xV<^ ■C '■'o. x*" .0^~ -.-' ..V s^ '^^^ .-O' fj. „x K ; .x^''%. ,^ =^ N^-';^ V-. ^>^* ► ■• ' ■.;%■- ./.^-^v - •. »,. »»■ .\/«i?^- •'^ i^" ^../ 'Z'^- --./% \ y "b nO -^ ^V ,-;^, ... -.- _v ,0^ ■'a V 0> s - ' ° ' *:- ' ^ - » ^ >^ .-*■ .\,.#f^%.' .x^-^% 5, '', .'N^ .'-''■< /--T-. ■^' .^ .j,X~ ^ ,f''' TTTTh'' -c "^..^ .0' ^ " ^ '■ ,^^ .0^ ■>\6^ '.-K^ -<> .^'(^ ,^^ ••- r- I t -^ ^v *\ x° -U \ A' %.^' ' -s'> S ' *■ / x^^'%. '%'- .-O' "-0^ x^' \' ,. -'c. '^. .v>>' o-^ °^ '/• * ■%///.* N^-c.. 4 O ■\" ■'-,c 'i?- 'Ill" -<." c- ,0' V ^ ' " ' ^^ - ■ o- ^^V^^ ^^^^^\ %,^- C- J.0' ^ - ' " ' -V ■3 ' / , , V ^ .A •V- o'^ x^-^ ■' v^'-'^' . ^.. O- s'' '/, > \. v- ^ '■' i> x^' ^^ -"' ' -. .. A^'%. AV ,-> .x^-^ ^-0^ ^^,^^ ,0 ^_ .0^^ -^J- ,.\ .-J> v^ - 1-2-!... ' -p --=r . ■' ••*•. ^•N s * fl ^ .*. V*'^ ^ .-C^- N » \V . ' .,o- -c-.<\^ .v-^ -\^^^ '^c^ ^^^^354^.* .x'^' <^ ^^^r'^:'. -^^ n"-... ,0' ^ O ''/ „. s'- .A '^■'■J.' ' »«-\.\\' », 0-. .••^^ V../'/^^l^\ ■>^,^. >.>v\ , I 1 « .0 "'K '- : ^0> s^"'„ 0^ x°-n.. 1 .C^■ .\.,-*e5*^' x\^- ■^-0^ .■^ \ ■; ^o>'" <^. '->.. '.^v •^,_ '. v^-'-d. *^ '. ^^./' %^^'' - ' aV i - ,0 ^ ■'.!■ ^ ^^'% .^*' ^^ -'V.. - fl. vV ,0- .^^' \.<^' ''■>.,. J' ^.. <^' .'^ ■\. %■ \^\.''"^ -< V- >- _] o o (T. CD o >- AND ^H£, OF ^ '"^ili. -"^..iljjiaa ^^ti■■-eel. ^^•i'r^ -■y ^' GAZETTEER STATE OF NEW YORK: EMBHACINQ A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF THE GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATE, AND A COMPLETE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OP (tm\^ itmwUj, City, (tou'u, ?illit0f, mtX '§m\\ity, WITH FULL TABLES OF STATISTICS. BY J. H. FRENCH, ME5IBER OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANOEMENT OF SCIENCE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. OF THE ALBANY INSTITUTE, ETC. Illustrated by Original Steel Engravings, A:^D ACCOMPAJ^IED by a new map of the state prom accurate SURVEia SEVENTH EDITION. SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION. 1860. FliY LIST OF PERSONS EMPLOYED UPON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE i«AP AND THE PREPARATION OF THE GAZETTEER. This list includes the names of those only who have been employed for considerable lengths oi time. GENEHAL SDPEHINTENDENT. J. H. FREScn. robeman of dhaftinq depahtment. Fkaxcis JIaiiler. fohemen op statistical depahtment. Franklin B. Hough, M.D., James Johonnot. DKAFTSMEN. G. R. Beohler, S. Beeman, Silas N. Beers, H. P. Benton, LORIN BlODfiET, P. J. Browne, L. H. Chenet, GtTRDON Evans, Lawhence r.lGAN, Frank Frbnch, Cteus Gates, John F. Geil, Samuel Gefl, Franklin Gifford, Wm. T. Gibson, George Worley, Wm. BR.iCHER, J. Sartain, Francis Mahler, Frank French, Wji. E. Wood, B. W. O'Gbadt. George N. Barnard, buhveyohs ind statisticians. Jay Gould, H. W. Hardy, Franklin B. Hough, Chester Hull, Wm. Jay Hunt, J. W. Huelbut, James Johonnot, Geo. p. Johonnot, D. J. Lake, A. D. Lajipkins, Morris Levy, A. LiGOWSKY, Wm. Lorey, Hoe.^ce C. Manning, David E. E. Mix, enokavehs. On Stone. Gustavus R. Beohler, Benj. Matthias, On steel. J. W. Steele, On Wood. H. Sebald. artists. B. W. 0' Grady, Ebenezer Mix, J. B. Moore, Samuel M. Rea, Thomas W. Rhodes, A. E. Rogerson, Alphoxse Schoppe, J. C. Sidney, Stephen 0. SLustoN, Homer D. L. Sweet, A. V. Trimble, A. Van Nosteand, R. B. Van Petten, Ch.irles M. Wilbur, Wm. E. Wood. S. K. Godshalk. Ch.\rle3 Reen. D. L. Glover. Wm. T. Richaeds. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by R. PEARSALL SMITH, in tie Clerk's Offlco of the District Court of the Dnited States for the Northern District of New York. BTEaEOrypED by L. JOHNSON k CO. COLLINS, PRINTEK. PERRY, BINDER. By Transftr Dept. of Agricultura FEB 5 194t v^ &u PREFACE. The map of Westchester County which was commenced about ten years since, and soon after published by Robert Pearsall Smitli, was probably the first map of any county in the State of New York published from actual survey of roads and boundaries. This was followed by maps of other counties on a similar plan ; and, about eight years since, Mr. Smith conceived the idea of publishing a series of maps from actual survey, embi'acing all the counties in the State, and, from these, of producing a State Map that should be more full, complete, and reliable than any ever before published. But, about four yeai-s since, upon careful trial, in reducing a large number of these county maps to a uniform scale, so many omissions and discrepancies were found in them, that a new survey of the State was deemed necessary to the construction of an accurate map of the State, An arrangement was accordingly made with the author to take the general superintendence of the new survey ; the general plan for the works to be prepared was fixed upon ; and the re-survey of the State and the collection of statistics were begun. At the commencement of the re-survey, maps of fifty-one counties had been completed and published ; six counties had been surveyed, but the maps Wei-e not yet published ; and three counties were still unsurveyed. Of the fifty-one published maps, twelve were found to be so deficient in matters essential to the completion of the State Map according to the plan fixed upon, as to render entire new surveys of these counties necessary. Surveyors were sent into the remaining counties, with copies of the published or manuscript maps in hand, with instructions to visit every town, to correct every error that should be found upon the maps, to make additions of new roads, note changes in boundaries, and, in sliort, to return the maps properly revised and corrected for use in the i^reparation of the State Maji. In many instances new surveys of parts of towns, town lines, roads, and streams were found necessary, and also countless changes in the location of boundary lines, roads, streams and bodies of water, and in the representation of the topogi-aphical features of the country. The surveyors were instructed to obtain copies of manuscript and other local maps, as far as practicable, as these were generally found to contain metes and bounds, and, being plotted to large scales, were of value in laying down boundary lines. Draftsmen were also sent to the several private Land Offices in the State, and to Albany, and all maps of any value in the offices of the State Engineer and Surveyor and the Secretary of State were copied, to be laid under contribution in the preparation of the State Map. The Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey and the Secretary of the Interior also furnished copies of all the maps in their Departments pertaining to the State. The number and variety of maps and plots, printed and manuscript, that have thus been collected is very great, and probably embraces more valuable matter than any similar collection in the State. Not the least diificult part of the labor of constructing a map of a large extent of country is "making the projection." In surveys of small areas this difficulty does not occur, as the proportion of the curvature of the earth's surface to that part of its area contained in a rect- angle of thirty to fifty miles, is so small that, when reduced to the scale of even an inch to the mile, it is scarcely perceptible. But in projecting a map of territory of as great extent as the State of New York, the curvature of the surface from a plana is so great as to make the departure of the lines of latitude and longitude from right lines plainly visible upon a map even when plotted to a scale of less than one-fourth of an inch to a mile. The Flamstead Improved Projection, being the one best adapted to the correct representa- tion of a large extent of country, was adopted for the State Map. The maps of the State heretofore published embrace a large part of the New Englana States, Pennsylvania, and Canada. The space thus usually occupied is appropriated to plans of the cities, and to smaller maps illustrating particular features of the State. These marginal maps, it is believed, add to the value of the work. By placing a map of Long Island by itself, — at the same time showing its relative position to the rest of the State, by retaining a map of nearly one-third of the island in its proper place, — the map of the entire State is constructed 4 PREFACE. on a scale about twenty per cent, (linear scale) larger than can be done on a sheet of the same size with all of Long Island projecting eastward of New York City. This increased scale will be found to fully compensate for the change of place of the eastern portion of Long Island. The map of the State is plotted to the scale of sjtj'.sj^, which is f || or a small fraction more than 4.7 miles to an inch ; and the city plans to the scale of 35,^55, which is §|| or a small fraction more than .78 of a mile to an inch. The longitude of several points in the eastern and western portions of the State having been accurately determined by the Coast Survey and the Department of the Interior, and the latitude of many points on the north and south borders and within the State from nume- rous and repeated observations, the projection of the parallels and meridians was first made with accurately constructed scales, using the most recent tables of latitude and longitude mea- surements as adojitefl by the Coast Survey and the U. S. Military Academy at West Point. The boundaries of the State were next projected, after which the lines of the counties were located on the map. The town lines were next laid out; and finally the roads, bodies of water, streams, topography, and all other details were filled in. This course could not fail to secure accuracy in all parts of the work ; and, while the map does not agree, in many points, with previous maps of the State, the author feels confident that it will bear the closest scrutiny and ci-iticism. A prominent and distinctive feature of the State Map is the representation of all the roads, railroads, canals, and routes of travel, every mile of each of which has been run and every angle measured. The city plans are all drawn to the same scale, thus presenting, at a glance, the comparative extent of the built-up portions of each. Albany, Brooklyn, and Buflalo have so great an extent of unoccupied or farm lands that it was not jiracticable to show the entire corporate limits of either on the city plans ; but no built-up i:>art of either city has been omitted. Tlie plans of the other cities embrace their entire area. In the construction of the Geological and Land Patent Map, the geology of the State according to the New York System has been followed ; but the ditferent strata or formations are represented by a system of shading in the engraving, — instead of by color, as is usually done in geological maps. This plan was adopted, as it was desirable to present two distinct features in the one map ; and the engraved shading for the geology permits the use of colors for the land patents. The size of the map would not admit of the representation of tracts of land smaller than a township ; but a complete list of all the grants will be found in this work. In tlie year 1825 the Regents of the University established meteorological stations in various parts of the State, and reports were required to be made from these stations annually to the Board of Regents. At the expiration of twenty-five years the Regents caused these reports to be digested ; and the mean averages of the summaries thus deduced — so far as relates to temperature, fall of rain, and direction of wind — are embraced in the Meteorological Map. On this map the several stations (including three established at military posts, and not subject to the direction of the Board of Regents) are at the centers of the small circles. In each of these circles are either two or three numbers : wlien two, the upper number is the mean annual temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, and the lower number is the mean annual fall of rain in inches ; and when three, the upper and lower numbers indicate, respectively, tem- perature and rain, and the middle one the elevation of the station above tide, in feet. The diagram at the right represents the mean annual direction of wind at the several stations, the index in any case denoting the point of compass, and its length the number of days, — one inch in length of radius representing five days. Thus, taking the index for Canandaigua, the direction is S. 63° 37' W., and the length of the radius is 3.4 inches. This indicates that the mean annual direction of the wind at this station was from the w. s. w. for 17 days in the year more than from all other directions. For the isothermal lines, or lines of equal tempe- rature, and the shading representing the difl'erent depths of rain, we are indebted to LoRitf Blodget, author of American Climatology. The Time Indicator has been prepared from minute calculations, and will be found correct in every case. The diagram showing the capacity of the church edifices is constructed to a scale, and correctly represents the proportion of each to the whole. An examination of the various Gazetteers heretofore published cannot fail to satisfy any one that a great part of the material from which they were compiled was furnished by corre- PREFACE. 5 Bpondents. This plan seemed to be the one most likely to secure accuracy, and with some modifications it was at first adopted in collecting materials for this work. Agents were sent into some portions of the State, furnished with printed instructions, questions, and blanks, to obtain the desired information, either by personal research, or through the assistance of such competent persons in the various localities visited as would undertake to fill the blanks and return them to the general office. While a few persons promptly responded to the request thus made of them, others delayed giving it immediate attention, and still others neglected it altogether. A large proportion of the matter received from correspondents was found to be irrelevant, devoted to specialties, or unreliable, and therefore of little value. Much matter was received which possesses a greater or less amount of local interest, but which could not be admitted without giving undue prominence to some subjects or localities at the expense of others. After a fair trial of the i^lan first adopted, it was found subject to so many objec- tions that it was abandoned. The surveyors and agents were then instructed to visit every city, town, and village, to search records, examine documents, consult the best living, printed, and manuscript authorities, and to make returns to the general office of all the reliable matter and information obtained. They were instructed to take no statement on a single authority, and in cases where authorities were found to differ, to examine diligently and impartially, and report all the facts, so that in digesting and arranging them for the press, all the evidence might be at hand. They were particularly cautioned against taking mere hearsay or traditionary tales for truth, and not to seek wonders and marvels. A competent person was employed to examine records and documents in the State Library and State and other public offices at Albany and in New York City, for information that might be avail- able in the preparation of this work. The Documentary History and the State Geology of New York, general and local histories, biographies, sketches, essays, reports, newspapers, manuscripts, and all other available authorities that were likely to contain any information of value, were collected, and in turn consulted, and their accuracy and value tested as the work progressed. The plan for the work finally fixed upon, while it embraces a wider range than is usually taken by similar works, seems to be one that cannot fail to meet the wants and tastes of the peoi)le, as it presents the wealth, resources, present condition, and past history of the State in a form and style at once convenient, perspicuous, and concise. The details of description of each county, city, town, and village, have been arranged, as far as practicable, according to a uniform plan or outline ; as has been also the General Article embraced in the first 154 pages. The subjects embraced in this article seemed to cover all the ground that properly belongs to the work ; and they are treated at as great length as their proportional importance to the limits of the volume would permit. A Gazetteer of a State should not be expected to contain, in a connected form, a complete compendium of knowledge upon whatever pertains to a State. But present condition, brief and comprehensive statements, short historical sketches of general interest, tables, facts and figures as connected with the wealth, prosperity, and resources of a State, should be con- sidered to an extent sufficient for a work of reference, such as a Gazetteer is intended to be. The general outline of the county descriptions is as follows : 1st. Date of formation of the county, from what taken, subsequent changes in boundaries, location in the State, and air-line distance of geographical center from the Capitol at Albany. 2d. Geology, topography, and drainage ; embracing the general geological formations, general contour of the surface, lakes, rivers, and other watercourses. 3d. Soil, leading articles of production, and occupation of the people. 4th. Works of internal improvement. 5th. County seat, names of first county officers, and description of county buildings and institutions. 6th. History of the newspaper press. 7th. Brief historical sketch of the county from the date of first settlement to the present time. The descriptions of the towns are according to nearly the same general plan, and embrace, 1st. Date of formation, from what taken, subsequent changes in boundaries, and location in the county. 2d. Peculiarities in geological formations not mentioned in county description. 3d. Topography and drainage. 4th. Names and description of villages, hamlets, and local ities, with their location in town, date of incorporation, institutions, leading branches ot business, and population according to the most recent reliable enumeration. 5th. A brief historical sketch, embracing incidents of general and local interest, names of first settlers, first birth, marriage, and death, first church, school, mill, and factory, and number of churches 6 PREFACE. in 1855. After the towns in each county is a table compiled from the last State census, except the valuation and statistics of schools, which are from the returns for the year 1858. In many cases, the population of villages and the number of churches given are from enu- merations taken since 1855 ; but the last State census has invariably been taken as authority on these two points, except in cases where later reliable enumerations have been taken. The acres of land as given in the tables fall short of the area of the county as given at the com- mencement of each county description. The reason of this is obvious : the acres of land as shown by the tables are from the returns of assessors, which seldom embrace marsh, swamp, and unproductive lands, and lands under water ; while the area in square miles, as given in the county descriptions, has in every case been ascertained from actual measurements. The steel plate illustrations are principally from original views made expressly for this work. The map has been engraved on stone, at great expense, by the best artists, and the mechani- cal execution of both works is highly creditable to the publisher. The Index of Subjects at the commencement of the work, and the Index of Geographical Names at the close, cannot fail of being justly valued for their convenience. The uniform use of a bold-face letter for names of towns, villages, and hamlets will also be found to greatly facilitate rapid search for this class of geographical names. To many of the officers in the several State Departments, and to numerous county, town, and city officers, local surveyors, civil engineers, land agents, members of the press, and others, the author is indebted for furnishing valuable materials for these works. To them, and to all who have in any way rendered him assistance in the preparation of either Map or Gazetteer, he desires to acknowledge his obligations. Many persons may feel disappoint- ment at finding that information furnished by them has not been used. An examination of the work, however, must convince them that nothing has been omitted which was essential to the general plan of the work, and that whatever did not come within this plan could not be introduced. The author would not be doing justice to himself nor to the public did he fail to acknow- ledge his obligations to those who have been associated with him in the preparation of these works. He desires to make particular mention of the valuable services of Lieut. Francis Mahler, Franklin B. Hough, M. D., and Ja«es Johonnot. Lieut. Mahler was educated in a European Military Academy for a Topographical Engineer. Ten years of subsequent practice rendered him eminently qualified for the position he has occupied on the Survey. Dr. Hough is well known to the people of the State as the Superintendent of the last State census and as the author of several historical and statistical works. His services in searching records and documents at Albany, in New York City, and elsewhere, have been invaluable, and to his practical knowledge of the geology of the State the author is mainly indebted for whatever pertains to that subject in this work. Mr. .Johonnot has devoted many years to the subject of Physical Geography. The topography of the State, its counties and towns, has been mainly written by him. The intelligent citizens of the State of New York cannot fail to appreciate the liberality of the publisher in the great expenditures he has made in bringing out these works. The 'cost of the original surveys for the county maps was about $48,000, and the expenditures on the works from the commencement of the re-survey to the date of publication have reached about S46,000 more, making a total investment of $94,000. The whole time spent in surveys, collection of materials, writing, engraving, proof-reading, &c., has been equal to the time of one person 125 years. It is believed that no similar enterprise of equal extent, and involving the outlay of so large a capital, has ever been undertaken at private expense in this or any other country. Time, talents, and money have alike been devoted to the production of a Map and Gazetteer that it is hoped will be found every way worthy of the Empire State. INDEX OP SUBJECTS. Abcel. John. Indian trader, 414. Abercrombie, Gen. James, 29S. Academies, general article on, 125. list of incoi-porated, 130. notices of. 48. 140, 160, 161,169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, ISO, 184, 193,197, 200, 201,202, 203, 205, 211, 212, 214, 216, 220, 228, 229, 230, 236, 237, 239, 243, 2U, ZK, a47, 248, 261, 262, 263, 259, 260. 261, 263, 265, 270, 272, 275, 277, 278, 282, 283, 286, 289, 300, 303, 306, Sll, 312, 317, 324, 326,327, 330, 331, 332, 3.33, 343, 346, 349, 355. 356, 357, 860, 361, 362, 303, 369, 372, 378, 383, 384, 3S5, 390. 391, 392, 303, 398, 399, 400, 401, 403, 405, 412, 414, 429,430, 463, 456. 463. 464, 465, 466, 467, 46S, 469, 471. 482, 4.S4, 48,5, 486, 489, 495, 498, 605, 500, 608, 609, 610, 514, 615, 616. 622. 627, 628, 632, 636, 638, 646, 647, 548, 664, 566, 667, 668, 669, 560, 661, 675, 677, 580, 682, 587, 6S8, 690, 691, 592, 697, 598, 604, 606, 607, 616, 617, 625, 627, 628, 634, 637, 638, 640, 645, 647, 660, 652,657, 668, 663, 665, 666, 674, 675, 679, 680, 682, 683, 684, 686, 686, 692, 094, 695, 698, 699, 700, 701, 704, 705,707, 708, 713, 714, 715, 716. statistical summary of, 128. Academy of Music, 436. Accidents, steamboat, statistics, 115. Acid springs. 320, 324, 326, 466, 693. Acres of land, bv cos.. &c., 108. by towns, 167, 177, 186, 106, 207, 217; 222, 23i, 240, 249, 266, 266, 278, 294, 306, 313, 319, 328, 335, 339, 350, 364, 373, 380, 387, 394, 406, 417, 457, 472, 491, 600, 511, 516, 629, 639, 64:!, 651, 662, 667, 671, 683, 694, 699, 608, 612, 818, 630, 640, 648, 653, 669, 669, 676, 687, 695, 709, 716, 721. Adgate's Patent, 48, 341, 349. At^utant General, 43. African Slethodist Episcopal Church, 139. .Agrarian movement. See Anti Sent. Agricultural College, 616. fairs, 101. Hall, 27, 160. Agricultural Implement manufactory,160, 166, 199, 200, 216, 244, 248, 260, 274. 2S6, 312, 362, 368, 3S4. 387, 400, 401, 405, 406, 407, 411, 416, 464, 466. 4S4, 488, 496, 509. 610. 536, 666, 669, 661, 671, 575, 598, 611, 617, 666, 681, 691, 693, 695, 699, 716. products, counties excelting in, 103. societies, town and county, 83, 102, 103, 6:5. Society. 27. 101, 495. Agriculture, appropriations for, 106. statistics of, by cos., 104 to 107. Albany Institute. 101, 161. Aldermanic Districts. New York, 420. Aliens, statistics of. by counties. 150. Allen, Ebenezer. 3S4. 3;iS. 402, 404, 406, 711. Capt. Ebenezer. 300. 301. Ethan, at Ticonderoga, 299, 305. family murdered, 679. Nathaniel, 498. Almshouses. 161, 365, 393, 398, 422, 426, 426. 609. 563. Ambuscade. 345. 411, 461, 604. 671. 672. American Anti Slavery Society. 146. and Foreipn Christian Union, 146. Bethel Society. 146. Bible Society. 144. Board Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions. 145. Colonization Society, 146. Home Missionary Society, 146. lastitute. 435. Seamen's Friend Society. 146. Sunday .School Union, 146. Tract Society, 145. Amherst. Sir Jeffrey, 49, 298, 337, 674, 673, 674. .Analyses of .Mineral Waters, 248, 383, 394, 470. 480, 497, 637, 692, 607. .^nai^uassacook Patent, 684. Anchor manufactory, 297. 608. 610, 681. Andi6. Ma,jor J., 604, 541, 670, 603, 699, 700, 701, 703. Andrustown plundered, 342, 349. Angler. Sieur, surveys liy, 298. Anne, t^ueen, Germans settle under, 242, 245. Anniversary Week, N. Y., 144. Anti masonic movement, 147, 323. Mission Baptists, 139. rent troubles, 157, 210, 242, 268, 269, 209, 322, 360, 683. 602, 621, 643. Anti Slavery Society, 146. Antwerp Company, 353, 355, 375. Appel Patent. 685. Apples, statistics of, by counties, 106. Appling, Major D., 355, 358, 626. Appointing power, 31. Aqueducts, 60, 166, 276, 397, 418, 424, 689. 697. 689. 714. Ararat, or resting place for Jews, 291. Arcade, 403. Architecture, 436, 437. Arsvle Patent, 679. Armories. 44, 369, 437, 489, 580. Armstrong. Gen. ,Iobn, 276. Arnold. Benedict, 299, 333. 335, 338, S42, 410. 504. HI. 642. 670. 687. 699, 700. Arsenals. 44. 46, 165, 286, 312, 326, 362, 369, 423. 437, 466, 495, 582, 602, 606. Artesian wells. 25, 362, 392, 4Si. Artillery Patent, 681. Asia, man-of-war, 438. Aspai'ngus culture. 644. Assav Office. 122, 437. Assembly. 28. districts, 28. As.sessments, power of Supervisors in, .30. Associate Presbyterians and Associate Re- formed Presbyterians, 139. Astor claim, Putnam co., 541. Library. 436. Astronomical Instrument manufactory, 392. Observatories, 161, 423. Asylums. 42, 149. 193. 276. 276, 365, 370, 396, 398, 403, 412, 419, 426, 432, 433, 434, 468. 483. 488, 618, 524, 666. Atheneum, 368, 403. Attainder. See JFhrfeiture, Attorney General. 32. Auditor of Canal Department, 54. Auger manufactory, .^93. Avenues, New York City, plan of, 422. Awl manufactory, 286. Ax fectories. 166. 220, 236, 286. 368, 402, 483, 484, 658, 593, 616, 068. Axle manufactory, 235, 277, 668, 699. Bakeries, statistics by counties, 109. Bank note engraving, 90. Banks, agencies of, 90. commissioners, 90. existing, list of, 90 to 95. general article on, 89. individual, 89. obsolete and closing, 95 to 99. savings. 99. suspension of, 90. United States, 90. Baptists, 139. 140. Free Will, 140. Old School, 139. Seventh Day. 143. Barley, counties where most raised, 101. statistics by counties, 104. trade, 159. Barracks, 45. 239, 354, 368, 542, 556, 680. Barrel manufactory, 220, 402, 488, 509, 518. 520, 522. Barytes. sulphate of; 352, 356, 677, 600, 004, 698. Basket manufactory, 286. Batteries. 423. 437, "566. Batting manufactory, 464. Battles. 219, 233, 234, 297, 305, 316, 342, 343, 345, 355, 368, 371, 410, 411,4.?8, 461. 478. 621, 525, 654, 556, 669, 574, 676, 680, 686, 602, 604, 607, 633, 543, 645, 661. 667, 671. 681, 698, 701, 707. Baum. Col., defeated, 686. Bayard's Patent, 601. Bay of New York, 437. Beaches. 644, 647, 660, 631, 634, 635, 635, 6iJ8, 639. Beacons. See LigMhimses. Beacraft, a tory, 602. Beans, statistics by counties, 106, Beardslev. Purchase. 210. Beck. Dr. T. Itomeyn, 166, 160. Becker's Patent, 603, Bedini, Cardinal. *i87. Bedstead manufactory. 166. 291. Beef, supply to New York Cit,y. 427. 42S. Beekman's Patent, 269, 270, 276, 277. Bell, attempt to steal, 343. founderies, 166, 661. Belletre, expedition of, 348. Bellevue Hospital. 425. Bellows manutactory. 286. Belting manufactory. 199, 549. Bemis Heights, 580,' 670. Benevolent Societies, 81, 144, 370, 371, 403. 432. ■Bennington, battle of, 654, 866, 886, 680. Bfthel Society. 146. Bible Societies, 144. 145, 370, 403, 434, 489. nig 'free Council, 322. Billiard Table manufactory, 286. Billop House. 565. Manor, 664. Bird. Col., 699. Bituminous springs. 168, 173 Blackberry culture, 703. Blackins manufactory, 716. Black Lead. 302, 303, 304. manulactory, 297, 304. Black River Navigation Co., 60. Tract .375 Black Rock Plat, 288. Blacksmith shops by counties, 109. Blacksmiths, number by counties, 152. Blackwells Island, 419, 425. Blanchard, Col., 672. Blank Book manulactory. 286. Blenheim Patent, 602, 61)3. Blind. Institution for the. 432, 433. statistics by counties, 150. Blockhouses. 232, 297, 301, 310. 342. 343, 346. 356, 359, 467. 469, 470, 511. 649, 877, 682, 591, 696, 604, 640, 681, 682, 687, 691. Block manufactory, 368. BInomer costume, origin of. 617. Board of Agriculture, 102, 106. Education. New York, 430. Health. 116. 428. Boatbuilding. 367, 402, 419, 616, 618, 657, 662, 686. Bog iron ore, 25. Boiler manufactory, 160, 2S6, 652. Bolt manufactory, 166. Bonaparte, Joseph. 363, 376. Bonded warehouses. 111, 113, Bone boiling, 372. manure. 368. pits. 361. 453, 522. Bony fish, 1'24, 631. Bookbinderies. 160, 246, 286. Book manufactory. 199. Boon, Gel-rit, 462, 468. Boot and Shoe Makers, number by coun- ties. 162. Boot and Shoe manufac..286, 402, 48S, 596. statistics by counties, 109. .Boroughs, 696, 698, 693, 706. Boston Corner, 18. Ten Towns. 18. 180, 199. 479, 6bU. Botanical gardens, 370, 423, 430. Bouck's P.atent, 605. Bouck. William C, 59. Boundaries. 17, 268. 290, 308. 418, 686. Boundary commissions, 18, 677. controver.sies, 603, 645, 651, 700, 706. Bourbon, reputed, 309. Box manufactory, 286. Boyd, Lieut. Wm., 384. Bo'ylston Tract, 375. Itraddock's defeat, 671. Bradford, William, 431. Bradstreet, Col.. 519. Brautingham Tract, 376. Brant, Joseph, 219, 264, 265, 283, 315, 34i, 34,3, 349, 409, 410, 412, 414, 454, 478, 503, 531, 633, 686, 604. Brags founderv, 166. 286. Breakwater, 280, 284. Breathing well, so called, 190. Breweries. 109. 100. 214, 237,241.275. 286, 367, 368, 383, 385, 399, 402, 406. 419, 468. 483. 483, .509, 556, 561, 563, 698, 617, 667, 662, 691. J INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Brick manufactory, by counties, 109. manufactory of, 110, 160, al6, 286, 330, 331, 332, 398, 505, 542, 550, 563, 566, 668, 669, 698, 632, 639, 662, 666, 691, 696. 6U8, 699. Brino springs, 26, 178, 181, 186, 197, 203, 257. 3i5, 327, 392, 395, 400, 449, 456, 473. 474, 47«, 479. 4S2, 483, 612, 514, 515. 517, 622, 532, 619, 688. Britannia Ware manufactory, 163, 286. Brocltville captured, 674. Hrooklyn Institute, 369. Uroom Corn, statistics by counties, 107. culture of, 101, 220, 381, 407, 413, 595, 697, 600, 606. Broom Handle manufactory, 590, 597. mauufitctoiy, 243, 2S2, 413, 695, 697. Erothertown Indians, 465. Brown, Col., 410, 416. John, settlement of, 349. , Brown's Tract. 341, 349. 375, 379. Brush manutactory, 286, 556. plains, 631, 636. Bucliskin manufactory, 311, 317. Buckwheat, quantity raised, 101, 104. Building associations, SI, 366, 700. Building stone, 26. Buildings, public. New York City, 436, 437. Bull, William, surveys by, 621. Burgoync, Gen.. 164. 166, 233, 299, 461, 504, 554, 559, 586, 673, 679, 682, 686, 687. Burial Case manufactory, 549. Burial Places, New York City, 428. See Rural Cemet^^ries. Burnetsfield Patent. 341, 344, 345, 346. Burning of jail, Delaware county, 258. of steamer Sir Robert Peel, 360. springs, 208, 213, 214, 267, 491, 499, 691. Bun% Aaron, 404. Busti. Paul. 322. Butler. Col. .lohn. 409, 410, 411, 415. Waller N., 347. 409. 410, 411,416, 631. Butler's Patent, 317, 605. Butt and Hinge manufactory, 166 Buttermilk Channel, 419. Falls. 505. Butter, product by counties, 106. Byrne's Patent, 006, 6S2. Cabinet Making shops, by counties, 109. Cabinet Ware manulactory, 203, 286, 368, 390. 402. 614, 615. 622, 623, 598, 618. Cabinet of Natural History, 125, 126. Calcareous tufa. 391. 717. Calculating machine, 161. Calico Printing, 293. Cambridge Patent, 680. Camden Tract. 6S5. Campbell's Patent, 679, 683. Camphene manufactory, 3G8. Canada, expeditions against, 246, 311, 358. 408. 49.3, 081. 6S2. Canada, fortifications in, 45. Canadian canals. 119. railway's. 119. trade, 117, 118. Canal Api)raiscrs. 54. Black Hivur, hi.story of, 60, 61. Board. 54. bo.ats, 5S. Cayuga & Seneca, history of, 6*2. Celebration, 58, 59. Champlain, history of, 60. Chemung, history of, 62. Chenango, history of, 60, 61. Clearances, 56. Commissioners. 54, 59. Companies. U. 356, 632, 642. 661. Crooked Lake, history of. 62. Delaware i Hudson, 63, 602, 506. Department. Auditor of, 54. distances, 59. enlargement, 59, 60. Erie, history of, 58. feeders, 201, 218. 321, 389, 482, 484, 613, 620, 624, 645, 671. Fund. 64. general notice of, 54. Uenesee Valley, history of. 62, 63. hydraulic, 359, 454, 455, 484. 524. 593, 637. 657. Manhattan Island, 418. natural, 575. Oneida Lake, history of, 61. Canal Oswego, history of, 61, 62. reservoirs, 60, 61, 173, 389, 390, 393. statistics, 66, 56, 67, 68. structures, 58. tolls, 66, 57. Canals, notices of, 156, 169, 171, 173, 179, 186, 187, 193, 198, 201, '.203, 218,2-20, 221, 224, 226, 2'28, 230, 279, 280, '288, 293, 330, 341, 346, 376, 331, 384, 3S5, 387,388, 395, 397, 398, 401, 402, 403, 404, 407, 413, 420. 449, 451, 452, 455, 459, 406, 468, 409, 475, 482, 484, 488, 489, 492. 602, 491, 512, 513, 514, 516, 518, 5'20, 628, 6'i4, 626, 674, 581, 686, 687, 593, 598, 609, 610, 611. 614, 617, 642, 624, 654, 689, 690, 691, 693, 714, 718. Canastota Tract, 47, 389. Capital, State, 26, 27. Car manufactory, 286. 395, 609, 671. Wheel niauufactory, ICO, 273,286,509. Mills. 462, 616, 608. 694, 695. Carding Machines introduced, 683. Card manufactoi-y, 199. Carillon Fort, 298. Carleton, Major, 300. Caroline steamer destroyed, 453. Carpeuters, by counties, 109. 152. Carpet Bag manufactory, 510. Carpet man utiictory, 199. 244, 275, 402, 407, 411, 40S, 849, 686, 695, 707. Carriage manufactory, 109, 160, 166. 228, 229, 2;J7, 2.i5, 275, 280, S46, 308, 399, 401. 403, 405, 411. 419, 403,454, 487, 494. 496, 522, 548, 561, 575, 59S, 667, 658, 6S3. 716. Cartridge manufactory, 549. Cary, Trumbull, and others, purchase by, 210. Cascades, 20, 21, 22, 165, 203, 210, 227, 235, 239, 263, 255, 271, 300, 305, 310, 31'2, 320. 324, 326, 3'28, 333, 346, 362, 855. 360, 361, 374, 376, 377, 379, 383, 380. 390, 395, 401, 402, 419, 467, 474, 484, 486, 487, 505, 508, 614, 515, 517, 621, 623, 624, 526, 627, 632, 568, 560, 672, 579, 593, 697, 604, 605, 609, Oil, 613, 616, 617, 618, 646, 664, 656, 667, 658, 664, 670, 074, 675, 715. Cases before Court of Sessions, N.Y., 421. Cassiltown Manor, 564. Castle Garden, 117, 427. Castles of the Mohawks, 40S. Catholic Schools, New York, 431. See Raman Catholics, Catskill Mountain House, 333. Patent, 332. Cattle market. 4'27. statistics by counties, 106. trade, 428. Caughnawaga Indians 408. Caves, 26, 165, 162, 163, 164, 302, 328, 351, 356, 360, 361, 362, 393. 416, 482, 670, 600. 604, 606, 607, 666, 674, 675, 684. Cayuga Bridge, 199. 200. Marshes, 63, 474. Cazenove. Tlieophilus, 322. Cement manufactury. — See Waterlimf!. Central American Educational Society, 146, Asylum for Deaf and Dumb. 412. Park, New York, 44, 4-ii, 424. Chain across the Hudson, 504, 505, 508, 609, 642. Lake Champl.ain, at Ticonderoga, 299. Chain Cable manufactory, 681. Chair manufactorv, 276, 282, 286, 343, 402, 462, 487, 527, 610. Chamber of Commerce, 116, 436. Chambers. Thomas, 661, 662, 664. Chambly Canal, 119. Champlain Lake, 297. grants on. 298. Champlain. Samuel. 233, 297. 477, 519. Chandleries, 109, 286, 3CS, 419, 663, 567. Channels of New York Harbor, 418. Chapel, Queen Anne's. 413. Charitable societies, 144, 247, 287, 403, 433, 434, 661. Charity schools, 370, 4.31. Charles III of Spiiin, grant to a New York church, 435. Charters, New York City, 418, 438. to academics, 127. Chase, Kev. Philander, 266. Chasm, remarkable, in Cliuton CO., 238. in Lewis CO., 378. Chassanis, Peter, Purchase, 363, 375, 377. Cheesebox manufactory, 343, .347, 348. Cheesecocks Patent, 603, 608, 668. Cheese manufactory, 176, 416, 537. product of; by counties, 107. Chemical works. See Laboratories. Chenango Tract, 47. Triangle, 224. Twenty Towns, 52, 224, 389. Cherry Valley massacre, 410, 531. Patent, 532. Chevaux de frise, 542. Children's Aid Society, 370, 403, 431. Hospital, 432. Chinese, early trade with, 162. Cholera, 308. Christian Association, 146. Connexion, 140. Unions. 146. 147. Cryslers Field. 311. Churches, general article on, 139 to 144. New York. 434. 435. Church, John B.. and Philip. 169. propei-ty controversy, 287. Tract, 321. Cider, product by counties, 105 Cigar manufectoiies. See Tahacco. Cincinnati, Society o£ 434. Ciscoes, fishery oi; 359 Cities, officers of, 31. City Courts, 34. Halls, 166, 160, 246, 275, 366, 369,403, 423, 436. 468, 488, 624. Inspector's Department, N. Y., 427. Park, Brooklyn, 369. Railroads, 307, 368, 429. Schools, 160. 199, 246, 275, 286, 369, 403, 429, 430, 468, 4SS. 624. 660, 598. aark. Rev. Thomas, 686, 686. Willis and Lewis G., 480. Clarke, Miss Sara J.. 487. Clans, Colonel Daniel, 315, 409, 412. Clearances on Northern lakes, 118. Clearing-Uouse Association, N. Y., 436. Clendening Valley Aqueduct, 4*24. Clergymen, number by counties, 151. property of. exempt from taxes, 48. Clerks' offices. See Cmnty Buildings. Clermont, steamboat, 162. 521. Clifton Park Patent, 565, 587. Mine, 572. Clinton, Charles. 510. College. r.airtield. 343. Clinton, De Witt, 68, 59, 102, 481, 606, 649. George, 274. 276. Sir Henry. 604, 654, 699. General .Tames, 410, 412, 531, 536. Prison, 41, 238 Purchase, 2'24. Township, 47. Clock manufactory, 638. Clover mill, 360. Cloves of the Catskills, 329, 334. Coachmakers. number by counties, 151. Coal formations, 329, 619. mining for, 178, 407. Oil manufactory, 367. trade. 220. 488, 618, 624, 656, 667, 661, 662, 663, 664. Coasting trade, statistics of, 115, 116. Coast Survey, 23, 121. Coffee and Spice manufactory. 368. Colden, Cadwallader. 608, 646. Tract. 341, 343, 344. 345, 348. Collar and Bosom manufactory, 657. Collection districts, coasting trade by, 115. general article on, 111. Northern frontier, 117, 118. ship building by, 115 tonnage by, 112. Collectors on canals, 54. Collect Pond, N. Y., 418. Colleges, generjU article upon. 125. notices of, 48, 125, 126. 160. 161, 188, 220. 25-2, 343, 3S4, 391,403, 419, 430, 431, 455, 464, 498, 646, 660,564, 675, 698. 610. 616, 667, 707. tabular list and statistics of, 126, 127 Colonial history, 126. Colonization Society, 146. Colored Home, 426, 4'26. schools, 136. statistics of, by counties, 150. Color manuiilctory, 272, 373. Comb manufactory, 272, 286. Commerce, foreign, 111, 112, 113, 114. 115, 102, 247, 367, 418, 436, 438, 639. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Commerce, lake. 118, 119, 208, 214, 237, 239, 280, 285, 352, 395, 399, 402, 403. 452, 517, 518, 520, 524, 525, 680, 5S2, 657. rivor, 166, 246, 268, 274, 276, 285, 3S0, 332. 502, 509, 561, 680, 581, 620, 652, 661, 662, 663. 664, 666, 699. Commercial collegt-a. 287, 431, 489. Ci-miuissionera of Canal Fund, 64. for taking acknowledgment of aeeda, 35. of Emigration, 117, 419, 420, 427, 649- of Kxcise. 36. of Health, 116. of Highways, 39. of Land Office, 46, 53. Common Councils of cities, 31, 420. Communities, 293, 405. Comptroller, 32. Confectioneriea, 286. Congregational Churches, 140. Methodist Church, 140. Congress, Contiuental, 565. first meeting in New York, 438. first Colonial, 162. Connecticut Tract, 321, 613. Constable's Towns, 375. Contracting Board, 54. Contributions tu aid Schenectady, 599. Controveray in Hutch Church, 275. Convention for adopting U. S. Const., 276. Hartford, 48, 62. Hempstead. 544, 545. Bkingston. 664. Provincial, 260, 272, 276. Conventions at Syracuse. 488. Convents, 419, 431, 4a4, 701. Convictions, statistics of, 36, 421, Cooper Institute, 435. Cooper, .7. Fenimore, 536. Cooperages. 286, 514, 691. Coopers, number by countiea, 161. Copperas, 305. manufactory, 575. Copper coinage. 509. ores, 25, 267, 340, 575. 577, 579. 660, 704. Corn, statistics of, 101, 104. Coruplanter, an Indian chief^ 410,414. Cornwall county, 18. Coroners, 35, 427. Cortland Manor, 705, 706, 708. Corporations, general article on, 80. Cosby's Manor and Patent, 341, 344, 348, 4G9. Cotringer Tract, 321. Cotton m.inu factory, 110, 166, 216, 228, 241, 247, 248, 253, 271, 274, 276, 293, 3U, 346, 347. 348, 352, 356, 360, 362, 368, 402, 464, 465, 466, 468, 471, 604, 509, 510, 525, 527, 532, 633, 534, 535, 636, 538, 554, 656, 558, 569, 660, 561, 669. 571, 684, 590, 591, 59S, 605, 634, 638. 662, 666, 682. Councils, Indian. 322, 344, 414. Council of Appointment, 31. of Kevision, 31. of Safety, 6i.ll. Country Roads, Suffolk co,, 632. Country seats, 272, 275, 276, 664, 696, 703, 794, 707. 708. County Imildings, 156, 160, 168, 179, 186, 198, 208. 218, 223, 232, 241, 251, 258, 268, 280, 297, 307, 314, 320, 330, 337, 341, 352, 365, 375, 381, 388, 396, 407, 451, 458, 476, 492, 502, 512, 518, 530, 640, 544, 553, 563, 568, 673, 584. 695. 600, 609, 614, 620, 632, 642, 649. 654, 661, 671, 678, 689, 697, 710, 717. Clerk, 35. courts. 34. Superintendent, 137. Tre;i9urer, 36. Courts of admiralty, 117. of Appeals. 33. for Tri;d of Impeachments, 33. New York City, 428. of oyer and terminer, 35. of sessions, 35. State, 33. United States, 33. of Wiltwyck, ancient, 663. Comtenay. E. H., 368. C^jverlet manufact-ory, 695. O-twbell manufactory, 283. Cowboys, 333, 698. Cowen, Eseck., 592. Cows, number by countiea, 106. Craigie Tract, 321. Cranberry swamp, 528, 618. Cratean lakes, Onoo. co., 26, 474, 482, 484. Cricket grounds. 423. Crime of New York City, 421. Criminal convictions, 35, 36. courts, 35. statistics, 425. Crosby, Enoch, 541. Croton Aqueduct, 418, 422, 424, 697, 706, 707, 708. Valley surveyed, 424. Crown Point, fort at, 297, 293. 299, 673. Crumhorn Mountain Tract, 125. Crystal palace, 423. 424. Cuck, George, a tory, 414. Cumberland I3ay, naval victory in, 234. Currents of rivers reversed, 304, 579. Customhouses, 119, 120, 2.39, 247, 286, 355, 356, 4o6. 524, 580. 638. Cutlery manufactory, 246, 508. Dairying, product of. See Acres^ t£c. Dakin Ore Bed, 273. D'Alaiiiville. seigniory of, 293 Dam. State, 678. Deaf and dumb, statisticsby conntiea,150. Asylum, 419, 432. 433. Deane's Patent, 48, 235, 471. Deaths, New York, totals, 428. of Holland Co. proprietors, 322. De Bruyn, John Hendrick, Patent of, 247. Debt of N. Y. to U. S., Revolutionary, 45. Debtors, imprisoned, 42. De Courcelles, expedition of, 408. Deep Spring, so called, 484. Deeds, acknowledgment of, 35. Degrees conferred by Regents, 125. De Lancey's corps, 551. De Lancey, James, 701, 705. Patent of, 413. De la Barre's expedition, 358. Delaware & Hudson Canal, 63, 642, 661, 662. 664, 666, 668. Delliu's Patent, 6S2. De Nonville, expedition of, 493, 499. Dentists* Gold manufactory, 368. Denton, Rev. Richard, 547. Depots, 403, 561. Deserters executed, 412, 536. De Tracy's expedition, 408. De Yeaux, Samuel, 455. Devendorf. Jacob, scalped, 416. Devil's Hole, event at, 452, 453. De Vries. D. P., 564. Dewitt, Simeon, 58, 657.' Die manufactory. 593. Dioskau, Baron, 298, 671, 672. Dikes, 677. Diluvial valleys, 361. Dioceses of New York. 142. 143. Dionondahowa Falls, 680, 683. Disciples of Christ, 140. Dise's Manor, 604. Dispensaries, 2S7, 370, 432. Distances by canals, 59 to 64. by railroads, 66 to 73. DistUleries. 160. 198, 199. 201, 213, 214, 286, 344, 367, 368, 384, 385, 391, 398, 401, 406, 454, 462, 467, 483, 484, 487, 497, 515, 535, 561, 593, 617, 618, 691. 693, 699. Distributing post offices, 123, 662. District attorneys, 35. libraries, 135. school meetings, 135. Districts, aldermanic, 420. Assembly, 28. collection. See Customhouses. judicial. 33, 34. military, 43. Senatorial. 23. of Tryon co., early, 409. Divisions. Colonial, Dutchess co., 269. Docks, 307. Dolomite, 41, 267, 699. Domestic manufactures by counties. See Acres, rfc. Dongan, Governor. 564. Dover Stone Church, so called, 271. Door factory, 188. Dorfs of Palatinates, 601. Downie, Commodore, 234. Downing, A. J., 7i-'8. Doxtader, Tory, 411, 4^6, 602, 607. Dressmakers, number by counties, 151. Drouth, 352. Drowned Lands. 501. 506. 507, 510. 611. Drug manufactory, 275. Dry docks, 45, 368, 618. Dry goods, scatistics of, 113. Duane, Colonel. 410. Dubois, Bishop, school founded by, 360. Colonel, 410. Dudley Observatory, 161. Duel. 358. Duerville Patent, 235. Duke of Gloucester, 674. Dukes county, 18. DutL'h. policy of, toward Indians, 408. settlements by, 366, 408, 437, 503, 601, 663, 667. Duties on salt, 54. Duties, receipts from, 111, 113, 114. Dwellings, number and kind of, 108. Dwight. Francis, 137- Dyed Stuffs manufacvry, 373, 563. works, 293, 4ti5, 5C5, 706. Earl of Moira, 574. Earthen Ware manufactory, 198, 286, 499, 668. Easton's Patent, 466. Eaton, Amos, 24. Ebcnezer Society, 293 Edge Tool manufactory, 166, 235, 286, 300, 347, 393, 395, 402, 480, 590. Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, 269, 564. Edmeston, Col., 533. Elections, New York, 420. canvass of, 30. Inspectors of, 40. military, 44. Electors, cen.'ius of, 31. Elephant, fossil remains of. 163. Elevations above tide, 19 to 22. Delaware CO., 257. Steuben co., 619. Washington co., 677. Elevators, 293, 356, 399. 525. Eleven Towns on Black River, so called, 353, 355, 357, 358, 361. 362, 375. Elias. officers of the ship, 564. Elk. domestication of, 192. Ellicott. Joseph, 322. Embargo, 233. ^7, 356, 357, 643. Emery manufactory, 546. Emigration. See Commissioners of Em-^ gra.lUm. Emigrant homes, 427. Emmons. E., analysis by. 324. geologist of Second District, 24. Encroachment upon N. Y. Harbor, 46. Endowment of Union College, 598. Engineers, Canal, 54. English conquest, 438. Engraving, 286. Entries of vessels at New York, 112. Epidemic, 361, 579. ^ Erie Canal. See Canals. Basin, 284. Escheats, 48. EsopuB, enemy advance to, 504. Evacuation Day. 437. 