely wider than the face. It is 
 equally true, that his exceedingly compact form, short 
 and upright pasterns, his short stride, and the small 
 space between the hip-bones and ribs, assure us of a 
 different origin in part. 
 
 With regard to his sire, we think there can be no 
 reasonable doubt that he was sired by True Briton, as 
 John Morgan positively states. The fact that Mr. Mor- 
 gan kept True Briton two years, adds great weight to 
 his testimony, for it not only shows that he had the 
 best means of knowing the facts he states, but his in- 
 terest in the horse would fully account for his remem- 
 bering them distinctly so long a time. But with regard 
 to the blood of True Briton, Mr. Morgan does not 
 state positively— though he is not in doubt as to the 
 fact of the horse having been purchased by Mr. Joseph 
 Ward, of Hartford, Conn., for three hundred dollars, 
 of some person who was said to have stolen him from 
 Gen. De Lancey. 
 
 The letter of John Morgan seems to us conclusive 
 evidence with regard to the sire of the Justin Morgan. 
 John Morgan was a man of high character for candor, 
 
118 THE MORCAN HORSE. 
 
 truthfulness and intelligence. He lived at Springfield 
 at the time the Morgan horse was sired, and at the time 
 Justin Morgan removed to Vermont. He kept True 
 Briton, or Beautiful Bay, two years, and he states that 
 Justin Morgan kept him one year. Living on the 
 ground, and being interested in the sire of the Morgan 
 horse, he had every means of knowledge. His letter 
 contains within itself evidence of the care and caution 
 of John Morgan. When he speaks of facts known to 
 himself, he states them positively : as, that he was sired 
 by True Briton, or Beautiful Bay, owned by Selah 
 Norton, of Hartford, Conn. ; that he was kept at Spring- 
 field one season by Justin Morgan, and two years after- 
 wards was kept two seasons by himself. When he comes 
 to speak of the origin of True Briton, he does not say 
 that he was raised by Gen. De Lancey, though he no 
 doubt believed so, but with commendable caution he 
 says, he (True Briton) ''^ivas said to be raised by Gen. 
 De Lancey, commander of the refugee troops on Long 
 Island, and rode by him in the Revolution. It was said 
 that one Smith stole the horse from the General, at 
 King's Bridge, while the General was in the tavern, 
 ran him across the bridge and took him to the Ameri- 
 can army, near White Plains, and sold him to Joseph 
 Ward, of Hartford, Conn. It was also said at that time, 
 that he was sired by the noted imported horse called 
 the Traveller, said to he kept in ISTew Jersey." Again : 
 when he comes to speak of Ward, he says positively 
 that Ward was a merchant, and kept the horse three 
 or four years for a saddle and carriage horse, and traded 
 him off to Norton, &c., for these facts were within his 
 own knowledge and he was certain. Again, when he 
 
ITS OKIGIN. 119 
 
 comes to speak of wliat became of tlie colt, we observe 
 the same caution. He says: ^ ''I have always understood 
 that Morgan kept tlie colt for a stud at Eandolph, 
 and was very celebrated for Lis stock." The considerate 
 reader of this letter will not fail to see that it contains 
 the strongest evidence of the honesty and sincerity of 
 John Morgan, and that it shows (what is nearly as 
 valuable in such a matter) that John Morgan thought- 
 fully and carefully distinguished between what he had 
 a personal hnoioledge of and what he believed on the 
 statements of others. If all inquirers on this subject 
 had used the same care, much error would have been 
 avoided. 
 
 Mr. Morgan is not, however, the only authority in 
 relation to the blood of True Briton. In " The Connec- 
 ticut Courant"for April 26th, 1791, appeared an adver- 
 tisement of Selah Norton's, from -which the following 
 extracts are made :" 
 
 " Beautiful Bay will cover (for the benefit of the 
 public) for 155. the season, cash or grain, next fall. 
 * ^' "^ .^ His sire was the imported horse 
 Traveller, owned in New Jersey. His dam, De Lancey's 
 imported racer. Ten pounds was offered for one of his 
 colts when ten days old, at Lanesborough. " * 
 *'^ " He is in his prime, in fine order, bright bay, 
 fifteen hands high, trots and canters very light. * * 
 
 "SELAH NOETOK" 
 
 In the above advertisement, it is stated that he had 
 been kept at Springfield, which corroborates the state- 
 ment of John Morgan. 
 
 The fact that True Briton was stolen from General 
 
120 THE MORGAN" HORSE. 
 
 De Lancey, at King's Bridge, seems to admit of little 
 doubt, for the story is confirmed by many persons 
 living in Connecticut, who well recollect the occurrence, 
 and we have never heard but one version of the story 
 in all its main features, though told by many different 
 individuals. 
 
 The striking harmony that may be noticed between 
 these accounts of the manner in which True Briton 
 was brought into Connecticut, is very strong evidence 
 of their correctness ; and the harmony is itself accounted 
 for, by the singular manner in which he was obtained. 
 
 Such a fact, as the stealing of a valuable horse from 
 a British officer, and escaping with him, was no every- 
 day occurrence. It would be known to all the sur- 
 rounding country in a very short time, and the man 
 who stole him, instead of being shunned as a thief, 
 would be respected as the hero of a successful foray 
 into the enemy's country. 
 
 The fact that the horse was a valuable one, and was, 
 after a time, kept for a stock horse, in that section of 
 the country, would tend to keep alive in the minds of 
 those who knew him, the singular circumstances of his 
 coming into the countr}^ Although Mr. John Morgan 
 does not assert that True Briton, or Beautiful Bay, 
 was sired by Traveller, yet it is plain that he believed 
 him to be : and Mr. Korton, in the advertisement just 
 quoted, distinctly states it. To this statement it may 
 be objected, that Norton might have been in error, 
 for admitting that the horse was stolen from De Lan- 
 cey, it is not likely that Norton could have obtained a 
 written voucher of his pedigree from his previous 
 owners; for horse thieves, though they often manifest 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 121 
 
 excellent judgment in the choice of animals, jet thej 
 rarely take much pains to secure their pedigree. But 
 it must be remembered, that though the owners of True 
 Briton may have had no written certificate of his 
 pedigree from his breeder, yet there were many ways 
 in which it could be established. De Lancey was a 
 man of fortune and notoriety, and had many servants 
 who would know as much of the pedigree of his favor- 
 ite horse, as he did. 
 
 Selah N'orton was, in early life, a man of property, 
 and an enthusiastic admirer of fine horses. His inter- 
 est in the horse would have prompted him to make 
 every exertion to discover his pedigree, and that he 
 did so seems evident, from the direct manner in which 
 it is stated in the advertisement before mentioned, and 
 also from the additional consideration, that such was 
 generally believed to be the fact at that time, and so 
 far as we can learn, was entirely undisputed. 
 
 With regard to the dam of True Briton : Mr. Nor- 
 ton asserts that she vv^as "Mr. De Lancey 's imported 
 racer." We believe there is no record of any impor- 
 tation of such an animal by De Lancey, except the 
 celebrated Cub mare, which he brought from England 
 with Wild-air. But had True Briton been sired by 
 Traveller, and foaled by the Cub mare, he could hardly 
 have escaped being noticed by " The American Farmer," 
 or "Turf Register," espscially as the produce of the Cub 
 maro was published in the Register, though not until 
 many years after. 
 
 While it may be doubted if the Cub mare were the 
 dam of True Briton^ or even whether his dam was 
 imported, it seems to us altogether probable that she 
 6 
 
122 THE MOKGAN HOUSE. 
 
 was a high-bred animal, for an officer of De Lancej^a 
 rank, wealth, and taste for horses, would not only have 
 been "well mounted," but he would not have been 
 likely to use for the saddle a horse not highly-bred, 
 especially as his father's stables gave ample scope for 
 the selection of a fine animal of this description ; nor, 
 on the other hand, is it probable that he rode a stallion 
 whose pedigree could be traced, on the side of both 
 sire and dam, through the best families of the English 
 race-horse without a flaw, (as it could have been, had 
 he been sired by Traveller, and his dam the Cub mare,) 
 for such a horse, had he been a good riding animal, 
 would have been very valuable, and highly prized by 
 breeders of race horses, and would have been kept ex- 
 clusively for stock. General De Lancey (v/e think he 
 was a Colonel), from whom True Briton was stolen, 
 was not (as has been sometimes supposed) the importer 
 of AYild-air, Lath, the Cub mare, &c. ; these horses were 
 imported by his father, James De Lancey, a son of 
 Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey, a wealthy and 
 prominent man, and for many years a member of the 
 General Assembly of the State of New- York ; he was 
 an extensive breeder of race-horses, and owned many 
 celebrated animals in addition to those we have men- 
 tioned. He visited England in 1775, and the war soon 
 after breaking out, he never returned. 
 
 L. G. Morris, Esq., of Fordham, K Y.,in his "Sixth 
 Catalogue of Domestic Animals," page 79, gives another 
 account of the origin of True Briton. After giving 
 an extract from John Morgan's letter, he says : " The 
 other account I got in person, from Mr. Andrew Corsa, 
 a near neighbor of mine, and ninety years old. Mr, 
 
ITS OHIGIN. 123 
 
 Corsa resided within tlie lines and near King's Bridge, 
 during the Revolution ; lie knew General De Lancey 
 well, and also his horse which Smith stole from him 
 at King's Bridge. 
 
 "Upon direct inquiry of Mr. Corsa, upon whom I 
 called with Mr. Howard of ' The Boston Cultivator,' ex- 
 pressly to inquire as to the above horse, he stated he was 
 blood bay of fine size and strength, and he had repeat- 
 edly seen Gen. De Lancey jump him back and forth 
 over a five-rail fence, for the amusement of bystanders, 
 and that he understood him to have been a horse sent 
 over from England." The only respect in which this 
 account differs from the one we have given is, that 
 Mr. Corsa says: "he understood him to be a horse sent 
 over from England." It seems Mr. Corsa was ninety 
 years old at the time he gave this information, and in 
 estimating the value of his testimony, much allowance 
 must be made for the infirmities of age, and the long 
 time that had elapsed since the events of which he 
 speaks transpired. So the nature of the different facts 
 he states must be considered ; for Vv' hile the fact that 
 a fine looking bay horse should be made to jump a 
 five-rail fence, in the presence of a collection of people, 
 would be likely, from its novelty and interest, to make 
 a lasting impression on all who saw it ; yet few of the 
 spectators, if informed of the pedigree of the horse at 
 the time, would long remember it. 
 
 So that even had Mr. Corsa stated that True Briton 
 was an imported horse, it could hardly be allowed to 
 weigh against the published statement of Mr. Norton, 
 who was the owner of True Briton, and published his 
 pedigree while the horse was in his prime, and when 
 
124 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 we cannot doubt that the fact of his having been im- 
 ported could have been easily ascertained had it been 
 the case. Nor can we for a moment suppose that Mr. 
 Norton would fail to publish the fact, were it true, 
 for he had abundant means of ascertaining, and the 
 value of the animal as a stock horse would have 
 been much enhanced could he have established it. 
 
 But Mr. Corsa does not say that True Briton was 
 an imported horse; he simply says he ''^understood him 
 to have been a horse sent over from England," and 
 certainly such a loose, general, and indefinite assertion 
 made by a man of Mr. Corsa's age, concerning a matter 
 some seventy years old, and a matter in which he had 
 no direct interest, can be entitled to but little weight. 
 Immediately after the passage we have already quoted 
 from the catalogue of Mr. Morris, is the following sen- 
 tence: "The 'Black Hawk,' and 'Morgan' of the 
 present day seem to differ in appearance from the 
 original stock, as they are rather on the pony order, 
 and very seldom more than fifteen hands high." 
 
 Mr. Morris is evidently mistaken as to the size of 
 True Briton, for he manifestly believes him to have 
 been a fine horse, y/hile, according to the standard 
 he sets up, he was simply a po/?^?/, as it will be seen 
 that Mr. Norton does not claim he was a fraction over 
 fifteen hands high. 
 
 Finally we repeat, that though the owners of True 
 Briton in Connecticut may have had no written evi- 
 dence of his pedigree from his breeder, yet they may 
 have been able to satisfy themselves and the public 
 that he was sired by Traveller, and from a highly- 
 bred, if not an imported mare ; and it is very certain 
 
ITS ORIGIN. 125 
 
 that sucli was generally believed to have been his 
 origin. 
 
 That he was a very valuable animal is evident from 
 the price Ward paid for him, three hundred dollars 
 being as extravagant a price for a carriage or saddle 
 horse at that day as one thousand dollars would be 
 now. 
 
 With regard to the pedigTee of the dam of the Justin 
 Morgan, the only statement we remember to have seen 
 is that published by F. A. Weir, as we have already 
 given it. K this pedigree is correct, the dam must 
 have been at least three-eighths thorough-bred. But 
 there is a grave mistake in the very first sentence of 
 the account published by Mr. Wier, that very materi- 
 ally diminishes the credit that might, perhaps, otherwise 
 attach to the rest of the history. He says, " The dam 
 of the Justin Morgan horse at the time he was sired, 
 was owned by Justin Morgan himself, at Springfield, 
 Mass., where he then lived ;" and he says (as was 
 no doubt true), tliat he v/as foaled in 1793, conse- 
 quently he was sired in 1792 ; but Mr. Morgan, as we 
 have already shown, removed from Springfield to Ean- 
 dolph, Yt., with his family, in 1788, and remained con- 
 stantly at Randolph until 1793 ; and as he vras a poor 
 man, and owned no real estate in Springfield, it is not 
 likely that he owned and left any horses there. 
 
 Mr. Weir says Mr. John Morgan describes the dam 
 of the Justin Morgan as of the Wild-air breed, and 
 this may have been so ; but some degree of doubt 
 must necessarily attach to any statements made by 
 persons of an advanced age, concerning the pedigree 
 of animals possessing no remarkable qualities that 
 
126 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 did not belong to tliem, and that lived and died many 
 years before. If this statement of Mr. Morgan was 
 correct, it does not assert that the dam was thoron.gh- 
 bred, it means simply that she had some of Wild-air's 
 blood in her veins, just as we now say a mare is of the 
 " Messenger breed," who may not have one-twentieth 
 of Old Messenger's blood in her. 
 
 If we may be allowed to judge of the correctness 
 of this pedigree from the appearance of the descend- 
 ants of the Justin Morgan, we should say there could 
 be no reason to doubt his near relation to the thorough- 
 bred or Arabian ; for even those who think least of 
 the Morgan breed of horses, agree that they must have 
 sprung from " rich high blood," as even the " distin- 
 guished judge of horses from Yermont" admits it. 
 
 It is thought by some that the dam of the Justin 
 Morgan was a descendant of Lindsey's Arabian, which 
 was imported into Connecticut in 1766, being then 
 four years old. This idea seems to have been founded 
 principally upon the resemblance of the Justin Morgan 
 to the stock of that celebrated horse, and indeed we 
 are not aware that there is any other ground for this 
 opinion ; still it is entitled to some respect, for a close 
 and striking resemblance between different animals 
 in most of their leading characteristics, is certainly 
 strong evidence of their relationship. There can be 
 little question that there was a strong resemblance be- 
 tween them. The descendants of the Lindsey Arabian 
 were celebrated for their compactness, speed and en- 
 durance, and for an exceedingly playful and tractable 
 temper ; they were highly esteemed throughout Con- 
 ^aecticut and Massachusetts, and were most numerous 
 
■""^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^J^t^ 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 5 T R A X O E R , 
 
ITS ORIGIN". 127 
 
 along tlie valley of Connecticut Eiver. Many of tlie 
 cavalry engaged in tlie siege of Boston, in 1775 and 
 1776, were mounted on these horses, and their extraor- 
 dinary qualities attracted the notice of General Wash- 
 ington. Acting upon his advice, Mr. Lindsey found 
 and purchased the horse that has since borne his name, 
 and took him to Virginia. Previous to this time he 
 had been called Eauger. I^ot only had the stock of this 
 horse become well and itivorably known in the locali- 
 ties we have mentioned, but at that time a great deal 
 of interest was manifested throughout the country in 
 Arabian or thorough-bred stock, and it is evident that 
 Eanger was, then, the sire of a very numerous progeny, 
 or they would not have been in the army in sufficient 
 numbers to attract the attention of the Commander-in- 
 chief. It cannot, therefore, fairly be objected to this 
 hypothesis, that the descendants of the Lindsey Arabian 
 were too uncommon to render it probable. 
 
 A strong resemblance to the Arabian, True Briton 
 would derive through his sire, as few horses have been 
 imported from England so nearly related to Arabians as 
 was Morton's Traveller. He was foaled in 1748, and 
 was imported to Yirglnia when about five years old. 
 He was got by Croft's Partner. Partner was by Jigg, a 
 son of the Byerly Turk, and his dam was by Curwen's 
 Bay Barb, his g. dam was by Sport, and his g. g. dam 
 hj the chestnut, white legged, Lowther Barb. The dam 
 of Morton's Traveller was by Bloody Buttocks, an Ara- 
 bian,- It has been often stated that Morton's Traveller 
 was by 0' Kelly's Eclipse, his dam by King Herod, 
 grand dam by Blank, great grand dam by Cade, and 
 Cade by the Godolphin Arabian, &c. This, however, is 
 
128 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 a mistake, the latter pedigree being that of another 
 *' Traveller" imported in 1797. This pedigree was pub- 
 lished as the pedigree of Morton's Traveller in the 
 third volume of the "American Turf Eegister," but 
 was corrected in the seventh volume, and is also cor- 
 rectly sta,ted in the fourth volume, page 43. 
 
 It may be said, by some, that it is surprising nothing 
 should be found among the papers of Justin Morgan 
 relating in some way to this horse, and that we should 
 expect the different owners of the horse would have 
 made every effort to ascertain his pedigree, and that 
 some of them would have succeeded, as at that time 
 many persons must have been living in Massachusetts 
 who at least knew his dam and her sire. 
 
 The answer to the first objection is, that none of Justin 
 Morgan's papers or books have been preserved in the 
 family, not even a letter or a family bible. As before 
 stated, his family was broken up in 1793 or 1794, and 
 from that time until his death in 1798, he may be said 
 to have had no home, but lived first in one neighbor- 
 hood while he could fnid employment as a teacher, 
 and then removing to some new field. At the time of 
 his death, his children had not attained their major- 
 ity, and there being no one to look after them, his 
 papers (if he had any) were lost. Nor was it likely 
 that he gave any written statement of his pedigree to 
 some third person, for it must be remembered that he 
 was not a farmer, or a breeder of horses, and he had 
 not brought his horse to Vermont to improve the breed 
 of horses there ; but he kept him to ride from school 
 to school. 
 
 Thus situated, it could not be expected that he would 
 
ITS ORIGIN". 129 
 
 make any effort to bring him into favor witli his farm- 
 ing neighbors by explaining his pedigree, and enlarg- 
 ing upon the noble and extraordinary qualities of his 
 ancestors. Still, as he had owned the horse since lie 
 was two years old, he would know something of his 
 pedigree, and would be apt occasionally to mention 
 it to such persons as saw and admired his spirited colt. 
 Finally, it must be remembered that Morgan died be- 
 fore his horse had arrived at full maturity. 
 
 The reason why no effort was earlier made to ascer- 
 tain his pedigree by his owners, or others, was that for 
 a long time he was not fully appreciated. After Mr. 
 Morgan's death he passed into the hands of persons 
 who had but a poor opinion of him, and instead of 
 keeping him expressly for stock, put him to the sever- 
 est kinds of labor, and it was not until several years 
 had elapsed, and his colts began to be highly esteemed, 
 that any inquiry was made as to his pedigree. So 
 much time had then elapsed since he came into the 
 countr}^, that it was then attended wdth much difBiculty ; 
 and any one who has tried it, must bear witness, that 
 tracing genealogies is one of the slowest and most per- 
 plexing kinds of business. This, together with the 
 want of any easy and rapid communication between dif- 
 ferent parts of the country to facilitate inquiry, seems 
 to have prevented any persistent search for the facts. 
 
 "We have devoted more time and space to this sub- 
 iect than may be thought advisable by some of our 
 readers, as no pedigree, however perfectly it might be 
 established, or how far back it might be traced, through 
 any breed of horses, could enhance the value of the 
 race at the present time ; for, as an intelligent writer 
 
130 THE MOEGAN HORSE. 
 
 has observed : " Before animals have produced pro- 
 geny, the best evidence of what their progeny will be, 
 is what their ancestors have been, because there is a 
 tendency to breed back. Animals of the same blood, 
 however, are not equally valuable as breeders ; hence, 
 the surest evidence of the value of a breeding animal, 
 is the character of the stock it produces. Thus the 
 value of pedigree consists in affording, in advance, an 
 indication of the value of an animal as a breeder, but 
 the character of the offspring and descendants may be 
 regarded as exhibiting the degree of value it possesses ; 
 the one may be regarded as jirima facia evidence, the 
 other as demonstrative." Pedigree is, however, valu- 
 able in another respect, and cannot be too carefully 
 preserved by breeders. By preserving the pedigrees 
 of animals, we are enabled to see the result of the 
 various crossings of different breeds and families ; can 
 shun the errors of former generations, and take advan- 
 tage of their success. 
 
CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 MEMOIR AND DESCRIPTION OF THE JUSTIN MORGAN. 
 
 The original, or Justin Morgan, was about fourteen 
 hands liign, and weighed about nine hundred and fifty 
 pounds. His color was dark-bay with black legs, 
 mane and tail. He had no white hairs on him. His 
 mane and tail were coarse and heavv, but not so mas- 
 sive as has been sometimes described ; the hair of 
 both was straight, and not inclined to curl. His head 
 was good, not extremely small, but lean and bony, the 
 face straight, forehead broad, ears small and very fine, 
 but set rather wirle apart. His eyes were medium 
 size, yerj dark and prominent, with a spirited but 
 pleasant expression, and showed no white round the 
 edge of the lid. His nostrils were yerj large, the 
 muzzle small, and the lips close and firm. His back 
 and legs were perhaps his most noticeable points. The 
 former was very short ; the shoulder-blades and hip 
 bones being very long and oblique, and the loins ex- 
 ceedingly broad and muscular. His body was rather 
 long, round and deep, close ribbed up ; chest deep and 
 wide, with the breast-bone projecting a good deal in 
 front. His legs were short, close jointed, thin, but 
 very Avide, hard and free from meoi, with muscles that 
 v/ere remarkably large for a horse of his size, and this 
 superabundance of muscle exhibited itself at every 
 
 (131) 
 
132 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 Step. His hair was sliort, and at almost all seasons 
 soft and glossy. He had a little long hair about the 
 fetlocks, and for two or three inches above the fetlock 
 on the back-side of the legs ; the rest of the limbs were 
 entirely free from it. His feet were small but well 
 shaped, and he was in every respect perfectly sound 
 and free from any sort of blemish. He was a very 
 fast walker. In trotting his gait was low and smooth, 
 and his step short and nervous ; he was not what in 
 these days would be called fast, and we think it doubt- 
 ful whether he could trot a mile much if any within 
 four minutes, though it is claimed by many that he 
 could trot it in three. 
 
 Although he raised his feet but little, he never stum- 
 bled. His proud, bold and fearless style of movement, 
 and his vigorous, untiring action, have, perhaps, never 
 been surpassed. When a rider was on him, he was 
 obedient to the slightest motion of the rein, would 
 walk backwards rapidly under a gentle pressure of the 
 bit, and moved side- ways almost as willingly as he 
 moved forward ; in short, was perfectly trained to all 
 the paces and evolutions of a parade horse ; and when 
 ridden at military reviews (as was frequently the 
 case), his bold, imposing style, and spirited, nervous 
 action, attracted universal attention and admiration. 
 He was perfectly gentle and kind to handle, and loved 
 to be groomed and caressed, but he disliked to have 
 children about him, and had an inveterate hatred for 
 dogs, if loose always chasing them out of sight the in- 
 stant he saw them. 
 
 When taken out with halter or bridle he was in con- 
 stant motion, and very playful. 
 
THE JUSTIN MOEGAN. 133 
 
 He was a fleet runner at sliort distances. Eunning 
 horses sliort distances for small stakes was very com- 
 mon in Vermont fifty years ago. Eighty rods was 
 very generally the length of the course, which usually 
 commenced at a tavern or grocery, and extended the 
 distance agi^eed upon, up or down the public road. In 
 these races the horses were started from a "'scratch," 
 that is, a mark was drawn across the road in the dirt, 
 and the horses, ranged in a row upon it, went off at 
 "the drop of a hat" or some other signal. It will 
 be observed that the form of the Justin Morgan was 
 not such as in our days is thought best calculated to 
 give the greatest speed for a short distance. Those who 
 believe in long-legged racers will think his legs, body 
 and stride, were all too short, and to them it may per- 
 haps seem surprising that Le should be successful, as 
 he invariablv was, in such contests. But we think his 
 great muscular development and nervous energy, com- 
 bined with his small size, gave him a decided advantage 
 in the first start over taller and heavier horses ; just as 
 any ordinary horse can distance the finest locomotive in 
 a ten rod race. At all events, the history of racing in 
 this country and in England, proves conclusively, that 
 small horses may have great speed. In such a race a 
 horse of great spirit and nervous energy derives a decided 
 advantage from these qualities, especially after being a 
 little accustomed to such struggles. When brought up 
 to the line, his eyes flash and his ears quiver with intense 
 excitement, he grinds the bit with his teeth, his hind legs 
 are drawn under him, every muscle of his frame trembles, 
 and swells almost to bursting, and at the given signal 
 he goes off like the springing of a- steeltrap. His un- 
 
134 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 varying success in these short races may perhaps 
 be partly accounted for in this way, though he was 
 undoubtedly possessed of more than ordinary speed, 
 and was a sharp runner. 
 
 Among the many races of this description that he 
 ran, were two in 1796, at Brookfield, Yt., one with a 
 horse called Sweepstakes from Long Island, and the 
 other with a horse called Silver Tail from St. Law- 
 rence Co., New York, both of these he beat with ease. 
 Mr. Morgan (who then owned him) offered to give the 
 owner of Silver Tail two more chances to win the 
 stake, which was fifty dollars, by walking or trotting 
 the horses for it, which was declined. There are many 
 accounts of other races which he ran and won, but 
 these accounts not fully agreeing as to the details, we 
 have not mentioned them. 
 
 In harness the Justin Morgan was quiet but full of 
 spirit, an eager and nimble traveller, but patient iu 
 bad spots ; and although for along time steadily engaged 
 in the heavy work of a new farm, his owner at that 
 time informs us that he never knew him refuse to 
 draw as often as he was required to, but he pithily 
 adds: " I didn't very often have to ask him but once, 
 for whatever he was hitched to generally had to come 
 the first time trying." This uniform kindness at a pull, 
 was one of the striking characteristics of the horse, and 
 the same trait may be observed in the greater part of his 
 descendants. " Pulling matches " and " pulling bees," 
 were as common in those days as short races, and the 
 *' little horse," as he was often called, became quite 
 celebrated for his unvarying willingness to do his best, 
 and for his great power at what is called a '' dead lift." 
 
THE JUSTIN MORGAN. 185 
 
 The following letter from Solomon Steele, Esq., of 
 Derbj, Vt., a gentleman who has devoted a great deal 
 of time and money to the improvement of horses in 
 his vicinity, and who, notwithstanding the apathy of 
 some, and the opposition of others, now enjoys the 
 pleasure of seeing his precepts adopted, and his exam- 
 ple followed by his neighbors, to their great advantage, 
 and the eqnal improvement of their stock, will be read 
 with interest : 
 
 "Derby Line, Yt., March 12th, 1856. 
 " D. C. LiNSLEY, Esq. 
 
 '■'■Dear Sir : — ^I am in receipt of yours of the 1st 
 inst., renewing your request that I should favor you 
 with such information as I may possess, in relation to 
 the early history of the founder of that breed of horses, 
 which have, at length, become so distinguished as to 
 be called the 'best in the world,' and known as Mor- 
 gans. 
 
 "I have not the vanity to presume that I can dis- 
 close any material facts relative to this subject, but, at 
 your request, I will mention some incidents connected 
 with the early history of this horse, which if not of 
 great importance, may not be void of interest. It has 
 been my privilege, in early life, to often see the original 
 Morgan horse, called by this name from the fact that 
 Justin Morgan brought him to Eandolph, Vt., from 
 Massachusetts, in the autumn of 1795. Mr. Morgan 
 intended to apply him to the payment of a note held 
 against him, but not being able to obtain what he con- 
 sidered a reasonable price for him, and having no 
 keeping for him, he let him to a man by the name of 
 
136 THE MOKGAN HORSE. 
 
 Eobert Evans, for one year, for the sum of fifteen dol- 
 lars. Immediately after this, Evans undertook the job 
 of clearing fifteen acres of heavy -timbered land for a 
 Mr. Fisk, and before the first of June following, had 
 completed the job, with no other team but this colt, 
 though not regarded as a ' salable horse.'' 
 
 " While Evans was engaged in piling this timber, 
 the remarkable powers of this horse, it would seem, 
 were in a measure developed, as he was then found 
 able to out-draw, out- walk, out-trot, or out run every 
 horse that was matched against him. An instance was 
 related to me by Mr. ISTathan '^JQ., who was an eye- 
 witness, and whose testimony was never questioned. 
 I noted it at the time, and will relate it in his own 
 words : 
 
 " 'At the time Evans had this horse, a small tavern, 
 a grist-mill, and saw-mill were in operation on the 
 branch of White Eiver, in Eandolph, and at this place 
 the strength of men and horses in that settlement, were 
 generally tested. -On one occasion' (says Nye), 'I 
 went to these mills, where I spent most of a day, and 
 during the time, many trials were had, for a small 
 wager, to draw a certain pine log, which lay some ten 
 rods from the saw-mill. 
 
 " *Some horses were hitched to it that would weigh 
 twelve hundred pounds, but not one of them could 
 move it its length. About dusk, Evans came down 
 from his logging field, which was near by, and I told 
 him the particulars of the di\awing match. Evans re- 
 quested me to show him the log, which I did ; he then 
 ran back to the tavern and challenged the company to 
 bet a gallon of rum, that he could not draw the log 
 
THE JUSTIN MOEGAN. 137 
 
 fairly on to the logway, at three pulls with his colt. 
 The challenge was promptly accepted, and each having 
 "taken a glass," the whole company went down to the 
 spot. 
 
 "'Arrived on the ground, Evans says: "I am 
 ashamed to hitch my horse to a little log like that, but 
 if three of you will get on and ride, if I don't draw it, 
 I will forfeit the rum." Accordingly, three of those 
 least able to stand were placed upon the log. I was 
 present with a laatern, and cautioned those on the log 
 to look out for their legs, as I had seen the horse draw 
 before, and knew sometliing had got to come. At the 
 word of command the horse started, log and men, and 
 went more than half of the distance before stopping. 
 At the next pull, he landed his load at the spot agreed 
 upon, to the astonishm.ent of all present. 
 
 " ' Not many days after this, the beaten party pro- 
 posed to Evans to run a certain horse against his, 
 eighty rods for another gallon. Evans accepted, went 
 from his work, and matched his horse against four 
 different horses the same evening, and beat them all 
 with ease.' 
 
 "Thus early in the history of the Morgan horse it 
 was an admitted fact, that however small, he could not 
 be beaten, where strength, speed, and endurance were 
 the test. When we see this same animal driven in 
 harness, or ridden by the aged and infirm with perfect 
 safety and confidence, and next see him at a military 
 review, mounted by the commander-in-chief, and dis- 
 playing all the fire and pride imaginable ; and after 
 the lapse of nearly fifty years, witnessing the same re- 
 markable traits in many of his descendants, we are 
 
138 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 constrained to admit, that hlood is, indeed, of no small 
 importance in the business of liorse-breeding. It should 
 be well understood, that throughout the long life of 
 the Justin Morgan (as well as that of his immediate 
 offspring), want of size was the universal objection. 
 No man of ordinary judgment could fail to discover 
 his peculiar points of excellence, his oblique shoulders, 
 high crest, fine ear, prominent and sagacious eye, per- 
 fect head, large and expanded nostrils, strong loins, 
 long hip, deep and well-spread chest, high withers, 
 short pasterns, strong and sinewy limbs, with all the 
 important muscles far surpassing in size those of any 
 other horse of his weight ever seen in America. The 
 flict that this horse has contributed more than any 
 other animal ever did, to the wealth of the United 
 States, no honest man will deny, but strange to say, 
 in the face of all this, the cry is still heard, too smaV^ 
 too small. This reminds us of the man who sold his 
 hen, because she was too small^ although she daily laid 
 eggs of gold. We rejoice, however, that we live in a 
 day when intelligent men cannot so easily be made the 
 dupes of interested parties. The farming community 
 are thinking and acting with more care and attention 
 than formerly, they are disposed to profit by past ex- 
 perience, they are more close observers of cause and 
 effect, and it is our firm conviction, that the man who 
 is doing most to foster and encourage this principle, is 
 the world's greatest benefactor." 
 
 Through life the Justin Morgan was steadily em- 
 ployed in the heavy work incident to the cultivation 
 of a new and mountain country, and was often engaged 
 in similar matches to those just mentioned. Even at 
 
THE JUSTIN MOEGAK. 139 
 
 the age of fifteen we find him entered at a drawing 
 match that took place at Gen. Butler's tavern, in St. 
 Johnsbary. Some of his opponents are described by 
 persons present as large, heavy horses, yet they were 
 all beaten by the Justin. We mention these facts to 
 show the great muscular development of the horse, and 
 his kind and tractable temper, rather than as an evi- 
 dence of his value for purposes of heavy draught ; for, 
 although the power of an animal in starting a given 
 weight depends more upon his form and muscular de- 
 velopment than upon mere size, yet size is indispens- 
 able to enable a horse to move off easily upon the road 
 with a heavy load. 
 
 The quietness and exceedingly pleasant temper of 
 the Justin Morgan, is strikingly evidenced by the fact 
 that he was often ridden and driven by ladies. A lady 
 of St. Johnsbury- once told us she remembered his 
 appearance perfectly, and had repeatedly ridden him, 
 when a girl, to balls and other parties, and spoke with 
 much enthusiasm of his noble appearance, his high 
 spirit, and perfect docility. 
 
 It is exceedingly difficult to obtain accurate informa- 
 tion respecting the changes in owners that occurred to 
 the horse at different times. To account for this uncer- 
 tainty, we must consider that his fame has been almost 
 entirel}^ posthumous, that although the champion of 
 his neighborhood, he was little valued, on account of 
 his small size ; and it was not until after his death, and 
 his descendants were exhibiting the powers of their 
 sire, in speed, strength, and endurance, in almost every 
 village of Eastern Vermont, that people began to- 
 realize they had not properly appreciated him. For 
 
140 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 tliis reason, little notice was taken, at tliat time, of mny 
 change of owners, and many persons wlio very well 
 recollect the horse, recollect nothing of these changes ; 
 and those who claim to recollect them, disagree much 
 as to the dates at which his several owners purchased 
 him. 
 
 We have made every exertion to collect the most 
 reliable information in relation to this subject, but from 
 the difficulties just mentioned, we fear our chronology 
 may not prove perfectly accurate, but believe it to be 
 in the main correct, and sufficiently so for all practical 
 purposes, as the subject derives its chief importance 
 from the curiosity felt in relation to it, by those inter- 
 ested in his descendants. 
 
 As we have before stated, Mr. Morgan used him 
 almost exclusively as a riding horse, though he broke 
 him to harness and occasionally u.sed him in that way. 
 After Mr. Morgan's death, he was sold by the estate to 
 William Eice, of Woodstock, Yt. Mr. Eice used him 
 in the ordinaiy work of his farm for about two years, 
 or until 1800 or 1801, when Eobt. Evans (who had 
 been constantly on the watch for an opportunity to 
 purchase, since he hired him of Mr. Morgan) bought 
 him. Mr. Evans was a poor man, with a large family, 
 and was what is called a great worker. In addition to 
 the work upon his own place, he was constantly under- 
 taking jobs for his neighbors — clearing land, hauling 
 logs, building fence, &c., &c. The "little horse" was 
 !Mr. Evans' only team, and of course his labor was very 
 severe. Mr. Evans kept him three or four years, or 
 until 1804, when he was sued for debt ; Col. John Goss 
 became his bail, took the horse for security, and finally 
 
THE JUSTIN MOKGAN. 141 
 
 paid the debt and kept liim. Mr. John Goss was not 
 much of a horseman, and therefore took the horse to 
 his brother, David Goss, of St. Johnsbury, who was 
 quite a horseman, and made arrangements with him 
 to keep him for a stock horse. After David had kept 
 him a year, he was so much pleased with him that 
 he exchanged a fine mare with his brother for him, 
 adding cash or other property. The horse in this trade 
 was valued at one hundred dollars. Mr. David Goss 
 kept him seven years, or until 1811, and it was while 
 owned by him that the Hawkins, Fenton, and Sherman 
 horses were sired. Mr. Goss kept him almost con- 
 stantly at work on his farm, with the exception of about 
 two months in the spring of each year. While his 
 property, although put to hard work, the horse was not 
 overworked or abused, but was properly treated and 
 cared for. David Goss sold him to his son Phillip, and 
 some of his colts about Eandolph having gTown up and 
 proved valuable^ there was some inquiry for the horse 
 in that vicinity, and he was accordingly taken back to 
 that town. This was in 1811. He was now nineteen 
 years old, and those who owned him at different times 
 after this, generally seemed eager to get rid of him, 
 for fear he should die on their hands. Immediately 
 after his return to Eandolph, he seems to have been 
 taken care of by Eobt. Evans, his former owner, for it 
 was during this year that BuUrush was sired, and he 
 was at that time in the possession of Mr. Evans. Soon 
 after this, or in the autumn of 1811, Phillip Goss sold 
 him to Jacob Sanderson ; Sanderson sold him to a Mr. 
 Langmade, who used the old horse hard, considering 
 his age. He worked him some time in a six-horse 
 
142 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 team, hauling freiglit from Windsor to Chelsea. Under 
 this treatment he became thin and poor, and was pur- 
 chased for a trifle by Mr. Chelsea, and shortly after sold 
 by him to Joel Goss, of Claremont, N. li. Mr. Goss 
 kept him one year, and sold him to Mr. Samuel Stone, 
 of Eandolph. Mr. Stone kept him two or three years, 
 or until 1819, when he sold him, and he soon after 
 became the property of Levi Bean, Avho owned him 
 until his death, which happened in the winter of 1821, 
 at the farjn of Clifford Bean, situated about three miles 
 south of the village of Chelsea, Yt. 
 
 At twenty-nine years of age, no cause need be as- 
 signed for his death but the ravages of time and the 
 usual infirmities of years ; but old age Avas not the im- 
 mediate cause of his death. He was not stabled, but 
 was running loose in an open yard with other horses, 
 and received a kick from one of them in the flank ; ex- 
 posed without shelter to the inclemency of a northern 
 winter, inflammation set in and he died. Before re- 
 ceiving the hurt which caused his death, he was per- 
 fectly sound, and entirely free from any description of 
 blemish. His limbs were perfectly smooth, clean, free 
 from any swelling, and perfectly limber and supple. 
 
 Those persons who saw him in 1819 and 1820, 
 describe his appearance as remarkably fresh and youth- 
 ful. Age had not quenched his spirit, nor damped the 
 ardor of his temper ; years of severest labor had not 
 sapped his vigor, nor broken his constitution ; his eye 
 was still bright, and his step firm and elastic. 
 
 However various may be the opinions different per- 
 sons may entertain respecting the merits of the Justin 
 Morgan, we doubt whether any horse can be instanced, 
 
THE JUSTIN MORGAN. 143 
 
 in tliis or any other conntrj, that has so strikingly im- 
 pressed upon his descendants, to the fifth and sixth 
 generations, his own striking and valuable character- 
 istics ; and it may be safely asserted that the stock of 
 no horse ever bred in this country has proved so gener- 
 ally and largely profitable to the breeders of it. The 
 raising of it has made the fortunes of hundreds of indi- 
 viduals, and added hundreds of thousands, if not 
 millions of dollars, to the wealth of Vermont and New 
 Hampshire. 
 
CHAPTER YII. 
 
 HISTORY AND DESCEIPTION OF THE STALLIONS SIRED BY THE 
 JUSTIN MORGAN. 
 
 It has frequently been asserted that but four stal- 
 lions were kept for stock that were sired by the Justin 
 Morgan — namely, Bulrush, Sherman, Woodbury, and 
 Revenge. The first we remember to have seen of this 
 statement in print was in a published letter from F. A. 
 Weir, of Walpole, New Hampshire, that appeared in 
 the 'Albany Cultivator," vol. iii., page 19 ; but it may 
 have been published before, and Mr. Weir may have 
 only copied it. Since that time it has been printed in 
 many different papers, and by some has been printed 
 in a way that in effect endorses it, and has thus given 
 such currency to it, that it is credited by a great many 
 persons who have a pretty good knowledge of the 
 history of Morgan horses, but do not happen to know 
 of any other stallions kept from the Justin Morgan, 
 except those above mentioned. 
 
 Thus they are readily led to believe the assertion, as 
 it exactly coincides with their own knowledge on the 
 subject; it does not stop short of what they know, and 
 it goes no farther ; but however generally this may 
 have been believed, it is very certain that it is a mis- 
 take. 
 
 Nothing can be more natural than such an error, as, 
 if it were true, it would be nearly if not quite impossi- 
 ai4) 
 
SONS OF THE JUSTIN. l-io 
 
 ble to prove it ; for to do this, it is necessary to sliow 
 what was the character, and history until they were 
 grown, of all and each,, of the colts sired by the Justin 
 Morgan, through a period of twenty -five years, during 
 which time he was owned by many different individ- 
 uals, and kept at man}^ different places. This we be- 
 lieve cannot be shovfn. It will at once be seen that 
 the task of substantiating the pedigree of any given 
 number of his colts, is an easy one, compared with that 
 of demonstrating that there were no m.ore. Therefore, 
 while we shall describe the horses mentioned by Mr. 
 Weir, and also two others, we shall not venture the 
 assertion that but six stallions were kept from the 
 Justin Morgan ; indeed, we do not believe that such 
 was the fact ; on the contrary, we have no doubt there 
 were others, and we can only say, that we have been 
 able to obtain no authentic account of more than 
 six. 
 
 Between all the stallions left by him there was a 
 very close and striking resemblance, in size, form, and 
 general character, and they also bore equal resemblance 
 to their sire ; indeed, the power of transmitting to his 
 progeny his own form, constitution and temperament, 
 was a very distinguishing trait of the Justin Morgan, 
 and we believe no horse ever lived that possessed in a 
 higher degree the power of stamping upon his offspring 
 his own great leading characteristics. 
 
 Although it is not true that only four stallions were 
 kept from the old horse, yet it is true that but four of 
 them became celebrated, and of these four, one (Re- 
 venge) derives his chief celebrity from the association 
 of his name with those of Sherman, AYoodbury, and 
 7 
 
146 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 Bulrush. Not that he nor the others we shall mention 
 were necessarily less valuable than the three just 
 named, but accidents of location and ownership will 
 often prevent the most valuable animals from becom- 
 ing well and favorably known. 
 
 The important features that characterized the Justin 
 Morgan, his compactness of form, his high and gener- 
 ous spirit, combined with the most perfect gentleness 
 and tractability ; his bony, sinev/y limbs, his lofty style, 
 and easy but vigorous action, were strongly and strik- 
 ingly impressed upon his offspring. Not only did his 
 valuable qualities descend unimpaired to the next gen- 
 ration, but apparently with little diminution to the 
 second and third ; and thus it is that Avhere pains have 
 been taken to select both sires and dams, possessing 
 most of his blood and characteristics, young colts ma}' 
 now be found that closely resemble him in all import- 
 ant respects, except size, in which there has been a 
 decided increase. We have stated our belief that there 
 were more than six horses kept as stallions, but we 
 think it doubtful whether any stock can be traced to 
 the Fenton horse, and but very little is descended from 
 Kevenge or the Hawkins horse. 
 
 The Hawkins horse was foaled in 1806, or 1807, the 
 property of Mr. Melvin, of St. Johnsbury, Yt. He 
 was sired by the Justin Morgan, his dam was a ba}^ 
 about fifteen hands high, of fine form and excellent 
 action. She was sired by a black horse brought from 
 Connecticut, and said to have been an imported 
 thorough-bred racer, but it is not probable that he vf as, 
 as we can find no record of any such importation near 
 
HAWKINS HORSE. 147 
 
 that time, or sufficiently near to render it probable tlaat 
 bis dam could bave been sired by sucb a borse. 
 
 "When tbree years old, Mr. Melvin sold bim to Olney 
 Hawkins, a near neigbbor. Hawkins was Captain of a 
 troop, and be bougbt tbe colt to use as a parade borse. 
 After keeping bim five or six years, be sold bim to bis 
 brotber Stepben. Stepben kept bim two years at St. 
 Jobnsbury, and tben took bim to Stanstead, Canada 
 East. Here tbe borse remained a few years, and left 
 some stock. From Stanstead be was taken to Upper 
 Canada, but after tbis we are unable to trace bim, and 
 do not know wbere be was kept or wben be died. He 
 was a jet black, about fifteen bands bigb, not quite so 
 compact as bis sire, a little taller, and a very little 
 beavier. His sboulders, back and loins, were excellent. 
 He carried bis bead bigb, bad a bold, resolute, and 
 vigorous style of action, and was undoubtedly tbe 
 fastest borse of tbe six ; be was a smart trotter, and a 
 good runner. His eye was a little fierce in its expres- 
 sion, and be was inclined to be cross, and not so tract- 
 able as tbe rest. He was one of tbe best acting and 
 finest-looking borses under tbe saddle ever in tbe State. 
 
 Tbe Fenton borse was foaled in 1808, tbe property 
 of Kicbard Fenton, of St. Jobnsbury, Vt. He was 
 sired by tbe Justin Morgan ; dam, a bay of unknown 
 blood, nor can we learn any particulars of any import- 
 ance respecting ber form and style, except tbat sbe was 
 well known in tbe neigbborbood as an excellent ani- 
 mal. He was a beautiful blood bay, witb black legs, 
 mane, and tail ; and about fourteen and a balf bands 
 bigb. He very closely resembled bis sire, was very 
 
148 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 compact and muscular, had the same nervous and vig- 
 orous action, the same lofty and fearless style, and we 
 are inclined to think was one of the best, if not the best, 
 of the Justin's colts. There were but few colts left by 
 him, as Avhen six years old he bit his owner quite 
 severely, and he had him castrated. We cannot learn 
 that any of his colts were kept as stallions. 
 
 Eevenge was foaled in 1815, the property of Cyrus 
 Moore, of Claremont, K. II. Sired by Justin Morgan. 
 Dam, a light brown with a white stripe in the face, and 
 white hind feet ; she was a smart driver, but did not 
 carry her head high ; nor did she have a good gait, as 
 she sometimes paced. Her sire is not known ; her 
 dam was bay with white in the face, and was owned 
 by Mr. Ball, of Unity, IN". H. She paced a good deal, 
 but was very smart. Nothing is known of her sire or 
 dam, but she was called at that time a " Narragansett 
 pacer." 
 
 Mr. Moore sold Eevenge the autumn after he was 
 two years old to Kehemiah Eice. Mr. Eice kept him 
 two or three years, and sold him to a Mr. Tyler, and 
 he kept him in the vicmity of Claremont until nine 
 years old, when Mr. Closes Wheeler, of Claremont, pur- 
 chased a half interest in him, and tlie next season pur- 
 chased the other half. After keeping him one year, 
 Mr. Wheeler sold him, and he passed through many 
 different hands. He was kept near Connecticut river 
 at Claremont, Croj^don, Cornish, Wethersfield, and 
 intermediate points. In 1835 or 1836, he became the 
 property of Edwin Billings, of Claremont, who kept 
 lum until he died. lu April, 1837, Mr. Billings drovo 
 
REVENGE. 149 
 
 him to Chester, Yt., intending to go to the -western 
 part of the State, but here the horse was taken sick 
 and died suddenly. 
 
 Eevenge was a dark bay, or light brown. In the 
 spring after shedding his coat he might almost be called 
 a black, but in the winter he was often called a bay ; he 
 was about fourteen and a half hands high, and weighed 
 fully one thousand pounds ; he had less action than 
 either Woodbury or Sherman ; but he had a very close- 
 knit form, with excellent back, loins, hips, and limbs ; 
 his chest and shoulders were not so fine as some of the 
 others, nor did he have a very smooth, easy gait, but 
 he never paced nor hitched. He had plenty of life, 
 great endurance, and, as one of his owners said to us, 
 " he was an ugly customer to get away from on the 
 road." His stock were dark bay or brown, and occa- 
 sionally chesnut. They had good size, were strong, 
 hardy, and enduring ; generally free drivers, but had 
 not as easy action nor as good style as the stock from 
 the others ; and some of them would both pace and trot. 
 When a colt, Eevenge was frightened by the breaking 
 of some portion of his harness or carriage, and ran 
 away. From the effects of this fright he never fully 
 recovered, and if driven single would pull hard when 
 a little excited, but we have not heard of his ever run- 
 ning, except on the occasion just mentioned. He was 
 perfectly sound. 
 
 Of his colts, we have been able to learn of but one 
 that was kept a stallion. It was a very dark chestnut, 
 about fifteen hands high, and weighed about ten hundred 
 and fifty pounds. In 1853 he Avas owned by Mr. John 
 Clark, at Dimham, Canada East, and we think w 
 
150 THE -?HORGAN HORSE. 
 
 raised by him at Windsor, Vt., wliere lie formerly 
 lived. This horse had an excellent, open gait, fine style, 
 and was called the fastest horse in his neighborhood. 
 As it has been stated that the dam of Revenge was 
 white, we have taken much pains to obtain the most 
 reliable information upon this point, and have visited 
 several persons who knew her well for years, and 
 knew the colt "Eevenge" from the time he was foaled 
 until he died, and without a single exception they 
 describe her color as we have stated it. 
 
 Sherman was foaled in 1808 or 1809, the property 
 of James Sherman, of Lyndon, Yt. It has been said, 
 that Sherman was foaled in 1810, and it has also been 
 said that he was foaled in 1811. It is not at all surpris- 
 ing that his age should be understated by a year or two, 
 as the horse who lives to be more than ten years old, 
 loses nothing so easily as one or two years of his age. 
 
 Our reasons for stating his age as we have, are these : 
 Mr. George Sherman, son of James Sherman, informs 
 us that he has now been married forty-five years, and 
 that in the summer after he was married, his father let 
 him take the horse, then a colt, to keep and use. Mr. 
 Sherman's wife also well recollects the above facts, but 
 neither of them can say positively whether the colt 
 was two or three years old, though both of them tJiinh 
 he was three ; and from the fact that Mr. Sherman used 
 him a good deal that summer, it seems most probable 
 that such was his age. Sherman was sired by the 
 Justin. With regard to the blood of his dam, much 
 has been said and a good deal written, but we think 
 little is actually known. 
 
SHERMAN. 151 
 
 Mr. George Sherman says, liis father brouglit the mare 
 from Cranston, Ehode Island, to Lyndon, Vermont; 
 that she was a chestnut, of good size, high spirited, and 
 an "elegant" animal; "we called her of Spanish 
 breed." 
 
 The late Hon. Epaphras Seymour, of Brattleboro', 
 Yt., a gentleman of fortune and high standing, and 
 passionately fond of horses, spent much time in endeav- 
 oring to ascertain the pedigree and early histor}^ of 
 the Justin Morgan and his descendants. Among the 
 memorandums left by him, now in possession of the 
 Hon. F. Holbrook, which the latter gentleman has 
 kindly permitted us to examine, we find the following : 
 " Matthevf Allen, of Guildhall, now seventy years old 
 or over, informs me that James Sherman and himself 
 came from Ehode Island to St. Johnsbury, in 1799 ; 
 before they left, Mr. John Brown, of Providence, gave 
 Mr. Sherman an imported English mare, of great 
 beauty, a fine saddle-mare, and so used by his daugh- 
 ters (she was then spavined); she was a mahogany 
 brown, 15 1-2 hands high, delicate make." Mr. Allen 
 goes on to state, that this mare was the dam of the 
 Sherman. 
 
 Mr. S. C. Gibbs, of Littleton, Kew Hampshire, who 
 purchased the horse of Mr. James Sherman, gives the 
 following account of the dam : " She was bought at the 
 South (I think in Virginia), b}^ Mr. John Sherman, of 
 Providence, Pdiode Lland, who had friends in that 
 State. He purchased her for her beaut}^ and speed. 
 Soon after he returned with her, she unfortunately 
 slipped her hip. He then gave her to his brother James, 
 of Lyndon." 
 
152 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 It has also been said that the dam was long 
 owned by Nicholas Brown, of Providence, Ehode 
 Island, one of the well-known firm of Brown & Ives, 
 formerly a large importing house. Mr. George Sherman 
 says, his father bought the mare of Doctor Fiske, of 
 Cranston, Ehode Island. It is of little consequence 
 which of these accounts is correct, as none of them un- 
 dertake to give her pedigree. If either had made an 
 attempt to do this, the question would have possessed 
 more interest and some importance. It certainly con- 
 cerns us little to know, in what manner, or from whom, 
 Mr. Sherman obtained her, if we cannot go beyond that 
 and learn something of her pedigree. We are inclined 
 to think the statement of Mr. Sherman entitled to the 
 most credit, because we think his means of knowing the 
 facts of wkich he speaks were much superior to the others. 
 His father used the horse several years, valued him 
 highly, and was often interrogated as to the dam. 
 George must have often heard his father describe the 
 circumstances under which, he obtained her ; they nmst 
 have been well known in the family, nnd the constantly 
 increasing fame of the horse would keep alive in its 
 members the recollection of them, as related by James 
 Sherman. Mr. George Sherman is a man, whose 
 cliaracter for the most unwavering honesty has been 
 long and thoroughly established, where he is known. 
 
 Whoever may have bred the mare, and whether of 
 Spanish or English descent, it is certain she was a fine 
 animal. She was chestnut, with three white feet, and 
 a white stripe in the face. Her head was gOod, ears 
 small, neck light and rather long ; not very compactly 
 formed and never "carried much flesh." She carried 
 
SHERMAN. 153 
 
 her head, high, was a spirited traveller, and an excellent 
 saddle beast. She was very pleasant tempered, and 
 worked kindly in all places. 
 
 " Sherman" was a bright chestnut, about thirteen and 
 tliree-quarters hands high, and weighed nine hundred 
 nnd twenty -five pounds. His off hind-leg was white 
 f;-oin the foot halfway to the hock, and he had a small 
 white stripe in the face ; his head was lean and well 
 shaped, ears small and fine, ejes inclined to be small, 
 but full, prominent and lively; his legs had some long 
 hairs upon the back-side, but were broad, flat and 
 sinewy. He had a capital chest, with the breast-bone 
 very prominent; the shoulders were large and well 
 placed, the neck excellent, the mane and tail full, but 
 not remarkably heavy. His hips were long and deep^ 
 the loins broad and muscular, but he was a little hollow 
 or "sway -backed ;^' still, no suspicion of a weak back 
 could attach to him, or he would have broken down 
 under the rough treatment he received in early life. 
 "When four years old, Mr. Sherman put him to hard 
 work, and though for about two months in the spring 
 of each year he worked but little, yet the remainder of 
 the year his labor was very severe. Mr. Sherman was 
 a hard working man, and animals under his charge had 
 few opportunities to rest. Most of the year the horse 
 was kept constantly at work on the farm, much of which 
 he helped to " clear up." In the winter, Mr. Sherman 
 usually ran a team steadily from Lyndon, Yermont, to 
 Portland, Maine. For several years, this team consisted 
 of this horse, and a half brother, sired by the Justin 
 Morgan, a year older and a little larger than Sherman. 
 
 Mr. Sherman was not a man to be outdone at drawing 
 
154 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 or driving, and lie was always ready to match his 
 team against any lie met, either to draw or run, for a 
 trifling wager. His "little team "became famous at 
 every inn from Lyndon to Portland, and after a time 
 the teamsters that knew them were afraid to match 
 horses of any size against them. In the spring, when 
 the sleighing became poor, the men who had been com- 
 panions through the winter in the severe labor of team* 
 ing across the country, would often congregate at the 
 village taverns, to spin yarns of their simple but rough 
 adventures, engage in wrestling, running foot and horse 
 races, drawing matches, and many games invented to 
 test the speed or strength of either men or horses. In 
 addition to these attractions, the prospect of a social 
 glass of " Old Santa Cruz," may have had some influ- 
 ence in drawing together the people collected on these 
 occasions, for it Vv'as at that time considered a pleasant 
 beverage, and it was not generally known to be a subtle 
 poison. Certain it is that these games Avere well at- 
 tended, and were conducted with much spirit. Drawing 
 matches were at that time very common. At Lyndon, 
 the usual way of drawing was to attach a horse to a 
 sled, fill it with men, and draw the load up a steep hill 
 just north of the tavern. ^^^Vhen each his utmost 
 strength had shoivn,^^ Sherman would add a small boy 
 to the largest load and commence the ascent, well satis- 
 fled if he could gain two or three feet at a pull, for 
 nothing discouraged his horse, and it was dif&cult to 
 load him so that he could not move a little. These 
 facts are perfectly well known to many persons now 
 living at Lyndon, and v^e mention thein, not from 
 any intrinsic interest they may possess, but having 
 
SHERMAN". 155 
 
 said that Sherman was slightly hollow-backed, we 
 thought it necessary to show, that if so, his back was 
 b}^ no mccins weak. 
 
 Such was tho kind of service to which ]\Ir. Sher- 
 man put his horse from the time he was four years 
 old until he Avas about ten, when he sold him to 
 Stephen C. Gibbs, of Littleton, New Hampshire, in 
 1819. Mr. Gibbs kept him one year, and sold him 
 to John Buckminster, of Danville, Yermont, but Air. 
 Gibbs had charge of liim two years longer. After 
 this, he was kept at Danville and vicinity until 1829, 
 when he was purchased of Mr. Buckminster by Mr. 
 John Eellovrs, of Lancaster, IST. II. The summer of 
 1829 he was kept at Littleton, N. II., in charge of 
 Stephen C. Gibbs ; in 1830 he was kept at Dover and 
 vicinity ; in 1831 he was at Col. Jaques' Ten Hills 
 Farm, Charlestown, M'"ass. ; in 1832 he was at Dover, 
 and Durham, IST. H. ; in 1833 he was kept at Lancaster, 
 ISr. II. ; and in 183-1, at Dover and vicinity. He died 
 at i\Ir. Bellows' stable, In Lancaster, the 9th of January, 
 1835. The cause of his death is unknown. He was 
 left at ten o'clock in the morning apparently perfectly 
 well, and at one o'clock in the afternoon was found dead. 
 
 With the exception of some slight indications of age, 
 he was apparently as free from every species of blemish 
 or infirmity, the morning of the day he died, as when he 
 was foaled. His skin has been preserved and stuffed, 
 and may still be seen at the stable of Mr. George Bel- 
 lows, at Lancaster, IST. H. 
 
 Sherman had not so bold and resolute a style of 
 action, and was not so nervous and high tempered as 
 Woodbury ; nor was he, in the language of the stable, 
 
156 THE MORGA>r HOESE. 
 
 SO well "iinislied up;" but lie was more tractable, was 
 exceedingly spirited, and a keen, rapid driver — possessed 
 great powers of endurance, a free and noble spirit tliat 
 needed neitlier wliip nor spur, and courage that nevei 
 flasrsred. 
 
 Woodbury^ sometimes called tlie Burbank horse, 
 and known in Windsor county as the Walker horse, 
 was foaled the latter part of May, 1816, the property 
 of Lyman AYight, of Tunbridge, Yt. It has been said, 
 that he was raised by a " Mr. White," but this is a 
 mistake that would easily occur ; the pronunciation of 
 the two names is almost the same, and the latter being 
 much more commonly used, the name has been misun- 
 derstood. Woodbury was sired by the Justin Morgan. 
 Of the blood of his dam, we are unable to learn any- 
 thing. At the time the colt was foaled, Mr. Lyman 
 Wight was a young man, about eighteen years old, and 
 the dam belonged to his father, Yv^illiam Wight, who 
 had loaned her to his son for the purpose of raising a 
 colt. She Vv^as five years old when tlie colt was born. 
 Mr. Wight purchased her the year before, of a Maj. 
 John Moulton, of Bethel, Yt., Avho brought her into 
 that town. She was large, being over fifteen hands 
 high, and weighed about eleven hundred pounds ; she 
 v/as of a deep bay color, with black legs, mane and tail, 
 a small white spot in the forehead, and no other marks. 
 She was not very compactly made, and was rather flat- 
 ribbed ; but she had an excellent chest, fine shoulders 
 and hips, and excellent liip.bs. Iler head was very fine, 
 ears good, and mane and tail beautiful. She carried 
 her head high, was a very free, spirited driver, and was 
 
called fast at tliat time. Slie both paced and trotted, 
 generally starting in the former gait, and after going a 
 short distance changing it for a trot. When trotting, 
 she made a fine appearance, and going fast attracted 
 much attention. She was a very fast walker. The 
 autumn after the colt was foaled, about the usual time 
 of weaning, Mr. Wight sold him to David Woodbury, 
 of Bethel, Vt., for fifty dollars. Mr. Woodbury kept 
 him until grown, and sold him to his brother John. 
 
 John had a taste for good horses, and in his hands 
 the horse began to be a little known. lie kept him at 
 Bethel and the neighboring towns a few years, and 
 sold him to Ebenezer Parkhurst, who kept him in the 
 same neighborhood until March, 1826, when he sold 
 him to Simon Smith and Wm. Walker, of Hartland, 
 Vt., for five hundred dollars. Soon after this, Messrs. 
 Smith and AValker dissolved partnership, Mr. Walker 
 keeping Woodbury. Mr. Walker had a passion for 
 horses ; he saw and appreciated the remarkable features 
 of the Justin Morgan and his stock, and took much 
 pains to bring them into notice ; but like many a 
 pioneer in a new business, he could not make it pay, 
 and being a man of small means, he was compeHed to 
 "sacrifice his horse," as he terms it, ''for the insignifi- 
 cant sum of four hundred dollars," and sold him to 
 Peter Burbank, Esq., of iNewburj^, Yt. Mr. Burbank 
 was a lawyer, and not a farmer or breeder, but he was 
 fond of horses and had a discriminating eye for their 
 good points, and having seen the Woodbury at Ketne, 
 K, H., he (in his own words) "fell in love with him at 
 first sight." Fearing to trust to his own judgment 
 alone, he consulted Jesse Johnson, of Bradford, Vt., a 
 
158 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 gentleman wlio not only possesses excellent taste as to 
 the proper style and general figure of a fine horse, but 
 has also that close, critical eye, that seems almost at a 
 glance to take in all the minute defects of form that a 
 more careless observer might fail to discover. Mr. 
 Jolmson did not fail to perceive the extraordinary 
 merits of the horse, and advised Mr. Burbank to pur- 
 chase him, Avhich he did the 20th of May, 1880. From 
 this time until 1836, he was taken charge of by Jesse 
 Johnson and Brothers, and kept at their place in Brad- 
 ford, Yt., during the winter and latter part of the sum- 
 mer and autumn of each year, and one or two j^ears . 
 during all the seasons. During the years 1830 and 
 1831, he remained at their stable at Bradford. The 
 season of 1832, he was kept at Keene, IST. H. ; the season 
 of 1833, he was kept at Burlington, Yt., and the seasons 
 of 1835 and 1836, he was kept at Bradford and vicinit}^ 
 In September, 1836, Mr. Burbank having died, the ad- 
 ministrators of his estate sold him to Xorman Baglee, 
 of Alabama, who took him to Gainesville, in that State, 
 where he died in 1838, being twenty-two years old. 
 
 Woodbury was fourteen and three-quarters hands 
 high, and weighed from nine hundred and eighty-eight 
 pounds to ten hundred and forty pounds; he was 
 weighed several times, and these two statements of his 
 weight, at different times, are the extremes. Many 
 persons who have frequently seen him weighed, say 
 they never knew him weigh more than ten hundred 
 and thirty, nor less than ten hundred and fifteen pounds. 
 He was a dark, rich chestnut; his off. hind-leg was 
 white from the foot half way to the hock, and he had 
 a white stripe in his face, beginning at the edge of the 
 
WOODBURY. 159 
 
 apper-lip, filling the space between the nostrils, and 
 extending more than half way to his eyes. His mane 
 was not very thick, or long, and was lighter than either 
 of the others, still it was full. His tail was cut off 
 when a colt, and left about ten inches long ; the hair 
 was very full, and curly ; both mane and tail were about 
 the same color as his body. The hair on the body 
 was fine, short and soft. He was close and compactly 
 built, with heavy quarters and deep flanks ; his chest 
 was good and the shoulders finely shaped ; he had a 
 short back, and broad, sinewy loins. His legs had 
 some long hairs on the back-side, but were well shaped, 
 somewhat larger than Sherman's and not so large as 
 Bulrush's. His head was small and lean, with a fine, 
 firm muzzle, tlie nostrils very large and full, face 
 straight, very wide between the eyes, which were dark 
 hazel, very large and prominent, and showed no white 
 around the edge of the lid. His ears were small and 
 fine, but rather short, and set somewhat wider apart 
 than many Avould consider consistent with perfect 
 beauty. His style of action was bold and resolute, and 
 his temperament was so nervous, that when taken out 
 with a bridle it was almost impossible to keep him still. 
 He was a good driver and appeared w^ell in harness, but 
 he appeared to the best advantage under the saddle. 
 Militia Colonels and Generals were eager to ride him, 
 and no "musters" or reviews could pass without his 
 being seen; in his case, to be seen was to be admired. 
 His disposition was pleasant and playful. 
 
 As has been said, he was taken to Gainesville, Ala., 
 in the autumn of 1836, being then twenty years old. 
 He was shipped from Boston, on board a small sailing 
 
i60 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 vessel ; lie suffered mucli from the long and stormy 
 passage, and never fully recovered from the effects of 
 it. It is altogether likely that the climate and food did 
 not agree with him, for neither was such as he had been 
 accustomed to ; however this may be, it is certain he 
 continued to fail until he died in 1838. Woodbury was 
 the largest of these horses, and possessed in a greater 
 degree the bold, fearless and showy style of their 
 sire; he was more nervous, and less tractable than 
 Sherman, better under the saddle, not so pleasant in 
 harness, and we are inclined to think hardly as good 
 a roadster. His form was more symmetrical than 
 either of the others ; his breast was not so full and 
 prominent as Sherman's ; he was deeper in the flanks 
 and better quartered. No horse ever had less fear. 
 Martial music only roused him, the firing of guns 
 in no way disturbed him, waving flags and gay uni- 
 forms seemed hardly able to attract from him a single 
 glance, and he moved about as if he was himself the 
 principal object of attraction and the cause of all the 
 attending excitement and display. 
 
 Bulrush was foaled in 1812 or 1813. Of this we 
 think there can be no reasonable doubt, although it has 
 been stated that he was foaled in 1816. We have con- 
 sulted persons who owned both Bulrush and Woodbury, 
 and they all agree that Bulrush was the oldest of the two. 
 Kow, there is no question but that Woodbury was 
 foaled in 1816, and if Bulrush was older, it is altogether 
 probable that he was more than one year older, for the 
 Justin Morgan was taken to Claremont early in the 
 spring of 1814, and remained there one year, and the 
 
BULRUSH. 161 
 
 dam of Bulrush was owned in Eandolpli, Yt., the year 
 he was sired, so that in the absence of any other tes- 
 timony, we might very reasonably conclude that he was 
 not foaled later than 1814; but the testimony of Chester 
 Belknap is clear and direct, that he was foaled in 1812. 
 Mr. Belknap was married in 1819 ; his father, who 
 raised the horse, owned him at that time, and soon after 
 sold him to Abel Densmore, of Chelsea, Yt. ; he was then 
 seven jeais old. This statement of Mr. Belknap's, in 
 relation to the age of Bulrush, is confirmed by many 
 persons who knew him Avell, and there can hardly be 
 a doubt that it is correct. The blood of the dam of 
 Bulrush is unknown. She was a dark bay, Avith black 
 legs, and heavy black mane and tail ; she was low and 
 compact, had heavy limbs, with large joints, neck rather 
 long, a good head, but did not carry it up very well ; 
 she was a sharp trotter, but was not a very spirited 
 driver ; she was said to be, and had the appearance of 
 being, part French. She was owned by Mr. Moses 
 Belknap, of Randolph, Yt., at the time Bulrush was sired. 
 Mr. Belknap obtained her of a Mr. Boutwell, a teamster 
 from Montpelier, Yt., who worked her in a six-horse 
 team, hauling merchandise and produce between Mont- 
 pelier and Boston. She was a very rugged, hardy, en- 
 during animal, but Mr. Boutwell thought her too small 
 for his business, and he exchanged her with Mr. Belk- 
 nap for a larger horse. She weighed about ten hundred 
 pounds. Mr. Belknap sold her late in the winter, when 
 in foal by Justin Morgan, to Ziba Giffbrd, Esq., of Tun- 
 bridge, Yt., Mr. Gifford to keep the colt until four 
 months old and return it to Mr. Belknap, or pay thir- 
 
162 THE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 teen dollars more and keep it. Mr. Gifford preferred 
 to return the colt and did so. 
 
 Mr. Belknap kept Bulrnsli in Tunbridge and vicin- 
 ity, until 1819, when he sold him to Abel Densniore, 
 of Chelsea, Yt. Mr. Densmore sold him to Darius 
 Sprague, of Randolph, Yt., who sold him March 8th, 
 1826, to Messrs. Simon Smith and AVilliam Vf alker, of 
 Ilartland, Yt., for three hundred and fifty dollars. They 
 kept him at Hartland and vicinity, until they dissolved 
 partnership in 1829, when Mr. Smith took Bulrush to 
 Maidstone, Yt. He kept him one year at Chelsea and 
 two years in the State of Maine, and in 1833 sold him 
 to Jesse Johnson and Brothers, of Bradford, Yt. The 
 season of 1833 he was kept at Bradford, Yt., and 
 Bath, N. H. ; the season of 1834 at Keene, N. H. ; 
 the season of 1835, at Lyme, N. H., and Bradford, Yt. ; 
 and the season of 1836, at Burlington, Yt. During 
 the v/inter of 1836 and 1837, the Messrs'. Johnson 
 sold him to Messrs. Blake and Foss, of Chelsea, Yt., 
 who kept him in that town until 1842, when they sold 
 him to Lewis Jenkins, of Fairlee, Yt., who kept him 
 at Fairlee until he sold him to F. A. Weir, of Y^alpole 
 K. IL, who kept him until he died in 1848. 
 
 Bulrush was a dark bay, with a few white hairs in 
 his forehead, and no other marks ; his legs, mane and 
 tail were black, and his mane and tail were very heavy 
 — the former came down nearly to his knees, and his 
 foretop came down to his nose ; his tail was cut ofp 
 when young and left about nine or ten inches long ; 
 his legs were large and had some long hair, vrere close- 
 jointed, broad, flat, and exhibited a more striking de- 
 
BULRUSH. 163 
 
 velopment of muscle tlian either Woodbury's or Sher- 
 man's ; his back was not so short as either of the others', 
 but it was very broad, and he was freer from any im- 
 putation of sway-back than any of his brothers, though 
 towards the close of his life he indeed fell away in his 
 loins, as is always the case in old stallions. His hips 
 were very good, but not so long as Sherman's, and he 
 was not so well quartered as Woodbury, but he was 
 deeper in the chest than either of them ; his shoulders 
 were thicker and not so well placed, and his head and 
 neck were not so well set up. He was not so proud, 
 bold and lofty in his carriage as Woodbury, and he had 
 not Sherman's short, nervous step, and tractable but 
 high-spirited temper ; but he was a sharp, quick driver, 
 and a faster trotter than either of them. He was a 
 little inclined to be cross, but was not fierce, or in any 
 respect unmanageable ; on the contrary, he was very 
 kind in harness, always working pleasantly wherever 
 put. His most remarkable characteristic was his power 
 of endurance. For this, we think it is generally ad- 
 mitted, he had no rival ; and his extraordinary lasting- 
 ness has become proverbial Avhere he was known. His 
 stock bear a strong resemblance to him, and are very 
 numerous ; are mostly dark bay without marks, never 
 sorrel or light chestnut ; occasionally a dark gray, from 
 a white mare, may be found. Bulrush was about four- 
 teen hands high, and weighed about one thousand 
 pounds. 
 
 Bulrush, Sherman, and Woodbury, were treated 
 very much alike. Until after ten years old, each of 
 them was employed most of the time at the ordinary 
 team-work of a farm., and at no period of their lives did 
 
164 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 they have any more care than the common horses of 
 the country ; and never had much knowledge of thick 
 blankets and warm stables, but were early inured to 
 the labor and hardship, fatigue and exposure, incident 
 to a new and mountainous country and a cold climate. 
 It is not improbable that the cold, dry atmosphere, and 
 pure water of our mountains, has contributed as much 
 as the rich pastures of our valleys to the stoutness, 
 courage and lastingness of our horses. 
 
 We have thus slightly sketched the more obvious 
 distinctions and general characteristics of these cele- 
 brated sons- of the original or Justin Morgan. While 
 they differed in the particulars we have herein set forth^ 
 (which difference was rather in the degree, than the 
 nature of their qualities,) they all possessed the great 
 and striking features of their distinguished sire. The 
 same compactness of form, great muscular development, 
 hardy, rugged constitution, docility and tractableness, 
 short, easy, rapid step, eager ambition and lofty courage, 
 BO remarkable in him, were found in each of them in a 
 high degree. Through these noble channels, the blood 
 of the Justin Morgan has been poured profusely into 
 the hitherto hardy stock of Yermont, conveying not 
 only the very form of the great original, but all his 
 unrivalled vigor, grace, and ease of motion, combined 
 with his docility and matchless courage. 
 
CHAPTER Vni. 
 
 RENERAIi DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT FAMILIES AND THEIR 
 DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 Any disiuterested reader of the articles tliat have at 
 various times appeared in the sporting and agricultural 
 magazines of the country, written by persons interested 
 in the different families of thorough-breds, cannot fail 
 to have noticed that a great diversity of opinion exists 
 among them, as to the relative value of the stock of 
 these different families. They may agree perfectly as 
 to the unrivalled excellence of some common ancestor, 
 but differ widely as to the relative merits of the differ- 
 ent families descended from him. They will unite in 
 an effort to make it appear that Diomed was the finest 
 horse ever imported to this country ; but, guided by 
 different tastes or diverse interests, will make a corre- 
 sponding effort to advance the claims of particular fam- 
 ilies descended from him. One asserts that Sir Archy 
 was far the most worthy of his sons, and points exult- 
 ingly to the unrivalled speed and beauty of Sir Henry ; 
 while another with equal confidence sustains the claims 
 of Duroc to this distinction, and triumphantly refers to 
 the unequalled power and endurance of Eclipse. Again, 
 another interested, perhaps, in other strains of blood 
 says : Sir Henry was too small, and believes Eclipse 
 derived his lasting endurance from Messenger or Gim 
 crack. 
 
 (165) 
 
166 THE MORGAN HOUSE. 
 
 So it is with persons interested in different families 
 descended from the Justin Morgan. Thej find no 
 difiicultj in agreeing as to his merit, but do not at all 
 agree as to the merit of his celebrated sons. Some, 
 while they manifest a decided preference to one branch 
 do not deny that the others possess some valuable 
 qualities. While others, less candid, or more strongly 
 influenced by interest, deny that any other family save 
 that to which their own animals belong is deserving of 
 any notice. We do not pretend, that this is by any 
 means universal — on the contrary, we are well aware 
 that there are many candid, thoughtful, and intelligent 
 breeders, who, although breeding from but one family, 
 yet freely admit that Avhile they have a preference for 
 one branch, they cannot deny that either of the others 
 may possess qualities equally valuable. It is not to be 
 supposed that these families were exactly alike. We 
 have in a former chapter endeavored to point out the 
 points in which the heads of these families differed 
 from one another, so is there a noticeable difference in 
 their descendants. 
 
 It does not necessarily follow that because there is a 
 noticeable difference between two animals, there must 
 be a corresponding difference in value; for we cannot 
 lay down abstract rules so that the business for which 
 the horse is wanted being given, we may determine his 
 value, by any application of avoirdupois measure or 
 Gunter's rule. Two horses may be so nearly equal in 
 value that the very best horsemen may honestly differ 
 in choosing between them ; and yet they may be so 
 dissimilar that a child can mark the difference. 
 
 Besides, there are many points connected with what 
 
DIFFERENT FAMILIES. 167 
 
 fanciers call the "finish" of a horse, that are as ex- 
 clusive matters of taste as the style of a lady's dress — 
 such as the expression of the eye, the color, the relative 
 proportion of bone and. muscle, the temperament, style 
 of movement, &;c. 
 
 Should any one succeed in defining clearly what he 
 considered superlative excellence in these particulars — 
 he would onl}^ have succeeded in publishing his own 
 taste in the matter, instead of establishing any general 
 rule by which others would be guided. For these 
 reasons, we cannot be too cautious in deciding upon the 
 relative value of different animals closely resembling 
 each other in all their most striking and leading charac- 
 teristics. Therefore, wc shall not attempt to decide 
 which of these families possesses the most valuable 
 qualities, but shall content ourselves with endeavoring 
 to show the principal points in which they differ. 
 
 There can be said to be but three distinct families of 
 Morgan horses, namely, the Bulrush, Sherman and 
 Woodbury. For although the Hawkins horse left some 
 stock about Derby and Stanstead, and Eevecge some 
 in the vicinity of Claremont, N. H., yet there are not 
 now a sufficient number of animals living descended 
 from these stallions to entitle them to be classed as dis- 
 tinct families. The Bulrush family are most numerous 
 ia that portion of the States of Vermont and New 
 Hampshire lying on Connecticut river, between Wind- 
 sor and Newbury. They are almost invariably deep 
 baj^s or browns, with black legs, manes and tails; in 
 this respect they differ from the other families, and also 
 in their general (we might almost say universal) free- 
 dom from any marks, such as white feet or white spots 
 
168 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 in the face. They have large limbs, wide, flat and 
 muscular, sometimes inclined to be a little coarse, but 
 the joints are good, and the whole limb very large in 
 proportion to the size of the animal. We do not recol- 
 lect ever seeing a spavin or a ringbone on a Bulrush 
 horse. They exhibit great development of muscle, and 
 in point of size are fully equal to the average of Morgans. 
 They have not so bright, lively and intelligent eyes as 
 the other families, though the eye is by no means dull 
 or stupid. They do not carry their heads as high, nor 
 have they as bold and eager an expression as the Wood- 
 burys, and they have not as graceful and easy motion 
 as the Shermans, but for lastingness and power of en- 
 durance, we believe they have no rivals in this, or any 
 other country, among Morgan's or any other breed. 
 There is really some ground for the assertion a jockey 
 acquaintance once made to us, that " a smart active boy 
 would wear out a wrought-iron rocking-pony, sooner 
 than a grown up man could break down the constitution 
 of a Bulrush horse." In addition to this power of en- 
 durance; they are generally sharp, keen drivers, and 
 many of them are fast. They are not excitable, never 
 fret upon the road ; but are busy, industrious workers. 
 Some of this family have considerable long htiir upon 
 the legs, and others are entirely free from it ; most of 
 them have very heavy manes and tails. 
 
 The Woodbury family are found most numerous in 
 the central part of the State of "Vermont. There are 
 also many along the Connecticut Eiver, between Brat- 
 tleboro' and Newbury. The founders of this and of 
 the Bulrush famiHes were bred close together and re- 
 mained near each other most of their lives ; hence th-eir 
 
DIFFERENT FAMILIES. 169 
 
 descjendants are found in tlie same vicinity. Tlie aver- 
 age size of the Woodburys, we believe to be greater 
 than either of the other families. They are deeper in 
 the flanks, with heavier quarters, but not so heavy in 
 the chest. Some are inclined to be hollow-backed, and 
 in this respect differ from the Bulrushes. They have 
 an exceedingly bold, lofty and resolute style of action, 
 and are overflowing with spirit and nervous energy. 
 They are generally very tractable, but eager and rest- 
 less; are fall of ambition and cat-like activity, that 
 makes them favorite horses for parade. Their prevail- 
 ing color is chestnut or bay, often with a white stripe 
 or star in the face, and Avhite on one or both of the hind- 
 feet. Only a few of this family have any long hair on 
 the legs above the fetlocks, and they do not generally 
 have as heavy manes and tails as the other families. 
 They have a shorter gait than the Bulrushes, and are 
 spirited, pleasant drivers. The limbs, Avith the excep- 
 tion that they are freer from long hairs, closely resemble 
 the limbs of the Shermans, being not so large as the 
 limbs of the Bulrushes. They have generally a softer 
 coat than either of the other families. 
 
 The Woodburys have the largest, most prominent 
 and brightest eyes of any of the Morgans. The fore- 
 head is also very broad and the muzzle good, but in 
 some of them the jowls are not so well shaped as the 
 others. 
 
 The Shermans are most numerous in that part of 
 the State between Newbury and the Canada line, and 
 the neighboring parts of New Hampshire, about Brow- 
 nington, Derby, and Stanstead, and in Addison county. 
 We think the Shermans are generally smaller than the 
 
170 THE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 "Woodbnrys. They are more inclined to bo hollow- 
 backed — but their backs are very short, with wide, full 
 and exceedingly muscular loins, so that although some 
 of them may be called hollow-backed, yet we venture 
 to say that none of them were ever known to have 
 weak backs. They are deeper in the chest, with a 
 more prominent breast bone, and lighter quarters than 
 the Woodburys. Their limbs are superlatively good ; 
 and although they oftener have more long hair upon 
 them than the Woodburys, yet underneath this hair 
 will invariably be found a hard, sinewy limb, free from 
 windgalls or any other unsoundness. 
 
 They have a shorter gait than the Bulrushes, and 
 do not raise their feet as high in travelling. 
 
 They have not so bold, eager, and commanding a 
 style of action as the Woodburys ; but we think they 
 have a better temper for driving, and full as much spirit; 
 and nothing can exceed their courage on the road. They 
 have a more rapid walk than either of the other fami- 
 lies, and an exceedingly short, nervous step that creeps 
 up the 'longest hills at a rate that would surprise a 
 person unacquainted with them. They are easily 
 broken to harness, and, though spirited, are very gentle 
 and tractable, and may be easily taught to stand with- 
 out fastening wherever left. A little circumstance that 
 came under our own observation 'v/ill illustrate this. 
 Sitting one evening in the hotel at St. Johnsbury, Yt., 
 and talking with a conductor of the Passumpsic Eail- 
 road, we said to him that we understood he had a very 
 smart little mare of the Sherman familj^ He said he 
 had, that she was out in the street before a cutter, and as 
 the night was not very dark, proposed that we should 
 
DIFFERENT FAMILIES. 171 
 
 go out and look at her. We went out upon tlie steps, 
 but did not notice any animal about the premises. 
 However, our friend commenced calling "JNTelly! 
 Nelly ! here Nelly !" and sure enough the mare, who 
 was standing on the opposite side of the street, and 
 some six or seven rods from us, pricked up her ears, 
 and immediately came over to the place where we 
 were standing. We jumped into the sleigh and took 
 a turn down the street, the mare proving herself as 
 spirited as she was gentle. 
 
 The Shermans, like the Woodbury s^ are generally 
 chestnut or bay, chestnut being the prevailing color, 
 light chestjiut being more common in this than the 
 other famihes. A white stripe or star in the face, and 
 white hind feet, are very common. 
 
 We think the Shermans have the best action in 
 harness, and the Woodburys the best action under the 
 saddle, or moving without saddle or harness at the 
 end of a bridle rein. Persons unaccustomed to use 
 horses except under the saddle may not understand in 
 what this difference consists, and we will endeavor to 
 explain. To appear well upon a parade or fair ground, 
 under the saddle, or led, the horse must have a good 
 figure, with abundance of muscle, the head must be 
 carried high, and he must be overflowing with life and 
 nervous energy, that keeps him constantly in graceful 
 and active motion. His movements are comparatively 
 unrestrained. If he champs his bit, and tosses his 
 mane with excitement, it will not injure his appearance, 
 provided he exhibits a pleasant temper, and yields 
 cheerfully and readily to the authority of his master. 
 
 To appear well in harness, the horse must have a 
 
172 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 figure equally good, tlie same muscular development, 
 and exhibit a high spirit, but lie must have less eager- 
 ness, he must have submitted himself perfectly to the 
 control of his driver. He must carry his head high, 
 but must keep it constantly and easily in that position ; 
 he must move directly forward without any prancing 
 or sidelong motion, and' must move invariably in a 
 walk or trot ; in short, he must be a perfect and beau- 
 tiful machine, guided by a touch, and controlled by a 
 word. If touched with the whip, he must not bound 
 with fright or ill temper, nor if possessed of the right 
 temper will he fail to notice it — on the contrary, he 
 will not soon forget it, and the driver who ventures to 
 administer the blow will find ample evidence, in the 
 increased and steady pull upon the reins, that it did 
 not pass unnoticed. While thus moving like some 
 beautiful machine, and submitting wholly to control, 
 every movement must appear perfectly easy and natu- 
 ral, and there should be no appearance of restraint, 
 just as all the attitudes and gestures of the finished 
 actor appear spontaneous and natural, when in fact 
 they are all studied and artificial. 
 
 Black Hawk and Green Mountain (in the list of 
 pedigrees he is called Green Mountain second, to dis- 
 tinguish him from an older horse of the same name) 
 will illustrate our meaning : they are both fine speci- 
 mens of the race, and are both widely and favorably 
 known. Aside from his speed, the reputation of Black 
 Hawk as an elegant driving horse is too thoroughly 
 established to be in any way increased or diminished, 
 by what we might say of him, and we refer to him 
 only to illustrate our meaning. He comes nearer to 
 
DIFFERENT FAMILIES. 173 
 
 our beau ideal of a perfect driving horse than any 
 other animal we have ever seen. Possessed of abun- 
 dance of spirit and life, there is also manifest a quiet- 
 ness and evenness of temper that makes him under all 
 circumstances perfectly controllable ; his step is nervous 
 and elastic, but no unnecessary steps are taken. His 
 style of movement is bold and fearless, while every 
 motion is instinct with grace. But he has not that ex- 
 uberant, overflowing, and irrepressible spirit of action 
 that prevents him from being a moment at rest. Green 
 Mountain is rarely if ever exhibited in harness, and 
 properly enough, for although we have no doubt he is 
 a fine driving horse, yet it is not in that capacity he 
 appears to the best advantage. AYhile under the sad- 
 dle, or led by a bridle rein, in style of movement — in 
 muscular development — in spirit and action — he need 
 not fear comparison with any horse living. There is 
 a boldness in his style, a fire in his eye, and an unceas- 
 ing play to every muscle, that once seen by a person 
 having any taste for a horse will never be forgotten. 
 In boldness and gracefulness of style he resembles 
 Grey Eagle of Kentucky, but has more fire in his eye, 
 and is more unceasing in his action. 
 
 In drawing a comparison between the different fam- 
 ilies, and in endeavoring to point out those qualities 
 which as families they possess in different degrees, it 
 will be readily seen that we can lay down no general 
 rules of this kind that will not have many exceptions ; 
 for in many respects these distinctions are so slight 
 that they are often unnoticed, and the fact that the 
 different families are now being crossed with each 
 
174 THE MORGAN IIOKSE. 
 
 other, is gradually effacing these distinctions. This 
 crossing of the different families, if properly conducted, 
 will, we believe, be of great benefit, and tend much to 
 the improvement of the race, and should be fostered 
 and encouraged by our agricultural societies. There 
 has in some instances been manifested a disposition 
 among persons owning stock of one of these families, 
 to endeavor to establish the reputation of their own 
 animals by denying the good qualities of their neigh- 
 bors. This is a weakness that is not confined to Ver- 
 naont, but we suppose must be found everywhere so 
 long as human nature is frail : still, however common it 
 may be, it is none the less a weakness. We say "weak- 
 ness," for, although slandering a neighbor's stock is a 
 gross wrong, yet is it pre-eminently a weakness, and no 
 really shrewd and intelligent man will ever be guilty 
 of it, for it is always sure to re-act with tAvofold force 
 upon him vfho resorts to it. 
 
 The breeder whose stock has so little merit of its 
 own that it must be bolstered up by detracting some- 
 thing from his neighbors, we earnestly exhort to sell 
 out at once, and purchase some that can rely solely 
 upon its own merits for distinction ; for, if it is wanting 
 in merit, no art can bring it into repute, and keep it long 
 in favor ; and, if it is superior, be satisfied with exhibit- 
 ing it to the public, and rest assured that there will 
 not be wanting men with sagacity enough to see and 
 appreciate it. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PRESENT CONDITION OF THIS STOCK IN VERMONT. 
 
 To understand well the present condition of tliis 
 breed of liorscs, it will be necessary to glance at tlie 
 original liorse and bis immediate descendants, and 
 contrast tbem vs'itb stallions of repute of that blood 
 of the present day. For although such a comparison 
 in no way assists us to determine the height, weight, 
 or any other qualities of the breed as they now exist^ 
 yet it is indispensably necessary to enable us to ascer- 
 tain whether any change has taken place in theii* gen- 
 eral character, and if so, what that change is. 
 
 From a careful consideration of all the most reliable 
 accounts of the Justin Morgan, he was about fourteen 
 hands high, and his weight, in good condition, not far 
 from nine hundred and fifty j)ounds. « 
 
 His weight is only obtained by estimate, as there is 
 no account of his having been weighed ; and, as weigh- 
 ing live animals '\vas by no means common at that day, 
 it is highl}^ probable that it was never accurately ascer- 
 tained. His height we undoubtedly have more nearly 
 exact, for horsemen who knew him are much better 
 agreed as to that, and they would judge much more 
 accuratel}^ of his height from the fact that height was 
 the usual measure of size at that time. 
 
 In a previous chapter we have described the most 
 celebrated animals sired by him, and those from v/hich 
 
 (1T5) 
 
176 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 our present stock is entirely derived. From a com- 
 parison of the height and weight of these animals, 
 namely, the Sherman, Bulrush, and Woodbury, Avith 
 the sire, we shall see that they were both taller and 
 heavier. 
 
 Between these three horses there was a very strik- 
 ing resemblance in all their leading characteristics, as 
 we have already seen ; and each exhibited in a high 
 degree those qualities that have given such celebrity 
 to their sn^e. All had the compact form, the wide bony 
 legs, great nervous energy, vigorous health and iron 
 constitution, that enabled them to endure for years 
 the severest labor upon scanty feed, and v/ith little 
 care, not only without breaking down, but without 
 receiving the slightest injury. At the age of twenty 
 we see them exhibiting constitutions as unimpaired, 
 limbs as free from any sort of blemish, and almost as 
 supple and as sinewy as v/hen first broken to harness, 
 and at even a later date showing upon all occasions 
 the same high courage and invincible spirit that was 
 so marked a characteristic of the Justin Morgan, never 
 failing to attract and fasten the attention of the most 
 disinterested observer. In these great qualities little 
 room was left for improvement, and perhaps the most 
 that can be expected is to maintain their reputation in 
 these respects. In these traits of spirit and temper, as 
 well as in their size and general form, we believe the}^ 
 approach much nearer the Arabian or the English 
 thorough-bred of a century since, than does the race- 
 horse of the present day. This we think will ajDpear 
 evident from a comparison of the best specimens of 
 the Morfijan^s with the likenesses of the most celebrated 
 
HIS PRESENT CONDITION. 177 
 
 tliorougli-breds of the last century, and with the de- 
 scriptions given by all travellers of the Arabian, as he 
 exists in his native deserts, and also with the portraits 
 of the most fashionable thorongh-breds of the present 
 day in this country. 
 
 To show his resemblance to the English thorough- 
 bred of a hundred years ago, we have placed at the 
 head of this chapter a portrait of the celebrated horse 
 Gimcrack, copied from an engraving of him published 
 in the second volume of the "American Turf Register 
 and Sporting Magazine." "We have selected this horse, 
 not because the Morgan horse more nearlj^ resembles 
 him than others of his time, but because he was one of 
 the most noted horses of that day in England, and 
 both he and his descendants have been justly celebrated 
 for their speed and endurance. 
 
 Accompanying the portrait of Gimcrack, in the 
 "American Turf "Register," is a short Memoir of him, 
 from which we extract the following : 
 
 "Gimcrack, the sire of Medley, was one of the most 
 remarkable horses of his day in England. He was 
 a gray, and called the ' little gray horse Grimcrack,' 
 foaled in 1760 ; got by Cripple, a son of the Godolphin 
 Arabian ; dam. Miss Elliott, by Griswood's Partner ; 
 grand dam, Celia, by Partner ; Bloody Buttocks, Grey- 
 hound, Blockesby, Betty. Gimcrack was one of the 
 severest running and hardest bottomed horses that ever 
 , ran in England; although small, yet his ability to 
 carry weight was very great, for he frequently gave 
 the odds as high as twenty-eight pounds, and he con- 
 tinued on the turf until eleven years of age, thereby 
 showing his uncommon hardiness of constitution and 
 
178 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 firmness of limbs. * * ^ * * Gimcrack had 
 acquired such, fame and celebrity that bis last proprie- 
 tor left him a length of time at Tattersall's for the 
 inspection of the public." 
 
 A careful comparison of this portrait with the cuts 
 in this volume, and with those of the fashionable 
 thorough-breds of the present day, will show that the 
 Mor2:ans bear the closest resemblance to the Arabian. 
 or thorough-bred of a hundred years since. 
 
 Little or no change seems to have taken place in color 
 in the progress of the race, bays and chestnuts being 
 the prevailing color of the Morgans, as it is of the race- 
 horse. It will be remembered that of the three stallions 
 — the AYoodbury, Bulrush, and Sherman — two were 
 chestnut and the other bay, and these are now the only 
 colors often met with. In speaking of the breed as 
 they now exist, it will be understood by the intelligent 
 reader that no notice will be taken of animals having 
 only a slight tinge of Morgan blood, but only of those 
 bred from Morgan stallions of repute Avhere they are 
 known. The only important exception we have known 
 to this general rule of color is in the case of Black 
 Hawk, who is jet black, and takes his color from the 
 dam. 
 
 Yery many of his colts take their color from him, 
 but some of them do not ; and Avhen not black they are 
 almost invariably bays or chestnuts. It is a curious 
 fact that most of his colts, which take their general 
 color from him, have the white stripe in the face, and 
 the white hind feet that belonged to their grand sire, 
 the Sherman, 
 
 It is probable that the short fare and hard service to 
 
HIS PRESENT CONDITION. 179 
 
 wliicli tlie original Morgans were put, somewhat checked 
 their gTOwth, so that they had less size than they would 
 have had under better flire and less severe labor. It is 
 certain that the true Morgans of the present day are 
 decidedly larger than the original stock. First let us 
 compare some of the most noted of the grandsons of 
 the Justin ]Morgan with him, and we shall see that they 
 are, or vrere, larger. Black Hawk, height 14 hands, 
 weight 1000 pounds ; Eoyal Morgan or Crane horse, 
 height 13 1 hands, weight 1020 pounds ; Gilford, height 
 14 1- hands, weight 1000 pounds ; Barker horse, height 
 15 hands, weight 1075 pounds; Morgan Emperor, 
 height 15 hands, weight 1025 pounds ; Morgan Trotter, 
 height 14| hands, weight 1050 pounds. 
 
 These are taken equally from the Bulrush, Sher- 
 man, and AVoodbury branches, and were all of them 
 noted stallions. By an examination of any consider- 
 able number of stallions of this breed as now kept, 
 any good judge will be satisfied that the race has de- 
 cidedly increased in size. To show that the above 
 opinion, formed at first by the eye after examining a 
 great number of these horses, is correct, we have 
 resorted to the United States Agricultural Society's 
 published report of their exhibition at Boston, in Octo- 
 ber, 1855. The number of stallions exhibited was one 
 hundred and thirty ; and of these, seventy were of 
 Morgan blood. The weight of twenty -five of these 
 is given, but three of them are four years old and 
 under. Excepting these, because not fully grown, the 
 average weight of the remaining twenty-tAvo is 1040 
 pounds. This we think may be considered a very fair 
 
180 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 statement of tlie average .weiglit of tliese horses, as 
 among them were horses of every size that can be 
 found of this breed in our State. It is certain that 
 the size has been increased. 
 
 As to their compactness, strength of constitution, 
 and power of endurance, we can see no reason for 
 believing that there has been any deterioration. That 
 they have retained their compactness, is so evident and 
 so well known, as to admit of no question ; and the 
 eagerness with which they are purchased by the stage, 
 omnibus, hack, and livery stable owners throughout 
 the country, seems to us the highest evidence that tho 
 Morgan's constitution is yet sound, and his powers of 
 endurance still equal to the most laborious service. 
 There is no breed of horses among which there cannot 
 be found unsound individuals ; and too severe work 
 and brutal treatment will sometimes bring founder, 
 ringbone or spavin, broken wind, debility and disease, 
 upon the linest limbs and the hardiest constitution ; 
 but we believe no breed of horses can be pointed to in 
 this country more generally free from every descrip- 
 tion of unsoundness than the Morgan. 
 
 Little or no change seems to have taken place in the 
 head and neck. The same light, lean head, small, 
 pointed, and sensitive ears ; the same brilliant, promi- 
 nent, restless eye, seems as strongly developed now as 
 in the first of the race ; while the neck, rather short, is 
 carried in the same proud and lofty manner that at- 
 tracted the attention of all who ever saw the Justin 
 Morgan. The general structure of the body is un- 
 changed. In his short, bony legs, compact body, deep, 
 
HIS PEESENT CONDITION. 181 
 
 roomy cliest, oblique shoulders, short back, and mus- 
 cular quarters, he still exhibits the marked features of 
 his illustrious ancestors. 
 
 The present Morgans have not so much of the long 
 hair of the Justin Morgan on their legs. This is an 
 improvement, as the long hair on the legs is unsightly, 
 inconvenient, and in no sense useful. 
 
 His gait or natural pace seems to have undergone 
 little change. It may be that his stride is a trifle 
 longer, and it is our belief that it is ; but of this it is 
 difficult to judge correctly, and it is certainly very 
 doubtful. 
 
 The greatest change in the going of the Morgans 
 consists in this, that the present animals of the breed 
 are faster trotters than their ancestors. In the time of 
 the Justin ^lorgan, trotting was not much practiced. 
 Fast trotting dates from the introduction of the light 
 buggy. Since that time the horses in Vermont have 
 been trained to that gait to the exclusion of almost all 
 other paces. The art of training the horse to this pace, 
 and developing his utmost powers in it, was .not then 
 understood. But we do not think the most consum- 
 mate skill in training of the Justin Morgan would 
 have enabled him to compete successfully with many 
 of his descendants. This increased speed in the trot 
 we think is mainly attributable to their constant train- 
 ing to this pace through several generations. 
 
 That the training and using animals for a particu- 
 lar service begets in them a capacity for that service, 
 and enables them to excel therein, is a truth that we 
 think is generally asserted by the best writers, and ad- 
 mitted by the most intelligent breeders. A remarka- 
 
182 THE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 ble illustration of it may be seen in the pointer, wliich 
 was originally bred from the hound ; yet how widely 
 different have their very instincts become by being 
 long used and trained to entirely- different kinds of 
 hunting. Take the young hound for the first time 
 alone into the field, and watch his unchecked, and un- 
 guided movements ; he ranges about, trotting heedlessly 
 over the partridge, the woodcock, or the prairie chicken ; 
 even the whirr of the rising quail fails to attract his 
 attention ; but let him come upon the fresh track of a 
 fox, and instantly his deep startling hsij makes every 
 echo ring, and wild with excitement he dashes off in 
 eager pursuit of an animal he has never seen. 
 
 Not so the high bred young pointer. He crosses 
 the path of the fox indifferent to the steaming scent, 
 but let a breath of air bring to him the odor of the 
 unseen partridge, and he is instantly as motionless as 
 if cut from marble ; true, he has not yet learned the 
 full extent of his duty, but how strikingly does this 
 action exhibit the effect of training and using for a 
 particular service for many generations. K this were 
 not a general law, how should we ever succeed in 
 domesticating animals ? the colt foaled to-day Avould 
 be as wild and untractable as his untamed ancestors 
 a thousand years ago. 
 
 It can hardly be questioned that a general improve- 
 ment has been steadily going on in the character of 
 our horses. This we believe to be in a great measure 
 due to the peculiar fitness of our soil and climate for 
 this branch of agriculture, but our breeders have of 
 late years been incited to endeavor to produce the best 
 animals bv the profit thev offered. In addition to the 
 
HIS PRESENT CONDITION-. 183 
 
 stimulus given to breeders to produce tlie best stock 
 bj the constantly increasing demand for it, there has 
 arisen within the last few years a new influence, to aid 
 in improving the character of our horses. We allude 
 to the agricultural societies that have been formed in 
 almost every county throughout the country. At the 
 exhibitions of these societies, the finest animals are 
 brought together, and farmers and breeders are thus 
 enabled to compare the different animals, not only with, 
 one another, but also with that ideal standard of excel- 
 lence that each breeder has, or ought to have set up, of 
 the kind of animal he is endeavoring to produce. 
 
 At these fairs the young and inexperienced breeder 
 meets many who have devoted years of close attention 
 to the business in which he is just engaging; and by 
 conferring Avith them, he may be able to shun their 
 errors and take advantngre of their success. 
 
 From able speakers he hears many important truths 
 that will prove of inestunable advantage to him, pro- 
 vided he cherishes them as lie ought. The old adage 
 that " competition is the life of trade," is as applicable 
 to farming as to any other kind of business ; and the 
 healthy competition that these fairs or exhibitions 
 excite among breeders is of great advantage to them, 
 by stimulating them to make exertions to produce the 
 best animals, and instructing them in the great prin- 
 ciples by which they must be guided, if they would 
 deserve success. 
 
 The beneficial influence of these exhibitions can 
 hardly be over-estimated ; and, as they have hitherto 
 been, so will they continue to be, powerful engines of 
 good, so long as they are wisely and skilfully conducted* 
 
184 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 These are some of the principal influences that are 
 constantly stimulating Vermont breeders to keep up 
 and improve the Avell-earned reputation of her horses. 
 The materials arc now abundant; and if by association 
 or otherwise they can be retained in the State, and 
 properly bred, there can be little question that Vermont 
 can for years to come furnish her sister States and the 
 great markets, with the best business horse raised in 
 any country in the world. 
 
CHAPTEE X. 
 
 PERF0RMA2fCES OF MORGAN HORSES THE DEMAND FOR THEM AND 
 
 THEIR PRESENT VALUE AS INDICATED BY SALES. 
 
 The question has been sometimes asked, '' What 
 have Morgan horses ever done to entitle them to dis- 
 tinction?" Coming as it almost invariably does from 
 persons interested in some other breed, the question 
 implies a disbelief in the ability of Morgan horses to 
 perform any feats of speed or endurance worthy of 
 notice ; and, as such individuals doubtless deem it for 
 their interest to continue in their present faith, we shall 
 make no effort to convince them of their error, being 
 satisfied that we should have little chance of success, 
 opposing as we should both their interests and their 
 prejudices. 
 
 But there are others who make the inquiry from a 
 simple desire for information, in relation to a breed of 
 horses with which they are unacquainted, and we trust 
 that to such the facts we shall state in this chapter will 
 prove a satisfactory answer. 
 
 Let us first consider what are the qualities for which 
 it is claimed they are distinguished, as it is manifest 
 the performance should be of such a nature as will call 
 into exercise these qualities. 
 
 The Morgan claims to be chiefly valuable as a driv- 
 ing-horse with moderate weight, or in other words, as 
 
 a business horse. In a previous chapter, we have stated 
 
 a83) 
 
186 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 the principal qualities wliicli the business horse should 
 possess. The degree in which a horse possesses these 
 qualities cannot always be tested ; as, for instance, we 
 may test his speed or his endurance, but we judge of 
 his form, his style of movement, his spirit, or his tem- 
 per. Speed and endurance are indispensable ; a suit- 
 able form, a lively spirit, and a tractable temper, are 
 qualities scarcely less important. Possessed of the 
 former, he has the power to perform great feats upon 
 the road ; possessed also of the latter, that power be- 
 comes available, and can be applied to some useful 
 purpose. The speed and endurance of the horse can, 
 of course, be tested by driving him on the road, or the 
 race-course; the former can be determined by driv- 
 ing a short distance ; the latter, by driving a long time. 
 We know it is very commonly said, that a horse has 
 a great deal of bottom or endurance which can keep 
 up a high rate of speed for from five to ten minutes ; 
 but this is not the kind of endurance we are speaking 
 of The endurance wanted in the driving-horse must 
 be such as will enable him to last throughout the day, 
 and from day to day, or from week to week. Many 
 horses drive well and with much spirit for a short time, 
 but are unable to endure a single day's drive; and 
 many that can perform a very creditable day's journey 
 are unable to last through a week of hard work. It is 
 to such horses that the old stable-saying refers, " some 
 horses will go so far in a day that they can't get back 
 in a week." Youatt clearly asserts this fact : he says, 
 " Many horses with narrow chests, and a great deal of 
 daylight under them, have plenty of spirit and willing- 
 ness for work. They show themselves well off, and 
 
STYLE OF TRAVELLING. 187 
 
 exhibit tlie address and gratify the vanity of their 
 riders on the parade or in the park, but they have not 
 the appetite nor the endurance that v/ill carry them 
 through three successive hard days' work." 
 
 The Morgan horse may not exhibit the greatest 
 speed for a short distance ; indeed, we do not think his 
 form is such as is best suited to such extraordinary 
 speed ; but he has such an amount of speed as " entitles 
 him to the appellation of a fast traveller." "We do not 
 think that great speed and great endurance are usually 
 found combined in the same animal ; to support this 
 opinion, we again refer to Youatt, who says : " Some 
 of our saddle horses and cobs have barrels round 
 enough, and we value them on account of it, for they 
 are always in condition, and they rarely tire. But 
 when we look at them more carefully, there is just that 
 departure from the circular form — of which mention 
 has just been made — that happy medium between the 
 circle and the ellipse, which retains the capacity of the 
 one and the expansibility of the other. Such a horse 
 is invaluable for common purposes, but he is seldom a 
 horse of speed. If he is permitted to go his own pace, 
 and that not a slow one, he will work on forever ; but 
 if too much hurried he is soon distressed." And again 
 he says: "The question then is, what service is re- 
 quired from the horse ? If he has to carry a heavy 
 weight, and has much work to do, he should be ribbed 
 home — the last rib and the hip-bone should not be 
 far from each other. There is more capacity of chest 
 and of belly — there is less distance between the points 
 of support — and greater strength and endurance. A 
 
188 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 hackney (and we would almost say a hunter) can 
 scarcely be too well ribbed home. 
 
 " If speed, however, is required, there must be room 
 for the full action of the hinder limbs ; and this can 
 only exist where there is sufficient space between the 
 last rib and the hip-bone. The owner of the horse 
 must make up his mind as to what he wants from him, 
 and be satisfied if he obtains that ; for let him be as- 
 sured, that he cannot have everything, for this would 
 require those differences of conformation that cannot 
 possibly exist in the same animal." 
 
 To the practical horseman, the simple fact that an 
 animal has trotted a mile in 2m. 30s,, or two miles in 
 5m. 10s., will afford little evidence of its power of en- 
 durance in the livery stable, before a hack, or a Broad- 
 way omnibus. Occasionally a long race is trotted that 
 serves to test the endurance of the horse, but these are 
 of so rare occurrence that almost the only recorded 
 testimony of the lastingness of the Morgan horse is 
 found in general statements of the fact, rather than in 
 recorded instances of its exhibition by individuals of 
 the breed. The quotations we have already made in 
 a previous chapter, from writers of unquestioned au- 
 thority, will, we think, fully establish their claim to 
 more than ordinary powers of endurance. 
 
 We have said that we do not think the form of the 
 Morgan horse is such as is best adapted for the greatest 
 speed at short distances ; still, among any breed of horses 
 sufficiently fast to be called rapid travellers, individu- 
 als will occasionally be found that will be fast for 
 short distances, and such is the case with the Morgans. 
 
FAST TIME. 189 
 
 That siicli is the fact, we think the well-authenticated 
 performances we shall mention will abundantly es- 
 tablish. 
 
 Before speaking of these performances, a few remarks 
 seem necessary, in order that the relative importance 
 of these performances may be understood. 
 
 Quite a diversity of opinion exists among sporting 
 men as to what rate of speed for a mile entitles a horse 
 to be ranked as a sporting horse ; this must necessarily 
 be the case, since no abstract rule can be laid down. 
 It seems to us that a horse must be admitted to be a 
 fast, or sporting horse, that can make his mile in less 
 time than a majority of those he will be obliged to 
 contend with on the race-course. To enable u.3 to form 
 some idea of the ordinary or average speed of the trot- 
 ting horses of the country, we have made a summary 
 of all the time, at mile heats, reported in the "ITew 
 York Spirit of the Times," for the year 1852 ; and the 
 average time made by luinning horses at mile heats 
 during that year was 2m. 50s. and a small fractioQ. 
 Our only reason for selecting that year was, that the 
 volmne of the " Spirit of the Times" published that 
 year was the only complete one which we had at hand. 
 From this it is plain that a horse which could trot a 
 mile within 2m. 50s. would have been able to defeat a 
 large majority of the trotting horses of the country. 
 
 We are aware that many persons affect to believe 
 that a trotter is no sporting horse if he cannot " go low 
 down in the thirties," but it is plain this is a mistake. 
 The horse which can trot a mile in 2m. 40s. in good 
 style, we feel confident will prove too fast for three- 
 quarters of the trotting horses of the country. 
 
190 THE MORGAN nORSE. 
 
 One of the most remarkable trotting horses ever 
 known, and without any question the fastest horse of 
 her time at long distances, was "Fanny Jenks," the 
 property of Gen. A. T. Dunham, of Troy, N. Y. We 
 are unable to give her pedigree, but she was raised 
 in Vermont, and was always called a Morgan; and 
 her form and style of movement exhibited in a high 
 degree the characteristics of the breed. She was four- 
 teen and three-quarters hands high, and in medium 
 condition weighed nine hundred and thirty-five pounds. 
 From Yermont, she was taken to Watertown, Jefferson 
 county, N. Y., and became the property of Gen. Pratt. 
 In the year 1839 or 1840, the General took her to 
 Troy and sold her to Willard Jenks, of "West Troy, 
 and of him she was purchased by Gen. A. T. Dunham. 
 Her first important performance was at Centreville, 
 L. I., in October, 1844, when she trotted ten miles 
 before a sulky, carrying 145 lbs., in 29m. and 59s., 
 beating Neptune and Misfortune. On the 5th of May, 
 1845, in a match against time for $500, to trot one 
 hundred miles in ten hours, over the Bull's Head 
 Course, near Albany, N. Y., she performed the entire 
 distance in 9 hours 42 minutes and 57 seconds. Ex- 
 clusive of the time in stopping for refreshment (18m. 
 27s.), she performed the distance in 9h. 24m. 80s. 
 
 Of this performance an article in the " Spirit of the 
 Times," headed '"'Fanny Jenks against the World," 
 says: "Immediately on the completion of the match, 
 and without stopping, she was trotted once round the 
 course, and accomplished her 101st mile in 4m. 23s. 
 
 ■3f -Jf * * * * ■* 
 
 " The mare showed no symptoms of distress at any 
 
PERFORMANCES. 191 
 
 period of the performance, and her indomitable game 
 was fully evinced by her speed in part of her last time, 
 and the ravenous manner in which she attacked hei 
 hay as soon as led to the stable. 
 
 " On the follo^Ying day she was driven twelve miles 
 (to Albany and Troy), exhibiting no soreness, stiffness, 
 nor any other evidence that she had performed her 
 wonderful feat so recently." 
 
 In 1842, Black Hawk won a match of $1,000 by 
 trotting five miles over the Cambridge Park Course in 
 sixteen minutes. In 1848, October od, he won a race 
 of two mile heats, best two in three, beating Jim and 
 Dying Sergeant with ease in 5m. 43s. — om. 48s. — 5m. 
 47s. Single miles he made at different times in 2m. 
 42 seconds. 
 
 At Boston, Nov. 8d, 1853, Black Hawk Maid beat 
 Blue Morgan, two mile heats, best two in three. Time, 
 5m. 23s. — 5m. 22s. Black Hawk Maid was sired by 
 Black Hawk. 
 
 The 20th of September, 1847, over the Union Course, 
 L. I., Lady Sutton beat Sal and Grey Eagle, two mile 
 heats, best two in three, in harness. Time, 5m. 17s. — 
 5m. 21s., and again Sept. 27th, of same year, she beat 
 the same horses same distance. Time, 5m. 22s. — 5m. 
 28 seconds. 
 
 The 19th of May, 1848, a trot came off over the 
 Union Course, L. I., that created a good deal of excite- 
 ment, and is well remembered by sportsmen on account 
 of the celebrity of the horses, and the severity of the 
 contest. The race was between Lady Sutton, Lady 
 Suffolk, and Lady Moscow, mile heats in harness, and 
 was won bv Ladv Sutton after a loner and close struo^gle. 
 
192 THE MORGAIT HORSE. 
 
 Time, 2m. 33s. — 2m. 33s.— 2m. 35s.— 2m. 37s.— 2m. 
 38s.— 2m. 36s. 
 
 Ladj Sutton was raised in Barre, Yermont. She 
 was sired by Morgan Eagle, a grandson of the Justin 
 Morgan. The dam of Lady Sutton was called a Mor- 
 gan mare, but we do not know her pedigree. Lady 
 S. is not over fourteen hands high, has a fine figure, 
 and a nervous, spirited style of action, with plenty of 
 speed and endurance. She is too nervous and high- 
 tempered to make a sure and safe trotting horse, and 
 endure quietly and patiently all the accidents and mis- 
 haps of the race-course. 
 
 On the 26th of June, 3.843, a fast and well-contested 
 race came off over the Beacon Course, New Jersey, 
 between Beppo and Independence, mile heats, best three 
 in five, and was won by Beppo. Time, 2m. 32-|s. — 
 2m. 31is. — 2m. 33s. — 2m. 38s. — 2m. 3os. Beppo was 
 sired by Gifford. 
 
 On the 29th of September, 1843, a race came off 
 over the Cambridge Park Course between Pizarro, 
 Forest Maid, and Lady Swan, mile heats, best three in 
 five, and was won by Pizarro in three straight heats. 
 Time, 2m. 35s. — 2m. 39is. — 2m. 37^s. Pizarro was 
 sired by Morgan Cassar. 
 
 On the 2d of May, 1853, a race took place on the 
 Hunting Park Course, Philadelphia, between Yermont 
 Boy and Soto, three mile heats, to wagons, best two in 
 three, won by Yermont Boy. Time 8m. 32s. — 8m. 47s. 
 
 On the 10th of May, 1853, a match took place on 
 Long Island between Ethan Allen, three years and 
 ten months old, and Kose of Washington, several 
 months older for one thousand dollars a side, mile 
 
PERFOKMAXCES. 193 
 
 heats, best three in five. This match attracted much 
 attention. Many who knew the mare thought she was 
 sure to win, as she was deemed the fastest horse of her 
 age in the country ; but the event proved tliey were 
 mistaken, as the horse beat her in three straight heats. 
 Time, 2m. 42s.— 2m. 39s.— 2m. 86s. 
 
 We believe this is the fastest time on record by a 
 horse of his age. We think his only other public trot 
 was at Boston, Oct. 27th, 1855, at the Fair of the United 
 States Agricultural Society, where he received the first 
 premium for speed, beating Columbus, Sherman Black 
 Hawk, and Stockbridge Chief Time, 2m. 34-^s. — 2m. 
 87s. Ethan Allen was sired by Black Hawk, and is 
 doubtless the fastest trotting stallion that has ever 
 appeared on the turf. 
 
 November 24th, 1858, Blue Morgan won a race 
 over the Cambridge Park Course, beating Black Hawk 
 Maid, mile heats in "harness, best two in three. Time 
 2m. 38is.— 2m. 88ls. 
 
 August 20th, 1852, Black Ealph won a race at Sara- 
 toga, beating Murdoch, mile heats under the saddle, best 
 three in five, winning the 1st, 8d and 5th heats. Time 
 2m. 82s.— 2m. 80s.— 2m. 81s.— 2m. 88s.— 2m. 84s. 
 
 October 6th, 1852, in a race between Murdoch and 
 Black Ealph, two mile heats under the saddle, Ealph 
 won the first heat in 5m. 18|s., though beaten by 
 Murdoch in the race. Black Ealph was sired by 
 Black Hawk. 
 
 October 14th, 1854, Know-Kothing won a race 
 over the Cambridge Park Course, beating Black Hawk 
 Maid, two mile heats in harness. Time 6m. 26s. Mare 
 di'awn after the first heat. 
 
 d 
 
194 THE MORGAjST HORSE. 
 
 In a match between Know-Notliing and Chicago 
 Jack over the Cambridge Park Course, May 11th, 
 1855, mile heats under the saddle, best three in five, 
 Know-Nothing won the first heat 2m. 27^s., but was 
 beaten in the race by Chicago Jack, vrho made the 
 third heat in 2m. 27^s. Know-Nothing was sired by 
 Black Hawk, and was only five years old ; his dam 
 is said to have been sired by a grandson of Lee Boo. 
 Chicago Jack was raised in Illinois, and we think was 
 sired by Morgan Emperor, formerly owned by L. But- 
 ler, of Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 The 29th of July, 1856, a race took place over the 
 Fashion Course, Long Island, being a match between 
 Know-Nothing and Flora Temple, mile heats, best 
 three in five, Know-Nothing under the saddle — Flora 
 Temple in harness. Thou.gh matched against the 
 fastest trotting horse in harness ever known, the friends 
 of Know-Nothing felt such confidence in his powers 
 that they backed him freely, offering odds that were 
 quickly taken. The race was won by Know-Nothing, 
 in thre'3 straight heats. Time 2m. 29s. — 2m. 29s. — 
 2m. 80s. 
 
 September 25th, 1855, Belle of Saratoga vvon a match 
 of $500, mile heats, best three in five, over the Centre- 
 ville Course, beating Murdoch in three straight heats. 
 Time, 2m. 29is.— 2m. 81:is.— 2m. 88s. Belle of Sara- 
 toga was sired by Black Hav/k. 
 
 A race on the ice near Plattsburg, February 27th, 
 1852, mile heats in harness, best three in five, was 
 won by Sherman Black Hawk, in three straight heats, 
 beating Flying Morgan and a gTay gelding from Can- 
 ton, N. Y. Time 2m. 47s.— 2m. 44s.~2m. 42s. 
 
PERFORM AKCE3. 195 
 
 In March, 1850, a race on the ice, mile heats, best 
 two in three, was won by Fljdng Morgan, in two 
 straight heats, beating Tramp. Time 2m. 51s. — 2m. 
 4Ss. Flying Morgan was sired by the Hackett Horse. 
 
 In a race over Cambridge Park Course, October 2d, 
 1851, mile heats, best three in five, between Flying 
 Morgan and Cleopatra, the former was victorious in 
 three straight heats. Time 2m. 51s. — 2m. 51 |s, — 2m. 
 57s. In this race Flying Morgan was called Burling- 
 t;on. 
 
 There are many others well known as Morgan 
 trotters of celebrity, which we have not space to notice, 
 sucli as Henry Clay, sired by Gifford ; Grey Hawk, of 
 Chicago, sired by Morgan Tally Oh ; Whalebone, sired 
 by Whalebone or the Clarke Horse ; Lady Sherman, 
 sired by Black Hawk, &c., &c. ; there are also others 
 about whose pedigree there is some dispute, but which 
 are claimed as of Morgan descent, such as Mac, Lady 
 Fulton, &c.. Mac was raised in Maine, and his dam 
 was probably a descendant of Messenger, but there is 
 little doubt that he was sired by Morgan Caesar, one 
 of the best grandsons of the Justin Morgan. 
 
 We think the above performances fully establish tho 
 truth of our proposition, that although it is not claimed 
 their form and gait is such as is best adapted to make 
 the quickest time for a mile, yet the Morgans being as 
 a class fast travellers, some individuals exhibit great 
 speed. 
 
 There is no doubt that if our farmers and breeders 
 would take pains to develop the utmost power of their 
 horses in the trot, very many would exhibit a good deal 
 of speed. But no such effort is generally made ; our 
 
196 THE MORGAN HOUSE. 
 
 people are not a sporting people. There is not a race 
 course, properly speaking, in the State. True, some of 
 the Agricultural Societies have graded temporary half- 
 mile tracks, not only to give opportunity to test the 
 speed of horses, but to exhibit their paces, training, 
 and style of movement. They are not simply race- 
 courses, and we hope that while the property of these 
 societies they may never become such. 
 
 We have no objections to trotting matches, and are 
 v/illing that those who choose should engage in them. 
 They certainly tend to develop one of the valuable 
 qualities of the horse, and Ave cannot object if the 
 patrons of the turf offer premiums for excellence in 
 that one quality which is almost the only one by them 
 esteemed. But it seems to us eminently improper for 
 Agricultural Societies to offer such premiums for a 
 single good trait in an animal, without considering the 
 many others equally important. A good form, temper, 
 action, and stjde of movement, suitable size, speed, 
 and endurance, are each valuable qualities in the busi- 
 ness horse ; but superlative excellence in any one of 
 them alone, ought not to entitle a horse to rank above 
 rivals superior to him in all other respects. Should 
 any Agricultural Society deem it advisable for farmers 
 to aim to produce horses whose excellence should con- 
 sist solely in their speed, they might consistently offer 
 such premiums. 
 
 It is a trite saying that an article ''is worth what it 
 will "bring in market." 
 
 Estimating the value of Morgan horses by this 
 standard, we shall find that they are unequalled by 
 any horses in this country. We have already en- 
 
HIGH PRICES OF. 197 
 
 deavored to show tliat they possessed great merit, but 
 great merit is not always properly appreciated ; hence 
 the inquiry, " will they command such prices as will 
 remunerate the breeder ?" 
 
 That they do command not only remunerating, but 
 very high prices, can be abundantly shown ; indeed, 
 those least fiiendly to the Morgans admit that they are 
 in great demand, and that they sell for high prices. 
 Instances might be given in which individuals of the 
 breed have been disposed of at very great prices, and 
 indeed they might be multiplied to almost any extent, 
 but should not and would not establish the general 
 rule, for there is no breed of horses of any note, indi- 
 viduals of which are not sometimes sold for high prices. 
 
 In Mr. Burnet's " remarks on breeding horses," to 
 which we have before referred, although he does not 
 admire the Morgans, yet he admits that "they sell 
 readily at high prices." 
 
 The editor of the " Country Gentleman," in an 
 article giving an account of the National Exhibition 
 of horses at Springfield, in 1853, says, in reference to 
 the Morgan horses of Yermont, " It was seen by the 
 originator of the movement, and by those who sympa- 
 thized with him, that New England and the country 
 generally were indebted to a single State for the most 
 of their desirable and valuable horses. 
 
 " It was seen that single breeding animals had been 
 the source of almost millions of revenue to the breed- 
 ers of their respective localities, and that in a majority 
 of the States of the Union it was almost impossible to 
 find a horse bred at home that was of high value." 
 
 The " Maine Farmer," in an article before quoted, 
 
198 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 says, " For a seller of horses, it is only necessary for 
 him to establish the fact that his horses are of the Mor- 
 gan blood, and he meets with a ready sale at good 
 prices, and the purchasers are more than satisfied." 
 
 Mr. H. S. Eandal], in his account of the breeds of 
 horses in the United States, says, " That they have 
 sold for high prices, not only for the saddle and buggy, 
 but as stallions to extend the breed, is certain. They 
 have many warm admirers, and find ready purchasers." 
 
 Almost any number of similar extracts might be 
 added, but the foregoing seem sufficient, especially as 
 we have never seen it denied that they sell readily at 
 prices amply remunerating. It is evident that this 
 must be the case, when we consider that they are not 
 bred in any numbers save in a small district of coun- 
 try, and that the demand for them comes from every 
 State in the Union ; many being yearly taken to all 
 parts of New England, and to the West and South. 
 
 The prices at which they have been sold have been 
 constantly increasing since the death of the Justin 
 Morgan. One of the colts of the Justin Morgan 
 (Woodbury) was sold when about ten years old to Mr. 
 William Walker, of Hartland, Yt., for five hundred 
 dollars, which was at that time considered a most ex- 
 travagant price ; but if the same horse was now living, 
 he would command more than ten times that sum. 
 Ordinary stallions could be purchased at that time for 
 from one to two hundred dollars. 
 
 The more widely and thoroughly they are known, 
 the greater has been the demand for them. Fifteen 
 years ago the best stallions could be procured for from 
 five to fifteen hundred dollars, the best geldings for 
 
HIGH PRICES OF. 199 
 
 from one hundred to one hundred and fifty dollars, 
 and the best mares at from one to two hundred. Now 
 the best stallions cannot be procured for less than from 
 one to three thousand dollars ; the best geldings sell 
 readily at from tvfo to four hundred dollars, and the 
 best mares at from three to six hundred. Horses pos- 
 sessing extra value on account of their speed, are not 
 included in the foregoing statement, as for such very 
 much larger prices are often paid. We know that 
 some will say our prices are too low, and point us to 
 very many sales at mucli higher prices, of animals 
 having no reputation for great speed, but we think 
 that although there may be many such instances, they 
 are the exceptions to the general rule, rather than the 
 rule itself Again we may be told that our minimum 
 prices are too high, and instances adduced of animals 
 of good blood and form that have been purchased for 
 less. We know that under favorable circumstances 
 such animals may occasionally be purchased by per- 
 sons well acquainted throughout the State, and con- 
 stantly on the watch for favorable opportunities, at 
 prices somewhat less than those we have named. 
 Yet, as a general thing, when the price is much below 
 what we have stated, we should be suspicious that the 
 blood or form was not of the first quality. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 HINTS AS TO THE BEST METHODS FOR IMPRO'N^NG AND PERPETU- 
 ATING THE BREED. 
 
 The proposition tliat "like will beget like" is gene- 
 rally received as an axiom by intelligent breeders of 
 domestic animals. Altbongli as a general proposition 
 tbis is doubtless true, yet we should make a great mis- 
 take to expect that a male and female unlike each, 
 other would produce offspring like either. Before the 
 proposition will hold true, the sire and the dam must 
 be like each other. Even this is not sufficient ; the 
 progenitors of each must have been alike for some 
 generations. 
 
 The most careless breeder can hardly fiul to observe 
 qualities appearing in his stock, that belongied neither 
 to their sire nor dam, but which belonged to some of 
 their ancestors farther back ; such, for instance, as a 
 vic^.ous temper, .some striking peculiarity of form or 
 color, or some peculiar mark, such as a white face, 
 %vhite feet, &c. The chances that the good, and the 
 danger that the bad qualities of an ancestor, will be 
 inherited by any animal, will depend upon the number 
 of degrees he is removed from that ancestor, unless his 
 ancestors of the opposite sex have exhibited the same 
 qualities, and have exhibited them in each generation. 
 
 C390) 
 
IMPROYIKG THE BREED. 201 
 
 When the ancestors npon both sides for some gene- 
 rations have been alike in all their important features, 
 then "like will beget like." Not that the animals 
 bred will be alike even then ; they will only be alike in 
 the prominent characteristics of the race. There will 
 still be every degree of excellence. Some will be less 
 perfect in form than others, and some with forms 
 nearly faultless, will yet lack some essential requisite 
 to give them the highest value. This is strikingly 
 exemplified in the breeding of the race-horse. Immense 
 fortunes have been expended, and time and talents 
 freely given for the improvement of those qualities 
 that render him valuable for the service to which he 
 is put, yet comparatively very few of them prove ex- 
 cellent in the very points to which the attention of the 
 breeder was particularly directed. jSTow, if we were to 
 breed from the poorest instead of the best specimens 
 of the race-horse, it is evident that he would very 
 rapidly deteriorate in all those qualities that now ren- 
 der him valuable, and the extraordinary speed he has 
 attained would soon be lost. The manner in which 
 they have attained their unrivalled speed is by breed- 
 ing those stallions exhibiting in the highest perfection 
 the qualities sought, to mares possessing in a higli 
 degree the same characteristics. 
 
 This points out not only the best method for per- 
 petuating the qualities of a breed of animals whose 
 characteristics have become fixed, but it also points 
 out the proper method of improving them. The Mor- 
 ga,n horse has not yet fully attained to this point ; that 
 is, his characteristics have no^t yet been fully and firmly 
 established. K the breed is perpetuated, it is evi- 
 
 9* 
 
202 •% THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 dent it can never be by the use of Morgan stallions 
 alone. 
 
 Mares of Morgan get must be selected, and the 
 more crosses of Morgan blood in the dam the better ; 
 and those should l^e choseu which are fully up to the 
 average size of the race, and exhibit in a high degree 
 the peculiar characteristics of the breed to which 
 they belong. It will, however, be no objection to the 
 mare if she be not quite as well " ribbed up" as the sire, 
 and she may be a little longer bodied ; many breeders 
 would prefer that she should differ from the sire in 
 these respects ; but it should not be forgotten that ex- 
 treme length of body, combined (as it usually is) with 
 flat sides and narrow loins, is a far from desirable 
 figure. 
 
 Youatt says, " It may perhaps be justly affirmed 
 that there is more difficulty in selecting a good mare 
 to breed from than a good horse, because she should 
 possess somewhat opposite qualities. Her carcase 
 should be long, in order to give room for the growth 
 of the foetus ; and yet with this there . should be com- 
 pactness of form and shortness of leg." Tlie Mor- 
 gan mare should have a clean, light head, spirited, but 
 mild, pleasant eyes, set wide apart ; but above all other 
 qualities she should possess a sound, hearty and iron 
 constitution, with abundance of nervous energy. The 
 stallion should be selected partly with reference to the 
 form and characteristics of the mare, and he should 
 possess in a high degree those good qualities in which 
 the mare is most deficient. In all cases he should be 
 compact and possessed of a vigorous constitution, have 
 a bold, resolute style of action, high spirit, and a great 
 
6 O O T T HORSE, 
 
 8 H E E M A N 
 
IMPROVING THE BREED. 20 
 
 o 
 
 deal of tliat nervous or vital energy, wliicli gives life, 
 vigor, and endurance to the whole. 
 
 There are two errors very commonly committed by 
 persons selecting animals from which to breed. Some 
 pay too much attention to pedigree and too little to 
 form ; while others err in the opposite direction. The 
 one will select the animal with the longest pedigree, 
 vrhatever be his form, while the other says, " I don't care 
 about your pedigree, but show me your horse." The 
 latter is of the two, the least objectionable, for the 
 stock will be far more likely to inherit the qualities of 
 an immediate, than those of a remote ancestor. Hence 
 it is that persons having fine animals, ])os3cssod of ex- 
 tremely short pedigrees, are fond of displaying in 
 glaring capitals that trite old saying, '' Uood is bloodj 
 but form is superiority ^ 
 
 The meaning of this, although a little obscure, wo 
 think is, that blood is a very excellent thing ; but that 
 when the form and general characteristics are of the 
 highest order, they are more important than any pedi- 
 gTee. Many persons, however, seem to understand 
 this very differently, and think it asserts that though 
 blood is a very good thing, yet when an animal can 
 be found of almost faultless form and possessing qual- 
 ities of the highest order, it is of no consequence what 
 is his blood. 
 
 The truth is, that though form and character are 
 of primary importance, the blood should never be 
 neglected. This is true when the breeder intends 
 his stock for the great markets of the country ; but 
 when he intends to breed a stock for his farm for 
 the purpose of again breeding from them, the blood 
 
204 THE MOPvGAN nOUSE, 
 
 of tlic animal becomes vastlj^ more important ; and 
 he who breeds from animals whose immediate ances- 
 tors were of unknown descent, will be pretty sure to 
 repent of his error. 
 
 Another common error is, to search eagerly for animals 
 to breed from, that have become noted for their speed. 
 Many persons can be found who will pick up some 
 long-legged, rangy, broken-down trotting mare, which 
 perhaps could trot a mile in 2.30, and think by breed- 
 ing her to a Morgan stallion, something very fine may 
 be expected. [N'othing can be more ill-judged than 
 such a course ; and in a large majority of cases it is 
 sure to end in disappointment and loss. Occasionally, 
 (and it must be remembered it is ordy occasionally,) the 
 progeny of such an animxal may exhibit great speed ; 
 but the great proportion of them will be found to 
 have inherited her form but not her speed, and hence 
 are of small value. 
 
 The only course to pursue to keep up the Morgan 
 breed, is for breeders to retain their best mcu'es for 
 the purpose of breeding. This matter cannot be too 
 strongly impressed upon farmers, and all who are in- 
 terested in the subject. There is another danger that 
 breeders must guard well against. The high prices 
 that Southern and "Western buyers are offering for the 
 best stallions, is draining the home region rapidly. If 
 the best are sold, and only the indifferent retained, it 
 is easy to see that some other part of the country, with 
 enterprise enough to buy your best animals, will raise 
 better Morgan horses than you can, as they will have 
 better stock. Ko country can long retain a superior 
 race of animals, who sell all the best of the growth and 
 
IMPROVING THE BEEED. 205 
 
 increase. This is so obvious that no argument or dis- 
 cussion is required to show its truth. Some breeders 
 are already aware of this danger, and will no doubt use 
 their influence to prevent it. We know of some choice 
 animals that have been held, notwithstanding the most 
 tempting offers from abroad. 
 
 As the most spirited breeders are now making great 
 profit by breeding from first-rate animals, their ex- 
 ample will produce more effijct than anything which 
 can be written on the subject. We know of some 
 Morgan mares which have been put to breeding that 
 are valued at a thousand dollars. 
 
 The English have paid more attention to breeding, 
 and with more success, than almost any other people 
 Their abundant capital, paid freely for choice animals 
 to breed from, shows us the means which they have 
 used. As manv of the landholders in Endand are 
 persons of great wealth, they have not been deterred 
 by high prices from obtaining the finest animals. Their 
 example is worthy our most careful consideration ; for 
 they have had great experience, and the best talent of 
 the country has been called to tlieir aid. There arc 
 some breeders of Morgan horses who, although they 
 will not breed from animals decidedly inferior in form, 
 merely because they may happen to be fast, are yet 
 inclined to lay too much stress upon great speed — a 
 good quality, but one which we think is often pur- 
 chased at the expense of qualities even more valu- 
 able. 
 
 If animals are selected for breeding which can make 
 the best time for a mile, we think the tendency will be 
 to depreciate the value of the breed. Bred for that one 
 
206 THE MORGAN nOKSE. 
 
 purpose, thej will lose some of their compactness, be- 
 come more Icggj and "rangy," and lack the stamina 
 of the true Morgan. The general business qualities of 
 the Morgan are what give him his great value. His 
 admirable travelling gait, and his stoutness, courage, 
 and endurance, are what is wanted for the road. It is 
 not wise, therefore, to attempt to make him the fastest 
 horse in the world, for in doing this we shall be very 
 likely to lose sight of q ualities far more important than 
 the ability to trot a mile in 2m. 80s. 
 
 Let those breeders who manifest so much anxiety to 
 produce a horse that can trot his mile "in the thirties" 
 consider for a moment what would be the result, could 
 they realize their utmost expectations ; (and, if their ex- 
 pectations are not to be realized, it is foolish to entertain 
 them.) The horse that can now trot his mile in 2m. 
 80s., does he command a great price because that speed 
 is available for any practical and ordinary business 
 purpose ? By no means. It is because he can out-foot 
 nine-tenths of the sporting horses of the country. It 
 is because his speed is relativehj great, that his value is 
 great, and just in the proportion that breeders could 
 produce such animals would their value be decreased. 
 This alone should cause the prudent breeder to look 
 first for those qualities that will render the horse val- 
 uable for ,fill ordinary business purposes. 
 
 No person v/ho has given the subject any attention, 
 but must be fully convinced that too little pains and 
 care have been taken in breeding these horses. The 
 value of Morgan horses was not at first justly appreci- 
 ated by our own people. Travellers through the State 
 had observed their fine points, and had noticed their 
 
IMPROVING THE BREED. 20T 
 
 great power of carrying weight in the stage-coaches, 
 and their extreme hardiness of constitution in a great 
 variety of situations. A few of the shrewdest horse- 
 men saw that they were destined to be in great de- 
 mand whenever they became fully known ; and these 
 few took pains to secure some good stock for the pur- 
 pose of breeding. In that part of the State where they 
 were first bred they became quite numerous before 
 much demand for them sprung up. The farmers did 
 not dream that the supply was exhaustible, and little 
 attention was at that time paid to breeding horses, as 
 the}^ were very low, and farmers generally considered 
 it unprofitable. In this State, when the dealer m 
 horses, or a stranger, offered the farmer at first $100 
 or $125, and at a later period $150 and $200 for 
 a fine mare, he could not resist the temptation to 
 sell her ; and he would supply her place with an ani- 
 mal of far less size, and worth perhaps less than half 
 the money he had received for the one he sold. The 
 legitimate fruit of such a course was the decrease in 
 size and value of the animals raised; and had this 
 ruinous system been generally pursued and continued, 
 the valuable qualities of the breed would have soon 
 been lost. These remarks, however, are chiefly appli- 
 cable to that portion of the States of Vermont and 
 New Hampshire lying between ISTewbury and Lan- 
 caster on Connecticut river. The reason for this must 
 be found in the fact that here the horses were first bred, 
 and from their greater number were here most easily 
 obtained : consequently, buyers from abroad rarely vis- 
 ited any other part of the State, and thus farmers of 
 the other sections were not so often tempted by liberal 
 
208 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 offers to part with tlieir best mares. Though these 
 remarks are particularly applicable to that part of the 
 country referred to, yet to a certain extent they might 
 well apply to every town. As an illustration of tlie 
 effect of this carelessness on the part of breeders in 
 relation to the quality of their mares, we would pointy 
 to the very evident difference in the size of the stock 
 descended from the Sherman raised in the vicinity of 
 Sutton, Burke, Danville, Lyndon, St. Johnsbury, &;c., 
 and that descended from him, but raised in the north 
 part of the State, and in Canada, about Derby and Stan- 
 stead, the former coming directly from the Billy Koot, 
 and the latter from the Eoyal Morgan. 
 
 These horses possessed exactly the same amount 
 of the blood of the Justin Morgan, the dams of both 
 being sired by the Justin Morgan, and themselves both 
 sons of the Sherman. Their dams also were nearly of 
 equal size. These horses bore a close resemblance to 
 one another in many important jDoints, were nearly of 
 the same size and height, amount of bone, general form, 
 and both possessed extraordinary courage and action. 
 They have both, also, attained great and nearly equal 
 celebrity. Under such circumstances, from the same 
 description of dams, we should expect stock of a very 
 similar character, and equal in most respects. In life, 
 spirit, and action, there is perhaps but little if any 
 difference, the descendants of both being widely and 
 justly celebrated for these qualities, but in size there is 
 a very perceptible difference. The stock descended 
 from the Koyal Morgan, and raised about Derby and 
 Stanstead, averaging decidedly larger than that raised 
 in the other towns mentioned, and descended from the 
 
IMPROVING THE BREED. 209 
 
 Root horse. Derby and Stanstead are much farther 
 removed from the markets where Morgan horses have 
 been sought, and the mares from which the farmers 
 have bred have been much larger. 
 
 Though breeders were generally unmindful of the 
 qualities of their breeding mares, yet there were 
 many scattered throughout the State who foresaw 
 that these horses would be sought for, and early 
 turned their attention to keeping up the qualities 
 for which they were so remarkable, if not improv- 
 ing them by judicious crossing with the best mares 
 the country could produce. Some commenced pay- 
 ing attention to this matter during the lifetime of 
 the Justin Morgan, and bred directly from him. A 
 constantly-growing attention to this subject has been 
 manifest from the death of the Justin Morgan to the 
 present time, though the great mass of the farmers of 
 the State are yet niost culpably negligent in regard to 
 the blood of the stock they breed from. 
 
 It is to these comparatively few persons, who early 
 gave their attention to this subject, that much of the 
 reputation and present excellence of the race must be 
 attributed. With regard to the proper means to be 
 adopted to improve these horses, little has been said 
 by those who have written upon it that we think will 
 be of great service to the breeder. The subject is a 
 difficult one ; and, although it is very easy to exhort 
 farmers to take more pains in selecting their breeding 
 animals, and endeavor to "^?>^p?'o^;e" the general char- 
 acter of their stock, yet it is very far from an easy 
 task to indicate the precise points in which any im- 
 provement is needed, and the manner in which it is to 
 
210 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 be accomplislied ; and it is far better to continue breed* 
 ing entirely within themselves, a stock of horses that 
 have proved themselves valuable, than to crass them 
 with animals of a different character with the hope of 
 improving them, without any definite idea as to the 
 nature of the improvement we propose to make. 
 
