'i^m^ ABSTRACT OF THE Elements of U. 8. History, ARRANGED IN TABULAR FORM 3 I BY H, C. SYMONBS "4l> (west point) . '•''•^''^01889' NEW YORK: D. VAN NOSTRAND CO. Copyright 1&88. 1889, by H. C. SYMONCS. V. r-^ ,*u t^. ^\% \ Press of J. J. Little & Co., A&tor Place, New York. PREFACE. These Tables embody all the essential facts that are found in accepted school text-books. Each one suffi- ciently^ covers a distinct subject and constitutes a rea- sonable lesson for the youngest classes of pupils. Two or three may be readily learned by the more advanced, and but few facts other than herein set out, are re- tained in the memory of those who are most proficient. They present a means of rapid and thorough review by those who are to undergo an examination by Civil Service Commissioners, Academic Board at West Point, Academic Board at Annapolis, Examining Committees for Appointments. H. C. SYMONDS. CONTENTS. 1. II. III. IV. V. VL VII. VIII. IX. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXIL XXXIII. XXXTV. Periods of Modern History. Discoveries by Columbus. Other Spanish Discoveries. Discoveries by the English. " " " French. " " " Dutch and Swedes. Settlement of Virginia. " " New York. ^' " Massachusetts. << ^. j New Hampshire. I Maine. '* " Connecticut. " " Maryland. Rhode Island. Delaware. N. Carolina. " ** New Jersey. " *' S. Carolina. a a Pennsylvania. " '' Georgia. Colonial Governments of 13 Original States. Admitted States, from Vermont to Louisiana. '' " from Indiana to Washington, lodian Wars of 17th Century. Indian Wars of 18th Century. French and Indian War. General Causes of Revolution. Special " " " Campaign of 1775. Political Events of 1775, Events of 1776 through Battle L. I. " after 1777 in Conn., N. J., Pa. 1777 (Burgoyne's inv.). 1778. 1779. IV XXXV. Events of 1780. XXXVI. " " 1781. XXXVII. War of Rev. on Ocean. XXXVIII. Battles of Rev. 1775-1778. XXXIX. " " 1779-1781. XL. Articles of Confederation. XLI. United States Constitution. XLII. Legislative Branch. XLIII. Senate. XLIV. House of Representatives. XLV. Executive Branch. XL VI. Judicial Branch. XLVII. Amendments to Constitution. XL VIII. Seat of Government. XLIX. Important Provisions of Law. L. Administration of George Washington. LI. " " John Adams. LII. " " Thos. Jefferson. LIII. " " James Madison. LIV. Causes and Results of War of 1812-1815. LV. War of 1812-1815 on Land. LVL "_ " *' " Water. LVII. Administration of James Monroe. LVIII. '' " John Q. Adams. LIX. '•' '• Andrew Jackson. LX. " " Martin Van Buren. LXI. " '• Harrison and Tyler. LXII. " " James K. Polk. LXIII. Causes and Results of Mexican War. LXIV. Mexican War on Land. LXV. The Xavy in Mexican War. LXVI. Administration of Zachaiy Taylor. LXVII. " " Millard Fillmore. LXVIII. " '• Franklin Pierce. LXIX. " " James Buchanan. LXX. " " Abraham Lincoln. LXXI. General Causes War of Secession. LXXII. Special LXXIII. Political Events " LXXIV. General Plan of " LXXV. Financial Measures for the War. LXXVI. Taxation for prosecuting the War. LXXVII. Depots of Army Supplies. LXXVIII. Important Engagements of 1861. LXXIX. Naval Operations of 1861. LXXX. Army of Potomac, 1862. LXXXI. Other Operations in Virginia, 1862. LXXXII. Operations from Louisville, 1862. LXXXIII. '' " St. Louis, 1862. LXXXIV. Other Operations in 1862. LXXXV. Operations in Virginia, 1863. LXXXVl. '' from Louisville, 1863. LXXXVn. " around Vicksburg, 1863. LXXXVIII. Other Operations, 1863. LXXXIX. Main Operations in Virginia, 1864. XC. Collateral Operations in Virginia, 1864. XCI. Operations from Chattanooga, 1864. XCII. " " Atlanta, etc., 1864. XCIII. " " Louisiana, Alabama, etc., 1864. XCIV. " " "Carolinas," 1865. XCV. " " Virginia and the West, 1865. XCVI. Confederate Raids, 1861-65. XCVII. Raids by Union Troops, 1861-65. XCVIII. U. S. Navy, War of Secession, 1861-65. XCIX. Confederate Navy. C. Results of War of Secession. CI. Aids to Conduct of the War. CII. Military Prisons of United States. CIII. Administration of Andrew Johnson. CIV. - " U. S. Grant. CV. " " R. B. Hayes. CVI. - " Garfield and Arthur. CVII. Insurrections within LTnited States. CVIII. Indian Wars of I9th Century. CIX. Growth of United States. ex. Administration of Grover Cleveland. CXI. Important Political Facts, 1814-1823. CXIL '' " " 1846-1862. CXIII. Noteworthy Events, 1783-1835. CXIV. " ' " 1835-1842. CXV. '^ *' 1842-1847. CXVI. '' " 1848-1851. CXVII. " •' 1851-1860. CXVIII. - '• 1860-1883. I. — Periods of American History. The Modern History of the United States begins with the discoveries by Columbus or by the Cabots, and is generally treated of under Periods, viz. : 1st. Discovery and Exploration Period, extend- ing from the discovery by Columbus, on October 12th, 1492, at San Salvador, to the establishment of the English Colonies in 1607. 2d. Colonial Period, extending from the settle- ment of Jamestown, Va., in May, 1607, to the Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 1776. 3d. Revolutionary Period, extending from the beginning of insurrectionary^ acts previous to the Revolution, to the close of the Revo- lution by the Treaty of Paris, signed Sep- tember 3d, 1783. 4th. Constitutional Period, extending from the organization of the Government, under the Articles of Confederation, to 5th. Reconstruction Period, extending from the War of Secession, to the present time. II. — Discoveries by Columbus. Columbus, believing the Earth to be. round thoug-ht he could reach luclia by sailmy westward. He sought assistance m pre- paring' an expedition, first from Italy, then from Portugal, and finally obtained it from Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain. 1st. He sailed from Palos, Aug-ust 3d, 1492, and reaching- the island of San Salvador October 12th, 1492, he took possession in the name of Spain. He then sailed south, discovered Cuba and Hayti, and returned to Spain in 1493. 2d. He soon sailed on a second voyag-e, visited Hayti and Jamaica, and founded the Colony of San Domingo. 3d. He made a third voyage in 1498, and dis- covered South America, near the mouth of the Orinoco. 4th. He made a voyage in 1502, hoping to find a strait at Isthmus of Panama. He died May 20th, 1506, and is buried at Havana. III. — other Spanish Discoveries, Following- Columbus, the Spanish sent many expeditions. 1499, under Americus Vesputius, to South America. 1510, a Colony was planted on the Isthmus of Darien. 1512, under Ponce de Leon, Florida was explored. 1513, under Balboa, an expedition crossed the Isthmus of Darien and discovered the Pa- cific Ocean. 1517, under Cordova, Yucatan was discovered. 1518, under Grijalva, Mexico was explored. 1519, under Cortez, Mexico was invaded. 1519, under Mag-ellan, expedition sailed through the Straits of Mag-ellan, visited the Lad- rones, Philipine, and Molucca islands, and returned by wa,y of Cape of Good Hope. 1520, under De A^'llon, visited South Carolina. 1521, under Cortez, Mexico was conquered. 1528, under Narvaez, Florida was visited. 1541, under De Soto, Mississippi River was dis- covered. 1541, under Coronado, New Mexico was con- quered. 1542, under Cabrillo, Pacific coast explored to Oregon. 1565, under Melandez, St. Augustine was founded. 1582, under Espejo, Sante Fe was founded. IV. — Discoveries by the English. The discoveries by Columbus created great ex- citement in Europe, and the Engiish soon titted out expeditions, the most important being" that of John and Sebastian Cabot, who sailed in 1497 north of the route by Columbus, and reached Cape Breton, called by them Prima Vista. The3^ made several other voj^ages, extending: their explorations to the south, touching- the coast of New Engiand and g^oing- to Al- bemarle Sound. They took possession of the country for the Crown of Engiand. 1577, Sir Francis Drake sailed to Pacific Ocean, and spent three years in explorations. 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert founded a settle- ment in Newfoundland and explored south- ward. 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh sent two ships, under Amidas and Barlow, to found a Colon^^ at Albemarle Sound. 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold explored the coast from Cape Elizabeth to Cape Cod. V. — Discoveries by the French. The French also sent expeditions for discovery and exploration in the New World. 1506, Deng's explored Gulf of St. Lawrence. 1524, Verazzani explored the coast from Wil- ming-ton, N. C, to Nova Scotia, and called it New Fi-ance. 1534, Cartier explored Gulf St. Lawrence. 1535, Cartier explored the river to Montreal. 1541, Cartier built a fort on the site of Quebec. 1562, Colig'ny established Colony of Huguenots, near Port Royal, S. C. 1565, Hug-uenots made settlement on St. John's river. This was destro3^ed by the Spanish. 1603, DeMonts received g-rant of the territory from Delaware Bay to Cape Breton. 1605, DeMonts and Champlain made a settle- ment at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, and call- ed the country Acadia. 1608, Champlain founded Quebec, and called the country Canada. 1609, he discovered Lakes Huron and Cham- plain. VI. — Discoveries by Dutch and Swedes. 1609, Henry Hudson, an Eng'lishman in the service of Holland, explored the coast, entered New York and sailed up the river, which was named Hudson. 1613, the Dutch W. I. Company established a trading" post on Manhattan Island (New York). 1615, they established one at Fort Orange (Albany) . 1626, they sent out a Governor and claimed political sway over the territory from the Delaware to the Connecticut River. 1638, the Swedes, under the patronage of Gus- tavus Adolphus, sent out a Colony that settled on Christiana Creek, in Delaware. The foreg-oing" embraces properly the persons and places concerned in explorations leading- to any results in America. The Colonies founded during- this period were g-enerally failures and contributed little towards subsequent colonizations. Yll.—Settle't of Virginia 1607 btj English. An Eng-lish Corporation, called the London Company, obtained a g-rant to trade and settle between the 34th and 38th deg-rees of N. Latitude. Captain Newport, with three ships and 105 persons, entered Chesapeake Bay in May, 1607, and founded Jamestown, a colony g-overned under a charter known as the First Charter. Capt. John Smith assumed con- trol of affairs, and procured supplies from Powhatan. 1608, new^ settlers arrived to search for g-old. 1609, Second Charter was g-ranted ; 500 immi- g-rants arrived, and Lord Delaware was made Governor. 1610, Lord Delavvare arrived with men and supplies. 1613, Third Charter g-ranted, g-iving- stock- holders control. 1619, Governor Yeardly established a Colonial Legislature. 1620, Dutch trader broug-ht and sold 20 Africans. 1621, a Written Constitution w^as g-ranted. 1622, an Indian massacre occurred. 1624, Virginia became a Royal Province. 1660, Navig-ation acts were put in force. 1676, Bacon's Rebellion occurred. Ylll.— Settle' t of New York 1613 hy Dutch. 1524, Yerazzani entered New York Harbor. 1G09, Champlain discovered Lake Champlain. 1609, Henry Hudson, in service of Holland, dis- covered and sailed up the Hudson River. 1613, Dutch built a trading- iDost on Manhattan Island. 1615, Dutch built Fort Orang-e, at Albany. 1623, Dutch beg-an settlements on Manhattan Island and along- Hudson River, and claimed the country from the Delaware to the Connecticut. 1626, Peter Minuits was sent out as first Governor, and was follow^ed by Yan T wilier, Kieft, and Peter Stuy vesant, the last Dutch Governor. 1664, Eng-land claimed and held the Country under the discovery of the Cabots, g-ranting- it to the Duke of York. 1673, the Dutch fleet came, re-captured and held it for a brief period. 1674, Duke of York sent out Andros as Governor. 1689, insurrection in favor of King* "William took place. 1691, New York became a Royal Province. 9 IX.— Settlement of 3Iass. 1620 by English. 1630, first permanent settlement in New Eng-- land was at Plymouth by Pilgrims who came in the Mayfloiver. 1628, Puritans under John Endicott settled Salem. 1630, Puritans under John Winthrop settled Boston. 1635, Rog-er Williams was banished from the Colony. 1637, Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Colony. 1643, Union of New England Colonies (Ply- mouth, Mass. Bay, Connecticut and New Haven), was formed for mutual protection against the French, Indians and Dutch. 1660, navigation acts were put in force and crippled the prosperity of the Colony. 16T5, King Philip's Avar began, lasted two years and ended in December, 1676, in the '' Swamp Fight." 1686, James II. abolished the Charter, sent out Andros as Governor and abolished the Legislature. 1689, the people of New England sided with Parliament. 1691, Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Col- onies were united under a Royal Charter. 1692, Salem witchcraft broke out. 10 X.—Settle't ofN. H. 1623 by English. Settled of Maine 1625 by English. 1623, Gorges and Mason obtained from Council of Plymouth a- g-rant of land extending from the Merrimac to the St. Lawrence. Mason took that part west of the Piscataqua River, and called it New^ Hampshire. Settlements w^ere made at Dover and Ports- mouth. 1641-1680, the Colony was united to Massachu- setts for assistance and protection ag-ainst Indians, and on account of troubles among- the proprietors. 1680, it became a Royal Province. 1686-1688, it was under Gov. Andros. 1690, it again went under protection of Massa- chusetts. 1741, it became and remained a Royal Province. Gorges took that part lying between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, and called it Province of Maine. 1639, he received a separate grant for the same, but Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction. 1677, English Government decided against Massachusetts, and granted it to Duke of Monmouth. 1691, Massachusetts bought it from the Duke for £l,2Q0. 11 XI. — Settlement of Conn. 1633 hij English. 1630, Council of Plymouth ceded the soil of Connecticut to Earl of Warwick, who sold to Lords Say and Brooke. The Dutch had built a fort on the site of Hartford. 1633, Eng-lish colonists sailed past the fort and built a block-house at Windsor. 1635, families from Massachusetts settled Wetliers- lleld. Colonists from Eng'land settled Saybrooke. 1637, Pequod Indians made war on the settlers, but were defeated by Capt. Mason near New London, on the Mystic River. 1638, a Colony was established at New Haven. 1644, Connecticut and Saybrooke Colonies were united. 1665, Connecticut, Saybrooke and New Haven Colonies were united under Royal Charter from Charles II. 1687, Gov. Andros attempted to take away this charter but failed, thoug-h he administered the g"overnment till 1689, when it returned to government under the charter granted by Charles II. 12 XII.— Settlement of Md. 1634 hij English. Maryland was originally Avithin the limits of Virginia, as granted under the London Company 1624, it became the property of the Crown. 