438. Evangelical Lutheran Church, 140. Evans, David E.. 322. Evan's Patent, 603. Evans, William, bequest of, 393. Evening schools, 430. Exchange building, 160. Excise, Commissioners of. 3''>. Executive Department, N. Y. City, 420. State, 19. Expeditions against Canada. See (Xinado. Exports, Canadian, 118. total New York, since 1701. 112, 114. Eye and Ear Infirmaries, 370, 432. Fairs, Colonial, 101. State, and other, 102. 269, 706. Fall Hill Patent, 341, 34-3, 346. Families, number of, by counties. See Acres, (£c. Fancy Goods manufactory, 455. Fanning Mill manufactory. 61S, 691, 692. Farms, number of, by counties, 108, 151, Farrett, James, agent of Earl of Stirling, 633, 635, (537, 639. Federalist (the) newspaper articles, 276. Feldspar, 267, 671, 674. FemiUes. Asylum for, 433, 488. Female Guardian Society, 433. Seminaries. See Acafkniies. Ferries, general act, and list of. 82. notices of. 200. 245, 249. 271, 272, 275, 276. 277, 356, 367. 420, 428, 450, 609, 546, 655, 563. 570, 580, 636, 664, 666 699, 700, 704. 10 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Pertilizers, 631. Feudal privileges, 242. I'over. 425. Tiold notes of Holland Land Co., 332. File manufactory, 271, 275, 510, 571. l-'illinore, Millard, 203, 206. 283. Finance Department New York City, 420. Fire arms first known to Indians in New York, 297. Eire Brick manufactory, 26, 468, 503, 567, 699. Departments, 275, 369, 422. 42?, 424. de^tructive, 83, 162, 302, 438, 46S, 661, 675. 593, 062, 682. Engine manufactory, 402, 593, 617. Insurance. 83, 436. Wardens, 423. in the woods, 631. Fish Manures, 6.31, 632, 638, 639. preservation of, 124. Fisher. Col. Frederick, 415. Fisheries, 18, 46, 124, 232, 247, 357. 359, 437, 530. 644, 560, 632, 634, 636, 637, 641, 701. Fitch. Dr. Asa, 27. John, 83, 418. Five Dutch Towns of Kings co., 366. Flags, Azariiih C, 137. Flagging Stone, 20, 197, 204, 20.5, 223, 267, 3:9, 333, 381, 385, 449, 464, 491, 512, 615, 581, 600, 063. 064, 666, 717. Flax culture, 655, 658. 680, 686. statistics of lint and seed, by cos., 106. mills, 308. 658. 569. Floating' battery, 46. Flour manufactorv. 160, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176, 193, 194, 199,302, 203, 2(16, 211, 212. 213, 214, 216, 320, 231. 222, 226, 238, 246, 248, 259, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 286, 324, 325, 328, 346, 352, .357, 362, 385, 390, 392, 395, 400, 401, 402, 406, 400, 413, 464, 466, 468, 481, 4S2, 484, 497, 614, 616, 518, 620, 621, 622, 624, 625, 627, 528, 634, 636, 537, 63S, 661, 622, 675, 59.3, 610, 611, 612, 617, 618, 623. 626, 626, 627, 629, 6.34, 651, 652, 655. 657, 658, 676, 682, 683, 686, 600, 691, 694, 695, 712, 713, 715. Flower culture. 64-8, 649. Floyd, Col. Richard, 634. Gen, William, 463, 471, 634. Fonda, Douw, 415, Foote, Stillman, 271. Forrest, Edwin. 708. Forfeitures, 48, 314, 316, .342, 347, 348, 540, 641, 602, 698, 700, 702, 704, 708. Forges, 26, 236, 238, 239, 240. 297, 349, 360, 465, 482, 504, 608, 682, 681, 686, 694, Fork manufactory, 229, 390, 416, 487, 635, .536, 676, 61T. Formau, Joshua, 68. Fortifications, general notice of, 45. tabular list of, 46. Fort Brewerton. 481, 522. Clinton, 603, 504. Columbus. 419. Dayton, 342, 345. Diamond, .373. Edward, 298, 682. Frederick, 297. Gibson, 419. Hamilton, 373. Herkimer, 342, 345. House, 417, Hunter, 408, 413. Independence, 699. Jav, 419. Johnson, 315, 412. La Fayette, 373, 699. Leyi. 574. L-.inan, 298, 671, 672. Miller, 591. Montgomery, 18,45, 237, 503, 604, 506. Niagara. 452. Plain, 410, 414. Porter, 236. Putnam, 604, 505. Orange, 166. Richmond, 665. Schuyler, 346, 410, 461, 467, 469, 586, 706. Slongo, 638. Stanwix, 166, 461, 467. Sullivan, 219. Tompkins, 565. Wooti. 419. VVUliam Uenry, 298, 672. Forts, Canadian, 45. notices of, 45,156,167, 162, 163, 166, 206, 219, 220, 221, 237, 204, 274, 275, 277, 286, 297, 298. 299, 301, 304, 305, 327, S42, 344, 353, 356, 358, 373, 393, 4o8, 409, HO, 412, 413, 414,416, 410, 417, 419, 4.37, 462. 453, 460, 461, 467, 469, 478, 499, 603, 604, 605, 619, 625, 642, 646, 661, 669, 561, 665, 669, 674, 696, 698, 599, 601, 602, 604, 606, 634, 664, 673, 679, 681, 682, 700, 707. Forty Thousand Acre Tract, 321. Founderies, 160, 189, 193,201, 206, 227, 237, 2:39, 240, 244, 246, 248,272, 277. 286, 344, 356, 367, 301, 400, 401, 406,464, 466, 466. 470, 484, 487, 488,606, 509, 610, 616, 621, 625, 633,634,538, 536, 542, 649, 660, 657, 668, 669, 570, 691, 693, 604, 605, 606, 607, 610, 611, 616, 617, 618, 622, 625, 627, 647,656, 667, 694, 702, 708, 707, 708, 715. Fountains, 362, 433. Fowling, 644, 634. Fox, George, 546. Hall JVIanor, 49, 662, 663. Franciscan College, 188. Franklin Institute, Syracuse, 4S9. Frauds. 308, 311, 362. Free Academy, New York, 429, 430. Freeholders, number of. See Acres> (£c. Free Masons, 147. Free Schools, 137, 138, 701, 708. Freestone, 568, 670. French cede Canada to Great Britain, 299. colonization, 353. colonies, 224. defeat of. 409. fortifications, 297, 619. grants on Lake Charoplain, 233, 298. missions, 477, 580. posts, 298. Protestants, 371, 546. settlements, 264, 301, 363, 376, 376, 377, 378, 454, 477, 478, 646. surrender. 674. traces of. 467, 477, 482. Tract, 224. War. ^e War, French, Freshets, 167. 162, 166, 302, 329, 658, 613, 644, 683, 683, Friends, 142, 360. cemetery, 371. mission estal'lished by, 187, 195. Frigates on Lake Ontario, 358. FrisneU's Patent, 50. Frontiers, 297. Frontenac, expedition of, 408, 478. Fort. 519. Fruit culture. 198, 205, 327, 39.5, 402, 456, 404, 481, 497, 612, 540, 609, 670, 609, 601. 062, 088, 6S9, 690, 703, 706. Fur Company, North Westxjrn, 525. dressing. 368, trade, 232. Fulton, Robert, 83. Funds, lands belonging to, 46. 47. Furnaces, 109, 195, 198, 202, 211, 212. 214, 226, 228. 235, 238, 244, 246. 247, 270, 273, 282, 289, 291, 293, 325, 366, 300, 368, 382, 383. 385, 386. 390, 393, 398, 399, 400, 402, 406, 408, 462, 466, 471, 484. 508, 614, 516, 822, 538, 677, 667, 682, 690, 691, 692, 693, 695, Furniture, 109, 286, 291,362,368, 402, 488, 614, 615, 623. 623, 618. makers, by counties, 152. Gage's Patent, 50. Game, protection of, 30. Gananoqui, expedition against, 354. Gansevoort, Col. Peter, 461, 478, 614. C-irdean Tract, 711. Gardening, 101, 365, 398, 399, 501, 544, 546, 647, 64S, 849. 868, 571, 696, 706. Garden Seeds, 214, 243. 686. Gardner, Lyon, 6.35. 638. Garlock, John Christian, 409. Garnets, 407. Gaslight m,inufactory, 80, 317, 368, 424, 663, 693. springs, 26, 186, 203, 208, 213, 214, 236, 267, 310. 335, 386, 386, 466, 462, 491, 499, 665, 6ii9, 592. 607, 615, 691.720. Gate rights, so called. 550. Gauntlet, running of the, 462. OavlorJ, Willis, 486. Geddes, James, 68, 69, 479, 483. George, 63, 474, 4S2. General Assembly, 698. Court. 636, 640. Genesee Falls Portage, 386, 710. Tariff. 322. Genet, Kdmund C., 655. Geographical and Statistical Society, 436, Geological survey, 24. Hall, 27, 160. George III. statue of. 423. 438. German Flats, 342. 344, 410. Methodists, 141. Ghent, treaty of, 18. Gibbs, the pirate, 419. Gilliland, William, 299, 800, 301, 305. Ginseng trade, 416, 469. Glass manufactory, 164, 240, 291, 366, 368, 462, 470, 617, 621, 649, 558, 689, 641, 644, 668. 691. Glebes. 344, 666, 571, 607, 699. Glen's Purchase, 341, a43, 345, 346, 685. Glove and Mitten manufactory, 286, 311, 314, 317, 318. Glue manufactory, 286, 368, 398. Goat Island, 456. Gold Beating, 286. Gold Pen manufactory, 368. Gold and Silver Refining. 368. Gore Tract)!. 224. 263. 690. Gospel and School Lands, 47, 136, 260, 874. Governor, powers, qualiticationB, &c., 31. Governors Island, forts on, 419. Purchase. See Chenango, Grain, amount by towns. See AcreSj &c, cradle manufactory, 484, 510. destroyed, 264. excellence of the several countieB in, 101. trade, Buffalo, 285. Grand Island Tract, 290. Granger, Gideon. 495. Grape culture, 101, 497, 628, 699. Graphite, 26, 267, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 337, 338, 340, 640, 670, 671, 685. Grass Seed, Sullivan CO., 641. Great Nine Partners' Tract, 269, 277. Green, Col., 708. Gritfin. first vessel on upper lakes, 462,465. Grindstone manufactory. 168, 233, 471. Gristmills, number b,v counties, 109. See Fl'iur manufactoi^. Grocers, number by counties, 162. Guano mimufactory, 637, 639. Gun manufactory, 246, 286. 699. barrel manufactory. 656. Gunpowder explosion. 489. Guthrie, Dr. Samuel, 359, Gutta Percha Belting m.inufactory, 649. Guy Park, 412. Gypsum, 26, 110, 197, 203, 320, 326,340,388, 392, 393, 394, 395. 398, 406. 468, 469, 473, 480, 481, 482, 484, 485, 491, 497, 613, 614, 617, 688, 690. Haile, Gen., 677. Ilaldi-man, Gen., 300. llalf-.Moon Patent, 586. Point, 593. Orphan Asylum, N. Y., 433. Hall, James, Paleontologist and Geologist of the Fourth District, 24. Hall, N. K., 283. Hall of Records N. Y., 423, 437. Halls of Justice N. Y.. 426, 437. Hame manufactory. 229. Hamilton, Alexander. 125, 276. College Telescope, .392. Hammer manufactory, 228. Hammond, Jjibez D., 137. Hampton, Gen. Wade, 234, 310. Harbor at Black Rock, 288. BuB'alo, 284. encroachment N. Y., 46, 418. Hill, Roslyn, 550. masters, 116, New York, 418. Harbors on the lakes, 22, Hardenburgh Patent, '258, 331, 600, 663. Hardware manufactory, 216, 286, 471, 488, Harlem Canal, 418. Harness manufactorv. by counties, 109. Harper Patent, 60, •2"34. Harper. Col., 316, 410, 624. Robert. 235. Harpersfield burned. 410. Harrisofi", Charles, 349. Harrison's Patent. 50. Hartford Convention. 18, ISO. Hartman, John A., 346. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 11 HMtwIck Patent, 633. Uasenclevei-'s Patsnt, 341, 345, S4S. Uat manufactory, lUO, 19S, 447, 286, 368, 610, 707. by counties, 109. Hawley. Gideon, 137, 605. Jesse, 68. Hay, 101, 163, 241, 331, 332, 547, 654, 665. product by counties, 104. He)iiltiu;irter8 of Washington, Newburgh, 509. Health Commissioner, 428. OIHcer, 116, 42S. Public, 116, 427, 428. Heathcoto, Caleb, 701, 702, 703. Height of mountains, table of, 19. lakes and rivers, 20, 22. Hellgate, 648, 649. Henderson's Patent, 341, S48. Hendrick, King, 298. 343, 671. Hennepin, Father, 462, 456. Henry Clay steamer burned, 708. Herkimer, Gen. N., 264, 343, 345, 409, 410, 461, 638. High Bridge, 424, 707. High Falls on Black River, 379. Highlanders, Scotch, 316. Highlands of the Hudson, 501, 542. High Itock Spring, Saratoga, 592. Highways, 39. Historical Society N. Y., 435. Hoe manufactory, 200, 229, 390, 537, 667, 671,675,690. Hoffman, aged 118, 269. Holland Land Co., 62, 169, 187, 210, 2S0, 288, 321. 322, 462, 468, 516, 516. agent of, 322, 390. CO. buildings erected by, 320. names of members, 321. Patent, 467. Purchase, 280, 468, 513. Holley, Myron, 59. 4onie AsBuciatiou, 488. Home MissioDS, 14G. Homeopathic Medical Societies, 149. Homestead exemption, 48. Honey, product by counties, 106. Hoosick Patent, 556. Hop culture, lol, 223. 230, 340, 388, 412, 414, 468, 630, 537, 600, 603, 606, 607 Hops, product by counties, 105. Horse mill, 373. races, colonial. 546. Kiike manufactory, 716. Shoe manufactory. 236, 300. Horses, association for improving breed of, S3. killed by Sullivan, 221. statistics of, by counties, 107. Horticultural Society, Brooklyn, 370. Hosiery nuinufactory, 166, 661, 617. UospiUils, 120, 161, 287, 366, 365. 368, 370, 4U4, 419, 420, 425, 426, 427, 432, 606, 624, 555, 661, 666, 702. House of Industry, 433, 434. of Kcfuge, 42, 404, 420, 425. Lord, death of, 298. Huddlestone e.\ecuted as a spy, 276. Hudson, Hendrick, 166, 437, 659, 664. Huguenot settlements, 269, 603, 5I>4, 661, 663, 666, 703. Hunter Lodges, 354. Hoad, 642. grounds, 232, 636. Hunlerslic-ld Patent, 607. Hurley Patent. 6G3. Hutchinson, Mrs. -\nne, 704, 705. Hypersthene rock, 296, 346. Ice, 162, ISO. 365, 419, 484, 569, 663, 703. Idiotic, statistics of, by counties, 150. Asylum for tlie, 483, 488. Illiterate, statistics of. by counties, 160. Immigration, general statistics of, 122. Impeachment, 33. Imports, Canadian, 118. total, since 1700, 112, 114. Inclined planes on rail roads, 67. Indi'p.-ndcnce, Uechiration of, 244, 697. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 149. India Kubber manufactory, 419, 546, 708. Indian antiquities, 180, 181, 188, 194, 200. 202, 203, 206. 220, 253, 260, 264, 283, 293, 327, 355, 368, 369, 360, 361, 393, 412, 414, 463, 468, 482, 493, 494, 498, 499, 513, 516, 634, 661, 659, 688, 693, 6U5. 616, 643, 644, 679, 704, 706. Indian disguise worn by anti-renters, 268. hung for murder, 198. invasions. 166, ISO, 210. 260, 262, 264, 297, 331. 334, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 372, 408, 410, 411, 412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 461, 407, 477, 493, 603, 631, 633, 536, 564, 696, 697, 602, 604, 607, 60S, 642, 661, 662,, 664 66S, 679, 706, 70S. Indian Purchases, 46, 48, 180, 187, 224, 2:i3, 242, Mi, 268, 261, 270, 322, 332, 389, 394. 39S, 437, 478, 499, 646, 661, 690, 634, 636, 638, 639, 698, 700, 70l, 703, 706, 707, 708. reservations, 48, 63, 187, 280, 308, 309, 311, 322, 324, 327, 363, 382, 384, 385, 389, 393, 462, 462, 469, 478, 483, 486, 680. Pass 303 settlemeiits, 180, 187. 210, 274, 2S7, 30S, 322, 382, 389, 393, 408,415, 462, 458, 465, 473, 476, -183, 493, 496, 498, 499, 557, 559, 574, 680, 601, 632, 633, 637, 038, 655, 678. Btatistics, 151. trade. 157. 162, 415. 452, 4S5, 682. tradition of, 458. 477, 482, 493. tribes on Loog Island, 632, 634 Indians at Moutauk, 635. ** Industrial schools, 161, 370, 404. Inebriate Asylum, 180. Infirmaries. 370. Ink manufactory, 593. Inland Steam A.iv. Companies, list of, 82. Inman's Triangle, 375. Inn Keepers, by counties, 152. Insane, statistics of, by counties, 150. statistics of, 409. See Lunatic Asi/lum. Insects in grain, 320. Inspection of steamboats, 115. of vessels, 42S. Inspector, City, 427. Insurance companies, 81, 83, 436. obsolete, list, 85 to 89. rates lowered by Croton, 424. Intermitting spring, 310. Invasions, hostile, 180, 209, 232, 234, 236, 260, 262, 264, 280, 28S, 290, 297, 299, 308, 310. 311, 312, 316, 331, 334, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 354, 355, 356, 358, 359, 365, 372, 404. 408, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 452, 400, 461, 467, 477, 476, 503, 504. 513, 519, 625, 531, 554, 556, 564, 569, 574, 578, 579, 580, 5S7, 596, 597, 599, 602, 604. 607, 60S, 61^4, 633. 634, 639, 642, 643, 661, 662, 671, 679, 6Sl, 6S2, 694. Iron bridge, 407. manufactory, 41, 110, 166, 220, 232, 235, 236, 238, 241. 243, 245, *i46, 261, 270, :i7l, 273, 275, 276, 286, 296, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 310, 349, 352, 360, 361, 362, 363, 395, 419, 462, 464, 471, 501, 508, 610, 521, 533, 535, 549, 561, 573, 575, 577, 579, 680, 582, 617, 662, 666. 668, 681, 699. ores, 19, 2i, 25, 165, 165, 186, 218, 232, 235, 236, 237, 241, 243, 245, 267, 270, 271. 273, 277, 296, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 310, 311, 312, 337, 348, 349, 352, 355, 360, 361, 374, 376, .•?77,378, 388, 392, 395, 458, 464. 470, 471, 601. 517, 621, 528, 540, 642, 543, 663, 572, 575, 677, 581, 582, 589, 600, 670, 674, 675, 680, 692, 693, 695, 717. Iron Band, 297, 340, 349, 374. Ives, L. S., .380. Ivory Black manufactory, 363, 563. Jail limits, Jefferson co., 352. Jails. See County Buildings. Japanned Cloth manufactory, 368. Ware manufactory, 286. Jay Ore Bed. 5S1. Treaty. 519. Jemison, Mary, the white woman. 711, 712. Jersey City, relations with New York, 429. Jersoylield Patent. 341, 347, 348. Jervig, John B., 423. Jesuit missiona. 468, 415, 477, 619. Jews, attempt to collect, 290. Jogues, Fatlu-'r. 4^i5, 477. Johnson WAX. 316, 318, 409. Guy. 315, 341, 346, 409, 412. Sir John. 30U, 315, 316, 409, 410, 413, 416, 602, 605. Johnson, Sir William, 298, 315, 317, 318, 343, 348, 409, 412, 452, 612. 592, 671, 672. Indian children of, 315, 348. Johnston, Bill, 360. Joucaire, , Frencli adventurer, 452. Jones. i:famuel, cliaiity fund, 049, 550. Judicial Department, 33, 428. districts, 34. Julia, encounter of the echonner, 574. Junction Canal Cumpauy, 218. Jurisdiction, IS, 33, 34, 418. Justices' courts, 34. Juvenile delinquents, 42, 420. Asylum, 433. Kakiate Patent. 568. Kane brothers, 412. 409. Kaolin, 301, 675, 567. Kast's Patent. 341, .".4S. Kayuderosseras Patent, 585. 587. Kidd, William, the pirate, 570. Kinderhook Patent. 247. Kingsborough Patent. 317, 318. Kingsbury Patent, t)85. King's College, i^ee Vvlumbia VoUegt. King's District. 241, 243. Kiui-'s Ferry, 569, 699. King's Garden. 356. Kirkland. Bev. Samuel. 461, 464, 485» 499, Kirkwood, James P., 369. Klocks Field, battle of, 410, 417. Knapp, Uzal, 509. Knitting mills, 166. 558, 590. Korlright Patent. 262. Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 504, 586. Laboratories. 24S, 368, 419, 464, 506, 549. Laborers, number by counties, 152. La Cole surprised, 234. La Fayette, Marquis de, 27, 410, 467. La Hontan, Baron, 288, 404. Lakes, general sketch of, 20. Lake George Steamboat Companies, 82. Lake ridges, 351. 355, 361, 395, 449, 4.53, 512, 514, 524, 688, 693. Lallemant, Father, 477, 479. Lamp and Lantern manufactory. 368. Lampblack manufactory, 593. Lancasteriau schools, 125, 160, *i46, 600, 599, 057. Land Office, 322. 323. Commissioners of, 46. 494. attacked by a mob, 210, 322. Land patents, list of, 49. Landslides, 303, 413, 560. Land, State, how sold, 46. tenure and title of, 46 under water, 46, 418. 419. Lansing's Patent, ail, 343, 348. Lantern manufactory, 286. La Salle, visits Niagara Falls, 452, 455. Last manufactory, 286, 705. Lath manufactory, 289. Law, George, 424, 684. Law Department, New York. 427. Library & Institute, 435. libraries, 287, 369. schools, 161, 275. Laws, 29, 30. Lawyers, number by counties, l.'J3. Lay, Amos. 580. Lead ore, 26, atl. 243, 267, 340, 355. 37*, 378. 407, 506, 528, 573, 579, 581. 646, 660, 6S6, 704. Pipe manufactory, 362. 657 Leake & Watts Asylum, 433. Lease, law respectini: lands under, 46. tenure of. 273. 471. lands under, Delaware co., 258. Indian, 462. Ledyard C.inal, 484. Legislature. 28. at Kingston. 662. at Poughkeepsio, 276. dispersed, 26. New York City. 420. Leisler, Jacob, 700, 703. Le Moyno, Father, 479. Lery, .M. de, 460, 467. Lo Koy's Patent, 1)63. Le Boy, Bayard A McKvors. 321, 468. Lewis, Governor Moigan, 272. L*Uommedieu, Ezra, 125. Patent. 341, 343, 348. Liancourt. Duke de. 498. Liberty poles cut down, 344, 438, 12 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Libraries, 27, 4S, 102. 125, 126. 127, 1?,9, 144, 146, 24fi, 2R-, 3B9, 383, 391. 403, 433, 434, 464, 478, 4S8, 4S9, 605, 624. school district. 135, 137. License question, 147. Lieutenaut Governor, powers and duties of, 32. Lifeboat manufactorv, 367. stations, 121, 122, 365, 644, 650, 631. Life leases, 242. and Iiealth insurance, 83. Lighthouses. 120. 216. 271. 280, 284, 297, 355, 356, 358, 360, 399, 403, 419, 624, 627, 580, 667, 669, 677, C34, 635, 636, 638, 639, 662, 694, 706. Lime manufactorv. 109, 110, 186, 197, 260, 282, 279, 301, 305, 331, 346, 381, 383, 391, 394, 395, 462. 474, 484, 485. 612, 668, 669, 570, 690. 613, 616, 649, 684, 662, 666, 670, 683. 690, 693, 700. Limestone terrace, 288, 292. Lincklaen Purchase, 389. Lincoln, General, 299. Lindsey's Patent, 341, 343, 631. Liuen manufactory, 237,559. Line of Property, 257, 462. Liquorice manufactory, 368. Lispenard's Patent, 341. Literary associations and societies, 144, 369, 385. 434, 489. Literature Fund, 46, 125, 126. lauds, 47. Lithography, 2S6. Little Beard, 384. Little Nine Partners' Tract, 269, 272, 273. Liviusstou Manor, 242, 247. P'atent, 242, 244, 348, 603. KoLert R., 82, 83, 147. Lloyd's Neck Manor, 561. Loans, State, statistics of, 38. when lands are sold under, 46, 48. Lock manufactory, 286. navigation, 556, 579, 596. Locks, canal, 451, 454. Locomotive factory, 598. Logan, an Indian chief. 200. ijOg navigation, 297, 873. Longee. a French partisan, 672. Long Island farms, (New York city poor,) 649. Lotbiniere. grants to, 298. Lotteries, 125, 428. 566. Louis Philippe, travels in N. Y., 219, 404, Lovelace, Governor. 564. Lumber, 110, 160, 165, 166, 168, 170, 173, 176, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 194, 195, 211, 214, 216, 218. 220. 232, 235, 236, 238, 248, 267, 280, 263, 264, 205, 286, 290, 293, 296. 302, 303, 304, 305, 307. 309, 311, 314, 316, 317, 337, 338, 347, 349. 367, 360, 363, 367, 375, 377, 390, 399, 402, 464, 468, 470, 602, 609, 521, 622, 623, 625. 526, 527, 629, 876, 678, 680, 681. 684. 588, 589, 691, 593, 018, 620, 623, 624, 626, 629, 641, 643. 644, 646. 647, 648, 662, 661, 663, 665, 667, 668, 671, 680, 686, 686, 692, 693. Lunatic Asylums, 31. 42, 200, 247, 365, 398, 419, 425, 426, 432, 468, 495. Lush's Patent, 347. Lyceums, 276, 369. 436. Lyine: in Asylum. 432. Lyuds, Elara, 41, 704. McCrea, Jane, 6S2. McDonald, D., 346. McDonough, Commodore, 234, 2.39. Machine shops. 109, 160. 166, 196, 199, 206, 214. 227, 'iSo, 237, 238, 240, 246, 247. 24-?. 271, 272, 286, 289, 293. 317, 366, 367, 368, 383, 3S5, 390, 391 . 400, 401, 402. 406, 462. ■ 487, 488, 506, 609, 610, 616, 522, 636, 537, 648, 566, 657, 660, 669. 691, 593, 606, 616, 617, 618, 626, 687, 658, 682, 683, 685, 686, 691, 693, 699. Machinery manufactory. 109, 300, 362, 411, 464, 465, 468, 488, 636, 656, 652, 681, 686. Machinists, number by counties, 153. Machin's Patent, 48, 341, 347, 413, 603. McNeil's Patent, 342. 348. Macomb, Alexander, 362, 579. 171, 193, 221, 262, 301. 312, 356, 392, 618, 573, 590, 626, 649, 678, 396, 518. 202, •244, 292, 387, 484, 625, 570, 656, 692, 396, 617, Macomb. General. 234. Macomb's Purchase, 48, 308, 376, 458, 672, 674, 681. Magazines, military. 44. Magdalen Female Benevolent Society, 433. Mat^netic machine. 297. Mail routes by railroad and steamboat, 123. early, 469. ocean, 124. Mail seiTice, general statistics, 122, 123. Malignaut fever, 4'28. Malleable iron, 471. Malt manufactorv. 160, 166, 368, 618, 691. Manganese, 26, 241, 267, 600, 704. Manhattan Company, 89, 424. Manor of Fox Hall, 662. Wm. Gilleland attempts to found, 306. Staten Island, 664. Westchester co., 698, 703, 706, 707. Fordham, 707. Rensselaerwyck. See Epnsselaerwyclc. Livingston. See Livingston. Cortland. See CurtUmd. Manors, list of Colonial. 49. Manual Labor Schools. 283. Manufactures, statistics of, 109, 286, 4.36. Maple sugar, 101. Marble, 26, 41, 109, 267, 271, 273, 274. 286. 300, 301, 368, 376, 418, 677. 681, 890, 670, 671, 696.699, 700, 702, 704, 70S. cemeteries, 428. Marine barracks. 368. day. 672, 573, 580. court. 35, 117. 428. Family Asylum, 566. Fund, 117. Hospital, 117, 120, 368. railways, 286, 368, 625, 581. Society, 434. Markets. 286. 427, 706. Marl, 186, 218. 241, 2.50, 262, 267, 273. 274, 279, 292, 318, 3'20, 3S8, 391, 394, 395, 468, 474, 640, 614, 619, 688, 690, 691, 693, 710. Marthas Vineyard, 18, 49. ^lartial law, Delaware CO., 410. Marvin's Patent, 347. Masons, number by counties, 153. Massachusetts, attempt to settle on the Hudson, 242. claims, 242, 494. lands, 62, pre-emption, 18, 48. Ten Towns. 48, 180. Massacre. Indian, 661, 664, 672, 685, 700. Mastodon, skeleton of. 501, 648. Matchbox manufactory, 377. M,iyors. 39. 420. Mayville land office sacked, 322. Mechanics' Association, 403. Institute, 435. Mechanical trjides, total number of per- sons engaged in, 163. Medical Colleges. 126, 287, 343. 430, 498. Societies. 126, 149, 160, 287, 431. Medicinal extracts, 241, 248. Meigs, Colonel, 639. Melodeon manufactory, 286. Menageries, 706. Mennonites. 141, [431, 489. Mercantile Coll. 139, 161, 180, 287, 403, Library, 435. Merchants, number by counties, 153. Merchants' Exchange. 436. Meteorological observations, 126. Methodist African Church, 139. Congregation.al Church, 140. Kpiscopal Church. 141. German Church. 141. Primitive Church, 142. Protestant Church, 141. Reformed, 143. Weslevan, 144. Metropolitan Police, 366. 420, 564. Midge, ravages by, 381, 383, 398, 612, 618, 717. Millinery, by counties, 110. Mile Strip, Niagara, 48. Military .\cadeniy, 45, 505. districts, 43. organization, 43. Road, 45. 354. stations, 419. Tract. 47, 180, 199, 224, 473, 478, 610, 616, 655, 690. 691. Militia called out, '^69, 269, 437. laws, 43, 44. ofiBcers, 43. Militia, services of, 565. .Milk market, 101, 268, 273, 277, 501, 602, 606, 810, 811. 640. 643, 644, 660. 564, 667, 508, 670. 696. Miller. David C, 323. Rev. IVm., 683. Millers, number of, by counties, 153. Milliners, number of, by counties, 153. Mill Iron manufactory, 297. Millstone manufactory, 286, 368, 468, 641, 660. Millyard Tract. 398. Mineral localities, 26. 267, 296, 362, .361, 362. 374, 078, 407, 540, 663, 672, 673, 676, 677, 679, 682, 684, 600, 604, 606, 676, 698. springs, 26, 165, 169, 163, 164, 166, 168, 170, 173, 175, 178, 186, 188, 195, 213, 221, 229, ail. 244, 248, 25", 267, '279, 282, 301, 302, 305, 312, 320, 3-24, 326, 332, 343, 346, 347, 349, 355, 356, 357, 369, 360. 361, 363, 376,377, 378, 379, 382, 386, 39'2, 393, 394, 402, 413, 465, 456, 458, 462, 469, 470, 481, 482,484, 488, 491,497, 603, 616, 632, 834, 637, 646, 652, 564, 687, 658, 679, 590, 691, 692, 693, 607, 620, 650, 666, 664, 679, 683, 688, 692, 696, 702, 704. Mines, 26, 570, 660. Road, 603, 642. Mining, Mechanical, & Chemical Cos., 80. Mimsink, battle of, 603. m!i.ssacre. 603. Patent. 603. Mint, 122, 609. Minuet, Peter. 437. Mirage. 382, 708. Missions. 139. 142. 146, 187, 195, 273, 274, 308, 370, 393, 404, 431, 434, 477, 619. Mitchell's Cave, 416. Mobs, 210. 269, 322, 438, 649, 665, 601. Moliegans. 697. 704. Mohawk Indians, 408. River rifts, on, 23. settlements. See Herkimer and Mont- yomtry cos. Molang, a French Partisan, 686. Molding mill, 707. Montauk, 632, 633, 635, 638. Montcalm, Marquis of, 298, 619, 672. Montgomery, Richard, 276, 299. Montour, Captain, 624. Montour, Catharine, 610. Montreal, expedition against, 408. Monument to Herkimer voted, 343. to martyrs of prison ships, talked of, 373. to Paulding, 699. to Pike and others, disgraceful, 359. to sliipwTecked persons, 547. to Van Wart, 700. to Washington, (^corner atone,) 423. to Williams, 298. to Gen, Worth, 423. Moody. Lady Deborah, .372. Moose River Tract, 342, 349. Moravian mission, 273, 274. Morgan, William, 323. 462, 496. Mormonism, 494, 497, 690, 693. Morris. Chief Justice, 705. Gouverneur, 68, 375. Honorary Creditor Tract, 321. Lewis, 702. Reserve, 169, 321, 3S2, 494. Robert, 321, 621. Roger. ,540, 541. title of, 494. Morse, James 0.. 210. Morse, S. F. li.. 274. Mosaic code. 640. Mounds, Indian, 200. See Indian Anti- quities. Mount, murder of, 347. Mountain Ridge, 396. 512. systems of the State, 19. Mowers and Reapers, 405. Muck, ISO. 198, 279, 292, 320, 388, 394, 474, 618. 5S)0, 614, 617, 618, 628, 688, 692, 683. Mnles. mmiber by counties, 107. Muller, Lewis A., 391. Munro, Major, attack by, 687. Colonel, 672. Mu.seum, '27, 432. Musical Association, 287, 489. Mutual iud societies, 434. Mutual Insurance companies, 83. Myers Mine, '236. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 13 NaU manufnctory, 198, 235, 297. 300, 301, 302, 601. Nantucket formerly in New York, 18. Narrows, 3155, 373, 563. Niition:il eocietifis, 434. Cphthalmic Hospital. 432. Optical Instrument manufactory, 392. Ordnance, summary of 45. Organ manufactory, 286, 468. Oriskany, battle of, 3.42,410, 412, 414, 461, Orphan Asylums, 161, 200. 247. 275, 370, 403, 419, 425, 426, 433, 488, 618, 524, 661. Oewegatchie District. 575. Overseers of Highways, 39. Owasco Lake Improvement, 63. Oxen, statistics by counties, 106. Oysters. 46, 644, 549, 650, 663, 667, 632, 636, 638, 704. Page, David P., 137. PaU manufactory, 286, 297, 301, 386, 482, 6315, 870, 057. Paine, John, 242, Thomas, 703. P.aint man'y., 312, 368, 402, 419, 549, 555. Painted Post, 024. Painters, by counties, 153. Palatinates, 242, 245, 408, 409. 412, 415, 416, 509, 601, 603, 606, 6U6, 667, Palisades, 21, 25. Palisades, (military,) 372, 373, 437. Palmer, Edmund, tory spy, 099. Erastus D., 4S7 Mine, 236. Purchase, 585. Paper Box manufactory. 317. manulactory, 110, 166. 199, 200, 215, 228, 241, 243, 244, 247, 248, 274, 277, 286, 297, 317, 330, 3:U, 345, 346, 352, 362. 375, 377, 384, 3S6, 390, 402, 407, 406; 4S4, 4-85, 487, 504, 610, 516, 627, 638, 560, 6.i6, 667, 558, 661, 570, 684, 689, 590, 593, 605, 606, 610, 634, 657, 666, 704. Pardoning power, 31. Pardons, statistics of, 36, Parish, David, 530. Parker, Col.. 266. Parks, 369, 422, 423, Parsonage, Queens, 413, Passengers, statistics of, 117, 122. Patchin, Gen., 603. Patent Leather mjinufactory, 286, 368. Patents, Land, 40, 48, 49, 63, 258, 341, 408. Pathological Society, New York, 431, Patriot •' War," 235, 354, 367, 360, 452, 674, 675. Patroon, title of, 159. Paulding, John, 699. Pauw, Michael, 5tJ4. Peaches, quantity by counties, 107. Pearling Mill. 593. Pearl barley, 482, 484. Pears^ quantity by counties, 107. Peas, statistics by counties, 105. Peat, 232, 237, 241, 267, 337, 394, 458, 474, 605. 540. 670. 629, 671. Peg manufactory, 317. Pelham Manor, 703, 704. Pell, Thomas. 700, 703, 704. Pemaquoit. 18. Pendergrast sentenced. 269. Penet Square, 48. 353, 367, 360, Penitentiaries, 156, 280, 366, 425, 475. Peppermint, 689. Oil manufactury, 691. PerachS'e Tract, 48. Percentage of population. 151. Perry, Commodore, gifts to, 423. Personal liabilities of stockholders, 80. Pestilence, 428, 601. Petrie's Purcliase, 342. Petroleum springs, 168, 173, 186. Pharmacy, College of, 431, Phelps atid Gorham Purchase, 321, 382, 398, 494. Philippe, Louis, 404, 498. Philipsburgh Manor, 700, 702, 704, 708. Philipse Patent, 640. 641. Philosophical Instrument man'y., 286. Physicians, bv counties, 153. Piano m.anulaotory, 160, 228, 286, 468, 609, 686. Pickle manufactory, 707. Picq uet, Francis, 574, Pictured Rnclis, 380. Pierrepont Estate, 376, 378. Piers, 166, 280, 284, 356, 367, 419, 422, 624. Pike. Z. M.. monument to, 359. Pilots, 116, 116. Pine plains, 156, 312. 351, 638. Ptn manufactory, 275. Pipe clay. 26. Pistol manufactory. 699. Pitcher, Lieutenant Governor, 685. Pitt, statue of, 438. Plains, Hempstead, 644, 647, 648. Plane man ufactory, 286. Plan of union proposed, 162. Planing mills, 160. 20.5, 220. 228, 235. 2.37. 239, 280, 289, 292, 293, 317, 347, 307. 308, 393, 399, 401., 402, 405, 406, 454. 466, 600, 614, 646, 690, 698, 604, 010, 617, 025. Plank roads. 39, 80, 159, 179, 235, 236, 358, 284, 311, 321, 354, 459, 616, 618, .596, 601, 542, Plaster mills, 110, 206, 221, 228, 229, 2.iR, ■iU, 247. 271, 274, 367, 385, 393, K'S, 400, 401, 406, 4:54, 408, 484, 569, (.16, 662, 667, 6S2, 6,V3, Plate of Johnson family, 316, 400, 410, Plattsburgh attacked, 234. Plow manulactory, 244, 454, 406, 616, 099, Plums, by counties, 107. Pocket Book raanufiujtory, 286. Point au Fer. 233. 237. Police Department, 420. Political societies, 434. Poor, associations for relief of, 287, 370. county and town, 161, 168, 179, IJ-6, 198. 208, 211, 218, 223, 233. 241, 261, 258, 268, 280, 297, 307, 314, 320, :B0, 341, 352, 376, 381, 388, 390, 407, 426, 427, 434, 461, 459, 475, 492. 602. 513, 618. 630, 646, 550, 563, 695, 60O, 614, 634 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 542, 1>49, 654, 661, 671, 678, 689, 696, 711, 718. statistics of. 37, 38. Superintendents of, 30, 36. Popham, Major Wm., 705. Population, total, by counties, 160. by towns. See Acres, <£c. comparative, 151. of cities, 371, 404, 436, 436, 469, 699. Porcelain manufactory. 367, 308, Portages, 22, 23, 460, 466, 619, 628. Portage Falls. 3S6, 711, 713. Porter Road, 612. Port of New Y'ork, 438. Portrait gallery. 495. Portraits in Capitol, 27. Ports of entry. 111, 216, 399, 438, 638, 694. Port Wardens, 116. Postal arrangements, 122, 123. Post office, 123, 437. Potash, 415, 618. Potato culture, 101, 105, 639, 682, Potsdam sandstone quarries, 312. Potter, Rev. .tlonzo, 137, 270. Potteries. 286, 468, 691. Potters' Field. 420. 423, 425. 426, 428. Pouchot, M.. surrender ol, 674. Powder mills. 604, 669. Premiums for domestic manufacture, 102. Presbyterian Church, 141, 142. United, 139. Prevost Patent, 333. Prideaux, Gen.. 452. Primitive Methodists, 142. Printers' Library. 435. number by counties, 163. Printing cloths. .509. offices by counties, 110. Print manufactory, 272, 663, 505, 57(. Prison Association of New York, 42, 426, 433. Prisoners sold as slaves, 661. Prisons. 41, 200, 238, 426, 420, 42T. Prison ships, 371. 372. Privateering on St. Lawrence, 365, Prize fighting, Boston Corners, 243. Protestant Episcopal Church. 142. Provident and Mutual Aid Societies, 434. Provincial Congress, 662. Patent, 684. Provost, Sir George, 234. Public health. 427. Schools, 135, School Society of New Y'orli 130. Pulteney. Sir WUliam, 321, 384, 404, 621, 622. Pump manufactory, 286, 368, 400, 405. 463, 698, 617, Putnam, Gen. Israel, 298. 371. 460, 504, 840, 641, 67-2, 682, 685, 686. Puts Rock, 686, Pyroligneous Acid manufactory, 182. Pyrotechny, 286. Quackenboss, John. 685. Quaker settlement, 366. Springs. .591. Quarantine. 18. 31, 116, 117, 419, 427, 428, 663, 666. 506. Quarries, 26, 41, 165,165,167,168,170,172, 173, 175, 190, 191, 102, 197, '201, 204, 206, 208, 213, 214, 215, 218, 2'2:i, 243, 246, 267, 270, 271, 279. 282, 284, 301, 305, 312, 314, 318, 320, 331, ,332, 340, 341, 343. 346, 347, 349, 359. 381, 383, 386, 393, 396, 400, 407, 411, 449, 454, 14 Quarries, continued. 468, 463, 41)4, 467, 470, 471, 473, 432, 483, 4S4, 486, 401, 497. 612, 516, 617, 628, 630, 632, 640, 642. 666, 672, 677, 681, 687, 690, 613. 616, 017, 660, 062, 663, 664, 666, 68s, 692. 093, 696, 699, 700, 702, 704, 706, 708, 713, 714, 718. Quarter Sales. 167. Quartz crystals, 340, 343. 649. Queensborough Patent, 585. Quitman, General, 277. Quitrents. 46, 242, 268, 699, 701, 704. Quogue Purchase, 638. Kace courses, 548, 549, 550. Eafting, 266, 382. Kail Koads. Canadian. 119. Commissioners. 09. employees, by counties, 153. gauge, 74. general article on. 66. notices of. 71.112. 156. 1S9. 169.170. 172, 173, 174, 179, isii, Isj. 1S4. ISil, 187, 189, 191, 192, Ua. 194. 2ol. 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 214, ^Is. 219. 2.>u. 224, 232, 236, 237, 238. 241, 214, 248, 246, 247, 248, 268, 206. 268, 270, 271, 276, 280, 2S2, 292, 293. 307, 310, 312, 321, 324, 326, 337, 341, 345, 346, 354, 356, 357, 366, 367, 381, 382. 383, 384, 386. .388, 392. 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 405, 407, 416, 4.il, 464, 468, 459, 462, 466, 407, 408. 470. 471, 478, 4S0, 482, +83, 484, iss, 4!..^, 496, 498, 600, 602. 5114, 505, 606, 607, 608, 610, 613, 614, 615, 618, 520, 521, 630, 640, 642, 644, 646, 546, 548, 649. 650, 662, 666, 667, 661, 663, 568, 669, 670, 671, 673, 676, 676, 677, 678, 679, 580, 681, 682, 885, 687, 690, 593, 696, 698, 600, 609, 610, 612, 614, 617, 618, 620, 622, 623, 024, 626, 626, 627, 028, 6.32, 636, 637, 639, C40, 641, 642, 650, 661, 652, 663. 654, 666. 667, 678, 089, 690, 691, 692, 693, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 706, 706,707, 708, 711. projects, Ac, 76 to 79. statistics of, 74, 76. Rake manufactory, 2t)0, 667. Bandall. liobert Kichard, 666. Kandalls Island. 42, 420, 425. Rangers, 242, 298, 305. Kanit of military ofiicera, 43. Eapelje, Sarah, 371,437. Raspberry culture. 49S. RaUin manufactory. 646. Keaches on the Hudson, 542. Real, Count, 356. Reciprocity Treaty, 117, 524. Record Commissioners, 365. Recorder, 420, 428. Records. State, 26. Red Jacket, 615. Reformed Methodists. 143. Presbyterians, 143. Protestant Dutch. 143. Refugees, Canadian and Nova Scotian, 235, 237. Refugee for Juvenile Delinquents, 432, 433. Regalia manufactory, 280. Regents of the University. 126, 126. 635. Registers of Deeds, 35, 365, 697. Registration of births, marriages, and deaths, 427. Religious societies, 100, 144. Itemsenburgh Patent, 48, 342, 347, 349, 466. Rensselaerwyck Manor, 166, 156, 167, 165, 563. Reservations, gold and silver mines, 26, 46. Salt Springs. 478, 479, 480. See hidian Jieservationa. Reservoirs. See Canal Reservoirs. Resident Physician. 116. Revenues, United States, 111. Revolution. See War of Jievolution. Revolutionary claims, 419. Rheimensnyders Bush, attack upon, 346. Richmond College, 664. Riileau C.^nal, 119. Ridge Road. 612, 693. Rifle manufactory, 344, 402. Riots. See Mobs. Rivers, general sketch, 20. Roads, opening of, 39. ■Robberies, M2. linbert, Louis J., grant to, 298, INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Robinson, Beverly, 640. 642. 699. Rock City, so called, 173, 192. Rocking stones, 701, 706. Rogers, Piatt, 300. Robert, 298. 674. 685. 701. Rolling mills, 199, 236, 297, 669, 671, 666, 699, 708. Roman Catholic Cliurch. 143. Roofing slates, 26, 243, 267, 566, 677, 682, 084. Rope manufactoiT, 228. 286, 368, 376, 464, 666, 658. 634, 693. Rosin Oil manufactory, 368. Ross and Butler, 410. Ross, Major, 316. Rotunda. N. Y.. 423. 437. Royal Grant. 315. 342, 343. 346, 347,348. Rubber Toy manufactory. 272. Rumbout's Patent, 209, 272. Rural cemeteries. 100. 166. 200. 276, 371, 372. 373, 398, 404, 428, 649, 577, 699, 703, 704. Rye, where most raised, 101. statistics of, 104. Sable Iron Co., 236. Sackets Harbor. 525. Snckett, Richard, 270. Sacondaga Patent, 317. Saddle & Harness manufactory, by cos., 153. Tree manufactory, 691. Safe manufactory, 100, 308, 402, 561. Safety fund. 89. Sail manufactory. 286. Sailors' Snug Harbor. 566. St. Hilary, Count. 621. St. Lawrence Canal, 119. .St. Leger, Gen., 166. 342, 410, 461, 467, 686. St. Regis Indians. 233. 308. Saleratus manufactory, 401. Salisbury, Aaron, 290. Salmon fisheries, 124, 520. Salometer, 480. Salt holes, so called, 488. manufactory. 110, 198. 203. 399, 405, 479, 483, 487,488. 489, 612, 614, 616, 622, 632. 032, 692. 693. marshes and meadows. 365, 372. 373. 418. 544. 540, 547, 64S. 660, 563. 666, 631. 633, 635, 636, 638, 696, 706. Springs Lands. 47. springs. See Brine Springs. wells, 479, 480, 483. Salvage. 117. Sandpaper manufactory, 546. Sand plain. 584. Sandstone terrace. 677. Sandy Creek battle. 625. Sandy Hook fort, 665. light. 419. Sanger, W. P. S.. 368. Saratoga Patent. 585. Sargent, Henry G., 69. Sash k Blind manufactory, 110, 188, 228, 229, 244, 248, 265, 270, 286, 297, 301, 302. 368, 3S6. 3S6, 393, 407. 413, 464, 4()3. 484, 510, 615, 564, 676, 6S2, 690, 696. 603. 662. 686. 716. Satinet manufactory, 261, 508. Savings banks. 99, 100. 166, 436, 640. Saw manufactery. 280, 506. Sawmills, by counties, 110. S,aw Set manufactory. 348. Scale manufactory. 402, 693. Scarcity of provisions, 204. Schagbticoke Indiana. 669. Schoharie invaded, 316. School Commissioners. 38, 135, 137, 139. Districts, 31. 136, 138. Fund. 46. 47. 135. General Article on. 135. houses. 138. Indian. 412. 478. Lands. 47, 389. statistics, 138. See Acres, dc. Schools. Common. 38, 135. Sec Citij Si-hmls. Schuvler. Han Yost, 342. Patent. 269, 342. Peter. 403. Philip, 316. 410. 691, 592. Scott's Patent, 413, 6ir2. 603. Screw mMunfactory. 468. Scriba, George, 519. 620. 628. Scriba's Patent, 48, 619, 521. Scythe mannfactory, 274, 312, 466, 483, 690, 617. Sealer of Weights and Measures, 30, 38, Seal of Broome Co. presented, 178. Delaware Co. adopted. 257. Seamen's Friend Society, 146. employed, 113. Hospital. 120, 434. Retreat, 506. tax upon. 117, 120, 666. Seamless Bag manulactory, 590, 683. clothing, 271. Seat of Government. 26, 438. Secretary of State, 32, 126. Secret Societies, 147. Seigniories. French. 233, 298. Select schools under Regents. 125. Seminaries, 200, 463. 484. 498, 633, 602, 713. See also Academies. Senate, 28. Districts. 28. Seneca Indians, 397, 462. 493. Lock Navigation Company, 62. River Improvement, 61, 62. Turnpike. 469. Serpentine, 670. 675. Serpent, tradition of, 493. Servis's Patent. 466, 468. Seventh Day Baptists. 143. Seward, Tl'iiliam H., 200, 610. Sewers, New York, 426. Shad fisheries. 124. Shakers. 143. 166, 243, 248, 384. Shannandhoi Patent. 685,687. Shattuck, Artemas, 714. Shawl manufactory, 608, 698, 618. Shav, Daniel. 166. 603. Sheep husbandry, 107. 637, 686 Sliell. John Christian, 345. Sheriff murdered, 242. county, 36. Shingle manufactory, 110, 286. 290. 291, 292, 293, 801, 338, 454, 470, 623, 626, 527, 676, 580, 690, 611, 626, 667, 694. Shinnecock Indians, 638. Ship building, 115, 213, 286. 297, 362, 366, 367, 358, 369, 367, 368. 399, 520. 625, 549, 569, 570, 632, 633, 634, 636, 639, 662, 686. can.al, 284, 690. Timber Co.. 291. Shipments, Buffalo, 285. Shoe manufactory, S46, 373, 402, 548, 668, 670, 706. Shovel manufactory, 705. Showmen. 706. Sicknes.s. 681. Silk manufactory, 276. 286. 391. 666,670,657. Silliman, Prof., analysis by, 324. Silurian rocks, 156. Silver Lake Tract. 711. mines, so called, 257, 337, 374. Plating, 2S6. traces of. 528. Ware manufactory, 110. 163, 368, 488, 662. Simcoes Queen's Rangers, 561. Skanandoa. Indian chief, 469. Skene, Philip, 299, 686. Skinners. 698. Slack Water Navigation Co., 614. Slate, 26. Slate Cos., 267, 270, 273. Slave rescue, 489. Slaves, Indians sold as. 661. Small Pox Hospital. 426. Smallwood, Col., 701. Smith. Col., 452. Gerrit. 393. 624. Joe, 494, 467. Peter, lease of. 462. purchase of, 389, 393. William, H., 634. Smuggling. 233, 357. Snell and Zimmerman's Tract. 342. Soap manufactory, 109, 286, 368, 402, 509, 693. Socialists, 392. Societies, Agricultural, 102. See New York Stab: AijricuUttral Socitlij. Society for Promoting Agricultural Arts and Manufactures, 101, 161. Promoting Useful Arts, 101. Soda mannfactory, 286. Solar works. 479. 480. Solitary confinement, 41. Sons of Liberty, 423, 438. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 15 Eons of Malta, 148. Spanish Brown, 25. relic. 477. invasion, 478. SpauIdinK, Solomon, 532. Specie, 113. 122. payment suspended, 90. Speculations. 3G6. Spencer, John C, 137, 323. Spies, 412. Spiritual rappings. 690. Spoke niauuractory, 277, 590, 667. Springs, copious, 205, 277, 522, 670, 616. Spuytenduyvil Creek. 418. Sauatters, 242, 243, 269, 290, 291, 368, 360, 389, 304. Stage boat, 469. licensed. .553. rights, 469. routes, early, 496. Stair buildinu. 110. Stalactites, 164, 416, 600, 604, 606, 607. Staley's Patent, 342, 344. Stamp Act. 438. Starch manufactory, 232, 237, 238, 240, 2S6, 297, 307, 346, 468, 618, 621, 625, 650,'681. Stark. Gen, John, 298, 656. State Engineer and SurTeyor, 33, 6i,[SS, 69. Government, 28, Hall, 27. House, 26. Library, 27, 126. 128. Prisons, 36, 41, 42, 63, 200, 238, 704. officers. 41. reservations for villages, 288, 704. Boads, 322, 615, 666. Statue of George III. and Pitt, 423, 438. Washington. 423. Stave manufactory. 238, 262, 286, 290. 292, 363, 487, 614, 622, 626, 618. Steamboat Companies, 82. mail routes. 123. statistics oij 116. tax, 64. Steamboats. 115, 162, 200, 214, 247, 276, 286, 2SS, 307, 354, 358, 360, 368, 375, 399, 418, 429. 462, 489, 495, 626, 650, 651, 561, 673, 679, 584, 611, 615, 616, 620, 627, 628, 655, 667, 664, 673, 687, 696, 697, 699, 700, 703, 705, 708, Steam Engine manufactory, 286, 625, 652, 686. Stedman, William, 462. 455. Steele, O. N.. miu-der of, 269. Steel manufactory, 270, 311, 608, 610, 640, 666. 671, 701. Sterritt Tract, 321. Steuben, Baron, 48, 467, 484. Stevens, Ebenezer, 549. John C, 418. Stewart, Alran, 210. Stilwellitos, 140. Stirling, Earl of, 18, 550, 633, 635, 639. Stirling, Lord, 610, 564, 637. Stock, breeding of, 277. amount of. See ^crcs, (£c. Stockade, 469. See Forts. Stone and Marble dressing, 153, 368, 663, 666. Stone Arabia battle, 316. Patent, 317. 408. 416. Stone Heap Patent. 413, 603, 605. Stone heaps, 242, 005. Stone Ware manufactory, 286, 408. Stove manufactory, 160, 286, 561, 099. Strang. Daniel, execution of, 699. Straw, paper factory, 166. Streets, arrangement. New York, 422. Department. 422. inspection, 427. Stuart. Charles B., 368. Sturgeon fisheries. 124. Stuvvesant pear tree, 437. "Peter Q., 423. Suburban population, 429. Sugar Loaf Hill fortified, 299. Sugar refineries. 419. Sullivan. General, 219, 221, 371, 3S2, 410, 478, 493, 531, 636, 664, 602, 609, 614, 617. Sunday schools, 146. Superintendent Poor, 36. Superintendent Public Instraction, 125, 135. Supervisors. 30, 39, 420. Tryon County, 410. Supretne Court, 34. Surrogate, 34. Survey Fifty, so called, 479. Surveyor General. 33. Surveys of Holland Laud Co.. 322. Surveys of Lake Champlain, 29S. Suspension bridges, 235, 362, 412, 463, 455, 663. Susquehanna Navigation, 619. Swallow, steamer, wrecked, 331. Swedenborgian Church. 139. Swift, General John, 690. Swine, statistics by counties, 107. Taconic system. 24, 25. TaiLu-8, by counties, 163. shops, bv counties, 110. Tallmadge, M;yor, 634, 638, 701. Tammany Society, 434. Tanneries, 110, 1S3. 181, 183, 188, 193, 194, 195, 198, 202, 206, 213, 219, 225, 228, 2.30, 238, 239, 244, 248, 267, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 282, 283, 286, 289, 290, 291, 292, 203, 297, 302, 304, 306, 311, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 330, 331, 332, 3.33, 334, 338, 339, 342, 343, 346, 347, 348, 350, 353, 360, 362, 363, 376, 377, 386. 3S6, 390, 391, 392, 394, 400, 402, 454. 462. 463, 405, 466, 468, 469, 470, 483, 484. 505, 514, 515, 616, 520, 521, 622, 523, 626, 626, 627, 629, 632, 633, 634, 63.5, 536, 637. 538, 641, 554, 576, 676, 6S4, 689, 690, 591, 698, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612, 623, 625, 627, 628, 641, 643, 644, 646, 647, 649, 651, 652, 655, 6.57, 661, 663, 666, 667, 668, 671, 676, 690, 691, 693, 695, 699. Tape manufactory, 706. Tariffs. 111. Tarleton, Gen., 700. Tavern sign in verse, 222. Taxation. 48, 422. Tax sales, 48. Teachers' classes, 126, 138. institutes, 137. statistics of, by counties, 153. Tea destroyed in New York Harbor, 438. Teamsters, number, by counties, 153. Telegraph companies, list of, 81. Instrument manufactory. Temperance Society, New York State, 147. Ten Governors, 425. Ten Towns on St. Lawrence, 47, 572, 574, 675, 576, 677, 578, 579, 680, 681, 682. Tennre of lands. 46. Tertiary cKays. 237. 296. Theater at Bath, 622. Theller, E. A., 405. Theological seminaries. 127, 200, 391,403, 430, 431, 533, 676, 707. Thermal springs, 26, 241, 247. Thermometer manufactory, 248. Thimble manufactory, 636. Thorburn, Grant, 649. Thousand Islands, 577. Thread manufactory. 693, 697. Threshing machine, 667. Ticonderoga, 29S, 299, 306, 671, 672, 673. Tidal estuaries, 365, 367, 372, 544, 546, 647, 663, 696, 706. Tide mills, 371, 844, 546, 640, 696, 701, 706. Tides, 23, 156, 419. Tile manufactory, 160, 398, 499, 691, Tillier, Rodolpli, 375, 377, 378. Timber stealing, 309, 311, 360, 580. Tin manufactory. 368, 646, 618. Tinsmiths, by counties, 163. Tinware manufactory, by counties, 110. Titanium. 26. Title, controversy about, 299, 367. Tobacco and cigar manufactory, 110, 166, 276. 286, 308, 468, 488, 693. 699. Tobacco culture, 101, 106, 219, 220, 221, 372, 487, 689. Indian tradition, 482. Tompkins, Governor, 564, 705. Tonawanda Swamp, 450. Tonnage. American, compared with fo- reign, 112. Buffalo. 