6 -^ .^ 1 fi Copyright 1679 by Heni~y J J'dhnaan TTMIS ]fEm©^ (DAIBIIlt^M^r, 1 OUR GREAT CONTINENT; / SKETCHES, PIGTaRESaaE and HISieRIG: WITHIN AND BEYOND THE STATES. ^ BY BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D., ^T'T-uop OF "THE PICTORIAL FIELD BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION," " THE WAR OF l8l2," "THE CIVIL \ A -., " "a HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FOR SCHOOLS," "LIVES OF EMINENT AMERICANS," "THE HOME OF WASHINGTON," "LOSSING'S BOOK OF THE HUDSON," "oUR COUNTRY," ' LOSSING'S NEW HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES," "SCENES AND EVENTS IN THE LIFE AND TIMES OF WASHINGTON," ETC.; GEO. J. HAGAR, ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, EDITOR OF "WHAT THE WORLD BELIEVES," CONTRIBUTOR TO API'LETON's "ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA," APPLETON's '■ CYCLOP.'EDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY," ALDEN'S "MANIFOLD CYCLOPEDIA," AND AUTHOR OF "A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITIU) STATES;" AND OTHEE WELL KNOWJST WEITERS. SUPERBLY ILLUSTRATED WITH SEVERAL HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS. S> TWO VOLUMES IN ONE N E W Y O R K : GAY BROTHERS & COMPANY 30, 32, 34 READE STREET. Copyrighted 1889 by John E. Read. k \^ e^ -^ ANNOaNGEMENT. A LITTLE less than four hundred years ago Columbus first set foot on one of the islands of the New World. Other discov- erers and explorers followed him to these western shores and numerous attempts were made, with varying degrees of success, to establish homes upon American soil. But more than a century elapsed before a permanent settlement was effected upon that part of the continent- which has since become not merely " The Great Republic of the West," but the mightiest republic of the world. A century and a half ago the only civilized inhabitants of the area now occupied by the United States were gathered in a few weak colonies. They had been, at various times, on the verge of starvation, their resources were still very limited, and they were constantly ex- posed to the attacks of savage foes. Yet, in spite of almost insupera- ble obstacles, the colonies increased in numbers and strength. British tyranny soon drove them into rebellion, and a long and terribly destructive war with the Mother Country ensued. At the close of the Revolution, the population of the colonies was only about three millions. The people were impoverished. Every- thing was in an unsettled state. The present was dark ; in the future hardly a ray of light could be discerned. From this almost hopeless condition there has grown, in a little more than a single century, a mighty nation, with a population approaching seventy millions and a name respected throughout the world. The history of the attempts to found settlements upon the then newly discovered Continent reads almost like a fairy tale. The vast iv ANNOUNCEMENT. region, which four centuries ago was unknown to civilized man, has progressed with gigantic strides, until the New World has become the peer, and in many respects the superior, of the Old. This is especially true of that portion occupied by the United States. The marvellous growth of this young Republic is a favorite theme with the orator, the poet, and the historian. To the thoughtful man who is familiar with the circumstances of its development, it appears one of the wonders of the world. It is a subject with which young and old should be familiar, not only as a matter of intellectual acquirement, but also, in order to enable them to adequately appreciate the services which their predecessors rendered to the world, and to teach them to properly value the blessings of civil and religious liberty, which are a part of the rich heritage of every resident of the United States. An acquaintance with the past history and the present condi- tion of our country should be considered one of the indispensable qualifications for the responsibilities of citizenship. One of the greatest dangers to which our country is exposed lies in the fact that large numbers of citizens have little knowledge of the history, princi- ples, and methods of the government under which they live and the policy of which, by their votes, they to a great extent direct. The Republic need fear no foe from without. Her destiny as a Nation will depend upon the character of the people within her borders. The degree of her prosperity will also be modified by the relations which she holds with other nations which are geographically her neigh- bors, and with which she should have a friendly and intimate relation- ship. Unfortunately, these countries have been but slightly treated in popular works relating to America, most of such works being devoted almost entirely to the United States. Thus the people of this country have had but little opportunity to obtain information regarding the States lying outside of their own domain. Realizing the importance of disseminating information upon the vital topics relating to the growth of the Continent and the present condition of its various countries, the publishers of this work employed ANNOUNCEMENT. v an able corps of writers, each eminently qualified for the special part assigned him, to prepare a volume which should serve this purpose in the best possible manner. Dr. Benson J. Lossing, the eminent his- torian, whose numerous works have given him an enviable fame, pre- pared a concise and remarkably interesting sketch of each of the States and Territories which form The Great Republic of the West. This division of the work is followed by The Story of Our Marvellous Progress and Growth as a Nation, edited by Dr. Lossing, in which is rehearsed the grand story of the nation as a whole and its glorious career from the organization of the government to the present admin- istration. Another important feature is found in three great State papers which should be in every household for convenient reference and with which every person in the United States, young or old, should be familiar. These are the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and the Emancipation Proclamation. The next division, which is both valuable and interestinor, is devoted to a description of the Great Cities of the United States. Here will be found a fund of general information for every one, and matters of great local interest to hundreds of thousands of readers who will find a description of the city in which they live, or in which for various reasons, their interest centres. This division includes the largest, most beautiful, and most important cities in the Union. Believing that beauty and grandeur, as well as utility, are entitled to consideration, the publishers have given one division of the work to an account of The Great Wonderlands of Our Republic. Here will be found profusely illustrated sketches of natural wonders and celebrated summer and winter resorts in various sections of the country. With the descriptions are interwoven a large number of interesting facts relating to the past history as well as to the present condition of the places noted. In this connection many items of biography incidentally appear, while in various instances the sketch is enlivened by some legend or romance connected with the locality. The reader will be surprised to find how rich our country is in striking vi ANNOUNCEMENT. scenes and in how many and widely separated localities Nature ap- pears in magnificent forms. In this department the children as well as the older people will be deeply interested, and from it they will obtain a large amount of information. The description of Resorts will be appreciated by those who have, as well as by those who have not, visited them, and will be especially useful to the large number who hope at some time to see one or more of these famous places. To each of these classes the information here s.upplied in a permanent and most attractive form will be of constant interest and value. In order to make the work complete, and render it invaluable to every American, the publishers have devoted the closing division to those portions of our Continent which lie Beyond the States. Here the Dominion of Canada, the Republic of Mexico, Cuba, the Bahama Islands, and the various countries of South and Central America are described in a most interesting manner. In this portion of the work will be found an immense number of facts regarding the people, the soil, the climate, the material resources and the government of these countries, together with descriptions of a large number of the most important cities, and many excellent engravings. On account of our close commercial relations with Canada, our growing trade with several of the countries of South and Central America, and the prospect that in the not far distant future, our commerce with these States will be wonderfully increased, these sketches must prove extremely useful to all who wish to keep informed concerning the political and financial affairs of our neighboring nations and the relations of the United States thereto. Mexico, too, is destined to greatly increase her trade with this country, and on this account, as well as because of her proximity, a description of her condition and resources will prove of special value. This unique work supplies a vast amount of information regarding this Continent, which must be of personal interest and value to every one in America who is familiar with the English language. It shows the widely varying conditions under which the different portions of ANNOUNCEMENT. vii the continent were settled by white men. The kindly relations which existed between the Aborigines of Pennsylvania and the Quakers appears in marked contrast with the conflicts and enmities long exist- ino; between the Indians and the Colonists of the North and West. Nature, too, presented very different phases. The severe climate and poor soil of New England were widely variant from the mild air and rich land of the South. The differences in the religious belief and the general character of the settlers of the various sections were also very great. The Pilgrims and Puritans of Massachusetts, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, the Catholics of Maryland, and the Huguenots of the Southern colonies, were widely separated in their beliefs and their traditions. Yet, we see that notwithstanding the great differences of climate and surroundings, of belief, and of nationality, the people of these sections united with zeal and energy to promote the common CTood. The treatment of the subject from various standpoints is a great advantage both to the reader who wishes to obtain a comprehensive view from all directions and to the one who desires information in some specific line and prefers to have that department treated separ- ately. In this work each will find just what is wanted. For, in its arrangement, the colonies are traced through their varies stages as Settlements, Territories, and States. Then follows a view of the Nation as a whole. After this we have the Cities, the great centres of trade and manufactures, with full statistics, over which in most cases the officials of the respective places had supervision. Then follows a description of Natural Wonders, Magnificent Scenery, and Popular Resorts. The view of our country is thus made complete, and to the general reader must be far more satisfactory than can be obtained from a single standpoint. With the exception of certain elaborate works which did not come within the means of the masses, most of the literature relating to America has either been confined to the United States or else the other countries have been treated in only a superficial manner. Thus viii ANNOUNCEMENT. it has come to pass that the people of the United States are much better acquainted with the history of Europe than they are with that of large portions of the Continent upon which they live. While they are comparatively familiar with the history of many nations which are "afar off," they have but a slight acquaintance with that of the coun- tries which, in a geographical sense, are their neighbors. The present volume will enable them to supply this deficiency and will do much to popularize knowledge concerning other American countries. The illustrations will be found to add greatly to the interest and value of the work. The insertion of the portraits of the first Gover- nors of the States is a unique feature which has involved great labor and expense on the part of the publishers, and will be appreciated by a large class of readers who are interested in the history of the country in its early times. The engravings of many of the finest buildings in the various cities of the Continent add greatly to the interest of the text, while the profuse illustrations of scenery and resorts cannot fail to increase the usefulness in the same degree that it adds to the beauty and attractiveness of the volume. From this brief outline it will be seen that Our Great Continent contains an immense amount of classified information upon subjects with which every American should be familiar, and that it will cer- tainly rank among the most important contributions to the historical literature of the day. The magnificent progress of this vast Conti- nent combines the brilliant qualities of romance with the substantial elements of a grand reality. In this work the treatment is in perfect accord with the high character of the theme. Thus, while it is a rich treasury of information, it is full of interest and entertainment. The publishers designed to produce a work which should be of incal- culable value as a record of facts and at the same time be a source of unfailing pleasure to every reader. They believe that the desired end has been attained and they send forth the book in the hope and with the expectation that it will both please and profit each and all into whose hands it may come. • gontents.* The Great Republic of the IVest. Introduction, 45 VIRGINIA. The Oldest Commonwealth — Boundaries — Area — Natural Features and Resources — Failure of Raleigh's Effort for Colonization. — The London Company — The Plymouth Company — Captain John Smith — The First Church — Jamestown — Various Disasters — Character of Settlers — New Charter — Continued Distress — Arrival of Lord De la Warr — First Representative Assembly — Establishment of Homes — Introduction of Slavery — A Written Constitution — New Settlement — Indian Troubles — Sickness and Famine — Civil War — Hostilities with the French — Representation in Continental Con- gress — Adoption of State Constitution — " State Sovereignty " — An Influential State — The War of 181 2 — John Brown — Secession — Reorganization — Effects of the War — Recovery Therefrom — " The Old Dominion," 47 NEW YORK. "The Empire State" — Boundaries — Area — Population — Scenery and Climate — History — Henry Hudson — Dutch Traders — Charters — " Iroquois Confederacy " — " Dutch West India Company " — The Walloons — Purchase of Manhattan Island — The Patroons — Early Governors — Surrender to the English — Political Troubles — French and Indian Invasion — Freedom of the Press — Struggles for Self-government — During the Revolution — The State Constitution — Development of Resources — Canal Systems — The use of Steam Power for Navigation — The War of 181 2 — AboHtion of Slavery — Revision of the Constitution— The Civil War — Population — Industries — Education- Charities — Books, Magazines, and Newspapers, 59 MASSACHUSETTS. Boundaries — Area — Climate — Early Explorations — The Plymouth Company — First Permanent Settlement — Organization of Government — Privations and Sickness — Other X CONTENTS. Settlements — Dissolution of Partnership with London Merchants — New Organization — The " Massachusetts Bay Company " — Religious Intolerance — Indian Troubles — Call for Surrender of Charter — Commission to England — Investigation of Affairs of the Colony — King Philips' War — English Rule — A New Charter — Invasions by French and Indians — Provincial Congress — End of Royal Authority — Organization of the Army - — Adoption of the State Constitution — Shay's Rebellion — War of 1812 — In the Civil War — Manufactures — Education — Population — Emigration, 69 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Location — Area — Population- -Natural Features — Discovery — Settlement — Annex- ation to Massachusetts — Subsequent Separation — Dispute Regarding Western Boun- dary — Indian Depredations — Provincial Congress — Organization of State Government — In the War for Independence — State Constitution — Ratification of the National Con- stitution — Seat of Government — Loyalty to the Union — Manufactures — Education, 78 CONNECTICUT. Boundaries — Area — Population — Aspect — Discovery — Settlement — Withdrawal of the Dutch — First Permanent Settlement — Subsequent Arrivals — First Written Consti- tution — The Pequod War — Settlement at New Haven — Formation of Government — Union of the Colonies — The Colonial Charter — Refusal to Surrender — The Legislature — Stringent Laws — In the Colonial Wars — Conflict with the Government of Pennsyl- vania — In the War for Independence — The War of 181 2 — The Hartford Convention — In the Civil War — Manufactures — Education — Characteristics of the People, . . 84 MARYLAND. Location — Area — Population — Natural Divisions — General Appearance — Early Settlements — Government — Conflicting Claims — Dissensions — Civil War — A Period of Repose — Religious Feud — In the Revolution — French and Indian War—State Govern- ment — War of 1 81 2 — In the Civil War — Manufacturing — Transportation Facilities — Education, 94 RHODE ISLAND. The Smallest State — Boundaries — Area — Population — Natural Features — Early Ex- plorers — The Stone Tower at Newport — Roger Williams — Settlement at Providence — Government of the Colony — Other Settlements — Establishment of the Commonwealth — Growing Intolerance — King Philip's War — Seizure and Restoration of the Charter — Exclusion from the New England Confederacy — Patriotism of the People — During the CONTENTS. xi Revolution — Admission to the Union — The War of 1812 — Efforts to obtain a State Constitution — Dorr's Rebellion — Adoption of the Constitution — In the Civil War^ Agriculture and Manufactures — Education, 10 1 DELAWARE. Area — Boundaries — Population — Natural Features — Derivation of Name — Discov- ery — Settlement — Claims of Lord Baltimore — Surrender of Territory to William Penn — Early Government — Favoring Independence — Organization of a State Government — In the Revolutonary War — Captain Caldwell — The War of 181 2 — Loyalty to the Union — Fruit-growing — Manufactures — Education, 107 NORTH CAROLINA. Boundaries — Area — Rank — Population — Seaboard — Surface — The Di,mal Swamp — Discovery and Settlement — Roanoke Island — Religious and PoHtical Communities — Revolts — Indian Troubles — Division of the Province — The "Regulators" — Provincial Convention— State Constitution — In the Revolution — Secession— During the Civil War — Re-organization — New Constitution — Industries — Mineral Wealth — Railroads — Edu- cation—" The Tar State," 112 NEW JERSEY. Location — Area— Population — Rank — Natural Features — Early History — In the Revolution — State Constitution — In the Civil War — Refusal to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment — Industries — Railroads — Education, 120 SOUTH CAROLINA. Location — Area — Population — Natural Features — Discovery and Settlement — Orig- inal Grants — Establishment of Government — Political and Religious Dissensions — Ex- peditions against the Spaniards and Indians — Attempt to Establish a State Church — Attack upon Charleston — War with Indians — A new Government Organized — Separa- tion from North Carolina — Resistance to British Oppression — In the Revolution — State Constitution — Slavery — "' Nullification " Movement — War Averted — Secession — Open- ing of the Civil War — Sufferings During the War — Reconstruction— Climate — Educa- tion, 126 PENNSYLVANIA. Location — Area — Population — Natural Features — Claims of the Dutch — Grant to William Penn — Treaty with the Indians — Purchase of Land of Swedish Settlers — Founding of the City of Philadelphia — The " Charter of Liberties "—Penn deprived of xii CONTENTS. his Colonial Rights — Troubles in the Colony — Reinstatement of Penn — A New Charter ■ — Withdrawal of the Three Lower Counties — " Mason and Dixon's Line " — French and Luiian War — In Favor of Independence — The Continental Congress — Declaration of Independence — Organization of the State Government — Military Events — National Constitution — The "Whiskey Insurrection" — The War of 1812 — Internal Improve- ments — In the Civil War — Manufactures — Coal Fields — Petroleum — Railroads — Edu- cation — "The Keystone State," 133 VERMONT. Location — Area — Population — Natural Features — Climate — Discovery and Settle- ment — Indian Battle Ground — Territorial Boundaries — Bitter Controversy — Organiza- tion of a State Government — Diplomacy — Settlement of Land Claims — Admission to the LTnion — The War of 181 2 — Aid to Insurrection in Canada — In the Civil War — Agri- culture — Manufactures — Education — Population — " The Green Mountain State." 142 GEORGIA. Location — Area — Population — Natural Features — Originally Belonged to the Caro- linas — Claimed by both Spain and England — The " Colony of Georgia " — Settlement at Savannah — Conference with Indians — New Arrivals — War Threatened by the Spaniards — Governor Oglethorpe's Repulse of the Invaders — Practical Introduction of Slavery —Establishment of a General Assembly — In the Revolutionary War — State Constitu- tions — Indian Troubles — Secession — Losses by the War — Under Military Rule — A New Constitution — Re-admission to the Union — Agriculture — Manufactures — Education — " The Empire State of the South," 149 KENTUCKY. Location^Area — Population — Surface — Orginal Inhabitants — First White Visitors — Daniel Boone — Explorations — Settlements — Formed a Territory — Indian Invasion —In the Revolution — Proposed Separation from Virginia — Dissatisfaction with the Government — First Public Advocate of Secession — Various Conventions — Admission to the Union — The War of 181 2 — Progress — In the Civil War — Agriculture — Live Stock — Manufactures — Railroads — Education — " The Corn-Cracker State," . . . . 158 TENNESSEE. Location — Area — Population — Natural Features — Union with the Carolinas — War with the Cherokees — Political Disturbances — Secession from North Carolina — Failure of the Revolutionary Movement — Organization of a Territorial Government — Admission CONTENTS. xiii as a State — The War of 1812 — Secession — During the War — Re-organization — Agri- culture — Industries — Railroads — Education — " The Big Bend State," .... 166 OHIO. Location — Boundaries — Area — Population — Rank — Aspect — Discovery — Explora- tions — Conflicting Claims of French and English — French and Indian War — The " Western Reserve " — Organization of a Territory — Influx of People — Various Settle- ments — State Constitution — The Seat of Government — War of 1812 — In the Civil War — Agriculture and Manufactures — Railroads — Education — "The Buckeye State,'' 174 LOUISIANA. Location — Area — Population — Features of the Country — Boundaries — Discovery by Europeans — Early Explorers — La Salle takes formal Possession of the Country for France — Subsequent Expeditions — The Province Granted to Crozat — Failure of his Enterprise — Founding the City of New Orleans — Various Speculations — Failure of the Enterprises — The Province Ceded to Spain — Its Restoration to France — Its Purchase by the United States — Admission to the Union — Invasion During the War of 181 2 — New Constitution — Secession of the State — Re-organization of State Government — Re-admission to the Union — Agricultural Productions — Education — " The Creole State," 181 INDIANA. Rank — Population — Location — Area — Aspect — First White Visitors — Religious and Commercial Stations— In the War for Independence — War With Indians — Estab- lishment of a Territory — Efforts to Introduce Slavery — Indian Confederacy — Increas- mg Hostilities — Open War — War of 181 2 — Admission to the Union — Rapid Immigra- tion — Internal Improvements — Financial Disaster — Recuperation — In the Civil War — Agriculture — Manufactures — Education — " The Hoosier State," 190 MISSISSIPPI. Location — Area — Population — Boundaries — Natural Features — Explorations by De Soto — French Explorers — First Colony — Later Settlements — Cruelty to Indians — Their Revenge — The Natchez Tribe Exterminated — End of the French Dominion — Formation of a Territory — State Constitution — Secession — Re-organization — Agricul- ture — Education — "The Bayou State," 197 ILLINOIS. Location — Boundaries — Rank — General Aspect — First European Settlers — Jesuit Missions — Military Posts Established by the French — The English Obtain Possession xiv CONTENTS. — Territorial Area — In the Revolution — Indian Troubles — The War of i8i 2— Admis- sion to the Union — Removal of the Indians — Mormon Troubles — Chicago — Agricul- tural Productions — Manufactures — Railroads — Education, 205 ALABAMA. Location — Area — Population — Boundaries — Surface — Indian Inhabitants, their Character and Customs — Cruelty of De Soto and His Followers — Settlement of Mobile — Other Settlements — Transfer to England — Gained by the United States — Indian Troubles — Destruction of the Creek Nation — Increase of Population — Territorial Organization — Secession — Organization of the Confederate Government — During the Civil War — Re-organization — Agriculture — Railroads — Education, 212 MAINE. Area — Boundaries — Population — Natural Features — Discovery — Efforts to Found a Colony — Disputed Territory — Charter Obtained — The Region Claimed by Massa- chusetts — Hostilities of the French and Indians — William Phipps — In the Revolution — War of 1812— Separation from Massachusetts — Admission to the Union — Invasion in the Civil War — Colony of Swedes — Agriculture — Lumber Inte'ests — Fisheries — Railroads — Commerce — Education — "The Pine-Tree State," 220 MISSOURL Location — Area — Rank — Boundaries — Natural Features — Discovery and Settle- ment — Early History — The Slavery Question — The Compromise Bill — Admission to the Union — Indian Disturbances — Progress — In the Civil War — A New State Consti- tution — Natural Resources — Railroads — Education — Derivation c.f the Name of the State, 226 ARKANSAS. Location — Area — Boundaries — Population — Natural Features — Discovery — Subse- quent Explorations — Early Settlements — Territorial Government — State Constitution Framed — Admission to the Union — Secession — Re-organization of the State Govern- ment — A New Constitution — Re-admission to the Union — Agricultural Productions — Manufactures — Education — " The Bear State," 233 MICHIGAN. Boundaries — Area — Population — Characteristics — Discovery and Settlement — Jesuit Missions — English Succeed the French — Indian Treachery — The War of 181 2 CONTENTS. XV — Sale of Public Lands — Organization of the Territorial Government — Admission as a State — In the Civil War — Agriculture — Mineral Wealth — Live Stock — Manufactures — Railroads — Education — " The Wolverine State," 238 FLORIDA. Location — Area — Population — Boundaries — Natural Features — Discovery — Search for the Fountain of Youth — HostiHty of the Indians — A Disastrous Expedition — First Permanent Settlement — Religious Persecutions — The Claim of the Spaniards Dis- puted — The Country Ceded to Great Britain — Colony of New Smyrna — Tyranny of the Founder — During the Revolution — Re-ceded to Spain — In the War of 181 2 — Ceded to the United States — The Seminole War — Admission to the Union — Seces- sion — Re-admission to the Union — Agricultural Productions — "The Peninsula State," 245 TEXAS. The Largest State — Location — Area — Boundaries — Population — Surface and Soil — First White Colony — Jesuit Missions — Continued Indian Hostilities — Spanish Opposition to French and American Occupation — A Grant to Moses Austin — Revolu- tions — The Alamo — Independence Secured— Samuel Houston Elected President of the RepubHc — Annexation to the United States — Secession — Re-organization of the Government — Re-admission to the Union — Agricultural Productions — Manufactures — Education — " The Lone Star State," 253 IOWA. Location — Boundaries — Area — Population — Rank — Natural Features — Settlement — The Black Hawk War — Various Colonies — Organization of the Territory — Admis- sion as a State — The Seat of Government — In the Civil War — Agriculture— Live Stock — Railroads — Education — " The Hawkeye State," . 260 WISCONSIN. Location — Area — Population — Boundaries — Natural Features — Early Settlements — Missionary Operations by the Jesuits— The Domain Transferred from the French to the EngHsh^-Ceded to the United States— Settlement at Green Bay — The Black Hawk War — Territorial Organization — Rapid Growth in Population — A State Con- stitution Framed — Admission to the Union — Loyalty During the Civil War — Agricul- tural Productions— Manufactures— Railroads — Education—" The Badger State," 265 xvi CONTENTS. CALIFORNIA. Location — Boundaries — Area — Population — Natural Features — Discovery — Earli- est Settlements — Franciscan Missions — Destruction of the Missions by the Mexican Government — Attempt to Expel Americans — The Mexicans Driven Out — Indepen- dence Proclaimed — The Territory Ceded to the United States — Discovery of Gold — Great Influx of Lawless Adventurers — Organization of Government — Slavery For- bidden — Petition to Become a State — Long Delay in Congress — Admission to the Union — " Vigilance Committees " — Agricultural Productions — Mineral Wealth — Man- ufactures — Railroads — Education — Foreign Commerce — "The Golden State," . 271 MINNESOTA. Location — Boundaries — Area — Population — Surface — Climate — First European Visitors — Establishment of Fur-trading Posts by the French — Exploration by Jonathan Carver — Subsequent Explorations — Inception and Growth of the Lumber Industry — Rapid Increase in Population — Admission to the Union — Patriotic Devotion in the Civil War — The Sioux War — Agricultural Productions — Manufacturing Interests — Railroads — Education — Proj^osed Public Parks — "The Gopher State," . . . 279 OREGON. Location — Area — Population — Boundaries — Natural Features — First European Visitor — Discovery of the Columbia River — Exploration of the Country — First Per- manent Settlement — Controversy between the United States and Great Britain — A Temporary Arrangement — Formation of New Colonies — Settlement of Dispute Re- garding Boundaries — Territorial Government — Division of the Territory — Admission as a State — Increase in Population — War with the Modoc Indians — Agriculture — Live Stock — Fisheries — Manufactures — Railroads — Education — Derivation of the Name of the State, 286 KANSAS. The Central State — Boundaries — Area — Surface — First European Visitants — Earliest Settlement — The Missouri Compromise — Efforts to Organize a Territory — Discussion in Congress — The " Irrepressible Conflict " — Extensive Immigration — Attempt to Introduce Slavery — Foreign Interference with Elections — The Legislature Illegally Chosen — Convention of Actual Settlers — New State Constitution — Great Disorder — Congressional Investigation — The Lecompton Constitution — Action of Congress — Armed Conflict — Restoration of Peace — Admission to the Union — In the Civil War — Agricultural and Manufacturing Interests — Coal Fields — Railroads — Edu- cation — " The Garden of the West," 293 CONTENTS. . xvii WEST VIRGINIA. Location — Area — Population — Aspect — Loyalty to the Union — Separation from Virginia — Admission to the Union — In the Civil War — Rapid Development — Agricul- ture — Manufactures— Education — " The Pan -Handle State," 300 NEVADA. Rank — Location — Area — Population — Surface — General Aspect — Cession to the United States — Territorial Organization — Admission as a State — Mineral Wealth — Discovery of Silver in the Washoe Region — Agriculture — Live Stock — Manufactures — Education — Signification of the Name of the State, 304 NEBRASKA. Location — Area — Population — Natural Features — First Exploration and Settle- ment — Organization of the Territory — Original Area — Division of the Territory — Admission as a State — Increase in Population — Agriculture — Live Stock — Manufac- tures — Railroads — Education — Meaning of the Name, 308 COLORADO. Location — Area — Boundaries — Natural Features — Discovered by a Spanish Ad- venturer — Explorations by Officers of the United States Army — Discovery of Gold — Attempt to Establish Civil Government — Territorial Organization — Admission to the Union as a State — Mining Interests — Live Stock — Manufacturing Establishments — Railroads — Education — " The Centennial State." 311 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. .Area — Location — The City of Washington — Erection of Public Buildings— Ap- pearance and Condition of the City in 1800— Government of the District— Dimin- ished Area— Education — Population, 314 INDIAN TERRITORY. Formation of the Territory— Extent in 1834 — Present Area— Location— Boundaries — Natural Features — Inhabitants — Form of Government — In the Civil War — Progress in Civilization— Agricultural and Live Stock Interests — The Leading Tribes— Educa- tion — Financial Condition — Population, -j- xviii CONTENTS. NEW MEXICO. Early Inliabitants — Location — Boundaries — Area — Natural Features — Spanish Oc- cupation — Indian Troubles — The Country Conquered by the United States — Loyalty to the Union — Territorial Organization — Agriculture — Live Stock — Manufactures — Education — Mineral Wealth, 320 UTAH. Original Inhabitants — Location — Population — Character of the Region — Cession to the United States — Settlement by Mormons — Growth of Salt Lake City— Conflict with the National Government — Agriculture — Manufactures — Financial Condition — Education, 323 WASHINGTON. Location — Area — Population — Natural Features— Indian Occupation — Discovery and Exploration by White Men — First Permanent Settlement — Organization of the Territory — Islands in Washington Sound — Agriculture — Manufactures — Mining — Lumber — The Fishing Interests — Education — Admission as a State, . . . . 326 DAKOTA. Location — Boundaries — Area — Population — Surface — The Indian Inhabitants-- Cession of Land to the United States — War — First Permanent Settlement by Whites — Territorial Organization — Changes of Boundaries— Increase of Population — Agricul- ture — Manufactures — Mining — Education — Division of the Territory — Admission to the Union as Two States, '........ 329 ARIZONA. Location — Boundaries — Area — Population — Indian Inhabitants — Natural Featr.res — Spanish Exploration and Settlement — Purchase by the United States — Organized as a Territory — Change of Area — Indian Tradition — Mineral Wealth — Agriculture — Education, 333 IDAHO. Position — Boundaries — Area — Population— Natural Features — Early Explorers — Settlement — Formation of a Territory — Original Area — Mineral Wealth — Agriculture — Education^Pronunciation of the Name, 335 MONTANA Location — Area — Boundaries — Surface — Climate — Settlement — Organization as a CONTENTS. xix Territory — Rich Gold Mine — Agriculture — Live Stock — Manufactures — Education — Derivation of the Name — Admission as a State, 337 WYOMING. Location— Area— Population — Boundaries — Natural Features — Yellowstone Na- tional Park— First White Visitors — Scientific Exploration — First White Settlement — Territorial Organization— .Right of Suffrage — Agricultural Resources — Mineral Wealth — Education, 339 ALASKA. Location — Islands— Area — Shore Line — Mountains — Yukon River— Climate — Dis- covery and Exploration — The Russian Fur Company — Scientific Exploration — Pur- chase by the United States— Government and Laws — Minerals — Agricultural Produc- tions — Fisheries — Population, 342 OKLAHOMA. Creation of the Territory— Opened for Settlement— Great Excitement— The Capital — Form and Area — Surface — Climate, . . - 344 XX CONTENTS. Our Nation: The Story of Its Progress and Growth. INTRODUCTION. Our Position — The Past and the Present — An Unending Conflict — Self-Govern- ment by the People an Experiment — Opposing Forces — A Wonderful History — The Formative Period — George Washington — Remarkable Development — Second War with England — Indians Subdued — Jealous of Foreign Powers — Slavery Overthrown — A Free Land — ^The Mission of the Country — The only Source of Danger, . . . 347-356 EARLY SETTLEMENTS. Progress and Growth of the Nation — Settlement at Jamestown — Experiences of the Colonists — Establishment of Representative Government — New England — Arrival of the Pilgrims — The Civil Compact in the Mayflower — Great Difficulties — Manner of Life — Massasoit — Education — Increase of Population — Union of the Colonies — John Eliot — King Philip's V¥ar — Triumph of the Whites — New York — Discovery of the Hudson River — Settlement on Manhattan Island — War with Indians — Surrender to the English — William Penn — Establishment of the Colony on the Delaware — Prosperity of the New Settlement — Other Colonies, .... 357-367 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. General Condition — Belief in Witchcraft — Religious Intolerance — Excuse — Growth of the Colonies — Forms of Government — French and Indian Aggression — George Wash- ington — War with the French and Indians — Defeat of General Braddock — The Siege of Quebec — Rapid Immigration — The Gathering Cloud — Changed Relations — English Tyranny — Commercial Restrictions— The Stamp Act — Declaration of Rights —The Tax on Tea — British Troops— Opposition to English Interference — A Cargo of Tea De- stroyed — RetaUation — Preparations for War— First Colonial Congress, . . 367-379 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Opening of the War for Independence — The Attack at Lexington— The Battle of Concord — George Washington — John Hancock— Benjamin Franklin — Israel Putnam — Patrick Henry — Samuel Adams — Gathering of Troops — Aggressive Movements— Ticon- deroga — Crown Point— Second Continental Congress — Arrival of British Troops — Bat- tle of Bunker Hill— Washington Appointed Commander-in-Chief — British Evacuation of Boston— Protection of New York— The British Attack Charleston, . . 379-396 CONTENTS. xxi INDEPENDENCE DECLARED. The Formal Declaration of Independence — iLs Reception by the People — Hessian Troops — General Howe's Commission — Overtures of the British Rejected^ Americans Retreat from Brooklyn — Battle of White Plains — A Dark Period — The Battles of Trenton and Princeton — French Aid to the Patriots — The Marquis de . Lafayette — Various Encounters — Philadelphia Captured by the British — In the Northern Department — Indians Assist the British— Surrender of General Bnrgoyne — Renewed Overtures of Peace from England — Alliance of France and Spain with the Colonies — Valley Forge — Appearance of a French Fleet — Battle of Monmouth — Bat- tle at Quaker Hill — The Wyoming Massacre — Cherry Valley — New Plan of Action — Along the Sea-coast — Various Battles — In the Western Wilderness — Punishment of the Six Nations — The Campaign at the South — On the High Seas — Disasters to the Patriots — Francis Marion — South Carolina Organized as a Royal Province — Progress of the Campaign in the South and the North — The Treachery of Arnold — Failure of his Treasonable Bargain — Sufferings of the Soldiers — Relief Granted by Congress — Robert Morris — Depredations by Arnold — Battles of Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse — Various Engagements — Massacre at Fort Griswold — The Battle of Yorktown — Sur- render of the British, 396-417 AFTER THE CONFLICT. The Close of the .War — Treaties of Peace — Impoverished Condition of the Colonies — Commissioners — Proposition to Establish a Monarchy — Domestic Discon- tent — Retirement of Washington — Alexander Hamilton — Formation of the Constitu- tion — Dissolution of the Continental Congress — The Territorial Government — Election of a President 417-423 A REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED. Administration of George Washington — Organization of the Government — Public Debt — Returning Prosperity — Indian Hostilities — Political Parties — The Whiskey Rebellion — -Treaties with England and Spain — Establishment of a Navy — Administration of John Adams — Threatened War with France Averted — The Death of Washington — The Second Census — Election of President by the House of Representatives — Administration of Thomas Jefferson — Conciliatory Measures — Additions to the Union — Expeditions against Algerine Pirates — Exploration of the Rocky Mountain Region— Aaron Butr — Difficulties with Foreign Nations — Successful Steam Navigation — Impressment of Seamen — Embargo upon Shipping — Administra- tion OF James Madison — The Rights of Citizenship — Continued Aggressions by Eng- land — Indian Outbreak — Strength of English and American Navies, . . . 423-432 xxii CONTENTS. THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. Opening of the War — Disasters on Land — Successes on the Sea — Re-Election OF President Madison — American Victories in Canada and on Lake Erie — Varying Fortunes of War — British Depredations — The City of Washington Plundered — Nego- tiations for Peace — The Battle of New Orleans — Peace Restored, .... 432-436 DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. Algerine Pirates — Admission of Indiana — The United States Bank Chartered — Administration of James Monroe — Emigration to the West — New States and Territories — The Missouri Compromise — Re-election of President Monroe — Visit of Lafayette — Sketch of his Life — Election of John Quincy Adams as Presi- dent — His Administration — The Erie Canal — Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson — The Fiftieth Anniversary of Independence — Administration of Andrew Jackson — Removal of the Cherokee Indians — Veto of the Charter of the National Bank — The Black Hawk War — Secession Threatened by South Carohna — Business Panic — War with Indians in Florida— Order to collect Revenues in Coin — Admission of New States — Administration of Martin Van Buren — Commercial Disaster — Violation of Neutrality Laws — Administration of Presidents Harrison and Tyler — Call for an Extra Session of Congress— Death of President Harrison — Succession of Vice-President Tyler — Legislation Relating to Commercial Affairs — Modification of the Tariff — Adoption of a State Constitution by Rhode Island — Texas Applies for Admission to the Union — Florida and Iowa become States — Administration of James K. Polk — Annexation of Texas — Settlement of the Northwestern Boundaries Dispute, 436-446 THE MEXICAN WAR. Causes of the War — The Conquest of California — The Navajo Indians Subdued — Close of the Mexican War — Discovery of Gold in California — Election of General Taylor to the Presidency — Important Measures during the Administration of Presi- dent Polk — Wisconsin Admitted to the Union, 446-450 THE PERIOD OF AGITATION. Rapid National Progress — The Slavery Question— Growth of the Slave Power — General Sentiment of the Country at the Time of the Revolution — Compromise Mea- svtres — The Cotton Gin—Increasing Demand for Slaves— Great Change in Public Sentiment — The Missouri Compromise — Northern Opposition to Slavery — The "Emancipator "—Conflict Regarding the Admission of Texas as a State — California a Free State — Administration of Zacharv Taylor — The "Omnibus Bill" — Death CONTENTS. xxiii of General Taylor and Succession of Millard Fillmore to the Presidency — Important Events of President Taylor's Administration — Administration of Millard Fillmore — The Fugitive Slave Law Supported — Reduction of Postage — Introduction of the Telegraph — Invasion of Cuba — Organization of Minnesota as a Territory — Enlarge- ment of the National Capitol Building — Arctic Expedition — Visit of Kossuth — The Newfoundland Fisheries — Treaty with Japan — Trouble with Spain — Organization of Washington Territory, 451-464 THE COMING STORM. Administration of Franklin Pierce — Difficulties — Dispute with Mexico — EstabUshment of Steamship Lines to Asia— Explorations of the Northwest — World's Fair in New York— Relations with Mexico — Central America and the Sandwich Islands — Renewed Discussion of the Slavery Question — More Trouble with Spain — Effort to Obtain Cuba— " The Golden Circle "—Treaties with Mexico and Great Britain — Invasion of Nicaragua — Indian Troubles — Difficulties with Great Britain — Formation of the Republican Party — The Know-Nothing Party — Exciting Political Canvass — Election of the Democratic Candidates, 464-469 THE CONTEST BEGUN. Administration of James Buchanan — Conflict in Kansas— Reign of Terror — • The Dred Scott Decision — Continued Troubles in Kansas — The "Southern Com- mercial Convention " — Increase of the Slave Trade— Efforts to Restrict Slavery — The " Mormon War " — Raid of John Brown — Scheme for Di^union^Democratic Conven- tion at Charleston — Various Political Nominations — Exciting Contest — Election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency — Continued Plottings of Treason— Efforts to Cripple the Government— Secession of South Carolina— The Example Followed by other States — Organization of the Confederate Government — A Peace Conven- tion — Loyalty of General Scott, 469-477 THE CIVIL WAR. Administration of Abraham Lincoln — Surrounded by Difficulties —Condition of the Army and Navy— Attack upon Fort Sumter— The Civil War Inaugurated — A Great Uprising — Bloodshed in Baltimore— Condition of the Opposing Forces— The Battle of Bull Run — The North Aroused — General McClellan— The Confederate Capi- tal Changed from Montgomery to Richmond — General Lee — " Stonewall " Jackson — Review of the Events of 1861 — The Campaign of 1862 — The Merrimac and Monitor — Extreme Caution of General McClellan — In the Valley of the Mississippi — In other Sections— Battle of Antietam— General McClellan Superseded— Battles, . 478-494 xxiv CONTENTS. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. Emancipation a Necessity — Confederate Privateers — The Course of Great Britain — Military Operations of 1863 — In the Mississippi Valley — The Capture of Vicks- burg — In the East — The Battle of Gettysburg — The Draft Riots — Military Movements in Virginia — In Tennessee — In other Sections — Financial Condition of the Union and of the Confederacy — Military Operations of 1864 — Commission of General Grant as Commander-in-Chief of the Union Forces — Reverses at the South — Heavy Fighting in Virginia — In the Shenandoah Valley — Sherman's March to the Sea — In other States — Privateers — The Port of Mobile closed — Re-nomination of President Lincoln — Nomi- nation of General McClellan for President. — Re-election of President Lincoln — Closing Events of the War — The Capture of Richmond — Surrender of General Lee — Assassination of President Lincoln — Succession of Andrew Johnson to the Pres- idency — Surrender of General Johnston — General Grant's Farewell Address — Review of the Union Army — The Army Disbanded, 494-5 1 7 REORGANIZATION AND PROGRESS. Amendments to the Constitution — Removal of Commercial Restrictions — State Conventions — Conflict between the President and Congress — The French in Mex- ico — Effort to Impeach President Johnson — Admission of Nebraska to the Union —Result of the Trial of the President — Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution — Treaty with China — Election of General Grant as President — Adminis- tration of President Grant — Completion of the Work of Re-construction — Passage of a General Amnesty Bill by Congress — Completion of a Railroad across the Continent — Insurrection in Cuba — Fenian Invasion of Canada— Effort to Annex Hayti to the United States — Survey for an Inter-oceanic Canal at Isthmus of Darien — Destructive Fires in Chicago and Boston — The Alabama Claims — Establishment of the National Signal Service — Abolition of the Franking Privilege — Presidential Nominations — Re- election OF General Grant — Mormon Troubles — Difficulties with the Indians — Admission of Colorado as i State — Political Events, 517-525 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. A Great Success — The Presidential Election — Appointment of the Electoral Commission — R. B. Hayes Declared the President Elect. — Administration of President Hayes — Political Measures — Exodus of Negroes from Southern States — Resumption of Specie Payments — War with the Ute Indians— The Inter-oceanic Canal Scheme Revived — Presidential Nominations— Election of James A. Garfield — Administration of President Garfield — Deadlock in the Senate — Resignation of the Senators from New York — Relations with Foreign Countries — Assassination of CONTENTS. XXV President Garfield — Succession of Chester A. Arthur to the Presidency — Adminis- tration OF President Arthur — Special Session of the Senate — Appointiiient of Cabinet Officers — Centennial Celebration of the Surrender of Cornwallis — Trial and Execution of Guiteau, the Assassin of President Garfield, 5^5~534- THE FORTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. The " Star Route " Trials — Recommendations of the President — The Chinese Ex- clusion Bill — Commercial Treaty with Mexico — Democratic Majority in the House of Representatives — Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Landing of William Penn — Civil Service Reform Bill — Reduction of Letter Postage — Termination of Fisheries Treaty with Great Britain — Labor Commission — New York and Brooklyn Bridge — Opening of the Northern Pacific Railroad — Centennial Celebrations^The Forty-eighth Congress — Recommendations of the President — The Treasury Surplus — The Mormon Problem — The Liquor Traffic — An Educational Measure Proposed — Repeal of the Test Oath, 534-537 IMPORTANT EVENTS. National Conventions — Presidential Campaign and Election — Relief of Lieutenant Greely's Exploring Party in Arctic Regions — Wreck of the Steamship Jeanette — The Bartholdi Statue — The Tehuantepec Canal Project — Fail*ure of a Treaty with Spain — The President's Message — World's Fair at New Orleans — Completion of the Washing- ton Monument — Reduction of the National Debt — General Grant placed on the Re- tired list of the Army — Succession of Grover Cleveland to the Presidency — Events of his Administration — Rebellion at Panama — Trouble with Indian Tribes — Death of General Grant — Great Strike of the Knights of Labor on the Southwestern Railroads — Death of Archbishop McCloskey, General McClellan, and Vice President Hendricks — The Forty-ninth Congress — Conspiracy in San Francisco — The Cherokee Indians — The Anti-Polygamy Bill — Land Claims of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company — Presidential Succession Act — Opposition to the Chinese in California — Riot at East St. Louis — Anarchist Riot in Chicago — Marriage of President Cleveland — Veto of Pension Bills — Fisheries Dispute with Canada — Destructive Earthquake at Charleston, 538-544 THE PROGRESS OF AFFAIRS. The Republican Anti-Saloon League Formed — Unveiling of the Bartholdi Statue in New York Harbor — Death of ex-President Arthur — The Maritime Canal Company — Department of Agriculture and Labor — The Inter State Commerce Act — Centen- nial Celebration of Adoption of the National Constitution at Philadelphia — The xxvi CONTENTS. Fiftieth Congress — The President's Message — Nomination of L. Q. C. Lamar as Justice of the Supreme Court — Strike of Miners in Schuylkill Coal Regions — The " Mills Bill" — Death of the Emperor of Germany — The Great " Blizzard " — Death of Chief-Justice Waite and Appointment of M. W. Fuller as his Successor — Relations with China — Death of General Sheridan — The Political Conventions — Re-union of Northern and Southern Soldiers at Gettysburg — Yellow-Fever at Jacksonville — Dismission of the British Minister — Presidential Election — The President's Message— New States Created, 545-549 OUR NATIONAL PROGRESS. At the Close of the War — Condition of the South — Industries Paralyzed — Cotton Grown by Free Labor — Industries of the North — Depreciation of Values — Return of Confidence — Effect of the Centennial Exposition^ Reduction of the Public Deot — The Feeling of the South — Cotton Exposition at Atlanta — Immigration — Wonderful Inventions— The Demands of the Hour, 550-553 GREAT STATE PAPERS. Declaration of Independence, 555 Constitution of the United States, 559 Emancipation Proclamation, 571 CONTENTS. Great Cities of the United States, ALBANY, NEW YORK, . ATLANTA, GEORGIA, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK, BUFFALO, NEW YORK, . CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, CINCINNATI, OHIO, . CLEVELAND, OHIO, . COLUMBUS, OHIO, . DAVENPORT, IOWA, DAYTON. OHIO, . DENVER, COLORADO, DES MOINES, IOWA, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, EVANSVILLE, INDIANA, GALVESTON, TEXAS, HAMPTON, VIRGINIA, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, . JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, . JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, . KEOKUK, IOWA. 702 736 660 628 611 706 634 721 647 668 665 715 713 742 719 761 652 712 740 757 710 696 667 728 614 711 751 xxviii CONTENTS. PAGE LOUISVILLE. KENTUCKY, 664 LOWELL, MASSACHUSETTS 704 LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS 700 MANCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE 690 MEMPHIS. TENNESSEE 717 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, 673 MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 683 MOBILE, ALABAMA '. . 731 NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, 732 NEWARK, NEW JERSEY . 615 NEW HAVEN. CONNECTICUT, . 694 NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, 637 NEW YORK, NEW YORK, •..•.... 596 OMAHA, NEBRASKA, . 714 PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA .718 PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 617 PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. 675 PORTLAND, MAINE, 691 PORTLAND, OREGON 758 PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, 763 PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND 687 READING, PENNSYLVANIA 744 RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 749 ROCHESTER, NEW YORK 739 ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA, 753 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 655 ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 679 SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 744 SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 723 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 643 SAVANNAH, GEORGIA 734 SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA, 705 CONTENTS. xxix A PACE SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS, ......... 699 SYRACUSE, NEW YORK 699 TOLEDO, OHIO 716 TRENTON, NEW JERSEY 709 TROY, NEW YORK, 701 UTICA, NEW YORK, 740 WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 575 WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA 743 WILMINGTON, DELAWARE, 730 WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA, 709 WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, 690 XXX CONTENTS. The Great Wonderlands of Our Repit lie: NATURAL SCENERY AND CELEBRATED RESORTS. NEW ENGLAND COAST SCENES— The Coast Line— The Proposed Tour- Route Selected — Long Island Sound — Newport — Location — Former Naval Station — The Round Tower — Various Attractions — Open to All— Population — Nantasket Beach — Plymouth — Miles Standish — The " Mayflower " — Early Settlement of Plymouth — Natural Features — Pilgrim Rock — Plymouth Hall — Cape Cod — Form — Area — Deriva- tion of its Name — Sand — Cranberry Marshes — Villages — Provincetown — Fisheries — Whales — Characteristic Scenes — New Bedford — Decline of the Whale Fisheries — Manufactures — Buzzard's Bay and Vicinity — Wood's HoU — Martha's Vineyard — Dis- covery — Attractions — Cottage City — Gay Head — Nantucket — Geological Formation — Discovery — Settlement by Thomas Macey — Fisheries — Population — "The Garden of Eden " — Climate — Sanitary Condition — Return to Boston — Lowell — John Eliot — Cotton Mills — Lake Winnipiseogee — Early Notices — Later Descriptions — Portland — Mount Desert Island — Area — Natural Features — Growing Importance — As a Pleasure Resort — Prosperity, 767 THE WHITE MOUNTAINS— Location— First Visit by White Men— Increasing Popularity — Various Attractions — Ascent of Mount Washington — Magnificent Scenery — The Notch and Vicinity — Franconia Mountains — Other Attractions, ... 811 THE RANGELEY LAKES— Location— Number— Names— Attractions of the Region — Routes — The Dixville Notch, 818 ALONG THE HUDSON— The Hudson River— Navigation— Scenery— Pali- sades — The Tappan Zee — " Sunnyside "— " Sleepy Hollow " — Nyack — Sing Sing — The Croton Aqueduct — " Treason Hill " — Peekskill — The Highland Region — West Point —Constitution Island — Cornwall — Newburg — Poughkeepsie — Other Cities — Claverack Valley — Albany — The Capitol Building — Feudal System — Troy, 820 THE ADIRONDACS— Location— Elevation— A Wild Region— Mountains- Lakes and Ponds — Travelling — Routes — General Aspect, 833 THE REGION OF THE CATSKILLS— Location— Routes Thereto— Catskill — Kingston — Fame of the Catskills — Attractions — Mountain Views — Railroads and CONTENTS. xxxi Stage Lines — Sunset Rock — Overlook Mountain — The Wallkill Valley — New Paltz — Sky Top — Lake Mohonk — Lake Minnewaska, 834 SARATOGA SPRINGS— A Famous Resort— Hotels— Historic Events— Mineral Springs — Attractions — Saratoga Lake — Mt. McGregor — Population, .... 842 LAKE GEORGE — A Democratic Resort — Location and History — Attractions of the Region — Summer Population, 846 CHAUTAUQUA — Location — Elevation — Resorts^ — Educational Centre — Build- ings — Schools — Recreations, 850 AUSABLE CHASM— Location— Falls— The Chasm— A Pleasant Boat-ride, 852 CH ATE AUG AY CHASM— Location— Lakes in the Vicinity— Description of the Chasm — Effects of the Luagination — Rainbow Basin — Giant Gorge —Vulcan's Cave — Other Attractions — Increasing Popularity, 854 WATKINS GLEN — Situation — Scenery — Cascades — The Iron Bridge — Hotel — Art Gallery — The Cathedral — Various Attractions, 858 NIAGARA FALLS — Volume of Water — Adequate Description Impossible — Niagara River — Earliest Mention of Falls — How the Falls were Formed — Rate of Retrocession — Goat Island — Width and Form of the Falls — Cave of the Wmds — The New York State Park — The Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park — Bridges Across the River — Below the Falls — The Whirlpool — Villages, 863 THE THOUSAND ISLANDS— The St. Lawrence River— The Rapids- Steamers — The Morning Hours — Various Islands — Alexandria Bay — Round Island Park — Thousand Island Park — Evening Scenes — Cottages — Westminster Park — On the River Banks — The Long Sault — Lake St. Francis — Through the Rapids — Victoria Bridge — Montreal, 874 CRESSON — Location — Elevation — Hotels and Cottages — Forests — Roads — Me- dicinal Springs, 886 LEWISTOWN NARROWS— The Home of Logan— Natural Curiosities— Indus- tries — Institutions and Buildings — Formation of the Narrows, 886 xxxii CONTENTS. THE HORSESHOE CURVE— Up Grade— A Peculiar Curve— Across the Chasm — A Curious Delusion, 888 GREENWOOD LAKE — Location — Area — Numerous Attractions — Camping Out — Scenery, 890 CONEY ISLAND — Area and Location — Discovery — Early History — As a Plea- sure Resort — New Attractions — Elements of Popularity — Iron Piers — Hotels — Four Divisions, 891 LONG BRANCH — Location — Attractions — Original Settlement — The Beach — Hotels — Various Sections, 894 ASBURY PARK AND OCEAN GROVE— Location of Asbury Park— Purchase of the Land — Incorporation — Beach — Hotels — Lakes — Ocean Grove — Management — Attractions — Population, 895 ATLANTIC CITY — Climatic Advantages — Location — Railroad Connections — Churches and Newspapers — Various Attractions, 899 CAPE MAY CITY — Location — Early Settlement— Attractions— Cape May Point — Bathing Facihties — City Avenues — Hotels and Cottages, 900 OLD POINT COMFORT— Climate— Location— Fortress Monroe— Hampton- Neighboring Localities — Social Enjoyments, 902 THE WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS— Location— How reached— Mountain Peaks — Medicinal Spring — Popularity — Chmate — Hotels and Cottages — Hot Springs ^Healing Springs — Sweet Springs — Red Sulphur Springs — Scenery, .... 905 JEKYL ISLAND — Location — Former Popularity — Recent PuFchase — Improve- ments — Management — Attractions— Climate, 907 ST. JOHN'S RIVER— Rise and Course— Steamboat Trip— Orange Groves — Lake George — Luxuriant Vegetation — Stopping Places — The Everglades — Florida as a Winter Resort, 9°9 TEXAS AND THE GREAT SOUTHWEST — Scenery — The St. Louis Bridge — The Meramec River — The Iron Mountain — Pilot Knob Mountain — The CONTENTS. xxxiii Ozark Mountain Section — Beautiful Scenes — The Black River — Little Rock — Hot Springs — Medicinal Character of the Waters — Scenic Beauty — Increasing Popularity — Texas — Area — Elevation — Soil — Attractions for the Sportsman — Agricultural Pro- ductions — Austin — The Capitol Building — San Marcos — San Antonio — Rapid Devel- opment — Historical Associations — Natural Bridge — Fort Worth — Court House — The Brazos River — Big Springs — ^Approaching the Rocky Mountains — The Sierra Blanca Mountains — El Paso — Attractions — El Paso del Norte — Fort Bliss — Ysleta, . 914, SCENES IN NEW MEXICO— Characteristics of the Region— An Ancient Country — A Trip from Embudo — Fernandez de Taos — Indian Festival — The Pueblo de Taos — The Future of the Section, 940 HERE AND THERE IN THE GREAT WEST— Starting Point— Warrens- burg — Agricultural Operations — Great American Desert — Oklahoma — Scenes in Illinois — In the Vicinity of Ottawa — Deer Park Glen — Bailey's Falls — Iowa — Spirit Lake — • Little Spirit Lake — West Okoboji Lake — Minnesota — Lake Minnetonka — Detroit Lake — Dakota — Lake Minnewakan, or Devil's Lake, 943 THE ROCKIES AND BEYOND— Nature of the Scenery— The Pioneer— Leadville — Methods of Travel — Mountain of the Holy Cross — Georgetown — Green Lake — Bow Knot Loop — Gray's Peak — The Caiions of Colorado — Che3'enne Canons — Manitou Springs — Pike's Peak — Rainbow Falls — Garden of the Gods — Toltec Gorge — Garfield Memorial — Grand Canon of the Arkansas — The Royal Gorge — A Steep Grade — ^Gunnison — Crested Butte — Grotesque Figures — Idaho Springs — Location — Attractions — Medicinal Springs — The Chicago Lakes — Echo Lake — Hunt- ing Grounds— The North Park— The Middle Park— The South Park— The San Luis Park — Elevation and Attractions — A Wild Region — The Green River and Vicinity — Evanston — Echo Canon — Tunnel and Bridges — Pillars of Rock— Castle Rock — • Fossil Remains— Rugged Cliffs—Pulpit Rock— The Old Wagon Road— The Weber Valley— Weber Canon— The Devil's Slide— A Famous Tree— The Salt Lake Valley — A Magnificent Region — Should be Visited by Americans, 961 UTAH AND THE GREAT SALT LAKE— An Interesting Section— Moun- tain Ranges — Elevations — Sharp Contrasts — Salt Lake City — Evidences of Prosperity — The Great Salt Lake — Chemical Constituents of the Water — Density — Area of the Lake — Islands — Steamers — Canons, ion YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK— Early Visitors— Scientific Exploration — Reservation by Congress — Form and Area — Elevation — Rivers — Railroads — Mam- xxxiv CONTENTS. moth Hot Springs — Dead Springs — The Geysers— Great Geyser Basin — Giant Geyser — Other Important Geysers — Mud Volcano — Yellowstone River — Falls of the Yellowstone — Yellowstone Lake — The Grand Caiion — Massive Pillars — Gorgeous Colors — Falls of Tower Creek — Other Attractions — Governmental Supervision — A Trip to the Park, , 1017 THE YOSEMITE VALLEY— Location— Discovery by White Men— Reserved "by the Government — Roads — Area — Height of the Walls — El Capitan — Other Attrac- tions — The Yosemite Falls — Falls of the Merced River — Wonders of the Tenaya Canon — Points of View — The Mariposa Grove — Discovery of the "Big Trees" — Wliere They Grow, 1032 THE COLUMBIA RIVER REGION— Course of the River— Magnificent Scenery — Rapids — The Great Dalles — Mount Hood — The Cascades — Multnomah Falls — Pillars of Hercules — Cape Horn — The Grande Ronde Valley — The Willamette Falls — Canal and Locks — Portland — Astoria — Fisheries — A Trip to Puget Sound — Mount Tacoma, 1036 ALASKA — Largely an Unknown Land — Location — Area — Shore Line — Trip by Steamer — Mountains — Glaciers — Mineral Springs — Rivers — The Yukon River — For- ests — Climate — Hunting and Fishing — The Mines — Sitka — Population — Indians — Totem Poles — The Cathedral— Government Buildings — A Sad Story — The Return Trip — An Interesting Region, 1049 CONTENTS. XXXV Beyond the States. THE DOMINION OF CANADA — Location — Area— Population— Provinces — Government and Constitution — Religion — Public Works — Finances — Exports and Imports — Discovery — First Permanent Settlement — Progress — Ceded to Great Britain — Political Difficulties— The Northwest Territories Purchased — Confederation, 1059 City of Ottawa — Location — Incorporation — Scenery — Water Power — Imports and Exports — Government Buildings — Railroad and Steamboat Connections — Popu- lation, 1063 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO — Location — Area — Population — Cultivation- Natural Features — Resources — Industries — Productions — Government — Education — Churches — Charitable Institutions — Railroads, " . . 1065 City of Toronto — Location — Industries — Area — Harbor — Appearance — Princi- pal Buildings — Institutions — Exports — History — Population, 1068 City of Hamilton — Location — Important Commercial Centre — Rapid Growth — Manufactures — Institutions — Population, 1070 City of Kingston — Location — History — Harbor — Public Buildings — Surround- ings — Ship-building — Manufactures — Important Military Position — Institutions — Popu- lation, 1071 City of London — Location — English Names — Commercial Centre — Manufactures — Education — Population, 1072 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC— Location— Area— Population— Cultivation— Nat- ural Features — Lakes — Mineral Wealth — Climate — Soil — Lumber — Wild Animals — Productions — Government — Principal Cities — Education — Religion — Institutions — Railroads, 1073 City of Quebec — Importance — Location — Railroad Connections — Discovery and Settlement — Early Histor}' — Peculiarities and Attractions — Commerce — Manufactures — Steamboats — Scenery — Institutions — Population, 1075 City of Montreal — Rank — Location — Harbor — Steamboat and Railroad Com- munication — Public Buildings — Institutions — Water Supply — Rapid Progress — Imports xxxvi CONTENTS. and- Exports — Manufactures — The French Quarter and Enghsh Quarter — Railroad Depots — Festivities — Population, 1078 PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA— Location— History— Area— Natural Fea- tures — Mineral Deposits — Climate — Population — Industries — Statistics— Government — Education — Religion, 1083 City of Halifax — Location — Harbor — Extent — Armament — Public Buildings — Industries — Railroad Communication — Parks and Gardens, 1085 PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK— Early History— Location— Area— Pop- ulation — Natural Divisions — General Appearance — Islands — Rivers- — Natural Re- sources — Climate — Forests — Agricultural Productions — Animals — Government — Edu- cation — Railroads and Telegraphs, 1086 City of Fredericton — Location — Appearance — Public Buildings — Educational Institutions — Trade — Population, 1088 City of St. John — Importance — Location — Harbor — Bridges — Streets — Principal Buildings — Institutions — Government — Railroad Connections — Industries — Manufac- tures — Exports — Imports — Population, 1089 PROVINCE OF MANITOBA— Location— Purchase by Dominion Government — Political Troubles — Area — Population — Soil — Extent of Agricultural Operations — Animals — Climate — Government — Churches — Educational Institutions — Canadian Pacific Railroad, logo City of Winnipeg — Location — Marvellous Growth — Climate — Vegetation — Ma- terial Prosperity — Religion and Education — Population, 1092 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND— Location— Area— Population— Early History- Natural Resources — Climate — Productions — Government — Land Tenure — Education — Religion — Railroads, 1093 City of Charlottetown — Location — Harbor — Appearance — Public Buildings — Educational Institutions — Churches — Trade — Population, 1094 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA— Incorporation— Boundaries— Area- Population — Natural Features — Agricultural Capacities— Mineral Wealth — Game — Fisheries — Climate — Vancouvers Island — Statistics, 1095 City of Victoria — Location — Extent — Streets — Harbor — Fortifications — Build- ings — Institutions — Climate — Exports — Population, 1097 CONTENTS. xxxvii THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES — Area — Population— Soil— Timber- Fur Trade — Purchased by Dominion Government — Officials — Political Divisions — Churches and Schools, 1098 ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND— Political Status — Location — Area — Pop- ulation — Coast Line — Interior — Bays and Inlets — Rivers — Lakes — Soil — Fisheries — Minerals — Climate — The Grand Banks — Government — Public Debt — Revenue — Imports and Exports — Religion — Education — Population, 1099 City of St. John's — Location — Harbor — Importance — Disastrous Fires — Natural Features — Business — Institutions — Public Buildings — Population. . ... iioi MEXICO — An interesting Country — Boundaries — Area— Population — Political Divisions — Chief Cities — Statistics — Government — Education — Religion — Natural Re- sources — Minerals — Agricultural Productions — History of the Country, . . . 1103 City of Mexico — Location — Elevation — Streets — Principal Buildings — Public Squares — Houses — Business Interests — Education — Railroads— Antiquity — Early His- tory- -Population, . . 1108 City of Vera Cruz — Location — Population — Shore — Harbor — Streets — Buildings — Water Supply — Railroad Connections — Fever — Winds — Imports and Exports — Island of San Juan de Ulloa, mS OTHER PLACES OF INTEREST— Monterey— Location— Importance— Cli- mate — Public Buildings — Manufactures — Trade — An Ancient City — Captured by Gen- eral Taylor — The Valley of Mexico — Lakes — A Famous Railroad — State of Duran- GO — Boundaries — Area — Population — Divisions — Climate — Soil — The Capital City — State of Chihuahua — Boundaries — Area — Population — Political Divisions — Natural Features — The Capital City — Silver Mines — Mint — Manufactures — Agriculture — Points of Interest — Water Supply — Trade — Population, 1117 CUBA — Importance — Location — Area — Ports — Soil — Agricultural Productions — Minerals — Forests — Indigenous Products of Value — Animal Life — Surface — Reb'gion — Government — Population — Large Cities — Manufactures — Exports and Imports — History, 1125 City of Havana — Importance — Location — Population — Defences — Attractions — Principal Buildings — Contrasts — Architecture — Houses — Railroads — Telegraphs — Steamers, 1128 xxxviii CONTENTS. THE BAHAMA ISLANDS— Location — Area — Natural Features — Principal Islands — Salt Production — Climate — Rainfall — Products — Exports — Imports — Finan- ces — Government — Religion — Education — Submarine Gardens — Harbor Island — Spanish Wells — Eleuthera Island — Guanahani Island — History, 1130 City of Nassau — Location — Extent — Appearance- Institutions — Principal Events — Foreign Trade — Winter Resort — Climate — Tropical Vegetation — Attractions, . 1133 COUNTRIES OF SOUTH AMERICA— Brazil— Area— Location— Popula- tion — The Amazon — Surface — Forests — Soil — Climate — Religion — Education — Railroads and Telegraphs — Imports — Exports — Revenue — Manufactures — Govern- ment — Principal Cities — History, 1135 City of Rio dE Janeiro — Importance — Location — Harbor — Streets — Residences — Churches — Principal Buildings — Education — Water Supply — Shipping — Imports — - Exports — Population — History — Pernambuco- — Population — General Appearance — Para — Population — Location — Public Buildings — Commerce, 1138 THE REPUBLIC OF CHILI— Location— Area— Population— Natural Features — Agriculture — Minerals — Climate — Political Divisions — Harbors — Government — Re- ligion — Education — Railroads — Telegraph — Finances — History, 11 40 City of Santiago — Location — Appearance — Principal Buildings — Attractions — Public Works — Disastrous Fire — Population, 11 43 City of Valparaiso — Location — Appearance — Harbor — Public Buildings — Pop- ulation — Disasters — Improvements, 1144 THE REPUBLIC OF PERU — Boundaries — Extent— Population- Surface- Climate— Minerals — Soil — Forests — Animals — Guano — Nitrate of Soda — Finances — Government — Religion — Education — History, 1145 City of Lima— Former Glory — Location — Population — Appearance — Attractions — Education — Earthquakes, 1147 City of Callao — Location — Harbor — Defences — Exports — ^Population — Disas- ters — Blockade, 11 48 THE UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA— Area— Population — Boundaries — Political Divisions — Elevation — Climate — Natural Resources — Minerals — Agricul- tural Productions — Army — Finances — Commerce — Ship Canals — History, . . ri49 City of Bogota — Location — Climate — Streets — Residences — Principal Buildings CONTENTS. xxxix — Cataract of Tequendama — Religion — Education — Earthquakes — Exports — Popula- tion, 1151 THE REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA— Situation— Boundaries— Area— Popula- tion — Political Divisions — Natural Features^Soil — Climate — Minerals — Live Stock- — Agricultural Productions — Exports — Imports — Government — Religion — Education — Chief Cities — History, 1152 City of Caracas — Location — Arrangement of Streets — Parishes — Principal Build- ings — Earthquakes — Population — La Guayra — Location — Defences — Climate — Trade — Population, 1154 THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC— Location— Boundaries— Area— Population- Soil — Climate — Natural Resources — Animals — Industries — Exports — Imports — Tele- graphs — Railroads — Provinces — Government — Religion — Education — History, 1155 City of Buenos Ayres — Importance — Location — Streets — Buildings — Parks — In- stitutions — Population, 115S THE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA— Boundaries— Area and Population— Moun- tains — Rivers — Climate — Natural Resources — Animals — Agricultural Productions — Trade — Exports — Imports — Railroads — Finances — Religion- — Education — Chief Cities — Government — Revolutions — History, 1158 City of Sucre — Location — Elevation — Principal Buildings — Population, . 1161 THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR — Location— Area— Population— Divisions — Cocoa — Mountains — Minerafs — Forests — Railroad Communication — Religion — Education — Government — Exports — Finances — Disadvantages — History, . . 1161 The City of Quito — Location — Climate — Buildings — Ruins — Population — Guayaquil — Location — Population — Manufactures, 1163 THE REPUBLIC OF PARAGUAY— Losses by War— Present Boundaries- Area — Population — Rivers — Lakes — Soil — Animals — Forests — Government — Religion — Education — Exports — Imports — Army — Public Debt — History, 1164 City of Assumption — Location — Houses — Importance — Population, . . ri66 THE REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY — Boundaries— Area— Population— Coast Line — Natural Features — Climate — Soil — Agriculture — Live Stock — Political Divi- sions — Government — Finances — Railroads — Telegraphs — Religion — Education — History. 1166 xl CONTENTS. City of Montevideo— Location — Harbor — Streets and Houses — Principal Build- ings — Commerce — Population, 1168 GUIANA — Political Divisions — Location — Area — History — Rivers — Soil — Cli- mate — Productions — Forests, 1169 BRITISH GUIANA — Location — Area — Population — Departments — Exports — Imports — Churches — Education, 11 70 DUTCH GUIANA — Location — Area — Population — Government — Imports — Ex- ports, 1 1 70 FRENCH GUIANA — Location — Area — Population — Climate — Earthquakes — Gold — Exports — Government — Religion — Settlement — Invasion — Convict Establish- ment, 1171 COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AMERICA— Boundaries— C nquered by Spain — Organization of States — Political Changes — Natural Features — Soil — Minerals — Productions — Religion — Finances — Area, . . 1173 THE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA— Location— Political Changes— Area- Population — Government — Education — Institutions — Railroads and Telegraphs — Mines — Finances, 1174 City of New Guatemala — Early History — Present Location — General Appear- ance — Principal Buildings — Population, ii75 THE REPUBLIC OF SAN SALVADOR — Rank— Boundaries— Area— Pop- ulation — Mountains — Soil — Forests — Government — Industries — Religion — Education — Finances, 11 76 City of Nueva San Salvador — Location — Destructive Earthquake — Buildings — Population, ii77 THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS— Rank— Boundaries- Coast Line— Area — Population^ — Mountains and Table-lands — Rivers — Yojoa Lake — Political Divisions — Seaports — Government — Exports — Imports — Finances — Railroads and Telegraphs — Trade — Political History, : 1177 City of Tegucigalpa — Importance — Location — Mineral Wealth of the Depart- ment — The Capital City — Business — Population, 1178 CONTENTS. xH THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA— Rank— Boundaries- Area— Public In- terest — Proposed Canal — Principal Rivers — Lake Nicaragua — Rainfall and Climate — Forests — Minerals — Soil— Live Stock — Manufactures — Political Divisions — Princi- pal Cities and Towns — Government — Finances — History, . 1179 THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA— Location— Boundaries— Area— Popu- lation — Surface — Climate — Soil — Forests — Products — Live Stock — Mineral Wealth — Political Divisions — Government — Finances — Religion — Inhabitants — History — Rail- roads and Telegraphs, 1182 City of San Jose — Elevation — Situation — Public Buildings — Population — Ala- juela — Former Importance — Cartage — Location — Destructive Earthquake, . . 1184 LIST OF ILLaStRATieNS. Arms of the States and Territories. Virginia, . PAGE 47 New York, 59 Massachusetts, 69 New Hampshire, 78 Connecticut, 84 Maryland, 94 Rhode Island, lOI Delaware, . 107 North Carolina, 112 New Jersey, 120 South Carolina, 126 Pennsylvania, ^11 Vermont, . 142 Georgia, 149 Kentucky, . 158 Tennessee, 166 Ohio, . 174 Louisiana, . 181 Indiana, 190 Mississippi, 197 Illinois, 205 Alabama, . 212 Maine, 220 Missouri, . 226 Arkansas, , 233 Michigan, . 238 Florida, 245 Texas, 253 Iowa, 260 Wisconsin, 265 California, . 271 Minnesota, 279 Oregon, 286 Kansas, 293 West Virginia, 300 Nevada, 304 Nebraska, . 308 Colorado, . 311 District of Columbia, 314 Indian Territory, 317 New Mexico, 320 Utah, 323 Washington, 326 Dakota, 329 Arizona, ZZli Idaho, 335 Montana, . 337 Wyoming, . 339 xli LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Portraits, Patrick Henry, . , , . PAGE 48 Thomas H. Benton, . . PAGE 227 George Clinton, 60 John Law, 234 John Hancock, , . . . 70 Stevens Thompson Mason, 239 Josiah Bartlett, . 79 M. D. Mosley, . 246 Jonathan TrurnbuU, . 85 J. Pinkney Henderson, 254 Thomas Johnston, 95 Ansell Briggs, 261 Roger WilHams, 102 Nelson Dewey, . 266 Thomas M'Kean, 108 Peter G. Burnett, 272 William R. Davie, 1^3 Henry H. Sibley, 280 AVilliam Livingston, . 121 Sir Francis Drake, 287 William Moultrie, 127 Charles Robinson, 294 Thomas Mifflin, 134 Arthur J. Boreman, . 301 Thomas Chittenden, . 143 Henry G. Blaisdell, . 305 George Walton, 150 David Butler, 309 Isaac Shelby, 159 John L. Routt, . 312 John Sevier, 167 James S. Calhoun, 321 Edward Tiffin, ... 175 Brigham Young, 324 William C. C. Claiborne, . 182 Isaac I. Stevens, 327 Jonathan Jennings, 191 William Jayne, . 330 Bienville, .... 198 Sidney Edgerton, ■ 338 Shadrach Bond, 206 John A. Campbell, 340 De Soto, .... 213 Lovell Harrison Rousseau, 343 William King, . 221 Benjamin Franklin, . 616-17 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xb Other Engravings. The First Cabinet, . Birthplace of Thomas Jefferson, Signatures to the Declaration of Independence, The White House, Washington, National Capitol, ..... The Senate Chamber, .... Treasury Department, .... East Room of the White House, The Interior Department, The Bureau of Agriculture, . . The Corcoran Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institute, National Museum Building, . The War, State, and Navy Departments, The Bureau of Engraving and Printing, . Arhngton, Home of R. E. Lee, The Soldier's Home, Mount Vernon, Willard's Hotel, . Statues and Monuments, Bartholdi Statue— N. Y. Harbor Scene in New York Bay, Grand Central Depot and Elevated Railroad, New Broadway and Trinity Church, Fifth Avenue Hotel, View in Central Park, . The Custom House, The Grand Central Depot, . Ship-Building, New York and Brooklyn Bridge, Autograph Letter of Franklin, Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Railroad, Broad Street Station, Centennial Exposition, Main Building, . York, Frontispiece 554 554 577 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 585 586 587 589 590 591 592 593 594 597 598 600 602 603 604 606 608 609 610 616-17 617 618 620 xlvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Centennial Exposition, Machinery Hall, Carpenters' Hall, ..... Park Street, Boston, .... Custom House, ..... The Hancock House, .... Passenger Station, Old Colony Railroad, Longfellow's Residence, Cambridge, Gore Hall, New Orleans Scenery, . Lafayette Square, . Cotton Exchange, . Boat Club House, . Main Building, World's Exposition, United States and States' Exhibits Building, Comforts of Modern Travel, . The Baldwin House, San Francisco, War Vessel in the Dry Dock, Pullman Building, Chicago, . County Court House and City Hall, New Board of Trade Building, Post- Office and Custom House, Union Stock Yards, .... The Old Palmer House, The New Palmer House, Passenger Depot, Chicago and Northwestern Main Passenger Depot, .... Creve Coeur Lake, .... The Court House, St. Louis, . The Mercantile Library, The New Post Office, .... Chamber of Commerce, Southern Hotel, ..... Battle Monument, Baltimore, Scene on the River Front, Louisville, . Street Scene Before the War, Cleveland, Third Street, Cincinnati, Fourth Street, ..... Milwaukee in i860, .... Railroad, PAGE 621 623 628 629 630 (^33 634 635 636 637 638-9 639 640 641 642 643 645 646-7 647-8 647-8 647-8 647-8 648 649-50 649-50 650 654 655 656 657 658 658 660 664 665 669 671 673 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xlvii PAGE Horseshoe Curve and Pittsburg, 675 Depot, .............. 676 The Court House, 677 A View of St. Paul, 679 Conveniences of Modern Travel, ......... 681 Minneapolis, ............. 682 A Glimpse of Minneapolis, .......... 683 Falls of Minnehaha and Cape Disappointment, ...... 684 Providence, from Prospect Terrace, ........ 686 First Baptist Church, 687 Exchange Place, Providence, ......... 688 Portland, Me., Harbor, ........... 692 City Hall and Court House, .......... 693 Albany, N. Y., 703 A View in Buffalo Park, .......... 706 View of Davenport in its Early Days, ........ 713 Omaha as it Was in 1870, . . . . . . . . . . 714 Ohio State Capitol, . . . . . . . . . . . 715 City of Denver, ............ 720 Charleston, . . . . . . 721 Views in and around the City of Charleston, . . . . . . 722 Mexican Antiquities in San Antonio, Texas, . , . . . . . . 724 Picturesque Features of San Antonio, Texas, . . . . . . 725 Garden Street, ............ 726 View at San Pedro Springs, .......... 726 Opera House, . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 Mexican Jacal, . . . . . .. . . . . . 727 Bay Street, Jacksonville, .......... 729 A Scene in Mobile, . . . . . . ' . . . . . 731 A View of Savannah in Former Days, ........ 735 City of Atlanta, ............. 737 Galveston, ............. 741 A View of Salt Lake City, . 745 Mormon Temple, Tabernacle, and Assembly Hall, ..... 747 Main Street, Salt Lake City, 748 State Capitol, Richmond, Va., ......... 749 United States Lock and Canal, Keokuk, Iowa, . . . . . . 752 The Old Gate, St. Augustine, Fla,, 754 xlviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Hampton, Va., with Old Point Comfort, National Soldiers' Home, and Nor- mal and Agricultural Institute, . The City of Portland, Oregon, The College of New Jersey at Princeton,, The Chapel and Murray Hall at Princeton, Boat-House Landing, Newport, R. I., The Round Tower, Clifif Walk, . Scenes at Newport, O d Fort, Plymouth Bay, The Home of Daniel Webster, Where Miles Standish Lived, The Mayflower Nearing Land, Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Mass., A Piece of the Pilgrim Rock, Scenes along Cape Cod, Provincetown, on Cape Cod, Black Fish, .... Views on Cape Cod, Buzzard's Bay and Vicinity, . Views on Sea and Shore, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., . Gay Head Light, . Views at Nantucket, Nantucket, .... Bar Harbor and Mount Desert, Moat Mountain, . Through the Franconia Notch, The Old Man of the Mountain, The Franconia Mountains, . The Palisades, Fac-Simile of Pass from Arnold to Andre, Northern Entrance to the Hudson Highlands Newburgh, N. Y., Scenes, . View of the Turk's Face on the Hudson, A View in the Catskills, Kaaterskill Falls, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xlix View on Lake Minnewaska, The Awosting Falls, Camping on the Lake, . View on Lake George, .- Tail Piece, .... A Sharp Turn, A Lateral Ravine, Long Gallery, Point Lookout, Cascade and Buttress, . Rainbow Falls — Spartan Pass. Pulpit Rock — Giant Gorge, . The Gorge, Watkins Glen, Glen Mountain House, . The Horseshoe Fall, Niagara Falls, Bridge Leading to Bath and Goat Island, View of Niagara Falls, . The Terrapin Tower, The Old Table Rock, . Niagara River Below the Falls, Niagara from near Queenstown Heights Suspension Bridge, Niagara River — The Whirlpool On the Islands, Round Island Park, Between the Islands, " Bonnie Castle," . Alexandria Bay, . Down the Rapids, . Cresson, on the Alleghenies, Lewistown Narrows, Horseshoe Curve, . Scene on the Beach, Atlantic City On the Beach, Cape May, Old Point Comfort, In the Heart of the Orange Region, The Lovers' Walk, 839 843 847 849 851 852 852 853 854 855 856 857 859 861 863 865 866 867 868 868 869 870 871 873 875 877 878 879 881 883 885 887 901 903 909 910 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. St. David's Path, . On the Ocklawaha, A Live-Oak Observatoi An Everglade, Scene on the Mississippi River, On the Meramec, . The Meramec, Cathedral Spires, . Balance Rock, Valley Home, The Black River, , In the Ozark Mountain Ribbon Falls, Hot Springs Valley, View of the Hot Sjjring Hot Springs, . Rancher's Cabin, , On Line of I. and G. T. Railway, Hunter's Paradise, Sheep Pasture, Cotton Field, Colorado River, near AufImi, San Marcos, . Colorado River, San Pedro River, Natural Bridge, Cotton Platform, Scene on the Brazos, Trestles, near Canyon, Big Springs, . Sheep Ranch, Sierra Blanca Mountains, Road at El Paso and View of Fort Pueblo De Taos, New Mexico Pertle Springs, Stage Route, .... Wheat Field, .... A Scene in Southwestern Missouri, Bliss LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Scene near Atoka, Indian Territory, The Horseshoe, or Twin Canon, Bridal Veil Falls, . Bailey's Falls, Spirit Lake, Iowa, . View on Little Spirit Lake, Lake Minnetonka, . Hunting Scene, Detroit Lake and Hotel Minnesota, Scenery on Devil's Lake, Dakota, A Western Contrast, A Scene on the Leadville Route, Mouftt of the Holy Cross, Georgetown, Colorado, Devil's Gate, .... Gray's Peak, . . Cheyenne Falls, In North Cheyenne Canon, A Glimpse of Manitou and Pike's Peak, The Mineral Springs, Pike's Peak Trail, Rainbow Falls, Garfield Memorial, Grand Canon of the Arkansas, The Royal Gorge, Gunnison's Butte, Sphinx Rock, . Mother Grundy, Finger Rock, . Giant's Tea Kettle, Chicago Lake, Feeding Ground of the Antelope, Snow Range, . Giant's Club, . Tower Rock, . Castle Rock, . The Devil's Slide, Approaching the Sierras, 947 948 949 951 953 954 955 956 957 959 961 963 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 983 985 986 988 989 990 991 992 lii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Nevada Falls, .... Marshall Pass, Approach of the Black Canon, Maxwell's Point, Following a Caiion, Devil's Gate, .... Currecanti Needle, . Marble Pinnacle, Pulpit Rock, .... Toltec Gorge, Black Canon of the Gunnison, The Palisades, Palace Butte, Veta Pass, .... Green River City and Buttes, . Great Shoshone Falls, Entering Boulder Caiion, Grand Cafion, Dead Man's Falls, . Salt Lake City, Where Brigham Young Lived, Near High Bridge, . Great Salt Lake, Hot Springs, Yellowstone Park, The " Giant " Geyser, Mammoth Hot Springs, . Pulpit Terrace, Crater of Extinct Geyser, Upper Yellowstone Falls, Views of " Old Faithful " Geyser, Yellowstone River, Ferry on the Yellowstone River, Falls of the Yellowstone, Cliff in Grand Cafion of the Yellowstone Falls of the Gibbon River, Bridal Veil Falls, Yosemite Valley, Hallet's Hades, Columbia River, Mount Hood, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. iiii Gibraltar, Columbia River, Steamer Rounding Cajje Horn, Cape Horn, Multnomah Falls, . Floating Fish Wheel, Pillars of Hercules, Sitka, Alaska, ' . Alaska's Thousand Islands, Devil's Thumb, Alaska, . An Alaska House with Totem Poles, Historical Spots in the City of Quebec, Chaudiere Falls, Parliament Buildings, Ottawa, Great South Falls, Muskoka River, South Falls, High Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, . Toronto University, Kingston, from Fort William Henry, London, Ontario, Wolfe's Monument, Quebec, View from the Citadel, . Wolfe's Cove, Montreal, from the Mountain, Victoria Square, Montreal, Victoria Bridge, St. John, New Brunswick, Mexican Adobe House, . Mexican Ox Cart, . City of Mexico, Church of San Domingo, Castle of Chapultepec, Merchants' Bazaar, . . . Entrance to Palace, Palace, City of Mexico, . Scene in the Bay of Vera Cruz, The Old Wall and City of Vera Cruz, Portal of the Cathedral, Monterey, . 1'Ai;e 1040 IO4I 1043 1045 1046 1047 1050 IO5I 1053 1055 ,1058 1064 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 107 I 1073 1076 1077 1077 1079 io8o 1082 1089 1 104 I IC7 1 109 1 1 10 IIII 1 1 12 1 1 13 1114 1116 1118 liv LIST OF ILLUS'IKATIONS. A Glimpse of Monterey, . Scene in the Valley of Mexico, View of the City of Durango, The Cathedral in Chihuahua, The Plaza in Chihuahua, A Public Fountain in Chihuahua, A Creole Beauty, PAGB III9 I 120 I 122 II23 I 124 II24 I 172 OUR GRRAT CONTINENT. VOLUME ONE. THE GRKAT RKPUBLIC OF THB WEST: ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES, EMBRACING GRAPHIC HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF ALL THE STATES AND TERRITORIES FROM THEIR EARLIEST SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME, IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, TRACING EACH STEP IN THE FORMATION OF THE REPUBLIC, AND EXHIBITING THE CHARACTER, VARIETY AND STRENGTH OF THE ELEMENTS COMBINED IN THE FORMATION OF The Greatest Nation Ever Founded On Popular Rights. BY BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D. ILLUSTRATED WITH THE ARMS OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES AND NUMEROUS PORTRAJTS INCLUDING NEARLY ALL THE FIRST GOVERNORS. TO WHICH IS ADDED THE STOI^-Z" OIF OUR MARVELOUS PROGRESS AND GROWTH AS A NATION. Edited by Benson J. Lossing, LL.D. Copyrighted 1889 by John E. Kead. INTR0DaGri0N. The Great Republic of the IVesf. By BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D. EXTENDING in a broad, irregular belt across the continent of North America between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, is a Republic composed of a group of Forty-Two independent but never sovereign States : Six organized Territories : a District which is the Seat of the National Government, and an Indian Territory. In the far northwestern part of the Continent, and separated from these States and Territories by British possessions, is Alaska, a vast region which also forms a part of the Great Republic of the United States of America. This Republic lies between latitude 24° 20' and 49° north, and longitude 10° 14' east and 47° 30' west of the meridian of Washington, the political capital of the Nation. It is between longitude 66° 48' and 124° 32' west from Greenwich, England. It comprehends an area, including Alaska (577,390 square miles), of three million, six hundred and ninety square miles, and had, in 1888, a population of fully 66,000- 000 human beings. It is favored by almost every variety of climate, soil, and productions, and is charmingly diversified by immense and beautiful lakes, rivers, mountains, and plains. The Government of the United States is Republican, and em- braces three great branches, namely : the Legislative, the Judicial and 46 INTRODUCTION. the Executive. The first makes the laws, the second construes them, and the third enforces them. The National Government is alone sovereisfn. All the States are subject to it, through the operation of the National Constitution, which is the fundamental law of the Republic. It alone has the power to coin money ; create and control an army and navy ; declare war and conclude peace ; negotiate, conclude, and enforce treaties, and perform all other functions of absolute sovereignty. To it the several States owe perpetual allegiance. I present, in "The Great Republic of the West" a compendious and separate history of the several States and Territories of this Republic, as concisely as lucidity will allow, arranged in the chrono- logical order in which they were first permanently settled and or- ganized into provinces, territories, and states. In this order the com- monwealth of Virginia leads the grand procession. By a careful perusal of these Sketches the reader may acquire a clear conception of the character, variety, and combined strength of the materials used in the building of our Great Republic. Following these sketches is a rapid general view of the structure, as a whole, under the title of '' Otir Nation: The Story of its Progress and Growth^ Prepared by another hand for this work, it has been care- fully examined by the present writer, and its historical statements verified by him. This brief general view embraces the period of the marvellous career of our Nation, until the present time. The publishers intended to insert in the foregoing narrative the por- trait of the first governor of each State and Territory. They have succeeded in obtaining the likenesses of nearly all of them. When, after diligent and persistent efforts they failed to obtain them, the portrait of some person distinguished in the history of the State or Territory which suffers such omission, has been inserted. If hereafter such portraits shall be obtained, they will be inserted in their proper places. " The Ridge," Dover Plains, N. Y., Oct. ist, 1889. (1607.) This, the oldest of the commonwealths that formed the original thirteen States of our Republic, is one of the Middle Atlantic States. It lies between latitude 36° 31' and 39° 27' north, and longitude 75° 13' and 83° 37' west, from Greenwich. On its borders are Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, and the Atlantic Ocean. The area of the State is 42,450 square miles. In popu- lation, according to the census of 1880, Virginia ranks fourteen among the States and twenty in the value of both agricultural products and its manu- factures. The population was then 1,512,565, of whom 631,707 were colored. No State in the Union presents a greater variety of surface and climate than Virginia. Its mountain regions are exceedingly picturesque, and its soil in its valleys, and in its plains near the sea, is very fertile ; while its mineral treasures of various kinds are abundant. The State is topographically divided into five regions, namely: the Lower or Tide-water, the Piedmont, the Valley, the Alleghanies and Trans-Alleghanies. The Tide-water District comprises about thirty-seven counties bordering on the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont region is at the foot of the mountains, and embraces about thirty-two counties. It is more elevated than the Lowland district, with a diversified surface and genial, healthful climate ; and is one of the most attractive regions in the Union. The Valley District lies between the Blue Ridge on the East and the Alleghany Mountains on the West, and traverses the entire length of Virginia for about three hundred miles. It comprises the Shenandoah Valley and South Branch, made famous by stirring events during the late Civil War. This Valley region is renowned for its fertility. It was originally settled by English, German, Scotch and Irish, who by intermarriage produced a hardy race. The Valley District embraces about eight thousand square miles. 48 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: The history of Virginia is exceedingly interesting from the beginning. From some shipwrecked Huguenots making their way from their asylum from persecution, in (present) South Carolina, to their homes in Europe, the British Queen Elizabeth heard of the beautiful land on the Southern coasts of the Atlantic toward the region of Florida, which the Spaniards had dis- covered ; and British navigators and adventurers were stirred with strong desires to visit that region. Among the skillful navigators of England was Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who obtained a patent for establishing a plantation in America. His rich young kinsman, Walter Raleigh, who at seventeen years of age had fought for the Huguenots, in France, and afterwards in the PATRICK HENRY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA, Netherlands, joined him in the enterprise. They sailed for America in 1579, but were turned back by a heavy storm and an encounter with Spanish cruisers. Raleigh became a gay favorite at the court of Elizabeth, who lavished favors upon him ; and he obtained another patent for Gilbert. Raleigh fur- nished means for fitting out five ships, with which Gilbert sailed, first to Newfoundland and then for the Southern coasts. Off the shores of Maine the little squadron was dispersed and lost in a storm. Gilbert perished and only one vessel returned to tell the dreadful tale. Raleigh was not disheartened. In 1584, he sent two ships which entered an inlet on the coast of (present) North Carolina. The men explored Pamlico and Albermarle Sounds, discovered Roanoke Island, and took possession of ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 49 the whole region in the name of their Virgin Queen. As a memorial of her unmarried state, Raleigh gave the name of Virginia to the region. He at- tempted to colonize the country, but failed. His money became exhausted, having spent fully $200,000 in these schemes, and he abandoned the enter- prise. Other English adventurers were stimulated to efforts to plant colonies in the warmer coast-region of North America. Soon after the accession of James I., King of England, war between that country and France ceased, and there were many restless soldiers out of employment. They endangered social order. There was also a class of ruined and desperate spendthrifts ready to do anything to retrieve their fortunes. Among adventurous men of character in England at, that time were Fer- dinando Gorges, Bartholomew Gosnold, Chief Justice Popham, Captain John Smith, Richard Hakluyt, and others. Gorges and Gosnold were friends of Raleigh, and all were imbued with his spirit in the cause of American coloni- zation. They were not deterred by his failures. Richard Hakluyt, a skillful cosmographer whom Raleigh had appointed one of the company of adventurers for colonizing Virginia in 1589, and who had published narratives of voyages in French and English, incited several friends of Raleigh and others to petition King James to grant them a patent for planting colonies in North America. At that time there was not an Englishman to be found in America, and only one permanent settlement north of Mexico, that of St. Augustine, in Florida. The petition was gladly received by the King, and he granted letters patent (April 10, 1606) to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hakluyt, Edward Maria Wingfield and others, of a territory extending from latitude 35° to 45° N., together with all the islands in the ocean within one hundred miles of the coast. The object was declared to be to " make habitations and plantations " and to form colo- nies by sending English people into that portion of America commonly called Virginia, with a hope of Christianizing and civilizing the pagans there. This was called the London Co7)ipany. The Territory was divided into North and South Virginia. A similar charter was -granted to another company for the purpose of colonizing the northern portion of the Territory. It was called the Plymouth Company. In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold was sent with a few colonists to the coasts of Maine and Massachusetts, but failed to plant a permanent colony. Gosnold soon afterward organized a company for colonizing the Southern district 50 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: of Virginia, the boundaries of which were fixed between latitude 34° and 38° north, A charter was granted him and his associates, April lO, 1606, the first under which the English ever settled in America. Gosnold sailed, December 19, 1606, with one hundred and five adventurers, in three small vessels, commanded by Captain Christopher Newport. Gosnold intended to plant his colony on Roanoke Island, but a tempest drove the little squadron into Chesapeake Bay, where they found good anchor- age. The capes at the entrance to the bay Newport named Charles and Henry, in compliment to the sons of James I. The company landed, and rested after their perilous voyage on a point of land at the mouth of (present) York and James rivers, which Newport named Point Comfort. They sailed up the larger stream, called" by the natives the " river of Powhatan," named it James River, and landed on its left bank about fifty miles from Point Comfort, and there planted the seed of the colony of Virginia. It was not very produc- tive, for among the adventurers were only twelve laborers, and the remaindef were mostly gold seekers. The most notable man among the adventurers was Captain John Smith, who, by his arrogance, had excited the jealousy and suspicions of his fellow passengers, and, charged with conspiring to usurp the government of the colony and make himself King, was placed in confinement. It was not known who had been appointed rulers of the colony, for the silly monarch had placed the names of the colonial council in a sealed box to be opened on their arrival. It was found that Smith was one of the council, when he was released. The place where the adventurers landed was a pleasant spot, heavily timbered. It was really an island, for there was an oozy marsh betAveen it and the mainland. They hung an awning made of an old sail between three or four trees, to shelter them from the sun. Under that shelter the Rev. Robert Hunt, the pastor of the colony, preached a sermon and invoked the blessings of God upon the undertaking. Then, in the warm sunshine and among the shadowy woods and delicious odors of wild flowers, the sound of the metal axe was first heard in Virginia. This first Christian Church in the wilds of America was walled by wooden rails ; the pulpit was a bar of wood nailed to two neighboring trees, and the seats were unhewed trees. "This," wrote Captain Smith, "was our church till we built a homely thing, like a barn set upon crotches, covered with rafters, sedge and earth. The best of our houses were of little curiosity, but, for the most part, of far ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 51 worse workmanship, that could neither well defend wind or rain. Yet we had daily common prayer, morning and evening, every Sunday two sermons, and every three months communion, until our minister died." They built log-houses ; and so was constructed the first capital of the colony of Virginia, which they named Jamestown. The colonists chose Wingfield president of the council, who proved un- faithful. The King had prepared a code of laws for them, in which kindness to the Indians, regular preaching of the Gospel, and teaching the Christian religion to the pagans were enjoined ; also providing for the well-ordering of the community. The restless Smith, with others, ascended the James River to the Falls, at the site of Richmond, and made the acquaintance of Powhatan, the Em- peror of several tribes of Indians. Newport returned to England early in June for supplies and more emigrants. The supplies which they had brought were spoiled by the long voyage, and the barbarians around them appeared hostile. The marshes near them sent up poisonous vapors; and before the end of the summer after their arrival Gosnold and fully one half of the adventurers died of fever and famine. Wingfield lived on the choicest stores, and was preparing to sail to the West Indies in a pinnace left by Newport, when his treachery was discov- ered, and Ratcliffe, a man equally unworthy, was put in his place. He, too, was soon dismissed, when Captain Smith, the ablest man among them, was happily chosen president. Captain Smith began his rule with great energy. He won the respect of the Indians by his prowess and justice, and they brought food to the colony, consisting of maize or Indian corn and wild fowl. He and a few others ex- plored the Chickahominy River, where he was captured by the barbarians and narrowly escaped with his life. When Smith returned all was confusion at Jamestown; only forty men of the colony were living. These were abrut to sail for the West Indies, when Newport returned (1608) with supplies and one hundred and twenty emigrants. They were merely adventurers — gold seek- ers. Smith implored them to cultivate the soil, but in vain. They were idle and dissolute. Smith left the colony in disgust, and in the course of three months he explored Chesapeake Bay, and its tributary streams in an open boat, travelling a thousand miles. Soon after Smith's return to Jamestown, Newport again arrived with seventy more undesirable emigrants, among them two women, the first 52 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: Europeans of their sex who had appeared on the soil of Virginia proper (see North Carolhia), Smith entreated the company to send over farmers and mechanics. He was little heeded. At the end of two years, when the set- tlement numbered two hundred strong men, only forty acres of land were under cultivation. The Company obtained a new charter in 1609. Lord De la Warr (Delaware) was appointed Governor; Sir Thomas Gates, lieutenant-governor; Sir George Somers, admiral; Christopher Newport, vice-admiral, and Sir Thomas Dale, high marshal. In June, 1609, nine vessels, with five hundred emigrants, among them twenty women and children, sailed for Virginia. Gates and Somers embarked with Newport, and the three were to govern the colony until the arrival of Lord De la Warr. The fleet was dispersed by a hurricane, and Newport's ship was wrecked on one of the Bermuda islands. Several of the vessels reached Jamestown, and added to the colony persons more profligate than the first — dissolute scions of wealthy families. Vir- ginia seemed a paradise for libertines. In the absence of the appointed rulers Smith continued to administer government until the autumn, when an accident compelled him to go to England for surgical treatment. Then the colonists gave themselves up to every irregularity. The Indians withheld supplies, and the winter and spring of 1610 was long remembered as the " starving time." The barbarians re- solved to exterminate the pale-faces, but they were spared by a timely warn- ing given them by Pocahontas, a young daughter of the Emperor Powhatan, who had saved the life of Captain Smith. Within six months after Captain Smith left, the nearly four hundred colonists were reduced to sixty. Gates arrived at Jamestown in June, 1610, when he resolved to abandon the wretched settlement, and go to Newfoundland with the famished survivors. They embarked in four pinnaces. They were met at Point Comfort by Lord De la Warr with supplies and emigrants, and all returned to the deserted village, and there, in the twilight, sang hymns of thanksgiving. In the course of two or three years, a much better class of emigrants arrived and general prosperity and hopefulness prevailed. In 161 7 George Yeardly was appointed Governor. At that time seven separate boroughs had been formed in the colony. From each of these Yeardly summoned two representatives to assemble at Jamestown, on July 30. These delegates formed a Representative Assembly, the first ever held by Europeans within the bounds of our Republic. Then a seal for the colony was ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 53 adopted. The same year twelve hundred colonists arrived in Virginia, among whom were ninety " respectable young women " sent over to become wives for the planters. Within two years one hundred and fifty young women were sent to Virginia for the same purpose. Thus homes were established, the sure foundations of a prosperous State. The barbarians had already been made friendly by the marriage of Poca- hontas to a young Englishman of good family; but the King injured the colony by sending felons from English prisons to become servants to the planters. This policy was pursued for fully one hundred years in defiance of the protests of settlers. In 1619, a Dutch vessel took twenty Africans to Jamestown, sold them as slaves, and so the institution of negro slavery was introduced into the Republic. In 162 1, the London Company gave to the colonists a written constitu- tion of government. It provided for the appointment of a Governor and Council by the Company, and a Representative Assembly, to consist of two burgesses or representatives from each borough, to be chosen by the people and clothed with full legislative power in connection with the Council. This body formed the General Assembly ; and this was the general form of govern- ment in Virginia until it became an independent commonwealth in 1776. New settlements were now made on the James, York, and Potomac rivers, and on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Powhatan, the fast friend of the English, was now dead, and his brother and successor was hostile to them. Massacres by the barbarians ensued. The remote plantations were deso- lated, and the terrified survivors fled to Jamestown for protection. The number of eighty plantations was reduced to eight. A furious war of retal- iation ensued and the Indians were beaten back into the wilderness. (Similar troubles were experienced ten years later). Sickness and famine ravaged the land; many families left Virginia, and in 1624, of the nine thousand persons who had been sent to Virginia, only about two thousand remained. The same year Virginia became a royal province. Charles I. appointed Sir William Berkeley Governor of Virginia in 1641, at the beginning of the Civil War in England. Berkeley was a bigoted royalist, and the colonists remained loyal. Cromwell deposed Berkeley and put an- other in his place; but when monarchy was restored in England, Charles II. reinstated Berkeley, who played the tyrant so effectually that the suffering people rose in rebellion under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy and 54 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: enterprising young lawyer, bold in spirit, and eloquent in speech. Repub- licanism took possession of the public mind. Bacon and his followers marched on Jamestown from Williamsburg, when the frightened Governor complied with the popular leader's demand for a commission as general of one thousand men to defend the colony against the Indians who threatened it with destruc- tion. When Bacon had marched against the barbarians gathering in the North, the faithless Governor crossed the York River, summoned a convention of Loyalists, and proclaimed the leader of the people a traitor. The indignant Bacon returned, and a fierce Civil War was kindled. Loyalists suffered ia persons and estates. The Governor fled in alarm to the Eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. Bacon proclaimed his abdication. Joined by some imperial troops and sailors, Berkeley returned to Jamestown. Bacon laid the villagfc- in ashes, and while pressing toward the York River, with his little army, he was slain by malarial fever. Dreadful persecutions of the republicans in Virginia now ensued. The King, disgusted with his cruel acts, recalled Berkeley (1677). After that the people were long oppressed by petty rulers, who were profligate and rapa- cious. When, at length, a revolution in England (1688) placed William of Orange and his wife Mary on the British throne, a real change for the better- took place in Virginia. In 1699 Williamsburg was founded and made the capital of Virginia. There the General Assembly met in the year 1700. A revision of the code was made in 1705, when it declared that negro slaves were real property. Such was the law until 1776. Hostilities with the French broke out in 1754, they having built a line of military posts along the western slope of the Alleghany Mountains, in the rear of Virginia, at the head waters of the Ohio River. Governor Dinwiddle sent young George Washington on a diplomatic mission in 1753 to one of these posts. He discovered the intentions of the French, and the next year he led Virginia troops to confront this enemy. Virginia bore her share in the burdens imposed by the French and Indian war that ensued. When, soon after the close of that struggle. Great Britain began to oppress her colo- nies in America with her schemes of taxation, the Virginia House of Bur- gesses, under the lead of Patrick Henry, took a decided and patriotic stand in opposition. From that time until the breaking out of the old war for independence in 1775, the Virginians were conspicuous in maintaining the rights of the colonists. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 55 Virginia was ably represented in the Continental Congress, which first assembled at Philadelphia in September. 1774. In the Congress of 1776, Richard Henry Lee, under instructions from the Legislature of Virginia, moved resolutions for the absolute independence of the English-American colonies; and another \'irginian delegate in that body (Thomas Jefferson), wrote the famous Declaration of Independence. Already the ro}-al Governor (Lord Dunmore) had begun a civil war within her borders, ravaging her coasts and burning Norfolk. On the 29th of Juh-, 1776, the colonial existence of Virginia was ended by the adoption of a State Constitution by a popular convention, when a State government was organized, with Patrick Henry as Chief Magistrate. Virginia has the honor of being the first of the English-American colonies to adopt a State Constitution with a view to a perpetual separation from Great Britain. On her soil, the fatal blow that dismembered the British Empire and made her colonies in America " free and independent States," was struck at Yorktown, when Cornwallis and his army surrendered to Washington. In 1779, Richmond, at the Falls of the James River, became the capital of the State, and so it remains. In 1784, Virginia generously ceded to the L'nited States its territory north-west of the Ohio River, which has since been organized into the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The present State of Kentucky was a part of Virginia, and was erected into a separate Territory in 1789. At the beginning of the war for independence, Virginia was the first to propose a Confederation of the States ; and when, at the close of thfe war, it was perceived that the form of national government which had been adopted was inadequate, citizens of that State were among the first to pro- pose a federal convention to remedy its defects. It was held at Philadelphia in 1787. Washington presided, and a National Constitution was formed, which was adopted by the people of the Union in 1788. But from the beginning the representatives of Virginia, in its State Legislature, were stren- uous advocates of " State Sovereignty," and opposed measures which would make the States one L^nion. In June, 1779, her Legislature separately rati- fied the Treaty with France, and asserted in the fullest degree the absolute sovereignty of the separate States. And Patrick Henry vehemently con- demned the phraseology of the preamble to the National Constitution, " We 56 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: the People,'' arguing that it should have been " We the States'' So, also did George Mason, one of her wisest statesmen. For many years the State of Virginia maintained a predominating influ- ence in national affairs. During the second war for independence (i 8 12-15) its coasts were ravaged by amphibious British marauders, especially the shores of Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. In 18 14, the British captured Alexandria, and burned portions of the City of Washington, on its borders. One of the most conspicuous military leaders in that war. General Winfield Scott, was a native of Virginia. Her statesmen have ever been conspicuous in the national councils; and because seven of its citizens have held the high position of Chief Magistrate of the Republic, it has been called " The Mother of Presidents." In May, 1857, a zealous philanthropist named John Brown made an un- wise and unlawful attempt to liberate the slaves of Virginia. His zeal had been intensified by sufferings in Kansas, where he had been an active anti- slavery champion during the 'Civil War there in 1855. With seventeen white men and five negroes he entered the village of Harper's Ferry, at the mouth of the Shenandoah River, on a very dark night, put out the street lights, seized the government armory and the railway bridge, and quietly arrested and imprisoned in the government buildings every citizen found in the streets at the early hours the next morning. He felt assured that when the first blow should be struck, the negroes of the surrounding country would join in the movement, and a general uprising of the slaves would occur. He was grievously mistaken. News of the affair went swiftly abroad by telegraph. Soon a large number of Virginia militia were flocking to Harper's Ferry, and a detachment of United States troops was sent there under Col. Robert E. Lee. After a brief conflict. Brown and his followers were captured. The leader was hanged. This mad movement was one of the important events, under Providence, which caused the final emancipation of all the slaves in the Republic. Early in 1861, the question of Secession from the Union agitated the people. Virginia ranked among the " border States." The secessionists within its boundaries were very active, and labored for its cooperation with the Southern Confederacy of insurgents. The Legislature made an appro- priation of $100,000,000 for the " defense of the State." It recommended a Peace Congress, at the National Capital, of delegates from the several States to effect a compromise, after the insurgents had begun open war. It assem- ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 57 bled in February ; Ex-President John Tyler presided. It was fruitless of good. A State convention was assembled at Richmond on February 13th, 1861, and on April 17 passed an ordinance of Secession. Immediately afterwards the State authorities took possession of national property within the limits of the commonwealth. On the 25th of the same month action was taken for the annexation of the State to the Southern Confederacy and surrendering the control of its military forces to the latter power. It was done, and on the 4th of May its representatives were admitted to seats in the " Confeder- erate States " Congress at Montgomery, Alabama. Confederate troops were now thrown into the State for the purpose of seizing the National Capital, its archives and its treasury — a prime object of the insurgents. From that time until the close of the Civil War Virginia was dreadfully scourged by armies contending on its soil. Western Virginia had remained loyal to the Union, and its inhabitants organized a new State there. (See Wester?i Virginia.) Like other States of the Union, paralyzed by the operations of the insur- gents, Virginia went through a process of resuscitation after the war. The State was placed under military control by the National Government. A new constitution was prepared by a State convention, which was ratified on July 6, 1869, by a majority of 197,044 votes out of a total of 215,422. It being in consonance with the Fourteenth Amendment of the National Con- stitution, State officers and representatives in Congress were elected, and in January, 1870, Virginia, reorganized, was allowed representation in Congress. On the 26th of that month, Gen. Canby, in command of the military depart- ment, formally transferred the government of the State to the civil authorities. Virginia was greatly impoverished by the war. Her manufactories were destroyed and her agricultural operations were seriously crippled. The seat of the Confederate government had been transferred from Montgomery to Richmond. During the later period of the war. General Robert E. Lee, one of her sons, was Commander-in-chief of the Confederate armies; and on her soil, near Appomatox Court House, he surrendered the great army under his immediate command (April 9, 1865) to General Ulysses S. Grant. Already the Confederate civil government had fled from its capital (Richmond), which had been set on fire by order of the President of the Confederacy (Jefferson Davis) on his departure. 58 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. The State of Virginia, possessed of abundant natural resources and re- lieved from the burden of the slave-labor system, is rapidly recovering from the sad effects of its calamities. Virginia is sometimes called " The Old Dominion." Queen Elizabeth regarded the vast and undefined domain in America, known as Virginia, as a fourth kingdom of her realm. Spencer, the friend of Raleigh, dedicated his poem the Faery Queen to " Elizabeth, Queen of England, France, Ireland and Virginia." When James I. succeeded Elizabeth, in 1603, Scotland was added, and Virginia was called, in compliment, the fifth kingdom. When Prince Charles, son of the beheaded King, was in exile, he was invited to come over and be King of Virginia. When he was on the throne as Charles II. the grateful monarch caused the arms of Virginia to be quartered with those of England, Scotland and Ireland as an independent member of the Empire. Coins with such quarterings were struck as late as 1773. These circumstances caused Virginia to receive the title of " The Old Dominion." (1614.) New York is called "The Empire State." It is fairly entitled to the dignity by the number of its people, its wealth, its populous cities, its canals and railways, the extent of its agricultural and manufactured productions, its public institutions for the benefit of society, and its political and social influence in the nation, as compared with the other States. New York is one of the Middle Atlantic States, and one of the original thirteen. On its borders are the Dominion of Canada and the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between latitude 40° 29' 40", and 45° N., and 71° 51' and 79° 45' W. longitude from Greenwich. The area of the State is 49,170 square miles; and the population in 1880 was 5,082,871, of whom 66,849 were colored, including 909 Chinese and 819 Indians. The population is now (1888) probably 6,000,000. The natural scenery of New York is greatly diversified. It abounds in charming lakes, lofty mountains, beautiful rivers, fertile valleys and uplands, and in its western portion, in rich plains. On its north-eastern border is Lake Champlain, one hundred and forty miles in length; and on its western fron- tier is the magnificent cataract of Niagara, its immediate surroundings in New York now being a delightful public park for the free use of the people. In the Adirondack region, where Ta-ha-was, "the sky-piercer" (Mount Marcy), rises between five and six thousand feet above the sea level, is also a large reservation for a public park. In the extreme northern portion of the State the mountains slope down to the St. Lawrence level, and terminate on the western shores of Lake Champlain. The climate of New York is salubrious and varied. The death-rate, even in its cities, is below the average of the country; and on its sea-shores and among its hills and mountains, it presents some of the most charming and 6o THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: salutary health resorts in the world. It abounds in mineral springs, the healing properties of which are most remarkable. In the middle portion of the State, not many miles from Lake Ontario, are apparently inexhaustible salt springs. The history of the commonwealth of New York presents to the student a most attractive tale of romance. Undoubtedly the first European who trod its soil was Samuel Champlain, a famous French navigator, who, in the summer of 1609, came up the Sorel River in an Indian canoe, in company with Frenchmen and barbarians, into the Lake that now bears his name, and landed on its shores. At about the same time Henry Hudson, an English GEORGE CLINTON, FIRST GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. navigator, employed by the Dutch East India Company, was approaching the Bay of New York, and entered it and the river that now bears his name, early in September. He sailed up that river in his little vessel {Half Moon) of ninety tons burthen, nearly to the site of Troy, one hundred and sixty miles. Hudson discovered Man-na-hat-ta Island, on which the city of New York now stands, and the shores of the Ma-hic-can-nic, or River of the Mountains, abounding with human beings and fur-bearing animals. He hastened to Europe with the tidings of his great discovery, and very soon ships left the Texel with adventurers to open traffic with the barbarians of the newly-found regions in North America. The Dutch claimed that region as their own, by right of discovery, Hudson being in their employ. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 6i Dutch adventurers established a trading-post at the southern end of Mannahatta or Manhattan Island in 1610, where they trafficked with the barbarians in the interior, who brought furs and peltries to them. A Dutch vessel laden with skins was about to depart for Holland when it took fire, and was burned, late in 161 3. The crew built some log huts, felled timber, and constructing a rude vessel which they called T/ie Restless, sailed for Europe with the cargo, in the spring of 1614. So began ship-building on the site of the great commercial city of New York. Adventurers returning to Holland gave such glowing accounts of the newly discovered country that the States-General or National Congress of the Netherlands granted special privileges for traffic with the natives by Hol- landers. A trading company was formed, and on October 11, 1614, they obtained a " charter of privileges " covering the region on the Atlantic coast between latitudes 40° and 45°, N., and indefinitely westward. The tract lay between Virginia and New France, as the St. Lawrence region was called. The country was named New Nether land. The renewal of this charter being denied at its expiration, Dutch mer- chants revised a scheme formed in 1607 for the establishment of a Dutch West India Company. They succeeded in obtaining from the States-Gen- eral a charter for such a company on June 3, 1620. It was made not only a great commercial monopoly, but it was invested with almost regal power to colonize, govern and defend the domain. Meanwhile the traders at Manhattan, had ascended the River of the Mountains (now the Hudson) to the site of Albany and into the Mohawk Valley, and had made a most remarkable discovery. They found in the vast forests in the interior a well-organized barbarian Republic, conposed of five confederated tribes of Indians, well governed by efficient laws and possessing vast offensive and defensive strength. This Republic, known as the " Iroquois Confederacy," afterwards played an important part in the history of New York, particularly in the colonial period. The Dutch early made treaties with these barbarians. The " Dutch West India Company" was organized in 1622. King James of England reminded the States-General that Hollanders were intruding on English soil. It was claimed that the grant to the.Plymouth and London Companies (see Virginia) covered the land westward to the Pacific Ocean. But the Hollanders paid no attention to the growl of the British lion. At that time there was in Holland a class of refugees from persecution, 62 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: called Walloons — natives of the present region of Southern Belgium. They were Protestants, who had made their abode in Holland, then an as}lum for the oppressed. They were a hardy people and had desired to settle in Vir- ginia. They accepted proposals from the Dutch West India Company to go to New Netherland ; and early in March, 1623, thirty families of the Wal- loons, comprising one hundred and ten men, women and children, sailed from the Texel in the New Netherland, a ship of two hundred tons burthen, with agricultural implements, live stock of every kind, and a suf^cient quan- tity of household furniture. They reached Manhattan at the beginning of May. Some seated themselves on that island ; some went to the banks of the Delaware across New Jersey; others up the Hudson River; some to the Valley of the Connecticut, and others to Long Island. Thus was planted 4:he fruitful seed of the State of New York. The Company nurtured the colony. In 1624, a shadow of civil govern- ment appeared in the installation of Captain May, of the New Netherlands as Director of the colony. In 1626, the Company sent over Peter Minuit as Governor, who bought the whole of Manhattan Island — about twenty thou- sand acres — from the natives, for twenty-four dollars. He built a quadrangu- lar fortification at its southern extremity, which he named Fort Amsterdam,, and the rude village that was growing near it was afterwards called New Amsterdam. In 1629, the Company gave to the settlers a charter of "privileges and exemptions," which encouraged the emigration of thrifty farmers from the fatherland. As much land was offered to the emigrants as they could culti- vate, with free " liberty of hunting and fowling." At the same time grants of extensive domains, with manorial privileges, were offered to wealthy persons who should induce a sufificient number of settlers to people and cul- tivate these lands. These persons were called Patroons. By this operation much of the most valuable lands in the country went into the possession of wealthy men. Among the more extensive owners of these patroon lands was Killian Van Rensselaer, an opulent pearl merchant of Amsterdam, and member of the Company, who bought of the Indians a vast domain on both sides of the Hudson, near Albany. New Netherland had now been constituted a county of Holland. It flourished in spite of the maladministration of two of its governors, the absurd Walter Van Twiller and the fiery and unscrupulous William Keift. The former was stupid ; the latter was shrewd, grasping and tyrannical when ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 65 he dared to be. He involved the colony in quarrels and wars with the neighboring Indians which brought it to the verge of ruin at times. At length Peter Stuyvesant, a bold, strong and honest Friedlander, a soldier who had lost a leg in battle, and had been Governor of Cura^oa, came to New Netherland as Director-general of the province. He ruled with justice but with an iron hand. A Swedish colony had settled on the Delaware River within the claimed domain of New Netherland in spite of Keift's bluster. Stuyvesant soon subdued them, extinguished " New Sweden," annexed it to New Netherland, and made peace with the Indians. He had much trouble with democracy among the people and vainly tried to crush it; and he was annoyed by the claims of the English to the Connecticut Valley and west- ward of it. But a greater trouble vexed the soul of Peter Stuyvesant when, in August, 1664, a British land and naval force appeared before New Amster- dam, and its commander demanded the surrender of the whole province into the hands of the intruder. New Amsterdam was then an incorporated city with a burgher government. The English had never relinquished their claim that New Netherland was a part of Virginia, and it was forcibly asserted by Charles II., in the Spring of 1664, when he granted the whole domain, including all (present) New Jersey, to his brother, the Duke of York. Colonel Richard Nicolls commanded the invading forces. Stuyvesant, though too weak to successfully resist, sturdily refused to surrender, until he was compelled to- by the public voice. The city and colony passed into the possession of the English on September 8, 1664, and were named " New York " in compliment to the Duke. Colonel Nicolls was made the first English Governor. In August, 1673, New York was taken by a Dutch force, while war was raging between England and Holland, but it was returned to the English, by treaty, in 1674, and remained a British province until 1776. The Dutch, who had felt the " tyranny " of Stuyvesant 's rule, and longed for the " freedom of New England," anticipated much happiness from the change, but were sorely mistaken. The Duke's governing magistrates were quite as despotic, and were less acceptable than Dutch rulers to Dutch sub- jects. In 1683, Thomas Dongan, an enlightened Roman Catholic, was made Gov- ernor of New York. He called a representative assembly chosen by the people, and a " Charter of Liberties " was given to the colonists by consent of the Duke. This was the germ of representative government in New York. 64 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: When the Duke became King James H., he did not fulfill his promises made through Dongan, and the privileges of the charter were denied. He sent another Governor (Andros) who oppressed the people. When James was driven from the throne of England in 1688, and William of Orange and his wife Mary ascended it, the chief magistrate at New York (Nicholson) abandoned his post. At the request of the people, Jacob Leisler, a merchant of republican tendencies, administered the govern- ment until a royal Governor was sent over. Leisler had bitter enemies among the aristocracy; and when the Governor came they procured the arrest of the popular leader, and his son-in-law, Millborne, on a charge of treason. Hav- ing intoxicated the Governor with strong liquor they procured his signature to death warrants and Leisler and Millborne were executed. This event caused a wonderful stimulus to the growth of democracy in New York. During this political trouble western and northern New York was the scene of fierce hostilities between the French and Indians of Canada and the Five Nations of the Great Confederacy. The Confederacy was friendly with the English, and the French turned upon the former. A party of French and Indians burned Schenectady in February, 1690, and murdered many of the inhabitants. The colony now made common cause with the Confederacy, and from 1702 until 171 3 hostilities between them and the French prevailed. Lake Champlain became a theatre of war. The French built a fort at Crown Point; and in 1745 a party of French and Indians penetrated the upper valley of the Hudson and laid waste Saratoga. Meanwhile the colony had become the theatre of warm political strife between the adherents of democracy and royalty during the administration of several governors. There was a notable struggle for the freedom of the press in the trial of John Peter Zenger, publisher of a newspaper, for libel, in criticising the ofificial acts of the public officers. The decision of the jury in July, 1735, was in Zenger's favor. That decision " was the germ of American freedom — the morning-star of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized America." The relation between the English and the Iroquois confederacy re- mained generally friendly down to the Revolution in 1775. In 1754, an im- portant convention of representatives of the English-American colonies was held at Albany chiefly for the purpose of strengthening the bond with these barbarians. At that convention, a political union of the colonies was pro- posed and discussed. A plan, drawn by Dr. Franklin, was adopted. Its ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 65 features were similar to that of the National Constitution, adopted more than thirty years afterwards. In the struggle for supremacy in America known as the French and Indian war, New York bore its full share of the burdens impjosed by it ; and it took a conspicuous part in the ten years' quarrel which ensued between the English-American colonies and the mother country, before the kindling of the old war for independence. From the time of the trial of Zenger, until 1775, the history of the State was largely the history of opposing political parties — a struggle for self-government on the part of the people. During the Stamp Act and other excitements, New York tried to be loyal and yet be faithful to the interests for freedom of the people. It often appeared less zealous for liberty than Massachusetts and Virginia; but when the blow was struck at Lexington and Bunker Hill, no Province or State became more earnest for liberty than New York. Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain was captured in May, 1775, and very soon the sons of New York, under the leadership of Generals Schuyler and Montgomery, joined with others, pressed toward Canada, seizing Montreal, and besieging Quebec amid the snows of winter. This invasion was a failure. In the Fall of 1777, New Yorkers swarmed around the invading army under Burgoyne and compelled him to surrender. They drove St. Leger and his Canadians, Tories and Indians, from the Mohawk Valley back to Lake Ontario, and saved the whole country from the consummation of one of the most dangerous schemes of conquest concocted by the British authorities. When the armed struggle ceased, the city of New York became the theatre of the last act in the great drama — the departure, in November, 1783, of the last hostile British soldier from the shores of America, and the flight of crowds of Loyalists to distant British provinces. Meanwhile the people of New York, in a representative convention, as- sembled at Kingston in Ulster County in the spring of 1777, formed a State constitution, and during the succeeding summer, organized a State govern- ment with General George Clinton, Governor. In October following a British marauding force broke through the barriers at the Highlands, where they had captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and went up the Hudson, and burned Kingston. The new State legislature fled to Poughkeepsie, in Duch- ess county, where frequent sessions were afterwards held until Albany became the permanent seat of government in 1797. Before and after the Revolution the authorities of New York had bitter 66 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. controversies with those of (present) Vermont concerning territorial and political jurisdiction over what was termed the " New Hampshire Grants." Open hostilities were sometimes threatened, but the matter was finally set- tled by compromise. (See Vermo?ti.) At the close of the war, attention was wisely directed to the development of the resources of the State. A campaign against the Indians in the Gen- essee country under General Sullivan, in 1779, ^^^ revealed the natural rich- ness and beauty of the interior of the State, and a tide of emigration thither speedily set in from New England and elsewhere. Population rapidly increased. New counties were organized and great internal improvements were begun. During the closing decade of the last century, the practical development of the canal systems of the State was initiated. Two " Inland Lock Navi- gation " companies were formed, of which General Philip Schuyler was Presi- dent. The Northern or Champlain Canal, which connects the Hudson River with Lake Champlain, was constructed, and the Western Canal was com- pleted to Oneida Lake in 1796. This was the germ of the great Erie Canal, which was actually begun in 18 17, and completed in 1825, at a cost of over $9,000,000. Its subsequent enlargement cost $25,000,000. The form of national government adopted at near the close of the war for independence, proved to be untrustworthy as a bond of union for the States. A convention held at Philadelphia in the summer of 1787, framed a new constitution of government, which was submitted to the people of the several States. Those of New York, in representative convention, assembled at Poughkeepsie in the summer of 1788, ratified the great instrument, and ever afterwards the Commonwealth was ably represented in both Houses of the National Congress. It was on the Hudson River, in New York, that successful navigation by steam power was first accomplished, in 1807; and the first passenger railway operated in America w^as constructed between the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, connecting Albany and Schenectady by an iron bond. During the second war for independence (1812-15), the northern frontier of New York bordering on Canada became the scene of many stirring mili- tary events, from Buffalo to Ogdensburgh and below. The contests on the Niagara frontier were specially notable. They were chiefly on the Canada side of the rapid strait between Lakes Erie and Ontario. There were severe struggles at Queenstown, N'agara Falls or Lundy's Lane, Chippewa, Fort ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. (Sf Erie and Black Rock. Also at Forts George and Niagara at the mouth of the river. On Lake Ontario were stirring naval operations. At Sacketts Harbor was a notable struggle, and on the St. Lawrence borders were sharp conflicts. Lake Champlain was witness to a momentous strife between the military and naval forces of America and Great Britain in September, 1814. From New York harbor, the great seaport of the State, went out many- privateers that achieved conquests which gave renown to the American navy. The first public proposition to abolish negro slavery in New York was made by Governor Jay in 1794. It was repeated by Governor Tompkins in 1817; and this measure was finally accomplished in full in 1827. There had been in colonial times two alarming events connected with slavery in the city of New York, known as " Negro Plots; " one in 1712, the other in 1741. There appears to have been no reasonable foundation for suspicion of a con- spiracy of the negroes in either case. The constitution of the State has been revised several times — in 1801, 1 82 1, 1846 and in i867-'8. Each revision was marked by a notable advance in giving freedom to the people from oligarchic power. In the last revision several important amendments were proposed. The instrument was sub- mitted to the people at the general fall election in 1869, when it was rejected, excepting a section providing for the election of the higher court judges by the people for a term of fourteen years, or until they should reach the age of seventy years. In November, 1874, several amendments proposed by the Legislature were ratified by a vote of the people. These abolished the prop- erty qualifications of colored voters; restricted the power of the Legislature to pass private or local bills; made changes in the executive departments; prescribed an oath of office in relation to bribery; established safeguards against official corruption, and removed restrictions imposed on the Legisla- ture in regard to selling or leasing certain of the State canals. The Commonwealth was in a state of great prosperity, when the tempest of civil war burst upon the nation. When the overt act of war was performed in Charleston harbor, at the beginning of 1861, the Legislature of New York and the people generally took a bold stand in support of the Union. When, at near the middle of April, the insurgents attacked Fort Sumter, and the President called upon the nation for means to quell the hostile movements in the slave-labor States, New York was foremost in furnishing men and money for the salvation of the Republic. The great metropolis and the rural districts were alike animated by the most intense patriotism and enthusiasm. 68 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. Capitalists, with the most sublime faith in the cause, poured millions of money into the treasury of the Republic. Before the close of 1861, the loyal people of the State had loaned to the National Government $210,000,000, and at the close of the war the Commonwealth had furnished 473,443 soldiers for the conflict, and disbursed among them for bounties alone, $35,000,000, in addi- tion to other enormous expenses. In 1867 the Legislature adopted the Fourteenth Amendment to the Na- tional Constitution, which guaranteed the rights of every citizen of whatevef hue and social condition; defined the status in regard to public ofifice of men who had engaged in the rebellion, and forbade the payment of any part of the Confederate debt by the Nation or by a State. Since that time New York has gone on steadily on its bounding career. Although its territory includes less than one sixty-third of the whole country, its inhabitants form one-tenth of the entire population. Its twenty-five cities contain, in the aggregate, be- tween one-fifth and one-fourth of the entire urban population of the United States. New York is the foremost manufacturing State in the Union, and largely so of the products of almost every industry. The assessed valuation of its real and personal property in 1880 was equal in amount to one-seventh of the valuation of the entire real and personal property of the whole Republic. It was the same in amount as that of the whole of New England. But the highest glory of New York consists in its magnificent provision for public instruction, and its munificent and varied charities. While it has only one-tenth of the population of the Republic, its expenditures for popular education in all its phases is more than one-eighth of that of the whole Union. It has nine normal schools for the instruction of teachers, for which it expended almost $300,000 in 1886, and $14,000,000 the same year for the support of public schools. The intelligence of a large community, like a State, may be fairly meas- ured by the activity of its printing presses, especially of those which distri- bute intelligence through newspapers and magazines. In 1880, New York produced nearly one-third, in value, of the books published in the United States. It also issued nearly one-eighth of all the magazines or " periodicals,"^ and nearly one-eighth of all the newspapers issued in the Republic. Of the aggregate circulation of the daily newspapers in the Union, New York fur- nished between one-fourth and one-third. In the same proportion were its issues of weeklies and all other periodicals in the United States. mvw ^^Q> (1620.) The earliest settled of the Eastern or New England States, was Massachusetts. It was one of the original thirteen States of the Union, lying between 41° 14' and 42° 53' north latitude, and 69° 53' and 73 32' west longitude. On its eastern and south-eastern border is the Atlantic Ocean. Along its southern border stretches Connecticut; on its western, New York, and on its northern, Vermont and New Hampshire. The Commonwealth comprises in its total area, including islands, 8,315 square miles of territory. Its coast line is deeply indented with bays, harbors and sounds, and its islands are numerous. The name of the State signifies " The Blue Hills," in the Indian tongue. The first settlement was made on Cape Cod Bay, the southern portion of a great gulf, of which Massachusetts Bay forms the northern part. The topography of Massachusetts is exceedingly picturesque, especially in the western part, where .the Green Mountain range crosses the State in' broken ridges of moderate elevation. Its climate is quite severe in winter, but very salubrious. Its soil is not generally very fertile, but is rendered productive by the skill and industry of the people. The principal river in the State is the Connecticut, which flows in from Vermont, intersects the State, and traverses Connecticut to Long Island Sound. There appears to be conclusive evidence that navigators from Iceland visited the shores of south-eastern Massachusetts at the beginning of the nth century, and called the country " Vineland," because of the abundance of grapes which they found there. It is conjectured that Sebastian Cabot, who discovered the coasts of Labrador and Maine in 1498, sailed along those of Massachusetts, and that Verazzani, an Italian in the French service, visited that region in 1524. The shores of Massachusetts were explored by Bartholomew Gosnold in- 1602, by Samuel Champlain in 1604.. and by John Smith in 1614. Gosnold! 70 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST made an attempt to found a settlement on one of the Elizabeth Islands, which he had discovered. Captain Smith made a map of much of the coast of New England, which name was given to the region at that time. An association called the Plymouth Company obtained from King James I. a charter for a domain situated between latitude 41° and 45° north. They made various attempts at colonization, but failed. The first permanent set- tlement effected under the auspices of the Company was on the shores of Cape Cod Bay, late in 1620, by a company of English Puritans, who had .taken refuge in Holland from persecution in their own country a few years JOHN HANCOCK, FIRST GOVERNOR OF xMASSACHUSETTS. 'before. They had formed a Church at Leyden, with John Robinson as pas- tor, and called themselves " Pilgrims," These Puritans made arrangements with the Plymouth Company and •some London merchants for planting a settlement in America. One hun- dred and one men, women, and children, embarked in the Mayflower, a little vessel of 180 tons burthen, at the middle of September (N. S.), 1620, and left the vessel on the snow-clad shores of Cape Cod Bay on December 22 (N. S.), where they constructed some log huts and called the place New Plymouth. In the cabin of the Mayflower the men had signed a form of government by which they were to be ruled, and chose John Carver Governor of the Colony ■for one year. It was the first instrument of civil ijovernment ever subscribed as the act ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 71 of a whole people, and may be regarded as the foundation of civil and religious liberty in the Western World. It read as follows : " In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc., Having undertaken, for the Glory of God and the advancement of the Christian Faith, and honor of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the Northern parts of Virginia; Do, by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God, and of one another. Consent and Combine ourselves together into a Civil body Politic, for our Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by Virtue hereof, to enact, constitute and frame just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Offices from Time to Time as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our Names at ' Cape Cod the eleventh of November [O. S.], in the year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James, Of England, France and Ireland, the Eighteenth and of Scotland the Fifty-fourth, Anno Domini, 1620." Cold, unwholesome food and privations produced sickness that destroyed nearly one-half their number in four months. Among the victims was the Governor, who was succeeded by William Bradford. Elder William Brevvster was their spiritual gu\de and wise counsellor. They made a treaty of friend- ship with the sachems of the surrounding Indian tribes, and in petty hostili- ties with other barbarians, Captain Miles Standish, a valiant little soldier, was very useful. Other Puritan^ joined the Pilgrims, and other settlements were soon attempted. The colony at Plymouth suffered much until the autumn of 1623, when bountiful harvests rewarded their industry and food was made plentiful. Then the community system of labor was abandoned, the partnership with the London merchants was dissolved, and the colonists became sole proprietors in 1627. This desirable arrangement was made by a contract on the part of the Colonists, to pay to the Company of Adventurers the sum of $9,000 in nine equal instalments, beginning with the following year. The Adventurers agreed to convey to the Planters " Every their stocks, shares, lands, merchandise, and chattels," and discharge the latter from their contract of " service and partner- ship." It was a hazardous speculation for the Planters, for they " knew not 72 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: well how to raise the money, and discharge their other engagements, and supply their yearly wants, seeing they were forced for their necessities to take up moneys or goods at a very high rate of interest." Eight of the chief men became jointly bound as sureties for the payment of the whole sum. A new organization and distribution were now adopted. A partnership was formed of all the men on the spot, of " suitable age and prudence " under an agreement that the trade should be managed by them as a joint-stock com- pany, and that " every free man should have a single share and every father of a family also be allowed to purchase a share for his wife, and a share for every child he had living with him." One cow and two goats were assigned, by lot, to every six persons as shares, and swine in proportion. To every person or share was assigned twenty acres of land. The houses became private property. An English company obtained a grant of territory on Massachusetts Bay, the northern part of the gulf, and in 1628 sent 100 settlers, with John Endicott as Governor, who planted a colony on the site of (present) Salem. Others soon joined them, when, in 1629, a royal charter was obtained for the *' Massachusetts Bay Company." The country was ever afterwards called " The Bay State." Large reinforcements now came. New settlements were planted, and farming implements and live stock were furnished to the settlers. In 1630, when the colony numbered one thousand souls, John Winthrop, who had come with many new settlers, was elected Governor. The charter and the corporate powers of the company had been transferred from England to Massachusetts, and so the foundations of the Commonwealth were firmly- laid. Winthrop and many others had founded a settlement which they named Boston, and it became the capital of the colony. For a while religious intolerance marked the rulers in Church and State in Massachusetts. These refugees from intolerance, zealous of their liberties, became more Intolerant themselves, and Churchman and Quaker were persecuted. Roger Williams, an eccentric Puritan preacher at Salem, was banished from the colony because of his earnest championship of " Soul liberty." (See Rhode Island.) In 1637 the colony was disturbed by war with the Pequods of Connecticut, but danger was soon overpast. Greater danger to their liberties appeared in the action of King Charles I., who demanded the surrender of their charter to the Crown. The colonists prepared to resist the unrighteous demand. < ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 73 During the civil war in England, which soon ensued, they were unmolested ; but on the restoration of monarchy, in 1660, their political troubles were revived, for Charles II, claimed supreme jurisdiction in Massachusetts. ' The colonists sent a commission to England in 1662, who obtained a confirmation of their charter and a conditional amnesty for offenders during the troubles between royalty and the people. At the same time the monarch demanded the repeal of all laws contrary to his sovereign authority; also an oath of allegiance to the Crown; the administration of justice in his name; the complete toleration of the Church of England in Massachusetts, and a concession of the elective franchise to every man having a competent estate. Hitherto only Church members were allowed to vote. In 1664 royal commissioners arrived at Boston to investigate and regulate the affairs of the colony. The people would have nothing to do with them, and they returned home. The King reproved the authorities of Massachu- setts, and ordered the Governor to his presence. The Governor refused to go, and there the matter rested, A conflict with the neighboring Indians, known as " King Philip's War," broke out in 1675, and severely scourged the colonists. A dozen towns, 6,000 houses, and over 600 men, women and children of the colonists perished during the struggle. One in twenty of the men had fallen, and one in twenty families were made homeless. The cost of the war was half a million dollars. The royal pretensions to rule the colony were renewed after the war, and in 1684 the High Court of Chancery declared the charter of Massachu- setts forfeited to the Crown. Joseph Dudley was appointed royal Governor; the General Assembly chosen by the people was dissolved; and a royal com- mission superseded the charter government. Sir Edmund Andros succeeded .Dudley and ruled tyrannically. The people submitted most impatiently. They were finally relieved when the last Stuart King was driven from the throne in 1688. Then the men of Boston seized and imprisoned Andros, and sent him, a fugitive, to' England. Massachusetts received a new charter in 1692, by which New Plymouth was united with it. The Commonwealth then included 40,000 inhabitants. It was divided into several counties. Its Governor and Secretary were ap- pointed by the King, and its laws were invalid until approved by thfe mon- arch. It was at about this time that the fearful delusion known as "Salem witchcraft " disturbed the colony for six months. In 1692 the General Assembly of Massachusetts, after the receipt of the 74 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: new charter, passed a declaration of the rights of the colony, which em- bodied the grand postulate enunciated seventy years afterwards by the English-American colonies — "Taxation without Representation is Tyranny." At various times the colony was smitten by invading French and Indian bands, who first broke over the border in 1703 and 1704; and from that time until the close of the Seven Years, or French and Indian war, in 1763, the province was compelled to participate in the intercolonial wars for its own defense. In the war that broke out in 1745, Massachusetts contributed largely of men and money in the capture of Louisburg and in attempts to in- jure Canada. It also bore its full share of the burden imposed by the French and Indian war, and in the ten years' quarrel between the English-American Colonies and Great Britain, which preceded the old war for independence, it took a foremost position. General Gage, the royal Governor of Massachusetts, had summoned a meeting of the General Assembly at Salem in October, 1774; but, perceiv- ing the increasing boldness of the people under the influence of the proceed- ings of the Continental Congress, he countermanded the summons. The members denied his right to do so, and met at Salem on the appointed day (October 5), ninety in number. After waiting two days for the Governor, who did not appear, they organized themselves into a Provincial Congress, with John Hancock, a wealthy merchant and ardent patriot of Boston, as President. Benjamin Lincoln, afterwards a general in the Continental army, was appointed Secretary. The Congress adjourned to Concord, where, on the nth, 260 members took their seats. They adjourned to Cambridge, and sent word to the Gov- ernor that for want of a legal Assembly they had formed a Provisional Con- vention. They freely censured the late unlawful acts of Parliament ; pro- tested against the casting up fortifications on Boston Neck by the Governor, as a menace to the liberties of the people, and expressed their loyalty to the King. Gage denounced them as fomenters of sedition. This measure stimulated their zeal. * The Congress appointed a Committee of Safety, to whom they delegated large powers, authorizing them to call out the militia of the province, and to perform other functions of sovereignty. Another Committee was appointed, with authority to procure ammunition and military stores, for which purpose more than $60,000 were appropriated. They appointed a Receiver-general, into whose hands the constables and tax-collectors were directed to pay all ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 75 moneys received by them. They also made provisions for arming the prov- ince, and appointed three general officers to command the militia — Jeremiah, Preble, Artemus Ward and Seth Pomeroy. The enrolment of 12,000 min- ute-men was authorized. The Congress having assumed both legislative and' executive powers, it received the willing allegiance of the people generally. Gage issued a proclamation denouncing these proceedings, to which nO) attention was paid. So ended, royal authority in Massachusetts, and the beginning of inde- pendent self-government in that province. This was perfected by the choice- of representatives for a new Assembly, who were elected at town meetings,, in accordance with the directions of the Continental Congress. The citizens of Boston, who were scattered, met at Concord and chose their representa- tives. These and others met at Cambridge on July 19, 1775, when the Provin- cial Congress was dissolved and the new Assembly began the restoration of regular civil government in the colony. They chose James Warren, of Plymouth, as their Speaker. Upon the soil of Massachusetts the first Continental army was organized and there the first clash of arms resounded. All through the war she was among the foremost in the council and in the field. On March 2, 1780, a State constitution was adopted, and a State government was organized under it, with John Hancock as its first Governor. The General Assembly had virtually declared the province independent of the British Crown (May 2,, 1776), two months before the great Declaration was adopted. The Constitution adopted in 1780, and amended several times since, stilll remains the fundamental law of the Commonwealth. It was even decided' that by a clause in its Bill of Rights African slavery was abolished. The people of the State ratified the National Constitution in January, 1788. The poverty and distress of the people caused some of them in the- interior of the State to resist taxation. The taxes of the State amounted annually to the then enormous sum of $1,000,000. Artful demagogues stirred up the people to rebellion. The working men were arrayed by them against the capitalists. The government of Massachusetts was held responsible for every evil suffered by the people. Finally, an armed insurrection, led by Daniel Shays, a captain in the Continental army, broke out. He led 1,000 men in arms. The movement soon became formidable, and General Benjamin Lincoln, in command of several thousand militia, suppressed it. That was in 76 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: 1786. In Januar}', 1788, the people of the State ratified the National Consti- tution. In the division of parties at the beginning of the present century, a majority of the citizens of Massachusetts were of the Federal party, and, as a body, they opposed the war with England, which began in 1812. That war was disastrous to the commerce of that section of the Union. During the war New England furnished great numbers of seamen for the National navy, and swarms of privateers went out from the ports of Massachusetts. At a convention of delegates assembled at Hartford late in 18 14 to con- sider the state of the country, Massachusetts was fully represented, and one •of its citizens (George Cabot) presided over its deliberations. Massachusetts .and other New England States were charged with disloyalty because of their continued opposition to the war, but unquestionable patriotism dominated the intense conservatism of the people. In the year 1820 the district of Maine was separated from Massachu- setts, and made an independent commonwealth. (See Maine}) The State from the beginning was one of the most prosperous in the Union; and when, in 1861, civil war began, no State was more loyal and active in support of the Republic than Massachusetts. During the war it furnished 159,165 men to ■the National army and navy, of whom 3749 were killed in battle; 9086 died from wounds and disease; 15,645 discharged for disability contracted in the service, and 5866 not accounted for. The State expended on account of the war over $30,000,000. Massachusetts is one of the heaviest manufacturing States in the Union, especially of textile fabrics. The cotton manufactures of the " Bay State " ■employed 62,903 operatives, running 4,465,290 spindles in 1880. Its fisheries are very extensive and productive, aggregating more than half the product of all New England. The State contains about 2,200 miles of railroad in -operation, which cost almost $153,000,000. They are all prosperous, and form a complete network, crossing each other in all directions. From the beginning the education of the young was made a prime ob- ject in the affairs of State. In 1649 provision was made for the establish- ment of common schools in the province. Every township was required to maintain a school for instruction in reading and writing, and every town of one hundred families was required to have a grammar school, with a teacher qualified to "fit youths for the University." That University was Harvard College, the first of the higher seminaries of learning established in America. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. -jy It was liberally endowed by the Rev. John Harvard. The college was founded in 1637, with Henry Dunster, a Hebrew scholar, as its first president. There are now in the State seven universities and colleges. In 1880 there were 306,777 children enrolled in public schools, with an average attendance of 235,664. The public school expenditures in 1880 were $4,720,951. The population of Massachusetts in 1885 was 1,941,465, including over 19,000 colored persons, which embrace Indians and Chinese. Boston, its capital, contained in 1885, 390,406. Immense numbers of the inhabitants of Massachusetts have emigrated to other portions of the Union. It is estimated that the number of persons who, born in that Commonwealth, have emigrated to other States, is equal, at least, to its present resident population. These emigrants have exercised a " marked influence in moulding the social and political institutions of their adopted States." (1623.) New Hampshire, one of the New England States and ani original member of the Union, Hes between latitude 40° 42' 30" and 45° 18' north, and 70° 43' 40" and 72° 33' west longitude. On its narrow northern and north- eastern border is the province of Quebec, in the Do- minion of Canada. On the east is Maine and a smalL portion of the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south is Massachusetts, and on the west is Vermont, over which it originally claimed territorial jurisdiction.. The Commonwealth embraces an area of 9,305 square miles, and a population' in 1880 of 346,991, including 762 colored persons. It has only eighteen miles of sea-coast, and its only good harbor for large vessels is at Portsmouth. The surface of New Hampshire is broken and mountainous. The small strip of sea-coast is low and level, and a part of it is marshy for several miles inland. The country rises rapidly as it recedes from the coast. The group, of lofty hills known as the "White Mountains" occupy a space of about twenty miles in length, chiefly in Coos County, near the north-eastern border of the State. The highest peak is Mount Washington, rising to the height of 6226 feet above the sea level. There are five other peaks ranging in height, from 4000 to 5759 feet. The region is styled " The Switzerland of America.'" The short line of sea-coast of New Hampshire was probably discovered by Martin Pring or Prynne, who, in April, 1603, sailed from Bristol, England, with two vessels, to complete discoveries begun by Gosnold. They entered Penobscot Bay early in June, and afterwards sailed along the coast to Mar- tin's (corrupted to Martha's) Vineyard, an island so called in honor of Pring, and because of the abundance of grapes found there. Other voyagers, traversed the same New England coasts in a short space of time afterwards. Captain John Smith visited the coast of New Hampshire and the Piscataqua River in 1614. Sir Ferdinand© Gorges, an active member of the Plymouth. Company, set: THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 79 sail from England for America in 161 5, after the return of Captain Smith, but was driven back by a storm. The company acquired a new charter undef the title of the Council of Plymouth, from whence Gorges and Captain John Mason, both zealous churchmen and royalists, obtained a grant (1622) of all the territory between the Merrimack and the Kennebec rivers and the sea- coast, sixty miles inland (to the St. Lawrence River), which they designed to call the Province of Maine. They named the great domain " Laconia," and, to forestall the French settlements in the east, and to secure the country to Protestants, Gorges procured a grant from Sir William Alexander of the whole mainland eastward of the St. Croix River, excepting a small part of Acadia, now Nova Scotia. JOSIAH KARTLETT, FIRST GOVERNOR OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Mason (a merchant, and afterwards a naval commander and secretarj^ of the Council of Plymouth — " a man of action ") had already obtained a gi'ant of land (1621) extending from Salem to the mouth of the Merrimack, which he called " Mariana " ; and the same year a colony of fishermen seated them- selves at Little Harbor on the Piscataqua, just below the site of (present) Portsmouth. Other fishermen settled on the site of Dover in 1623, and very soon other fishing stations were planted ; but there was no permanent set- tlement until 1629, when Mason built a house near the mouth of the Piscata- qua and called the place Portsmouth. In the same year Mason and Gorges agreed to divide their domain in New England at the Piscataqua, when the former obtained a patent for the western portion. He had been Governor of Portsmouth in Hampshire,. 8o THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: England, and he gave to his province the name of New Hampshire, and to the permanent settlement, Portsmouth, in commemoration of the place with which he had been associated. His domain included all islands within five leagues of his coast-front. He sent over other colonists, with cattle, mills, etc., in contemplation of a great plantation. The little settlements flour- ished, Dover soon taking the precedence in prosperity. The Rev. Mr. Wheel- wright, a brother of the notable Ann Hutchinson of Boston, had purchased from the Indians a tract of the wilderness, and founded Exeter. The progress of settlement was retarded by the death of Mason just as he was about to embark from England for America in 1635, bearing the commission of Vice-Admiral of New England. He was buried in Westmin- ster Abbey. His domain passed into possession of his retainers in payment for past services. These settlers were nearly all Churchmen. Very soon the intrigues, the vigor and the enterprise of the authorities of Massachusetts introduced among the settlers in New Hampshire an active Puritan element, which soon obtained control of public affairs, and in 1641 all the settlements were annexed to Massachusetts. New Hamsphire re- mained a dependent of the Bay State until 1680, when the annex became a separate royal province. Mason's heirs in England prosecuted claims to his proprietary interest, which resulted in the emancipation of New Hampshire and the establishment there of a government in which the President and Council were appointed by the King, and the people elected a Legislative Assembly. In 1692 a royal commission established a new government, which continued until the old war for independence. The settlements in New Hampshire gradually extended westward, and, until 1764, it was supposed that the territory, now Vermont, was included in that of New Hampshire, and grants of land were made by the authorities of the latter province. The commission of Penning Wentworth, its first royal Governor (1741-1767), included all the territory " to the boundaries of his Majesty's other provinces." This was quite indefinite. The Governor so construed it that he issued grants of land to settlers between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain. The Duke of York's patent in 1664 (see New York) caused the authorities of the latter to claim the Connecticut River as its eastern boundary. A violent dispute finally arose whi<:h, at one time, threatened a serious civil war. (See Vermont^ For about three-fourths of a century (1675-1750) the inhabitants suffered dreadfully from the Indians, who frequently made marauding and scalping ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. gi incursions among the settlements. These incursions were often incited and sometimes led by the French in Canada. One of the most notable tragedies of the time occurred at Dover in the summer of 1689. There resided Richard Waldron, a native of England, who had lived there since 1645. He was a leading man in the province in civil and military affairs — a councillor, chief justice, and governor or president. He had taken an active part in King Philip's war, and had greatly enraged the barbarians by a treacherous act at one time. He invited Indians to a treaty at Dover, when he seized several hundred of them, and hung or sold into slavery two hundred. For thirteen years Waldron's cruel act filled the minds and hearts of the barbarians with a burning desire for revenge. At length an opportunity oc- curred. In June, 1689, when Indians were continually visiting and passing through Dover on peaceful errands, a fearful plot was sudd&nly evolved. More than the usual number of Indians were in the town on a pleasant June day. Some of the people felt uneasy, but Major Waldron, who knew them well, did not suspect them of mischievous intentions. At that time there were five garrisoned houses at Dover. It had been arranged by the barbarians that on an appointed night two squads should go to each of the garrisoned houses in the evening and ask leave to lodge ; then, when the people were asleep, they should open the portals of the houses and give a whistle, when the strange Indians should rush in and take their long-meditated revenge. Two squaws and a chief were kindly entertained by Major Waldron, and when all in the house had retired to sleep, the squaws opened the doors and gave the signal, when Indians rushed into the Major's apartment. Although almost fourscore years of age, the Major leaped from his bed, seized his sword, and applied it with so much vigor that he drove his assailants through two or three doors. As he was returning for other arms he was stunned by a blow from a hatchet, when he was seized, dragged into his hall, and, seat- ing him in an armchair on a long table, they scornfully asked him, " Who shall judge Indian now?" Then they demanded food of the inmates of the house, and when they had feasted they tortured the veteran soldier to death. New Hampshire engaged earnestly in the disputes with the British min- istry before the kindling of the war for independence, and the people of that Province were the first to form an independent State government. A Pro- 82 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: vincial Congress had assembled at Exeter on May 7, 1775, when ninety-eight counties, towns, parishes and boroughs were represented by deputies. Mat- thew Thornton was chosen its President, and Eleazer Thompson, Secretary. They estabHshed a post-office at Portsmouth, provided for procuring arms, recommended the estabhshment of home manufactures, commissioned Briga- dier-General Nathaniel Folsom first commander of the military of the Pro- vince, and provided for the issue of bills of credit, or paper money. They voted to raise three regiments, their troops then in camp before Boston to constitute two of them. In accordance with the recommendation of the Continental Congress, the people of New Hampshire organized a State government on January 5, 1776. It was intended to be temporary — to last only through the war. A perma- nent State government was not established until June 4, 1784. Josiah Bart- lett, the first signer of the Declaration of Independence, after President Hancock, was chosen the first Governor of the State under the National Constitution, 1792-1794. The people of New Hampshire took an active part in the war for inde- pendence. They captured the fort at New Castle in December, 1774. Their men were engaged in many battles, from that on Bunker's Hill to that at Yorktown. Generals Stark, Poor and Sullivan were particularly distin- guished military leaders. Their prowess was attested at Bennington, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, Monmouth, and Yorktown. Preliminary movements toward the formation of a permanent State government were made in 1781, when, in June, a popular convention framed a State Constitution for the Commonwealth, which, after undergoing many alterations, became the fundamental law of the State, as we have observed, in June, 1784. The Constitution provided that once in seven years it should be presented to a vote of the people on proposed amendments. This was done in September, 1791, and the Constitution then adopted continues to be the supreme law of New Hampshire. A convention sitting in Concord, from November 6, 1850, to April 17, 185 1, considered numerous amendments, but only one was adopted — removing the property qualifications of representa- tives. After the National Constitution was framed at Philadelphia, in 1787, the Continental Congress provided by resolution that when nine of the thirteen States should ratify the great instrument, it should become the fundamental law of the Republic. New Hampshire has the honor of giving the vote that ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 83 ►decided the fate of that instrument. Everywhere there was vehement op- position to it, because it would Hmit " State supremacy," and merge the States into one consolidated sovereignty. • New Hampshire was the nintJi State that ratified the Constitution. It was done by a small majority on June 21, 1788. Portsmouth was the seat of government while provincial authority ruled. The seat of the provincial government was at Exeter during the Revolution, and in 1805 Concord was made the State capital. New Hampshire is known by the sobriquet of " The Granite State." In the four wars in which the Republic has been engaged — namely, the Revolutionary, the second war for independence (1812-1815), the war with Mexico, and the civil war — the Commonwealth of New Hampshire contrib- uted freely in men and money. In its infancy it furnished 12,497 "i^n to the Continental army; in its maturity, when the life of the Republic was in peril, it contributed for the national army 34,605 men, of whom 5508 per- ished in battle, and 11,039 were disabled by sickness and wounds. The sterility of much of the soil of New Hampshire renders agriculture a rather unremunerative pursuit ; but its grand and abundant water-power and other resources, have caused it to be a very heavy manufacturing State. Cotton, woollen and paper mills abound. In 1880 it employed 1,108,521 spindles and 25,487 looms in the manufacture of cotton fabrics. In this indus- try it ranks second among the States in the value of its products. Its iron and steel manufactures are of great value. In 1882 it had 1000 miles of rail- ways, which cost $25,370,787. The assessed valuation of real and personal property in the State was nearly $201,000,000. New Hampshire has a well-organized system of public instruction. In 1880 there were 64,670 children, from five to twenty-one years of age, en- rolled in public schools, with an average daily attendance of 48,943. The expenditures for public schools that year were $568,103. The State has one University — Dartmouth College, at Hanover. There are many normal schools and higher seminaries of learning for both sexes, among which Phil- lips' Academy, at Exeter, holds a front rank. The State has no large cities. Manchester, the largest, has a population of about 33,500. Concord, its cap- ital, has over 14,000. (1633.) Bounded on three sides by the States of Massachusetts, New York and Rhode Island, and on the fourth by Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean, lies the Common- wealth of Connecticut, between 41 °and 42° 3' north lati- tude, and 7i°55' and 73° 50' west longitude. It was one of the original thirteen States of the Union. Its domain embraces an area of 4,845 square miles. The population of Connecticut in 1880 was 622,700, of whom there were 11,931 colored persons, including 255 Indians. A large portion of the State of Connecticut is rugged and mountainous. An extension of the Green Mountains of Vermont crosses the western part of the State, and stretches almost to Long Island Sound. In the eastern part there is a ridge supposed to be a prolongation of the White Mountain range in New Hampshire. The principal river of the State is the Connecticut, which flows from the border of Canada, forms the dividing line between Vermont and New Hamp- shire, intersects Massachusetts and the Commonwealth to which it has given its name, into Long Island Sound. It is navigable to Hartford, the capital of the State. It flows through one of the most beautiful and picturesque regions of the earth. When Adrian Block, a skillful Dutch navigator, left Manhattan in his new ship Unrest, which had been built to take the place of the burnt vessel Tigress, in the spring of 16 14 (see Nczv York), he sailed up the East river into Long Island Sound and out on the Atlantic. On his way he discovered the Connecticut river, which he called the Versche (or fresh) Water. He sailed up the stream to the site of Hartford for observation, and then pursued his voyage. The Indian name of the river in English orthography was Quon-eh- tah-cut, signifying " the long river." The discovery of the Connecticut River by Block gave the Dutch a claim to the adjoining territory by the right of discovery, and so early as 1623 the THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. ."^^ agent of the Dutch West India Company took formal possession of, the Con- necticut Valley, by proclamation, in the name of the States-general of Hol- land. The English made a counter-claim soon afterwards,, based upon a patent issued by King James to English subjects. The Dutch, with a keen eye to profit and to security against the barbar- ians on the eastern border of New Netherland, sent an embassy to New Plymouth (see Massachusetts) to persuade the Pilgrims to abandon Cape Cod Bay, and seat themselves, under jurisdiction of the Dutch, (whose language they had learned in Holland,) in the fertile Connecticut Valley. A Mohegan chief, with similar motives, joined in the request. The Pilgrims, jealous of JONATHAN TRUMBULL, FIRST GOVERNOR OF CONNECTICUT. their independence, declined; but, in 1632, Governor Edward Winslovv visited', the Connecticut Valley. His observation confirmed all the good things which had been said about the region, and he resolved to promote emigration thither. The fame of the fertile valley had already reached Old England. Two years before Winslow's visit, Charles I. had granted a patent to the soil of that region to some English noblemen, and defined the territory as extending westward from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean — the latter then known as. "the South Sea." The Dutch now possessed a more rightful title to the country than that; of discovery. They had purchased the valley from the Indians, built a re- doubt just below the site of Hartford, called Fort Good Hope, in 1633, took '86 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: possession of it, and " set up a home with intent to plant." This was the first seed that germinated in the colony of Connecticut. The Plymouth people, though aware of the preparations made by the Dutch for defence, did not hesitate. In October, 1633, Captain William Holmes and a small company arrived in the Connecticut River in a sloop bearing the frame of a house. He had a commission from Governor Winslow to make a settlement. Though warned by the commander of the fort to desist, Holmes sailed by unmolested, landed at the site of Windsor, and there erected his house. The Dutch sent a force the next year to drive the English from the valley. A parley ensued, which resulted in peaceful relations, when the Dutch withdrew from that region. In 1635-36 the first permanent set- tlement in the Connecticut Valley was made at Hartford, by emigrants from Massachusetts. In the autumn of 1635 a company of men, women and children from Massachusetts, with oxen and cows, traversed the rugged wilderness for fully •one hundred miles, until they reached the valley of the Connecticut, then white with snow. Ice prevented a vessel, laden with supplies for them, as- cending the stream. They built log huts on the sites of Weathersfield and Hartford, and a little church at the latter place. Starvation soon menaced them, and some of the colony made their way to the shore ot the Sound, and •sailed thence to Boston in a passing vessel. Those who remained suffered 'dreadfully, living for a while upon acorns. Many of the cattle died for want ■of food. In 1636 the Rev. Thomas Hooker, who came to Boston from Holland, led a company of men, women and children into the beautiful valley. He wisely chose the Summer time for the migration. They had 160 head of ■cattle. The cows pastured on grassy savannas, and furnished much whole- •some food for the wanderers. The company stood on the banks of the beau- tiful Connecticut on the 4th of July, and there, under the shadow of great trees, they sang hymns of praise and thanksgiving, and on the following Sabbath, Mr. Hooker preached a sermon and administered the Communion in the little church built the previous winter. In 1636 John Winthrop, son of the Governor of Massachusetts, came from England as Governor of the Connecticut colony. He built a fort and planted a settlement at the mouth of the river. The colony grew and flourished. A constitution for its government was framed, and was approved by a vote of '.the people on January 14, 1639. It was the first example in history of a THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 87 written constitution organizing a government and defining its powers. Its leading features have been incorporated into the constitutions of all the States of the Republic. Meanwhile the existence of the colony had been menaced by the power- ful Pequod Indians, whose territory extended from Narragansett Bay to the Hudson River and over Long Island. Sassacus, then Emperor, ruled over twenty-six native princes. Fearing increase in the number and power of the English, he resolved to exterminate them. Massachusetts sent troops to assist their brethren. They were joined by the Mohegans, attacked the Pequods in their rear, and defeated and dispersed them. Sassacus and his followers fled westward, dreadfully smitten by their pursuers, and that powerful nation was almost annihilated in a day, as it were. This blow gave peace to New England for more than forty years. The last of the pure- blooded Pequods — Eunice Maurvee — died at Kent, Connecticut, in i860, at the age of 100 years. After the destruction of the Pequods there was a strong desire among the people of Massachusetts to settle in Connecticut. They had heard from the pursuers of the fugitive Indians of the beauty and fertility of the country stretching along Long Island Sound ; and in the autumn of 1637 a small party of observation encamped on the site of New Haven, where they built a hut and wintered. In the spring of 1638 the Rev. John Davenport and others went by water to the spot where the exploring party had wintered, at the mouth of a small stream that entered a beautiful bay. They were charmed with the locality and named it New Haven. On the Sabbath Mr. Davenport preached a sermon under a wide-spreading oak. They purchased lands of the Indians ; framed articles of association, which they called a " Plantation Cove- nant," formed in accordance with the Holy Scriptures, and began an indepen- dent settlement without reference to any government or country on the earth. The little community at New Haven meditated and prayed for light concerning the best political organization for the government of the colony, which was growing by accretion. ' At length, in the summer of 1639, when it was found that they were " nearly of one mind," they assembled in a barn to frame a constitution of government " according to the word of God." After Mr. Davenport had prayed and preached, he proposed for their adoption four fundamental articles, namely — (i.) That the Scriptures contain a perfect rule for the government of men, in the family, in the church, and in the common- wealth ; (2.) That they would be ordered by the rules which the Scriptures 88 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: hold forth ; (3. ) That their purpose was to be admitted into church-fellowship according to Christ, as soon as God should fit them thereto; and (4.) That they hold themselves bound to establish such civil order, according to God, as would be likely to secure the greatest good to themselves and their posterity. By unanimous vote these articles were adopted, when they proceeded to form a plan of government. It was arranged that church membership and freemanship should qualify a man to exercise the political franchise, to choose magistrates, and transact civil business of every kind; that twelve fit men should be chosen from the company, who should choose seven of their number as the seven pillars of the Church. This was done, and the seven " pillars " organized a Church. Their assistants, nine in number, were re- garded as " free burgesses," and the sixteen chose Theophilus Eaton, one of the explorers in 1687, magistrate for one year. Four other persons were chosen deputies, and these constituted the Executive and Legislative depart- ments of the government. It was a sort of theocracy. They built a meeting- house, ordained that no person should settle among them without the consent of the community, and in 1640 they called the settlement New Haven. The colony flourished alone until 1662, when it was annexed by royal charter to the colony in the valley. When monarchy was restored in England, in 1660, in the person of Charles IL, son of the decapitated King, the people of the Connecticut Valley hastened to avow their allegiance and to secure a new charter. One was secured in 1662, which embraced both the Connecticut and New Haven colonies, but the union was not perfected until 1665. It gave to the people jurisdiction over the whole land within its limits; provided for the election of a Governor, deputy-governor, twelve assistants or magistrates, and ten deputies from each town. This constitution was so acceptable to the people of Connecticut that it remained their fundamental law until 18 18, when the present Constitution was framed. The union of the two colonies in Connecticut, as we have observed, was perfected in 1665. Prominent citizens of the New Haven colony were much disturbed by this summary blotting out of their Commonwealth. It had been foredoomed. Its intense Puritanism, and its dilatoriness in recognizing the authority of Charles II., had made it obnoxious to the Crown. That it had given shelter to the regicides was a serious count against it. Mr. Davenport, its real founder, was specially grieved at the unexpected turn of affairs. He accepted an invitation to return to Boston, and died there two years after- ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 89 ward. The government of the united colonies was, at first, a pure democracy but in 1670 it became a representative one. After the Duke of York took possession of New Netherlands (see New York), in 1664, commissioners were sent to look after afTairs there and in New England. They came to secure allegiance to the Crown. The charter of Connecticut secured it, and there was no trouble in that colony; but Sir Edmund Andros, who had been appointed Governor-General of New England in 1686, demanded the surrender of all the colonial charters under his juris- diction. Connecticut, alone, resisted. The Viceroy proceeded to Hartford in the autumn of 1687, with an armed force, to seize the charter and extin- guish the government. The people had long expected this movement, and leading men had made preparations to meet it. So early as the middle of June preceding, the Assembly directed the charter to be brought into the Chamber in the mahogany box in which it had been sent from England. It was laid on the table, and the secretary was directed to leave it there, with the key in it. This order was intended to give an opportunity for somebody to make a copy of the charter, which was done neatly on parchment — of course without the official sanction of the Assembly. Andros arrived at Hartford, with sixty soldiers, late in October. The Assembly was in session in the meeting-house, where he was courteously re- ceived at about sunset. He demanded the surrender of the charter. A debate in progress was intentionally prolonged until the candles were lighted, when the box containing the charter was brought in and placed on the table. When Andros put forth his hand to take the instrument the lights were ex- tinguished and the box was carried away by Captain Joseph Wadsworth, commander of train-bands who were near. It did not contain the original charter. That, Wadsworth had made a duplicate of, and concealed the original in a hollow oak tree. That duplicate was in the box. After the accession of William and Mary, in 1689, and Andros had been expelled from America, the original was taken from the oak and the colonial government resumed its functions under it. The '' Charter Oak " survived until August, 1856, when it was prostrated by a gale. In 1676 the General Court, or Legislature, of Connecticut was first di- vided into two Houses. The Governor and assistants composed the upper House, and the deputies regularly returned from the towns were called the lower House. The Governor presided in the upper House. All laws became so only by the mutual consent of the two Houses. 90 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: There were two sessions of the General Court of Connecticut each year; and from i/Oi until 1875, these, and the annual sessions which succeeded them, were held alternately at Hartford and New Haven. Since the latter year Hartford has been the sole capital of the State In the earlier colonial times many of the laws enacted by the authorities of Connecticut were very rigid. They contained enactments against every great vice, as well as for social regulations, and revealed the sternness of Puritan character and morals. They were first published in collected form in 1650, and were issued in blue paper covers. Copies found their way to England, when, on account of the color of the covers, they were first called " Blue Laws." After the restoration the word " blue " was applied to rigid moralists of every kind, especially to the Presbyterians. Hudibras says — " For his religion it was writ To match his learning and his wit — 'Twas Presbyterian true billed To ridicule the Puritans of New England, a series of pretended enactments,, very ridiculous, purporting to be extracts from the Blue Laws, were promuL. gated and gained general belief. During the colonial wars Connecticut furnished its full share of men and money in support of the cause of the English-American colonists; and in the bitter disputation between the colonists and the British ministry, in the years preceding the old war for independence, her leading men and women took a very active part. Opposition to the Stamp Act ran high in that prov- ince; and so menacing were the actions of the people that the appointed stamp-distributor relinquished the office, saying "the cause is not worth dying for." The Connecticut charter made its western boundary nominally the Pacific Ocean. Prior occupancy by the Dutch had made an exception in favor of New York and New Jersey; but all territory west of the Delaware River within the parallels of Connecticut was claimed by that colony. An association called the "Susquehanna Company" was formed, with the sanction of the Legislature, in 1753, for the purpose of planting a settlement beyond the Delaware. It included the beautiful Valley of Wyoming, into which many families from Connecticut emigrated. In 1763 the settlement was broken up by hostile Indians, and the settlers made their way back to Connecticut. Pennsylvania took possession of the Wyoming Valley, and built a fortified trading house there. In 1769 forty members of the Susquehanna Company I ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. gr went there to assert their rights. Civil war ensued. The Connecticut As- sembly submitted the case to the ablest lawyers in England, and a decision was made in favor of the company. It was unheeded by the Governor of Pennsylvania, and civil war again began. It was soon ended by the more: important events of the war for independence. The people of Connecticut were active participants in the war for inde- pendence from the beginning. Their Governor, Jonathan Trumbull, was the: only colonial Governor who espoused their cause. He was- considered the- Whig leader in New England in the absence, in Congress, of the Adamses and. Hancock. The Assembly instructed its delegates in the Continental Con- gress to vote for independence, a permanent union of the colonies and a. foreign alliance. Jonathan Trumbull was the first Governor of the State of Connecticut. During the war of the Revolution the towns of Connecticut suffered! dreadfully from marauding parties. Danbury, in the interior, was burnt and' plundered in 1777; and in 1779, 2000 British and German marauders scourged its coast towns. On the 5th of July they plundered New Haven* and East Haven in ashes on the 6th ; destroyed Fairfield on the 8th, and plundered and burnt Norwalk on the 12th. In 1781 Arnold, the traitor, in the employ of his British master, at the head of Tories and Hessians, destroyed New London,. on the Thames. Like those of the other New England States, the people of Connecticut were opposed to the war of 181 2, and lent its aid rather unwillingly in support of the government against the British. Its coasts suffered from the opera- tions of blockading squadrons and amphibious depredators. On April 8„ 1814, six boats with 200 men from the British blockading squadron entered the Connecticut River, ascended it several miles, and destroyed full twenty- vessels which had collected there as a place of supposed safety. Because of the lukewarmness of the people, the National Government neglected to give them proper protection on the coast. This neglect formed one of the grounds, for serious complaint by the Hartford Convention. The Hartford Convention in 18 14 holds a conspicuous place in the history of our country. The Legislature of Massachusetts addressed a circular letter to the governors of the New England States, inviting the appointment of delegates to meet in convention at an early day to deliberate upon " means of security and defense " against dangers to which these States were exposed by the course of the war. It was also proposed to consider amendments to. g2 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: the National Constitution on the subject of slave representation. The proposition was acceded to, and Hartford, in Connecticut, was the place chosen for holding the convention, December 15, 1814, was the time appointed for the assembling of the convention. On that day twenty-six delegates, representing the five New England States, met, and appointed George Cabot, of Boston, President, and Theodore Dwight, secretary. They were all notable men. The sessions were held with closed doors and continued three weeks. The government at Washington was alarmed by this secret gathering of representative New England men, and especially by the appropriation at about that time by the "Massachusetts Legislature of $1,000,000 for the support of 10,000 men to re- lieve the militia in service, and to be, like them, under the State's control. -All sorts of wild rumors suggesting treason were set afloat ; and the govern- ment sent Major Jesup and a regiment of soldiers to Hartford at the time of "the opening of the convention, ostensibly to recruit for the regular army, but ireally to watch the supposed unpatriotic movement. The attention of the convention was called to a wide range of topics — 'the powers of the National Executive in calling out the militia; the dividing of the United States into military districts, with an ofificer of the army in ^each with discretionary power to call out the militia; the refusal of the Ex- •ecutive to pay the militia of certain of the States called on for their own defense; the failure of the government to pay the militia admitted to the TJnited States service; the proposition for a conscription; a bill then before 'Congress for classifying and drafting the militia; the invasion of neighboring territory, and the failure of the National Government to provide for the com- mon defense. It was agreed that it was expedient for the convention to prepare a gen- 'cral statement of the unconstitutional attempt of the United States govern- ment to infringe upon the rights of individual States in regard to the military; :also a statement concerning the general subject of state defenses, etc. They .also proposed amendments to the Constitution to accomplish the restriction •of the power of Congress to declare and make war, lay embargoes, admit new States, and alterations concerning slave representation and taxation. These were all legitimate subjects for discussion by patriotic men. The labors of the convention ended on January 4, 181 5, and on the next day it adjourned, but with an impression that circumstances might call for a re- . assembling of that body. For that reason the seal of secresy on their pro- ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 93 ceedings was not removed. This gave wide scope for conjecture, suspicion and misrepresentations; and for many years, in the realm of poHtics, the term " Hartford Convention Federalist " conveyed much reproach. Connecticut took an active and patriotic part in the late Civil War. Her chief magistrate, William A. Buckingham, was one of the most energetic "war governors" of the time. It furnished the National army with 54,882 thoroughly equipped men, of whom 1094 men and ninety-seven officers were killed in action : 666 men and forty-eight officers died from wounds, and 3246 men and sixty-three officers died from disease. Connecticut is essentially a manufacturing State, and exceeds any other in the variety of its industries. It has about 1000 miles of railways in opera- tion. The State is thoroughly equipped for dispensing the blessings of edu- cation to all classes of its population. It has nearly 1700 district schools, with a school population of 139,000, of whom nearly 120,000 are enrolled in the public schools. It has high schools in all its cities; and its expenditure for public schools in 1885 was $1,376,000. There is a State normal school, many collegiate schools, and seminaries for both sexes, and three universities or colleges, all well endowed. Yale College, at New Haven, is one of the oldest of the higher institutions of learning in the Republic. Several nicknames have been applied to Connecticut — the " Free-stone State," the " Nutmeg State," the " Land of Steady Habits." Morality, shrewdness, patriotism, independence, and self-reliance are characteristics which have been attributed to the people of Connecticut. Halleck, one of its sons, wrote more than half a century ago: " They love their land because it is their own, And scorn to give aught other reason why; Would shake hands with a king upon his throne. And think it kindness to his majesty — A stubborn race, fearing and flattering none. Such are they nurtured, such they Hve and die : All — but a few apostates, who are meddling With merchandize, pounds, shillings, pence and peddling-, *' Or wandering through the southern countries teaching The A, B, C from Webster's spelling-book ; Gallant and godly, making love and preaching, And gaining, by what they call ' hook and crook. And what the moralists call ' overreaching,' A decent living. The Virginians look Upon them with as favorable eyes As Gabriel on the devil in Paradise." Mm ™ i/iMil (1634.) Maryland is one of the Central Atlantic States, and an original member of the Union. Pennsylvania on the north, the State of Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, on the south, south-west and west, Virginia and West Virginia, and on the north-west West Virginia form its boundaries. It lies between 37° 53' and 39° 44' north latitude, and 75° 2' and 79° 30' west longitude, and embraces 12,210 square miles of territory. In the census of 1880, Maryland ranked twenty- three among the States iu population, the number being 934,943, of whom 210,250 were colored. Maryland is unequally divided by Chesapeake Bay. Its eastern portion,. lying between the Chesapeake and Delaware bays and the Atlantic, is mostly level, and portions of it swampy. The western portion, lying between the Chesapeake and the Potomac River, which separates it from the Virginias, is for the most part level as far north as Washington City. Above that point the country rises in terraces, and soon assumes the form of rugged hills and quite lofty mountains with fertile vallies. The Blue Ridge, and other ranges of the Alleghanies, pass through the north-west portion of the State. One mountain peak rises to an altitude of 2500 feet above tide-water. The first European dweller in Maryland was William Clayborne, who was one of the early settlers in Virginia, The Governor of Virginia gave him authority, in 1627, to explore the head of Chesapeake Bay; and in 163 1 King Charles granted him a license to make discoveries and to trade with the Indians in that region. Under this authority he established a trading post on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, not far from the site of (present) An- napolis. That was in 163 1. Earlier than this, George Calvert, an English Roman Catholic, knighted by James I. in 1617, and made an Irish peer, in 1624, with the title of Baron of Baltimore, had obtained from his sovereign (1622) a patent to plant a. THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 95, Roman Catholic colony in America. Failing in some of his projects, he applied for a charter for the domain between North and South Virginia. (See Virginia.) Before it was completed Lord Baltimore died. The King,, also, was dead, but his son, Charles, granted to Calvert's son and successor,. Cecil (June 20, 1632), a patent for that region. In honor of Henrietta Maria, or Mary, the queen of Charles I., the name of Mary's Land was given to the domain. The Government of the province was made independent of the Crown — strictly proprietary; and equality in civil and religious freedom was secured to every Christian sect except Unitarians. Lord Baltimore appointed his half-brother, Leonard Calvert, Governor THOMAS JOHNSTON, FIRST GOVERNOR OF MARYLAND. of his American domain. That kinsman, with another brother, sailed from Cowes, Isle of Wight, on November 22, 1633, with "very near twenty other gentlemen of very good fashion," wrote Lord Baltimore to a friend, and "three hundred laboring men," accompanied by two Jesuit priests. The Calverts and the other " gentlemen," and some of the laboring men, were Roman Catholics, but a greater portion of the latter were Protestants. They encountered a terrific storm. The two vessels — the Ark and the Dove — were separated by the tempest, but met at Barbadoes, and finally entered the mouth of the Potomac River together in February, 1634. The emigrants sailed up the Potomac a short distance and landed upon an island which they named St. Clements, and were there visited by some of 96 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: the natives. Thence the Governor made some explorations, and finally en- tered into a treaty with the barbarians for the purchase of a little territory at a pleasant spot near where the Potomac entered Chesapeake Bay. With imposing religious ceremonies by the priests, in the presence of Indians, it was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and the spot where they settled was named St. Mary. A year later they established the capital of the colony there ; and there the Legislative Assembly, composed of the whole adult male population, met. As population increased by immigration, a representative government was established, the people being allowed to send as many dele- gates as they pleased. Thus was planted the germs of the Commonwealth •of Maryland. When Lord Baltimore claimed jurisdiction over Kent and other islands in Chesapeake Bay, Clayborne, the early settler, refused to acknowledge his title, he having, as he said, an earlier one from the King. Baltimore ordered his arrest, and sent two vessels with armed men for the purpose. Clayborne had a vessel filled with armed retainers. A battle ensued ; the assailants were repulsed and one of them was killed. Clayborne was indicted for and found guilty of murder and other high crimes. He fled to Virginia. The Governor of Virginia refused to give him up. Kent Island was seized and confiscated by the Maryland authorities. The King severely reprimanded Baltimore for violating royal commands in driving Clayborne from his right- ful possessions. The Lords Commissioners of Plantations decided in favor of Baltimore, but Clayborne afterwards stirred up the people to rebellion. The first statutes of Maryland were enacted in 1637. Three years later a company of Puritans, who had been driven out of Virginia, settled in Mary- land, and soon showed a spirit of resistance to the authorities. Clayborne now reappeared at Kent Island, and stirred up the Indians against the white settlers and kindled a civil war among the people. The insurgents, with the disaffected Indians, drove the Governor and his Council into Virginia, and the rebels held the reins of power for a year and a half. The rebellion was crushed in the summer of 1647, when the Governor returned. The Puritans in Maryland called their chief settlement (on the site of Annapolis) Provi- dence. Governor Calvert died in 1647, and on the death of the King, in 1649, Lord Baltimore, professing to be a Protestant, appointed William Stone, a warm friend of Parliament, Governor ; but the Parliament, doubting Balti- more's sincerity, removed Stone, and appointed commissioners (of whom J ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 97 Clayborne was one) to rule Maryland. They put Kent and Palmer islands in the possession of Clayborne. On the dissolution of the Long Parliament, Cromwell restored the proprietary rights of Lord Baltimore, and for some time civil and religious disputes ran high in the province. The Puritans, being in the majority, disfranchised Roman Catholics and members of the Church of England, and persecuted Quakers. A distressing civil war ensued. In a sharp battle near Providence, the troops of the Governor, who were mostly Roman Catholics, were defeated, and many were killed or made pris- oners. Four were executed on a charge of treason. Anarchy ensued, but under the rule of judicious Governor Josiah Feudal, comparative quiet reigned until 1660, when the people, boldly asserting popular liberty, as- sumed the exercise of the legislative powers of the colony, and gave Fendal the commission of Governor. On the restoration of monarchy in England (1660), the King reinstated Lord Baltimore in all his rights, when the latter proclaimed a general pardon of all political offenders. For thirty years afterwards Maryland enjoyed, repose, prospered, and rapidly increased in population and wealth. Lord Baltimore (the third) died in 1675, and was succeeded by his son Charles. He and his successors continued to administer the Government of the province, with some interruption, until the period of the old war for in- dependence. The revolution in England in 1688 shook the province to its foundations. The deputy governor hesitated to proclaim William and Mary, when a rest- less spirit named Coode, making this hesitation a pretext, excited the people by giving wings to a story that the civil magistrates and the Roman Catholics were about to join the Indians in the extermination of the Protestants. Im- mediately the old religious feud, which had been smouldering, burst into an intense flame. The Protestants, armed and led by Coode, marched upon the capital of the province, took forcible possession of it (September, 1689), and assumed the administration of the Government. They called a popular Con- vention and invested it with legislative functions; and by that body Mary- land was governed until June, 1691, when the British sovereign, ignoring the rights of Lord Baltimore, made Maryland a royal province and appointed a Governor. In 1694 the capital was transferred from St. Mary to Providence, which a few years afterward received the name of Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. It has remained the political capital of the Commonwealth ever since. 7 98 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: In 1716 the proprietary rights of the then late Lord Baltimore were le- Stored to his infant son and heir, and the original form of Government was reestablished and so remained until the Revolution in 1775. During the bitter controversy between the British-American colonies and Great Britain before the war for independence, the people of Maryland were very patriotic, but, at the same time, were conservative. They ex- pressed in strong terms their sympathy with patriotic movements in the other colonies, especially with the people of Boston, on account of their sufferings inflicted because of the destruction of tea in their harbor late in 1773. On the morning of October 15, 1774, a ship entered the harbor of Annapolis with seventeen packages of tea on board. The people were greatly excited, and prepared to burn the vessel and her cargo. Her owner, Anthony Stewart, declared that he had no intention to violate any non-importation agreement. The people would not listen, and Charles Carroll advised Stewart to burn the vessel with his own hands, and so quiet the public disturbance. It was done, when the multitude, who had gathered from the surrounding country, cheered and dispersed. The people of Maryland were ably represented in the Continental Con- gress from the beginning. They adopted the American Association, or general non-importation agreement, recommended by the Congress of 1774. On July 26, 1775, a Convention assembled at Annapolis, and formed a tem- porary Government, which, recognizing the Continental Congress as invested with a general supervision of public affairs, managed its own internal affairs through a provincial Committee of Safety, and subordinate committees ap- pointed in every county, parish or hundred. It directed an enrolment of forty companies of minute-men, and authorized the emission of bills of credit to the amount of over $500,000. The Convention resolved to sustain Massa- chusetts, and meet force by force if necessary. During the French and Indian war Maryland had borne its full share of the burden imposed by it, and Annapolis was the scene of a Convention of colonial governors, in the spring of 1755, to consult with General Braddock about the campaign for that year. In the war for independence her power- ful influence was felt in the council and in the field at all times. She hastened to comply with the recommendation of the Continental Congress to form an independent State Government. On August 14, 1776, a State Constitution was adopted, and Thomas Johnson, who nominated Washington as Com- mander-in-chief of the Continental forces, was elected the first Governor of i ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 99 the independent Commonwealth on February 13, 1777. At Annapolis, at the ■close of the great struggle, Washington resigned his military commission to ■Congress, then in session there, in December, 1783. The State Constitution was ratified by the people in November, 1776, and the first State Legislature assembled at Annapolis on February 5, 1777.. The Constitution was amended in 1802, and again in 1836; and in 1851 almost an entirely new one was adopted. During the war the " Maryland Line " of troops won a high reputation. The people of the State, by a handsome ma- jority, ratified the National Constitution in April, 1788. During the second war for independence (1812-15) the coasts of Mary- land suffered greatly from the operation of British marauders under Admiral Cockburn, and the State suffered a serious invasion by the British in the summer of 18 14. They swept across the State from the shores of Chesapeake Bay toward the National Capital, and at Bladensburg, four miles from Wash- ington city, a severe battle was fought. The Americans were defeated. The invaders pressed on to the Capital and burned the public buildings and other property in August. A British force landed at North Point in September, pushed on toward Baltimore, and were defeated and driven to their ships; and after an unsuccessful attack on Fort McHenry at Baltimore they were repulsed. Maryland, as a slave-labor State, and ranking among the border States in relation to that system, was greatly agitated concerning secession from the Union. The opposing parties, for and against secession, were very strong and earnest. A capital plan of the leaders in the secession movement was the seizure of the National Government, its buildings, its archives and its treasury; and it was important to secure Maryland as an accomplice in the movement. The District of Columbia, the seat of the National Government, had once been a part of the territory of Maryland. Emissaries from the cotton-growing States were early within its borders plying their seductive arts. In Baltimore they found numerous and powerful sympathisers. But the Governor, Thomas H. Hicks, was a sturdy opponent of their schemes. It is said that on the ist of January, 1861, there were no less than 12,000 men in Maryland pledged to follow their leaders in seizing Washington city. The Governor found himself powerfully supported by an eminently loyal people among the so-called " masses " — the " common people." The Seces- sionists urged him to call a session of the Legislature. Perceiving the danger to be apprehended from the action of a body largely made up of slaveholders. loo THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. the Governor refused. He had been informed that the members of the Leg- islature had already perfected a plan for " carrying Maryland out of the Union." This and cognate facts Governor Hicks set forth in an address to the people of the State (January 6, 1861). Henry Winter Davis, a most zeal- ous Union man, had just published a powerful appeal against the assembling of the Legislature or a Border State Convention. v The Secessionists denounced Governor Hicks as a traitor, but he was sustained by a majority of the people. A strong Union party was organized. Maryland became a great battle-field of opposing opinion, and it also became the theatre of struggles between hostile armies. The battles of South Moun- tain, Antietam and Monocacy were fought on its soil, and it suffered much from the invasion of Confederable marauding parties. The Union men of Maryland triumphed. In the space of four years from the breaking out of the Civil War, Slavery was abolished from its bor- ders, not only by the President's proclamation, but by the constitutional act of its own authorities. In October, 1864, a new Constitution was ratified by the people. It abolished Slavery, and disfranchised all who had aided or encouraged rebellion against the National Government. The authorities of the State furnished to the National army during the war 49,730 men. Maryland is becoming a considerable manufacturing State. In 1880 it had 6787 manufacturing establishments, employing 74,945 workmen, with $58,743,384 capital invested, and aggregate products valued at $106,780,563. It had over looo miles of railways in operation within its borders, and the Chesapeake and Ohio canal traverses the State from the District of Colum- bia to Cumberland. Baltimore is its only great city, and contained a popula- tion, in 1880, of 332,313. Maryland had in 1880 enrolled in its public schools 162,431 pupils, with an average daily attendance of 85,449. It expended that year for public schools $1,395,284. The State contained nine universities or colleges, six of which belong to the Roman Catholics. (1636.) Rhode Island, the smallest of the thirty-eight Common- wealths which comprise the Republic of the United States- of America, was one of the original States of the Union. Its history, in detail, is very interesting. The Atlantic Ocean washes its entire southern border; Massachusetts lies on its northern and eastern borders, and Connecticut bounds its western limits. It lies between 41° 18' and 42° 3' north latitude,, and 71° 8' and 71° 53' west longitude, and embraces an area of 1250 square miles. The population of Rhode Island in 1880 was 276,531, of which 6,592 were colored. The State of Rhode Island is divided into two unequal parts by Narra- gansett Bay, which penetrates the land to Providence, about thirty miles from the sea. Its topography is diversified, a part of the country being hilly and other portions level and sandy or marshy. The great Bay is thickly studded, with picturesque islands, and its shores are clustered with historic associations.. The island of Rhode Island is m.ostly elevated ground, and the climate is most" salubrious. Its southern portion is a famous summer resort. Its name is an English corruption of the Dutch " Roodt Eylandt " — Red Island. They so called it because of the red cranberry marshes which they saw on the shores of Narragansett Bay. The Indians called it Aquiday, or Aquitneck. It is conceded to be a fact of history that Scandinavian navigators visited the shores of America in the loth and nth centuries, and it is believed that Rhode Island was a part of the country visited by them and called " Vineland " (see Massachusetts). An ancient round stone tower at Newport has elicited much investigation and disputation, some supposing it to have been erected by the Northmen, and others that it was built for a windmill by the early Eng- lish settlers on the island. It stands upon seven stone pillars. The masonry of the structure is admirable. It is claimed that Verrazani, an Italian in the French service, visited and' ;i02 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: •explored Narragansett Bay in 1524, and had intercourse with the natives there, whom he found very numerous. The Dutch trapped on the shores of the great Bay some time before any EngHsh settlers were seated there. At that time Canonicus, King of the Narragansetts, ruled the domain, and treated with the Pilgrims at New Plymouth. Roger Williams, an eminent English divine and scholar, became the founder of the Commonwealth of Rhode Island. He came to Boston in 1630, with his wife, Mary, a sweet young English woman, who was a willing sharer in his joys and sorrows. He soon became obnoxious to ultra-Puritans at Bos- ton, particularlyto the bigoted clergy, because of his liberal views concerning ROGER WILLIAMS, TROMINENT IN THE HISTORY OF RHODE ISLAND. the freedom of conscience in religious and political affairs. He had taken •orders in the Church of England, but, wayward in all things, he left that •communion, became an extreme Puritan, and adopted the independent habits •of " Seekers." He was a thorough separatist, and because his brethren in Massachusetts were not as radical as he, he assailed their theocracy. He became obnoxious to the authorities in Church and State at Boston, and went to Salem. He soon made enemies there, and went to Plymouth, where he became acquainted with chiefs of the barbarians and learned their language. Returning to Salem, he there promulgated his theological views so boldly, that in the autumn of 1635 the General Court of Massachusetts ordered him to quit the colony in six months. Observing with alarm that his doctrines •were spreading, it was soon determined to seize him and send him to England. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 103 Forewarned, Williams left his home and family at midwinter, and for ■fourteen weeks he wandered in the snows and dreariness of the region of Nar- ragansett Bay, where live companions joined him on the eastern bank of Seekonk River. They went down the stream to the head of Narragansett Bay, and at a fine spring they planted the seed of a colony, and called the place " Providence." A democratic form of government was established, which al- lowed no interference with the liberty of conscience — " Soul liberty." Seve- ral other persons from Massachusetts joined them. When Williams came to Boston he was inclined to become an Anabaptist. Now, believing baptism by immersion to be the only scriptural way, he pro- ceeded to establish a Baptist Church. In March, 1639, he was so baptized by a layman, when he proceeded to immerse eleven others. So was established the first Baptist Church in America. But Williams, a " seeker " after truth, soon doubting the validity of his own baptism and that of the others, with- drew from the Church and never re-entered it. For several years the Government of the colony was a pure democracy, transacting its business by means of town meetings, until a charter was ob- tained in 1644. From the beginning every settler was required to sign an agreement to give active or passive obedience to all ordinances that should be made by a majority of the inhabitants — heads of families — for the public good. In the year 1638 W^illiam Coddington and others, driven from Massa- chusetts by persecution, bought of the Indians Aquiday, or Aquitneck (now Rhode Island), and made settlements on the sites of Newport and Ports- mouth. A third settlement was formed at Warwick, on the main land, in 1643, by a party of whom John Greene and Samuel Gorton were leaders. The same year Williams went to England to procure a charter for the colony, and brought one back with him in 1644. It united the settlements at Provi- dence and on Rhode Island under one Government, called " the Rhode Island ■and Providence Plantations." So the Commonwealth of Rhode Island was established, but the Govern- •ment did not go into operation until 1647, when the first General Assembly, composed of the collective freemen of the several plantations, met at Ports- mouth (May 19), and framed and adopted a code of laws for the administra- tion of Government. The legislative power was vested in a Court of Com- missioners, consisting of six persons chosen by each of the four towns— Providence, Newport, Warwick and Portsmouth. Cromwell confirmed this I04 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: royal charter in 1655, and a new one was obtained from Charles H. in 1663,. under which the Commonwealth of Rhode Island was governed 180 years. In the fall of 1654 Williams was chosen Governor of Rhode Island. At that time the people were less tolerant than formerly, and they became in- censed against fanatical persons who came among them calling themselves Friends or Quakers. Williams refused to persecute them, but when George Fox, an educated man and founder of that sect, visited Rhode Island and preached there, in 1672, Williams engaged in a public debate with him and two others at Newport. When King Philip's war broke out, in 1675, the founder of Rhode Island watched the progress of the tempest with great anxiety. Although he was then seventy-six years of age, he accepted a Captain's commission, drilled a company at Providence, and erected defenses there for women and children. But the colony suffered greatly at the hands of the barbarians. They burned Providence and Warwick. On the soil of Rhode Island, near Kingston, the decisive battle that ended the war was fought. When Sir Edmund Andros, Viceroy of New England, began his tyrannical career, he seized the charter of Rhode Island (see Conncctiatf). It was re- stored after the accession to the throne of William and Mary in 1689, and the people re-adopted the seal of the province — an anchor for a device, and Hope for a motto. Rhode Island was too liberal and tolerant for the other New England colonies, and when the New England Confederacy was formed in 1643 Rhode Island was excluded. Yet it was always ready and helpful in defending those colonies against barbaric foes; and from the beginning of King William's war its history is identified with that of New England. It took an active part in the struggles of Great Britain and France for supreme dominion in America. It furnished many troops and seamen. In 1756 the colony had fifty priva- teersmen at sea, manned by 1500 seamen. They cruised along the American shores and in the West Indies. The people of Rhode Island were equally conspicuous for their patriot- ism and zeal during the long disputes with the mother country preceding the old war for independence, and they bore their full share of the burden and the honors of that war. The first Commander-in-chief of the Continental navy was Esek Hopkins, a native of Rhode Island; and William Whipple was one of the boldest of her naval commanders. One of the most daring events of the Revolution, in Rhode Island, was ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 105 the seizing and carrying away of General Prescott, a British General, by Colonel Barton and a whaleboat's crew, on a warm summer night, and depos- iting him at Washington's headquarters at New Windsor, on the Hudson River. In the summer of 1778 there was a battle on Quaker Hill, towards the north end of the island, when the British were pushed back, but the Americans withdrew to the main land. When the several colonies were forming State governments in 1776-80, Rhode Island went forward under its royal charter, without framing a State Constitution. It had been under British rule a greater portion of the period of the war. British and Hessian troops took possession of it in December 1776, borne there by a squadron under Admiral Parker. They occupied the island until near the close of 1779. In 1780 a French army, under the Count de Rochambeau, landed at Newport. They came as allies of the Americans in their struggle for freedom and independence. After the war Newport contended successfully with New York and Boston for commercial supremacy. The idea of State supremacy had taken such hold of the public mind in Rhode Island, that a majority of the people were opposed to the National Constitution framed in 1787, and that State was the last to ratify it. It re- mained out of the Union until May 29, 1790, when it yielded and took its place in the Republic. Rhode Island furnished many brave and skilled seamen during the war of 1812-15. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, who won a decisive victory on Lake Erie in September, 181 3, was from Rhode Island. So, also, were many of his officers and men. Efforts were repeatedly made for several years to replace the old royal charter for a State Constitution, but failed. Under the charter the right to vote was limited to men who possessed a small amount of real estate, and to the eldest sons. Attempts to obtain reforms by the action of the Legislature having failed, " Suffrage Associations " were formed in different parts of the State in the winter of 1840 and 1841. They met in mass Convention at Prov- idence in July following, and authorized their State Committee to call a con- vention to frame a Constitution. The Convention assembled on the 4th of October and framed such an instrument. It was submitted to the people late in December, when it was claimed that a vote equal to a majority of the adult male population of the State had been given in its favor. Under the State Constitution, State officers were chosen, April 18, 1842, io6 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. with Thomas W. Dorr, a distinguished lawyer, as Governor; and on May 3: they attempted to organize the new Government at Providence. The so- called " Legal Government," chosen under the charter, resisted the movement. That party was led by Governor King, the constitutional party was led by Governor Dorr. Portions of the " suffrage party," armed, attempted to seize the arsenal at Providence, but were frustrated by a military force led by Gov- ernor King. Another armed party, several hundred strong, and led by Dorr, assembled a month later ten miles from Providence. They, also, were dis- persed by King. Governor Dorr was soon afterwards arrested on a charge of high trea- son, was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for life, but was released in 1847 under a general amnesty act. Meanwhile the Legislature had called (February 6, 1841) a Convention to frame a new Constitution. The Convention agreed upon one in February, 1842. It was submitted to the people and rejected. Another Convention framed another Constitution, which was ratified almost unanimously and went into effect in May, 1843. A controversy concerning boundary lines between Massachusetts and Rhode Island, begun in colonial times, was settled by mutual concessions in 1 86 1. In the spring of that year Rhode Island was among the earliest of the States to respond to the President's call for troops to suppress the rebellion. During the Civil War, that little State, then with a population of only 175,000, furnished to the National army 23,711 soldiers. The agricultural productions of Rhode Island are not very extensive. It is a manufacturing State, especially in textile fabrics and iron and steel products. In the manufacture of cotton goods the State stands second in the Union, having, in 1880, 30,274 looms, with 1,649,295 spindles. In that year 22,228 persons were employed in the manufacture of cotton goods, and 161,694 bales of cotton were consumed. There were then within the little State 211 miles of railroads in operation. Its expenditures for public instruction were $530,167. It had 42,489 children enrolled in its public schools, with an aver- age daily attendance of 27,453. The State is sometimes denominated " Lit- tle Rhody." Providence, one of the capitals of Rhode Island, has a population of about 120,000, and Newport, the other capital, has over 20,000. Mill) JIB®, (1638.) The smallest State in the Republic next to Rhode Island- is Delaware, having an area of 2050 square miles. It is between latitude 38° 28' and 39° 50' north, and longitude 75° and 75° 46' west. Its eastern shores are laved by the Delaware River and Bay and the Atlantic ocean. On. the narrow northern boundary is Pennsylvania, and on its west and south borders is Maryland. The population of Delaware, in 1880, was 146,608, of whom 26,448 were colored. In the northern part of Delaware the country is rolling, beautiful, pro- ductive and healthy. In the lower portion is a large cypress swamp and some smaller ones. Delaware and the eastern shore of Maryland form a low penin- sula. The name of the State of Delaware was derived from Lord de la Warr,, who, in 1609, was appointed Governor of Virginia, and who, in 1610, sailed, into a broad bay, which was named De la Warr (Delaware) Bay. Henry- Hudson had entered it and discovered Delaware River in 1609. Samuel. Godyn and Samuel Blommaert, Directors of the Dutch West India Com- pany, purchased of the Indians a tract of land stretching along Dela- ware Bay, from Cape Henlopen north, over thirty miles, and two miles in the- interior. They were invested with patroon privileges. Captain David Pieter- sen de Vries, an eminent Dutch navigator in the employ of the Dutch East. India Company, and a friend of Patroon Godyn, also became a patroon, and founded a colony near the site of Lewes, on Delaware Bay, which he called Swaanendael. There thirty emigrants, with cattle and agricultural imple- ments, were seated, but the next year they were all murdered by the Indians and their dwellings were laid waste. In the year 1638 a colony of Swedes and Finns bought land of the Indians along Delaware Bay and River, from Cape Henlopen north to the Falls of the Delaware, near Trenton. Peter Minuit, formerly Director of io8 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: New Netherland (see Nc%v York), was at the head of the colonists. There were fifty emigrants. They landed at Cape Henlopen. Governor Kieft, at Amsterdam, demanded of Miouit what his object was. He answered, " To plant a colony." Kieft protested and threatened, but the Swedes paid no attention to him. They built a fort on the site of (present) Wilmington, and called it Christina, in honor of the Swedish queen. So was planted the germ of the State of Delaware. In 1640 Hollanders joined the eastern settlers, and they gave the West India Company much trouble, for they were regarded as intruders on the domain of New Netherland. The settlement was called " New Sweden," and THOMAS m'kEAN, PROMINENT CHARACTER IN HISTORY OF DELAWARE. 'flourished. In 1655 Governor Stuyvesant with a military force seized the domain, and incorporated the colonists with those of New Netherland. Lord Baltimore, proprietor of Maryland, claimed all the territory on the west side of the Delaware River and Bay to latitude 40°, and settlers from Maryland attempted to drive away the settlers in the present State of Dela- ware. When, finally, William Penn obtained a grant of Pennsylvania, he was very desirous of owning the land on Delaware Bay to the sea. He obtained a title from the Duke of York (his personal friend) to the country for twelve miles around (present) New Castle, and to the land between that tract and the sea. The formal surrender of this territory to Penn occurred in the presence of all the settlers in October, 1682. Lord Baltimore still pressed his claim; but in 1685 the Lords of Trade and Plantations made a decision in Penn's favor. Afterwards all conflicting ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 109 claims were adjusted by compromise. The portion of his domain, now the State of Delaware, Penn called the " Three Lower Counties on the Delaware " — New Castle, Kent and Sussex. They were governed as a part of Pennsyl- vania for about twenty years afterwards, each county having six delegates in the Legislature. Then Penn allowed them a separate Legislature — home rule — but not a separate Government. The Governor of Pennsylvania was their chief magistrate until 1776, when the inhabitants declared it an inde- pendent State. It is difficult to draw the line of demarcation between the first permanent settlements in the Provinces of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, for they bore such intricate relations to each other that they may be regarded as parts of an episode in the history of American colonization. It is only when Delaware proclaimed itself an independent State that its distinct history tegins. The people of Delaware took an active part in the political discussions preceding the old war for independence. The " Three Lower Counties " sent Caesar Rodney and Thomas McKean as delegates to the first Continental Congress, that assembled at Philadephia in September, 1774. The people were earnestly in favor of independence, and on the 15th of June, 1776, the General Assembly of Delaware unanimously approved the resolutions of Congress of May 15, declaring that as the King of Great Britain had made war upon the colonies, and had given no heed to their humble petition for a redress of grievances, no further authority under the Crown should be ac- knowledged, but should be exercised by the people of the colonies. They overturned the proprietary Government within the borders of Delaware, sub- stituted its name on all occasions for that of the King, and gave new instruc- tions to its delegates in Congress, which left them at liberty to vote, respect- ing independence, according to their judgment. On the 20th of Spetember, 1776, the people of the " Three Lower Coun- ties " adopted a State Constitution, and then organized a State Government under the title of Delaware. During the old war for independence her sons were among the best soldiers, and won great distinction. The First Delaware Regiment was particularly noted for its discipline. Captain Caldwell of that regiment was a thorough disciplinarian, was greatly distinguished for his •daring spirit and was very popular. He was very fond of cock-fighting. The fine discipline of the regiment was attributed to him; and whenever an officer was sent to recruit men to fill vacancies, it was a saying that they had gone no THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: home for more of Caldwell's game-cocks. The Captain insisted that no cock could be truly game unless its mother was a hluc hen, and the name of " Blue Hen's chickens" was substituted for "game-cocks." From this circumstance the Commonwealth received the nickname of the " Blue Hen State." It is also called the " Diamond State," from its small size and intrinsic value. Delaware was the first State that ratified the National Constitution. That act was done on December 7, 1787. It bore its share of the burden of the second war for independence (1812-15), and it furnished one of the Com- missioners (Mr. Bayard) who negotiated peace with great Britain at Ghent, late in 18 14. Although Delaware was a slave-labor State, it took very little part in the secession movements at the beginning of 1861. It was still more within the embrace of the free-labor States than Maryland. Its Governor, its repre- sentatives in the National Senate, and many leading politicians sympathized with the Secessionists, but the people in general were conservative and loyal. The Legislature convened at Dover on June 3, 1861, when the Governor in his message charged the impending troubles upon the abolitionists of the North, saying that " from pulpits, rostrums and schools, by press and people,'" they had waged " a persistent war upon more than $2,000,000,000 of prop- erty " — meaning slaves. On the following day a commissioner from Missis- sippi was permitted to address the Legislature, who urged the right and duty of secession from the free-labor States. The House by unanimous vote, and a majority of the Senate, expressed their unqualified disapproval of the remedy for existing evils proposed by the emissary from Mississippi. Thus ended the mission of the representative of the Mississippi Seces- sionists. This loyal position Delaware maintained throughout the war that ensued, and gave to the National army about 10,000 men. It is a noteworthy fact that Delaware was the only slave-labor State the soil of which was not moistened by the blood of men slain in battle. Delaware is pre-eminently a fruit-growing State. It furnishes for the markets of New York and Philadelphia a vast number of peaches, apples, quinces and small fruits; and it has been estimated that, in connection with New Jersey and Maryland, it supplies fully seven-tenths of the entire demand for these products. Farms occupy about ten-thirteenths of the entire area of the State. Delaware has, also, quite extensive manufactories. The total product ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. Ill of its manufactures in 1880 was valued at $20,514,438. It has over 200 miles of railways in operation within its borders. The Commonwealth had, in 1880, 26,652 children enrolled in the public schools, and 404 schools for white children and fifty-six for colored children. Its total expenditure for public schools in that year was $221,731. It has a State college and a college for young women. The largest city in Delaware is Wilmington, with a population in 1880 of 42,478. Its capital, Dover, had 281 1. From 1776 to 1787 two of the Gov- ernors of Delaware — John D. Minor and Thos. McKean — were residents of Pennsylvania. The first Governor of the State — Joshua Clayton — was elected in 1789. (1650.) North Carolina is one of the Southern Atlantic States, and was an original member of the American Union. Four sister States lie on three sides of the Commonwealth — ■ Virginia on the north, Tennessee on the west, and South Carolina and Georgia on the south. On the eastern border is the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between 33° 49' 45" and 36° 33' north latitude, and 75° 25' and 84° 30' west longitude, embraces an area of 52,250 square miles, and, in 1880, ranked fifteen among the States in population, which then numbered 1,399,750. Of these 582,508 were colored persons, including 1230 Indians. Along the whole seaboard of North Carolina is a continuous line of nar- row, low sand-islands (some of them mere sand-banks), stretching southward between the mainland and the ocean, inclosing a series of sounds or lagoons, which are mostly shallow and difficult of navigation. The most considerable of these lagoons is Albemarle Sound, immediately south of the great Dismal Swamp. It extends inland from the sea about sixty miles, and is from four to fifteen miles in width. The surface of North Carolina, in the southern and south-eastern por- tions, is level and sandy, and often marshy. The great Dismal Swamp in the northern part of the State lies partly in Virginia. It extends nearly thirty miles from north to south, and averages about ten miles in width. Five navi- gable rivers rise out of it. The soil of the swamp is a quagmire. It is skirted by a fringe of reeds ten or fifteen feet in height, and it abounds with cedar, cypress, juniper, pine and oak trees of enormous size. This immense swamp is considerably higher than the surrounding country. Frojn forty to sixty miles from the sea-coast the surface of North Caro- lina begins to rise into a fine hill-country at the middle of the State, with a most salubrious climate. This beautiful region extends to the mountains in the western part of the Commonwealth, where the Alleghany ranges cross the I THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 115 State from north to south, presenting several high peaks. The most lofty of these is Clingman's Peak, rising 6,940 feet above the sea-level. The range nearest the coast is known as the Blue Ridge. All are covered with verdure to their summits. The coast of North Carolina was visited by two English navigators^ Amidas and Barlow — in two vessels in 1584. They were sent by Sir Thomas Raleigh. It is conjectured that the coast was seen by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, and by Verazzani in 1524. The first attempt to plant a settlement in that region was made by Raleigh, who, in 1585, sent 108 persons, with Sir WILLIAM R. DAVIE, PROMINENT IN THE HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA. Ralph Lane as their Governor, to plant a colony on what had just been named Virginia. (See Virginia.) They landed on Roanoke Island. But Lane and his colony were more intent on a quest /or gold than for founding a per- manent settlement. By their bad conduct they offended the natives, who had received them most kindly. The barbarians refused supplies of food for the intruders, and they almost starved. Afraid of the dusky enemies they had made, the survivors of Lane's party abandoned the country, and returned to England in one of Drake's ships, which had touched at the island. In 1587 Raleigh sent an agricultural colony to Roanoke Island, with John White as their Governor. He was accompanied by his son-in-law and his young wife. It was intended to plant the colony on the main land, but 114 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: White went no further than the island. The emigrants cultivated the friend- ship of the Indians. White soon returned to England for supplies, leaving behind eighty men, seventeen women and two children. His daughter had given birth to a child since their arrival, to whom she gave the name of Vir- ginia. White touched at Ireland on his return voyage to England, where he left some potatoes which he had found under cultivation by the natives on Roanoke Island. They were the first ever seen in Europe. From this same spot Amidas and Barlow had carried some tobacco to England, the first ever seen in Europe. White sailed for Roanoke Island with two ships with supplies; but, in- stead of going directly to America, he pursued two Spanish ships in quest of plunder. His own vessels were so battered in a fight that he was compelled to return to England. He did not reach America until 1590, when he found Roanoke Island a desolation. Not a trace of the colony could be found. It is believed that, despairing of White's return, they had gone to the main land, and, in time, mingled with the barbarians there; for, long years after- wards, families of the Hatteras tribe exhibited unmistakable marks of Euro- pean blood. No other attempts to plant a colony on the soil of North Carolina were successfully made until the middle of the 17th century. So early as 1609 some people from Jamestown, in Virginia, seated themselves on the Nan- semond River, near the Dismal Swamp; and, in 1622, the secretary of the Virginia Colony (John Povey) penetrated the country southward beyond the Roanoke River, with a view to make a settlement there. In 1630 Charles I. granted to Sir Richard Heath, his attorney-general, a patent for a domain south of Virginia, six degrees of latitude in width, ex- tending from Albermarle Sound to the St. John's River in Florida, and west- ward to the Pacific Ocean. No settlement was made there, and the charter was forfeited. At that time Dissenters, or Nonconformists, were suffering many dis- abilities in Virginia, and looked to the wilderness for freedom. In 1653 Roger Green and a few Presbyterians left that colony and settled upon the Chowan River, near (present) Edenton. Other Nonconformists joined them and the colony flourished. Thus was planted the permanent and fruitful germ of the Commonwealth of North Carolina. Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, wisely organized these settlements into A ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 115 a separate political community in 1663. William Drummond, a Scotch Pres- byterian minister, then in Virginia, was appointed their Governor. The set- tlement was named "Albemarle County colony," in honor of the Duke of Albemarle, who had become proprietor of the territory. Some New England adventurers had planted themselves on the borders of the Cape Fear River, near the site of (present) Wilmington, in 1661, but many of them soon abandoned the country, partly on account of the poverty of the soil, and partly because Charles II. had given the whole region to eight of his courtiers. The domain was named " Carolina." The charter given to these countries extended the domain northward so as to include Albemarle County colony, and southward so as to include all Florida, excepting its peninsula. In 1665 a company of planters from Barbadoes bought lands of the In- dians near the site of Wilmington, on the Cape Fear River, where they founded a settlement, with Sir John Yeamans as their Governor. It was organized into a political community, and named the " Clarendon County colony," in compliment to the Earl of Clarendon, the historian, one of the proprietors. Yeamans's jurisdiction extended from the Cape Fear to the St. John's River. This settlement was permanent, but the poverty of the soil prevented a rapid increase in the population. It was in the region of the pine forests and sandy levels. Then was founded the Commonwealth of North Carolina. In 1674 the population of that province was about 4000. Settlements had now begun further south in the domain of Carolina. The proprietors had gorgeous visions of a grand empire in America, and in 1669 the Earl of Shaftesbury (one of the proprietors) and John Locke, the philosopher, prepared a scheme of government for the colony, having orders of nobility — a feudal system wholly at variance with the feelings of the settlers. It was never put into operation. Excessive taxation and other causes of discontent caused the people of Albemarle County to revolt in 1677. They seized the Governor and impris- oned him ; and six of his Council called an Assembly, appointed a new Gov- ernor and Judges, and for two years conducted public affairs independent of foreign control. In 1683 the proprietors sent Seth Sothel to North Carolina as Governor. He ruled the colony for six years, when, his rapacity and corruption being unendurable, the people banished him. In 1695 John Archdale, a Quaker, ii6 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: became Governor. His justice and integrity restored order and good feelings when the colony started on a prosperous career. In 171 1, after the colony had passed through the excitement of a rebel- lion, caused by the bad conduct of a Governor, the province became involved in war with the Indians within its borders, and suffered dreadfully. In one night (October 2, 171 1) 130 persons were massacred by the barbarians. Troops and friendly Indians came to their aid from the "Carteret County colony" (afterwards South Carolina), when hostilities ceased for a time. War broke out again in 171 3, when eight hundred Tuscarora Indians were captured, and the remainder of their tribe fled northward and joined their kindred, the Iro- quois, in New York. In 1729 Carolina became a royal province, and was permanently divided into two parts, called respectively " North Carolina " and " South Carolina." Settlements in the North State gradually increased. The people, with com- petent leaders, took part in the political discussions preceding the war for independence; and in 1769 the Assembly of North Carolina denied the right of Parliament to tax the colonies without their consent. An insurrectionary movement began in the interior of the colony in 1770-71 on account of the rapacity and extortion of their rulers. The people formed an association known as "the Regulators." A sanguinary battle was fought in May, 1771, when nearly forty men were killed. These events caused fierce hatred of British rule in that province. North Carolina sent delegates to the first Continental Congress in 1774,. and associations were formed in different parts of the province for mutual defense. A general meeting of delegates of the people of twenty-six coun- ties and seven towns was held at New Berne on April 3, 1775. The General Assembly of the Province was in session at the same time. The royal Gov- ernor dissolved them on the 8th, and they never met again. The people formed a provincial Convention, which assumed governmental authority. Finally, a popular defensive association of Mecklenburg County assem- bled at Charlotte at the close of May, 1775, and by a series of bold resolves virtually declared the independence of the colonies, and provided for an in- dependent government in Mecklenburg County. Alarmed by the aspect of public affairs, the royal Governor, Martin, ab- dicated, and took refuge on board a British war-vessel in the Cape Fear River. Then the provincial Convention organized a body of troops. The delegates of the province in the Continental Congress, in 1776, were authorized to vote ITS STATES AND TERRITORIEIS. 117 for independence, and the great Declaration was ratified by the people in August, 1776. A Convention met at Halifax in December, 1776, and framed a State Con- stitution, and that instrument remained the fundamental law of the Common- wealth until 1835. Richard Caswell was chosen the first Governor of the new State. One of its most distinguished citizens was William Richardson Davie,, who was only twenty years of age when the Declaration of Independence was adopted ; but before the close of the war he was at the head of a corps of cavalry doing noble service for his State. He was Governor of North Carolina in 1798^ and was afterwards employed in the diplomatic service of his country ia France. During the old war for independence the State suffered much from the operations of contending armies. One of the most notable battles of the war — Guilford Court House — occurred on its soil. It also suffered much from contending political factions. The Tories or Loyalists in North Carolina were numerous, especially among a large Scotch population. The Whigs, however, were largely in the majority, and in 1780 they treated the Tories with great severity. Corn- wallis, in South Carolina, had sent emissaries among the Tories, who advised them to keep quiet until they had gathered their crops, in autumn, when the British army would march to their assistance. But, impatient of the severities to which they were exposed, they flew to arms at once, but were defeated and dispersed. After the battle at Guilford Court House, early in 1781,. Cornwallis, who had entered the State, as promised, fled toward the seaboard, and into Virginia, The people of North Carolina, in representative Convention assembled, in 1788, rejected the National Constitution, but ratified it the next year. The people, industrious and frugal, prospered. They suffered very little from the effects of the war of 1812-15, for they had no battle or severe losses within their territory. Although North Carolina was a slave-labor State, its people, as a rule, were not inclined to sympathize with the Secession movements late in i860 and early in 1861. Great efforts, however, were made by the Secessionists within and without its domain to force the State into revolution. Its Gov- ernor favored the movement. Its United States Senator (Clingman) made early efforts to arouse the people of that State to revolt ; but love for the ii8 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: Union was so strong among them that they did not readily follow such leaders. The South Carolinians taunted them with cowardice; the Virginia Secession- ists treated them with coldness; the Alabamians and the Mississippians coaxed them by the lips of Commissioners. The Legislature of North Carolina, that met on November 19, i860, pro- vided for a Convention, but directed that no ordinance of that Convention " dissolving the connection of the State of North Carolina with the Federal 'Government, or connecting it with any other, shall have any force or validity until it shall have been submitted to and ratified by a majority of the qualified voters of the State," to whom it should be submitted at least a month after such submission should be advertised. Although there was no pretense of secession for months later, the Gov- ernor caused the United States forts within its borders and the United States arsenal at Fayetteville, which the disloyal Secretary of War had filled with arms for northern arsenals, to be seized. These movements the people con- demned. The Secessionists finally persuaded the Legislature to authorize a Seces- sion Convention. Tiie Governor was vested with authority to raise 10,000 men, and it gave the State Treasurer power to issue bills of credit to the amount of $500,000. It defined treason to be making war upon the State. The Secession Convention met on May 20, 1861, and on the same day adopted and issued an Ordinance of Secession by a unanimous vote. On the same day the Governor issued an order for the enrolment of 30,000 men. Within three weeks not less than 20,000 were in arms. The United States Mint at Charlotte was seized. Some of the most stirring events in the Civil War occurred on the coasts of North Carolina, and in the adjacent waters. Roanoke Island and the forts ■on Cape Hatteras were taken by National troops early in the war. Its sounds and their shores witnessed many minor conflicts. Fort Fisher, at the mouth of Cape Fear River, was captured in February, 1865. Soon afterwards Gen- eral Sherman made a victorious march through North Carolina, and General Johnson's army was surrendered on its soil. , On May 29, 1865, W. W. Holden was made provisional Governor of the State, and in October a Convention of delegates assembled at Raleigh, adopted resolutions declaring the Ordinance of Secession null, abolishing slavery and repudiating the State debt created in aid of the great insurrection. A new Legislature ratified the amendment to the National Constitution abolishing ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 119 .-slavery. But the new Government of the State did not meet with the approval of Congress. In 1867 a military government for North Carolina was established, and measures were taken for a reorganization of the civil government. At the next election the votes of sixty thousand emancipated colored people were ■cast. In January, 1868, a Convention adopted a new Constitution. It was rati- fied by the people in April, was approved by Congress, and in June North Carolina was declared to be entitled to representation in that body. On March 4, 1869, the people of North Carolina adopted the Fifteenth amend- ment to the National Constitution by a large majority. The chief industry of North Carolina is agriculture, producing all kinds of cereals in abundance, also tobacco and cotton in large quantities, while its pine forests produce a vast amount of tar and turpentine. On this account the Commonwealth has received the names of "The Tar State" and "The Turpentine State." Its manufacturing industries are not large or numerous. Its mineral resources are enormous. Before the acquisition of California, the richest gold mines known in the United States were in North Carolina, and a -mint, for coinage, was established at Charlotte. Silver, lead, zinc and copper are found there; also diamonds. Its chief mineral wealth consists of iron and bituminous coal. There are over 1600 miles of railways in the State. Provision for popular education in North Carolina is liberal. In 1880 there were 265,422 children enrolled in its public schools, with an average daily attendance of 181,576. It expended for its public schools that year $338,700. There are eight colleges in the State, and several higher seminaries of learning. (1664.) New Jersey is one of the Middle Atlantic States, and one of the original thirteen. It lies between the Atlan- tic Ocean and the Hudson River, and Delaware Bay and River, extending from latitude 38° 55' and 41° 21' 19" north, and longitude 73° 53' and 75° 33' west. On its western "borders are the States of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and on the north and east the State of New York. The terri- tory embraces an area of 7,815 square miles, occupied by a population, in 1880, of 1,092,007, of whom 39,099 were colored, including a few Indians and Chinese. It then ranked nineteen in population among the States. The southern and middle portions of the State are generally low, level and sandy, especially near the coast. The north half of the State is traversed by three distinct ranges of lofty hills. Two of them, the Kittatinney or Blue Mountains (Shawangunk in New York) and the Highland range belong to the Appalachian chain. As we have observed (see Delaware), it is difficult to draw the line of demarcation in the early history of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware, they were then so intimately connected. The territory of New Jersey was claimed to be a part of New Netherland. So early as 1620, some Dutch traders of New Amsterdam seated them- selves at Bergen, and in 1623 Captain Jacobus May, with a company of the Walloon emigrants (see New York), built Fort Nassau at the mouth of Tim- mer Kill, near Gloucester, on the Delaware, four miles below Philadelphia. There four young married couples began a settlement, but it did not succeed. In 1634 Sir Edmund Plowden, or Bloyden, obtained a grant from the British monarch of a tract of land on the New Jersey side of the Delaware, and called it " New Albion." Four years later some Swedes and Finns- bought lands from the Indians in that vicinity and began some settlements. The Swedes planted a colony, called it "New Sweden," and in 1655 were THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 121 dispossessed by Stuyvesant, the Dutch Governor of New Netherland, with a military force. After the English took forcible possession of New Netherland, in 1664, Governor Nicolls, under the authority of the Duke of York, proceeded to give patents for lands within the present domain of New Jersey. The Duke afterwards granted that portion of his claimed territory to two of his favor- ites, Lord Berkeley, brother of the Governor of Virginia, and Sir George Carteret. The latter had been Governor of the Island of Jersey during the Civil War, and defended it against Parliamentary troops. Settlements under grants by Nicolls had already been begun at (present) Newark, Middletown, WILLIAM LIVINGSTON, FIRST GOVERNOR OF NEW JERSEY. and Shrewsbury. The name of New Jersey was given to the domain in com- pliment to Carteret. The new proprietors sent Philip Carteret, a cousin of Sir George, as Governor of the domain, who bore with him a Constitution as the supreme law for the colony, which grew very rapidly, for its terms were liberal. It provided a government composed of a Governor and Council, and a repre- sentative assembly chosen by the people. Four English families from Long Island had seated themselves under a patent from Nicolls at a place which the Governor named Elizabethtown, in honor of Elizabeth, wife of Sir George, and there he built a house for himself. The first Legislative Assembly of New Jersey convened at Elizabeth- town in 1668. It was vested with all Legislative powers, while the Executive power was intrusted to the Ggvernor and Council. Its most urgent business 122 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: was to endeavor to adjust conflicting claims by those who had received patents from Nicolls and from the new proprietors. These disputes, which sometimes assumed the proportions of violent quarrels, disturbed the colony for some years. Other troubles arose. The proprietors published a form of agreement called " Concessions," containing liberal offers to emigrants who might settle in the territory. Among other provisions was an exemption from the pay- ment of quit-rents and other taxes for the space of five years. These con- cessions, the salubrity of the climate and the fertility of the soil, lured many settlers to the domain. The colony was peaceable and prosperous until 1670, when a quit-rent of a half-penny for each acre was demanded. The settlers murmured. Those who had purchased land from the Indians denied the right of the proprietors to exact a quit-rent. The people combined in resisting the payment, and finally revolted. They called a popular assembly, deposed Governor Car- teret, and put a dissolute, illegitimate son of Sir George in his place. The proprietors were preparing to subdue the people, when all of New Nether- land fell into the hands of the Dutch. When the English again took possession of New York, by virtue of a treaty, the Duke obtained a new charter, and New Jersey was placed under the rule of Governor Andros, " the tyrant of New England." Carteret demurred, and his rights were partially restored. Berkeley was disgusted, and sold his rights to an English Quaker, who, becoming financially embarrassed, disposed of his interest in the province to William Penn and others in 1675. The next year the province was divided into East and West Jersey, Carteret receiving the Eastern and the Quakers the Western division. There was a large emigration of Quakers from England to West Jersey, who settled below the Raritan River, under a very liberal government. Andros demanded their allegiance, but it was refused. This matter was referred to high legal authority in England and the settlers were sustained. The first popular assembly in New Jersey met at Salem in November, 1661, and adopted a code of laws for the government of the people. After the death of Carteret, in 1679, East Jersey was offered for sale. It was purchased by William Penn and eleven others of his co-religionists in 1682, who ap- pointed Robert Barclay, a young Scotch Quaker and one of the proprietors, Governor. Emigrants from Britain and from Long Island flocked into East Jersey, but were compelled to endure the petty tyranny of Andros until the ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 125; Duke, become James II., was driven from the throne and Andros was sent to. England. The colony was without a regular civil government for several years. Contentions and losses discouraged the proprietors, and in 1702 the domain of New Jersey was surrendered to the Crown. The infamous Lord Corn- bury, Governor of New York, misruled it for a time, and made the people political slaves. The province remained a dependency of New York, with a distinct Legislature, until 1738, when it was made an independent colony,, and so remained until the old war for independence. Its first Governor was Lewis Morris. The last royal Governor of the Colony was William Franklin, the only son of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, who, when the Revolution broke out, remained loyal to the Crown. He defied public opinion, and in June, 1776^ was arrested and sent a prisoner to Connecticut, where he was kept under strict guard about two years, and was then exchanged. The people of New Jersey took an active part in the ante-revolutionary^ disputes with Great Britain, and made a decided stand against the Crown after the affair at Lexington, in April, 1775. They had been ably represented in the First Continental Congress. On May 2, 1775, the Provincial Commit- tee of Correspondence directed its chairman to summon a Provincial Congress of deputies to meet at Trenton on the 23d of the same month. Thirteen, counties were there represented, when Hendrick Fisher was chosen president of the Congress. Governor Franklin summoned a session of the Provincial Assembly on the 15th of May, but they declined to appear or take any decisive action with- out the consent of the Continental Congress, then in session. The Provincial Congress adopted measures for organizing the militia and the issuing of bills of credit to the amount of $50,000. In June, 1776, Governor Franklin again called a meeting of the old Provincial Assembly, and for this offense he was. arrested and sent a prisoner to Connecticut, as we have observed. On the 2d of July, 1776, the Provincial Congress adopted a State Consti- tution, which was ratified on the i8th, and New Jersey took a position as an; independent State of the Union. Under that Constitution the State was governed until 1844, when the present Constitution was adopted. The early instrument allowed universal suffrage, without distinction of sex or color. The present Constitution restricts the suffrage to white men over twenty-one. years of age. Some of the most stirring events of the old war for independence oc- 124 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: ■curred on New Jersey soil. The exciting chase of Washington across the State from the Hudson to the Delaware by Earl Cornwallis took place at near the close of 1776, and soon afterwards the battles of Trenton and Princeton were fought. Then the State was wrested from the invading British. Later, the sanguinary battle of Monmouth Court House occurred in the more southern region of the State, and events which made Morristown famous occurred in the beautiful hill-country of New Jersey. The State suffered much during the war from the incursions of British troops, German mercenaries and resident Tories. The first Legislature of New Jersey, after its State organization, met at Princeton in August, 1776, and chose William Livingston Governor. The people of that State were among the earliest to ratify the National Constitu- tion, which event occurred, by unanimous vote, on December 18, 1787. The State capital was established at Trenton in 1790. The State of New Jersey was not disturbed by the intercolonial wars, nor by the second war for independence, though it bore its share of the bur- dens imposed ; but, like all the other States of the Union, it was deeply con- cerned in the great Civil War, in 1861-65. The members of the Legislature, which assembled on January 8, 1861, were divided in sentiment, chiefly on political partisan grounds. The Governor, in his message, favored the com- promise measures then before Congress; or, in the event of their not being adopted, he recommended a delegate Convention of all the States to agree upon some plan of pacification. The Democratic party had a majority of the New Jersey Legislature. A majority of the Committee on National Affairs reported resolutions endorsing the so-called " Crittenden compromise," which were adopted by the Democratic majority of the Legislature on the 31st as " the sentiment of the people of the State." The Republican minority denied this assertion, and by resolutions they declared the willingness of the people of the State to aid the Government in the execution of all the laws of Con- gress. They asserted the nationality of the General Government, as against State supremacy; clared it to be the duty of the National Government to maintain its authority everywhere within the limits of the Republic, and pledged the faith and power of New Jersey in aid of that Government to any extent required. The people redeemed that pledge, and furnished the National army with 79,511 soldiers. In 1870 the State Legislature refused to ratify the Fifteenth amendment to the National Constitution, which gave the elective franchise to the colored \ ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 125 population, claiming for each State the right to regulate its own suffrage laws. The industry of the people of New Jersey is largely devoted to agricul- ture, yet its manufactures are very extensive. Cotton fabrics are quite ex- tensively manufactured in New Jersey. In 1880 there were engaged in it 3,334 looms, running 232,305 spindles. The aggregate product of its iron and ;steel manufactures was valued at $10,341,896. There are over 1750 miles of railroad in operation within the State of New Jersey. The assessed value of its property was $572,518,361, in 1880. The State exercises a zealous, fostering care for the instruction of its chil- dren. It expended for public schools in 1880 $2,039,930. There were 205,240 •children enrolled in the public schools, with an average attendance of 11,860. There are in the State four universities and colleges, the College of New Jer- sey, at Princeton, being one of the oldest institutions of learning in America. It has numerous normal schools, seminaries for young women, and academies. The largest cities in New Jersey, in 1880, were Jersey City and Newark, the former having 153,503 inhabitants, and the latter 152,988. Its capital ^Trenton) had 34,386. C-P O*) (1670.) South Carolina is one of the Southern Atlantic States^ and an original member of the Republic. It lies betweea latitude 35° 13' and 32° 4' north, and longitude 78° 28' and 83° 18" west, embracing an area of 30,570 square miles. In 1880 it had a population of 995,577, of whom ■ considerably more than one-half were colored, they (in- cluding 131 Indians) numbering 604,472. The south-eastern boundary of the State is washed by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the north and north-east is the State of North Carolina, and on the south-west the State of Georgia, from which it is separated by the Savan- nah River. From eighty to one hundred miles from the sea-coast the country is low,, alluvial, and in some sections it presents swamps and marshes, through whichs sluggish streams flow into land-locked bays and sounds along the coast. In. the middle of the State is a belt of low sand-hills which are somewhat fertile.. Beyond this region " tlie Ridge " rises in terraces, its greatest height being the Blue Ridge, in the north-western part of the State, where its highest point. Table Mountain, reaches an altitude of 4,000 feet above the sea. The State is thoroughly watered, its largest stream being the Santee River, which,, with its tributaries, drains the central part of the Commonwealth. The numerous islands along the coast are very fertile. The first attempt to plant a settlement in South Carolina was made by John Ribault and a party of Huguenots or French Protestants. They came in two ships, discovered and named the St. John's River in Florida, and,, sailing northward, entered a broad inlet and harbor, to whicft they gave the name of Port Royal. They landed on a beautiful island, where they built a fort, and named it Carolina, in honor of Charles IX., King of France. That was in 1562. D'Allyon, a Spanish adventurer, had made a brief tarry on the THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 127 shores of South Carolina as early as 1520. Ribault and his companions soon abandoned it As we have remarked in the sketch of North Carohna, this region was granted to eight of the favorites of Charles n.,who, in 1670, sent three ships^ with emigrants, under the direction of Sir William Sayle and Joseph West,, to plant a colony below Cape Fear. They entered Port Royal Sound, and landed on Beaufort Island, at the very spot where the Huguenots had so- journed for a while and built a fort. These English immigrants soon abandoned Beaufort, sailed northward^ entered what is now Charleston Harbor, went up a river (now the Ashley), and seated themselves on its' right banks. W^est exercised the functions of WILLIAM MOULTRIE, FIRST GOVERNOR OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Governor until the arrival of Sir John Yeamans, the Governor of both the Carolinas, late in 1671, with fifty families and a large number of African slaves from Barbadoes. Civil government was established the next year under the title of " The Carteret County colony," so named in honor of Sir George Carteret, one of the grantees (see New Jersey). So was planted the germ of the State of South Carolina. Ten years later this colony removed to Oyster Point, at the junction of (present) Ashley and Cooper rivers, where they founded a city, and named it Charlestown or Charleston. It was laid out by John Culpepper, who had been surveyor-general of North Carolina. Not long after this, some Dutch families, dissatisfied with English rule 128 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: at New York, went to South Carolina and seated themselves along- the San- tee and Edisto rivers. The proprietors of the Carolinas tried to induce the settlers to accept as a form of government the plan drawn up by Locke and Shaftesbury, called Fundavicntal Constitiitions, but they refused compliance. West remained nominal Governor for several years. The colony increased. It was soon made up of different nationalities and characteristics. There were cavaliers and their sons, of the English aristocracy, who had come as adventurers; Irish and Scotch Presbyterians; French Huguenots; German and Swiss Protestants, Moravians and Bohemians. The cavaliers were dis- posed to " lord it " over the others, and political and religious quarrels dis- tracted the colony for a long time. The people were often In opposition to the proprietary rulers, and in 1690 they broke out into open rebellion, when the popular Assembly impeached and banished Governor John Colleton. At this juncture Seth Sothel, banished from North Carolina, arrived, when the people chose him for their Governor. For fully two years he plundered and oppressed them, when he, too, was deposed and banished. When Philip Ludlow came to govern for the proprietors, though a good man, the aroused colonists resolved not to tolerate him. He tried to enforce the Fundamental Constitutions, but soon gladly withdrew from the turbulent community. A conciliatory spirit now gained influence over the colony. In 1695 John Archdale, an English Quaker, came to govern the province. His eldest sister had married Sir Ferdinando Gorges (see Nczv Hampshire and Mai?ie), and he was one of the Carolina proprietors. On his arrival in South Caro- lina he formed a commission of sensible and moderate men, to whom he ex- pressed the desire and determination to allay all ill feeling in the colony. He was then seventy years of age His mild, republican rule made the people happy. For the first time South Carolina issued bills of credit on account of a burden of debt laid upon it by its ambitious Governor, Moore, who led an unsuccessful expedition against the Spaniards at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1702 The debt incurred was $26,000. The Governor conducted a more successful expedition against the Appalachian Indians the next year. They were in league with the Spaniards. He made their whole territory in Georgia tributary to South Carolina. At about this time the proprietors attempted to establish the Anglican Church ritual as the State method of worship in South Carolina, and the Assembly excluded all dissenters from public ofifices. The British ministry ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 129 compelled the Assembly to repeal the law, but the Church party remained dominant. A French and Spanish fleet attacked Charleston in 1706, but were re- pulsed. A few years later (171 5) a general Indian Confederacy was formed for the extermination of the white people in South Carolina. They came upon the Carolinas from Georgia, from the west, and from North Carolina. After several encounters the South Carolinians expelled the dusky invaders from their borders. These conflicts involved the colony in more debt. The proprietors seemed indifferent, when the suffering people arose in their might (1719), and deposing the proprietary Governor, put another magistrate in his place. They organized a government independent of the proprietors. The difficulty was solved by the purchase of the two Carolinas by the King of England for about $80,000. In 1729 the two territories were separated, and became distinct royal provinces. From that time, until the French and Indian War, the colony was pros- perous, though troubled occasionally by hostile Indians and Spaniards. The colony was loyal. But when the oppressive laws devised by the British ministry aroused all the English-American colonies to resistance, South Caro- lina participated in the movement. The people early took measures to resist the invasion of their rights. A provincial Congress was formed in 1774, and delegates were sent to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia. The royal Governor (Lord Campbell) abdicated the government, and took refuge from the wrath of the Whigs on board a British war vessel in Charleston Harbor, in September, 1775, when royal power ceased and the government was ad- ministered by a Provincial Council. In March, 1776, a State Constitution was adopted, when the Council resolved itself into an Assembly, and chose from its own body a Legislative Council of thirteen members. John Rutledge was chosen President and Henry Laurens Vice-President. This government was formed to last only until the end of the war. William Moultrie was elected first Governor in 1785. South Carolina suffered fearfully during the war for independence, from invasions of British armies and the violence of factions — the bitterness of Whigs and Tories. Several severe battles and many sanguinary encounters between partisans occurred. Charleston was seized by the British in 1780, and held by them until the end of the war. On the 28th of May, 1788, the people, in representative Convention, ratified the National Constitution. The first permanent State Constitution I30 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: was aaopted by the Legislature, without submission to the people, on June 3, 1790. Charles Pinckney had been chosen Governor at the close of 1789. Among the most distinguished of the early patriots and statesmen of South Carolina, was Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, who bore a very active part in civil and military affairs during the Revolution. He was sent as minister to the revolutionary government of France in 1796. When the Directory demanded tribute, Pinckney said: " Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute." The chief agricultural product, cotton, had made a very profitable indus- try after the introduction of Whitney's cotton-gin, and the slave-labor system became vitally important. The number of slaves rapidly increased, and in 1820 they exceeded in n'umber the white people. The high tariffs imposed were unfavorable to the cotton-growing States, and great political excitement was manifested in some of them, particularly in South Carolina, from 1828 to 1833. The " Nullification " movement in that State was defiance of National authority. Immediately after the Presidential election in 1832, a South Carolina State Convention met and adopted, by unanimous vote, an ordinance which pronounced the tariff " null and void, and no law, nor binding on the State, its officers and citizens " ; and prohibited the payment of duties on imports imposed by that law within the State after February i, 1833. It declared that no appeal in the matter should be made to the Supreme Court of the United States against the validity of an Act to that effect, and that, should the National Government attempt to enforce the law thus nullified, or inter- fere with the foreign commerce of the State, the people of South Carolina would " hold themselves absolved from all further obligations to maintain and preserve their political connection with the people of the other States." This was an assertion of State sovereignty or State supremacy, pure and simple. The defiance of the National authority brought forth a strong proc- lamation from President Jackson, and preparations were made to sustain that authority, by force of arms, if necessary. Compromise tariff laws were en- acted by Congress, and civil war at that time was averted. State pride fos- tered the political idea of State supremacy. It was the basis of the nullifi- cation movement, and it made the political leaders of South Carolina eager to become pioneers in the secession movements which culminated in civil war. A more active and powerful nullification and secession movement occurred in South Carolina nearly thirty years after that of 1832. The atti- tude of the Northern States toward the slave system of the South had alarmed ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 131 and disturbed the people of the latter section ; and when the Republican party, formed in 1854, nominated Abraham Lincoln, a pronounced Anti- Slavery man, for President of the United States, threats of secession from the Union were made by the politicians in the slave-labor States. When Lincoln was elected, in the fall of i860, measures for that purpose were adopted. In this movement South Carolina took the lead. A State Con- vention assembled first at Columbia, the State capital, and then at Charleston, and adopted an ordinance of secession on December 20, i860. The Conven- tion adopted a declaration of independence, and the Governor of the State declared its sovereignty. The newspapers of Charleston gave items of intelli- gence from the other States of the Union under the heading of " Foreign News." A few days after the Ordinance of Secession was passed. Civil War was begun in Charleston Harbor, by insurgents in batteries on the shores, firing ■on a national vessel that entered it, and by the seizure of national property within its borders. In April, 1861, citizens of South Carolina attacked Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, whereupon the President of the United States called for 75,000 men to put down the rising rebellion. Meanwhile the poli- ticians in other slave-labor States had passed ordinances of Secession, and were in an attitude of revolt Assuming an attitude of sovereignty. South Carolina sent commissioners to the National Government to treat upon public matters. They were not received. During the Civil War that was then begun, the people of South Carolina suffered dreadfully. Slavery was abolished throughout the Union. At the close of the war the President of the United States appointed (June 30, 1865) a provisional Governor for South Carolina, and in September a State Convention repealed the Ordinance of Secession and declared slavery abol- ished. State ofificers were chosen in October, This government was super- seded by military government in March, 1867. On January 14, 1868, at a Convention composed of thirty-four white people and sixty-three colored people, a State Constitution for South Carolina was adopted. It was ratified at an election in April, 1869, by a large major- ity, when members of the Legislature (72 white and 85 colored) and represen- tatives in Congress were chosen. On the ratification of the Fourteenth amendment to the National Constitution, the reorganization of the Common- wealth was practically effected. The military power had been withdrawn on July 13, 1868, and the Fifteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in March, 1869. 132 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. The signing of the South Carolina Secession ordinance was performed with considerable dramatic effect. It had been engrossed on parchment, twenty-five by thirty-three inches in size, with the great seal of South Carolina attached. The Governor and his Council, and both branches of the Legisla- ture, were assembled in a large public hall, which was densely crowded with men and women of Charleston. Back of the President's chair was suspended a banner composed of cotton cloth, with devices rudely painted in water-color by a Charleston artist. The base of the design was a mass of broken and disordered blocks of stone, bearing the names of the Free-labor States of the Union, showing their ruin. Rising from them were two columns, composed of symmetrical blocks, bearing the names of the Slave-labor States, represent- ing the new order of things. Over these was a sort of arch, of which South Carolina was the key-stone. In the space formed by the two columns and the arch was the device on the seal and flag of South Carolina — a palmetto tree with a rattlesnake coiled around its trunk, and the legend on a fluttering ribbon " Southern Republic." On the keystone of the arch was a picture of John C. Calhoun, leaning against a palmetto tree. Beneath all were the words — " Built from the Ruins." After the signature of every member of the Convention was affixed to the Ordinance, a venerable clergyman, a native of New York State, advanced to the front of the platform and invoked the blessings of Almighty God upon the act just performed. Then the President of the Convention stepped forward, read and exhibited the instrument to the people, and said: " The Ordinance of Secession has been signed, and I proclaim the State of South Carolina an independent Commonwealth." A shout of exultation went up from the multitude. So closed the first great act of the terrible drama of Civil War in the United States. The climate of South Carolina is like that of the south of France and the north of Spain. Its largest agricultural product is cotton; its manufactured products are limited in amount, and these are chiefly textile fabrics. In 1880 there were a little over 1400 miles of railways within the State, which had cost $36,741,000. The number of children of school age in South Carolina in 1880 was little more than 228,000, of whom 134,000 were enrolled in the public schools. The aggregate expenditure for these schools in 1880 was $367,259. There are eight universities or colleges in the State. In 1880, of 667,456 persons of ten years of age and upwards, 321,780 were unable to read or write. lefmsYLiJif (1682.) Pennsylvania, one of the original States of the Republic,, and one of the middle States of the Atlantic slope, lies between latitude 39° 43' and 42° 15' north, and longitude 74° 43' 36" and 80° 31' 36" west. It embraces an area of 45,215 square miles. In the census of 1880 this State ranked second in population, the number of its people then being 4,282,891, of whom 85,875 were colored, including 148 Chinese and 184 Indians. Pennsylvania presents a greater variety of surface, than any other State in the Union. Its mountains spread over a fourth part of the State, in almost parallel ridges. The Appalachian chain crosses the State in a belt varying^ in width from seventy-five to one hundred and sixty miles, trending from* north-east to south-west. Between these ridges are beautiful and very fer- tile valleys, varying in width from two or three to thirty miles. The moun- tains are high and rugged in the northern part of the State, but seldom rise over 2000 feet above the sea level. The principal river of the State is the: Susquehanna, with its sources in New York and Western Pennsylvania. The chief head waters of the Ohio River are in Pennsylvania. The Delaware River washes its eastern border, and separates it from the States of New Jersey and New York. On the north is Lake Erie, a short distance, and the State of New York; on the west is Ohio, and on the south Virginia and West Vir- ginia. The Dutch, as we have observed, claimed jurisdiction over the waters of Delaware Bay and River. This claim was first assailed by a colony of Swedes and Finns. (See New Jersey^ They settled on the western side of these waters, yet they were regarded by the proprietors of New Netherland as intruders. The Dutch, under Governor Stuyvesant, subdued and absorbed them. A large territory west of the Delaware river was granted (1681') by Charles II. to William Penn, son of Admiral Penn, a favorite of the King,. 134 THE GREAT REPUBIJC OF THE WEST: The monarch owed the Admiral's estate about $80,000, and the charter for the territory was given in payment of that debt. The King directed the region to be called Penn-sylvania, or " Penn's wooded country," in the patent. The modest Quaker objected to this personal distinction, but to no purpose, William Penn was a zealous member of a sect of Puritans called " Friends," and Quakers, in derision, who were suffering persecution in Eng- land at that time. He sent a colony of " Friends " to his domain, under the general superintendence of William Markham, with instructions to deal kindly and honestly with every one. The Swedes, who had seated themselves in his territory, were treated with great consideration and kindness. He also proposed a scheme of liberal government for his colony. THOMAS MIFFLIN, FIRST GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA. Penn had secured from the Duke of York a proprietary title to the ter- ritory of the (present) State of Delaware (which see) in August, 1682, and in September he sailed for America, with a few emigrants, in the ship Welco7iie. A-t the end of six wrecks he landed (October 28th, O.S.) near the site of (pres- ent) New Castle, Delaware, where he was warmly welcomed by about 1000 settlers. After conferring with some of the Indian chiefs and sachems, he went up the Delaware River many miles, in an open boat, to the (present) Kensington District of Philadelphia, where he landed. On a cold day in November, and under the branches of a wide-spreading elm tree, a number of Indian sachems were assembled, with chiefs and women. The later foliage of the elm was just falling. A moderate council-fire was lighted, and then William Penn concluded a treaty with the barbarians — the rightful owners of the soil — for the purchase of the domain which the mon- ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 135 arch of England bad given to him without a shadow of right. This treaty confirmed former treaties made by his cousin, WilHam Markham. " We meet," said Penn to the Indians, " on the broad pathway of good faith and good will ; no advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love. I will not call you children, for parents sometimes chide their children too severely; nor brothers only, for brothers sometimes differ. The friendship between me and you I will not compare to a chain, for that the rains might rust or a falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body was to be divided into two parts — we are all one flesh and blood." Then Penn gave presents to the chiefs, and they, in turn, presented him with a belt of wampum — an official pledge of their fidelity. With implicit faith in his words, the representatives of the barbarians said : " We will live in love with William Penn and his children as long as the sun and moon shall endure." This promise was kept. Not a drop of blood of a Quaker was ever shed by an Indian. It was a sacred covenant of peace and friendship between two races. Penn was then thirty-eight years of age, and most of his companions at the treaty — the deputy-governor and others— were younger than he. Penn bought land of the Swedes between the Delaware and Schuykill rivers, and there, immediately after the treaty, he founded the City of Phila- delphia — ** City of Brotherly Love." He caused streets to be laid out, and their boundaries to be marked on the trunks of trees, several of which still ibear the names Chestnut, Walnut, Locust, Spruce, etc. Penn divided his domain into six counties, and summoned representatives from each to meet him at Philadelphia in March, 1683. They were there at the appointed time — ^Dutch, Swedes and English. He gave them a " Charter of Liberties." Population was rapidly growing by immigration; and when, in August that year, Penn left for England, there were twenty settled town- ships and 7,000 inhabitants in Pennsylvania. He left Thomas Lloyd, a Quaker preacher. Governor of the province, with five men as a Council to assist him in the administration of government. Finally Penn became involved in troubles after the accession of William and Mary to the throne of England, in 1689. Because of his personal regard for King James II., Penn was accused of disaffection to the new Government, and suffered imprisonment and deprivation of his colonial rights for a time. Meanwhile discontents had sprung up in Pennsylvania, and the three lower 136 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: counties, now forming the State of Delaware, offended at some action of the Council, seceded (April, 1691), and, with the reluctant consent of Penn, set up a separate Government, with William Markham as chief magistrate. Penn's colonial Government was taken from him in 1692, and the province was placed under the authority of Governor Fletcher, of New York, when the three revolted counties were reunited with Pennsylvania. All suspicion of his- loyalty being removed, Penn's chartered rights were restored to him in 1693; but when, in 1699, he again came to America, he was pained to find discon- tents rife again. The people were clamorous for greater political privileges. Late in 1701 Penn gave to his colonists a new charter, far more liberal in its concessions than the former. It was cheerfully accepted by a majority of the people; but those of the three lower counties, evidently aiming at in- dependence, and whose delegates had withdrawn from the provincial Assem- bly, declined to accept it. Penn acquiesced in their decision and allowed them a distinct Assembly. This first independent Assembly convened at New Castle in 1703. (See Dciaivarc.) The boundaries between Pennsylvania and Maryland and Virginia, on account of the claims of Lord Baltimore and others, continued to be a topic for disputes for many years. The line was finally fixed, in 1767, by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, English mathematicians, and was ever afterwards known as " Mason and Dixon's Line." In the debates on slavery before the admission of Missouri as a State, John Randolph used the words " Mason and Dixon's Line " as figurative of the division of the two systems of labor. Members of the Society of Friends had been the chief emigrants to> Pennsylvania, until between 171 7 and 1725, when there was a heavy influx of Germans and Scotch-Irish families. Penn died in 171 8, and his heirs succeeded- him as proprietors of the province. During the French and Indian war, and for ten years preceding it, the colony was much disturbed by apprehensions of the hostility of the Indians against the white people of the province, which the French stimulated. The people vainly endeavored to retain the friendship of the barbarians. The Shawnees were the first to break faith with the colony, the French having secured them as allies. In 1755 and 1756, Western Pennsylvania was the scene of conflicts. In the former year occurred Braddock's disastrous expe- dition, and other stirring events in which Washington participated. So, also, for two or three years longer, when, in 1758, a treaty with the Indians secured peace until 1763, when Pontiac's war spread alarm throughout the colony. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 137 In 1764 discontents prevailed with the proprietary Government of Penn- ;sylvania, at the head of which was John Penn, a grandson of WilHam Penn. Two strongly opposing parties were formed. The Anti-Proprietary party secured a majority in the Assembly. That body sent Benjamin Franklin to England as their agent, authorized to ask for an abrogation of the proprietary authority and the establishment of a royal Government. The mutterings of the gathering tempest of revolution in the colonies were then growing louder, and nothing more was done in the matter. The people of Pennsylvania took an active part in movements in favor of American independence. The merchants of Philadelphia signed non-import- ation agreements, and in 1774 they prevented the landing of tea there. The .same year a Convention of the people of Philadelphia took the reins of gov- -ernment ; and, though the provincial Assembly continued to meet, no quorum could be obtained. Finally, with an impotent protest, the old Colonial Leg- islature expired in September. Pennsylvania was the theatre of some of the most important events which distinguished the old war for independence. In September, 1774, the First Continental Congress assembled at Philadelphia, and a large proportion of the succeeding sessions of that Congress were held three. In that city the resolution and Declaration of Independence was adopted in July, 1776; and there, in 1787, the Constitution of the United States was framed by a Con- vention over which Washington presided. Pennsylvania was well represented in the first Continental Congress. On January 23, 1775, a provincial Government was formed at Philadelphia. After the skirmish at Lexington, a committee of safety was appointed ; and at a large public meeting on April 24, 1775, measures were taken for forming a volunteer military association, the spirit of- which permeated the whole province. Many of the young Quakers took part in the organization, in spite of the remonstrances of their elders. They afterwards formed the society ■called the " Free Quakers." Thomas Mifflin, afterwards a Major-General, was a leading spirit among them ; John Dickinson accepted the command of a regiment ; so, also, did Thomas McKean and James Wilson, who were afterwards signers of the Declaration of Independence. On July 15, 1776, a Convention met at Philadelphia and prepared a State Constitution. It was published on the 28th of September. A large and influential party in the State regarded it as too democratic. In some of the •counties its opponents plotted against it, and there was delay in choosing 138 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: councillors in whom executive authority was vested. As a result of these machinations, when the Assembly, elected under the Constitution, met on the 28th of November, 1776, they were compelled to adjourn without organizing a Legislature. Committees were afterwards chosen, and the State Govern- ment was organized on March 4, 1777, with Thomas Wharton, jr., as Presi- dent. Very important military events occurred in Pennsylvania during the war for independence. The notable encampment at Valley Forge ; the battles at the Brandywine Creek and at Germantown, and the desolation of the Valley of Wyoming by Tories and Indians, were events within its borders. During the winter of 1777-78 Philadelphia was occupied by the British army, and caused the flight of the Continental Congress from it. Pennsylvania fur- nished more than its full quota of troops during the war. Slavery was abolished within its borders in 1780. The National Constitution, framed by a Convention at Philadelphia in the summer of 1787, was ratified by the people of Pennsylvania on December 12, 1787. It was the second State that performed that important act. Its Constitution was revised in 1790, and again in 1837-38. Its capital was re- moved to Lancaster in 1799, and in 181 2 to Harrisburg. A speck of civil war in Pennsylvania, before that of the Revolution, has been alluded to in the sketch of Connecticut. It is known in history as the " Pennymite war." The people of Pennsylvania were greatly disturbed by an event known in history as the "Whiskey Insurrection," in 1794. The four counties of the State west of the Alleghany Mountains, had been largely settled by hardy Scotch-Irish, men of energy and decision, and restive under the restraints of law. Being far from markets, they converted their rye crops into whiskey,, and in that smaller bulk conveyed it to market. A new excise act, passed in the spring of 1794, was specially obnoxious to these people, and when officers were sent to enforce the act among them, they were resisted by the people in arms. The insurrection became general throughout all that region. It was stimulated by leading men in the commu- nity. Many outrages were committed in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. Build- ings were burned, mails were robbed, and government officers were insulted and abused. The local militia formed a part of the armed mob, at one time numbering between six and seven thousand men. The insurgent spirit spread into the neighboring counties of Virginia, and presented alarming aspects to. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 139 President Washington, who observed that the leaders in the insurrection were connected with the secret Democratic societies, under the influence of the French Revolution. The President took prompt measures to suppress the insurrection. He issued a proclamation urging the insurgents to desist, and calling upon the Governors of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia for a body of troops aggregating 13,000 in number, afterwards raised to 16,000. The troops were placed under the command of General Lee, of Virginia. Before these troops were put in motion, commissioners were sent over .the mountains, authorized to arrange for the submission of the insurgents. They found the leaders of the malcontents in convention at Parkinson's Ferry. A tall pole near their meeting place bore the words " Liberty and no Excise I No asylums for cowards and traitors!" They appointed a committee of sixty, who met the commissioners at Pittsburgh, where terms of submission were arranged, to be ratified, however, by a vote of the people. The alacrity with which the President's call for troops was responded to, settled the matter. The insurgents had a wholesome fear of the soldiers, and in October the " Whiskey Insurrection " was ended. Pennsylvania bore its share of the burdens of the second war for inde- pendence, but no hostile forces met on its soil. The capture of Washington City, the attack on Baltimore, in 18 14, and the presence of, a blockading fleet on the coast, alarmed the citizens of Philadelphia. They cast up some fortifications, in which task, as at New York at about the same time, citizens of every degree gave their personal aid. The enemy did not come. After the war of 1812-15 the State engaged in vast enterprises of internal improvements which crippled its financial powers for several years. When,, in the winter of 1860-61, the Republic was in dangerfrom internal foes, it was mighty in strength. It then possessed about three million inhabitants.. Though profoundly moved by the rising tempest of Secession, the people, glowing with patriotic ardor, were, nevertheless, conservative at first. A week before the first Ordinance of Secession was passed there was an immense assemblage of citizens in Independence Square, Philadelphia, called by the Mayor, who said disunion was inevitable unless the people should, " in a special manner, avow their unfailing fidelity to the Union and their abiding faith in the Constitution and Laws." The proceedings were opened by a prayer by the Episcopal bishop of the diocese of Pennsylvania (Alonzo Potter, D.D.), which was followed by highly conservative speeches — rather 140 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: -more conservative than the general sentiments of the people desired. The resolutions then adopted were condemnatory of the conduct of the people of the North on the subject of slavery, and, in tone, really justified the disloyal movements in the slave-labor States. These obsequious resolutions aroused the whole State to energetic action in support of the Republic. The address of Governor Curtin to the Legisla- ture, on January 15, 1861, was a foreshadowing of the loyalty and energy which he and the people displayed throughout the war. The Legislature approved the course of Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, and commended Governor Hicks of Maryland. It pledged " the faith and honor of Pennsyl- vania " in support of the National Government, and its efforts to sustain its authority. By its loyal Governor and Legislature, Pennsylvania was placed squarely as a staunch supporter of the National Government, and it fully redeemed all its pledges. Pennsylvania has the h'onor of- having sent the first troops to the National capital for its defense, in April, 1861. They comprised five companies from the interior of the State. They went without arms (for expected new muskets were not ready) under an escort of forty regular soldiers. They found Maryland a hostile territory to pass through. The people of Washing- ton hailed them as deliverers, for they were alarmed by rumors that men from Maryland and Virginia were about to seize the capital. The Pennsylvanians undoubtedly saved the City of Washington from capture at that time. During the war Pennsylvania was invaded by Confederate armies, and on its soil, at Gettysburg, one of the two decisive battles of the war was 'fought. At the beginning of the conflict the State raised a large body of reserve troops, and it furnished to the National army 357,284 soldiers. Pennsylvania is pre-eminently a manufacturing State, especially in iron and steel. The value of the products of these industries for 1880 was Si45'576,268, being nearly five times that of any other State. It has a monopoly of anthracite coal, besides vast fields of bituminous coal. About 20,000,000 tons of anthracite are annually sent to market ; and it furnished, in 1880, about 6,000,000 tons of bituminous coal. It also yields avast amount ■of petroleum. In 1882 Pennsylvania had 6700 miles of railway within its borders, which cost $485,424,686. It is also a large importing and exporting •State. Pennsylvania Ifas ample provisions for the instruction of its children. In J 880 the number enrolled in its public schools was 950,300, with an average ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 141 daily attendance of 622,351. Its aggregate expenditure for public schools that year was $7,306,692. There are twenty-seven colleges and universities in the State, with many normal schools, academies and seminaries for girls. It was early named " The Keystone State," because of its central position in the group of the thirteen original States — like the keystone of an arch. There are several large cities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The largest two are Philadelphia and Pittsburg. The former had, in 1880, 547,170 inhabitants, and the latter 1 56,389. Harrisburg, its capital, had 30,762. mft\ S^ ■ fnt », (1724.) Vermont is one of the New England States, but not one of the original thirteen that formed the American Union. It lies between latitude 42° 44' and 45° north, and 70° 30' and 73° 26' west longitude. On the north it joins the Province of Quebec, of the Dominion of Canada; on the east lies New Hampshire; on the south, Massachu- setts, and on the west, New York. The State embraces an area of 9,565 square miles, and had a population in 1880 of 332,286, of whom 1,063 were colored. The face of Vermont is greatly diversified by hills and valleys. It is divided into two unequal parts by the GreenMountains, which extend through the whole length of the State from north to south. These mountains are among the most picturesque in the Union. They present four peaks, which are over 3,000 feet in height. Mount Mansfield rises to an altitude of 4,360 feet above the sea level. Lake Champlain lies on its western border, and the Connecticut River forms its eastern boundary. Between the lake and the Green Mountain ranges is a beautiful and fertile '-oiling country, well watered by many streams. It has nearly one hundred smaller lakes and ponds. Its winters, are cold and long; the summers are short and quite hot; but there are few portions of the United States blessed with such a healthful climate. Vermont was discovered by Samuel Champlain in 1609, but no settle- ment was attempted within its borders until 1724. It was the battle-ground between the Algonquin tribes, in the region of the St. Lawrence River, and the Iroquois, or Five Nations, in the i6th century It was while Champlain was with a party of the former that he discovered the beautiful lake that bears his name. From 1720 to 1725 a very distressing war was carried on between the eastern Indians and the New England Colonies; while the French in Canada. THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 143 stimulated the barbarians over whom they exercised control, to hostilities against the English. It was during that war (in 1724) that some people from Massachusetts built Fort Dummer, near the site of (present) Brattleborough in Vermont, and planted a little colony — the seed of the Commonwealth. Soon after the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, settlements in New Hampshire began to extend westward of the Connecticut River, and Benning^ Wentworth, the Governor of New Hampshire, began to make grants of land to settlers in the region between the Connecticut and Lake Champlain. These settlers were undisturbed in their possessions until 1764, when the British monarch, by an Order in Council, placed their territory under the THOMAS CHITTENDEN, FIRST GOVERNOR OF VERMONT. jurisdiction of New York, that province claiming, by virtue of the charter to the Duke of York, the Connecticut River as its eastern boundary. A mild dispute then arose. New York having relinquished its claims so far east as against Massa- chusetts, it was then not seriously insisted on ; and the settlers believed that while there was a change in territorial authority, to which they were indiffer- ent, the titles to the lands would not be questioned. They were mistaken. The Governor of New York soon notified them that their grants were illegal and void, and they were ordered to surrender their charters and repurchase their lands from the New York authorities. The settlers were disposed to be quiet, loyal subjects of New York, but this act of injustice converted them into rebellious foes, determined aAd de- 144 • THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: fiant. They resisted, and were backed by the sympathies of the people of New Hampshire — aye, of all New England. They preferred to defend their rights even at the expense of their blood rather than submit to such injustice. Foremost among those who took this attitude was Ethan Allen, who became the leader in the border forays and irritating movements that ensued. The Governor and Council of New York summoned all the claimants under the New Hampshire grants to appear before them at Albany, with their evidence of possession, within three months, failing in which it was de- clared that the claims of all delinquents should be rejected. To this requisi- tion the people of the grants paid no attention. Meanwhile New York speculators had been purchasing from New York large tracts of these estates in the disputed territory, and were making prep- arations to take possession. The people of the grants sent one of their num- ber to England, who laid their cause before the King. He came back in August, 1767, armed with an order for the Governor of New York to abstain from issuing any more patents for lands eastward of Lake Champlain. But, as the order was not ex post facto in its operations, the New York patentees proceeded to take possession of their purchased lands. This speedily brought on a crisis, and for seven years the New Hampshire grants formed a theatre where all the elements of civil war, excepting actual carnage, were in active exercise. When, late in 1771, Governor Tryon, of New York, by proclamation, offered a reward of ;i^20 each for the apprehension of Ethan Allen, Remember Baker and Robert Cochran for their " riotous opposition " to New York, these leaders of the "Green Mountain Boys," as they were called, issued the fol- lowing counter-proclamation : "^25 Reward. "W/if?'eas, James Duane and John Kemp, of New York, have, by their menaces and threats, greatly disturbed the public peace and repose of the honest peasants of Bennington and the settlements to the northward, which peasants are now and ever have been in the peace of God and the King, and are patriotic and liege subjects of George HL Any person who shall ap- prehend these common disturbers, 7'ic., James Duane and John Kemp, and bring them to landlord Fay's at Bennington, shall have ^^15 reward for James Duane and $10 for John Kemp, paid by " Ethan Allen, " Remember Baker, "Dated, Poultney, Feb. 5, 1772." "ROBERT CoCHRAN.' I ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. i45 The controversy between New York and the New Hampshire Grants paused at the beginning of the old war for independence, but the spirit of liberty among the settlers east of Lake Champlain, continued conspicuously all through the period of the war. They had assumed a provisional independ- ent political organization, and, in 1776, they petitioned the Continental Con- gress to admit them into the Union as such. New York so vehemently opposed their pretensions that their suit was rejected. And there was hesitation about accepting the services of Ethan Allen and his followers (who had captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775) in the Continental army. A Convention held at Westminster on January 15, 1777, declared ''that the district and territory comprehending and usually known by the name and description of the New Hampshire Grants, of right ought to be and is declared forever hereafter to be a free and independent jurisdiction or State, to be for ever hereafter called, known and distinguished by the name of New Connec- ticut or Vermont." New York used all its influence to prevent Congress from recognizing the independence of Vermont, and succeeded for a while. Meanwhile the Con- vention that declared its independence, met at Windsor on the first Wednes- day in June, and appointed a committee to draft a State Constitution. It was done, and in July it was adopted. A State Government was organized, with Thomas Chittenden as Governor, and the first Legislature met at Windsor on March 12, 1778. The Legislature of Vermont demanded of Congress its separation from the other States and its admission into the Union, upon a basis of perfect equality. Disputes ran high, and at one time, in 1779, the claims of New York by jurisdiction over territory in Vermont almost produced civil war. At this juncture a question of greater magnitude than these local disputes presented itself. The British authorities in Canada had eagerly w^atched the progress of the Grants with great interest, and now entertained hopes that Vermont would be so far alienated from the " rebel " cause by the opposition of New York and the injustice of Congress, as to be induced to return to its allegiance to the British crown. Accordingly, in the spring of 1780, Colonel Beverley Robinson wrote to Ethan Allen from New York, making overtures to that effect. The letter was delivered to Allen in the street at Arlington by a man disguised as a farmer. To this, and another letter written by Robinson in February, 1 781, Allen made no reply; but early in March he sent the letter to Congress, with one from himself in these words: 146 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: " I am as resolutely determined to defend the independence of Vermont as Congress is that of the United States, and rather than fail, I will retire with the hardy Green Mountain Boys into the desolate caverns of the moun- tains, and wage war with human nature at large." The shrewd Allen, Governor Chittenden, and other leaders, saw their advantage, and used it for the benefit of their new State. Meanwhile some British scouting parties had captured some Vermonters, and Ira, a brother of Ethan Allen, was sent to negotiate with a British officer (Colonel Dundas) for an exchange of prisoners. Under the direction of the commanding officer in Canada, Colonel Dundas made to Allen verbal over- tures similar to the written ones of Colonel Robinson to Ethan. They were received with apparent favor. The British authorities were delighted with their skill in diplomacy, and readily acceded to Allen's proposition not to allow hostilities on the Vermont frontier until after the next session of the Legislature. Thus the British forces, about ten thousand strong, were kept inactive, and Vermont was spared the infliction of their presence. Vague rumors of these matters got abroad, and the authorities of New York, and also Congress, were alarmed. General Schuyler wrote to Governor Clinton — " The conduct of some people at the eastward is alarmingly myste- rious. A flag, under pretense of settling a contest with Vermont, has been on the Grants. Allen has disbanded his militia Entreat General Washington for more Continental troops, and let me beg of your Excellency to hasten up here " — from Poughkeepsie. The coquetry of the Vermont leaders with the British continued until the peace in 1783, when dissimulation was no longer necessary. The shrewd Vermont diplomatists had been working for a twofold object, namely: to keep the British troops from their territory, and to induce Congress to admit the independent State into the Union. They outwitted the Britons, hood- winked Congress, and finally gained their point. The difficulties were not settled until some years afterwards. Finally the Legislature of New York appointed commissioners, late in 1789, to settle all matters in controversy. It was agreed that the State of Vermont should pay to New York $30,000 in settlement of claims by citizens of the latter Common- wealth, for compensation for the land which had been granted them from Vermont. All other matters were amicably adjusted, and in the spring of I791 Vermont took its place as an independent member of the Republic. Vermont, like other New England States, was opposed to the war of ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. i47 1812; but the Legislature, in the fall of that year, resolved as follows: "We pledge ourselves to each other, and to our Government, that with our indivi- dual exertions, our examples and influence, we will support our Government and country in the present contest ; and rely on the Great Arbiter of events for a favorable result." There was vehement opposition to this declaration. In the elections in the fall of 181 3 the Federalists gained the ascendancy, and chose Martin Chittenden, Governor. Party spirit was wrought up to the highest pitch. The Governor refused to call out the militia, and forbade troops to leave the State. A brigade of Vermont militia, which had been drafted into the service •of the United States and marched to Plattsburgh, in 1813, were discharged from service by a proclamation from the Governor, and ordered to return to the State. Their ofificers refused obedience, and sent a written protest against the order. Vermont volunteers, however, took an active part in the battle at Plattsburgh in September, 18 14. During the troubles in Canada in 1837-38, sympathizing Vermonters to the number of fully six hundred crossed the line to help the insurgents, but they were soon disbanded by the authorities of the United States. Vermont took an active part in the civil and military events of the late Civil War. It furnished to the National army 35,256 troops. A party of Confederates from Canada made a descent upon the town of St. Albans, near the frontier. They robbed the bank of $211,152, and committed some other •depredations. They were pursued by a party of citizens, and were finally all captured by them or by the Canadian authorities. In spite of a rather sterile soil, Vermont yields annually large crops of cereals; also a large amount of wool, its mountain slopes, where not covered by trees, yielding rich pastures. In 1880 it had about 500,000 sheep. Its yield of maple sugar made it at one time the second sugar-producing State in the Union. The manufactures of Vermont are important. In 1880 there were 2,874 manufacturing establishments, employing $23,265,224 of capital, and produc- ing goods to the value of $31,354,366. There were 916 miles of railway in operation within the State, which cost over $42,000,000. Ample provision is made for the education of the children of the State. In 1880 the number of children enrolled in its public schools was 73,237, with an average daily attendance of 47,200. It has three colleges and several nor- mal schools. 148 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. Vermont has no large city. The largest is Burlington, on the shore of Lake Champlain. Its population in 1880 was 11,365. Montpelier, its capi- tal, had only 1847 inhabitants. The name of the State is derived from the verdure that covers its loftiest hills, and its pseudonym is " The Green Moun- tain State." (1733.) Georgia was the latest settled of the thirteen original States of the Union. It is one of the South Atlantic States, ly- ing between latitude 30° 20' and 35° north, and longitude 80° 48' and 85° 38' west. Georgia embraces an area of 59,475 square miles, and ranked, by the census of 1880,. thirteen among the States of the Union in population, which then numbered 1,542,180. Of this number 725,274, including 124 In- dians, were colored, or a trifle over one half. Tennessee and North Carolina are the neighbors of Georgia on the north;; on the east is South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south is Florida,, and on the west are Florida and Alabama. The surface of Georgia is flat, and abounding in marshes, for about one hundred miles inland. There rice is extensively cultivated. The centre of the State presents a fine, rolling country, while its northern and north-western region is traversed by ranges of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which rise in one instance to an altitude of 4,000 feet above the sea. The mountain district comprises twenty-five counties. The Savannah River divides the State from South Carolina. It is navigable to Augusta, 230 miles from the sea. There- are several navigable rivers in the State for small craft. Steamers go up the Chattahoochee River, at certain seasons of the year, to Columbus, 350 miles. from its mouth. It washes the western border of the State. Georgia was originally a part of the domain of the Carolinas. When, in 1729, the Carolinas were surrendered to the Crown, the whole country south- ward of the Savannah River was a wilderness to the vicinit}^ of St. Augustine in Florida, peopled by native tribes and claimed by the Spaniards as a part of Florida. The English disputed this claim, and war-clouds appeared. It was at this juncture that Colonel James Oglethorpe, an accomplished soldier, who had been an aide to Prince Eugene in a campaign against the Turks, and then a member of Parliament, commiserating" the wretched condi- T50 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: "tion of prisoners for debt, in England, brought the matter before the Legisla- ture. He proposed the founding of a colony in America, partly for the bene- fit of this important class. A committee of inquiry reported favorably, and a plan, as proposed by Oglethorpe, was approved by King George H. A royal charter was obtained (June 9, 1732) for a corporation for twenty-one years, " in trust for the poor," to establish a colony in the territory south of the Savannah River, to be called Georgia, in honor of the King. The management of the new settlement was intrusted to twenty-one "gentlemen and noblemen," who were constituted "Trustees for Settling and Establishing the Colony of Georgia." Colonel Oglethorpe was one of them. •GEORGE WALTON, FIRST GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA. They were invested with legislative and executive powers for the government of the colony. At the expiration of the twenty-one years a permanent Gov- ernment was to be established by the King or his successor. There was no political liberty for the people. Every feature of the project commended itself to the British people. Donations from all ranks and classes were freely given to assist the emigrants in planting comfortable homes in the wilderness. The Bank of England made a generous gift, and the House of Commons, from time to time, voted money, amounting in the aggregate to $160,000. Lord Viscount Percival 'wa? chosen President of the Trustees. Colonel {Oglethorpe generously offered to accom-pany the emigrants to I ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 151 their new home. All things being in readiness, thirty-five families — 120 men, women and children — sailed from Gravesend in the ship Anne, of 200 tons burden, on November 6, 1732. Rev. Mr. Shubert, of the Church of England, accompanied them as their spiritual guide, also a few Piedmontese silk-workers — for one object of the trustees was the growing of silk in Georgia. After a passage of fifty-seven days the Anne touched at Charleston, and gave great joy to the inhabitants, for they felt that a barrier was to be placed between them and the Indians and Spaniards. Landing a large portion of the immigrants on Port Royal Island, Governor Oglethorpe proceeded to the Savannah River with the remainder. Sailing up that stream about ten miles to Yamacraw Bluff, he laid the foundation of the future State of Georgia, at the site of (present) Savannah, in the spring of 1733. The rest of the immi- grants soon joined him. They built a fort and named the place Savannah. There Oglethorpe held a friendly conference with Creek Indians settled near, with Mary Musgrove, a half breed who could speak English, as inter- preter. Their venerable chief, To-mo-chi-chi, then ninety-one years of age, ^ave the immigrants a warm welcome, and became their fast friend. Within eight years 2,500 immigrants were sent over from England, at an •expense of $400,000. The condition on which the lands were parcelled out was military duty; and so grievous were the restrictions that many colonists went into South Carolina, where they could procure land in fee. The colony quite rapidly increased, immigrants coming from Scotland and Germany. In 1 734 Oglethorpe went to England, and returned in 1736 with 300 immi- grants, among them 150 Highlanders skilled in military affairs, with several cannons. John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, and his brother Charles, were among them. They came to preach the Gospel among the settlers and surrounding barbarians. Moravians also came to Georgia with Oglethorpe and his soldiers. They were soon followed by George Whitefield, who was destined to make a great stir in the colonies as an evangelist. With his Highlanders and his cannons, Oglethorpe felt confident that he could defend his colony against all intruders. A test was soon presented. The Spaniards at St. Augustine were jealous of the thriving English col- ony, and showed signs of hostility soon after Oglethorpe's return. The Gov- 'crnor prepared for expected trouble by building some forts in the direction ■of the Castilian stronghold. He went to several of the coast islands and made preparations for defensive works. On St. Simon's island he erected a fort and founded Frederica. He planned a little military work on a small 152 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: island at the entrance of the St. Johns River, which he named Fort George.. He also founded Augusta, far up the Savannah River, and built a stockade- there as a defense against Indians who might come from the west. These hostile preparations caused the Spanish at St. Augustine to threaten war. Creek tribes offered to help Oglethorpe. Through a com- mission the Spaniards demanded the evacuation of all Georgia and a portion of South Carolina by the English. Oglethorpe hastened to England to con- fer with the trustees and seek military strength. He returned in the autumn of 1738, with a commission of Brigadier-general, and entrusted with the chief command of all the troops in South Carolina and Georgia. War between England and Spain broke out in 1739. St. Augustine was strengthened. Oglethorpe resolved to strike a blow before the Spaniards should be prepared for it. He invaded Florida with a thousand white men and some Indians, but soon returned without achieving anything of much, importance In 1742 the Spaniards retaliated. With a fleet of thirty-six vessels from Cuba, and a land force three thousand strong, they entered the harbor of St. Simon's, in July, preparatory to seizing Georgia and South Carolina. Oglethorpe, always vigilant, had forewarnings of this expedition, and he was on the island of St. Simon's before the Spaniards arrived, but with less than one thousand men, for South Carolina had failed to send promised men and supplies. The task of defending both provinces, therefore, fell upon the Georgians. Oglethorpe had a few vessels. When the Spanish vessels passed the English batteries, Oglethorpe saw that resistance would be futile, so he ordered his little squadron to run up to Frederica, while he spiked the guns on St. Simon's, fell back with his troops, and waited for the Carolinians. He finally proceeded to make a night attack upon the Spaniards on the island. A Frenchman in his ranks, when they approached the enemy, ran ahead, fired his musket, deserted to the enemy, and aroused them to resistance. Oglethorpe fell back to Frederica. He sent a letter addressed to the Frenchman as a spy in the Spanish camp, di- recting him to represent the Georgians as very weak in numbers, and to advise the Castilians to attack them at once ; but if they could not do so, to try and persuade them to remain a few days longer at St. Simon's, for within that time a British fleet would arrive with a thousand land troops to attack St^ Augustine. This letter fell into the hands of the Spanish commander, who afterwards ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. i53 lianged the Frenchman as a spy. A council of war was held. While it was in session vessels from Carolina seen at sea were mistaken for the expected British fleet, and the Spaniards determined to attack Oglethorpe at once, and then hasten to the defense of St. Augustine. They advanced towards Frederica along a narrow defile, flanked by a forest and a morass, when they were assailed by the Georgians lying in ambush, who slew or made prisoners nearly the whole of the advanced division. A second division shared their fate. The Spaniards retreated in confusion, and fled to their ships. Ogle- thorpe had punished the deserter, outgeneralled his enemy and saved Geor- :gia and South Carolina from utter ruin. Slavery in the colony of Georgia was prohibited, and the people mur- mured. Many settlements were abandoned for want of tillers of the soil. Finally, the restrictions concerning slavery were adroitly removed by allow- ing the colonists to contract for the services of negro laborers for ninety-nine years. In 1752 the trustees surrendered the colony to the Crown, and Geor- gia became a royal province, with political privileges similar to that of others. In 1755 a General Assembly was established; and in 1763 all the lands between the rivers Savannah and St. Mary were annexed to Georgia. The colony prospered. In the political disputes with Great Britain, previous to the w^ar of the Revolution, the people of Georgia sympathized with their northern brethren, and bore a conspicuous part in the armed struggle which ensued. It was not represented in the First Continental Congress (1774), but a Provincial Con- gress assembled on July 4, 1775, adopted the " American Association " author- ized by that body. Thenceforward Georgia stood shoulder to shoulder, in the 'great strife, wuth its sister colonies and States in the council and in the field. Royal power ceased in Georgia early in 1776. Sir James Wright, who had ruled the province wisely as Governor since 1764, was a warm loyalist, though born in South Carolina. His influence kept down open resistance for some time. In January, 1774, the patriots arrested him, but set him free on parole. He violated it. On a stormy night in February he escaped to an armed British ship below Savannah, and so abdicated. A State Constitution was framed in 1777, a second one in 1785, and a third in 1798. Under the latter (occasionally amended) the State thrived until the Civil War (1861-65). George Walton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was, elected the first Governor of Georgia, in 1779. In 1779 General Lincoln was sent to Georgia to defend the State against 154 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: British invasion. General Prevost, in command in East Florida, had joined a British force lately arrived (January) at Savannah, under Lieutenant-colonel Campbell, Prevost sent Campbell up the Savannah River. He took Augusta. South Carolina was menaced with invasion. Lincoln was at Charleston with less than 1,500 troops. He hastened to the protection of the fords of the Savannah. He crossed the river into Georgia, and in a battle at Brier Creek his troops were defeated and dispersed. The British now held possession of all Georgia, and Savannah became their headquarters in the South. In the fall of 1779 the British, strongly entrenched at Savannah, were beseiged by the Americans under Lincoln, and a French land and naval force. The latter deserted the Americans just as victory seemed certain, and Lin- coln retired to Charleston. The British held possession of Georgia until the close of the war, On June 2, 1788, the people of Georgia ratified the National Constitu- tion. The settlers on its western frontier suffered much from incursions of the Creek Indians. These incursions were ended by treaties of friendship in 1790-91. In 1802 the Creeks ceded to the United States a large tract of land which was afterwards assigned to Georgia, and now forms the south-west- ern counties of the State. The same year Georgia ceded all its claims to lands westward of its present boundaries. Difficulties finally arose between the State and National Governments respecting the Cherokees. On the re- moval of the latter to the country west of the Mississippi, in 1838, Georgia came into possession of all their lands. The political leaders in Georgia were among the most zealous and per- sistent advocates of Secession in i860. Foremost among them were Robert Toombs and Howell Cobb, the latter then Secretary of the Treasury in Presi- dent Buchanan's cabinet. A majority of the people of the State were opposed to Secession, but could not effectually restrain the Secessionists. Early in January, 1861, elections were held for members of a Convention to consider the subject of Secession. Alexander H. Stephens, the ablest statesman in Georgia, though believing in the rigJit of the State to secede, opposed the measure as unnecessary and full of danger to the public welfare. Mr. Toombs, a popular leader, by impassioned harangues, circulahs and tele- graphic despatches, carried masses of the more unthinking people with him. He was one of the most active of the enemies of the Republic at that time, in and out of Congress, and worked persistently to precipitate his State into revolution, and succeeded. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES.. 155 The Convention assembled at Milledgeville, the capital of. the State, on January 16. A decided majority of the 295 members present were opposed to Secession. But that majority was speedily changed. On the i8th a reso- lution was passed by a vote of 165 against 130, declaring it to be the right and the duty of the State to withdraw from the Union. A committee was appointed: to draft an ordinance of Secession. It was reported on the same day. It was. very short — a single paragraph — and simply declared the repeal and abroga- tion of all laws which bound the Commonwealth to the Union, and that the State of Georgia was in " full possession and exercise of all the rights of sover- eignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State." This ordinance elicited many warm expressions of Union sentiments. Mr^ Stephens made a powerful speech in favor of the Union^ and he and his brother voted against the ordinance. But, unlike Henry Clay, who on one occasion in Congress said, " If Kentucky to-morrow unfurls the banner of resistance [to the Union] I will never fight under that banner. I owe a paramount allegiance to the whole Union, a subordinate one to my own State," Mr. Stephens, when the ordinance was adopted by a vote of 208 against 89 (Jan- uary 19, 1861), arose and declared his intention to go with his State. He after- wards became Vice-President of the Southern Confederacy, of which Jefferson Davis was chosen President, and was one of the most urgent advocates of the. seizure of the National capital. A resolution to submit the ordinance of Secession to the people for rati- fication or rejection was lost by a large majority. Not one of the Secession ordinances of the seven States wherein such action was taken was ever al-^ lowed to go before the people for their consideration. At this point in the proceedings, a copy of the resolutions of the State of New York (see New York), tendering to the President all of the available- forces of the State to stay the rising tempest of revolution, was received, and produced much excitement. Mr. Toombs immediately offered the following resolution, which was adopted unanimously: "As a response to the resolution of New York, this Convention highly approve of the energetic and patriotic conduct of the Governor of Georgia., in taking possession of Fort Pulaski by Georgia troops, and request him to hold possession until the relations of Georgia with the Federal Government be determined by this Convention; and that a copy of this resolution be ordered to be transmitted to the Governor of New York." The Convention chose; delegates to the proposed General Convention at Montgomery, in Alabama. 155 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: The Governor of Georgia had ordered the seizure of all property of the United States within its borders. In the four years' war that ensued, the State suffered much. The war made havoc on its coasts and in the interior. General Sherman swept through it from Atlanta to the sea at near the close of 1864, "living off the country." Within its borders the President of the Con- federacy w.as captured, and taken to Fortress Monroe a state prisoner, in the spring of 1865. In June, 1865, a provisional Governor was appointed for Georgia. A Convention "held at Milledgeville, late in October, repealed the Ordinance of Secession, declared the war debt void, amended the Constitution so as to abolish slavery, and in November the people elected a Governor, Legislature and members of Congress. That body did not approve these measures, and the Senators and Representatives were not admitted to seats. In 1 867 Georgia, with Florida, was constituted a military district, and placed under military rule. In March, 1868, a Convention held at Atlanta framed a satisfactory Constitution, which was ratified in April by a majority of nearly 18,000 votes. On June 25 following. Congress by act, provided for the re-admission of Georgia, with other States, upon their ratification of the Fourteenth amendment to the National Constitution. Owing to a violation of the so-called " Reconstruction Act," in not per- mitting colored men, legally elected, to occupy seats in the Legislature, Georgia representatives were not permitted to take seats in Congress. The Supreme Court of the State decided that negroes were entitled to hold ofifice. A new election was held, and on January 31, 1869, the State Legisla- ture was duly organized. All the requirements of Congress were acceded to, and by an act of that body, on July 15, Georgia was fully re-admitted to the Union on an equality with the other States. Its delegates took their seats in Congress in December, 1869. The soil of the alluvial lands of Georgia is very rich. Its chief agricul- tural products are cotton and maize, or Indian corn. The cotton crop in 1880 was 814,441 bales, and its yield of Indian corn was 23,202,018 bushels. Its other cereal products were large. It yielded 25,369,687 pounds of rice. Georgia is becoming a largely manufacturing State, especially of wood products from its unrivalled forests of yellow pine. It is increasing in its manufacture of textile fabrics, especially of cotton goods. In 1880 it had forty cotton mills. Its manufactures of iron, steel and woollen goods are quite extensive. The products of all its manufactures, in 1880, aggregated in ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. i57 value $36,440,948, of which $6,481,894 were from cotton goods. There were, in 1880, 2673 miles of railroads in operation within the State. The assessed valuations of real and personal estate in Georgia at that time was $239,472,- 5*99, the true valuation being estimated at $313,067,293, Georgia has provided well for the education of its children. In 1880 there were 226,627 out of 433,444, of school age, enrolled in its public schools, but the average daily attendance was only 132,000. There were 34,000 in private schools. There are seven universities and colleges in the State. The largest city in Georgia is Atlanta, its capital, which contained, in 1880, 37,409 inhabitants. Its population is rapidly increasing. Savannah had 30,709, and Augusta 21,891. The sobriquet of " The Empire State of the South " has been given to Georgia. iti KY« (1775.) One of the Central States of the Valley of the Mississippi is Kentucky, which embraces an area of 40,400 square miles, and a population, in 1880, of 1,648,690, of whom 271,51 1, including fifty Indians, were colored. It lies between latitude 36° 30' and 39° 6' north, and longitude 82° 3' and 89° 26' west. North and north-west of it are the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, from which it is separated by the Ohio River. On the east are Virginia and West Virginia, on the south is Tennessee, and on its extreme south-western border is the Mississippi River, that separates it for about fifty miles from Missouri, It is extremely irregu- lar in shape. The surface of Kentucky presents two special aspects — a mountain district and table land. The former is in the east and south-east part of the State, and covers about 4000 square miles. The Cumberland Mountains separate it from Virginia. None of the ridges are very lofty — not one ex- ceeds 3000 feet. The two larger tributaries of the Ohio River — the Cumber- land and the Tennessee — have their ultimate sources in the mountain districts of Kentucky. The whole State presents a beautiful and picturesque aspect. It is not known that the foot of any Anglo-Saxon trod the soil of Kain- tuck-ee, as the Indians called the beautiful river that flows through portions of the State which bears its name, before the middle of the i8th century,, when the pale-faced pioneer went there. It was the favorite hunting ground of dusky tribes of men, who were disposed to dispute his right to intrude upon their domain. They were not the original occupants of the soil, for indications exist which point to a race of higher civilization, who were dwellers there a thousand years ago. The earliest white visitors to the territory of Kentucky, who made a part of its early history, were Daniel Boone and his companions, who hunted and explored its wilds as early as 1769. Dr Walker was in the north-eastern part THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 159 of Kentucky nine or ten years before, and John Finley, a backwoodsman, had made quite extensive explorations in 1767. Boone was a famous hunter from his early youth. At the age of nine- teen years he accompanied his family to western North Carolina, from their home in Pennsylvania. There he married Rebecca Bryan soon afterward. Hunting was his pastime and his pursuit. After the French lost their influ- ence over the Cherokee Indians on the frontiers of North Carolina and Virginia, professional hunters of Pennsylvania and Virginia, hearing of the fine hunting grounds west of the mountains, went thither. In March, 1769, Boone led one of these hunting parties — five congenial spirits — into Kentucky. " I resigned my domestic happiness, for a time," he ISAAC SHELBY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF KENTUCKY. said, " and left my family and peaceable habitation on the Yadkin River, in North Carolina, to wander through the wildernesses of America in quest of the country of Kentucky." His loving wife had consented to the undertak- ing. He was then thirty-four years of age, and had sons old enough to till the little farm on which they dwelt. The hunters and explorers soon saw the beautiful land of Kentucky from a mountain summit, on the 6th of June. They caught glimpses of the Ken- tucky River, coursing through the rolling country. There they hunted the deer and the buffalo, with which the country abounded. They saw no other human beings but themselves until December, The Shawnees had lived and roamed in that region, but the Cherokees claimed it as their own hunting ground. i6o THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: Early in 1770 Boone and his companion were joined by his brother and another hunter. They gathered much peltry. Boone and his brother remained in the wilderness, while the others returned. Daniel was captured by Indians, but escaped. Having fixed on a place to plant a settlement, the brothers returned home in the spring of 1771. In the autumn of 1773 Boone and his brother returned to Kentucky. They had some fights with Indians, and in 1775 they built a fort of log- houses and stockades at the site of (present) Boonesborough, on the Ken- tucky River, in Madison County, about eighteen miles south-east of Lexington. There, in September, Boone's wife and daughters joined him, and other families soon came. Other parties of hunters, explorers, and surveyors had followed the Boones. In 1774 James Harrod erected a log-cabin on the site of (present) Harrodsburgh, and the place rapidly grew into a station, probably the oldest in Kentucky. During the same year Colonel Richard Henderson purchased from the Cherokee Indians all of Kentucky south of the Kentucky River, He employed Daniel Boone to survey the country, and select suitable posi- tions for "stations" or settlements. Henderson had roseate dreams of manorial possessions and privileges, and named his domain " Transylvania." The Legislature of Virginia subsequently declared his purchase null and void, for it claimed the sole right to buy lands from the Indians within the bounds of its royal charter. In the summer of 1776 three young women of Boonesborough, one of them a daughter of Daniel Boone, were captured by Indians, but were recovered forty-five miles from their home after a desperate encounter with the barbarians. To such dangers the hardy settlers were long exposed. In the winter of 1776-77 the Legislature of Virginia formed Kentucky into a territory of that Commonwealth. The first court was held at Harrods- burgh in the spring of 1777. It had just adjourned when the infant State was smitten by an Indian invasion. Harrodsburgh, Boonesborough, and other stations were furiously attacked, and the hunters and surveyors were driven within the stockade from the forest. The invasion lasted several weeks, but the barbarians were slowly driven back toward the Ohio. The settlers were re-enforced during the summer by forty-five men from North Carolina, and in September by one hundred men from Virginia. In the spring of 1778 Boone and a party engaged in making salt at the Lower Blue Licks were captured by Indians and Canadians, and carried to ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. i6i Detroit, where they were deHvered to the English commandant. Boone was reserved by the Indians and taken to ChiUicothe, where he saw a large body of barbarians prepared for a descent upon Boonesborough. He managed to escape and give the alarm among all the settlements in Kentucky in time for them to make preparations for the attack. His escape disconcerted the en- terprise, and the barbarians did not invade Kentucky. During the whole period of the old war for independence the settlements in Kentucky were continually menaced with destruction by the Indians from the northward, incited by the British at Detroit. The brave and skillful Colonel George Rogers Clarke became their effectual shield. He had been in Kentucky in 1775, when he took temporary command of the armed settlers there. In 1778 he captured a region bordering on the Mississippi, which was organized into Illinois county under the jurisdiction of Virginia. He in- spired the Indians and the British at Detroit with such wholesome fear, that the infant republic south of the Ohio River was spared from ruin. At the close of the Revolution the settlers in Kentucky desired the independence of home rule. Conventions held at Danville in 1784-85 recommended a peaceable and constitutional separation from Virginia. In compliance with these desires, the Legislature of Virginia passed an act for such separation in January, 1786. Its terms required another Convention at Danville, to determine whether they were acceptable to the people, and, if so, for the Kentuckians to fix upon a day when the authority of Virginia should cease within their domain. The population had now greatly increased. The people generally ac- quiesced in the terms of separation proposed by Virginia, and yet there were many signs of discontent, and long delays occurred. The retention of the British posts in the north-west after the war for independence had ceased, allowed the British in that region to continue to incite the Indians to hostili- ties, while the States in the East were enjoying the tranquillity of peace. The National Government appeared utterly unable to defend Kentucky from Indian forays. The Kentuckians had no Government at home, and their rulers beyond the mountains could not or would not protect them. Added to this cause of discontent. Congress had bartered away the right to navigate the Mississippi River. Here was a field for the work of intriguers. Colonel (afterward General) James Wilkinsgn, of the Revolution, was a resident of Kentucky, and was a i62 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: candidate for a seat in Convention at Danville as a representative of Fayette county. In that canvass he boldly advocated secession from the Union. He counselled an immediate declaration of independence, as the exigencies of the country, he said, would not allov/ them to wait. He was the first public man who gave utterance to such sentiments. There were earnest opposers of his views everywhere, and so loudly was he condemned that he was compelled to greatly modify his utterances. He was elected by only a few majority. The Legislature of Virginia was induced by existing circumstances to revise its act. Another Convention was held at Danville, in September, 1787, when the time for the authority of Virginia in Kentucky to cease was fixed at January i, 1789. Up to that time no newspaper had been published in Ken- tucky. There were now other causes of delay in the drama of the fate of Ken- tucky, and the public were much excited, especially by a refusal of Congress to admit the territory into the Union. But the people were pat^-iotic, and would not listen with patience to the illegal schemes advocated by Wilkinson. Other conventions were held. Meanwhile the National Government had gone into operation under the new Constitution, with Washington as President of the Republic. Protection to the Kentuckians was promptly furnished. In July, 1790, an eighth Con- vention accepted the Virginia act of separation. In December, 1790, Wash- ington strongly recommended to Congress the admission of Kentucky into the Union, and on February 4, 1791, an act for that purpose became a law. A ninth Convention, held in April, framed a State Constitution, and Kentucky was admitted into the Union as a State on June i, 1792. Its population at that time was about 75,ocx). Isaac Shelby was elected its first Governor. For several years much uneasiness was felt among the people of Ken- tucky on account of Indian forays, and especially because of the non- admission of the free navigation of the Mississippi River by the Spanish possessors of Louisiana. The question was settled and all uneasiness was allayed by the purchase of Louisiana from the French in 1803. {Se& Louis- iana.') Kentucky took an active part in the second war for independence (1812- 15), sending about 7000 men to the field. They were the principal actors in the military events in the north-west during that war, and which broke the power of the barbarians, and gave peace to the whole country west of the mountains which stretch north and south from the region of the St. Law- ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 163 rence to Alabama. In the war with Mexico, Kentucky gave more than its quota of volunteers. The progress of the State was rapid. A second Constitution, made in 1800, continued in force until the present one was adopted in 1850. After the war of 1 812-15 the State was undisturbed by any stirring events until the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861. Kentucky being a border State, it held a position of great importance during the Civil War. Its population in i860 was 1,155,684, of whom 271,511 were colored. The people, generally, were strongly attached to the Union, but many of the most influential of its political leaders sympathised with the Secessionists. The action of that State was awaited with great anxiety throughout the Union. The attitude of defiance of the National authority assumed by the Governor caused a great Union meeting to be held at Louisville on the evening of April 18, 1861, at which it was resolved that Kentucky reserved to herself " the right to choose her own position ; and that while her natural sympathies are with those who have a common interest in the protection of Slavery, she still acknowledges her loyalty and fealty to the Government of the United States, which she will cheerfully render until that Government becomes aggressive, tyrannical, and regardless of our rights in Slave property." They declared that the States were the peers of the National Govern- ment, and gave the world to understand that the latter should not be allowed to use " sanguinary or coercive measures to bring back the seceded States." They pledged equal fidelity to the State of Kentucky and to the United States. They alluded to the " Kentucky State Guard " as the " bulwark of the safety of the Commonwealth." That " Guard " was under the command of Simon B. Buckner, a Captain in the United States army, who appears to have been a sympathiser with the Secessionists; for when the Legislature required the " Guard " to swear allegiance to the United States and the State of Kentucky, Buckner would not do so himself nor allow his troops to do so ; and it was not long before he led a large portion of that Guard into the Confederate camp, and became a Major-General in the Confederate army. The Governor of Kentucky issued a proclamation of neutrality, which not only forbade the United States and " Confederate States " " invading the soil of Kentucky," but also forbade the citizens of Kentuc'y a large majority. And equally competent authority de- clared that the change of figures at Nashville, by the Governor and his con- federates, seemed to authorize him to proclaim, as he did (June 24, 1861), that the vote in the State was 104,913 for Secession and 47,238 against Secession. During the war that ensued Tennessee became a theatre of most distress- ing events. The people suffered intensely. These sufferings ceased only ivhen General Hood was driven from Tennessee after the battle at Nashville, in December, 1864. Tennessee furnished 31,000 volunteer soldiers for the National army. On January 9, 1865, a State Convention assembled at Nashville, and pro- posed amendments to the Constitution of the Commonwealth abolishing Slavery and prohibiting the Legislative recognition of property in man. The military league with the Confederacy, the ordinance of Secession, and all acts of the "Confederate States" Government were annulled, and the pay- ment of any debts contracted by that Government was prohibited. Meanwhile, William G. Brownlow had been elected Governor of Tennes- see. These proceedings just mentioned were ratified by him and by the Legislature. In April, 1865, the Legislature ratified the Thirteenth amend- ment of the National Constitution ; reorganized the State Government, and elected Senators to Congress. The Fourteenth amendment of the Constitu- tion having been ratified by the State in 1866, it was soon afterwards admitted to representation in Congress. The State Constitution was revised •early in 1 87 1. The staple agricultural products of Tennessee are cotton and Indian I ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 173 corn. It ranked ninth in product of corn among the States in i< yielding that year 62,764,429 bushels, and the product of cotton was 330,621 bales. It is also an extensive stock-raising State. It may not be reckoned as a manufacturing State to any great extent. Its industries are diversified. Its iron and steel manufactures, in 1880, amounted in value to $2,274,203. There are nearly 2000 miles of railroads in operation within the Common- wealth, which cost $114,776,000. The provisions for popular education in Tennessee are liberal. In 1880 there were 544,862 children of school age, of whom 291,500 were enrolled in public schools, with an average daily attendance of 205,081. The State ex- pended for public schools that year $786,000. There were 1450 private schools, with 41,000 pupils. The State has twenty-one universities and colleges. Tennessee is an Indian word, signifying " River of the Big Bend," allud- ing to its course from its sources in the mountains of Eastern Kentucky, down into Alabama, and up through Tennessee and Kentucky into the Ohio JRiver. It is sometimes called "the Big Bend State." (1788.) Ohio is one of the Central States of the Union, lying be- tween latitude 38° 23' and 41° 58' north, and longitude 80° 31' and 84° 48' west. Lake Erie and a part of the State of Michigan form its northern boundary. On the east is Pennsylvania and West Virginia; on the south Kentucky^ and on the west Indiana. It is separated from West Vir- ginia and Kentucky by the Ohio River, while a larger portion of its northern shore is washed by the waters of Lake Erie. Ohio embraces 41,060 square miles of territory, and in 1880 it contained a population of 3,198,062, of whom 80,142, including Indians and Chinese, were colored. In population it ranks third among the States, third in agricultural products, and fifth in the value of its manufactures. The central part of Ohio is a table land about 1000 feet above the sea level. On its water-shed, between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, in the northern part of the State, the land rises to an altitude of thirteen and four- teen hundred feet. In the south central part of the State is a range of bold hills, near the Ohio River. There is some prairie land in the State. In the north-west is a large tract of very fertile soil called the " Black Swamp," which was heavily timbered. The Ohio River flows along its border a dis- tance of 436 miles in a navigable stream. Ohio was formerly a part of the vast region claimed by France, lying between the Alleghany and the Rocky Mountains, that bore the general name of Louisiana. The region was first visited by whit'^ men in 1673, when Father Marquette, a French missionary, accompanied by M. Joliet, of Quebec, with five boatmen, set out from Mackinaw to penetrate the unex- plored region south of that station of the Jesuit missions in the wilderness. They had heard of the Mississippi River and sought it. In two canoes they reached the Wisconsin River by way of Green Bay and the Fox River. They floated down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, and went down that mighty THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. 175 stream to the mouth of the Arkansas River, whence they returned to tell of their great .discoveries. In this exploration they entered the mouth of the Ohio River, and learned something of its vast length and the region it passed through. Marquette's account caused other explorations in the region of the Mis- sissippi to be undertaken. Robert Cavalier La Salle, a Jesuit priest in his earlier years, was an ardent adventurer at Montreal, in Canada, at the middle of the 17th century. He engaged in trade with the Indians along the St, Lawrence and the shores of Lake Ontario. Inspired by Marquette's adven- KDWARD TIFFIN, FIRST GOVERNOR OF OHIO. tures, he conceived a grand scheme of exploration and trafific westward, with a few companions. He was authorized to build forts, and was given the monopoly of the trade in buffalo skins for five years. He first established a trading-post at the mouth of the Niagara River. In the summer of 1679 he built a vessel near the site of the city of Buffalo, and, with other adventurers and servants, went in her through the chain of great lakes to Green Bay, in the north-western part of Lake Michigan, whence he sent the vessel back, laden with furs, and made the rest of their voyages in canoes. La Salle and his companions penetrated to the Mississippi River, voyaged to its mouth, and there, on the shore of the Gulf of Mexico, they erected a cross, placed on it the arms of France, and proclaimed the whole Valley of 1/6 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. the Mississippi and the region of its tributaries a part of the dominion of France. La Salle called the whole vast domain Louisiana, in hpnor of his King, Louis XIV. of France. The charters granted to English adventurers on the Atlantic coasts covered the domain westward between the Alleghany Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. This produced conflicting claims of the French and English. The former claimed the whole region north-west of the Ohio River, as a part of Louisiana. The French erected forts on the Mississippi, the Illinois and the Miami, or Maumee, rivers, and on the lakes. In 1748 the "Ohio Land Company," of English-speaking people, was chartered, chiefly to counteract and check the encroachments of the French. The latter at once began the erection of a chain of forts in the rear of the English settlements that were forming. This brought on the conflict known as the French and Indian War. Previous to the breaking out of that conflict, the English had built (1749) a fortified trading-post on the Miami River, at the mouth of Laramie Creek in (present) Shelby county, Ohio. This creek was so called in compliment to Laramie, an enterprising French trader, who erected a trading station there a few years before. He was a bitter foe of the English, and incited the barbarians against them. The settlement at this post was named " Pickawillany," and was the first settlement by Britons within the present domain of the State of Ohio. It was destroyed by some French- men and Indians within a year or so after it was established. At about the same time Celeron, an accomplished French commander, with a few regular soldiers, some Canadians and Indians, was sent to take possession of the whole Ohio country for the French King. He was provided with leaden tablets, properly inscribed, to bury at different places as evidence of pre-occupation. The expedition left Montreal at the middle of June, 1749, crossed Lake Ontario, and, making a portage at Niagara Falls, coasted along the south shore of Lake Erie, and made an overland journey to the waters of the Alleghany River. They went down the Ohio in canoes to the mouth of the Great Miami, below Cincinnati, proclaiming French sovereignty and burying six leaden plates. Thence they made an overland journey to Lake Erie. In these efforts to secure territorial dominion no heed was given to the more rightful claim of the natives to the soil. A Delaware chief said : " The French claim all the land on one side of the river, and the English claim all the land on the other side of the river. Where is the Indians' land ? " ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. ijj After the Revolution disputes arose between several States as to their respective rights to lands north-west of the Ohio. These disputes were set- tled by the cession of the territory to the United States by the respective States, Virginia reserving 3,709,848 acres near the rapids of the Ohio, and Connecticut reserving a tract of 3,666,921 acres near Lake Erie, known as the " Western Reserve." The fine city of Cleveland is within the domain of the "Western Reserve." That tract was ceded to the United States in 1801. These ceded lands were erected into a Territory in 1787. The National Congress was in session, while the Convention that framed the Constitution of the United States was in session at Philadelphia. The former had assem- bled at New York. In July a committee, of which Nathan Dane of Massa- chusetts was chairman, reported -'An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States north-west of the Ohio." This territory was limited to the ceded lands in that region. The report, embodied in a bill, contained a special proviso, which struck a fatal blow at the unjust British law of primogeniture. It provided that the estates of all persons dying within the territor)- should be equally divided among all the children or next of kin in equal degree. It also provided and declared that " there shall be neither slavery or involuntary servitude in the said territory otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This ordinance was adopted after adding a clause relative to the reclama- tion of " fugitives from labor " — in other words, slaves — similar to that which was incorporated into the National Constitution a few weeks afterwards. This making the region a free-labor territory, arid the fact that Indian titles to seventeen million acres of land in that country had lately been extin- guished by treaty with several tribes of barbarians, caused a sudden and great influx of settlers into the country along the northern banks of the Ohio. The " North-western Territory " so established included the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. It is estimated that within a year after the passage of that ordinance and the organization of the Territory fully 20,000 men, women and children passed down the Ohio River to become settlers upon its banks. The first permanent settlement in Ohio was made in 1788. General Rufus Putnam, of the Continental army, and General Benjamin Tupper formed a plan for a company of soldiers of the Revolution to undertake the task of founding a settlement on the Ohio River. Delegates from several 1/8 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: counties in Massachusetts responded to a call to consider the matter. They formed the " Ohio Com^ ny," composed of men like Generals Putnam, Varnum, Tupper, Parsons, Meigs and others whom Americans delight to honor. They purchased a large tract of land from the Government, and in the spring of 1787 General Putnam and a company of forty-eight men, women and children seated themselves near the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers athwart the great war-path of the five north-western tribes when they made their bloody incursions to the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania. A fort was then in course of erection there, which was named Fort Harmer. They named the settlement Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette, Queen of King Louis XVL of France. This was the seed from which the great State of Ohio sprang. It was composed of the choice materials of New England society. At one time — in the year 1789 — there were no less than ten of the settlers there who had received a college education In the same year when Marietta was founded, John Cleves Symmes, who had been Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, and a member of the Continental Congress, in behalf of himself and associates, contracted with the Board of Treasury for the purchase of a large tract of land on the north side of the Ohio River, between the Great and Little Miami Rivers; and in November, 1788, the first settlers on that tract seated themselves near the mouth of the Little Miami, five miles above the site of Cincinnati, where Fort Washington was built soon afterwards. These settlements were an- noyed by the Indians (who were incited by the British, who were yet occupy- ing the fort at Detroit) until after the victories of Wayne, in 1794, and the treaty at Greenville the next year. General Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor of the Territory, Winthrop Sergeant Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, James M. Varnum and John Cleves Symmes, Judges. The Territory of Ohio had been erected soon after the settlement at Marietta, but there was no fixed seat of government for some time. In 1795 the Governor and Judges, who constituted the Supreme Court of the Territory, undertook to revise the laws and to establish a system of statutory jurisprudence by adaptations from the laws of the original States. For this purpose they met at Cincinnati. A General Court was fixed there and at Marietta. Laws were passed whenever needed, and were promulgated at any place where the Territorial Legislature after the organization of that body happened to be assembled. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 179 The first meeting of the Territorial Legislature was organized on Sep- tember 24, 1799, when they were addressed by Governor St. Clair. The Territory was then entitled to a change in the form of its Government, under the provisions of the ordinance of 1787, which provided that when there were five thousand free males of full age in the Territory, the people should be authorized to send a representative to a Territorial Legislature. The laws enacted by the Governor and Judges, the validity of which had been ques- tioned, were ratified. William Henry Harrison, afterwards President of the United States (who was a son-in-law of Judge Symmes), and was then Secretary of the Territory, was elected a delegate to Congress. A short time after the adjournment of this session of the Legislature, Connecticut ceded the Western Reserve to the United States. On the first of November, 1802, a Territorial Convention assembled at Chillicothe and framed a State Constitution, which was ratified on the 29th. It was never referred to the people for consideration, but became the funda- mental law of the land by the act of the Convention. By this act Ohio became one of the States of the Republic, on equality with the others. Edward Tiffin was made the first Governor of Ohio, in 1803, and served until 1807. The first General Assembly under the State Constitution met at Chilli- cothe, on the Scioto River, on April i, 1803. That place remained the seat of government until 18 10, when it was removed to Zanesville. In 18 16 Columbus became the capital of the State and so remains. During the second war for independence Ohio was the theatre of many stirring military events, the most prominent of which were the seige of Fort Meigs and the defense of Fort Stephenson at Sandusky, now Fremont. The famous naval battle on Lake Erie, in which Perry gained a decisive victory, was fought in sight of the shores of Ohio. Her citizens were participants in about all the struggles in the north-west at that time. Some of the southern counties of Ohio suffered from the raids of guerillas during the Civil War. Her sons volunteered to assist in the salva- tion of the Republic with great alacrity. That Commonwealth furnished to the National army during the war 317,133 soldiers. At the kindling of the Civil War, Ohio had a population of 2,300,000. It had been settled chiefly by New England people, and public sentiment was decidedly in favor of the freedom of the slaves. Its Governor (Dennison) was an avowed anti-slavery man. In his message to the Legislature, in i8o THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. January, 1861, he explained his refusal to surrender fugitive slaves from Kentucky and Tennessee; denied the right of Secession; afitirmed the loyalty of his State ; suggested the repeal of the Fugitive Slave law, as the most effectual way of effecting the repeal of the Personal Liberty acts, and called for the repeal of the laws of the Southern States which interfered with the rights of the citizens of the free-labor States. The Legislature was in accord with the Governor, and pledged " the entire power and resources of the State for a strict maintenance of the Constitution and laws of the General Govern- ment, by whomsoever administered." These promises and pledges were ful- filled to the utmost. Ohio is famous alike for its agricultural and manufactured products. Besides its immense cereal crops, it raises a vast number of cattle, sheep, and swine. In 1880 it had 1,860,000 cattle, 492,400 sheep, and 3,142, 000 swine. There were 20,699 manufactories in the State in 1880, employing about $189, 000,000 invested capital, and yielding an annual product of the value of $348,298,390. The assessed valuation of the property of the State, real and personal, was $1,525,445,000. It had, in 1882, within its boundaries, 6664 miles of rail- roads in operation, which cost, with equipments, $610,728,103. The Com- monwealth ranks second in railroad mileage. Ohio makes ample provision for the education of its children. In 1880 there were enrolled in its public schools 752,442 children, and an average daily attendance of 495,000. The State expended that year for public instruction $7,707,630. Normal schools, academies and seminaries abound, and in nearly all the larger cities there are commercial colleges. There were thirty-five universities and colleges in the State, with 5,694 pupils. Ohio is an Indian word signifying " Beautiful River." It is nicknamed " The Buckeye State," so called from the buckeye tree, which bears a nut resembling the horse-chestnut. m (1699.) Louisiana is one of the " Gulf States/" rynxg- whoWy in the Mississippi Valley, between latitude 28° 56' and 33° north, and longitude 89°and 94° west. It embraces, an area of 48,728 square miles, and in 1880 the number of its inhabitants was 939,946. Of these 484,992 (a trifle more than one-half) were colored, including 848. Indians and 489 Chinese. The entire surface of Louisiana is flat, the summits of its highest land' not exceeding 250 feet above the Gulf in altitude. The southern portion, including the Mississippi delta, and embracing nearly 8,500 square miles,, presents very extensive marshes, and its coast is deeply indented by estuaries, bays and sounds. The southern portion is always subject to overflow when the riv^ers are full. The country is slightly rolling in the northern part, ex- cepting in the north-west, where there are extensive marshes in the region^ of the Red River and its tributaries. The alluvial portions of the delta are. very fertile. The State of Louisiana is bounded on the north and east by Arkansas, and Mississippi. On its western border is Texas, and its southern and south- eastern shores are washed by the Gulf of Mexico and its swamps and bays. Its estuaries are called bayous, some of the larger ones being mouths or out- lets of the great river. The soil of Louisiana was first trodden by Europeans when, in 1541, De Soto and his followers, proceeding westward from Florida in search of gold, came to the Mississippi, crossed it, and penetrated to the outlying eastern spurs of the Rocky Mountans. In 1673, Father Marquette, a Jesuit mission- ary and explorer, came down the Mississippi from the region of the Great Lakes, and discovered the upper portion of the present State of Louisiana,, but did not plant the seeds of a colony. (See 0/iw.) Late in December, 168 1, Robert Cavelier de la Salle, an eaexgetic French: 182 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: adventurer, after coasting along the southern shores of Lake Michigan in canoes, with other adventurers and servants, entered the Chicago River, crossed by portage to the IlHnois River, descended to the Mississippi, and went down that great stream to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. He named the mighty stream " Riviere Colbert," in compliment to the great minister of Louis XIV., who had encouraged his schemes in America, and was really his patron. Henri di Tonti, an active Italian, was La Salle's lieutenant in this expe- dition. After the three debouching channels of the Mississippi had been •explored, the whole company assembled at an elevated sand dune near the WILLIAM C. C. CLAIRBORNE, FIRST GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA. 'Gulf, and there erected a cross, upon which they affixed the arms of France •and this inscription : " Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, April 9, 1682." Then a leaden plate, with a Latin inscription affirming the discovery, was buried near, when La Salle, with uplifted sword, proclaimed the whole Valley of the Mississippi, and the region of its tributary waters, a part of the French dominions. He named the vast region Louisiana, in honor of his sovereign, Louis XVI, The imposing ceremony of taking possession of the newly discovered country was concluded by the signing of tx proces verbal, or official report of the affair, by the leader and his companions, in the following order : La Materie (notary), De la Salle, P. Zenobe (Recollet missionary), Henri ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 183 di Tonti, Francois de Bous-voudet, Jean Bourdon, Sieur d'Autray, Jacques Cauclois, Pierre You, Giles Meneret, Jean Michel (surgeon), Jean Mas, Jean Duglignon, Nicholas de la Salle. So was planted the first germ of French empire in that region, which sprang up and flourished in the i8th century. The next year La Salle returned to Quebec, leaving Di Tonti in com- mand in the western wilderness, with directions to meet him at the mouth of the Mississippi the following year. He went to France, laid before the Court a proposition for the settlement of Louisiana, and the conquest from the Spaniards of the rich mining country in northern Mexico, of which he had heard. He received authority for such adventures, and he was made commandant of the vast territory from the present State of Illinois to Mexico, and westward indefinitely. On August I, 1684, La Salle sailed from France with 280 persons of in- different character, in four ships. They touched at Santa Domingo, entered the Gulf of Mexico, and, in consequence of a miscalculation of the incom- petent navigator, they passed the mouths of the Mississippi without knowing it. They finally landed in Matagorda Bay, where their storeship was wrecked. The navigator, pleading a lack of provisions, deserted La Salle, leaving him only one small vessel. There La Salle determined to plant his colony, but the natives were hostile. Murder and sickness reduced the party to forty at the end of a year. La Salle set out for the Illinois country in 1688, and was murdered. The rest of the emigrants were massacred or made prisoners by Spaniards sent from Mexico to drive out the French. In 1698 Pierre Le Moyne Iberville, a native of Montreal, was sent from France with two vessels and a number of men, women and children, to occupy the region at the mouth of the Mississippi river. There he received from the Indians a letter left by Di Tonti in 1686 for La Salle. He built a fort which he named Biloxi, garrisoned it, seated his colony (1699), made his brother, Bienville, Lieutenant-governor, and returned to France. He came back afterwards twice. At his last visit he found the colony reduced by sickness, and transferred it to Mobile, and so began the colonization of Alabama. The French Government, desirous of promoting settlement in the region •discovered by La Salle, officially gave it the name of Louisiana, and in 171 2 granted the whole province, with a monopoly of trade, to Anthony Crozat, a wealthy French merchant, who expect.ed large profits from mines and trade i84 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: with Mexico, He was bound to send goods and emigrants to Louisiana every year, and was allowed $10,000 annually from the French public treasury for civil and military establishments. Crozat established trading-houses at several points ; but finding small returns for great outlays, he abandoned the enterprise in 1717. Governor Bienville having resumed control of the country, prepared to found a town on the Lower Mississippi. He sent a party of convicts from Fort Biloxi to clear up a swamp on the site of New Orleans, in 171 8. When Charleroix visited it in 1722, the germ of the future city consisted of a large wooden warehouse, a shed for a church, two or three very ordinary houses, a quantity of huts, and 200 inhabitants. Bienville, believing that it would " at no distant day become an opulent city, the metropolis of a great and rich colony," removed the seat of government to this spot in 1723. Other speculators succeeded Crozat in Louisiana. John Law, a Scotch financial adventurer, had established a bank at Paris, by royal authority, that had a financial association with the Government. It was the immediate cause of the elevation of the Government credit and of general prosperity. Law was hailed as a public benefactor. He soon promulgated a scheme of colo- nization and trade for the purpose of drawing great profits from the French possessions in America. An association was formed called "the West India Company," with a capital of 100,000,000 livres. It was invested with a mon- opoly of trade with Canada and sovereign rights over the territory of Louisiana, which was to be colonized on a vast scale. In 1719 a royal edict conferred upon the association a monoply of the East Indian and African trade, which now absorbed the F'rench East India Company and took the name of "The Company of the Indies." Its capital was augmented, and it undertook to pay the French national debt by loaning^ money to the King at three per cent. The Company undertook to send 600 white settlers and half as many- negroes to Louisiana, but failed to carry out the scheme. Law finally in- duced 1,500 German emigrants to settle on a tract twelve miles square on the Arkansas River. Not long after their arrival, the great bubble of specu- lation burst (1720), causing the ruin of thousands who had invested money in the enterprise. The Germans in Louisiana went down to the inchoate city planted by Bienville, which was named New Orleans, received allotments of land on each side of the Mississippi, and settled there on cottage farms, rais- ing vegetables for the supply of the growing town and the soldiers. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 185 "The Company of the Indies" remained in existence for ten years after the crash in 1720, when it surrendered its grant to the Crown, by whom the colony was managed until 1762, when the whole province was secretly ceded to Spain by France. Louisiana passed into the possession of Spain late in 1764. It was restored to France by a secret treaty in the year 1800. This retrocession to France was effected by Napoleon Bonaparte, who, when he became First Consul, or supreme ruler of France, ardently desired to re-establish the colonial empire of his country. At this juncture a combi- nation of circumstances led to the purchase of the vast domain of Louisiana by the United States of America. The settlers of the country west of the Alleghany Mountains had been much disturbed, for some time, by apprehensions that the Spanish possession of Louisiana might restrict the free navigation of the Mississippi River, and so obstruct their commerce with the outside world, which the people of the future commonwealths of the Great Valley might desire to enjoy. Their apprehension was justified by the violation of a treaty made with Spain by the Governor of Louisana, who, in 1795, closed the port of New Orleans against the commerce of the Republic. This act produced intense excitement, in the Western country espec- ially. There was a proposition before Congress for forcibly taking possession of the Louisiana region, when it was rumored that by a secret treaty Spain had retroceded that domain to France. President Jefferson, ever alive to the interests, independence and power of his country, wrote an able letter to Robert R. Livingston, then the American minister at the Court of the First •Consul, instructing him to represent to Bonaparte that the occupation of New Orleans by France would endanger the friendly relations between the two nations, and perhaps even compel the United States to make common cause with Great Britain. Livingston was instructed to insist upon the free navigation of the Mississippi, and to open negotiations, if possible, for the acquisition of New Orleans and surrounding territory by the United States. Bonaparte, who had failed in his efforts to reduce Santa Domingo to submission, saw that the tenure by which he held Louisiana was feeble, and he promptly determined that what he could not defend he had better dispose of. He summoned two of his ministers on April 10, 1803, to whom he said that the English, having despoiled France of all her northern possessions in America, would now covet those in the South. He spoke of the strong- British naval force then in the Gulf of Mexico, said affairs with Santa i86 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: Domingo were daily getting worse, and that the EngHsh might easily conquer Louisiana. " I am not sure," said Bonaparte, "that they have not already begun an attack upon it. Such a measure would be in accordance with their habits, and in their place I should not wait. I am inclined, in order to deprive them of all prospect of ever possessing it, to cede it to the United States. Indeed I can hardly say that I cede it, for I do not yet possess it ; and if I wait but a short time, my enemies may leave me nothing but an empty title to grant to the Republic I wish to conciliate. They only ask for the city of New Orleans, but I consider the whole colony as lost ; and I believe that, in the hands of this rising power, it will be more useful to the political, and even the commercial interests of France, than if I should attempt to retain it." Bonaparte asked the opinion of the two ministers. They did not agree. The next day he sent for Marbois (one of them), who approved of the pro- posed cession, and said : " The season for deliberation is over. I have determined to renounce Louisiana." The negotiations began on that day by Mr. Livingston and Mr. Monroe with representatives of the First Consul. The treaty was signed on April 30, 1803. The vast domain of Louisiana was ceded to the United States for the sum of $15,000,000, and it was agreed that the vessels and merchandise of France and Spain should be admitted into all its ports free of duty for twelve years. " By this cession of territory," said Napoleon to Mr. Livingston, " I have secured the power of the United States, and given to England a maritime rival who, at some future time, will humble her pride." The American flag was first raised in Louisiana in December, 1803. The next year the territory was divided into two governments, namely — the " Territory of Orleans," and the " District of Louisiana." In February, 181 1, Congress authorized the inhabitants of the former Territory to meet in con- vention and frame a State Constitution. It was done, and on April 8,, 1812, the Territory was admitted into the Union as the State of Louisiana- William C. C. Clairborne was elected its first Governor in 1812, and served until 1816. On April 14, 181 2, Congress, by act, took possession of a region east of the Mississippi which it had acquired the year before, and which now forms a part of the Commonwealth of Louisiana, and added it to the new State.. ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 187 By another act, on June 4, the " District of Louisiana " had its title altered to " District of Missouri." In the war of 18 12-15 Louisiana bore a pretty heavy share of the burden. On its soil was fought the last great battle of that war. The State was. invaded by a powerful British land and naval force in the last month of 18 14., The enemy appeared in the Gulf of Mexico with fifty vessels of war of all sizes, and first came in sight of the coast a little east of Lake Borgne.. Believing their expedition to be unknown to the people of Louisiana, they came in buoyant spirits. But they had been seen by a buccaneer of the Gulf,, who revealed their approach to the Americans. New Orleans was thrown into a panic. General Jackson, who was at Mobile, was sent for in great, haste. He came, proclaimed martial law, and prepared for the defense of: the city. The British scattered a flotilla of American gunboats oa Lake Borgne,, and landed several thousand troops some miles below New Orleans, where. Jackson boldly attacked them on the night of December 23. Reinforced, the. British pressed forward, and on January 8, 181 5,. a very severe battle was, fought on the plains of Chalmette, four or five miles below the city, by troops. led by General Pakenham, one of Wellington's veterans, and Americans, largely composed of volunteers from Kentucky and Tennessee under Gen- eral Jackson, who had hastily cast up a line of entrenchments. The British: were repulsed and driven to their ships, and New Orleans and the State of. Louisiana were saved. New Constitutions for the State of Louisiana were framed in 1845 ^^id 1852. The people of the State were disposed to regard the Secession move- ments with disfavor, but the leading politicians favored them, and soon had control of public affairs. Soon after the election of Mr. Lincoln, the Gov- ernor called a special session of the Legislature at Baton Rouge, on Decem- ber 10, i860. In that body the Union sentiment was powerful, yet not sufficiently so to arrest the mischief that menaced the Cammonw^ealth with, disaster. An effort was made to submit the question of " Convention " or. " No Convention " to the people, but failed, and an election of delegates to a. Convention to be held on January 8, was ordered. At that election the popu- lar vote was small, but it was of such a complexion that the Secessionists, were hopeful. The Convention met at Baton Rouge on January 23, 1861. The Legis- lature had convened there on the 21st. The number of the delesfates in the. 188 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: 'Convention was 130. Governor A. Mouton was chosen President. Commis- sioners from South Carolina and Alabama were there, and were invited to •seats in that body. They accepted, and made violent speeches in favor of Secession. A committee of fifteen was appointed to draft an ordinance of Secession. It was reported on the 24th and was adopted on the 26th by a vote of 113 against 17. Though Louisiana had been purchased by the United States less than sixty years before, that Convention declared that the State " reserved the Tights and powers heretofore delegated to the Government of the United •state of America," its creator. The President of the Convention, at the con- . elusion of the ballotting, said: " In virtue of the vote just announced, I now •declare the connection between the State of Louisiana and the Federal Union dissolved, and she is a free, sovereign and independent power." No State in the Union was more dependent on that Union for its perma- Tient growth in population and wealth than Louisiana, The device on its ■seal was a pelican brooding over its young, emblematical of the fostering :care of the National Government. The Convention, by a decided majority, refused to submit tlie ordinance of Secession to the people for consideration. The State authorities proceeded to seize the property of the National Gov- ^ernment within the borders of Louisiana. In the war that ensued Louisiana became the theatre of very stirring 'events. In the spring of 1862 a military and naval armament, commanded ?respectively by General B. F. Butler and Commodore Farragut, ascended tthe Mississippi from the Gulf, and took possession of New Orleans and of a portion of the State. The demand for troops made upon the State by the 'Confederate Government was responded to with alacrity, but the control of the navigation of the great river by the National Government kept the whole State in subjection. In December, 1862, the first election for Union civil officers was held. j\n election for State officers was held in 1864, when Michael Hahn was chosen Governor, and invested with the powers of military Governor. On the ratification of the Thirteenth amendment to the National Constitution, Louisiana was regarded as a re-organized State, and it soon resumed its place in the Union. The two most valuable agricultural resources of Louisiana are cotton and sugar. In 1 880 the value of the cotton productions was $20,000,000. It produced in that year about 175,000 hogsheads of sugar and 12,000,000 gal- ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 189 Ions of molasses. It is not largely engaged in manufactures. New Orleans had, in 1880, over 900 manufacturing establishments, which produced articles valued at $19,000,000. The assessed valuation of taxable property in the State was $160,162,439. It contained 1231 miles of railways in operation, which cost about $45,000,000. The number of children of school age in the State in 1880 was 273, 845, of whom only 64,440 were enrolled in the public schools. Of this number about one half were colored. The whole amount expended for public schools that year was $455,758. There were over 300 private schools and eight colleges. New Orleans is the commercial metropolis of the State. It contained 216,000 in 1880. Baton Rouge, its political capital, contained 7,200 inhabi- tants. Louisiana is called " The Creole State." (1730.) Indiana is one of the most flourishing of the Central States of the Union, and in 1880 ranked sixth among the States in population, and sixth in the value of its agri- cultural productions. Its population then was 1,978,301, of whom 39,503 were colored, including 246 Indians and a few Chinese. It lies between latitude 37° 46' and 41° 46' north, and 84° 49' and 88° 2' west, and embraces an area of 36,350 square miles. The State of Michigan and the southern end of Lake Michigan form its northern border. On the east is Ohio, on the west Illinois, and on the south-east and south is Kentucky, from which it is separated by the Ohio River. The topography of Indiana is peculiar. There are no mountains in the State, and no hills of considerable height excepting those known as " river hills." These have been formed by the erosion of rivers which drain the: State, that have, in the course of ages, furrowed valleys of considerable depth and much broader than their present channels. The sloping bounds of" these valleys are given the appearance of hills varying from two hundred to four or five hundred feet above the valleys. Some of the river hills along the Wabash Valley reach an altitude of 600 feet. These river hills are broken and rugged. There is a large area of prairie land in the State. Indiana was first trodden by Europeans in the persons of French mis- sionaries and traders. They established Christian missionary stations on the shores of the great Lakes, from the eastern end of Lake Ontario to Lake: Superior. They carried the Cross and the lilies of France far into the wilder- ness south of the Lakes and down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico (see Louisiana), making thousands of converts, and friends of the dusky barba- rians. They planted seeds of civilization here and there ; and the discoveries, of their priests and traders gave to France a claim to a magnificent domain, of millions of square miles in extent. This was accomplished before the close. THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST. igr of the 17th century. Indiana formed a part of this domain, and the French had missionary stations and trading posts within its borders so early as the year 1700. The first and most considerable of these religious and commercial sta- tions in Indiana was planted in Vincennes, on the Wabash, in present Knox county. There a small colony of Canadians were seated in 1702. It is. believed that the first white settlers there were French soldiers, who, by in- termarriages with the Indians, lost many of their civilized habits. But little is known of the country until the English seized the French domains in' America, and became permanent owners by the treaty of 1763. During the old war for independence the French settlers in that region: JONATHAN JENNINGS, FIRST GOVERNOR OF INDIANA. were bitterly hostile to the English. The latter built a strong fort at Vin- cennes, where some stirring events occurred in the year 1779. The year before. Major George Rogers Clarke, a Virginian, who first appeared in Ken- tucky in 1772 as a land surveyor, led an expedition against the British frontier posts north of the Ohio. He captured that at Vincennes in August, and left a small garrison there. Clarke was trying to make peace with the Indian tribes in the north- west, who were continually incited to war with the settlers by the British, and he hoped to accomplish much by the possession of the strong post of Vincennes. In January, 1779, British troops from Detroit retook Vincennes:. Clarke, at a post in Illinois, started immediately with 175 men to recover, it^ They penetrated the dark wilderness, and for an entire week they traversed 192 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: the " drowned lands," suffering every privation from wet, cold and hunger. They sometimes waded the cold snow-flood arm-pit deep in the forest, and arrived in sight of Vincennes on the morning of February i8. The troops blackened their faces with gunpowder, to make themselves appear hideous, crossed the river in a boat, and pushed toward the little town. The garrison and the people were astounded at this apparition. It seemed as if the intruders must have dropped from the clouds. The garrison surrendered without opposition, and before noon the American flag was seen waving over the fort. Indiana formed a part of the north-western territory. (See Ohio}) Soon after the settlements were made in Ohio, several military expeditions were sent into that region. In 1790 General Harrison destroyed the Indian towns near the site of the (present) city of Fort Wayne; and in May, 1791, Gen- eral Charles Scott led a force from Kentucky, which laid waste Indian villages on the Wabash and Eel rivers. The treaty at Greenville, in 1795, completed the pacification of the Indians on the north-west, and the settlers from the East began to seat themselves in Indiana. In the year 1800, the "Western Reserve" (see OJiio) in north-eastern Ohio having been sold to a company of speculators, measures were taken to extinguish certain claims on the part of the United States and the State of Connecticut. Fully 1000 settlers were already on the " Reserve." Congress passed an Act (April 28, 1800) authorizing the issue of letters-patent convey- ing the title of these lands to the Governor of Connecticut for the benefit of those claiming under him, and similar letters-patent were issued by Connec- ticut, relinquishing all jurisdiction. The "Reserve" was annexed to the North-west Territory, which was presently divided by Act of Congress (May 7) into two separate jurisdictions, the western one being called " the Terri- tory of Indiana," after one of the old Revolutionary Land Companies. On July 4, 1800, the Territorial Government of Indiana was organized at Vincennes (which was made its capital), with William Henry Harrison as Governor. It then included Michigan and Illinois. The former was set off in 1805, and the latter in 1809, when Indiana was reduced to its present dimensions. At that time its population was about 24,000. In 1803 a movement was made in Congress, at the instance of the settlers in Indiana, for suspending for a limited term, in the case of that Territory, the provisions of the ordinance of 1787 (see Ohio), prohibiting slavery north- west of the Ohio River. A committee, of which John Randolph, of Vir- I ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 193. ginia, was chairman, reported strongly against the propositions. They ex- pressed a belief that in " the salutary operation of this salutary and sagacious restraint [of the ordinance] the inhabitants of Indiana would, at no distant day, find ample remuneration for a temporary privation of labor and immigration." The subject was brought up the next year and referred to a new committee, who reported in favor of such suspension, so as to admit, for ten years, the introduction of slaves born within the territory of the United States, their descendants to be free, males at the age of twenty-five years, and females at twenty-one years. No action was had, and Indiana was spared the infliction. Other unsuccessful efforts were made to introduce the slave-labor system. In the spring of 1810, Tecumtha, a crafty, intrepid, unscrupulous and cruel Shawnoe chief, attempted to form a confederacy of all Indian tribes of the north-west in war against the people of the United States. His brother, " the Prophet," was his wily accomplice. During the ensuing summer the frontier settlers became so alarmed by the frequent religious and military ex- ercises of the barbarians, that General Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, invited the brothers to a council at Vincennes. Tecumtha ap- peared on August 12, leaving a body of his warriors in camp in a grove near by. Accompanied by thirty of his followers, Tecumtha approached. He was invited to come under the broad porch of the Governor's residence, but refused, saying: " Houses were built for you to hold councils in ; Indians hold them in the open air." He then took a position under some trees in front of the house, and addressed the large concourse of people with great force and eloquence. When one of the Governor's aides offered him a chair, saying, "Your father requests you to take a seat by his side," the haughty chief drew his mantle around him, and standing erect, said, with scornful tones: "My father! The Sun is my father, and the Earth is my mother on her bosom I will repose! " and then seated himself upon the ground. Tecumtha's speeches at the council were bold, arrogant, and sometimes insolent. He avowed the purpose of his brother and himself to establish a confederacy of the tribes, and his general bearing was one of hostility. The people were alarmed. No one slept tha. night. In the morning Tecumtha apologized for some of his words of anger, and he and Harrison, equal in courage, ended the council in an apparently friendly manner. 194 THE GREAT REPUBLIC OF THE WEST: The next spring (1811) the Indians, encouraged by the teachings of the Prophet, began to roam over the country in small marauding parties, plunder- ing the settlers of horses, cattle and other property, and creating universal alarm. This annoyance continued all summer, and, growing worse, General Harrison resolved to put an end to these depredations. Early in the fall the Governor obtained from the General Government an increase of military strength. Near the present town of Terre Haute he built a stockaded fort. He mobilized the militia of the Territory, and he decided that measures must be taken at once to measure strength with the Prophet, who was evidently preparing for war. With about 1000 men; regulars and militia, the Governor moved in the direction of the Prophet's town. To him the Governor sent friendly chiefs on a mission, who were treated with scorn. The troops now pressed forwards, and on November 6, 181 1, they en- camped near Tippecanoe creek, within three miles of the Prophet's seat. These movements had been watched by vigilant barbarian scouts. The camp was arranged so as to meet a sudden attack at any point, with wagons and baggage in the centre. Early in the evening the wearied soldiers were soundly slumbering, excepting many vigilant sentinels. In the camp of the Prophet none slumbered. After midnight his war- riors crept stealthily through the prairie grass undiscovered, and with horrid yells fell upon Harrison's camp, which was soon in arms and their fires extinguished. It was half a surprise. A desperate fight ensued. Nineteen- twentieths of the militia had never seen a battle. The struggle lasted until daylight, when the barbarians were dispersed by the mounted men of the Governor's force, leaving forty of their number dead on the field. The horsemen rode to the Prophet's town and found it deserted. It was laid in ashes, and then the little army, with its wounded, fell back to Vincennes. Sixty of its number had been killed, and twice as many wounded. Then he devastated the Indian country around. This little campaign effectually checked the alarmed invaders; inspired them with wholesome respect for the power of the frontier settlers; secured peace for a while, and gave Governor Harrison a decided military reputation. When, in 1840, he was a candidate for the Presidency of the United States, with John Tyler, of Virginia, for Vice-president, one of the most popular campaign songs had the couplet: " Tippecanoe And Tyler too." ITS STATES AND TERRITORIES. 195 During the war of 1812-15, that broke out soon afterwards, the Indians in the north-west generally joined the British. They massacred a large portion of the garrison of Fort Dearborn, at Chicago. But they were terribly punished by the devastation of their country. Tecumtha, who was commissioned a Brigadier-General in the British army, was slain at the battle of the Thames, in Canada, at which General Harrison commanded the Americans. After the close of that war the Indians remained quiet, and formed friendly relations with the frontier settlers. On the 29th of June, 18 16, the people of Indiana, in Convention assem- bled, adopted a State Constitution; and on the nth of December the same year the Territory was admitted as an independent State of the Union, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen its first Governor for the term of three years. The new State grew rapidly in wealth and population. In 1820 Indianapolis (then just laid out) became the seat of government, and in 1824 it was made the State capital. It is near the centre of the State, on the west fork of the White River. It was incorporated a city in 1836. It contained 76,000 inhabitants in 1880. So rapidly did immigration pour into Indiana, as one of the consequences •of the completion of the Erie cana by the State of New York, that more than 3,500,000 acres of land were purchased from the United States Govern- ment within the State during the ten years ending in 1830. Then began an era of wild speculation there. Vast internal improvements were begun. When the terrible collapse of the credit system occurred in 1837 there was general bankruptcy, and the State was burdened with a debt of over $'14,000,