1631, Wm. Clayborn obtained license to trade with Indians and built a fort at mouth of Susquehanna. 1634, Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, obtained grant from Charles L, under a very liberal charter, to establish an asylum of Catho- lics, and Leonard Calvert was made first Governor. Clayborn resisted his authority, raised an insurrection, was defeated and fled to Virginia. 1649, Legislature passed the " Toleration Act " and soon the Protestants obtained control and disfranchised the Catholics. 1655, Religious civil war arose and lasted till 1660. 1662, Charles Calvert was sent out as Governor. 1684, by death of Lord Baltimore he became proprietor. 1689, one Coode, a Protestant, incited a religi- ous war. 1691, King William made it a Royal Province. 1716, it again became proprietary and so re- mained till the Revolution. 13 XlU.—Settle't of Rhode IsVd 1636 by English. Settled of Delaivare 1638 by Swedes. 1635, Rog-er Williams, banished from Massa chusetts, went to Rhode Island and lived with Narrag-ansett Indians. 1636, Williams collected a few friends and made a settlement at Providence, which became an asylum for religious refugees. 1638, a number of religious refugees from Mas- sachusetts settled at Portsmouth. 1639, Colonists settled Newport. 1643, Rhode Island obtained from Charles II. a Royal Charter, which was confirmed in 1654 ag-ainst the claims of Massachusetts. 1638, Gustavus Adolphus founded a Colony near Wilmington, to be an as3^1um for Swedes. 1655, the Dutch of New York subjugated the Colony and ended Swedish power in America. 1664, it came under control of the English. 1683, it was granted to Wm. Penn and placed under same administration as Pennsylvania. 1703, it was allowed a separate Legislature. 14 XlY.—SeUle't of N. Carolina 1650 by English. 1585-1587, Sir Walter Raleigli attempted to es- tablish a colony on Roanoke island. 1650, some English emig-rants from Virginia founded on Chowan river the * 'Albemarle Comity " Colony. 1663, Charles II. g*ave Lord Clarendon a g-rant of all the land between Virg-ima and Florida. 1665, some emigrants from New England formed a settlement near Wilming"ton. Afterwards some planters from Barbadoes made a settlement near Wilming-ton. These Colonies were, for twenty years, g-ov- erned under a Constitution drawn up by the Earl of Shaftesbury and John Locke, and known in history as the ''Grand Model," and were called the " Clarendon Colon^^" 1729, King" of Eng-land bought out the proprie- tors and divided the country into the two Royal Provinces of North Carolina and South Carolina. 1750, a larg-e emig-ration from the Northern Colonies moved into North Carolina. 15 XV. — Settle't of Neiv Jersey 1664 hy English. In 1613, the Dutch estabhshed a trading- post at Berg-en, and the country was hekl as part of the Province of New Netherkinds. 1604, emig-rants from Long- Island settled at Elizabeth. Charles II. g-ranted the territory to the Duke of York, who sold it to Lord Berkeley and Sir Geo. Carteret. Philip Carteret was appointed first Governor, with his Capital at Elizabeth. Colonists were exempted from taxes for five years. When the time expired, the people revolted ag-ainst paying- any taxes, and Lord Berkele^^ sold the West' Jerse^^ to Bil- lings, a Quaker, who sold it to Wm. Penn. 1682, Carteret sold East Jersej^ to Wm. Penn. 1702, the Jerse^^s Avere united into a Royal Pro- vince and placed under the Governor of New York, with a separate Leg-islature. 1738, it Avas made a Ro^^al Province and so con- tinued till the Revolution. 16 XYl.—Settle't of S. Carolina 1670 bij English. 1562, the Hug-uenots maintained, for a short time, a Colony at Port Roj^al. 1670, under Wm. Sa^^le, a settlement was made on Ashley river, and known as the Carteret Colony. 1680, the Colonists removed to the present site of Charleston between Ashle^^ and Cooper rivers. Slaves were introduced from Barbadoes. 1686, the people rebelled against Gov. Colleton. 1694, the cultivation of rice was begun. 1702, Gov. Moore sent expedition against St. Augustine. 1706, fleet of French and Spanish ships at- tempted the capture of Charleston. 1715, the Yamassee Indians, with the heig-hbor- ing tribes, began war on the Colonists and Avere defeated in battle of Sal-ke-hatch-ee. 1719, the people rebelled against the proprietors and chose Gov. Moore as their Governor. 1729, King of England bought out the proprie tors and it became a Ro^^al Province with an Assembly elected b^^ the people. 17 XVU.— Settled of Penn. 1682 hy English, 1681, the settlement of a larg-e sum due from the King- of Engiand to the father of Wm. Penn was effected by the g-rant of the tract of kind between New Jersey and Maryland. 1682, Wm. Penn used his purchase to found an asylum for persecuted English Quakers. He purchased from Duke of York, the present State of Delaware, then called " The Territories." He found many Dutch and Swedes settled there, and these, owing' to his kind treat- ment, remained. He g-ranted the Colony a ^* Charter of Lib- erties." 1684, Penn returned to Engiand, leaving" a Deput3^ Governor in charge. 1699, Penn returned to the Colony on account of disputes among- his officials, and discon- tent among- the people. 1703, he made Delaware and Pennsylvania sep- arate provinces. 1718, he returned to England and died. 1767, the boundary line between Penns^^lvania and Maryland was established by two sur- veyors. Mason and Dixon. 13 'X.Ylll.—Settle't of Georgia 1733 hij English. 1732, General James Oglethorpe, with numer- ous associates as " Trustees," received a grant of the land south of the Carolinas. 1733, he established a Colonj^ at Savannah, to which came a large number of thrifty Scotch, Swiss and Germans, induced b}^ lib- eral grants of land. 1740, he made an unsuccessful attack upon the Spanish at St. Augustine. 1742, a Spanish force, 3G vessels and 3,000 men, from Havana, attacked Georgia, but was driven off, without inflicting injury. 1743, Oglethorpe returned to England, leaving the government in the hands of a President and Council. The Colonj^ did not thrive, owing to various causes, the most important of which, it is claimed, was the restriction against the im- portation of Rum and Slaves. 1752, Georgia became a Royal Province and all restrictions were removed. 19 XIX. — Colonial Governments of the 13 Origi- nal States. The several colonies were settled under g-ener- ally distinct g-overnmental forms for each. 1st. Commercial Corporations. 2d. Proprietary, under grant to an individual. 3d. Royal, under a government appointed by the King". 4th. Charter, under a written grant of " rights." 5th. Yoluntar3^ Association, made by persons without authority of Company, Proprietor or Kinsr. 1st 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th Va. N. Y. Mass. N. H. Conn. Md. R. I. Del. N. C. N. J. S. C. Pa. Ga. 1607 1613 1620 1623 1633 1634 1636 1638 1650 1664 1670 1682 1733 English Dutch English Swedes English Jamestown New York Plymouth Dover Hartford St. Mary's Providence Wilming^ton Albemarle S'd Elizabeth Charleston Philadelphia Savannah Com'l Corporation Voluntary Associ'n Proprietary Pro'y & Vol'y Ass'p Proprietary Voluntary Associ'n Royal Charter Proprietary Royal Charter 20 X:^— Admitted States {In Order of Admishi). 1st. Vermont, settled }it Foit Dninuier in 1724 on the CoiiiRM^ticut liiver, was claimed by New York iind New Hanipsbire. The dispute was settled by paying- $30,000 to New York, and admitting- it as a State in 1T91. 2d. Kentucky, settled at Harrodsburg in 1774, was made a County of Virg-inia, and admit- ted in 1792. 3d. Tenjiessee, settled at Nashville in 1778, was made a County of North Carolina, and ad- mitted in 1796. 4th. Ohio, settled at Marietta in 1788, was made a part of Northwest Territory, organized in 1786. It was admitted in 1802. 5th. Louisiana, first settled at Iberville in 1699 by the French, came into possession of the United States by purchase from France 1803. The present State was carved out of the Louisiana Purchase and admitted in 1812. A regular plan of organizing, under Territorial Governments, the wild, unoccupied lands of the West, now began and has been followed to the present time. 21 XXI. —Admitted States (continued). No. Name Sett'd. 1730 AT By Admit. 6 Ind. Vincennes French 1816 7 Miss. 1716 Natchez << 1817 8 Ills. 1730 Kaskaskia " 1818 9 Ala. 1711 Mobile ii 1819 10 Me. 1635 Bristol Enghsh 1830 11 Mo. 1764 St. Louis French 1831 13 Ark. 1685 Arkansas Post «< 1836 13 Mich. 1670 Detroit a 1837 14 Fla. 1565 St. Augustine Spanish 1845 15 Texas. 1693 San Antonio (< 1845 16 Iowa. 1833 Burling-ton Americans 1846 17 Wis. 1669 Green Bay French 1848 18 Cal. 1769 San Diego Spanish 1850 19 Minn. 1846 St. Paul Americans 1858 20 Oreg-on 1811 Astoria " 1859 21 Kansas 1854 mari}^ points i( 1861 33 W. Va. 1607 part of Va. English 1863 23 Nev. 1848 many points Americans 1864 24 Neb. 1854 ** (< 1867 25 Ool. 1854 (( ** 1876 26 N. Dak. 1861 li K 188!) 27 S. Dak. 1861 a " 1889 28 Monta. 1863 a <« 1889 29 Wash. 1850 " " 1889 2i] XXII. — Indian Wars of 17th Century, 1622, the Indians in Virginia began a war on the settlers and massacred many, before the Colonists could rally for defence. 1637, the Pequods began a massacre of whites in the valley of the Connecticut River. A small force under Capt. Mason exterminated the tribe. 1675, Philip, King of the Wampanoags, began a war along Eastern shore of Narragansett Bay, which extended to the Connecticut Valley, and ended with death of Philip at Mt. Hope. 1689, the war between England and France growing out of the deposition of James II. extended to the Colonies. Dover and Salmon Falls in New Hamp- shire — Ft. Pern n quid and Casco in Maine — Schenectady in New York — were captured hy French and Indians, pillaged and de- stroyed. 1690, Port Royal in Nova Scotia, was captured by a force sent from Massachusetts under Sir William Phipps. 1697, the war was closed by Treaty of Ryswick, 23 XXlll.— Indian Wars of 18th Century. 1704, the War of Spanish Succession between En.£;'land on one side and France and Spain on the other, extended to the Colonies. Deerfiekl, Mass., was burned. 1710, Port Royal, N. S., was captured and name chang-ed to Annapolis. 1713, this War was closed by Treaty of Utrecht. 1712, the Tuscaroras in North Carolina, beg-an a War on the settlers, were defeated and joined the Iroquois in New York. 1715, the Yamassees in So-uth Carolina, began war on the settlers, were defeated and with- drew to Florida. 1744, the War between Eng*land and France, g-rowing" out of the French succession, ex- tended to the Colonies. 1745, Louisburg-, Cape Breton Island, was cap- tured by a force under Sir Wm. Pepperil. 1748, this war was closed by Treaty of Aix4a- Chapelle. The wars closed by the treaties of Rvswick, Utrecht and Aix-la-Chapelle, are called the three French wars. 1763, Pontiac's war was wa.sred ag-ainst the French settlements in the North-Avest. 1790, Gen. Harmar, in 1790, and Gen. St. Clair, in 1791, made unsuccessful campaig-ns in Indiana and Ohio. 1794, Gen. Wayne finished the war with battle of Maumee. 24 XXTV .—French and Indian War, 1T54-1763. The French and Indian war grew out of the efforts of the English and the French to establish supremacy in America, by push- ing explorations and settlements into the interior; from the Atlantic coast by the English, and from St. Lawrence b}^ the French. They met near the headwaters of the Ohio river. 1753, Geo. Washington was sent to St. Pierre, the French Commander, with a letter fiom Gov. Dinwiddle of Virginia. 1754, battles of Great Meadows and Ft. Neces- sity^ took place. 1755, the French were driven from Nova Scotia by Monkton — Braddock was defeated at Monongahela — The English were defeated by Dieskau at Lake George — The French, under Dieskau, were defeated at Lake George. 1756, war was formall}^ declared between Eng- land and France. The French, under Mont- calii\ captured Oswego. 1757, the French, under Montcalm captured Ft. Wm. Henry. 1758, the English, under Amherst, captured Louisburg. The English, under Abercrombie, were de- feated at Ticondaroga. 1759, the En£;'lish took Ft. Niagara and Quebec —Wolf killed. 1763, the war closed by Treaty of Paris — France ceded all east of the "Mississippi River, except New Orleans and Island St. Pierre. 2D XXV. — General Causes of The Revolution. The people of the Colonies had, for three or four g-enerations, been spared the serious bur- dens of taxation for purposes of g-overn- ment ; had learned by necessities the means for self- protection and preservation ; liad become familiar with the nature of war, by their conflicts Avith Indians, and, by the French and Indian war, had learned some- thing^ of its pageantr^^ and glory. 1660, the enterprise of the Colonies was seri- ously restricted by the Navigation Acts. 1765, England desired to get a revenue to meet the great expenses incurred in the French and Indian w^ar, and passed the Stamp Act. 1767, a duty was imposed upon the importation of tea and other articles b^^ the Colonies. The Colonies, in assemblies and conventions of the people, opposed these measures and petitioned for their repeal, but without success. It is a debatable question whether the separation from the motlier country was seriously con- templated by the People, or was urged by the aspirations of Politicians. 2€ XXVI. — special Causes of The Revolution. 1765, a Convention, called First Colonial Con- gress, of 28 delegates from 9 colonies, met in New York, Oct. Ttli, denounced the right of *' Taxation without Representation," and demanded the repeal of the Stamp Act. 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed. 1769, Parliament adopted resolutions asking- the King to arrest, bring* to England and try the leaders for treason. 1770, first Outbreak was caused by cutting- down Liberty Poles erected in New York by "Sons of Liberty." In Boston the soldiers fired upon the Citizens^ killed and wounded several. 1773, East India Company sent a cargo of tea to Boston and it was destroyed. 1774, Custom House was removed to Salem and Gen. Gage was appointed Governor. First Continental Congress, sometimes called the Second Colonial Congress, met in Phil- adelphia. 1775, another Congress was called to meet in May. Parliament declared the Colonies to be in Re- bellion. 27 XXYll.— Campaign of 1775. 1775, in April, Gov. Gag-e had about 3,000 troops in Mass., and, learning- that the peo- ple had collected military supplies at Con- cord, sent a detachment of men to destroy them. At Lexington these troops found a small body of militia under arms, who, not dispersing, as ordered, were fired upon and eight were killed. The British marched to Concord and destroyed the stores. On their retiu'n, the3^ were attacked by the Minute Men with loss of many killed and wounded. In May, Col. Ethen Allen captured Ticonderog-a and Crown Point. A large force was collected at Boston, under Gens. Howe, Burgoyne and Clinton. June 17th, 1775, this force attacked and captured Bunker Hill. An expedition under Montgomery took Mon- treal, Nov. 13th. An expedition under Arnold failed in an attack upon Quebec. These events determined tlie character of the con- test, and left the leaders of the people no hope in a peaceful close to the struggle. m XXYllL— Political Events of 1775. 