285. at different periods, 116, 116. by counties, 113. by districts, 112. coasting. 115. general article on, 115. on great lakes, 118. Oswego, 524. registered and enrolled, 111, 112, 115. Tool manuf y. 300, J91, 393, 527, 590, 698. Topographical outli-ie of State, 19. Topping Purchase. 038. Tories, 163, 180, 345, 346, 398, 602, 607, 636. Tornado, 310. Totten & Crossfleld's Purchase, 47, 337, 342, 349. Town Clock manufactory, 390. halls. 239. 700, 707. meeting days, 30. powers of people at, 31. officers, 30, 40. Purchase, 638. Townsend Pund, Jamaica, 548. Townships patented, Delaware county, 258. Tract societies, 145, 404, 489. Trading posts. 452, 519, 661. Transit Line, 321, 322. storehouse, 822, 328. Trap rock. 601. 668. Treasure buried, 316, Treasurer, State, 32. Treaties, 18, 180, 224, 257, 290, 299, 344, 382, 461, 478, 479, 661. Treaty, Reciprocity, 624. Trial of Zenger, 431. Triangular Tract, 321, 326, 398. Tribunals of Conciliation, 34. Trinity Cemetery, 428. Church, 4.34. Triphammer manufactory, 347, 391, 393. Trombois Mine, 236. Trumbull. Col. John, 385. Trustees of Academies. 126. school districts. 39 Tryon, Governor, 26. county, ravages in, 411. Tub manufactory, 297, 466, 670, 590. Tufa, 26, 186, 396, 692. Tunnels, 68. Turkish present to Com. Perry, 423. Turner's Purchase, 705. Turning, by counties. 110. Turnpikes. 39. 182, 2S4, 601. Tuscaror.a Indians. 410. 452. 596. Twenty Towns on Clienango. 224. Twine manufactory. 571. 693, 597, «o4. Type manufactory, 160, 286. Union College, 126, 649, 598. schools. 136, 138, 201. 21:4. 324, ,346, 359. 401, 405, 464, 4S3, 4S4, 487, 498, 648, 630, 617, 618, 036, 691, 692, 712. Unitarians, 143. United Presbyterians, 139. United States Courts. 33. Deposit Fund, 125. Universal Friend, so called, 713, 719, 720, 721. Universalists, 143. Universities. See ColUgcs. Upholstery, 286. Upton, Paul, letter from, 269. "V^accination, 432. Valu.ation by towns. See Acres, ert R. Livingston, Robert Yates, John Uaring. Melancthon Smith, and Eglx^rt Benson, commissioners on the part of N. Y., and John Lowell, James Sullivan, Iheophil us Parsons, and Rufus King, on the part of Mass. By this agreement Mass. surrendered the sove- reignty of the whole disputed territory to N. Y., and received in return the right of soil and pre-emptive right of Indian pur- chase w. of a meridian passing through the S2d milestone of the Penn. line, excepting certain reservations upon Niagara River. The title to a tract known as " The Boston Tl-u Towns," lying E. of this meridian, previously granted by Mass., was also con- firmed. Nantucket, Marthas Vineyard, and the adjacent islands, were purchased from the Earl of Sterling by the Duke of York, and civil jurisdiction was exercised over them, under the name of '■• DvJkes County,^* by the govt^rnors of N. Y., until it was an- nexed to Mass. by the provincial chart-er of 1692. "Pemaquid and its dependencies," comprising a considerable part of the coa.'Jt of Maine, was also bought from the Earl of Sterling, and governed by N. Y., as " (\frnwaU Gnuityy until 168*3. when it vaa transferred to Mass. Boston Corner, a small arable tract in the town of Mount Washington, separated by a rugged mountain from the convenient jurisdiction of Mass. was surrendered by that State May 14, 1853, accepted by N. Y. July 21, 1653, and the transfer was confirmed by Congress, Jan. 3, 1855. Russell Dorr was appointed on the part of N. Y., and John Z. Goodrich by Massachusetts, to run and mark the line. Connecticut Boundary. — By the charter of 1662 the territory of Conn, extended to the " South Sea;" and by patent granted in 1664 the territory of the Duke of York was bounded E. by Connecticut River. Commissioners sent over in 16&4 settled upon a line 20 mi. E. of the Hudson as the boundary, fixing the starting point on Mamaroneck River. The decision proving grossly erroneous, the controversy was renewed, and in 16S;i another commissioner waa appointed to settle the matter. It was fiually agreed to allow Conn, to extend her boundaries w. along the Sound, and N. Y. to receive a compensation in the N. ; and the line was definitely established May, 1731. By this agree- ment a tract called the " Oblong," containing 61,44u acres, along the N. part of the w. border of Conn., was surrendered to N. Y. The exact line of Conn, has to the present day been a subject of controversy, and in 1S56 commissioners were appointed by each State to effect a settlement, but without success. N. Y. owns all the islands in the Sound to within a few rods of the Conn, shore. I^€w Jersey Boundary. — The original patent of New Jersey was bounded n. by a line running directly from a point on the Delaware, latitude 41° 40', to a point on the Hudson, latitude 41°, and E. by Hudson River. The N. line was run and marked in 1774, and the e. was claimed by N. Y. as extending only to low- water mark on tlie adjacent waters. N. J. claimed "full right and lawful authority to exercise jurisdiction in and over the said Hudson River and the said main sea," including Staten Island, and, by an act of Nov. 2, 1806, appointed Aaron Ogden, Wm. S. Pennington, James Parker, Lewis Condict, and Alexander C. McWhorter commissioners to settle her claims. The New York Legislature, on the 3d of April, appointed Ezra L'Hommedieu, Samuel Jones, Egbert Benson, Simeon De ^Vitt, and Joseph C. Yates to meet the commissioners of N. J. ; but their interviews led to no result. The question of jurisdiction was finally settled in 1833, by an agreement between Benj. F.Butler, Peter A. Gay, and Henry Seymour on the part of N. Y., and Theodore Fieling- huysen, James Parker, and Lucius Q. C. Elmer on the part of N. J. ; confirmed by N. Y. Feb. 5, by N. J. Feb. 26, and by Con- gress June 28, 1834. The right of each SUite to land under water and to fisheries extends to the center of the channel. The State of N. Y. has sole jurisdiction over all the waters of the bay and of the river w. of New York City to low-water mark on the Jersey shore, except to wharves and vessels attached thereto. This jurisdiction covers the waters of Kil Tan Kull and of Staten Island Sound to Woodbridge Creek, as for quarantine purposes. South of this, N. J. has exclusive jurisdiction over the waters of the Sound and of Raritan Bay westward of a line from Princes Bay Light to Manhattan Creek, subject to right of property in lands under water, of wharves, docks, and ves- sels aground or fastened to any wharf or dock, and the right of fishing to the center of the channel. Civil process in each State may be executed upon the waters of the river and bay, except on board of vessels aground or at- tached to wharves in the other State, or unless the person or property be under arrest or seizure by virtue of authority of the other State. By the late survey of N. J. the point of de- parture of the boundary from the Delaware is 41° 20'. Pennsylvania Boundaries. — The original boundary line be- tween New York and Pennsylvania extended from the N. w. corner of New Jersey along the center of Delaware River to 42° N. latitude, and thence due w. to Lake Erie. Samuel Hol- land on the part of N. Y., and David Rittenhouse on the part of Penn., were appointed commissioners, Nov. 8, 1774, to run this boundary ; but the Revolution soon after commenced, and nothing was done. In 1785-86 the line was run w. to the 90th milestone, and the survey was certified Oct. 12, 1786, by James Clinton and Simeon De M'itt, of N. Y., and Andrew EUiott, of Penn. By authority of the State Legislature, the N. Y. delegates in Congress, March 1, 1781, released to the General Government all the lands to which they had claim w. of a meridian extend- ing through the w. extremity of Lake Ontario. The trian- gular tract so surrendered was sold to Penn. for $151,640, and secured to that State 30 mi. of lake coast and an excellent harbor. The line was run by the U. S. Surveyor General io 1788-8». TOPOGEAPHY. Surface. — This State lies upon that portion of the Appalachian Mountain system where the mountains generally assume the character of hills and finally sink to a level of the lowlands that surround the great depression filled by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Three distinct mountain masses or ranges enter the State from the s. and extend across it in a general n. e. direc- tion. The first or most easterly of these ranges — a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Va.^-enters the State from N. J. and extends n. e. through Rockland and Orange cos. to the Hudson, appears on the E. side of that river, and forms the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess cos. A northerly extension of the same range passes into the Green Mts. of Western Mass. and Vt. This range culminates in the Highlands upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 1,000 to 1,700 feet above tide. The rocks which compose these mountains are principally primitive or igneous, and the mountains themselves are rough, rocky, and precipitous, and unfit for cultivation. The deep gorge formed by the Hudson in passing through this range presents some of the finest scenery in America, and has often been compared to the celebrated valley of the Rhine. The second series of mountains enters the State from Penn. and extends n. e. through Sullivan, Ulster, and Greene cos., terminating and culminating in the Catskill Mts. upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 3,000 to 3,800 feet above tide. The Shawangunk Mts., a high and con- tinuous ridge extending between Sullivan and Orange cos. and into the s. part of Ulster, is the extreme E. range of this series. The Helderbergh and Hellibark Mts. are spurs extending n. from the main range into Albany and Schoharie cos. This whole mountain system is principally composed of the rocks of the New York system above the Medina sandstone. The summits are generally crowned with old red sandstone and with the conglomerate of the coal measures. The declivities are steep and rooky ; and a large share of the surface is too rough for cultivation. The highest peaks overlook the Hudson, and from their summits are obtained some of the finest views in Eastern New York. The third series of mountains enters the State from Perm, and extends n. e. through Broome, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Montgomery, and Herkimer cos. to the Mohawk, appears upon the N. side of that river, and extends n. e., forming the whole series of highlands that occupy the n. e. part of the State and generally known as the Adirondack Mountain region. South of the Mohawk this mountain system assumes the form of broad, irregular hiUs, occupying a wide space of country. It is broken by the deep ravines of the streams, and in many places the' hills are steep and nearly precipitous. The valley of the Mohawk breaks the continuity of the range, though the connec- tion is easily traced at Little Falls, The Noses, and other places. North of the Mohawk the high- lands extend n. e. in several distinct ranges, all terminating upon Lake Champlain. The cul- minating point of the whole system, and the highest mountain in the State, is Mt. Marcy, 5,467 feet above tide. The rocks of all this region are principally of igneous origin, and the mountains are usually wild, rugged, and rocky. A large share of the surface is entirely unfit for cultiva- tion ; but the region is rich in minerals, and especially in an excellent variety of iron ore. West of these ranges, series of hills forming spurs of the Alleganies enter the State from Penn. and occupy the entire s. half of the w. part of the State. An irregular line extending through the southerly counties forms the watershed that separates the northern and southern drainage ; and from it the surface gradually declines northward until it finally terminates in the level of Lake Ontario.' The portion of the State lying s. of this watershed and occupying the greater part of 1 TABLE Of Heights of the Principal Summits in the State, NAME or XOUST. LOCATIOir. FEET. NAME OF MOUNT. LOOATION. FEET. 6,467 6,200 6,1R3 6,000 6,000 4,900 4,900 4,600 4,600 6,100 4,0110 3,000 3,804 3,718 Pine Orchard _ Mount Piat^ah Greene co 3.000 3.400 2,400 1,983 l.OSO 1,7 no 1,743 1,6S5 1,471 1,6S6 1,228 l.f)2'J 1,418 1,360 I)ix Peak Delaware '* Mount Mclntyre. " McMartin " Sandanoni " NinnleToD (C (( u u KlplcvIIill Onondaga •' » tl U (( Cortland *' (C u " Pharaoh " Taylor u u Beacon lIiU Old Bcjicon Bull Hill Dutchess " — Putnam " Hamilton " " Seward (t It (( u Butti^r Hill Crows Nest Bear Mount High Peak tl K " " 20 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. the two southerly tiers of counties is entirely occupied by these hills. Along the Penn. line they are usually abrupt and are separated by narrow ravines, but toward the N. their summits become broader and less broken. A considerable portion of the highland region is too steep for profitable cultivation and is best adapted to grazing. The highest summits in Allegany and Cattaraugus COS. are 2,000 to 3,000 feet above tide. From the summits of the watershed the highlands usually descend toward Lake Ontario in series of terraces, the edges of which are the outcrops of the different rocks which underlie the surface. These terraces are usually smooth, and, although inclined toward the n., the inclination is generally so slight that they appear to be level. Between the hills of the s. and the level land of the N. is a beautiful rolling region, the ridges gradually declining toward the N. In that part of the State s. of the most eastern mountain range the surface is generally level or broken by low hills. In New York and Westchester cos. these hills are principally composed of primitive rocks. The surface of Long Island is generally level or gently undulating. A ridge 150 to 200 feet high, composed of sand, gravel, and clay, extends E. and w. across the island N. of the center. KlTers and Liakes. — The river system of the State has two general divisions, — the first comprising the streams tributary to the great lakes and the St. Lawrence, and the second those which flow in a general southerly direction. The watershed which separates these two systems extends in an irregular line eastward from Lake Erie through the southern tier of counties to near the N.E. corner of Chemung; thence it turns N. E. to the Adirondack Mts. in Essex co., thence s. E. to the E. extremity of Lake George, and thence nearly due E. to the E. line of the State.' The northerly division has 5 general subdivisions. The most westerly of these comprises all the streams flowing into Lake Erie and Niagara River and those flowing into Lake Ontario w. of Genesee River. In Chautauqua co. the streams are short and rapid, as the watershed approaches within a few mi. of Lake Erie. Cattaraugus, Buffalo, Tonawanda, and Oak Orchard Creeks are the most important streams in this division. Bufialo Creek is chiefly noted for forming Buffalo Harbor at its mouth; and the Tonawanda for 12 miles from its mouth is used for canal navi- gation. Oak Orchard and other creeks flowing into Lake Ontario descend from the interior in a series of rapids, affording a large amount of water-power. The second subdivision comprises the Genesee River and its tributaries. The Genesee rises in the n. part of Penn. and flows in a generally northerly direction to Lake Ontario. Its upper course is through a narrow valley bordered by steep, rocky hills. Upon the line of Wyoming and Livingston cos. it breaks through a mountain barrier in a deep gorge and forms the Portage Falls, — one of the finest waterfalls in the State. Below this point the course of the river is through a beautiful valley 1 to 2 mi. wide and bordered by banks 50 to 150 ft. high. At Rochester it flows over the precipitous edges of the Niagara limestone, forming the Upper Genesee Falls ; and 3 mi. below it flows over the edge of the Medina sandstone, forming the Lower Genesee Falls. The principal tributaries of this stream are Canaseraga, Iloneoye, and Conesus Creeks from the e., and Oatka and Black Creeks from the w. Honeoye, Canadice, Hemlock, and Conesus Lakes lie within the Genesee Basin. The third subdivision includes the Oswego River and its tributaries and the small streams flow- ing into Lake Ontario between Genesee and Oswego Rivers. The basin of the Oswego includes most of the inland lakes which form a peculiar feature of the landscape in the interior of the State. The principal of these lakes are Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, Skaneateles, Crooked, and Owasco, — all occupying long, narrow valleys, and extending from the level land in the center far into the highland region of the s. The valleys which they occupy appear like immense ravines formed by some tremendous force, which has torn the solid rocks from their original beds, from the general level of the surrounding summits, down to the present bottoms of the lakes.^ Oneida and Onondaga 1 TABLE Showing Vte het'ght above tide of the passed hrlwecn the principal river ImsiTis of the State. BETWEEN AT FEET. BETWEEN AT FEET. 960 884 1,780 1.699 1,C14 636 1,120 1,060 Hudson River and Raraapo River " " " Delaware River " " « Neversink River.... 657 900 427 557 1.373 1,127 1.247 Snsquehanna River and Cayuga Lake " " " Seneca Lake. « " " Genesee Riv.. Geneseo River and Allegany River.... Ithaca Summit... Hor.'jebeads Alfred Summit... Wawarsing « " ** Lake Erie Little Tal. Sum... Delavraro River and Susquehanna Riv. Susquehanna River and Mohawk Riv. Deposit Summit. Mohawk River and Lake Ontario « " " Black River Lake Champlain and St. Lawrence... Tully Chateaugay Sum. The most remarkable passes through the mountains are, first, I ~ The ravines of these lakes, and the streams which flow down that of the Hudson, through the eastern mountains; second, parallel to them, are usually bordered by steep hillsides, the that of Wood Creek, from the Hudson to Lake Champlain ; and, strata of which lie in parallel layers nearly level e. and w., and Uiird, that of tha Mohawk, through the central mountains. [ Bligbtly inclined toward the s. Upon the opposite banks tbd TOPOGRAPHY. 2J Lakes occupy basins upon the level land in the n. e. part of the Oswego Basin. Mud Creek, the most westerly branch of Oswego River, takes its rise in Ontario oo., flows n.e. into Wayne, where it unites with Canandaigua Outlet and takes the name of Clyde River ; thence it flows E. to the w. line of Cayuga co., where it empties into Seneca River. This latter stream, made up of the outlets of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, from this point flows in a n. e. course, and receives success- ively the outlets of Owasco, Skaneateles, Onondaga, and Oneida Lakes. From the mouth of the last-named stream it takes the name Oswego River, and its course is nearly due n. to Lake Ontario. The fourth subdivision includes the streams flowing into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence e. of the mouth of the Oswego. The principal of these are Salmon, Black, Oswegatchie, Grasse, and Racket Rivera. These streams mostly take their rise upon the plateau of the great Northern wilderness, and in their course to the lowlands are frequently interrupted by falls, furnishing an abundance of water-power. The water is usually very dark, being colored with iron and the vegetation of swamps. The fifth subdivision includes all the streams flowing into Lakes George and Champlain. They are mostly mountain torrents, frequently interrupted by cascades. The principal streams are the Chazy, Saranao, and Au Sable Rivers, and Wood Creek. Deep strata of tertiary clay extend along the shores of Lake Champlain and Wood Creek. The water of most of the streams in this region is colored by the iron over which it flows. The second general division of the river-system of the State includes the basins of the Allegany, Susquehanna, Delaware, and Hudson. The Allegany Basin embraces the southerly half of Chau- tauqua and Cattaraugus cos. and the s. w. corner of Allegany. The Allegany River enters the State from the s. in the s. E. corner of Cattaraugus co., flows in nearly a semicircle, with its out- ward curve toward the n., and flows out of the State in the s. w. part of the same co. It receives several tributaries from the n. and E. These streams mostly flow in deep ravines bordered by steep, rocky hillsides. The watershed between this basin and Lake Erie approaches within a few miles of the lake, and is elevated 800 to 1,000 feet above it. The Susquehanna Basin occupies about one-third of the s. border of the State. The river takes its rise in Otsego Lake, and, flowing s. w. to the Penn. line, receives Charlotte River from the s. and the Unadilla from the n. After a course of a few miles in Penn. it again enters the State, and flows in a general westerly direction to near the w. border of Tioga co., whence it turns s. and again enters Penn. Its principal tributary from the N. is Chenango River. Tioga River enters the State from Penn. near the E. border of Steuben co., flows n., receives the Canisteo from the w. and the Conhocton from the n. From the mouth of the latter the stream takes the name Chemung River, and flows in a s. E. direction, into the Susquehanna in Penn., a few miles s. of the State line. The upper course of these streams is generally through deep ravines bordered by steep hillsides ; but below they are bordered by wide and beautiful intervales. The Delaware Basin occupies Delaware and Sullivan and portions of several of the adjacent cos. The N. or principal branch of the river rises in the n. e. part of Delaware co. and flows s. w. to near the Penn. line; thence it turns s. E. and forms the boundary of the State to the line of N. J. Its principal branches are the Pepacton and Nevcrsink Rivers. These streams all flow in deep, narrow ravines bordered by steep, rocky hills. The Basin of the Hudson occupies about two-thirds of the E. border of the State, and a large territory extending into the interior. The remote sources of the Hudson are among the highest peaks of the Adirondacks, more than 4,000 feet above tide. Several of the little lakes which form reservoirs of the Upper Hudson are 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The stream rapidly descends through the narrow defiles into Warren co., where it receives from the e. the outlet of Schroon Lake, and Sacondaga River from the w. Below the mouth of the latter the river turns eastward, and breaks through the barrier of the Luzerne Mts. in a series of rapids and falls. At Fort Ed- ward it again turns s. and flows with a rapid current, frequently interrupted by falls, to Troy, 160 miles from the ocean. At this place the river falls into an estuary, where its current is affected by the tide; and from this place to its mouth it is a broad, deep, sluggish stream. About 60 miles from its mouth the Hudson breaks through the rocky barrier of The Highlands, form- ing the most easterly of the Appalachian Mt. Ranges ; and along its lower course it is bordered on the w. by a nearly perpendicular wall of basaltic rock 300 to 500 feet high, known as " The Pal isades." Above Troy the Hudson receives Hoosick River from the E. and the Mohawk from the w. The former stream rises in Western Mass. and Vt., and the latter near the center of the State. dieeeTered edges of the strata exactly correspond, showing that I water from the N., — the direction being deterrainod by the cha- the intermediate portions have been torn away. The force that racter of the boulders upon the hills, and by the peculiar nature effected these immense changes was probably great currents of I of the drift deposits. 22 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. At Little Falls and " The Noses" the Mohawk breaks through mountain barriers in a deep, rocky ravine; and at Cohoes, about 1 mile from its mouth, it flows down a perpendicular precipice of 70 feet, forming an excellent water-power. Below Troy the tributaries of the Hudson are all com- paratively small streams. South of the Highlands the river spreads out into a wide expanse known as "Tappan Bay." A few small streams upon the extreme e. border of the State flow eastward into the Housatonic ; and several small branches of Passaic River rise iu the s. part of Rockland co. Lake Erie forms a portion of the w. boundary of the State. It is 240 miles long, with an average width of 38 miles, and it lies mostly w. of the bounds of the State. It is 334 feet above Lake On- tario, 565 feet above tide, and has an average depth of 120 feet. The greatest depth ever obtained by soundings is 270 feet. The harbors upon the lake are Buifalo, Silver Creek, Dunkirk, and Barcelona. Niagara River, forming the outlet of Lake Erie, is 34 miles long, and, on an average, more than a mile wide.' About 20 miles below Lake Erie the rapids commence; and 2 miles further below are Niagara Falls.^ For 7 miles below the falls the river has a rapid course between perpendicular, rocky banks, 200 to 300 feet high ; but below it emerges from the Highlands and flows 7 miles to Lake Ontario in a broad, deep, and majestic current. Lake Ontario foi-ms a part of the n. boundary to the w. half of the State. Its greatest length is 130 miles and its greatest width 55 miles. It is 232 feet, above tide, and its greatest depth is 600 feet. Its principal harbors on the American shore are Lewiston, Youngston, Port Genesee, Sodus and Little Sodus Bays, Oswego, Sackets Harbor, and Cape Vincent. St. Lawrence River forms the outlet of the lake and the n. boundary of the State to the e. line of St. Lawrence co. It is a broad, deep river, flowing with a strong yet sluggish current until it passes the limits of this State. In the upper part of its course it incloses a great number of small islands, known as "The Thousand Islands."' The surfaces of the great lakes are subject to variations of level, — probably due to prevailing winds, unequal amounts of rain, and evaporation. The greatest difference known iu Lake Erie is 7 feet, and in Lake Ontario 4J feet. The time of these variations is irregular; and the interval between the extremes often extends thi'ough several years. A sudden rise and fall, of several feet, has been noticed upon Lake Ontario at rare intervals, produced by some unknown cause. IVavig'able Waters. — The natural internal navigation of the State is very extensive. Before the commencement of internal improvements, the rivers and lakes formed the most easy means of communication between distant portions of the State ; and along these natural channels of commerce the early settlements were principally made.* The most important lines of early 1 TABLE of the heights above tide of the principal lakes in the State. NAME OP LAKE. LOCATIOPT. PEET. •2,900 2,S51 1,936 1,826 1.791 1,776 1,745 1,704 1,698 1,665 1,645 1,575 1.570 1,567 1,545 1,545 1,527 1,500 1.291 1,200 1.200 1,193 900 860 718 670 668 447 387 369 361 232 93 tt it « Sandford it a « Eckford Fulton Lakes, (6, 7, and 8).. ft tt Forked " it ti Essex " Fulton Lakes, (3, 4, and 5).. K ti Rich " Tully " Ciizenovia " Skaneatelea " Crooked '* Yates " Oneida " Onondaga " " Ontario 2 For a more fall dcacription of Niagara Pallg, see page 450. 3 The river scenery upon the St. Lawrence is unsurpasBed. The water is perfectly pure and nearly transparent. In consequence of it3 being fed by the great lake reservoirs, it is never subject to sudden rises, but steadily pursues its majestic way to the ocean, unaffected by the changes of the seasons or other causes. 4 The navigable waters N. of the great watershed, before the completion of the Erie Canal were as follows: — Cattaraugus Creek, about 1 mi. from its mouth. Buffalo CrcL-Jc. boatable S mi. from Lake Erie. Tonmvanda Creek, boatable 30 mi. from its mouth. Niagara River, navigable for vessels of any size from Buffalo to Schlosser, at the head of the Rapids, — a distance of 22 mi.; also from Lewiston to Lake Ontario, a distance of 7 mi. Oak Orchard Creek, boatable 4 mi. from its mouth. Gcmse". River, to Carthage Landing, a distance of 5 mi.; and from Rochester to Mt. Morris for boats. Oswego River was navigated with great difficulty by bateaux, with a portage at Oswego Falls, now Fulton. Oneida Outlet and Lake were naWgable for bateaux, and for many years constituted a portion of the great thoroughfare between the e. and w. Seneca River was boatable to Cayuga Lake, and to Seneca Lake with one portage at Seneca Falls; Clyde River was boatable to Lyons. * The Interior Lalces, including Seneca, Cayuga, Canandaigua, Onondaga, Owasco, Skaneateles, Crooked, Chautauqua, and Otsego, are all navigable. Steamers have plied upon each of;thfm. Fish Creek was navigable to Rome with canoes. A portage of less than 1 mi. intervened between this stream and the Mo- hawk River. SaJmnn Rh^er was navigable to Port Ontario. Salmon Creek was navigable on each branch, for small vessels, about 1 mi. from the lake. Black River was navigable for large vessels from the lake to Dexter, a distance of 6 mi., and for boats and small steamers from Carthage to Lyons Falls, a distance of 43 mi. Lake Ontario, with all its bays and inlets, is navigable for ves- sels of all sizes. TOPOGRAPHY. 23 inland navigation -were, first, x. from Albany, through the Hudson to Fort Edward, thence a portage to Fort Ann, and thence by Wood Creek to Lake Champlain ; and, second, w. from Albany, by way of the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River, to Lake Ontario. Upon the latter route were portages at several of the rifts of the Mohawk, from the Mohawk to Wood Creek, and at Oswego Falls. Tides. — The tides at New York Harbor and along the coast have been carefully observed, under the direction of the Coast Survey. The tidal wave from the Sound, as it moves forward in a wedge-shaped channel, becomes augmented, whilst that from Sandy Hook is slightly dimin- ished. These two waves meet in East River, at points between Hell Gate and Throggs Neck,^ Cranberry and French Creeks were boatablo about 2 mi. from their mouths. Indian Rix^er and Black Lake were navigable from Rossie to the foot of the lake. Oswegatchie River is navigable in high water for rafts from Ox Bow to Ogdeusburgh. Racket River was formerly boatable about 18 mi. from its mouth, but the navigation is now destroyed by dnms. Ju the wil- derness near the headwaters of this river ai'e several miles of Black water navigation. St. R^^is Rii'cr is navi|:;alile for steamboats 2 mi. from itg mouth. Sainton River, navigable to Fort Covington. *S'(. Lawrence River is na\igablo for vessels of any ?ize from the lake to Ogdenahurgh. Below that point rafts, arks, and boats could descend, but could a-^^cend only by towing with horses and cattle up the principj^l rifts. Locks and canals have been constructed around the Rapids by the Canadian Government, so that the navigation for steamboats, slonps. and schooners is now uninterrupted from Lake Ontario to the ocean. Wood Creek was boatable from Fort Ann to Lake Champlain. Lake George is navigable for boats and steamers. Lake Oiamplain is navigable for all kinds of vesisels. Rafts were formerly sent down to the St. Lawrence ; but vessels could not ascend the Richlieu until after the construction of a canal and locks around the Rapi* fc- Es] 'i^ T. O P GEOLOGY. 25 The Catskill Mts. are composed principally of Old Red Sandstone ; and the tops of some of the higher peaks are covered with the conglomerate of the coal measures. New Red Sandstone is found in a few localities along the Hudson, below the Highlands. Trap, a rock of volcanic origiD, forms the Palisades upon the Hudson ; and trap dikes are common in the primitive region of the N. Tertiary clay, in deep strata, extends aloug the valleys of Lake Champlain and St. Law- rence River. Drift, including loose deposits of boulders, gravel, sand, and clay, is found in most parts of the State, in some places covering the rocks beneath to the depth of several hundred feet. The character of this drift, the peculiar forms which it has assumed, and the position which it occupies, all give evidence of some great general moving power which existed after the stratified rocks were lifted from their original beds, and ages before the present order of things was instituted. "Within more recent periods, considerable changes have been wrought by the action of present streams of water and the wasting agencies of the atmosphere and frost. From these are derived marl, alluvium, and the greater part of the soils. The thickness of the rock strata is generally determined by its outcrop along the ravines of the streams, and by Artesian wells, which have been sunk to a great depth in different parts of the State.^ metallic ]>Iinerals. — The principal metals in the State are iron and lead, the former only of which is found in sufficient quantity and purity to render its manufacture profitable. Iron ore is found in three distinct varieties, viz., magnetic oxide or magnetite, specular oxide or red hematite, and hydrous peroxide or limonite. Magnetic ore is widely diffused throughout the primitive region. It is usually found in beds between the rock strata, parallel to the mountain ranges ; and sometimes it is blended with the rock. The beds in many places are immense in extent, and the ore is 75 to 95 per cent, pure iron.^ Specular iron ore is found in narrow beds between tlie igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is principally found in St. Lawrence and Jeffer- son cos.' A variety of this ore, known as argillaceous iron ore or clay ironstone, is associated with the lower strata of the Clinton group, extending from Herkimer to Monroe co. It is found in beds 2J feet thick and about 20 feet apart, and its general form is that of flattened grains. Limonite is found also associated with the igneous rocks and in various other localities. It is usually in the form of shot or bog ore, or yellow ocher. It is wrought to a considerable extent in Richmond, Orange, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Washington, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, and Lewis cos. Bog ore is probably found, to a greater or less extent, in every co. in the State. The iron made from it is usually tough and soft.* Lead ore is found in St. Lawrence, Ulster, Dutchess, "Westchester, Orange, Columbia, Lewie, Jefferson, and Sullivan cos. ; and in several of them the mines have been worked to some extent. The Rossie Mines, of St. Lavrrence, are the only ones now wrought.^ Copper ore in the form of New Red Sandetone. Tertiary. Diluvial or Drift. Quaternary. The Taconic Bystem is claimed by fiomo as corresponding to the Cambrian ByBtem #f Mr. Sedgwick, and by others to be newer formations changed by heat. I TABLE Showing the depths of the principal Artesian wells in the State. County. Albany- Cayuga Columbia.... Delaware.... Jefferson Livingston. New York- Oneida Onondaga. . Orleans.. Wayne ... Locality. aty Ferry St Montezuma. Hudson Elk Brook Watertown York U.S. Hotel Bleeker St By Manhattan co. Utica Syracuse Oak Orchard Savannah Little Sodua and Clyde Depth. 123 617 200 223 394 127 50 626 448 280 314 600 400 to 390 140 250 400 Product. Fresh water. Mineral water. Brine. Freeh water. Weak brine. Fresh water. Weak brine and gas. Fresh water. Brine. Weak brine. and gas. The deepest Artesian well in the U. S. is at St. Lonis, Mo., and is 2199 feet deep. A well at Louisville, Ky., is 2086 feet deep; and another at Columbus, Ohio, 1900 feet deep. 2 The principal mines which have been worked in the northern primitive region are in Warren, Essex, Clinton, St. Lawrence, and Franklin cos. So common are particles of iron in the rocks of this region that the iron sand upon the banks of the streams is sufficiently pure to repay the labor of collecting for the forge. Magnetic ores are also abundant in Grange co., and mines have there been worked since the earliest periods. This ore has also been found among the igneous rocks of Rockland, Westchester, Putnam, Washington, Saratoga, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, and Lewis cos. 8 The principal mines in St. Lawrence and Jefferson cos. yield this variety of ore. It is most abundant in the towns of Gonver- neur, Rossie, and Antwerp, and is there usually associated with crystaline sulphuret of iron, spathic iron, and quartz. The ar- gillaceous ore supplies the furnaces in Oneida, Oswego, and Wayne cos. It is red, and imparts a dull red color to whatever it comen in contact with. In the region of mines and furnaces the clothing of the laborers, the trees, fences, and vehicles employed, are all colored by it. It is used as a paint, under the name of " Spanieb Brown." * Bog ore is deposited in swamps, the bottoms of which are clay, hardpan, or some other strata impervious to water. It is continually accumulating, so that it may be removed two or three times in a century. It has various shades of color, from yellow to a dark brown. In the primitive region it sometimes assumes a stalactital or botryoidal form, with a fibrous textnris and a glossy black surface. A loamy variety, whcu used in high furnaces, is liable to blow up. Tins is caused by the mass molt- ing away below, leaving a crust above, and, as the support at la«t gives away, the moisture contained in the mass is suddenly con- verted into steam by the intense heat, and the liquid iron below is thrown out with gi'Cat force, sometimes destroying the fur- nace. 6 A vein has recently been opened in Orange co. that promined great richness. Lead ore is usually found in the form of sul- phurets, or galena. It is often associated with crystalized mine- rala of great beauty. 26 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. a, Bulphuret has been found in Washington, Jefferson, and St. La-wrence cos., but not in sufficient quantities to render mining profitable. Zinc ore in the form of a sulphurct, or blende, is found, associated with lead, in St. Lawrence co. Manganese, titanium, nickel, and several other metals, have been found in small quantities, though they have never been reduced except in the labora- tories of the chemist.' ' Kon-Metallic minerals. — The most valuable non-metallic minerals in the State are limestone, gypsum, waterlime, pipeclay, clay and sand suitable for common and fire brick and pottery, graphite, talc, and slate. Nearly every part of the State is well supplied with building stone ; and in most of the counties extensive quarries have been worked. Lime, waterlime, and gypsum are also extensively quarried.* Mineral Springs are numerous, and are found in nearly every co. in the State^ The most celebrated of these are the salt springs of Onondaga, the medicinal springs of Saratoga, and the thermal springs of Columbia co. Sulphur and chalybeate springs are common, and many of them have considerable notoriety for medicinal properties.' In the w. part of the State springs emitting nitrogen and carburetted hydrogen gas are numerous. In the limestone regions of the State the water is generally more or less impregnated with carbonate and sulphate of lime ; and in many places tufa is deposited in large quantities by the water. The slow dissolving of the limestone rocks has given a cavernous structure to several localities, and in others it has formed deep holes in the ground. The caves of Albany, Schoharie, and Jefferson cos. are doubtless formed in this manner ; and the peculiar sink-holes and cratean lakes of Onondaga are probably formed by the breaking of the superincumbent mass into the caverns beneath. SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. The Seat of Goternment was originally fixed at New York City, and remained there until the Revolution, with occasional adjournments of the General Assembly and Executive Department on account of prevailing sickness. Such of the public records as related to the immediate interests of the crown were removed, by order of Gov. Tryon, in Dec. 1775, to the armed ship Duchess of Gordon^ and remained on board till Nov. 1781, when most of them were returned to the city.* In June, 177G, the other public records were removed to Kingston, and, on the approach of the enemy in Oct. 1777, they were hastily taken to Rochester, Ulster county.^ They were soon afterward taken to Poughkecpsie, and in 1784 to New York. In 1797, commissioners were appointed to erect a build- ing for the records in Albany, and an order dated July 31, 1798, authorized their removal thither* and the permanent location of the seat of Government at that place. The State House was begun in 1803 and finished in 1807, at the joint expense of the city and county of Albany and the State of New York. The original cost exceeded $120,000, of which 1 In many of the original patents of tbe mountainoua regions upon the HudMon. re.'^ervationa wore made of all the gold and silver that might bo fuvind. To this day, however, these metala have not been found ; though it is said that traces of silver have been discovered in eevoral places. 2 The following is a list of the most important qnarries in the State :— Oypswm \a fonnd in Cayuga. Madison, Onondaga, Wayne, Op- leanB, and (ienpspe. LinusU-ne is quarried in most of tbe counties of the State ex- cept those along the Penn. line. Water- Limestone is quarried in Erie, Jefferson. Lewis, Madiaon, Montgomery, Niagara. Onondaga, and Ulster. Flagging is found in most of the southern counties, and in various other localities. The thin bedded sandstone of the Portage gi'oup furnishes the beat varii-ties. Building stovf of excellent quality is found in nearly every section of the State. Granite and gneiss are extensively quarried in Now York and Westchester and in the n. e. cos. of the State. The Potsdam sandstone, Black Kiver lime- Btone, the gray and Medina sandstone, and the Onondaga limestone all furnish excellent building stone. Most of tlie locks upon the Erie Canal are built of tlie last named stone. The shales of the Portage and Chemung group are sepa- rated into strata by hard, compact sandstone, excellent for building or flagging. Marble is found and quarried in Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, and Grange cos. Roofing slate is quarried in Washington, Kensselaer, Columbia, and Dutchess cos. 8 The principal of these springs are those of Jlassena, St. Lawrence co. ; Kichfield, Otsego co.; Avon, Livingston co.; Sharon, Schoharie co. : New Lebanon and Stockport, Columbia CO. ; Chittenango, Madison co. : and Alabama, Genesee co. * Six years' close confinement on shipboard damaged some of these records almost beyond remedy. The most valuable were transcribed in 1798, under the direction of commissioners apjiointed by law. tt The first State Legislature, then in session, hastily adjourned and met in Jan. at Poughkeepsie. The citizens of Goshen tendered the hospitalities of their village and the use of rooms, if tlie Legislature chose to remove tliither. In March, 1778. a concurrent resolntiou directed the Secretary of State and the clerks of counties to put their records into strong and light inclosures, to be ready for instant removal in case of danger. The Legislature held its session^ at Poughkeepsie, Kingston, or Albany, aa suited convenience, until 17S4, when it removed to New York. Two sessions were afterward held at Poughkeepsie, and three at Albany, before tlie final removal to the latter place in 1797. B Philip Schuyler, Abraham Ten Broeck, Jeremiah Van Kens- selaer. Daniel Ilale. and Tenuis T. Van Vechten were appointed commissioners. The edifice stood on the site of the present Geological and Agricultural Hall, and was torn down in 1856. SKAT OF GOVERNMENT. 27 $34,200 was paid by the city and $3,000 by the county of Albany. It continued to be used for city, county, and State offices and courts until about 1832, when the State became the exclusive owner and the Capitol was fitted up for legislative and other public purposes. It stands at the head of State Street, 130 feet above the Hudson, and has in front a park of three acres inclosed by an iron fence. It is substantially built of stone faced with Nyack red freestone.* The State liibrary is a fireproof building in the rear of the State House and connected with it by a long corridor. It is built of brick and iron and faced on its two fronts with brown freestone. It is ah-eady nearly filled with books, manuscripts, and maps, which the State has been collecting for many years,^ Tlie State Hall^ situated upon Eagle Street, fronting the Academy Park, was finished in 1842. It is built of cut stone, with a colonnade in front, supported by six Ionic columns, and is surmounted by a dome.^ It contains the offices of the Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Auditor of Canal Department, Canal Appraisers, Canal Commissioners, State Engineer and Surveyor, Division En- gineers, Clerk of Court of Appeals, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Superintendent of Bank Department, Attorney General, and State Sealer of Weights and Measures. Tlie State Oeological and Agricultural Hall, corner of State and Lodge Sts., is the depository of the specimens collected during the geological survey, and also contains the cabinet of the State Agricultural Society.* 1 It is 90 feet broad, 50 liigh, and was originally 115 feet long. In 1-S54, 15 feet wex-e added to the w. end. The eastern front has an Ionic portico with four columns of Berkahii'e marble each 3 feet 8 inches in diameter and SS feet high. The north and south fronts have each a pedunent of 85 feet base; and the doorways are decorated with columns and angular pediments of freestone. The entrance hall is 40 by 50 feet and 16 feet high, the ceiling of which is supported by a double row of reeded columns, and the floor is vaulted and laid with squares of Italian marble. Upon the north side of the hall are the oflSce of Adjutant General and the Assembly Library, and on the south side the Executive Chambers. The remainder of the first story is devoted to the Assembly Chamber with its lobbies and postoflBce. This chamber is now 56 by 65 feet and 28 feet high. The Speaker's desk is on the w. side, and the desks of the clerks are upon each side and in front of it. Desks of members are arranged in semi-circles in front. Upon the e. side is a gallery supported by iron pillars. The ceiling is riclily orna- mented in stucco. Over the Speaker's seat is a copy by Ames of a full length portrait of Stewart's Washington. In the second story, over the entrance hall, is the Senate chamber, 40 Ly 50 feet and 22 feet high. The President's desk is upon the 8. side, and the desks of the Senators are arranged in a circle in front. On the n. side are the library and cloak room of the Senate, and on the s. the postoffice and room of the Sergeant at Ai'ms. Over the President's seat is a crimson canop,^, and oppo- site are the portraits of Gov. Geo. Clinton and Columbus. I'he latter was presented to the Senate in 17S4 by Mrs. Farmer, a grand-daughter of Gov. Leislcr, and had been in her family 150 years. Over the Assembly lobbies is the room of the Court of Appeals, and in the third story are the consultation rooms of tliis court, committee rooms of both houses, and part of the Senate Library. The courtroom of the Court of Appeals contains portraits of Chancellors Lansing, Sandford, Jones, and Walworth, Chief Justice Spencer, Abraham Van Vechten. and Daniel Cady. The inner Executive Chamber has a full size portrait of Gen. La Fayette, painted when he was in the city in 1825. The roof of the State house is pyramidal, and from the center rises a circular cupola 20 feet in diameter, supporting a hemi- spherical dome upon 8 insulated Ionic columns. Upon the dome stands a wooden statue of Themis, 11 feet high, holding in her right hand a sword and in her left a balance. 