 Although we never saw a horse that came up fully in 
 every particular to our ideal standard of perfection, yet 
 we have seen many Morgan horses that approached it 
 so nearly that we should have little thought of attempt- 
 ing to improve them. Therefore, let the first efforts of 
 breeders be directed to the preservation of the good 
 qualities already obtained, by taking great pains to 
 breed from animals, both sires and dams, possessing as 
 fully as possible the prominent characteristics that have 
 distinguished the race, and whose pedigrees trace back 
 throuQ-h the best animals of the Morgan breed. Pur- 
 
 o o 
 
 suing such a course, the breeder can rely upon reaping 
 an ample reward for his efforts in the ready sale his 
 stock will meet with at remunerating prices; and he 
 will not subject himself to the mortification of discov- 
 ering, when too late, that crossing his animals with 
 strange breeds, with the view to improvement, has 
 resulted in a progeny decidedly inferior to either branch 
 of the parent stock. 
 
 Let it not be supposed that we are averse to, or dis- 
 posed to discourage, any attempts at improvement ; on 
 the contrary, we would stop at nothing short of perfec- 
 tion — ^but, as we approach that ideal standard, the diffi- 
 culty of advancing is increased ; and the greater pains 
 should be taken to secure the progress already made. 
 The improvement of animals that closely approach per- 
 
IMPROVLN-G THE BREED. 211 
 
 fection, sliould be attempted witli tbe greatest care, 
 and by persons possessed of a tliorough knowledge of 
 tbe pbysical laws that will control tbe result ; and sncb 
 alteration must be undertaken for tbe correction of a 
 fault, or increased excellence in some definite and 
 clearly-understood point ; otberwise sucb experiments 
 will resemble a lottery, in wbicb, tbougb tbere are 
 splendid prizes, yet tbere is also a most discouraging 
 array of blanks. 
 
 Vermont breeders bave been so often advised by 
 persons from abroad to make every exertion to increase 
 tbe size of tbeir borses, tbat, contrary to tbeir own judg- 
 ment, tbey bave been led to make some efforts to pro- 
 duce sucb a change ; but, so far as we bave bad oppor- 
 tunity to observe, mucb increase in size bas almost 
 invariably been obtained by a large admixture of other 
 blood, and at tbe expense of qualities we deem of tbe 
 utmost importance, namely, compactness, action, and 
 spirit. Tbe word "size," as applied to borses, bas a 
 very different meaning at tbe Soutb and in New Eng- 
 land. At tbe South the most valuable borses are from 
 racing or thorough - bred stock. As races are now 
 generally for short distances, height and length are of 
 great importance, as enabling the animal to take a long 
 stride. Consequently, height has there come to be the 
 measure of size. Thus you ask a person how large 
 is his horse, and you are told " he is a large horse, 
 as much as seventeen hands high," or, " he is a small 
 horse, not more than fourteen hands high.' Few horse- 
 men at the South take any pains to ascertain the weight 
 of their horses, that being considered of little import- 
 ance. Inquire of a Yermonter how large is his horse, 
 
212 THE MOPwGAN HOKSE. 
 
 and lie replies, "he is a large liorse — lie will weigh 
 1200 lbs.," or, "he is a small horse, and won't weigh 
 more than 900 lbs." This should not be forgotten, as 
 many persons who have advised an effort to increase the 
 size, intend the word to apply only to the height. 
 
 Yf e think a slight increase in height would be ad- 
 visable; but there is great danger of running into 
 the opposite extreme, and certainly for service and 
 endurance, too much height is a serious objection. 
 Youatt says the breeding mare should have " compact- 
 ness of form, and shortness of leg." That shortness 
 of limb with compactness of form are indispensable to 
 great endurance, is too well known and too generally 
 admitted by horsemen to need any argument. It may 
 be true that height is necessary to give the greatest 
 speed, but of what practical advantage will be such 
 speed without corresponding powers cf endurance. 
 All experience shows that the horse of medium size is 
 far the most capable of performing great feats upon 
 either the turf or road in carrying weight at lo7ig dis- 
 tances. The Arabian, universally admitted to possess 
 astonishing powers of endurance under light weight at 
 high speed, is rarely fifteen hands high. Of those 
 horses that have distinguished themselves as trotters, 
 a very large majority of them have been under 15^ 
 hands, some of the most remarkable of them being 
 under 15. " Fanny Jenks," who trotted one hundred 
 miles in nine hours forty- two minutes, was only 14 f 
 hands high, and weighed only 935 pounds. Tom 
 Thumb, who performed one hundred miles upon Sun- 
 bury common, England, in ten hours seven minutes, 
 in February, 1829, was only 14^ hands high, and his 
 
IMPKOVIIS'G THE BREED. 213 
 
 driver and sulky > weighed 250 lbs.; and we think 
 more instances can be adduced of great feats at long 
 distances, performed by horses under fifteen than over 
 sixteen hands high. 
 
 We believe it is a fixed and unyielding law of ani- 
 mal life, that in medium size we shall find the gi'eatest 
 activity, the best constitutions, the greatest power of 
 endurance, and the most courage and vital energy. In 
 the human race, how strikingly is this law illustrated ! 
 It is the men of close, compact figures, and medium 
 height, that possess the best constitutions, and are 
 most active and enduring. The athletic of the amphi- 
 theatre are men of medium size, with close, compact, 
 muscular figures. Mark the men ^vho live to the age 
 of ninety or one hundred years : they, too, are of me- 
 dium stature, with swelling chests and close-knit, vigor- 
 ous forms. 
 
 Large cattle are -slow in their movements, and the 
 heav}^ Durham or Herefordshire cannot compete with 
 the low, compact and hardy Devon in action, speed, 
 and endurance. The largest varieties of the dog are 
 quickly conquered by the small, but active and vigo- 
 rous terrier. And the tall, heavy Chinese fov^ls are 
 speedily overpowered by the smaller, but nimble and 
 high-tempered game bird. 
 
 The horse is not an exception to this general law; 
 and the breeder who fancies he can produce a class of 
 tall, heavy horses, possessed of the activity, the en- 
 durance and nervous energy that belongs to animals 
 of a smaller size, will find upon trial that he has under- 
 rated the difiiculties of the undertaking. The Morgan 
 horse has .obtained his present celebrity as the best 
 
214 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 I 
 
 business horse of tlie country, notwitlistanding the 
 cry "too small, too small," and wc earnestly exhort 
 oreeders to beware, lest, in endeavoring to increase the 
 size, they lose the very qualities that have earned for 
 him his high reputation. ISTor is it wise to breed from 
 horses below the medium size. Very small horses are 
 unable to carry the weight or perform the service re- 
 quired, and will prove dull of sale. But, aiming to 
 produce animals neither overgrovv^n or dwarfish, by 
 breeding from such as are of medium size, the breeder 
 can safely rely upon a quick market and remunerating 
 sales. 
 
 It may be said that the breeder must labor to pro- 
 duce such horses as the market demands. This is 
 very true. But if it is true that a horse of a certain 
 form is best adapted for the uses to which horses sold in 
 market are put, although he may differ from the horse 
 then in general use, he will not fail to be properly ap- 
 preciated when fully known. In a former chapter we 
 stated that we considered fourteen and a half to fifteen 
 and a half hands about the proper height of the busi- 
 ness horse, and the Morgan horses of the best blood 
 will fall a little below that standard. We would, there- 
 fore, recommend that pains be taken to bring him up 
 to this standard, but not at the expense of any of his 
 valuable qualities. 
 
 The proper method of attempting this improvement 
 is to select larger mares. They should not be of dis- 
 proportionate size, but such as are fully up to, and if 
 possible a little above the present average height; the 
 sire should not be larger than the dam. The most 
 intelligent breeders are agreed it is an important rule 
 
USFBOYLSG THE BREED. 215 
 
 in breeding, that the dam should be fully equal to 
 the sire in size. Yet certainly there is no role more 
 fiequently disregarded. Upon this point almost all 
 T?rTiters are fully ap^-ei Some advise breedinor mares 
 oi large size to sires of small size ; this we should 
 very much prefer to the opposite course ; but our ov.n 
 opinion i?, that there should be an approximate equal- 
 ity between the sire and dam, taking care that the 
 sire be not the largest, and that he possess s-uch qual- 
 i^les as we have before described. 
 
 But some -^^ill say recourse must t'C had to racing 
 blood to improve the present Morgans. If the char- 
 acteristic qualities of the Morgan horse are really val- 
 uable, we are at a loss to see how his excellence in 
 these respects is to be increased by crossing him ^nth 
 the race-horse. 
 
 Where breeding mares of Morgan blood cannot be 
 obtained, we should, prefer mares p<:«s^sing a strain 
 of racing-blood, but not thorough-bred; for though 
 the thorough-bred may occasionally be found with 
 considerable compactne^ of form, yet it can hardly be 
 denied that a close-built, compact racer with plenty 
 of bone and muscle, is at this day a rare animaL StiU, 
 he retains in a high degree the fire and courage that 
 his ancestors brought Tiith them from the deserts of 
 Arabia. 
 
 It is to the thorough-bred that the Morgan owes, in 
 a great measure, his indomitable courage and never- 
 £ ' rit. This courasre and spirit everv arood 
 
 \ : take great pains to foster and preserve. 
 
 r . rly few breeds of horses possess in a hi^ 
 
 degree this distinguishing trait of the Arabian; and it 
 
216 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 is chiefly for this reason that we would resort, when 
 Morgan mares cannot be obtained, to those that have a 
 strain of racing or Arabian blood, say one-eighth to 
 one-quarter. 
 
 In tlie breeding of all domestic animals except the 
 horse, competition for the purchase of the best stock 
 is mainly confined to farmers and breeders. But the 
 best specimens of the horse are daily sought for, and 
 tempting prices offered, by persons not engaged in their 
 pi*oduction, residing in the great cities, who are proud 
 to own the finest drivers and goers in the country. 
 
 "With the view of improving- the horses of France, 
 the French government maintain a stud of the best 
 stallions and mares for breeding, and no expense is 
 spared by them to command the best in that country. 
 In some parts of the Uuited States associations of farm- 
 ers and breeders have been formed for the same gene- 
 ral purpose. It is to an association of this kind formed 
 some years ago, that Kentucky is indebted for her fine 
 stock of high-bred cattle, which are acknowledged by 
 those who have had the best opportunities of judging, 
 to be superior to those of any other State in the Union. 
 The Kentucky asssociations have usually imported 
 their animals, and from time to time sold to their own 
 citizens, who would retain the stock in the State. The 
 stock sold has usually paid for the original cost, and all 
 expenses, so that the improvement has been made at a 
 cheap rate, and the stock is constantly improving. 
 
 Some liberal gentlemen of fortune, who are neither 
 farmers nor breeders, would no doubt aid in forming 
 and keeping up such associations for the improvement 
 of horses. If such an association were formed in every 
 
IMPROVING THE BREEI>. 217 
 
 county, tliey could easily retain the best stallions and 
 mares for breeding. They Avould prove useful in 
 awakening more attention to the importance and neces- 
 sity of retaining the very best animals, and the example 
 of the association would not be lost on individuals. 
 The following suggestions by an intelligent writer 
 in the ''Albany Cultivator," over the signature of 
 " Equus," seem to us worthy of attention : " The form- 
 ation of clubs in different neighborhoods for the im- 
 provement of the breed of horses, might be productive 
 of great advantage. It should be an object with such 
 clubs to secure the best mares, Avhicli should be bred 
 to the most valuable horses. The rules of the clubs 
 should be as few and as simple as possible. The mares 
 may be owned separately, by individuals composing 
 the clubs ; but they should be such as the club, or a 
 committee appointed by it, should approve. The stal- 
 lions should be owned by the club. They should be 
 selected by individuals appointed by the club. The 
 club should have the sole direction in regard to their 
 use ; they should be kept at joint expense ; and the 
 proceeds arising from their services should be divided 
 in an equitable ratio among the members. This busi- 
 ness, if properly conducted, may undoubtedly be made 
 profitable. The clubs, if properly conducted, \yould 
 soon establish a favorable reputation. They should 
 offer none but the ver7j best stock, and such would be 
 certain to meet with a ready sale at remunerating 
 prices." 
 
 In some parts of the country such societies or clubs 
 have been formed — ^but few if any in our State. In 
 readiiio; the foregoing remarks in relation to the prop- 
 
 10 
 
218 THE MORGAN HOESE, 
 
 er metho.d of preserving and perpetuating tlie Morgan 
 breed of horses, it must be borne in mind tliat we 
 believe it is the true interest of breeders to foster and 
 preserve those qualities that render them so valuable 
 asbasiness horses, and to make no effort to adapt them 
 to those kinds of service for which fashion or utility 
 demand a different kind of animal. They have not 
 height enough to suit fashionable people in the large 
 cities who want horses to roll their princely equipages 
 through the streets. They have not the natural paces 
 that persons generally think best suited for the saddle ;. 
 and if we were to attempt breeding horses to supply 
 that demand, we should prefer a different breed. 
 
 In concluding this chapter, we cannot forbear ex- 
 pressing the hope that some of our breeders possessing 
 the requisite knowledge of, and taste for the subject, 
 will favor the public with a full and complete essay 
 upon it, as it is one far too little understood by the 
 great mass of our farmers. 
 
 The man who causes two blades of grass, or two 
 grains of wheat, to grow v/here only one grew before, is 
 admitted to be a public benefactor. But he who will 
 improve, or show us how to improve, our domestic ani- 
 mals, will do us an equal, perhaps a greater service. 
 
1 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 HINTS IN RELATION TO BREAKING AND DRIVING. 
 
 However horsemen may differ in relation to tho 
 manner of inculcating tlie later lessons, all seem to be 
 well agreed that perfect kindness and gentleness should 
 characterize our first efforts to bring the young colt 
 under that perfect subjection, without which the finest 
 form, the greatest speed, or the most lasting endurance, 
 will fail to make him superlatively valuable. But 
 though all horsemen profess themselves agreed as to 
 the importance of thus treating the young colt, many 
 allow their practice to differ widely from their profes- 
 sions. 
 
 Of all the vicious habits which are found in horses, 
 we believe nine-tenths are owing to unkind treatment, 
 harsh usage and improper management when first put 
 to work, or, in other words, while being broken. 
 
 The ancients well understood the importance of 
 kind treatment in training colts. Nearly twenty-three 
 hundred years ago Xcnophon wrote the following 
 directions for the management of the young horse : 
 " Care must be taken, that when the breaker receives 
 the foal, he be gentle, tractable, and fond of men. For 
 he is generally rendered so at home by the groom, if 
 the foal is made to understand that hunger, thirst, and 
 irritation are procured by solitude ; and that meat, 
 drink and freedom from irritation are procured by men. 
 
 (219) 
 
220 ' THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 When these things take place, foals not only love but 
 long for men. It is necessary also to touch those parts 
 which, when touched, give greatest pleasure to the 
 horse ; and these are the hairiest, and those parts in 
 which, Y/hen he feels any pain, he cannot relieve him- 
 self. 
 
 " The groom should be enjoined to lead him through 
 a crowd, and cause him to approach all kinds of sights 
 and sounds. Yv^hichever of these the foal may dread, 
 it is necessary to teach him, not by harshness, but 
 gentleness, that they are not dangerous." 
 
 Eegarding this subject as one of vital importance 
 and too little understood, we shall devote some space 
 to it, at the risk of its being thought foreign to our 
 general subject. 
 
 The breaking and training of the horse to the kinds 
 of service for which, when matured, he will be used, 
 should commence ?t an early age. The reasons for 
 this are many and obvious. As the colt advances 
 towards maturity, he becomes more fixed in his habits, 
 more resolute in temper, less capable of being taught, 
 and is able to offer greater resistance. 
 
 With regard to his being "less capable of being 
 taught," many persons may not think this correct, and, 
 as an illustration, point us to the horses used in the 
 Circus, these horses being rarely trained to tlieir paces, 
 tricks and evolutions, until they are fully grown ; but 
 we do not think this in any respect militates against 
 the soundness of our proposition ; it merely shows us 
 how much may be accomplished after the horse has 
 attained his full growth. As a general thing, we think 
 it will be found that those horses whose performancea 
 
BREAKING AND DRIVING. 221 
 
 are the most remarkable, as exhibiting a high and rare 
 degree of intelligence, were early trained to obedience. 
 It is a well-known fact that animals which have 
 been trained for years, and tanght to perform a great 
 variety of tricks, until they seem almost endowed with 
 the intelligence of human beings, are not only perfect 
 in the various difficult feats they have been taught, but 
 they also acquire the power of learning any other 
 tricks or performances with ease and rapidity ; just as 
 the child who from his infancy has been taught to 
 exercise his faculties daily until arrived at manhood, 
 acquires knowledge much more easily and readily than 
 he whose mind has been allowed to run entirely to 
 waste and receive no sort of cultivation. The mere 
 habit of implicit obedience from his earliest years, 
 would in itself account, in a great measure, for the 
 greater ease ^vith which the horse accustomed to such 
 obedience is taught. 
 
 Few will deny that animals may, and that the horse 
 does, possess intelligence ; and we can scarcely conceive 
 of an intelligence that is not capable of cultivation 
 and improvement. 
 
 When the horse is very young he is capable of offer- 
 ing but a feeble resistance to his master, and there is 
 much less danger of his injuring himself or his trainer 
 by his efforts to free himself from necessary restraint. 
 Two objections are sometimes urged against the early 
 training of colts : 1st, that using them at a very early 
 age retards their growth, and is apt to render them 
 unsound ; and 2d, that early handling injures and sours 
 their temper. To the first we reply that such injuries 
 result from injudicious and harsh treatment, and such 
 
222 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 treatment will result in injuries to tlie animal, no 
 matter wliat liis ags. We liave lieard this objection 
 made by pei'sons who would allow their colts to run 
 wild until the third winter, never even accustoming 
 them to allow of the least handling, and then an effort 
 is made to break them, and the whole process is em- 
 phatically a hrecikhig one. 
 
 A file of men surround him in the field, drive him 
 to a corner, and with great trouble a halter is got upon 
 him. He is made fast to a strong post and allowed to 
 wear himself out in his prodigious efforts to escape ; 
 efforts that far more imperil his limbs and his life than 
 years of careful and judicious use. Unless great 
 pains are taken that all the fastenings are secure, he 
 will be apt to free himself; and, let him once break 
 away, all after attempts to subdue him will be attended 
 with tenfold difiiculty. After being so far subdued 
 that he will yield to the halter and allow himself to be 
 led, a harness is put on him, he is put with another 
 animal before a common sled, the tongue or pole of 
 which runs so low that the traces are dangling about 
 his legs, and he can at any time step over them with- 
 out the slightest difiiculty. He has been put in by 
 main force, and he stands sulky and ill-tempered, his 
 legs spread out and his ears motionless. When told 
 to start, and the horse with him moves off, he is drag- 
 ged ahead, and in all probability his first movement 
 will be a prodigious rush forward that threatens to 
 snap every strap and fastening about him ; should a 
 trace or a whiffletree break, or any other important 
 thing give way, he will often get loose, and from the 
 effects of such a fright and escape, the high-spirited 
 
BREAKING AND DRIVING. 223 
 
 colt rarely recovers ; he may, by good management and 
 care, be driven, and even become apparently quiet and 
 manageable ; but let some part of his harness break, 
 or a trace unhitch, and he is instantly wild with fright, 
 and will use every possible exertion to escape, which 
 exertion will, in many cases, prove successful. But if, 
 instead of making any effort to free himself from re- 
 straint when he is first bid to go, he proves sullen and 
 exhibits a disposition to resist all endeavors to move 
 him, his driver at once declares it an exhibition of ill- 
 temper and natural ugliness that must be broken down 
 at the very commencement of his training, or it will 
 grow worse by going unchecked; accordingly he begins 
 with a slight touch of the whip, slight, because he is 
 somewhat afraid of the immediate consequences : startled 
 by the blow, the colt perhaps makes an effort to move 
 forward, but is checked by the bit, the driver having 
 taken him well in hand before touching him Avdth the 
 whip : another touch of the whip with a slackened 
 rein and possibly he is got off without accident. But 
 suppose the first touch of the whip does not startle 
 him, it is repeated until he feels some pain from it, and 
 he returns the blow with a kick, just as he kicks at 
 the fly that annoys him in the pasture ; instead, how- 
 ever, of meeting nothing but thin air, his foot or leg 
 comes in contact with the whiffletree, the pole, or the 
 traces — he is both hurt and frightened — he repeats the 
 blow, and in a few moments has freed himself from 
 the carriage, his driver, and all restraint, and has taken 
 his first lesson in one of the worst vices to which the 
 horse can be addicted. 
 
 It is true that under such management the colt will 
 
224 THE MORGAIS' HORSE. 
 
 often turn out well and become perfectly kind and 
 tractable, but it by no means follows that because such 
 management often succeeds it is the best mode of treat- 
 ing the young colt. Such treatment often results in 
 the utter ruin of the animal, by straining him or in- 
 flicting some other bodily injury, or by fixing upon 
 him some vice that renders him w^holly unsalable. 
 
 Of the animals that suffer permanent injury from 
 such management, nine- tenths of them are horses that 
 would, under different treatment, have made very su- 
 perior and valuable servants — for it is the horse of high 
 courage and spirit that offers the most serious resistance, 
 and requires the greatest exercise of patience, kindness, 
 and gentle treatment; while the dull, sluggish and 
 stupid animal, though easily broken, is unfortunately 
 worth but a trifle after it is done. 
 
 Some may think it impossible that such a course of 
 brutal treatment can be often pursued towards the 
 horse in view of all that has been written upon the sub- 
 ject; but we have so often seen instances of it, that it 
 is quite plain enough has not yet been said or written 
 against it. 
 
 In training the young horse, too much pains cannot 
 be taken to have everj^ description of harness or 
 listening put upon him perfectly sound and sufficiently 
 strong. Accidents arising from defects in the harness 
 or carriage are not only dangerous to the driver, but 
 often ruinous to the horse. 
 
 The first lessons in obedience should be given while 
 the colt is following the dam ; and, to accomplish this 
 the more readily, the mare should be often used at 
 some light work, in order that the colt may be easily 
 
BREAKING AND DRIVING. 225 
 
 handled and made perfectly familiar with the various 
 objects with which, when grown, he will be connected. 
 He should be handled every day gently and quietly, 
 taking care to touch him only in those places that are 
 agreeable to him : these places will be those that he 
 c mnot easily rub, or touch with his mouth or feet — 
 such as the back, the top of the hips, the jowls, the 
 under si;ie of the neck and the head^ taking care to avoid 
 the ears, for few horses like to have their cars touched, 
 no matter how carefully. The greatest care should be 
 talvcn to avoid touching them on the flanks, or the 
 inside of the stifle, the under side of the breast, or in 
 any place where it seems to annoy him. 
 
 Every one has observed that some persons are more 
 easily tickled than others, some being so sensitive in 
 this respect that the mere pointing of a finger towards 
 them puts them in perfect misery ; while others hardly 
 ever experience any such sensation, no matter how 
 much effort is made to produce it. The horse is 
 equally sensitive in this respect, and many a fine animal 
 has been utterly ruined by a total disregard to this 
 natural sensation, over which the horse has no control. 
 How often do we see the horse tied up to be groomed 
 twisting and turning in every direction to avoid the 
 sharp teeth of the curry-comb with which the brutal 
 groom is harrowing up the skin, and chafing him in 
 those places where even the slightest touch puts him 
 in agony : should the poor brute venture to return such 
 usage by a kick, a most unmerciful beating is pretty 
 sure to follow, and he is at once pronounced an ugly 
 and vicious animal. 
 
 When the colt is about two months old, a halter 
 10^ 
 
226 THE MOEGAN HORSE. 
 
 should be put on Mm. : a rope one will do, though a 
 leather one is better, as the harsh rope chafes and 
 annoys him. Of whatever material the halter is made, 
 it should be abundantly strong, so that his most violent 
 struggles cannot break it ; put a harness on the mare, 
 and either put her before a wagon, or hitch her in such 
 a way that the colt will not be liable to hurt himself 
 in plunging, as he will be pretty sure to for a few 
 minutes. If he has been accustomed to being handled, 
 no difficulty will be found in putting on the halter. 
 It should be fastened to the collar of the mare's har- 
 ness, and the breaker, taking hold of the bit of the 
 mother with one hand, keep constant hold of the 
 halter of the colt with the other ; for it is important 
 that he should not only surrender, but he should be 
 made to associate all ideas of obedience with his master. 
 After a few pulls at the halter and a jump or two, he 
 submits, and may soon be led anywhere with perfect 
 safety. 
 
 In these, as in all other lessons, care should be taken 
 to reward every act of obedience by a gentle pat and 
 a kind word. After the colt will suffer himself to be 
 led, little more need be done towards breaking him 
 until he is two years old, except that he should be 
 handled daily and often led ; and in doing this care 
 should be taken not to endeavor to walk faster than 
 the colt is naturally disposed to. It is a great mistake 
 to suppose that incessant lugging at the halter will 
 teach the colt to walk fast : it will only teach him to 
 hang back upon the halter, and this habit, once con- 
 firmed, can never be fully broken. At two years old 
 the breaking to harness and saddle should commence. 
 
EREAKIIs^G AND DRIVING. 227 
 
 If the colt has never been accustomed to the confine- 
 ment of the stall, he should be put in for a few hours 
 every day for a fev\^ days, hitched short so that there 
 may bo no possibility of his getting his feet over the 
 halter ; he should be turned out nights till he gets per- 
 fectly well accustomed to his stable. During this time 
 he should be bitted every day ; at first he may be turn- 
 ed loose with a headstall or bridle on, without the 
 reins; this should be continued till he becomes per- 
 fectly accustomed to the bit. 
 
 The ordinary bitting bridle may then be put on, and 
 the bearing and side reins taken np just so as to move 
 the head a very Utile from its natural position, and it 
 should not be kept on more than two hours. Kothino- 
 can be more pernicious than the practice of straining 
 the head into an exceedingly unnatural position, and 
 keeping it so for hours, to the excruciating torture of 
 the animal, and the utter ruin of his mouth. 
 
 Much of this ill-treatment in bitting is to be attribut- 
 ed to a mistaken notion that the manner in which the 
 horse carries his head will depend principally, or in a 
 great measure, upon the position into which it is drawn 
 by the bitting bridle. The position in which the 
 horse carries his head in harness will depend almost 
 entirely upon his form and his temper, which govern its 
 natural position when left free from any sort of restraint. 
 No art can ever give the horse with a low, perpendicular 
 shoulder and short neck, a fine style of carrying his head 
 and neck, even if he possesses good courage and spirit. 
 The bitting bridle may be of some service in giving 
 the head a proper position; but the great object of 
 using it is, to accustom the horse to submit to the press* 
 
228 TNE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 ure of the bit, and teacli him to obey the motions of 
 the reins. 
 
 When the head is strained up into an unnatural and 
 uncomfortable position, and kept there a long time, the 
 colt relieves the pain he feels by resting the entire 
 weight of his head on the bit; and in this case, instead 
 of deriving any benefit from it, his mouth is injured 
 by his acquiring the habit of hangiog on the bit, and 
 often this will be accompanied by the habit of leaning 
 his head on one side of his bit ; tliese habits will fol- 
 low him through life, and verj^ materially injure him. 
 
 Youatt says, " The bit should be large and smooth, 
 and the reins buckled to a ring in the side of the pad. 
 There are many curious and expensive machines for this 
 purpose, but the simple rein will be quite sufficient. It 
 should at first be slack, and then be gradually tighten- 
 ed. This will prepare for the more perfect manner in 
 v/hich the head will afterwards be got into its proper 
 position, when the colt is accustomed to the saddle. 
 Occasionally the breaker should stand in front of the 
 colt and take hold of each rein near the mouth, and 
 press upon it, and thus begin to teach him to stop 
 and to back on the pressure of the rein, rewarding 
 every act of docility, and not being too eager to 
 punish occasional carelessness or waywardness." 
 
 After having become well accustomed to the bit, 
 portions of the harness should be put on slowly and 
 carefully, and he should be led about for a time until 
 he becomes perfectly accustomed to it. Then the reins 
 may be used, and vrhen he has become obedient to 
 them, a third person should take hold of the traces, one 
 in each hand, taking care that they are long enough so 
 
BREAKING AND DRIVING. 229 
 
 that lie can retaiu his hold if the colt should kick, and 
 by occasionally pulling on them teach the colt to keep 
 sieadily along, whether he feels any draught on his 
 shoulders or not. 
 
 After the colt has been thoroughly practiced in all 
 these exercises until he has become perfectly familiar 
 with them, and quiet in them, he can be put into a cart 
 or sulky. This should be light, with high wheels, so 
 that the shafts (which should be very strong) may come 
 up fully as high as the stifle. The best place for doing 
 this is an open, smooth field. To put the horse before 
 the cart or sulky, three persons are required — one to 
 hold the colt while the others, each taking hold of one of 
 the thills, draw up the carriage behind him, and, shov- 
 ing forward and raising the thills, hitch up the traces 
 as carefully but quickly as possible. This being done, 
 the driver should get upon the seat, and taking the 
 reins, allow the person holding the colt to lead him a 
 few rods until he takes no notice of the carriage. He 
 should then carefully relax his hold and give him up 
 to the sole management of the driver, who should make 
 little effort to rein or guide him, but simply hold him 
 snug enough to keep in a walk — ^fbr he should not at 
 first be allowed to trot ; this exercise should be short, 
 but should be repeated every day. Many will prefer 
 to put the colt beside another horse, but we much pre- 
 fer this method for several reasons, first — although he 
 may be taught to go quietly with another horse, still 
 he will not drive well alone without a new course of 
 instruction. In almost all double carriages the pole 
 runs so low that the colt can easily kick over the traces ; 
 and, should he happen to get over them, he is frighten- 
 
280 THE MOKGAN HORSE. 
 
 ed, and it is often very difficult to get him quiet, or 
 prevent his breaking away. In double harness the 
 colt can at any time free himself from the restraint of 
 the bit by stopping and allowing the strain of the reins 
 to come upon his mate. If a little vexed, he can 
 twist about, throw his head over his mate's neck, and 
 do many annoying things that he cannot do in the 
 sulky or cart. Nothing now remains to complete his 
 education but to teach him his paces ; and this, although 
 rarely much attended to, is of the greatest consequence, 
 as on his perfection in these depends much of his useful- 
 ness and value. 
 
 Ko pace is of so much importance to the roadster or 
 business horse as the walk, and the young horse should 
 be thoroughly drilled in this before any attempt is 
 made to push him in the trot. 
 
 The greatest care should be taken to keep each pace 
 clear and distinct from the other; when w^alking, he 
 should never be allowed to trot a fev»r steps and then 
 commence his walk again. In the ordinary training 
 of horses very little attention is paid to this, and the 
 result is, it is a very rare thing that a horse will bear 
 the least urging, while w^'ilking, without breaking at 
 once into a trot. When trotting, as in walking, care 
 must be taken that he keeps steadily at his pace and 
 not slacking into a walk for a step or two ; and be not 
 over-anxious to have your colt acquire a reputation for 
 a fast trotter, before he has learned to move well in a 
 w^alk or a moderate trot. However, he must occasion- 
 ally be pushed to his extreme speed in the trot, but he 
 should be kept up to it only a few moments at a time . 
 and w^henever he has done well, take care to let him 
 
BREAKING AND DRIVING. 231 
 
 walk a sliort time, and reward him witli a kind and 
 soothing word. In driving, always keep the reins snug, 
 no matter how gentle the horse, or how slow his pace ; 
 the gentlest horse may sometimes be frightened, and 
 the slowest will sometimes stumble. To drive with 
 the reins dangling about your horse is a careless habit, 
 and 3^our horse at all times needs a gentle pressure on the 
 bit. When pushed to the top of his speed he should 
 be kept well in hand, and the reins kept up snug, that 
 he may learn to bear well upon them, as it is by means 
 of the reins chiefly that the horse, when going at a 
 high speed, is kept steady in his pace. While it is 
 important that he should take a good snug rein, he 
 should not be taught to pull with all his might, for 
 then he is not only difficult to manage, but the tremen- 
 dous pull is apt to draw in his nose, and by thus bend- 
 ing the neck too much, prevent his breathing readily 
 and freely. 
 
 The art of driving well, however, can no more be 
 taught by any written instructions than the art c^ 
 writing : we only intend to state a few plain and simple 
 truths that every one who is attempting to break a 
 young colt should know and understand. 
 
 Comparativelj^ few persons besides the professed 
 jockeys, fully understand the art of developing the 
 greatest speed of the horse in a trot, and it would be 
 utterly impossible to describe hovv^ the driver may dis- 
 cover the first evidence of a break, which may gene- 
 rally be noticed several steps before the break occurs : 
 still more difficult would it be to describe the manner 
 in which the finished driver, by a word and a strain 
 upon the reins, fairly lifts his horse over the trouble- 
 
232 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 some point, without tlie least apparent clieck to Ms 
 speed. Yet almost any man wlio has any taste for a 
 horse can do much towards improving him in this re- 
 spect. A great deal will depend upon the temper and 
 life of the horse. The horse of dull and sluggish tem- 
 per will bear to be crowded with the whip, and when 
 he breaks, may be more severely punished tlian the 
 horse of high spirit ; the latter rarely needs any urging to 
 send him at once to his best speed, but that yery ardor 
 renders him much more likely to overstejD his gait. 
 He must not be punished severely for every breaking 
 from his gait, for, if he is invariably beaten for it, 
 when he finds he is beginning to get " tangled " he is 
 frightened, and immediately breaks, and having once 
 broken, it is very difficult to get him down to his work 
 again. 
 
 Though particularly true of the young horse, that 
 he should be kept at the top of his speed but a short 
 time, it is also true of the older animal. He should be 
 driven daily at a moderate pace, two or three times a 
 week, giving him a sharp drive of two or three miles, 
 not all the way at the top of his speed, but at a good 
 smart gait, occasionally crowding him to the utmost 
 stretch of his powers, but in no case should it be kept 
 up till he begins to flag and fall off in his pace. It 
 will also be found advantageous to drive him over the 
 same ground frequently, until he becomes well ac- 
 quainted with it. and rouse him to exertion at the same 
 points ; by doing this, he will, if possessed of any 
 spirit, soon acquire a keen relish for these "bursts." 
 Care must be taken that while endeavoring to develop 
 the greatest power of the horse in the trot, his other 
 
BREAKING AND DRIVING. 238 
 
 paces are not neglected ; particularly should great pains 
 be taken to accustom him to a good driving or road 
 gait, and to teach him to stand quietly and patiently 
 . whenever and wherever stopped, until bidden to go. 
 The latter is often a difficult lesson, and requires the 
 greatest patience on the part of the trainer, and even 
 with his utmost skill and j)erseverance he will find 
 some horses whose temperaments are so nervous that 
 it will never be safe to leave them unfastened. 
 
 During all this course of early training, it must be 
 constantl}^ borne in mind that the colt, although old 
 enough to learn how to move well in harness, and 
 perhaps to drive as quietly and pleasantly as an older 
 horse, is not old enough to perform the work of an 
 animal fully matured. Two or three miles a day be- 
 fore a sulky or very light buggy at a walk, is ample 
 work for him when two years or thirty months old. 
 This exercise should be gradually increased as he grows 
 older, until at four or five years he can be put to ordi- 
 nary work ; but he will not often be able to endure 
 severe and constant labor until six or seven ; and we 
 believe it is the general opinion of sporting men that 
 the trotter, if properly treated, will continue to improve 
 until ten or twelve years old, if not prematurely put 
 to severe work. 
 
 In this connection, a few remarks as to the proper 
 manner of preparing horses for, and exhibiting them at 
 Agricultural Fairs, or upon other public occasions, may 
 not be amiss, especially when we consider that the entire 
 neglect which many really fine animals so often meet 
 with at these exhibitions, is frequently due entirely 
 
234 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 to the ignorance, gross carelessness or neglect of tLeir 
 owners. 
 
 A farmer lias a fine, powerful three-years-old colt, 
 that is descended from excellent stock, and is in fact . 
 a fine animal, and he concludes to exhibit him at a 
 neighboring Fair; he has been partially broken to lead, 
 but, with this exception, is entirely nntrained ; he has 
 been left in the pasture entirely to himself; he is in 
 high condition, but his flesh is soft from green feed and 
 want of exercise ; his mane and tail are matted and 
 rusty, and his coat looks faded and dry from long 
 exposure to sun and rain. But his owner says the 
 judges should look at the horse and not at his training, 
 or grooming, and appears to forget that the capacity of 
 the horse to receive instruction is one of his valuable 
 qualities, and this capacity cannot be shown save by 
 training. And how shall we know whether his harsh, 
 sunburnt hair can ever look soft and glossy, even with 
 the most careful grooming ? 
 
 Even if these things could be determined, such a 
 horse would never compare favorably with one which, 
 though by nature in no respect superior, is yet equally 
 well formed, and has been properly groomed and 
 trained. ^Ye should no more expect a man of taste 
 would fancy such an animal, than we should expect 
 tim to be fascinated with a beautiful woman, of awk- 
 Vard manners and untidily dressed. 
 
 All horses intended for exhibitions, at which they 
 srill require to be exercised, either in harness or under 
 the saddle, should have at least two weeks' preparation, 
 in order tliat they may appear to the best advantage ; 
 
BKEAKING AND DRIVING. 235 
 
 supposing tliem to be in good flesh, and liealtliy at 
 the time this preparation commences. If it is intended 
 to test the speed or endurance of the animal, he should 
 be treated in the same manner as the race-horse is pre- 
 pared for the course, and the preparation should com- 
 mence much earlier. If, on the contrary, it is contem- 
 plated only to exhibit his form and paces, and give him 
 moderate exercise throughout the day, much less pains 
 need be taken. 
 
 The horse should have a cool, airy, and roomy stall, 
 and should be kept covered, if in summer, with a light, 
 and if in winter, with a heavy blanket. If he is ver}^ 
 fat, his flesh should be reduced by decreasing his feed 
 and increasing his exercise ; for no good horseman will 
 be pleased Avith an animal whose muscles are entirely 
 concealed by huge masses of fat ; and it is a great mis- 
 take to endeavor to exhibit horses and hogs in equal 
 condition. 
 
 K your horse is in suitable flesh, and is fully ma- 
 tured, he should travel not less than six or eight miles 
 per day, be thoroughly cleaned morning and night, 
 have a liberal allowance of good sweet hay, and just 
 grain enough to keep him in the right condition. If his 
 exercise is six miles per day at a moderate rate, from four 
 to six quarts of oats will usually be sufficient ; should 
 he make flesh under this treatment, his feed should be 
 decreased, and his exercise increased, enough to coun- 
 teract this tendency to take on flesh. The horse may 
 be put to any light work if it is convenient ; but if his 
 exercise is continued through most of the day, he will 
 require much more liberal feed. If the owner has no 
 work for him, or is anxious to have his horse make 
 
236 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 a fine appearance, lie will do well to liave liim take 
 his daily exercise in the manner he Avill be exhibited, 
 whether in the wagon, sulky, or under the saddle, in 
 order that he may appear easy and well accustomed 
 to it. Sufficient exercise is not often given, but it is 
 of great importance. "Without it, the horse is nervous 
 and excited, from being brought into a crowd after long 
 confinement to the stable ; his flesh is soft, he frets, per- 
 spires freely, the dust sticks to him, he soon looks like 
 a coach-horse at the end of a long, hard stage, and, 
 before the day is passed, is quite exhausted by his un- 
 accustomed exercise. 
 
 In exhibiting your horse, do not attempt to assume 
 the character of a jockey, for in the great majority of 
 cases the attempt will prove a failure ; and should you 
 succeed, Vv^e think you will not find the character 
 more creditable to you than that of a sound practical 
 farmer or breeder. Not that we believe there is any 
 moral or religious principle — any rule of social duty — 
 ©r any reasonable consideration that forbids a person* 
 owning the finest horses, and exhibiting upon suitable 
 occasions, and in a proper manner, tlieir form and paces 
 to the best advantage, displaying skilful horsemanship 
 in the management of them; but, in our judgment, it 
 is not in good taste for any one, either in public or 
 private, to attempt to assume a character not his own. 
 
 How often do we see youths, aspiring to the distinc- 
 tion of being called "fast," driving round the rings at 
 our Agiicultural Fairs, pulling, like John Gilpin, upon 
 a horse who perchance needs most diligent persuading 
 to trot a mile in four minutes, and wounding all sensi- 
 tive ears Avith veils and shrieks that Avould shame a 
 
BREAKING AXD DRIVING. 287 
 
 Bedlamite ; as if the art of driving consisted in pulling 
 with might and main upon the bit, and screaming at 
 the utmost pitch of their voices. 
 
 How would such men as Woodruff, Wheelan, Pea- 
 bodj, or Pilfer swell with indignation, Avere they to be 
 present on these occasions, and see their art thus grossly 
 caricatured. 
 
CHAPTEE Xin. 
 
 THE PROPP^P. MANNER OP FEEDING AND DRIVING UPON THE ROAD. 
 
 In tlie ]:>receding chapter, we have offered some sug- 
 gestions as to tlie proper metliod of teaching the yonng 
 horse to submit cheerfully and fully to the authority 
 and direction of his master, and also as to the best 
 manner of driving. These last had particular reference 
 to the proper manner of driving, to render the manage- 
 ment of him eas}^, and to exhibit his form and paces 
 to the best advantage. What we say upon the subject 
 of driving, in this chapter, has special reference to the 
 Eoauner of regulating his speed over the unequal sur- 
 fjico of the ordinary roads of the country, supposing 
 him to be thus driven daily, as upon a journey or in 
 the stage coach. 
 
 With regard to the kind of food that should be 
 given the horse when used upon the road, there is 
 much difference of opinion, some preferring corn, some 
 oats, and some meal, the latter to be fed with the hay 
 after the hay has been cut fine and moistened with 
 water, and is called "cut feed." The meal used is 
 generally a mixture of corn and oats, corn and rye, 
 and sometimes of corn, oats and rye. When of corn 
 and oats, it is usually of about equal parts of each, but 
 the rye, when used, is generally mixed with about 
 double its quantity of the other grains. Without stop- 
 ping to discuss the chemical analysis of these grains, 
 
 (283 
 
F L Y I N a MORGAN 
 
 THE GRAISITE STATE MOEGAN 
 
I FEEDING AND DRIVING. 239 
 
 and deducing therefrom tlieir relative value as articles 
 of food, we shall content ourselves with stating which, 
 in our opinion, will be found, under ordinary circum- 
 stances, the most profitable. Leaving it to the chemist 
 to decide which will produce the most fat, and which 
 the most muscle, we would suggest that this should 
 not alone determine our choice — for when put to rapid 
 work, the horse must not only have nutritious food, 
 but it must be such as will digest readily, in order that 
 digestion may be performed as much as possible dur- 
 ing the hours of rest. Driving the horse rapidly 
 when his stomach is filled with undigested food, is not 
 only injurious, but dangerous. Again, sudden and 
 entire changes in diet are decidedly injurious ; and if a 
 person, when travelling, endeavors to use a kind of 
 food that is not easily and readily obtained at the 
 various places where he stops to feed, he will fre- 
 quently be compelled to give his horse a kind of grain 
 to which he is altogether unaccustomed. In those 
 parts of the country where barley is raised, we should 
 use it, preferring it to any other food, provided the 
 horse is not driven very rapidly ; but as in most sec- 
 tions of the country barley cannot readily be procured, 
 we should recommend oats, as they are not only excel- 
 lent food, but can be almost everywhere obtained with- 
 out difficulty. 
 
 As to the quantity that should be fed, no definite 
 rule can be given, as the quantity must be varied to 
 suit tlio wants of different animals. From eight to 
 sixteen quarts, and usually from ten to twelve quarts 
 per day, will be found sufficient. 
 
 Where ground oats (oatmeal) can be had they are 
 
240 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 always to be preferred, as they are sooner digested. 
 The feed, wlietlier oats or oatmeal, should be moistened 
 with water, as this makes it more f>Tateful to the ani- 
 mal, facilitates digestion, and it is thus more easily and 
 thoroughly masticated. This should be given regular, 
 and not more than three feeds in twenty-four hours. 
 The largest should be given at night, and the lightest 
 at noon, unless the horse is allowed from two to three 
 hours rest, in which case the noon feed may be in- 
 creased. In no case should either water or food be 
 given when the animal is very Avarm from exercise. 
 
 The first and most important duty that the traveller 
 should in no case neglect, is to look personally to the 
 care of his horse, to see that he is properl}'- fed and 
 watered, that he is put in a comfortable stall, that he 
 is well groomed and ^yc]\ littered. The man who con- 
 siders the care of the l^orso he is driving unworthy his 
 attention, or who from carelessness neglects it, ought 
 never to leave home imattended by some person whose 
 dignity will not suffer from attention to the comforts j 
 of his f nthful servant, and who is sulficiently thought- 
 ful to recollect them. This care of tlie horse is not 
 only demanded by every principle of humanity, but 
 also by regard for our ov/n interest, since no horse, 
 however sound and enduring, can last long under 
 severe labor without constant and judicious care. It 
 is hardly necessary for us to say that the fact that the 
 animal is a hired one, in no vray lessens the duty, but 
 rather seems to increase it. The man Avho fails to take 
 suitable care of a hired horse is not only wanting in 
 humanity, but he cannot properly set up any great 
 claim to thorough honesty, for he is neglecting an ani- 
 
FEEDING AND DR1VI^'G. 241 
 
 mal tliat is endeavoring to serve liim, and wronging 
 his owner out of part of the consideration for its 
 services. 
 
 Again, we say to all those who have occasion to 
 travel on horseback, or in private carriages, put not 
 your faith in grooms and ostlers, 'for they are fallible, 
 but attend personally to the care of your horse, and be 
 sure you will not repent it, but will find yourself 
 doubly repaid for the little trouble by finding him 
 come out bright, jfresh, and. vigorous in the morning, 
 his energies renewed, and fully able and willing to 
 serve you. 
 
 When stopping for the night, endeavor to secure a 
 good, roomy, and quiet stall, not too close and con- 
 fined, nor yet so situated that a current of air will blow 
 into it ; see that there are no holes in the manger 
 through which he may waste a portion of his food ; see 
 that the floor and sides are strong and sound, and the 
 latter so constructed tha.t he will not be annoyed b}^ 
 animals in the neighboring stalls. Take off the har- 
 ness and have him thoroughly rubbed. If wet with 
 sweat, whether in summer or winter, do not leave him 
 until perfectly dry. If the weather is warm and the 
 roads dusty, have the lips, nostrils, and eyes wiped 
 out with a damp sponge ; nothing is more grateful to 
 him, and anything that promotes his comfort and rest 
 is of positive service to him. 
 
 If the horse has not been accustomed to the harness 
 regularly, or if the harness is one in which he has not 
 been used, examine the various places where it will 
 be likely to chafe him, particularly the shoulders. If 
 the skin is anywhere broken during the first day's 
 11 "^ 
 
242 TIJE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 drive, be sure there is sometiiing wrong about tlie har- 
 ness that must be at once attended to. If the skin has 
 not been broken, you may judge whether the shoulders 
 have been chafed or "scalded" b}^ watcLing the drying 
 of the hair. If there are any spots that remain wet 
 after the surrounding parts are dry, it is chafed, and 
 the shoulders should be washed in cool (but not cold) 
 water and castile soap, the soap assisting in cleansing 
 the skin, thus opening the pores and promoting a 
 healthy action. Some horsemen wash the shoulders 
 every night, but we do no think it generally necessary. 
 Before putting him in his stall, have any old hay 
 that may be in the rack or manger taken out, and the 
 manocer or box in which he is to have his food cleaned. 
 If you have driven him hard, or if he is warm, do not 
 feed him for half an hour. If he is very dry, give him 
 three or four swallows of water, not very cold. In 
 half an hour, give him six or eight quarts of water, 
 and a little bright, clean hay, free from mould or dust. 
 In the course of an hour offer him more v/ater, and 
 give him his allowance of grain and more hay. See 
 that he has a good, dry, deep bed, for the horse enjoys 
 a good soft bed, after a hard day's work, as well as his 
 master. Having thus seen him properl}^ cared for, 
 leave him to rest. 
 
 The following morning do not feed him, or any way 
 disturb him until sunrise, or at least until after day- 
 light. The horse, unless very tired, rarel}^ lies down 
 until after midnight, and does not require more than 
 from three to five hours sleep, and this he will usually 
 take during the latter part of the night. 
 
 The first thing in the morning should be to see if 
 
FEEDING AND DRIVING. 24S 
 
 tie has eat'.n up all the feed given him the night before. 
 If not, he should be fed sparingly, taking care to re- 
 move all the hay and grain that he has left of his last 
 night's feed. Before feeding, offer him a little water. 
 If he drinks freely, and eats with apparent relish his 
 morning's allowance, you may safely conclude that he 
 is well, and that his previous day's drive has not in- 
 jured him. If he has been properly groomed over- 
 night he will want nothing more than a light brushing, 
 and in an hour after he has eaten his feed he may be 
 harnessed and commence his day's work. 
 
 With regard to the proper method of driving, no 
 rules can be laid down that will enable an inexperi- 
 enced person to drive well, practice being as necessary 
 to enable one to drive well as to write well. Still, 
 some general rules can be given that will be of service 
 to the new beginner. 
 
 With regard to the rate at which the horse should 
 be driven, little can be said, as this should depend on 
 a variety of circumstances, the speed of the annual, his 
 powers of endurance, the distance to be travelled, and 
 the urgency of haste in the business for which the 
 journey is performed. 
 
 Supposing that there is no extraordinary necessity 
 of haste, and that the journey is to be continued for 
 several successive days, care should be taken not to 
 push the horse the first Uvo or three days, but let him 
 get seasoned and accustomed to his work. If worked 
 too hard the first two days, he refuses his food, be- 
 comes dull and stupid, loses flesh rapidly, and in a 
 short time, if he is not dangerously sick, he is entirely 
 unable to work. 
 
244 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 Whatever distance you intend to drive in tlie course 
 of the day, drive moderately for the first hour ; many 
 a fine horse is ruined by being driven fast on a full 
 stomach. After the first hour, consider the distance 
 3'ou have to go, and the time you have to accomplisn 
 it in, and endeavor to drive at an equal rate. Not that 
 you are to drive at the same rate up hill and down, 
 or drive each mile at exactly the same speed, but sup- 
 posing the general character of the road to be the 
 same through the entire distance, endeavor to drive 
 an equal number of miles per hour. 
 
 Thus suppose you have sixty miles to travel, and 
 have nine hours to perform it in, drive thirty or thirty- 
 five miles at the rate of eight miles per hour, then 
 stop for an hour, or an hour and a half, to give him 
 food and rest. Take off the harness and have him 
 rubbed with straw until he is dry, or at least until the 
 dust and sweat are removed, then give liim a little 
 water and his grain. We are aware that most travel- 
 lers do not remove the harness at noon, but it should 
 always be done, especially in hot weather. 
 
 Too much time must not be spent in rubbing and 
 cleaning, and as soon as sufficiently cool, the horse 
 should have his feed, for this and rest he needs more 
 than grooming. . Befoi*e starting in the afternoon, offer 
 liim a little water. Drive as in the morning, except 
 that there is less need of caution for the first hour, and 
 you may drive at the usual speed for the entire remain- 
 ing distance. 
 
 We are aware that it has been sometimes recom- 
 mended to pursue an entirely different course, namely, 
 to drive at a high speed for a few hours, and then give 
 
FEEDING AND DRIVING. 245 
 
 the horse a long rest, and again drive at the same high 
 speed for the balance of the distance. Thus, in per- 
 forming a distance of sixty miles in nine hours, they 
 would drive thirty miles in three hours, stop three 
 hours, and drive the remaining thirty miles in the 
 remaining three hours. 
 
 This advice would seem to be founded on the belief 
 that it is the number of hours which a horse is worked 
 that fatigues him, without reference to the speed ; 
 indeed, we remember to have seen this principle 
 broadly and distinctly stated, that ^'it is the all-day 
 work that knock up horses, and not the rate at which 
 they are driven." This seems to us a great and pal- 
 pable error. 
 
 Let us consider for a moment what is the average 
 rate of speed of the race-horse during the entire time 
 occupied in a repeating race of four miles. Take, for 
 instance, the race over- the Union Course, Long Island, 
 for the Jockey Club purse of $600, October 13, 1832. 
 In this race twenty miles were run in 41m. 40s. actual 
 running time, but allo^\dng thirty minutes between 
 each heat, which is the shortest time allowed for cool- 
 ing and resting the horses, and the total time occupied 
 in running the twenty miles was 2h. 41m. 403., or a 
 little less than eight miles per hour. A good hack or 
 livery horse would do this, and show few signs of 
 having been driven. It may be said that this is an 
 extreme case ; very true, but having shown that our 
 theory is correct in this case, may we not properly 
 claim that something more than simple assertion is 
 necessary to establish its unsoundness, in cases where 
 the speed is indeed less, but the distance greater. But 
 
246 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 we need not rest the question here, there are striking 
 
 illustrations of the soundness of our theory ; that the 
 distance and time in Avhich it must be accomplished 
 being given, every portion of the distance should be 
 accomplished in a corresponding proportion of the 
 time, nights and the necessary time for giving one 
 feed at noon being of course excepted. 
 
 The truck horses in the cities are worked all day 
 and every day, in rain or sunshine, yet how much 
 better their condition, and how much longer they last, 
 than the city livery horses. The latter are driven but 
 a small portion of their time, but are driven at a high 
 speed. The stage-driver who rushes his team over 
 one half the road, and walks them over the remainder, 
 will never make ''good time," for his team cannot 
 make up by high speed the time he has idled away on 
 the road, or at his stopping places, and the appearance 
 of his horses will bear ample evidence that the attempt 
 to do so has been injurious. 
 
 The great art of driving horses long distances at 
 good speed withou.t injury, consists in keeping them 
 steady at a given pace without fretting or worrying 
 them, restraining them when inclined to go too fast, 
 urging them when necessary, and doing either without 
 annoying them. Other things being equal, the horse 
 who does his work in a quiet steady way, will last 
 much longer than the one which frets and is restless. 
 
 If your horse is high tempered, and inclined to 
 travel faster than you think best for him, you cannot 
 take too much pains in starting him easily and quietly. 
 If he takes hold of the bit and is inclined to push off 
 at too high speed, keep a firm but steady pull on the 
 
FEEDING A:N^D DRIVING. 247 
 
 bit, but you must rely principally upon the voice to 
 quiet laim. Speak to him in a calm, gentle and sooth- 
 ing tone, and you will be surprised at the effect it will 
 have upon him. There are but few horses which 
 will not settle quietly into a walk in the course 
 of half an hour, under mild and soothing treat 
 ment. If your horse is a little dull, and needs urging, 
 drive him with a constant, though gentle pressure upon 
 the bit. When ho needs urging, speak to him in a 
 tone that he will not full to hear, and enforce instant 
 and prompt obedience Vvdtli the whip. Be carefal not 
 to urge him by speaking to him when you do not 
 intend to insist upon his paying attention to you. 
 Never use the whip for any other purpose than to 
 punish the horse for not minding you. Kothing will 
 sooner perfect a horse in dulness and stupidity than 
 constant tapping with the whip, and constant urging 
 with the voice ; he -soon gets so accustomed to both 
 that he cares nothing for either, and the most vigorous 
 twitching of the reins — the most authoritative com- 
 mands, and the most industrious though mild applica- 
 tions of the Vv'hip, result in nothing but a slight frisk 
 of the tail or a gentle toss of the head. Although the 
 greatest art in driving upon the road consists in driv- 
 ing at the required speed without fretting the horse, 
 the knowledge of the proper time to urge or to restrain 
 him is almost equall}^ indispensable. This, of course, 
 will depend upon the smoothness of the road, the 
 ascent or descent of the ground, and the weight car- 
 ried ; much will depend upon the animal. 
 
 Owhig to difference in form and gait, some horses 
 that climb hills with dlfficultv can descend them rap- 
 
M8 THE MORGAN HOKSE. 
 
 idly and easily, and again others prefer to walk wliere- 
 ever the ground descends rapidly, but will trot up 
 ordinary hills to the very crest with little apparent 
 effort. This difference in the form and gait of the 
 horse should be constantly borne in mind, and he 
 should be allowed to go slowly where it is evidently 
 difficult for him to move fast. As a general rule^ the 
 horse should be made to walk wherever the ground 
 ascends or descends rapidly. If driven rapidly up 
 steep hills, he is almost exhausted v/hen he reaches 
 the top ; and if driven rapidly down, then, it is dan- 
 gerous to the passengers, because his footing is insecure, 
 and he is liable to fall ; and if the practice be continued, 
 it will break up the stoutest fore limbs, by the ibrce 
 with ^vliich the feet come upon the ground. 
 
 ^v7here the surface of the road is smooth, and the 
 ground slightlj^ descending, the horse should be driven 
 at a tolerably rapid rate, especially if he has a heavy 
 load, for upon this ground the load, whether great or 
 small, will move easily, and when the load is heavy the 
 horse will be compelled to walk up most of the rising 
 ground. Yv^hen the load is light, and the speed eight 
 miles per hour or more, the horse should be kept at a 
 moderate trot on ascending ground, except up steep 
 hills, for it will distress him less to trot over ground 
 slightly ascending than to walk over such ground, and 
 make u[) the time by increased speed on the level and 
 descending. 
 
 'When the road is rough and uneven, endeavor to 
 shun rough spots. To do this well, keep constant and 
 careful watch of the track, and avoid the bad spots by 
 turning a little before you get up to them, instead of 
 
FEEDING AND DRIVING. 249 
 
 "waiting until you are close upon them, and then pull 
 your horse out of the road with a sudden jerk, that 
 irritates and frets him, and injures his mouth. It is 
 better to take the jolt, unless it is dangerous, than to 
 do this. After your horse has once become accustomed 
 to turning out for the bad spots, it will be very little 
 trouble to do it, and it will be much easier both for 
 tlie horse and the passengers. 
 
 Did our space permit, we should like to say much 
 more upon this subject, as it is one in which we take 
 much interest ; but must content ourselves with the 
 imperfect directions above given, repeating the remark 
 •A'e made at the commencement of this chapter, that 
 however full and correct the directions, no one can 
 learn to drive without practice, any more than he can 
 learn to write simply by reading an able treatise on 
 penmanship. 
 
 11* 
 
CHAPTER XIY. 
 
 HINTS TO PURCHASEKS OF MORGAN OR OTHER HORSES. 
 
 It is not to be supposed tliat any descriptions can 
 be written, or any rules laid down, that will give the 
 keen, discriminating eye, the fine perceptions with 
 regard to form and motion, the rapid, searching glance 
 at defects, that the true and practiced horseman seems 
 to realize at the first view, enabling him to form a 
 tolerably correct judgment of the value of an animal 
 almost as soon as he sees it; some suggestions, however, 
 can be made which will aid ordinary purchasers. 
 
 Before a man attempts to purchase a horse, he should 
 first determine for himself what kind of horse he re- 
 quires, "both as to size and general qualities, since the 
 value of the horse to his owner depends very much 
 on his adaptation to the kind of business required of 
 him. As to size, we think all experience shows that 
 medium size, is the best for ordinary use ; such horses 
 we shall find possessed of the most compact forms, the 
 most rugged constitutions, the most nimble, easy, and 
 graceful motions. Though it is very true that a good 
 horse may have a bad color, yet as a bad color is to 
 some, perhaps most buyers, a serious objection, such 
 should be avoided. White, light gray, light sorrel, 
 cream-colored, and spotted, are the most objectionable, 
 
 \ (25Q) 
 
I 
 
 r 
 > 
 
 > 
 c 
 7; 
 
HINTS TO PUECHASEPvS. 2ol 
 
 and should be avoided. Bay, cliestnut, black, and 
 dark brown, are almost universally esteemed tlie best, 
 and liorses of these colors are worth more in everv 
 market than horses of the colors before named. 
 
 When the purchaser is unaccustomed to horses, we 
 would advise him, after having determined what kind 
 of a horse he wants, to engage some one to assist him 
 who has had more experience, especially if he is about 
 to purchase of ^ stranger, for in the latter case he will 
 not only be liable to misjudge as to the justness of the 
 animal's proportions, but also as to his soundness and 
 vices, for a vast many faults and defects may by artful 
 jockeys be concealed from the inexperienced eye, and 
 sometimes even from the closest and most intelligent 
 examination. 
 
 If, however, the purchaser can avail himself of no 
 such assistance, or chooses to trust to his own judgment, 
 he cannot be too ca-utious or circumspect. When you 
 enter the stable, observe carefully the way tlic owner 
 approaches his horse ; if, as soon as he comes withi n 
 hearing, he speaks to him in a loud, sharp voice, that 
 makes the horse spring up in his stall as if frightened, 
 look out for some defect in his limbs. If much lame, 
 it will be seen wlien he is moved, but if it is very 
 slight, you may not then notice it. If he comes up to 
 ihe horse very carefully, and seems a little cautious 
 About going into the stall where he is, you may justly 
 suspect he is not perfectly kind and pleasant-tempered. 
 If he approaches the horse in an easy, careless, but 
 quiet way, you may reasonably expect that the horse 
 has no such vices to hide, and you will not suspect him 
 of lameness, though it should not prevent your watch- 
 
252 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 ing carefully every motion of liis limbs to see if you 
 can detect it. Mark liow tlie horse stands, how he is 
 hitched, and what kind of a halter he has on. If he 
 stands with one of his fore-feet far in advance of the 
 other, look out for founder. If he is fastened with 
 more than ordinary care, see if you can observe any 
 signs of his having attempted to untie his halter with 
 his teeth. If the halter is fastened very tight round 
 the throat, be may have a trick of slipping it off, or he 
 may be a cribber. A largo strap, buckled close round 
 the. throat, will often prevent cribbing. 
 
 Youatt considers crib-biting unsoundness ; and it is, 
 at all events, a very bad habit, that materially injures 
 the sale of a horse. If the manger shows signs of 
 being bitten by the horse, do not purchase the animal 
 until you have seen him eat. The teeth of an old 
 "cribber" almost invariably show signs of this habit, 
 being much worn on the outer edge, but in young 
 horses it will not always be noticed. When the horse 
 is turned out of his stall and faces the light, observe 
 whether he shuns it, and partially closes his eyes; if so, 
 his eyes are weak ; if, on the contrary, he looks boldly 
 about, Yv^ith a bright and lively expression, his eyes 
 are not only good, but you may infer that he is both 
 spirited and tractable. Examine the head carefully. 
 If it is thoroughly good, light, lean, and graceful, with 
 tapering, sharp-pointed ears, ever moving and restless, 
 the eyes animated and |)rominent, the forehead broad, 
 the muzzle firm, the nostrils large, and the whole well 
 set upon the neck, you may be pretty sure that it be- 
 longs to a good horse. 
 
 Jf the eye is not bright and lively, it should be 
 
HINTS TO PURCHASERS. 258 
 
 carefully examined, especially if tlie animal is from the 
 Western or Southern States, where diseases of the eyes 
 are more common than at the North and East. Some- 
 times the eye will look very natural, and the horse 
 appear bright and well, yet be perfectly blind. If the 
 horse is entirely blind you may easily detect it, for 
 though some horses move about very easily and hand- 
 ily when perfectly blind, you will soon notice the 
 defect, if you watch him and suffer him to move about 
 freely. If you are suspicious that, although not en- 
 tirely bhnd, his sight is defective, you may determine 
 it by passing some small object like a stalk of hay 
 rapidly before the eye, and at a short distance from it, 
 taking care that the substance be not large enough to 
 create any perceptible motion of the atmosphere, for a 
 blind horse will wink at the least unnatural current 
 of air. 
 
 The general appearance of the head is a pretty sure 
 index of the age of the animal, and the inexperienced 
 buyer will do well to rely as much upon this general 
 appearance, as upon the appearance of the teeth ; for 
 with a saw and a firing iron, old teeth may be made 
 to resemble so closely tho3e of a young horse, as to 
 deceive even pretty good judges. In the old horse 
 the eyes are usually a little sunken, and the hollows 
 over the eyes are deepened, the lips are less firm and 
 close, nd the mouth shows the long use of the bit. 
 
 If the head is satisfactory, next examine the legs. 
 
 ee that they are not too long, are vvdde, flat^ hony^ and 
 
 free from flesh below the knees and hocks. When 
 
 the muscles are well developed, and stand well out 
 
 from the bone, and are free from any fat or meat, they 
 
254 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 can be distinctly traced by tlie eye throngTi the skin. 
 See that the horse stands sqnarely and equally upon 
 them, that they are neither stretched too far apart nor 
 gathered too much under him. Examine closely 
 whether there be any unnatural enlargements or 
 bunches on either leg. If none can be detected by the 
 eye, then pass the half-closed hand carefully down 
 each one, pressing the leg moderately, to determine 
 whether there are any bunches or scars concealed by 
 the hair. 
 
 Look carefully at the hocks for spavins, curbs or 
 thoroughpin, for although the latter do not constitute 
 unsoundness, yet they are objectionable. Pass the 
 hand carefully down the back sinews to detect any 
 unevenness in the muscle. If any little bunches are 
 found, or the cord is anywhere enlarged, examine care- 
 fully for any scar that may indicate the injury was an 
 external one. If there are no signs of any such injury, 
 and especially if the muscle at this point feels sore, 
 reject the animal. The back sinews have been strained, 
 if not ruptured, and there is little chance that he will 
 ever be able to endure hard service. Search for 
 bunches on the inside of the fetlocks ; if you find them, 
 or scars, you will attribute them to the horse's cutting. 
 If the scars are old, and the horse being in very high 
 flesh, yet travels very close, it will be wise to reject 
 him, for in ordinary flesh he will be likely to cut, and 
 this is one of the most unpleasant defects in the horse, 
 and one that it is very difficult to remedj^. Press the 
 hand closely and carefully around the pastern, for ring- 
 bone, or clingfasts, that are just commencing to form, 
 will be detected more easily by the hand than the eye ; 
 
HINTS TO PURCHASERS. 255 
 
 this is the more important, as ringbone is one of the 
 worst kinds of unsoundness, and the horse may not at 
 all times, and in all instances, be sufficiently lame to 
 enable the buyer to detect it. 
 
 The knees are often too carelessly examined. It is 
 not enough that there is no trembling of the joint, that 
 it shuts back well, and is well shaped. If there are 
 any bunches, hard or soft, or any scars in front, it is a 
 pretty sure sign that the horse is a stumbler, and is 
 unsafe. Just below the knees and upon the inside of 
 the leg look for splints ; if small and removed from the 
 joint, they may in no way affect the usefulness of the 
 animal, but they are unsightly and objectionable. 
 
 The feet require the closest scrutiny. Eeject horses 
 that have split or flat hoofs, as they will be fit only 
 for slow work. Where the feet are high and narrow 
 at the heels, it is a serious objection, as such feet are 
 very liable to founder and other diseases. The legs 
 and feet proving satisfactory thus far, take a look at 
 the body. K the ribs are round, the back short, and 
 his wind good, little more need be required. 
 
 To determiine the soundness of the wind is some- 
 times difficult, especially if the horse is in high condi- 
 tion and has been dieted and medicated with the viev;- 
 of concealing some defect in it. The best way to de- 
 termine this is to m.ake him trot briskly about one 
 hundred rods, and as soon as he has done this let him. 
 stand perfectly still and watch closely his breathing. 
 If he breathes easily, and without any apparent effort, 
 and especially if as soon as he stops, he draws one or 
 two long breaths that fill the lungs to their utmost 
 capacity without any appearance of distress, his wind 
 
256 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 may be pronounced good ; but if tbere is tlie least 
 evidence of painful respiration, or catching for breath, 
 something is wrong, and the animal should be rejected. 
 Heaves, or broken-wind, is a common disease at the 
 East, but at the West it is comparatively very rare ; 
 hence the purchaser will be more on his guard to detect 
 the disease in a horse raised at the East than in one 
 raised at the West. 
 
 AYhile the horse is moving, notice carefully his ac- 
 tion, and to do this take such a position that he can 
 move by you on level ground, and at a sufficient dis- 
 tance from you to give a good view of him. Notice 
 particularly the action of the forelegs, see that the joint 
 at the shoulder plays freely, that the feet are not raised 
 too high, that he reaches out boldly in his step with 
 his forelegs, and throws his weight freely upon them. 
 If he does this, you may be pretty sure the feet are 
 sound and good, and the shoulders unhurt. On the 
 contrary, if the horse does not carry his feet well for- 
 ward, but takes a short, mincing step, and puts down 
 his feet cautiously, they are unsound ; and if the legs 
 seem stiff, and tied up at the shoulders, he is chest- 
 foundered. These things should be carefully observed 
 when the horse is first moved, for if he is but a little 
 stiff in his shoulders, the stiffness generally disappears 
 entirely after a little exercise. 
 
 After having carefnlly noticed these things, and also 
 his general style and appearance, take such a position 
 that you can watch the movement of liis feet as he 
 comes directly towards you and goes directly from 
 you ; see that he carries forward his feet in a straight 
 line, and that he does not travel too close or too wide, 
 
HINTS TO PUECHASERS. 257 
 
 for if very close lie will be apt to cut or interfere, and 
 if too wide, his gait will be labored and awkward. 
 
 While the horse is moving, see if he hesitates to 
 turn short and quick ; if he does, and appears in the 
 least stiff in the back, you may conclude that he has 
 been strained there, and a horse that has been once 
 severely strained in his back, rarely, if ever, fully 
 recovers, and is unfit for any kind of business ; but 
 if the back is such as we have described, there will be 
 little danger of this complaint. 
 
 These defects, at which we have glanced, by no 
 means comprise all the diseases or defects of the horse, 
 nor are the methods we have pointed out in all cases 
 the only ones. We have aimed only to glance at the 
 most serious and ordinary defects, and point out the 
 simplest means of detecting them. Some quite com- 
 mon defects we have not noticed, as, for instance, 
 string-halt. This is not considered unsoundness in 
 ordinary circumstances, and where it is so bad as to 
 become seriously objectionable, it cannot fail to be 
 noticed by the most careless observer. To some, this 
 kind of examination may seem tedious and laborious, 
 and to the inexperienced horseman it may be so ; but 
 the horseman of taste, with a practiced eye, will deter- 
 mine the freedom of an animal from the objections we 
 have referred to, in a small fraction of the time it has 
 taken us to describe them. Yv^e have said notliinor 
 upon those subjects that are merely matters of taste, 
 as to enter into a discussion of them would occupy 
 more space than we could devote to it. 
 
 One wishes a horse that shall have a bold, resolute 
 style of action, and a high temper, that prompts him 
 
258 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 to keep Tip a constant and heavy pull upon tlic reins. 
 Anotlier wislies a liorse of less spirit, with a quiet, 
 pleasant temper, and a mouth that only feels the bit, 
 that is never restless, never pulls, and so gentle that 
 his wife and children can manage him. Yet he does 
 not want a dull, stupid animal ; on the contrary, one 
 that is bright and lively, and that when gently urged 
 will move off at a lively pace. 
 
 One Avants a horse that is round and smooth, with 
 soft hair, a beautiful color, and a proud, showy style, 
 that will attract the admiration of his neighbors, but 
 cares little about its speed upon the road, or its powers 
 of endurance. While his next door neighbor cares far 
 less for the showy style and the beautiful color, and 
 values his horse solely on account of his useful quali- 
 ties. In short, no rules can be laid down that will 
 determine the excellence of the animal in these respects, 
 as so much depends upon the precise service which is 
 demanded of him, and the taste of the purchaser. 
 
 Although our people differ much in their opinion 
 as to the color, style of movement, &c., of their buggy 
 Jiorses, yet the anxiety to own a free, nimble driver, is 
 nearly universal, and might almost be styled a national 
 characteristic. 
 
 But the passion for horses is co-extensive with man's 
 acquaintance with them, and is confined to no nation, 
 no portion of the human family ; indeed, there are com- 
 })aratively few persons who take no interest in his his- 
 tory, no pleasure in training or using him. 
 
 Other animals may be as useful to man, but thev 
 do not so lay hold of human affections and sympathies. 
 He is at once his companion and servant in his long 
 
HINTS TO PURCHASERS. 259 
 
 and weary journeys. With the same patience and 
 unflinching courage, he carries his rider safely over 
 the scorching sands of the desert, or treads with care- 
 ful step the icy footpaths of the mountains. He waits 
 Avith silent patience his master's pleasure, and moves 
 only at his bidding. Heat and cold do not shake his 
 courage, hunger and thirst do not drive him to rebel- 
 lion. The soothing sound of his master's voice stills 
 his restlessness when he wishes him to be quiet, and 
 the cheering, encouraging tones of the same voice 
 rouse him to the noblest efforts to do his will. 
 
CHiiPTER XY. 
 
 The following pedigrees and description of stallions, 
 it is hardly necessary to say, comprise only a small 
 portion of the total number that have been and are 
 now bred from. But though thus incomplete, we be- 
 lieve the list comprises all the grandsons of the Justin 
 Morgan, of any note. Of some of these we have been 
 able to learn but little, though we have spared no 
 pains to obtain j^s full and reliable a history and de- 
 scription of them as j)ossible. The difficulty of col- 
 lecting such facts, scattered over a wide extent of 
 country, rarely published, and often unchronicled, save 
 in the memories of individuals, can never be fully un- 
 derstood, unless by those who have been engaged in 
 some similar undertaking. Although we have made 
 every exertion to render these pedigrees and descrip- 
 tions reliable, and believe tbey will prove in the main 
 correct, yet there are so many ways in which errors 
 may creep in, and so many causes of confusion, that 
 we dare not assert that they are perfectly accurate. 
 
 The two most fruitful causes of error and confusion 
 are, the use of some com.mon name to designate differ- 
 ent animals; and second, the frequent changes that 
 have been made in the name of the same animal. 
 
 (260) 
 
PEDIGREES. 261 
 
 Thus there seems to be no end to the young Black 
 Hawks, young Bulrushes, and other similar names. 
 There seems to be a perfect mania for names that have 
 been distinguished, as if it in some way enhanced the 
 value of the animal. Again, some animals seem to 
 hav^e changed names as often as they changed owners, 
 and even some that were always owned by one person 
 are yet known by several different names. The Eoyal 
 Morgan is known in Maine as Morgan Rattler; in 
 some parts of Vermont, as the Crane horse ; and in 
 others, as the Steele horse ; and by some as the Cham- 
 berlain colt; many persons who know him under one 
 of these names never heard of either of the others. 
 
 Where we have described more than one animal of 
 the same name, wc have numbered them in the order 
 in wdiicli they were foaled. Thus we have " Green 
 Mountain," and " Green Mountain second." The form- 
 er sired by " Sherman," and the latter by " Gifibrd." 
 Many persons wdio know the latter, never heard of 
 the former, and hence the necessity of distinguishing 
 them as we have done. 
 
 The height and weight is not always the result of 
 actual measurement, and consequently will not be in 
 all cases perfectly correct. Where two estimates have 
 been given ns of the height or weight of the same ani- 
 mal, we have invariably adopted the lowest, deeming 
 it better to err in this direction than to overstate the 
 size. We shall feel obliged to any one who will inform 
 ■us of any mistakes thc}^ may discover, and should a 
 second edition be called for, we shall be most happy 
 to correct them. 
 
262 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 ASHUELOT MORGAN • 
 Was foaled in June, 1845, the property of Ezekiol Flint, of Win- 
 chester, N. H. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, Gifford, g g 
 sire, Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam formerly owned 
 in Superior, C. E., and sired by Eagle. Ashuelot Morgan is a 
 chestnut, with silver-colored mane and tail, both hind feet white up 
 to the fetlock. He is 16 hands high, and weighs 1,315 lbs. 
 
 Although very large, he is compact, moves in good style, has 
 excellent action for a horse of his size, and is a favorite parade 
 horse. In 1855 he received the first premium of the New Hamp- 
 shire State Agricultural Society. He is now owned by Uberto 
 Bowen, Esq., of Richmond, N. H. 
 
 ALLEN HORSE 
 
 Was bred by Pliny Allen, of Lyme, N. H. Sired by Bulrush, 
 g sire, Justin Morgan. Color, blood bay, 15 hands high, weight, 
 1,000 lbs. His reputation as a stock horse is good. He is now 
 owned by Jonathan Currier, of Hanover, N. H. 
 
 ALBAN HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in September, 1839, the property of Colonel John 
 Hackett, of Hancock, Yt. Sired by Hackett horse, g sire, Gifford, 
 g g sire, Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a gray, 
 sired by Bliss horse. His color is gray, spotted with chestnut and 
 bay, is 14| hands high, and weighs 950 lbs. He is a good horse ; 
 his stock come to maturity at an early age, and sell well. When 
 four months old, Col. Hackett sold him to Wm. Alban, of Ran- 
 dolph, Yt. Mr. Alban kept him till he was seven years old, and 
 sold him to Mr. Skinner, of Royalton, Yt. Mr. Skinner sold him 
 to Lewis Gilman, of Bradford, Yt., and 'he to Leonard Kibbel, of 
 the same place, who now ownes him. 
 
 ANDREWS HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1849, the property of William R. Andrews, of 
 
 Derby, Yt. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, a bay, 14 hands high, sired by Woodbury. 
 
 Andrews horse is a dark bay, 14^ hands high, weighs 1,000 lbs,, 
 
PEDIGREES. 263 
 
 and is a good moving horse. He is still owned by Mr. Andrews, 
 at Derby, Yt. 
 
 AMEEICAN EAGLE 
 Was foaled May 16tb, 1852, tbe property of Joshua Saunderson, 
 of Petersham, Mass. Sired by Black Morgan, g sire, Morgan Em- 
 pire, g g sire. Green Mountain 2d, g g g sire, Gilford, g g g g sire, 
 Woodbury, g g g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Jet black, 15 J hands 
 high, weighs 1,070 lbs. Good style and action, spirited and grace- 
 ful. Now owned by Joshua Saunderson, Piitsfield, Mass. Dam 
 said to be an English mare, from a horse imported into Greenfield, 
 Mass. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON 
 
 Was foaled June 18th, 1852. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sher- 
 man, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, Lady Jenkins, who took the 
 first premium at the State Fair, R. I., in 1855. Andrew Jackson is 
 jet black, and weighs 1,050 lbs. He is a well-shaped and fine mov- 
 ing horse. He received a premium at the United States .Fair in 
 Boston, 1855, also at the Rhode Island State Fair, and Worcester 
 Co. Fair, Mass. This horse is now owned by Harrison Bacon, of 
 Barre, Mass. 
 
 ADDISON 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of John Jackson, of Brandon, Yt. 
 Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam, celebrated Hamilton mare. Ruby, purchased by Mr. Jackson 
 when four years old for $750. 
 
 Addison is 16 hands high, weighs 1,175 lbs., is jet black, with 
 heavy mane and tail, high, bold style and good movement for a horse 
 of his size. Now owned by Z. Nearing, of Orwell, Yt. He received 
 the firet premium in his class at the Fair of the Yermont State Agri- 
 cultural Society in 1855. 
 
 ARABIAN MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of Epaphro Seymour, of Brat- 
 tleborough. Yt. Sired by Billy Root, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam, Old Jenny, sired by Sherman, g dam, by Arab, a 
 thorough-bred Ai'abian horse, ov.-ned by Col. Jonas Blake, of Brat- 
 
264 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 tleborougli, Yt. This coit is chestnut, and exhibits in a high degree 
 the valuable qualities of the Morgan and Arabian. He is now owned 
 by Horatio Seymour, Jr., and Dr. M. M. Seymour in Buffalo, Erie 
 County, N.Y.* 
 
 BULKUSH 
 
 "Was foaled in 1812 or 1813, the property of Moses Belknap, sired 
 by Justin Morgan. See Chapter VII. 
 
 BULRUSH MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1845, the property of Alvin Hovey, of Brookfield, 
 Vt. Sired by Clarke horse, g sire. Bulrush, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam, sired by Morgan Eagle. Color dark bay, is 15 hands 
 high, and weighs 1,060 lbs. He is a close-knit and well- formed 
 horse, with good limbs and feet. His style of movement is good, 
 and his temper excellent. At the Vermont State Fair in 1855, he 
 received the second premium in his class. 
 
 BLACK HAWK 
 
 Was foaled in 1833, the property of Wingate Twombly, of 
 Greenland (formerly of Durham), N. H. Sired by Sherman, g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. His dam was raised in New Brunswick, and 
 is described as a half-blood English mare, a very fine animal, 
 black, and a fast trotter. When four years old, Black Hawk was 
 purchased by Benj. Thurston, of Lowell, Mass., for a family horse, 
 and kept for that purpose until 1844, when he was purchased by 
 David Hill, Esq., of Bridport, Vermont, by whom he is now owned. 
 Celebrated horses, like great men, must have their enemies, and 
 this horse has had his. A few years since a rumor was circulated 
 that he was not sired by Sherman, but by a French horse called 
 Paddy. The only foundation for such a report seems to have been 
 the resemblance between the two horses in color, both being black. 
 Mr. Hill might well have taken no notice of this rumor, as he had 
 produced the affidavit of the owner of Sherman, in 1832, testifying 
 that Sherman was coupled with the dam of Black Hawk that sea- 
 son, and that the following season he received payment for the 
 same. The testimony of Mr. Bellows being unimpeached, the 
 rumor might seem amply refuted and silenced, but Mr. Hill did not 
 choose to rely solely on this affidavit. lie obtained affidavits or 
 
PEDIGEEES. 265 
 
 letters from the breeder and others who had every opportunity of 
 knowing the facts, fully and amply sustaining the affidavit of Mr. 
 Bellows. These papers were published, and have pretty effectually 
 settled the question. The parties who first circulated the above 
 Tumor could have had little or no acquaintance with him or his 
 stock, for with the exception of color, he bears a strong resemblance 
 in most particulars to the family of which he is a member. In 
 size, compactness, style of action, great muscular development, 
 temperament, and endurance, he exhibits their distinguishing traits 
 in a high degree. His stock, though generally larger, being from 
 larger dams, exhibit much the same characteristics, and their color 
 when not black, is almost without exception bay or chestnut, the 
 latter color being quite common. Many of his colts have the same 
 marks in the face and upon the feet that belong to Sherman and his 
 dam. We never saw a gray, a white, or a cream-colored horse from 
 him. 
 
 Black Hawk is a little under fifteen hands high, and weighs about 
 ten hundred pounds. His compact, symmetrical, and muscular form, 
 and nervous, elastic style of action, give unmistakable evidence of 
 the speed and endurance he has shown upon the turf and road ; and 
 although now twenty-three years old, his eye has lost none of its 
 brightness, his health is stiir excellent, and his movements still 
 graceful and energetic. One of the chief excellencies of Black 
 Hawk, and one which he possesses in a remarkable degree, is the 
 uniformity with which he stamps upon his offspring his own distin- 
 guishing characteristics. For notice of his performances, see Chap- 
 ter X. Few colts were sired by him previous to 1844, when he 
 became the property of David Hill, and since that time he has been 
 constantly kept at that gentleman's stable, in Bridport, Yt. 
 
 BAY MORGAN -^ 
 
 Was foaled in 1849, in East Berkshire, Yt. Sired by Nimrod. 
 Dam, sired by Dubois Horse. His color is dark bay, without 
 marks. He is owned by Joseph Smith, of East Berkshire. 
 
 BAILEY HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1835, the property of Abner Bailey, of Newbury, 
 Yt. Sired ]>y Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, thickset 
 12 
 
266 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 Dutch mare. The Bailey horse was a chestnut, ]5 hands high, 
 weighed 1,100 lbs, and had one white hind foot. 
 
 BARKER HORSE 
 Was foaled in 1833, the property of Mr. Cobb, of Nelson, N. H. 
 Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a bay, sired by 
 Diomede, he by Imported Diomede. The Barker Horse was 15^ 
 hands high, and weighed 1.100 lbs , color chestnut, with white stripe 
 in the face like his sire, whom he closely resembled. His style and 
 action Avere unsurpassed, and he was a very fine roadster. He v/as 
 kept most of the time in Merrimac County, N. H., and vicinity. 
 Mr. Barker kept him near home until 1853, after which Jesse John- 
 son and Brothers kept him at Bradford, Yt., and Concord, N. H., 
 and vicinity, until lie died, July, 1855, still the property of Mr. 
 Barker. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1826, the property of Moses Bartholomew, of Vershire, 
 Yt., who raised and kept him till he died. Weight, 1,050 lbs., 15 
 hands high, color dapple bay. He had abundance of both speed 
 and action, and was a fast trotter. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. 
 
 BONAPARTE 
 
 Was foaled in 1836, the property of Johnson and Brothers, of Brad- 
 ford, Yt. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. Yf as 14^ hands high, and weighed 950 lbs., 
 very compact, close built, a fast driver and strong goer. He re- 
 sembled his sire very much. F. A. Weir, of Walpole, N, H., pur- 
 chased him in 1845, and took him to that place. 
 
 BLACK HAWK CHIEF 
 Was foaled in 1849, the property of D. Edgar Hill, of Bridport, Yt., 
 by whom he is still owned. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sher- 
 man, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Young Ilamiltonian, 
 formerly owned by Allen Smith, of Addison, Yt., Young Hamil- 
 tonian by Bishop's Ilamiltonian, and he by Imported Messenger. 
 Dam of Young Hamiltonian by Leonidas, g dam by Bellfounder. 
 
p 
 
 PEDIGEEES. 267 
 
 Grand dam of Black Hawk Chief, sired by Imported Matchera, 
 owned by J. S. Larrabee, of Shoreham, Vt.; height 15^- hands, 
 weight 1,034, color raven black. This horse received the first 
 premium at the New York State Fair in 1853, and also the first 
 at the Addison County, Vt., Fair, in 1855. He is full brother to 
 Sherman Black Hawk. He is spirited, but exceedingly gentle and 
 tractable. Whole figure good. Head and neck beautiful. Style 
 and action fine. Time, 2.48. 
 
 BLACK HAAVK ECLIPSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1853, the property of Jesse Johnson and Brothers, 
 Bradford, Yt. Sired by Morgan Eclipse, g sire, Morgan Caesar, g g 
 sire, Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a Black Hawk. 
 He is 14 hands high, weighs 975 lbs. ; color black, with a white stripe 
 in the face. Sold and gone to South Carolina. An excellent 
 moving horse, very clean, light head, general style and action good. 
 
 BLACK HAWK MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1852, the ^property of J. Johnson and Brothers, of 
 Bradford, Yt. Sired by Morgan Eclipse, g sire, Morgan Csesar, 
 g g sire, Woodbury, g g*g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Black 
 Hawk. He is 15 hands high, weighs 950 lbs. ; color, chestnut. 
 
 BURBANK HORSE 
 
 SEE BARKER HORSE. 
 
 BLISS HORSE. 
 
 Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, sired by Justin 
 Morgan, and known as the Charles Cutter mare, of Royalton, Yt. 
 
 BUCHANAN HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1836, the property of Jeremiah Boyington, of New- 
 bury, Yt. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired 
 by Bulrush. Buchanan was bay color, weighed 1,000 lbs. When 
 eight years old he was sold and taken to New Brunswick. 
 
268 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 BOSTON TIGER 
 
 Was foaled in 1825 or '26, the property of H. H. Kimball, of 
 Whitefield, N. H. Sired by Cock of the Rock, g sire, Sher- 
 man, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a gray, owned by H. H. 
 Kiml^all. Tiger was 15 hands high, weighed 1,050 lbs. ; roan color, 
 fine form and good action. 
 
 When five years old he was purchased by Joseph Sumner, Esq., 
 of Charlestown, N. H. Mr. Sumner kept him several years, but 
 becoming cross, he disposed of him, and he was put into a team in 
 Boston or Medford, where, in 1845, he was found and purchased by 
 David Batchelder, of Haverhill, N. H., who kept him three years 
 and sold him to Gen. Dolif, of East Wentworth, N. H., whose 
 property he continued till his death in 1848. 
 
 BIRD HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1851. Sired by the Bird horse, formerly owned 
 by Joel Huntington and William Gay, and kept in Rochester and 
 Hancock, Yt., g sire, Wolcott Morgan, g g sire, Gifford, g g g sire, 
 Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Gifford. Height; 
 14^ hands, weight, 985 lbs. ; color, dapple bay, black mane, tail and 
 legs, with very fine action. Now owned by A. Seymour, of West 
 Randolph, Yt. 
 
 BUSSORAH 
 
 Was foaled in 1849, the property of Keyes Coburn, of Springport, 
 Cayuga Co., N. Y. Sired by Gen. Gifibrd, g sire Gifford, g g sire, 
 Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, Lady Howland, by 
 imported Arabian Bussorah, g dam, by imported Messenger. 15| 
 hands high; weight, 1,075 lbs. ; color, bright bay. Now owned by 
 B. J. Bidwell, of Tecumseh, Mich., and is a good horse. 
 
 BACHELDER HORSE 
 
 Was foaled the property of Josepti Bachelder, of Danville, Yt., 
 sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a fast trotting 
 gray mare, half French. This horse was of dapple gray color, and 
 14j hands high. Though not as stylish as some of Sherman's colts, 
 he was a spirited and fast traveller. Left some excellent stock. 
 
 J 
 
PEDIGREES. 269 
 
 BLANCHAED HORSE 
 
 Was foaled the property of Joseph Tilton, of Danville, Yermont, 
 His dam was a light bay, sired by Justin Morgan. Blanchard was 
 sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Yv^as of chestnut color, 
 and weighed 1,000 lbs. He was a close-made, thick-set horse, but 
 his stock were not as noted for action as most of Sherman's colts. 
 When young he was taken to New Hampshire, and afterwards to 
 Maine. At an advanced age he was brought back to St. Johnsbury, 
 Yt., where he died. 
 
 BROCK HORSB 
 
 Was foaled in 1836, the property of Capt. William Brock, of New- 
 bury, Yt. Sired by Parks horse, g sire. Green Mountain 1st, g g sire, 
 Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Shark. He was 
 sold by Mr. Brock to Peter Johns, of Nashua, N. H. He 
 weighed 900, was blood bay color, had a fine figure and excellent 
 action, and was an uncommonly showy horse. Not fast. 
 
 BLA.CK HAYfK NAPOLEON 
 Was foaled the 13th of May, 1852, the property of A. C. Palmer, 
 of Charlotte, Yermont. Sired by Black Hawk Prophet, g sire, 
 Black Hawk, g g sire, Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, 
 of Messenger stock. This horse is 16 hands high, weighs about 
 1,100 lbs., and is of jet black color. 
 
 He received the highest premium in his class at the Yermont 
 State Fair, 1855. A well-shaped, good-moving horse, Still owned 
 by Mr. Palmer. 
 
 BAXTER HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in June, 1852, the property of Portus Baxter, of 
 Derby, Yt. Sired by colt of Black Hawk, g sire, Black Hawk, 
 g g sire, Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Royal 
 Morgan. -He is lo^ hands high, weighs 1,050 lbs., with a very dark 
 brown color, and white stripe in the face. Has a beautiful ear 
 fine shoulders and withers, with good hips and back. His limbs are 
 excellent. Promises to be fast. Now owned by Portus Baxter, 
 of Strafford, Yt. 
 
270 IE MORGAN" HORSE. 
 
 BLACK HAWK PRINCE 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Mr. McKiimey, of Bridport, 
 Vt Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam by Young Sir Walter, sire of Moscow, and he by Sir 
 Walter. Prince is jet black, with small, white star in the face, 16 
 hands high, and weighs 1,150 lbs. 
 
 McKinney sold him to Messrs. Gale & Wright, in April, 1854^ 
 Col. Abram Foot, of Cornwall, Vt., afterwards purchased and now 
 owns him. He is a very fine horse, with abundance of spirit, excel- 
 lent action, and a hardy constitution. 
 
 BROWN MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled June 17, 1850. Sired by Morgan Sultan, g sire, Giflford, 
 g g sire, Woodbury, ggg sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Sher- 
 man King, g dam by Justin Morgan. 
 
 BLACK MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled 28th July, 1845, the property of Sylvanus H. Gates, of 
 Petersham, Mass. Sired by Gates Horse, g sire. Green Mountain 2d, 
 g g sire, Gifford, ggg sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin Morgan, 
 Dam raised in Middlebury, Yt. Sired by Green Mountain 2d. 
 When three years old, Black Morgan was purchased by Francis 
 Twichell, of Petersham, Mass., who kept him till he died, May, 
 1854. He received the fourth premium at the National Fair la 
 Springfield, 1853. 
 
 BAY STATE MORGAN 1st 
 
 Was foaled May 9, 1849, the property of Joshua Saunderson, of 
 Pittsfield, Mass. Sired by Young Green Mountain, g sire, Green 
 Mountain 2d, g g sire, Gifibrd, ggg sire, "Woodbury, g g g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan, Color, bright bay, 15 hands high ; weight, 1,060 
 lbs., and is a good horse. Now owned by Mr. Saunderson at Pitts- 
 field. 
 
 BAY STATE MORGAN 2d 
 Was foaled the property of S. B. Aiken, Ilardwicke, Mass. 
 Sired by Young Green Mountain, g sire. Green Mountain 2d, g g 
 sire, Gifford, ggg sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 
PEDIGREES. 271 
 
 Dark bay, 16| hands high, and weighs 1,150 lbs. He is now owned 
 by Forrester B. Aiken, of Ilardwicke, Mass. Good withers, good 
 neck, good jBgure, and a good horse. 
 
 BLACK LION 
 Was foaled the property of Chester Pratt, Cornwall, Yt. Sired by 
 Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, 
 sired by Liberty. 
 
 BILLY ROOT, OR COMET, 
 
 Was foaled in 1829, the property of Hezekiah Morton, of St. Johns- 
 bury, Yt. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a 
 half French mare, sired by Justin Morgan. A fine driver, and 
 weighed 1,000 lbs. 
 
 Billy Root weighed 942 lbs ; color, dark chestnut, with a few 
 white hairs in the forehead, and a little white on the off hind 
 foot. The hair on his body was rather long, but soft and silky, 
 had but few long hairs on his legs and excellent feet. Eldad Root 
 purchased him in 1832 or '33. Mr. Root kept him in the State of 
 New York, we believe at Genesee Flats ; and he also kept him at 
 Lyndon, Yt., several years. When about ten years old he took him to 
 Uighgate, Yt., wliere he remained four years. Mr. Root sold him 
 to Mr. Stevens, of St. Jolmsbury, Yt. Mr. Stevens used him hard 
 one year, and sold him to Mr. Filer, of Burke, Yt., who kept him a 
 short time, and traded him to Eleazer Smith, of Haverhill, N, H. 
 Mr. Smith after a fev/ months, traded him in the spring, back to 
 Mr. Filer, who took him to Springfield, Mass., in the summer or 
 fall of 1845, and disposed of him to a person who took him to 
 Warehouse Point. The same autumn he was again traded to a 
 man in Sharon, Conn. In the spring of 1847, (April 18th,) Messrs. 
 Bemis & Hoyt brought him back to Lyndon, v/hero he was kept in 
 1847-'48-'49, at f^oyt's stable. In 1850, he was kept at Highgate, 
 and in 1851, at Lyndon, Yt. He died very suddenly April 25th, 
 1852. His death was supposed to be caused by the rupture of a 
 blood-vessel. He was a horse of extraordinary life, energy and 
 action. His slock are small, but have become widely and justly 
 celebrated for spirit, action, endurance, and docility. 
 
272 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 BENTON HORSE. 
 
 SEE COOS MORGAN. 
 
 BARDWELI. HORSE. 
 
 SEE DEERFIELD MORGAN. 
 
 BLACK JACK 
 
 Was foaled June 5, 1849, the property of Charles Linsley, of 
 Middlebury, Yt. Sired by Hacket Horse, g sire, GifFord, g g sire 
 "Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, Bay Flirt, bred near 
 T^ncaster, Ohio, and sired by Medley, he by Little Medley, and he 
 by imported Medley, g dam, by bhepard's Consul, and he by Bond's 
 First Consul for further pedigree of Medley and Bond's First Consul 
 see American Scud Book. Black Jack is 15 hands high and 
 weighs 1,070 lbs. ; color, black chestnut, without marks ; is a com- 
 pact, enduring horse, a good traveller, and is perfectly sound. He is 
 now owned by G. L. Linsley, of Kankakee City, Illinois. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, Jr., 1st, 
 
 Was foaled in 1847, the property of Abraham F. Aburuethy, of 
 Cornwall, Yt. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, Howard mare, sired by a colt of Hamilton- 
 ian. He is 15 hands high, and weighs 1,000 lbs. Mr. Aburnethy 
 kept him till three years old, and sold him to Col. Abraham Foot, 
 of Cornwall, Yt., who kept him till August 1852, when he sold him 
 to Farnham & Foot, of Lockport, N. Y., for $1,500. He is still 
 owned in Lockport by Col. E. H. Foot. With a very fine figure 
 he possesses an excellent temper, is a pleasant driver and goes in 
 good style. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, Jr., 2d, 
 
 Was foaled June 20, 1849, the property of James S. Phelps, of 
 Middlebury, Yt. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, sired by a son of Gififords, g dam, by Young 
 Hamiltonian. He is jet black color, 16 hands high, and weighs 1050 
 lbs. His limbs are light but sinewy, free from long hairs, and any 
 sort of blemish. He has a bold, resolute style of action, and is now 
 the property of Mr. Phelps, at Burlington, Iowa. 
 
PEDIGREES. 273 
 
 CLAKKE HOKSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1840 or '41, the property of Hall Cabot, of Chelsea, 
 Yt. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by For- 
 tune, Fortune by Quicksilver, g dam by Justin Morgan. Height, 
 13| hands ; weight, 875 lbs. ; color, bright bay. One of the best 
 acting sons of Bulrush. A fine, spirited animal. Went to Ohio. 
 
 COCK OF THE ROCK 
 ^Yas foaled the property of Oliver Bowers of DanviUe, Vt. 
 Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Barnum's Cock 
 of the Rock. He was a very light chestnut, with white face 
 below the eyes, 15 hands high, and weighed 1,100 lbs. His eye, 
 ear and head not so good, but general form, Morgan. He attracted 
 some notice in New Hampshire and New York, in which States he 
 was kept. Mr. Bellows, of Lancaster, N. H., purchased him ot 
 Mr. Bowers, and sold him to Horatio Sargeant, of Springfield, Mass., 
 at a high price. Was a bold, proud-looking and active horse, and 
 a fine animal. Was a fast trotter, and left some good stock. 
 
 COLBY HORSE 
 
 Was foaled the property of Mr. Colby, of Warner, N. H. Sired by 
 Barker horse, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan ; is 15 
 hands high, weighs 1,050, chestnut color, and a capital horse, with 
 JBne action and good figure. 
 
 CHARLES SMITH HORSE 
 Was foaled the property of C. C. Smith, of Corinth, Yt., and now 
 owned by Leonard Avery, of same place. Sired by Young Bul- 
 rush, g sire, Bulrush, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Small size, 
 weight 900, dark chestnut color, and good action. 
 
 CRANE HORSE, OR STEELE HORSE. 
 Sei3 Royal Morgan. 
 
 CHILDS HORSE 
 
 Was foaled the property of Col. Levi Childs, of Derby, Yt. Sired 
 
 by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, 
 
 a chestnut, 15 hands high, weighed 1,000, and sired by American 
 
 12'^ 
 
274 'jii;^ :MoiiGAN iioese. 
 
 Eagle. Cliilds horse is a dark bay, 14| hands high, weighs abou* 
 975. Style and action very good. Now owned in Northampton, 
 Mass. 
 
 CHAMBERLAIN HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1843, the property of Lathrop Chamberlain, of 
 Brownington, Yt. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a bay, 15 hands high, weighed 950 lbs., 
 and was sired by Olive Branch. 
 
 Chamberlain horse was a bay 14| hands high, and weighed about 
 900 lbs. His movement was excellent, and he was full of life and 
 spirit. He is now dead. 
 
 CARPENTER'S GRAY 
 "Was foaled the property of Francis Drew, of Danville, Yt. 
 Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, large gray, sired 
 by Black Prince. He was 14^ hands high, weighed 1,050 lbs., and 
 had plenty of bone, muscle, spirit, and action. He took his name 
 from Danford Carpenter, of Dtinvilie, who owned him some time, 
 and sold him to go to Massachusetts. 
 
 CLIFTON 
 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of Wm. Bellows, Esq., of V\''alpole, 
 N. H. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, Giflbrd, g g sire, Wood- 
 bury, g g g.sire, Justin ]\Iorgan. Dam, a chestnut, sired by Gifford, 
 g dam by Sherman. Clifton is 14i hands high, and weighs 960 
 pounds. His color is a bright chestnut. At three months old Mr. 
 Bellows sold him to Silas Hale, of South Royals ton, Mass. At 
 eighteen months old, Mr. Hale sold iiim to S. H. Edgerly, Esq., of 
 Manchester, N. H., who shortly after sold him to F. H. Lyford, 
 Esq., whose property he still remains. Clifton is a bold-looking, 
 active and muscular horse, and in many respects resembles his 
 celebrated sire. 
 
 CLEMENTS HORSE 
 Was foaled in 1826, the property of Mr. Clements, of Goshen, 
 Yt. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam was cele- 
 brated as a roadster, and descended from Imported Killdeer, 
 
PEDIGREES. 275 
 
 Clements kept him till 1831, and then sold him to go to St. Law- 
 rence County, New York. He was kept several years in Malone 
 and vicinity, and was finally taken to Canada. His style and 
 action were very fine. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Robins Battell, of Norfolk,Conn. 
 Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Full brother to Yermouter. Charaplain is now owned by Battell & 
 Phelps, in Fou Du Lac County, Wisconsin, and is a very fine horse. 
 
 CHAMPION BLACK HAWK 
 Was foaled in 1849, the property of C. W. Fletcher, of Orwell, 
 A^t. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam, by Cock of the Rock, g dam said to be out of a Bui, 
 rush Ivl organ mare, by a Messenger Horse. Champion Black Hawk 
 is a dark red chestnut, 15^ hands high, and weighs 1,100 lbs., 
 is compact and muscular, with beautiful ear and head. He has 
 taken the first prize at five State, and several County fairs. 
 Spirit, style and action excellent. In the fall of 1855 he trotted 
 two miles in 5 min. 45 sec. He is now owned by P. & L. Melendy, 
 Mount Healthy, Hamilton Co., Ohio. He was purchased by his 
 present owners in August, 1855, of W. H. & J. Ladd, Jefiersou 
 County, Ohio. 
 
 COOS MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1848, the property of Charles Benton, of New- 
 bury, Yt. Sired by Young Moscow. Dam was sired by Morgan 
 Bobbin, g dam by Billy Root, g g dam by Justin Morgan. He i3 
 a black chestnut, 152- hands high, and weighs 1,045 lbs. He is 
 very gentle, and perfectly kind in any service. Exceedingly well- 
 built, forward, and bold in style, though less nervous than some of 
 Lis kin. He is a favorite stock horse in the vicinity of Newbury. 
 He has been exhibited for a premium but once, when he received 
 one, at the Yermont State Fair, in 1853. 
 
 CHARLEY 
 Was foaled May 23, 1851, the property of Calvin Blodget, of 
 Waterl)ury, Yt. Sired by Gifford, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Jus- 
 
276 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 tin Morgan. Bam by Green Mountain 2d, g dam by Messenger. 
 Charley is a dark, dapple bay, 14i hands high, and weighs a little 
 less than 1,000 lbs. He has no white hairs on him; mane and tail 
 full and heavy, very compact, with good limbs and good action. 
 He is an excellent road:5ter. 
 
 CARLBTON HORSE. 
 
 See Peters Morgan. 
 
 COMET. 
 
 She Billy Root. 
 
 COMET 
 
 Was foaled in 1846, the property of Jonas Flint, of St. Johns, 
 bury, Yt. Sired by Billy Root, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam, dark chestnut, known as Crane mare. Sired by 
 Royal Morgan, g dam by Hubbard horse, g g dam, known as the 
 Pierce mare. Comet is a chestnut, and weighs 1,050 lbs. He has 
 taken several premiums. One at the National Fair at Boston, 
 1855, and one at the New Hampshire State Fair ; also one in his 
 own county, lie is now the property of Mr. Woods, of Hancock 
 N. H., and is an excellent horse, with plenty of life, and a spirited, 
 nervous style of action. 
 
 CHALLENGE 
 
 Was foalc-d June Sd, 1854, the property of Charles Linsley, Esq., 
 of Middlebury, Yt. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by White Mountain Morgan, g 
 dam by Woodbury ; weight, 882 lbs. ; 151 hands high, black chestnut 
 color, with stripe in the face, and three white feet. He is now 
 owned by George L. Linsley, Kankakee, 111. 
 
 CLARKE HORSE. 
 See Y/'halebgne. 
 
 DON JUAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of C. M. Fletcher, of Orwell, \t. 
 Sired by Champion Black Hawk, g sire, Blaclv Hawk, g g sire, 
 Sbermau, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, Lady Henry, sired by 
 
PEDIGREES. 277 
 
 Barney Henry, g dam was of Messenger blood ; 16 hands high, and 
 weighs 1,210 lbs, ; color, very dark dapple bay, heavy, wavy 
 black mane and tail. When two years old he was entered for a 
 purse, at Burlington, Vt., which he won, trotting mile heats in 
 3 min. 10 sec. When three years old he trotted a half mile in 
 1 min. 22 sec. A fine horse, and still owned by Mr. Fletcher. 
 
 DAYIS HORSE 
 
 Was a Vermont horse, sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan ; height, 14J hands ; weight, 925 lbs. ; color, chestnut. Few 
 white hairs in face, and one white hind-foot. Action and style good. 
 
 DUBOIS HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1818. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan, color 
 bay ; moved in good style, and was fast : weight, 940 pounds. He 
 was owned at one time in Burlington, Vt. 
 
 DAVIS HORSE 
 Was foaled in 1852. AVas sired by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 He was 15^ hands high, and weighed 1,200 ; color, mahogany bay ; 
 action and speed not remarkable, but enduring and hardy 
 
 DEERFIELD MORGAN 
 Was bred in Shelburne, Mass., and was sired by Green Mountam 
 2d, g sire, Gifford, g g sire, Woodbury, g g g sire Justin Morgan. 
 He is a good acting, sharp-going horse. 
 
 EMPEROR 
 
 Was foaled in 1837, the property of Ruius H. Hyde, of Chelsea, Vt., 
 who kept him three or four years and sold him. Sired by Bulrush, 
 g sire, Justin Morgan ; weight, 1,000 lbs. ; bright bay ; good figure, 
 but not remarkably good gait. 
 
 ETHAN ALLEN. 
 Was foaled in June, 1849, the property of J. W, Holcomb, of Ticon- 
 deroga, N, Y. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, a medium size white mare of Messenger 
 
273 'HIE MORGAN HOKSE, 
 
 blood ; 15 hands higb, and weighs about 1,000 lbs. ; is a beautiful 
 bay, with black mane and tail ; is perfectly sound and kind, very 
 tractable, and has an excellent temper and gait, either for the road 
 or the turf. It is claimed by his friends that he is the fastest trot- 
 ting stallion living, and the claim seems to be well founded. For 
 further notice of his performances, sec Chapter X. He is now 
 owned by 0. S. Roe & Co., of Shoreham, Yt. 
 
 It has been reported that Ethan Allen was sired by Flying Mor- 
 gan, an excellent horse, and one which he, in some respects, resem- 
 bles. We have made careful inquiry into all the circumstances of 
 the case, and we can see no reasonable ground to doubt his having 
 been sired by Black Hawk. Mr. Holcomb had bred two celebrated 
 animals. Black Hawk Maid and Red Legs, from the dam of Ethan 
 Allen by Biack Hawk, and there can be no question that the mare 
 was coupled with Black Hawk in 1848. Flying Morgan was not 
 kept for stock that year, but for a driving horse, and we believe 
 was kept by chance one night at Ticonderoga. We believe that 
 this, with the resemblance in color and shape of the head, furnish 
 the chief grounds for the report. 
 
 ETHAN ALLEN 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1850, the property of E. & T. Sprague, of East Ran- 
 dolph, Yt. Sired by Putnam horse, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, a chestnut mare known as the Partridge 
 mare. Sired by Woodbury. He is 15 hands high, and weighs 
 1,000 lbs. Color, chestnut, with white stripe in his face. Great 
 muscular power, with good style and action. Now owned by B. F. ■ 
 Parkhurst, of Randolph. His colts principally chestnut. 
 
 ENFIELD HORSE 
 Was foaled in 1824, in Enfield, Conn. Sired by Woodbury, g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam was raised in Connecticut, and was of 
 the celebrated Janus stock. 
 
 Enfield remained in Connecticut until the winter of 1831, when his 
 owner drove him to Addison County, Yt., with a load of fresh cod- 
 fish. While on the road, he met with an accident that made him 
 lame for some time, and he was sold to Joshua Scott, of IMiddle- 
 
PEDIGEEE3. 279 
 
 bury. Mr. Scott kept him one year, and sold him to Austin John- 
 son. Mr. Johnson kept him two or tliree years, and sold him to go 
 to the State of Maine. Since that time we have been unable to 
 trace him. 
 
 He was a chestnut, 14f hands high, and weighed 915 lbs. He 
 wa3 an excellent horse ; a fast driver, and full of courage and life. 
 
 ESTY HORSE 
 Was sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam sired by Romeo, owned by E. Pike. Height, 15^- hands ; 
 weight, 1,000 lbs. ; color, black roau. Good style and fast ; but 
 never was trained. Was burned in a stable when five years old. 
 He was sire of the noted trotting mare, Lady Franklin. 
 
 FENTON HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1808, the property of Richard W. Fenton, of St. 
 Johusbury, Yt. Sired by Justin Morgan. 
 
 He was of a blood bay color ; excellent in style and action, and 
 a very fine horse. See Chap. YII. 
 
 FLYING CLOUD 1st 
 Was foaled the property of Mr. Robinson, of New Bedford, Mass. 
 Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam by Andrew Jackson, of trotting celebrity ; was a black mare, 
 and weighed about 1,000 lbs. 
 
 Flying Cloud weighs about 1,000 lbs., and his color is black. He 
 is now on Long Island. 
 
 FLYING CLOUD 2d. 
 
 This Flying Cloud is now in Ohio ; was foaled the property of 
 GustaATis Wickes, of Ticonderoga, N.Y. Sired by Black Hawk, g 
 sire Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Magnum 
 Bonum. 
 
 This horse is black, and weighs 1, 050 pounds. 
 
 FLYING MORGAN. 
 
 Was foaled in 1843, the property of R. M. Adams, of Burlington, Vt. 
 
 Sired by Hackett horse, g sire, Gififord, g g sire, Woodbury, g g g 
 
 Eire, J'j3i' in Morgan. Dam sired by Woodbury. Flying Morgan is 14 
 
280 THE MORGAN IIORSK. 
 
 hands high, and weighs 900 lbs ; color, blood bay, with white hind 
 feet. When five years old he was sold to Dr. Wm. Kussell, of Mid- 
 dlebury, Yt., but Mr. Adams repurchased him the following year, 
 and has owned him ever since. He is a horse of a great deal ot 
 bottom and power ; trots perfectly square and fair ; goes smart ; is 
 perfectly sure for all he can do, and generally makes his best time 
 the last heat. From heating and over-work, his eyes have been in- 
 jured, and he can see but little. For performances, see Chap. 10. 
 
 FLYING MORGAN SPROUT 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of R. M. Adams, of Burlington, Yt. 
 Sired by Flying Morgan, g sire, Hackett horse, g g sire, GijSbrd, ggg 
 sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin Morgan, out of Messenger dam, 
 of middling size. He is 15 hands high, and of a dark chestnut color. 
 Took the second premium at the National Fair at Springfield, 
 Mass., when he had nine competitors. Has an excellent temper, a 
 free, open gait, and promises to be fast. Under Mr. Adams' care he 
 has become one of the best trained and most thoroughly broken 
 horses in the State, and we do not know of a horse equal to him in 
 these respects. He is still owned by Mr. Adams, at Burlington, Yt. 
 
 FOX 
 
 Was foaled in 1813, the property of Col. Phinney, of Shrewsbury, 
 Yt. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam unknown ; 14 
 hands high ; weight, 975 lbs. ; color, dapple bay ; a very few white 
 hairs on his forehead, and very few long hairs on his legs ; mane and 
 tail thick and bushy. In 1825 he was purchased by Mr. Oliver 
 Brown, of Pittsford, Yt. Mr. Brown kept him about one year, and 
 sold him to Harvey Yale, of Middlebury, Yt., for ,^210. Mr. Yale, 
 kept him five years ; during this time he was kept at Huntington 
 and Middlebury. In 1831, Mr. Yale sold him to Dr. Smith, of 
 Huntington, for $150. Dr. Smith kept him one year. From Hunt- 
 ington he went to SL Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; from whence he was 
 taken to Upper Canada, where he died. He was a horse of great 
 spirit and action, and was a favorite parade horse. 
 
 FARRAR HORSE 
 
 SEE YOUXG BURBANK. 
 
PEDIGREES. 281 
 
 FLINT HOESE 
 "Was foaled in 1823, the property of Oliver Bowers, of Danville, 
 Yt. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. He was owned by 
 Mr. Bowers, Mr. Flint, Mr. AVoods, and Mr. Bellows. He died in 
 St. Johnsbury. He is said to have been a fine horse, but we have 
 been able to learn no further particulars concerning him. 
 
 FLYING MOEGAN, OF PETERSHAM. 
 
 SEE NOETH STAR. 
 
 FALCON 
 
 Was foaled May 31st, 1846, the property of Bobbins Battell, of Nor- 
 folk, Conn. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam by the Yale horse ; Yale horse by Barnum's Cock 
 of the Eock ; g dam by Gifford. Falcon died at three years old. 
 
 FALCON 2d 
 Was foaled in 1849, the property of Bobbins Battell, of Norfolk, 
 Conn. Sired by Falcon, g sire, Black Hawk, g g sire, Sherman, 
 g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a high-blooded Yirginia mare 
 
 fa:6mees' beauty 
 
 Was foaled in 1842, the property of Dr. Thatcher, of Wells 
 Eiver, Yt. Sired by GifPord, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam, a bay, said to sired by Woodbury. Farmers' 
 Beauty is about 15 hands high ; weighs 1,075 lbs., and is of dappled 
 Ciiestnut color. Stock excellent and uniform. He is a good 
 traveller ; has trotted in 2.53. He is now owned by D. M. Tag- 
 gart, GofFstown, N. H. 
 
 FOX MORGAN 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of Miller & Fox, of New 
 Ipswich, N. H. Sired by Comet, g sire, Billy Eoot, g g sire, Sher- 
 man, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. The Fox Morgan is coal black, 
 with a few gray hairs about his flanks ; 14^ hands high, and weighs 
 950 lbs. Action spirited and stylish. 
 
282 THE MORGAN HOESE. 
 
 GOODALE HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1836, the property of Luther Goodale, of Lyme, 
 N.H. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Height, 15^ 
 hands ; weight, 1,100 lbs. Heavy bone and muscle ; courage and bot- 
 tom excellent ; action not the finest, but a good driver. He left some 
 excellent stock. Mr. Goodale sold him in 1845 or '46 to B. F. 
 Tillitson, of Orford, N. H., who sold him in 1849 or '50, to a man in 
 Danvers, Mass. Disposition not pleasant. 
 
 GATES HORSE. 
 (see morgan empire.) 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAIN 1st 
 
 Was foaled the property of Mr. Bachupp, of Rygate, Yt. Sired by 
 Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. He was ISi hands high ; weighed 
 1,125 lbs., and was of a dusty brown color. He was taken to Green- 
 field, Mass., and sold for $1,000. 
 
 GREEN MOUNTAIN 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1834, the property of George Bundy. Sired by Gif- 
 ford, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by 
 Woodbury, a dark bay mare of great beauty and action. This 
 horse is i4^ hands high, and weighs 1,100 lbs. ; color, deep bay. 
 Mr. Bundy sold him, when four months old, to Daniel Gay, of Stock- 
 bridge, Vt., who kept him till he was four years old, and sold him 
 to Hiram Twitchell, of Bethel, Yt., and he sold him the same year 
 to John Woodbury, of Bethel, Yt. Mr. Woodbury sold him to 
 Silas Hale, of South Royalston, Mass., who kept him till 1855 
 ffheu he sold him to a stock company in Williamstown, Yt., where 
 ie is now owned. Mr. Hale took him West in 1853, and he re- 
 ceived first premiums at the several State Fairs of Kentucky, Ohio, 
 mid Michigan, and in 1854 he received the first premium at the Ycr 
 mont State Fair, at Brattleboro'. He has also taken several othei 
 premiums. He is a horse of great muscular development, and 
 remarkably nervous, spirited action. 
 
PEDIGKEES. 283 
 
 GOODALE HOESE 
 
 Was foaled the property of John Dennick, of Lynn, N. H. Sired 
 by Young Burbank, g sire, "Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 He is of a bay color, and weighs 1,025 lbs. Left one stallion, the 
 Bold Eusher, a fine horse, now dead. 
 
 GEEEN MOUNTAIN, Jr., 
 
 Was foaled in July, 1851. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, Gif- 
 ford, g g sire, Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam known 
 as the Harton Trotting Mare. In 1851 owned by George W. Brad- 
 street, of Eoyalton, Vt., and purchased of him by Eeuben H. 
 Lamb, of Boston. Sired by Gifford. 
 
 Green Mountain, Jr., is 15 hands high, and weighs 1,035 lbs. His 
 color is dark chestnut, or brown. He has the style and action of 
 his sire and dam, and trots a mile in 3 minutes. Now owned by 
 A. Lyman, of West Eandolph, Yt. He is a very fast walker, and 
 a very pleasant and stylish driver. 
 
 GEN. GIFFOED 1st 
 Was foaled in 1839, the property of Edward Eldridge, of War- 
 ren, Yt. Sired by Gifford, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. 
 
 Gen. Gifford is a chestnut, 15^ hands high, weighs 1,040 lbs. He 
 Is a long-bodied, but compact horse, with good style and action ; 
 a pleasant temper, and abundance of life. Mr. Eldridge sold him to 
 Calvin Blodget, of Waterbury, Yt. Mr. Blodget kept him about 
 two years and sold him to George A. Mason, of Jordan, N. Y. 
 
 GEN. GIFFOED 2i) 
 
 Was foaled in 1849, in Walpole, N. H. Sired by Gilford, g sire, 
 Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam weighed 1,000 lbs. ; was 
 foaled in 1831, in Woodstock, Yt. ; sired by Woodbury. Gen. 2d 
 is a bay, and weighs 1,000 lbs. A well-formed horse, of good 
 action. 
 
 GENEEAL COOK HOESE. 
 
 (see shermak morgan.) 
 
284 THE MORGAN HOKSE. 
 
 GENERAL TAYLOR 
 
 Was foaled in Chelsea, in 1849, the property of Joseph Hatch. 
 Sired by Black Prince. Dam, sired by Bulrush, g dam by Quicksil- 
 yer, 15 hands high, blood-bay color, and weighs 1,000 lbs. Not re- 
 markably bold and active, but symmetrical, hardy, and enduring, 
 and an excellent horse. Received the first premium at the Orange 
 County, Yt., Fair, in 1851, and also the first in the class of Bul- 
 rush Morgans, at the State Fair in 1854. Now owned by Elihu 
 Norton, Chelsea, Yt. 
 
 GLINES HORSE 
 Was foaled in 1846, the property of James Glines, Haverhill, N. H. 
 Sired by One Eye, g sire, Bulrush, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, 
 an English mare. His color is chestnut, and weighs about 1,100 
 lbs. He has gone West. 
 
 GROSYNER COLT. 
 
 (see PLATO.) 
 
 GIFFORD 
 
 Was foaled June 23, 1824, the property of Ziba Gifford, of Tun- 
 bridge, Yt. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam 
 foaled June 21st, 1819, and sired by Henry Dundas, g dam by True 
 Briton, g g dam by I)e Laucey's Imported Wild Air. Weighed 
 1,000 lbs., and was 14^ hands high. Style and motion much ad- 
 mired, and was a favorite parade horse. Has left some excellent 
 stock. March 17th, 1840, Mr. Gifibrd sold him to Russel Topliff, 
 of Barnard, Yt. In 1844, Mr. Topliff sold him to Lyman Stewart. 
 Mr. Stewart sold him to go to the State of New York. In 1846 
 Mr. F. A. Weir, of Walpole, N. H., purchased him, and sold him 
 to a stock company for $2,000. He died Oct. 30th, 1850, at Wal- 
 pole, N. H. 
 
 GENERAL GIFFORD 3d 
 
 Was foaled 20th Sept., 1851, the property of Mr. Woodard, of 
 South Royalton, Yt. Sired by Gifibrd, g sire, Woodbury, g g sirC; 
 
PEDIGEEES. 285 
 
 Justin Morgan. Dam sired by General Gifford. He is 14 hands high, 
 and weighs 945 lbs. Color chestnut, white face, and three white 
 feet. Speed good for a colt that has not been trained. 
 
 GIFFORD MORGAN, Jk., 
 
 Was foaled May 23d, 1850, the property of Elijah Judson, of 
 Woodbury, Con. Sired by Gifford, g sire, "Woodbury, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, Ribbon Back, by Young Black Hawk ; 
 g dam was taken from Vermont to Con., in 1825, and was said to 
 have been sired by the Justin Morgan. Gifford Morgan, Jr., is a jet 
 black color, a little under 15 hands high, and y/eighs about 1,100 
 lbs. Is a free, pleasant traveller, and moves in good, bold style. Is 
 very pleasant in his temper, perfectly tractable, and is a fine horse. 
 He is now owned by Mr. H. B. Munson, and is kept at Keokuk, 
 Lee County, Iowa. 
 
 GREEN MOUNT^y:N 3d 
 
 Was foaled September 3d, 1853, the property of H. B. Munson, 
 of Seymour, Con. Sired by a son of Green Mountain 2d., g sire, 
 Green Mountain 2d, g g sire, Gifford, gg g sire, Woodbury, gg g g 
 fiire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Moscow, g dam, by Woodbury. 
 His color is dark chestnut, with silver colored mane and tail. Is 
 15 hands high, and is a promising colt. 
 
 GRANITE STATE MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled June 21st, 1847, the property of Parker W. Home, 
 of Farmington, N. H. Sired by Napoleon Morgan, g sire, Flint 
 horse, g g sire, Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam of 
 Messenger descent. Granite State Morgan is a chestnut roan, with 
 one white hind foot and a white stripe in the face, 151 hands high, 
 and weighs about 1,000 lbs. Is a good traveller, perfectly sound 
 and kind, a pleasant, tractable temper, and can be driven by a child. 
 He is now owned by C. C. Whitehouse, of Farmington, N. H. 
 
 GENERAL GIFFORD, Jk., 
 
 Wap foaled in 1851, the property of Charles W.Ingersoll, of Lodi, 
 Beneca Co., N. Y , who at that time owned the General Gifford Ist. 
 Sired by General Gifford 1st., g sire, Gifford, g g sire, Woodbury, 
 
2S6 THE MOEGAN HORSE. 
 
 g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, the celebrated Medick's trotting 
 raare. Her dam by Bucyrus, and he by American Eclipse. This 
 Junior General is 16 hands high, and weighs 1,100 lbs. He re- 
 ceived the first premium at New York State Fair, at Utica, Sept., 
 1852, first premium and medal at Michigan State Fair, holden at 
 Detroit, 1854 ; also, the first premium at Seneca County Fair, Oct. 
 1854. Action easy and graceful. He is a good horse. Now 
 owned by B. J. Bidwell, Tecumseh, Mich. 
 
 GEANITE STATE 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Josiah Cram, of Hancock, 
 N. H. Sired by Comet, g sire, Billy Root, g g sire, Sherman, 
 g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam was sired by a horse called Tom 
 Morgan. Tom Morgan was sired by a horse called Briton. The 
 pedigree of the last two named we do not know. Granite State is 
 light chestnut, and weighs 1,050 lbs. His style and action are good. 
 When three years old, Mr. Cram refused $800 for him, and still 
 owns him. 
 
 GOLDEN EAGLE 
 Was foaled June 21st, 1851, the property of Jacob Blake, of Sut- 
 ton, Vt. Sired by Morgan General, g sire, Billy Boot, g gsire, Sher- 
 man, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. When four years old, he was pur 
 chased by Wm. Hill, of Sutton, Yt., and taken to Maine. Dark 
 chestnut color. Weight about 1,150 lbs. Moves in good style, has 
 good figure, good constitution, and excellent limbs. Mr. Hill has 
 lately taken him to Illinois. 
 
 HALL HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in Karthumberland, Vt. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, 
 
 Justin Morgan. Weight, 1,100 lbs. Low, heavy built, and dark 
 
 bay color. He was owned and kept several years by Mr. Hall, of 
 
 Northumberland, Yt. 
 
 m 
 HUBBARD HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in Straford, Yt., the property of Mr. Hubbard. 
 Sired by Bailey horse, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan, 
 Chestnut color. W^eight 1,000 lbs. 
 
PEDIGREES. 287 
 
 HARLOW HORSE 
 
 Was foaled the property of Mr, Harlow, of Hartland, Yt. Sired 
 by Walker liorse, g- sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Weight 1,200 lbs. Dapple gray color. Action fine, and a sharp 
 goer. 
 
 HEBARD HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1827, the property of Arial Hall, of North Royal- 
 ton, Vt. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Height 14 5 
 hands. Weight, 1,050 lbs. Color bay, black mane and tail. Died 
 in Williamstown, Vt., in 1854, the property of Mr. Hall. He was 
 a very valuable horse, hardy, enduring, with fine style and action, 
 and a good roadster. Left a great deal of excellent stock. 
 
 HACKETT HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1832, the property of Col. John Hackett, of Han- 
 cock, Yt. Sired by Gifford, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam sired by Woodbury. Height, 142 hands. Weight, 1,070 
 lbs. Color chestnut, thick set, compact horse, but style not so fine as 
 some. Action good, and a horse of great endurance. He was a 
 good roadster, and left excellent stock. Died Feb., 1850, the prop- 
 erty of Mr. Hackett. 
 
 HAMPDEN 
 
 Was foaled in 1848, the property of Dr. J. Holland, of Westfield, 
 Mass. Sired by Gifford, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam Polly, a sharp-going dark chestnut mare, of Messenger 
 descent, formerly owned by Messrs. Morgan & Stevens, of Palmer, 
 Mass. Hampden is a dapple chestnut, a trifle over 15 hands high 
 weighs 1,025 lbs., has a very compact form, excellent constitution, 
 pleasant disposition, and is a good driver. He is now owned by 
 N. B. Washburn, Springfield, Mass. 
 
 HUCKINS HORSE 
 Was foaled in 1844, the property of Henry Wooly, of Derby, 
 Yt. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Huckins horse is a bay, 15 hands high, and weighs a 
 little over 1,000 lbs. He is full of courage and life. Is now owned 
 in Topshani, Yt 
 
288 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 HUBBARD HORSE 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Dr. Frederick Jones, of New 
 Ipswich, N. H. Sired by Flint horse, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, a superior animal, noted for fleetness and 
 endurance. This horse is now owned by George B. Hubbard, of 
 Ashby, Mass., is 14 hands high, weighs 900 lbs., is of a rich, dark- 
 brown color, compact and finely-proportioned, of elegant action, 
 and possesses the requisite points of a fleet horse. 
 
 IVES HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1839, the property of Julius Ives, of Stai^tead, 
 C. E. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam, a gray about 15 hands high. Ives horse is a bay, 
 about 15 hands high, and weighs nearly 1,100 lbs. Style and 
 action very good. He is now owned in Oswego, N. Y. 
 
 JEMIB 
 
 Was foaled in 1848, the property of Calvin Blodget, of Water- 
 bury, Vt. Sired by Gifford, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam, Madam Lowe. Sired by Woodbury. Jemie is a 
 chestnut, 14| hands high, and weighs 950 lbs. ; has no white hairs 
 on him ; is close built ; stands high forward ; has good style and 
 action, and is a good driver. He is now owned by John G. Sher- 
 burn, and we think is in Richmond, McHenry Co., Illinois. 
 
 JERRY 
 
 Was foaled the 18th of June, 1849, the property of Calvin 
 Blodget, of Waterbury, Vt. Sired by Gifford, g sire, Woodbury, 
 g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Hebard horse, g dam by Bul- 
 rush. Jerry is chestnut, with a little white on one hind foot ; 14^ 
 hands high, and weighs 1,000 lbs. ; heavy mane and tail ; form 
 close and compact ; good action, and a free, pleasant driver. 
 
 KNIGHT'S HORSE. 
 
 (see VERMONT MORGAN CHAMriON.) 
 
PEDIGKEES, 289 
 
 KARBY HORSE 
 Was bred in Bath, N. H. Sired by Bailey horse, g sire, Wood- 
 bury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Chestnut color, and weighs 1,125 
 lbs. 
 
 KENT'S MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1844, the property of Adrial Kent, of Lancaster, 
 N.H. Sired by Bailey horse, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam by Sherman This horse weighs 1,050 lbs. ; is 15 hands 
 high ; a deep bay color ; star in the face and white hind feet ; style 
 and action good. Stock has proved excellent. Is now owned by 
 A. J. Congdon, of Lancaster, N. H. 
 
 KITE 
 
 Was foaled in June, 1854, the property of S. Langdon, New 
 Haven, Yt. Sired by Rising Sun, g sire, Black Hawk, g g sire, 
 Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan ; dam sired by Beaman horse, 
 he by Black Hawk, g dam by Black Hawk. Kite is dark chest- 
 nut, 15i hands high, and weighs 880 lbs. He is now owned hy 
 Geo. L. Linsley, Kankakee City, Illinois. 
 
 KENT COLT 
 
 Was foaled in June, 1851, the property of G. W. Kent, of New- 
 bury, Vt. Sired by Carleton horse, or Petus Morgan, g sire, 
 Morgan Chief, g g sire. Bulrush, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam 
 by Sherman. Kent Colt is. a blood bay, 14^ hands high, weighs 
 975 lbs, with head, eye, and neck very fine ; general figure and limbs 
 good. Is still owned by Mr. Kent. 
 
 LATHAM HORSE, or MORGAN CHIEF, 
 
 Was foaled at Wells River, Vt., the property of Peter Burbank, 
 in 1832. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam known 
 as Empress, sired by Justin Morgan : 151 hands high, weight, 
 1,000 lbs., and chestnut color. 
 
 When one year old, Mr. Burbank sold him to B. Latham, Esq.^ 
 of Lyme, N. H., for Sl50. In 1841, Mr. Latham sold him to Coi 
 R. C. Sawyer, of Newbury, Vt., who kept him till May, 1847, when 
 ' 13 * 
 
290 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 he sold him to Calvin Blodget, of Waterbury, Yt. lu Juue, 1848, 
 he was sold to Messrs. Wight & Eldridge, of Warren, Yt., who in 
 June, 1852, sold him to Messrs. Prescott & Wilson, of Newbury, 
 Yt. In the spring of 1854, he was taken to New Jersey. He 
 was not remarkable for style and action, but his stock proved 
 good. 
 
 LONE STAB 
 Was foaled the 5th June, 1848, the property of Benj. B. Tuttle, of 
 Newmarket, N. H. Sired hj Estis horse, g sire, Black Hawk, g 
 g sire, Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a chestnut 14\ 
 hands high, sired by Cock of the Eock. Lone Star is a blood bay, 
 with small white star in forehead ; 15^ hands high, and weighs 1,065 
 lbs., and is half-brother to the well-known trotting mare, Lady 
 Franklin. He has never been trained, but he has a gait that indi- 
 cates ability to trot. He is a fine horse, and is now owned by Syl- 
 vanus Tuttle, of Newmarket, N. H. 
 
 LAWTON HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in June, 1841, the property of Mr. Buckman, of Bethel, 
 Yt., and is now owned by Messrs. Woodward & Flint, South 
 Royalston, Yt. Sired by Green Mountain, 2d, g sire, Gifford, g g 
 sire, Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Morgan 
 Eagle. This horse is 15 hands high ; weighs 1,100 lbs., and his 
 color is dapple bay. Style and action excellent, possessing both bot- 
 tom and speed. 
 
 LEMON FAIR 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Robbins Battell of Norfolk, 
 Conn. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam by Gen. AVhitney's Arabian. He by Dey of 
 Algiers, g dam by Duroc. 
 
 MORGAN LION 
 Was foaled May 31st, 1852, the property of J. C. Tibbits, Esq., of 
 Sutton, Yt. Sired by Morgan Gen., g sire, Billy Boot, g g sire, 
 Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Height, 15 J hands, grey 
 
PEDIGREES. 291 
 
 color, and weight 1,150 lbs. ; very compact, close-built, high-head- 
 ed, good acting horse. 
 
 MORGAN TROTTER 
 "Was foaled in 1819 or '20, the property of Abel Whitney, near 
 Chelsea, Yt. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a 
 large coarse common mare, light bay ; weight, 1,150 lbs. 
 
 Morgan Trotter was 15 hands high, and weighed 1,000 lbs. ; 
 color, dark bay ; remarkably strong, cordy limbs ; a very hard 
 driver and fast trotter. Charles Johnson bought him about 1823 
 or '24, and owned him four or five years, then sold him to go to 
 Maine. 
 
 M R G A N K I N G . 
 
 (see SHERMAN KING.) 
 
 MORGAN RAT 
 
 Was foaled in 1822, the property of Judge Baldwin, of Strafford, 
 Yt. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. When j'^oung he was 
 taken to Maine, and kept in the vicinity of Norway, Stanwich and 
 Gray. His stock was small, but invariably good roadsters, with fine 
 action. He was brownish chestnut color ; 13^? hands high, and 
 weighed 850 lbs. ; with a symmetrical figure, he had a long body, 
 which gave him his name. He was very gentle and very spirited. 
 
 MAY-FLY 
 
 Was foaled in 1848. Sired by Farmer's Beauty, g sire, Gifford, 
 g g sire, Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by 
 Wild Hawk of the Prairie, said to be a thorough-bred English 
 horse, owned by Josiah Chase, Princeton, Mass. May-Fly weighs 
 900 lbs., and is of bay color. He is now owned by Chas. Perley, 
 Boxford, Mass. Is a good-tempered, fine-acting horse. 
 
 MOODY HORSE. 
 
 (see ENFIELD HORSE.) 
 
 MORGAN TIGER, 
 (see tioeb.) 
 
292 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 MORGAN C^SAR 
 Was foaled in 1828, the property of Simon Smith, of Hartland, 
 Vt. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Quick 
 Silver, g dam bred by John G. Bond, Keeue, N. H., and by Morton's 
 Traveller. (Not the Morton's Traveller of the Stud Book.) 
 This horse was 15^- hands high, weight, 1,150 lbs. He was 
 free from long hairs, had a fine head, ears and neck ; mane and tail 
 not as thick as is common. He Avas a fast driver, could go a mile 
 in three minutes, and in March, 1844, was driven from Piermont to 
 Wentworth, N. H., a distance of 12 miles, with two men in a 
 sleigh, in 44 minutes. In 1833 or '34 he was taken to Maine by 
 Spaulding Smith, of Wilton, Maine, and sold by him to Gen. John 
 M. Eustis, of that State, for a parade horse. He remained there 
 till 1842, and sired some excellent stock, of which was the celebrated 
 trotting horse Mac, also the noted trotter, Pizarro, and a mare 
 known as the Robert's Mare, very fast, and reputed to trot a mile in 
 2,35. The administrators of Gen Eustis' estate sold him to Manly 
 Herriman, of Bradford, Yt. He afterwards passed through several 
 hands, until in March, 184G, he was purchased by Jesse Johnson 
 & Brothers, who kept him till he died, June 1848. His stock sold 
 high ; many geldings brought from ^300 to $1,000 each. This 
 horse was known in Maine by the name of Morgan Post Boy. 
 
 MATCHLESS 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of William M. Parker, of Con- 
 cord, N.H. Sired by Prince Albert, g sire. Green Mountam 2d, g 
 g sire, Gifford, g g g sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Blood bay color, with black legs ; 145 hands high, and weighs 900 lbs. 
 Fine style and action. He is a fine, symmetrical animal, with small, 
 finely-shaped head and ear. Promises to be fast. Dam of Match- 
 less was formerly owned by Hiram Woodruff. She was a cele- 
 brated roadster, and was half-sister to the great Trustee. She was 
 black, about 14 J hands high. 
 
 MODEL MORGAN 
 Was foaled in 1850, the property of Dr. Lemuel Richmond, of 
 Derby ,Yt. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire,Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 
PEDIGREES. 293 
 
 RIorgau. Dam by White Mountain Morgan, g dam by Royal 
 -Morgan. iModel is 14 hands high, and weighs 950 lbs. ; his color is 
 dark mahogany bay, with very bushy, beautifully black mane and 
 tail. He was exhibited at the Vermont State Fair in 1853, and the 
 Committee in their Eeport to the Society say, " tliat he possesses 
 as many, or more, of the traits of the old Sherman, than any other 
 horse on the grounds." 
 
 MOEGAN STAR 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, in the town of Shelburn, Mass. Sired by 
 DeerSeld Morgan, g sire, Green Mountain 2d, g g sire, GifFord, g g 
 g sire, VVoodbury, g g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Cock 
 of the Rock, g dam by Magnum Bonum. Morgan Star is 15 hands 
 high ; weighs 1,050 lbs. ; his color is a dark dapple bay. With a 
 symmetrical figure, he has fine style and action. Is now owned in 
 Atwater, Ohio. 
 
 MORGAN CHAMPION. 
 
 (see VERMONT MORGAN CHAMPION ) 
 
 MORGAN NAPOLEON 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of A. C. Palmer, of Charlotte, 
 Yt. Sired by Black Hawk Prophet, g sire, Black Hawk, g g sire, 
 Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Napoleon is 16 hands high, 
 and weighs 1,050 lbs. ; his color is jet black, good mane and tail. 
 He has a fine open gait, but has never been trained to trot. Re- 
 ceived the first premium in the class three years old, at the last 
 Vermont State Fair. He is a fine horse. 
 
 MELVIN HORSE 
 Was foaled in 1838, the property of Mr. Melvin, of Charlestown, 
 Vt. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam was a light gray, 15 hands high ; weight, 900 
 lbs. Melvin horse is a light gray ; 155 hands high, and weighs 
 over 1,100 lbs. Style and action excellent. He is now owned in 
 Kalamazoo, Michigan. 
 
 MORGAN COMET. 
 
 (see IVES HORSE.) 
 
294 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 MORGAN CHIEF. 
 
 (see lathan horse ) 
 
 MERRIMAN HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of L. Merriman, of Stanstead, 
 C. E. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam, a chestnut, weighs about 900 lbs, sired by Sir Richard. 
 Merriman horse is a bay, 14 hands high, weighs 975 lbs., good 
 style, and a good traveller. He is now owned by Robert Trumbull, 
 of Belle Centre, Ohio. 
 
 MORGAN FIGURE 
 Was foaled in 1850, the property of Solomon Steele, of Beebe 
 Plains, C. E. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, a black, sired by Piermont Morgan, g dam 
 sired by Hawkins' horse. Morgan Figure is a jet black, 14 hands 
 high ; weighs 950 lbs. He is an excellent horse, compact, with 
 plenty of bone, clean, sinewy legs, with fine style and pleasant tem- 
 per ; he is a good roadster. He is still the property of Mr. Steele. 
 
 MORGAN POST BOY. 
 
 (see morgan CiESAR.) 
 
 MORGAN DEFIANCE. 
 (see brock horse.) 
 
 MORGAN DRAGON 
 
 Was foaled in July, 1853, the property of Gen. Silas M. Bur- 
 roughs, Medina, N. Y. Sired by young Black Hawk, g sire, Black 
 Hawk, g g sire, Sherman, gg g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Im- 
 ported Emigrant, 
 
 MORGAN DEFIANCE 
 Was foaled June 14th, 1844, the property of Harvey Nobles, of 
 Hartford, Yt. Sired by the Dennison horse or Gold Finder. Dam, 
 celebrated stock and road mare, Old Lady Morgan ; sired by Sher- 
 man. Morgan Defiance is a jet black, 15 hands high, and weighs 
 
 I 
 
PEDIGREES. 295 
 
 1,030 lbs., compact, well-formed figure, and high carriage. He is 
 now owned by an Association in Northfield, Yt. 
 
 MORGAN EAGLE 
 Was foaled in 1827, the property of Daniel Morgan, of Royalton, 
 Vt. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin i!>.Iorgan. Dam, blood bay, 
 of 1,000 pounds weight ; an excellent roadster, but blood unknown. 
 Eagle was 145^ hands high, and weighed about 1,100 lbs. ; dapple 
 bay, high style, line action, and free, pleasant driver. Morgan sold 
 him to Mr. Sprague, of Randolph, Vt. In 1832 Mr. Sprague sold 
 him to Philip Farnham, of Turnbridgc, Vt. ]^Ir. Farnham kept 
 him till 1839, and sold him to A. M. Foster, of Barre, Vt., and he 
 kept him till he died, in 1810. The stock of Morgan Eagle were 
 compact, rugged horses, and fine drivers. Morgan Eagle was the 
 sire of Lady Sutton. 
 
 MORGAN EMPEROR 
 Was foaled the property of Mr. Hough, of Lebanon, N.H. Sired 
 by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Imported Prince 
 William, formerly kept at Hartford, Conn. Emperor was 15| hands 
 high, and weighed 1,025 lbs., color blood bay. Jesse Johnson and 
 Brothers kept him one year in Burlington, Vt., in 1835, and while 
 there he trotted a mile in 2 min. 55 sec. Afterwards they kept him in 
 Bradford two years, when he was sold to Messrs. Hamet and But- 
 ler, of Burlington, Vt. In 1837 he went to Chicago. Sired Chi- 
 cago Jack, gelding, and North Star, who took the second premium 
 at the National Fair in SpringSeld, Mass. ; also the Tillitson 
 horse, who trotted a mile in 2 min. 40 sec, on Cambridge Park 
 Course, in September, 1843. From Chicago he returned to Bur- 
 lington, and went from there to Petersham, Mass., where he died in 
 the autumn of 1853. He was close and compact, with good figure ; 
 had a very heavy mane and tail, went with mouth wide open, and 
 more from the whin than from soirit. 
 
 MORGAN ECLIPSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1848, the property of J. & R. C. Johnson, of Brad- 
 ford, Vt. Sired by Morgan Caesar, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin 
 
296 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 Morgan. Ed ipse was own brother to Morgan Traveller, 15 hands 
 high, and weighed 991 lbs. ; color, beautiful chestnut. Was sold in 
 1834 to an Agricultural Society in New-Brunswick, for over $2,000. 
 His stock have taken several premiums at State Fairs in Yermont. 
 At the Fah' at Brattleboro three of his colts took premiums, be- 
 sides two mares with foals by their side from him. He was a very 
 fine horse. Pedigree of dam, see Traveller. 
 
 MORGAN EMPIRE 
 
 Was foaled in 1845, the property of Charles Gates, of Petersham, 
 Mass. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, Gifibrd, g g sire,Wood- 
 bury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Morgan Empire is 15J hands high, 
 and weighs a little under 1,100 lbs. ; is a horse of good action, and 
 very muscular. He is now owned by G. W. Chamberlain, of Walt- 
 ham, Mass. : is a good horse, and has a good reputation for stock. 
 
 MORGAN EMPEROR 2d 
 
 Was foaled in June, 1849, the property of Josiah White, of 
 Petersham, Mass. Sired by Morgan Emperor, g sire, Bulrush, g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam said to be by Sherman. Morgan Emperor 
 is a deep bay, 15 hands high, and weighs 1,075 lbs. He is a strong, 
 well-formed, fine moving horse. In 1855 he took two premiums, 
 one at United States Fair in Boston, and one at Worcester, Mass. 
 He is now owned by Harrison Bacon, of Barre, Mass. 
 
 MORGAN HUNTER 
 
 Was foaled in 1844, the property of Mr. Exwell, of Springfield, 
 Yt. Sired by GiiFord, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam sired by Gifford. Hunter is 14| hands high, and of chestnut 
 color. Messrs. Ackley & Gilbert, of East Hamilton, Madison Co., 
 N. Y., purchased him in May, 1849, but he is now owned by 
 Messrs. Farriss and Cook, of Charlottesville, Ya. Is a horse of 
 beautiful figure and fine action. 
 
 MORGAN CHIEF 
 Was foaled June 18th, 1847. Sired by Gifibrd, g sire, Woodbury, 
 g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Green Mountain 2d, g dam 
 
PEDIGREES. 297 
 
 by Messenger. Height 14| hands, weight 960 lbs., color light 
 brown, with small star in his forehead. Owned by H. E. Ackley, 
 of East Hamilton, Madison Co., N. Y. Morgan Chief lost one 
 eye by an accident. 
 
 MORGAN BOBBIN 
 Was foaled in 1827, the property of Mr. Chamberlain, of Danville, 
 Yt. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Jus- 
 tin jSIorgau. This horse was 14f hands high, weighed 1,000 lbs., 
 color bright bay, black mane and tail, with all his legs white half 
 up to his knees. Remarkably fine style, great deal of bone and 
 muscle, perfectly gentle, good roadster, and fine horse. Mr. Allen 
 kept him till 1853, when he sold him to L. D. Ide, of Lyndon, Yt., 
 who kept him till he died, the next autumn. He was kept at 
 Keene, Lynn, and Walpole, N. H., and at St. Johnsbury, Yt. He 
 was sold when young, and owned by Mather Allen, of Guildhall, 
 Yt., for many years. 
 
 MORGAN RATTLSR. 
 
 (see eoyal moegan.) 
 
 MORGAN RECRUIT 
 
 Was foaled in July, 1851, the property of Ebenezer Bridges, of 
 Pomfret, Yt. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, Gilford, g g sire, 
 Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan, g dam by Woodbury. Re- 
 cruit is dark chestnut, 14 hands high, weighs 1,020 lbs., thick set, 
 with good limbs, short head, open nostrils, face dishing, wide be- 
 tween eyes, and very heavy mane and tail. Now owned by 
 E. Bridges, of Pomfret, Yt. 
 
 MORGAN TIGER 1st 
 
 Was foaled in 1827, in Whitefield, N. H. Sired by Cock of the 
 Rock, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by the 
 noted Bellfouuder. Tiger was a gray roan, 15| hands high, and 
 weighed 1,025 lbs. He was a very hardy, enduring horse, full of 
 courage, and good action. At four years old he was sold to Judge 
 Sumner, of Charlestown, N. H. Judge Sumner kept him a num- 
 ber of years, and then sold him to some one in Boston for a parade 
 13* 
 
293 THE MOPvGAN HOP.SE. 
 
 horse. He remained in Boston several years, until, his stock 
 proving excellent, he was hunted up and brought back to Corinth, 
 Vt., by Daniel Batchelder, of that place. He remained in Orange 
 Co., Vt., and Grafton Co., N. H., until his death in 1850. He left 
 good stock. 
 
 MOEGAN BUCEPHALUS 
 
 Was foaled in 1853, the property of Geo. W. Cook, of Fairlee, 
 Yt. Sired by Morgan Eclipse, g sire, Morgan Caesar, g g sire, 
 "Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Woodbury. Color 
 chestnut, 14 hands high, weighs 900 lbs., has a white stripe on the 
 nose. 
 
 MOEGAN GENEEAL 
 
 Was foaled in 1845, the property of Lowell Spencer, of Concord, 
 Yt. Sired by Billy Boot, g sire, Sherman, g g sire., Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam, a very large mare, fast for her size, sired by Black 
 Prince, dam still living, 26 years old. General weighs 1,200 lbs., 
 is 15| hands high, and chestnut color. He is a very bold look- 
 ing horse, fine style, and good action for a horse of his size ; very 
 compact, limbs excellent, but have some long hair on them. Is a 
 good horse. He is now owned by Wm. Hill, Oregon City, 111. 
 
 MOEGAN EATTLEE 
 
 Was foaled June 1st, 1850, the property of Jonathan Brewster, of 
 Worthington, Mass. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, Gififord, 
 g g sire, Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a fast-trot- 
 ting dark bay, sired by Eattler, This horse is a dark bay, 154 hands 
 high, and is now owned by A. Yi. Kellogg, of Chicago, Eliuois. 
 At the Housatonic Fair, held at Great Barrington, Mass., in 1854, 
 and at Eutland, Yt., County Fair, the same year, he received the 
 first premium. 
 
 MAJOE 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of Eobbins Battell, of Norfolk, 
 Conn. Sired by Eaven, g sire, Black Hawk, g g sire, Sherman, 
 g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a Narragansett pacer. We have 
 no further description of this horse, but we believe he is a good one. 
 
PEDIGREES. 299 
 
 MORGAN SULTAN 
 
 Was foaled 22d May, 1846. Sired by Gifibrd, g sire, Woodbury, 
 g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, sired by Gifford. Sultan was 
 a dapple chestnut. 
 
 MORGAN TRUSTEE 
 
 Was foaled May IGtli, 1848. Sired by Gifford, g sire, Woodbury, 
 g g sire, Justin Morgan, Dam by Bulrush, g dam by Morgan 
 Fortune, g g dam by Justin Morgan. Trustee was " a dark bay, 
 black mane, legs and tail, and a fine horse. 
 
 MAJOR GIFFORD 
 
 Was foaled in 1843, the property of Mr. Ellis, of Springfield, Yt. 
 Sired by Gen. Gifford, g sire, Gifford, g g sire, Woodbury, g g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Spectator, and he by one of Mes- 
 senger's sons. 
 
 At three years old Mr. Ellis sold him to Calvin Blodget, of Wat- 
 erbury, Yt. In 1S47, '48, and '49, he was kept at Chelsea, Yt., 
 and in the fall of 1849, at the New York State Fair at Syracuse, 
 Mr. Blodget sold a half interest in him to A. Mason, of Jordan, 
 New York, and in 1856 sold the remaining interest to the same 
 gentleman. 
 
 MOUNTAIN EAGLE 
 
 Was foaled the property of Mr. Buckminster, of Danville, Yt. 
 Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, Lady Empress, 
 an English mare. Eagle is a dark chestnut, 15 J hands high, and 
 weighs 1,050 lbs. Amos Kendall took him to Jefferson County, 
 New York. WTien we last heard from him he was owned by Mar- 
 tin Hungerford, Watertown, Jefferson Co., New York. Yery 
 showy, and active horse. 
 
 MQRGAN CHIEFTAIN 
 
 Was foaled in September, 1853, the property of W. P. Balch, of 
 Boston, Mass. Sired by Comet, g sire, Billy Root, g g sire, Sher- 
 man, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam raised in Bradford ; sired 
 by Woodbury ; could trot a mile in three minutes, and was a fast 
 
300 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 traveller. Chieftain is a dark dapple chestnut. He is a stout, 
 thick-built horse, and when 26 months old weighed 930 lbs. He 
 carries a high head, and has a small ear. He is a promising horse. 
 He is now owned by Mr. Balch, and is kept in Hancock, N. H., by 
 Hiram Fuller. 
 
 MORGAN BLACK HAWK 
 
 Was foaled in 1849, the property of G. Eamsdale, New Ipswich, 
 N. H. Sired by Anglo Saxon, g sire. Black Hawk, g g sire, Sher- 
 man, g g g 'iivQ, Justin Morgan. Dam, a noted mare, of Sherman 
 Morgan blood. 
 
 Morgan Black Hawk is 15^ hands high ; weighs 1,030 lbs. Hia 
 color is dark, dappled bay. A fine, compact-looking horse, and a 
 good traveller. 
 
 MESSER HORSE. 
 
 (see SHERMAN MOKGAN.) 
 
 MORGAN TRAVELER 
 Was foaled in 1847, the property of J. & R. C. Johnson, of Brad- 
 ford, Yt. Sired by Morgan Caesar, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Jus- 
 tin Morgan. Dam, known as Lady Clifton, sired by Americas 
 Eclipse. Morgan Traveller is a beautiful dark chestnut, 15 hands 
 high, weighs 1,000 lbs., and is a horse of very fine form and excel- 
 lent action. 
 
 MORGAN TRAVELER 2d 
 
 Was foaled in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1850. Sired by 
 Mountain Eagle, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. He is 
 dark chestnut, 16 hands high, and well proportioned. Took the 
 first premium at St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Fair, in 1852. 
 
 MYRICK HORSE. 
 
 (see SHERMAN BLACK HAWK.) 
 
 MORGAN TALLY HO. 
 
 (see WALKER HORSE.) 
 
PEDIGREES. 801 
 
 MORGAN COMET 
 
 Was foaled in 1849, in St. Johnsbury, Vt. Sired by Billy Root, 
 g sire, Sherman, g' g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a half-blood 
 English mare. He is well-proportioned, a good traveller, moves in 
 beautiful style, thoroughly broken, can be driven by anybody. 
 His stock is good, and he is a fine horse. He is chestnut, about 
 15 hands high, and weighs about 1,000 lbs. He is now owned by 
 A. H. Wilcox, St. Johnsbury, Yt. 
 
 MORRILL HORSE 
 Was sired by Jennison horse, g sire, Toung Bulrush, g g sire. Bul- 
 rush, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Farrington horse, 
 he by Yance horse, and Yance horse by Imported Messenger. 
 Morrill horse is thirteen years old, a jet black color, and weighs 
 1,225 lbs. He is a powerful and fast-trotting horse. 
 
 MORGAN TIGER 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1827, the property of Major Ford, of Braintree, 
 Yt. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. About 1831 he 
 was sent to Chariestown, Mass., and was kept at Col. Jaques, where 
 he remained ten years. In 1843 he was bought by Mr. Howe, of 
 Bridport, Yt. ; and brought into Bridport, Addison county, where 
 he was kept two seasons. He was a superior horse ; and when four 
 years old, was valued at $1,000. His color was dark bay, with 
 two or three white feet, star in the forehead, and heavy curly black 
 mane and tail ; was 141 hands high ; weight, 975 lbs. His action 
 was good ; he was not fast, but hardy and enduring ; he was old, 
 when we first saw him, and was foundered. 
 
 MORGAN FUSION 
 Was foaled May 7th, 1856, the property of H. B. Munson, of 
 Seymour, Conn. Sired by Raven, g sire. Black Hawk, g g sire, 
 Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, Dolly Hale, was sired 
 by Green Mountain 2d, g dam by Young American Eclipse, g g 
 dam. Imported Silk Stockings. Dolly Hale was half brother to the 
 celebrated trotting horse Rinton. 
 
S02 THE MORGAN HOUSE. 
 
 MOUNTAINEER 
 
 Was foaled July 15tli, 1854, the property of Ira Gififord, of 
 New Haven, Yt. Sired by Rising Sun, g sire, Black Hawk, g g 
 Gire, Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Wheeler 
 horse, g dam by Hebard horse. 
 
 Mountaineer is dapple chestnut, without marks. Above medium 
 size, with excellent limbs, good style of action, and is a promising 
 colt. 
 
 NEWTON HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in Haverhill, N. H. Sired by Bailey horse, g sire, 
 Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Weight, 1,100 lbs. Color, 
 chestnut. 
 
 NORTH HORSE. 
 
 (see SHERMAN BLACK HAWK.) 
 
 NEWEL'S GRAY 
 
 Was foaled the property of Mr. Stiles, of Waterbury, Yt. Sired 
 by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Bam of brown color, large 
 and heavy. Sired by A'ance horse (Yance horse was gray) ; he 
 by old Phoenix. Newel's Gray was gray ; 15i hands high ; fine 
 figure with a great deal of fire and spirit, but wanted bone. Ha 
 took his name from T. Newel, who owned him for a long time. He 
 was burned, in the stable of Mr. Sparhawk, of Walpole, N. H., in 
 1838 or '39. Mr. Sparhawk purchased him of John Bellows. 
 
 NORTH STAR 
 
 Was foaled the property of David Lincoln, of Greenwich, Mass. 
 Sired by Morgan Emperor, g sire. Bulrush, g ^ sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam, a bay. He took the second premium at the National Fair 
 at Springfield, Mass., 1854. He is a bright bay ; weighs l,060lbs. ; 
 black and curly mane and tail. He is a very symmetrical, well-shaped 
 horse, with fine bold style and excellent action ; and is now o->\Tied 
 by Henry Olmstead, East Hartford, Conn. 
 
 NEARING HORSE. 
 
 (see ADDISON.) 
 
PEDIGEEES. 803 
 
 NILES HORSE 
 Was foaled in 1846, the property of Daniel Niles, of Canada 
 East. Sired by Royal Morgan, g. sire, Sherman, g g sire Justin 
 Morgan. Dam, brown ; 15 hands high ; weight about 1,000 lbs. 
 Sired by Black Snake. He by Prince Lee Boo. Niles horse is a 
 black, 15h hands high ; weighs about 1,100 lbs., with good style 
 and action. He is now ov/ucd by Daniel Niles. 
 
 NICHOLAS 
 Was foaled in 1853, in Norfolk, Conn. Sired by ''- Raven," g sire, 
 Black Hawk, g g sire, Sherman, g g g sire, Justm Morgan. 
 Owned by Harman Hamlin, Canton, N. Y. 
 
 NIMROD 
 
 Was foaled in 1824. Sired by True American, and he by 
 Quicksilver. Dam a bay, sired by Justin Morgan, g dam an 
 English mare. He was jet black ; 151 hands high, and weighed 
 1,150 lbs. Was a ho»'se of good style and action, and left some 
 excellent stock. He died at East Berkshire in May, 1854, where 
 lie had been kept for seventeen years, by Mr. Joseph Smith. 
 
 ONE-EYE 
 
 Was foaled May 20th, 1834, the property of Moses Chamberlain 
 of Bradford, Yt. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam 
 by " Postboy." This horse is 14 J hands high, weighs 975 lbs., and 
 is of mahogany bay color. A very fine horse, good style and ac- 
 tion. Stepped light, but was not fast ; was kept as a stock horse 
 in New Jersey. Lost one eye when two years old, the consequence 
 of a boy throwing a stone at him. In 1846 Geo. W. Kilburn, now 
 living at Papermill Yillage, N. H., bought him of Rufus Calhoun, 
 and kept him till 1852, when he sold him to Joseph Peters of Brad- 
 ford, Yt., and from Peters he went to New Jersey. 
 
 ORLEANS FLYING MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in" 1849, the property of Dr. Samuel Richmond, of 
 Derby, Yt. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, a dark bay, sired by Gifford. He is 14^ 
 
804 THE MOKGAN HOESE. 
 
 hands bigli, and weigbs 975 lbs. ; color, bright bay ; white hind 
 feet, and a little white in the face. A very lively, active horse, of 
 fine style. His stock excellent, and sell well. 
 
 OLD MOERELL HOESE 
 
 Was foaled about 1830, the property of Mr. Morell. Sired by 
 "Woodburv. 
 
 PIKE HORSE 
 
 Was foaled the property of Philander Bobbins, of Chelsea, Vt. 
 Sired by Clarke horse, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 
 PUTNAM HOESE 
 
 Was foaled in 182.5, the property of Putnam & Hitchcock, of 
 Bethel, Yt. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, 
 an English blood mare, bred by Col. Eay, of Fort Ann, N. Y., and 
 called Nancy, sired by the celebrated horse Chanticleer, g dam by 
 Imported Messenger. He was kept in Bethel and neighboring 
 towns most of his life, and died in June, 1855, the property of David 
 W. Cowdry, of Tunbridge, Yt. Weight 1,000 lbs. ; dark chestnut 
 color, with a few white hairs in his face between the eyes. A fine 
 horse, and left excellent stock. Style, action and appearance much 
 like Woodbury. Was regarded as one of the best of his sons. 
 
 PAUL CLIFFORD 
 
 Was foaled in 1843. Sired by Black Hawk, g si:'e. Sherman, g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Young Hamiltonian. He by 
 Bishop's Hamiltonian, and he by Imported Messenger. Grand 
 dam by Leonidas, an imported horse. Color, mahogany bay, 15|- 
 hands high. Now owned by Messrs. Hunsden & Wilcox, of Oswego, 
 Tioga Co., N. Y. He is a very fine horse, and received the first 
 premium at the National Fair, Springfield, Mass, in 1854. 
 
 PRINCE ALBERT 
 
 Was foaled in June, 1846, the property of Joel Hay ward, of Ashby, 
 Mass. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, GiiTord, g g sire, Wood- 
 bury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Messenger ; 14^ hands 
 high ; weight, 1,000 lbs. ; color, bay. Prince Albert is dark chest- 
 
PEDIGREES. 305 
 
 nat, 14| hands high, weighs 1,010 lbs. His style and action are 
 very spirited. He is pleasant-tempered and very playful. His 
 stock is good and sell well. He was kept in Malone, N. Y., in the 
 season of 1854 and '55, and is there at this time, but is owned by 
 S. F. Wright, Nashua, N. H. 
 
 PEACOCK MORGAN 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Hon. Milo Bennett, of 
 Burlington, Yt. Sired by Royal Morgan. Dam, a high-blood 
 Woodbury Morgan mare. Peacock is 14J hands high, weighs 925 
 lbs. ; color, very dark chestnut. He is lively, pleasant, full of ac- 
 tion and easily controlled ; is a compact, hardy horse, with excel- 
 lent limbs, fine style, and a pleasant driver. Still owned by Mr. 
 Bennett, Burlington, Yt. 
 
 PLATO 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Messrs. Grosvenor, of Shoreham, 
 Yt. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam, a large bay mare by Sir Charles, g dam by Post-boy. 
 Sir Charles was by Duroc. Plato is 16 hands high ; a jet black, 
 and weighs 1,100 lbs.- Trotted repeatedly when three years old a 
 half mile in 1.25. Now owned by D. A. Bennett & Co., of Brid- 
 port, Yt, and is a fine horse. Post-boy was by imported Diomede. 
 Dam of Sir Charles, by Plato, a son of Imported Messenger. 
 
 POPE HORSE 
 
 Was foaled the property of Joseph Pope, of Danville, Yt. Sired 
 by Sherman, g sire Justin Morgan. Dam, old Poppet, sired by 
 Justin Morgan. Dark chestnut color, small star in forehead, stifle 
 thin, quarters light, back rather long ; eye, ear, head and neck 
 exceedingly beautiful ; high, sharp withers, roomy chest, fore legs 
 good, hind legs crooked, hocks wide apart and feet close ; very high 
 carriage and very spirited. At five years old, sold to a British 
 ofBcer in Canada for a riding horse. 
 
 PUTNAM HORSE 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1845, the property of Benj. G. Putnam, of North 
 Orange, Yt. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, Gifford, g g sire. 
 
306 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morg-an. Dam, a gray ; said to be of 
 Messenger stock. Putnam is fifteen hands high, weighs 1,150 lbs. ; 
 color, dapple gray. Perfectly gentle and well broken ; good driver 
 and good under the saddle. Still owned by Mr. Putnam. 
 
 PLEASANT GALE 
 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of Bobbins Battell, of Norfolk, 
 Conn. Sired by Black Hawk, Jr., g sire. Black Hawk, g g sire, 
 Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Long's Eclipse. 
 
 PETERS MORGAN 
 
 Was sired by Morgan Chief, g sire, Bulrush, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam by Gold Finder. 
 
 PRESIDENT 
 Was foaled in 1848, the property of H. Crane, now of Albion, 
 Mich. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam was a large light gray, of Messenger descent, 16 
 hands high. 
 
 President is IG hands high, weighs 1,050 lbs., is jet black, and a 
 horse of firm action and good style. Was sold when six years old, and 
 taken to Napicrville, 111. When seven years old, he was purchased 
 by H. Benson, of Hinesburgh, Yt. He was awarded the first pre- 
 mium in the class of three years' old stallions, by the Michigan State 
 Agricultural Society ; and also the first premium as the best stal- 
 lion at the Washtenaw Co. Fair, Mich. 
 
 PARKS HORSE 
 
 Was sired by Green Mountain 1st, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Color, chestnut ; not fast, but in style and action not 
 easily surpassed. Weight, 925 lbs. 
 
 RANDOLPH MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1819 or '20, in Randolph, Vt. Sired by Bulrush, g 
 sire, Justin I\Iorgau ; 13J hands high, weight 925 lbs., color bay ; 
 stock fine. Was kept in Randolph, Northfield, and neighboring 
 towns. 
 
PEDIGKEES. 807 
 
 KIP VAN WINKLE 
 
 Was foaled in 1852 ; the property of Smith & Thurber, of Rouse's 
 Point, N. Y. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Shermau, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Color black, with stripe in face, and some white on 
 feet. " Size, large, will make a horse of 1,100 lbs. When 18 months 
 old, he trotted a fourth mile on the ice in 50 s., and when three 
 years old, he trotted one-half mile in 1 m. 22 g. He is now owned 
 by E. A. North, of Champlain, N. Y." 
 
 EOLLAND HOESE 
 
 Was foaled in 1846 ; the property of Ezekiel White, of Topsham, 
 Yt. Sired by the Bailey horse, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam sired by Carson horse. Height 14 J hands, weight 
 975 lbs., color chestnut, white fore feet, and white stripe in face. 
 Now owned by T. & D. Eolland, of Corinth, Yt. He took the 
 second premium in his class, at the last Yt. State Fair. He is a 
 smart trotter, spirited and stylish. 
 
 EOBIN 
 
 Was foaled in 1846, sired by Flying Morgan, g sire, Hackett horse, 
 g g sire, GiSbrd, g g g sire Woodbury, g g g g sire Justin Morgan. 
 Dam sired by Cock of the Rock. 15 hands high, and sorrel 
 chestnut color. Time on Cambridge Course, 2 ms. 45 s. Sold, 
 in 1854, in Boston, for $2000. Now owned by Mr. Snow. 
 
 ROUNDS COLT 
 Was foaled in 1848. Sired by Flying Morgan, g sire, Hackett 
 horse, g g sire , Gifford, g g g sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam sired by Harris horse. Color black ; 15 5 hands 
 high. This horse was sold in New York city for $1,500. A 
 quarter crack was discovered after sale, and he was taken back. 
 
 RAMSEY HOESE 
 Was foaled in 1839 ; the property of Robert Ramsey, of Derby 
 Yt. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam, a chestnut ; weight about 900 lbs. Ramsey 
 
308 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 horse is a chestnut, 15i hands high, weighs 1,100 lbs., with fair 
 style and action. Is now owned West. 
 
 ROMEO 1st 
 
 Was foaled April 30th, 1848 ; the property of Silas Hale, of South 
 Royalston, Mass. Sired by Green Mt. 2d, g sire, Gifford, g g sire 
 Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Sherman, g 
 dam a Messenger mare. Mr. Hale kept Romeo until September 
 2d, 1852, when he sold him to S. H. Edgerly, Esq., of Manchester, 
 N. H., for $600. Mr. Edgerly kept him until March 22d, 1854, 
 when he sold him to Edward C. David, of Dubuque, Iowa-, for 
 Sl,500, and he is now owned by Mr. David. In 1853, Romeo re- 
 ceived premiums at the Hillsboro County Fair, N. H. , and at the 
 N. H. State Fair, at Manchester. In the Fall of 1854, he re- 
 ceived the first premium at Dubuque County Fair, in Iowa. Is a 
 fine horse, and much resembles his sire. 
 
 ROMEO 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1851. Sired by Esty horse. Grand sire. Black 
 Hawk, g g sire, Sherman, g g g sire, Jastin Morgan. Dam of 
 Esty horse, sired by Old Romeo. Dam of Romeo, a Messenger 
 mare ; purchased in Maine. 
 
 Romeo is 15^ hands high, weight 965 lbs., color dark roan. 
 Good-proportioned, and very fast. He received the first premium 
 of $200 at the United States' Fair at Boston, in 1855, as the 
 fastest trotting stallion of his class. Of easy and graceful action, 
 and a very fine horse. Now owned by Benjamin Thurston, of 
 Lowell, Mass., the former owner of Black Hawk. 
 
 REYENGE 
 Was foaled in Claremont, N. H. Sired by Justin Morgan. For 
 further particulars, see Chapter VII. 
 
 RAYBN 
 Was foaled May 31st, 1848 ; the property of Robbins Battel!, of 
 Norfolk, Conn. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Took the first premium in his class, at the State 
 Fair in Conn., in the fall of 1855. He is a very fine horse. 
 
PEDIGREES. 309 
 
 RISING SUN 
 Was foaled in 1850 ; the proparty of Gr. V. Oook, of New 
 Haven, Yt. Is a dark chestnut, with a small white spot in the 
 forehead, and one white hind foot. 
 
 Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam, said to have both Morgan and Messenger blood. He is 15| 
 hands high, and weighs a little less than 1,100 lbs. Limbs are 
 large, muscular and well shaped, and the whole animal well pro- 
 portioned, possessing abundance of life and vital energy. He is a 
 fine horse. He received the first premium at the Addison 
 County Fair, in 1854. In the autumn of 1855, Mr. Cook took 
 him to Winchester, Scott County, Illinois 
 
 ROWEL HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1844 ; the property of Moses Gr. Rowel, of Ton- 
 bridge, Yt. Sired by Hebard horse. Dam by Old Morrill, g dam 
 by Woodbury. Bright chestnut, and weighs about 1100 lbs. Is a 
 good horse. 
 
 ROYAL MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1821 ; the property of Mr. Aldrich, of St. Johns- 
 bury, Yt. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, known 
 as Aldrich mare, and sired by Justin Morgan. She was a dark bay 
 of remarkably compact form, with great powers of endurance. She 
 produced and nursed a colt the summer after she was 29 years old. 
 He is 13 J hands high, and when in his prime, and in high con- 
 dition, weighed l.OOOlbs. It is said that in July, 1844, he weighed 
 l,0201bs. He is a dark bay, with black legs, mane and tail, and a 
 small star in the forehead. It has been said that he was not sired 
 by Sherman, but by the Batclielder horse. We have taken some 
 pains to satisfy ourselves on this point, and have stated his pedi- 
 gree according to our convictions. The facts seem to be that the 
 dam of Royal Morgan was coupled with the Batchelder horse, 
 early in the spring of 1820 ; but the following July, the mare not 
 proving in foal, Mr. Aldrich sent her to Sherman, and the following 
 year paid for the services of the latter horse. 
 
 Mr. Aldrich sold him, wh^ % colt, and he was taken to Maine, 
 Tirhere he was known as Morgan Rattler. In 1829, he was taken 
 
810 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 to Derby, Yt. A few years after this, lie became the ]Toperty of 
 Mr. Crane, who owned him several years, and became much 
 attached to the horse. A short time previous to his death, Mr. 
 Crane directed that the horse should be carved on his tomb-stone, 
 "which we believe has been done. 
 
 Throughout the southern part of Vermont, the horse is known 
 as the Crane horse ; about Derby, as the Steele horse, and in 
 some places as the Chamberlain Colt. The administrators of 
 Crane's estate sold the horse to Solomon Steele, Esq., of Derby 
 Line, Yt. In 1847, Mr. Steele, having a good offer for him, was 
 about selling him, when Portus Baxter and Doctor L. Richmond, 
 of Derby, organized a stock company, of which Mr. Steele was 
 President, and the horse was kept by him. Three or four years 
 since he was purchased by William Baxter, Esq., of Barton, Yt., 
 by whom he is now owned. We saw him in February last ; he 
 was turned loose into a yard with several young colts, and although 
 35 years old, he seemed to trot as readily and easily as any of 
 them, exhibiting much of that elasticity and nervousness of step 
 which characterized him when in his prime. 
 
 His head is not very fine ; ears only medium ; eyes beautiful ; 
 neck, crest, withers, shoulders and chest, excellent ; back, loins and 
 hips, good, and limbs unsurpassed ; mane and tail thick and long, 
 and a little long hair about the limbs. His stock average larger 
 than himselfj and are very numerous in all the northern portion 
 of the State. They are hardy, enduring ; almost invariably good 
 tempered ; and free, pleasant drivers. 
 
 SHERMAN MORGAN 1st 
 
 Was foaled in 1835, the property of Moses Cook, of Campton, 
 N. H. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan, The pedigree 
 of the dam not fully established, but conceded to have been a very 
 fine animal, and said to be from the Justin Morgan. Sherman 
 Morgan is 15 hands high, weighs about 1,050 lbs., is dark chestnut, 
 and very much resembles his sire Sherman, but heavier, stockier, 
 and not as much action. A fine horse, and is now kept in the stable 
 at Lancaster, N. H., where the Sherman died. He is owned by 
 A. J. Congdon. 
 
PEDIGEEES. 811 
 
 SHERMAN KING 
 
 Was sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan, color dark bay, with 
 a small star in his forehead, very compact, breast-bone very promi- 
 nent, head high, and very fine ; full of spirit and courage, and excel- 
 lent action. 
 
 STOCKBRIDGE CHIEF 
 Was foaled m 1843. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Sir Charles. 16 hands high, 
 weight 1,200 lbs, color chestnut. At the State Fair at Providence, 
 B. I., he trotted a mile in 2.44. Is a well proportioned, strong, 
 going horse. Is now owned by P. W. Bishop, Chatham Four- 
 Corners N. Y. 
 
 SHERMAN BLACK HAWK 
 
 Was foaled in 1845, the property of B. J. Myrick, of Bridport, Yt. 
 Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam by Young Hamiltonian, owned by Allen Smith, Esq., of 
 Addison, Yt., and bred by Judge Larabee, of Shoreham, Yt. 
 Dam of Young Hamiltonian, by Leonidas, g dam by Bellfounder, 
 g dam of Sherman Black Hawk by Imported Matchem. 15^ 
 hands high, weighs 1,080 lbs., color jet black, with small star in his 
 forehead. He has trotted a mile in less than 2.40. Is a compact, 
 well-made, excellent tempered horse, and moves in fine style. Is very 
 spirited, but perfectly tractable. 
 
 SHERMAN MORGAN DEFIANCE ^ 
 
 Was foaled in 1849, the property of James Morse, of Haveihill, 
 N. H. Sired by Boston Tiger, g sire, Cock of the Rock, g g sire, 
 Sherman, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Woodbury. This 
 horse is 16 hands high, weight 1,150 lbs., color black chestnut, 
 fine action and style. When one year old, he was purchased by 
 C. C. Smith, Esq., of Corinth, Yt, who now owns him. 
 
 SIR CHARLES 
 Was foaled June 29th, 1852, the property of H. W. Bailey, of 
 Newbury, Yt. Sired by Coos Morgan. Dam by Morrill Mor- 
 
312 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 gan, g dam by Morgan Eagle. Height 15 hands, weight 975 lbs., 
 color blood-bay, easy gaited, with fine style and action, heavy set 
 of limbs, pleasant temper, and good horse. 
 
 SHERMiN MORGAN 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1845. Sired by Sherman Morgan 1st., g sire, Sher- 
 man, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Flint horse. 14| 
 hands high, weight 950 lbs., color dark chestnut. Has a fine figure, 
 easy action, gentle and spirited. Now owned by D. E. Lucy, of 
 Waterbury, Yt, and kept by him for a driving horse. 
 
 SCOTT HORSE 
 
 "Was foaled in 1840, the property of J. L. Scott, of Newport, Yt. 
 Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Scott horse is a dark bay, 16 hands high, weight little less than 
 1,200 lbs., a compact well-made horse. He is now owned by Col. 
 Thomas Kent, of Orford, N. H. 
 
 SHIRTLIFF HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1847, the property of Moses Copp, of Stanstead, 
 0. E. Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam a bay about 16 hands high, and weighed about 
 1,000 lbs. Shirtliff horse is a dark bay, 15 hands high, and weighs 
 1,000 lbs. Has good style, is active and lively. He is now owned 
 in Kalamazoo, Mich. 
 
 STRANGER 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Mr. E. Slater, of Essex, Yt. 
 Sired by Flying Morgan, g sire, Hackett horse, g g sire, Gifibrd, 
 g g g sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam a large 
 fine animalj'^said to be a Morgan, was a bay 15^ hands high, and 
 weighed 1,100 lbs. Stranger is a dark chestnut, 14^ hands high, 
 weight 900 lbs. He is compact and muscular, very playful and 
 active. In February, 1855, he trotted at Hillsborough, N. Y., 
 with several horses, for a purse, making time in 2.58, and beating 
 all horses of his age, though beaten by a six years' old. Stranger 
 
PEDIGREES. 313 
 
 is a fine horse, and gives promise of being fast. Sold, in Febra- 
 ary, 1855, to Dr. H. Renson, of Hinesburgb, .who now owns him. 
 
 STEYENS HORSE 
 Was bred in Plermont, N. H., by Moses Lamed. Sired by One 
 Eye, g sire, Bukush, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Bay color, weight 
 915 lb3. Was taken to Rhode Island. A fast horse. He was 
 advertised as raised by Jesse Johnson & Brothers, but he was net. 
 
 SEUM 
 Was foaled Jane 2, 1844, the property of J. Gibson, West Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Romeo. Seiim is 15^ hands high, 
 and weighs a little under 1,100 lbs. His body is dark roan, with 
 black legs, mane, and tail. He is a good horse, and his stock prove 
 good. He is now owned by Jeremiah Giisou, at West Cambridge, 
 Mass. 
 
 SMITH MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in June, 1850, the property of John Robinson, of An- 
 trim, N. H. Sired by Flint horse, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam a fine marc, owned by John Robinson, of Antrim, 
 N. H., known as the Robinson mare. This horse is light chestnut 
 color, 16^ hands high, form good, limbs heavy, and weighs 1,310 
 lbs. He is a showy, handsome traveller. His stock prove good. 
 
 SAWYER HORSE. 
 (see young burbank ;) 
 
 (or morgan traveller.) 
 
 SEARCHER 
 
 Was foaled in 1847, the property of Samuel Moore, of Shoreham, 
 Yt. Was sired by Barney ilenry. Dam sired by GifFord, and noted 
 for her speed and endurance. Searcher is a dark bay, with black 
 legs, mane, and tail, and no white hairs ; is nearly 17 hands high 
 and weighs over 1,200. When four years old, he received the first 
 premium, in his class, at the Addison County Agricultural Fair. 
 He has a beautiful coat, a bold, fearless style of movement, and ex- 
 14 
 
S14 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 cellent action for a horse of his size. In the autumn of 1851, he 
 trotted a mile, at Middlebury, in less than three minutes, although 
 untrained. He is a very fine horse, and is now owned by Minor 
 Andrews, Esq., of Franklin Mills, Portage county, Ohio, where he 
 is acquiring an excellent reputation. 
 
 TWIN MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1840 or '41 ; the property of Dix Whitney, of Brook- 
 field, Yt. Sired by Bulrush, g sire Justin Morgan. Dam, a large 
 coarse brown marc, deficient in constitution. Twin Morgan weighs 
 950 lbs. ; head a little low, color brown ; a very fair horse. Went 
 to N. H. 
 
 TAYLOR HORSE 
 Was foaled the property of James Taylor, of Bolton, 0. E. 
 Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire Sherman, g g sire Justin Morgan. 
 Dam, a bay, about 16 hands high ; weighed about 1,100 lbs; de- 
 scended from Le Boo. Taylor is a blood bay, 14 hands high, and 
 weighs about 1,000 lbs. ; style and action good. 
 
 When two years old, Mr. Taylor sold him to R. Bowker, Esq., 
 of Mansonville, C. E., who now owns him. 
 
 TECUMSEH 
 Was foaled 25th May, 1851 ; the property of H. F. Griffith, of 
 Tunbridge, Yt. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire Sherman, g g sire 
 Justin Morgan. Dam by Young Bulrush 1st, g dam by Morgan 
 Eagle, g g dam by Ainsworth horse, g g g dam by Justin Morgan. 
 Tecumseh is a dark mahogany bay, 14.} hands high, and weighs 
 975 lbs. Received the first premium in the class of ''Morgan 
 Crosses," when entered as three year's old at Yt. State Fair, at 
 Montpelier. He is now owned by H. F. Griffith, of Tunbridge, 
 Yt., and is a horse of very fine action and style. 
 
 TURNER'S BLACK HAWK 
 
 Was foaled June 22d, 1848 ; the property of S. T. Turner, Oi 
 -Lewis, Essex Co., N. Y. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire Sherman, 
 g g sire Justin Morgan. 
 Dam was a beautiful bay, weighed about 1,050 lbs., and was brod 
 
PEDIGREES. 315 
 
 by Payne Turner, Esq., of Essex Co., N. Y. Turner's Black 
 Hawk is a mahogany bay, 15| hands high ; weighs 1,100 lbs. ; has 
 good action and fine style. He is now in Ypsilanti, Michigan. 
 
 YEEMOXT MORGAN CHAMPION 
 
 Was foaled about 1826 ; the property of Mr. Woodruff, of Jeffer- 
 son, N. H. Sired by Sherman, g sire Justin Morgan. He was 15 
 hands high, and weighed 1,150 lbs. ; color, black ; a horse of great 
 action, and a capital roadster. Could trot a mile in 3 minutes. 
 High carriage and smooth light movement. He was afterwards 
 owned by Judwine & Houghton, of Hardwick, Yt., and sold by 
 them to Mr. Lansing, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. Was purchased 
 and taken to Danville, Yt., in 1845, where he was kept till he died 
 in 1846. He had a fine head, and slightly Roman nose. His stock 
 command a high price, and many are fast. 
 
 YERMONT 
 
 Was sired by Gifford, g sire Woodbury, g g sire Justin Morgan. 
 Dam, sired by Green Mountain 2d, g dam Phebe ; owned by J. L. 
 Woods. She was sired by a horse known in Mass. as Tom Mor- 
 gan, and noted for his, speed and bottom. Tom Morgan was by 
 True Briton. Yermont received the first premium in his 
 class at the State Fair in Brattleboro, in 1854. He is dark 
 chestnut, 14 hands high, weighs 950 lbs. A very close, compact 
 made horse. Now owned by Joseph Peters, of Bradford, Yt. 
 
 YERMONT 2d 
 Was foaled the property of Thomas Randall, of Danville, Yt. 
 Sired by Morgan Comet, g sire Sherman, g g sire Justin Morgan. 
 Dam by Sherman, g dam by Justin Morgan, known as the Wood- 
 man mare. Yermont 2d weighs 925 lbs., is 14i hands high, and of 
 dark chestnut color. Head, eye and ear beautiful ; throat and 
 jowls very fine. Close, compact horse ; spirited and active ; stylo 
 not so high as some. Now owned by Danford Carpenter, of Wil- 
 loughby. Lake County, Ohio, and is a valuable animal. 
 
 YERMONT CHAMPION 
 Was foaled June 26th, 1844. Sired by Yermont Morgan Champion, 
 
816 THE MORGAN HORSE. 
 
 g sire Sherman, g g sire Justin Morgan. Dam, a thick-set Dutch 
 mare ; weighed about 1,100 lbs. Vermont Champion is black, 15 
 hands high, and weighs 975 lbs. He is a fine traveler, can trot a 
 mile in 3 minutes, and is a very fast walker. Limbs good size, flat, 
 bony, and muscular. Neck long and thick ; ears short and lively ; 
 he has a Roman nose. He is now kept in Marshfield, Vt., and is 
 owned by George M. and Benjamin Town. 
 
 YERMONTER 
 Was foaled in 1849 ; the property of Robbins Battell, of Norfolk, 
 Conn. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire Sherman, g g sire Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam, an English marc. Sold to William Starr, Esq., of 
 Burlington, Iowa. He is a very fine horse, and w^e understand was 
 sold by Mr. Starr, m the spring of 185G, for 81,800. 
 
 VERMONT MORGAN. 
 
 (SSE WILEY COLT.) 
 
 VERMONT CHIEF 
 Was foaled June 24th, 1848 ; the property of Smith F. Kelley, of 
 Pittsford, Vt. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire Sherman, g g sire 
 Justin Morgan. Dam, sired by a Messenger horse called Majesty, 
 g dam by Magnum Bonum, g g dam by imported Yellow Bird. 
 Vermont Chief is a dark chestnut, 151 hands high, and weighs 
 1,075 ll3s. He has a good figure and a good style of movement. 
 He received the first premium in his class when three years old, at 
 the Rutland County Agricultural Fair, and the second premium at 
 the Vermont State Fair, in 1855. He is now owned by Elisha S. 
 Kelley, Danby, Du Page county, Illinois. 
 
 WOODBURY 2d 
 
 Was foaled June 21st, 1847, the property of Luke Havens, Esq., 
 of New Haven, Vt. Sired by the Wheeler horse, g sire, Hackett 
 horse, g g sire, Gifford, g g g sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin 
 Morgan. Dam, a grey of medium size, sired by Hackett horse, 
 g dam by Woodbury. Woodbury 2d is a beautifully dappled gray, 
 14^ hands h-'-^-h, and has weighed 1,020 lbs., but his fair average 
 
PEDIGliEES. 317 
 
 weight is 950 lbs. His neck is rather longer than is usual in the 
 breed. His style is excellent, and he is a light, easy-stepping horse, 
 full of vigor and action. He is now owned by Joshua Scott, Esq. 
 Vergennes, Yt. 
 
 WHEELER HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1844, the property of Mr. Mead, of Cornwall, Yt. 
 Sired by Hackett horse, g sire, Gifford, g g sire, Woodbury, g g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Gifford. When a suckling 
 colt he was sold to Col. Nash, of New Haven, Yt., who soon after 
 sold him to Freeman Wheeler, of New Haven. Wheeler horse is 
 about 14 hands high, of a dark chestnut color, and weighs about 
 950 lbs. He is an exceedingly active, hardy, and vigorous horse. 
 In 1854 Mr. Wheeler took him to Wisconsin. 
 
 WHITE MOUNTAIN 
 
 Was foaled in 1852, the property of S. H. Edgerly, of Manchester, 
 N. H. Sired by Green Mountain 2d, g sire, Gifibrd, g g sire, 
 Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Brooks horse, 
 g dam by Cock of the Rock. Height, 15 hands ; weight, 975 lbs. ; 
 color, dark chestnut. -Time, 2 min. 50 sec. A very pleasant-tem- 
 pered horse, of good style, and a good driver. Still owned by Mr. 
 Edgerly. 
 
 WILEY COLT 
 
 Was foaled in 1848, the property of Mr. Hutton, of Canton, St. 
 Lawrence Co., N. Y. Sired by Mountain Eagle, g sire, Sherman, 
 g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Barnum's Cock of the Rock. 
 Wiley Colt is a fine bay, black mane, tail, and legs, 15 J hands high, 
 and weighs 1,050 lbs. When a suckling colt Hutton sold him to 
 Mr. Wiley, of Canton, N. Y. In August, 1853, Mr. Wiley sold 
 him to Hon. Milo Bennett, Burlington, Yt., who sent him to Yir- 
 ginia, and kept him in Augusta County till the autumn of 1855, 
 when he sold hira to a company at Greensburgh, Pcnn. He was a 
 prime horse, and his stock is good. 
 
 WELLINGTON HORSE 
 AVas foalcci in June, 1853, the property of Nathan Stone, of New 
 Ipswich, N. H. Sired by Comet, g sire, Billy Root, g g sire, Sher- 
 
318 TilE MORGAN HOUSE. 
 
 man, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. This horse is 14 hands high, and 
 weighs 900 ibs. ; color, liglit chestnut, with liglit mane and tail. 
 His form and action very like his sire, Comet. He is now owned 
 by Mr. Oliver Wellington, Phillipstown, Mass. 
 
 WHITE MOUNTAIN MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1834, the property of John A. Willard, of Lancaster, 
 N. H. Sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, an 
 English blood mare, weighing 1,150 Tbs. White Mountain Morgan 
 is 154 hands high, and weighs 1,100 lbs. ; color, dark chestnut. He 
 has been kept most of his life at St. Johnsbury and vicinity. He 
 is a very compact, well-shaped horse, excellent head and neck, fine 
 style of movement, and a good traveler, but not so much spirit as 
 some. A very hardy and enduring horse. His stock are not de- 
 ficient in spirit, and many of them have a great deal of life, and 
 are generally excellent animals. He is now owned in Townsend, Yt. 
 
 WILD-AIR 
 
 Was foaled in 1850, the property of Lyman Pease, of Bridport, 
 Yt. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan. Dam, a large, powerful mare, sired by Harris' Hamiltonian ; 
 15| hands high ; weight, 1,100 lbs. ; black color, with three white 
 feet, and a star in his face. Went to Ohio in the spring of 1856. 
 He is a fine horse. 
 
 WINDSOR MORGAN 
 Was foaled the property of Charles W. Barker, of Henniker, N. H. 
 Sired by Burbank horse, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Mor- 
 gan ; 15 hi^nds high ; weight, 1,095 lbs. ; color, dark bay. Went 
 to Wisconsin when very old. 
 
 WAY HORSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1849, the property of Joseph Way, of Derby, Yt. 
 Sired by Royal Morgan, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam, sired by Woodbury. Way horse is a blood bay, 144 hands 
 high, and weighs 975 lbs. His mane and foretop are very heavy, 
 the former nearly three, and the latter nearly two feet long. Style 
 and action good. 
 
PEDIGKEES. 819 
 
 WOODBURY 
 Was foaled iu 1816. Sired by Justin Morgan. For further par- 
 ticulars, see Chapter Seven. 
 
 WALKER HORSE 
 
 Was, foaled in 1835, the property of Win. Walker, of Hartland, Vt 
 Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin ISIorgan. Dam by Tally Ho. 
 Waliier horse is 16 hands high, and v/eighs about 1,300 lbs. ; blood 
 bay, with black mane and tail ; strong, compact, and muscular 
 horse. Style and action good for one of his size. Still owned by 
 Mr. Wolker. ^ 
 
 WHALEBONE, 
 
 Formerly known as the Clark horse, was foaled about the year 
 1827, the property of Mr. Bradley, of Fryeburg, Maine. Was 
 sired by Sherman, g sire, Justin Morgan. Chestnut color, 15 hands 
 high, and weighs 975 lbs. He was the sire of Whalebone, who, in 
 double harness, with Lantern, trotted a match on Long Island, in 
 June, 1855, against Stella and Alice Gray, mile heats, beating 
 them, in 2 min. 42 sec. 
 
 Pie has the reputation of being a fine horse ; but we are unable 
 to give any more particulars concerning him. He is now owned in 
 Turner, Maine. 
 
 YOUNG BURBANK 1st 
 
 Was foaled in 1835, the property of David Tucker, of Newbury. 
 Yt. Sired by Woodbury, g sire, Justin ]\Iorgan. Dam sired by 
 Post-boy. Sold, when sucking, to Joseph Sawyer, of Newbury, 
 who kept him till he was six or seven years old, and sold him to Mr, 
 Farrar, of Bucksfield, Maine, who, we think, has him now. Height 
 14^ hands ; weight, nearly 1,100 lbs. ; color, chestnut. Good style 
 and action, and a good stock horse. 
 
 YOUNG BULRUSH 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1835, the property of Ellis Bliss, of Bradford, Yt. 
 Sired by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam a good mare and 
 fast trotter, Ijrought from Maine. 
 
 Young Bulrvish 2d was 16 hands high, and weighed 1,200 lbs. 
 
B20 THE MOKGAN HOUSE. 
 
 Color, briglit bay. Style not so good and built not so compact ar. 
 Bomc, but liigli-spirited and a good roadster. lie was a fast trotter, 
 and one of the strongest-going horses. Went South, when young. 
 
 YOUNG BULRUSH 3d 
 
 "Was foaled in 1843, the property of Evan Collis, who kept him 
 during his life. After his death the administrators of his estate 
 sold him to Edwin Collis, in 1855. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Imported Napoleon. Height, 14^^ 
 hands; weight, 975 lbs. ; color, dapple gray. Yery good horse. 
 
 YOUNG BULEUSH 4Tn 
 
 Was foaled in 1843, the property of Thomas Worthin, of Thetford, 
 Yt. Sired by Bulrush, g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Cincin- 
 niiti Morgan. Now owned in Roxbury, Mass., by Mr. Martin ; 
 14| hands high ; weight, 950 lbs. ; color, dapple gray. 
 
 YOUNG AJ^IERIOA 
 
 Was foaled in June, 1851. Sired by Farmers' Beauty, g sire, Gif- 
 ford, g g sire, Woodbury, gg g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, a black, 
 by Sherman. Young America is 15 hands high ; w^eighs 1,000 
 lbs., and is a jet black/ Good style and action. Is now owned by 
 John S. Carr, of GoITstown, N. H. Time, 3.5. 
 
 YOUNG AMERICA 2d 
 Was foaled" June ITth, 1852, the property of J. Ide, of St. Johns- 
 bury, Yt. Sired by Billy Root, g sire, Sherman, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Green Mountain 1st, g dam by 
 Bailey horse. Height, 15 hands ; weight, 950 lbs. ; color, dapple 
 chestnut. The first premium on Sherman Morgans of this class, 
 was awarded to him at the State Fair, at Montpelier, 1853. Sym- 
 metrical figure, and very good action. 
 
 YOUNG MORGAN EMPIRE 
 Was foaled July, 1852, the property of Jonas Cutter, of Jeffi-ey, 
 N. H. Sired by Morgan Empire, g sire, Green Mountain 2d. g g 
 sire, Gilford, g g g sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire Justin Morgan. 
 Dam sired by Flying Morgan. 
 
PEDIGREES. 821 
 
 YOUNG MOKGAN ECLIPSE 
 
 Was foaled in 1853, the property of Jesse Johnson & Brothers, of 
 Bradford, Yt. Sired by Morgan Eclipse, g sire, Morgan Cassar, 
 g g sire, Woodbury, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam by Young 
 Morgan Emperor, g dam by Bulrush. Took the first premium in 
 his class at the Yermont State Fair, in 1855. 
 
 YOUNG BUEBANK 2d 
 
 Was foaled in 1851, the property of Charles W. Barker, of Hills- 
 borough Bridge, X. H. Sired by the Barker horse, g sire, Wood- 
 bury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by a son of Sherman. 
 Dark chestnut color ; weighs 975 lbs. Still owned by Mr. Barker. 
 
 YANKEE BOY 
 
 Was foaled 3d of June, 1852, the property of II;'ivey Yale, of 
 Middlebury, Yt. Sired by Morgan Henry, g sire Barney Henrj. 
 Dam by Hackett horse ; 15 hands high ; weight, 975 lbs. ; color, 
 bay. A very pleasant-tempered and good-moving horse. In 1855 
 Mr. Yale took him to Franklin Grove, Lee Co., Illinois, where he 
 now is. 
 
 YOUNG BLACK HAWK 
 Was foaled in 1843, the property of James Smith, of Sharon, N. H. 
 Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g Justin Morgan. Dam, 
 a deep bay, raised in Pennsylvania, and sired by the trotting horse 
 Andrew Jackson. Young Black Hawk is a coal black, 15| hands 
 high, and weighs 975 lbs. He has a good figure and excellent 
 spirit and action. Time 2.50. Is now owned by J. E. Maynard, 
 Ijowell, Mass. 
 
 YOUNG MORGAN EMPEROR 
 Was foaled the property of Mr. Woods, of Haverhill, N. H. 
 Sired by Emperor, g sire. Bulrush, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam by North Star. He is a blood bay, 14} hands high, weighs 
 1,025 pounds. Is a compact, good moving and excellent horse. 
 He is now owned by Jonas Cutter, of Jefirey, N. H 
 
 YOUNG C^SAR 
 Was foaled the property of Jesse Johnson & Brothers, of Brad 
 
822 THE MORGAN HORStE. 
 
 ford, Yt. Sired by Morgan Caesar, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire, 
 Justin Morgan. Dam by Morgan Emperor. He was 15^ hands 
 high, v/eighcd 1,075 lbs. and his color a dull black. He was a 
 good horse. He died at Guildhall, Yt., in 1853, the property of 
 F. W. Smith. 
 
 YOUNG FLYING MORGAN 
 
 Was foaled in 1851. Sired by North Star, g sire, Morgan Em- 
 peror, g g sire, Bulrush, g g g sire, Justin Morgan. Dam a Mor- 
 gan mare, sired by Flying Morgan. Weight, 9G0 lbs. ; color, bright 
 bay. Now owned by Benj. M. Gliues, of Byfield, Mass. Time, 2.45. 
 
 YOUNG HUBBAED 
 
 Was sired by Latham Horse, g sire, Woodbury, g g sire Justin 
 Morgan. Dam by Gilford. Weight, 1,025 lbs. ; color, chestnut. 
 Mr. Hubbard bought him of Judge Blodgett, of Chelsea, Yt. 
 
 YOUNG LATHAM 
 
 Was foaled the property of Beyer Latham, of Lyme, N. H. Sired 
 by Latham horse, g sire Woodbury, g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam by Post-boy: 15i hands high; weight, 1,150 lbs. ; color, 
 chestnut ; good action, and a fine stock horse. 
 
 YOUNG MORRILL 
 Was foaled in 1848, the property of Mr. Smith, of Cabot. Yt. 
 Sired by Morrill horse, g sire, Jenuison Horse, g g sire One Eye, 
 ggg sire, Bulrush, g ggg sire, Justin Morgan. Dam sired by Sher- 
 man ; 16 hands high ; weight, 1,160 lbs. ; color, dark brown. Mr. 
 Smith sold him, when three years old, to Mr. Morrill, and Morrill to 
 Messrs. Town & Trowe, Barre, Yt. He received the first premium 
 at Yermont State Fair, at Montpelier, 1853 ; also the first premium 
 among Bulrush Morgans, at Rutland, 1855. Was then taken to 
 the National Exhibition at Boston, Oct., 1855, and entered in class 
 for general use, where he received the first premium of ^200, 
 Time, 2.38. A heavy, close, compact and enduring horse. 
 
 YOUNG BULRUSH. 
 (see one eye, also, allen hoese ) 
 
PEDIGEEES. 323 
 
 (Omitted in pp. 273, 277, 304.) 
 
 COL. FREMONT 
 
 Wcs foaled June 16, 1855, the property of Linsley Brothers, 
 West Meriden, Conn. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, Black Lilly, sired by Old Jake. He 
 is light chestnut, with small white stripe in the face, and is a 
 promising colt. 
 
 ENTERPRISE 
 
 "Was foaled June 6, 1852, the property of Messrs. Maury & Gil- 
 man, Nashua, N. H. Sired by Romeo, g sire, Green Mountain 2d, 
 p: g sire, GiSbrd, g g g sire, Woodbury, g g g g sire, Justin Morgan. 
 Dam sired by the Flint Horse. 
 
 Enterprise is a light cliestnut, 15 hands high, and weighs 915 lbs. 
 Is a smooth-built, stylish, free, pleasant-tempered horse, and is still 
 owned by Messrs. Maury & Gilman, at Nashua, N. H. 
 
 PATHFINDER 
 
 AVas foaled June 21, 1851, the property of Linsley Brothers, 
 West Meriden, Conn. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sherman, g g 
 sire, Justin Morgan. Dam, Mary Hunter, sired by Roscoe. Path- 
 finder is a very dark chestnut, 16 hands high, and weighs 1,125 lbs. 
 He is a free, showy driver, and though never trained, can trot in 
 three minutes. Is a fine horse, and still the property of Linsley 
 Brothers. 
 
 BLACK HAWK SHERMAN 
 
 Was foaled July 1st, 1840, at Clarenceville, Canada East, tho 
 property of Geo. W. Johnson. Sired by Black Hawk, g sire, Sher- 
 man Morgan, g g sire, Justin Morgan ; dam by Black Snake. He 
 is 1d^ hands high, weighs 12661bs., color black, with small star 
 in the forehead, tail and mane long and wavey. Is a horse of very 
 superior style and action, has never been trained, can trot his mile 
 in 3 minutes. His limbs broad and flat, carrying the width well 
 down below the knee. Was purchased for the Brownsville, Fayette 
 Co., Pa., Mofgan Horse Co., by two of their members, Messrs. 
 James Slocum and Wm. Elliott, at the Vermont State Fair at 
 Montpelior, m Soplcinber, 1853. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 The following pedigrees of stallions of some note, 
 althoiigli not Morgans, are given because they have 
 been mentioned in the preceding chapter, or have left 
 a good deal of valuable stock, and their blood been 
 more or less mingled with that of some horses called 
 Morgan. 
 
 COCK OF TPIE ROCK 
 
 Was foaled in 1814, aud bred by Nathaniel Coles, of Long Island. 
 Fie was sired by Duroc, g sire, Imported Diomed. His dam, 
 Eomp, was full sister to Miller's Damsel, the dam of American 
 Eclipse, and was sired by Messenger ; his g dam, the imported 
 PotSos, mare, bred by Lord Grosvener, sired by PotSos, aud PotSos 
 by the great Eclipse ; his g dam, by Gimcrack, his g g dam, by 
 Cripple, and Cripple by the Godolphin Arabian. Cock of the 
 Rock rail several successrul four mile races against good horses, 
 but was beatan by Betsey Richards, on Long Island, and by Sir 
 Walter at Montreal. About 1820, he was purchased by Gen. Bar- 
 num, of Yergennes, Yt., who took him to that place and kept hira 
 until 1828 or '20, when he sold hira, and he was taken to Tennessee, 
 where he died. 
 
 SIR WALTER 
 
 Was sired by Hickory, g sire, imported Whip, g g sire, Saltram, g 
 g g sire, English Eclipse, dam, Ncttletop, by Diomed. He was not 
 kept in this State, but in Canada near the line. He was an excel- 
 lent four mile racer. 
 
 QUICKSILYER. 
 
 The Quicksilver referred to in the foregoing pages is not tlie Quick- 
 silver of the Stud Book, first called Snap and sired by Medley, but 
 
 (S24) 
 
APPENDIX. 325 
 
 is another horse of the same name, bred by Gorham Parsons, of 
 Walpole, New Hampshire, and sired by Dey of Algiers, an Arabian. 
 
 CARSON HORSE. 
 
 This horse acquired some celebrity in the eastern part of the State, 
 on account of his stock. We know little of him, except that he 
 was sired by Quicksilver. 
 
 HENRY 
 Was, we believe, a thorough-bred horse, but we are unable to give 
 his pedigree. He was a fine animal, and received several premiums 
 in New York and elsewhere. He was kept near Lake Champlain 
 until about 1850. He left some good stock. 
 
 He was a beautiful bay, of good size and fine action. 
 
 YOUNG HAMILTONIAN 
 
 Was bred by Judge Larabee, of Shorehani, Yt., sired by Bishop's 
 Hamiltonian, and he by imported Messenger. Dam, by Leonidas, 
 g dam, by Bellfounder. 
 
 Y^oung Hamiltonian was long owned by Allen Smith, Esq., of 
 Addison, Vt. He was a blood bay, about 15 J hands high, and left 
 some good stock. We are unable to give the blood of the dam of 
 Bishop's Hamiltonian. 
 
 BARNEY" HENRY, 
 
 Or the Hatch Hill Henry, as he is sometimes called, has long been 
 owned by George Barney, of Whitehall, N. Y., and is now over 
 twenty years old. 
 
 He has acquired well merited fame on account of the excellenco 
 of his stock, which usually have plenty of bone and muscle, are 
 hardy, spirited travellers but are not always kind and gentle. In 
 his advertisement, Mr. Barney states that he was " sired by Sig'nal, 
 out of a Messenger mare." But what was the blood of Signal we 
 do not know. It has often been said that Signal was a thorough- 
 bred horse, raised by L. G. Morris, Esq., of Fordham, N. Y., but 
 Mr. Morris informs us that he never raised or owned such a horse. 
 
326 APPENDIX. 
 
 Whatever be his pedigree, he has proved himself a very fine 
 horse, as his appearance indicates. 
 
 He is a dapple bay, IG hands high and weighs about 1150 lbs. 
 He is now owned in Hubbartou, Vt. 
 
 POST BOY, BY GABRIEL, 
 
 Was foaled in 1800, the property of Mordecai Hall. Sired by 
 Gabriel ; an imported horse bred by the Earl of Ossory, and sired 
 ])y Dorimont, his dam by Highflyer, g dam, by Snap. 
 
 Gabriel was brought to Maryland in 1779, and lived but one 
 year. Post Boy was purchased by Gen. Ridgley, who trained and 
 ran him with much success, beating many of the best horses of his 
 day, among them Hamlintonian, Miller's Damsel, First Consul, Maria, 
 and Lavinia. In Oct. 1809, in a race at Washington, with Hick- 
 ory, he fell, broke his leg, and soon after died. He was never kept 
 for stock, and we believe, left no descendants ; and we give his pedi- 
 gree and this description of him because he has been confounded 
 with Post Boy, the distinguished son of Henry, and his pedigree 
 sometimes gfiven when the latter horse is meant. 
 
 POST BOY, BY HENRY, 
 
 Was foaled in 1831, sired by Henry, dam, Garland, by Duroc, was 
 a chestnut horse, of much note and a successful racer. He wa? 
 never kept in this State, but some of his descendants have been 
 The few horses we have seen of this stock were light limbed, and 
 light bodied, with fine heads, and light, graceful action ; but not re- 
 markable for hardiness or endurance. 
 
 SIR CHARLES 
 
 Was foaled about 1815, the property of James Cock, of Oyster 
 Bay, Long Island. Sired by Duroc, g sire, Diomed, g g sire, Flori- 
 zcl, g g g sire, King Herod ; dam, by Plato, and he by Messenger, 
 g dam, part thorough-bred, but her pedigree is not known. 
 
 When six years old he was purchased by David Hill, Esq., of 
 Bridport, Yt., and kept by him many years. 
 
APPENDIX. 327 
 
 When very old, Mr. Hill's sou took him to Madison County, N. 
 Y., where he died. He was a blood bay, with black legs, mane 
 and tail, and 151 hands high ; was a bold-looking, fine-moving 
 horse, and left some good stock. 
 
 Some of the descendants of the celebrated rivals, Henry and 
 Eclipse, being scattered throughout all the Northern States, their 
 pedigree may be found convenient as a matter of reference, though 
 we do not know of any immediate descendants of these horses that 
 have been owned in this State. 
 
 ECLIPSE 
 
 Was foaled at Dosoris, Queens County, Long Island, on the 25th 
 of May, 1814, the property of Gen. Nathaniel Coles. Sired by 
 Duroc, g sire, Diomed, g g sire, Florizel, g g g sire, King Herod ; 
 dam, the celebrated Miller's Damsel, by imported Messenger, g 
 dam, the English PotSos mare, sired by English Eclipse, g g dam, 
 by Gimcrack. When fiive years old he was purchased by Mr. Van 
 Ranst, who was his entire or principal owner, during the whole of 
 his racing career. 
 
 He was chestnut,- with a star in his forehead, and near hind foot 
 white. Was 15^ hands high and a compact heavy limbed horse. 
 
 As a racer he was one of the most successful that ever appeared 
 on the turf in this country, beating in the eight races which he ran 
 some of the most celebrated horses of his time ; Sea Gull, Little 
 John, Fearnought, Lady Lightfoot, Flag of Truce, Sir Walter, Sir 
 Charles and Henry. 
 
 HENRY 
 
 Was foaled the 17th of June, 1819, the property of Lemuel Long, 
 near Halifax, North Carolina. Sired by Sir Archy, g sire, Dio- 
 med, g g sire, Florizel, g g g sire, King Herod ; dam by Diomed, g 
 dam, by Bell-air, g g dam, by Pilgrim, g g g dam. Valiant, g g g g 
 dam by Janus, g g g g g data, by Jolly Roger, who was imported 
 into Virginia. Jolly Roger was sired by Roundhead, a son of Fly- 
 ing Childers. 
 
 Henry was a chestnut, with small star in the forehead and ono 
 hind foot white, his mane and tail was about two shades lighter 
 
328 ' PEDIGREES. 
 
 than Ills body ; fourteen hands three and a half inches high — was 
 symmetrical, compact, pony-built horse, and left some good stock, 
 of which the most noted was Post Boy. 
 
 Though not as much esteemed as a racer or breeder as some of 
 the sons of Sir Archy, he was yet a very fine horse, and gained a 
 lasting reputation by his contest with Eclipse, in which, although 
 beaten, he made the first heat of four miles in 7m. 37s., which was 
 then and for many years after, the quickest time on record. 
 
 WILD AIR 
 
 Was foaled in 1753, and was imported by Mr. DeLancey, in 1763 
 or 1764. He was sired by Cade the best son of the Godolphin 
 Arabian ; his dam was by Steady, a fleet son of Flying Childers, 
 his g dam was by Partner ; Partner by Jigg and Jigg by the 
 Byerley Turk. 
 
 Wildair was a horse of high blood and great ^performance ; but 
 he was beat by Mr. Warren's Sportsman, before he left England. 
 In this country he was sire to Col. Sims' Wildair Sultana and 
 other noted racers. He was taken back to England about the 
 year 1772. His stock proved excellent and were long in high re- 
 pute. 
 
LIST OF MORGAN HORSES. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAUB 
 
 Alban Horse 
 
 262 
 
 Baxter Horse 
 
 209 
 
 Arabian Morgan 
 
 26.3 
 
 Bardwell Horse 
 
 272 
 
 Ashuelot Morgan, 
 
 262 
 
 Benton Horse 
 
 272 
 
 Allen Horse 
 
 262 
 
 Billy Root 
 
 271 
 
 Andrews Horse 
 
 202 
 
 Bird Horse 
 
 268 
 
 American Eagle 
 
 263 
 
 Bliss Horse 
 
 267 
 
 Andrew Jackson 
 
 263 
 
 Blue Morgan 
 
 191,193 
 
 Addison 
 
 263 
 
 Bonaparte 
 
 260 
 
 Bay Morgan 
 
 26.5 
 
 Boston Tiger 
 
 268 
 
 Bay State Morgan 1st 
 
 270 
 
 Brock Horse 
 
 269 
 
 Bay State Morgan 2d 
 
 270 
 
 Brown Morgan 
 
 270 
 
 Bailey Horse 
 
 265 
 
 Belle of Saratoga 
 
 194 
 
 Barker Horse 
 
 179, 266 
 
 Bulrush 144, 160, 163, 
 
 167, 264 
 
 Bartholomew Horse 
 
 266 
 
 Bulrush Morgan 
 
 264 
 
 Bachelder Horse 
 
 208 
 
 Buchanan Horse 
 
 267 
 
 Blanchard Horse 
 
 269 
 
 Burbank Horse 
 
 267 
 
 Black Morgan 
 
 270 
 
 Bussorah 
 
 268 
 
 Black Lion 
 
 271 
 
 Clarke Horse 
 
 273 
 
 Black Jack 
 
 272 
 
 Clarke Horse 
 
 276 
 
 Black Ralph 
 
 193 
 
 Charles Smith Horse 
 
 273 
 
 Black Hawk, 172, 178, 
 
 179, 191 
 
 Crane Horse 
 
 179,273 
 
 193, 264 
 
 
 Chamberlain Horse 
 
 274 
 
 Black Hawk Chief 
 
 206 
 
 Cai-peuter's Gray 
 
 274 
 
 Black Hawk Eclipse 
 
 267 
 
 Cham plain 
 
 275 
 
 Black Hawk Morgan 
 
 267 
 
 Champion Black Hawk 
 
 80,87 
 
 Black Hawk Napoleon 
 
 269 
 
 275 
 
 
 Black Hawk Prince 
 
 270 
 
 Charley 
 
 275 
 
 Black Hawk. Jr., Isr 
 
 273 
 
 Chicago Jack 
 
 194 
 
 Black Hawiv, Jr., 2d 
 
 272 
 
 Carleton Horse 
 
 276 
 
 Black Hawk Maid 
 
 191,193 
 
 Challenge 
 
 276 
 
 Black Hawk Sherman 
 
 323 
 
 [329] 
 
 
830 LIST OF MORGAN HORSES. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Childs Horso 
 
 273 
 
 General Gifford, Jr 
 
 285 
 
 Clements Horse 
 
 274 
 
 General Taylor 
 
 284 
 
 Clifton 
 
 274 
 
 General Cook Horse 
 
 283 
 
 Cock of the Rock 
 
 273 
 
 Glines Horse 
 
 284 
 
 Colby Horse 
 
 273 
 
 Gifford 
 
 179, 284 
 
 Coos Morgan 
 
 275, 311 
 
 Gifford Morgan 
 
 73 
 
 Comet 
 
 276 
 
 Gifford Morgan, Jr 
 
 285 
 
 Davis Horse 
 
 277 
 
 Goodale Horse 
 
 282 
 
 Deerfield Morgan 
 
 277 
 
 Goodale Horse 
 
 283 
 
 Don Juan 
 
 276 
 
 Golden Eagle 
 
 286 
 
 Dubois Horse 
 
 277 
 
 Gray Hawk 
 
 195 
 
 Ethan Allen 192, 
 
 193, 277 
 
 Hawkins Horse 
 
 146 
 
 Ethan Allen 2d 
 
 278 
 
 Hall Horse 
 
 286 
 
 Emperor 
 
 277 
 
 Harlow Horse 
 
 287 
 
 Enfield Horse 
 
 278 
 
 Hackett Horse 
 
 195, 287 
 
 Esty Horse 
 
 279 
 
 Hampden 
 
 287 
 
 Falcon 
 
 281 
 
 Hebard Horse 
 
 287 
 
 Falcon 2d 
 
 281 
 
 Henry Clay 
 
 195 
 
 Farmer's Beauty 
 
 281 
 
 Hubbard Horse 
 
 286 
 
 Farrar Horse 
 
 280 
 
 Hubbard Horse 2d 
 
 288 
 
 Feuton Horse 146, 
 
 147, 279 
 
 Huckins Horse 
 
 287 
 
 Flint Horse 
 
 281 
 
 Ives Horse 
 
 288 
 
 Fox 
 
 280 
 
 Justin Morgan 25, 
 
 26, 92, 175 
 
 Fox Morgan 
 
 281 
 
 Jemie 
 
 288 
 
 Fly in j^ Cloud 1st 
 
 279 
 
 Jerry 
 
 288 
 
 Flying Cloud 2d' 
 
 279 
 
 Karby Horse 
 
 289 
 
 Flying Morgan 194 
 
 ,195,279 
 
 Kent's Morgan 
 
 289 
 
 Flying Morgan Sprout 
 
 280 
 
 Kent Colt 
 
 289 
 
 Flying Morgan of Petersham 281 
 
 Know Nothing 
 
 194 
 
 Gates Horse 
 
 282 
 
 Kite 
 
 289 
 
 Granite State Morgan 
 
 285 
 
 Knight's Horse 
 
 288 
 
 Granite State 
 
 286 
 
 Lady Sherman 
 
 195 
 
 Green Mountain 1st 8(. 
 
 ;, 87, 172 
 
 Lady Sutton, 
 
 191, 192 
 
 282 
 
 
 Latham Horse 
 
 289 
 
 Green Mountain 2d 
 
 282 
 
 Lawton Horse 
 
 290 
 
 Green Mountain 8d 
 
 285 
 
 Lemon Fair 
 
 290 
 
 Green Mountain, Jr 
 
 283 
 
 Lone Star 
 
 290 
 
 General Gifford 1st 
 
 72, 283 
 
 May Fly 
 
 291 
 
 General Gifford 2d 
 
 283 
 
 Matchless 
 
 £92 
 
 General Gifibrd 3d 
 
 285 
 
 Major 
 
 298 
 
LIST OF MORGAN HOESES. 
 
 831 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Major Gifford 
 
 299 
 
 Morgan Fusion 
 
 301 
 
 Melviu Horse 
 
 293 
 
 Model Morgan 
 
 292 
 
 Merriman Horse 
 
 294 
 
 Mountaineer 
 
 302 
 
 Messer Horse 
 
 300 
 
 Moody Horse 
 
 291 
 
 Morgan Lion 
 
 290 
 
 Mountain Eagle 
 
 299 
 
 Morgan Trotter 
 
 179,291 
 
 Monill Horse 
 
 301 
 
 Morgan King 
 
 291 
 
 Myrick Horse 
 
 300 
 
 Morgan Eat 
 
 291 
 
 Nearing Horse 
 
 302 
 
 Morgan Tigei 
 
 291 
 
 Newton Horse 
 
 302 
 
 Morgan Caesai 
 
 195, 292 
 
 Ne well's Gray 
 
 302 
 
 Morgan Star 
 
 293 
 
 Nicholas 
 
 303 
 
 Morgan Champion 
 
 293 
 
 Nimrod 
 
 303 
 
 Morgan Napoleon 
 
 293 
 
 Niles Horse 
 
 303 
 
 Morgan Comet 
 
 293, 301 
 
 North Horse 
 
 302 
 
 Morgan Chief 
 
 294 
 
 North Star 
 
 302 
 
 Morgan Figure 
 
 294 
 
 Old Morrell Horse 
 
 304 
 
 Morgan Postboy 
 
 294 
 
 One Eye 
 
 303 
 
 Morgan Defiance 
 
 294 
 
 Orleans Flying Morgan 
 
 303 
 
 Morgan Dragon 
 
 294 
 
 Paul Clifford 
 
 304 
 
 Morgan Eagle 
 
 192, 295 
 
 Peacock Morgan 
 
 305 
 
 Morgan Emperor 179, 
 
 , 194, 295 
 
 Peters' Morgan 
 
 306 
 
 Morgan Emperor 2d 
 
 296 
 
 Parks Horse 
 
 306 
 
 Morgan Eclipse 
 
 295 
 
 Pike Horse 
 
 304 
 
 Morgan Empire 
 
 296 
 
 Pizarro 
 
 192 
 
 Morgan Hunter 
 
 296 
 
 Pleasant Gale 
 
 306 
 
 Morgan Chief 
 
 296 
 
 Plato 
 
 305 
 
 Morgan Robbin 
 
 297 
 
 Pope Horse 
 
 305 
 
 Morgnn Rattler 
 
 297, 298 
 
 President 
 
 306 
 
 IMorgan Recruit 
 
 297 
 
 Prince Albert 
 
 304 
 
 Morgan Tiger let 
 
 297 
 
 Putnam Horse 
 
 304 
 
 Morgan Bucephalus 
 
 298 
 
 Putnam Horse 2d 
 
 305 
 
 Morgan General 
 
 298 
 
 Randolph Morgan 
 
 306 
 
 Morgan Sultan 
 
 299 
 
 Ramsey Horse 
 
 307 
 
 Morgan Trustee 
 
 299 
 
 Kaven 
 
 308 
 
 Morgan Chieftain 
 
 299 
 
 Revenge 
 
 308 
 
 IMorgan Black Hawk 
 
 300 
 
 Eip Van Winkle 
 
 307 
 
 Morgan Traveller 
 
 300 
 
 Rising Sun 
 
 309 
 
 Morgan Traveller 2d 
 
 300 
 
 Robin 
 
 307 
 
 IMorgan Tally Ho 
 
 195, 300 
 
 Rolland Horse 
 
 307 
 
 Morgan Tiger 2d 
 
 301 
 
 Romeo 1st 
 
 308 
 
332 
 
 LIST OF MORGAN HORSES. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAQB 
 
 Komeo 2d 
 
 308 
 
 Vermont Morgan Champion 
 
 315 
 
 Rounds Colt 
 
 307 
 
 Vermont Chief 
 
 316 
 
 Rowel Horse 
 
 309 
 
 Way Horse 
 
 318 
 
 Royal Morgan 179, 
 
 ,309 
 
 Walker Horse. 
 
 319 
 
 Sawj^er Horse 
 
 313 
 
 Wellington Horse 
 
 317 
 
 Hcott Horse 
 
 312 
 
 Wheeler Horse 
 
 317 
 
 Searcher 
 
 313 
 
 White Mountain 
 
 317 
 
 Selim 
 
 313 
 
 White Mountain Morgan 
 
 318 
 
 Sherman 144, 150, 155, 163^ 
 
 , 169 
 
 Whalebone 
 
 319 
 
 176, 178, 179 
 
 
 Wiley Colt 
 
 317 
 
 Sherman Morgan Ist 
 
 310 
 
 Wild Air 
 
 318 
 
 Sherman Morgan 2d 
 
 312 
 
 Windsor Morgan 
 
 318 
 
 Sherman King 
 
 311 
 
 Woodbury 
 
 319 
 
 Sherman Morgan Defiance 
 
 311 
 
 Woodbury 2d 
 
 316 
 
 Sherman Black Hawk 193, 
 
 , 194 
 
 Yankee Boy 
 
 321 
 
 311 
 
 
 Young Americp 
 
 320 
 
 Shirtliff Horse 
 
 312 
 
 Y^'oung America 2d 
 
 320 
 
 Sir Charles 
 
 311 
 
 Young Bulrush 
 
 322 
 
 Smith Morgan 
 
 313 
 
 Young Bulrush 2d 
 
 319 
 
 Stevens Horse 
 
 313 
 
 Young Bulrush 3d 
 
 320 
 
 Stockbridge Chief 193 
 
 , 311 
 
 Y'oung Bulrush 4th 
 
 320 
 
 Stranger 
 
 312 
 
 Young Burbank 1st 
 
 319 
 
 Taylor Horse 
 
 314 
 
 Young Burbank 2d 
 
 321 
 
 Teciimseh 
 
 314 
 
 Young Black Hawk 
 
 321 
 
 Turner's Black Hawk 
 
 314 
 
 Y^'oung Csesar 
 
 321 
 
 Twin Morgan 
 
 314 
 
 Young Flying Morgan 
 
 322 
 
 Vermont 
 
 315 
 
 Young Hubbard 
 
 322 
 
 Vermont 2d 
 
 315 
 
 Young Latham 
 
 322 
 
 Vermonter 
 
 316 
 
 Y^'oung Morrill 
 
 322 
 
 Vermont Boy- 
 
 192 
 
 Young Morgan Emperor 
 
 321 
 
 Vermont Champion 
 
 315 
 
 Young Morgan Eclipse 
 
 321 
 
 Vermont Morgan 
 
 316 
 
 Young Morgan Empire 
 
 320 
 
LIST OF HORSES 
 
 (NOT MORGANS) 
 
 MENTIONED IN THIS WORK, 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 FAOI 
 
 Ap<>llo 
 
 22 
 
 Engineer 
 
 24 
 
 Barney Henry 
 
 324 
 
 Flora Temple 
 
 194 
 
 Betty 
 
 177 
 
 Fag Down 
 
 81 
 
 Bloody Buttocks 
 
 177 
 
 Forest Maid 
 
 192 
 
 Blank 
 
 22 
 
 Florizel 
 
 22 
 
 Byerly Turk 
 
 22, 127 
 
 Gabi'iel 
 
 325 
 
 Blockesby 
 
 177 
 
 Gimcrack 
 
 177, 178, 165 
 
 Celia 
 
 177 
 
 Gray Eagle 
 
 173, 191 
 
 Childers 
 
 22 
 
 Godolphin Arabian 
 
 19, 177 
 
 Cock of the Rock 
 
 25, 323 
 
 Gres wood's Partner 
 
 177 
 
 Carson Horse 
 
 324 
 
 Greyhound 
 
 177 
 
 Croft's Partner 
 
 22, 127 
 
 Hamiltonian 
 
 22, 25, 81 
 
 Cripple 
 
 177 
 
 Hambletonian 
 
 22,23 
 
 Columbus 
 
 193 
 
 Henry 
 
 25, 324, 326 
 
 Cui-wen's Bay Barb 
 
 127 
 
 Jigg 
 
 22, 127 
 
 Dey of Algiers 
 
 25 
 
 King Herod 
 
 22 
 
 Diomed 
 
 22, 165 
 
 Lady Miller 
 
 81 
 
 Duroc 
 
 25, 165 
 
 Lady Moscow 
 
 191 
 
 Dying Sergeant 
 
 191 
 
 Lee Boo 
 
 194 
 
 Eclipse 25, 
 
 165, 356 
 
 Lady Suffolk 
 
 191, 194 
 
 [838] 
 
384 
 
 LIST OF HORSES NOT MORGANS. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 
 PAGH 
 
 Lady Swan 
 
 
 192 
 
 Shark 
 
 
 22 
 
 Leonides 
 
 
 324 
 
 Sir Walter 
 
 
 25, 323 
 
 Lindsey's Arabian 
 
 
 126 
 
 Sir Charles 
 
 
 25, 325 
 
 Messenger 23, 
 
 24, 
 
 25, 81, 165 
 
 Soto 
 
 
 192 
 
 Miller's Damsel 
 
 
 24 
 
 Sal 
 
 
 191 
 
 IMiss Elliott 
 
 
 177 
 
 Sir Archy 
 
 
 22, 165 
 
 Mambriuc 
 
 
 23,81 
 
 Signal 
 
 
 324 
 
 Murdoch 
 
 
 193, 194 
 
 Tartar 
 
 
 22 
 
 Tilorton's Traveller 
 
 
 127, 128 
 
 Tippoo Saib 
 
 
 81 
 
 Postboy 
 
 
 25, 325 
 
 Tramp 
 
 
 195 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 
 323 
 
 True Briton 
 
 101, 103, 
 
 116, 127 
 
 Regulus 
 
 
 24 
 
 Turf 
 
 
 24 
 
 Revenge 
 
 144, 146, 148 
 
 Whalebone 
 
 
 195 
 
 Eose of Washington 
 
 192 
 
 Wild Air 
 
 
 104, 327 
 
 Sampson 
 
 
 24 
 
 Young Hamiltonian 
 
 324 
 
 Sport 
 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 
 Spectator 
 
 
 SS 
 
 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PACK 
 
 Agricultural Fairs, trainiug for exhibition at - - 233 
 
 " trotting matches at - - - 196 
 
 Arabian Horses, origin and Classification - - - 12 
 
 Arabian Horse, first importation of into England - - 18 
 
 Affidavit of John Stearas concerning Justin Morgan - - 97 
 
 America, breeds of horses in - - - - 21 
 
 Andalusian horses - - - - - 15, 22 
 
 Associations for improving the breed of horses - - 216 
 
 Barb, characteristics of the - - - - 12, 15 
 
 Breaking horses ------ 219 
 
 Breed of horses, best methods of improving - - - 200 
 
 Breeding of horses, medium size, best for - - - 213 
 
 Breeding animals, selection of - . - - . 205 
 
 Business horse, character and traits requii'ed for - - 55 
 
 Bulrush, history of - - - - - -160 
 
 Canadian horses ------ 21 
 
 Certificate of Committee of Vermont State Ag. Soc. awarding 
 
 first premium to D. C. Linsley for Essay on Morgan Horses 8 
 
 Certificate of David Goss to Portrait of Justin Morgan - 9 
 
 '♦ Solo. Steele " ic u .9 
 
 " Dan'l Baldwin «' " « - - 9 
 
 Cleveland Bays ------ 20 
 
 Characteristics of the Morgan Horee - - - 72-91 
 
 Chinese horses --._.- 14 
 
 Criticisms on Morgan Horse.s - _ - - 72-91 
 
 [385] 
 
886 INDEX. 
 
 Coach horse, English ------ 20 
 
 Cone&toga horse - ----- 21 
 
 Color of a good horse - - - - ' - 62 
 
 CorrespondeDce relative to Origin of Morgan Horse - - 98 
 
 Dams, Arabs, trace the pedigrees of horses through the - 13 
 
 Draft horse, English varieties - - - - - 20 
 
 Dam of Justin Morgan - - - 125 
 
 Dariey, Arabian, imported into England - - - - 19 
 
 Diomed ------- 22 
 
 Driving upon the Road ----- 239, 243 
 
 Dongola horses - - - - - • - 13 
 
 Dutch horses - - . - - - - 14 
 
 Eclipse, description of - - - - - 60 
 
 English Eace Horse, deterioration of - - - 36, 38 
 
 English Horses ------ 17 
 
 Egypt, the horse is traced to - - - - - 12 
 
 Finland Horses - - - - - - 16 
 
 Flanders, importation of horses from, into England - - 18 
 
 Feeding and driving on the Road - . . - 238 
 Fenton Horse, history of ..... 147 
 
 Flemish horses -..._- 14 
 
 French horses ... - - 15, 22 
 
 German Horses - - - - - - -16 
 
 German " running horses" imported into England - - 17 
 
 General Gilford, the representative of the race - - 72, 73 
 
 Gi fiord Morgan ....-- 73 
 
 Gimcrack, Memoir of- - - - -177 
 
 Godolphin Arabian, imported into England - - 19 
 
 Hawkins horse, history of . _ - - . 146 
 
 Hackney, English - - - - - - 19 
 
 Hamiltonian horse, pedigree of - - - - 22 
 
 Hack horses, kind most sought for - - - 47 
 
 Harness, qualities of a horse to appear well in - - - 61 
 
 Helmsley Turk, imported into England - - - 18 
 
 History of Hav^^kins horse . . . . . 146 
 
 History of Fenton horse ..... 147 
 
INDEX 837 
 
 PAGB 
 
 History of the Horse ...... 9 
 
 History aud descriptions of Stallions sired by Justin Morgan 144 
 History of Justin Morgan - - . . . 131-143 
 History of Revenge - - - - - -148 
 
 Hunter, the English - - - - - - 19, 40 
 
 History of Woodbury --..-. 156 
 
 Bulrush ------ 160 
 
 Horses (not Morgan), List of - - - - - 333 
 
 Horse, the companion and servant of man - - - 1 
 
 Horses, Arabian - - - - - - 12 
 
 Dongola -..-.-- 13 
 
 Toorky - - - - - - 14 
 
 Chinese ----.-- 14 
 
 " Persian - - - - - - 14 
 
 " Flemish 14 
 
 " Dutch - 14 
 
 Italian 15 
 
 " Neapolitan ----- - 16 
 
 " Andalueiiin - - - - - - 15 
 
 " (Jeruian ------ 16 
 
 " Hungarian - - - - - - 16 
 
 " Swedish ,------ 16 
 
 " Russian ------- 17 
 
 English ----- 17 
 
 " Conestoga - - - - - - 21 
 
 Canadian ------ 21 
 
 " Kind most sought for - - - - - 44 
 
 India, horses of - - - - .. - 14 
 
 Italian horses - - - - - - - 15 
 
 Indiana, character of horses in . . - - 26 
 
 Iceland, horses of - - - - - - 16 
 
 Importation of horses from the Levant into England - 19 
 
 " German horses into England - - - 17 
 
 " Arabian horses " . - - 18 
 
 " horses from Flanders into England - - 18 
 
 « Darley Arabian " - - 19 
 
 Justin Morgan, Memoir and description of - - 131-143 
 
 Owners of - . - - 140 
 
 Death of 142 
 
338 INDEX. 
 
 rAGH 
 
 Justin Morgan, Dam of - - - - 103, 125 
 
 Reported Sire of - - 101,103,116 
 
 Jttstiu Morgan 2d, Letter from - - - - 99 
 
 Kentucky, ciiaracter of the horses of - - - 26 
 
 Letter from Justin Morgan 2d - - - - 99, 104 
 
 '* George Barnard ----- 97 
 
 M. O. Walker, 89 
 
 " Mr. Weissinger ----- 102 
 
 " Frederic A. Weir - . . - . 102 
 
 " Milo June ----- 88 
 
 List of Morgan horses mentioned . - _ _ 328 
 
 " horses (not Morgan) mentioned - . - 333 
 
 Morgan Stallions, pedigrees and description of - - - 260 
 
 Messenger, pedigree of ----- 23 
 
 Morgan horses, performances of - - - - 185-199 
 
 " present value of - - - - 196 
 
 " origin of - - - - ■« - 92 
 
 « list of 328 
 
 " a distinct breed - . . - l 
 " hardiness and endurance of - - -1 
 
 " peculiar adaptation to the Koad and General use 63 
 
 ** instance of their endurance - - - 65 
 
 " tlescription of - - - - - 66 
 
 " dift'er from the Canadian, - - - 110 
 
 " different families of, characteristics - - 105 
 
 " but three distinct families of - - 167 
 
 " stock in Vermont . - - - I75 
 
 " High Prices of - - - - 197 
 
 Narragansett Pacer - - - - - - 22 
 
 Neapolitan horses ------ 16 
 
 New England character, horses of - - - - 25 
 
 New York character, horses of - - - - 25 
 
 Norman horses ------- 15 
 
 Omnibus horses, kind of horses most sought for - - 47 
 
 Origin of the Morgan Horse - - - - - 92 
 
 Ohio, character of horses of - - - - - 26 
 
INDEX. 339 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Pennsylvania, character of horses of - - - 26 
 
 Persian horses ------ 14 
 
 Performances of Morgan horses - - - _ 185-199 
 
 Preparation for exhibition - - - - 233 
 
 Pedigree of Hamiltonian horse - - - - - 22 
 
 " of Messenger - - - - - 23 
 
 " of Morgan stallions - . - . 260-322 
 
 " of Hawkins horse ----- 14(3 
 
 " of Fenton liorse - - - _ . 147 
 
 " of Revenge - - - - - 148 
 
 " of Sherman - - - - - 150 
 
 " of Woodbury - - - - - ■ 156 
 
 " of Bulrush - - - - - - 160 
 
 Purchasing horses --.--_ 250 
 
 Eaces established at Hyde Park - - - - - 18 
 
 Races closed by Cromwell ----- 19 
 
 Revenge, history of . . . - - 148 
 
 Riding manly and healthful exercise - - - - 45 
 
 Roadsters - . . ... 50 
 
 Russian horses ._._-. 17 
 
 Selection of breeding animals - - . - 205 
 Services, change in kind of, required - - - - 30, 34 
 
 Services rendered by the liorse - - - . 29 
 
 SirArchy 22 
 
 Sherman, history of ----- - 150 
 
 Southern States, character of horses of - - - 27 
 Spanish horses - - - - - - 12, 15, 18 
 
 Sporting horses, demand for ... - 49 
 
 Stallions sired by Justin Morgan . - - - 144 
 
 Swedish horses ------ 16 
 
 Size, medium, best for breeding - - - - 213 
 
 Size best adapted for service . _ . - 88 
 
 Tartar horses - - ----- 17 
 
 Toorkoraans, horses of - - - - - 14 
 
 Toorky breed of horses - - - - - - 14 
 
 Toorkistan, horses of . . - . - 14 
 
 Trotter preferred to the racer - - - - - 80 
 
840 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Trotting matches .at Agricultural Fairs 
 Truck horses - . . . 
 
 Tme Briton, reputed sire of Justin Morgan 
 Trotting matches, the first in America 
 
 Unsoundness - - . 
 
 White Turk, purchase of 
 Wild horses, where found - 
 Woodbury, history of 
 Weight of Morgan stallions 
 
 196 
 
 48 
 
 301, 116 
 
 80 
 
 252 
 
 - 18 
 20 
 
 - 156 
 179 
 
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