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in May. Congress assumed the functions of a General Government, and in June appoint- ed Georg-e Washington, General-in-Chief. Benjamin Franklin submitted a draft of a Fundamental Law, called Ar^ticles of Con- federation for the government of *^ The United Colonies. ' ' Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, was driven from the Colony, and a Man-of-war burned Norfolk. A body of people met at Charlotte, N. C, and issued the Mecklenburg Proclamation, a preliminary to the Declaration of Independ- ence. The people throughout the Col onies were great- ly excited by these events, and while many, called Ro3^alists or Tories, were and contin- ued to be loyal to British rule, yet the great mass of people in all the Colonies be- g-an to adopt measures looking to a war with the Mother Country. 29 XXIX.— Events of 1776, thro' Battle of Long Island. 1776, sieg-e of Boston beg-an ; but the Ameri- cans having- erected batteries on Dorchester Heights, the siege was raised March ITth. An expedition under Admiral Parker and Gen. Clinton was sent against Charleston, 8. C, but it could not pass Ft. Moultrie and was a failure. July 4th, Congress issued a Declaration of In- dependence, giving birth to a new nation. The United States of America. Gen. Howe had arrived from Halifax, and with his arm^^ occupied Staten Island where Admiral Howe arrived with re-inforcements from England. Gen. Clinton arrived from South Carolina with his forces. This army, now numbering 30,000 men, was landed on Long Island and attacked the force under Gen. Putnam, placed for the defence of Brookl^m, and de- feated them in the Battle of Long Island. Washington withdrew his troops to New York and retreated to Harlem, then to White Plains and finally to North Castle. 30 XXX.— Events of 1776, after the Battle of Long Island. In November, 1776, the British transferred their arim^ to New Jersey, after having- captured Ft. Washing-ton on the Hudson, with the loss to the Americans of 3,000 men. Washing-ton crossed his army into New Jersey and evacuating Ft. Lee, started across New Jersey with 5,000 men. Gen. Charles Lee, who had been left in New York, was frequently ordered to join Wash- ington with liis command, but delayed and was finally captured at Morristown, N. J. The American army had reached the west bank of the Delaw^are, with the British in close pursuit, waiting on the east bank for the river to freeze, when Washington, on Christmas night, crossed and captured 1,000 Hessians at Trenton. The British moved on Trenton, but Washington got in their rear and defeated them at Princeton, Jan. 2d, 1777. Dec. 8th, The British fleet under Sir Peter Parker entered Rhode Island and a force occupied the State. XXXI. — Events of 1777 in Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. In April, Gov. Tiyon made a raid in Connecti- cut, destroyed military stores at Datibur}'-, and burned it. In May, tlie Connecticut Militia attacked Sag- Harbor and burned a number of vessels. Washing-ton now had 10,000 men at Morris- town, and the British had 30,000 at New Brunswick. In June, the British went to Staten Island and in Jul}^ 18,000 sailed for Philadelphia, but being" stopped by Fts. Miflin and Mercer, landed at head of Chesapeake Bay. Wash- ington went to Philadelpliia, moved out and fought the battle of Brandywine, was defeated and retreated to Pottsgrove. In October, Washington attacked the British at Germantown. The British occupied Phila- delphia and Forts Mercer and Miflin were evacuated. The British went into winter quarters at Philadelphia and the Americans at Valley Forge. Gen. Lafayette joined the American army. Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation in November. Congress adopted the '* Stars and Stripes "as The Flag. 32 XKXIL— Events of 1777— Bur goyne's Invasion. The Britisli succeeded in Pennsylvania, but failed in New York. Gen. Burg-oyne with 10,000 men moved from Canada by way of Lake Champlain, while Gen. Clinton was to move from New York and both men were to hold the line of the Hudson and thus cut off New England. Burg-oyne captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point and reached Ft. Edward July 30th, where he remained six weeks, sending an expedition to Bennington, which was de- feated . An expedition sent against Ft. Schuyler, now Rome, N. Y., was forced to retreat to Can- ada. In August, Gen. Gates took command of the Americans and moved to Stillwater. The British advanced and fought the battle of Bemis Heights, September 19th. Another battle was fought October 7tli and won by the Americans, who pursued and captured, at Saratoga, Burgojme's army of 6,000 men. Gen. Clinton moved up the Hudson as far as Kingston, burned that town and retreated. 33 XXXllL— Events of 1778. 1778, the French formed an alUance with the United States and assisted tliein with fleets and soldiers. England sent out commis- sioners to ofl'er the Colonies all they asked, if they would remain loyal subjects. Kosciusko and Pulaski, Poles, with DeKalb and Steuben, German officers, joined the army and assisted g'reatl^^ in org-anizing- the troops. In April, a French fleet under d'Estaing sailed for America, whereupon the British aban- doned Philadelphia and ships and troops were concentrated at New York. Washington followed the army and attacked it at Monmouth, N. J., June 28th. Washington moved his army to White Plains, N. Y., and the French fleet sailed to Rhode Island but soon went to Boston for repairs. In July, Wyoming in Pennsylvania was raided and destroyed by Indians and Tories. In November, Cherry Valley in New York met the same fate. Gen. Sullivan was compelled to evacuate Rhode Island. 34 XXXIY.— Events of 1779. The French fleet, after repairs, sailed to the West Indies. The British fleet followed, and the British army followed the fleet and captured Savannah in December, 1778. In January, 1779, the British captured Sunbury. Gen. Lincoln took command of American forces. In February, the Tories in South Carolina were defeated by Col. Pickens at Kettle Creek, In March, the Americans were defeated at Brier Creek. In April, Gen. Lincoln with 5,000 men moved into Georg-ia, and the British moved ag-ainst Charleston, whereupon Lincoln marched and attacked them at Stono Ferry. In September, the French fleet, with G,000 troops, attacked the British in Savannah, were repulsed, and then sailed for France. During' this year, the British raided Connecti- cut, captured Norfolk, Va., and raided that section. The Americans re-captured Stony Point on the Hudson river, attacked the British on the coast of Maine and re-cap- tured Castine ; and punished the Indians for the massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley. 35 XXKY. —Events of 1780. A British force inider Gen. Clinton landed and besieg-ed Charleston, and on April 9th the fleet passed Ft. Moultrie, when Lincoln was forced to surrender Charleston, May 12th, with 5,000 men. Clinton, supposing- he had reduced South Caro- lina, sailed for New York, leaving- Corn- wallis in command. In June, Marion and Sumter org-anized partizan forces. In July, Gen. Gates moved through North Car- olina with 5,000 troops, was met and de- feated by Cornwallis on August 16th,, at Sayider's Creek, and retreated to Hillsboro, N. C. In October, several partizan leaders united their forces and defeated the British at King's Mountain. In December, Gates was superseded by Gen. Nathaniel Greene. Benedict Arnold, being in command in Phila- delphia in 1778, was accused, tried and con- victed of embezzlement, but Washington remitted the sentence. In 1780, being in command of West Point, N. Y., he agreed to surrender the fort to" the British for ^^10,000, the details being settled with Maj. Andre, who, on his return, was captured at Tarr^^town, was convicted and executed as a spy. XXXVL— Events of 1781. In January, the Pennsylvania troops, followed by the New Jerse^^ troops, were in a mutin- ous state on account of their haidships. The British sent Arnold into Virginia Avith 1,600 men, and Washing-ton left Lafayette with 1,200 men. Greene's forces fought the actions of the Cow- pens, Januar}^ ITth — Guilford Court House, March 15th— Hobkirk's Hill, April 25th— Mnet3^-Six, June 18th — Eutaw Springs, September 8th. In June, Cornwallis occupied and fortified York- town, Va., taking command of the forces in that section. Washington, abandoning New York, moved rapidly with all his forces and began the siege of Yorktown l\y land, while the French fleet, under DeGrasse, blockaded James and York rivers. The British surrendered 8,000 men and all their war material October 19th, 1781. This practically closed the w^ar, and in 1782 a preliminary treatj^ of peace was signed by John Adams, Benj. Franklin, Henry Lau- rens and John Ja}^, as U.S. Commissioners. The Treaty of Paris was signed Sept. 3d, 1783, The armv was disbanded Nov. 3d, 1783. XXXVII. — War of Kevolution on the Ocean. Oct. 3d, 1775, Congress ordered two cruisers of 10 and 14 g'uns, and in the same year 15 more vessels, carrying- from 20 to 36 g'uns, were built in the Colonies of New England, New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Esek Hopkins, of Rhode Island, was appointed Hig"h Admiral and first went against Gov. Dunmore of Virg-inia, then captured New Providence, and returning-, took several prizes into Narrag-ansett Bay. 1776, nav3^ consisted of 26 vessels carrying 536 guns. The Alliance^ a 32-gun frigate, was purchased. 1777, the Lexington, Capt. Barry, captured the British sloop Edward, and by the close of 1777, 800 prizes had been captured by American cruisers, mostly privateers. 1779, Sept. 23d, the Bon Homme Richard, with two small vessels, under Paul Jones, fought and defeated the Serapis and the Countess of Scarboro near Flamboro Head. Privateers were lumierous and played an impor- tant part in the War on the Ocean. 38 XXXVIII.— ^af^/es of Eevolutlon, 1776-1778. Date. Battle. Am. Com. Br. Com. 1775 Apr. 19 Lexington Parker Smith June 17 Bunker Hill Prescott Howe Dec. 31 Quebec Montgomery Carleton 1776 June 28 Ft. Moultrie Moultrie Parker Aug. 27 Long Island Putnam Howe Oct. 28 White Plains McDougall Leslie Nov. 16 Ft. Washington Magaw Howe Dec. 26 Trenton Washington Rahl 1777 Jan. 3 Princeton Washington Mawhood Aug. 6 Ft. Schuyler Herkimer St. Leger " 16 Bennington Stark Baum Sept. 11 Brandy wine Washington Howe " 19 Bern is Heights Gates Burgoyne " 20 Paoli Wayne Grey Oct. 4 Gennantown Washington Howe " 7 Saratoga Gates Burgoyne 1778 June 28 Monmouth Washington Clinton Aug. 29 Rhode Island Sullivan Pigot Dec. 29 Savannah R. Howe Campbell 39 XXXIX..— Battles of Revolution, 1779-1781. Date. Battle. Am. Com. Br. Com. 1779 Jan. 9 Sunbury Lane Provost Feb. 14 Kettle Creek Pickens Boyd Mar. 3 Brier Creek Ash Provost June 20 Stono Ferry Lincoln Maitland July 15 Stony Point Wayne Johnson Aug. 13 Penobscot Lovell McLean - 29 Chemung Sullivan Brant Oct. 9 Savannah Lincoln Provost 1780 April 14 Monk's Corner Huger Tarleton May 22 Charleston Lincoln Clinton June 23 Spi'ingfield Greene Knypliausen Aug. 16 Sander's Creek Gates Cornwallis Oct. 7 King's M'tain Campbell Ferguson 1781 Jan. 17 Cowpens Morgan Tarleton Mar. 15 Guilford C. H. Greene Cornwallis April 25 Hobkirk's Hill <( Rawdon June 18 Ninety-Six <' Cruger Sept. 8 Eutavv Springs <( Stuart Oct. 19 Yorktown Washington Cornwallis 40 XL. — Articles of Confederation. During- the War of Independence the States were held together by the common danger, and submitted to a ^' Government by the Con- gress," under a fundamental law called *' Articles of Confederation." This w^as proposed in 1775 and adopted in 1777. It gave to the General Government author- ity to create debts, but no sources of re- venue to pay them. The attempt to collect taxes to meet these debts brought on insurrections, notably Shay's in Massachusetts, requiring troops to sup- press it. 1787, in May, a Convention of delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation, and instead thereof, submitted to the people a draft of a Fundamental Law, called the Constitution, Sept. 17th, 1787. This was advocated in a series of papers called ^^ The Federalist," written by Hamilton, Madison and Jay. It w^as ratified by the people to go into operation March 4th, 1789. XLI. — United States Constitution. This distributes the powers of g'overnment among' three co-ordinate Branches, each, in the exercise of its exclusive functions, inde- pendent of the others. Some of the functions of g:overnment are sub- ject to the determination of two of these iDranches and some require the consent of all three branches to give vitality to its pro- visions. The Three Branches are the — Leg-islative, consisting- of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Executive, consisting* of a President and a Vice-President. Judicial, consisting- of a Supreme Court and other Inferior Courts. The Several States of the Union are required to frame their fundamental laws and org-anize their g'overnments conformably to the pro- visions of the U. S. Constitution. The Leg-islative Branch enacts the laws. The Executive Branch executes the law^s. The Judiciary Branch interprets the laws. 42 XLII. — Legislative Branch. All leg-islative powers of the g-overnment are vested in Congress. Congress may prescribe the times and manner of choosing- its members, but the place is prescribed by State Legislatures. Congress shall assemble once at least every year on the first Monday in December. Each house of Congress shall judge of the quali- fications of its own members ; shall prescribe its rules of proceedings ; shall keep a Jour- nal of its proceedings ; and neither house shall adjourn for more than three da^^s without the consent of the other. Members shall, except for treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from ar- rest, going to or returning from the Capital. A member shall not hold other civil office or be appointed to any civil office created while he w^as a member. Many enumerated powers are granted and sev- eral are denied to Cong-ress. 43 XUIL—Senate. The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen for six years, and each having" one vote. 'to Qualifications — to be 30 years of ag-e ; to have been 9 3^ears a citizen of the United States, and at time of his election to be an inhabit- ant of the State from which chosen. The Senate shall choose its own officers, and a " president pro few^ore," w^ho shall pre- side during- the absence of the Vice-Presi- dent. The Senate shall have sole power to try cases of impeachment, and, when so eng-aged, the Chief Justice shall be its presiding officer. The Senate cannot originate any bill for raising- a revenue, but may propose amendments to any such bill. The Senate must give consent to the appoint- ment of all higher officers of government and to all Treaties made with foreign powers, before they become valid. 44 XLIV. — House of Representatives. Tlie House of Representatives shall be com- posed of members apportioned among- the States according to population, the number to each representative being* lixed by Con- g'ress after each census. Qualifications — to be 25 years of age ; to have been 7 years a citizen of the United States ; and at the time of his election, to be an in- habitant of the State from which chosen for tivo yearns. House of Representatives shall choose its own Speaker and other officers ; shall have sole ' power of impeacliment ; and, in case the Electoral College fail to choose a President within the appointed time, the House of Representatives sliall immediately proceed to choose a President from the three candi- dates highest on the list. All bills for raising a revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Sen- ate may propose amendments as with other bills. Every bill, to become a law, must be signed by the President within 10 days after its pas- sas'e. XLV. — Executive Branch. The Executive power shall be vested in a Presi- dent, elected for 4 years, as is also the Vice- President, who may succeed to the office of President. Qualifications— to be a natural born citizen of the United States ; to be 35 years of a^e ; and to have been 14 years a resident within the United States. Powers: He shall be Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when in the service of 'the United States; may g-rant reprieves and pardons for offences ag-ainst the United States ; may fill vacan- cies to office during- a recess of the Senate. The Senate concurring:, he may appoint Diplo- matic Officers of the United States, Judges of the Sui)reme Court, and all officers not specially provided lor by law, and two-thirds concurring may nuike Treaties. He may, by proclamation, assemble Congress during adjournment. 46 XLVI. — Judicial Branch. The Judicial power shall he vested in one Su- preme Court and such inferior courts as may h}^ law be established. Qualifications — no specific ones are prescribed, but the judg-es hold office during- good be- havior, and their compensation can not be diminished during their continuance in office. The Supreme Court is composed of one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices, who meet at least once a year in Washington on the first Monday in December. Circuit Courts are held in each of the circuits into which the United States is divided. District Courts are held in each State or part of State and in each Territory. United States Commissioners, numerously ai>- pointed, hold courts to hear original pro- ceedings in offenses against U.S. Laws. The Judicial power of United States may extend by appeal to nearly all cases. XL VII. — Amendments to Constitution. Congress may, hy two-thirds vote of both houses, pi'opose ainenclments ; or may, on application of two-thirds of the Leg-is] a- tures of the States, call a Convention to propose amendments, which shall he bind- ing, when ratified by three-fourths of all the States. Amendment I. guarantees religious freedom. " II. guarantees right to bear arms. ' * III. forbids quartering soldiers. ** lY. regulates search-warrants. '' V. requires indictment for crime. ** VI. secures rights of accused per- sons. '* VII. secures trial by jury. ^* VIII. forbids excessive bail or punish- ment. ^* IX. secures to " The people " uneim- merated rights. " X. secures to States ungranted powers. ^' XI. secures to State Courts concur- rent power. ^^ XII. prescribes method of choosing- President. " XIII. abolishes slavery. ** XIV. prescribes civil rights. ^' XV. prescribes political rights. 48 XL VIII. — Seat of Government. 1774, Sept. 4tli, First Continental CongTess met at Philadelphia. 1775, May 10th, Second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. 1776, Congress, on the approach of British moved from Philadelphia to Baltimore. 1777, Congress met in Philadelphia, hut soon removed to Lancaster, then to York, Pa. 1778, Congress met in Philadelphia and there held its sessions till close of the war. It became an important political question to determine the permanent seat of Govern- ment, which was held 1783, in Princeton, N. J., and Annapolis, Md. 1784, in Trenton, N. J. 1785-1789, in New York City. 1790-1800, in Philadelphia. 1800 to present time, in Washing-ton City, the site selected by Washington, being now about 04 square miles of territory ceded by Maryland. 49 XLIX. — Important Provisions of Law. In case of disability of both President and Vice- President, the Secretary of State succeeds to the presidency, and in case of disability of Secretary of State, then the Secretary of Treasury, and so on in turn to Secretary of War and other members of the Cabinet. A Veto of a bill passed by Cong-ress, must be made to that house in which the bill orig-i- nated, to be acted upon by each house in turn. If it fails to receive a two-thirds vote of both house.j, it fails to become a law. If it re- ceives a two-thirds vote of both houses, it be- comes a law, notwithstanding' the veto by the President. In case of violations of law by the higher civil officers and for which no' adequate remedy is provided, the House of Representatives may present Articles of Impeachment. If the Articles be sustained by a two-thirds vote of the Senate, the otfencler is thereby dismissed. 50 L. — Admmistration of George Washington. Born ill Virginia. Inaugurated April 30th, 1789 ; served 8 years. A Cabinet, composed of four Heads of Depart- ments, was authorized by Act of Congress. State — Treasury — War — Law. Public Debt of $75,000,000, resulting from the war of Revolution, was funded on a plan proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury. 1790, seat of Government removed from New York to Philadelphia. 1791, Vermont was admitted as a State. 1791, Bank of United States was established. 1792, Washington was re-elected President. 1793, March 4th Washington was re-inaugur- ated. Political parties began to form, with Alex- ander Hamilton as leader of Federalists. Thomas Jefferson as leader of Republicans. Citizen Genet, French Minister, violated liis neutrality and fitted out "privateers," Washington asked his recall. 1794, Whiskey insurrection occurred in Penn- sylvania. 1795, Treaty with Spain opened Mississippi River. 1797, Washington made his ''Farewell Ad- dress." 51 LI. — Administration of John Adams. Born in Massachusetts. InaufiMirated Marcli 4tli, 1797 ; served 4 years. He was elected by Federalists ag'ainst Thomas Jefferson. Integ'rity marked the affairs of government and prosperit}^ abounded with the people. France asked assistance of the United States in its wars with Eng-land, but the United States w^as neutral. The French adopted hostile Trade Reg-ulations, and many American vessels were captured. 1798, Cong-ress authorized reprisals, raised an army and appointed Washing-ton to the command. The frig-ate Constellation csip- tured a French frig-ate and the cry arose, " Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." During- this administration the ^ 'Alien and Se- dition " law^s Avere passed. 1799, Bonaparte seized the g-overnment of France. Washing-ton died at Mt. Vernon on the 14th day of December, ag-ed 68 3^ears. 1800, Bonaparte made Treaty of Peace with United States. Seat of United States Government w^as re- moved from Philadelphia to Washing-ton City. 52 LII. — Administration of Thomas Jefferson. Born in Virginia . Inaug-urated March 4tli, 1801 ; served 8 years. 1803, Louisiana Territory was purchased from France for $15,000,000. 17G3, France had ceded Louisiana to Spain and in 1800 Spain ceded Louisiana back to France. 1803, a naval force was sent ag-ainst Tripoli. The frig-ate Philadetphia was captured and crew enshived. 1804, Lieut. Decatur re-captured and burned the Philadelphia. Alexander Hamilton was killed in duel with Aaron Burr. 1805, Jefferson was re-inaugurated. 1806, Burr organized a conspiracy to separate the West and Southwest and conquer Mexico. Great Britain being supreme on Ocean, estab- lished blockade of France and captured American trading vessels. Bonaparte declared British Isles under blockade. England proclaimed ^' Right of Search." 1807, British frigate Leopard fired on Ameri- can frigate Chesapeake, took off four sea- men, claimed as British subjects. Jefferson issued proclamation closing Ameri- can ports. British government issued '' Orders in Council." Bonaparte issued his "■ Milan Decree." Congress decreed " Embargo " of foreign com- merce. LIII. — Administration of James Madismi. Born in Virginia. Inaugurated March 4th, 1809 ; served 8 years. He was elected by the Repubhcans, now beginning to be called Democrats as opposed to Federalists. 1809, Embargo Act was repealed and Non- Intercourse Act was passed, forbidding commerce with Great Britain and France. 1811, Gen. Harrison, Governor of Indiana Ter- ritory, made a campaign against the In- dians in the Northwest and defeated theni in the battle of Tippecanoe. 1812, June 19th was published the Proclamation of War against England, which lasted till the Treaty of Ghent, Feb. 17th, 1815. 1812, Creek and Seminole Indians in Georgia and Alabama began war, captured Fort Mimms and massacred 300 captives. The whites, under Gen. Jackson, defeated the Indians in several engagements and ended the war at To-ho-pe-ka or Horse Shoe Bend. 1814, the Hartford Convention met. (See CXI.) 1815, War with Algiers. Commodore Decatur captured two ships, forced a treaty and released American prisoners held as slaves. 1816, U. S. Bank was chartered for 20 years. 54 LIV. — Causes and Results of Wa?- 1812-15. General Causes — The rapid development of enterprise in the United States, was establishing- a rival. Eng-land desired : 1st, to regain the United States ; 2d, to cripple the commerce of the United States ; 3d, to check the develop- ment of manufactures in the United States. Again, much irritation grew out of our neu- tral trade, during the Napoleonic wars, while England was in need of seamen. Special Causes — France revoked the Milan Decree and the United States declared free intercourse with France. England stationed ships-of-war before the ports of the United States, searched ves- sels and impressed seamen. May, 1811, British ship Little Belt fired on American frigate President and was dis- abled hy return fire. 1812, June 19, war was formall}^ declared. Results — The United States was generally suc- cessful on land, and eminentl}^ so on the water. 1815, Feb. 17, Treaty of Gheiit was ratified by the United States, but it settled no question provoking" the war. 55 hY.—War of 1812-15 on Land, Date. Name. Am. Com. Br. Com. 1812. Jvily 17 Fort Mackinac Capt'd by Bri- tish and Indians Aug-. 16 Detroit HuU Brock Oct. 13 Queenstown Van Rensel'r Brock 1813. Jan. 13 Frenchtown Winchester Proctor April 27 York Dearborn May 5 Fort Meigs Harrison Proctor 29 Sackett's Harbor Broini Provost Aug. 2 Fort Stephenson Croghan Proctor Oct. 6 Thames Harrison Proctor Nov. 11 Chrystler's Field Broivn 1814. July 5 Chippewa Brotvn Rial] " 25 Lundy Lane Broivn Drummond Aug. 15 Fort Erie Brown Drummond " 24 Bladenburg Winder Ross Sept. 11 Plattsburg Macomb Provost - 12 North Point Smith Ross - 13 Fort McHenry Armistead Ross 1815. Jan. 8 New Orleans* Jachson Packenham * This last battle was fought after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed. 50 I^YL— War of 1812-15 on Water. Date. Where. American. British. 1812. Aug. 13 OffNewfoundl'd Essex, Alert, Porter Langharme '* 19 '* Mass. Bay Constitution, Ouerriere, Hull Dacres Oct. 18 ♦' N. Carolina Wasp, Frolic, Jones Whingates - 25 *' Canary Is'ds United States, Macedonia, Decatur Carden Dec. 29 '' SanSalvad'r Constitution, Java, 1813. Bainbridge Lambert Feb. 24 " Demarara Hornet, Peacock, Lawrence Peake June 1 " Co'stofMass. Cliesa^ieake, Shannon, Lawrence Brooke Aug. 14 In Br. Channel Argus, Pelican, Allen Maples Sept. 5 Off Coast of Me. Enterprize, Boxer, Burroughs Blythe " 10 On Lake Erie Fleet, Fleet, 1814. Perry Barclay Mar. 28 At Valparaizo Essex, Phoebe, Hilgar Porter Cherub, Tucker April 29 Off Florida Peacock, Er)ervier, Warrington Wales June 28 In Br. Channel Was}), Reindeer, Blakeley Manney Sept. 1 Off Africa Was}}, Avon, Blakeley Arbuthnot " 11 On Lake Cham. Fleet, Fleet, McDonough Downie Dec. 14 " Lake Bogrue Fleet, Fleet, 1815. Jones Lockyer Jan. 20 Off Coast of N.J. President, Fleet, Decatur Hayes Feb. 20 " Madeira I'ds. Constitution, Cayanne, Stewart Falcon Levant, Douglas LVII. — Administration of James Monroe. Born in Virginia. Inaugurated March 4th, 1817 ; served 8 years. This period is known poUticallj as the " Era of g-ood feeling-." 1819, Seminole Indians invaded Georg-ia ; Gen. Jackson pursued them into Florida; took Fort at St. Marks and seized Pensacola. This resulted in a Treaty with Spain, by which Spain ceded Florida to the United States for $5,000,000. 1820, the question of admitting Missouri into the Union g-ave rise to ang-ry political dis- putes, wiiich resulted in the Missouri com- promise, admitting' Missouri as a slave State in 1821, but prohibiting- slavery in all territorv West of Mississippi River, and North of 36° 30'. 1823, the efforts of South American States to acquire independence, elicited a messag-e from the President embodying- the ** Monroe Doctrine," which declared ag-ainst any attempt of European States to interfere in the affairs of South American States, as pre- judical to the peace and safety of the United States. See CXI. 1824, Gen. Lafayette visited the United States, and remained one year the g-uest of the Nation. 58 LVIII. — Admin, of John Quincy Adams. Born in Massachussetts. Inaug-urated March 4th, 1825 ; served 4 years. He was elected by the House of Representatives, as no one of the candidates (Adams, Jackson, Craw- ford, Clay) received a majority of votes. 1826, Ex-Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jetterson died on the same day, July 4th. 1828, Cong-ress enacted revenue laws, imposing" hig-h tariff on imported goods. The Administration favored a high tariff, in order to develop and foster domestic manu- factures. Such has since been known as a Protective Tariff. The political agitation ensuing caused a re- formation of political parties, the adminis- tration party under leadership of Henry Clay becoming known as Whigs, and generally favoring a high tariff; the opposition rallying around Andrew Jackson as leader, and known as Democrats. Great economy and general prosperity existed durini^ this administration. 59 LIX. — Administration of Andrew Jackson. Born in North Carolina. Inaug-urated Mar. 4th, 1839 ; served 8 j^ears. 1832, Cong-ress passed an Act renewing- Charter of U. S. Bank ; President vetoed it ; Charter expired 1836. Black Hawk War occurred in Illinois. Indians Avere conquered and moved west of Mississippi River. Congress adopted a Tariff that was opposed by the South. The attempt under leadership of Calhoun, to prevent its en- forcement is known as Nullification. The trouble was settled by an Act providing- for a gradual reduction of duties. 1833, President ordered that all public money be withdrawn from deposit in U. S. Bank. 1834, President forced payment of French Indemnity. 1835, Seminole war, lasting 7 years, began by the massacre of Major Dade and his com- mand. Osceola, the Seminole chief, was the leader. 1837, the Cherokee and Creek Indians Avere re- moved from Georgia and Alabama, and established in Indian Territory, which had been organized in 1834. 60 LX. — Administration of Martin Van Buren. Born in New York. Inaug'uratecl March 5, 1837 ; served 4 years. This administration inherited the Seminole war and the diseases of an inflated currency. It was the era of wild-cat hanking*. The Seminoles were finally conquered and re- moved to Indian Territory, leaving- a few half-breed and outlaw representatives to continue depredations ag-ainst settlers for twenty years long-er. The peace, industry and prosperity of the pre- ceding- twenty years had developed extrav- agance, speculation and fraud. The Specie Circular had condensed these. The Independent Treasury act restored life to trade. 1837, discontent in Canada developed into an attempt at independence, which was encour- aged hy sympathizers in the United States. The bi'ig- Caroline was fitted out to g-o to help of the insurg-ents, but was destroyed b}^ the loyalists. The President's Proclamation of Neutrality re- stored peace. 61 LXI. — Admin, of Hai^iismi and Tyler. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. Born in Virginia. Inaugurated March 4tli, 1841 ; served 1 month. The tariff and financial legislation together with the speculation and political demoral- ization had been sufficient to give the election to the Wliig's. Their joy was short, as Harrison died April 5th, and was suc- ceeded ^^y JOHN TYLER. Born hi Virginia. Inaugurated April 6th, 1841 ; served 3 years, 11 months. Tyler was an anti-U. S. Bank Whig, who had been nominated with Harrison to unite both wings of the party. Congress enacted a Charter for a U. S. Bank, but the President vetoed the bill. 1842, the Ashburton Treaty settled dispute of boundary of Maine. Insurrection broke out in Rhode Island, under leadership of Thomas Dorr, which was ended by the adoption of a New Constitution. 1844, the Anti-Rent troubles broke out in New York. The Mormon troubles broke out in Illinois. The Annexation of the Republic of Texas w^as agitated during this administration. 62 LXII. — Administration of James K. Polk. Born in North Carolina. Inaugurated March 4th, 1845 ; served 4 years. Democrats favored annexation of Texas — Whig-s opposed. 1845, Texas, which had maintained her indepen- dence of Mexico since 1836, was annexed to the United States. This resulted in a War with Mexico, which began with an engage- ment April 24th, 1846, and ended in capture of City of Mexico, September 14th, 1847. 1846, Gen. Zachary Taylor was sent with an Army of Occupation to the disputed territor}^ between the rivers Nueces and Rio Grande. Geu. Stephen W. Kearney was sent Avith a force to occupy New Mexico and take California. Col. John C. Fremont being on an exploring expedition in the Rocky Mountains, rallied the frontiersmen and seized California. 1847, Gen. Winfield Scott was sent with an army of 12,000 men, to operate from Vera Cruz against the City of Mexico. 1848, Feb. 2d, Treaty of Garidaloupe Hidalgo was signed by Nicholas Trist, U. S. Com- missioner. Gold was discovered at Suter's Mill on the Sacramento River. 63 LXIII. — Causes and Besults of Mexican War. Causes — 1st, Natural Saxon greed for territory. 2d, Desire of Slave States to extend area of Slavery. 3d, Admission of Texas to the Union. 4th, Dispute about boundary between Texas and Mexico. 5tli, The Army being* sent to occuj)y dis- puted territor^^ 6th, Mexicans attacked a scouting party under Captain Thornton, within the dis- puted territory. 7th, Mexicans in large force entered dis- puted territory, and were met bj^ Taylor's army at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palmas. May 2M, 184G, Mexico formally declared war. Results— The United States invaded Mexico from the Rio Grande, from Vera Cruz, and from the North. The Mexicans were defeated in every engage- ment, and City of Mexico was captured September 13-14, 1847. By Treaty of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo, the United States acquired California, New Mexico and Nevada, a part of Colorado and Arizona, paying Mexico $15,000,000, and assuming the debts due from Mexico to Citizens of tlr? TJiiited States, amount- ing to $3,000,000. 64 LXIV. — Mexican War. 1846. May F't Brown bombarded Maj. Brown " 8 Palo Alto Taylor Arista 9 Resaca de las Palmas (I (< Aug. 18 Santa Fe captured Kearney Sept. 24 Monterey Taylor Ampudia Dec. 25 Bracito Doniphan Ponce de Leon 1847. Feb. 28 Sacramento " Trias << 23 Buena Vista Taylor Santa Anna Mar. 27 Vera Cruz bombarded Scott Morales Apr. 18 Cerro Gordo a Santa Anna " 19 Perote Castle Jalapa '< No defense May 25 Puebla occupied '< (( (( Aug. 20 Contreras Twiggs Valencia " 20 San Antonio Worth No defense " 20 Cberubusco Pillow Santa Anna Sept. 8 Molino del Rey Worth a it " 13 Chapultepec ] San Cosino Belen Gate Quitman Pillow Bravo " 13 Scott Santa Anna " 14 City of Mexico " Abandoned it Oct. 9 Huaraantla Lane Santa Anna " 12 Puebla, siege of Childs The United States troops were invariably vic- torious. 65 LXY. — The Navy in Mexican War. Mexico had no naval force and little external commerce, and the U. S. Navy had little more service than in capturing' a few un- g'arrisoned ports on the Gulf of Mexico and the coast of California. Sailors and Marines were landed and held the captured places, and by so much co-oper- ated with the Arm3" in the conquest of the country. A fleet under Com. Sloatw^as sent to the Pacific and captured the ports of Monterey, San Francisco and Los Angeles, and with the very small army effected the conquest of California. Com. Sloat was afterw^ards relieved \>j Com, Stockton. A fleet under Com. Conner operated in the Gulf of Mexico, and captured the ports of Tampico, Tobasco and Tuspan. He assisted materially in the attack on the Castle of San Juan d' Ulloa at Vera Cruz. Com. Conner was afterwards relieved hj Com. Perry. 66 LXVI. — Admin, of Zachcunj Taylor. Born in Virginia. Inaugurated Marcii 5th. 1849 ; served 1 year, 4 months, 5 days. President Taylor advised the people of Cali- fornia to org-anize for admission as a State into the Union. The.y framed a Constitution prohibiting Slavery. This re-opened the Slavery agitation as settled in 1820 by the Missouri compromise. Under the leadership of Henry Clay the Omnibus Bill proposed — 1st, Admission of California as a free State. 2d, Consent to form four States out of Texas, the question of Slavery to be decided by the people. 3d, Organizing Territories of New Mexico and Utah without mentioning Slavery. 4th, Establishing boundary between New Mex- ico and Texas. United States paying- Texas $10,000,000 for all claims. 5th, Enactment of a Fugitive Slave Law. Gth, Abolition of Slave Trade in District of Columbia. While this bill was under discussion, President Taylor died, and Vice-President Millard Fillmore became President. 67 LXVII. — Admin, of Millard Fillmore. Born in New York. Inaugurated July 9th, 1850 ; served 2 years, 7 months, 2G days. The Omnibus Bill was passed September 18th, 1850, and has been known as the Compro- mise of 1850. 1850, A series of filibuster expeditions for the annexation or independence of Cuba began. 1851, Gen. Lopez and his principal followers Avere captured, taken to Havana and exe- cuted. 1852, Dispute about Newfoundland fisheries arose between Great Britain and the United States. 1852, Kossuth visited United States to plead the cause of Hungary. The Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin was sent to the Arctic ocean. 1853, The Kane expedition was sent out for the same purpose. The Compromise of 1850 re-opened the slavery discussion with increasing bitterness, and formed the groundwork of all the subse- quent contests, Avhich developed succes- sively into Kansas border warfare, Fugitive Slave contests, John Brown's raid at Har- per's Feriy, and the War of Secession. 68 LXYIII. — Admin, of Fixinldin Pierce. Born in New Hampshire. Inaug-urated March 4th, 1853 ; serv^ed 4 years. 1853, The first of several exploring- parties was sent to find a route for a Pacific Rail- 7-oad. The boundary dispute between New Mexico and Chiliuahua was settled by United States purchasing' a strip of Arizona kno*vn as the "The Gadsden Purchase." It Avas expected tliat the United States would thereby acquire an entrance to the Gulf of California. Commodore Perr3^ concluded a treaty with Japan, opening* her ports to commerce with Cliristian Nations. 1854, Stephen A. Douglas proposed to organ- ise Kansas and Nebraska as territories, leaving the question of slavery to the set- tlers, giving rise to what is known as " Squatter Sovereignty." 1854, The Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed and w^as regarded as a repeal of the Missouri compromise. The settlers organized two governments ; the Free State party at Topeka, and the Pro-Slavery party at Le- compton. This promoted the disruption of old political parties and developed into being the Re- publican Part3\ 69 LXIX. — Admin, of James Buchanan. Born in Pennsylvania. Inaug'urated March 4th, 1857 ; served 4 years. 1857, The attempt of the United States to exer- cise its authoi'ity over Utah brought on an insurrection known as the " Mormon War." A force of 2500 men under Col. A. S. John- ston was sent to enforce the law. 1858, An American fleet was sent to Parag-ua^^ to obtain satisfaction for an insult to the flag*. 1858, Tlie first telegraphic cable across the Atlantic Ocean, fi'om Trinity Bay, ISTew- foundland, to Valencia Bay, Irelaiid, was completed. The U. S. Supreme Court delivered the ^^Dred Scott " decision, " That negroes are not and cannot become citizens." Personal Liberty Bills were enacted in several States. 1859, John Brown organized a party to raise an insurrection in Virginia and seized the U.S. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He was cap- tured, tried and executed. 1860, Abraham Lincoln, Republican, was elected President. A Convention in South Carolina December 17th declared the Union dissolved. 1861, February 4th, The Confederate States of America vv^as organized at Montgomery, Alabama. See cxrr. TO LXX. — Admin, of Abraham Lincoln. Born in Kentucky. Inaug-urated March 4th, 18G1 ; served 4 j^ears, 1 month, 10 daj^s. 1861, The Secession of South Carolina in 1860 was followed by that of Mississippi, Ala- bama, Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana, in January, 1861, and of Texas, in February, 1861. Jefferson Davis was chosen President, and Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President, of Confedey^ate States of America. President Lincoln, in his Inaug-ural Address, disavowed any purpose to interfere with Slavery as it existed, but proclaimed his duty *'to hold, occupy, and possess the places and property " belonging: to the United States Government in the South. Major Robert Anderson, United States Artil- lery^, with 79 men, g-arrisoned the forts in Charleston Harbor. United States Government sent the Star of the West with re-inforcements and supplies for Anderson, but she was fired on and driven off in January, 1861. April 12th, 1861, the War of the Secession was begun l)y firing- on Fort Sumter, in Char- leston Harbor, and was ended, April 9th, 1865, with the Surrender of the Confeder- ate Army in Yii'g-inia. 71 Destruction and Reconstruction. Secession had become, for the time, an accom- plished fact. The Slave States had earnestly entered upon the work of destruction, for whicli their people had, hy 30 years of idleness, extrava- g-ance and debt, with attendant ig-norance and lawlessness, become fully prepared. The Free States, in their industry, frug-alit}^ and enlightenment, with attendant prosperity and comfort, could not understand the crisis and were unprepared for it. Amidst the fanatical yell for disunion and the equally fanatical shriek for vengeance, the voice of the patriot and the statesman could only be heard in their one cry for Union, Union, Union. The President, with the gift of inspiration, made Union the refrain of all his work, and, wher- ever his voice could be heard, the people I'allied loyally to his support in defending- the Constitution and restoring the Union. 72 LXXI. — General Causes of War of Secession. Existence of Negro Slavery. 1st, Slavery was profitable in cultivatiii.c: cot- ton in the South, hut was not profitable in the North, where soil, climate and products encouraged individual industry. 2d, The Slavery interests fell into the hands of The Few, who became dominating-, idle, ex- travagant and fanactical, as to the merits of Slavery. 3d, The people of the North abolished Slaverj^, and in the individual pursuit of wealth were subordinate, industrious, frugal, and fanactical as to the sins of Slavery. 4th, The South being agricultural, wanted Free Trade in articfes of domestic use. The North engaging largely in manufactures and commerce wanted protection for in- dustries, which thereby brought greater profits. The antagonisms engendered by sectional in- terests were seduloush^ cultivated by aspir- ing politicians, and reached the political climax in W. H. Seward's declaration of the BTepi^essible Conflict. 73 LXXII. — Special Causes of War of Secession, 1st, The Protection extended to Slavery interests under the Constitution. Art. I, Sec. 9. 2d, The teachings of J. C. Calhoun, and the S. C. School in the Nullification agitation of 1832. 3d, The bitterness eng-endered by the strife for sectional political predominance. 4th, The Anti-Slaver}^ agitation conducted by Wm. Llovd Garrison, Arthur Tappan and Wendell Phillips. 5th, The escape of Slaves into free States and Canada, and the efforts to recapture the runaways. Gth, The United States Government enforcing- the Fug-itive Slave Law in the special interest of slavery. 7th, Annexation of Texas, thereby extending- the area of Slavery. 8th, Formation of the Republican Party in op- position to the extension of Slavery. 9th, Kansas Border War for the extension of Slavery. 10th, John Brown's attempt to raise a Slave insurrection in Virg-inia, and his execution. 11th, Election of Abraham Lincoln as President. 74 LXXIII. — PoliVl Events. — War of Secession. 18G1, Ordinances of Secession were passed by Virginia, April l'7th ; by Arkansas, May 6tli ; by North Carolina, May 20th ; by Ten- nessee, June 8th. The Seat of Confederate Government was removed from Montgomery, Ala., to Rich- mond, Va. Assemblies of influential citizens of the bor- der States were held in the interest of peace, but without result. November 8th, Mason & Slidel], Confederate Commissioners to Europe, were taken from Br. Steamer Trent, but w^ere afterwards de- livered up to Great Britain. Archbishop Hughes and Mr. Thurlow Weed were sent as Commissioners to European States. Congress passed Acts freeing Slaves used for Military work ; forbidding return of fugitive Slaves ; setting all fugitive Slaves free ; providing for enlisting negroes, who there- by obtained freedom for themselves and families. 1863, January 1st, Proclamation of Emancipa- tion was issued. Congress ])assed Act for draftin": Soldiers. 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected, and 1865, March 4tli, was inaugurated. President Lincoln was assassinated b}^ J. Wilkes Booth, at Ford's Theatre, April 14th, 1865. 75 LXXIV. — General Plan of Wa?- of Secession. The South (Confederate States of America) selected — 1st, Three points of land defense, viz., one in Vii'.^'inia, defending- Richmond and threat- ening- Washing-ton ; one in Louisiania, hokl- ing- mouth of Mississippi River ; one in Kentucky and Tennessee, between Cumber- hmd and Tennessee Rivers. 2d, Provided for defense of her ports by Earth- works and Obstructions. 3d, Ag-itated politically in the Border States of Marjdand, Kentucky and Missouri. 4th, Soug'ht friendly alliances with European States. The North (United States of America) met these — 1st, By calling- in the small scattered Reg-ular Army. 2d, By calling- into service of the United States 75,000 Militia from the Northern States. 3d, By establishing- in Kentucky, West Virg-inia and Missouri, Camps of Instruction, as rallying- points for the loyal people of those sections. 4th, By securing- control of Legislatures of Maryland, Kentucky and Missoui'i. 5th, By passing- an Act increasing- the Reg'ular Army. 6th, By org-anizing- a Volunteer Army, increas- ing- the Navy, and preparing- for a War of Subjug-ation. 76 LXXV. — Financial Ileasures for the War. Lincoln's administration beg-an with a war on hand and an empty treasurj^ ; appealed to the country and etl'ected loans for immediate use ; called Cong'ress in extra session, which passed laws authorizing- — 1st, an issue of Legal Tender notes redeemable in gold. Also a paper currency called Greenbacks, g-uaranteed b^^ the United States. These, before the close of the war depreciated to about 35 per cent of gold value. 2d, A postal or fractional currency redeemable in greenbacks. 3d, An issue of 5-20 years, 6 per cent gold bonds. 4th, An issue of 10-40 years, 5 per cent gold bonds. 5th, An issue of 6 per cent compound interest notes. 6th, An issue of 7yV\ per cent coupon bonds. Tth, An issue of certificates of indebtedness convertible into 5-20s. 8th, An issue of currency 6 per cent bonds. 9th, National Banks, whose circulation was secured by deposit of United States bonds. 10th, Revised and enlarged the sources of taxa- tion. 77 LXXYI.— Taxation for Prosecution of the War. Custom duties were imposed upon every article of import to an extent making' importation almost proliibitor3\ A Bureau of Internal Revenue was established whereby enormous sums were collected from — 1st, A tax upon all Spirituous and Malt liquors. 2d, A tax upon the growth and manufacture of tobacco. 3d, A tax upon all Proprietary articles. 4th, A tax upon all manufactures. 5th, A tax upon many occupations. Cth, A tax upon most incomes. Tth, A tax upon all legal documents. 8th, A tax upon all evidences of transactions. 9th, A tax upon all successions, transfers or mheritances of property. 10th, A tax upon all business receipts, bank checks, etc. After a brief period and when the skill in adjust- ing taxation had matured, most of these taxes were collected by sale of Stanqjs, a submissive acceptance of the very evil which was vigorously used to promote the Rebel- lion of the Colonies. 78 'LXXYll.—DeiJots of Army Supplies. Army supplies were generally purchased by contract in the larger Commercial Cities, dz., New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cincinnati, Chicago, IiOiiis\iliG and St LoLiis. Depots were established in rear of the principal lines of operations, but, as the armies advanced, depots for issue were pushed forward immediately in rear of the advancing column. The Principal Depots were established at — 1st, Washington, D. C, Alexandria, White House, Fort Monroe and City Point in Virginia, to supply the Army of the Potomac, and co-operating armies. 2d, Cincinnati, O., for troops in West Virginia and Eastern Kentucky. 3d, Louisville, Ky., for troops operating against Nashville. Nashville, Tenn., for troops operating against Chattanooga. Chattanooga, for troops operating against Atlanta. 4th, St. Louis, Mo., for operations west of Mis- sissippi River, Cairo, Ills., and Memphis, Tenn., along the Mississippi River. 5th, Newbern, N. C. and Hilton Head, along the South Atlantic coast. Gth, New Orleans, La., for operations in Louisiana and Mississippi. 79 Many partial, immature and inaccurate '' His- tories", "School Histories", Books and Stories of this war have been published. Most of these ag-ree in the incontestable facts of the important battles, commanders and re- sults, but in the details of tlie campai.2rns, few tell many truths and many tell but very partial truths. Campaig-ns are described with a bias of self-inter- est ; plans are judi2red with partizan preju- dice ; motives are manutactured with jealous envy, and non-producing- credit is studiously or ig-norantly withheld, but the dates, the names and the actions remain. It has seemed to be better for the purposes of this book, that the account of the w^ar be limited to a Tabulated Statement of each year's important actions, arranged essen- tially according" to the Several Bases of Sup- plies. 80 LXXVIII. — Important Engagements of 1861. April 12th, Fort Sumter was bombarded and surrendered. April 19, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania mil- itia, en-route to the Capital, were attacked in the streets of Baltimore. Va. June 10 Big- Bethel Pierce Magruder July IS Blackburn's Ford Tyler Beauregard " 21 1st Bull Run (Manassas) McDowell Beauregard Oct. 21 Ball's Bluff Baker Evans W. Va. June 3 Philippi Morris, T. A. Porterfield July 11 Rich Mountain Rosecrans Peg-ram Sep. 10 Carniflx Ferry Rosecrans Floyd Oct. 3 Green Brier Reynolds J. J. Lee, R. E. Dec. 13 Buffalo Mt. Milroy Johnston J. E. Mo. May 10 Camp Jackson Lyon Frost June 10 Booneville Lyon Marmaduke Auo-.IO Wilson Creek Lyon McCullough Sep. 20 Lexing'ton Mullig-an Price Oct. 20 Frederickton Carlin Thompson Nov. 7 Belmont Grant Cheatham 81 LXXIX.— ^a^ai Operations of 1861. April 19, President ordered blockade of Soiitlieri; port s. Miiy 3, C. S. Ship Savannah captured by U. S. Brig Ferry. May 31, U. S. Gunboats attacked Confederate batteries at mouth of Aquia Creek. June 29, U. S. Ship St. Nicholas was captured on Potomac River. Aug-ust 5, U. S. Ship Vincennes burned C. S. Ship Alvarado. Aug-ust 23, U. S. Ships Yankee and Release en- gaged the batteries at mouth of Potomac Creek. August 29, Fleet under Com. Stringham, con- voying an expedition, captured Forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C. September 14, Boats from U. S. Squadron attack Pensacola Navy Yard and burn C. S. Ship Judah. October 6, U. S. Ship Flag captured C. S. Schooner Alert. November 7, Fleet under Com. Dupont, convok- ing- expedition, capture Forts Beauregard and Walker, at Hilton Head, S. C. November 9, Crew of U. S. Ship Saranac cap- tured C. S. Ship City of Bixtntford. November 23, U. S. Fleet bombard Confederate works at Pensacola, Fla. December 3d, Fleet convoyed expedition to Ship Island and blockaded the passes of Mis- sissippi River. 82 LXXX.—Army of Potomac, 1863. Gen. G. B. McClellan was assig-ned to command in the East, and org'anized the Army of the Potomac. March 17, He moved Army of Potomac to Yorktown Peninsuki. May 3 Yorktown McClellan Mag-ruder 5 Williamsburg McClellan Johnston, J. E. 7 West Point Franklin Whiting- " 31 Seven Pines McClellan Johnston June 1 Fair Oaks McClellan Smith, G. W. Confederate Gen. T. J. Jackson was sent with a force to threaten Washing'ton, and the forces of Fremont, Banks and McDowell were placed under command of Maj. Gen'l John Pope. June 26 Mechanics ville Porter, F. J. Lee a 37-8|Gaines' Mill McClellan Lee a 29 Savage's Station McClellan Lee <> 30 White Oak Swamp McClellan Lee July 1 Malvern HiU McClellan Jackson, T. J. A larg-e part of Army of Potomac was sent to re-info rce Army of Northern Virg-inia un- der Pope, and took part in the second battle of Bull Run. Sept. 14 " IG Dec. 13 South Mountain Antietam Fredericks!) ur g- Franklin McClellan Barnside Lee Lee Lee 83 'LXXXl.— Other Operations in Va. in 1862. When Army of Potomac moved to the Penin- suhx, Fremont was left Avith a force to occupy the g-aps of the Blue Ridge, Banks with a force to occupy the Slienandoah Valle^'', and McDowell with a force in front of Washing'ton, to move to sui^port of McClellan. Confederate General Jackson moved rapidly from in front of Richmond, attacked and defeated the armies of Banks and Fremont and rejoined Lee. March 23 Wincliester Shields Ashby May 8 McDowell Mih'oy Jackson " 25 Winchester Banks Jackson June 8 Cross Kej^s Fremont Jackson General Pope's army of Northern Virginia was attacked by Lee, after defeat of McClellan on the Peninsula. Aug. 9 Cedar Mountain McDowell Jackson "" 29 Groveton Pope Jackson " 30 2a Bull Run Pope ■ Lee Sept. 1 Chantilly Pope Jackson Sept. 4, McClellan resumes command Army of Potomac. Sept. 12 I Harper's Ferry | White I J ackson November 5, Burnside is placed in command Army of Potomac. 84 LXXXII. — Operations from Louisville, Ky., 1862. Gen'l D. C. Buell was assigned to command forces operating- in Kentuck^^ The troops m Eastern Kentucky were ordered to Louis- ville, and large re-inforcements were sent from the Northwestern States. Jan'y 19 | Mill Spring" | Thomas, G. H. \ Crittenden February 23, Nashville, Tenn., occupied by Buell 's forces. April 11, Huntsville, Ala., occupied by Buell's forces. April 29, Reconnaissance made to Cumberland Gap. June 7, Reconnaissance made to Chattanooga, Tenn. Bragg began movement against Louisville, driving in outlying bodies of Buell's army towards Nashville, while Kirby Smith moved through Cumberland Gap, and For- rest moved from West Tennessee, and Morgan from Middle Tennessee, raiding through the State, attacking small posts. Buell, leaving a garrison in Nashville, moved his remaining forces to Louisville, re-organ- ized his re-inforced army and moved out to meet Bragg. Aug-. 30 I Richmond, Ky. | Manson | Kirby Smith September 17, Cumberland Gap evacuated by Gen. G. W. Morgan. Oct. 8 Dec. 31 Perry ville Stone River Buell Rosecrans Bragg Brag-g- 85 LXXXlll.— Operations from St, Louis, 1862. Gen. H. W. Halleck was assig-necl to command the Department of Missouri. On the East of Mississippi River— Feb. 6 " 16 April 6 " 7 Sept 19 Oct. 3 Dec. 29 " 30 Fort Henry Fort Donelson Shiloh Pittsburg' Landing luka Corinth Chickesaw Bayou Parker's Cross R'cls Grant and Foote Grant and Foote Grant Grant and Buell Rosecrans Rosecrans Sherman, W. T. Sullivan Tilghnian Buckner Johnston, A. S. Beauregard Price Van Dorn Johnston, J. E. Forrest On the West of Mississippi River— jMar. 6 ♦' 14 April 7 July 7 Dec. 7 Pea Ridge New Madrid, taken Island No. 10, " Big Beaver Cr., Mo Prairie Grove, Ark. Van Dorn Greene Hindman In Neiv Mexico— Feb. 21 Valverde Canhy Sibley Mar. 26 Apache Canon Chivington " 26-8 Glorieta Slough Scurry Aug. 7 Fort FiUmore Canhy Sibley 86 1.XXXIV.— Other Operations in 1802. The Navy shared with the Armj^ in nearly all the coast and river expeditions, and per- formed conspicuous service with their tloating- batteries. Februar^^ S, Ari^iy under Burnside Avith fleet under Goldsboroug-h captured Roanoke Island, N. C. March 8, U. S. Ships Cumberland and Con- gress are sunk in Hampton Roads by Con- federate ram Merrimac. March 9, The Monitor attacks the Merrimac and drives it back disabled to Norfolk. March 14, Newbern, N. C, was captured and made the base of operations in North Carolina. April 10-11, Fort Pulaski, Ga., is bombarded and taken. April 25, Fort Macon, N. C, is bombarded and taken. April 18-28, Fleet and Mortar boats under Farrag'ut bombard and take Forts Jackson and St. Philip below New Orleans. May 1, New Orleans occupied by Army under Butler. May 12, Pensacola occupied. Dec. IT, Baton Roug-e occupied. From August to November, Corpus Christi, Apalachicola, St. Mary's, Tampa, and Lavaca, were bombarded by the Nav3\ 87 LXXXV. — Operations in Virginia, 1863. Jan'y 26, Gen'l J. Hooker assig-ned to command Army of Potomac. May 1 Chancellors ville Hooker Lee June 13 Winchester Milroy Ewell June 9 Brandy Station >>« Pleasanton Shtart " 17 Aldie 1> Kilpatrick Stuart " 21 Upper ville "^ Pleasanton Stuart June 14, Martinsbiirg", W. Va., was occupied by E Well's foi^ces. June 14, Hiigerstowiij Md., was occupied by E well's forces. June 16, Harper's Ferry, W. Va., was invested hy E well's forces. June 23, Chambersburg", Pa., was occupied by Ewell's forces. June 27, Carlisle, Pa., was occupied b}^ Swell's forces. June 28, Gen'l G. G. Meade assig-ned to com- mand Army of Potomac. July 1-3 Gettysburg, Pa. Meade | Lee July 6, Williamsport, Md., Cavalry action. July 16, Sheppardstown, Va., Cavalry action. July 21, Manassas Gap, Va., Cavalry action. July 22, Chester Gap, Va., Cavalry action. Aug. 26 Rocky Ga]) Averill Jones Oct. 14 Bristol Station Warren Hill, A. P. " 19 Buckland Mills Custer Stuart Nov. 6 Droop M't Averill Echols " 26 Mine Run Meade Lee 88 LXXXVI.— Oper'ns/rom Louisville, 1863. Jan'y 3 Stone's Eiver (Murfreesb'ro) Rosecrans Brag^ Mar. 4 Thompson's Station Coburn Van Dorn " 20 Vaught's Hill Hall Wheeler Ap'l 10 Havpeth Shoals Granger Van Dorn May 11 Horse Shoe Bend Jacobs Morgan June 24 Middleton, Tenn. Mitchell Wheeler July 5 Lebanon, Ky. Hanson Morgan Morg-an raided throug-h Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. Sept. 19-21 I Chicamauga | Rosecrans | Bragg Oct. 3, McMinnville was taken by Confeder- ates. Oct. 27 " 28 Brown's Ferry Wauhatchie Smith, W. F. Hooker Longstreet Longstreet Gen'l U. S. Grant in chief command in battles of— Nov 23 Chattanooga Thomas, O. H. Bragg 11 24 Lookout M't Hooker Bragg a 25 Missionary Ridge Sherman, W. T. Bragg " 27 Ringgold, Ga. Hooker Hardee Gen'l Burnside made expedition against Cum- berland Gap. Mar. 80 | Button's Hills | Gillmore I Pegrani Sept. 9, Cumberland Gap was captured and fortified. Nov. 29, Fort Sanders, E. Tenn., assaulted by Confederates under Longstreet. 89 LXXXVII.— Oper'ns around Vicksburg, 1863. Jan y 11 | F't Hindman | McClernand \ Churchill Gen'l Grant moved his army to west bank of Mississippi River. April 16, Fleet and transports ran the batteries at Vicksburg. May 1 r Port Gi bson | McClernand \ Bo wen Mav 3, Grand Gulf occupied by Grant's arm^^ May 12 Raymond McPherson Gregg: "14 Jackson Sherman, W. T. Johnston, J.E . - 16 Champion Hills Grant Pemberton " 17 Bi.^- Black River McClernand Pemberton May 18, Siege of Vicksburg was begun. May 21, Investment of Vicksburg was com- pleted. May 22, Assault of Vicksburg was made. June 8 Milliken's Bend Dennis (Col. t'p) Kirby Smith July 4 Vicksburg surrendered Grant Pemberton J 4 Helena taken Pi-entiss Marmaduke " 9-lG Jackson besieged Grant " 13 Yazoo City taken Herron Gen'l Grant moved a large part of his troops to the vicinity of Chattanooga, where at the same time the 11th and r2th Corps from the Army of the Potomac also arrived in September. 90 LXXXVIII.— 0^/ier Operations in 1863. North Carolina. Nothing- of importance occurred. South Carolina. The United States fleet under Adm. Dalil- gren made several unsuccessful attempts against the defenses of Charleston. The army under Gillmore erected batteries and bombarded the works, and threw shells into Charleston with no important result. Florida. No important work was done. From Neiv Orleans. Many small eng-ag-ements took place between cotton and sugar hunting parties and small bands of Confederates. The important ac- tions were — Ap'l 13-14 Bayou Teche Banks - 15 Franklin occupied a May 27 Port Hudson besieged n Gardner June 11 " ♦' invested tt " July 9 " *' suiTendered tt •' Texas. Jan'y 1st, Gralveston was taken by forces under Gen'l Washburn. Nov., Fort Esperanza, Mustang Island and Brazos captured. 91 LXXXIX. — Main Operations in Va., 1864. ARMY OF POTOMAC. May 5-7 Wilderness Grant and Meade Lee 8-18 '* 23-27 Spotts3^1vania North Anna River it a " June 1-12 Cold Harbor it a (( " 15-19 Petersburg- occupied li it " " 22-28 Weldon R. R. n a *' July 1-81 In front of Petersburg it a '* 30 The Mine explosion Burnside '< Aug. 1-31 In trenches of Petersburg- Grant and Meade " 14-18 Deep Bottom Run (( a " " 18-21 Six Mile House Warren Pickett 25 Ream's Station Grant and Meade Lee Sep. 1-30 In trenches of Petersburg ii a <( " 29-Oct. 1 Betvv. P'burg and Rich'd a a a Oct. 26 Hatcher's Run i( a a 27 Fair Oaks " " a ARMY OF JAMES. May 16-30 June 2 Bermuda Hundreds Berm'a H'nd'ds occupied Butler Beaure- gard June 15, Army of James merged with Army of Potomac. 92 XC. — Collaieixd Operations in Va., 1864. May 4-16, Kautz moved from Suffolk to City Point — Wall Bridg-e— Stoney Creek — Jar- etts — Lynchburg- R. R., etc. May 9-13, Sheridan moved throug-h Confeder- ate lines to Beaver Dam — North Anna — South Anna — Ashland — Yellow Tavern. May 15 | New Market | SigeL Breckenridge Gen'l Hunter commanded expedition ag-ainst Lynchburg'. June 5 Piedmond,W. Va. Hunter " 10-11 Lexin^-ton " '' 14 Buchanan <« " 18 Lynchburg " In Jul3^, Confederate Gen'l Earl^^ demonstrated ag-ainst Washing-ton. July 9 Monocacy Wallace Early " 12 Fort Stevens Augur " 20 Winchester Averill " 23 Kernstown Crook (( 24 Winchester " Aug. 21 Summit Point Sheridan Sept. 19 Opequan Sheridan «* 22 Fisher's HiU '* Oct. 9 Strasburg (( Rosser " 19 Cedar Creek " Early (Confederates were at first successful but at last defeated.) 93 XCI. — Operations from Chattanooga, 1864. Feb. 25 Tunnel Hill, Ga. Palmer Wheeler May 5 ) Sept. 1 ■ Chattanooga to Atlanta Sherman, W. T. Johnston, J.E. May 7 Tunnel Hill Thomas (( " 8 Buzzard Roost Stanley li " 8 Snake Creek Gap McPherson a - 9 Dalton captured Sherman '< «' 15 Resaca '< a ** 28 Dallas *' Longstreet June 14 Pine M't Thomas Johnston " 27 Kenesaw M't Sherman (( July 2-5 Nickajack " (( " 6-10 Chattahooche R. (( " " 20 Peach Tree Creek '< Hood " 22 Atlanta (sortie) a (C " 28 a ■ it Logan (( - 28) Sept. 1 f Atlanta (besieged) Aui^-. 31 Jonesboro Howard Hardee Sept. 2 Atlanta occup'd Slocum Gen'l Johnston was relieved by Gen'l Hood, who moved North ag-ainst Nashville and the communications of Sherman's army. Oct. 5' Allatoona Corse I French XCII. — From Atlanta. — In Miss., Ark., Mo., Gen'l G. H. Thomas with a force followed Hood. Nov. 24-28 " 30 Dec. 15-16 Columbia, Franklin, Nashville, Thomas Schofleld Thomas Hood Hood Gen'l Sherman filled his supply trains and abandoned Atlanta. Dec. 13 *' 21 Fort McAllister Savannah taken Hazen Sherman Hardee In Mississippi, to destroy railroad connections. Feb. 3 to Mar. 5, from Vicksburg- to Meridian, under Sherman. Feb. 10-25, from Memphis, co-operating-, under Smith, W. S. June 10 I Guntovvn, Miss. | Sturgis July 13 i Tupelo, Miss. | Smith, JV. S. Kirhy Smith Forrest In Arkansas. April 10-13 I Prairie d'Ann 30 I Jenkin's Ferry I Steele Marmaduke Fagan In Missouri. (Price's invasion, Sept. 24 to Oct. 28.) Sept. 27 Pilot Knob Ewing Pri-je *' 30 Harrison K '• Oct. 19 Lexington Blunt Price " 22 Independence Pleasanton Fagan " 26 Mine Creek '< Price '* 30 Nevvtonia Blunt (( 95 XCTII.— 7^1 La., Ala., Fla., N. C, 1864, In ijouisiana. (Red River Expedition.) Mar. 15 Fort DeRussy taken Smith, A. J. " 22 Hutchison's Mills Mower Taylor " 19 Nachitoche Banks a Ap'l 2 Crump's Hill " Lee, S. D. - 8 Sabine Cross Roads Banks Taylor ** 9 Pleasant Hills Banks Kirby Smith '' 23 Cane River Smith, A. J. Taylor In Alabama. (Mobile Harbor.) Feb. 25, Fort Powell bombarded. Aug. 8 I Fort Gaines taken | Adm'l Farragut | Maury " 23 I Fort Morgan taken J '' ! " In Florida. Feb. 20 I Olustee | Seymour Finnegan In South Carolina, nothing- important occurred. I7i Nof^th Carolina. Feb. 1 Bachelor's Creek Palmer, I. N. Pickett " 3 Newbern Foster Pickett Ap'l 1^ -20Plymouth Wessels Hoke Nov. 30i Honey Hill Foster Smith, G. W. Dec. 25 1 Fort Fisher (first) Butler Whiting Oct. 7, Confederate Ram Albemarle destroyed by Lieut. Gushing-, U. S. N. 96 XCIV. — Operations in " The Carolinas,^^ 1865. Jan. 15 Ft. Fisher taken | Terry \ Hoke Gen'l Schofield with 23d Corps moved to N. C. Feb. 19 Ft. Anderson Schofield Hoke " 22 Wilmington, N. C. " Bragg Mar. 10 Monroe's Cross Roads " " 11 Kingston, N. C. Cox Hoke Mar. 10, Fayetteville, N. C, occupied by Scho- field 's forces. Gen'l Sherman moved North from Savannah. Feb. 4 River's Bridge Sherman Wheeler •' 9 South Edisto Blair " " 12 North a (( " 15 Congaree Creek Logan <( Feb. 17, Columbia, S. C, occupied by Sher- man's forces. Feb. 18, Charleston occupied and the forts surrendered. Mar. 16 '' 19 Averyboro', N. C. Bentonville, N. C. Sherman I Hardee Johnston, J. E. Mar. 21, Goldsboro' occupied by Sherman's forces. April 14, President Lincoln was assassinated. April 26, Gen'l J. E. Johnston surrenders his army to Gen'l W. T. Sherman near Dur- ham's Station, N. C. 97 XCV. — In Virginia and in The West, 1865. In Virginia. Feb. 5-7 Hatcher's Run Grant and Meade Lee Feb. 27 to Mar. 25, Sheridan raided into South- western Va. Mar. 25 Fort Steadman Meade Gordon " 29 Gravelly Run Sheridan Johnston " 31 Boydton Road i.i Lee Ap'l 1 Five Foi-ks ii a - 3 Petersburg' taken Grant <( - 6 Sailor's Creek Sheridan a «' 9 Appomattox C. H. Grant a Gen'l R. E. Lee surrenders his army to Gen'i U. S. Grant. In The West. Gen'l J. H. Wilson started with 15,000 Cavalry from Nashville, Tenn., to raid to Selma, Montgomery, Mobile, Alabama. Ap'l 8 " 9 " 9 Spanish Fort, Mobile Mobile surrendered Fort Blakeley captured Canby Crosby Gibson Maury Lidell May 1, John Morg-an surrendered at Mt. Sterl- '^ing, Ky. May 4, Richard Taylor surrendered at Citron- elle, Ala. May 10, Jefferson Davis was captured at Irwins- ville, Ga. Msiy 26, Kirby Smith surrendered at New Or- leans. 98 XCYl.— Confederate Raids, 1861-65. A raid is a rapid movement of Cavalry with perhaps Horse Artilleiy, generally made against the enemy's communications pre- viously to or during the advance of the main force. It is distinguished from an expedition in that its movements are more rapid, and the latter embraces Infantrj^ and Field Artillery in its organization, although the general objects of a raid and an expedition be the same. Confederate raids — June, 1862, Gen'l J. E. B. Stuart in Virginia. Jul}^, '' " John Morgan in Kentuck3^ April, 1863, Col. Mosby in Virginia. June, " Gen'l J.E. B.Stuart in Md.and Pa. July, "- " John Morgan in Ky., Ind. and Ohio. Was captured at New Lisbon, O. Jan'y, 1864, Gen'l Wirt Adams in Miss. June, ^' '^ John Morgan in Kentucky. Aug., '' '' N. B. Forrest in W. Tenn. and W. Ky. Sept., 1864, Gen'l Jos. Wheeler in Mid. Tenn. '' '' " J. A. Early in Md. and Pa. 99 XCYIL— Raids by Union Troops, 1861-65. May, 18G3, Man^^ raids ag-ainst Mobile and "^OhioR. R. April, 1863, Gen'l Geo. Stoneman in Virginia. " Col. A. D. Streig-ht in Ala. and Ga. ** " Gen'lB.H.GriersoninMiss.andLa. July, 1863, '' Potter in North Carolina. Aug., " '' W. W. Averill in W. Va. Dec, '' '' W. W. Averill in South- western Va. Ma3^ 1864, Gen'l A. V. KautzinS. Va. " P. H. Sheridan in C. Va. J. H. Wilson in N. Va. L. H. Rousseau in Georgia. E. D. McCook in Georgia. Geo. Stoneman in Georgia. Judson Kilpatrick in Geo. in N. Va. " " Geo. Stoneman in South- western Va. Feh'y, 1865, Gen'l P. H. Sheridan in W. Va. '' " '' do. do. April, '' ^^ Geo. Stoneman in N. C. ^^ J. H. Wilson through Term., Georgia and Alabama. June, July, a i i Aug., Dec, 100 XCVIII.— [7. S. Navy. War of Secession. The War of Secession found the U. S. IS'avy with few ships in condition for the g'reat service requii'ed. Its duties were chiefly blockading Southern ports, convoying niil- itai-y expeditions, and policing internal waters. Merchant steamers w^ere purchased and fitted for war. River steamboats were purchased and plated. New war ships were built, and iron-clad vessels of Monitor class were built for river and harbor service, and Mortar fleets for special service. The Reg'ular Navy was increased and a volun- teer Navy was org-anized. Com. String-ham with fleet operated against Hatteras Inlet. Com. Foote with fleet operated against Fort Henry and Memphis. Com. Dupont with fleet operated against Char- leston. Admiral Farragut with fleet operated against New Orleans and Mobile. Admiral Porter with fleet operated against Vicksburg. Admiral Dahlgren with fleet operated against Charleston. Admiral Porter Avith fleet operated against Fort Fisher, N. C, At close of the War the Nav^^ embraced 51,000 men, 816 vessels of all classes. 101 XCIX. — Confederate Navy. The Confederate States made little preparation for naval operations. The Norfolk Navy Yard was utilized as far as possible, but was captured in 1862. The same may be said of Pensacola Navy Yard. In Albemarle Sound efforts were made to fit out a naval force, but ended Avith the de- struction of the Albemarle. On the Yazoo, several heavily plated river steam- boats were prepai-ed to interfere with the operations around Vicksburg\ A few armed ships escaped from Southern ports, and several were fitted out in ports of Great Britain. 1861, The Savannah w^as sunk off Charleston. The Petrel was sunk off Charleston. 1862, The Virginia {Merrimac) at Norfolk. The Florida and Alabama sailed from British ports. 1863, The Atlanta was sunk at mouth of Savannah River. The Nashville was sunk at mouth of Savan- nah River. The Georgia was captured off coast of Por- tugal. 1864, The Alabama was sunk off coast of France. The Florida was captured at Bahia, Brazil. 102 C. — Results of War of Secession. 1. Emancipation of Slaves by ** military neces- sity." 2. Final defeat or surrender of all Confederate armies. 3. Complete political and financial collapse of all seceding' States. 4. An expense to United States of 5,000 mil- lions of dollars. 5. In 1876 an unpaid balance of war debt amounting* to 2,000 millions of dollars or about the value of Slaves set free. 6. 2,000 millions of Slave property set free. 2,000 millions of Bonds imposed. 7. Poverty, imposed upon the South, develops industry and virtue among the people. Wealth, apparently acquired b^^ the North, develops idleness and crime among the people. 8. A political dispensation that has paralyzed external commerce, fattened on internal commerce and subsidized manufactures. 9. 13th Amendment, abolishing Slaver^^ 10. 14th " prescribing Civil Rights. 11. 15th '' " Political '' 103 CI. — Aids to the Conduct of the War. U, S. Sanitcu^y Commission, organized June 9, 1861. In April, 1861, Associations were first formed in Bridgeport, Conn., Lowell, Mass., Cleveland, O., and New York City, to furnish relief to the sick and wounded soldiers and to contribute to the comfort and sanitation of all. $5,000,000 and vast quantities of supplies were collected and distributed from the i^rincipal depots, Washing-ton, D. C, in the East, and Louisville, Ky., in the West. Christian Commission, org-anized in New York, November 14, 1861. Had a similar purpose, and supplemented harmoniously the work of the Sanitary Commission. Committee on the Conduct of the War. A Committee created by Cong-ress and composed of members especially earnest, who, under its g-ranted powers, summoned ad libitum, witnesses to testify — A Politi- cal Inquisition. Freedmen^s Bureau, organized May 12, 1865. Previous to the org-anization of the Bureau, the care and protection of the freed people were assumed b3docal military commanders. 104 CII. — Military Prisons of United States. Eevolutionary War, 1776-83. United States held but few prisoners, ex- chang^ing- them soon as possible. British used the hulks of their old ships in Wallabout Bay. War of 1812-15. United States made few prisoners and ex- chang-ed them soon. British sent their prisoners to Halifax, N. S., and those taken at Sea were sent to Dartmoor Prison, Eng-land. Mexican War, 1846-48. United States used Perote Castle. War of Secession, 1861-65. UNION. 1 CONFEDERATE. Ft. Warren, Louisville, Libbv, Va. Macon, Ga. Mass. Ky- Castle Thun- Savannah, " Ft. Lafayette, Johnson's I'd. der, Va. Anderson- N. Y. Ohio. Belle Isle, - ville, Ga. Hart's Island, Camp Mor- Salisbur3% Millin, N. Y. ton, Ind. N. C. Charleston, Elmira, N. Y. " Douglass, Raleigh, " S. C. Harrisburg, Ills. Goldsboro, Columbia, Pa. Cairo, " N. C. S. C. Washington, Alton, Tyler, Texas. D. C. St. Louis, Dry Tortugas, Mo. Fla. A Cartel for exchang-e of prisoners of War, is a written ag-reement between the bellig-erent authorities. 105 cm. — Admin, of Andrew Johnson. 1865, April 14, President Lincoln was assassin- ated and Andrew Johnson became Presi- dent. Born in North Carolina. Inaugurated April 15, 1865 ; served 3 years, 10 months, 20 days. 1865, Maj^ 29th. He issued the '' Amnesty Pro- clamation, " g-ranting- amnesty except to certain specified classes. The important question was to rehabilitate the seceded States with a Civil Government. Before Congress met in December, all the States had complied with the terms of the Pro- clamation. 1865, December 18th. The 13th Amendment was adopted. Congress claimed to control Reconstruction. 1867, In March, the Reconstruction Act Avas passed. In June, Maximilian, the emperor whom France had imposed on Mexico, was shot. Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7,200,000. In September, Tenure of Office Act was passed. 1868, February 24, President Johnson was im- peached ; in Jul}^ he was tried, but not con- victed. Jul}^ 28. The 14th Amendment was passed. December 25. A Proclamation of General Amnesty Avas issued. lof; CIV. — Adminstration of U. 8. Grant. Born in Ohio. Inaug-urated March 4, 1869 ; served 8 years. 18G9, Pacific R. R. from Omaha to San Francisco completed. 1870, 15tli Amendment, passed in 1869, was rati- fied. 1871, Joint Hig'h Commission met and framed Treaty of Washington. 1872, The Board of Arbitration convened at Geneva and awarded United States $15, 000,- 000 for daniag-es due from Gt. Britain by depredations of Confederate Steamer Ala- bama (Capt. Raphael Semmes). 1872, Gen'l U. S. Grant re-elected President. 1873, Affairs of Credit Mobilier, a corporation for building the Union Pacific R. R., were investig-ated, and many prominent officials were disreputably involved. 1873, A financial panic known as Black Friday occurred. 1875, Cong-ress passed Act naming- January 1, 1879, as date of Resumption of Specie Pay- ments. United States troops were sent to South Car- olina and Louisiana to maintain the party in power. Known as Bayonet Rule. 1876, International Exposition held in Philadel- phia to celebrate the lOOth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence of the United States. 107 CV. — Adminstration of R. B. Hayes. Born in Ohio. Inaug-uratecl March 5, 1877 ; served 4 years. The result of the election being- in dispute, it was decided by the Electoral Commission in favor of R. B. Hayes as ag-ainst Samuel J. Tilden. The U. S. troops were withdrawn from their employment in Southern States, and the work of Reconstruction was completed. 1877, A g-reat railroad Strike was begun and extended generally throng-hout the Northern States, the U. S. troops being- used to suppress it. 1878, The Silver Bill was passed by Cong-ress requiring- monthly coinage of $2,000,000. A Fishery Commission met at Hahfax, N. S., and awarded Great Britain $5,500,000 dam- ages for violating- fishing- rig-hts of Canada. 1879, Cong-ress passed Chinese Immigration Bill which was vetoed by the President. Jan'y 1st, Specie Payments were resumed, and a general revival of business followed. 108 CVI. — Admin, of Garfield and Arthur. JAMES A. GARFIELD. Born in Ohio. Inaug^uratecl March 4, 1881 ; served 6 months, 15 days. 1880, He was elected hy the Republican Partj^ which had been resolved into antag'onistic factions known as Stalwarts and Half- breeds. He was assassinated July 2d, 1881, by Clias. J. Guiteau, and he died Se^^t. 19th, and was succeeded by CHESTER A. ARTHUR. Born in New York. Inaugurated Sept. 19, 1881 ; served 3 j^ears, 5 mouths, 15 da^ys. 1881, Great excitement existed in the beg-iuuiug- of his administratiou, due to the popiQar belief that the assassiuation of Garfield was effected in the interest of the Stalwart faction. President Arthur by his amiable administration of affairs removed all suspi- cions from the public mind, and restored the good will of foreign governments, which had been affected by the disordered condition of Foreign Affairs from July 2d to Sept. 19th. 1882, The Star Route trials resulted in partial convictions. 1883, The East River Bridge was opened to traffic. The Survivors of the Greely Expedition were rescued. 100 evil. — Insurrections within United States. 1045 Clayborne's Md. Ag-ainst Rule of Proprietors 1G76 Bacon's Va. " Burdens of Taxation 1G78 Culpe])per's N. C. " Collection of Taxes 1689 Leisler's N. Y. In favor of Prince of Orange 1774 Preliminary to Revolution. 1775 Re violation 1787 Shay's Mass, Against Burdens of Taxa- tion 1794 Whiskey Pa. Ag-ainst a Tax on Whiskey 1807 Burr's S. W. " Mexico 1832 Nullification S. C. Tariff Taxation 1842 Dorr's R. I. Against Restrictions of Suf- frage Concerning Boundarv of Me. 1842 Aroostook Me. and N. B. 1844 Mormon Ills. Against Presence of Mor- mons 1846 Anti-Rent N. Y. Against Payment of Land Rents 1850 Taos N. M. Against Rule of Americans 1854 Border Kan. Against Settlement by Free State Men 1857 Mormon Utah Against Execution of U. S. Laws 1859 John Brown's Va. In favor of a Slave Insurrec- tion 1861-5 Secession 1863 Draft Riots N. Y. Against Executing Draft Laws 1877 Railroad Riots Pa. Striking for Hig-her Wages 110 CVIII. — Indian Wars of 19th Century. Indian Wars have g-enerally g-rown out of the advancing" contact of the Whites, whose approach restricts the Indians' sense of freedom, and provides them with essentials to their personal demoralization. The active causes are personal encounters be- tween whites exercising their greed for Indian possessions, and Indians made drunk or vicious by the white man's cunning\ Out of the vast number of Indian conflicts, the following are, historically^ the most im- portant : ' 1811 Oliio, with Maumees | 1863 Dak., with Sioux 1813 Ala., " Creeks 1864 N. Mex., a a 1817 Ga., " Seminoles 1866-8 Tex., " Piegans 1833 Ills., '* Win'bag-'s 1872-3 Oreg-on, " Modocs 1835 Fla., '* Seminoles 1876 Wyom., " Apaches 1838 ii i( a 1877 Mont., " Nez Perces 1850 N. Mex. , " Navajoes 1879 Col., *' Utes 1855 Fla., " Seminoles 1880-5 Ariz. , '* Apaches 1857 Minn., *' Sioux 1886 (( << <( J 862 a (( it ill CIX. — Growth of the United States. By the Treaty of Paris made September 3cl, 1783, the territory of the United States ex- tended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, between the French Possessions of Louisiana and the Atlantic Ocean, and con- tained about 4,000,000 people. 1803, The Louisiana Territory was purchased from France for $15,000,000. 1811, Oregon was discovered, partially explored and claimed for the United States. 1819, As a settlement of Jackson's pursuit of Seminole Indians, Florida was purchased from Spain for $5,000,000. 1815, Texas, at her request, was annexed to United States. 1848, The country, North of Texas and South of Oreg'on, claimed by Mexico, was taken by Conquest as settled by the Treatj^ of Guadeloupe Hidalgo. 1853, A portion of Arizona was purchased from Mexico for $10,000,000, to settle a dispute about the boundary. This is the Gadsden Purchase. 1867, Alaska (Russian Possessions in America) was purchased from Russia for $7,200,000. 112 ex. — Administration of G rover Cleveland. Bom in New Jersey. Iimiiin^uriitecl March 4fch, 1885 ; served 4 3'ears. He was the first presi- dent elected by the Democratic Party since its defeat b}^ Abraham Lincoln in 1860. His administration of affairs was marked bv great moderation and integrity. The revennes of the government greatly exceeded its wants, and more than one hundred millions of dol- lars were accumulated as a Surj^lus in the Treasury. The President sent a message to Congress recom- mending a reduction in the Tariff and Inter- nal Revenue laws, but Congress did not adopt the recommendation. Lord Sackville, the British Minister, was dis- missed for participating in the election for president in 1888. Disputes arose with Germany concerning affairs in the Samoan (Navigator's) ishxnds, for set- tlement of which a Conference was appointed to meet at Berlin. The Nicaragua Canal bill was enacted. 113 CXI. — Im^Jortant Political Facts. 1814, The "Hartford Convention" (President, George Cabot, of Mas^nclmsetts : Secretary, Theodore Dwioht, of Connecticnt) met De- cember 15th with closed doors, and its pro- ceedings not being disclosed were very gener- ally denonuced as treasonable, inasmncli as they were supposed to be in hostility to the ]nosecntion of the war. It was composed of 12 niend)ers from the New England States, very distinguished men; but the victory at New Orleans rendered their protests and de- mands abortive, and consigned its members and the Federalist Party to political obscurity lor more than a generation. 1823, The " Monroe Doctrine " declared: ''That the American Continents, by the free and h)dependent condition ^vhich they have as- sumed and maintain, are hencetorth not to be considered as ^subjects for future coloniza- tion by any European ])Ower." Congress was willing to aceei)t i\\Q. xmnciplc, but declared against '-any .joint action with any South American Eepublics" for its entorce- ment. 8 114 CXIT. — Important Political Facts. 1846, The " Wilmot Proviso," offered by David Wilmot, M. C from Peiiiisylvuniii, declared : "Tiiat, as ail express and fiiudaineiital con- dition to tlie acquisition of any territory from the Kepublic of Mexico by the United States, * * * * neither shivery nor invohintary servitude sliall ever exist in any i)art of said territory." J861, The "Crittenden Compromise," offered by J. J. Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, l)r()p!)se(l an Amendment to the Constitution, making 36° 30' the dividing Hue of free and Shive States, forbidcHng Congress to abolisli the sUive trade in the District of Columbia or any State. A *' Peace Convention " of delegntes from tlie Southern States i)resented similar ])ropositions, but they were defeated. 1862, Tiie "Altoona Conference" of Northern Governors met at Altoona, Pennsylvania, early in June, and held a secret consulta- tion. The proceedings liave not yet been dis- closed, but they evidently had great influence in determining the scope and conduct of the war. 115 QXlll.— Noteworthy Events^ 1783-1835. 1783, December 4th, Wasliiiigton bid farewell to the Army. 1783, December 23d, Wasliiiigtoii surrendered to Congress his Commission of General of the Army. 1785, John Adams was apiwinted Minister Pleni- potentiary to the Conrt of Great Britain. 1793, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. 1807, Eobert Fulton built the Steamboat Clermont^ and sailed to Albany in 32 hours. 1811, December IGth, Earthquakes began in the Mississipi)i valley, and were repeated till the following February. Xew Madrid, Missouri, was destroyed and covered by a vast lake. 1815, September 23d, The Great September Gale swei)t with great destruction over the i^ew England coast. 1826, April 8th, Duel between John Eandolph and Henry Clay. 1830, January 26th, Daniel Webster replied to Robert Y. H;iyne. 1830, April 6th, Mormon Church organized in Manchester, N. Y. 1831, April 22d, James D. Jeffers, alias Charles Gibbs, the " Scourge of the Ocean," was h a n ged for piracy. 1835, January 30th, Richard Lawrence made an attempt to assassinate President Andrew Jackson. 116 QXIY.—Notetoorthy Events, 1835-1842. 1835, Samuel F. B. Morse put in openitioii the lirst recording- ele(;tric tele^niph iiistniment. 1835, December 16tli, The Great Fire occurred in New York City. 1837, Johu Quincy Adams, in Coii<>ress, success- fully defeude'd tlie ^'Kight of Petition" iu resistance of the "Gag Rule" adopted by Congress to ])reveut cousideration of petitions against Slavery. 1837, Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, carried his "Exi)uuging liesolution" for expunging from the Journal of the United States Senate the resolution of censure agiunst Andrew Jack- son, President of United States. 1837, Kovember 13th and 14th, An Aurora Borea- lis of exceeding grandeur was seen iu Xew York and vicinity. 1838, The expedition under Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. Kavy, discov^ered the Antarctic Conti- nei'it. 1840, Tlie Washington Temperance Society was formed in Baltimore, and was the beginning of the organized temperance movement in the United States. 1842, John C. Fremont started on his explora- tions in the Rocky Mountains, and reached California iu time to share in its conquest. 117 CXY.—JVoteivorthy Events, 184;i^l847. 1842, Capf. A. S. Mackenzie, U. S. K, liaiioed Midslii])niaii Spencer as the leader of a mutiny on tlie U. S. Brio- Somers. 1843, The Great Couiet was visible and assisted in ])ronjotin^i;' the belief in tlie j)r()p]iecies of the " Second Advent" of Christ, and the de- struction of the worhl as hekl in the doctrine of the Millerites. 1844, February 28th, A f^^ux of large dinuMisions, called the '•' Peacemaker," burst on board the U. S. Steamer Princeton, killing many per- sons. 484G, Drs. diaries T. Jackson, Horace Wells, and William 1. C Morton, gave to the world the discovery, adaptation and use of Aiuiesthet- ics. 1846, The Sewing Machine became, at the hands of Elias Howe, Jr., a practical and useful invention. 1847, The manifestations called " Si)irit Eapping" were observed, cultivated, and exhibited by the family of John D. Fox, near Eochester, ]S\ Y. 118 Q,X\\.— Noteworthy Events, 1848-1851. 1848, The existence of extensive deposits of gold in Oalitorniii iiad loiif^- been Ivnown, bnt the fact was not proclaimed abroad to the world till after the conqnest and secure possession of the country by the United States. 1849, The rivalry between the American actor, Edwin Forrest, and the English actor, W. 0. Macready, culminated in the Astor Place Riots, which were sui)pressed by Military Force. 1850, Tiie Grinnell Expedition to the Arctic Ocean in search of Sir John Fninkli!!, sailed under command of Lieut. DeHfiven, IJ. S. Kavy. A second ex]>e(lition sailehest official and private honors of reception, 1853, A '^ WorklVs Fair" was lield in :N^ew York, in the Crystal Pa hi ce, for the "exhibition of the industries of all nations." 185G, Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachu- setts, was assaulted, in the Senate Cliamb(M-, by Preston Brooks, M. C. from South Caro- lina. 1857, The " Great Panic," which ended in general financial disasters, be^can with the failure of the Ohio Lite Insurance and Trust Co. 1859, Petroleum (Seneca Oil, Rock Oil) was found, by boriii", at Titusville, in Pennsylvania, anil rapidly develo])ed inlo one of the greatest and most important industries of modern times. 1860, The first embassy sent out from Japan to modern nations arrived in the United States. 120 QXNlll.—Noteiuorthy Events, 1860-1883. 1860, Willitim Walker began liis filibustering ex- peditions against Central American States. 1860, The Prince of Wales visited the United States and traveled extensively, receiving very general hospitality. 1861, October 25th, Telegraph line from St. Louis to San Francisco was completed. 1862, July 1st, The President signed the "Act" for a railroad from the Missouri Eiver to the Pacific Ocean. 1862, September 22d, The President issued a con- ditional ])r()claniation looking to the Emanci- pation of Slaves. 1869, May 10th, The Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads were comi)lete(l. 1871, October 9tli, C]ii(5;igo was destroved by fire with a loss of $100,000,000. 1872, November 9th, The ^'business" part of Boston was destroyed by fire with a loss of $75,000,000. 1877, The first Bell Telephone was set up for pub- lic service. 1878, The first ])ractical Elevated Eailroad was erected in New York Cit3\ 1878, The general use of Electric Lights began. 1883, The East Tiiver Bridge was completed. ^s^