2 The Stiite Library was founded April 21, 1818, and for nearly forty years was kept in the upper rooms of the CapitoL Its growth was comparatively slow until 1844, when its supervision was transferred from the State officers who had been ex-offlcio trus- tees to the Regents of the University. Their Secretary, the late Dr. T. Romeyn Beck, was eminently fitted for the task of building up an institution of this character. The library at the time of the transfer contained about 10,000 volumes. The number has increased during the subsequent 15 years to about 53,000. The present building, erected in 185:j-54. is 114 feet long by 45 broad, was built at a cost of 891,900, and opened to the public Jan. 2, 1855. The first floor is supported by stone pillars and groined arches, and the second floor and galleries by arched spans of iron filled with concrete. The roof, rafters, trusses, pillars, shelves, and principal doors are of iron, and the floors are paved with colored tile. The first story is devoted to the law department, and the second story to the general library, in- cluding a large number of costly presents from other Govern- ments, a valuable series of MSS. and parclmients relating to our colonial and early State history, and an exteuriivo collec- tion of medals and coins. The office of the Regents of the L'ui- versity is in the library building. Ih*» library, formerly known as the "ChariccUors' Library,'" \ was divided in 1849, and, with additions since made, now forms two public libraries, called the " Libraries of the Court of Ap- peals," one of which is located at Syracuse and the other at Kochester. They consist chiefly of law books, and are in charge of librarians appointed by the Regents and paid by the State. There is also a small library, for reference, in the consultation room of the Court of Appeals. Each of the judges of the Su- preme Court and the Vice Chancellor of the Second District, under the late Constitution^ held libraries owned by the State, which are for the use of the four judges of the Court of Appeals elected by the people of the State at large, and their successors in office. There is also a small library for the use of the At- torney General ; and means are annually provided for the in- crease of each of these collections, chiefly from the income of moneys known as the *' Chancellors' Library Fund" and "In- terest Fund," which are kept invested b}' the Clerk of the Court of Appeals for this purpose. 8 This building is 13S by SS feet and 65 feet high. The ceilings of the basement and of the two principal stories are groined arches, and all the rooms, excepting in the attic story, are fireproof. The basement and attic are each 19 feet, and the two principal stories each 22 feet, high. The building cost about $350,000. * In 1842 the old State Hall was converted into a geological hall, and rooms were assigned in the same building to the State Agricultural Society. The old building was torn down, and the present Geological and Agricultural Hall erected in its place, in the summer of 1855. The Agricultural Rooms were dedicated Feb. 12. 1857, and the Cabinet was opened to the public Feb. 22, 185S. The present building is of brick, and is 4 stories high, besidesthe basement. In the rear is a spacious wing, of the same height as the main building. It contains a lecture room, the spacious geological cabinet, and the rooms of the State Geological CoUectioa The basement is occupied by a taxidermist and a jani- tor. The building itself is subject to the order of the Commis- sioners of the Land Office. The Cabinet originated in the Geo- logical Survey, and in extent and value it ranks among the first in America. Within the past year a series of English fossils has been given to the State by the British Government ; and a valu- able collection of shells, embracing several thousand species, has been recently presented and arranged by Philip P. Cai'penter, an English naturalist. The Museum is designed to embrace a complete representation of the geological formations of the State, with their accompanying minerals and fossils, and of its entire native flora and fauna. The birds and quadrupeds are preserved by a skilful taxidermist, with the attitudes and appearance of life; and the reptiles and fishes are principally preserved in al- cohol. Connected with this cabinet is a historical and anti- quarian department, embracing numerous aboriginal antiquities and specimens of modern Indian art, relics of battle fields, and other objects of historical interest. The whole is under the charge of a curator appointed by the Regents. The museum of the State Agricultural Society, in a separate department of the building, contains a large collection of obsolete and modern im- plements of husbandry, spechnens of agricultural and mechanical products, models of fruits, samples of grains and soils, di-awings illustrating subjects connected with the useful arts; and it i8 designed to include an extensive collection of insects, made with especial reft-rence to showing their influence upon the fruit and gi'ain crops of the State. The entomological department is in charge of Dr. Asa Fitch, who has been for several years employed by the society in studying the habits of destructive insectH, with the view to ascertaining the means of prcvcntiBg their ravages. The whole of these collections are open to the publii- on every weekday except hoUdays. The meetings of the Executive Com- mittee of the State Agiicultural Society, and the winter fhirs, are held in their rooms in this building. STATE GOVERNMENT. The State Government consists of the Legislative, Executive, Judicial, and Administrative Departments ; the powers and duties of the several officers being defined by the Constitution and regulated by law. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Tlie State I^e^islature is composed of a Senate and Assembly. The Senate consists of 32 members, chosen by single districts every two years, the whole number being chosen at once. The Lieut. Governor is ex officio President of the Senate, and has a cast- ing vote in case of a tie. The Senate appoints a President p7'0 tern., who presides in the absence of the Lieut. Governor, and becomes j ex officio Lieut. Governor in case of a vacancy in that office. The ' Senate with the Judges of the Court of Appeals forma a court for the trial of impeachments, and it ratifies or rejects the nomi- nations of the Governor to a great number of offices. The Senate elects the following officers : a clerk, sergeantrat- arms, assistant sergeant^at-arms, doorkeeper and assistants, libra- rian, and such other officers as may be deemed necessary.^ The Assembly consists of 128 members, elected annually by single districts. The districts are re-apportioned once in ten years, after the State census is taken. The Speaker, or Pre- siding Officer of the Assembly, is elected by the members from their number, and usually appoints all committees. All bills upon financial matters must originate in the Assembly. The Assembly elects the following officers : a Speaker, clerk, sergeant-afc-arms, doorkeeper and two assistants. The Speaker appoints an assistant sergeant-at-arms, a postmaster and assist- ant, a janitor, keeper of the Assembly chamber, and several doorkeepers and pages.^ 1 The eergeant-at-arms is alao librarian. The clerk appoints his deputies and assistants, and the President appoints a janitor, superintendent of the Senate chamber, and pages. Committees are usually appointed by the Lieut.Gov. The appointments are made for two years. About half a dozen reporters are admitted to seats within the Senate chamber. Standing committees in the Senate consist of 3 members. SENATE DISTRICTS. 1. Queens, Richmond, and Suffolk Counties. 2. Ist, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, and 19th Wards of Brooklyn. 3. 6th, Sth. 9th. 10th, l'2th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th. and 18th Wards of Brooklyn, and the towns of Kinjjs County. 4. 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, Sth, 6th, 7th, Sth, and 14th Wards of New York. 5. 10th, 11th. 13th, and 17th Wards of New York. 6. 9th, 15th, 16th, and 18th Wards of New York. 7. 12th, 19th. 20th, 21st, and 22d Wards of New York. 8. Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties. 9. Orange and Sullivan Counties. 10. Greene and Ulster Counties. 11. Columbia and Dutchess Counties. 12. Rensselaer and Washington Counties. 13. Albany County. 14. Delaware, Schenectady, and Schoharie Counties. 15. Tulton, liamilton, Montgomery, and Saratoga Counties. 16. Clinton, Essex, and Warren Counties. 17. Franklin and St. Lawrence Counties. 18. Jefferson and Lewis Counties. 19. Oneida County. 20. Herkimer and Otsego Counties. 21. Oswego County. 22. Onondaca County. 23. Chenango, Cortland, and Madison Counties. 24. Broome, Tioga, and Torapkina Counties. 25. Cayuga and Wayne Counties. 26. Ontario. Seneca, and Yates Counties. 27. Chemung, Schuyler, and Steuben Counties. ''S. Monroe County. 28 29. Genes?e, Niagara, and Orleans Counties. 30. Allegany, Livingston, and Wyoming Counties. 31. Erie County. 32. Cattaraugus and Chautauqua Counties. 2 The clerk appoints his assistants and deputies, a librarian and assistant, a bank clerk, and a clerk's messenger. These ofticors are appointed for the session, except pages, who are changed in the middle of each session. Standing committees of the Assembly consist of 5 members, except those upon Ways and Meaus, the .Judiciary, and Canals, each of which has 7 members. About 20 reporters are admitted and provided with seats within the bar. They usually share with members in extra appropriations for books, and in the privilege of mailing documents at the public expense. ASSE5IBLY DISTRICTS. [Those Counties not enumerated in this list form bnt one District. Fulton and Hamilton form one District.] ALBANY COUNTY.— Four Districts. 1. let Ward of Albany, Bethlehem, Coeymans, New Scotland, Rensselaerville, and Westerlo. 2. 9fh and 10th Wards of Albany. Bern, Guilderland, and Knox. 3. 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, and Sth Wards of Albany. 4. 7th Ward of Albany and Watervliet, ALLEGANY COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Allen, Almond, Angelica. Belfast, Birdsall. Burns, Caneadea, Centerville. Granger, Grove, Hume, New Hudson, Rushford, and West Almond. 2. Alfred, Alma, Amity, Andover, Bolivar, Clarksville, Cuba, Friendship, Genesee, Independence, Scio, Ward, Wellsville, Willing, and Wirt. CATTARAUGUS COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Allegany, Ashford, Carrolton, Elgin, FarmersviUe, Franklin- ville, Freedom, Hinsdale, Humphrey, Ischua, Machias, Glean, Portville, and Yorkshire. STATE GOVERNMENT. 29 The sessions of the Legislature commence on the first Tuesday in January, and members can only receive pay for 100 days. The business of each year begins de novo; but if an extra session is called by the Governor, bills are taken up where they were left at the last previous adjourn- ment. Each house decides upon the qualifications of its own members; and both houses must concur in the election of U. S, Senators, Regents of the University, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. Bills, except measures of finance, may originate in either house, and must be 'Z. Bncktooth, Coldspring, Connowango, Dayton, Ellicottville, East Otto, Great Valley, Leon, Little A'alley, Mansfield, Napoli, New AHiion, Otto, Perrysburgh, Persia, Randolph, and South Valley. CAYUGA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Brutus. Cato. Conquest, Ira, Mentz, Monteznma, Sennett, Sterling, Throop, Victory, and the Ist and 4th Wards of Auburn. 2. Aurelius, Fleming", Genoa, Ledyard, Locke, Moravia, Nile?!, Owasco, Scipio, Sempronius, Springport, Summer Ilill, Venice, and the 2d and 3d Wards of Auburn. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. -Two Districts. 1. Busti, Chautauqua, Clymer, EUery, French Creek, Harmony, Mina, Portland. Ripley, Sherman, Stockton, and Westfield. 2. Arkwright, Carroll, Charlotte, Cherry Creek, Ellicott, Elling- ton, Gerry, Hanover, Kiantone, Poland, Pomfret, Sheridan, and Villenova. CHENANGO COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Columbus, Lincklaen, New Berlin, North Norwich, Norwich, Otselic, Pharsalia, Pitcher, Plymouth, Sherburne, and Smyrna. 2. Afton. Bainbridge, Coventry, German. Guilford, Greene, Mc- Donough, Oxford, Preston, and Smithville. COLUMBIA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Ancram, Claverack, Clermont. Copake, Gallatin, German- town. Greenport, Hudson City, Livingston, and Tagh- kanick. 2. Austerlitz, Canaan, Chatham, Ghent. Hillsdale, Kinder- hook, New Lebanon, Stockport, and Stuyveeant. DELAWARE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Colchester. Delhi, Franklin, Hamden, Hancock, Masonville, Sidney, Tompkins, and Walton. 2. Andes. Bovina, Davenport, Harpersfield, Kortright, Mere- dith, Middletown, Roxbury, and Stamford, DUTCHESS COUNTY.- Two Districts. 1. Amenia, Beekraan, Dover, East Fisbkill, La Grange, North- east, Pawling, Pine Plains, Stanford, Union Vale, and Washington. 2. Clinton, flyde Park, Milan, Pleasant Valley. Poughkeepsic, City of Poughkeepsie, Red Hook, and Rhinebeck. ERIE COUNTY,— Four Districts. 1. 1st, 2d. 3d. 4th, 5th, and 13th Wards of Buffalo. 2. 0th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Wards of Buffalo. 3. Alden, Amherst, Chicktawauga, Clarence, Elma, Grand Island, Uambuvgh, Lancaster, Jlarilla, Newstcad, Tona- wanda, and Weit Seneca, 4. Aurora, Boston, Brandt, Golden, Collins, Concord, East Hamburgh, Eden, Evans, Holland, North Oollins, Sardinia, and Wales. HERKIMER COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Fairfield, Herkimer, Little Falls, Jlanheim, Newport, Nor- way, Ohio, Russia, Salisbury, and Wilmurt. 2. Columbia, Danube, Frankfort. German Flats, Litch&eld, Schuyler, Stark, Warren, and Winfleld. JEFFERSON COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. Adams, Brownville, EUisburgh, Henderson, Hounsfield, Lor- raine, Rodman, and Worth. 2. Antwerp, Champion, Le Ray, Philadelphia, Rutland, Water- town, and Wilna. 3. Alexandria, Capo Vincent, Clayton, Lyme, Orleans, Pamelia, aud Thereea. KINGS COUNTY.— Seven Districts. 1. Flathnsh, Flatlands. Gravesend, New Lots, New Utrecht, and the Sth, 17th. and ISth Wards of Brooklyn. 2. Ist. 6th, and 12Ih Wards of Brooklyn. 3. 4th and 10th Wards of Bnwklvn. 4. 2d, 3d. and .'>th Wards of Brooklyn. 5. 9th and 11th Wards of Brooklvn. 6. 13th. Uth, and part of 19th Wards of Brooklyn. 7". 7th, 15th, 16th, aud part of 19th Wards of Brooklyn. LIVINGSTON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Avon, Caledonia, Conesns, Geneeeo, Groveland, Leicester, Lima, Livonia, and York. 2. Mount Morris, North Dansville, Nunda, Ossian, Portage, Sparta, Springwator, and West Si)arta. MADISON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Brookfield, De Ruyter, Eaton, Georgetown, Hamilton, Leba- non, Madison, and Nelson. 2. Cazenovia, Feuner, Lenox, Smithfield, Stockbridge, and Sullivan. MONROE COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. Brighton, Henrietta, Irondequoit, Mendon, Penfield, Perin- ton, Pittsford, Rush, and Webster. 2. The City of Rochester. 3. Chili, Clarkson, Gates, Greece, Ogden, Parma, Riga, Sweden, Union, and Wheatland. NEW YORK CITY AND COUNTY.— Seventeen Districts. 17 districts, corresponding to Aldermanic districts. NIAGARA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Lockport, Pendleton, Royalton, and Wheatfield. 2. Cambria, Hartland, Lewiaton, Newfane, Niagara, Porter, Somerset, and Wilson. ONEIDA COUNTY.— Four Districts. 1. Deerfiold, City of Utica, and Wbitestown. 2. Augusta, Bridgewater, Kirkland, Marshall, New Hartford, Paris, Sangerfield, Vernon, and Westmoreland. 3. Camden, Florence, Rome, Verona, and Vienna. 4. AmesviUe, Ava, Brownville, Floyd, Lee, Marcy, Remsen, Steuben, Trenton, and Western. ONONDAGA COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. CamiUus, Clay, Elbridge, Lysander, Marcellus, Skaneateles, Spafford. and Van Bureu. 2. Cicero, Salina, and Syracuse. 3. De Witt, Pabius, Geddes, La Fayette, Manlius, Onondaga, Otisco, Pompey, and Tully. ONTARIO COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Farmington, Gorham, Hopewell, Manchester, Phelps, and Seneca. 2. Bristol, Canadice, Canandaigna, East Bloomfield, Naples, Richmond, South Bristol, Victor, and West Bloomfield. ORANGE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Blooming Grove, Cliester, Cornwall, Monroe, Montgomery, Newburgh, and New Windsor. 2. Cra'ni'nrd, Deerpark, Goshen, Greenville, Hamptonbnrgh. Hinisink, Mount Hope, Walkill, Warwick, and Waway- anda. OSWEGO COUNTY.— TffREE Diotricts. 1. City of Oswego, Hannibal, Oswego, and Scriba. 2. Conatantia, Granby, Hastings, Palermo, Schroeppel, Volney, and West Monroe. 3. Albion, Amboy, Boyleston. Mexico, Orwell, Parish, Redfield. Richland, Sandy Creek, New Haven, and Williamstown. OTSEGO COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Cherry Valley, Decatur, Exeter. Maryland, Middlefield, Otsego, Plainfiold, Richfield, Roseboomj Springfield, West- ford, and Worcester. 2. Unadilla, Burlington, Butternuts. Edmeston, Hartwick. Laurens, Milford, Morris, New Lisbon, Otego, Oneonta, and Pittsfield. QUEENS COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Flushing. North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay. 2. Hempstead, Jamaica, and Newtown. RENSSELAER COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. City of Troy. 2. Berlin, Grafton, Hoosick, Lansingbnrgh, Petersburgh, Pitta- town, and Schaghticoke. 3. Brunswick, Clinton, Greenbnsh, Nassau. North Greenbush, Poestenkill, Sand Lake, Schodack, and Stephentown. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. De Kalb, De Peyster, Fine. Fowler, Gouvemeur, Macomb, Morristown, Oswegatchie, Pitc-airn, and Rossie, 2. Canton. Colt^n, Edwards, Hermon, Lisbon, Madrid, Norfolk, Pierrepnnt, and Russell. 3. Brasher. Hopkinton. Lawrence, Louisville^ Massena, Pariah- Tille, Potsdam, and Stockholm. SARATOGA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Ballston, Charlton, Clifton Park. Galway, Halfmoon, Malta, Milton, Stillwater, and Waterford. 2. Corinth. D.iy, Edinburgh, Greenfield, Hadley, Moreau, Noith- umberland. Providence, Saratoga, Saratoga Springs, and WUtou. 30 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. passed by both, and receive the signature of the Governor, — or, if vetoed by him, the votes of two- thirds of both houses, — to lieeome laws. The original laws of the Legislature, bearing the signa- tures of the presiding officer of each house and of the Governor and Secretary of State, are bound, and preserved in the Secretary's office. All general laws are published in such newspapers in each county as may be designated by the Board of Supervisors. Besides the State Legislature, a limited power of enacting laws is possessed by the boards of supervisors in the several counties, by the common councils of cities, and by citizens generally assembled in town and school district meetings. The Board of Supervisors meets annually at the county seat, on the week following the general election, to canvass the votes for State and county officers ; it may hold special meetings at any time. It has power to appoint a clerk of the board, a county sealer of weights and measures, special commissioners for laying out roads, printers for publishing the general laws, inspectors of turn- pike and plank roads, and, in some counties, the Superintendent of the Poor, and other officers, and to fix the salaries of the county Judge and Surrogate, and of School Commissioners, (above |500, allowed by law, ) and, in some counties, the salary of the District Attorney ; to establish the bounds of assembly and school commissioner districts, to fix upon town meeting days,' to make orders concerning property owned by the county, and to repair or rebuild the county buildings ; to audit and settle charges against the county, and the accounts of town officers ; to equalize assessments and levy taxes to meet county expenses, and for such special purposes as may be directed by law. It also has power to alter the bounds of towns, and to erect new towns ; to change the location of the county seat and purchase sites for the erection of new buildings ; and to examine annually the securities held by loan commis- sioners. It may pass laws for the preservation of game or fish, and for the destruction of noxious animals, and perform such other duties as may be from time to time authorized by law. STEUBEN COUNTY.— Three Distkicts. 1. Avoca, Bath, Bradford, Conliocton, Prattsburgh, Pulteney, Urbana, Wayne, and Wheeler. 2. Addison, Cameron, Campbell. Caton. Corning. Erwin, Hornby, Lindley, Rathlione, Thurston, and Woodhull. 3. Canisteo, Dansville, Fremont, Greenwood. Ilomellsville, Howard, UartsYille, Jasper, Troupsburgh, West Union, and Wayland. SUFFOLK COUNTT.— Two Distkicts. ]. East Hampton, Riverhead, Shelter Island, Southampton, and Southold. 2 Brookhaven, Huntington, Islip, and Smithtown. ULSTER COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. Hurley, Kingston, and Saugerties. 2. Esopus, Gardiner, Lloyd. Marbletown. Marlborough, New Palfz, Plattekill. Rosendale, and Shawangunk. 3. Denning, ILirdenburgh. Olive, Rochester, Sbandaken, Wa- warsing, and Woodstock. WASHINGTON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Argyle. Cambridge. Easton, Fort Edward, Greenwich, Jack- son. Salem, and White Creek. 2. Dresden, Fort Ann, Granville, Hampton, Hartford, H-sbron, Kingsbury, Putnam, and Whitehall. WAYNE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Butler, Galen, Huron, Lyons, Rose, SaTannah, Sodus, and Wolcott. 2. Arcadia, Macedon, Marion,- Ontario, Palmyra, Walworth, and Williamson. WESTCHESTER COUNTY.- Three Distkicts. 1. East Chester, Morrisania, Westchester, West Farms, and Yonkers. 2. Greenburgh, Harrison, Mamaroneck, Mount Pleasant, New Rochellc. North Castle, Pelham, ]*oundridge. Rye, Scars- dale, and White Plains. 3. Bedford, Cortlandt, Lewisboro, New Castle, North Salem, Ossining, Somers, and Yorktown. 1 TOWN MEETINGS. Town meetings are held on the same day throughout the county ; and the time may be changed once in 3 years. The town meetings must come between the 1st day of Feb. and the 1st of May. They are at present all held on Tuesdays, as follows : — Counties. Tuesdays upon ichicfi Tuum Meetings are held. CODOTIES. Ihtesday 8 upon which Town Meetings are held. Counties. Tuesdays upon which Town Meetings are held. Albany Allegany. ... Broome, Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung.... Chenango... Clinron Columbia.... Cortland Delaware. ... Dutchess Erie 2d in April. 2d in March. 2d in Feb. Last in Feb. Ist after 1st Mon. in Mar. 3d in Feb. 2d after Ist Mon. in Feb. Ist in March. 1st in March. 1st in March. 3d in Feb. 2d in Feb. 2d in March. Ist in March. 1st in March. 1st in Feb. 2d in Feb. Ist in March. Ist in Feb. 1st in Feb. Herkimer.... Jefferson 1st in March. 3d in Feb. l6t in AprU. 3d in Feb. let in April. 1st in March. lat after let Mon. in Mar. 2d in Feb. 2d in April. 1st in March. 3d in Feb. Ist after let Mon. in April. 1st in March. 1st in April. let in March. let in March. Istafterlst Mob. in April. Ist in April. Ist in March. Richmond ... Rockland St. LawTence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie ... Schuyler Senec-a Steuben Suffolk. Sullivan Tioga Tompkins ... Ulster "Warren "Washington AVavno "Westchester Wyoming.... 2d in Feb. 2d in April. 2(1 in Feb. 1st in March. Ist in April. 3d in Feb. 2d in Feb. 2d in March. 2d in Feb. Ist in April. 1st after Ist Mon. in Mjit. Ist in Feb. Ist in April. 1st in March. 1st in April. let in March. Ist in March. Last in March. Last in Feb. Last in Feb. Lewis Li\ing8ton._ Madison Monroe Montgomery New York... Niagara Onondaga. ... Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton... Putnam Queens Rensselaer... At these meetings are elected, by ballot, a supervisor, torwn clerk, 4 justices, (with exceptions named on pi^e 34, 3 assess- ors, (for 3 years, 1 annually,) a collector. 1 or 2 overseers of poor, (at the option of the town, excepting Montgomery and Kings cos- that are not inclnded in the general law.) 1 or 3 com- missioners of highways, (if 3, one elected annually for S years.) not more than 5 ronstables and 2 inspectors of election for each election district, a third being appointed by the pre- siding officer of the town meetings from the two having the next highest vote. The town of Manlius elects 7 con- stables. Each town at its annual meeting also elects by ayes and noes, or otherwise, as many overseera of highways as there are road districts, and as many pound masters as the electors may determine. STATE GOVERNMKNT. 31 The Common Council in each of the cities has jurisdiction over municipal affairs within limits fixed by law, and observes the usual formalities of legislative bodies in its proceedings. Two aldermen are generally elected from each ward, who, with the mayor, constitute the Common Council ; but the organization of no two cities is in this respect exactly alike.' The enactments of the Common Council are usually termed " ordinances," and have the force of law. The council usually has the appointment of a large class of minor city officers, including the keepers of parks and public buildings, inspectors of various kinds, and in some instances the officers and membora of the police and fire departments. These appointments are usually held at the pleasure of the appointing power. To'wn Meetings may pass laws regulating roads and bridges, the height offences, the support of the poor, the range of animals, the destruction of noxious weeds, the preservation of town pro- perty, and for such other purposes as may be directed by special acts. Every town is a corporate body, may sue and be sued, may hold and convoy lands within its limits for purposes specified by law, and may appropriate moneys for public objects within the tovm. ScbOOl Districts, at regular meetings, may pass rules concerning the support of schools, employment of teachers, repairs, supplies, and similar affairs, which have the force of law. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. The Governor is elected once in two years.^ lie is commander- in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State, and possesses the sole power of granting pardons and commutations of sentence after conviction.^ lie issues requisitions for the return of crimi- nals in other States, and he is authorized to offer rewards for the arrest of criminals within this State. He annually communicates to tlie Legislature, at the commencement of each session, a state- ment of the condition of the public departments, and such other matters as he may deem necessai-y. On extraordinary occasions he may convene the Senate or Legislature.* Within ten days after its passage by the Legislature, he may veto any act, by returning it to the house in which it originated, with his objections; and such act can become a law only by the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses.^ The Governor nominates, for appointment by the Senate, a large class of State and county and a few military officers,* and may fill vacancies occurring in these ofl[ices during the recess of the Senate. Some other classes of officers are appointed by the Governor alone, — generally for specific terms, but in some cases during pleasure. He may also fill vacancies occurring in elective offices, and 1 In New York, theCommon Council consists of two branches, — the Board of Aldermen, consisting of 17 members, chosen for 2 years; dud the Board of Conncilmen, consisting of 24 members, chosen annually, 6 from each senatorial district. Each of these branches elects one of its own number president; and the mayor pttssesses a veto power upon their laws analogous to that of the Governor upon those of the Stjite Legislature. 3 To bo eligible to the office of Governor a person must be a citizen of the V. S., a resident of the State for the last 5 j'ears previous to election, and must have attained the age of 30 years. The colonial governors of N. Y. were appointed by the crown. Under the Constitution of 1777 they were elected for 3 years and were required to be freeholders. Under the Constitution of 1822, the governor was elected for 2 years, and, in addition to the pre- sent qualifications, was required to lie a native of the U.S. and a freeholder. Under the first State Constitution electors were classified, and only those owning freehold property worth $250 and upward were allowed to vote for Senators and Governor. The aggregate of the several classes at different periods has been as follows : — ■8 o 6oA . 1 o 11^ g Years. «l .« I'll 1 Total. 11 11 s 1T90 19.369 23.426 14.674 138 67.606 1795 36.3.'?8 4.S38 22,698 243 64.017 1801 62.068 6.204 28.522 63 S,i.907 1807 71.1iJ9 5,800 44..3.30 88 121.2,89 1814 87.491 e.S.'il 69.104 20 l.')1.846 1821 100,490 8,985 93,036 20 202.510 3 In cases of treason and impeachment the Governor can only suspend ecntence until the next session of the Legislature, that body alone poesessiug the pardoniug power in such cases. Under the Constitution of 1777, the same restriction was applied in cases of murder. * He also possessed nnder the Constitution of 1777 the power to prorogue the Legislature for a period not exceeding 60 days in one year. This was once done by Gov. Tompkins, to defeat the passage of a bank charter, but without sucLcea. 5 The first court created a council of revision, consisting of the Governor, Chancellor, and judges of the Supreme Court, who sat with closed doors and observed the usual formalities of legislative proceedings. During the continuance of this council it rejected 144 bills, several of which became laws not- withstanding. 6 The fLillowing officers are appointed by the Governor and Senate : — 1 Superintoudent of Bank Department, 1 Au- ditor of Canal Department, 3 Canal Appraisers, 1 Superin- tendent of Onondaga Salt Springs, 6 Commissioners of Emi- gration, 5 Commissioners of Metropolitan Police, 11 Harbor Maators, 9 Wardens of the Port of New York, 2 Special Mardeus to reside at Quarantine, 1 Harbor Master at Al- bany, 1 Health Officer at Quarantine, 1 Physician of Mariue Hospital, 1 Agent for the Onondaga Nation, 1 Attorney to Seneca Nation, directors in certain banks of which tlie State holds stock according to the amount held, as many Ilellgate pilots as the Board of Wardens may recommend. 5 trustees of the Idiot Aaj'ium, trustees of State Lunatic Asylum. 2 com missioners in each co. for loaning moneys of the United States, as many notaries public as the law may allow or the Governor determine, and such other officers and special commissioners as are required from time to time by law. He appoints field officers of regiments and generals of brigades, when such regi- ments and brigades are not fully organized. Under the firet constitution, almost every civil and military office was filled by the Council of Appointment, consisting of the Governor and 4 Senators, chosen annually by the Assembly. In 1821, 8^7 32 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. may remove, under limitations prescribed by statute, most State and county officers.^ He has a private secretary, with a salary of §2000, a clerk and a doorkeeper. Tbe liteutenant Governor is elected at the same time as the Governor, and must possess the same qualifications. He discharges the duties of Governor when a vacancy occurs in that office. He is President of the Senate, having the casting vote in that body, a Commissioner of the Canal Fund and of the Land Office, a member of the Canal Board, a trustee of the Idiot Asylum and of Unitm College, a Regent of the University, and a trustee of the Capitol and State Hall. ^-^ =^^^ ^ The Secretary of State^ is keeper of the State archives ; is a Regent of the University, a Commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, a trustee of the State Idiot Asylum, of Union College, of the Capitol, and of the State Hall. He has specific duties in relation to the publication and distribution of the laws ; the issuing of patents for land, of commissions, par- dons, and peddlers' licenses ; the filing of the declarations of aliens, and the articles of association of companies under gene- ral laws; issuing notices of elections, receiving and reporting statistics of pauperism and crime from sheriffs and county clerks, and furnishing certified copies of laws and other docu- ments in his office. He administers the oath of office to members of the Assembly, and other State officers. His deputy is ex officio Clerk of the Commissioners of the Land Office. The Comptroller^ is the auditor of the public accounts, excepting those payable from the Canal and Bank Funds ; a Com- missioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund ; a member of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of the Idiot Asylum, of Union College, of the Capitol, and State Hall. He has responsible duties in relation to the payment of appropriations made l^y the Legislature, the collection of taxes, and sale of lands sold for taxes, the management of funds, supervision of fire and life insurance companies, loaning of moneys, and other duties connected with the finances of the State. He reports annually to the Legislature the condition of the public funds, the receipts and expenses of the State, the condition of insurance companies, and upon such other matters as he may from time to time be called upon by the Legislature for information. He has a deputy, an accountant, and about a dozen clerks. TTie Treasurer* receives all moneys paid into the treasury, and pays all warrants of the Comp- troller, Auditor of the Canal Department, Superintendent of the Bank Department, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. He is a Commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College. He has a deputy, and two or three clerks. Tlie Attorney General^ is the legal prosecutor and adviser in behalf of the State. He is a military and 6,663 civil officers held nnder this appointment, and most of them at will. From 1822 to lS46,the Governor and i^enate appointed, in addition to moat of those it now appointa, all judicial officers, except justices. Masters and Examiners in Chancery, Supreme Court Commissioners, inspectors for com- mercial purposes, Commissioners of Deeds, several city officers, and State Prison inspectors. 1 Representatives in Congress and members of the State Legis- lature can be elected only. Th(> Goveroor a]>points. on his own authority. Commissioners for taking acknowledgments of Deeds in other States and countries, wreck masters, and certain com- missioners directed to be appointed for special purposes. 3 The Secretary of State waa formerly Clerk of the Council of Appointment and of the Council of Revision, and from 1S23 to 1^4 was Superintendent of Schools. In colonial times he was appointed by the crown; from 1777 to 1822, by the Council of Appointment; and from 1822 to 1846, by the Legislature. s This office was created in 1797, in place of that of Auditor Oeneral, formed by the Provincial Convention; but it was not permanently organized until 1812. The Comptroller was ap- pointed by the Council of Appointment until 1822. when the appointing power was chnnged to the Legislature and the tenure 3f the office fixed at 3 years. * The office of Treasurer, nnder the colonial government and early years of State government, was a very important one ; and for many years after 1777, the Treasurer was appointed by spe- cial act from year to year. About the beginning of the present century, the defalcation of a Treasurer occasioned a revision of the law creating the department; and. from his being the prin- cipal financial officer of the government, the Treasurer became the most unimportant, and his powers were narrowed down to the pa>Tnent of the drafts of other officers. For many years previous to 1822 he was appointed by the Council of Revision : and from 1S22 to 1846. by the Legislature. The accounts of the Treasurer are annually comimred with those of tlie Comptroller, Superintendent of Dank Department, and Auditor of the Canal Department, by a commissioner ajipointed for the purpose; and these officers thus become a check upon each other. The Trea- surer may be suspended for cause, by the Governor, in the receea of the Legislature. 6 This office has existed almost from the beginning of tlie Colonial Government. It was filled by the Council of Appoint- ment from 1777 to 1822. and by the Legislature, with a term of 3 years, from 1S22 to 1846. The Attorney General originally attended the circtiits of Oyer and Terminer, as prosecutor in criminal suits, until 1706, when the State was divided into 8 districts, to each of which an assistant Attorney General was appointed, except in New York, where the head officer officiated personally. In 1818 each co. was made a separate district, and a District Attorney was appointed in each. Th« Attorney General still occasion;illy attends upon important criminal trials ; but his time is chiefly occupied in civil suits in which the State is a party. STATE GOVERNMENT. 33 Commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College, of the Capitol, and State Hall. He baa a deputy and a clerk. The State Engineer and Surveyor' has charge of the engineering department of the canals and such land surveys as involve the interests of the State. He reports annually the statistics of these departments and of railroads. He is a Commissioner of the Land Office, a member of the Canal Board and Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College and the State Hall. He must be a practical engineer. He is assisted by a deputy and 3 clerks. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. United States Courts.— The second of the U. S. Courts comprises New York, Vermont, and Connecticut. A court is held twice a year in each State by a Justice of the Supreme Court and the District Judge of the district in which the court sits. The State of New York is divided into two Judicial Districts, in each of which is held a District Court.'' The officers of this court in each district are a District Judge, Attorney, Marshal, and Clerk. In the Southern District a term is held in each month, at New York ; and in the Northern District one term is held each year at Albany, Utica, Auburn, and Buffalo, and one term annually in St. Lawrence, Clinton, or Franklin co., as the Judge may direct.' These courts have nearly concurrent original jurisdiction in all matters in which tlie United States is a party ; and they take cognizance of offenses against the laws of the U. S. An appeal lies from the District to the Circuit Coui-t, and thence to the Supreme Court. State Courts. — The State Courts consist of a Court for the Trial of Impeachments, tjie Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court and Court of Oyer and Terminer, the County Court and Court of Sessions, Justices' Courts, and City Courts. Tlie Court for tlie Trial of Impeacbnients consists of the Senate and the Judges of the Court of Appeals. Its judg- ments extend only to removal of officials and to disqualification for holding office.* Parties impeached are liable to all the penalties of the civil and criminal laws. This court is a court of record ; its meetings are held at Albany. county, Union. The Court of Appeals,' instituted in 1847, is wmposed of 8 judges, 4 of whom are elected, (one every 2 years.) and 4 of whom are the Judges of the Supreme Court having the shortest term to serve. The judge elected having the shortest term to serve is Chief Judge; (and 6 judges constitute a quorum. This court has power to correct and reverse all proceedings of the Supreme Court, or of the former Supreme Court, and Court of Chancery. It holds 4 terms a year at the Capital; and every 2 years one term must be held in each Judicial District. Its clerk has an office in the State Hall, where the records of this and former State and Colonial Courts are preserved. The State Reporter prepares for the press and pub- lishes the decisions of the court, copies of which are sent to each and franked, under the Governor's hand, to each of the other States and Territories of the 1 ThiB office takes the place of that of " Surveyor General" which existed under the colony. In the earlif-r years of the State Government, numerous and responsible duties were im- posed upon this officer, under acts for the sale and settlenieut ol" lands, the adjustment of disputed titles, boundaries, and In- dian claims, laying out roads, and business relating to the salt Bprinf^s. reserved village plats, and other State property. These duties were discharged from 1784 to 1834 by Simeon De Witt, witli great integrity and success. The' Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney General, and State Engineer are elected biennially at the .=ame time, — their eItK:tion occurring on alternate years from those of the election of the Governor and Lieut. Governor. ^ Unittd States District Courts, — There are two Districts within thia State. The Southern District embraces Columbia, Greene, Ulster, Sullivan, and the counties South. Tlie Northern Dis- trict embraces the remainder of the State. 8 The United States has caused or ordered buildings to bo erected in part for the occonimodation of these courts at New York, Utica. Butfalo, Ogdensburgh, Canandaigua, and Platts- burgh. These edifices are of the most substantial kind, and gener.ally fireproof. * This court has assembled but once. In 1853 it was con- vened for the trial of impeachment of John C. Mather, Canal Commissioner. He was acquitted, 6 t^m^tituii'jn. Art. VT, Stic. 2. Tliis court takes the placo of the ferinr^r '' Cnurt for the Cnrreetion of Errors'' and in scvno respects fills that of the old Supreme Court and Court of Chan- cery. 34 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Tbe Supreme Court. — The State is divided into 8 Judicial DistrictSjMn each of which, ex- cept the first, 4 justices are elected. The clerks of counties are clerks of this court. It has general jurisdiction in law and equity, and power to review the judgments of the County Courts and of the former Court of Common Pleas. This court has three distinct branches, — General TermB, Special Terms, and Circuits. The General Term held by three or more of the Supreme Judges, including the presiding judge, is an appellate court for the review of cases from the courts below, and for deciding solely upon questions of law. Special Terms are held by one Supreme Judge, without a jury, for the decision of equity cases; and Circuit Courts are held by one Supreme Judge, with a jury, for the trial of issues of fact. At least four general terms of this court are held in each district every year. Every county (except Hamilton) has at least one special and two circuit courts annually. A general term of the Supreme Court is held at the Capital in January of each alternate year, for the purpose of arranging the terms of all the Circuit Courts and Couns of Oyer and Terminer, of assigning the business and duties of the justices, and revising the rules of the court. County Courts are held by the County Judge," assisted by two justices of the peace elected annually for the purpose. The judge performs the duty of surrogate, except in counties where the population exceeds 40,000, in which the Legislature may provide for the election of a separate officer as surrogate.* The Legislature may direct the election of local officers, not exceeding two in any county, to discharge the duties of judge and surrogate in case of inability or vacancy in that office, and to exercise such other powers as may be provided by law.* Judges and surrogates receive a salary fixed by the Supervisors, and which cannot be increased during their term of office. County Courts have jurisdiction in civil cases when the real estate, or all the defendants, or all the parties interested are within the co., and where the action of debt,assumpsit,or covenant claimed is not above $2,000, or in actions for injury to the person, or trespass upon property, where the damage claimed does not exceed $500; or in replevin suits where the value claimed is not above $1,000. These courts have equity jurisdiction for the foreclosure of mortgages, the sale of the real estate of infants, tlie partition of lands, admeasurement of dower, the satisfaction of judgment« over $75, and the care and custody of lunatics and habitual drunkards. Surrogate's Courts are held by the County Judge or Surrogate, (in counties where the latter is elected,) and have the ordi- nary jurisdiction of Courts of Probate. Justices' Courts are held by justices of the peace, who have jurisdiction in civil suits where the sum claimed does not exceed $100 in value.* They have jurisdiction in criminal cases for im- posing fines to the amount of $50, and of inflicting imprisonment in the county jail for a term not exceeding 6 months.® Tribunals of Conciliation may be established, and their powers and duties prescribed by law ; but their judgments ai'e not obligatory unless the parties previously agree to abide by Buch decision.' City Courtfii. In each of the cities and in several of the larger villages are courts of local jurisdiction organized under special laws.* * New York State Judicial Districts under the Ad of May 8, 1847:— 1. City and County of New York. 2. Dutcbeps, Kina;s, Orange, Pntnam. Queens, Richmond, Rock- land, Suffolk, and Westcbester Counties. 3. Albany. Columbia, Greene, Renseelaer, Schoharie, Sullivan, and Ulster Counties. 4. Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton. Mnntiiomery, St. Lawience, Saratoga, Schenectady, Warren, and Waaii- ington Counties. 6. Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Oneida, Onondaga, and Oswego Counties. 6. Broome, Chemung, Chenango. Cortland, Delaware, Madiflon, Otsego, Schuyler. Tioga, and Tompkins Counties. 7. Caynga, Liviu'-rston, Monroe, Ontario, Seneca, Steuben,Wayue, and Yates Counties. 8. Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Niagara, Orleans, and Wyoming Counties. * From 1777 to 1822 Judges were appointed by the Council of Appointment; and from 1822 to 1846, by the Governor and Senate. One in each co. was styled " First Judge ;" and a fixed anmber (subsequently 4) of others were called Judges. * Surrogates are elected in Albany, Cayuga. Chautauqua, Oolnrabia. Dutch'-ss, F.rie. Jefferson, Kings, Monroe. New York, Oneida. Onondaga. Ontario, Orange, Otsego, Rensselaer, St. Law- rence, Saratoga, rister, Wa.-^hington, "Wyoming, and Yates cos. * Omstit^itinji, Art. VI, Sec. 15, Special acts have been passed for this purpose, as follows : — Special Judge and Special SJirro- gaU in Cayu;^a. Chautauqua, Jefferson, and Oswego, 1849; WaBfaingtoQ, 1856. Special Judffe in Oneida, Orange, St. Law- rence, and Tioga. 1849; Ulster, 1850; Chenango, 1851 ; SulIiTan, 1854; Essex. 1857; and Tompkins, 1858. The term for which these officers are elected is 3 years, except in Chenango, Tomp- kins, and Ulster, in which it is 4 years. 6 There are 4 justices elected iu each town except Champlain, Ellisburgh, Fort Ann, Hanover, Harmony, Hector. Lenox, Niag- ara. Pomfret. and Potsdam, which have each 5. and Brook- haven, which has 8. Justices were appointed by the Council of Appointment from 1777 to 1822. and by the Supervisors and JndgHfl from 1S24 to 1827. since which they have been electee! a Jin'isfid Statutes, Art. I, Title. 4, Chop. 2, Part 3. 7 OmstituCirm. Art. VI, Sec. 23. 8 The principal City Courts are as follows: — In Alhaiiy. — A Mayor''s Cburt. held by the Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or the Mayor and Recorder jointly, or either of them singly. It is practically held by the Recorder only ; a Onirt of Special 5f'.';sio»5, held by the Recorder or County Judge, with on© or more Justices; a Justices' Cburt, held by 3 Justices elected for the purpose. Two Police Justices elected. In Auburn.— Jufitice^ and Police Courts. Three Justicea of tbe Peace elected. In Brooklyn.— The Ciiy Court., held by the City Judge; Pfy lice Oiwtft and Jiisiicrs' Punrts, for whose convenience the city is divided into 5 districts; ft Cburt of iSJ.vc*'a/ Ses- sions, held by a Justice or Police Justice. In Buffalo.— A Superior Court, held by 3 Justices ; Justices' and Police Oyui-ts. Eight Justices of the Peace and on« Police Justice elected. STATE GOVERNMENT. ^ The ofiBcers in each county, auxiliary to the judiciary, are as follows :—' Tlie District Attorney,^ who is the official prusecutor in all criminal cases coming before the county courts, and has general duties in relation to suits in which the county has an interest. Tbe Slierifly who is charged with the preservation of the public peace and the execution of the orders of the courts. He has charge of the jail and prisoners, and appoints as many deputies as he may deem necessary. He can hold no other office, and is ineligible to the same office for the next 3 years after his term expires. He is required to give bonds, in default of which the office becomes vacant. Tlie County Clerli, who is made the keeper of the county records. He attends the courts and records their proceedings, records deeds and mortgages, liles papers and documents required by law to be preserved in his office, and is the medium of communication between, State and town officers. He is the clerk of the Supreme Court for his county. He appoints a deputy, who, when duly sworn, may discharge all his duties. Foiir Coroners, who are charged with the duty of inquiring into the cause of sudden deaths. Upon being notified, it is their duty to attend at the place where a dead body is found, summon a jury and witnesses, examine into the causes, and make a written report to the county clerk. They also have the sole power of issuing writs against sherifis. A Kegister, performing that part ;;f the duties of county clerks I'elating to the recording of conveyances and mortgages, is elected in New York, Kings, and Westchester counties ; and each of these appoints a deputy. Commissioners of Deeds, to take acknowledgments of deeds and legal documents, are ap- pointed by the Common Councils of cities in such numbers as they may decide, except in New York, where the number is limited to 300, and in Syracuse to 12.* JVotaries Public are appointed by the Governor and Senate for a term of 2 years, and have authority to demand and accept payment of foreign bills of exchange, and to protest the same for nonpayment, and to exercise the duties of Commissioners of Deeds. Their number is limited to 400 in New York, 25 in Troy, and in other cities and towns as many as the Governor may deem proper. Criminal Courts. Courts for the trial of criminal cases consist of the Court of Oyer and Terminer connected with the circuit of the Supreme Court, the Court of Sessions connected with the County Court, City Criminal Courts, and Justices* Courts.* Courts of Oyer and Terminer consist of a Justice of the Supreme Court associated with the County Judge and two Justices of the Sessions, (except in New Y'ork City,) the Supreme Judge and two of the others constituting a quorum for trials. This court has original and general jurisdiction. ^ Courts of Sessions are held by the County Judge and two Justices of Sessions. They have jurisdiction over cases in which the imprisonment in case of conviction is less than ten years. The inferior City Courts and Justices' Courts have jurisdiction over petty criminal cases. Jn Hudson. — A Mayor'x Crnirt. held by the Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or tlie Mayor and Rrcorder jointly or singly ; a Justices' Omrtj held by 2 Justices. Ouo I'olice Justice elect'-d. In NfW Torlc. — The Superior CouH, consiHting of a Chief Justice and 6 Justices; the Qmrt of Oomincni Pleas, com- posed of a Justices ; the Marine Onirt, comiiosed of 3 Justices; the Oitirt of Oyn- and Terminer^ held by a Justice of the Sui'reme Court; the Court of General .Sf-H- Fians, held by the Recorder or City Judge; the Coui't of Special Sessums, held by the Kecorder or City Judge with- out a jury; Police (hu7-ts, held by Special Justices in 4 separate districts : and Justices' or l>istrict Courts, held in (i separate districts. In Ostvrgn. — A Itfcordrr's Court, held by the Recorder, or. In his absence, by the Mayor or any two Aldermen : a Court of Special Sessions, held by the Kecorder. Two Justices elected. In Pouglikcepsie. — Justices' and Police Courts. In Ifochester. — Juxtices' and Police Courts. Three Justices of the Peace and 1 Police Justice elected. In Sclienectady. — Justices' and Police Courts. Four Justices elected. In Syracuse. — JusOceji^ and Pulice Orurts. Tliroo Justices of the Peace and 1 Police Justice elected. In Troy. — A Mayor's Cum-t, held by the Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or the Mayor and Kecorder jointly, or either singly. Practiailly it is held by the Recorder: a Justicei' Court, held by 3 Justices elected for the pui-pose. In Utica. — A Pecordtr's Court, held by the liecordi-r; a Court of Special Sessions, held by the Kecorder and 2 Aldermen. Four Justices and 1 Police Justice elected. 1 By an act parsed April 14, 18.^2. the supervisors may detor- miue whether this shall be a salaried office, and may Hx the com- pensation. In the absence of such action, the District Attorney is paid by fees. 2 Constitution, Art. X, Sec. 1. From 1777 to 1822 sheriffs wer© appointed annually by the Oovernor and Council, and could not hold the office more than 4 snccessive years. They have be«D elected since 1S22. * In towns the duties of the office are performed by justices of the peace. Special commissionerf. for this service were appointed in the several cos. by the Council of Appointment under the first Constitution, and by the Oovernor and Senate under the Cooetitn- tion of 1821. The Governor may appoint, for a term of 4 years, any number of persons not exceeding 5, in any city or co. of other States and of Canada, to take ackuowledgmcnta of instruments or conveyances to be recoided in this State. The consuls, vice- consuls, and ministers of the U. S. in foreign countries, the mayors of London. Liverpool, and Dublin, the provost of Ediu burgh, and pL-rsons appointed by the Governor, not exceeding 3 in each of the cirles of London, Liverpool. Glasgow, J'aris. and Marseilles, may also perform this duty, and administer oaths or affirmations substantiating proofs to documents requiring to bo recorded or to be produced in evidence within this State. * In 1829. CO. clerks were requireil to report to the Secretary of State a transcript of all convictinns and the acutenccs thercou. The intention of this act was to establish evidence in casn of the trial of the same jicrson for a second offense, in which the punish- ment for the same crimes is enhanced in severity. In l.s;i7.the Secretary of State was reit.s*:.—MaieH. 6,219; Feaiiil.-H.7.'.iu3; total, chaj-ged, 1,007 absconded, 849 were born, 2,684 died, aud 646 were 13,422. Koreiguers, 6,6u;j; LunaticH, 1,838; Idiuts, 4;i7; Muteo, booudout. 36. Tcmpiirarilii RdKKd. — foreignera, 58,700 ; Lunatics, 2,408; I Idiots, 696 ; Mutes, 62. 38 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. XiOa.li Comiuissioners' are appointed in eacli county by the Governor and Senate, except in Onondaga, where they are elected. They are paid J to J of one per cent, on all moneys loaned, and are obliged to give bonds and report annually to the Comptroller. ScIlOOl Comoiissioners are elected one in each Assembly District, and under certain circumstances another may be added. They are required to examine and grant certificates to teachers, visit schools, apportion the public moneys, and report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Board of Supervisors in the counties have the power of arranging the several commissioner districts and of increasing the salary of the commissioners above $500. All cities, and many villages, are under special laws with regard to schools, and are more or less exempt from the jurisdiction of County School Commissioners.' Sealers of fVeiglits and Measures are appointed for the State and for each county and town. The State Superintendent has an office at Albany, and he furnishes to the several counties and towns standard sets of weights and measures.' The County Sealer keeps the Standards Children under 16.— Males, 2.776; Females, 3,04.5. Total, 5,821. Number of children instnicted, 3,219. Average 8 months in the year. Nativities of Peraonarelieved in 185S. United States Ireland - Germany England Canada France Scotland Total Causes of Pauperism, as far as ascertained. Intemperance direct Children of intemperjite parents.. Wives with intemperate hus- bands Total intemperance Debauchery Debauchery of parents... Idleness Vagrancy Idiocy - Lunacy Blindness Lameness Sickness Decrepitude Old age Total from all causes reported.. Males. 46,174 42.212 12,601 4.183 1,995 1,094 1,268 108,627 Females. 69,570 50,504 16,173 3,371 2,013 1.995 1,068 134,694 16,669 5,133 21,802 543 392 6.582 1,417 431 1,206 353 1,329 12,607 608 1,948 48,338 9,164 3,140 3,140 16,444 622 376 4,080 904 441 1,833 165 662 10,167 447 2,077 36,917 Total. 104,744 92,716 28,774 7,554 4,008 3,089 2,336 243,221 25,833 8,273 3,140 37,246 1,165 767 9.662 2,321 872 2,739 618 1,991 22,834 1,115 4,025 86,255 1 The first State loan was made by an act passed April 18, 1786, creating bills of credit to the amount of $500,000, the most of which was apportioned among the counties iu propor- tion to their supposed wants, and loaned by officers nptwinted for the purpose. These bills were of convenient denominations aud circulated as money. They were receivable in pa,yinent of tuxes, and for some purposes were legal tender. This' loan was distributed among the counties then existing, as follows : — Albiiny $55,000 New York.. $80,000 .Suffolk $25,000 Dutchess 42,600 Orange 25,000 Ulster 31,000 Kings 11,260 Queens 28,750 Washington 7,500 Montgomery 30,000 Kichmond.. 11,250 Westchester 23,750 The sum of $79,447.63 remained due on the loan of 1786 at the beginning of 1810, and the whole was finall,v called in in 1830, By an act of March 14, 1792, anntlier loan of $500,000 was made and distributed among the counties, as follows ; — Albany 441,000 New York.. $48,260 Saratoga.... $26,000 Clinton S.500 Ontario 3,000 Suffolk 24,000 Columbia 40,760 Orange 27,260 Tioga 6,600 Dutchess 68,000 Otsego 7,600 Ulster 40.500 Herkimer.... 7,000 Orleans 21,500 Washington 33,600 Kings 4.760 Rensselaer. 33.600 Westchester 35,250 Montgomery, .23,500 Richmond.. 4,750 A third lojin of $400,000 was authorized to the several counties, excepting New York, Kings. Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, and Westchester, in proportion to the number of their electors. In case the Supervisors of these counties applied for a share, a fiirther sum of $60,000 was authorized to be issued. In 1819 the above loan was transferred to the Common School Fund. In 1860 the office of Loan Commissioner for the loans of 1792 «nd 1808 was abolished, and the loans remaining in their hands were transferred to the custody of the commissioners for loaning tho U S. Deposit Fund. The U.S.Deposit Fund originated as follows ; An Act of Congress, piissed June 23, 1836, directed the surplus in the trea- sury on the 1st day of Jan. 1837, excepting $5,000,000, to be deposited with the several States in proportion to their repre- sentation. The amount thus deposited was $37,408,869.97, of which N. Y. received $5,352,694.28. This was apportioned to the several counties according to population, as follows ; — Albany $147,107.48 86,081.22 49,698.81 61,604.43 121,113.45 110.417.63 42,991.07 100,337,93 51,087.58 100,298,64 59.491.87 84.165.61 124,.810,71 141,770.83 60.961.74 30.771.91 144,217.61 74.272.61 89.110.77 18,921,82 23,867,24 103,601,02 93,568.65 39,961.06 70.174.02 66.697.62 101,994.55 69,698.02 $33,888.70 40,699.36 93,558.80 98,313.76 29.622.36 90,803,13 93,017.26 96,483,74 48,728.95 130.079.06 78,910.08 39,613.81 76,634.68 102,747.79 142,979.45 119,038.36 664,839.06 65,206.61 190.814.86 149,928.42 100,603.77 111,000,31 56,352.39 94.142.19 124.131.32 28,433.43 61,868.89 136,053.25 Allegany Onondaga Ontario Cattaraugus..-. Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Columbia Rensselaer Richmond Rockland ,. St. Lawrence... Saratoga Schenectady... Schoharie ...... Seneca ■Steuben Snfl'olk Delaware Essex Sullivan Kings Tioga Lewis _... Livingston Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington ... Montgomery..-. New York Westchester.... 2 In Utica and Schenectady the care of schools Is intrusted to "Commissioners of Common Schools;' in Buffalo and Hudson the Comnion Councils are ex officio Commissioners of LScbools; and in Albany. Astoria, Auburn, Brooklyn, Castleton. and Southfield, (Clifton,) College Point, East Chester, Flushing, Jamaica, Lockport, Medina, Newburgh, New York, Oswego, Port Byron, Pougbkeepsie. Pulaski, Fochcster. Salem. Syracuse, Troy. Waterford. "Westfarms. and "N^' bites town, schools are under a Board of Education, usually elected, but in some of the cities appointed by the Common Council. In most cities a Superintendent, who is clerk of the Board, is appointed by the Board of Education for the more immediate supervision of schools and iuspection of teachers. In Buffalo the Superin- tendent is elected. 8 A Omnty Standard consists of — 1. A large balance, comprising a brass beam and scales, with stand and lever. 2. A small balance, with a drawer stand for ?mall weights. 3. A set of large brass weights, namely. 501b., 201b.. lolb., 51b. 4. A set of small brass weights, avoiidupois, namely, 41b., 21b., lib.. 8oz., 4oz., 2oz.. loz., ioz.. ^oz. 5. A brass yard measure, graduated to feet and inches, and the first graduated to eighths of an inch, and also decimally ; with a graduation to cloth measure on the other side; in a case. 6. A set of liquid measures made of copper, namely, 1 gallon, 5 gallon, 1 quart, 1 pint. ^ pint. 1 gill; in a case. 7. A set of dry measures of copper, namely, 5 bushel, 1 peck, ^ peck. 2 quarts, 1 quart; in a case. There are also cases to contain the large brass weights and the necessary packing boxes included, etc. The cost of the set is$;iOO. A Tenon Standard differs in some particulars, as consisting of but one medium sized balance, the large weights being of iron in place of brass; the yard measure being a cast metullic square rod, without decimal graduation, etc.; and likewise with- out cases, in general. The cost of the set is $125. STATE GOVERNMENT. 39 furnished by the State, and is required to have them compared with the State Standard once in 3 years. The Town Sealer is required to examine all weights and measures in use once a year.* Tlie mayors of cities are administrative officers of State laws and executive officers of city ordinances. They are elected annually, except in Albany and New York, where they hold their oflSces for two years. Tbe .Supervisors of towns are administrators of the general laws relating to towns. Tlie President and Trusteesof villages havecharge of every thing pertaining to the welfare of their respective localities within the limits of the charter of incorporation. Trustees of Scbool Districts are the officers recognized by law to whom is intrusted the administration of the school laws within their districts. TurnpiKe Inspectors are appointed in every county in which there are turnpikes, the acts of incorporation of which do not require the appointment of special inspectors. They are 3 to 5 in number, and must have no interest in any turnpike in the State. Planb. Road Inspectors are appointed in every county having plank roads. Their duties are analogous to those of the inspectors of turnpikes ; and they are chiefly intended to protect the public against the collection of tolls when plank roads are unsafe or difficult to travel from neglect or other cause. Commissioners of HigBivi'ays have the power of directing repairs, laying out and altering roads, discontinuing old roads, and of ordering new bridges to be built and kept in renair.^ They must annually divide the towns into road districts, and assign such inhabitants to ^v-ork upon them as they may deem proper ; and they must deposit an accurate description of all new roads in the Town Clerk's office for record. Overseers of IIig"livvays, or " Pathmasters," have charge of road districts.' 1 The statute defines tbe State Standard of Weights and Mea- sures to be the same as that approved by Congress June 14. 1836, and furnished by the U. S. to tbe States in 1842. The set fur- nished consisted of a yai'd, sets of Troy and avoirdupois weights, the wino gallon and tbe half bushel and their subdivisions. Tbe unit of length and surface, from 'which all other measures of extension are derived, whether linear, superficial, or solid, Is tbe yard, which is divided into 3 feet of 1*2 inches each, except for cloths or other articles sold by the 3-ard, when it may be divided into halves, eighths, and sixteenths. Tbo rod contains 5t yards, and the mile 1.760 yards: tbe acre is 160 square rods: the chain for land surveying is 22 yards long and subdivided into 100 linlis; tbe Troy pound is to the avoirdupois as 5,760 to 7,000, the one containing 12 and the other 16 ounces; lOOlbs. avoirdupois form a hundredweight, and 2.00011)8. a ton. All measures of capacity not liquid are derived from tbe half bushel, the subdivisions of which are obtained by dividing repeatedly by 2. Coal, ashes, marl, manure, corn in the ear, fruit, and roots, are sold by heap measure. Tbe Standards now in use do not Tary essentially from those ostablished by tbe State Government belbre stauihirds were fur- nished by the U. S. As formerly defined, the uuit of linear mea- Bure was the yard, which bore tlie ratio of 1.000.000 to 1.086,140, to a pendulum beating seconds in a vacuum at the tempera- ture of melting ice at Columbia College. A cubic foot of water at its maximum density in vacuo was declared equal to 1000 ounces avoirdupois. The liquid gallon to contain ^Ibs., and the dry gallon lOlbs.. of distilled water at its greatest density and mean pressure at sea level. Weights qf articles per bushel as fixed hy Standard. ARTICLES. LBS. ARTICLES. LBS. ARTICLES. LBS. 62 60 58 48 >18 Flaxseed Oats 55 32 60 60 56 56 44 60 Cloverseed. Salt Peas Timothy Wheat Buckwheat Potatoes 3 Roads extending through several towns may be laid out by commissioners appointed by the Supervisors; and those extend- ing through several counties are usually laid out by special com- missioners appointed by law, Tbe commi^^sioners of highways are required to report annually, at town meeting, their receipts and expenditures, and a statement of what improvements arc necessary, and the cost of obtaining them. These estimates are referred to the Hoard of Supervisors, and assessed as other town charges. They may summon jurors and witnesses in opening and closing road^. I{o.ids through improved lands must beccr- tifled ap necessary by the oath of twelve respectable freeholders : and a like certiticate to tbe contrary is required in closing roads. Every owner may obtain a road to his land. New roads cannot be laid through orchards or gardens of more than four years' growth or use. or tbrouRli buildings or yards, and inclosures of mills and factorips. witlmut the owner's consent. The law rcquin-s the cnmmisflioiier^ of liighways to erect mileboards along tlie line.and guiiVboards at the crossing of post and such other important roads as they may deem proper; and the defacing of these is punishable as a misde- meanor. Every ouNTier or occupant of lands in any tovra, and every male inhabitant above the age of 21, must be assessed for highway labor. The whole number of days' labor annually ex- pended in the town must be at least three times the number of taxable inhabitants; and every male inhabitant over 21, except ministers, paupers, idiots, and lunatics, must be assessed at least one day. The residue is assessed upon the property of in- dividuals and corporations. Labor may be commuted at the rate of 62J^ cts. per day; and the moneys bo paid must be ex- pended in the district. 3 Overseers of lligbways are required by law to warn out to work all persons assessed lor highway labor in their respective districts ; keep their roads in order; superiutend work; receive and apply commutation moneys ; cause the noxious weeds upon the wayside to be cut down or destroyed once before July and once before Sept. of each year; remove obstructions; and collect all fines, whether for neglect of work, idleness, or putting up of gates contrary to law. They may require additional labor, to the amount of one-third of the first tax. All roads must be fenced by the owners of adjacent lands, unless liable to be over- flowed by streams, when the overseers of highways must erect, and keep in repair, good swinging gates at the expense of the lands benefitted ; and persons leaving such gates open are liable to triple damages. All rivers where tbe tide ebbs and flows are public highways, without special law. Many other streams have bet'U so declared by acts, and obstructions in such streams and in highways are punished by fine, notwithstanding a plea of title. Such obstructions may be abated as nuisances; and the persons causing them are liable to actions for damage. Persons owning lands upon roads 3 rods wide, or more, may plant trees on tbe roadside adjacent to their line, and may prosecute for damages to such trees. They may also construct a sidewalk, with a railing. Trees falling into tbe road from inclosed lands must be remove'! by the occupant within 2 days, ntter notice by any person, under a fine of 50 cts. a day. Assessors and con>- mifisioners of highways are ex officio fence viewers in their sev- eral towns. In case of fires in the woods of any town, it is the duty of tbe supervisor, justices, and cummissioners of highways to order such and so many inhabitants, liable to work upon the roads, as may be deemed necessary, and reside near, to assist in checking the fires, under penalty of $50. and hability to proee- cntion fur misdemeanor, and fiirtlier fine not over $100 or im- prisonment not more than 60 days. Persons aggrieved at the decision of commissioners may ap peal to referees appointed by tbe county judge or justices of sessions. Kings. Queens, and Suffolk cos, have from an early colonial period had a road law peculiar to themselves. It differs by fixing tbo number of days at twice the number of persons assessed, in granting private roads for limited periods, in allow ing roads through gardens and orchards of less than ie^ j'ears* use or growth, by allowing appeals to the crnnty Judge, and in a few other minor details. Richmond co. baa also a sptcial law, which requires assessments in vKmcy only, to be cnllntL-d wilh the general tax, and the repairs of roads to be let out ut publi« auction by districts from year to year and to the lowest bidder. There are many other special laws, chiefly aiqjlicable to citiei and villages, but too numerous to mention hero. 40 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER, SUMMARY OP THE SEVERAL STATE, COUNTY, AND TOWN OFFICERS. United States Senators Representatives in Congress.... STATE OFFICERS. Legislative — State Senators.. Members of Asaembly ESECDTIVE — Governor Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State Comptroller Treasurer Attorney Gener^ State Engineer and Sui'veyor... Judicial — Judges of the Court of Appeals** Jiisticeg of the Supreme Court Clerk of the Court of Appeals.. State Reporter Administrative — fSupt. of Public Instruction... t^ Regents of the University^ ... bupt. of Banking Department. Inspectors of State Prisons Canal Commissioners Auditor of Canal Department.. Canal Appraisers Supt. of Weights and Meaaures State Assessors COUNTY OFFICERS. County Judge Surrogate (in certain counties) Special Judges and Sm'rogates" Justices of Sessions Di.strict Attorney Sheriff Coroners Treasurer County Clork Commissioners for loaning moneys of the U. S School Commissioners'^ Superintendents of the Poor.... Commissioners of Excise I County Sealer of Weights Measures. I Notaries Public and Turnpike Inspectors*.... Plank Road Inspectors . TOWN OFFICERS. Supervisor... Town Clerk.. Inspectors of Election/ Justices of the Peace Constables') Assessors* Collector Orerseers of the Poob Commissioners of Highways... Overseers of Highways ■! Pound Masters Town Sealer of Weights and Measures SCHOOL DIST. OFFICERS. Trustees* District Clerk Collector Libi'arian Jbtol Tears Commerue- No. in in ment of term State. Office. 2 33 82 128 33 1 1 19 1 3 3 1 3 No. in each Co. 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 or 3 3 1 Fixed by Gov. 3 3 No. in ea. tou^n. 1 1 3 to 18 4ff 1 to5 3 1 lor 2 lor 3 1 to each road dis. Iiidef. each dint. lor 3 1 1 1 Indef. 3 Indef. 2 4 1 3 1 "3 1 1 January 1. ffow filled. Legislature. Election. Date of appt, January 1. Date of appt. January 1. let Tnes.Aug January 1. Date of Appt January 1. Date of Appt. j Gov.. Lt. Gov.. \ & Atty. Gen. Legislature. Gov. & Senate. Election. Gov. & Senate. /Gov., Lt.Gov., t& Sec. of State. Gov. & Senate. January 1. Date of Elec. Gov. & Senate. Election. f Judges and \ Just, of Sess. Supervisors. Gov. & Senate. Supervisors. Superv. & j. p. Election. Vacancies how Jilled. Governor. Special election. Lieut. Gov. Pres. j).i, of Sen Governor. Gov., Lt.Gov.,1 & Atty. Gen. j Governor. Legislature. Governor. Gov., Lt. Gov., 1 & Sec. of State. * Governor. Supervisors. Governor. County Judge. Supervisors. Judge £ Justices SupervisorB. Governor. Supervisors. Sped, town meet. f Superv. town 1 I clerk, & jus. J Governor. Sped, town meet. Superv. &. 2 jus. Sped, town meet. Com. highways. Justices. Superv. k j. p. Supt-rvisor. Trustees. Compensation, $3,000 and mileage. J per day and mileage. $4,000 and house rent. |6 per day and mileage. $2,500. $2,000. $2,500. $2,500 before 1857 ; $3,500 since. Ditto. $2,000. $2,500. None. $5,000. $1,600. $2,000. ?'2.500. $2,000. $500. Sal. fixed by Supervisors. Per diem. Fees or salary. Fees. Per diem. Percentage. Fees. Percentage. Not less than $500. Per diem or salary. Per diem. Fees. Fees. Per diem. Per diem. Fees and per diem. Per diem. Fees. Fees. Per diem. Percentage. Per diem. Fees. Fees. • 4 elected for 8 yrs., and 4 senior Justices of Supreme Court. * 4 others are ex officio Regents. e Regulated by spocial acts. J One in each Assembly district. ' In certain counties. /2 inspectors are elected and 1 appointed from the m-xt high- est ticket, to each election dist. by the chairman of town mtet- ' ings. In cities there is 1 such dist. if under 500 inhabitants ; 2, if from 500 to 800; and there may be more if above SOO. In to\vns of over 500. the supervisor, assessors, and clerk meet annually to designate or change these districts. If vacancies of supervisors, assessors, commissioners of liighways, or nvfrtjcers of the poor are not filled witliin 15 days, the justices may ap- ©oi?it ; and, if from any cause there be less than 3, they may asso- 1 elate justices of neighboring towns in making appointments. s Towns in Sullivan co. may have 1 or 3: and if l,he is chosen annually. Oyster Bay, Oswegatchie, and Watervliet have 5, and Southold 6. * Towns may decide upon the number. Manlius has 7. * In Seneca co. 1 in each town. J See exceptions on p. 36. * Annual school meetings determine whether to elect 1 or 3. Among the officers of local jurisdiction, not included in the foregoing lists, are harbor masters, wardens, health officers, and others connected with sanitary supt-rvision. pilots, wreck mas- cers. superintendent of Onondaga salt springs, and officers charged with duties relating to Indian affairs. PRISONS. For a great number of offenses criminals are sentenced to be confined at labor for different periods of time, and the State has provided prisons at several places for the security of these offenders against law,^ The principal of these are the three State Prisons, an Asylum fur Insane Convicts, two Houses of Refuge, and several penitentiaries and jails. Ttie Auburn State Prison is located upon a lot of 10 acres near the center of the city of Auburn, It consists of the prison proper, containing 800 cells and a large number of workshops, all surrounded by a high and strong wall. The Sing" Singr State Prison is located upon a lot of 130 acres upon the Hudson, in the village of Sing Sing. It contains a prison for males and another for females, the latter the only one in the State. It has au aggregate of 1,000 cells and a great variety of workshops.^ The Clinton State Prison is situated upon a lot of 250 acres in the town of Dannemora. About 25 acres are inclosed within the walls of the prison. It contains workshops, forges, and furnaces, and has an aggregate of 39G folla.' The general supervision of the State Prisons is intrusted to a Board of 3 Inspectors, one of whom is elected each year for a term of three years.* They appoint all the officers of the several prisons and renew them at pleasure.^ The discipline of the several prisons is rigid and uniform, and all convicts are treated alike, irrespective of their former standing in society or of the crimes of which they are convicted. The rules for the general conduct of prisoners are rigidly enforced. In the administration of discipline a leading object is to secure the reform of the criminal and his return to society with regular and industrious habits and correct moral principles.^ All convicts in health are required to labor in shops by day, under rigid supervision, and without exchanging words or looks with each other or with those who may visit the prison. They observe strict silence upon all occasions when not addressed by some person allowed the privilege. In passing to and from the cells, shops, and dining rooms, they march in close single columns, with their 1 By an act of March 26, 1796, John Watts, Matthew Clarkson, Isaac Sloatenburgh, Thomas Eddy, and John Murray, jr. were appointed commisai oners to build a State prison in New York City. Ttiis prison, styled ''•Newgate" was located on a lot of 9 acres on the Hudson, at the foot of Amos St. with its principal front on Greenwich St. It waa 204 feet long, and from each end a wing extended to the river. It had 54 rooms, each for 8 persons, and cost $208,846. It was opened Nov. 25, 1797, and continued in use until May, 1828, when it was sold. Convicts were employed in shoe and nail making and other work in leather and iron, and as carpenters, tailors, weavers, spinners, and gardeners. A second prison was ordered, in 1796. to be built at Albany, but the act was repealed in 1797. The limited accommodations and wretched moral influences of the New York prison led to the ordering of another prison, in 1816, which was located at Auburn. The Bonth wing was completed in 1818, and in 1819 the north wing was ordered to be fitted up with single cells. The prison was enlarged in 1824. 2 An act passed March 7, 1824, ordered a prison to he erected at Sing Sing. Work was begun May 14, 1825, and the prison waa finished in 1829, with 800 cells, to which 200 were added in 1830. It was finally completed in 1831. The grounds here occupy 130 acres, and include marble quarries, upon which it was designed to employ the convicts. The State Ilall at Albany is built of magnesian marble or dolomite quarried and dressed at this prison. The prison for females is built of rough marble in the Ionic style of architecture. It stands on elevated ground and is entirely distinct from the male prison in its ofiBces and management. Previous to its erection, in 1835-40, female con- victs were kept by the city of New York at their prison at Bellevue, at an annual cost to the State of $100 each. * Clinton Prison was built, in 1844-45. under the direction of Ransom Cook, with the design of employing convicts in iron mining and manufacture. < These Inspectors must visit all the State prisons four times a year, in company, inspect their management, discipline, and financial affairs, keep minutes of their proceedings, and report annually to the Legislature. They establish rules for the ob- servance of the officers of the prisons, and may examine witnesses. One prison is assigned to each Inspector for three months, and he is required to spend at least one week in each month at the prison in special charge, and to inform himself minutely concerning its details. The 1 nspectors are successively changed to other prisons. Inspectors can make no appoint- ments of relations within the 3d degree, and they can have no interest in contracts. Their salary is $1600. — Ctmstitution, Art. V, &/-. 4. 6 The officers of each prfison consist of the following : — 1. An Agentj or Warden, who is the principal flscai officer of the prison. He receives a salary of $1,250 to $1,500, and is re- quired to give a bond of $25,000. 2. A Principal Keeper^ who has charge of police regulations and discipline of the prison, and must live upon the premises. lie keeps a journal of every infraction of rules, records, punish- ments, complaints, &c., and reports monthly to the Inspectors. Salary, $ . 3. Keepers under the direction of the Principal are appointed, not to exceed 1 for every 25 prisoners. Salary, $ . 4. A Clerk, who records all commitments and discharges, keeps the accounts, and reports annually to the Secretary of State. Salary. $1,000 at Sing Sing and $900 at the other prisons. 5. I7ie Cliaplain visits prisoners in their cells, devotes a stated time e,^ch Sabbath to religious services, keeps the prison library, and allows the use of books, under proper regulations, and is expected to counsel and assist convicts in the formation of settled resolutions for reform upon leaving the prison. Through him they may obtain whatever is allowed of correspondence with friends. Salary, $900. 6. A Physician and Surgeon, who has charge of the Hospital and attends at all times when his services are required. Salary, $700 at Sing Sing and $600 at the other prisons. 7. I-nstructors, of which there are 2 each at Auburn and Sing Sing, 1 at Clinton, and 1 at the Female Prison, who give all ne- cessary instruction to the prisoners in their several occupations. 8. A Store Keeper, who has general charge of the provisions and clothing and other property belonging to the prison. 9. A Guardy under the command of a sergeant, who are stationed in the prison and upon the walls to prevent escapes. The number of privates is 20 at Auburn. 25 at Clinton, and 30 at Sing Sing. They are armed and equipped from the State arsenals, and are held legally justified if they shoot down prisoners attempting to escape. 10. -4 i/(7/roH. who has charge of the Female Prison. Assistant matrons are appointed, not to exceed 1 for every 25 prisoners. fl Solitary confinement without labor was tried at Auburn in 1821, but with the most unhappy results, and in 1S23 the present system was adopted upon the suggestion of Capt. Elam Lynds and John D. Cray. Capt. Lynds deserves particular notice from the energy and firmness with which he brouglit his favorite system into successful operation and to a degree of perfection scarcely conceivable to one who had not witnessed it. This plan has been adopted in many prisons and has received the name of the -'Auburn System.'' The labor nut rt-qiiired in the domestic affairs of these prisons is hired upon cuntract to manufacturers, who put up the reqiiisite machinery and iinploy agents and foremen to superintend the work. Wijllul viDlutiou of the rules is punished by the laah. ball and cliaiii, yoke, strait jacket, shower bath, dark cell, and similar means. 41 42 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. faces turned to the side on which their keeper walks. Their shops have narrow openings in tJie walls, through which they may be seen without the possibility of knowing it. They are con- fined at night in solitary cells ; and guards with woolen socks tread silently around their cells at all hours of the night. The fare is abundant, but coarse ; and all convicts are required to wear a costume peculiar to the prison.' All Asylum for Insane Convicts is located at Auburn, in the rear of the prison. It is under the general charge of a medical superiutendent.'' Tlie Me-w York House of Refuge, situated upon Randalls Island, near New York City, is an establishment for the reformation of juvenile offenders. It is partly a State and partly a city institution.' TUe Western House of Refug'e, located upon a farm of 42J acres in Rochester, is another juvenile establishment of a similar kind. It is entirely under State patronage. These institutions are under rigid discipline ; and the inmates receive instruction in the elementary branches of education during certain hours of the day, and are required to labor during certain other hours. The New York iustitutiou was established in 1821, and receives both Bexes. The Rochester institution was started in 1849, and receives boys only.' Tlie Prison Association of :Sfe w York, was formed Dec. 6, 1844, and incorporated May 9, 1846. It has for its objects the amelioration of the condition of prisoners, whether detained for trial or finally convicted, or as witnesses ; the improvement of prison discipline and of the govern- ment of prisons, whether for cities, counties, or States ; and the support and encouragement of reformed convicts after their discharge, by affording them the means of obtaining an honest liveli- hood and sustaining them in their efforts at reform.^ The association is supported entirely by private contribution. The members pay $10 annually. The payment of $25 constitutes a member STATISTICS OP STATE PRISONS. 1 CONVlnTS. lapENSES mdoiirao mpRovEMims. i )^ SingSit)^. ^ .J ^ £3 s ».£ E Ol ■S - ^ s .o g R ■3 §■ c .g 1 ? K 5 p N ^ a; O S ■^ is s S ^ is e e 1848 497 6S4 so 146 1.387 $53,456.71 $51,662.77 $6,549.46 $110,668.94 $66,960,41 $97,221.41 $39,900,98 $204,082,80 1849 51 a 6.'',7 76 157 1,382 63.021.64 63,062,83 13,210.97 139.285.34 66,777,99 81,8.50.28 60,126.47 188,764.74 1850 GOl fifil 84 119 1.625 68,737.31 71,178.99 18,451,95 158,368.25 71,164.07 96,828,64 37,698.97 204,686,68 1851 761i 723 73 114 1,663 73,494,91 88,385,27 17,664,10 179,544.23 88,546.25 79,606.82 37,968.13 206,011,20 1862 769 7S8 81 126 1,763 64,986.29 99,380.12 29,736,20 194,102.61 86,291.73 85,414.42 39,825,20 211,6.31,35 1863 753 865 96 1H6 1,900 81,150.24 99,082.89 37,207,77 217.440.90 80,516.37 120,818.73 49,483.14 250.818.24 1854 747 933 110 199 1.9S9 81.994.74 95.345,34 41,674,04 219,014.12 72,417.82 136,142.24 61,088.75 269.648.81 1855 7S0 915 111 iH9 2.005 74,948.53 90,904,71 32,372.19 198,225,43 67,783.16 116.774.37 48,832.42 233,389.94 1856 fiS6 862 101 304 1,963 72,763.48 86,440.89 38,100.76 197,305.13 69,915.46 100,623,39 66,032.74 226,471,57 1867 678 976 84 278 2,016 69,954,08 94,946.97 26,882.58 191,783.63 74,180,36 109,586.53 47.947,29 231,714,17 The Burplus expenses of the State prisons are paid from the gooeral fund. For a fuller account of those institutions, Bee I?itrodiictioii to Natural History of New York, Vol. 1, pp. 181-18S. 2 Until 1859. persona charf;ed with crime and provt^d insane were sent to tlie State Luuiitic Asylum at Utica. An act for the erection of the present asylum was passed April 13, 1855, and the building was completed in 1858. 8 The New York Asylum is conducted by a close corporation, lonsisting of 30 manager8,who serve without pay and report annu- ally to the Common Council of New York and to the State Legis- lature. It is supported by the labor of its inmates, an annual appropriation from the Marine Hospital fund, theater and circus licenses, school moneys from the Board of Education, and grants from the City and State of New York. It can accommodate 1,000 inmates. In 1858 there were received 378 ; of which num- ber 304 were boys and 74 were girls. The former are engaged in making shoes, chair-seats, wire cloth, weaving. &c.; and the latter in needlework. Each day 7 hours are devoted to labor, 4^ to school, Is to meals, 94 to sleep, and H to recreation. * Statistics of Houses of Refuge fm- 1S57. Coat per capita Officers employed Aggregate salaries Revenue from labor Per cent, reformed Average period of detention Deaths since opening '* in last 12 months Escapes since opening '* in last 12 months Average age of inmates,. Cost of location and buildings.. Annual cxpeuses New Torl\ Rochester. $86 $96 ,31 $9,119 $8,346 $13,414 $12,000 76 76 16 mo. 24 mo. 59 14 3 1 97 9 4 13t 13i $330,441 $110,000 $42,005 30,000 The Western House of Refuge is supported by the labor of its inmates, tbe product of its larm. and an annual State appro- priation. Its managers are appointed for a term of 3 years by the Governor and Senate, and are so classified that 5 are ap- pointed annually. Its rules require half an hour more at labor and an hour less at school than is required at the New York Asylum ; and 10 hours are allowed for sleep. In 1859. 508 boys were received at this institution. Of these. 128 were employed in making chains. 171 in making shoes, 37 in making brushes, 7 upon the farm. 20 in the serving rooms, and 23 aa domestics. & The condition of prisoners has from a remote period enlisted the sympathies of the benevolent and led to assoOiated efforts for their relief. A society was formed in New York, soon after the Revolution, for the relief of imprisoned debtors. " The Philadelphia Society for alleviating the miseries of Public Prisons" was formed over 80 years since by the Friends; and the Prison Discipline SociL'ty of Boston is nearly 20 years older than that of similar objects in New York. The Prison Associa- tion of New York for some time issued a bulletin called the '■ Monthly Record." The female department for some years maintained a Home for tbe temporary residence of discharged female prisoners until other means of support could be fourd. This Association haw for several years appointed committees tbr visiting county jails ; and the fiicts reported show abundant reason for continuing efforts for reform in their management. The aid furnished by this association to dischargfd convicts during the last three years reported has been as follows : — Number of discharged persons aided with 1854. 1855. 1866. money 230 439 282 Number supplied with clothing 131 147 138 Number provided with situations 62 155 112 Total 413 741 632 MILITARY. 43 for life ; of $100, an honorary member of the Executive Committee for life, and $500 a life patron. A department, consisting of ladies, has in charge the interests of prisoners of their sex. The managers of the association receive no pay for their services. They usually report to the Legisla- ture annually; but no reports were made in 185G and 1858. Office, 15 Center Street, New York. MILITARY. The Governor is Commander-in- Chief of the land and naval forces of the State. In time of peace the supervision of the militia and mili- I tary establishments is intrusted to the Adjutant General, who has an office of record at the capital, ^ issues, under his seal, all military commissions, keeps a register of the names and residences of the officers of militia throughout the State, issues all orders on behalf of the Commander-in-Chief, prescribes the manner of reporting from the several subordinate divisions, and reports th( statistics thus obtained — through the Governor — to the Leg!.-- lature annually.' lie has the rank of brigadier general; and his assistant has the rank of colonel. The militia of the State is composed of 8 divisions, 26 brigades, and 62 regiments embracing 220 companies of infantry, 126 of artillery, 41 ot cavalry, 37 of rifles, and a total of 18,107 officers and privates.' All able-bodied white male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45, not exempt by law, are 1 OFFICKRS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MILITIA. Major Generals Srigadier Generals.. s- oj a * K M <^\ O K •< 2 cd a< B z w EC «0 O Adjntant fJpneral Assistant Adjutant General Divisiiin fngpectors (Colonels)... Brigade Tnspectora (Miyors) Adjutants (Lieutenants) Inspector General Commissary General- Assistant Commissary General... En^ineer-in-Chief I Division Engineers (Colonels) I Bripide Engineers (Majors! Regimental Engineers (Cuptains).. Judge Advocate General Division Judge Advocates (Colonels)... 1 Brigade Judge Advocates (Majors) Snrgpnn Ooneral , I Ilnspital Surgeons (Colonels) Surgeons (Captains) , Surgeon's Mates (Lieutenants).., E K w : Quartermaster General ; J Division Quartenniisters (Lieut. Cols.).. j 1 Briirade Quartermasters (Captains).. Regimental Quartermasters (Lieuton&nte). (Paymaster Genpral , Pivi'tinn Paymasters (Majors! Bri'iadc P»yni;i.ttei-ii (CiiptainsV. Regimnntrtl PaymaBters (Lieutenants).. Aids -de-Camp f Colonels.. 1 Lieutenant Colonels.. Majors [Captains P" g < First Lieutenants '-'O l_ Second Lieutenants Non-Commiaaioned Staff Company Non -Commissioned Officers, Mu- sicians, and Privates St.\ff ( Sappers and Miners (attached to Engineer Corps. \ Department) Total 18,107 60 60 5S 402 460 143 15,874 103 The office of the Adjutant General was- made an ofGce of record in 1827, previoua to which commissions were issued by the Secretary of State, under the privy seal of the Governor. 2 In Jan., 1859, the division districts were as follows: — 1. New York and Richmond cos. 2. Kings. Orange, Putnam, Queens, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester cos. 3. Albany. Columbia. Dutchesa. Greene, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Sullivan. Ulster, and Washington cos. 4. Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence, and Warren cos. 5. Broome, Chenango, Cortland. Delaware, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Madison, Montgomery, Otsego, Schenectady, and Sclioharie cos. 6. Cayugjv. On(i.I;i, Onondaga, Oswego, Schuyler, Seneca, Tioga, and Tom])kin8 cos, 7. Giemung. Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Stoubon, Wayne, and Yates COS. 8. Allegany. Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Niagara, Orleans, and Wyoming cos. The estimated number of enrolled militia, at the beginning of 18.i9, was 350,000. Those included in regimt-nts were as follows : — Infantry 7.400 privates, and 8,094 including officera. Artillnry ....5.365 " *' 6,760 « « Cavalry 1.590 « « 1.733 « " Rifles J,429 « « 1,528 " •* 44 NEAV YOKK STATE GAZETTEER. liable to military duty. An enrolment is made annually by the assessors.^ Militia officers ar© chosen by election ;^ excepting major generals and the Commissary General, who are appointed by the Governor and Senate. Staff ofiicers are appointed by the commanding officer of the forces to which they are attached.* The Adjutant General, Judge Advocate General, Quartermaster General, Paymaster General, Surgeon General, Engineer-in-Chief, and one Instructor of Artillery and one of Cavalry to each division, are appointed by the Governor.* Arsenals* An arsenal is provided for each division of the Militia, and an armory for each regiment. The general custody and supervision of the military property of the State is intrusted to the Commissary General, who has his office in New York, and reports annually through the Governor to the Lciirislature.* 1 The laws of the U. S. exempt from military service the Vice Preeident, the Judicial and Executive officers of the Oovern- ment of tlie U. S., membera aod officers of both Houses of Con- gress, customhouse officers and clerlts. post officers and stage drivers in charge of mails, ferrymen on post roads, inspectors of exports, pilots and mariners in actual sea service. The State exempts, besides the above, persons in the army and nary and those honorably discharged therefrom, preachers of every sect, commissioned ofBcers and privates of uniformed companies who have resigned after seven years' service, and certain firemen. All otliera may commute by paying 50 cts. annually, except in Kings and New York cos. and the cities of Albany and Buffalo, where the commutation is fixed at 75 cts. These moneys are paid to the collectors of taxes and applied to the military fund,— from which the officers and men of regi- ments are p;iid, from $1.25 to $4, according to rank, for every day's military 8er\ice. Persons going to, remaining at, or re- turning from military duty are exempt from arrest upon civil process. Previous to the act of 1846, the State contained 33 divisions, 66 brigades, 272 regiments, and 1836 companies, and numbered 141,436 officers and men. The number of enrolled militia had been as follows, at different periods : — 5J» i> c 1 a 1 "f^ 1 S Total. 1805 74.429 1,700 1,8.52 77.982 ISIO 86.673 2,619 3.385 92,677 1815 90,383 6,364 2,158 98,905 182U 112,760 6,638 3,132 123 ITi/rse ArtilVy. 122,663 1825 131,.561 4.432 2.505 646 146,805 1830 166,514 12.803 6.814 1,763 188,610 isas 168,786 11,698 7.317 1,174 192,083 18-W 163.300 9.082 7,336 183,100 1845] 141,436 S,369 3,849 4,276 162,427 * Under the Constitution of 1777, nearly every military as well as civil officer in the State received his appointment from the Council of Appointment, and mostly held during their pleasure. The Constitution of 1S22 introduced the following system, now in use: — " Militia officers shall be chosen or appointed, as fol- lows : Captains, subalterns, and non-commissioned officers shall be chosen by the written votes of the members of their re- spective companies; field officers of regiments and separate battalions, by the written votes of tho commissioned officers of the respective regiments and separate battalions ; brigadier generals and brigade inspectors, by the field officers of their re- spective brigades ; major generals, brigadier generals, and com- manding officers of regiments or separate battalions shall ap- point the staff officers to their respective divisions, brigades, regiments, or separate battalions." — Cnnstitution, 1822, Art. IV, Sec. 1 ; Constitution, Art. XI, Sec. 2. The above rule does not apply to regiments and brigades not ftilly organized. If the former contam less than 6 companies, the field officers are appointed by the Governor ; and if the brigades are not within the requirements of the law. the briga^ dier generals are also appoint<'d by tiie Governor. Ckmst. 1846. 3 The staff of the Commander-in-Chief consists of the Adju- tantGeneral. InspectorGeneral. CommissaryGeneral, Engineer- in-Chief, Judge Advocate General, Surgeon General. Quarter- master General, Pajinaa ter General, Aids-de-Camp, and Military Secretary, who severally rank in the order here given. The precedence and gradation of officers and non-commissioned offi- cers in the militia is as f 'Hows: — 1. The Commander-in-Chief. 8. First Lieutenant. 2. Major Gen<^ral. 9. Second Lieutenant. 3. Brigadier General. 10. Sergeant-Major. 4. Colonel. 11. Quartermaster Sergeant. 5. Lieutenant Colonel. 12. First Seigeant. 6. Major. 13. Sergeant. 'i . Captain. 14. Corporal. In each grade precedence ia g iven by priority in date of elec tlon, or appointment. * The instructors, wiOi the rank of colonel, are attached to the headquarters of the division, and hold by the same tenure as commissioned officL^rs of the line. Instructors and division engineers must pass an examination as to special qualification before a board of not les.s than five offict-rs, convened by the Commander-in-Chief. Appointments to this office have hitherto been made entirely from among the graduates of West Point. 5 The Constitution of 1777 ordaiued that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitant-e, should be established in every county of the State; but this pro- vision was never fully carried out. An arsenal was built at New York at an early period, and another at Albany soon after, the latter on the site purchased for a State prison. Under an act of Feb. 12, 1808, entitled "An Act for the defense of the northern and western frontiers," and by subsequent acts, arse- nals were erected at Canandaigua, Eatavia, Onondaga Hollow, Rome, "VVatertown, Eussell, Malone, Plattsburgh, and iClizabeth- town. The arsenal at Plattsburgh was burned in 1813 or '14, and tho one at Rome, which occupied the present site of St. Peter's Church, was burned with its contents a few years since. Neither hiis been rebuilt. In 1844 the State leased of the city of Buffalo a market building on Batavia St. for an arsenal. Magazines were also located at New York, at Albany, and on Staten Island. In 1850 these arsenals were mostly ordered to be sold, together with such arms and other property as had become unserviceable for mihtary purposes. An arsenal occupying the site of an old powder magazine of the Dutch, between Center, Elm, Franklin, and White Streets. New York, was authorized to be sold in 1844, and a new one was dbected to be built. The site was purchased by the city for $30,000, and a new city armory was built, on the corner of White and Elm Streets. In 1808 the city of New York conveyed to the State a tract of ground upon Fifth Ave- nue, between Sixty-Third and Sixty-Fifth Sts.. upon which a magazine was erected. In 1844 the Legislature authorized a new arsenal to be erected on these premises with such moneys as might be paid by the U. S. for the military works upon Stat*n Island. The sale was completed in April, "lS47. for 537.284.87, of which $33,284.87 was applicable to the arsenal. The work was commenced, but in March, 1848, was suspended by the Commissioners of the Land Office, to whose charge and that of the Commissary General the work had been intrusted. It was alleged that the latter officer had expended moneys most un- warrantably; and subsequent observation has proved that the structure was unfit for this or, in fact, for any other pm-pose. — Assembli/ Doc. 1856, No. 141. Senate Doc. 1S48, No. 54. In la\ing out the Central Park, the premises consi.-^ting of 152 building lots, valued in 1856 at $206,000. were included in the proposed improvement, and an act was passed. April 15. 1857. under which this property, which the State purchased in 1808 for $700. was conveyed back to the city for $275,000. Of this sum $100,000 was made apphcable to the erection of an ar- senal at New York; $45,000 for an arsenal at Buffalo; $40,000 for an arsenal in Brooklyn; $25,000 for the improvement of the arsenal at Albany and the erection of an armory; $17,000 for the purchase of the U. S. arsenal at Fvome; $14,000 for an arsenal at Corning, and for armories; $5,000 at Rochester. $6,000 at Troy, $4,000 at Auburn, $4,000 at Syracuse, $4,000 at Utica, $3,000 at Ballston Spa, $3,000 at Dunku-k. $3,000 at Ogdensburgh. 53.000 at Oswego, and $3,000 for the purchase of a stone fort in .'^choharie for an armory. The arsenal in Albany, by act of April 17, 1858, was exchanged vrith the city for a site on Hudson and Eagle Streets, and $5,000 toward an arsenal and armory buildings, which were erected in 1858-59. During the summer of 1858, buildings at Albany. Auburn, Ballston Spa, Brooklyn, Corning, Dunkirk. New York. Ogdensburgh, and Syracuse were put under contract and finished, or far advanced, the same year. The stone fort or church at Schoharie was purchased, but no steps were taken for the erections authorized at Troy, Kochester. Oswego, and Utica. The new arsenal built at New York in 1858 waa located on Seventh Avenue, corner of Thirty-Fifth St.. and was nearly completed, when the roof fell, on the morning of Nov. 13. 1858, gipatly injuring the building. Most of the structures erected under this act are of substantial workmanship and elegant architectural style. Th<.y were built under the direction of commissioners appointed by law. When completed, they will be placed in charge of the Commissary General, who also attends to the safe keeping of arms and MILITARY. 45 Tlic fortifications ^vithiu the State are owned and supported by the United States although several of them were built by the State of New York under an arrangement for the settle nient of the Revolutionary debt.* military equipmenta belonging to the State. He keeps his office io New York. i^mmarij of the ordnance arms in the hands of the troops and in the arsenals of the State on the 1st day of January, 1859. 222 i.sa; 1,1S8 1,344 8ix poundors 101 Niue pounders 3 Twelve pound howitzers 6 Twenty-four pound how- itzers 7 Mountain howitners 13 Flint musketa and bayo- nets 671 Percussion muskets and bayonets 11,975 Flint rifles 563 Percussion rifles 1,365 Flint pistols 114 Percussion pistols 2,254 1 In Feb. 1801, there was due the United States, on account Musquetoous Carbines Cavalry sabres Artillery sabres- Artillery swords.. Cartridge boxes and plates Cartridge box belts and plates Bayonet scabbard belts and plates Waist belts and plates. Cap pouches Pistol holsters 10,744 10,813 9.890 9,258 7.155 1,553 from the State of New York to of Uevolutionary expenses, the sum of $2,074,816. An Act of Congress, passed February 15, 1799, allowed any State to discharge its debt by payment into the treasury before April, ISOO, or by expending a like amount within five years in the erection of fortifications. New York waa tiie only State that chose to extiugiiish its debt by erecting defenses upon its own soil ; and acnmmittee of Congress reported in February, ISOl, that no other State.'^ had shown any disposi- tion to pay the balances reported against them. The amount credited to New York was $S91,1'29.31. and the remainder of the indebtedness waa subsequently released. — American State Papers, Finance^ I, 697. The amount of moneys reduced to specie vajue received by, or paid to, the State of New York from the beginning of the Kevo lution to April, 1790. was as follows, in dollars : — Received from State $1,545,889 Paid to State 822,803 A descriptive and historical notice is given of the several forti- fications in the localities where they occur. The latest official summary that has been published, dated in 1851, is given below: — United States Fortifications, t ■a 1 = P 11 1^ i •§. S 11 s 8b = •5, . S! s 1. -^ ■It^ ^ S' 1 is fe 1 s s6 ^11 III 1833 1,250 318 $873,013 $848,013 $25,000 1831 ) 105 1831 y 800 78 269,467 259,467 10,000 1831 1845 3 U 1841 1841 1S44 80 350 15 77 5.096 245,689 6.096 213.000 32,680 1847 140 605,808 205,606 300,202 isJi isis 1,000 '20,081 '"20,081 3.608 341.941 1841 1812 1846 370 9 7B 3,508 348.673 6,632 1824 800 118 634,752 614.752 20,000 1841 500 1B4 411,497 187.356 224,142 1839 300 30 83,013 78.013 5,000 1840 300 21 84,027 59,027 25,000 1842 300 64 150,000 116,500 33,500 c-'a'S' nil Fort Schuyler Fort Columbus Castle Williams South Battery Fort Gibson Fort Wood Fort Richmond Fort Tompkins Battery. Hudson Battery. Morton Fort Lafayette Fort Hamilton Fort Montgomery...^ Fort Ontario Fort Niagara Fort Porter Throggs Neck Governors Island- Ellis Island Bedloes Island.. Staten Island.... Reef, near Long Island.... Long Island Rouses Point Oswego Mouth of Niagara River.. Black Rock $225,040 103.749 79,332 12,184 18,672 76,640 124,302 59,209 57.060 10,665 75.778 86.757 132,384 1S.610 12,961 51,208 The forts on Staten Island are being rebuilt on an extensive pcale. Fort Schuyler, on Throggs Neck, has since been finished, a site purchased for a fort at Wilkins Point, directly opposite, and an immense fortress has been commenced on Sandy Hook, for the more effectual defense of New York Harbor. These works will effectually defend the approaches to New York by water, but would not prevent an attack by land should an enemy effect a landing upon Long Island. To guard against this, it baa been proposed to erect a line of redoubts across the island from Wilkins Point to Fort Hamilton at such intervals as would secure this object. The (leneral Government has appropriated large sums of money d uring many years to the construction of a floating battery fiir the defense of New York Harbor. It is building at Hoboken, and is said to bo nearly completed. Itisof iron, of great strength and tliickness, with its outer deck oval, and every part proof against cannon ball. It is to be mounted with heavy guns and propelled by steam. No official account of its construction has been published; and, for obvious reasons, the details of its plan are kept secret. It is reported that it has a capacity to accom- modate 3000 men, with the necessary supplies of fuel and military stores; and it is thought that of itself it might oppose an effectual barri'ir against the approach of a hostile fleet in any passage which it might be brought to defend. This mighty engine of war was planned by the late John C. Stevens. The other military establishments of the National Government in New York are, — The Military Academy at West Point. The Navy Yard, Dry Dock, Naval Hospital, and Labo- ratory at Brooklyn. The Arsenal at Watervliet for the manufacture of gun car- riages and other heavy furniture of artillery for the field and fort. The Arsenal of Deposit, at Rome. Plattsburgh Barracks. Madison Barracks, at Sackets Harbor. Buffalo Barracks. A few years after the last war with Great Britain, a military road waa surveyed and partly opened by the United States from Plattsburgh to Snokets Harbor ; but this work from the first has been kept in repair by the towns as a common highway. Fort fliontgomery is the only work now under construction on the northern frontier. The Canadians have the following fortifications adjacent to New York :— Fori Wdlington, at Prescott, erected in 1812-15. Fyrt Henry, at Kingston, with several Martcllo towers and batteries, for the protection of the harbor and town and defense of the north channel of the St. La\vrence. Tiiey were partly built in the War of 1812-15. and partly in l.?.37-iO. Fort Carl- ton, now witliin the United States, commanded the south chan- nel, and portions of the work, executed a century ago. (and since the Revolution entirely neglected,) might still be made available upon short notice. Fort Massasau{ja, at Niagara, directly opposite the AmcricaQ fort, is of modern origin. Note.— By the Militia Regulations of thifl State, the device at the head of this article is borne upon buttons and other insignia worn by military officei'S. LANDS. The absolute property of all the lands in the State is vested in the respective owners, liable only to (j-scheat and to the reservation of gold and silver mines in such as derive title from Colonial patents.* The laAv prohibits tlie leasing of agricultural lands for a longer period than twelve years.^ The care and sale of lands belonging to the State are intrusted to the Commissioners of the Land Office. These commissioners have also the sole right of dealing with the Indians for the sale and surrender of reservations, excepting within the territory whereof the pre-emptive right of purchase was ceded to Massachusetts and is now held by the Ogden Company. The Commissioners of tlie L.and Office were created by an act of May 11, 1784, to carry into execution the promises of bounty lands for Revolutionary services which had been made by the Legislature in 1780. As now formed, this Board consists of the Lieutenant Governor of the State, Speaker of Assembly, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney General, and State Engineer and Surveyor. The Deputy Secretary of State is ex officio Clerk of the Board, and the meetings are held in the Secretary's office, upon the call of the Secretary of State. When State lands are to be sold, they are first surveyed, appraised, and advertised for sale at auction, and their minimum bid affixed. The lots that remain without a bid are liable to be taken by the first applicant upon payment of one-fourth of the price and giving bonds for the residue. If they remain unsold any considerable time, they are re-appraised and offered at a lower rate.* The lands under water in the bays around Long Island are in most cases the property of the townships, by virtue of original patents; and the privilege of fishing and taking oysters and clams is by some towns held as exclusively belonging to their inhabitants.* 1 Tlie Dutch Government Bometimea grant'-d lands in tlio Colony without the formalities of Indian purchase; but it Wiis the rule of the Knglish to first extinguish the iiboriginiil title. It was customary to apply to the (iov-'mor and Council for leave to purchase. If granted, a treaty was held and an Indian deed obtained, a warnint was issued to the Surveyor General for a survey, and the map and fi'ld notes were reported. The Attorney Gi^neral waa then directed to prepare a draft of a- patent, which was submitted to the Governor and Council, and, if approved, was engrossed upon parchment, recorded, sealed, and iflsued. The fees incident to procuring a patent were im- portant sources of revenue to the officers concerned. Only 1,000 acres could be granted to one person; but this rule was evaded by associating great numbers of merely nominal parties ; and the officers through whose hands the papers parsed were often largely interested in the grants. The Colonial Government in this respect became exceedingly coirupt. and stood greatly in need of a r^'form like that ^\Tought by the Revolution. In a few isolated cases grants of land were made directly by the crown, and no records appear in our offices. Of this cla.ss was the Koyal Grant to Sir Wm. Johnson, n. of the Mohawk. Patents for laud were generally very formal, and abounded in repetiti'ius. Tlie grants were "iu fee and common socage." as in the manor of East Greenwich, in the co. of Kent, and in- cluded with the land all "houses, messuages, tenements, erec- tions, and buildings, mills, milldams. fences, inclosurea. g-.irdens, orchards, fields. pa.stuvea, common of pastures, meadows, marshes, Hwamps. plains, woods, underwoods, timber, trees, rivers, rivu- lets, runs, streams, water, lakes, piinds. pools, pits, brachen, quarries, mines, minerals, (gold and silver [wholly or in part] cxcept.d.) creeks, harbors, highways, easements, fishing, hunt- ing, and fowling, and all other franchises, profits, commodities, and appurteuanccs whatsoever.'' This enumeration of rights. more or less varied, wius embraced in all land p.atents. Colunial grants were usuiUly conditioned to the annnaj pa\-ment of a quitrent, at a stated time and place named in the patent. This payment was sometimes due in money, and often in wheat or other commodity. Others were conditioned to the payment of the skins of anim.ils or a merely nominal article, as simply an Rcknowlodgm-^nt of the sup ^rior rights of the grantors. 'Xhe quitri'nti formed an important source of revenue, and, after the Revolution, became due to the State. In 173tf it was pro- vided that lands subject to these rents might be released npon payment of arrears, and 14 shillings to every shilling of the annuLiI dues. Large amounts of land npon which arrears of qoitrcnta had accumulated were sold from time to time; and laws continued to be passed at frequent intervals for the regu- lation of these rents until IS'24. when an act was p-assed for tlie final sale of all lands whiuh h.ad not been released by commuta- tion or remitted by law. Such lands as then remained unre- deem -Hi were allowed to be n^le^ased by payment of $:i.50 to each flhilling sterling due. The last sale took place in March, ]32(5. Th'! arrejirs for quitrents. th^^n amounting to $fi3,:{80. were in 1819 taken from the general fund and given io eqoiJ portions to the Literature and School Funds. 46 2 Tliis feature was adopted to prevent the recnrrence of anti- rent difficulties. The Legislature, in 1846. enacted a law pro- viding that all lands previously rented for a life or lives, or for more than 21 years, shuuld be taxed as the personal property of the persons receiving the rents, to an extent equal to a sum that at legii! interest would produce the annual rent. Such tax B were made payable in the cos. where me lands lay; and this unpleasant encumbrance has largely contributed to reduce the amount of lands thus held. 3 Unappropriated lands in the counties of Clinton, Essex, Franklin. Hamilton, Montgomery, Saratoga, St. Lawrence. Wa,sbington. and Warren may be sold by the comniissioucrs in quantities of not less than 160 acres, if already surveyed, at such price as they may be found worth. If over 1,000 a> res. they may be surveyed and sold for their value, and may not bfl assessed at a higher rate for five years. Lands sold under fore- closure of loan mortgvigcs are bid in by the Loan 0)mmispionerB if liable to go for less than the sura due. They are then sold by auction, or otherwise, for the best interests of the State, under the regulations above stated. Land under water may be conveyed by the Commiseioners of the Land Office, under regii- lations fixeil by law. jXutice of ai>plication for such grants must be advertised for six weeks in the co. newspaper where the lands lie, and posted on the courthouse door. These notices must describe the adjoining lands and give the names of thej- owners. Applicants must make affidavit th.at they intend to appropriate the lands applied for to commercial jjurposes. The CO. judge, or supervisor and town clerk, or two assessors of the town where the lands lie, must make affidavit that the land is not more than is necessary tor the purposes of ctmimerce, and tliat the persons applying are believed to he hon-i fi'l> applieanta for the purposes sUited. Applicants must also produce an accu- rate map of the proposed grant and the adjacent lands owned by them, certified by the oath of a surveyor; and also a correct description in writing, with courses and distances, and the soundings for every 50 feet on the exterior line. The map must show the general course of the shore for a mile ejxch way. and tlie particular course at the point applied for. and include all docks, bulkhead-t. or other improvements, the names of ownerii of lands adjoining, and the width of the channel or river if less than two milcH. The deduction of title and proof that the lands belong to the State must also be produced, with claim of owner ship by the applicant, or by himself and those under whom he claims. The patent is conditioned to occupation in the mod© agreed upon within years, and the fees are $5.00. Grants under the waters of navigable rivers and lakes can only be made to the owners of the land along the shores; and the com- missioners are restricted in their powers ao far as relates to New York City and the Hudson Kiver R. R. * Around Staten Island the owners of the shores possess the right of using or leasing the adjacent lands under water for planting oysters. The custom of granting lands under water without the restrictions here enumerated has led to seriooa encroachments upon the harbor of New York, the details o' which are stated on pa^es 418, 419. LANDS. 47 The public lands are greatly reduced in quantity, and belong to the several permanent funds to which they have from time to time been granted.' Go!«pel and School Lands. — Under an act of 1782, a lot of 400 acres was to be reserved in each township of the Military Tract for the support of the gospel, and two lots of 200 acres for schools.' In each of the Twenty Towns of the Chenango Tract a lot of 250 acres (usually Lot 45) was reserved for the gospel, and another (Lot 46) of like extent for schools ; but these lots were sold with the lands, and the Canastota Tract, in Sullivan and Lenox, adjoining Oneida Lake, was in 1805-08 given in lieu, and apportioned among the Twenty Towns.' In each of the Ten Towns on the St. Lawrence a mile square (usually Lot 55) was granted for gospel and schools, and in some towns was applied in early years to both these objects.* Besides these grants for schools by the State, land proprietors have in some instances conveyed certain lots for this purpose, to encourage settlement. In nearly every insta,nce these lands have been applied for the benefit of the original townships within which they were granted, and in their subdivision the local school fund has been equitably divided. Other lands were subse- quently granted, as elsewhere noticed ; and in 1822 the Constitution gave all the public lands not specially appropriated to the school fund.' 1 Tlie quantity now owned forms about 4i per cent, of that held in 1823, and compares between the two periods as follows ;— Jan. 1, 1823. Jan. 1859. Lands belongiug to the School Fund 991,669A. 9,463A. " " Literature Fund 17,946 " 640 ■' " " Canal " 129,769" " " " General " " 39,269" " " Salt " " 209" Total 1,1.39,374 " 49,581 " * These lots were designated by the supervisors of Onondaga and Seneca cos., under acts passed in 1796 and 1808, as follows: — Gospel and School Lands of the Military Tract. Oriotnal Town- flUIP A.\D ITS Ni 1. Lysander.... 2. Uannibal.... 3. Cato. 4. Bratns 6. Camillas.... 6. Cicero 7. Manlius 8. Aurelins..... 9. Marcellns... 10. Pompey IL Romolus.... 12. Scipio 13. Serapronius 14. TuUy 15. Fabiiis 16. Ovid 17. Milton IS. Ijocke 19. Homer 20. Solon 21. Ilector 22. Ulysses 2.?. Dryrfon M. VirRil 25. Ciucinnatus 26. Jauius 27. Qalen 28. Sterling 11 P n 100 6 14 25 89 87 68 72 15 14 16 74 IH 60 36 22 19 67 SO 60 55 1 82 52 25 76 69 3 36 30 23 24 56 1.1 94 34 85 22 41 1 6 5 24 29 03 36 20 53 49 78 79 4.1 .33 73« 88 Present Towns sharing tn Profits of School Lot. Lysnnder aod part of Granby. Uaunibal. Cicero, parts of Os- wego City, and Granby. Victory, Ira, and parts of Con- quest and Cato. Bnitus, and pjirta of Sennett, Mentz, Conqaest, and Cato. Camiihia, Elbridge, and Van Buren. Clay and Cirero. De Witt and Manlius. Owasco, Fleming, Aubnm, and parta of Aureliua, SeDnett,aQ(] Mentz. Marcellufl. Rkaneateles, and parts of Spafford and Otisco. Pompey, Lafayi;tte, and part of Otisco. Romulus, Varick, Fayette, and parts of Seneca Falle. Scipio, Venice, and part of Nilea. Sempronlas, Moravia, and part of Niles. Tully, Preble, Scott, and parts of Spafford and Otisco. Fabius and part of Ti-uxton. Ovid. Lodi, and Covert. Genoa and part of Landing:. Groton, Summer Hill, and Locke. Homer and Cortlandvillc. Solon and part of Truxton. Hector. Ulysses, Enfield, Itbaca, and part of Lansing. Drydea. Virgil. Cincinnatus, Freetown, Mara- thon, and Willet. Junius, Tyre. Waterloo, and part of Seneca Falls. Qalen and Savannah. Sterling, Hutler, Wolcott, Huron, and Itose. • SzchaDged for No. 17 by Chap. 177, Laws of 1812. • In each of the following townships a lot of 640 acres was reserved for schools, viz. : — Fayette, now Guilford, and part of Oxford; Clinton, now Bainbridge. Afton, and part of Coventry; Greene, now parts of Greene, Smitliville, and Coventry ; Warren, now parts of Colesville, Sanford, and Windsor; Cht:ni'vgn, novr parts of Port Crane, Conkliu, Colesville, and Windsor; iSWriey, now parts of Binghamton and Vestal ; Rarub-Jph, now parts of Sanford, Windsor, and ConldJn; and Hambden, now parta of Vestal, Owego, and Nichols. * In Plattaburgh 640 acres was reserved for the gospel, and 460 for schools; and in Totten and Crossfield's Purchase 16 lot« of 640 acres each. The latter have been selected under the Sackets Harbor and Saratoga R.R.Grant. In Benson Town- ship (Hope and Lake Pleasant) 4 lota of 160 acres each were given for schools and literature. 6 The lands of the echool fund were, Jan. 1859, as follows: — 4,270 acres in Hamilton, 2,861 in Essex, 1,680 in Clinton, 350 in Wayne, 105 in Schoharie, 75 in St. Lawrence. 30 in Washing ton, 28 in Oneida, 25 in Fulton, 16 in Montgomery, 12 in Her- kimer, 6 in Dutchess, and 5 in Onondaga cos. Literature Lands have been reserved as follows : — 1 mi. square in each of tht? townships of Fayette, Greene, Clinton, Chenango, Warren, Sidney, and Hamden. Townships 1, 4, 5. 8, 13, 14, 17, 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, in Totten and Crossfield's Purchase. Lot No. 56 in each of the Ten Town-i of St. Law- rence CO. A lot of 550 acres (less 50 for survey) in each of thti 28 towns of the Military Tract. These lots were appropriated as follows : — Mmtary 7Vac(.— Townships 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, aiu] 20, to Union Collage. Township 13, to Oxford Academy, Chap. 112, Laws of 1800. 6, " Pompey " " 119, 1S13. 3, " Cayuga " " 71, ' 1S14. 1, " Onondaga " u 200, ' 1814. 19, ■' Cortland " u 10, ' 1822. 28, " Auburn " « 266, " 1825. 22, " Ithaca " (( 308, ' 1825. The remainder were sold for the benefit of the Literature Fund. Clinton Thwnship, granted to the town of Jericho, Chap. 3, Laws of 1822. All other township.s in Broome and Che- nango COS. were sold for the benefit of the Literatui-e Fund Ten Towns in Sf. Lawrence Co. — In Potsdam, granted to St. Lawrence Academy, Chap. 148, 1816. In Canton, granted to Lowvillo Academy, Chap. 134, Laws of ISIS. The rty mainder was sold, and $1,000 given to Middlebury Aca^ demy in 1823; $1,000 to Kedhook Academy in 1824; $2,500 to St. Lawrence Academy in 1825; and the remainder passed to the Literature Fund. Totten and Oros!!fiel(rs Purchase. — 10,240 acres absorbed by 8. H. & S. R. R. In Benson Township, 4 lots of 160 acre* each remain unsold. Of the unsold lands of the State in Jan. 1859. there were 39,269 acres; of which 19.020 are in Clinton, 5,133 in Hamilton, 5,111 in Essex, 4,728 in Frank- lin. 1.613 in Warren, 1,147 in Delaware, anj the same in Erie, 780 in Herkimer. 212 in Cortland, 175 in Seneca, 116 in Sullivan, and 57 in Washington coa. The Salt iSpHngs Lands are, by Article 7, Sec. 7 of the Consti- tution of 1846, declared as belonging inalienably to the State, and comprise the grounds upon which salt is nianu- ftctured, whether by solar evaporation or artiticial heat. The Commissioners of the Land Office may sell, under au- thority of law, certain portions for the purpose of pur- chasing other lands, so that the amount sliall not bo dimi nished. Since 1846, 114.85 acres have been sold, f(k $153,039.50, and 543.12 acres porcbosed, for $154,16L79. 48 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. With certaiiv exceptions* all property, both real and personal, is liable to taxation whether owned by individuals or corporations. Real estate is taxed in the town where it lies, unless adjacent to lauds of the same owner or occupant in another town where he resides. Personal property is taxed where the owner resides, and corporations in the towns where their property lies. Stocks of corporations are taxed to the company and not to the holders. Property may be sold for the payment of taxes, and lands upon which the taxes remain unpaid are returned by the co. treasurers to the comptroller, and so much of each parcel is sold at stated periods, as is necessary to pay the taxes, interest, and charges that accrue thereon.'^ The pre-emptive title to the lands of the State w. of a meridian passing through the 82d mile- stone on the Penn. line, was conveyed to Massachusetts, (except a mile strip along the Niagara,) at a convention held at Hartford, Dec. IG, 1786. These lands amounted to about 6,000,000 acres. Ten towns of 234,400 acres, in Broome and Tioga cos., called " The Massachusetts Ten Towns" were also conveyed at the same time. Large tracts of land remained in possession of the government when it became a State. These and other portions derived from forfeitures, escheats, tax sales, Indian purchases, and foreclosure of loan mortgages, have been sold in small parcels, as parts of large tracts, having a general name and system of survey. Sometimes as many patents have been issued for these tracts as they had lots, and in others many lots have been conveyed to the same person. The largest grant ever made by the State to citizens was that of Macomb*s Purchase, in Frank- lin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis, Herkimer, and Oswego cos. It embraced 3,693,755 acres, and was patented to Daniel McCormick and Alexander Macomb in 1791-8. The State, in accordance with Indian treaties, hag conveyed sundry tracts, the principal of which are Penet Square, (10 mi. sq.,) in Jefferson co.. and Perache's, Kirkland, and other minor tracts, in Oneida co. Others, for like cause, have been assigned for missions and other specific objects. The Legislature has also by acts directed the land commissioners to convey extensive tracts for the promotion of roads, rail- roads, and canals, colleges, academies, schools, and other institutions, and to reward military or other services to the State. Of the latter class was a grant of 16,000 acres in Oneida co. to Baron Steuben, in 1786. Of patents to citizens not included in either of the preceding lists, the principal are Scriba's 500,000 acres in Oswego and Oneida cos. ; Adgate's, Coxe's, Machin's, Oothoudt's, Remsen's, Dean's, and other tracts in Oneida; Vrooman*s, Noble's, &c. in Herkimer; and Watkins & Flint's in Che- mung and adjoining counties. Numerous grants of land to communities, with privileges of gov- ernment, were made upon Long Island, and in the counties bordering upon the Hudson, which will be specially noticed in the localities to which they refer. Several of the cities have special laws for the sale of real estate for taxes, and such sales are made under the direction of the fiscal officer of the corporation. All other tax sales occur at Albany once in three years, and are duly advertised by the Comptroller and in each co. by such newspapers as are designated by the supervisors. 1 The real estate not subject to taxation comprises property belonging to the Btate and United States; buildings and grounds for public uses owned by counties, cities, villapos. and towns; colleges, academies, and incorporated eeminaries: oliurcbea, school liouses, and the property of corporations for reform of offenders; public libraries; bank stock owned by State and by literary and charitable societies; Indian reserva- tions, and tiie property of Indians living thereon; the property of clergj'men to the extent of SI, 500 each, and property not liable to sale under eseaition for debt. Tlio la.=t named in- cludes (if owned by householders) a spinning wheel, a loom, stoves put up or in use. the family Bible, family pictures, and school books in use. books not exceeding $50 in value, a seat or pew in church, ten sheep with their fleeces, and the yam or cloth made therefrom, one cow. two swine, and their neces&ary food, all necessary pork, beef, fish, flour, and vegetables pro- vided for family use, and fuel for Oi) daya, all necessary wearing apparel, beds, bedsteads, and bedding for the fiimily, arms and accouterments required by law to be kept for service in the militia, necessary cooking utensils, one table, six chairs, table fiirniture for six persons, one crane and its appendages, one pair of andirons, a shovel and tongs, tools of mechanics to tho value of S25. a team worth $150, and land set apart for a private burying ground not more than ^ acre. A building and lot worth 11.000 occupied as a dwelling by the owner and his family •nay be exempt by causing a description of the premises \^ be recorded in the co. clerk's office, but such record does not ex- empt from sale for taxes, and property generally is liable for debts contracted in its purchase. Where a honiestead is ex- empted the privilege continues for the benefit of the widow and family after the death of the head. Such of the above articles as are movable continue exempt while the family to whom they belong are removing from one place of residence to another. 2 Each parcel is held up at auction, and those persons com- peting at the sale name tho least amount of land in a square, usually in the N.w. corner, that they will accept, and pay the taxes and charges due. The sale is declared in favor of the person naming the least quantity, and the pur- chaser receives a certificate naming the time when a deed will be due. If not paid, the Comptroller may in 3 months cancel the certificate and give to another upon payment of the name amount, and any person may redeem within 2 years by paying the taxes, charges, and 10 per cent, m addition. Specific or undivided parts of tracts of land maybe sold. If not redeemed in 2 years the Comptroller issues a full deed to the purchaser. The portion sold to pay taxes is designated by the comptroller and varies with circumstancee. If a village lot, it is located eo as to front upon a street, and in long narrow tracts it is taken off from one end. A tax sale takes place in 1859, and triennally thereafter. LANDS. 49 TABLES OF MANORS, COLONIAL PATENTS, PURCHASES, AND LAND GRANTS. Manors of the Colonial Period in New Ym-k and its Dependencies. NAMES. PATENTEES. DATES. LOCATION AND EEMARK3. Capt. Cli'r Billop May 6, 1687 Mar. 20, 1687 June 17, 1697 Sept. 6, 1694 May 21, 1667 Mar. 10, 1639 June 23, 166S April 20, 1685 May 9, 1697 Oct. 25,1687 April 1, 1680 AprU 2,1675 1630-37 Oct. 5, 1693 Mar. 21, 1701 July 25, 1672 July 8, 1761 S. W. part of Staten Island, aometimes called '-Billop Manor." N. part of Staten Island. N. part of Westchester co., had 1 Rep. in Gen. Assembly. Canceled. Annexed to Kingston, Mar. 12, 1787. With full power as an independent town. Columbia co., had 1 Rep. in Gen. Assembly. Since annexed to Massachusetts. S. point of Westchester co. S. E. bni-der of Westchester co. Putnam co. Plum and Gull Islands. Fully organized; represented in Gen. Assembly; confirmed Oct. 17, 16S5, May 20, 17iJ-i. In town of Brookhaven, Suffolk co. Westchester co. Prudence Island, R. I. Disallowed by R. I., and authority resisted. Marthas Vineyard, now a part of Maasachuaetta. Cortlaudt Col. Stophanus Cortlaodt Capt. .lohn Evana Capt. Tbos. Chambers Earl of Stirling Fletcher Fox Hall Gardners Island Martha-s VinL'yard.... Col. Lewis Morria John Pell Pelham Plummc Island Renssclacrwjxk Killian Van Rensselaer... Caleb Heathcote Several of these existed only in name; perhaps a few other patents bore the name of Manors, upon which active settlement was not begun under the Colonial Government. Table of the more important Patents Granted under the English OiloniaZ Chvernment, in the eastern part of New York. Name op Patent. Adaquataugie Patent.... Amherst Tracts Anaquasaacotjk Patent. Argyle Patent Arieskill Patent I Artillery Patent , Babingt'in's Patent Bagloys Patents Balfour's Patent.. Banyar's Patent .. Batavia Patent .... Bayard's Patent.. Becker's Patent Bedlington I'atent Beekman's P.itent Beekmantown Patent... Belvidere Patent Bishop's Patent Bleecker's Patent Blenheim Patent Bradshaw's Patent Bradt's Patent Buffington Patent , Burnetsiield Patent.. Cambridge I'atent Campbell's Patont^«. Catskill Patent Caughnawaga Patent.... Clarke's Patent Claus's Patent Caterflkill Patent Cheesecoek's Patent Cherry Valley Patent... Clifton Pfirk Patent Cobus Kill Patent Corry's Patent Cosby'a Manor Cosby'a Patent Coxburgh & Carolina... Coxe'fl Patent Croghan's Patent Dartmouth Patent.... Dean's Patent De Bcrnier'a Patent.. De Lancey's Patent... Edmeston's Patent..., Franklin Patent Hamilton Washington . Montgomery Washington Delaware Schenectady Montgomery Ham. & Warren. Otsego & Scho.... Greene Oneida & Herk.. Schoharie Delaware Dutchess Clinton Otsego & Scho... Hamilton Montgomery ... Schohmrie Washington ... Schenectady ... Schoharie Herkimer Washington ..... Essex Hamilton Greene Montgomery .... Delaware , Fnlton Greene Orange Otsego Saratoga Schoharie , Mont. & Scho.... Oneida & Herk. Schenectady Oneida Otsego Hamilton Clinton Delaware Montgomery . Date. Otsego.. Otsego.. May April May March Nov. Oct. May June Feb. M.arch April April June March May June Maich July AprU Sept. Nov. May Feb. Dec. July April ■luly .Tuly AprU July Nov. May Sept. Nov. March AprU Sept. Jan. Nov. June Feb. May May Jan. Juno Oct. July May Nov. Aug. July July June Extent in Acres. 8, 1770 6. 1774 11. 1762 13, 1764 12, 1737 24,1764 22. 1770 17. 1737 9, 1838 6. 1775 14. 1753 a4, 1736 12. 1771 19. 1754 24, 1770 25, 1703 27, 1769 6. 1769 6. 1774 22, 1729 28. 1769 18, 1762 14. 1738 16, 1737 13. 1770 30, 1725 21, 1761 11, 1764 5, 1784 11, 1767 4, 1714 22, 1770 29, 1770 1, 1695 25, 1707 18, 1738 23, 1708 15, 1770 19, 1737 2,1734 9, 1738 30, 1770 30. 1770 5, 1775 29, 1770 4, 1774 11. 1769 22. 1770 12, 1737 23,1737 21, 1770 20, 1770 20, 1770 26,000 40,000 10.000 47,450 10,000 24,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 4,200 50,000 6,000 27,000 30,000 100.000 14.000 4,300 40,000 23,000 4.000 3,870 4,000 9,400 31,500 5,000 4.000 35,500 2.000 2,000 3,000 7,050 40,000 25,000 22,000 6,000 47,000 29.000 18.000 18.030 30,000 2,000 10.000 5,426 5,000 6,000 9,000 Patentees. Sir William Johnson and others. Sir Jeffery Amherst, (2 tracts.) R. J. P. k W. Schermerhorn and others, Duncan Reid and Others. James De Lancey. Joseph Walton and others. Charles Babington. Timothy Bagley and others. Henry Balfour, (Totten &. Crossfleld's Pur.) Goldsbrow Banyar and others. Vincent Matthews and others. Wm. & Rob. Bayard and others, (Freemasons' Patent.) Johannes Becker and others. John Leake and others. Henry Beekman. William H. Beekman. George Croghan and others, (2 tracts.) Wm. Bishop. (T. & C. I»nr.) Rutger Bleecker and otliera. John Weatherhead and others. James Bradshaw. Krent Bradt and others. David Buffington. John Joost Petrie and others, (Gorman Flats.) Colden, Smith, Banyar, and others. Allen Campbi'U. Duncan Campbell, fT. & C. Pur.) Martin Garretson V.tn Bergen and others. John & Margaret Collins. James Clarke. Daniel Claus. Jacob Lockerman. Ann Bridges and others. John Lindsley and others. N. Hormanse and others, (Shenondehowa Pat.) Stephen Skinner and others. Wm. Corry and others. Joseph Worrell and others. Alex., Ph. A Wm. Cosby. Daniel Coxe and others, (s. w. of Mohawk.) "' " " (E. of Su9i]nehanna.) Geo. Croghan and others, (s. of Mohawk.) Jeremiah Van Rcns.'^elaer. Elkanah Dean. John De Bernier. James De Lancey and others, (s. of Mohawk.^ " " " (n. of Mohawk.) Robert Edmesfon. William Edmeston. Walter Franklin and others. 50 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. HAHB OP PATENT. Franklin Towoeliip Frank's Patent Frazer'e Patent Freeman's Patent Friswell's Patent Gage's Patent Glazier's Patent Glen's Purclifiee Goldsborongh Township.. Grant's Patent Greenwich Patent Guerln's Patent Half Moon Patent Ilauson's Patent Hardenhnrgh Patent Harper's Patent Ilarrison's Patent Uartwick Patent Ilnsenclevor's Patent Henderson's Patent Herkimer's Patent Holland Patent Hoosick Patent Iluntersfield Patent Hurley Patent Huyk'Patent Hyde To^vnship Ingoldsby's Patent Jerseyfield Patent Jessnp'a Purchase Johnson's Patent Judd's Patent Kakiate Patent Kayaderosseras Patent.. Kellet'g Patent Kempe's Patent. Kennedy's Patent Kinderhook Patent Kingsborough Patent.. Kingsbury Patent Kiugsfifld Manor" Klcck'e Patent Kortright Patent Lansing's Patent Lawyer's Patent Leake's Patent Legge's Patent Lindsley's Patent.. Lindsay & LlTingston's Patent., Lispen.trd's Patent Livingston's Patent Lett's Patent Ludlow's Patent.. Lyne's Patent McCullock's Patent . Mcintosh's Patent... McKee's Patent McLeod's Patent... McNeile's Patent.. Magin's Patent Markhara's Patent... Matthews's Patent.... MaunseU's Patent.... IMawighnnk Patent.. IMayfield Patent Menzies's Patent Middlefield Patent.., Middletou's Patent.. Minieink Patent Montresor's Patent... Mooney's Patent , Morris's Patent , Munroe'a Patent .... Nestigion" Patent- Nettlefield Patent... Delaware Herkimer Greene Schenectady... Clinton Oneida Schoharie Saratoga Delaware Essex Washington .. Montgomery . Saratoga County. Delaware k SuU. Delaware Montgomery Otsego Herkimer.. Oneida Kens. & Wash Schoharie Ulster Columbia Warren Schenectady Herkimer & Fult. Warren. Herkimer Essex Rockland Saratoga & War. Essex Washington Esses Warren Columbia Fnlton Washington Montgomery .. Delaware Herkimer Schoharie Delaware., Essex Otsego Herkimer Otsego Herk. & Mont.. Fulton & Sara.. Fulton Orange Herkimer Montgomery... Washington .... Essex Delaware Fulton Otsego Herkimer Fulton Hamilton Greene Waehincton Columbia, Fulton k Ham- Washington Otsego.. Sull. A Orangt Essex Washington... Montgomery- Schoharie Montgomery.. Otsego „..- Washington..., Saratoga Otsego.- Extent in Acres. 26, 1770 6, ITfio 17, 1765 3, 1736 7. 1765 6. 1769 10, 1772 24, 1770 15. 1770 17, 1764 11, 1763 29. 1735 13, 1665 17, 1713 20, 1708 8, 1769 11, 17.35 March 18, 1722 AprU 22,1761 Feb. 27, 17C9 1739 April 13,1752 March 17, 1769 June 3, 16S8 3, 1714 19, 1708 6, 1731 10, 1774 20,17 12, 1770 March 21, 1768 April 10,1772 " ■ 27, 1765 16, 1765 25, 1696 2. 1708 7,1764 3, 1764 7,1764 26, 1774 March 14. 1686 June 23. 1753 15, 1762 12, 1695 21, 1754 24, 1770 23, 1753 29. 1768 6. 1753 14. 1761 22, 1770 26. 1769 18. 1738 18, 1738 7,1741 24. 1730 6. 1770 10. 1762 8. 1760 16, 1761 18. 1731 2. 1754 12. 1736 3, 1765 7, 1765 16, 1770 30. 1770 29. 1770 5. 1769 1.5. 1761 March 31. 1761 April 5, 1774 April 24. 1736 March 7,1771 Aug. 4. 1743 June 25, 1703 Sept. 11, 1764 Feb. Sept. June July ^lay July Sept. Aug. June Aug. Nov. Aug. Oct. July April Dec. Oct. Nov. Oct. Oct. Sept. Jnly April Sept. April June Nov. Aug. May Aug. Aug. May Dec. Dec. Feb. June Dec. Feb. Aug. May .Tune Aug. Aug. Oct. Aug. Sept. Feb. Nov. Sept. Oct. Jan. Aug. May Aug. Jan. April Sept. April Aug. April Feb. Aug. June Oct. Oct. June May Sept. April March 18, 1761 24, 1770 28. 1704 6, 1765 28,1765 23. 1722 30. 1723 24, 1726 1769 23. 1764 22, 1708 31. 1770 30,000 5,000 2.000 5,000 3.000 18.000 3,000 45,000 6,000 3,000 10,000 4,000 2,000 22,000 4.000 12,000 21.500 18.000 6,000 2,324 20.000 10,000 6.000 40.000 10,000 94.000 11.6.S0 2.000 2.000 2,000 2.000 ln.20O 2.000 2.000 20.000 26,000 16,000 22,000 6.000 36.600 2,640 7.000 5,000 5.00fl 7.050 1,965 2.000 3.000 9.000 20.000 4,000 20,000 4,000 20.000 2,000 4,000 3,000 40,000 18,000 3,000 5,928 4,000 6.000 5.000 4.200 5,000 2,000 2.000 29.000 5,000 3.000 2.000 6,000 6.000 3.500 2.000 2,000 13,000 Patentees. Thomas Wharton and others. Coenradt Frank and others. Hugh Frazer. Thomas Freeman. John Friswell. Thomas Gage. Beamsley Glazier. John Glen, jr. Edward Tudor and others. Robert Grant. Donald Campbell. Maynard & Elizabeth Guerln. Petersen Philip Schujl'T and others. Hendrick Hansen and others. Johannes Hardenburgh and othere. John Harper, jr. Edward Harrison and others. Francis Harrison and others. Christian John Hartwick. Peter Hasenclever, James Henderson and others. Joost Johan Herkimer and others. Lord Henry Holland. Maria Van Rensselaer and others. Myndert Schuyler and others, (Schoharie Pat.) Cornelius Cool and others. Burgar Hnyk. Edward Jessup k C. Hyde. Geo. Ingoldsby and others. Henry Glen and others. Ebenezer Jessup and others, (2 tracts.) Guy Johnson. James Judd. Daniel Honan and others, (Yachtaucke.) Nanning Hermanse and others, (Queensboro.) Roger Kellet. John Tabor Kempe. John Kennedy. Robert Kennedy. John Hendrik be Brnpi and others. .4.reut Stevens and others. James Bradshaw and others. George Klock and others. Lawrence Rortright. Jacob Lansing and others. Johannes Lawyer and others. Robert Leake. Francis Legge. John Lindsay and others. John Lindsley & Ph. Livingston. Leonard Lispenard and others. Philip Livingston and others. Abraham Lott, jr., and others. Gabriel Ludlow. John Lyne and others. Nathaniel McCullock, (2 tracts.) Alexander Mcintosh. Alexander McKee and others. Norman McLeod. John McNeile. Sarah Magin and others. William Markham. Tiuceut Matthews and others, (3 tracts.) John Maunsell. Stephen Bayard and others. Alexander Menzies. Thomas Menzies. Godfrey Miller and others. Peter Middleton. Matthew Ling and others. John Montresor and others. David Mooney. Lewis Morris and others. " " Jr. and others. U it (( (( Staata Long Morris. Harry Munroe. John RoEie and others. Richard Loudon and others. « Twenty-four miles above Schenectady. LANDS. 51 NAME OP PATENT. Nine Partners (Great, or Lower)... " " (Little, or Upper).. Northampton Patent Oblong Patent Oothoudt'B Patent Ord'a Patent Orjskany Patent Otsego Patent Otsqnaga Patent-. Palmer's Patent..., Panton Tract Pinefield Patent..., Preston Patent Prevost Patent County. Provincial Patent Queenabury Patent Rhinebeck Patent Ritrhtmeyer's Patent Roberts's Patent Rochester Patent Ross's Patent Royal Grant Rumbout's Patent Sacondaga Patent Sadachqueda or Saghquate Patent.. Salem Patent Saratoga Patent Sawyer's Patent Schaghticoke- Sohermerhorn'8 Patent Schneider's Patent Schuyler's Patent... Schuyler's Patent.. Scott's Patent , Seaton's Patent Servis's Patent Sherriff's Patent Skoneshnro' Patent Skene's Patent Skene's Little Patent.. Skinner's Patent Small's Patent „ Spaight'e Patent Spornheyer's Patent Springfield Patent Staley's Patents Starnberg'a Patent Steward's Patent , Stewart's Patent Stone Arabia Patent.... Stone Heap Patent Stmy Hill Tract Stony Point Tract Stoughton's Patent Strasburgh Township .. Stringer's Patent Sutherland's Patent..-. Swallowfield Patent Ten Eyck's Patent Timberman's Patent Totten & Croasfield's Purchaac".... \ Tnrloch Patent Upton's Patent..-.. Van Bergen's Patent Van Dam's Patent Van Rensselaer Patent _ Van Slyck's Patent Vaughan's Patent- » Wan:ice Patent "Walloomsac Patent Wiilter's Patent Walton's Patent Fulton W. Chester, Put, & Dutch. Essex.... Oneida.., Otsego.., Montgomery.. Richmond Warrea Delaware Hamilton. Greene Delaware.. Orange...... Warren Dutchess , Scho. & Greene.. Fulton Ulster Herkimer. Dutchess Fulton & Ham.. Oneida Washington Wash. & Sara... Wash, k Sara... Wash & Kens.... Washington Rensselaer Herk. &. Oneida.. Wash. &. Kens— Otsego. Washington Rensselaer Schoharie Greene Oneida Warren. Washington Essex Washington Schoharie Essex -— - Schoharie.... Otsego _., Herkimer..- Schoharie. _„ Clinton Hamilton Greene -.. Mont.& Fult. Mont. & Scho. Schoharie Rockland Essex Delaware Schoharie. , Washington... Essex Westchester... Schoharia , Herkimer Herk. Ham.Ea- 80X, Warren. Schoharie. Otsego Greene Orange -, Sara, & Fult Montgomery Herkimer Hamilton Washington....— Westchester „ Herkimer Delaware _ ::} May 27, .\prU 10, Oct. 17; I June 8, j vut s&t. Aug. 18, .Ian. 31, .\prU 18, Feb. 3, Nov. 30, Sept. 22, March 31, Oct. 18, June 22, June 27, Aug. 16, March 10, Jan. 18, -May 2, May 20, .Tune 8, May 6, Sept. 29, June 25, AprU 16, ,1697 1706 1741 1731, 1741 1775 1705 1770 1769 1729 16S7 1776 1775 1770 1766 1768 1770 1776 1764 1762 1703 1754 1770 1703 1766 Extent in acres. 7,1686 2. 1741 25, 1736 7,1764 4,1684 29, 1708 23, 1761 11, 1762 23,1764 Ma?ch 24, 1762 1765 19, 1737 3, 1755 18, 1740 29, 1737 2, 1770 18, 1787 28, 1769 18, 1776 March 31, 1766 July 30, 1771 6, 1771 15, 1770 6, 1774 6. 1767 23. 1764 4,1741 14, 1756 30, i: March 19, 1769 May 7, 1765 27. 1765 7,1771 19, 1723 15, 1770 March 25, 1' July 13, 1743 25, 1764 4. 1770 12, 1769 6, 1764 7,1764 22, 1708 30, 1739 30, 1766 Oct. Dec. June Aug. Nov. Oct. July May Aug May •Tune July July Jan. July Feb. Oct. July Jan. April Nov. Aug. Nov. June .Sept. May Sept. Oct. ppt. July Dec. Jan. .Sept. Aug. April May May Feb. 21, 1752 March 8,1770 July 11, 1767 March 23, 1709 Oct. Sept. April April June Feb. Aug. 4, 1774 1, 1716 M, 1770 11, 1770 16, 1739 14, 1701 12, 1768 March 15, 1770 13,000 6,000 69,000 100,000 4,300 6,100 2,000 30,000 14.000 6,000 6,000 6.000 26,000 23,000 8,000 2,000 2,000 93,000 28,000 6.000 26,000 61.000 10.000 2,000 10,000 43.000 11.250 43.000 12,000 2,000 42,500 3,000 25,000 4,000 25.000 3,000 9,000 40,000 5.000 2.000 2.000 17.000 34.000 3,000 3,000 2,000 24,000 2,000 12.700 15,500 18,000 2,000 37,000 2,000 2.000 3,000 7,630 3,500 3,000 18,000 20,000 35,600 3,000 28,964 2,000 8.000 6.365 12,000 6,000 12,000 20,000 Caleb Heatbcote and others. Sampson Boughton and others. Jacob Maeo and others. Thomaa Ilawley and others, Volkert Oofhoudt and others. Thomas Ord. Thomas Wenham and others. Charles Read and others. Geo. Croghau and 99 others. Rutger Bleecker and others. Capt. John Palmer. Francis I'anton. John Rapalje and others. Achilles froston and others. Augustine Prevost. James Prevost. William Cockroft and others. Daniel Prindle and others. Henry Beekman. Ury Rightmeyer and others. Benjamin Roberts. James Ross. Sir John Johnson. Francis Rumbout. Lendert Gansovoort and others. Frederick Morris and others. Alexander and .Tames Tui'ner and othorB. Cornelius Van Dyck and others. Isaac Sawyer. Cornelius Tan Dyck and others. Ryer Schermerhorn. George Schneider. Hendrick Schneider. D,avid Schuyler and others. Ahm. David Schuyler and others. David Schuyler and others. John Schuyler and others. John Morin Scott and others. Sir Henry Seat«n. Peter Sends and others. Charles Sherriff. Philip Skeene and others. Philip Skeene. Stephen Skinner and others. John Small. William Spaight. Ernst William Spornheyer and others. .Tohn Groesbeck and others. Rudolph Staley and others. Jacob Starnberg and others. Lambert Starnberg and others. Peter Stew.ard. James Stewart and others. Walter Stowiirt. John Chr. Oarlock and others. John Bowen and othera. Michael Byrne and others. Richard Bradley and others. John Stoughton. John Sutler and others. Samuel Stringer. Erick Sutherland. Nicholas Sutherland. George Booth. Hendrick Jacob Ten Eyck and others. Jacob Timberman and others. J.acob Borst and others. Clotworthy Upton and others. Martin G.arretson Van Bergen and others Rip Van Dam. Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. narmnn Van Slyck. .Tohn Vauglian and others. Hugh Wallace and others. Edward Collins and others. Robert Walters. William Walton and others. ** This tract, embracing 50 townships, was surveyed just be- fore the Revolution, but small portions only were granted until after the war. Among those who received patents for large portions after that period were Robert G.Livingston, Isaac Nor- ton. John <}. Leake, Abij.ah n.ammond, Frederick Kylander, Philip Livingston, John Thurman, Jacob Watson, Alexander Macomb, Ph. Rockafeller, White Matlack, Enos Mead, Zephaniah Piatt, Goldsbrow Banyar, Peter V. B. Livingston. Joshua Mei^ sereau, Jon.athan Lawrence, Thomas Franklin, Effingham Law- rence, Stephen CroHsfield, and others. Extensive tracts havt been repeatedly sold for ta.\es. 52 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. NiaiE OF Patent. (hunty. Dale. Extent in Acres. Ftdenteet. Watkina'B Patent Washington Vn-rrh 1. 177."^ 2,000 ■'4,380 3,000 3,000 38,000 2,000 4,000 14,000 2,000 2.000 3.000 20,000 14,000 John Watllina. Dr. John Bridgen. William and Stephen Bayard. Archibald Weir and others. John Wli.arton. ITenry White and others. Peter Winne. Peter Winne and others. Charles Williams and others. Anne Wilmot. Hartman Windecker. D.aniel Wriesberg. Frederick Young. Theobald Yonng and others. Orange April 29, 1703 Columbia Anr. 4. 1743 Feb. 18, 1776 AprU 16, 1765 March 10, 1770 Essex Herliimer Montgomery Essex .'".".' Otsego 4 Scho.— . Herliimer. Oct. 6, 1741 Oct. 10, 1741 Aug. 29, 1735 Aug. 29, 1735 Nov. 12, 1731 Feb. 18, 1775 Oct. 11, 1762 Aug. 26, 1762 "WiUiama Patent Wilmot Patent SUBDIVISIONS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS PURCHASE Of about 6,000,000 acres of Lands ceded to Massachusetts by tlie State of New York at the Hartford Convention, Dec. 16, 1786. Tracts. Phelps and Gorham'^ Morris Reserve Triangular Tract Connecticut Tract^ Cragie Tract Ogden Tract Cottinger Tract Forty tbonaand Acre Tract Sterritt Tract Church Tract Morris Honorary Creditors' Tract, Holland Co.'s piarchaso Boston Ten Towns Massachnsetta to Phelps and Gorham.. " to Robert Morris Morris to Le Roy, Bayard. & McEvers " Watson, Cragie, & Greenleal". " Andrew Cragie " Samuel Ogden *' Gerrit Cottinger « "WUhelm and Jan Willink « Samuel Sterritt « John B. Church " Creditors , " Agents of Holland Co Massachusetts to Settlers Nov. 7, 178T Nov. 21, 1788 May 11,1791 2,600,000 500,000 87,000 100,000 50,000 50.000 50,000 40,000 150.000 100,000 58,570 3,600,000 230,400 Cbunties. Allegany, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Schuyler, Steuben, Waj-ne, and Yatea. Allegany. Monroe. Orleans and Genesee, Genesee. "Wyoming. Wyoming and Allegany. Wyoming & Livingston. Allegany. Allegany. Allegany & Livingston. Chautauqua, Cattarau- gus, Allegany, Wyo- ming, Erie. Genesee, Orleans, and Niagara. Broome and Tioga. a Phelps and Gorham originally contracted for the whole tract at Sl.000.000, payable in a kind of scrip called " Consolidated Securities," then much below par. A rise to par prevented them from fulfilUug the agreement. * In 1801, conveyed in undivided halves to the State of Conn, and Sir Wm.Pulteney, the former using part of her School Fund in the purchase. Divided by alternate lots in ISll. c Conveyed in four tracts to the agents of the Holland Co.: viz., 1.500,000, Dec. 24, 1792. to Le Roy and Lincklaen; 1,000,000 Feb. 27, 1793, to Le Roy, Lincklaen, and Boon; 800,000, July 20, 1793, to the same; and 300,000, same date, to Le Roy, Bayard, and Clarkson. SUBDIVISION OP MACOMB'S GREAT PURCHASE In Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis, Oswego, and SerJcimer Counties. TKiCTS. Patentees. Date ofPatmt. Acres. Pemarks. Great Tract No. 1 " " 2 " " 3 " 4...-1 « " 6... " " 6... May 17, 179S May 17, 1798 March 3,1796 Jan. 10, 1792 Dale of Pur- chase. AprU 12,1793 July 15, 1795 Dec. 18, 1792 Feb. 20, 1793 821,879 663,020 640,000 r 460,960 1 26,250") i 74,400 • [1,368,400. 210,000 290,376 817,155 74,400 Twenty-seven towns, Franklin CO. Eighteen towns, St. Lawrence co. Fifteen " " " Antwerp and Jefferson cos. Jefferson, Lewis, Oawego, and Herkimer cos. Jefferson and Lewis cos. U It Jefferson, Oswego, and Lewis, 13 towns. Oreig, Lewis co. Five towns, Lewis co. Lewis CO. Leyden and Lewis, Lewia co. Lewis CO. ti li Purchasers. Pierre ChaBs.ani3 & Co ( Harrison, Iloffrnjin, \ \ Low. & Henderson.../ Chasaanis Tract Black River Tract Boylston Tract BrantiDgham Tract- Constable's Towns Ellisburgh Inman's Triangle Marvel Ellis March 22, 1797 Feb. 20, 1793 April —,1796 52,834 25,000 61,433 Chenango Twenty Tovmships. Tp. Acres. Date of Patent. Paienteis. Tp. Acres. Date of Palent. Patentees. 1 27,187 June 14, 1703 Alexander Webster. n 26,200 Jan. 28,1793 Leonard M. Cutting. 2 28,245 AprU 16, 1794 WUli,-un S. Smith. 12 24,185 AprU 16. 1794 Wm. Matlack, ar. R 24.624 « (( 13 24.213 March 2, 1793 Thos. Lndlow and J. Shipperly. 4 24,400 (( It t( f 14 26,030 June 1,1793 Leonard M. Cutting. 5 20,200 (( Tnent and a submission to the popular vote, was sus- pended by an amendment adopted Feb. 14. 1854, to allow of the raising of $9,000,000, by the issue of State stock, for the more speedy enlargement and completion of the canals. A measure was introduced in the Legislature of 1859, for the loan of a fur- ther sum for this object, and the submission of the question to the decision of a popular vote. ISUMMAEIES OF THE PRINCIPAL REPORTS. Amount and value of property moved, and miles run, on all the State Canals, since 1835. Estimated valce op pro- Miles run in each year perty TO AND FROM OTHER BY ALL THE BOATS. CUared ai Totalnwmr . Black Rock, Tona- Toted value nf Cleared at New Buffalo, Cleared at beroftons s properly Tiioved Torh Alhany, Black Sock, ail other qffi- moved on tH on all the car nals. and West Troy. and Ttma- vianda. ces. aU the ca- nals. Ihckets. Freight boats. Produds M^chandise cmningfrom. going to. 1R3fi $6,493,816 4,813,620 $9,723,260 $67,634,343 1,310,807 1,171,296 1837 6,322,750 66,809,288 $25,784.i47 $3,286,128 $18,650,604 405,050 6,666,950 1838 6,369,645 8,667,260 65.746,669 33,062,858 4.864.927 19.209,868 1,333,011 400,250 5,126,800 1839 7,268.968 10,259,100 73,399,764 40,094,302 5,222,766 18,854,427 1,435,713 290,900 5.786,850 1840 7,877,358 7,057.600 66.403,892 36,398,039 6,200,829 16.204.936 1,417,046 268.880 6,952,300 1841 11,839.273 11.174.400 92.202,929 66,798,447 9,607,924 16.376,503 1,621,661 322.860 7,103,680 1842 9,216,808 7.218,900 60,016,608 32,314,998 7,641,793 12,466,736 1,236,931 354,300 6.173,200 184:i 11,937,943 13,067,250 76,276,909 42,268,488 9,732.616 13,288,470 1,613,4.39 381,820 6,586,700 1844 16,876,868 14.846,250 90,921,152 63,142,403 9,661,146 16,822,604 1,816,586 427,740 7,841,760 1845 14,162,239 17,360,300 100.629.869 65,453.998 10.361.749 19.248.224 2,977,665 420..540 7,921,260 184U 20,471,939 20,415,600 116,612,109 64,628,474 16,819,314 18,816,639 2,268,662 414,340 9,066,460 1847 32,666,3^4 27,298,800 151,663,428 77,878.766 28.503,746 23.518,927 2,869,810 443.080 11,733,250 1848 23,246,363 30,563.920 140,080,157 77.477.781 19.621,700 11.544,421 2,796,230 642,300 9.633,850 1849 26,713,796 31,793.400 144,732,285 78.481.941 20.647,662 22,2.38,010 2,894,732 306,760 10,163.350 WW 25,639,605 41,272.491 156.397,929 74.826.999 20,991,462 31,335.626 8.076.617 343,475 10.718,100 1851 27,007,142 63,669,440 159,881,801 80,739.890 ai.643,286 31,784.847 3,582,733 206,160 11,926,960 1851i 87,041,380 79,127.640 196,603,517 121.087.312 25.674,776 22,219,056 3,863,441 71,725 12,306,960 1863 42,367.664 94,230,720 207,179.570 116.185,331 28,866,951 27,629,827 4,247,852 40,660 12,327,060 1854 39,346,233 83,470,440 210,284,312 116,772,966 29,745,565 30.613,260 4,165.862 24,675 11,244,200 1865 43,666,a43 79,879.680 204,390,147 113,443,863 31.403,640 24,906,992 4,022,617 28,875 9,671,460 1856 38,043.813 66.064,680 218,327,062 134.131,707 22,873,866 21.749.502 4,116,032 21,176 9,656,700 1867 26,406.121 42.525,360 136,997.018 71,016.241 17,567,181 16.470.217 3,344.061 10,950 7,374,860 1858 36,182,405 27,680,400 138,568,844 67,983.123 25,039,901 20.570,677 3,665,192 18,725 7,886,100 Tot. $513,641,202 $793,670,521 $2,929,665,482 $1,669,962,083 $377,669,607 $451,619,063 69,647,996 5,746,220 191,789,630j Total amount per cent., and averages of different classes. CLAS8ES. Averages for periods of Seven Years. | Years. OF EACH. From 1836 to 1842. From 1843 to 1849. From 1860 to 1866. Ttms. Value. Tms. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Products of forest Agriculture Manufiictures Merchandise Other articles Total 24,516,913 17,238.941 4,086,894 5.2a3,933 8,671,266 $207,472,063 321.768,110 167,860,314 1,.594.93S,S01 137,726,204 41.11 28.89 6.sr, 8.7S 14.37 7.08 23.05 6.73 64.44 4.70 634,922 306,004 101.010 119,108 184,992 $7,133,876 18.400,404 5.750,494 34.6S7.3S9 2,772,007 947,120 765,94S 165,91;; 189.1TII 237,139 $7,200,900 4,S76,STS 1,549,378 1,098,289 210,790 330,664 698,775 $12,619,691 61,083,488 8.720.900 lll,S62.9f>J 9,007,96 69.647,946 $2,929,765,482 100.00 100.00 1,340,636 $68,744,769 2.305,289 [$117,117,411 3,867,836 $193,291,906 56 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Tolls collected at eacli office on the New Tork State Canals, from 1825 to 1858, both inclusive. Offices. 1825, 1830. 1835. 1840. 1845, 1850. 1855. 1856. 1858. New York $286,595 312,664 316,042 9,312 10,227 9,382 65.614 46,283 78,096 $246,124 253,234 301.263 21,706 6,222 6,967 41,808 62,427 48,2.33 65,470 37,830' 10.553 19,694 101,087 6,304 26,899 14,308 23,467 2.3,685 97.679 765.575 8,856 9,164 10,608 54.307 21,184 22,922 27U59 14,317 27,766 $290,280 110,973 349,617 9,473 6.015 6:349 37,159 40,900 35,102 65,378 29,740 10,172 12..357 88,130 18,180 3,132 9,656 14.015 34,901 22,145 783,9116 3,737 8,800 12.030 65.304 20,412 22.241 400,813 13,399 21,669 13,079 13,766 30,272 44,010 3,238 16,827 5,668 2,312 8,033 4,934 15,642 6,231 li;290 9,235 18,664 605 $78,921 07.965 110,837 6,173 4,643 5,028 26,720 31,638 31,292 38,454 18,821 9,898 14,994 86,204 101,171 14.378 10.290 30.603 30,291 Albany $126,062 37,181 29,819 $212,045 124,793 37,800 $357,695 153,402 64,973 $296,563 186,947 23,670 10,778 16,506 42,006 36,063 69,384 $340,667 386,916 9,644 17,663 13,389 63,507 65,997 119,229 Schenectady Fulfonvillo Little Falls 6,124 40,302 21,060 36,349 8,772 46,142 28,836 85,876 10,840 60,576 30,456 74,756 Utica Rome Syracuse Jordan Montezuma Lyons Palmyra Rochester Brockport Albion Medina Lockport »66,635 11,197 21,466 88,494 7,617 »3,793 82,611 24,229 48,338 160,129 12,314 12,139 93,809 23,018 40,180 176,140 24,982 19,866 86,681 21,855 61,199 248,210 7,687 30,844 103,826 17,432 68,021 224,629 10,897 36,263 77,837 19:i97 63,798 190,632 65,932 26,365 10,514 21,553 62,129 23,227 54 321,154 ,417 14,820 2,262 106,413 181,973 65,642 68,4.56 703,498 7,012 7,379 8,955 71,356 44,666 Black Rocko 786 1,671 12,295 60,583 482.636 9,085 15,371 Buflalo Waterford Schuylerville Glens Falls 48,959 10,527 11,760 106,213 8,065 16,201 719,683 223 37,494 132,023 8,923 17,950 6,626 2,308 16,831 32,302 ''17.318 33;i06 Whitehall Salina PbtBnix 41,052 8,662 63,924 61,214 48,160 30,063 65.911 63,812 3,673 46,850 61,899 138,704 310,136 Geneva Ithaca Uavana Horseheads Corning Dresden 30,701 35,879 33,360 44,336 47,473 6,266 15,133 6,574 14,696 16,132 26,747 82,400 6,667 26,734 3,012 10,415 13:885 21,147 11,376 32,853 64.060 9.560 21,192 3,177 6.026 7.189 28,647 14,486 29,684 65,860 3.496 15,370 4:735 2,553 8..587 6,985 14,470 6,605 17.120 ■ 12:286 16,894 648 8,366 4,096 8,958 6,096 16,787 2,767 4;573 2.721 4,510 1,029 2,482 4,594 1,803 7.703 6,276 4,450 Oxford Binghamton ScottsTille DanBvllle Orjimel..- Boonville HigfiinsviUe 18,606 28,400 20,383 652 9,124 Olean $506,279 $1,000,922 $1,548,109 $1,775,967 $2,646,181 53,273,899 $2,806,077 $2,748,212 $1,838,836 « Collected at Port Byron. ' At Newport. ' Office abolished in 1857. '' At Saratoga, Ft. Miller, Ft. Edward, and Ft. Ann. Number of Clearances issued from 1833 to 1858, both inclusive, on the Several Canals. Teak. 1 i '2 S Is S g 1 1 i S 1-8 Is 11 3 1833 1834 1836 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1846 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1864 1866 1866 1867 1858 21,841 29,441 30.903 31,8.37 29,611 30,282 33,464 35,231 30.333 3i:529 32.629 82,216 35,142 93.276 45,255 43.829 37,507 39,115 41,663 39,177 39,621 41,462 40,850 36,514 31,307 28,849 6,938 7,169 7,4,38 0,7.52 6.967 6.582 5,804 6,871 6,067 4.709 4.303 4.911 6.128 6,605 6,937 6,464 5996 0,958 6.700 7.714 9,865 7,781 7.421 7.626 7,754 8.807 3.739 6,867 7,763 6,870 6,051 7.864 8.456 7,472 9,126 6.877 7:948 10.204 10.296 11,007 12,838 12,406 7,861 7,761 8.071 7,844 9,129 13,316 12,248 14,827 10.133 13,538 1,080 1,891 1,693 1,730 1,385 1,361 1,213 1,223 1,421 1,397 1,068 1,249 1,449 1,881 1,814 1,932 969 886 1,066 964 1.016 1.S57 1,971 2,439 2,097 1,740 263 1,247 1,802 1.951 1.704 1.629 1,624 1,553 2.695 8.301 2,469 3,050 3.696 3,699 4,440 4,609 3,843 3,839 3,828 3,999 5.019 6,630 6,267 6,982 5,909 6.105 163 890 1,075 1,179 998 958 930 814 890 731 964 976 1.495 1.278 1.300 1.184 i:026 1,042 916 827 916 706 760 752 261 634 ""m 1,009 880 763 1,039 816 968 1.128 1,189 1,207 1,477 1,645 989 1,295 907 1,603 1,762 1,899 1,964 1,923 1,906 1.532 ■"478 1,096 1,596 1,809 2,045 3,223 2,366 2.283 2.389 2,102 2.225 2,037 2,014 2,897 2.968 2.434 a.3.'!3 2.405 2.314 6S0 609 074 817 933 834 900 808 ""674 1.101 1,260 1,237 1,260 1.089 1,307 1,677 2.0.34 393 695 1,187 1,373 2,663 2,393 3,177 1.289 1.339 'Si' 470 494 48,740 63,726 09.078 67.255 62.273 64.796 08,296 60,133 76.990 67,616 69,720 76,409 81,629 89,936 104.478 98,325 85,648 89,124 92,926 93,842 100.148 104.902 97,866 98,214 80,309 80,986 CANALS. 57 00Coa>00C0»C»GOC0CO00a0QCCO<»COCOC030C»CO00(»00CCCi0i»COC000Cl0COQ&C»a0 ■»a>c;ii*-Mt3j-'ptoco-i_o;oi^&5 '-Zi X-J OiV i 2 (DGO^ dCJi It rll; 00 M 00 lO Ol « CO -J CI -^ ao - ■ ^Oi+»-Ji(iClO't*i- J 4j -J -3 oi ^ JO *• JO ■JOTOOOj"" -• *- OO «1 , . _ (OOi-'OOtO>-*>-«03tO>-'tOO<-'l-'05DI-'OI-'0-'Wi-'OCCiODOOO-^-^** .- _^^^^-^-^ CO OD M ro .-3 o o 0" — ' *~ ■ - - - — — - - - — - OjtOtOi&tSCO—'C ^ *- M to tn <- D fci CO -5 -t « r5 bi I— i-i to ■- J I-" 1-1 c;i *- _ J o w io *» oco toco O^Oi ^rie Canal. Champlain Canal. <^ p^S" i'^ s^ ^ i'' ^ ^ T* S'^y^ 7^ -i^ ^-^ ■p' y' ■?^ ■?^ S'^'S^ -P" -^ •S'^ T*3^ s^ ir^s^ "o'bi'ji.'to'cji QD to o-'ih-'oa'oto'bi bi'iiC)'w> c^ Qs to lOOiC3l--'Wl^C5COMO>-'lOGl6tOMl|-'v;.C»rfx,f*'OOtOMW--ItDtOOOif--J tOa^bOCOOt001l--'^wbo^tOtD»-'MhJW>-'wbil*ii^t->ft'*-''J3 M >-> I-' M to 1- j(i 0< J-> (D I- ■ - 'ci'C'''-''^''*- CO C3J ^ 00 to M 00 _a5 ^ f ^ J rf^jO J^ C> *. 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O) Oi to CI t _ l-iCD CO f-i* to rfi c o o to )*^ tl aO 00 OO 00-TC71 & OOitOODtOCTiClC Liij?5i_iKtowioi-'cyjtooD--i'ficooD*»co>-'tocoootoMaootocoif-oico--'Oat: MS8-^!£^'Spt5opj-i>t^P7^p55pj-iop5:ic5bw*--K7J*.p *. CO i-i *. C; t Oswego Canal. Cayuga d Seneca Canal. Chemung Canal. Crooked Lake Canal. Clienango Canal. Genesee VaUey Canal. Oneida Lake Canal. Simeca River Towing Path. Oneida River Improve- ment. Cayuga Inlet, Black River Oznal. BaldsunnsviUe Canal. I I ^ =■ o § t- te CD '2^ 58 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEEE. Tlie Erie Canal, connecting the Hudson with Lake Erie, was commenced at Rome, July 4, 1817, and was completed Oct. 26, 1825. As first constructed, it was 363 mi. long, 28 ft. wide at the bottom, 40 ft. wide at the top, and 4 ft. deep. The locks were 90 ft. long between the gates, and 15 ft. wide. The original cost of the whole was $7,143,789. 86.' Tho number of boats upon the canals at different periods has been— in 1S«, 2,136; in 1844, 2,126; in 1847, 2,726; in 1853, 3,401 ; and in 1859, about 3,500. The following numbers of new boats have been registered :— 1844,378 I 1847,1,466 1845,297 1848, 457 1846,477 1849, 215 1850, 162 1851, 213 1852, 271 1853, 690 I 1856, 364 1854, 760 1867, 329 1855, 471 1868, 256 Some opinion may be formed of the class of boats used from the numbers built. These were, in 1S57, of scows, 106; decked BCOWfl, 23; lake boats, 96; bullheads, 102; and packets, 3. None of the last named were built in 1858 ; and the day for traveliug upon the canals may be considered aa virtually passed, unless steam canal boats — now being introduced into use — prove successful competitors in speed with steam upon railroads. The largest boat registered in 1844 was 90 tons. In 1849, some were as high as 136 tons : in 1860, 170 tons ; in 1853, 260 tons ; and in 1868, 300 tons. The average tonnage of boats has been as follows ; — 1849 76 1860 80 1861 87 1862 88 1853 87 1654 106 1886 102 1866 107 1867 114 1868 109 General average 100 Structures upon the New York State Canals at the close of 1857. Lift Locks'* Giiard Locks.-... Weigh Locks.... AqUr(lUr?|3 Waste Weirs Culverts Guard Gates Road Bridges.... Farm Bridges... Tow Bridges Total Bridges'.. Damsc 6 1 .£•53 S 1 5~; 1 e 11 53 § 1 fl. Total. 1 lis, ■Si s II ee Ill 76 39 lie 110 7 18 2 1 12 27 63 113 674 4 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 3 23 5 5 85 4 19 5 4 17 84 49 23 21 12 6 3 6 10 84 163 a43 27 62 18 2 6 1 o 103 465 3 3 63 86 2 11 1 3 13 27 103 75 40 1 1 1 16 102 13 1 11 27 16 9 609 140 212 77 3 23 1 3 41 14 69 214 1,296 10 8 12 1 8 1 6 1 5 61 o Double locks, side by side, are couuted as one. The number upon the Erie Canal, when completed, will be two leBS, by dis- pensing with those now at Montezuma. 6 Farm bridges are gradually lessening in number, as the clainis of individuala are from time to time commuted, or the damages appraised from failure to rebuild them. The principal increase of bridges is in cities and villages, from tho opening of new streets; and in these localities permanent iron bridges are now generally built upon the principal thoroughfares. " Of the 10 dams in the first column, S are feeder dams. 1 Plans for improving the navigation of tho Slohawk were proposed in 1720, but nothing was done to this end till March 30, 1792, when tho " Western Inland Navigation Company" was incorporated, with powers to improve the channel and build canals and locks to Lake Ontario and Seneca Lake. The cost to Oneida Lake was estimated at £39,500. This work consisted mainly of the following: — Ist. A canal at Little Falls. 4,752 feet long, of which 2,550 feet were throuc;h solid rock. Upon it were 5 locks, with a total rise of 44^ leot. 2d. A canal \~ miles long, with a lock, at Wolf Rift. German Flats. 3d. A canal, IJ miles long, at Kome, con- necting the Mohawk with Wood Creek ; and, 4th, four locks upon Wood Creek, with a total depth of 25 feet. The work was begun at Little Falls, in 1793, but the want of funds delayed the work until 1794, when a subscription of 200 shares was obtained fi'om the State. Boats first passed the canal and locks at this place Nov. 17, 1795, and on that day and the next 8 large and 1U2 small boats v.'ere passed, at a toll of .£80 10s, esclusive of 9 that passed free the first day. The chambers of the locks were 74 by 12 feet, and allowed boats of 32 tons to pass ; but other im- pediments limited boats to a burden of 10 or 11 tons. Light boats could go from Schenectady to Fort Stan wis and back in 9 days ; but the larger boats required 14 days to make the trip. In 1793, Wood Creek was cleared out, and 13 isthmuses were cut across, shortening the channel 7 miles. In 179G, boats passed through to Oneida Lake; and the work, in 1797, had cost $400,000. of which the State paid S92.000. The great cost re- quired high tolls: and in 1812 but 300 boats passed, with 1,500 tons, at Little Falls. The company gave up its rights west of Oneida Lake in 180S, and sold out to the State, in 1820. for $152.718.52.— i?ei»'>r( of WesUyn, the Emiticer^ Vl^&; SpaJJbrd's Gazetteer, 181.1; Hist. iV. T. Canals^ II, 40. It is entirely uncertain who originated the first idea of con- Btmctiug a chain of water communication through the State. All of the early efforts were directed to effecting a passage through the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River to Lake Ontario. Tho Western connection was sought by locking around Niagara Falls. In ISOO, Gouverneur Morris first suggested tho idea of a direct canal fi'om Lake Erie to tlie Iludaon, thi-ough the center of the State. His plan was to tap Lako Erie, and have a continuous slope from the lake to tlie Jiigh land that borders upon the Hudson, and a series of locks thence to the river. In 1803 he stated the outline of his plan to the Surveyor-General, Simeon De Witt, who looked upon it as chimerical. The nest year Mr. De Witt, in a conversation with James Geddes, then a laud surveyor of Onondaga county, stated the plan of Mr. Morris aa one of the impracticable schemes which had been advanced. Wr. Geddes, however, looked at the matter in a different light, and, after some little reflection, be concluded that the plan, ^vith some modifications, was by far the beet that had yet been suggested. He counseled with Jesse Ilawley upon the subject; and the latter, convinced of the feasi- bility of the project, wrote a series of papers which were pub- lished in tho Genesee Messenger from Oct. 1807, to March, 1803. These essays were signed " Hercules," and were the first ever printed in favor of the Erie Canal. In 1808, Joshua Forman, an intimate associate of Mr. Geddes. then a member of the As- sembly, introduced a resolution for the survey of a canal route, to the end that Congress might be led to grant moneys for tho construction of a canal. Tlie sum of $600 was granted for surveys under the direction of the Surveyor-General. Jamea Geddes was intnisted with this service, and was directed to level down from Oneida Lake to the mouth of Salmon Creek, to ascer- tain wliether a can.al could be opened fi-om Oswego Falls to Lake Ontario, and to survey the best route for a canal around Niagara Falls. He was also directed to survey a route eastward from Lake Erie to Genesee River, and thence to the waters flowing east into Seneca Lake. He finished this work, and made a report showing the practicability of the last named route and its great superiority over the others which had been proposed. This report at once excited general attention, and secured the influence of De Witt Clinton, then a member of the Senate, and many other prominent men. In 1810, commissioners, at the head of whom was Do Witt Clinton, were appointed to explore a canal route through the center of the State. On the 8th of April, 1811, an act was passed to provide for the improvement of the internal navigation of the State, and efi^orts were made to ohtiiin aid from the General Government, but without success. The report of the commissioners stated the importance of this measure with such force and eloquence that a law was passed the next year continuing tho commissioners, and authorizing them to borrow and deposit money, and take cessions of land, for tlio proposed canal; but the war suspended active operations. The jiroject. however, continued to be discussed, and an act was passed on the 17thof April, 1816, providing for a definite eiirvoy The canal was begun at Rome, July 4, 1817, and on tlie 22d of October, 1819. the first boat passed fi:om Utica to Rome. The completion of the canal was celebrated by extraordinary CANALS. 59 The enlargement of tliis canal was ordered May 11, 1835, and has been going on more or less rapidly since, except during a few years of suspension commencing under Gov. Wright^s adminis- tration. It was estimated by the State Engineer and Surveyor, in Jan., 1859, that $1,565,077.75 would complete the enlargement upon the present plan, making the total cost of that work $23,000,000. The length of the Erie Canal when enlarged will be reduced to 349.74 mi. Its sec- tion gives a breadth of 70 ft. at the surface of the water, 52J ft. at the bottom, and a depth of 7 ft. civic and military ceremonies tbrougbout the State, and espe- ci:Uly in Ne\v York City, ou the -ith of Nov. 1S25. Aa tbo first boat, with Governor Clinton on board, entered the canal, at Buffalo, at 10 o'clock, (Oct. 26,) a line of cannon, previously ar- ranged a few miles apart, passed a signiU along to Albany, and down the lludson to Sandy Honk, from whence it was retuiued in like manner. The signal waa heard at New York, at 11.20. The flotilla with the Governor was everywhere greeted with en- thuBiastic rejoicing. Upon reaching New York it passed down to Sandy Hook, and the waters of the lake were mingled with those of the ocean with imposing ceremonies. The Canal Commissioners under whom the Erie and Cham- plain Canals were constructed were Stephen Tan llensaelaer, De Witt Clinton, Joseph Ellicott, Samuel Young, aud Myrou Ilolloy. Henry Seymour was appointed in place of Ellicott iQ March, 1819, and W'ilUam C. Bouck was added to tho number in March, 1S21. The chief engineers were James Geddes, of Olou- diiga CO., and Beojaniin Wright, of Home, neither of whom had ever seen a canal, or enjoyed means of acquiring a practical knowledge of engineering other than that obtained from survey- ing land. Tbe precision with which their canal surveys woro executed, under the circumstances, may be regarded as truly wonderful. Among the assistant engineers were Peacock, David Thomas, Nathan S. Roberts, David S. Bates, Canvass White. Davis Hard, Noah Dennis, Charles T. WTiippo, William Jerome. Henry G. Sargent. Frederick C. Mills, Isaac J. Thomas, Henry Farnam. Alfred Barrett, John Bates, William H. Price, John Hopkins, and Seymour Skiff. Tbe Canal Board have adopted the following tablo of distances from place to place npon the Erie Canal. The elevations above tide are those shown by the lockages, and do not take into account the descent given to canse a flow of water between locks, which does not vary much from an inch to a mile. The long level is supposed to be perfectly uniform in elevation above tide. Stations^ Distances, and Elevations above Tide on the Erie CanaL Plages. 5 11 ^ a. Albany West Troy JunctioD , Cohoes , Crescent Upper Aqueduct , Schenectady , Iloffmans Ferry.- , Port Jackaou Schoharie Creek Auricsville FultonviUe Yatesvilie Sprakera Cana,ioharic Fort Plain St. JohnsTillo Mindenville East Canada Creek Little Falls Mohawk Ilioii Frankfort Fergusons ntica York Mills AYhitesi^oro Orisluiuy Home New London Iligfrin-sville. Gunbarton Loomis Durhamville Leno.K Canastota New Boston Landing... Canaseraga Landing... Cliittenango Bolivar Pools Hrook KirkTillo Maulius Limestone Feeder Orrillo Feeder. , Lodi Syracu.se Geddes Bellislo Nine .Mile Creek Camlllus Canton Peru Jorda \ Cold Spring I^^ 7 7 11 14 26 30 40 46 51 63 66 62 65 68 71 76 78 82 87 85 98 101 106 110 113 114 117 125 131 135 136 137 140 143 145 149 160 151 162 154 165 158 159 161 165 168 4 172 2 174 1 175 5 ISO 2 1S2 3 185 1 186 352 345 345 341 33S 326 322 312 306 301 299 296 290 287 2S4 281 278 274 270 265 267 254 251 246 a42 239 233 235 227 221 217 216 215 212 209 207 203 202 201 200 198 197 194 193 191 187 1S6 184 ISO 178 177 172 170 167 160 188 269.5 301 309 360 403 424 400 Weed.sport Ceuterport Port BjTon Montezuma Pitt Ixjck Clyde Lock Berlin Lyons ~..- East Arcadia LockvUle Newark Port Gibson Palmyra - Macedon Wayneport Knappville Fairport - Fullam's Basin Busbuell's Basin Cartersville Pittsford... , Lock No. 65 Brighton..., Rochester „ Greece (6-miIo grocery) Brnckways Spenccrport Adams Basin Cooloys Basin Brockport - HoUey Hult)orton BrockTille Hindsburgh Albion Gaines Basin Eagle Harbor Knowlesville Medina Shelbys Basin... Middleport Reynales Basin Mabees -.. Gasport Orangeport Mill.ard!! Lockpiirt Sulphur Springs, 0. Lock ., Pendleton _ Pickardsville Martin.^t ^^ 7 7 10 18 22 24 26 31 34 36 39 42 47 49 60 65 69 63 71 £■3 ES: 71 64 64 61 63 49 47 46 40 37 35 32 29 24 22 21 16 12 100 110 131 140 150 Glens Ihlis Feeder. Places. Champlain Canal.... Sandy IliU Olens Falls Head of the Feeder.. Head of the Pond.... Total.... 3Iiks from place to place. 2 3 2 5 12 s This canal is supplied by Chenango River and 6 reservoirs, viz.. — Madison Brook, Woodmans Pond. Lelands Pond. Bradleys Brooll, Hatchs Lake, and Eaton Brook Reservoirs, — all of which are in the south part of Madison co. The canal extends across to and up the TiUley of Oriskany Creek to the summit level, and down the valley of Chenango River. It was begun in 1833 and finished in 1837. at a cost of $1,737,703. From Utica to the Summit it rises 706 feet by 76 locks, and from thence it descends 303 feet by 38 locks to the Susquehanna. Of its 114 locks, 2 are stone and the remainder composite. Upon the feeders are 12 road and 18 farm bridges. CANALS. 61 thage, on the liue of Jefferson co. At Boonville the canal receives a navigable feeder 12 mi. long, which derives its water from Black River. Length of main canal 36.62 mi., of feeders 12.48 mi., and of reservoirs 12.05 mi.* Tlie Oneida I^ake Canal- connects the Erie Canal at Higgiusville (3J mi.) with "Wood Creek, and by slackwater, 2^ mi. on that stream, with Oneida Lake, a total distance of 6 mi., and a descent of 56 ft. Tlie Os»veg"o Canal., extending from Syracuse to Oswego, was authorized Nov. 20, 1824. A loan of 8100,000 was allowed April 20, 1825 ; it wag begun in 1826, and was completed in 1828, at a cost of $525,115.^ It is 38 mi. long,and includes 19 mi. of slackwater navigation in Oswego and Seneca Rivers, with a towing path on the e. bank. Connected with this work are the Oneida River Improvement, extending the whole length of that stream from Three River Point to Fort Brewerton, at the outlet of Oneida Lake; the Seneca River Improvement, ex- tending from Mud Lock, on the Oswego Canal, to Baldwinsville, by slackwater navigation; and stations^ Distances, and Elevations upon the Chenango Canal. Places. Utica Road leading frrim New Hart- ford to Whitesboro Clinton Deansville : Oriskaoy Falls Solsville Bouckville Pecks Basin Hamilton Lebanon Factory. Earlsville Sherburne North Norwich. Plastft'T^ille Norwich t Oxford Haynea Mill Greene Forks Pond Brook Port Crane Crockers Mills Binghamton ^.^ g sl -^s *. . *•! .1 o 5.5 So. ^■5. :?s S«g 97 3 3 94 6 9 88 5 14 83 5 19 78 3 22 75 2 24 73 2 26 71 i 30 67 2 32 65 4 38 61 5 41 66 4 45 52 2 47 60 4 61 46 9 60 37 10 70 27 4 74 23 8 S2 15 2 84 13 5 89 8 1 90 7 7 97 572 775 666 1,109 1,128 1,112 1.078 1,033 1,018 996 958 924 881 1 This canal was authorized April 19, 1836, and began the next summer. The summit level is 693 feet aboTO the canal at Rome, to which it descends by 70 locks. Northward the canal descends 3S6 feet, by 39 locks. The feeder has but one level. The State has caused reservoirs to be formed by damming the outlet of Woodhnll, Chub, North and South Branch, and other lakes in Herkimer co. The Eight Lakes near the source of Moose River are available as reservoirs to supply Black River with water, withdrawn to feed the canal southward. Tabu of the principal Lakes which are used or avaHabU as reservcfirs. Lakes. Chub Lake Sand " Mud " Woodhull Lake. South Branch... North " ... Jocks Lalce Moose " First " Second " Third " Fourth " Jifth « Sixth " Seventh" Eighth " Area in ^d ahfyve acres. tide. 630 1,599 1.793 1,799 1,236 1,854 618 2,019 423 1,821 2,183 1,772 403 1,684 175 1,684 166 1,684 1,979 1,687 9 1,091 53 1,760 1,609 1,762 309 1,776 In September. 1S57. the Canal Board abandoned its plans for Improying the channel of Black River by wing-dams and piers, and ordered a dam and lock to be built at the month of Ottor Creek. The river has no towing path, and boats are towed by Bteaniers. The State has built a dam and bridge at Carthage, and the piers of two other bridges, of which the auperstmctnre is built by the towns. Stations, Distances^ and Elevations upon the Black Eiver Canal. Plaoeb. Rome Ridge Mills , Lock No. 7 Walworth's Storehouse Westernville Wells Brook Aqueduct Stringers Creek Lansing Kil Lock No. 31 , Lansing Kil Bam or Feeder . Lower Falls, Lansing Kil Upper Falls, Lansing Kil .... Lock No. 70 Boonville Sugar River Little Falls, Black River , Port Leyden Lock No. 97 Lyons Falls 427 595 643 683 1,130 1,120 892 734 'JBoonvUle Feeder. Hawkinsville, on Feeder 3 miles from Boonville. A. Lee's, on " 5 " " " R. B. Miller's, on " 6 " « « State Dam, on " 10 " " " Head of Reservoir 12 « « « 1. |§ 58 11 II 35 2 2 33 3 5 M 1 6 29 .1 9 56 2 11 ■u 2 13 22 1 14 21 2 16 19 1 17 18 2 19 16 2 21 14 2 23 13 2 25 10 3 28 7 1 29 a 3 .32 3 1 33 2 a 35 8 This canal was completed in the fall of 1835 by a company incorporated March 22, 1832, as the "Oneida Lake Canal Co." The company having to nse the waters of the Erie Canal from the long level, were required to supply on equivalent amount. A feeder was constructed 5 miles west, drawing its waters from Oneida Creek. It is 2 miles long, and not navigable. The company had authority to extend its improvements 4 miles up Wood Creek, but nothing was ever done in that direction. By an act of May 11, 1840, the Canal Commissioners were authorized to purchase it at a cost not exceeding $50,000, which was done April 12; 1841, and State stock bearing 5 per cent, interest, and redeemable in 10 years, was isflued in payment. The first cost of the canal and feeder was $78,824.85. This canal forma an important link in the internal water communication of the State, extending navigation from the Erie Canal to Oneida Lake, and by the Oneida Outlet to the Oswego Canal and River. Before the Erie Canal was built the Oneida Lake route was the great thoroughfare for the transporta- tion of goods westward. s The act did not ori^nally authorize a connection with the Erie Canal, but only a communication with Onondaga Lake. The connection was recommended by the commissioners in 1827. and it was authorized soon after. Tliis canal has a fail of 123 feet by IS locks. The Oneida River Improvement has 2 steamboat locks, one of 3 and one of 3^ feet lift, 120 feet long and 30 wido, passing boats drawing 4 feet of water. It also has one dam and on» draw bridge at Oak Orchard and Browerton. 62 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. thence by a canal three-fourths of a mile long, with one lift and one guard lock, and by slack- water on the Seneca River to Jacks Reef. Cayuga and .Seneca Canal connects the Erie Canal at Montezuma with Cayuga Lake at East Cayuga and with Seneca Lake at Geneva. About half of the canal is formed by slackwater navigation upon Seneca River, and the remainder is a channel parallel to the river. As enlarged, this canal admits the passage of large boats from the Erie Canal to the head of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes.' Crooked liake Canal connects Crooked Lake at Penn Yan with Seneca Lake at Dresden.' Chemung Canal and Feeder connects Seneca Lake at Watkins with Chemung River at Elmira, with a navigable feeder from Knoxville on Chemung River to Horseheads, on the summit level of the Chemung Canal, including slackwater navigation from the dam and guard lock at Gibson to Knoxville.' The Genesee Talley Canal extends from Rochester up the Genesee Valley to Olean upon the Allegany. The summit level is 978 ft. above Rochester and 86 ft. above the Allegany River, at Olean, and from it 97 locks descend toward the n. and 9 toward the s.* Stations, Distances, and Elevations upon the Oswego Canal. Syracuse Salina LWerpooI Mud Lock Cold .Spring New Bridge Tliree River Point. Pbcenix Sweet's Lock Ox Creek Fulton Braddock'8 Rapid.. Tilfany's Landing.. High Dam Oswego it s . g ■i.| *.a ^t :s<^ ^« n .IS 2 2 36 ■A .1 :« •I 7 31 1 S 30 h i:i •& 2 V\ 23 2 17 21 3 20 18 3 2S 15 4 27 11 4 31 7 4 3,'> 3 1 36 2 2 3S 345 243 OnHda. River Improvement. Places. Miles frmi place to place. Tliree River Point Peter gcott Creek 4 Oak Orchard 4 Caughilenoy 7 llrewerton 5 Total 20 Serieca River Improvement. Mud Lock • HaldwiiiBville 6 Jacks Reef. 12 Total 18 1 Cayuga and Seneca Canal— Stations and Distances. Places. Miksfrom place to place. Monteznma PenecaKiver 6 S. Dermont'8 2 Seueca Falls 3 Chamberlain's Mills 2 Waterloo 2 Tears 5 Geneva 2 Lateral Canal to East Cayuga 2 Total 23 The Seneca Lock Navigation Co. was incorporated April 6, 1813, for the purpose of improving the outlet of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes: and the Cayuga and Seneca Canal Co. was char- tered April 20, 1815. Its capital was increased in 1816 to $60,000, and in 1817 a fiirthor call of 25 per cent, upon the original stock was anthoiized, including a like extension of payment on stock held by the State. The proposition for assuming this work by the State was approved in 1S25, and the interest of the company was purchased for $33,867.18, exclusive of the amount owned by the State. The work waa begun in 1826, and finished in 1828, at a cost of $214,000. The inlet to Cayuga Lake is navigable 1^ miles to Ithaca. The locks of this canal are all enlarged, ex- cepting one at Chamberlain's Dam. which will be dispensed with so as to include the distance from Seneca Falls to "Waterloo in one level. The descent from Geneva to Montezuma is 74 feet by 12 locks. 2 The survey of this canal was authorized by the Legislature in 1828. The canal was ordered to be built by an act of April 11. 1829. It was begun in 1830 and finished in 1833. It has a descent of 269 feet by 27 locks. It extends water communicar tiou to the various ports upon Crooked Lake. Crooked Ldice Canal — Stations and Distances. Places. Miles from ^■^'-'■^- place toplactK Dresden Blallory's 3 Andrews and Ways 2 Penn Yan 2 Crooked Lake 1 Total.. 3 This canal was authorized April 15, 1S29, and its construc- tion was begun in that year and finished in 1S33. The total lockages on both the canal and feeder are 516 feet by 53 locks, and the original cost was?344,000. From Corning, the Blossburg k Corning R. K. ascends into the bituminous coal region of Tioga CO., Penn., and this article forms a very important item in the business of the canal. It also communicates with the Erie R. R. The .Junction Canal, a privato enterprise connecting the Chemung Canal at Elmira with the North Branch Canal of Penn. at Athens, 19 mi. 8., pi-omises to become an important tributary to the trade of this canal by opening access to the coal region. The diversion of Chemung River into our canals has been made a subject of complaint and remonstrance by the State of Penn. Plans have been proposed for using Mud Lake. (459 acres) and Little Lake, (708^ acres,) in Tyi-ono, as reser- voirs to relieve this canal from the inconvenience felt in di-y seasons from low water. Chemung Canal and Feeder — Sta(io7is and Distances. PLACES. MILES. Seneca Lake Havana 4 Millport 6 ITorseheads 7 Elmira 6 Knoxville 22 Total.. 47 Feeder. PLACES- MILES. Hoi-seheads Miller's Basin. 7 Dam at head of Feeder.. 7 Knoxville 2 Total.. 16 < This canal was authorized by act of May 6, 1836, and was begun the same year. The portion from the Junction to Rochester and the Dansville side-cut, in all 52 miles, was finished in 1840; to Ornmel, 36 miles further, with the Genesee Fender at that place, in ]s51; to Belfast, 2 miles, in 1833; to Rockville, 3 miles, in 1S54, and to Clean, 24 miles, in 1856. A section of one mile, with 2 lift locks and 2 bridges, still remains to be finished. The repairs of the first and second sections of this canal were put xinder contract for five years in Dec. 1855. the former for iS,440 and the latter for $13,900 per annum. In consequence of heavy freshets and unexpected damages, the contractor on the first section abandoned his contract In June. 1857. An act passed, 1857, authorized the extension of this canal fi-om Olean eastward across Olean Creek and the bottom lands along the n. bank of the Allegany to its entrance into Mill Grove Pond, 6.52 miles. CANALS. 63 Besides the foregoing navigable improvements by the State, the following have been placed under the direction of the Canal Commissioner for construction : Tlie Owasco Liake Improvement, ordered in 1852, and designed to make this lake a reservoir for supplying a vrater power for the machinery in Auburn State Prison.' Tlie draining of Cayuga niarslies, for reclaiming a large amount of land, estimated at 40,000 acres, at the outlet of Cayuga Lake and along Seneca River. By an act of April 12, 1853, the channel of the river was ordered to be lowered, and the lands benefitted to be taxed for the expense. Surveys have been made and the work partly accomplished under the direction of the Canal Commissioners.'' Several companies have been incorporated for the purpose of constructing navigable canals, but, with two or three exceptions, none of these have at present a corporate existence. Ttae Delaware and Hudson Canal, extending from Rondout on the Hudson to Hones- dale, Penn., is the most important of these. It is connected with the Lackawanna coal region by a R. R. 16 mi. long, and is one of the principal routes by which coal is brought to the market upon the Hudson.^ StaHonSy DUtances, and Elevations upon Vie Genesee VaUey Canal. Kochpster Rapids (Lock No. 1) Tone's Basin Scottsville Canawaugus (ATon road) Sackett's Basin FowleryJlle UoatL — - Barclay's Mill , PilTardinia - Spencer'^ Basin... Tracy's Basin ~ Cuylerville — - — Leicester, Moscow Landing Genesee River Dam Mount Morris - Shaker Settlement BrushTille - Nunda Messenger's Hollow Genesee Falls (Tunnel section) Portageville. - Lock No. 01 Mixville Landing, Wiscoy Feeder. Fillmore Burrville Caneadea Center. Oramel Belfast Rockville Caseville — Black Creek Cornera— Cuba lechua Feeder Hinsdale— Clean "=>s 2 8 12 20 22 24 26 29 30 32 33 34 36 37 41 46 61 53 67 59 64 65 69 75 76 78 84 88 93 99 100 107 107 105 99 95 87 85 83 81 78 77 75 74 73 71 70 66 61 56 64 60 48 43 42 38 32 31 29 27 24 23 19 14 8 7 11 507 689 600 796 947 1,162 1,222 1,315 1,410 1,485 DansvUU Branch. Places. Shaker Settlement-.. Fitzhugh'8 Basin Kysorville Rock Spring , Sherwoods Landing... Steam Sawmill McNairs Landing Woodville CommonsviUe Dansville Miles frcmi placeto place. 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total. 11 1 This work was 2 years in charge of the Agent of the State Prison and the Mayor of Auburn, but in 1855 it was placed in the hands of the Canal Commissioners. The work, up to 1867, was greatly injured by a Spring flood. From 1852 to 1S57 in- clusive, $33,485 had been appropriated for this work. 2 In 1S24, and several times afterward, the drainage of these marshes was made the subject of legisLntive enactment, but without other results than surveys. A concise history of this movement is given in Senate Doc. 35, 1853. The work was placed in 1853 under the direction of George Geddes, and up to 1858, $175,000 had been appropriated and mostly expended. — Report Canal Commissioners^ 1858, p. 110. 3 The Delaware and Hudson Canal Company was incorporated April 23, 1823, with a capital of $1,600,000, with the right of usingS600,000 in banking until 1844. The credit of the State was loaned for $800,000, in stock, bearing Interest of 45 or 5 per cent. The canal was begun in July, 1825, and opened for use in Oct. 1S28. Its length from Rondout to Port .Tervis, on the Dela- ware, is 59 miles ; and from Port Jervis, up the Delaware to the mouth of the Lakawasen, 24 miles. It crosses the river at the latter place, and extends 26 miles furthf^r to Honesdale. Its highest summit between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers is 685 feet above tide. Its descent to the Delaw.are is 80 feet: its rise along the Delaware isl48 feet; and its rise between the Delaware and Honesdale 187 feet. The aggregate number of locks is 109. and the total rise and fall is 950 feet. The railroad to the coal mines is also o^vned by the Canal Company. The original cost of the New York section of the canal was $1,424,994, and of tiio Penn. section $612,123. The company o^vn most of the lK)at8 used upon the canal, and conduct the mining operations at Car- bondale. Present capital, $7,500,000. The canal was originally constructed to afford 4 feet of depth, and to accommodate boats of 30 tons. In Sept., 1842, a plan of enlargement was adopted, and 5 feetof water was obtained, accommodating boats of 40 tons each. In 1851 a further enlargement was completed, obtaining 6 feet of water, and accommixlating boats of 120 tons. The locks are now constructed with a single gate at the upper end, which turns down upon hinges like a door. It is found to bo very serviceable, and much quicker to operate than the double gate. Annual Receipts of Tolls on the Delaware aTid Hudson Canal since its completion. 1830.. 1831.. 1832.. 1833.. 1834.. 1835.. 1836.. 1837.. 1838.. 1839... 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844.. $16, 20, 28: 37; 36, 41, 45, 41, 40, 40, 35, 39, 33. 30, 33,1 ,422,44 ,664,64 ,717,51 ,004,68 ,946.07 ,154.73 ,164.73 ,832.42 ,323.38 ,095.26 ,460.46 ,388.19 894.93 996.53 ,525.61 1845 1846 1847 1843 1849 1860 1851 1862 1853 1864 1856 1860 1857.—.. 1868 $25,880.92 26,068.66 38,971.34 46.548.64 34,817.96 97.999.16 168,441,96 293.174.67 378,479.83 687,349.52 652,362.94 583.737.86 435A98.44 J 64 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Distances on the Delaivare and Hudson Canal. Names of Places. Eddyrille Greenkill Hombeck's Bridge Head of I'onrl Hardenburgh's Basin..... Le Fever's Falls RoBendale Lawrence'9 Mills JIarble Quarries High Fulls Hasbrouck's Basin Pliilip llasbrouck's Clove Church Alligerville John P. Di:-puy"8 Basin... Enoch Freeland's , Stony Hill Aqueduct Port Jackson David Vt-nooy's C. P. Hornbeck's Mountain Brook Middleport Bruyn's Basin Port Hyxson Port Benjamin , Heirstard'a Bridge Southwick'a Brick Yard TeiTvilliger's Feeder EUenville Cutler's Basin Broadhead's Brickhill.... Jared Ritche'a Penney "s Basin Red Bridge Phillipsport Davis — Summit Level.... Beatysburgh Log House in Swamp South Side of Swamp.... Gumare's Brook Wurtsboro' Sneed's Basin "S- • li .sis s* & s 1^4 «=? SiS No. 1 lOS 1 2 3 107 106 100 2 to 4 6 4 104 6 6 103 7 6 102 Sand 9 7 101 10 and 11 8 100 12 to 19 9 99 20 and 21 10 98 11 12 13 97 96 95 •T) 23 14 94 15 16 93 92 24 17 18 19 20 21 91 90 89 88 87 25 22 23 86 85 26 27 24 84 25 20 83 82 28 29 and 30 27 81 31 and 32 2S 80 33 29 79 24 30 78 35 and 36 31 77 37 and 38 32 76 39 to 41 33 75 42 to 61 34 74 62 to 54 36 73 36 37 38 39 40 41 72 71 70 69 68 67 Names op Places. Graham's Basin Manerza Smith's Brown Haven Oak Brook Aqueduct Indian Spring Tunnel Uill , Westbrookville Samuel Staunten's Van Inweigen's Basin CuddebackviUe Neversink Aqueduct Piersonville Solomon Van Etten's Bridge. Canal Store Hornbeck's Culvert Bird's Nest Bock Stop Gate — Pine Woods Benjamin Cuddeback'a Port Jervis , Stop Gate — Westfall's Basin. Sparrow Bush Brook Honesville Bolton Butler's Falls Mongaup , Dickerson's Eddy Stairway Brook , Vanaukin"a Bridge Fish Cabin Brook , Tucker's Aqueduct Pond Eddy , Van Tuyl's Brook. Van Tuyls Basin Craigsville Buttermilk Falls Handsome Eddy David Johnston's Barrysville Panther Brook Beaver Brook Stop Lock Delaware Dam 55 to 69 60 61 62 and 63 67 69 and 70 71 72"and'73 G'nd L'k. 35 34 29 28 27 26 25 Table of Companies which have been organized for Constructing Canals and Extending Navigation in the State. Names of Canals. Allegany River Slackwater Na- vigation Co. Auburn Canal and R.R. Co Auburn & Owasco Canal Co Binghamton, Owego, & Penn. Slackwater Navigation Co. Black River Canal Co Black River Navigation Co ;a Navigation Co Catatunk Dock Navigation Co.. Cayuga & Seneca Canal Co Chenango Junction Canal Co.... Chittenango Canal Co Delaware & Susquehanna Na- vigation Co. EUicotts Creek Slackwater Na- vigation Co. Gowanus Bay & East River Great Chazy Navigation Co Granville Canal Co Uarlem Canal Co Harlem River Canal Co , Hudson River & Channel Co Jefferson County Canal Co Junction Canal Co Dat'' of Organization. April 7, 1S57 April 24, 1832 April 21,1828 April 9, 1855 March 20, 1828 April 5, 1810 AprU lb, 1827 March 3, 1S15 April 20, 1S15 May 12, 1S46 March 1,1818 AprU 20, April 23, April 24, May 11, AprU IS, April 18, April 16, AprU 4, 1806 182! 1829 183' 1836 1825 1826 1S27 April 15, April 21, 182S 1828 Capital. $30,000 150.000 100,000 100,000 400.000 10,000 20,000 70,000 5,000 5,000 550,000 500,000 300,000 100.000 Aubtirn and Erie Canal Auburn and Owasco Lake Erie Canal and Black River Browuville and Lake Ontario.... Montezuma and Seneca Lake.... Binghamton to State line Chittenango Village and Erie Canal. Delaware River. and Susquehanna City of Brooklyn may cause to be constructed. Lake and Lower Bridge at Champlain. Champlain Canal and Bishops Corners. East River and Manhattanville. Spuyten Dnyvil Creek and Har- lem River. For raft navigation on upper water. Carthage and Sackcts Harbor.... From Erie Canal near Cham- plain Junction to Hudson River. To improve Allegany River be- low Olean. Nothing done. Charter renewed in 1834; not finished. Act amended in 1857. Nothing done. Not constructed, Toimpi-oveCiissadagaCreek; not completed. To improve Cattatunk Creek from its mouth to N. w. branch. Nothing done. Rights purchased by the State. Nothing done. Assumed by the State, and used as a navigable feeder to Erie Canal. Nothing done. Nothing done. Partially improved. Nothing done. Partly done and abandoned. Surveyed but not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. CANALS. 65 Table of Companies which have been organized for Constructing Canals and Extending Navigation in the State^ continued. Names op Canals. Junction Canal Co Long Island Canal Co Long Island Canal & Navigar tjon Co. Maulius Canal Co Mohawk & Hudson Lock Naviffation Co. Nevereink Navigation Co New York & Sharon Niagara Canal Co Northern Inland Lock Naviga- tion Co. Northern Slackwater & Rail- way Co. Oneida Lake Canal Co Onondaga Canal Co Ontario Canal Co Orange & Snsscx Canal Co Oswegatchie Navigation Co Owasco & Erie Canal Co Pecouic River Lock Navigation Co. Rochester Canal & R.R. Co. St. Lawrence Lock Co Salmon River HarborCanal Co.. ScottsviUe Canal Co Seneca Lock Navigation Co Seneca & Susquehanna Lock Navigation Co. Sodus Canal Co Susquehanna & Chenango Wallabout Canal Co Wallabout Canal Co Weetem Inland Lock Naviga- tion Co. Date of Organization. May 11, 1845 April 15,1828 April 8, 1S48 April 15,1828 April 17,1816 AprU 16,1816 Apra 19,1823 April 5, 179S March 30, 1792 May 13, 1846 March 22, 1832 Nov. 25, IS^ March 31, 1821 April 11,1825 April 25,1831 Capital. $200,000 300,000 50,000 500,000 50,000 May April 1, 1829 8, 1808 March 26, 1831 AprU 1, 1808 May 16, 1837 AprU 30, 1829 AprU 6, 1813 March 31, 1815 March 19, 1829 Mav 20, 1836 Apnl 9, 1828 April 18,1838 March 30, 1792 40,000 100,000 150,000 30,000 350,000 15.000 50,000 300,000 200,000 "20J0OO 25,000 Omncction. From Chemung Canal at Elmira to State Hue to connect with North Branch Canal. To connect Bays on 8. side and to cross Canoe Place to Peco- nic Bay. The same Erie Canal and Manliua Slack- water Navigation. Coboes Falls and Schenectady... From Sharon, Conn., to tide water to any point on the Hudson or in the City of New York. Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Hudson River and Lake Cham- plain. Port Kent and Saranac Erie Canal and Onondaga Hollow. Canandaigua Lake and Erie Canal. From Columbia, on the Dela- ware, through Orange co., to the Hudson. From the St. Lawrence to Black Lake and Canton. Owasco Lake and Erie Canal To construct Locks and Dams in Peconic River. Rochester and Lake Ontario For building Locks at Isle au Rapid. Lake Ontario and Port Ontario.. ScottsviUe and Genesee River. For improving navigation between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. From Seneca Lake to Chemung River near Eimira. From Seneca River or Canan- daigua outlet to Great Sodus Bay. From river to Chenango Canal. Wallsibout Bay and TUlory St. Brooklyn. Wallabout Bay to Kent Avenue, Brooklyn. To open navigation on the Mo- luiwk, Wood Creek, Oneida, ami Oswego Rivers to Lake Ontario. Remarlcs. Completed in 1858. Nothing done but survey. Nothing done. State Canal Feeder. Nothing done. The project failed. The State loaned its cre.Ut for $10,000 and lost the whole Biun. Surveyed nearly on the preseat line of the Harlem R. R. Nothing done. Work commenced bat no part completed. Nothing done. Finished in 1835, and purchased by the State in 1841. Not constructed. Nothing done. The right granted in 1828 to build a R. B. on the line. Nothing done on either. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Railroad only constructed. Locks completed but too small for general use. Never completed. Merged in Cayuga & Seneca Canal. Nothing done. Partly coustmcted, but never used. Not constructed. Completed to Oneida Lake in 1797. The rights were after- ward vested in the State, and such as were avaUable were used for the Erie Canal. RAIL ROADS. The first rail road in the State, and the second in the U. S., was opened from Albany to Schenectady in 1831. Although rudely constructed, at great and much needless expense, the advantages of this means of communication became so apparent that within 3 years rail roads, duly chartered by law, were projected in every part of the State.^ These early grants were gene- rally limited to 50 years, and work was required to be commenced within 3 years, the State being allowed to become purchaser at the espiratiou of the charter. The charters contained the neces- sary provisions for the taking of property by appraisements, named the commissioners for opening subscriptions, and sometimes for locating and surveying the road, which in a few instances was done at the expense of the State. At an early period the aid of the General Government was solicited, in view of the utility of these roads in the transportation of the mails, and, in case of war, of military supplies ; but, with the exception of surveys made in two instances, no aid was obtained from this source. The State has 1 Albany, Vermont, & Canada Rail Road, for- merly the Albany Northern R. R. Company organized Feb. 12, 1S51. Connects Albany and Eaglo Bridge. Road opened through about the 1st of July, 1853. It was sold under foreclosure of mortgage Oct. 16, 1856, and assumed its present name Nov. 7, following. Albany, Vcnnont, and Canada RaU Road, Stations and Distances. Albany Cemetery. — West Troy .„ , Cohoes Waterford Saratoga Junction, Schaghticoke Pittstown , Johnsonville Buskirks Eagle Bridge Distances in Miles. Between From From Staiions. Albany. EagleB'dg. i 4 2 6 3 9 2 11 1 12 10 22 1 23 3 20 5 31 2 33 33 29 27 24 22 21 11 10 7 2 Albany & West Stockbrldge Rail Road, for- merly Caatlftou & West Stockbridge R. R. Company or- ganized April 19, 1830, but nothing ivns done under the first name. Present name assumed May 5, 1836. Road opened from Qreenbnsh to Chatham Dec. 21, 1841, and to the State line Sept. 12, 1842. It was leased to the Western (Mass.) R. R. Nov. 18, 1841, for the term of its charter ; and has since been operated as a part of that road. inclndin<; tho ferry at Albany. Tho city of Albany, at different times, issued its bonds for $1,000,000, to aid in building the road, the lessees paying tho interest and $10,000 annually toward the sinking fund. It connects Albany with Springfield and Boston. Western RaU Road. Stations and Distances. Stations. Albany Qreenbnsh Scbodiick Kinderhook Chathimi Center Chatham Four Corners^. East Chatham Canaan State Line.- — Pittsfield, Mass. Springfield, " — . Worcester, " Boston, '' Distances in Miles. Bfjioeen Prom Stations. Albani/. 1 7 8 3 4 5 5 S 11 63 54 44 1 8 16 19 23 28 33 38 49 102 156 200 Proni Boston. 2(10 199 192 184 181 177 172 167 162 151 98 44 Atlantic Si Great AVestern Rail Road Co. was formed Dec. 9, 1858. The line extends from the New York & Erie R. R. at Little Valley to tho 8. line of ChauUuqua county. 66 Attica t£ fformUsville RaU Road. Company incorporated May 14, 1845 ; capital $760,000. Time extended April 11, 1849. Other roads allowed to take stock April 9, 1861. Capital in- creased and company allowed to purchase the Buffalo & Rochester R. R., from Attica to Buflalo, and to change its name March 3, 1851. Name changed to Buffalo & New York City R. R., April 16, 1861. Black River & Utica Rail Road. Company f irmed Jan. 29. 1853. Road opened to Trenton .Tan. 1, 1855, and to Boonville Dec. 18, 1865. The city of Utica has is- sued its bonds for $250,000, to aid in the construction of the road. It is designed to connect Utica and Clayton. Black River <£- Utica RaU Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Utica. Marcy.- rioyd'Road Stittsrtlle Holland Patent. Trenton _. Trenton Falls... Prospect Remsen Alder Creek Boonville Distances in Miles. Between Stations, 4 li 1 2} 7 7 From Utica. 6 8 10 12 16 17A 18i 21 28 35 Prom, Boonville. 36 29 27 25 23 19 17i 16i 14 7 Blossljure & Corning Rail Road, formerly the Cc)rning & Blossbnrg R.R.. and previously the Tioga Coal, Iron Mining, & Manufacturing Co. R. R. Was leased for a term of ve.ars to the Tioga (Pa.) R. R. Co. In 1S54 it wa3 sold for $250,000, subject to a mortgiige of $246,000 and a ten years lease to the Tioga Co. It is operated at present by the lessees. Blossburg and Corning RaUroad. Distances in Miles. Stations. Between Stations. From Coming. From Zawrencev. 8J 12i 16 8S 21 36 36 27S 16 Brooklyn City Rail Road* Company formed Dec. 16, 1S53. Opened as follows : flushing Avenue Route. Fulton St. to Throop Avenue in July, 1S54 Tulton Avenue Route. Ferry to Washington Avenue in July, 1S54 Myrtle Avenue Route. Fulton St. to Nortram Avenue in July, 1854 Greenwood Route. Fulton St. to Gowanus Creek in Aug. 1854 'Wftshiugton Avenue to Brooklyn Avenue in Sept. 1864 Kent Avenue to Bushwick Creek in Oct. 1S54 Gowanus Creek to 36th St. in Nov. 1864 Nortram Avenue to Division Avenue in Nov. 1S54 KAIL ROADS. 67 upon several occasions loaned its credit to r. r. companies by issuing stock and retaining a lien upon the roads, which in some cases was afterward relinquished, and in others sacrificed by sale at nominal prices. Throop Aveuue to DivisioujAvenue in. April, 1855 IlamiltoD Avenue Route. Court St. to Ferry in May, 1865 This road is used for passengers only, und horse power ia exclusively employed. 36th St. to City Line July, 1855 iUishwick Creek to Kent St. in Oct. 1855 Kent St. to Furman St. in Dec. 1865 City Line to Yellow Hooklandin July, 1856 Brooklyn &• Jamaica Rail R-oad. Company formed April 25, 183:i, In 1836 the road was leased to tho Long Island R. R. Co. for the term of its charter. The lessees built a tunnel 2,550 feet long under Atlautic St., bought access to the river, erected buildings and docks at a cost of over $300,000, and have since maint;dned and operated the road In connection with the Long Island R. K., of which it is virtually a part. BnflTalo, Bradford, & Pittsburgli Rail Road Co. was formed 1S59, by the consolidation of tho Buffalo & Bradford and Buffalo & Pittsburgh K. R's. Buffalo i&Ntm York OUy Rail Road, formerly Attica & Homells- ville R. R. Articles filed Jan. 22, 1S51. 31 mi. sold to Buf- falo, New York, & Erie R. R. Oct. 31, 1857, and name changed to Buflalo, New York, &■ Erie Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) STAnONS, Distances in Milbs. Beiwctn Stations. From Buffalo. From Corning. Buffalo scorning. 1 9.4S 4.05 4.95 6.47 6.14 3.40 7.20 5.60 4.32 7.31 6.93 9.05 2.56 3M 3.71 6.66 4.76 5.91 4.36 4.S7 2.88 3.64 3.7T 6.15 4.71 1.67 2.60 3.22 1.60 1 10.45 14.5 19.45 24.92 31.06 34.46 41.66 47.26 51.58 58.89 66.82 74.87 77.43 81.07 84.78 91.43 96.19 102.1 106.46 111.33 114.21 117.85 121.62 127.77 132.48 134.15 136.75 139.97 141.57 141.67 140.57 131.12 127.07 122.12 116.65 110.51 107.11 99.91 94.31 89.99 82.63 75.75 66.7 64.14 60.5 66.79 50.14 45.38 39.47 36.11 A,ldGa Bloods Wallaces 30.24 27.36 23.72 Bath 19.95 13.8 Camnbell 9.09 7.42 4.82 1.6 Corning New York 432.63 291.06 Rochester Dimsion. 8.45 3.27 2.27 4.26 From RocJiestcr. \From Avon. 8.46 11.72 13.99 18.25 18.25 9.8 Scottsville 6.63 4.20 BomdlsvW£ Division. 6.87 4.33 B.78 6.77 2.76 3.61 4.07 2.07 7.17 4.43 4.10 8.30 From AUica. From Hormlls- ville. 6.87 11.2 16.98 23.75 26.61 30.12 34.19 86.26 43.43 47.86 61.96 60.26 60.26 63.39 Middloburv 49.06 43.28 36.51 33.75 Portage » 30.14 20.07 24 16.83 12.4 8.3 Buffalo <£ State Line Rail Road. Company formed June 6, 1849. Road opened from Duokii-k to the State Line Jan. 1, 1852, and to Buffalo Feb. 22 following. The Company pur- chased the North East (Penu.) R. R. under act of April 13, 1857, and now form oue company from Buffalo to Erie, Poan. It is now operated under the name of Buffalo aud S^rle Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (OflScial.) Buffalo , Uamburg , 18 Mile Creek . Evans Center.. Saw Mill Irving Silver Creek.... Dunkirk Salem Portland Westfield Ripley , Quincy State Line , Erie, Penn Distances in Miles. Bdwtnl From From Stations. Buffalo. Erie,Penn. 83 10 10 78 6 15 73 6 21 67 5 26 62 3 29 69 2 31 57 7 40 43 8 48 40 2 50 33 7 67 31 6 62 26 3 65 23 3 68 20 20 83 Chnandaigtta <£• Coming Rail Road. Company incorporated May 11, 1845; capital $1,600,000 Time extended April 15, 1847, and again Rlarch 24, 1849. Surveys were beguu June, 1845, and the construction in Aug. 1850. Road opened from Canandaigua to '■'Jefferson" (now Watkins) 46j\^ mi., Sept. 15, 1851, the New York & Erie R.R. furnishing engines, cars, &c., for a specific rate per mile. The road was allowed to con- nect with the Chemung R. R. at Jefferson, and to change name Sept. 11. 1852, to Canandaigua and Elmira R. R. Ca.na.7idaigua i£-EImira Rail Road, changed from Canandaigua & Corning R. R. Sept. 11, 1852. Leased the Chemung R. R. ITi^Jo ™i' ^^^ ^ ^^- of Erie R.R. Sold to parties in Elmira, Penn Yan, and Providence. R. I. April 23, 1S57, and possessioa given May 1. Price $35,000, subject to SoOO.OOO due bond- holders, and name changed to the Elmira, Canandaigua, & Niagara Falls R.R. the nest day. Oina ndiiigua <&Niagara Falls Ra il Road. Company incoi-porated Dec. 10, 1850; capital $1,000,000. Road opened to Batavia, 50 mi., Jan. 1, 1853. to Niagara Falls 47 mi. July 1. 1853. and to Suspension Bridge 1^ mi. April 1, 1S54. Sold March 22, 1857, to Jas. M. Brown and others, and name changed to Niagai-a Bridge & Canandaigua R. R. Now leased and run by New York Central R. R. Cayuga &. Swsquelianiia Rail Road, formerly the Ithaca & Owego R. R., was chartered Jan. 2S. 1828,— the second R.R. charter granted in the State. The road was opened in April, 1834. An inclined plane at Ithaca rose 1 foot in 4i^,**o ft. and stationary horse power was used for drawing up the cars. Above this was another inclined plane, that rose one foot in 21 ft., on which horso power was used. The road was subsequently sold by the Comptroller on stock issued by tho State, on which the company had failed to pay interest. A new company was organized and the present name assumed April 18, 1843; the road was reconstructed, the inclined planes were done away with, aud Jan. 1. 1855, it was leased to the Delaware, Lackawanna ii Western R R. Co., and is operated by them as the Cayuga Division. This is an important route from the coal mines of Penn., and coal forms the principal item of business. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Stations. Ithaca Pier... Ithaca Pugsleys "Willseyville . Candor Catatunk Owego Distances in Miles. Between Stations. 2 13 6 4 6 4 From ItJiaca IHer. 2 15 21 25 31 35 Prom Otvego. 35 33 20 14 10 4 CUamplaln 4> St. I-arrrence Rail Road. Com- pany formed Feb. 26, 1S51. The Road extends from Rouses Point to the Canada line 2i miles, and is leased to ii road in Canada of tho same name, which extends to St Johns and La Pruirio opposite Montreal. 68 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. By resolution of Assembly of Feb. 2, 1843, r. k. companies were required to report annually to the Secretary of State; and by an act of April 11, 1849, to the State Engineer and Surveyor; a Cbcmuiig Rail Road. Company formed May 14. 1845. The road exteuiis from Watkins, at the head of Seneca Lake, to the New York & Erie K. K., 4 mi. N. w. of Elmiiu. It wao opened in Dec. 1S49 ; leased to the New York ic Erie R. R. Co. for ten years from Jan. 1, 18y0, for $36,000 per an- num : and sub-let to the Canandaigua and Elmira K. K. Co., for the same. It is now operated by the New York & Erie R. K. Co. Chemung Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Jefferson (Watkins), Havana - Groton Corners Millport Pine Valley , Horseheads Junction - Elmira DisT-\NCES IN Miles. Betiveen Nations. 3.2 3.7 4.4 1.2 4.3 From Watkins. 3.2 6.9 8.9 11.7 16.1 17.3 21.6 From. Elmira. 21.6 18.4 14.7 12.7 9.9 6.5 4.3 Elmira^ Canandaiqua d. Niagara Falls Rail Road. Changed from Canandaigua & Niagara Falls R. R. April 24, 1857. The name w,as chiinged to XSlmira, Jeflfei'son &• Canaudalgua Rail Road Co. Feb. 18, 1859. The road is now leased and run by the New Y'ork & Erie R. R. Co. Elmira, Jcjferson t& Canandaigua Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Canand.Higua , Hopewell Gorham Halls Comers Bellona Benton Center Penn Y'an Wilo Center Himrods Starkey Big Stream Rock Stream Jefferson (Watkins) Elmira _ Distances in Miles. Between Stations. 6.4 6.3 2.8 3.8 1.9 4 4.1 3.8 3.9 2.6 1.9 6.6 21.6 From Canan- daigua. 6.4 11.7 14.6 18..3 20.2 24.2 2S.3 .31.9 35.8 38.4 40.3 46.9 From Watkins, {Jefferson Station.) 46.9 40.5 35.2 32.4 2S.6 20.7 22.7 1,8.6 15 11.1 8.5 6.6 21.6 Flushing Rail Road. Company formed Feb. 24, 1S52. Opened June 26, 1854. The road e.vtends from Flushing to Hunters Creek, and the Co. runs a steamer to Fulton street, / New York. Flushing Rail Road. Stations .and Distances, (Official,) SliTIONS. Distances in Miles, Between Statioms. Fi-om New Ym-k. From Flushing. 4 1 2i 1 14 2 4 5 7J 84 10 12 12 8 Penny Bridge Winsfield 44 84 National Race Course Flushing <» By steamboat between New York and Hunters Point, Eicksnith i£- Chid Spring Branch Rait Road. Company formed June 28, 1851, and organized Nov. 3, 1853. The road was to extend from Hicksville to Cold Spring Harbor. It was opened to Syosset, July 3, 1854. Nothing ha.? been done beyond there. It has been leased to the Long Island K. R. Gk, and is operated by them. Hudson & Boston Rail Road. Company allowed to organize Feb. 22, 1856; the organization took place Dec. 1, 1855. The company own and operate tlie road from Hud- son to Chatham Four Corners, with a leased right to West Stockbridge. Hudson <£ Boston Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Hudson " Upper Station .. Claverack „_ Mellenville Pulvers Ghent Chatham Fotir Corners Distances in Miles. Between Stations. From Hudson. 1 4 9 12 15 17 From Chatham 4 Corners. 17 16 13 8 5 2 Hudson Ri-rer Rail Road. Company formed May 12. 1S46. Opened from New York to Peekskill Sept. 29, 1849 ; to Hamburgh, Dec. 6, 1849 ; to Ponghkeepsie, Dec. 31, 1849 ; from Albany to Hudson, June 16, 1851 ; to Tivoli, Aug. 4 ; and through, Oct. 1, 1851. The road extends Irom Albany to New York, along the east bank of the river. It has tunnels of 226. 60, 70, 358, 600, 618, 836, 124, 145, and 82 feet; in the whole 6,018 feet. Hudson River Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Offici.il.) Stations. Chambers Street, N.Y, 31st Street 62d Street Burnhams Strykers Bay Manhattan 152d Street Fort Washington Tubby Hook Spuj-ten Duyvil Riverdale Y'onkers Gleuwood Hastings Dobb's Ferry Irvington Tarry town Scarborough Sing Sing Croton Crugers Verplancks Peekskill , Fort Montgomery Garrisons ; Cold Spring Cornwall FisbkUl „ Carthage New Hamburgh Milton Ferry. Pougbkeepsie Hyde Park Staatsburgh Rhinebeck Bjirrytown Tivoli Germantown Oak IIUI Hudson Stockport Coxsackie,.. Stuyvesant Schodack Castleton East Albany Troy Distances in Miles, Between Stations. 24 1 1 li U 1 14 14 i 24 i 34 14 2 24 44 14 34 34 1* 2 3J U 24 2i 34 34 24 44 4 6 4 H 64 4 4} 64 6* 6 24 24 6* 3J 7} F^om New York. 24 34 44 6J 74 84 10 114 124 14 164 17 204 21J 23J 264 304 32 354 38} 404 424 464 61 634 664 69j 634 65* 704 744 804 844 90 964 994 1044 1094 116J 1204 122* 1254 132 135} 1434 1494 From Albany. 1434 141 140 139 137} 136 135 1334 132 1314 129i 1274 1264 123 121} 119} 1174 113 1114 1084 104} 103 101 83} 80J- 77} 73i 694 634 694 634 48 44 394 34 2Si 23i 20} 184 114 7} RAIL ROADS. 69 custom that has since been continued, except during the short period in which the office of R. R. Commissioners -was in existence. This Board was created April 14, 1855, and abolished April 16, 1857. The expenses of the State Engineer and Surveyor's office chargeable to rail roads are assessed upon the several companies in proportion to their earnings. The general act to authorize the for- mation of K. K. companies was passed March 27, 1848. There are at present within the State 2,554 J mi. of R. R., besides double tracks and turn outs. The rail roads give employment to about 18,000 Xiong Islaud Rail Road* Company organized Jud(> 15, lh'A5. Opened throngh in July. 1844. The roaii extends from Brooklyn to Greenport ; $100,000 in State stocks was issued to aid in the construction. The company have leased the Brooklyn & Jamaica and the HicksviUo & Cold Spring Branch R. Roads, which they operate as a part of tliis road. Long Island EaU Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Stations. South Ferry Bedford East New York Cypress Avenue Union Coarse Woodharen Jamaica Willow Tree Queens (Brush ville).. Hyde Park Hempstead Branch... Hempstead Westbury Hicksville Jerusalem Farmingdale Deer Park , Tliompson N. Islip (Suffolk).. Lakeland Waverly Medford ^ Bcllport Yaphank Manor Riverhead Jamesport Mattituck.„ < Cutcliogue Hermitage Southold Greenport Distances in Miles. Between From From Stations. Brooklr/n. Greenport. H i i 2} 1 2 3J 2i 24 3 S 4 3 2 6 4 oi II i 2 2i 2J 6 8 5 4 3 3 2 4 2i 6i 7 ■a 11 12 14 17i 20 2i 23 26 4 29 31 S7 41 43i 49 63 65 674 60 66 74 79 S3 86 89 91 95 95 924 894 88 874 86} 84 83 81 774 76 2i 72 69 4 66 64 6S 64 614 46 42 40 374 35 29 21 16 12 9 6 4 Nemrbureh Branch of New York & Erie Rail Road. Branch allowed to Newburgh April 8, 1845. Opened Jan. 8, 1850. Neiv Tork Central Rail Road. Company formed by consolidating the several roads in operation, and some projected roads between Albany, Troy and Buffalo, and Niagara Falls. The act allowing the consolidation was passed April 2, 1853, and was carried into effect the 17th of May following. The consolidated capital amounted to $23,085,600, and debts were assumed to the amount of $1,947,815.72. The stock of the several companies was ro- ceived at the following rates, viz. : — Rochester & Syracuse 130 Rochester, Lockport & Ni- agara Falls 125 Buffalo & Rochester. .140 Buffalo & Lockport 125 Albany & Schenectady .117 Syracuse & Ctica Direct ....150 Schenectady & Troy 75 Ctica 4 Schenectady 115 Mohawk Valley 155 Syracuse & Utica. 160 Each stockbolder received a like amount of stock of the new company, at par, (the Troy & Schenectady upon payment of $25 per share.) and for the differences, certificates or premium bonds bearing Mx per cent, interest, semi-annually, and pay- able May 1, 1883. These certificates amounted to $8,892,600. The Rochester & Lake Ontario R. R., and the Buffalo & Niagara Falls R. R., have since been merged in this road. Data of opening V\6 several roads now forming the New Tork Central RaU Road. Albany 4 Schenectady.....lS31 Schenectady 4 Troy 1843 Utica 4 Schenectady 1835 Syracuse 4 Utica 1839 Rochester 4 Syracuse 1853 Auburn 4 Syracuse 1836 Auburn 4 Rochester .1840 Tonawanda ...1836 Batavia 4 Attica 1843 Attica 4 Buffalo 1845 Rochester 4 Buffalo 1862 Rochester, Lockport 4 Nia- gara Falls 1862 Niagara Falls 4 L6wiston...l854 Lockport 4 Tonawanda.. ...1853 Rochester 4 Charlotte 1853 Kew Tork Ckntral Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Stations. Albany <£ Buffalo. Albany West Albany Center Schenectady Hoffmans Cranes Village Amsterdam Tribes Uill Fonda Yosts Sprakers Palatine Bridge Fort Plain Palatine Church St. Johnsville East Creek Little Falls Herkimer Ilion Frankfort Utica Whitesboro Oriskany Rome Greens Comers Verona Oneida Wampsville Canastota Canaseraga Chittenango KirkvUle ]Manliu8 Syracuse Warners. Canton Jordan Weedsport Port BjTon Savannah Clyde Lyons Newark East Palmyra Palm.vra..» Macedon Fairport Rochester Coldwater , Chili Churchville .t; Bergen West Bergen. Byron Batavia Crofts Pembroke Alden Wendo Town Lino Lancaster. Forks Buffalo Distances in Miles. Between From From Stations. Albany. Buffalo. 34 6 8} 9i 34 3i 64 5 64 34 3 3 2« S 34 64 74 24 24 94 3* 3 74 44 44 2 3} 24 4 24 7} 94 24 64 44 34 7 6 64 34 Si 6 71 164 64 4 44 84 34 84 74 6 64 a 2» u 6 2» n Troy d- Schcneeiady Branch. Troy echoes Summit Bridge. Niskayuna Aqueduct Schenectady — 17 264 29» 434 48* 62 65 68 60} 63} 67 734 80} 83 854 94} 984 1014 109 1134 1174 121} 125 127 130} 1334 1374 1*9} 1474 157 1594 164} 1694 1724 1794 1S54 192} 1984 201} 2064 2104 2184 22S4 234} 238} 243 2464 2404 263 2604 2664 271} 2764 279 280} 285} 2884 2964 2964 293 «SS 2794 270 2664 2634 257} 262} 2474 2444 2414 2384 2364 2334 2294 222} 2154 2134 211 2014 197} 194} 1874 183 178} 1744 1714 1694 1654 163 159 1564 148} 1394 136} 1314 127 123} 116} 110} 1034 98 044 90} 85} 78 67} 614 674 634 60 46} 434 36} 29} 244 20 174 154 104 7} From Troy. 34 34 24 6 64 114 6 174 8} 214 From Schenec- tady. 214 17} 164 9} 3} 70 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. men, and have an aggregate of §74,634,954.76 of stock paid in, and a capital of stocks and debta amounting to §149,262,311.81, or more than one-tenth of the total valuation of the property of the State. Syraaise t£ Rochesta-j via Auburn. Syracuse Camillus MarcellHS Halfway Skaneateles Junctioa Sennott Auburn Cayuga ., Seneca Falls Waterloo Geneva Oaks Cornera Phelps Clifton Springs Shortsville Canandaigua Milk Station Victor Fishers Pittsford Rochester Between Staiiom, 8i 2i 3 Si 3i 64 10} « 3i 6i 4J Si *i a 6 6 Si 3} 6J H From Si/racu^e, 84 10} 1-3} 174 20} 26i 37 41} 45 614 66i 594 63} 684 744 804 84 87} 944 102} Frrnn Rocliester. 102} 944 92 89 864 82 764 66} 61 67} 614 464 434 39 344 284 224 18} 15 Rochester, LocJcport, t£ Ni- agara. FaUs Branch. Rochester _ Spencerport Adams Basin Brockport HoUey Murray Albion Knowlesville Medina Middleport Gasport Lockport Lockport Junction. Pekin Suspension Bridge. Niagara Falls 10 24 44 4} 34 54 64 44 44 6 6 34 6} 9 « From Rochester. 10 124 17 21} 254 30} 36J 404 46 60 66 594 664 754 77 77 67' Mi 60 564 51} 464 40} 364 32 27 21 174 10} 1} Lockport Junction to Tonawanda. Lockport Junction, Halls Station Tonawanda 64 6 From Loclcport Junction. 64 114 From Tona- wanda. IIJ 6 Buffalo f£ Lcvmton. Buffalo Black Rock Tonawanda La Salle Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge Lewiston 6 6 1} 44 Canandaigua, <£ Niagara Bridge Branch. Canandaigua. Gunns Crossing East Bloomfield Millers Corners West Bloomfield Honeove Falls West Rush Genesee Valley R. R. June, Canal Caledonia Le Roy Stafford Rata via , East Pembroke Rlchville , Akron Clarence Center Transit Getzville Vincent Tonawanda 4.2 3.S 4.6 3 3.1 6.2 1.1 1.2 6.8 7.1 4.1 6.9 6.2 6.6 3.4 7 3.2 3 3 3.1 From Buffalo. 4 104 164 214 23 274 From Levjiston. 274 234 174 114 64 44 From Canan- daigua. 4.2 8 12.6 16.6 18.7 24.9 26 27.2 33 40.1 44.2 50.1 66.3 62.9 66.3 73.3 76.6 79.6 82.5 85.6 Front Tona- wanda. 85.6 81.4 77.6 73 70 66.9 60.7 59.6 68.4 62.6 46.5 41.4 35.5 29.3 22.7 19.3 12.3 9.1 6.1 3.1 Attica Branch. Rata via — Alexander Attica Between Stations. From Batavia, 8 11 From Attica. 11 3 CItarlotte Branch. Rochester ., Charlotte .. 84 From Rochester. 84 From Cliarlottc 84 Neiv Tork and Krle Rail Road. Company organ- ized in July, 1S33. The act authorizing the road was passed April 24, 1832. The first preliminary survey was made in 1832, by De Witt Clinton, jr., by order of the government. In 1834 the Governor appointed Benj. Wright to survey the route ; who, assisted by Jas. Seymnnr and Charles Ellett, began the survey May 23d, and finished it the game year. In 1835 the Co. was reorganized, and 40 mi. were put under contract. In 1836 the Comptroller was directed to issue $3,000,000 State stock to aid in constructing the road. In 1845 the St.ate released its lien on the road, and authorized the original stockholders to surrender two shares of old stock, and receive one share of new. April 8, 1845, a branch was allowed to be built from Chester to Newburgh, 19 mi. The road waa opened as follows : from Piermont to Goshen, Sept. 22, 1841 ; to Middletown, Juno 7, 1843 ; to Port Jervis, Jan. 6, 1848 ; to Binghamton, Dec. 28, 1848 ; to Owego. June 1, 1849 ; to Elmira, Oct. 1849 ; to Coming, .Tan. 1, 1860 ; and to Dunkirk, May 14, 1851. The Newburgh Branch opened Jan. 8, 1850. The road is compelled to pay a bonus of S10,000 annually to the State of Pennsylvania for the priv- ilege of passing a short distance in that State. Ample details will be found in The New York & Erie R. R. Guide, the annual and special reports of the company, and especially that of Nov. 1.S53, and in the following documents of the New York Legislature: Senate Doc. No. 12, of 1836; Nos. 37, 38, of 1S39 ; Nos. 18, 68, of 1842. Assem. Docs. Nos. 27,' 171 of 1838; No. 47, of 1839; No. 215, of 1840; Nos. 113, 297, of 1841 ; and No. 60, of 1842. The Patterson & Ramapo (N. .t) R. R., 294 mi., and the Union R. R.. ,% ™'-> "i« Che- mung R. R., and the Ehnira, Jefferson, & Canandaigua R. R- are leased and operated by the this company. New York c£ Erie Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) STiTIONS. New York Pier Piermont Blauveltville Clarkstown Spring Valley Monsey 15 Mile Turnout Jersey City Bergen Germantown Hackensack Br Boiling Spring Pass.aic Bridge.- Huylers Paterson. Gravel Switch.- Godwinville Hohokus Allendale Ramseya Sufferns Ramapo Sloatsburg. Southflelds Greenwood Turners. Monroe Oxford East Junction, N. B, West " " Distances is Miles. Si: ciS5 24.00 1.00 3.48 4.26 2.67 1.30 2.47 .00 2.47 2.2S 1.49 3.05 1.80 .83 4.68 3.21 1.91 1.68 2.20 1.94 4.23 1.95 1.70 6,53 2.21 3.19 2.15 2.62 1.68 .46 iS;£:s; 24.00 1.00 4.48 8.73 11.30 12.60 15.07 17.90 19.85 21.55 28.03 30.29 33.48 35.63 38.25 39.83 40.29 .Kb? .00 2.47 4.75 6.24 9.29 11.09 11.92 16.50 19.71 21.62 28.30 25.60 27.44 31.67 33.62 35.32 41.S5 44.06 47.25 49.40 52.02 63.60 54.06 460.72 445.95 444.96 441.47 437.22 434.65 433.35 430.88 4.59.72 457.25 454.97 463.48 450.43 44«.63 447.80 443.22 440.01 438.10 436.42 434.22 432.28 42S.05 426.10 424.40 417.87 415.66 412.47 410.32 407.70 406.12 405.66 RAIL ROADS. 71 JTete Tm-k WhiMuiU Rail Road. Stations and Distances. Stations. Distances in Miles. Between Staiwns. Frmn Saratoga. From Whitehall 10.66 6.3 .8 3.32 4.6 3.91 3.91 6.6 1.88 6.62 1.85 1.75 3.2S 10.66 15.96 16.76 20.08 24.58 28.49 32.4 39 40.SS 45.62 47.47 49.22 52.5 39 28 34 18 92 14.43 Comstocks 66 Whitehall Junction 188 8 47 Castleton " 13.5 Seeond ATenue Rail Road Company of the City of New York was formed Jan. 19, 1S53. Koad to extend from Harlem River to I'eck Slip. In 1855 the company were allowed to bridge Harlem (ind Bronx Kivers, to discon- tinue the road from Chatham St. through Oliver and South S^ts., and to lay a new track on Bowery to Pearl St. Sixth Avenue Rail Road Company of the City of New York wits formed Dec. 7, 1851. The road extends from Chambers St. to Central Park and was opened fi'om Broad- way to Forty-Fourth St. Aus. 19, 1S62. Syracuse, BiugUaniton, ^ New Ifork Rati Road. Compatiy originally formed July 2, 1S51, as the Syracuse & Binghamton K. R. Road opened through Oct. 23, 1854. It was said Oct. 13. 1S56, on foreclosure of mortgage, and name changed to the Syracuse & Southern R.R. Its ju'esent name was assumed under act of March 31, 1857. Ill 1S58 the company were authorized to purchase the Union II. R. to the canal at Geddes. Syracuse^ Bmghamltm, <& New Yrrrk RaU Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Stations. Syracuse Jamesville La Fayette. Apulia Tully Preble Little York Homer Cortland Blodgets Mills State Bridge Marathon Killawog Lisle Whitueys Point... Chenango Forks.. Chenango Binghamton Distances in Maes. Betwmn Stations. 6.69 7.07 6.10 1.97 6.33 2.71 4.28 2.67 ZU e.M 3.90 2.90 3.65 2.14 9.23 6.14 6.13 From Syramse. 6.69 14.36 19.46 21.43 26.76 29.47 33.73 36.4 39.94 46.19 60.09 52.99 66.64 88.78 08.06 74.2 79.33 J?V077» Bingham^ ton. 79.33 72.64 64.97 59.87 57.9 62.97 49.86 45.6 42.93 39.39 33.14 29.21 26.34 22.69 20.55 11.27 6.13 Tllird A-venne Rail Road Company of the City of New York was formed Oct. 6, 1853. The road extends from the intersection of Park Row and Broadway through Park Row, Chatham St., Bowery, and Third Avenue to Harlem River. It was opened from Ann to Sixty-First St. in 18KJ, to Eighty-Sixth St. July 4. 1854, and to Harlem in 1859. Troy &. Bcnulugton Kail Koad. Comtiany firmed May 15, 18.51. ^Vurkcommoncedln June, 1851. Road opened Aug. 1, 1852. Connects the Trov & Boston R. R. with the Western Vt. R. R. It is leased to the Tloy & Boston R. R. Co. Troy 6^ Boston Rail Road. Company formed Nov. 20, 1^49. Work couiinenced in .Mine. 1850. Itoad opened from Troy to Hoosick Falls in Aug. 1853. Most of the remainder to the State Line is gi-aded. The company leases the Troy & BenoingtOQ R. R. and 7 mL of the Vermont WcBtem R. It. Troy (£ Bennington Rail Road. Stations and Distances. Stations. Troy Lansingburgh Junction Schaghticoke Pittstown Jobnsonville Buskirks Bridge Eagle Bridge Hoosick Falls Junction.. Hoosick Falls Hoosick Corners Petersburgh North Adams, Mass Distances in Miles. Between Stations. 3 6 4 2 2 5 2 2 3 2 16 From Troy. 3 8 12 14 16 21 23 25 27 30 32 47 Western Vermont Rail Road. Stations. • From North Soosicic 2 4 64 2 North Bennington, Vt Rutland " 6 60 Troy & Oreenbush Rail Road. Company organized May 14, 1845 under a lease from the New Y'ork & Albany R. R. The road had been commenced .about 1842, and operar tions suspended. It was opened in June, 1845. It ia operated by the Hudson River R. R. Co. under a lease. Troy & Rutland Rail Road. Company formed March 6, 1851. The road extends from Hoosick near Eagle Bridge to Salem. It was opened June 28, 1852, and leased to the Rutland & Washington ( Vt.) R. R., until March, 1S55. when it waa placed in the hands of a receiver, and run by the Albany Northern R. R. Troy Union Rail Road. Csmpanyformed July21,1861. Road commenced in Feb. 1853. and oi>ened Feb. 22. 1854. It is owned by parties representing the interests of the Troy & Greenbush, Troy & Boston, Rensselaer & Saratoga, and New York Centr.al R. Reads, and is used by the above com- panies in common. Union Rail Road. Company formed Jan. 10, 1851. The road extends from Patterson and Ramapo (N. J.) to tlie New York &, Erie R. R. at Sufferns. It is operated by the latter road under a lease. Union Rail Road. Company formed Nov. 13, 1856, The road extends from the 6th Ward in Syracuse to the Erie Canal in Geddes. By an act of April 16. 1858. the Co. were authorized to sell the road to the Syracuse. Binghamton, i N. Y. R. R. Co. ■Waterto-wn 6l Rome Rail Road. