mas "PC& hi Book Jll2*. ®m$^° C'DHflPJGfiT DEPOSm .PO COLLEGE PREPARATORY FRENCH GRAMMAR BY Chas. P. DuCroquet. New York : WILLIAM R. JENKINS, &DITEUR ET LIBRAIRE FRANQAIS, 851 & 853 Sixth Avenue. ^OCT 13 »o*i Boston : Carl Schoenhof. 1893. Copyright, 1893, By William B. Jenkins. All Bights BeservecU Printed by the Peess of William R. Jenkins, New Yobk. LC Control Number tmp96 031275 PREFACE. In many preparatory schools the time given to the study of the French Language is very limited because of the many studies required to be known by the student before he can enter college. The object of this book is to make the study of the French easier and more concise in order that more time may be given to Litera- ture and Conversation. Its arrangement is quite new and will materially aid the pupils in remembering what has once been studied. The rules concerning a subject have been carefully arranged in one lesson and can easily be learned in a fete minutes. It is intended that the rules be taught in one year, one lesson a week, the greater part of the time being given to the examples illustrating the rules, and to the exercises. The second part of each lesson is made up of interesting selec- tions concerning our great French writers and their works. Separate vocabularies for each selection are given at the end of the book and should be learned before each lesson. The especial object of this second part is to increase the pupils' vocabulary as quickly as possible, to enable them at an early period to read at sight. Besides a fair knowledge of the Grammar, ability to read French at sight is required for admission to college. Translating with the aid of a dictionary and reading at sight are not the same. Therefore, after the pupils have been through this grammar, they should continue reviewing the rules once a week, and, 4 PREFACE. during the remainder of the time, read thoroughly some interest- ing book, preparing one page, with the aid of the dictionary if necessary, and then reading A few pages at sight. They should also have, from time to time, written examinations, similar to those given for admission to college, that would test their ability and train them for their college examinations. About thirty pages of examination papers are given for reference at the end of this book. The Author. I ' CONTENTS. I. Alphabet 11 II. Pronunciation 12 III. Accents and other Ortographic Signs 16 IV. Punctuation. Syllabic Division 18 V. Several thousand Words are alike in French and in English . 19 VI. Gender of Nouns 22 VII. Different parts of Speech. Definitions 24 1. Article: Definite, Indefinite, Partitive . 26 Exercises 1-4 26 La Perfection 29 2. When the Article is used or omitted 30 Exercises 5-8 31 L'Hotel Rambouillet 33 3. Plnral of Nonns and Adjectives 34 Nouns having a double meaning in the plural 35 Exercises 9-12 35 Fondation de l'Academie Francaise 37 4. Feminine of Adjectives 38 Exercises 13-15 39 CORNEILLE, CrEATEUR DE LA TRAGEDIE EX FRANCE 41 5. Feminine of Adjectives in EUR 42 Exercises 16-19 43 Debuts de Corneille 45 6. Position of Adjectives 46 Exercises 20-23 47 Le Cid, Tragedie de Corneille 49 7. Comparison 52 Exercises 24-27 , 53 Horace, Tragedie de Corneille 55 8. Avoir, §tre, finir, vendre (1st Part) 56 Exercises 28-29 58 Cinna, Tragedie de Corneille .59 CONTENTS. 9. Demonstrative Adjective and Pronouns 60 Exercises $0-33 61 Polyeucte, Tragedie de Corneille 63 10. (Test or il est . . . . 64 Exercises 34-38 65 Jeunesse de Racine 67 11. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns 68 Exercises 39-41 69 Racine, poete tragi que 71 12. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns . . 72 Exercises 42-45 73 Racine et son fils 75 13. Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns 76 Exercises 46-49 77 Andromaque, Tragedie de Racine 79 14. Meme, tout, quelque 80 Exercises 50-53 81 Britannicus, Tragedie de Racixe 83 15. Personal Pronouns 84 Exercises 54-57 85 Berenice, Tragedie de Racine 87 16. Position of Personal Pronouns 88 Exercises 58-61 89 Bajazet, Tragedie de Racine 91 17. Numeral Adjectives. (Numbers.) 92 Exercises 62-63 94 Iphigenie, Tragedie de Racine 95 18. Numeral Adjectives. (Rules.) 96 Exercices 64-67 97 Phedre, Tragedie de Racine 99 19. Adverbs 100 Exercises 68-71 ". 101 Esther, Tragedie de Racine 103 20. Negative Expressions 104 Exercises 72-75 105 Athalie, Tragedie de Racine 107 List of Adverbs 108 List of Prepositions 110 List of Conjunctions and Interjections , . , 111 CONTENTS. 9 21. Verbs. — How to learn them thoroughly 112 Avoir 114 Idioms with avoir 116 Exercises 76-83 117 MOLIERE 119 22. Etre 120 Idioms with etre 122 Exercises 84-91 123 Debuts de Moliere 125 23. Donner and verbs like donner 126 Formation of tenses, endings and stem 127 Exercises 92-95 128 Ennemis de Moliere 130 Moliere protege par Louis XIY 131 24. Orthographic changes in the last syllable of the stem. . . 132 Irregular verbs in er 134 Exercises 96-102 135 Generosite de Moliere 137 25. Different sorts of verbs 138 Exercises 103-114 142 Le Souper d'Auteuil 145 26. How to form questions and answers 146 Exercises 115-122 147 Mort de Moliere 149 27. Terbs in ir, oir, re 150 Formation of tenses, endings and stem 150 Exercises 123-126 152 Les Precieuses Ridicules, Comedie de Moliere .... 153 28. Finir and verbs like finir 154 Verbs in ir not like finir 155 Exercices 127-130 158 Le Misanthrope et le Tartufe 159 29. Recevoir and verbs like recevoir 160 Verbs in oir not like recevoir 161 Exercises 131-133 162 Le Misanthrope, Comedie de Moliere 163 30. Vendre and verbs like vendre 164 Verbs in re not like vendre 166 Exercises 134-138 168 Tartufe, Comedie de Moliere 169 io Contents. 31. Review of the Principal Parts of verbs in ir, oir, re . . 170 Review of the irregularities 172 Irregular verbs seldom used 173 L'AVARE, COMEDIE DE MoLIERE 174 Exercises sur les verbes, 139- J70 176 32. Imperfect or Preterit ? 184 Exercises 171-176 185 Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, Comedie de Moliere . . . . *87 33. Present and Past Participles 190 Exercises 117-188 192 La Fontaine 195 34. Subjunctive. (Preliminary remarks) , 198 Exercises 189-196 200 Boileau 202 Mme de Sevigne 205 35. Subjunctive. (Rules) 206 Exercises 197-208 208 Les Aventures de T^lemaque, de Fenelon 211 36. Idiomatic use of NE . 214 Exercises 209-212 215 De la Litterature Francaise au XVIII e Siecle 216 Charles XII, de Voltaire 217 37. Idiomatic use of BE 218 Exercises 218-216 219 Zaire, Tragedie de Voltaire 220 38. What prepositions are required after adjectives and verbs . 222 Histoire de Marie Stuart, de Mignet 229 39. Study of words 230 40. Idiomatic expressions 234 French proverbs 241 Vocabularies to the readings 242 French examination papers given in Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Cornell , . , , , f f , T , , 257 FRENCH GRAMMAR. INTRODUCTION. ALPHABET. The Pronunciation should be learned from a competent teacher as the sounds can only be approximative in writing. NAME. PRONTJNC. NAME. PROXUNC. A ah ah O B bey be P pey pe C sey se Q ku ke D dey de R err re E eh e S ess se F eft fe T tey te G jey ghe U u u H ash — V vey ve I ee ee X ix kse J jee je Y ee grec ee K kah ke Z zed ze L eU le W double v — M emin me (E oeh e N enn ne REMARKS. 1. J is sounded like z in azure, or s in pleasure. 2. U is sounded like the German u. There is no such sound in English. 3. E in the third column is nearly like e in flattery ; ee like ee in see. 4. H is not pronounced. 5. W is pronounced like v in German words and like ou in English words* 12 INTRODUCTION. PRONUNCIATION. VOWELS. SON ORDINAIRE. OUVERT. NASAL. A papa enfant dodo dors bonbon £ bebe cher pere I ici vin u bu brun ou joujou EU heureux heure REMARKS. 1. oi=OA. Ex. : moi, mois, voici, vois, voyez (y=ii). oin=0-in. Ex. : moins, loin, foin, coin, point, soin. 2. e unaccented. — e and es at the end of a word are silent, except in monosyllables, when they are very short. Ex. : Elle ne me voit pas. ent, ending the third person of a verb, is silent. Ex. : II est negligent ; ils n6g\igent ; il est content ; ils content ; ils con- sent; ils consented. E, at the end of a syllable, is frequently omitted in conversa- tion and in familiar reading. Ex. : Mon petit ami. E, not at the end of a syllable, is pronounced like e and some- times like e. Ex. : Vous aimez a chanter ; elle est belle. er, when not at the end of a word, is pronounced ere. Ex. : perdre ; chercher. 3. The vowel-sounds may be long or short. Ex. : ami, ame ; sucre, fLute ; louable, gouter ; petite anu'e. I3?TR0BtJCTIdff. 13 READING EXERCISE. A. — PAPA, Paris, Canada, Panama, ananas, Alabama, malade, madame, camarade, la table; la, ma, ta, pria, age, ame, ane; annee, fameux, fern me, condamner, solennel. AN. — enfajst, en dansant, contentement, en, an, ans, dans, dent, dents, d'en, sans, sang, s'en, sens, sent, cent, ils sentent, il pense, ils peiisent, le president, ils president. 1L — b£b£, aime, un baiser, repete, deceder, decide*, decide, la verite*, un d6s, des des, cree, crees, creee, creees, creez, creai; je sais, il salt, je vais, je fais, je plais, j'aurai, et. 35 . — p£re, cher, chere mere, le verre, le ver, le vers, vert, vers, le f er, f aire, chercher, perdre, errer, erreur, le sel, la selle, celle ; le proces, le succes, Tacces, il est; (Vest, Vouest), le secret, discret, jouet, fouet; mais, jamais, j'aimais, il aimait, ils aimaient, les, des, des, mes, ses; j'auraz, j'aurai, j'aima^, faimais. I. — ici, difficile, lis, lire, ris, rire, fini, finir; inutile, innocent, immense, inquiet; oui, oui, hais, hats. IN. — VTN", les vins, je vins, il vint, nous vinmes, vous vintes, ils vinrent, que je vinsse, la fin, la faim, la main, simple, syntaxe, cinq francs. O. — dodo, 6cho, beau, nouveau, nos, vos, faut, rose, chose, cause, pauvre, le notre, le votre. dors, il dort, je porte, la porte, le nord, le port, votre, notre, il donne, bonne, pomme, comme, ordonne, colonne, 1'homme. ON. — BOiraox, mon, ton, son, conte, compte, comte, commen- cons, le son, on a, on en a, mon bon enfant. U. — bu, bus, bue, bues, but, lu, lui, fus, fuis, su, suis, le sud, murmure, sur, influent, juin, juillet. UN. — brux, lundi, parfuin, chacun, un ami, un homme. OU. — JOUJOU, toujours, amour, bon jour, voulez-vous, ou, oti, oui, Louise, je joue, ils jouent, le cou, le coup. EU. — heureux, heureuse, peu apeu; — le, de, ce, je, que, ne. heure, bonheur, malheur, docteur, cceur, soeur, leur, jeune. 01. — moi, toi, soi, sois, soie, voix, voie, vois, voyez, roi, royal. MOINS, loin, point, joins, poing. 14 INTRODUCTION. CONSONANTS. They are generally pronounced as marked in the Alphabet. Notice the following: C = C before e, i or y. — Ceci, Cesar, Cyrus, Ciceron. C=K before other letters.* — Calcul, coeur, clair, credit. G= J before e, i or y. — Georges, juger, Gilbert. G=GrH before other letters. — Gorge, gloire, Gregoire. S=Z between two vowels or in ^liaison .t — Oiseau, mes amis. T=C in many words ending in tion, tial, tiel, tieux, tient. L=Y {y in yet, lawyer) in many words. — La faim'ZZe, le solez'Z. CH=SH (sh in she). I — Chat, chercher, chocolat. GN=NI (ni in union). § — Compagnon, ignorant, seigneur. PH=F. — Le philosophe, le prophete, phosphate, phthisie. QU=K (u is silent).|| — Quatre, qui, que, quality quelqu'un. H is not pronounced. It is called silent in some words and aspirate in others. When aspirate, it prevents the liaison or slurring. — L'homme, les hommes, le heros, les heros. LIAISON. {Carrying a final letter over to the next word, or slurring.) The final consonant of a word is generally sounded with the following word, when the latter begins with a vowel or a silent h, and the sense does not allow any stop between them. In a liaison, s and x are sounded like z, d like t, f like v, and g like k. Vous avez des amis. C'es£ un grand homme. Vous et moi; vous et elle ; lui et elle. Remark. — Never pronounce the t in et (and). * C=G in second and derivatives: seconder, secondemenl, etc. t S=Z bv exception in Alsace, Israel, transiger, svelte, balsam ique, etc. t CH=K in e'chos, chaos, choeur, choUra. orchestre, Chretien, chr ; in Michel- Ange and other Italian words. § GN=GH-N in stagnant, ignee, diagnoslique, le magnal, inexpugnable, etc. II QU=KOU in aquarelle, equateur, equation, quadrupede, etc. QU=KU in equitation, e'questre, quintuple, etc, (=K in equitable, equiva- lent, etc). INTRODUCTION. 15 READING EXERCISE. C. — Ceci, cela, c'est cisele, le ciel, le cerveau, la cire, cynique, le cygne, le cypres, cascade, casser, car, cour, corps, coeur, cure, cuir, clair, croix, cri, era, craint, actif, acquerir, accepter, com- mencez, circuler, recueil, cercueiL G. — Gare, guerre, guere, gue, gorge, George, juge, juger, figure, grand, gros, gras, gris, gai, geai, j'ai, general, gigot, glace, gloire, gout, rnangeons, mangez. S. — Son, sa, ses, assez, assis, assister, scie, science, saisissement, poison, poisson, boisson, desert, dessert, d&sir, il«9 ont, ils sont. T. — Ton, ta, tes, the, theatre, theme, theorie, arithmetique, tic-tac, une traite, un traitre, attrayante, le parti, la partie, sentir, le sentier, la question, nous portions, une portion, une action, la moitie, Taniitie, la modestie, la dynastie, Tamnistie, la prophefte, prophetique, aristocrafre, aristocratique, democrafte, deinocratique. L. — Le lilas, ville, village, vil, vile, tranquille, le Nil; la fiZZe, la famiZZe, mei/Zeur, briZZant, paviZZon, taZZZeur, travaZZZer, le travai'Z, le solee'Z, le conseZZ, le fauteu/Z, ToeZZ, la fem'ZZe, mom'ZZer, je niouZZZe, la grenom'ZZe, la coquiZZe, le coquiZZage. GS. — Ignorer, agneau, mignon, mignonne, magnifique, seigneur, montagne, digne, dignite, poignee, poignet, poignard. CH. — Chercher, le chat, le chien, lache, (lage), je cache, (la cage), chez, (j'ai), champ, (Jean), choix, (joie), c7ir6tien, le Christ (=emZ), Jesus-Christ (=cri), QU. — Qui, que, quoi, quelque, quelqu'un, quatre, quart, queue, quinquina, quoique, acquerir, j'acquiers. H. — L'homme, les homilies, le the, le theatre, Thonneur, les honneurs, le heros, les heros, les hautes montagnes, en haut. L'R en roulant approche et tournant a souhait, Reproduit le bruit sourd du rapide rouet ; Elle rend d'un seul trait, le cours d'une riviere, La course cVun torrent, le fracas du tonnerre. 1<> INTRODUCTION. ACCENTS AND OTHER ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS. L' ACCENT AIGU. The acute accent (') is placed on the e only, and gives it an acute sound, much like that of a in date. — Verity decide, d£ce*de\ L' ACCENT GRAVE. The grave accent O gives the e an open sound like that of e in get — Pere, mere, legere, pres, succes, cM6, cede, leve, leve. It is placed over a, at ; la, there ; ou, where ; des, from. No accent over a, has ; la, the ; ou, or ; des, of the. L' ACCENT CIRCONFLEXE. The circumflex (") gives the a, e, i, o, u a long sound. — L'ame, la grace, la tete, l'ile, le n6tre, la flute. It is placed over du, owed ; cru, grown ; sur, sure ; mur, ripe. No accent over du, of the ; cru, believed ; sur, sour ; mur, wall. It is also used to mark the suppression of some letters. Vous etes, maitre, tete, cote, rotir. Formerly estes, maistre, teste, coste, rostir. L'APOSTROPHE. The apostrophe ( ' ) shows the elision or omission of a vowel. a is elided only in la. — L 'orange, l'aimable fille. i is elided only in si before il, Us. — S'il vous plait. e is elided: 1st, mle,je, me, te, se, ce, de, ne, que, jusque ; 2nd, in lorsque, puisque, quoique, quelque, before il, elle, on, un, une, autre; 3d, in presque, entre, grande in compound words. J'ai, je n'ai pas; c'est vrai; quelqu'un, grand'mere. Remark. — No elision takes place before huit, onze, oui. — Le onze mai. LA CfiDILLE. The cedilla ( b ) which is sometimes placed under the c, is used when the e is to be sounded soft before a, 0, u. — Le niagon de Macon a recu une lecon. Je commence, nous coniniencons. INTRODUCTION. 17 LE TRAIT D'UNION. The hyphen (-) is used : 1st, between a verb and a pronoun, when the pronoun is placed after its verb. Donnez-moi ; donnez-le-moi ; voulez-yous me le donner. 2d, between the different parts of any number under one hun- dred, except when united by et. Vingt et un, vingt-deux, mil huit cent quatre-vingt-dix-neuf. 3d, in many compound words. Un arc-en-ciel, un beau-pere, un rendez-vous, quelques-uns. LE TRfiMA. The dlsereris (") is used over e, % u, when these vowels are to be pronounced separately from the preceding vowel. Oui, oui; aigu, aigue, une aigue-marine. READING EXERCISE. VSrite, decide, decede, 6te, ep6e, aime, aimes, aimee, aime*es, aime, aimes, aiment, fee, gue, de, des, cree, crees, creee, crepes. La, la, a, a, des, des, ou oii, du, dti, cru, cru, sur, sur, stirs, mur, miir, age, age, ame, anime, pate, pate, gate, gateau, chateau, theatre, role, batir, bati, nous eumes, vous elites, il eut, qu'il eut. Que j'aie, qu'il ait, lorsqu'il ecrit, parce qu'elle etudie, puisque j'amrme, puisqu'il amrme, quoiqu'elle assure, quoique enraye jusqu'a ce que, jusqu'ici, quelqu'un, quelqu'autre. La lecon, le macon, la ville de Macon, vous recevez, vous avez recu, vous commencez, nous commencons, il commenca, la cas- cade, cueillir, le gue, le guet, gai, le geai, le gant, le geant. Oui, oui, je hais, j'ai hai', je hai's, il hait, il hait, naif, laique, ambigu, ambigue, ambiguite, ligue, aigu, aigu§, figue, cigue, con- tigue, egoi'sme, egoi'ste, heroisme, heroique. Ai-je, as-tu, a-t-il, a-t-elle, a-t-on, aura t-il, aura-t-elle, est-il, est-elle, aime-t-il, aime-t-elle, aimez-vous cela, donnez-le-moi, donnez-le-lui, voulez-vous me le donner? \ Ne voulez-vous pas me le donner? II veut me le donner, n'est-ce pas. Un arc-en-ciel, un rendez-vous, un tete-a-tete, un chef-d'oeuvre. IS INTRODUCTION. PUNCTUATION. The signs of punctuation are the same in French as in English. They are : , ) La virgule. The comma. ; ) Le point virgule. The semi-colon. : ) Les deux points. The colon. . ) Le point. The period or full stop. ? ) Le point d'interrogation. The interrogation mark. ! ) Le point d'exclamation. The exclamation mark. ..) Les points de suspension. The marks of suspension. ( ) La parenthSse. The parenthesis, t » Les guillemets. The quotation marks. SYLLABIC DIVISION. The syllables are not divided in French as in English ; it is very- important to note the difference. Examples. 1. Pu-nir, to pun-ish; a-ni-mal, an-i-mal ; vo-lu-me, vol-ume, 2. Ma-gni-fi-que, obli-geant, a-gre-a-ble, de-sa-gre-a-ble. 3. Dif-fe-ren-ce, ir-re-gu-la-ri-te, ver-tu, sous-trac-tion. RULES. 1. A consonant, when single, is joined to the following vowel. 2. A consonant, when followed by I or r (also gri), is joined to the following vowel. (II, rr come under the following rule.) 3. When there are two or three consonants together, the first one only belongs to the preceding syllable. There are but few exceptions. — Ins-truction, trans-porter. TONIC ACCENT. The tonic accent is to be put on the last pronounced syllable, and should be but very slightly marked. Impossible; attend/; que youlez-vous ? There are a few exceptions. — Le sofa, le fopis, le noyer. CAPITAL LETTERS. The rules are the same in French as in English, except : days and months, and adjectives of nationality. Venez samedi ou dimanche ; la langue f rancaise. Cet Anglais parte f raneais comme un Francais, INTRODUCTION. 19 SEVERAL THOUSAND WORDS are Identical or Nearly So in French and English. As the pronunciation of these words is the only difficulty, it will be found useful to read sometimes a few of them again and again. READING EXERCISE. ION. — Acclamation, acceptation, action, abolition, accession, accusation, acquisition, addition, administration, admission, adop- tion, adoration, affectation, affection, affirmation, affliction, agi- tation, allocution, allusion, alteration, ambition, animation, application, appreciation, approbation, ascension, aspiration. ANCE, ENCE, ANT, ENT. — Assistance, assistant, absence, absent, arrogance, arrogant, abstinence, alliance, assurance, audience, adolescence, adolescent, affluence, affluent, apparence, apparent, balance, cadence, concordance, chance, conference, conscience, danse, defense, offense, licence, essence, existence. AL, EL. — General, principal, paternel, reel, animal, artificiel, arsenal, annuel, canal, casuel, capital, central, cordial, eternel, electoral, essentiel, continuel, criminel, decimal, journal, memo- rial, maternel, mutuel, metal, manuel, total, fraternel, vegetal, mineral, rival, spirituel, signal, naturel, vassal, universel. Filial, final, fatal, actuel, frugal, glacial, grammatical, formal, eventuel, ideal, partial, impartial, initial, mortel, immortel, jovial, legal, liberal, local, loyal, royal, moral, immoral, musical, nasal, national, naval, original, originel, oral, oriental, radical, rural, sentimental, sensuel, social, total, verbal, adverbial, superficiel. ABLE, IBLE. — Admirable, adorable, amiable, accessible, ad- missible, acceptable, affable, capable, compatible, comprehen- sible, charitable, comparable, considerable, consolable, contes- table, corruptible, disponible, deplorable, desirable, detestable, durable, estimable, excusable, formidable, faillible, infaillible. Possible, impossible, passable, passible, impassible, ineffable, inevitable, inexorable, insatiable, inseparable, insupportable, invariable, imperceptible, inaccessible, inadmissible, incompa- tible, incomprehensible, incorrigible, irreparable, irrevocable, irritable, inflexible, intelligible, insensible, visible, invisible. 20 INTRODUCTION. Tfi. — Activity, agilitS, antiquity, anxiSte 1 , assiduity, avidity, beauts, ceMbrite, charity, cite, curiosite, difficult^, dignity, divi- nite, e'ternite', facilite, felicite, fertility, fidelity, fraternity, gaiete", generosity, hospitalite, humanite, indemnity, integrite, liberality, majesty, necessity, probite, prosperity, quality, quantite, realite". IF, IVE. — Actif (feminin: active), abusif, affirmatif, alternatif, attentif , attractif , captif , decisif , de"fectif , def ensif , destructif , dis- tinctif, eifectif, evasif, excessif, expressif, fugitif, furtif, impulsif, incisif, instinctif, inventif, lucratif, meditatif, offensif, natif, negatif , passif , pensif , plaintif , positif , preparatif, primitif, IQUE. — Musique, critique, academique, analytique, aquatic, apostolique, catholique, aristocratique, democratique, republique, public, publique, autocratique, despotique, diplomatique, clas- sique, comique, conique, cubique, diabolique, allegorique, chimed rique, e'cononiique, domestique, dramatique, elastique, civique. ACE, ICE, AGrE. — Avarice, artifice, age, cage, gage, grace, disgrace, face, surface, place, trace, grimace, justice, injustice, malice, office, police, sacrifice, precipice, service, supplice, vice, courage, rage, voyage, visage, village, image, plumage, hommage, page, message, ravage, rivage, assemblage, equipage,. personnage. ISME, ISTE. — Artiste, alarmiste, anarchiste, capitaliste, anta- goniste, antagonisme, atheisme, barbarisme, dentiste, deiste, evangelisme, evangeliste, fabuliste, fatalisme, fataliste, humo- riste, journaliste, journalisme, royaliste, legitimiste, moraliste, oculiste, optimiste, pessimiste, idealisme, laconisme, magnetisme. AIRE. — Ordinaire, litteraire, necessaire, arbitraire, contraire, honoraire, militaire, primaire, salutaire, solitaire, temporaire, po- pulaire, vulgaire, angulaire, circulaire, consulaire, lineaire, mus- culaire, adversaire, dictionnaire, missionnaire, notaire, proprie- taire, revolutionnaire, salaire, secretaire, elernentaire, itineraire. EUR, URE. — Docteur, honneur, acteur, ardeur, conducteur, createur, dictateur, directeur, electeur, empereur, erreur, faveur, ferveur, fureur, gouverneur, inspecteur, inventeur, liberateur, liqueur, operateur, oppresseur, orateur, professeur, senateur, ter- reur, valeur, vigueur, nature, figure, creature, verdure, sculpture. INTRODUCTION. 21 EUX, IEUX.— Faineux, delicieux, amoureux, arubitieux, auda- cieux, joyeux, courageux, dangereux, desireux, genereux, hideux, miraculeux, nerveux, pompeux, rigoureux, vigoureux, voluptueux, curieux, furieux, glorieux, gracieux, harmonieux, imperieux, inju- rieux, laborieux, malicieux, melodieux, rayst^rieux, prgcieux. Affaire, architecte, adverbe, alarme, arche, absurde, acide, balle, ballade, barriere, bombe, branche, buste, capitale, caresse, coniplainte, comete, corde, Concorde, discorde, charme, chaine, cravate, democrate, aristocrate, demande, diadSme, embleme, diete, enveloppe, escorte, forme, guitare, huniide, humble, herbe. Modeste, moderne, modele, methode, murmure, origine, organe, ovale, paire, plainte, poSme, poete, proverbe, precepte, riche, revolte, ridicule, rapide, robuste, superbe, signe, soupe, systSme, scandale, servante, tumulte, taxe, timide, uniforme, verbe, vesti- bule, visite, victime, valide, vaste, vil, obscur, complet, appStit. Air, anecdote, antique, antre, arc, art, article, aspect, ballet, banquet, baron, biscuit, blame, blaspheme, bonnet, brave, cas- cade, catalogue, cause, cavalcade, cave, certain, chaste, civil, colonel, concert, contact, content, cousin, correct, credit, crime, crocodile, cruel, danger, direct, desert, dispute, distinct, divers. Fertile, fable, famine, fervent, flamme, flute, fragile, force, for- tune, fruit, gain, grain, grade, guide, guise, humble, hypocrite, idiot, intact, lieutenant, minute, miracle, mode, noble, note, obstacle, ocean, pardon, peril, phrase, pigeon, port, prince, prison, prompt, public, regret, respect, rare, reverie, robe, simple, statue. Adorer, admirer, amuser, arriver, aspirer, assurer, braver, com- parer, changer, consoler, decider, desirer, destiner, diner, encou- rager, engager, exciter, excuser, exposer, guider, inspirer, inviter, proposer, refuser, respirer, trembler, troubler, recompenser, aider, accepter, caresser, charmer, confirmer, contenter, demander. Animer, associer, apprecier, agiter, attenuer, captiver, celebrer, contempler, decorer, feliciter, hesiter, illustrer, imiter, mediter, palpiter, terminer, certifier, glorifier, defier, denier, envier, justi- fier, purifier, remedier, sanctifier, simplifier, verifier, vivifier, tem- poriser, civiliser, fraterniser, organiser, r£aliser, scandalises 23 INTRODUCTION. GENDER OF NOUNS. There are only two genders, the masculine and the feminine ; as there is no neuter, the nouns denoting things are either mas- culine or feminine; hence the great difficulty. The two follow- ing rules will be found of great use. I. NOUNS NOT ENDING IN A SILENT E. They are masculine, except those with one of the following endings : te, tie. — La bonte, l'amitie, la beaute. ION, aison. — L'action, la maison, la fraction. eur, denoting inanimate objects. Ex. : La douleur, la peur. There are about 7600 nouns not ending in a silent e. The rule leaves only 130 exceptions which are given on the opposite page. II. NOUNS ENDING IN A SILENT E. They are feminine, except those with one of the following endings : age, ege, ige, oge, uge. — Le courage, le prodige, le deluge. aire, erre. — Le dictionnaire, le tonnerre, le verre. £me, emme. — Le probleme, le dilemme. ome, aume. — Le fantome, le baume. ice, isme, iste. — Le caprice, le fanatisme, le pianiste. ble, cle, tre. — Le sable, le miracle, le theatre. There are about 7000 nouns ending in a silent e. The rule will in- clude 6200 of them, leaving about 800 exceptions. It would be useless to give a long list of these exceptions as no one would care to learn them. Many are naturally masculine or feminine, as Vhomme, la femme, le maitre. These exceptions can be learned best through their repeated occur- ence in readings. Remark. — Any adjective, verb, or indeclinable word which is used as a noun is masculine. Le beau, le vrai, le boire et le manger, les si et les mais. INTRODUCTION. 23 EXCEPTION'S TO THE FIRST RULE. 1. NOUNS IN T&, ION, EUR. There are over 500 nouns in te, and nearly 1200 in aison, ion. They are feminine, except the following : veloute galion pion bastion horion scion brimborion lampion septentrion camion lion scorpion croupion million talion gabion orion Nouns in eur. — There are about 900 nouns in eur\ only those denoting inanimate objects are feminine, except : bonheur cceur ventilateur moteur interieur malheur chceur regulateur numerateur exterieur honneur equateur indicateur denominateur deshonneur labeur secateur multiplicateur Aparte 7 ete arrete jete benedicite pate comite precipite comte the cote traite OTHER NOUNS NOT IN E WHICH ARE FEMININE: boisson trahison glu vis clef, cle chanson rancon tribu fois nef cuisson sonillon vertu chair soif cloison villa eau mer faim facon veranda peau cuiller fin contrefa§on tombola chaux cour main foison razzia faux tour nonnain garnison sepia paix foret la Quasimodo guerison polka croix hart (la fete de ) lecon mazurka noix part la St. Jean moisson redowa poix dot la St. Martin mousson fourmi voix nuit la Noel paisson merci toux dent la Toussaint pamoison foi perdrix gent etc. prison loi brebis jument la Mi-aout toison paroi souris mort la mi- etc. 2i INTRODUCTION. DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH. Examples. r definite le livre. 1. The Article \ indefinite un livre. . partitive du pain. 2. j- proper The Noun 1 common Charles, papier. . . collective armee. ' qualifying bon ami. 3. The Adjective < " demonstrative possessive ce livre. mon ami. limiting interrogative numeral ^ indefinite quel livre? six livres. chaque. - demonstrative celui-ci. possessive le mien. 4. The Pronoun « relative interrogative indefinite w personal ' active passive l'ami qui.... lequel? chacun. je, me, moi. aimer. §tre aime\ 5. The Verb neuter pronominal h impersonal marcher, se flatter, neiger. 6. The Adverb. ici, oui. 7. The Prepositio NT. a, de, sur. 8. The Conjunctio N.' ou, et. 9. The Interjectk 3N. Ah! oh! The adverb, the preposition, the conjunction and the interjec- tion are invariable, the other parts of speech are variable. INTRODUCTION. 25 DEFINITIONS. The article is a word placed before a noun to specify the ex- tent of its signification. Le gateau, du gateau, un gateau. A noun is a word which expresses the name of a being or of a thing. Marie, Charles, l'homme, le cheval, l'ame, la patience, une foule. An adjective is a word which expresses some quality or modi- fication of a noun. There are two kinds of adjectives : the quali- fying and the limiting, Un bon livre; mon livre, ce livre, quel livre? Plusieurs livres. A prOx^oun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid its repe- tition. Marie n'est pas ici ; elle est malade. Voici votre livre ; voila le mien, A verb is a word which expresses state or action. Je suis ; je marche ; il dort ; le soleil brille ; il nous eclaire. An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Parlez haut ; marchez vite ; tres bon ; tres bien ; lentement. A preposition is a word which expresses the relation of a word with another. Une robe de soie ; je joue avec vous ; je vais chez mon oncle. - A conjunction is a word which connects words or sentences. Vous et moi; vous ou votre frere; j'irai si vous voulez. An interjection is a word used to express a sudden emotion. Oh! Ah! Chut! Bon! Tiens! Tenez! Vraiment! Ciel! PROPOSITION. A proposition is composed of the subject, the verb and the attribute. Dieu est bon. — Subject : Dieu; verb : est; attribute : bon. Je marche. — Subject : Je ; verb : suis ; attribute : marchant. A noun, a pronoun, a verb, a whole proposition may be the subject of a verb, or the object (direct or indirect) of a verb, of a noun, of an adjective, of a pronoun, of an adverb. Je desire que vous veniez ce soir. — Que vous veniez ce soir is the direct object oije desire. 2§ PREMIERE LE£ON. ARTICLE. Examples. Un garcon, un crayon, un enfant. A boy, a pencil, a child, Une fille, line plume, une orange. A girl, a pen, an orange. Le gar£on, le crayon, l'enfant. The boy, the pencil, the child. La fille, la plume, l'orange. The girl, the pen, the orange. Les garcons, les crayons, les enf ants. The boys, the pencils, the children. Les filles, les plumes, les oranges. The girls, the pens, the oranges. Du vin, de la biere, de l'eau. Some wine, some beer, some water. Des livres, des pommes, des oranges. Some books, apples and oranges. RULES. SINGULAB. Masculine. Feminine. Masc. or Fern. Indefinite Article A, an =un, une, Definite Article The =le, la, les. Partitive Article Some, any =du, de la, des. Contraction. De le, de les, of the, a le, a les, to the, are contracted : de le into du. a le into au. de les into des. a les into aux. Elision. Before a vowel or a silent h use V for le, la, and de V for du, de la. Remarks. — 1. The Article must be repeated before each noun. 2. When some or any is understood before a noun, du, de la, des must be used. EXCEPTIONS. 1. Some or any, when after a negative or before an adjective, * are translated by de only. Ex. : Je n'ai pas de papier ; j'ai d'excel- lent papier. 2. When a noun taken in a partitive sense is understood, the pronoun en t must be used before the verb. Ex. : Avez-vous du vin ? Oui, fen ai; fen ai ^'excellent. Declension. The =le, la, 1', les. Of #te=du, de la, de 1', des. To the=a,xi a la, a 1', aux. * Some adjectives cannot be placed before a noun ; before such an adjective use du, de la, des. We also use du, de la, des before an adjective when we wish to lay emphasis on that adjective. Ex.: Avez-vous du vin blanc? J'en ai du blanc et du rouge. Oh ! voila du bon vin. t EN=Some» any, of that, of it, of them, from that, from it, from them, from there. PREMIERE LEgON. 27 IDIOMS. A music teacher. Un maitre de musique. A gold watch. Une montre d'or. Henry's house. La maison de Henri. The boy's books. Les livres du garcon. Five francs a meter, a pound. Cinq francs le metre, la livre. One hundred francs a month, a year. Cent francs par mois. par an. Twice a week, a day. Deux fois par semaine, par jour. What a pretty boy. Quel joli garcon. Such a boy, such a gin. Un tel gargon, une telle fille. The first and second floors. Le premier et le deuxieme etage. EXERCISES. Le pere, the father. Le cafe, the coffee. La mere, the mother. Le the, the tea. Le frere, the brother. Le lait, the milk. La sceur, the sister. La creme, the cream. L'enfant, the child. Le pain, the bread. L'homme, the man. Le gateau, the cake. Voici, here is, here are. Donnez-moi, give me. Voila, there is. there are Passez-moi, pass me. Ouest...? Where is ? S'il yous plait, if you please. Ousont...? Where are ? Et, and ; ou, where. 1. Le pere, du pere, au pere; les peres, des peres, aux peres. 2. La mere, de la mere, a la mere ; les meres, des meres, aux nidres. L'enfant, de renfant, a renfant; les enfants, des enfants, aux enfants. L'homme, de Thomme, a Thomme; les honimes, des homines, aux homines. 5. Marie, de Marie, a Marie. Charles, de Charles, & Charles. 6. Un gargon, d'un gargon, a un gargon. 7. Donnez du gateau & Henri. 8. Ou est le pain ? Voila du pain. 9. Ou sont les enfants? Voici des enfants, des fllles et des gar- cons, 10. Mon ami, de mon ami, a mon ami. 2. 1. The boy, of the boy, to the boy; the boys, of the boys, to the boys. 2. The sister, of the sister, to the sister ; the sisters, of the sisters, to the sisters. 3. Here is the child; here are the children. 4. Where are the men? There are the men. 5. Henry, of Henry, to Henry; the cake of Henry. 6. The cake of the boy and of the girl. 7. Here is a boy and a girl ; there are boys and girls. 8. The pencil, of the pencil, to the pencil ; the pencils, of the pencils, to the pencils. 9. The pen, of the pen, to the pen ; the pens> of the pens, to the pens. 88 PREMIERE LEgON. EXERCISES. Voulez-vous? Will you (have) 9 Avez-vous? Have you? Je veux, I will, I want. Le sucre, the sugar. Je voudrais. / would like to. Petit garcon, little boy. Desirez-vous? Do you desire 9 Petite fille, little girl. Je desire, / desire. Merci beaucoup, thank you much. Prenez-Yous? Do you take 9 Oui, non; yes, no. Prenez, take. Monsieur, Sir or Mister. Prendre, to take. Madame, Madam or Mrs. Je prendrai, I shall take. Mademoiselle, Miss. 3. 1. Void du gateau, du the et du sucre. 2. Prenez-vous du the* ou du cafe ? 3. Je prendrai du the, s'il yous plait. 4. Passez-moi le sucre et la creme. 5. Desirez-vous de la creme ou du lait ? 6. De la creme, s'il yous plait. Merci beaucoup. 7. Passez la creme a Monsieur, a Madame, a Mademoiselle. 8. Donnez du gateau au petit garcon. 9. Donnez-vous du bonbon a la petite fille ? 10. Petit garcon, voulez-Yous du bonbon ? 11. Oui, Ma- dame, s'il yous plait. Merci beaucoup. 12. Je n'ai pas de vin ; je n'ai pas d'eau; mais j'ai de bon cafe* et de bon the. 4. 1. Will you have cofiee or tea ? 2. Give me some tea, if you please. Thank you. 3. I shall take some cream, if you please. 4. Do you wish (or desire) any bread ? 5. I would like some cake, if you please. 6. Here is bread and there is cake. 7. Where is the sugar? 8. Here is the sugar; here is some sugar. 9. I would like to take some wine. 10. Do you take beer ? Do you take water ? 11. I want some wine and water. 12. I do not desire any beer. 13. Take wine ; do not ta,ke (ne prenez pas) any water. 14. Pass me the wine. Give me some wine. QUESTIONS. 1. What is the, in French? 2. What is some, any 9 3. What is a 9 4. Do you use du, de la, des for some, after a negative? What do you use then? 5. What do you use instead of le, la, du, de la, before a vowel? 6. What is the plural of le 9 of la 9 of du 9 of de la ? 7. Can you use de le for of the 9 a le for to the 9 8. What do you use instead of deles (of the)? instead of a les (to the)? 9. Decline le pere, la fille, le crayon, la plume, Charles, Marie, mon frere (mes freres), ma saiur (mes saiurs), le bon livre, la bonne plume, V enfant, le bon enfant, Voiseau (les oiseaux), le petit oiseau. 10. Give a list of the articles. 11. Give the rules of contraction, 12. Give the rules of elision. PREMIERE LEgON. 29 LA PERFECTION. Le celebre Michel-Ange travaillait un jour a une statue dans sou atelier. Un de ses amis entra; il examina la statue qu'il croyait terminee et adraira beaucoup ce nouveau chef-d'oeuvre. Cet ami, etant revenu quelques jours apres, fut etonne de trouver Michel- Ange encore occupe au menie travail, et il lui dit : Yous avez ete paresseux, je crois ; car depuis la derniere f ois que je suis venu vous voir, vous navez rien fait. — Je vous demande pardon, mon cher ami, repondit Michel- Ange ; vous vous trompez beau- coup. J'ai retouche les mams et les bras; j'ai fait ressortir les veines un peu davantage, j'ai donne plus d'expression aux traits du visage. — Oh! ce ne sont la que des bagatelles, rephqua Tami. — Comment, des bagatelles! s'ecria le grand artiste. Mais, mon ami, vous oubliez que les bagatelles font la perfection, et certai- nement la perfection n'est pas une bagatelle. Michel- Axge Buoxarotti (1475-1564), tres celebre peintre, sculpteur et architecte, auquel on doit la coupole de /Saint-Pierre de Rome et ie tableau du Jugement dernier. Vocabulary. After this, the vocabulary of each reading will be given at the end of the book. Pupils ought to learn it at home. They must not look at it when translating during the lesson ; therefore it is not desirable to have the vocabulary immediately under the reading. • II travaillait, he teas icorking. Fait rien, done nothing. Meme travail, same work. lis font, tliey do or make. Dans son atelier, in li is studio. Vous vous trompez, you are m istaken. II croyait, lie believed. Mains et bras, hands and arms. Je crois, I believe. Ressortir, to bring out. Chef-d'oeuvre, master-piece. Un peu davantage, a little more. Etant revenu, having come bach. Ce sont, these (things) are. II trouva encore, he found again. ISTe que, only or nothing but. II dit, repondit, he said, answered. Des bagatelles, trifles. II repliqiia, he replied. Comment, mais, how, but. II s'ecria, he exclaimed. Vous oubliez, you forget. Paresseux, c&r, lazy, for. Auquel on doit, to whom ice owe, Depuis, que, since, that. Le tableau, the picture. Venir, voir, to come, to see, Derniere fois, last time. 30 DEUXIEME LEgON. WHEN THE ARTICLE IS USED OR OMITTED IN FRENCH AND NOT IN ENGLISH. Examples. Le temps est precieux. J'aime le pain. Time is precious. I like bread. La France, la Seine, le Portugal. France, Seine, Portugal. Le general Grant, le docteur Lebon. General Grant, Doctor Lebon. J'aime le bleu, elle prefere le rose. I like blue, she prefers pink. Homere, celebre poete grec. Homer, a celebrated Greek poet. II est docteur. C'est un Francais. He is a doctor. He is a Frenchman. J'ai besoin de papier. Un verre de vin. I need some paper. A glass of wine. Beaucoup de peine, bien de la peine. Much trouble, much trouble. RULES. Lie, (la, les), is used : 1. Before a noun taken in a general sense. 2. Before names of countries, rivers, mountains, seasons, etc. 3. Before titles prefixed to a proper name. 4. Before adjectives or verbs used as nouns. Un, (une), is omitted : 5. Before a noun in apposition (qualifying another noun). 6. Before a noun denoting nationality or profession, when used adjectively. Except : 1st, When that noun is modified by an adjective or a relative clause ; 2d, When that noun is after voici, voila, c'est. Du, (de la, des), is omitted and de alone is used: 7. After any verb, adjective or expression followed by de, as — parler de, se servir de, plein de, avoir besoin de. 8. After any adverb of quantity, or any noun denoting quantity, measure. Except : Bien, la plupart. 9. After a negative, or before an adjective. (See 1st lesson.) IDIOMS. At school, at church, at home. A l'ecole, a l'eglise, chez moi. Poverty is no crime. [learn. Pauvrete n'est pas crime. [nez. The more you study, the more you Plus vous etudiez, plus vous appre- House to let or for sale. Maison a vendre ou a louer. Next lesson. La prochaine lecon. Next week. La semaine prochaine. DEUXI^ME LE QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Give a list of the possessive adjectives and pronouns. 2. Give the French for — Here is your brother's penknife; here are your brother's friend's books ; Charles is my friend and his sister is also my friend. 3. Decline : Mon ami et le tien ; notre ami et le votre ; lequel ; celui-ci, celle-la. 4. Give the plural of — general, amiral, bal, balle, bail, email, eventail, la voix, l'oeil bleu, le bas, le Soulier, la fille, le neveu, le fil de fer, le fils de mon voisin. 5. Give the feminine of — petit, aine, heu- reux, beaux, jolis, frais, faux, roux, etonne, present. 6. Give the mas- culine of — pieuse, toute, mauvaises, riche, pauvre, jeune, grandes, nou- velles, la mienne, entiere, etonnee, satisf aite, favorites, aigues, longues, seche, active, attentives, publiques, artistiques, grecques, heroiques, franches, sottes. 7. Give the rules for the comparative and superlative of adjectives and adverbs* 76 TREIZI&ME LEgON. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. Examples, Each pupil is in his place. Each one answers in his turn. Several pupils are absent. Several are sick. All men are mortal. Men are all mortal. Chaque eleve est a sa place. Chacon repond a son tour. Plusieurs eleves sont absents. Plusieurs sont malades. Tous les hommes sont mortels. Les hommes sont tous mortels. LIST OF INDEFINITES. Adjectives. Chaque, each, every. Quelque, some (a few). Quelconque, whatever. Certain, certain. Maint, many a. Divers, different. Pronouns. Chacun, every one. Quelqu'un, some one, Quiconque, whoever. Tout le monde, every body. Personne, nobody. Quelque chose, something. Eien, nothing. Autrui, others. La plupart, most. On, Ton, one, people, they. Adjectives and Pronouns. Aucun, no..., not one. Pas un, not one. Nul, no..., not one. Plusieurs, several. Tout, toute, all, everything. Tous, toutes, all, Tel, telle, such. Autre, other. Indefinite Expressions. L'un, l'autre. L'un l'autre. Les uns les autres. L'un ou l'autre. Ni l'un ni l'autre. L'un a l'autre. Les uns aux autres. Tous deux, tous les deux. The one, the other. One another, each other. One another, each other. Either. Neither. To one another, to each other. To one another, to each other. Both. Remarks. 1. Tous. — Pronounce the s when tous is a pronoun. 2. Quelqu'un, quelqu'une, quelques-uns, quelques-unes. . Not anybody=personne ; not anything=rien. 3. Personne, some one, is masculine; une personne is feminine. Quelque chose, something, is masculine; une chose is feminine. 4. Autrui is only used after a preposition. 5. On, Ton. — For the sake of euphony, we generally write Ton when there is no other 1 immediately after on. TREIZI^MELEgON. 77 IDIOMS. This apple is bad ; give me an other Cette pomme est mauvaise, donnez- one. This apple is good ; give me m'en une autre. Cette pomme est another one (a second one). bonne; donnez-m'en encore une. Take a big one. * Prenez-en une grosse. Anybody will tell you. Le premier venu vous le dira. Ask anybody. Demandez a n'importe qui. They say, people say, it is said... On dit. (They, indefinite, = fffif£i%k& ttitfdftj Mettre, fo p?/Y. Je mets, /jm/. II met, he puts. Nous mettons, we put. J'ai mis, I hare put. Permettre, to permit. Promettre, to promise. II y a, there is, or there are, II y avait, there was. EXERCISES. Une affaire, an affair. Pressant, pressing. Presser, to press. Important, important. Necessaire, necessary. Deja, already. Pret, ready. Pres, near. Libre, /ree. Preferable, preferable, 60. Tout a fait, entirety. Tout de suite, n#7&£ Vite, quick. [away/ Tantot, by and by. Tout a l'heure, /wstf now* A present, at present. Seulement, only, Ne — que, owfo/. Peut-etre, perhaps. Quelquefois, sometimes. 1. Lui avez-vous dit que j'irais chez lui ce soir? 2. Je le lui ai dit. 3. Je ne le lui ai pas encore dit. 4. Je ne lui en ai pas parle*. 5. Ne le lui avez-vous pas encore dit? 6. Je l'ai tout a fait oublie. 7. Je le lui dirai tantot. 8. J'irai vous voir demain matin. 9. Nous parlerons de cette affaire avec lui et avec elle. 10. Nous leur en parlerons. 11. Serez- vous pret aneuf heures? 12. Si vous ne pouvez pas venir, envoyez-nous un mot. 13. Appor- tez-moi mon chapeau, et ne me faites pas attendre si longtemps. 14. Ou sont mes gants? Les voici sur la table. 15. Ehbien! donnez-les-moi vite. 61. 2. Ifor- once. 4. 5. I have 1. Why have you not sent these letters to the post ? got (have forgotten) to send them. 3. Send them at Do not forget to send them there to-morrow morning, asked you to lend (to) me a book. 6. You did not yet send it (have not yet send it) to me. 7. When are you going to send it to me? 8. I would like very much to read it. 9. I will lend it to you right away, if you wish. 10. I would lend it to you right away, but my sister has not yet finished it. 11. I am very sorry I cannot give it to you now. 12. Do not lend it to anyone (per- sonnel 13. Send it to me to-morrow. QUESTION'S. 1. Give the order of the object pronouns. 2. What is the position of the subject and object pronouns? 3. Give the exceptions. 4. What have you to remark about the object pronouns in the affirmative Impe- rative? 5. Can you use lui, leur, after me, te, se, nous, vous? 6. Can you use vous (object) after one of the object pronouns me, te, se, nous f 7. Translate : He thinks of me. He ran to him. That man came to me and spoke to me. The idea came to me. If you wish to speak to him, I will introduce you to him this evening. SEIZI&MEi LEgON. 91 BAJAZET, TRAG&DIE DE RACINE. En partant de Bysance pour aller combattre les Persans, le sultan Amurat a remis tous ses pouvoirs a sa favorite Roxane, en lui recommandant de surveiller Bajazet, son frere, dont il sus- pecte les projets ambitieux. Du camp, il envoie & Roxane Fordre de le niettre a raort, au moment ou celle-ci, qui s'est epris d'amour pour Bajazet, a forme le projet de l'elever au trone, s'il consent & l'epouser. Mais le cobut de Bajazet n'est pas libre : il aime Ata- lide, sa jeune parente, elev^e avec lui dans l'interieur du harem, et sur laquelle le grand vizir, Tambitieux Acomat, a jete les yeux comme sur Tinstrument de son ambition. Bajazet ne peut con- sentir aux projets de Roxane, et celle-ci le menace de sa ven- geance. Atalide s'oublie elle-meme, et supplie Bajazet de donner quelque esperance & sa rivale. Mais Roxane a surpris leur intelli gence, et c'est dans le sang de Bajazet qu'elle lavera sa honte. Elle ne doit cependant pas jouir de sa vengeance : un messager d* Amurat arrive, porteur d'un ordre de mort pour la sultane infi- dele, et Roxane tombe sous son poignard. Acomat, qui a arme ses partizans pour soutenir Bajazet, arrive trop tard pour le sau- ver, et Atalide se tue de desespoir. Marcillac. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Give a list of the conjunctive pronouns. 2. Give a list of the dis- junctive pronouns. 3. Give the rules for the position of the pronouns. 4. Give the order of the object pronouns when two or three come toge- ther. 5. Which pronouns cannot come together, and how do you trans- late the pronoun which is indirect object? 6. Give the French for — I give you a book ; I speak to you ; I speak of you, I think of you, I come (viens) to you. I speak to you and to her. He speaks to me and to you. I saw him and her. 7. Give the compound tenses Cist pers. sing.) of — penser, punir, repondre, f rapper, re jouir, attendre. 8. Give the 1st pers. sing, of the Present and of the Future of — monter, montrer, saisir, descendre. 9. Give the 1st pers. sing, of the Imperfect and of the Con- ditional of — prier, montrer, monter, nourrir, entendre. 10. Give the masculine of — seche, fiire, muette, brave, active, maligne, longue, noire, blanche, rouge, exacte, inquiete, naive, douce, fausse, rousse, favorite, belle, gaie, joyeuse, malade, jalouse, epaisse, prefixe, fixe, jumelle, vieille, jeune. 92 DIX-SEPTI&ME LEgON. NUMERAL, ADJECTIVES. Cardinal Numbers. Learn the following numbers and then count up to one hundred. 1, Un, 2, deux, 3, trois, 4, quatre, 5, cinq, 6, six, 7, sept, 8, huit, 9, neuf, 10, dix, 21, Vingt 22, vingt-i 23, vingt- 24, vingt- 25, vingt- 26, vingt- 27, vingt- 28, vingt- 29, vingt- et un, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf. 11, onze. 12, douze, 13, treize, 14, quatoree, 15, quince, 16, seize, 17, dix-sept, 18, dix-huit, 19, dix-neuf, 20, vingt. 71, Soixante 72, soixante- 73, soixante- 74, soixante- 75, soixante- 76, soixante- 77, soixante- 78, soixante- 79, soixante- et onze, douze, •treize, quatorze, quinze, •seize, dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf. 10, Dix, 20, vingt, 30, trente, 40, quaremfe, 50, cinquante, 60, soixante, 70, soixante-dix, 80, quatre-vingt, 90, quatre-vingt-dix, 100, cent; 1,000, mille. 91, Quatre 92, quatre- 93, quatre- 94, quatre- 95, quatre- 96, quatre- 97, quatre- 98, quatre- 99, quatre- -vingt-onze, vingt-douze, vingt-treize, vingt-quatorze, vingt-quinze, •vingt-seize, •vingt-dix-sept, •vingt-dix-huit, ■vingt-dix-neuf. Ordinal Numbers. They are formed by adding i&me except premier, second. 1st, Premier, 2nd, deuxieme, 3rd, troisieme, 4th, quatrieme, 5th, cinquieme, 6th, sixieme, 7th, septieme, 8th, huitieme, 9th, neuvieme, 10th, dixieme, 11th, onzieme, 12th, douzieme, 13th, treizieme, 14th, quatorzieme, 15th, quinzieme, 16th, seizieme, 17th, dix-septieme, 18th, dix-huitieme, 19th, dix-neuvieme, 20th, vingtieme, to the cardinal numbers, 21st, vingt et unieme, 30th, trentieme, 31st, trente et unieme, 40th, quarantieme, 50th, cinquantieme, 60th, soixantieme, 80th, quatre- vingtieme, 100th, centieme, 1,000th, millieme, 1,000,000th, millionieme. Remarks. 1. Pronounce the last letter in cinq, six (siss), sept (sett), huit, neuf, dix (diss), vingt; except when followed by a word beginning with a con- sonant, if they limit that word. 2. The t in vingt is also sounded in 21, 22, 23, 24, etc., but is silent in 80, 81, 82, 83, etc. 3. Use et, and, in the numbers 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71. Use a hyphen in the other compound numbers below one hundred. 35,697=trente-cinq mille six cent quatre-vingt-dix-sept. DtX-SEPTlfelYIE L£(JON. TABLE DE MULTIPLICATION. 2 fois 1 font 2 5 fois 1 font 5 8 fois 1 font 8 2 2 4 5 2 10 8 2 16 2 3 6 5 3 15 8 3 24 2 4 8 5 4 20 8 4 32 2 5 10 5 5 25 8 5 40 2 6 12 5 6 30 8 6 48 2 7 14 5 7 35 8 7 56 2 8 16 5 8 40 8 8 64 2 9 18 5 9 45 8 9 72 2 10 20 5 10 50 8 10 80 3 fois 1 font 3 6 fois 1 font 6 9 fois 1 font 9 3 2 6 6 2 12 9 2 18 3 3 9 6 3 18 9 3 27 3 4 12 6 4 24 9 4 36 3 5 15 6 5 30 9 5 45 3 6 18 6 6 36 9 6 54 3 7 21 6 7 42 9 7 63 3 8 24 6 8 48 9 8 72 3 9 27 6 9 54 9 9 81 3 10 30 6 10 60 9 10 90 4 fois 1 font 4 7 fois 1 font 7 10 fois 1 font 10 4 2 8 7 2 14 10 2 20 4 3 12 7 3 21 10 3 30 4 4 16 7 4 28 10 4 40 4 5 20 7 5 35 10 5 50 4 6 24 7 6 42 10 6 60 4 7 28 7 7 49 10 7 70 4 8 32 7 8 56 10 8 80 4 9 36 7 9 63 10 9 90 4 10 40 7 10 70 10 10 100 Une fois, one time. Combien, how much. Font, make, is, are. Compter, to count. Jusqu'a, up to. Vocabulary. Une moitie, a half. Une demie, a half. Un tiers, one third. Une livre, a pound. Une lieue, a league. Un metre, a meter. Un litre, a litre. Un gramme, a gramme. Un quart, one quarter. Un cinquieme, one fifth. 94 DIX-SEPTI&ME LE artificiel, ciel. 100 DIX-NEUVI&ME LE^ON. ADVERBS. Examples. He is very polite, he speaks very II est tres poli; il parle tres poli- politely. ment. Active, actively. Actif, activement. Patient, patiently. Patient, patiemment. Her voice is false; she sings false. Sa voix est fausse; elle chante faux. You accuse ine wrongly. Vous m'accusez faussement. RULES. How to Form an Adverb from an Adjective. If the adjective ends in a vowel, add ment. If ending in a consonant, add ment to the feminine. If ending in ant or ent, change to amment, emment. Remark. — Many adjectives are used as adverbs, and, as such, are invariable. Place of Adverbs. In simple tenses, place the adverb after the verb. In compound tenses, place the adverb before the Participle. Remarks. — 1. Many adverbs, especially long adverbs, are placed before or after the Participle, as euphony may demand. 2. Hier, aujourd'hui, demain, autrefois, id, la, tot, tard, etc., and adverbial expressions are placed after the Participle. Exceptions. Beau, Nouveau, Fou, Mou, Aveugle, Commode, Conforme, Uniforme, ^Horme, Immense, Opiniatre, Econome, Traitre, Impuni, Du, bellement. Commun, nouvellement. Importun, follement. Confus, mollement. Diffus, aveuglement. * Profus, commodement. Precis, conformement. Expres, uniformement. Profond, enormement. Obscur, immensement. Gentil, opiniatrement. * Lent, economiquement. Present, traitreusement. Gai, impunement. Assidu, dument. * Cru, communement. importunemen -1 - confusement. diffusement. profusement. precisement. expressement. prof on dement. obscurement. gentiment. lentement. * presentement. gaiement. assidument. crument. * * Blindly, obstinately, duly, slowly, crudely. DIX-NEUVI^ME LE^ON. 101 IDIOMS. I just saw him. I come to see him. Je viens de le voir. Je viens le voir. I saw him a little while ago. Je Pai vu tantot ou tout a Pheure. She sings correctly, falsely. Elle chante juste, faux. She speaks loud, low. Elle parle haut, bas. She stopped short. Elle est restee ou demeuree court. This flower smells good, bad. Cette fleur sent bon, mauvais. She fainted ; she felt badly. Elle s'est trouvee mal. She is well, better now. Elle est bien, mieux maintenant. EXERCISES. plutot, rather. le plus, most. autour de, (prep.) around. plus tot, sooner. de plus, besides. alentour, (adv.) around. de suite, successively au plus, at the most, avant de, (prep.) before. tout de suite, right a way. le moins, the least, auparavant, (adv.) before. tout a coup, suddenly, du moins, at least, tres bon, very good. tout d'un coup, all at once, au moins, at least, bien bon, very good. devant, before {place), plus, more. fort bon, very good. avant, before {time). da vantage,* more, grand' 'f aiin, very hungry. 68. Ecrivez les adverbes formes des adjectives suivants. brillant, brilliant. drole, droll, funny. pieux, pious. abondant, abundant. egaJ equal. plaisant, pleasant. adroit, handy, skillful, gracieux, gracious. positif, positive. chretien, christian. hardi, bold. principal, principal. courant, running. lisible, legible. puissant, poiverful. curieux, curious. lache, coward. noble, noble. digne, worthy. leger, light. elegant, elegant. divin, divine. lourd, heavy. ardent, ardent. Ecrivez les adverbes formes des adjectives suivants. 1. Aise", facile, affreux, petit, utile. 2. Froid, precieux, mSchant, fort, joli. 3. Riche, pauvre, long, haut, profond. 4. Inteneur, inferieur, meilleur, aimable, doux. 5. Faux, vrai, malin, sot, secret. 6. Discret, complet, gros, gras, frais. 7. Expres, sec, franc, agreable, public. 8. Beau, nouveau, fou, mou, heureux. 9. Cher, affectueux, tendre, odieux, exact. 10. Actif, attentif, net, reel, genereux. 11. Brave, premier, dernier, poli, joyeux. 12. Fin, naif, fier, seul, mortel. 13. Rond, carre, aveugle, amer, avantageux. 14. Courageux, patient, lent, pru- dent, prochain. 15. Evident, clair, tranquille, aucun, nul. 16. Present, ^conome, trattre, assidu, gentil. ,* D avant age is used at the end of a sentence and cannot have any complement. 102 DIX-NEUVI^ME LE. v. partez, #0?/ feave. etudier, to study. * tres bien, very weZZ. il est parti, Ae has left, travailler, to work. bien, mal, well, bad. j'aurai, 1 shall leave. le dessin, drawing. assez bien, pretty well. je saurai, I shall know, la dessein, the design, comme cela, like that. 70. Soulignez les adverbes. 1. Cet arbre est haut. 2. Parlez haut. 3. Cette chaise est beaucoup trop basse. 4. Vous parlez un peu trop bas. 5. Ce banc est un peu trop bas. 6. Sa voix (voice) est fausse. 7. Elle chante faux. 8. Elle chante tres juste. 9. Sa voix est ' tres juste. 10. Vous lisez mieux que lui. 11. II lit moins bien que vous. 12. Demain vous lirez mieux. 13. Aujourd'hui vous avez rnal lu. 14. J'avais mal a la tete ce matin. 15. Ce dessin est bien fait. 16. C'est un tres bon dessin. 17. II est beaucoup mieux fait que celui d'hier, 18. Vous avez paye ces livres trop cher. 19. lis sont tres chers. 71. Soulignez les adverbes. 1. Je suis bien ici. 2. Asseyez-vous (sit down) la, vous serez mieux. 3. Comment va la malade ? 4. Elle va mieux; elle se sent beaucoup mieux aujourd'hui. 5. Vous partez deja, ! 6. II est deja parti ! 7. II est parti hier. 8. Venez tout de suite. 9. Je suis venu immediatement. 10. Ma tante arrivera demain. 11. Demain je saurai bien mes lecons. 12. Je lui parle rarement. 13. Je lui ai rarement parle. 14. Je lui ai parle rarement. 15. Jamais je ne l'ai vu en cohere (angry). 16. Je ne l'ai jamais vu en colere. 17. Je l'ai vu hier. 18. Avez-vous bien dormi ? 19. Comment avez-vous dormi ? 20. Merci, je dors toujours tres bien. 21. Etudiez davantage ; vous ne travaillez pas assez. QUESTIONS. 1. How do you form an adverb from an adjective? 2. What is gener- ally the place of an adverb? 3. What is the place of — aujourd'hui, hier, demain? 4. What is the place of adverbial expressions? 5. Translate: Have you more patience than I ? Yes, I have more. Foolishly, newly, gently, presently, slowly. His voice is very loud> he speaks very loud. DIX-NEUVI&ME LEgON. 103 ESTHER, TRAG&DIE DE RACINE. Le sujet d'Esther est la delivrance des juifs qui Staient rested a Babylone apres la captivite. Ainan, le ininistre du roi Assuerus, a menace* de les detruire parce que Tun d'eux, Mardoche'e, a refuse d'incliner son front devant lui. Punir ce miserable ne suffit pas a sa vengeance ; il faut qu'elle s'etende sur toute son odieuse nation. II obtient facilenient du roi un edit qui voue a la mort les juifs disperses dans tout l'empire. Mais Mardochee veille sur ses compatriotes. Esther, l'epouse d' Assuerus, est sa niece ; c'est lui qui l'a elevee, c'est a elle qu'il s'adressera pour qu'elle obtienne du roi la grace de sa nation. II conipte d'autant plus sur la bienveillance d' Assuerus, qu'il a sauve celui-ci d'un complot tranie contre sa vie. La Providence senible seconder les plans de Mardochee. Le roi, tourmente par un songe, s'est fait lire les annales de son regne qui lui ont remis en memoire les services de Mardochee et, comnie il a oublie de le reconipenser, il ordonne a Aman de le conduire en triomphe dans la ville. Anian n'obeit qu'avec repugnance, rnais il se console a la pens£e du supplice prochain qu'il reserve a son ennenii. Cependant Esther, a la priSre de son oncle, se decide, pour sauver les juifs, a penetrer chez le roi, malgre la defense qui interdit de s'en approcher. Elle sollicite la faveur de recevoir Assuerus a sa table. Aman assistera au festin. C'est en presence du persecuteur des juifs qu'elle se jette aux pieds du roi, lui avoue qu'elle est juive et devoile les pro jets sanguinaires que son ministre a formes par un motif de vengeance personnelle. Assuerus, touche des larmes de la reine et convaincu de la perfidie de son favori, revoque l'edit de pro- scription et livre Aman au supplice prepare pour Mardochee. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Count up to twenty. 2. Give the cardinal numbers from eighty to one hundred. 3. Give the ordinal numbers up to twenty. 4. Give a list of the articles. 5. Give a list of the demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. 5. Give a list of the possessive adjectives and pronouns. 7. Point out aU the nouns in this reading, and give their gender ; write them in the singular and in the plural. 8. Give the 1st person of each tense of — avoir, etre, refuser, punir, etendre, vouer, adresser, compter. 104 YI^GTlfcME LE£ON. NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS. Examples. Who did that?— Not I. Are you not ashamed not to know your lessons'? I saw nothing. I saw nobody. Nobody saw me. He received only ten dollars. He cannot come. I have no money (not any money). I have no more money. I have not more money than you. Qui a fait cela? — Pas moi. N'etes vous pas honteux de ne pas savoir votre lecou? Je n'ai rien vu. Je n'ai vu personne. Personne ne m'a vu. II n'a recu que dix dollars. II ne peut venir. Je n'ai pas d'argent. Je n'ai plus d'argent. Je n'ai pas plus d'argent que vous. LIST OF NEGATIVES. ne . . pas,* not. ne . . . personne, nobody. ne . . point, not. ne . . . aucun, not one. ne . . plus, no more. ne . . . nul, not one. ne . . jamais, never. ne . . . ni . . . ni, neither . . . nor. ne . . rien, nothing. ne . . . que, only, nothing but. ne . . guere, but little. Remarks. 1. Ne is used before a verb only; no verb, no ne. In the Infinitive, pas, point, plus, rien, jamais, are generally placed before the verb. 2. In a compound tense, pas, point, plus, rien, jamais are placed before the Participle, while personne, aucun, nul, ni, que are placed after it. 3. Pas may be omitted after pouvoir, savoir (used for pouvoir) oser, cesser, si, depuis que, il y a . . . que, etc. Never use pas with another negative. 4. Not anything=rien ; not anybody=personne. I have not seen anything. Je n'ai rien vu. 5. After ni . • . ni, the partitive article is omitted. 6. No more, not any more, no longer=ne . . . plus. Not more=ne . . . pas plus. * Point is more emphatic than pas. VINGTI^ME LEgON. 105 IDIOMS. I did not see anybody at all. I never saw him in my life. I did not say a word to anybody. I did not see him for ten years. I did not see him for ten years. I saw him ten years ago. I saw him ten years ago. He does nothing but laugh. Rich or not, she pleases me. Her goodness, not her beauty. I too. Neither I. I am not tired eithtr. Je n'ai vu ame qui vive. Je ne l'ai vu de ma vie. Je n'ai dit mot a personne. II y a dix ans que je ne l'ai vu. Je ne l'ai pas vu depuis dix ans. II y a dix ans que je l'ai vu. Je l'ai vu il y a dix ans. II ne fait que rire. Riche ou non, elle me plait. Sa bonte et non pas sa beaute. Moi aussi. Ni moi non plus. Je ne suis pas fatigue non plus. Oser, to dare. Cesser, to cease. Couper, to cut. Partager, to divide. Separer, to separate. Demeurer, to live. Voyager, to travel. Rencontrer, to meet. EXERCISES. Rentrer, to come back. Embrasser, to kiss. Embarrasser, to embar- Pleurer, to cry* \rass. Pleuvoir, to rain. II pleut, it rains. II a plu, it rained. II pleuvra, it will rain. 72. Du tout, at all. Pas du tout, not at all. Fatigue, tired. Se repose r, to rest. Je me repose, I rest. Reposez-vous, rest. Asseyez-vous, sit down. Marcher, to walk. 1. Ne me voyez-vous pas? 2. Je vous entends, mais je ne vous vois pas ? 3. II ne peut ni nous voir ni nous entendre. 4. Je n'ai pas d'argent. 5. Je n'ai plus d'argent. 6. N'avez vous plusd'ar- gent? 7. Je n'ai pas plus d'argent que vous. 8. Vous ne dansez jamais. 9. N'avez-vous jamais danse? 10. Je n'achete rien, parce que je n'ai besoin de rien. 11. N'avez-vous rien achete? 12. Non, je n'ai rien achete; je n'ai achete rien du tout. 13. Vous ne mangez guere; n'avez-vous pas faim? 14. Je n'ai pas d'appetit ; je n'ai ni faim ni soif . 15. Ni moi non plus. 73. 1. I see ; I do not see. 2. I have seen ; I have not seen. 3. I know you ; I do not know you. 4. He knows me ; he does not know me. 5. He does not know me any more. (He knows me no more). 6. I desire nothing. 7. I do not desire anything. 8. I know nobody. 9. I do not know any one in this city. 10. I have heard nothing. 11. I did not hear anything. 12. I (have) never said that. 13. Have you any money? I have no money. 14. I am not tired at all, let us walk (marchons). 15. It is not yet five o'clock. 16. It is only half past four. 18. That boy never studies; he does nothing but play. 106 VUSTGTI&ME LEgON, EXERCISES. Pourquoi? icliy. La tete, the head, Sortir, to go out. Faroe que. because. Les dents, the teeth. Je sors, I go out. QuandrwAen. Troinper, to deceive. Vous sortez, you go out. Lorsque, total. Chercher, to look for. Sorti, gone out. La, foe, /ier; la, Mere. Suivre, to follow. Courir, to run. A. has; a, fo, af. Je suis, I follow. Je cours, I run. Ou, or; oil, where. Nous suivons, we follow. Nous courons, we rim. Des, 0/ Me; des, from. Suivi, followed. Couru, nm. 74. 1. Elle ne sort jamais le soir sans sa mere. 2. Je ne vous erois plus, parce que vous m'avez deja trompe plusieurs fois. 3. L'honnete homme ne trompe jamais personne. 4. Je n'e"tais pas malade hier, mais j'avais mal aux dents. 5. II n'a plus mal aux dents, mais il a mal a la tete. 6. Cet enfant n'est pas bien du tout ; allez chercher le docteur. 7. Le docteur n'est pas chez lui ; il ne rentrera pas avant midi. 8. Ce garcon est tres honn^te ; il ne m'a jamais trompe. 9. Pourquoi ne venez-vous plus avec nous. 10. Parce que je ne peux pas marcher aussi vite que vous. 11. Eh bien ! nous ne marcherons pas plus vite que vous. 12. Vous ne faites que courir, je ne peux vous suivre. 75. 1. Will you not eat something before (avant de) going out? 2. Take some cake with a cup of tea. 3. Take a little more cake. 4. No more, thank you. 5. I am not hungry. 6. I am hungry no more. 7. I have eaten more than you. 8. You have not eaten more than I. 9. Give me some more coffee if you please. 10. Bo you wish any more sugar? 11. I have enough, thank you. 12. This man was very rich ; he is rich no longer. 13. He is not poor ; you are not richer than he. 14. I have no time now, I cannot stay longer (plus longtemps). 15. I did not see my brother for two years. 16. I do not know when I shall be able to see him. QUESTIONS. 1. Give the principal negations in French. 2. What is the place of ne ? 3. Can you use ne without a verb. 4. What is the place of pas? 5. When is pas placed before the verb ? 6. When is pas omitted ? 7. How do you translate no more, and not more ? 8. Where is the place of ne when there are object pronouns before the verb? 9. Where is the place of pas in a compound tense? 10. Give the French for : Are you not sorry not to have seen them? Not at all. He has not seen them either. Nor did I either. I am glad (bien aise) not to see them. There are eight days that I have not seen you,. fltfaTI&ME LE0#. VERBS, REGULAR AND IRREGULAR. How to learn them thoroughly in a few Lessons. There is really but one way to learn the French verbs thoroughly, so that one does not forget them, and this is, 1st to perfectly understand the Formation of tenses by means of the stem and endings ; 2d to learn the Principal Parts. A verb in the Infinitive has one of the endings er, ir, oir, re. Therefore the French Grammarians divide the verbs in four con- jugations, (after the Latin.) Take the ending er, ir, oir, re off, and that which remains is the regular stem of the verb. There are about 4,500 verbs in er, 400 in ir, 35 in oir and 240 in re. All verbs in er, except alter and envoy er are conjugated alike ; donner is given as a model of the first conjugation. All verbs in ir, oir, re have the same endings, but the regular stem is changed, more or less, in the different parts of the verb ; these changes or irregularities have to be learned and are shown in the Principal Parts. To make it easier for beginners and to accustom them to the formation of the tenses, the verbs, except avoir, etre and donner will be conjugated in the order of their principal parts. We give here a table of the tenses in the grammatical order. This table must be committed to memory, with the meaning of each tense, taking the verb to do for an example. Tenses in their grammatical order. Simple Tenses. Compound Tenses. Indicative. Present, Imperfect, Preterit, Future, Present, Present, I do, I am doing. Past Indefinite, I have done. I was doing. Pluperfect, / had done. I did. Past Anterior, i" had done. I shall * do. Future Anterior, I shall* have done. Conditional. / should * do. Past, Imperative. Ishould*have done do. I may have done. I might have done. Subjunctive. Present or Future, I may do. Past, Imperfect, I might do. Pluperfect, Infinitive. Present or Future, to do. Past, to have done. Participle. Present, doing. Present (compd), having done. Past, done. Remarks. The different names given below are used in different gram- mars and colleges : PRETERiT=Past Definite, Perfect. Past lNDEFiNTTE=Past Perfect. FuTURE=First Future, Future Present. Future ANTERiOR=Second Future. The Compound Tenses are also called, in their respective order, Compound Present, Compound Imperfect, Com- pound Preterit, Compound Future, etc. The Preterit is seldom used in conversation; the Past Indefinite is used instead. I saw you yesterday. Je vous ai vu Titer. The Pluperfect of the Subjunctive is sometimes used for the Conditional Past, but not in conversation. II aurait ete sauve si. . . or il eut ete sauve si. . . * I shall or will,.. I should or would... iu TINGT ET UNliME LE(JOJf. AUXILIARY VERBS. Avoir, to have. 6 f ^ j' aur ai 2 tu as f3 tu aur as s aie * g il a g il aura ri n. av ons g n. aur ons ayons g v. avez * v. aur ez ayez * ils ont ils aur ont H . f av ais >i f aur ais , que j' aie B tu av ais ^ tu aur ais PQ que tu aies § il av ait § n. av ions 2 il aur ait S n. aur ions § v. auriez ce CO qu'il ait que n. ayons | v. aviez P3 que v. ayez H ilsavaient g ilsauraient Pm qu'ils aient d ?' eus que j' euss e | tu eu s que tu euss es 3 il eu t CQ qu'il eu t § n. eumes P3 que n. euss ions I v. eutes que v. euss iez * ils eu rent H qu'ils euss ent infinitive, avoir. pres. part., ay ant. past part, eu Compound Tenses. PAST INDEFINITE j'ai eu PAST SUBJ. que j'aie eu bj. que j'eusse eu PLUPERFECT j'av ais eu pluperfect P su PAST ANTERIOR fen S eu PAST INFINI TIVl s avoir eu FUTURE ANTERIOR j'ai] Lrai eu present pa RT. ayant eu CONDITIONAL PAST j'ai irais eu Avoir, to have. Present (Indic.) I have. Imperfect I had. Preterite / had. Future I shall have. Conditional I should have. Imperative Present Subj. I may have. Imperfect Subj. I might have. Infinitive To have. Present Partic. Having. Past Partic. Had. Have, let us have. Past Indefinite I have had. * Avoir and etre are the only verbs in which the persons of the Imperative are the same as in the Present Subjunctive, VINGT ET UXTI&MB LEgON. 115 AVOIR CONJUGATED NEGATIVELY. Simple Tenses. Compound Tenses. Present Indic. je »'ai pas je n'ai pas eu tu n'as pas tu it as pas eu il ii a pas il n'a pas eu nous ?i axons pas nous n'avons pas eu tous ?is.Tezpas vous n'avez pas eu ils n'ontpas ils n'ont pas eu Imperfect je n'avais pas je n'avais pas eu Preterite je n'euspas je n'eus pas eu Future je ?i'aurai_pas je n'aurai pas eu Conditional je n'aurais pas je n'aurais pas eu Imperative n'aie pas Present Subj. que je n'aiejpos que je n'aie pas eu Imperfect Subj. que je ?f eusse pas que je n'eusse pas eu Infinitive ne pas avoir ne pas avoir eu Present Partic. n'ayant pas n'avant pas eu Past Partic. pas eu AVOIR Interrogatively. Xegat. -Interr. Present Indic. ai-je n'ai-je pas as-tu n'as-tu pas a-t-il * n'a-t-il pas avons-nous n'avons nous pas avez-vous n'avez -vous pas ont-ils n'ont-ils pas Imperfect avais-je n'avais-je pas Preterite eus-je n'eus-ie pas Future aur ai-je n'aurai-je pas Conditional aurais-je n'aurais- je pas Past Indefinite. ai-je eu QUESTIONS. n'ai-je pas eu 1. Give the Present Indicative and the Present Subjunctive of avoir. 2. Give the Imperfect Indicative and the Conditional. 3. Give the Preterite and Imperfect Subjunctive. 4. Give the Present and Past Participles. 5. Give the Pluperfect Indicative and the Pluperfect Sub- junctive. 6. Give the Past Indefinite and the Past Subjunctive. 7. Give the first pers. sing, of each tense. 8. Give the first pers. sing. (Interro- gatively) of each tense. * In the Interrogative conjugation when the third person singular of a verb ends with a vowel, a euphonic t is placed between the verb and il, elle, on. Ex.: a-t-il? a-t-elle? aura-t-il? aura-t-elle? 116 VINGT ET UNI&ME LE(JON. IDIOMS WITH AVOIR. J'ai faim (hunger), I am hungry J'ai soif (thirst), / am thirsty J'ai chaud, I am warm J'ai froid, I am cold J'ai raison, I am right J'ai tort, I am wrong J'ai peur (fear), I am afraid J'ai honte (shame), I am ashamed Je suis honteux, I am ashamed J'ai sommeil (sleep), I am sleepy J'ai en vie, I have a mind J'ai Fintention, I intend* J'ai le dessein, I intend J'ai besoin, I need J'ai Fair..., Hook... II a l'air malade, he looks ill , II a bonne mine, he looks good. II a mauvaise mine, he looks bad J'ai soin, I take care J'ai coutume, I have the habit J'ai patience, i" have patience Avoir sujet de, to have a cause for Avoir lien de, to have a cause for Avoir lieu, to take place Qu'avez-vous or qu'est-ce que vous avez? What is the matter with you f J'ai quelque chose, something is the matter with me Je n'ai rien, nothing is the matter with me II n'a rien, nothing is the matter with him Quel age avez-vous? How old are you? J'ai quinze ans, I am fifteen II a de quoi, he has means II a les moyens, he has the means II a des obligations, he is under obligations Avoir en horreur, to hold in horror Avoir beau jeu, to have it easy Avoir beau, to be in vain to... II a beau dire, he speaks in vain II a beau faire, he acts in vain II a mal, he has a pain II a mal a la tete, he has a headache II a mal aux dents, he has a tooth- ache II a mal a la gorge, he has a sore throat II a mal au cceur, he feels sick II a bon caractere, he is good tem- pered II a mauvais caractere, he is bad tempered II a le cceur sur les levres, he is open-hearted II a raison, tort, he is right, wrong, Je me suis trompe de chemin, 1 took the wrong way Je me suis trompe d'exercise, I wrote the wrong exercise. Je me suis trompe de lecon, I studied the wrong lesson. Est-ce le chemin ? Is that the right way ? Ce n'est pas le livre qu'il faut, it is not the right book Ce n'est pas le mot qu'il faut, it is not the right word; it is the wrong word Ce n'est pas bien; c'est mal, it is not right, it is wrong L'endroit de l'etoffe, the right side of the goods L'envers de..., the wrong side of... Vous tenez votre livre a l'envers, you hold your book on the wrong side. VINGT ET UNlhlE LE(JOfr. 11? EXERCISES. 76. (Do not use the Preterite except when the verb is printed in Italics.) 1. J'ai ; je n'ai pas. 2. II a ; il n'a pas. 3 Elle a ; elle n'a pas. 4. A-t-elle? N'a-t-elle pas? 5. Ai-je? N'ai-je pas? 6. II a; il aura ; Charles aura. 7. II avait ; il aurait ; Henri aurait. 8. II a eu; il n'a pas eu; vous avez eu. 9. Avez-vons eu? N'avez-vous pas eu? Savons-nous pas eu? 9. II n'aura pas; il n'a pas. 10. II n'aurait pas ; il n'avait pas. 11. Elle a parle* ; n'a-t-elle pas parle? 12. Vous avez fini; nous n'avons pas fini. 77. 1. Have you? You have; you have not? 2. Have you not? I had ; I should have. 3. I have ; I shall have. 4. Have patience. 5. I have had ; you have had ; you have not had. 6. Have you not had enough patience? 7. She has had; has she had? 8. She has not had; has she not had? 9. You would have had; would you not have had more patience ? 10. Why have you not finished your exercise ? 11. Have you finished? 12. I have finished ; I have not finished. 13. I have not yet finished ; and you? 78. I. Je doute que vous ayez fini avant moi? 2. Je doutais que vous eussiez assez de patience. 3. Pensez-vous que j'aie le temps de finir mon exercice avant le diner ? 4. Non, vous n'avez pas assez de temps. 5. Vos freres ont deja fini. 6. lis n'ont pas ecrit tout. 7. lis n'auraient pas encore fini s'ils avaient tout ecrit. 8. Vous avez eu de la chance. 9. Vous n'avez pas eu de chance. 10. II y a (there are) des gens qui n'ont pas de chance. 11. Avez- vous faiin? Oui, j'ai faim. 12. Non, je n'aipasfaim, mais j'ai soil 79. 1. Did you have (have you had) much pleasure ? 2. Yes, we had (have had) much pleasure. 3. Why should we not have had much pleasure. 4. I hope that we shall have the pleasure to see you to-night. 5. I doubt that we may have pleasure without you. 6. With you we always have a good time (du plaisir) ; with- out you, we have no pleasure. 7. Are you hungry (have you hunger)? 8. Are you thirsty? 9. He is not hungry, but he is thirsty. 10. Have you had a good breakfast? 11. Have you not had a good breakfast? 12, Why have you not eaten enough. US VINGT ET UNI&ME LEgOff. EXERCISES. 80. 1. Have you a gold watch? 2. No, sir, I have a silver watch. 3. Where have you bought it? 4. I bought it in France. 5. Who has given you this fine chain? 6. My father has given it to me. 7. Have you not yet written your letter? 8. Not yet, I have no paper. 9. Sit down here ; here is paper and ink. 10. To whom do you write? 10. I write to my uncle. 12. Where does he live? 13. He lives in the country. 14. Has he a large house? 15. Yes, he has a large house and a large garden ; he as fine horses, 81, 1. I had a good master. 2. I had a lesson every day. 3. Had you a good piano? 4. We had two pianos, but we have sold one. 5. How many lessons a week had you? 6. I had two lessons a week, on Mondays and on Thursdays. 7. How many rooms had you in your house in the country (a la campagne) ? 8. We had ten rooms. 9. How many horses had you? 10. We had five horses and a pony. 11. Had you much pleasure? 12. Yes, very much ; we had many friends and we were very lively. 82. 1. Who will be first in the class? 2. Who will have the first prize? 3. Will you be home (chez vous) at five o'clock? 4. No, but I shall be home at six o'clock. 5. Have you something to do (a faire) after half past seven to-night? 6. I have tickets (billets) for the theatre. 7. Will you come with me? 8. I would like to go with you, but I am invited to a concert. 9. When shall we have the pleasure of seeing (to see) you again (revoir) ? 10. As soon as (aussitot que) my friend has gone (sera parti). 83. 1. Will you have the kindness to lend me your knife? 2. I had it just now ; I don't know where it is. 3. Oh ! there it is on that table. 4. When I was in Paris, I had much pleasure. 5. I had much money, and I bought many beautiful things. 6. We have been many times in the Theatre-Francais, and in the Grand Opera. 7. We had a house near the Champs-Elysees. 8. We would have had more pleasure if we had been able (capables) to speak French. 9. Our friends were very kind to us (pour nous). VINGT ET UNlfeME LE^ON. 119 MOLlftRE. En 1802, John Kemble, celebre acteur anglais, fit un voyage a Paris. Les comediens du Theatre-Francais le f eterent, et entre autres politesses, ils lui donnerent un grand diner. La conversa- tion tomba naturellement sur la preeminence dramatique de la France et de l'Angleterre. On discuta longtemps sur Corneille et sur Shakespeare. Kemble soutenait habilement la cause de son compatriote et semblait devoir l'emporter, lorsqu'un comedien francais lui dit : «Fort bien, monsieur, fort bien; mais Moliere? Que dites-vous de celui-la? — Oh! pour Moliere, repondit froide- ment Kemble, c'est autre chose. Moliere n'est point Francais. — Comment! que dites-vous la? Moliere est Anglais peut-etre? — Non, Moliere n'est pas Anglais non plus. — C'est fort heureux ; mais qu'est-il done? — C'est un homme.... — Ah! oui, comme dans Tartuf e : C'est un homme... qui... ah!... un homme... un homme enfin. Je sais, je sais, reprit Kemble. Mais non, messieurs, ce n'est point cela que je veux dire. Je me figure que Dieu, dans sa bonte, ayant voulu dormer au genre humain le plaisir de la come- die, un des plus doux qu'il puisse gofiter, crea Moliere, et le fit tomber sur la terre en lui disant : < Homme, va peindre, amuser, et, si tu le peux, corriger tes semblables. » II fallait bien qu'il tombat sur quelque endroit du globe. C'est de votre cote qu'il est tombe. Qu'importe? Je soutiens qu'il nous appartient autant qu'a vous. Est-ce vous seuls qu'il a peints? vous seuls qu'il a amuses? Non; il a peint tous les hommes; tous font leurs delices de ses ouvrages et sont tiers de son g£nie. Les petites divisions des royaumes et des sidcles disparaissent devant lui. Tel ou tel pays, telle ou telle Spoque n'ont pas le droit de se Tapproprier : il appartient a tous les hommes, a tous les temps, • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Underline and parse avoir as it occurs in this reading. 2. Give a list of the Personal Pronouns. Point out and parse the Personal Pro- nouns in this reading. 4. Give the Present and Imperfect Subjunctive of avoir. 5. Give the Past and Pluperfect Subjunctive of avoir. 6. Give the Present Indicative and the Future of — aimer, cherir, rendre, interrompre. 120 VINGT-DEUXlfeME LE sois * ri n. sommes g v. §tes * ils sont g n. ser ons & v. ser ez ils ser ont a soyons soyez . j' et ais S tu et ais § il et ait a je ser ais & tu ser ais 2 il ser ait s CO que je sois que tu sois qu'il soit | n. et ions | v. et iez M ils et aient m n. ser ions § v. ser iez 8 ilsseraient cc H que n. soyons que v. soyez qu'ils soient . ie fu s | tufus S il f u t h n. fu mes | v. f u tes * ilsfurent « P CO a H que je fuss e que tu fuss es qu'il f u t que n. fuss ions que v. fuss iez qu'ils fuss ent infinitive, etre. pres. part, etant. PAST part. ete. Compound Tenses. PAST INDEFINITE j'ai ete past subj. que j'aie ete PLUPERFECT j'av ais ete pluperfeci ? su bj. que j'eusse ete PAST ANTERIOR j'eu s ete PAST INFINI TIVl s avoir ete FUTURE ANTERIOR j'au rai ete present pa RT. ayant ete CONDITIONAL PAST j'au irais ete Present (Indic.) lam. Imperfect Preterite Future Conditional Imperative £tre, to be. I was. I was. I shall be. I should be. Be, let us be Present Subj. Imperfect Subj. Infinitive Present Partic. Past Partic. Past Indefinite I may be. I might be. To be. Being. Been. I have been. * In Avoir and etre, the persons of the Imperative are the same as in the Present Subjunctive. VINGT-DEUXI&1VIE LE(JON. 121 Present Indic. Imperfect Preterite Future Conditional Imperative Present Subj. Imperfect Subj. Infinitive Present Partic. Past Partic. ETRE CONJUGATED NEGATIVELY. Simple Tenses. je ne suis pas je n'etais pas je ne fus pas je ne serai pas je ne serais pas ne sois pas que je ne sois pas que je ne fusse pas ne pas etre n'etant pas pas ete Compound Tenses. je n'ai pas 6t6 je n'avais pas 6t6 je n'eus pas 6t6 je n'aurai pas 6t6 je n'aurais pas ete que je n'aie pas 6t6 que je n'eusse pas 6t6 ne pas avoir 6te n'ayant pas 6te Present Indic. Imperfect Preterite Future Conditional Past Indefinite. ETRE Interrogatively. suis-je es-tu est-il sommes-nous etes-vous sont-ils etais-je fus-je serai-je serais- je ai-je 6t6 Negat.-Interr. ne suis-je pas n'es-tu pas n'est-il pas ne sommes-nous pas n'etes-vous pas ne sont-ils pas n'etais- je pas ne fus-je pas ne serai-je pas ne serais- je pas n'ai-je pas 6t6 QUESTIONS. 1. Give the Present Indicative and the Present Subjunctive of etre. 2. Give the Imperfect Indicative and the Imperfect Subjunctive. 3. Give the Present and the Past Participles. 5. Give the Imperfect Indi- cative and the Conditional. 4. Give the Preterite and the Imperfect Subjunctive. 6. Give the Imperative. 7. Give the Infinitive. 8. Give the Past Indefinite and the Past Subjunctive. 9. Give the Pluperfect Indicative and the Pluperfect Subjunctive. 10. Give the Past Anterior and the Future Anterior. 11. Give the Past Infinitive. 12. Give the first person singular of each tense (simple tenses). 13. Give the first person of each compound tense. 14. Give a synopsis of avoir and etre in the third person singular. 122 VIXGT-DEUXI&ME L E £ O N . IDIOMS WITH ETRE. Etre a son aise, to be comfortable Eire mal a son aise, to be uncom- fortable Etre gene, to be uncomfortable Etre an fait, to be acquainted with Etre an courant, to be posted with Etre a jonr, to be up to the date (in bookkeeping) Mettre a jonr, to post up to the date Etre en etat, to be in condition Etre bien avec quelqn'un, to be on good terms with some one Etre mal avec qneiqu'un, to be on bad terms with some one. Elle est bien, she is good looking Elle n'est pas mal, she is not bad looking Etre a la mode, to be fashionable Se mettre a la mode, to be dressed in the fashion fltre bien mis, to be well dressed fitre mal mis, to be badly dressed Etre en age, to be of age Etre a jenn, to be fasting Qn'est-ce que c'est, what is it Qn'est-ce qu'il y a, what is it Vons y etes, you have hit it Vous n'y etes pas, it is not so Etre snr le point de, to be about to Etre au bont de, to be at the end of Etre an comble de, to be at the height of £tre an comble de la joie, to be at the height of joy fitre en train de..., to be in mood, to be on the high road to... Etre de moitie, to go halves Etre anx aguets, to be upon the watch Etre aux abois, to be desperate fitre sur les epines, to be on thorns fitre de bonne humeur, to be in good humor Etre de mauvaise hnmeur, to be cross Etre contrarie, to be annoyed, vexed, cross Etre en colere, to be angry Etre fache contre, to be angry with litre fache de, to be sorry for Etre bien, aller bien, to be well (health) Etre mieux, aller mienx, to be better Etre en vacances, to have holidays Etre en famille, to be at home Etre en villegiature, to be in the country Etre visible, etre chez soi, to be home Etre snr le qni-vive, to be upon the watch Si j'etais de vous, if I were you Etre brouille avec qneiqu'un, to be out with some one fitre d'accord avec, to agree with Etre is always used instead of avoir in the Compound Tenses of reflexive verbs. Ex. : Je me suis coupe, I have cut myself. It is, in speaking of the temperature, climate, is rendered by il fait. It is iv arm. cold II fait chaud, froid It is fine> bad weather II fait beau temps, mauvais temps VINGT-DEUXI^ME LEgON. 123 EXERCISES. 84. 1. Ce gateau n'est-il pas excellent. 2. II est tres bon ? 3. £tes- vous content? 4. N'etes- vous pas content? 5. fitiez-vous heureux lorsque vous 6tiez a la campagne ? 6. Nous etions toujours heu- reux; nous avions beaucoup de plaisir. 7. Avez-vous ete a Paris? 8. Nous avons e*te en Europe. 9. Nous avons ete dans les prin- cipals villes. 10. J : aurais ete bien content si vous aviez ete avec nous. 11. Je suis, vous §tes ; etes-vous ? 12. Vous n'etes pas ; vous n'avez pas ; vous n'avez pas ete\ 85. 1. Are you? You are. 2. Is he? He is. 3. He is not; is he not? 4. She is not; is she not? 5. We are; are we not? 6. You were; you would be. 7. They would be happy if they were good. 8. Was she not? Had she not? 9. Is he not? Has he not? 10. Has she not? Is she not? 11. Are they not? Have they not? 12. They have, they are. 13. They are not, they have not. 14. They have, they will have. 15. You are happy; you are not unhappy. 16. You have been contented. 86. 1. Etes-vous sage (good) a l'ecole? 2. Vous etiez sage; vous n'etes plus sage. 3. Serez-vous sage si je vous donne ce beau livre? 4. Seriez-vous bien sage si je vous donnais ce beau canif ? 5. Je serai sage pour que manian soit contente. 6. Votre maman serait bien contente si vous etiez bien sage. 7. Je promets d'etre sage et attentive. 8. Etes-vous pret? 9. Votre soeur est- elle prete? 10. Je suis pret. 11. Elle est prete. 12. Elle sera prete dans un moment. 13, Vos freres sont-ils prets. 87. 1. Are you hungry? 2. I am not hungry but I am very thirsty. 3. I am thirsty and tired. 4. I am warm ; I am cold. 5. My tea is warm ; the milk is cold. 6. Charles is hungry ; he is cold too. 7. His tea is cold ; his coffee is warm. 8. It is nearly cold ; is it not warm enough? 9. My brother has (is) gone to Paris; he is in Paris. 10. I was (I have been) in Paris several times. 11. I was . (Stais) in Paris when you were in Vienna. 12. Were you in Rome ? Yes, I was one year in Rome. 124 VINGT-DEUXI&ME LEgON. EXERCISES. 88. 1. Vous avez peur de ce chien, n'est-ce pas? 2. Oui, j'en ai peur; il a Fair mediant. 3. Avez- vous trop chaud? 4. Nan, il ne fait (is) pas trop chaud ici. 5. Qu'avez-vous done ce matin? Vous n'avez pas bonne mine. 6. Je ne sais pas qu'est-ce que j'ai ; mais je ne me sens pas bien. 7. Vous avez Fair malade. 8. J'ai sommeil, j'ai envie d'aller me coucher. 9. Quel age a votre so3ur? Elle a seize ans. 10. Vous avez beau dire, vous avez beau faire, vous ne lui plairez (will please) pas. 89. 1. Are you hungry? 2. Yes, I am hungry and thirsty. 3. Yes- terday I was in the country. 4. I was hungry and thirsty ; I was also warm. 5. I was very tired. 6. I took the wrong way. 7. I think (that) this is the right way. 8. You are right, sir, this is the right way. 9. What book have you taken? 10. It is not the right book. 11. You have taken the wrong book. 12. You do not look well; are you sick? 13. I have a headache and a tooth- ache. 14. What is the matter with you? You look ill. 90. 1. Notre voisin est assez riche ; il a de quoi vivre ; il vit a son aise. 2. Asseyez-vous ; faites comme chez vous; mettez-vous a votre aise. 3. Je suis bien aise de vous voir ; je suis f ache* que vous ne soyez pas venu hier. 4. Qu'est-ce qu'il y a de nouveau? 5. Vous devez (must) le savoir; car vous etes toujours au courant de toutes les nouvelles du jour. 6. Cette demoiselle est toujours bien mise; elle est habillee a la mode. 7. Est-elle jolie? Elle n'est pas mal. Elle est assez bien. 91. 1. Take care of my watch. 2. I will take care of your watch and your hat. 3. I do not intend to play. 4. You are right ; you are already warm enough. 5. Are you angry with Fred? 6. Not at all; who told you that? 7. I am on very good terms with him. 8. Your brother is always well dressed. 9. He is always fashion- able. 10. How old is he? Is he not yet eighteen? 11. Yes, he is nearly nineteen. 12. If I were you, I would be ashamed to be so lazy. 13. It is not my fault ; I am always sick. 14. You do not look sick ; you only need exercise. VlNGTDEUXlhlE LE(JON. 125 DfiBUTS DE MOLlfiRE. Moli&re naquit a Paris, le 15 Janvier 1622. Au sortir du college, il etudia le droit ; mais bientot, il ne put resister a sa passion pour la theatre, et, nialgre le ine'pris attache* alors a la profession de comedien et les representations de ses parents, il se mit a la tete d'une troupe de jeunes gens qui jouaient la comedie. II se reprocha toute sa vie le chagrin qu'il avait cause a sa faniille en embrassant un etat excommunie par Ffiglise et pros- crit par la societe. « Si c'etait a reconiniencer, disait-il, je ne choisirais jamais cette profession. » Au bout d'un an, il quitta Paris avec sa troupe et alia visiter la province. Ce fut alors que Moliere, sentant naitre son genie, voulut se livrer tout entier a sa vocation, et etre a la fois auteur et comedien. Apres avoir couru la province pendant douze ans (1646-1658) Moliere revint a Paris. (Test alors qu'il donna les Precieuses ridicules, la premiere comedie qui 6tablit sa reputation d'une maniere solide. Dans cette piece il se proposa de corriger la pedanterie et l'affectation des habitues de THotel Rambouillet. On raconte qu'au milieu de la representation, un vieillard s'ecria : « Courage, Moliere ! voila la veritable comedie. » Au sortir de la premiere representation, Menage dit a Chapelain : « Monsieur, nous approuvions, vous et moi, toutes les sottises qui viennent d'etre critiquees si finement et avec tant de bon sens; il nous faudra brfiler ce que nous avons adore. » Les Precieuses ridicules assurdrent le succes de Moliere en meme temps qu'elles lui meri- terent les faveurs royales. QUESTIONS FOJR BEVIES 1. Parse avoir and etre as they occur in this reading. 2. Give the first person plural of each tense of avoir and etre. 3. Give a list of the demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. 4. Give the plural of — notre, le notre, mon, le mien, cheval, ceil, feuille, eventail, travail, chameau. 5. Give the singular of — amiraux, cheveux, chevaux, al'eux, faux, maux, beaux. 6. Give the feminine of — frais, epais, doux, vieux. 7. Give the masculine of — favorite, aigue, longue, rouge, rousse, chanteuse, heureuse, actrice. 8. Give a synopsis of — avoir and etre in the 2nd pers. plural. 9. Give the Imperfect and the Conditionnal, the Preterite and the Future of— rentrer, rendre, prier, choisir. 126 VINGT-TROISI&ME LE conditional past j'aurais P Remarks. The ending of the 2nd pers. sing, of the Imperative is e ; but when the verb is followed by the pronoun y or en, object of that verb, you write es instead of e. Aller, and the six verbs in ir which take the endings e, es, e in the Present Indicative, follow that rule. Donnes-en ; va en France ; vas-y ; cueilles-en une. In the Future and Conditional of verbs in er, the e (preceding the r) is silent. VlNatt-TROISlfeME LfiCjOtf. W FORMATION OF TENSES. Endings of Verbs in er. PRESENT (iND.). FUTURE. IMPERFECT & CONDIT. PRETERITE. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. IMPERF. e ai ais ai e e es as ais as es es e a ait a e ~t ons oris ions anies ions ions ! ez ez iez ates iez iez ent ont aient Srent ent ent The endings in bold face belong to the verbs in er only, endings are the same for all verbs. STEM. The other To form the Future and the Conditional, take the verb itself {Infinitive) and add the endings. Donn er. — je donner ai, je donner ais. To form the other tenses, take only the stem of the verb, and add the endings. Donn er. — je donn e, je donn ais, etc. To form the Imperfect Subj., take the 2nd person singular of the Preterite, double the s and add the endings ; but in the 3rd pers. sing. , a circumflex accent takes the place of the two ss. Donn er. — tu donn as; (donnas s — ), que je donnass e, etc. The compound tenses of a verb are simply avoir or some- times etre conjugated with the Past Participle of that verb. J'ai donne, j'avais chante, il ent joue, etc. Je suis arrive. QUESTIONS. 1. What is the stem of the verb donner ? 2. What is the stem of— marcher, desirer, saluer, prier? 3. What is the stem of — monter, mon- trer, sucer, sucrer, raconter, rencontrer? 4. How do you form the Future and Conditional of a verb? 5. Give the Present and the Future Indicative of — monter, montrer, marier, errer. 6. How do you form the Present and the Imperfect Indicative of a verb in er ? 7. What are the endings of the Preterite? 8. Give the Preterite of — danser, blamer, aider, rester, rentrer. 9. How do you form the Imperfect Subjunctive of a verb in er ? 10. Give the endings of the Present Subj. and those of the Imperfect Subjunctive. 11. Give the Present and the Imperfect Subj. of — donner, aimer, parler, cesser, louer, jouer, prier, nier, creer. 13. Give the Past Indefinite and the Past Subj. of— aimer, amuser, 123 VINGT-TROISIEME LE(JON. EXERCISES, Conjugate a few op the following verbs in er. aimer abuser dispenser inviter accepter former adorer accuser disposer observer adopter informer admirer am user disputer persecuter affecter insister louer assembler effacer persuader affirmer - insulter parler assurer examiner preserver aider inventer causer blamer exciter presider armer limiter chanter braver excuser procurer assister meriter donner comparer executer proposer attester passer preter completer exiler reciter calmer planter desirer composer expirer refuser caresser presentei demander consoler exposer refuter charmer presser chercher conserver evader reposer confirmer profiter trouver continuer fatiguer resider consister retarder regarder converser guider respirer consulter ruiner diner decider ignorer retirer contenter toucher souper declarer imaginer supposer detester visiter danser decliner implorer traverser excepter mediter sauter deplorer imposer trembler exister mutiler marcher deriver incliner troubler desoler palpiter saluer destiner inspirer celebrer dieter postuler avouer douer activer circuler faciliter restituer briller nouer agiter compenser feliciter speculer couter creer animer concilier hesiter stimuler conter recreer apprecier cultiver imiter stipuler compter agreer associer decimer illustrer susciter devouer pratiquer calculer decorer instituer terminer allier marquer captiver designer intituler payer rallier evacuer glorifier pacifier irriter rayer relier certifier gratifier petrifier rectifier effrayer publier defier justifier putrefier remedier egayer plier denier modifier purifier sanctifier essayer lier edifier mortifier qualifier signifier balayer nier envier multiplier rarefier verifier begayer prier fortifier mystifier ratifier vivifier grasseyer monter raconter massacrer traiter errer marier montrer rencontrer sabrer consacrer serrer sucrer VINGT-TROISlkME LEgON, 129 EXERCISES. 92. 1. Je pense, j'ai pense\ 2. Je desirais, je desirerais. 3. Nous desirons, nous desirions. 4. Nous desirerons, nous desirerions. 5. Yous pratiquez, vous pratiquiez. 6. Pratiquez la vertu et evitez (avoid) le vice. 8. Montrez-moi votre niontre. 9. Je vous montre ma niontre. 10. Je niontrais, je montrerais. 11. II nion- trait, il montrerait. 12. II niontra, il montrera. 13. Nous mon- trons, nous montrerons. 14. Vous montrez, vous montrerez. 15. Vous montriez, vous montreriez. 93. 1. He gives, he has given. 2. He is giving, he has been giving. 3. She is playing, she has been playing, 4. She was playing, she had been playing. 5. He loves, he is loved, he has loved. 6. He is loving, he has been loving. 7. He is visiting, he is visited, he has visited. 8. We do invite our friends ; we invite them. 9. We do not invite our enemies ; we avoid them. 10. I am invited, I have been invited to the ball. 11. I shall invite him; he will invite us. 12. Shut the door ! You never shut the door. 94. I. Montez; descendez. 2. Yous montez, vous montrez. 3. Vous monterez, vous montrerez. 4. Nous montons, nous mon- trons, nous monterons, nous montrerons. 5. II monta, il montra, il montera, il montrera. 6. Je sucrais, je sucrerais, nous sucrions, nous sucrerions. 7. Lorsqu'il etait a New York, je le rencontrais souvent. 8. S'il etait encore ici, je le rencontrerais certainement. 9. II me donnerait de ses nouvelles s'il etait arrive. 10. Combien de temps est-il reste a New York? 95. 1. You are excusing, you were excusing. 2. You are excused, you were excused. 3. He is admiring, he is admired. 4. He was admiring, he was admired. 5. He would be admired, he would be admiring. 6. He was not admiring, he did not admire. 7. He does not praise him; he did not praise him. 8. He will not praise him, he would not praise him. 9. Was I not praising? Was I not praised? 10. Was I not forgetting? Was I not for- gotten? 11. Has he not been forgetting? Has he not been for- gotten? 12. I shall meet, you will meet. 130 VINGT-TROISlfcME LEgON. ENKEMIS DE MOLlfiRE. Moliere s'Stait fait beaucoup d'ennemis par ses comedies : les faux de>ots, les femraes pSdantes, les avares, les courtisans, les niSdecins charlatans ne lui pardonndrent pas d'avoir fait rire le public §L leurs depens. On avait attaque" son caractere, sa mora- lity, et r£pandu contre lui les calomnies les plus atroces ; on avait cherche* a soulever la noblesse contre lui. On en 6tait m§nie venu a des voies de fait. Le due de La Feuillade ayant attaque* VlZcole des Femmes a cause du fameux mot « tarte a la creme,» Moliere avait introduit dans la Critique de V&ole des Femmes un personnage qui se moque de sa piece et qui n'a pour tout argu- ment que « tarte a la crenie, tarte alacreme.D La Feuillade, furieux de voir sa sottise exposee aux rires de la cour et de la ville, jura de se venger. Un jour qu'il apercut Moliere dans une galerie de Versailles, il alia a lui d'un air fort gracieux. Moliere s'etant incline, il lui prit la tete et lui frotta le visage contre les boutons de son habit, en disant : « Tarte a la creme, tarte a la creme.» Moliere avait la figure tout en sang. Cette brutality 6tait d'autant plus lache, que les lois aristocratiques du temps ne permettaient pas a un comedien de demander raison d'une insulte a un grand seigneur. A son eternel honneur, Louis XIV tanca vertement La Feuillade pour avoir insulte un homme de genie, et il dit a Moliere de continuer a traduire sur la scene les ridicules titr6s et non titr6s. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Write out all the determinative and qualificative adjectives in this reading; then give the feminine of those which are masculine, and the masculine of those which are feminine, without changing the number. 2. Give the Present Indicative and the Present Subjunctive of — avoir, etre, parler. 3. Give the Past Indefinite, and the Past Subjunctive of— etre, donner, marcher. 4. Give a list of the demonstrative pronouns. 5. Give a synopsis of jouer in the first person singular. 6. Give the first person singular of each compound tense of parler. 7. Give the Infinitive, the Present Participle, the Past Participle of— aimer, fermer, rentrer, il donne, vous chantiez, ils admirerent. 8. Parse: pardon- nerent, avait attaque, avait cherche, soulever, ayant attaque, exposee, jura, venger, demander, tanca, avoir insulte, continuer. Tftf GT-TROISI&ME LEgotf. 131 MOLlfiRE PROT£g£ PAR LOUIS XIV. Louis XIV ne cessa de tenioigner a Moliere une affection toute particuliere, et il r£pondit a chaque menace contre le poete par quelque nouvelle faveur. II se declara ouvertement son protec- teur en permettant a sa troupe de prendre le titre de Troupe du roi, et il lui fit une pension de mille livres pour lui et une de sept mille livres pour ses conipagnons. Lorsqu'on l'accusa d'avoir Spouse sa fille, le grand roi fit au comedien l'insigne honneur de tenir son premier enfant sur les fonts baptismaux. A cette 6poque, la profession d'acteur etait si decriee, que les valets de chambre etaient blesses de manger avec Moliere ; celui-ci, choque de leurs dedains, cessa de se presenter a leur table. Le roi en fut inform e et il eut recours a un bon moyen pour mettre un terme a ces outrages. Un matin a l'heure de son lever, il dit a Moliere : «J'aiappris que vous faites maigre chere ici, Moliere, et que les ofliciers de ma chambre ne vous trouvent pas fait pour manger avec eux. Vous avez peut-etre f aim ; moi-meme je m'eveille avec un tres bon appetit ; mettez-vous a cette table et nous dejeune- rons.D II servit lui-meme Moliere et ordonna qu'on introduisit les entrees f amilieres ; c'etaient les personnes les plus marquantes et les plus f avorisees de la cour. « Vous me voyez, leur disait-il, occupe a faire manger MoliSre que mes ofliciers ne trouvent pas d'assez bonne compagnie pour eux.» Depuis lors, le credit du poete comique ne fit qu'augmenter, et il s'en servit quelquefois en faveur de ses amis. II demanda un jour le canonicat pour le fils de son medecin. « Quoi ! vous avez un medecin, Moliere ! lui demanda le roi; que vousfait-il? — Sire, nous raisonnons ensemble, il m'ordonne des remedes, je ne les fais point et je gueris.a QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Parse the following words: protege, cessa, sera, declara, aura, declarer, declarera, accusa, etaient, blesses, manger, trouvent. 2. Parse the following words : de (thimble), de, des, des, des, eu, eus, eut, eut, a, a, as, la, la, las, du, du, c', cet; eu, eus, eux, ceux, deux, on, ont, son, sont, ce, se, ces, ses, notre, le notre. 3. Give the third person plural of each tense of avoir and etre; oijouer and montrer. 4. Give the Pluper- fect Indicative and Subjunctive of these verbs. 133 VI^GT-TKOISIEME LEgOtf. ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES IX THE LAST SYLLABLE OF THE STEM. Before, a, o. Verbs in oer take a cedilla under the c (9) before a or o. Verbs in gev take an e after the g before a or o. Tracer, je trace, n. tracons, je tracais, je tracai, que je tracasse. Manger, je mange, n. mangeons, je mangeais, je mangeai. Before e mute. When the ending begins with a silent e, the last syllable of the stem must have an open sound ; therefore : 1. — E (unaccented) in the last syllable of the stem takes a grave accent. Lever; je leve, il leve, vous levez, ils levent; je leverai. In the verbs in eler, eter, some take a grave accent, the others double 1 or t. They are all given on the opposite page. Appeler, j'appelle; geler, il gele; jeter, je jette; acheter, j'achete. 2. — £ in the last syllable of the stem is changed to £, except in the Future and Conditional. But in verbs in £er, the 6 does not change. Ceder, je cede, il cede, ils cedent, que je cede; je cederai. Creer, je cree, il cree. Agreer, j 'agree, il agree. Celebrer, je celebre, il celebre; je celebrerai. Rever, je reve. 3. — Y is changed to i before a silent e. But in verbs in ayer, eyer, the y generally remains unchanged. Envoyer, j'envoie, il envoie. Nettoyer, il nettoie, il nettoiera. Nous Yoyons, vous voy&s, ils voient; n. injons, v. fuyez, ils ftiient. INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION. In the first person singular of the Present Indicative est-ce que is generally used. If not, an acute accent is put on the e. Est-ce que je donne? or donne-je? Donnes-tu, donne-t-il, donnons-nous, donnez-vous, donnent-ils? Est-ce que may be used with every person. Est-ce que tu donnes? Est-ce qu'il donne? Est-ce que je ne donne pas? or ne donne-je pas? Est-ce que tu ne donnes pas? or ne donnes-tu pas? vingt-quatrie:me le(?on. 133 EXERCISES. CONJUGUEZ QUELQUES-UXS DES VEKBES SUIVANTS : placer to place lacer to lace tracer to trace forcer to force avancer to advance balancer to balance effacer to erase exercer to exercise menacer to threaten lancer to throw, fling annoncer to announce renoncer to renounce devancer to outrun diriger to direct songer to think affliger to afflict manger to eat changer to change charger to charge ranger to arrange arranger to arrange partager to share nager to sivimm engager to engage juger to judge forger to forge allonger to lenghten plonger to plunge soulager to relieve obliger to oblige eriger to erect abreger to abridge proteger to protect ravage r to lay waste outrager to outrage presager to forebode elever to raise relever to raise again soulever to raise ceder to yield completer to complete preferer to prefer reverer to revere referer to refer celebrer to celebrate operer to operate liberer to liberate tolerer to tolerate penetrer to penetrate mener to bring amener to bring ramener to bring back emmener to bring away repeter to repeat esperer to hope posseder to possess regner to reign regler to regulate reveler to reveal peser to weigh semer to sow achever to finish acheter Q to buy racheter ( x ) to redeem becqueter (*) to peck epousseter (*) to dust geler ( x ) to freeze degeler Q to thaw celer Q to conceal deceler ( v ) to disclose harceler ( K ) to harass modeler ( K ) to model quereller to quarrel regretter to regret appeler (11) to call jeter (tt) to throw epeler (11) to spell projeter (tt) to intend cacheter (tt) to seal atteler (11) to put to chanceler (11) to totter etinceler (11) to sparkle renouveler (11) to renew essayer to try broyer to crush delayer to delay ployer to fold up appuyer to prop coudoyer to elbow nettoyer to clean employer to employ ennuyer to annoy noyer to drown QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to remark on verbs ending in cer, and ger? 2. What have you to remark: 1st on verbs having a silent e in the last syllable of the stem? 2nd on verbs having a 6 in the last syllable of the stem? 3. What have you to remark on verbs ending in eler, and eter ? 4. Give the 1st person singular and the 1st person plural of each tense of — placer, diriger, peser, celebrer, appeler, arreter, quereller, prier, essuyer, ennuyer, nettoyer, payer. 134 VINGT-QU ATRIEME L K Q O N , IRREGULAR VERBS IN ER. Aller, to go. Present Ixdic. je yais, tu vas, il ya. n. all ons, v. all es ils vont. Imperfect j'all ais, tu all ais, etc. (regular). Preterite j'all ai, tu all as, etc. (regular). Future j'ir ai, tu ir as, etc. (Stem ir comes from the Conditional fir ais, tu ir ais, etc. [latin verb ire). Imperative ya, all ons, all ez. Present Subj. que j'aill e, que tu aill es, qu'il aill e. que n. all ions, que v. all iez, qu'ils aill ent. Imperfect Subj. que j'allass e. que tu allass es, etc. (regular). Infinitive All er. Present Partic AW ant. Past Partic Alle. Compound Tenses. Past Indefinite je suis alle, tu es alle, etc. Pluperfect j'Stais alle, tu 6tais alle, etc. S'en aller, to go away. S'en aller, is a pronominal verb ; en is object pronoun and must be placed before the verb, except in the affirmative Imperative. Je m'en vais, je m'en allais; je m'en suis alle. Va-t'en, allons-nous-en, allez-vous-en ; ne t'en va pas. Envoyer, to send. Envoyer, has an irregular stem only in the Future and Conditional : J'enverr ai, tu enverr as, etc. J'enverr ais, etc. Do not forget to change y to i before e mute: J'envoi e, tu envoi es. Remarks. 1. When you conjugate a verb, do not confuse the Imperfect and the Conditional. The stem of the Conditional is the verb itself (Infinitive), while in the Imperfect the Infinitive endings er, ir, oir, re are suppressed. Same observation for the Future, the Present Indicative and the Preterite. Monter : je mont ais, je monter ais; n. mont ions, n. monter ions Montrer : je montr a£s, je montrer cm; n. montr io?is, n. montrer ions je montr ai, je montrer ai; il montr a il montrer a n. montr oris, n. montrer ons; v. montrer, v. montrer is Ouvrir : n.ouvr ons, n. ouvriv ons; v. ouvrez, v. ouvrirez Vendre : je vend ais, je vendr ais; n. vend ions, n. vendr io?is n. vend ons, n. vendr ons ; v. vend ez, v. vendr ez 2. When you read French, the ending and the stem show you in what tense the verb is. Take the ending off and see if that which is left is the whole verb or only the stem of the verb. V1NGT-QUATRI&ME LE^OX. 135 EXERCISES. 96. 1. Allez; allez-vous? Allez-vous-en. 2. Je vais, je m'en vais, je m'en suis alle. 3. Tu vas, tu t'en vas, tu t'en es alle". 4. Vas- tu? T'en vas-tu? Va-t'en. 5. Ne vas-tu pas? N'iras-tu pas? 6. Neva pas; ne t'en va pas. 7. Ya a Paris; vas-y; n'y va pas. 8. Yous allez, vous alliez, vous allates. 9. Yous irez, vous iriez, je desire que vous y alliez. 10. Allez-y; n'y allez pas; y allez- vous? 11. II est alle a Paris ; il s'en est alle ; il y est alle". 12. II irait ; il serait alle* ; il s'en irait, il s'en serait alle. 97. 1. Will you go to Paris ? 2. I would like to go. 3. I shall go if you go. 4. I should go if you would go. (Imperfect.) 5. Do you go to the theater to-night ? 6. I am going to ask (to) my brother if he wishes to go there (y) too. 7. He will go there* too. 8. Where are you going? 9. Where were you going? 10. Where have you been? 11. Why do you always go away without me? 12. Why did you go away without asking me. 13. At what time did you go away? 14. At what time do you go away? 98. 1. I am obliged to go away to-morrow morning. 2. At what time do you go away? 3. I will go away at nine o'clock. 4. If you would go away (imperfect) at eight o'clock, I would go to the depot (& la gare) with you. 5. I would have gone away this morning if I had been ready. 6. They have gone to Europe. 7. They went (have gone) away last week. 8. Let us go to the theatre. 9. Let us go away. 10. I doubt that they will go away (subjunctive) to-day. QUESTIONS. 1. Give the 1st pers. sing, of each tense of aller, and s'en aller. 2. Give the 1st pers. plural of each tense of aller and s'en aller. 3. Give the 2nd pers. sing, of each tense of envoy er. 4. Give the 2nd pers. plural of each tense of envoy er. 5. Give the Preterit and the Future (1st pers. sing.) of monter, montrer. liberer, celebrer, jeter. appeler. chan- ger, manger, commencer, lancer. 6. Give the Imperfect Indicative and the Conditional of partager, avancer, prefer, remontrer, celebrer, jeter. * There, y. — In the Future and Conditional of aller, y there, is omitted. I shall go there : jMrai. Would you go there ? Iriez- vous ? 136 VINGT-QUATRI&1VIE LE QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Give the first person singular of each tense of avoir, etre, jouer, manger. 2. Give the first person plural of each tense of — lancer, songer, prier, nier. 3. Give the names of all compound tenses in the gramma- tical order. 4. Give the first person of each compound tense of — avoir, etre, chanter, prier, finir, vendre, creer. 5. Give the rules for the for- mation of the plural of nouns and adjectives. 6. Decline : le beau cheval, le bel enfant, la belle voix. votre chapeau et le mien, mon joujou et le votre. 6. Give a list of the demonstrative adjective and pronouns. 7. Give the rules for the comparative and superlative of adjectives, and one example for each rule. 138 vingt-cinqui^me lecjon. DIFFERENT SORTS OF VERBS. AUXILIARY. — Avoir and etre are called auxiliary only when they are helping to form a compound tense. Ex. : J'ai parle, j'ai eu, j'ai ete, j'ai vu, je suis arrive. ACTIVE. — A verb is active or transitive when it has a direct object, expressed or understood. Ex. , J'aime mes parents. Servez ce monsieur; servez. NEUTER. — A verb is neuter or intransitive when it nas no direct object. Ex. : Je sors ce soir; je vais au concert. Un crayon sert a, eerire. PASSIVE. — A passive verb is simply the verb etre conjugated with the Past Participle of a transitive verb. Only two intransitive verbs, obisir and convenir have the passive form. The Past Participle, when conjugated with etre, agrees in gender and number with the noun or pronoun to which it refers. II est aime, elle est aimee, elle a ete aimee. Je suis servi ; il est servi. Je suis aime is a passive verb ; you can say : some one loves me ; hwtje suis arrive is not a passive verb; you cannot say: some one arrives me. IMPERSONAL. — A verb is impersonal when it is used only in the third person singular, and the il, it, does not refer to any- thing. Ex. : II plent, il neige ; il est inutile de courir. II ne sert a rien de courir, il faut partir a temps. ETRE IN THE COMPOUND TENSES. The following neuter verbs always take etre in the compound tenses : aller, to go arriver, to arrive naitre, to be bom venir, to come entrer, to enter eclore, to hatch revenir, to come back sortir, to go out mourir. to die devenir, to become partir, to leave deceder, to die parvenir, to succeed tomber, to fall etc. The following neuter verbs take avoir when expressing action; they take etre when expressing state. monter, to go up deborder, to overflow grandir, to grow descendre, to go down echapper, to escape rajeunir, to grow young passer, to pass cesser, to cease vieillir, to get old [again rester, to stay changer, to change embellir, to get beautiful demeurer, to remain croitre, to grow etc. Je suis alle ; ils sont arrives, elles sont venues, elle serait partie. Midi a sonne quand vous etes parti. Midi est sonne depuis dix minutes. VINGT-CINQUIEME LE(JON. 139 PASSIVE VERB, Etre aim€. Present Indic. Imperfect Preterite Future Conditional Imperative Present Subj. Imperfect Subj. Infinitive Present Partic. Simple Tenses. je suis aime tu es aime il est aime n. sommes aimes v. etes aimes Is sont aimes _ 'etais aime je fus aime je serai aime je serais aime sois aime que je sois aime que je fusse aime etre aime etant aime Compound Tenses. $ai ete aime tu as ete aime il a ete aime n. avows ete aimes v. a-y&z e7e aimes ils ont ete aimes favais ete aime j'ews e7e aime yaurai ete aime faurais ete aime que j'aie e7e aime que feusse ete aime avoir ete aime aycm^e'aime IMPERSONAL VERB. Neisrer. Present Indic. Imperfect Preterite Future Conditional Present Subj. Imperfect Subj. Infinitive Present Partic. Past Partic. Simple Tenses. Compound Tenses. il neige il neigea^ il neigea il neigera il neigerait qu'il neige qu'il neigedt neiger neigean^ neige Conjugate a few of the following verbs : tonner, to thunder il tonne, it thunders geler, to freeze il gele, it freezes. degeler, to thaw il degele, it thaws greler, to hail [tion of il grele, it hails il s'agit, it is the ques- il y a, there is il eclaire, it lightens il est, it is il a il avait neige neige il eut neige il aura il aurait qu'il ait neige neige neige qu'il eut neige avoir neige ay ant neige il pleut, it rains il arrive, it happens il importe, it matters il semble, it seems il fait, it is il parait, it appears 140 VINGT-CINQUI^ME LEgON. PRONOMINAL VERBS. A verb is pronominal or reflexive when conjugated with je me — , tu tu — , il se — or elle se — , nous nous — , vous vous — , Us se — or elles se — . In the compound tenses, the auxiliary §tre, (not avoir) is used ; and the Past Participle agrees in gender and number with me, te, se, nous, vous, when these pronouns are direct object of the verb. II s'est flatte, elle s'est flatte e ; ils se sont flatte s, elles se sont flatte es. Se flatter, to flatter one's self. Present Indic. Imperfect Preterite Future Conditional Imperative Present Subj. Imperfect Subj. Infinitive Pres. Present Partic. Present Indic. Pluperfect Past Anterior Future Anter. Condition. Past Past Subj. Pluperf. Subj. Infinitive Past Present Partic. je me flatte tu te flattes il se flatte n. n. flattops v. v. flatten ils se flatted je me flattens je me flatte jeme flatter^* je me flattery's flatte-fo^ flattons-wows flattez-wws que /e me flatte que ye me flattasse se flatter se flattop I flatter myself thou flatter st thyself he flatters himself we flatter ourselves you flatter yourself (ves) they flatter themselves I was flattering m. s. I flattered m. s. I shall flatter m. s. I should flatter m. s. flatter thyself let us flatter o. s. flatter yourself, yourselves that I may flatter m. s. that I might flatter m. s. to flatter one's self flattering one's self Compound Tenses. je me suis flatte (e) tu f es flatte (e) il s' est flatte elle s'est flattee n. n. sommes flattes (es) v. v. etes flattes (es) ils se sont flattes elles se sont flattees je m' etais flatte je me fus flatte je me serai flatte je me serais flatte que ye me sois flatte que ye me fusse flatte s' etre flatte s' etant flatte I have flattered m. s. thou hast flattered t. s. he has flattered h. s. she has flattered h. s. we have flattered o. s. you have flattered y. s. they have flattered t. s. they have flattered t. s. I had flattered myself I had flattered myself I shall have flattered m. s. I should have flattered m.s. I may have flattered m. s. I might have flattered m.s. to have flattered one's self having fluttered one's self VINGT-CINQUIJ&ME LEgON. 141 EXERCISES. Conjugate a few of the following pronominal Verbs. douter, to doubt se douter, to suspect tromper, to deceive se tromper, to be mista- porter, to carry [ken se porter, to be (of health) plaindre, to pity se plaindre, to complain plaire, to please se plaire, to delight in rire, to laugh se rire, to laugh at crier, to scream s'ecrier, to cry out ennuyer, to tease, to bore s'ennuyer*, to be wearied amuser, to amuse s'amuser, to enjoy o\ s. affliger, to afflict s'affliger, to be sorry conduire, to conduct se conduire, to behave servir, to serve se servir, to use user, to use up, wear out s'user, to wear out apercevoir, to see s'apercevoir, to notice marier*, fo marry se marier, to wed se proposer, to intend trouver, to find se trouver, to be. . . battre, to beat se battre, to fight defaire, to undo se defaire, to get rid of empecher, to prevent s'empecher, to forbear etonner, to astonish s'etonner, to wonder garder, to keep se garder, to beware of lever, to raise se lever, to get up coucher, to put to led se coucher, to go to bed habiller, to dress s'habiller, to dress o\ s. separer, to separate se separer, to part with adresser, to address s'adresser, to apply baisser, to lower se baisser, to stoop arreter, to stop s'arreter, to stop se hater, to hasten se depecher, to hurry marcher, to walk se promener, to take a walk appeler, to call s'appeler, to be named vanter, to praise se vanter, to boast [gry facher, to make an- se facher, to get angry imaginer, to imagine s'imaginer, to fancy se fier, to trust se mefier, to distrust defier, to challenge se defier, to distrust passer, to pass se passer, to do without aller, to go s'en aller, to go away endormir, to lull asleep s'endormir, to fall as- eveiller, to wake [leep s'eveiller, to awake taire, not to say se taire, to be silent rappeler, to callback se rappeler*, to remem- ber se souvenir*, to remem- s'emparer, to seize [ber s'empresser, to be eager s'efforcer, to endeavour se meler, to meddle s'enrhumer, to take cold * S'ennuyer, to find the time tedious. Marier. II se marie demain avec M 1 ^ N., ; le maire les mariera. Se rappeler quelqu'un ou quelque chose; SE souvenir de quelqu'un ou de quelque chose. 142 VlXGT-ClNQUlftME LECJON. EXERCISES. 103. 1. Je me eouche ordinairement a onze heures. 2. Je me leve a six heures en 6te* et a sept heures en hiver. 3. A quelle heure vous etes-vous leve* ce matin? 4. Je me suis leve" au point du jour (day-break). 5. «Tai sommeil, parce que je me suis eouche tard (late) hier. 6. Pouvez-vous lever ce poids (weight)? 7. Allez 6veiller mon f rere ; il ne s'eveille jamais de bonne heure. 8. Je m'eveille tous les matins a six heures. 9. Je me leve ; je m'habille et je m'apprete pour le dejeuner. 104. 1. At what time do you go to bed? 2. I go to bed at ten o'clock, or at half past ten. 3. Do you get up early in winter? 4. At what o'clock do you get up in summer? 5. To-morrow we will get up early. 6. Are you tired? Do you wish to rest? 7. I wish to rest a few minutes. 8. I would rest if I had finished my exercise. 9. Have you rested enough? Get up. 10. Will you take a walk? 11. Let us take a walk. 12. Let us go for a walk. 13. Where do you wish to go for a walk? 105. 1. Nous avons assez marche, reposons-nous. 2. Vous etes-vous assez repose? 3. II fait froid; vous allez vous enrhumer (catch a cold). 4. Je m'enrhume facilement; j'attrape (I catch) un rhume (a cold) tous les huit jours. 5. De quoi vous plaignez-vous? N'est-ce pas un peu votre faute? 6. Je vous plains beaucoup. 7. Vous vous plaignez ; mais je ne vous plains pas. 8. Comment vous port ez- vous ce matin ? 9. Je me porte tres bien, merci. 10. Comment vous etes-vous porte dernierement? 106. 1. Make haste; get up; dress yourself ; make yourself ready for breakfast. 2. Good morning, madam ; how do you do this morn- ing? 3. How did you sleep (avez vous dormi) this night? 4. Sit down and let us eat; I am hungry. 5. Take what you like. 6. Help yourself. 7. I am served already. 8. What can I offer (offrir) you. 9. You can use my umbrella; I lend it to you. 10. He lent me his umbrella ; but it is quite worn out. 11. Henry uses my dictionary (dictionnaire) ; he has lost his. 12. I would use his books if I had need of them. VINGT-CI2sgUIEME LEgON. 143 107. 1. Souvenez-vous de moi. 2. Vous souvenez-vous encore de votre petite cousine? 3. Vous rappelez-vous encore les annees de notre enfance? 4. Je me les rappellerai toujours. 5. Je ru'en souviendrai toujours. 6. Je ne les oublierai jamais. 7. Ne m'oubliez pas. 8. Les bienfaits s'oublient. 9. Vous souvenez- vous de votre ancien professeur? 10. Je me souviens de lui. 11. Vous rappelez-vous vos amis de college ? 12. Je me les rappelle tres bien. 13. Vous souvenez-vous de ces demoiselles? 108. 1. Do not forget me. 2. Did you forget me? 3. I always remember you. 4. Remember me when you are (will be) far away in that large city. 5. I shall always remember you. 6. Do not grieve. Why do you grieve? 7. I grieve because my best friend has gone away. 8. You will rejoice very much when your friend comes back. 9. If I am not mistaken, he will always remember his friend. 10. He will not forget how happy we always were. 11. Everybody is sometimes mistaken. 109. 1. Comment vous amusez-vous a la campagne? 2. Je me suis assez bien amuse les huit premiers jours; mais maintenant je m'ennuie beaucoup. 3. Cet homme nous ennuie avec ses his- toires. 4 Vous m'ennuyez; laissez-moi tranquille. 5. Je vous ennuie peut-etre. 6. Vous ne m'ennuyez pas du tout; vous m'amusez ; vous m'interessez. 7. On s'ennuie ici ; il n'y a pas le moindre amusement. 8. On ne s'ennuie pas chez vous ; au con- traire, on s'y amuse beaucoup. 9. A quoi vous amusez-vous a la campagne? 110. 1. Do not deceive me ; tell me the truth. 2. You are mistaken, sir ; I doubt that he may have said that. 3. I suspect (se douter) who said it. 4. I amuse myself in learning French ; I can already read novels (des romans). 5. Are you not weary to stay in this small town? 6. I am not weary when I have something to do. 7. I never become weary of the country during summer. 8. Let us go that way ; that woman is coming ; she is a tedious (ennuy- ante) person. 9. Her conversation wearies me; let us walk fast. 10. Let us take a walk in the wood, near the lake. 144 VINGT-CINQUI&ME LE(JON, 111. 1. II font £tudier pour etre instruit. 2. II faut que vous £tu- diez beaueoup, si vous voulez reussir. 3. II vous faut Studier davantage. 4. II y a des eleves qui etudient beaueoup. 5. II y a aussi des paresseux daus toutes les ecoles. 6. II faut que j'ecrive a ma tante ee soir. 7. II parait que vous etes paresseux. 8, II me semble que vous pourriez travailler davantage. 9. II faut que travailliez davantage; il s'agit de votre avenir (future). 10. II import e que vous y pensiez tous les jours. 112. I. You must go out. 2. You must go and buy some cake. 3. Is it necessary to go out at once? 4. You must make haste. 5. I want two pounds of cake. 6. How much money do you want ? 7. It rains ; you must take an umbrella. 8. It would be necessary to buy me an umbrella ; this one is worn out. 9. You can use mine for this time. 10. Have you all what you want? 11. I must write a letter to my mother. 12. It seems that you write very seldom. 113. 1. II y a dix ans que je suis dans cette ville. 2. Je suis dans cette ville depuis dix ans. 3. II y aura demain huit jours qu'il est parti. 4. II y a loin de New York a San Francisco. 5. Je Fai vu il y a une heure (one h. ago). 6. II y a une heure que je l'ai vu. 7. II fait chaud, il fait du soleil (sun). 8. II fait froid; il fait du vent ; il neige ; il gelera cette nuit. 9. Quel temps f ait- il ce matin? 10. II fait beau temps; il fait mauvais temps. Le temps est tres beau. 11. Je crains (I fear) qu'il ne fasse mauvais temps. 12. II vous faudra prendre un parapluie. 114. 1. Is there a long time since you have not seen your brother? 2. There are about five years. 3. There will be a concert to- morrow. 4. Do you know if there will be many people (beau- coup de monde) ? 5. There were many people at the last concert. 6. There would have been more people still if the weather had been fine. 7. It will be necessary to send my carriage at half past ten. 8. How is the weather to-night ? 9. It is fine weather ; it is bad weather. 10. Do you think that it will be fine weather to-morrow? 11. Is there anybody at home? VINGT-CINQUlfcME LE^ON. 145 LE SOUPER D'AUTEUIL. La soeiete habituelle de Moliere se composait de Boileau, de La Fontaine, de Racine, du compositeur Lulli, du peintre Mignard et de Chapelle, poete epicurien et joyeux compagnon, qui etait le boute-en-train de la bande. On se reunissait chez Boileau, a Paris, ou chez Moliere, au village d'Auteuil. Un soir que Moliere etait souffrant, il laissa ses amis a table, et se retira dans sa chambre, en priant Chapelle de le remplacer. Chapelle fit si bien les honneurs de la cave, que tous les convives, meme le sage Boileau s'enivrerent. Au milieu des discussions qui s'en- gagerent, quelqu'un vint a citer cette maxime d'un ancien : « Le premier bonheur est de ne point naitre, et le second de mourir promptement.» Les convives, la tete echauffee par le vin, s'appe- santirent sur les maux de cette vie. «Nous sommes tous des laches, s'ecria tout a coup Chapelle ; que ne cessons-nous de mur- murer et de vivre? La riviere est & cent pas; allons nous y jeter.p lis applaudissent tous, ils se levent de table, ils s'embrassent pour la derniere fois, et ils prennent le chemin de la Seine. Moliere, averti de cette f olie, accourt a la hate. « Comment ! mes amis, vous formez le projet le plus courageux, et vous ne voulez pas m'en faire part! Croyez-vous que je meprise moins la vie que vous? — II a raison, dit Chapelle, nous lui faisions tort. Viens, Moliere, viens te noyer avec nous. — Un moment, reprit Moliere, c'est une action trop belle pour que nous en perdions le merite aux yeux du monde. On pourrait dire que nous sommes morts la nuit, apres un long souper, commes des gens ivres. Attendons demain; et au grand jour, bien a jeun, nous viendrons nous jeter dans la riviere devant tout le monde. — II a raison, s'ecria encore Chapelle ; oui, messieurs, ne nous noyons que demain; et en attendant le jour, allons boire le vin qui nous reste.a QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Give a list of the articles. 2. Give the rules for the elision and contraction of the definite article. 3. Give a list of the possessive adjec- tives and pronouns. 4. Give the cardinal and ordinal numbers up to twenty. 5. When are vingt and cent written with s? 6. When do you abreviate mille into mill 7. Give the French for: He has arrived here the first or second of last month. 8. Parse all the verbs in er in this reading. 9. Give a list of the disjunctive pronouns. 10. Give a list of the conjunctive prououns. 11. Give a synopsis of donner in the first person singular. 12. Give a synopsis of se rappeler in the first pers. sing. 13. Conjugate in full : y avoir, fallow, 14. Give a synopsis in the third person singular of etre, 146 YINGT-SIXI&ME LE(JON. HOW TO FORM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. * Examples. Do you see? Yes, I do. Voyez-vous? Oui, je vois. Did* you see? Yes, I did. Avez-vousvu? Oui, j'ai vu. No, I did not. Non, je n'ai pas vu. Are you studying? Yes, I am Etudiez-vous ? Oui, j'etudie. Have you seen her? Yes, I have. L'avez-vous vue? Oui, je l'ai vue. Is my mother here ? Ma mere est-elle ici ? Is my mother here? Est-ce que ma mere est ici? Do I run quickly? Est-ce que je cours vite? RULES, 1. Do, did, am, used in forming questions and answers, are not translated in French. The question or answer must be formed without them. For instance, instead of : Do you speak French ? Say : Speak you French ? Instead of : Are you learning French ? Say : Learn you French ? Instead of : Did you see him ? Say : Have you seen him ? 2. In answering a question, the sense expressed in English by I do, I dorft, I did, 1 have, I am, 1 will, I shall, etc., must be completed in French; or you may answer oui, non, with some suitable words. 3. When in a question the subject is a noun, that noun is generally placed first, and then the verb followed by the pronoun il or elle representing the noun. 4. The interrogative form est-ce que is of frequent use in con- versation. It is the only form used in the first person, when that person is a monosyllable, or when it would be countrary to euphony. Exceptions : Ai-je, vais-je, sais-je, fais-je, suis-je ( am I), puis-je, dis-je, vois-je f IDIOMATICAL ANSWERS. Will you go to the ball? Yes, I will. Irez-vous au bal? Oui, j'irai. He speaks Chinese. Does he ? II parle chinois ? Vraiment! Will you not come with me? Ne viendrez-vous pas avec moi? Yes, I will. Si*, je veux bien. [tent. Are you glad? Yes, very. * Etes-vous content? Oui, tres con- Have you any cake? Yes, I have. Avez-vous du gateau? Oui, fen ad. Have you a pencil? Yes, I have one. Avez-vous un crayon? Oui, fen ai What do you say? Plait-il? Comment dites-vous? [un. * Yes, si, in answer to a negative question. Tres, very, is never used alone. VINGT-SIXI&ME LEgON. 147 EXERCISES. 115. 1. Est-ce que je parle bien? 2. Est-ee que tu paries? 3. Est- ce qu'il parle? 4. Est-ce que nous parlons? 5. Est-ce que vous parlez? 6. Est-ce qu'ils parlent bien francais? 7. Est-ce que je chante juste? 8. Parle-je bien? 9. Chante-je juste? 10. Danses- tu? 11. Parle-t-il? 12. Parle-t-elle? 13. Parle-t-on? 14. Pen- sez-vous? 15. Allons-nous? 16. Ont-ilsrepondu? 17. Parle-t-on de cela? 18. Que dit-on de cette nouvelle? 19. Est-ce qu'il vend cher? 20. Vend-il trop cher? 116. 1. Do you wish to come with us? 2. Yes, I do? 3. Do you go to the theatre to-night? 4. Yes, I do. 5. No, I do not. 6. Are you going to the theatre to-night? 7. Yes, I am. 8. No, I am not. 9. Will you come with me? 10. Yes, I will. 11. lam very sorry, but I cannot. 12. Would you like to come? 13. Yes, I would. 14. I would go with the greatest pleasure. 15. Do I sing well? 16. Yes, you do. 17. No, you don't. 18. Do you dance sometimes? 19. Yes, I do. 20. Yes, I often do. 117. 1. Ecrivez-vous souvent a votre fr£re? 2. Oui, je lui ecris assez souvent. 3. Lui avez-vous e"crit cette semaine? 4. Oui, je lui ai ecrit. 5. Oui, certainement. 6. A-t-il fini son exercise? 7. Oui, monsieur. 8. Avez-vous mange des cerises? 9. Non, je n'en ai pas mange. 10. Non, monsieur, pas encore. 11. En voulez-vous? 12. Oui, avec plaisir. 13. A-t-elle son livre? 14. Oui, elle l'a. 15. Non, elle ne l'a pas. 16. A-t-elle achete un livre? 17. Non, pas encore. 118. 1. Do you come from France? 2. Yes, I do. 3. No, I do not. 4. Are you going to Paris ? 5. Yes, lam. 6. No, I am not. 7. Are you coming from school? 8. Yes, I am. 9. No ? I am not. 10. Do you speak to me? 11. Yes, I do. 12. No, I do not. 13. Will you go with her? 14. Yes, I will. 15. Are you coming to-night? 16. Yes, I am. 17. No, I am not. 18. Yes, if my mother is willing. 19. Come, hurry. 20. I do. 21. Are you ready? 22. Right away. Soon. 23. In one minute. 24. In a moment. 25. At once. 26. No, not yet. 148 VINGT-SIXI^ME le ez H J j' » ais g tu » ais 2 il » ait B n. » ions § v. » iez g ils » aient j' • ais o tu » ais § il » ait § n. » ions | v. » iez H ils » aient . j' (3) ECRIV is jh tu » is 3 il i it h n. » imes g v. » ites * ils » irent ^ quej' » e pq que tu d es 3 qu'il » e g que n. » ions as que v. » iez * qu'ils » ent g que j' ecriviss e & que tu » es * qu'il » ~t* § que n. » ions g que v. » iez g qu'ils » ent infinit. : ecri re pr. part. : » ant PAST PART. : (4) ECRIT Compound Tenses. past indefinite j'ai ecrit past subj. que j'aie ecrit < pluperfect j'avais » pluperfect subj. que j'eusse » PAST ANTERIOR j'eUS » PAST INFINITIVE avoir » future anterior j'aurai » present part. ayant » conditional past j'aurais » Remarks. To conjugate a verb without any mistake, the pupils need to learn only the Principal Parts of that verb, one line only, if they thoroughly understand the formation of tenses from the Principal Parts, as illustrated in the verb Gcrire and explained on next page. * Qu'il ecrivit. — The circumflex takes the place of the two ss. VI2s T GT-SEPTIEME LE(JON. 151 ENDINGS OF VERBS IN IR, OIR, RE. PRESENT (IND.). FUTURE. IMPERFECT & CONDIT. PRETERITE. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. IMPERF. S ai ais 8 e e S as ais s es es t a ait t e "t ons ons ions ~mes ions ions ez ez iez ~tes iez iez ent ont aient rent ent ent STEM. The Principal Parts of a verb show the right stems for the different tenses. The verb itself (Infinitive) is the stein of the Future and Conditional. Finir, — je finir ai, je finir ais ; Boire, — je fooir ai, je fooir ais. 1. — The 1st per s. sing, of the Present Indicative shows the stem for the singular of the Present Indicative. 2. — The 1st pers. plural of the Present Indicative shows the stem for the plural of t!_3 Present Indicative, for the Imperfect Indicative, for the Present Subjunctive and for the Present Participle. The Imperative has only the 2nd pers. sing., and the 1st and 2nd pers. plural. These persons are the same as in the Present Indie. ; the subject pronouns only are omitted. Savoir is the only exception. 3. — The 1st pers. sing, of the Preterite shows the stem and the ending (is or us) of that tense. The Imperfect Snbj. is formed from the Preterite by taking the 1st pers. sing, of this tense; then double the s and add the endings. A circumflex accent takes the place of the two ss in the 3rd pers. sing. 4. — The Past Participle forms the compound tenses with avoir or sometimes etre. Remarks. _ Six verbs in ir (and derivatives) have e, es, e in the Present Indica- tive. See page 156. In the Preterite, all verbs in ir, oir, re end either in is or in us, except venir and tenir, which have a nasal sound : je vin s, n. yin mes. 152 VINGT-SEPTlftME L E g O tf . EXERCISES. The Principal Parts of a verb being given, conjugate that verb. Deerire Souffrir Offrir Lire Vivre to describe to suffer to offer- to read to live 1. je decris je souffre j'offre je lis je vis 123. 2. n. decrivons n. souffrons n. offrons . n. lisons n. vivons 3. je decrivis je souffris j'offris je lus je vecus 4. decrit souffert offert lu vecu Conjugate : souscrire, inscrire, recrire, relire, elire. 124. 1. 2. 3. 4. Courrir to cover je couvre n. couvrons je couvris couvert Ouvrir to open j'ouvre n. ouvrons j'ouvris ouvert Vetir to cloth je vets n. vetons je vetis vetu Partir to depart je pars n. partons je partis parti Yendre to sell je vends n. vendons je vendis rendu Conjugate : recouvrir, re vetir, cepartir, revendre, attendre, entendre. 125. 1. 2. 3. 4. Naitre to be born je nais n. naissons je naquis ne Mettre to put je mets n. mettons je mis mis Rire to laugh je ris n. rions je ris ri Finir to finish je finis n. finissons je finis fini Suffire to suffice je suflis n. suffisons je suflis suffi Conjugate : renaitre, permettre, sourire, definir, cherir, rejouir. 126. 1. 2. 3. 4. Craindre to fear je crains n. craignons je craignis craint Peindre to paint je peins n. peignons je peignis peint Joindre to join je joins n. joignons je joignis joint Coudre to sew je couds n. cousons je cousis cousu Conduire to conduct je conduis 5 n. conduisons je conduisis conduit Moudre to grind je mouds n. moulons je moulus moulu Sortir to go out je sors n. sortons je sortis sorri Plaire to please je plais n. plaisons je plus plu Suivre to follow je suis n. suivons je suivis suivi Reduire to reduce je reduis n. reduisons je reduisis rsnivrp nrnrli reduit n'rp VI3TGT-SEPTIEME LEgOK. 153 LES PRfiCIEUSES RIDICULES. COMEDIE DE MOLI^RE. La fille et la niece d'un bon bourgeois, noinme M. Gorgibus, sont deux pedantes qui ne revent que de se voir entourees de beaux esprits, gens a la mode qui ne parlent que dans un style pretentieux ; elles ont change leurs noms de Madelon et de Cathos pour les noms plus sonores d'Aminte et de Polixene et elles se posent en precieuscs. Gorgibus qui, avant tout, est un homme de gros bon sens, veut marier ces jeunes lilies avec deux jeunes gensde bonne maison, nonimes La Grange et du Croisy. Ces jeunes gens s'expriment avec simplicite et naturel, ce qui ne les recommande pas aupres de Cathos et de Madelon qui les econ- duisent avec mepris. Les deux gentilshommes jurent de se venger et envcient chez elles, a cet efliet, deux valets impudents, qui se donnent pour des hommes de qualite. Nos deux sottes prennent les extravagances du marquis de Mascarille et du vicomte de Jodelet pour la perfection de T esprit et de la galanterie. Tout a coup les maitres arrivent, le baton a la main, chercher leurs domestiques; ils ne manquent pas de railler les coquettes sur le choix de leurs admirateurs et les laissent confondues et accablees de honte. Gorgibus les engage un peu rudement a profiter de la legon et elles disparaissent devant cette apostrophe foudroyante: aAllez vous cacher, B vilaines, allez vous cacher. » QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Decline: la fille et la niece, le bon bourgeois, le gentilhomme. 2. Give a list of the Personal Pronouns, 1st subject, 2nd object, 3rd absolute (or disjunctive). 3. Give the rules for the position of these Pronouns. 4. Give a list of the Demonstrative Adjective and Pronouns. 5. Give a list of the Interrogative Pronouns? 6. When is what trans- lated by que, ce que, quoi ? 7. Give the French for — What do you say? of what do you speak? I know all you said. What a naughty boy you are! What books have you read during your Summer holidays'? Which ones do you prefer? To wich ones do you give (the) preference? 8. Write the cardinal and ordinal numbers from one to twenty. 9. Write out in French : thirty, f ourty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, one hundred, 10. Give the Future and Preterite, the Present and Imperfect Subjunctive of — marier, reverer. 11. Give the names of all tenses in the grammatical order. 12. Give the names of the simple tenses in the order of the principal parts. 154 VINGT-HUITlfcME LE(?0N. VERBS IN IK. ( Second Conjugation. ) Finir, to finish. Conjugated in the order of its Principal Parts. Principal Parts. Finir: 1. je fini s, 2. n. finissons; 3. je fin is, 4. fini. je finir ai £ je (1) fini s M w tu » as S tu » s > FINIS | il » a g il » t 3 g n. » ons aj n. (2) FINISS OnS | v. » ez finiss ons & v. » ez fc » ez ils » ont fc ils » ent 3 M A je » ais . je » ais je (3) fin is s tu » ais S tu » ais H H tu » is 2 il » ait S il » ait s il » it h n. » ions | n. » ions w H n. • imes § v. » iez | v. » iez w ils d aient S £ v. » Ites § ils » aient - - ils » irent . que je » e Ha pq que je finiss e ■ S que tu » es P que tu » es § qu'il » e CO Pa qu'il » "t* g que n. » ions ti que n. » ions « que y. » iez que v. p iez * qu'ils » ent g qu'ils » ent INFINIT. : FINir pr. part. : » ant PAST PART. : (4) FINI Compound Tenses • PAST INDEFINITE j'ai fini PAST SUB J. que j'aie fini PLUPERFECT j'avais » PLUPERFECT SUB. J. que j'eusse » PAST ANTERIOR j'eUS » PAST INFINIT IVE avoir » FUTURE ANTERIOR j'aurai » PRESENT PAR T. ayant » conditional past j'aurais » Verbs in ir not like Finir. Cueillir, saillir; ouvrir, couvrir, offrir, souffrir; — vetir, eourir; — partir, sortir, sentir, mentir, servir, dormir, bouillir, se repentir; — fuir, acquerir, mourir, venir, tenir. * Qu'il finit. — The circumflex takes the place of the two ss. VINGT-NEUVI&ME LEgoti. 155 EXEBCISES. There are 315 verbs in ir conjugated like finir. Conjugate a few. Abolir To abolish accourcir to shorten adoucir to soften affaiblir to iveaken affranchir to free agir to act agrandir to enlarge aigrir to embitter amoindrir to lessen amollir to soften applaudir to applaud arrondir to round asservir to enslave attendrir to soften avertir to warn avilir to vilify bannir to banish batir to build blanchir to whiten desobeir to disobey desunir to disunite divertir to divert cherir to cherish choisir to choose compatir to sympathize convertir to convert eblouir to dazzle eclaircir to clear elargir to widen embellir to embellish emplir, to fill Etablir To establish etourdir to stun faiblir to get iveak faillir to fail fletrir to fade fournir to furnish franchir to overleap fremir to shudder garantir to tvarrant garni r to garnish degamir to strip gemir to groan grandir to grow up gravir to climb grossir to grow big guerir to cure investir to invest jaillir to spring jouir to enjoy languir to languish maigrir to get lean mugir to low, bellow munir to provide murir to ripen noircir to blacken nourrir to nourish obeir to obey palir to grow pale patir to suffer perir to perish polir to polish Punir To punish rajeunir to grow young ralentir to slacken ravir to ravish demolir to demolish bondir to bound reflechir to reflect fiechir to move refroidir to cool rejaillir to gush out re jouir to rejoice remplir to fill repartir to divide retentir to resound reunir to reunite reussir to succeed rotir to roast, broil rougir to redden, blush rugir to roar saisir to seize salir to soil subir to undergo surgir to spring up ternir to tarnish trahir to betray unir to unite verdir to grow green vieillir to get old benir to bless fleurir to bloom hair to hate Remarks. 1. Benir has two Past Participles : hem, blessed; benit, consecrated. 2. Fleurir has two stems No. 2: fleuriss — in the proper sense, floriss — in the figurative. 3. Hair has no diaeresis in the sing, of the Present Indie. QUESTIONS. 1. "What difference is there between the Present Subj. and the Imper- fect Subj. in the 315 verbs conjugated like^nirl 2. What is the differ- ence between the 3rd pers. sing, of the Preterite and the 3rd pers. sing. of the Imperfect Subj.? 3. Give the principal parts of ten of the verbs above. 4. How can you easily remember if a verb in ir is or is not con- jugated like finir? 5. Give the Present Indie, of hair. 6. Give the Imperative of hair and obeir. 7. Give the 1st person of each tense of — finir, punir, ravir, rejouir, benir. 151$ VINGT-NEUVI^ME LEgOff. VERBS IN IK. Not Conjugated like Finir. 1. o 3. 4. Cueill ir to gather je cueill e n. cueill ons je cueill i's cueill i Assaill ir to asset il j 'assaill e n. assaill ons j 1 assaillis assaill i Ouvr ir to open j'ouvrc n. ouvr ons j 'ouvr is ouver t Couvr ir to cover je couvr e n. couvr ons je couvr is couvert Offrir to offer j'offre n. offr ons j'offr is offer t Souffr ir to suffer je souff r e n. souffr ons je souffr is souffert Com* ir torun je cours n. cour ons je cour us cour u Vetir to cloth je v§ts n. vet ons je vet is vet u Part ir to leave je par s n. part ons je part is parti Sort ir to go out je sors n. sort o»s je sort is sort i Sent ir to feel je sen s n. sent ons je sent is senti Ment ir to lie je men s n. ment ons je mentis menti Se repent ir to repent je me repen s n. n. repent ons je me repent is repent i Dorni ir to sleep je dors n. dorm ons je dorm is dormi Serv ir to serve je ser s n. serv ons je serv is servi Boutft ir to boil je bous n. bouill ons je bouill is bouill i Fuir to flee je fuis n. f uy o?is je fu is fui Yen ir to come je viens n. ven ons je v ins ven u Tenir to hold je tiens n. tenons je t ins ten ii Acquer ir to acquire j'acquiers n. acquer ons j 'acquis acqu is Mour ir to die je meurs n. mour ons je mour us mort Irregularities in the Formation of Tenses. : acquerir, acquerrsd cueillir, cueillersd counr, courrsd venir, viendrai mourn*, mourrsLi tenir, tiendrsd The stems fuy — , ren — , ten — , acquSr — , mour — ; are changed to fui—, vienn— , tienn— , acquier — , ineur— , before e mute. QUESTIONS. 1. Give the Future of — cueillir, courir, venir, acquerir, mourir, se repentir, assaillir. 2. Give the Present Indicative and the Present Sub- junctive of — ouvrir, vetir, servir, fuir, tenir, acquerir, mourir. 3. Give the Past Indefinite and Past Subjunctive of — accueillir, sounrir, secourir, consentir, bouillir, conquerir, soutenir. 4. Give the Present and Imper- fect Subjunctive of — consentir, compatir, desservir, avertir, partir, divertir. 5. Give the 2d pers. sing, of each tense of — recueillir, couvrir, maigrir, servir, gravir, ralentir, pressentir, reunir, retenir. VIXGT-XEUVI^ME L E g O X. 157 DERIVATIVES. Cueillir to gather recueillir to reap, gather accueillir to receive saillir to jut assaillir to assa il tressaillir to start ouvrir to open rouvrir to open again couvrir to cover recouvrir to rccovci decouvrir to discover offrir to offer mesoffrir to underbid souffrir to suffer courir to run accourir to run parcourir to go over recourir to resort to secourir to relieve concourir to concur discourir to discourse encourir to incur vGtir to clothe revetir to clothe devetir to undress survetir to overclothe partir to depart repartir to leave again departir to desist Sortir to go out ressortir to go out again sentir to feel ressentir to feel pressentir to have a pre- sentiment consentir to consent dissentir to dissent assentir to assent mentir to lie dementir to belie dor in ir to sleep redormir to sleep again endorinir to lull asleep s'endormir to fall asleep servir to serve [cloth desservir to remove the resservir to serve again bouHZir to boil rebouillir to boil again ebouillir to boil away debouillir to boil in dyeing fuir to flee s'enfuir to flee acquerir to acquire requerir to require conquerir to conquer reconquerir to reconquer s'enquerir to inquire Venir to come revenir to come back de venir to become redevenir tobecome again parvenir to reach prevenir to precede provenir to come from a venir to happen ad venir to happen snrvenir to happen sub venir to relieve intervenir to intervene contrevenir to infringe con venir to suit, agree disconvenir to deny circonvenir to circumvent se souvenir to remember tenir to hold retenir to retain detenir to detain obtenir to obtain contenir to contain maintenir to maintain soutenir to suostain appartenir to belong entretenir to entertain s'entretenir to discourse s'abstenir to abstain Remarks. 1. Saillir. Futur: Saillera. Saillir, to gush out, is like flnir. 2. Repartir, to divide, to portion ; assortir, to match ; ressortir, to be in the jurisdiction; asservir, to enslave, are not conjugated Like paitir, sortir, servir, but like finir. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. Give the 1st pers. sing, of each tense of — repartir, repartir, cherir, bouillir, ressortir (to go out again), assortir, servir, asservir. 2. Give the Conditional and Imperfect Indicative of — cueillir, assaillir, ouvrir, courir. 3. Give the 2nd pers. plural of each tense of — se rejouir, s ? amuser, s'endormir, se reunir. 4. How do you form the Present Subjunctive? 5. How do you form the Imperfect Subjunctive? 6. What is the difference between the Present and Imperfect Subjunctive of finir and verbs like finir. 7. Why is there a circumflex accent in the 3rd pers. sing, of the Imperfect Subjunctive? 8. What endings are silent? 9. Give the 3rd pers. plural of each tense of mourir 158 VINGT-HUITI^ME LEgON. EXERCISES. 127. 1. Obeissez-vous tou jours a vos parents? 2. Vous avez Ste* puni parce que vous avez desobei. 3. Vous agissez sans refle- ebir ; reflechissez avant d'agir. 4. Vous rougissez parce que vous n'avez pas dit la ve"rit6, c'est-a-dire, parce que vous avez nienti. 5. Ne mentez jamais; le inensonge est odieux. 6. Si vous ne travaillez pas da vantage, vous ne reussirez pas. 7. Pourquoi ne reussissez-vous pas? C'est parce que vous ne remplissez pas vos devoirs. 8. Vous courez trop vite, vous tomberez. 128. 1. Obey your parents. 2. Study while (pendant que) you are young. 3. You forget what I have told you. 4. Why are you blushing? 5. Have you forgotten to finish your exercise. 6. Open this window, and close that window. 7. You come, you obey, you are going out, you come back. 8. You choose and I choose, you consent and I consent, you forget and I forget. 9. You were choosing, you would choose ; you were going out, you would go out. 10. You sleep, you were sleeping well. 129. 1. Have you opened the window? 2. Not yet; I shall open it right away. 3. Do you wish to go out this evening? 4. I will go out with you, if you do not come back very late. 5. If you come with me, we shall come back early. 6. Did you sleep well last night? Thank you, I slept very well. 7. Why did you not come back early last night? 8, Because we were (have been) detained by our friends. 9. Next time you will remember what I tell you. 10. I wish (that) you might obey (Subj.) me better. 130. 1. Think before you act (before to act). 2. Never consent to a bad action. 3. I would consent to pardon you, if you should repent your fault. 4. I really feel that I was wrong, and I am very sorry of having disobeyed you. 5. These flowers smell good ; gather a few. 6. The little girls were clothed in (of) white ; they were running on the lawn (la pelouse) ; they enjoyed (amused) themselves very much. 7. Is tea rea.dy? Not yet, the water is not boiling ; it will boil soon. 8. Shun (the) bad company. If you touch (the) mud, you will get dirty (se salir). VIXGT-HUITIEME L E g O N . 159 LE MISANTHROPE ET LE TARTUFE. Le Misanthrope (1666) est sans contredit le chef-d'oeuvre de Moliere. Le but du poete est dy donner une lecon de tolerance sociale. Malgre son merite, cette piece ne fut pas d'abord bien recue, parce que le public ne s'etait pas encore eleve a la hauteur du genie du celebre coniedien qui venait de se surpasser lui- nieme. Le Misanthrope parut froid, et il fallut que Moliere fit representer en menie temps une farce, le Medecin malgre lui, pour que le theatre ne fut pas vide. On raconte qua la suite d'une representation du Misanthrope, Boileau felicitait Moliere de cet admirable chef-d'oeuvre. « Vous verrez bien autre chose, » lui dit son ami. II voulait parler du Tart life (1667), qu'on regarde comme un des plus parfaits ouvrages du grand poete. II y flagelle l'hypocrisie, et le nom de Tartufe est devenu depuis lors synonyme de faux devot. Le Tartufe souleva contre Moliere une violente tempete. Les faux devots le denoneerent comme un impie et un athee. Un cure de Paris alia jusqu'a dire dans une brochure, qu'il fallait bruler un homme aussi dange- reux. Le roi s'etonna de ce soulevement, et dans une conversa- tion qu'il eut avec le prince de Conde, il lui fit observer telle piece ou Dieu etait insulte et qui avait cependant ete support^e. « Sire, lui repondit le prince, dans cette piece on n'offense que Dieu, tandis que Moliere s'attaque aux hommes.B Les faux devots reussirent neanmoins a faire suspendre pendant deux ans la comedie de Tartufe. Bourdaloue lui-meme tonna contre Fau- teur, tandis que Fenelon, au contraire, se rejouissait de voir tourner en ridicule un vice qu'il abhorrait. (BozraEFOX) QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 1. G-ive the plural of — le chef-d'oeuvre; cette piece fut recue; il s'etait eleve ; il est devenu. 2. Grive the feminine of — le faux devot ; un ami affectueux; un homme dangereux; cet acteur est excellent; c'est un artiste superieur. 3. Grive the endings for the Present Subj. 4. G-ive the Present Subj. of — avoir, etre, parler, finir. 5. Grive the Imperfect Subj. of — avoir, etre, jouer, prier, finir. 6. Give the 1st pers. sing, and plural of each tense of— lacer, manger, lever, celebrer, sucrer. 7. Give the Present Indicat. and the Past "indefinite of — se tromper, se blesser, arriver, etre, recompense. 8. Give a list of the interrogative pronouns. 9. G-ive the feminine of — bref, cruel, age, gros, frais,"heroique, grec, public, ture, favori, joli, rualin. ieo tnGT-NEUTlilMK LE ons & v. » ez ils d ont $ je (1) REgoi s S tu » s g il » t ri n. (2) recev ons | v. » ez * ils REgoiv ent £ REgoi s jg recev ons * » ez H hf je » ais 2 tu » ais 2 il » ait h n. » ions § v. i> iez g ils » aient . je recev ais 8 tu » ais i^ il » ait h n. » ions § v. » iez w ils » aient . je (3) RE g us H tu j> US | il » ut § n. » limes « v. » utes 04 ils » urent . que je REgoiv e 3 que tu » es la qu'il » e co que n. recev ions pf que v. » iez * qu'ils REgoiv ent g que je REguss e p que tu » es M . qu'il »' ~t* § que n. » ions g que v. j> iez g qu'ils » ent INFINIT. I RECEVOIR pr. part.: recev ant PAST PART. I W REgU Compound Tense s. PAST INDEFINITE j'ai PLUPERFECT j'av PAST ANTERIOR j'ei FUTURE ANTERIOR j'ai CONDITIONAL PAST j'ai regu past subj. ais » PLUPERFECT LS » PAST INFINI Lrai » PRESENT PA Lrais » que j'aie regit c subj. que j'eusse » tive avoir » rt. ayant » Verbs like Recevoir. Only six verbs, (verbs in evoir) are conjugated like recevoir. Dec evoir, to deceive perc evoir, to collect d evoir, to owe (must) Cone evoir, to conceive aperc evoir, to perceive red evoir, to owe still Devoir and redevoir have a circonflex in the Past Participle masc. singular: du, dus. * Qu'il re^ut.,— The circumflex takes the place of the two s&. V I X G T - X E U V 1 & M E L E a g n. » ons 5 il «5 n. (2) » t » ons £ » ons B v. » ez » ez £ » ez ils » ont * ils d ent M •j je » ais u ^ » ais . je (3) vend is 3 tu » ais B tu » ais | tu » is 2 il » ait fc 11 » ait 1 & * it m n. » ions h n. » ions g n. » imes § v. » iez 1 v - H ils » iez ti v. » ftes g ils » aient » aient * ils » irent ^ queje » e g que je vendiss e n que tu » es & que tu » es 5 qu'il » e ■ qu'il d "t* § que n. » ions g que n. » ions 03 que v. » iez § que v. » iez * qu'ils » ent g qu'ils » ent INFINIT. I VENDRE PR. PART. : » ant PAST PART. : (4) VENDU Compound Tenses. past indefinite j'ai vendu past sub J. que j'aie vendu pluperfect j'avais » pluperfect sub J. que j'eusse d PAST ANTERIOR j'eUS » past infinitive avoir » future anterior j'aurai T> present part. ayant x» conditional past j'aurais » Verbs in re not like Vendre. Craindre and all verbs in indre; all given on next page. Conduire and all verbs in uire; all given on next page. Conclure, rire, vaincre; — mettre, battre, suivre, vivre, ecrire; — croire, traire, braire; — croitre, naitre, connaitre, paraitre, paitre; — dire, faire, plaire, taire, lire, suffire, coudre; — resoudre, moudre, prendre, boire. + When the last letter of the stem is d or t, leave off the t of the endings. * Qu'il vendit. — The circumflex takes the place of the two ss. TRENTIEME LEgoif. 165 Rep anil re to spill epandre to spread vendre to sell revendre to sell again survendre to oversell mevendre to sell under rendre to give back [price f endre to split def endre to defend, forbid ref endre to split again pourf'endre to cleave pendre to hang dependre to depend appendre to hang up suspendre to suspend tendre to stretch VERBS LIKE VENDRE. They are all given here. Retendre to stretch again Fondre to melt etendre to extend detendre to unbend distendre to distend pretendre to pretend attendre to wait entendre to hear [stand sous-entendre to under- descendre to descend redescendre to d. again condescendre to con- perdre to lose [descend reperdre to lose again repondre to answer correspondre to corres- pondre to lay eggs [pond EXERCISES. refondre to recast confondre to confound morfondre to chill parfondre to fuse tondre to shear retondre to shear again mordre to bite remordre to bite again demordre to let go tordre to twist retordre to twist again detordre to untwist rompre to break corrompre to corrupt interrompre to interrupt 134. The Principal Parts of a verb being given, conjugated that verb. Craixdre. — 1. je crains, 2. n. craigno?is; 3. je craignis, 4. craint. All the verbs in indre are given here; conjugate a few of them. Craindre to fear plaindre to pity complaindre to complain contraindre to constrain peindre to paint repeindre to paint again depeindre to depict teindre to dye reteindre to dye again deteindre to lose its color eteindre to extinguish Atteindre to reach ratteindre to overtake empreindre to imprint epreindre to press enfreindre to infringe aveindre to take from astreindre to bind restreindre to restrain etreindre to clasp ceindre to gird enceindre to enclose 135. Feindre to feign geindre to moan jo indre to join rejoindre to rejoin dejoindre to disjoin disjoindre to disjoin adjoindre to adjoin conjoindre to conjoin enjoindre to enjoin oindre to anoint poindre to dawn Conduire. — 1. je conduis, 2. n. conduiscws; 3. je conduis is, 4. conduit. All the verbs in uire are given here ; conjugate a few of them. Reconduire to reconduct Retraduire to retranslate Detruire to destroy econduire to show out reduire to reduce enduire to coat induire to induce deduire to deduct seduire to seduce traduire to translate introduire to introduce produire to produce reproduire to reproduce instruire to instruct construire to construct reconstruire to reconstruct deconstruire to demolish cuire to cook recuire to cook again decuire to thin (sirup) nuire to injure luire to shine reluire to glitter entreluire to glimmer Remark.— The Past Part, of nuire, luire is nui, lui. Luire has no Pret, 16(5 TRENTI&ME L£ Vaincre : il vaine.-When the last letter of the stem is a t or d, do not use the ending t. Ex. : Je met s, il met ; je vend S, il vend. Regular Endings, — S — s — t je tu il n. • v. • ils- 0118 ez ent Dire (and redire only), faire: v. dites, v. faites. Faire, aller: ils font, ils vont. II. — In the stem. These irregularities take place in the Future (and Conditional), and in the stem "of part 2. 1. — In forming the Future* and the Conditional, the follow- ing verbs drop i or oi, or change a few letters. voi r cour i r acquer ir mour ir recev oir nleiiroir mouv o ir savoi> eouwai acquerrai mourr a i recevrai pleuvr a rnouvrai saur a i pouv o i r voul o*r val oir fall otr asseozr » (surse oir pourr a i voudrat vaudr a i f audr a assiera* assoiraz- surseoiraf) envoy er faire cue ill ir ven ir ten ir allcr verr a i enverr ai f er a i cueiller ai viendrai tiendr ai ivai 2. — In the Present (Indic.) and in the Present Subj., a few verbs double the n, or change n into oi, ou into eu, etc. before an e niute. X. pren o?is, v. prenez, ils prennen?; n. buvo?zs, v. buve^, ils hoi 1'e^f. 3. — In the Subj. Present, xowloir, valoir, fall oii\ aller have a liquid ill : veuill — , vaill — , faill — , aill — , before e mute; and faire, pouv oir, sav oir have a special stem : fass — , puiss — , sach — , throughout. The Imperative of savoir is : saeh e, sach o?is, sach ez, the Present Partic. : sach ant. Que je veuill e, que n. vonl ions; que j'aille, que n. sl1Ho?is. Que je fasse, que n. fass ions; que je puiss e, que n. puiss ions. Remarks. — Avoir and §tre are not considered in these irregularities. * The Future originally was formed by using the Present of avoir (j'ai, to. AS.il A, etc.) with the Infinitive of a verb. Ex.: Fixir. I shall finish, finir ai. Later on these two parts were written in one word : rorraai; DoxNERai", VEXDRai. The Conditional was formed in the same manner with the endings of the Imperfect of avoir, j'avAis, etc. TRENTE ET UNIQUE LE(JON. 173 VERBES IRREGtTLIERS RAREMENT USIT^S. 1 1. 2. 3. 4. Clo re to close je clos, il clot qu'il close clos Eclo re to hatch il eclot ils eclosent eclos Enclo re to inclose j'enclos n. enclosons enclos Brui re to rustle il bruit il bruyait Fri re to fry je fris • frit lEch oir to fall (due) il eclioit echeant il echut echu il echoira, echerra Dechoir to decline je dechois n. dechoyons je dechus dechu il dechoira, decherra Se oir to become ; il sied il seyait ■ il siera ils sieent Se oir to be situated Pres. P.: seant sis Faill ir to fail je faillis failli G-es ir to lie (dead) ilgit il gisait Bienvenir to wellcome bienvenu Ou ir to hear OU1 II y a encore quelques verbes que Ton rencontre tres rarement, comme : querir, ferir, cfiauvir, choir, messeoir, apparoir, chaloir, souloir, comparoir, se douloir, sourdre, soudre, duire, occire, reclure, etc. Faill ir, to make bankrupt, se conjugue comme finir; peu usite. EXERCISES. 139. 1. II faut que je close mon inventaire. 2. J'ai trouve" porte close. 3. Les petits oiseaux sont 6clos. 4. Quelques papillons, comme les fleurs, eclosent aux premieres chaleurs du soleil. 5. Quelles merveilles e'closent sous ses doigts! 6. J'ai mange des pommes de terre frites. 7. Ces hommes ne chantent pas, ils braient. 8. Les entendez-vous braire? 9. On entendait bruire les vagues et le tonnerre. 10. Cette robe vous sied bien. 11. Ces couleurs vous sieent a merveille. 12. Le cas echeant, vous pouvez compter sur moi. 13. J'ai oui dire qu'on a arrete le voleur. 14. J'ai failli me noyer (drown). 15. La memoire lui faillit. 16. Les ennemis s'emparerent de la ville sans coup ferir. 17. Les morts et les mourants gisaient pele-mele. 18. Ci-git ce fameux conquerant qui fit trembler le monde. 171 TRENTE ET UNI^ME LE(JON. L'AVARE, COMEDIE DE MOLI^RE. Harpagon, Favare, n'ahne que son argent; il ne voit que des voleurs autour de lui, il soupconne tout le nionde de vouloir lui voler son argent. Son fils et sa fille causent-ils & part: «Je crois, dit-il, quils se font signe Fun a l'autre de me voler ma bourse, » II f ouille le valet de son fils ; apres avoir visite ses deux mains, il demande les autres. II refuse a ses enfants le necessaire, et son fils, reduit a manquer de tout, devient joueur. Harpagon Tap- prend et au lieu de lui reprocher ce vice, il lui conseille de placer a gros interet F argent qull gagne au jeu. L'Avare songe a etablir ses deux enfants: sans s'inquieter le moins du monde de leurs gouts, il a fait choix d'une riche veuve pour son fils Cleante, et pour sa fille, filise, du seigneur Anselme, un homme mtir qui n'a pas plus de cinquante ans, mais noble, doux, pose, sage et fort riche parce que celui-ci s'engage a la prendre sans dot. Son intendant, Valere, qui aspire secretement a la main d'filise, lui fcit quelques objections: mais a chaque objection, Favare n'a qu'une reponse qui est tout a fait decisive : « Sans dot. » Harpagon n'a hate d'etablir ses enfants qui pour epouser lui- meme une jeune fille pauvre dont la beaute l'a charme et qui apportera en menage, a def aut de fortune, mille qualites precieuses, beaucoup de frugality et d'economie. II se croit*obfige de Tinviter a diner, mais il s'agit de depenser le moins possible. Harpagon tache de s'entendre avec son cuisinier, qui est aussi son cocher, dans une scene du dernier comique. Pendant le repas, Harpagon decouvre que son fils est epris de cette meme Marianne qu'il veut epouser. Mais tout a coup un affreux malheur vient lui faire oublier tous ses projets. II s'aper- goit qu'on lui a vole sa cassette qu'il tenait enfouie dans son jardin et qui contenait dix mille ecus. Son desespoir est au comble. II accourt, sans chapeau, et s'ecrie: «Au voleur! au voleur ! k l'assassin ! au meurtrier ! Justice, je suis perdu, je suis assassine! on m'a coupe la gorge: on m'a derobe mon argent. b Dans son e*garement, il se saisit lui-meme par le bras : « Arrete, rends-moi mon argent, coquin!... Ah! c'est moi! Mon esprit est TREXTE ET UN IE ME LE^ON. 175 trouble, je ne sais plus ce que je fais. Helas! mon pauvre argent ! mon pauvre argent ! mon cher ami ! onm'a prive de toi ! et, puisque tu m'es enleve, j'ai perdu ma consolation, ma joie. Sans toi, il m'est impossible de vivre. C'en est fait ; je n'en puis plus; je me meurs, je suis mort, je suis enterre. N'y a-t-il per- sonne qui veuille me ressusciter en me rendant mon cher argent. . . Je veux faire donner la question a toute ma maison, a servantes, a valets, a fils, a fille, a moi aussi. Je veux faire pendre tout le monde, et, si je ne retrouve pas mon argent, je me pendrai moi- meme apres.» II appelle a son aide, commissaires, archers, prevots, juges, potences, bourreaux. Maitre Jacques, qui a a se plaindre de l'intendant Valere, l'accuse de ce vole. Cet intendant n'est autre que Tamant deguise d'Elise, qui tache de gagner la tendresse d'Harpagon en donnant dans ses maxim es et en applaudissant a ce qu'il fait. Valere se croit denonce et au langage de TAvare s'imagine qu'il s'agit non de sa cassette mais de sa fille, ce qui amene de plaisants malentendus. A la fin, il se trouve que ce sont les enfants d'Har- pagon qui ont fait disparaitre la precieuse cassette afin de forcer leur pere a abandonner ses projets. Le seigneur Anselme, qui n'est autre que le pere de Valere et de Marianne, renonce a Elise en faveur de son fils, et l'Avare renonce a son tour a Marianne, consent a tout, a condition qu' Anselme fasse les frais de ces deux manages et qu'on lui rende sa chdre cassette. Boxxefox QUESTIONS FOR BE VIEW. 1. Parse all the verbs in this reading. 2. Give a list of the Personal Pronouns. 3. Decline: le brave general ; quel chapeau ; lequel ; celui-ci ; le mien, la mienne, notre ami et le votre. 4. Give the Present Indica- tive, the Past Indefinite, the Present Subjunctive and the Past Sub- junctive of — aller, venir, croire, mettre, naitre. 5. Give the Preterite and the Past Participle of — ouvrir, servir, aller, venir, naitre, voir, mettre, construire, nuire, peindre, pendre, prendre, boire, vaincre. 6. Give the masculine of — precieuse, agreable, longue, fausse, historique, publique, turque, inquiete, blanche, douce, belles, folles, sottes, nulles, generales. 7. Give the singular of — beaux, belles, chevaux, cheveux, travaux, generaux, genereux, feux, faux, fous, bijoux, clous, cieux, aieux, yeux, bestiaux, vieux, vieilles, jaloux, heureux* 1W TRENTE ET UNI&ME LE^OST. EXERCISES. mettre, to put demeureur, to ?-eside Fecriture, ike writing porter, to carry roster, to stay le maitre, the teacher tirer, to pull, to take off vivre de ses rentes, to Faciei*, the steel oter, to take off live on one s income line plume d'oie, a quill echapper, to escape se ranter, to boast les souliers, the shoes eclater de rire, to burst le cheinin, the way le velours, the velvet out laughing le voleur, the thief la soie, the silk rire aux eclats, to laugh regulier, regular le drap, the cloth loud tout droit, straight on la laine, the wool 140. 1. Quand partirez-vous ? 2. Nous partirons demain soir. 3. Nous partirions ce soir si nous etions prets. 4. Pourquoi ne par- tez-vous pas la seuiaine prochaine? 5. Je partirais avec vous. 6. Ne mentez jamais; le uiensonge est odieux. 7. Servez-nous tout de suite ; nous sommes presses. 8. Ces messieurs sont servis. 9. II ne sert a rien de courir, il faut partir a temps. 10. Sentez cette rose; elle sent bon. 11. Sentez- vous le froid? 12. Je ne me sens pas bien ; je me sens un peu indispose. 141. 1. We are ready ; serve the tea. 2. Will (voulez) you go out while it is fine weather? 3. I have already been out this morn- ing. 4. Would you go out if I would go with you? 5. Have you anything to sell? 6. What have you to sell? 7. Who has sold you these books? 8. I forbid you to touch (to) that. 9. Have you heard what I said? 10. Have you returned the money that you have borrowed? 11. I shall return it soon. 12. Which hat will t you put on to (pour) go out? 142. 1. Put this knife in your pocket. 2. Why do you not put your gloves on? 3. Because it is too hot; I have put them in my pocket. 4. Take off your overcoat. 5. If your mother would allow it to you, you would put on your velvet dress every day. 6. What dress will you put on at your cousin's wedding? 7. I will wear a white silk dress. 8. Do you allow me to go out to-night ? 9. I allow you to go out until ten o'clock. 10. I shall go out at half past seven. 11. They allow him to do all that he wishes. 12. Do you go to the theater? Do you go away? TRENTE ET UXI^ME LE(JON. 177 143. 1. You always put off (remettre) to the next day (au lende- main) what you ought (devriez) to do to-day. 2. Why did you not follow my advice (avis)? 3. If you were wise, you would follow his advice. 4. Are you not convinced of his wrong? 5. What you tell me does not convince me that I am wrong. 6. I repent my faults (de mes f antes). 7. He has repented his faults. 8. Where do you live now? 9. We used to live (imperfect) in the country ; but now we live in the city. 144. 1. Would you not laugh at him if he would lose? 2. I think we will laugh ; he is boasting too much. 3. You make me laugh. 4. Y/hen he heard that, he burst out laughing. 5. We were laughing when you entered. 6. You would smile if you would hear him. 7. I do not laugh at you ; I was laughing, because these children make me laugh. 8. One must eat in order to live and not live in order to eat. 9. This family live well. 10. They live on their income. 11. My grandfather lived eighty-five years. 145. 1. Follow me ; I will show you the way. 2. I will follow you. 3. Follow straight on this way. 4. If you had f ollowed . my directions (instructions) you would have found the way. 5. They pursued the thief, but in vain. 6. The thieves were pursued, but they escaped. 7. I begin to feel sleepy. 8. You will fall asleep if you drink that beer. 9. You can use this pencil; I have another. 10. Do you use my book now? 11. I have used it; I am through with it (j 1 ai fini). 12. Your shoes are worn out. 13. You wear out many shoes in (en) one year. 146. 1. The countryman was following a donkey. 2. He said: I am not what I follow. 3. If I were what I follow, I would not be what I am. 4. Did you read your newspaper (journal) ? 5. If you are through, lend it to me. 6. Will you lend it to me? 7. Will you not lend it to me? 8. lam learning to write with the writing-teacher. 9. We write with steel pens, we do not write with quills. 10. You have written badly. 11. This page is badly written. 12. I will write better, if I can. 13. You must (il faut que vous) write one page every day ; one page well written. 178 T RENTE ET UNIEME LE(JON. J 47. 1. What are you doing? 2. I am writing a letter to my mother. 3. Have you done your exercises? 4. I have not yet finished them. 5. I shall finish them when I (shall) have written my letter. 6. Do I displease you? 7. I do not wish to displease you. 8. You would please me more if you would behave better. 9. Be silent ! you talk too much. 10. You make too many mistakes. 11. You would make fewer mistakes if you were more careful (soigneux). 12. You would do better if you were silent. 148. 1. Everybody knows that man. Do you not know him? 2. No, I do not. 3. You would know him if you would live in this town. 4. He would like to see you. 5. Take him into the parlor. 6. How are you? I was fearing that you might be (ne fussiez) sick. 7. A conflagration (un incendie) destroyed the theatre. 8. The building (l'edifice) was entirely destroyed. 9. Do you read the French History? 10. Do you translate Virgil? 11. When I left the school we were translating Horace. 149. 1. The moon (la lune) appears and disappears behind the clouds (nuages). 2. The sun shines; it will be fine weather. 3. We will take (faire) a walk, if you wish. 4. If that pleases you, I will go out with the greatest pleasure. 5. If your son were here, I would introduce him into (en) good company (com- pagnie). 6. Do all what you can (in order) to please (to) your parents. 7. I would (voudrais) not displease (to) them for any- thing in the world (tout au monde). 8. This country is very fertile; it produces a large quantity of wheat (ble). 150. 1. The writers of good taste, do, undo, and do again a work (ouvrage) several times before publishing it (le publier). 2. The tragedies of Racine pleased the court of Louis XIV better than those of Corneille. 3. The fables of La Fontaine please me better than those of Florian. 4. After the battle of Pavie, Francis I. wrote to his mother : All is lost except honor. 5. Fon- tenelle, a French writer, was very weak when he was born ; how- ever, he reached the age of one hundred years. 6. The Athenians have often disregarded the services of great men. TRENTE ET UNI^ME LEgOtf. 179 151, 1. Do you know this town? 2. Yes, I remained (rester) a few months in it. 3. I used to know (Imperfect) jour family. 4. The children have been growing (grandi) ; you would not recog- nize them now. 5. Do you know that lady? 6. Do you know how to play chess (aux echecs) ? 7. I did not recognize you at first; you appear to me very much changed (change). 8. I know him by name (de nom). I know him by sight (de vue). 9. Do you like meat well done (bien cuite) ? 152. 1. The days are growing until the middle of June. 2. Bad herbs grow everywhere. 3. France produces a great deal of wine. 4. Everything that glitters is not gold. 5. Examples instruct better than precepts. 6. What will you that I do? 7. What are you doing? What were you doing? 8. Be silent, do not contradict me. 9. I told you what you have to do. 10. Do what I told you. 11. What do you say of that boy? 12. What do you think of that boy? 13. What did you say to that child? 153. 1. They informed (instruire) Coriolan of the approach of several Roman ladies. 2. At first he did not want that they should appear before him. 3. But when he recognized his mother and his wife, his anger disappeared. 4. The Roman ladies were introduced before him. 5. Coriolan advanced towards his mother and opened his arms to (pour) embrace her. 6. Can I recognize thee as my son? exclaimed the mother. 7. First I must (il faut que) know if I kiss an enemy or a son. 8. The century of Louis XIV produced the greatest writers. 154, 1. Do you learn French? 2. I have been learning it for six months. 3. At what time do you take your French lesson? 4. Why have you not taken your lesson last Monday? 5. Do you understand me when I speak quickly? 6. I understand nearly everything. 7. Have you learned by heart a few fables of La Fontaine? 8. You must (il faut que vous) learn every day a few lines by heart. 9. The young Greeks used to learn (Imperfect) by heart the poems of Homer. 9. Do you understand my question? 10. I did not understand it very well. 180 TRENTE ET tfiSTliME LEgOtf, 155. 1. Where shall I sit? 2. Sit near that lady. 3. I was sitting between my mother and my cousin. 4. Do you wish to sit here? 5. I will see you to-morroAV. 6. I will go (and) see you this even- ing. 7. I would like to see you next week. 8. Do you know my friend? 9. It is necessary that you learn (Subjunctive) and that you know your lessons better. 10. The Earth is moving around the Sun. 11. You must know this lesson before (that) you go (Subj.) home. 12. I hope to see them soon. 156. 1. Will you come and see us next Sunday? 2. We do not believe that he will come ; he is sick. 3. Open the windows, if you please ; I am suffering very much from the heat. 4. While (en) coming back we were overtaken by a storm. 5. Does your friend remember the time when we were at school together? 6. I remember always with a great deal of pleasure my voyage in Switzerland (Suisse). 7. He consents to his daughter's marriage. 8. His fortune will belong to his daughter after his death. 157. 1. Why did you not come back earlier? 2. You ought to (devoir) come back before half past ten. 3. You do not keep your promise. 4. I wish that you keep your promises. 5. When will you come and see me? 6. I will come next week. 7. To- morrow I shall go and see your mother. 8. I seldom go out, I like to be at home. 9.. I perceive the steeple (clocher) of the church, do you perceive it ? 10. I do not see very well. We shall soon see the houses. 11. My uncle lives in the country. 12. We received a basket (un panier) of peaches last week. 158. 1. Cicero obtained the suffrage (suffrage) of his fellow-citizens (concitoyens) and became consul. 2. The Vestals used to keep up the sacred fire. 3. I just (venir de) engaged (retenir) a cabin on the steamer. 4. We shall leave (partir) to-morrrow evening. 5. I just saw (venir de voir) your cousin. 6. I am going to see your uncle. 7. I just received (venir de recevoir) a telegram (un telegramme, or une depeche). 8. I am going to answer (to) it at once. 9. You had just left (vous veniez de partir) when I received a telegram for you. TRENTE ET UXlfeME LEgON. 181 159. I. You owe me one hundred and fifty dollars. 2. He owes us two hundred dollars. 3. We owed them much money ; but we have paid everything. 4. During the holidays (vacances) we wrote every day to our mother and we received a letter from her twice a week. 5. Yesterday we received a visit from your sister. 6. Read this work (ouvrage) ; it is well written. 7. You will easily perceive the beauties of that work. 8. Shall we go and see the setting of the sun (le coucher du soleil) ? 160. 1. Do not consider as your friend the one who approves all that you say and all that you do. 2. Take (conduire) these ladies to the parlor, and tell (to) them that I am coming in a minute or two. 3. Do you fear his anger (sa colere) ? As to myself (quant a moi), I do not fear it at all. 4. We paint one hour a day; we would paint more (davantage) if we had more time. 5. I would like that you should paint (Subj. Imperfect) a copy of this picture for me. 6. The violets grow in the meadows and in the woods. 161. 1. As we were ready to come back, a storm arose unexpectedly. 2. To say well and think well are nothing, without doing well. 3. Wait for me ; I am coming back in a moment. 4. When will you leave? I would like to leave with you. 5. We leave to- morrow night at ten o'clock. 6. One ought to blush to commit faults, but not to confess them. 7. To eat, to drink, to sleep, that is all his life. 8. My friend has written to me that she would come next month. 9. There are six months now that we have been learning French. 10. We promised to go next Saturday, 162. 1. Bonaparte succeeded (parvenir) in overthrowing (a renver- ser) the Directoire and soon after became First Consul. 2. I have sent for the doctor one hour ago ; he has not yet come. 3. We had finished our dinner when he entered. 4. If I had wished so, I would have received this office (une place). 5: When he had finished his lunch, he used to smoke (Imperfect) a cigar. 6. As soon as he will have arrived, run to inform me. 7. Come back in half an hour, I will have finished my letters. 8. I would con- vince hini if I could speak to him. ISi T RENTE ET UN I ft ME LE(?ON. 163. 1. You would have praised me, if I had succeeded. 2. Go to church and try to become a better man. 3. It is possible that I shall go next Sunday. 4. If you will believe me, go there. 5. Let us go there together. 6. Your mother is sleeping ; let (laisser) her sleep. 7. Do not wake her up; do not make any noise. 8. Take this book, read, and be quiet. 9. May I die (que je . . .) on the spot if I do not tell you the truth. 10. I must (falloir) go to the office (bureau) immediately. 164. 1. Shall we soon go to the country? 2. We would go next week if we could be ready. 3. It would be necessary for me to go to Paris next month. 4. Do you need anything? 5. Can I do anything that may be agreeable to you? 6. Send me your servant and I will send you the book which you ask. 7. It is said (on dit) that we are going to have war. 8. Alexander conquered Asia, and Caesar conquered Gaul. 9. These children would run the whole day if they were allowed to. 165. 1. The only true friends are those which are not afraid of tell- ing us the truth, when it is a question (il s'agit) of our good. 2. Everyone reaps what he has sown. 3. A storm assailed us when we were going out of the harbor (le port). 4. His good qualities acquired for him the esteem of everybody. 5. Our happy days fly (voler) swiftly. 6. Let us shun (the) bad company if we wish to remain good. 7. You will put these eggs into the water as soon as it boils. 8. The man was absent-minded (distrait) and put his watch into the water instead of the eggs. 166. 1. Could you tell me what this house is worth ? 2. When shall we see the landlord (proprietaire) ? 3. I must know that, in order that I may make him my offers. 4. I had not foreseen your arrival ; I cannot tell you at present. 5. Sit down for a moment ; please be seated (veuillez vous asseoir). 6. I am going to see when we can speak to him. 7. We sat under the shade of a tree, and soon we saw some savages come out of the forest (la foret). 8. When will you know your lessons? Don't you know them yet? 9. I should have liked you to have known them sooner. T RENTE ET UN IE ME LE8 TRENTE-QUATRI^ME LE(JON. SUBJUNCTIVE. The Indicative mood is used in principal &n& in subordinate clauses; it expresses something as an actual fact, a certainty. The Subjunctive mood is used only in subordinate clauses; it expresses something with an idea, a feeling of uncertainty, of doubt. Remark. — The conjunction que which generally precedes the Subjunctive, also often precedes the Indicative. Conjunctions requiring the Subjunctive. Ann que, pour que, quoique, bien que, encore que, pourvu que, suppose que, en cas que, pour peu que, si peu que, avant que, sans que, en attendant que, soit que, soit que... ou que, de crainte que, in order that in order that though though though provided suppose in case however little hoivever little before that without until whether whether.,, or for fear De peur que, a moins que, que, lest que used for one of the above conjunctions used for si, if however however ivhatever, whoever whoever whatever qui que ce soit qui, ivhoever quoi que ce soit qui, whatever c'est assez que, it is enough that c'est peu que, it is little that ce n'est pas que, it is not that non pas que, not that... que, si... que, quel que.., quel que, qui que, quoi que, Conjunctions requiring the Indicative. Ainsi que, as a mesure que, in proportion as, as de meme que, as ■ au lieu que, whereas des que, as soo?i as peut-etre que, perhaps aussitot que, as soon as parce que, because sitot que, as soon as puisque, since pendant que, ivhilst outre que, besides tandis que, whilst vu que, seeing that apres que, after attendu que, as depuis que, since (the time) tout... que, however autant que, as much as de ce que, that tant que, as long as comme, as Conjunctions requiring the Indicative or Subjunctive. According to their expressing certainty or doubt. De maniere que, so that de facon que, so that de sorte que, so that en sorte que, so that selon que, according as jusqu'a ce que, until, till si ce n'est que, except that a condition que, with the c. that TRENTE-QUATRI^ME LE^ON. 199 IMPERSONAL VERBS. Doubt=SubjunetiYe. II f aut que, it is necessary that. . . il est necessaire que, it is necessary that... il est temps que, it is time that il se peut que, it is possible that il est possible que, it is possible that il est impossible que, it is impos- sible that il vaut mieux que, it is better that il est preferable que, it is better that il n'est pas probable que, it is not probable that il semble que, it seems that est-il vrai que, is it true that Certainty or Probability=Ind. II est certain que, it is certain that il est sur que, it is sure that il est evident que, it is evident that il est clair que, it is clear that il est indubitable que, it is beyond doubt that il arrive que, it happens that il parait que, it appears that il est vraisemblable que, it is likely that il est probable que, it is probable that il me semble que, it seems to me that il est vrai que, it is true that VERBS EXPRESSING: Emotion=Subjunctive. fit re content que, to be pleased that etre charme que, to be charmed that etre ravi que, to be delighted that se rejouir que, to rejoice that etre triste que, to be sad that etre fache que, to be sorry that regretter que, to regret... se plaindre que, to complain... avoir honte que, to be ashamed... avoir peur que, to fear that craindre que, to fear trembler que, to tremble prendre garde que, to take care etre surpris que, to be surprised s'etonner que, to be astonished Will or desire=Subjunctive. Vouloir que, to ivill exiger que, to demand commander que, to command ordonner que, to order defendre que, to defend empecher que, to prevent permettre que, to permit souffrir que, to suffer desirer que, to desire souhaiter que, to ivish aimer que, to like preferer que, to prefer demander que, to ask prier que, to pray trouver bon que, to find good that Thought or Speech=Indicative. But when negative or interrogative, and there is some doubt use the Subjunctive. Dire que, to say that... assurer que, to assure that... affirmer que, to affirm that... declarer que, to declare that... pretendre que, to claim that... soutenir que, to uphold that... avouer que, to confess that... Penser que, to think that... croire que, to believe that... esperer que, to hope that... s'imaginer que, to imagine that., supposer que, to suppose that... savoir que, to know that... ne pas ignorer que, to know that., Remark. — After douter que, to doubt if..., nier que, to deny... desesperer que, to despair, ignorer que, not to know, use the Subjunctive, 200 TREXTE-QU ATKI&ME LEgON. EXERCISES. Translate and tell why the verb is in the Subjunctive or in the Indicative. 189. 1. Rentrons avant qu'il nefasse nuit. 2. Relisez votre lecon, afln que vous la sachiez mieux. 3. Je sortirai, soit qu'il veuille ougw'il ne veuille pas. 4. Quoiqu'il me Yait bien proinis, il n'est pas vena. 5. Je vous promets (Taller passer quelques jours chez vous, pourvu cependant que mon pere y consente. 6. Votre tante est bien malade; que ferez-vous en cas g^'elle meurel 7. Que f eriez- vous en cas quelle mouriitl 190. 1. Pourvu qu'on saclie la passion dominante de quelqu'un on est sur de lui plaire. 2. Je vous punirai jusqu'a ce que je vous ate gueri de votre paresse. 3. Je l'ai puni jusqu'a ce que je Yeus gueri de sa paresse. 4. ficrivez done de maniere qu'on puisse vous lire. 5. Vous avez bien ecrit ; e'est ecrit de maniere qu'on pent vous lire. 6. Si je ne suis pas rentre et qu'on vienne me demander, dites que je serai chez moi bientot, 7. Avant qive je sorte je veux vous donner un peu d'argent. 191, 1. II ferma la porte aussitot que nous fumes sortis. 2. Puisque vous etes si fort, vous pouvez porter ce paquet. 3. Je ne veux pas le porter, parce que je suis fatigue. 4. Vous serez etonne de ce qu'W a fait. 5. Parlez plus haut, de sorte que tout le monde puisse vous entendre. 6. II parle lentement et distinctement, de maniere que tout le monde peut Tentendre. 7. fitudiez afln de devenir savant. 8. Agissez de maniere a contenter vos parents. 9. Quelque savant qu'il soit, il ignore bien des choses. 102. 1. Si mince qu'il puisse §tre, un cheveu fait de l'ombre. 2. C'est assez qu'il soit malheureux pour que je prenne son parti. 3. II est honteux que vous ignoriez ces choses. 4. II vaut mieux que vous veniez demain. 5. II est possible qu'il soit ici a six heures. 6. II est probable qu'il est arrive. 7. II n'est pas pro- bable qu'il soit arrive. 8. II est peu probable qu'il soit ici a six heures. 9. Je suis certain qu'il est ici. 10. Etes- vous certain qu'il soit ici? 11. II est vrai qu'il est un peu paresseux. 12. II n'est pas vrai qu'il soit paresseux. TRENTE-QUATRI^ME LEgON. 201 193. 1. II semble que vous ayez peur. 2. II me semble que vous avez peur. 3. Si j'etais sur que vous ayez peur, je retournerais a la maison. 4. S'il etait certain que votre frere arrivdt, nous irions au devant de lui. 5. Je suis ravi, que vous soyez venu me voir. 6. Je suis enchante que vous veniez avec nous au concert. 7. Je suis bien fache que votre mere soit malade. 8. J'etais sur- pris que vous ne fussiez pas encore revenu. 9. Nous nous rejouissons beaucoup que votre sante soit meilleure. 194, 1. Je desire que vous me pretiez ce livre aussitot que vous Yaurez fini. 2. Je doute que ce livre puisse vous interesser. 3. Je prefere que vous veniez jouer au billard avec moi. 4. Per- mettez que je vous dise la verite. 5. Vous meritez qu'on vous punisse. 6. Une telle recompense vaut bien la peine qu'on fa&se des efforts pour l'obtenir. 7. Que desirez-vous que je fassel 8. Je desire que vous parliez moins et que vous agissiez da van- tage. 9. J'exige que vous obeissiez a mes ordres. 195. 1. Je desire que vous les etudiiez. bien. 2. J'exige meme que vous les sachiez par cceur pour demain. 3. Votre ami desire que vous alliez le voir. 4. Je prefere qu'il vienne ici. 5. Demandez- lui s'il desire que faille le chercher. 6. Je desire que vous lisiez quelques comedies de Moliere. 7. II desirait que nous lussions quelques tragedies de Racine. 8. Sounrez qu'on vous dise la verite 9. Nous prions Dieu qu'il vous benisse, et qu'il vous rende aussi heureux que vous le meritez. 10. J'exige que vous sachiez la difference qu'il y a entre l'lmparfait et le Passe Defini. 196. 1. Les Spartiates voulaient que les reponses des jeunes gens fussent courtes et justes. 2. II est douteux qu'on puisse bien servir deux maitres a la fois. 3. La loi veut qu'on lui obeisse. 4. Je suis content qu'on me reprenne quand je fais des fautes. 5. II ne me reprend presque jamais quoique ]efasse beaucoup de fautes. 7. Je desire qu'il nous reprenne afin que nous nous corrigions de nos fautes. 8. Vous doutez qu'il vienne et moi, je crois qu'il viendra. 9. II dit que vous avez tort. 10. Je ne dis pas que vous ayez tort ; prouvez-moi que vous avez raison. 208 TRENTE-QUATRlllME LEE BEFORE AN INFINITIVE. Abstenir ($'), to abstain Essayer, to try accuser. to accuse etonner (s'), to wonder achever. to finish eviter, to avoid affecter, to affect exeuser (s'), to excuse one's self agir (s'), to be the question feindre, to feign avertir. to warn feliciter, to congratulate aviser (s*), to determine finir, to finish blamer, to blame flatter (se), to flatter oris self bruler, to wish ardently fremir, to shudder cesser, to cease garder (se), to take care charger, to commission gemir, to moan, lament choisir, to choose hater (se), to hasten commander, to command indigner (s'), to be indignant conjurer, to entreat jurer, to swear conseiller, to advise manquer, to fail convenir, to become, to suit mediter, to contemplate convaincre, to convince meter (se), to concern one's self corriger, to correct menacer, to threaten craindre, to fear meriter, to deserve decourager, to discourage moquer (se), to laugh dedaigner, to disdain, scorn mourir (fig.)> to long defendre, to forbid negliger, to neglect defendre (se), to decline nier, to deny defier, to challenge offrir, to offer depecher, to hasten omettre, to omit desesperer, to despair ordonner, to order desoler (se), to be grieved oublier, to forget detourner, to dissuade pardonner, to forgive differer, to put off parler, to speak dire, to tell passer (se), to do without dispenser, to excuse from permettre, to permit dissuader, to dissuade persuader, to persuade douter, to doubt piquer (se), to take pride in ecrire, to write plaindre, to pity efforcer (s'), to endeavor plaindre (se), to complain effrayer (s'), to be frightened prescrire, to prescribe empecher, to hinder presser, to urge empresser (s'), to hasten presser (se), to hasten enrager, to be enraged presumer, to presume entreprendre, to undertake prier, to pray, entreat TREXTE-HUITI&ME LEfJOtf. 227 Promettre, proposer, proposer (se), protester, punir, recommander, refuser, regretter, rejouir (se), remercier, repentir (se), rire, risquer, to promise to propose to purpose to protest to punish to recommend to refuse to regret to ^ejoice to thanJc to repent to laugh to venture Rougir, scandaliser, (se), sommer, souffrir, soupconner, souvenir (se), suffire, suggerer, supplier, tacher, tenter, trembler, vanter (se), to blush to take offence to summon to suffer to suspect to remember to suffice to suggest to beseech to endeavor to attempt to tremble to boast VERBS REQUIRING NO PREPOSITION BEFORE AN INFINITIVE. Aecourir, to run Nier, to deny aimer mieux, to prefer oser, to dare aller, to go paraitre, to seem • assurer, to assure penser, to think, to fan avouer, to confess pouvoir, to be able eompter, to intend pretendre, to pretend fcourir, to run preferer, to prefer ■croire, to believe protester, to protest daigner, to deign reconnaitre, to acknowledge declarer, to declare regarder, to look at desirer, to desire retourner, to return devoir, to be obliged revenir, to come back ecouter, to listen savoir, to know entendre, to hear sembler, to seem envoyer, to send sentir, to feel esperer, to hope souhaiter, to wish faire, to make soutenir, to maintain falloir, to be necessary valoir mieux, to be better imaginer (s'), to imagine venir, to come laisser, to let, to suffer voir, to see mener, to take, to lead vouloir, to be willing m ^TRE^TE-HUITlilME L E g tf . VERBS REQUIRING t\ BEFORE AN INFINITIVE. Abaisser (s') 5 aboutir, accorder (s'), accoutumer, aider, aimer, amuser (s'), -appliquer (s'), apprendre, appreter (s'), aspire r, attacher (s'), attendre (s'), attendre, autoriser, avilir (s'), avoir, borner (se), chercher, concourir, condamner, condescendre, consentir, consister, conspirer, contribuer, convier, determiner, determiner (se), employer, encourager, engager, enhardir, enseigner, to stoop to end in to agree to accustom to help in to like to amuse one's self to endeavor, to ap- to learn [ply to prepare to aspire to apply to expect to put off to authorize to debase one's self to have to confine o. self to endeavor to co-operate to condemn to condescend to consent to consist to conspire to contribute to invite to induce to resolve [vote to employ, to de- to encourage to induce to encourage to teach Entendre (s), evertuer (s ? ), exceller, exciter, exhorter, exposer (s'), habituer (s'), hesiter, instruire, interesser, inviter, mettre, mettre (se), montrer, obstiner (s'), offrir (s'), pencher, penser. perseverer, persister, plaire (se), preparer (se), pousser, reduire, renoncer, repugner, reussir, servir, songer, tarder, tendre, tenir, travailler, riser, to be expert in to strive to excel to excite to exhort to expose one's self to become used to to hesitate to instruct to interest to invite to set, to put to commence to show, to teach to persist in to offer to incline to th ink, to intend to persevere to persist to delight in to prepare to urge to constrain to renounce to be repugnant to succeed to serve to think, to intend to tarry to tend to be anxious to labor to aim TRENTE-HUITlilME LE^ON. 229 HISTOIRE DE MARIE STUART. PAR MIGXET. Mignet est certainement ]e plus complet et peut-etre le plus impartial des historiens de Marie Stuart. II est touche par les malheurs de son heroine, sans pourtant se laisser influencer. « II la juge, dit M. Nisard, en jure cherchant la verite et regrettant de l'avoir trouvee, plein des devoirs de l'historien et emu de sympa- thie pour la misere humaine.i> C'est anime de ce double senti- ment, que M. Mignet declare Marie Stuart coupable de complicite dans le meurtre de Darnley, son mari. Son amour de la verite, sa conscience d'historien ont dicte la sentence. Mais la sympathie pour la faiblesse humaine a inspire le noble recit ou il en retrace les motifs. Dans ce livre remarquable, la reine d'ficosse reste charmante, pleine de seductions et de dignite, si malheureuse qu'elle le parait toujours plus que coupable, digne d' amities qui se devouent, enfin, malgre son crime, meilleure que tous ceux qui Fentourent. Son crime est abominable, sans doute, mais la vic- time est odieuse ; la violence des moeurs ecossaises, Rizio egorge a cote de Marie dans sa propre chambre, par des assassins attitres auxquels son mari avait montre le chemin, tout cela vivement raconte par M. Mignet, semble attenuer le crime en le faisant rejaillir sur ceux qui l'ont provoque. L'eifet general du livre de M. Mignet est hautement moral. Chaque faute y porte sa peine et chaque personnage est puni & proportion de ses fautes. Pour ne parler que des principaux, Darnley, assassin de Rizio, meurt par la trahison dont il avait donne Texemple ; Bothwell, assassin de Darnley, languit quelques annees dans une prison de Danemark, et meurt meprise et non oublie ; Marie, qui lui a donne son coeur, meurt apr&s 19 ans de captivite. L'exil ou Techafaud deciment ceux qui avaient decime leurs ennemis par l'exil ou l'echafaud; personne n'echappe ei cette premiere justice d'ici-bas dont rhistorien sait reconnaitre les motifs dans nos fautes et les arrets certains dans nos malheurs. Elisabeth seule semble echapper a cette terrible loi du talion, mais elle meurt a 72 ans dans le ridicule d'un dernier amour. Larousse. 230 trente-neuvi£me l e g o tf . isTtJDE DE MOTS. MOTS. Plus tot, earlier, sooner. Plutot, rather. Toute de suite, at once. De suite, without interruption. Tout a coup, suddenly. Tout d'un coup, all at once, in one stroke. Au plus, at the most. De plus, besides, more. Le plus, the most. Au moins, at least (the least poss- ible). Du moins, at least (however). Le moins, the least. Plus (de, que), more. Davantage,more (used absolutely). Tres, very (not used alone). En, in. Dans, inside of, in. One can go to Boston in 12 hours. I shall go to Boston in 3 or 4. days. Avant, before (time, rank). Devant, before (place). Pres (de), near (prep.). Pret (a), ready to (adj.). Au travers de, across. A travers, across (no de). Envers, towards (speaking of be- haviour). Vers, towards (speaking of mo- tion, time). Quand, when (for questions and answers). Lorsque, when (for answers only). Quant a, as for. EXEMPLES. Un peu plus tot ou un peu plus tard. Plutot mourir que de nous rendre. Venez tout de suite. II a gagne trois fois de suite. Tout a coup, nous vimes un tigre. J'ai gagne cinquante francs tout d'un coup. Je vous donnerai dix francs au plus. De plus, il n'est pas exact. C'est le plus que je payerai. Donnez-moi au moins cinq cents francs. Cela sert du moins a nous amuser. C'est le moins que j'accepterai. Plus grand ; plus de plaisir que vous. Ce livre me plait davantage. Tres joli; tres fatigue. En France ; en courant ; en avant. Dans ma poche. Lechapeaualamain. On va a Boston en 12 heures. J'irai a Boston dans 3 ou 4 jours. Je suis arrive avant vous, apres vous. Le chien est devant vous. Asseyez-vous pres de moi. Pret a partir, pres de moi. Nous passames au travers des ecueils. Nous passames a travers champs. II faut etre charitable envers les pauvres. Allons vers la ville, vers le pare ; je reviendrai vers neuf heures. Quand viendrez-vous? Quand j'aurai le temps. Lorsque j'aurai le temps. Quant a moi, je ne sortirai pas. TRENTE-XEUVIEME L E q O X . 231 Pendant, during. Pendant que, while. Tandis que, wh ilst. Depuis, since {prep.). Puisque, since (conj.). Paree que, because. Par ce que, by that which. Que, whom. Que, which. Que. what. Que, only, nothing but. Que. that. Que, how! Que, than. Que, ew. Que, why not. Que, unless, before, etc... 1 1' now you are right. I know that. I know all that. I know what you said. I know all that you said. I know all you said. Quoique, though, although. Quoi que, whatever that. Quelque, however, so (adv.). Quelque, some, a few (adv.). Quel que soit, whoever may be. Quel que soit, whatever may be. Quelle que soit, whoever may be. Quelle que soit, whatever may be. Quels que soient, whoever may be. Quels que soient, whatever m. be. Quelles que soient, whoever m. be. Quelles que soient, whatever m. be. Nextfj new, (newly bought or made). Xouveau, new (not yet seen before). Un neuve, a large river. Une riviere, a small river. Jje pays, the country. Pendant mon absence. Pendant que j'etais absent. II est riche, tandis que moi, je suis... Depuis le commencement jusqu'a... Puisque yous le voulez, allons-y. Je le ferai, parce que c ? est la regie. Par ce que j'ai vu, j'ai compris que... Le garcon que je loue, Le livre que je cherche. Que cherchez-vous ? Je n'ai que cinq sous. Je dis que yous avez raison. Que yous etes joli ! Plus joli que yous. Aussi joli que yous. Que ne vient-il quand on l'appelle? Je ne sortirai pas que yous ne m'ayez donne une reponse. Je pense que yous avez raison. Je sais eel a. Je sais tout cela. Je sais ce que yous aYez dit. Je sais tout ce que yous aYez dit. Je sais tout ce que yous aYez dit. Quoique yous soyez bien instruit. Quoique yous fassiez, yous ne... Quelque riches que nous soyons,... Quelques richesses que yous ayez,... Quel que soit Yotre protecteur, yous. . Quel que soit Yotre potiYoir, yous... Quelle que soit Yotre amie, je... Quelle que soit sa beaute, elle... Quels que soient ces messieurs,... Quels que soient leurs desirs,... Quelles que soient ces dames,... Quelles que soient leurs richesses,... L^n livre neuf, un habit neuf, une robe neuve. Elle met une nouvelle robe tous les jours. La Seine, le Rhone sont des fleuves. La Somme, l'Orne sont des rivieres. La France est un beau pays. 232 TREtfTE-NEUVI^ME LEgoft. La campagne, the country. La patrie, the native country. A la ville, in the city. A la campagne, in the country. En ville, {out of the house). En campagne, in the field {army). Le temps passe vite. Quel temps f ait-il ? Quelle heure est-il? Une f ois, deux fois, trois fois. Un arbre tombe par terre. Une pomme tombe a terre. Porter, to carry. Mener, to lead, to bring, to take. Apporter, to bring {carrying). Amener, to bring {not carrying). Emporter, to carry away. Emmener, to take away {not carrying). Connaitre, to know, to be acquaint- ed with. Savoir, to know {something). Savoir, {in the conditional : to be able). Marier, to join in matrimony. Marier, to give away in marriage. Se marier (avec), to marry, to get married. Etre marie, to be married. iEpouser, to marry, to take in matrimony. Marcher, to walk, to march. Aller, to go. S'en aller, to go away. Se promener, to take a walk, ride, drive. Aller se promener, to go out for a walk, etc... " a pied. a cheval. A1W Aliei » J en voiture. Se promener, en bateau . en traineau. La campagne est couverte de mois- sons. Mourir pour sa patrie. II apporte du lait a la ville. J'irai a la campagne demain. Aujourd'hui je dine en ville. L'armee est en campagne. Time passes quickly. How is the weather 9 WJiat time is it? Once, twice, three times. A tree falls down. An apple falls down. Portez cette lettre a la poste. Menez votre soeur a Tecole. Apportez-moi le journal. Amenez aussi votre amie. • Emportez ce livre avec vous. Emmenez aussi le chien. Connaissez-vous cette dame? Je sais son nom; je ne la connais pas. Je ne saurais vous dire pourquoi. Le Eev. B. les a maries. Mon oncle a marie sa fille. i Elle s'est mariee avec M. D. lis sont maries depuis deux ans. II a epouse une Espagnole. 4 Vous marchez trop vite. Allez chez vous. Allez-vous-en. Je me promene tous les jours. Je vais me promener au pare. Irons-nous a pied ou en voiture? Elle va se promener a cheval. Faisons une promenade en voiture. Ce soir nous allons en bateau. En hiver je vais en traineau. TkESfTE-NEllVI&ME LEgON. 233 Agir, to act. II s'agit de, it is a question of. Penser (a), to think of {not to forget). Penser (de), to think of (opinion). Demander quelqu'un, to ask for some one. Demander quelque chose, to ask for some thing. Demander quelque chose a quel- qu'un. Changer, to exchange, to change. Changer de, to change. Jouer a un jeu, to play a game. Jouer d'un instrument, to play an instrument. User, to wear out. User de, to make use of. Servir quelqu'un, to serve s. one. Servir quelque chose, to serve s. tli. Servir a, to he used for. Se servir de, to make use of. Passer, to pass. Se passer, to do without. II agit avec prudence. De quoi s'agit-il? Je pense souvent a vous, a lui et a elle. Que pensez-vous de cette affaire? Qui me demande? M. Henri vous demande. Qu'est-ce que vous demandez ? Je demande mon canif. Je demande mon canif a Charles. Je lui demande si c'est vrai. Changez cette piece d'or. Vous etes mouille ; changez d'habits. Voulez-vous jouer a la balle? Voulez-vous jouer du violon ou du violoncelle? Vous usez vos souliers tres vite. II faut user de moderation. Servez ce monsieur. Servez le diner. Le crayon sert a ecrire. Je me sers de votre plume. Passez-moi le gateau. Pouvez-vous vous passer de cc livre? Un morceau de sucre. Un morceau de musique. Un morceau de drap. Une piece de drap. Un morceau d'or. Une piece d'or. Une piece de theatre. L'homme a une bouche. Le cheval a une bouche. Le chien, le chat ont une gueule. Un oiseau a un bee. Un fleuve a une embouchure. Un clairon a une embouchure. Un tunnel a un orifice ou une ouverture. Que veut dire ce mot. A piece, a lump of sugar. A piece of music. Apiece of cloth {a little bit). A piece of ctoth (of 40, 50 yards). A lump of gold. A gold piece. A theater piece. Man has a mouth. The horse has a mouth. The dog, the cat have a mouth. A bird has a beak. A river has a mouth. A clarion has a mouth-piece. A tunnel has a mouth. What means this word? 234 TRENTE-NEUYlfeME LEj/ £eej9. Cache, hidden. On livrera, #jey urtTZ deliver. Sa naissance, /us fttrlA. De nouveau, again. Derriere, behind. Un rideau, a curtain. Assis, sitting. Trahi, betrayed. Entrainer, fo tfVoa away. Hors de, ow£ 0/. 21 m * LE^ON. II fit, 7?e made. Soutenait, he sustained. Habilenient, cleverly. Semblait, seemed. Devoir, to owe, must. L'emporter, to get the better. Froideinent, coldly. Non plus, neither. Reprit, replied. Je veux, I icant, I tvill. Je veux dire, I mean. Le genre huniain, mankind. Qu'il puisse, that he may be able. Gouter, to taste. Crea, created. Corriger, to correct. II fallait, it was necessary. Quelque endroit, someplace. Le cote, the side. Qu'importe, no matter. Je soutiens, I sustain, I say. II appartient, he belongs. Autant que, as much as. Leurs delices, their delight. Fier, proud. Un siecle, a century. Disparaissent, disappear. Le droit, the right. Apparaitre, appear. 22™ LE^ON. II naquit, he was born. Le droit, the right, the law. II put, he could. Malgre, in spite of. Le mepris, the contempt. Alors, then. II mit, he put. Je choisirais, / would chose. Au bout, at the end. Sentant, feeling. Naitre, to be born, to rise. II Youlut, he iv i shed. Couru, run. II revint, he came back. Les habitues, the frequenters. Raconter, to relate. Au milieu, in the middle. Un vieillard, an old man. S'ecria, cried out. Les sottises, the stupidities. Viennent, come. Viennent d'etre, have just been. II faudra, it tvill be necessary. Bruler, to burn. 23 m * LE^ON. Faux, false. Devot, devout, devotee. Avare, miser. Charlatan, quack. Rire, to laugh. Depens, expense. Repandu, spread. Soulever, to raise. Yoies de fait, blows, acts. A cause de, on account. Le mot, the word. II se moque, he mocks. Ne — que, only. Sa sottise, his stupidity. Aux rires, to the laughter. II prit, he took. II frotta, he rubbed. Les boutons, the buttons. D'autant plus, so much more. Lache, coawrd. La loi, the law. Tancer, to rebuke, to upbraid. Vert, green. Vertement, sharply. Traduire, to traduce, translate. VOCABULARIES. 251 Titre, titled. Temoigner, k> testify, to show. Le titre, the title. II fit, he did, he made. Insigne, signal. Tenir, to hold. Les fonts baptismaux, the font. Decrie, decried, discredited. Blesse, wounded. Choque, shocked, offended. Dedains, disdains. Recours, recourse. Un moyen, means. Un terme, term, limit. Maigre chere, spare diet. Je m'eveille, I wake up. Mettez-vous, place yourself. Depuis lors, since then. Augmenter, to increase, to grown. II s'en servit, he used it. Je gueris, I get better. 24™* LECON. fiprouva, experienced, felt. Comme, as. De l'aisance, comfort, ease. Plein, full. Lui doit, owes Mm. Frappe, struck. Faut-il, is it necessary. Qu'il sache, that he knows. Je rends, I give back. Revenant, coming back. II vit, he saw. Vers, towards. Au lieu de, instmd of. Cuivre, copper. Tiens, hold, there. Nicher. to nest. Plutot, rather. Plus tot, soon. Vivre, to live. 25™ LE^ON. fipicurien, Epicurean. [stirrer. Le boute-en-tram, life and soul, On sc reunissait, they assembled. II laissa, he left. Priant, begging. Fit, did. La cave, cellar. Les convives, the guests. S'enivrer, to get intoxicated. Au milieu, in the middle. Vint, came. Citer, to quote. Ne point naitre, not to be born. fichauffe, overexcited. S'appesantirent, dwelled. Les maux, (mal), evils. Des laches, cowards. S'ecria, cried out. Que ne cessons-nous, why don't we Jeter, to throw. [stop. Applaudirent, applauded. Se lever, to get up. lis prennent, they take. Le chemin, the road. Averti, informed. Accourt, comes running. Faire part, to apprise, to inform. Croyez-vous, do you believe. Je meprise, I despise. Nous faisions, we were doing. Tort, wrong. Xoyer, to drown. Nous perdons, we loose. On pourrait, one could. Ivres, drunk, intoxicated. Attendons, let us wait. A jeun, fasting. Nous viendrons, we shall come. Noyons, let us drown. Ne — que, only. Boire, to drink. Qui reste, which remains. 26 me LE^ON. Soutenait, supported. Ne — que, only. Un regime, a diet. Severe, strict. La poitrine, the chest. Poitrinaire, consumptive. Le mois, the month. Le mal, the disease. Empira, got worse. Devint, became. Couter, to cost. II sentit, he felt. Que je fasse, that 1 do. Ferout-ils, will they do. Pouvant, being able. Le faire, to do it. 252 VOCABULARIES. II essay a, lie tried. Sa toux, his coughing. (Jn vaisseau, a vessel. So rompit, broke. II comprit, lie understood. Religieuses, nuns, sisters. Yenaient, used to come. Queter, to collect {money). Le careme, Lent. II f allut, it was necessary. Silence, silence. Silencieux, silent. Environ, about. Suivaient, followed. Tenant, holding. Parmi, among. 27 me LE^ON. Un bourgeois, a burgess, a citizen, Rever, to dream. Ne — que, only. Se voir, to see h. s. Entoure, surrounded. S'expriment, express themselves. Econduisent, Mepris, contempt. Jurer, to swear. lis erivoient, they send. Sottes, stupid. Prennent, take. Tout a coup^all at once. Le baton, the stick. Chercher, tojookfor. lis manquent, they fail. Railler, to jest, to laugh at. Aceable, overwhelmed, crushed. Honte, shame. Elles disparaissent, they disappear. Foudroyante, striking. Cacher, to hide. 28 me LE^ON. Le but, the aim. Malgre, in spite of. D'abord, at first. S'elever, to raise o. s. La hauteur, the height. Venait, was coming. Venait de, had just. Parut, appeared. II fallut, it was necessary. Vide, empty. Feliciter, to congratulate. Vous verrez, you will see. Bien autre chose, quite an other Flageller, to lash. [thing. Devenu, become. Depuis lors, since then. Souleva, raised. L^n athee, an atheist. Un cure, a curate. Une brochure, a pamphlet. Brtiler, to bum. S'etonner, to be astonished. Ce soulevement, this rising. Tandis que, whilst. ■ Reussirent, succeeded. Neanmoins, nevertheless. Tonner, to thunder. 29 me LE^ON. Droit, straight, upright. II lui manque, he lacks. Une vertu, one virtue. La franchise, frankness. Le mensonge, untruth, lie. Ne — que, only. Fourberie, cheat, knavery. Aussi, also, therefore. Epargner, to spare. II craint, he fears. II hait, he hates. Loin, far. La complaisance, complacency. Tirer parti, to take advantage. Un proces, a law-suit. Confiant, trusting. S'emporter, to get angry. Les bras, the arms. Crument, crudely, harshly. Venu, come. Soumettre, to submit. Malgre, in spite. Epris, in love with, Bien loin, very far. Medisante, slandering. Fort souvent, very often. II devient, he becomes. Emportement, fit of anger, hasti- Futilite, futility. [ness. Indignite, indignity, unworthiness. Sincerite, sincerity. Jurer, to swear. Un endroit, a place. Ecarte, remote. VOCABULARIES. 253 30 me lE^ON. La paix, the peace. Paisible, peaceful. Tout a coup, all at once, Uni, united. Desunir, disunited. Seul, alone. Su, known, S'emparer, to take hold. Toutefois, however, Jouir, to enjoy. La suivante, the servant-maid. Le beau-frere, the brother in law, Essayer, to try. Tromper, to deceive, Detromper, to undeceive, Clair, clear, Eclairer, to entlighten. Vrai, true, truth. Plein, full, Aveugle, blind, Aveuglement, blindness, A l'egard, towards. Croissant, growing, Conner, to trust, Ainsi que, as well as. Desherite, disinherits, Tacher, to try, to endeavor, Tacher, to spot, to stain, Convaincu, convinced. Devoiler, to unveil, Amener, to bring. L'exempt, the police-officer, II semble, he seems, 31 me LE^ON. Ne — que, only, Un voleur, a thief, a robber, Autour de, around. Soupconner, to suspect, to surmise. Causent, are talking. II fouille, he searches. Manquer, to be in want. Au lieu de, instead of. II gagne, he wins. Songe a, thinks of. S'inquieter, to be anxious. Veuve, widow. Mur, ripe (in age). Pose, sedate. Dot, marriage-portion. Son intendant, his manager. Tout a fait, Menage, household. A defaut, for want of. Agir, to act. S'agir, to be question of. Depenser, to expend, - Tacher, to try. Entendre, to hear. S'entendre, to make arrangements, Cocher, coachman, Cuisinier, cook. Epris, in love with. Tout a, coup, suddenly. Anreux, frightful. Sa cassette, his casket. II tenait, he held, kept. Enfoui, buried. Desespoir, despair. Au comble, at the height. Egarement, mental alienation. Coquin, rogue. Puis, then. Puisque, since. Depuis, since, Donner la question, to put to the Pendre, to hang, [torture. Commiss aires, c. of police. Archers, archers, Prevots, provosts, Potences, gibbets, gallows, Bourreaux, hangman, Ce vol, this theft, robbery, Amene, brings, Malentendus, misunderstandings, Plaisants, ludicrous, humorous, Fasse les frais, pay the expenses, 32 m e LE^ON. Un bourgeois, (a commoner). Oubliant, forgetting. Gentilhomme, nobleman. Meier, to mix, to mingle. Indienne, calico. Haut-de-chausse, breeches. Velours, velvet. Camisole, short night-gown. L'escriine, fencing, Vite, quick. Metier, trade, profession. La guerre, the war. Un defaut, a want. Qu'ils apprennent, let them learn. Une sottise, a stupidity. 254 Vocabularies. Faux pas, false step. Un ferrailleur, a fencer. Tuer, to kill. Le gout, the taste. Sur ces entrefaites, meanwhile. Vanter, to boast. Enseigner, to teach. Allonger, to streich out. Un fleuret, a foil. Un coup de fleuret, a thrust. Rebarbatif, stem, cross. Tintamarre, noise. Brouillamini, confusion. La lune, the moon. Ne guere, but little, scarcely. Le comble, the height. Avouant, confessing. Ma grandeur, my highness. L'altesse, highness. Le bonhomme, the {simple) old man. Soutire, gets out of. A titre de, as. Emprunt, a loan. II s'empresse, he hurries. Remettre, to hand over. Parvenir, to succeed. Ses fins, his ends. Se marient, get married. Orgueil, pride. 33 m * LE^ON. Ne, born. Crut, believed. D'abord, at first. Ne — que, only. Depuis, since. Transmit, transmitted. Ne guere, but little. II mit, he put. II se mit a, he began to. II paraissait, he appeared. Un reveur, a dreamer. La pleine campagne, the open coun- Aucun souci, no care. [try. Songer, to think. Pendant, during. Rencontrer, to meet. Rester, to stay, to remain. Advint, arrived. Mondaine, worldly. Son f onds, his money. Son revenu, his income. Quand, when; quant a, as to. II sut, he knew. Sembler, to seem. Un panier, a basket. Un don, a gift. Renouveler, to renew. Le recit, the narration. II s'agissait, it was a question of. Enseigner, to teach. Plutot, rather. Tantot, tantot, now, then. Renard, fox. Cerf, deer. Agneau, lamb. Font, make. Amener, bring. D'abord, at first. La colere, the anger. La peur, the fear. Ensuite, then. Presque, nearly. A propos, at the right time. Parfois, sometimes. Yu, prevu, seen, foreseen. Imprevu, unforeseen. Comme, as. Le denouement, the end. Surtout, especially. Les moeurs, the manners, habits. Seulement, only. Se soucier, to care. Mises, put. Soigner, to take care. Le fond, the bottom, the fondation. 3*™ LEgON. Un but, an object. Loin, far. Car, for. Mis, put. Arracher, to pull, tear away. Le bout, the end. L'oeuvre, the work. Dont, of whom. Devint, became. Devait, had to. Faire partie de, to belong to. Le corps, the body. Digne, worthy. Elu, elected. Traiter, to treat. Exprimer, to express*. Une franchise, a frankness. Reussir, to succeed. VOCABULARIES. 255 Vilain, ugly. Devenue, become. L'epouse, the wife. Me me, same, self, even. Avis, advis. filoge, praise. Alleguer, to allege, to state. Entendre, to hear. S'entendre, to make arrangements. Connaitre, to know. Se connaitre, to be ajudje. Ce propos, these words. Impitoyable, unmercyful. Une griffe, a claw. Un ongle, a finger-nail. Retrancher, to cut off. Reduit, reduced. Tandis que, while. Prive, deprived. Presse, pressed, in a hurry. S'empresser de, to hurry. Le barreau, bar {barristers). Modique, moderate. Un tiers, one third. Terre, earth. Enterre, buried. Contredit, contradiction. Le regne, the reign. Creer, to create. Petrir, to knead, to make. Enjoue, playful. Enjouement, playfulness. Badinage, play, joking. Veuve, widow. Devouer, to devote. Bpouser, to marry. Dut, (devoir), had to. Mit, (mettre), put. Se refleter, to reflect. Les dehors, the ^outside. Apparat, state, pomp. Un fond, a bottom, a background. Rehausser, to raise, to enhance. Epurer, to purify. Parade, a show. Empecher, to prevent. Tenir, to keep. Au courant, informed. L'ame, the soul. La medisance, slender. Entamer, to cut, to touch. Sans tache, without spot. Dementir, to belie. A plusieurs reprises, at severed A peine, scarcely. [times. La peine, the pain. Remise, having recovered. Inquiet, anxious. Inquietude, anxiety. Eprouve, felt, experienced. Atteinte, attacked. La petite verole, small pox. 35™ LE^ON. Digne, worthy. Au lieu de, instead of. Les maux, (mal), evils. Une ile, a island. Jeter, to throw. Un naufrage, a shipwreck. ' Eprise, in love with. Seduisant, seductive. D'abord, at first. Les evenements, the events. Depuis, since. Accroitre, to increase. Reconnaitre, to recognize. La reconnaissance, gratitude. Temoigner, to testify, to show. Eprouver, to feel. On suit, ive follow. Croissant (croitre), growing. Ses devoirs, his duties. Un chirurgien, a surgeon. Trancher, to carve, to cut. La mer, the sea. Gagner, to gain. A la nage, by swimming. Le sejour, the stay, sojourn. Les peripeties, the events. Son orgueil^ his pride. Prevenir, to prevent. Une guerre, a war. Rencontrer, to meet. La fierte, the pride. Acheter, to buy. Racheter, to redeem. Son empressement, his eagerness. Reconnaitre, to recognize. Un songe, a dream. Les enfers, infernal regions. S'enf oncer, to sink down, penetrate. Traverser, to cross. Au travers, across. De nouveau, again. Tuant, killing. 28* VOCABULARIES. Partager, to share. Detacher, to detach. Deviendrait, would become. Tandis que, wh tie. Remplir, to fulfill. Parvient, succeeds. Us relaehent, they stop. II sent, he feels. Tarder, to delay, to be long. 36™ LE^ON. Fecond, fruitful. Le siecle, the century. Puisse, (pouvoir), can. figaler, to equal. Hatej hurried. L'empressement, precipitancy. Nuit, (nuire), is detrimental to. Vit, (voir), saw. Reduit, (reduire), reduced. La chaire, the pulpit. Gragner, to gain. Une roate, a road. Les f aits, tffte facts. Judiciaire, judicial. Atteint, reached. La discussion, debate. Jaillir, to burst forth. La foi, faith. Cette epreuve, this trial. L'avenir, the future. Jete, thrown. Un coup d'ceil, a glance. Hate, haste. Insouciante, careless. Entouree, surrounded. Puis, then. II suit, Tie follows. S'elance, rushes. D'abord, at first. Defait, defeats. Bat, foafe. Se liguent, form a ligue. II taille, Ae cwte. Ecraser, to crush. Ce but, #ms object. S'enf oncer, to plunge. Marecageux, marshy. Echouer, to fail. Traverser, to cross. Laissant, leaving. Epuise, exhausted. 3 7™ LE^ON. Soudan, sultan. La lutte, the struggle. Parmi, among. Echappe, escaped. Quoique, although. Elle partage, she shares. Un chevalier, a knight. La rancon, the ransom. II somme, he summons, calls upon. Racheter, to redeem. Ses f ers, his fetters. Echanger, to exchange. La blessure, the wound. La cicatrice, the scar. Au sein, to the chest. Quel coup, ivhat a blow. Elle s'eloigne, she goes away. Cacher, to hide. Une larme, a tear. Renait, revives, reappears. Un billet, a note. Hors de, out of. Se tient, holds himself. Amener, to bring. Atterre, thunderstroke, astounded. Accable, overwhelmed. II se tue, he hills himself. 38 me LE^ON. Pourtant, however. En jure, as a juryman. Plein, full. Le devoir, the duty. Emu, moved. Coupable, guilty. Le meurtre, the murder. Entourer, to surround. Les mceurs, the manners. Egorge, butchered, killed. Attitre, hireling. Vivement, lively, vividly. Raconte, related. Re jaillir, to fall back. La trahison, the treasor Languir, to languish. Meprise, despised. Captivite, captivity. Decime, decimated. Echappe, escapes. D'ici-bas, of this world. Talion, retaliation. EXAMINATION PAPEES. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS. FRENCH. YALE COLLEGE. June, 1891. I. Translate into English : C'e'tait peu de temps apres la guerre d'ltalie ; j'avais e"te invite au camp d'Aldershot. Je franchissais la Manche pour la pre- miere fois. Ainsi que mes chers compatriotes, j'etais, au point de vue de Tetranger, dans une ignorance et dans une suffisance dont j'espere m'etre un peu corrige", mais qu'ils ont pieusement conser- ves. Je croyais de la meilleure foi du monde que la France etait le type absolu auquel on devait tout ramener avant de pro- noncer un jugement ; qu'en dehors de Paris, il n'y avait point de salut; qu'il etait impossible d'avoir d'autres idees, d'autres moeurs, d'autres coutumes, sans tomber dans le ridicule et dans le faux. Et, de plus, pour ce qui regarde l'Angleterre, habitue a voir nos caricatures opposer les 'miss' a grandes dents a la seduisante Parisienne, je m'imaginais trouver, de l'autre cote de la Manche, un peuple absolument disgracie de la nature. Enfin erreur plus f uneste que les autres, je m'imaginais savoir l'anglais. II. Translate into French : 1. He has talent and courage. 2. The least faults produce sometimes the most grievous results. 3. I never saw such a man and such a woman. 4. I do not know the agent to whom he has written. 5. Our friends have not yet come back to town. 6. History is the portrait of men and times. 7. It is useful to know several languages. 8. I believe he has not thought of it. 9. What would you do if you were in my place? 10. Those books cost me two dollars apiece. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 259 III. Give the five principal parts of each of the following verbs : raourir, partir, parler, pouvoir, dire, remplir, lire, mettre, attendre, suivre. June, 1892. I. Translate into English : L' Amour du Changkement. La France est sur le point de se jeter dans une grosse aventure. Tune des plus dangereuses peut-etre qu'elle ait courue dans son histoire si tourmentee. L'amour imniodere du changenient, qualife ponipeusenient du beau nom de refornie, conduit parfois non pas seulement a des fautes, qui sont reparables, mais & des folies, qui ne le sont pas. Depuis quelque temps, on s'est appli- que a exalter tous les esprits. A une population qui est calme, qui ne demande qua vivre tranquille, qua vaquer a ses affaires, le monde turbulent des politiciens prete je ne sais quelle ardeur novatrice dont elle n'a jamais donne la preuve. II nest question que de tout renverser et remplacer. On reniplit Fair de formules a la f ois pretentieuses et obscures : " II f aut marcher en avant ! il faut aboutir!" Marcher en avant, mais ou? vers quel but? Aboutir, mais a quoi? C'est ce qu'on neglige de dire. II. Translate into French : 1. Gold and silver are metals. 2. London is the largest and richest city in the world. 3. This piece is not of the same quality as the others. 4. There is the artist whose works you admire. 5. Your letter did not reach me in time. 6. If you wish to write you will find pens, paper and ink in my room. 7. Is French an easy language to acquire? 8. You have rendered me a service, permit me to thank you for it. 9. If I had foreseen what has happened, I would not have come. 10. That cloth is sold at three dollars a yard. III. Give the five principal parts of each of the following verbs : courir, venir, arriver, savoir, conduire, choisir, faire, prendre, repondre, vivre. 260 EXAMINATION PAPERS. June, 1893. I. Translate into English : En dehors des guerriers il y avait, a Sparte, d'abord une elasse d'hommes, descendants des anciens habitants, qui se livraient librement a toutes les professions ordinaires, bien qu'obliges, dans une eertaine inesure, a porter les armes : ils n'avaient pas voix deliberative dans les assemblies. II y avait, de plus, un grand nombre de Lacedemoniens prives du droit de cite pour des causes differentes. "Des milliers d'etres humains pouvaient bien, de pere en fils, vivre dans la ville, mais ils n'etaient jamais dans la cite." C'est ainsi qu'en restant celibataire, ou pour etre ne d'uue union avec une etrangere, ou pour avoir eu peur devant l'ennemi, ou pour avoir subi quelque condamnation judiciaire (et Ton punissait severement des fautes meme legSres), ou enfin pour n'avoir pas recu l'instruction prescrite par les lois, on encourait la perte des droits et du rang de citoyen. En meme temps, on echappait a la rigueur des devoirs, et Ton peut supposcr qu'il n'y avait que trop d'habitants d'une nature vulgaire, de peu de courage ou de scrupule, qui se consolaient volontiers de cette ex- clusion. Exemptes legal ement du service militaire, ils pouvaient exercer quelque prof ession que ce fut, trafiquer, voyager, s'enrichir. II. Give the infinitive, participles, present indicative (in full) and past definite of avait, vivre, punissaient, regu, peut, exercer. III. Translate into French, writing out the numbers : At Sparta military courage was everything. For the young children as well as for the old men to be afraid was a fault which was punished by the loss of rank. The unmarried man, whom no child called ' father, ' was exempted from a soldier's duties, but the law deprived him also of his citizen's rights. From the year 685 to the year 477 before Christ, Sparta was the most war- like city in (of) the world. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 261 HARVARD COLLEGE. June, 1890. I. Traduisez : Chez les Anglais, l'instruction publique est encore chez eux ce qu'elle etait chez nous avant la Revolution. Ce peuple, grand dans tout ce qui touche a la vie pratique, ne nourrit pas les boeufs avec des oranges, ni les bourgeois avec du latin. Savez- vous combien il y a de colleges et facultes de lettres? Deux en tout, Oxford et Cambridge. Deux admirables etablissements, les premiers de Tunivers pour r etude des lettres grecques et latines ; mais tout le monde n'y entre pas. Les enfants destines a la Chambre des lords, les petits millionnaires, dont la position est toute faite, vont a Oxford ou a Cambridge se polir l'esprit au f rottement de Tantiquite. * lis y restent longtemps, ils s'y livrent aux travaux les plus inutiles et les plus honorables ; ils y recoivent une education vraiment liberale ; ils y font leurs humanites ; ils y e"crivent non-seulement des vers latins, mais des vers grecs. Ils ont le temps ; leur pain est assure. Au milieu d'eux se f orment quelques honnetes professeurs, sortis du peuple, et qui, dans I'etude du latin et du grec ne voient pas autre chose qu'un gagne-pain. Tout le reste de la nation apprend a la hate dans les ecolespri- maires, les choses necessaires a la vie, et se repand ensuite dans les carrieres de Tindustrie et du commerce. II. Grammaire: (a) Comment forme-t-on le pluriel des noms termines en al, comme cheval, mal, etc. ? (b) Quel est le feminin des adjectifs suivants : meux, beau, vif, heureux, foil, blanc. (c) Conjuguez l'indicatif present des verbes suivants: venir, aller, crainolre. (d) Conjuguez l'imparfait de Tindicatif de porter (I was carry- ing) ; le futur present de bdtir (I shall or will build) ; le condi- tionnel present de prendre (I should or would take). III. Traduisez en francais : The candidate who will give me a translation in good idiomatic English, and whose spelling! will be correct, may be certain to pass, although he has| not answered all the questions in § grammar. * By the study of the classics: f rottement; literally, rubbing. t OrtUographe, f. % Subjunctive mood, % Of. 262 EXAMINATION PAPERS. June, 1891. I. Traduisez: Les habitants de Paris sont d'une curiosity qui va jusqu'il l'ex- travagance. Lorsque j 'arrival, je fus regards conime si j'avais ete envoys du ciel : vieillards, hommes, f eromes, enf ants, tous vou- laient nie voir. Si je sortais, tout le monde se mettait aux fenetres; si j'etais aux Tuileries, je voyais aussit6t un cercle se former autour de moi ; les f emnies niemes f aisaient un arc-en-ciel nuance" de niille couleurs qui m'entourait. Si j'etais au spectacle, je trouvais d'abord cent lorgnettes dressees contre ma figure: enfin jamais homme n'a tant ete vu que moi. Je souriais quel- quefois d'entendre des gens qui n'etaient presque jamais sortis de leur chambre, qui disaient entre eux : il f aut avouer qu'il a l'air bien persan. Chose admirable! je trouvais de mes portraits part out; je me voyais multiplie dans toutes les boutiques, sur toutes les cheminees, tant on craignait de ne m'avoir pas assez vu. Tant d'honneurs ne laissent pas * d'etre a charge : t je ne me croyais pas un homme si curieux et si rare, et, quoique j'aie tres bonne opinion de moi, je ne me serais jamais imagine que je dusse troubler le repos d'une grande ville ou je n'etais point connu. Cela me fit resoudre & quitter l'habit persan et a en endosser { una l'europeenne pour voir s'il resterait encore dans ma physionomie quelque chose d'admirable. Cet essai me fit connaitre ce que je valais reellement. Libre de tous ornements etrangers, je me vis apprecie" au plus juste. § J'eus sujet de me plain dre de mon tailleur, qui m'avait fait perdre en un instant r attention et l'estime publique, car j'entrai tout a coup dans un neant ** affreux. Je demeurais quelquef ois une heure dans une compagnie sans qu'on m'eut regarde et qu'on m'eut mis en occa- sion d'ouvrir la bouche ; mais si quelqu'un, par hasard, apprenait a la compagnie que j'etais Persan, j'entendais aussitot autour de moi un bourdonnement : tt Ah ! ah ! monsieur est Persan ! C'est une chose bien extraordinaire ! Comment peut-on etre Persan ! * Ne pas laisser de, ne pas cesser, ne pas manquer. t J^tre d charge, etre un sujet d'embarras. % Mettre. § A ma plus juste valeur. ** Nullite, obscurite. tt Murmure (d'un grand nombre de voix). EXAMINATION PAPERS. 263 II. Traduisez: (a) I see him every day. (6) Horses are the animals which I like. (c) Do you say yes or no? (d) Don't do it. (e) I wrote to them that you had gone to Paris. June, 1892. I. Traduisez: (a) Germain parlait comme dans un reve sans entendre ce qu'il disait. La petite Marie tremblait toujours ; mais comme il trem- blait encore da vantage, il ne s'en apercevait plus. Tout a coup elle se retourna ; elle etait toute en larmes et le regardait d'un air de reproche. Le pauvre laboureur crut que c'etait le dernier coup, et, sans attendre son arret, il se leva pour partir ; mais la jeune fille l'arreta en l'entourant de ses deux bras, et, cachant sa tete dans son sein :* — Ah ! Germain, lui dit-elle en sanglotant, vous n'avez done pas devine que je vous aime ? (6) Enfin, ma chere fille, le grand tort des hommes, dans leur songe de bonheur, est d'oublier cette infirmite de la niort attachee & leur nature : il faut finir. Tot ou tard, qu'elle qu'efit ete votre felicite, ce beau visage se fut change en cette figure unif ornie que le sepulcre donne a la famille d'Adani; l'oeil meme de votre amant n'aurait pu vous reconnaitre entre vos soeurs de la tombe. L'amour n'etend point son empire sur les vers du cercueil.t Que dis-je? (6 vanite des vanites)! que parle-je de la puissance des amities de la terre? Voulez-vous, ma chere fille, en connaitre l'entendue? Si un homme revenait a la lumiere quelques annees apres sa mort, je doute qu'il ftit revu avec joie par ceux-la meme qui ont donne le plus de larmes a sa memoire : tant on forme vite d'autres liaisons, tant on prend facilement d'autres habitudes, tant l'inconstance est naturelle a l'homme, tant notre vie est peu de chose, meme dans le coeur de nos amis! II. Copiez le morceau suivant en mettant au pluriel les pronoms et verbes en italiques (Exemple : Dans la vie vous recevrez, etc.) : Dans la vie tu regois bien souvent des services de gens pour qui tu ne peux rien faire ; tic ne dois pas pour eel a te croire dispense* * Sein, bosom, breast. t Cercueil, coffin, (grave). 2$± EXAMINATION PAPERS. de la reconnaissance. Ce que tu as regu 25c. No. 16.— HERNANI. By Victor Hugo, with English notes by Gustave Masson. 151 pages 25c No. 17.— MINE ET CONTRE-MINE. By Prof. A. GurLLET, with English notes by the Author. 97 pages 25c. No. 18.— L'AMI FRITZ, with English notes, by Prof. A. Hennequin, of the University of Michigan. 96 pages. .25c No. 19.— L'HONNEUR ET L' ARGENT. By F. Ponsard, with English notes by F. C. de Sumichrast, Assistant Professor in French at Harvard University. 135 pages, 25c No. 20.— LA DUCHESSE COUTURlfiRE, by Mme. E. Vau/lant Goodman, adapted especially for the use of young ladies' schools and seminaries 25c. The third series comprises some of the very best short stories, nouvelles of French authors. They are very prettily printed, of convenient size, and are issued under the title of CONTES CHOISIS, and are published at the uniform price of Paper, 25 cents; Cloth, 40 cents each. No. 1.— LA MERE DE LA MARQUISE. By Edmond About. A most delightful and amusing story. J: With explanatory notes in English by C. Fontaine, B.L.,L.D., Director of French in Washington's High Schools. 135 pages. v No. 2— LE SIEGE DE BERLIN ET AUTRES CONTES. By Alphonse Daudet. Comprising six of this brilliant author's charming short stories. With explanatory notes in English by Prof. E. Rigal, B.-es S. ; B.-es L. 73 pages. No. 3.— UN MARIAGE D'AMOUR. By Ludovio Halevy. A delightful little love romance, pure, bright and deli- cious. 73 pages. No. 4.— LA MARE AU DIABLE. By George Sand. A charming idyl of French country life. With explana- tory notes in English by C. L. Fontaine, B.L., L.D., Director of French in Washington's High Schools. 142 pages. No. 5.— PEPPINO, by L. D. Ventura, is a story of Italian Life in New York, written by a well-known professor of languages. 65 pages. No. 6. — IDYLLES, by Mme. HenryGre ville, contains six stories, full of sentiment and poetry, and in this delightful author's most elegant style. 110 pages. French Publications of William R. Jenkins. No. 7.— CARINE. By Louis Enaudt. An entertaining love story, of which the scene is laid in Sweden. 181 pages. No.8.— LES FIANCES DE GRINDERWALD. By Erck- mann-Chatrian. Containing, besides this amusing little romance, the characteristic one of " Les Amoureux de Catherine." 104 pages. No. 9.— LES FRfiRES COLOMBE. By Georges dk Peyrebrune. One of the most exquisitely written stories of the series. With English notes by F. C. de Sumi- chrast, Assistant Professor in French at Harvard University. 136 pages . No. 10.— LE BUSTE. By Edmond About. An entertaining story of Parisian life, full of the author's bright humor, and in his well-known style. 145 pages. No. 11.— LA BELLE-NIVERNAISE. By AiiPHONSE Dau- det. A charming idyl of life on the Seine. With English notes by Prof. Geo. Castegnier, B.-es S. ; B.-es L. Ill pages. No. 12.— LE CHIEN DU CAPITAINE. By Louis En aum. A delightfully humorous story, with a dog hero, — charm- ingly narrated. With English notes by F. C. de Sumi- chrast, Asst. Professor in French at Harvard University. 158 pages. :No. 13.— BOUM-BOUM. By Jules CiiARETiE, with other exquisite little stories. With explanatory notes in English by C. Fontaine, B.L., L,D. Director of French in Washington's High Schools. 104 pages. :No. 14.— L'ATTELAGE DE LA MARQUISE, by Leon dk TrNSEAU, and UNE DOT, by E. Legouye. With English Notes by F. C. de Sumichrast, Assistant Professor of French at Harvard University. Ill pages. TSo. 15.— DEUX ARTISTES EN VOYAGE, by Comte db Vervins, with two other stories. No. 16— CONTES ET NOUVELLES, with a preface by A. Brisson, by Guy de Maupassant. 105 pages. No. 17.— LE CHANT DU CYGNE, by Geo. Ohnet. With explanatory notes in English by F. C. de Sumichrast, Assistant Professor in French at Harvard University. 91 pages. THEATRE FOR YOUNG FOLKS. A series of original little plays suitable for class read- ing or school performance, written especially for children, by MM. Michaud and de Villeroy. Printed" in excellent type, duo- decimo form. The list comprises 2*o. 1.— LES DEUX fiCOLIERS. 26 pages. By A. Laurent DE VrLIiEROY 10a 6 French Publications of William R. Jenkins. No. 2.— LE ROI D'AMfiRIQUE, 8 pages, By H. MrcHAUD.lOc. " 3.— UNE AFFAIRE COMPLIQUfiE, 8 pages, " 10c. " 4.— LA SOMNAMBULE, 16 pages, 1 « 5.-STELLA, 16 pages L p - . M 1Q «• 6.— UNE HEROINE, 16 pages. ... * or ulrls 1U0 * " 7.— MA BONNE, 14 pages J MICHAUD (HENRI.) POESIES DE QUATRE A HUIT VERS. A choice selection of simple French poetry, suit- able for little children to read and recite. 12nio, paper . . 20c. CLASSIQUES FRANCAIS. Under this general title is issued a series of classical French "works, carefully prepared with historical, descriptive and grammatical notes by competent authorities, which will be offered at a low price and in a very tasteful form. No. 1. — L'AVARE. Par Moliere. With elaborate annotations by Schele de Yere, Professor of Modern Languages at the University of Virginia. 105 pages . Paper, 25c. Cloth , 40c. No. 2.— LE CID. Par Corneille. Annotated by Prof. Schele de Vere. 87 pasres. Paper, 25c. Cloth 40c. Uo. 3.— LE BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME. Par Moliere. Annotated by Prof. Schele de Vere. Paper, 25c. Cloth. 40c« -No. 4. — HORACE, by Corneille, with annotations in English by F. C. de Sumichrast, Assistant Professor in French at Harvard University. 70 pages. Paper, 25c. Cloth. .40c. No. 5. — ANDROMAQUE, by Racine, with annotations in English by F. C. de Sumichrast, Assistant Professor in French at Harvard University. 72 pages. Paper, 25c. Cloth : 40c. In Preparation : ATHALIE. — LES PRECIEUSES RIDICULES. — LE BARBIER DE SEVILLE. THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. TEXT-BOOKS FOR STUDENTS. LIVRE DES ENFANTS. Pour I 'etude dufrancais. By PatjIi Bercy, B.L., L.D. A simple, easy and progressive French Primer, in the natural method, for young students, by the author of La Langue Francaise, with upwards of fifty illustrations. 12mo, cloth, 100 pages 50c. LE SECOND LIVRE DES ENFANTS. By Paud Bercy, B.L., L.D. A continuation of LIVRE DES ENFANTS, illustrated with over fifty pictures upon which the lessons are based. 12mo, cloth, 148 pages 75c. LA LANGUE FRANCAISE. lere partie. Methode pratique pour l'etude de cette langue. By Pauij Beroy, B.L., L.D. 12mo, cloth, 292pages $1.26 French Publications of William R. Jenkins. 7 LA LANGUE FRANCHISE. 2eme partie (for intermediate classes), varieties historiques et litteraires. By PauIj Bercy, B.L., L.D. 12mo, cloth, 276 pages $1.25 LE FRANfAIS PRATIQUE. By Paui, Bekcy, B.L., L D. This new book is written for special instruction of Ameri- cans intending to travel in France. It can be used as a first book for every one wishing to make a thorough study of ihe French. 1 vol., 12mo, 191 pp., cloth $1.00 SANS FAMILLE. By Hector Malot, abridged and arranged for School use by Prof. P. Bercy, B.L.L.D., director of P. Bercy 's School of Languages, N. Y. 12mo, cloth. . .$1.00 ANTONYMES DE LA LANGUE FRANfAISE. Exercices Gradues pour classes intermediaires et superieures des Ecoles, Colleges et Universites . Par Prof. A. Muz- zarelli, A.M., Director of the N. Y. Sauveur School of Languages Livre de L'Eleve. Cloth, 185 pages $1.00 Livre du Maitre. Cloth, 185 pages « $1.50 FIRST COURSE IX FRENCH CONVERSATION. By Prof. Charles P. Du Croquet. A manual for class or private use in acquiring a practical knowledge of conversational French. 12mo, cloth $1 . 00 THE FRENCH VERB. By Prof. Scheie de Vere, Ph.D., LL.D,, of University of Virginia. 1 vol,, 12mo, cloth, $1.00 SYNTAXE PRATIQUE DE LA LANGUE FRANgAISE POUR LES ANGLAIS, suivi d'exercices distribues dans l'ordre des regies et d'une nouvelle arrangee pour servir d'exer- cices, par B. Meras, Auteur de "L'£tude Progressive de la Langue Francaise." 12mo, cloth, 206 pages $1.25 LES POETES FRAN^AIS DU XlXeme SIECLE, with bio- graphical and explanatory notes in English, by Prof. C. Fontaine, B.L.,L.D., Director of French in Washington's High Schools. 12mo, cloth, 402 pages , $1.26 LES PROSATEURS FRAN£AIS DU XlXeme SIECLE, con- taining the best selections of the modem French authors, with biographies and English explanatory notes by Prof. C. Fontaine, B.L.,L.D., Director of French in Washing- ton's High Schools. 12mo, roan, cloth $1.25 FABLES CHOISIES DE LA FONTAINE, with explanatory foot notes in English and a biography by Madame B. Beck of the Brearley School. 16mo, board 40c. EXTRAITS CHOISIS DES (EUVRES DE FRANCOIS COPP£E, with explanatory notes in English by Prof. Geo. Castegnieb, B.-es S. and B.-es L. 12mo. . ..cloth, 90o. 8 French Publications of William R. Jenkins. JUST PUBLISHED. MANUEL DE LA LITERATURE FRAN£AISE. Com- prenant : 1° des notices biographiques et litteraires, '2° des ceuvres ou morceaux ehoisis de chaque auteur, 3° des notes explicatives, 4° un questionnaire detaille pour chaque auteur, par A. de Rougemont, A. M., Professor at Chautauqua University. 12mo, cloth $1.25 COLLEGE PREPARATORY FRENCH GRAMMAR. By Chas. P. DuCroquet. Grammar, Exercises, and Read- ing. The most practical French Grammar yet published. 12mo, cloth $1.25 P. BERCY'S FRENCH READER, For Advanced Classes. Contes et Nouvelles, by modern French writers. With explanatory English notes by Paul Bercy, B.L., L.D. 12mo, cloth $1.00 CONTES DE BALZAC. Edited, with Introduction and Notes by George McLean Harper, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of French in Princeton University ; and Louis Eugene Livingood, A.B., formerly Instructor in French and German in Princeton University $1.00 LEGENDES FRANCHISES. BY PROF. B. MERAS. Robert Le Diable 25c. Le Bon Roi Dagobert 25o. Merlin Enchanteur 40c. These three legends offer the most interesting reading, and can be used as exercises for "Syntaxe Pratique." CONTES TIRES DE MOLIERE. Prof. Alfred M. Cotte, L.D., has written the story of some of the most salient of Moliere's Comedies into the forms of novelettes, similar in idea to Chas. and Mary Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. " L' Avars' ' and "Le Bourgeois Gentllhomme " are now ready. Each 20c. FRENCH VERBS AT A GLANCE. By Mariot de Beau- voisin. The readiest, simplest, most practical and cheap- est treatise on the French verbs, their grammatical con- struction, regular and idiomatic usage and conjugations. Exceedingly valuable in mastering the difficulties besetting students in French, in regard to the forms and conjuga- tions of the verb. Fifty thousand have been sold in England. 8vo, 61 pages 35c. OENRE DES NOMS. By Prof. V. F. Bernard. A complete treatise on the gender of French nouns. 12mo 25c. French Publications of William R. Jenkins. & DICTIONARIES. Following is a list of some of the best Dictionaries, which are always kept in stock in large quantities to supply the trade or schools. OASSELL'S GERMAN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-GERMAN DICTIONARY, new revised edition, large type, 12mo. Cloth $1.50 FRENCH-ENGLISH & ENGLISH FRENCH DICTIONARIES. CASSELL'S FRENCH-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-FRENCH DICTIONARY. 1 vol., crown, 8vo, cloth, 1152 pp $1.50 SPIERS & SURENNE'S FRENCH-ENGLISH AND ENG- LISH-FRENCH PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. 1 vol. 4to, half-mor $5.00 The same, abridged, school edition, crown, 8vo, half roan $1.50 NUGENT'S FRENCH-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH -FRENCH PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, 1 vol.,24mo, cloth. .. .$1.00 FLEMING & TIBBINS. — Grand Dictionnaire Francais- Anglais et Anglais-Francais, 2 vols., 4to, half mor $22.00 Each volume separately at half price. CLIFTON & GRIM AUX.— French-English and English- French Dictionary, 2 vols . , 8vo, half mor $9.6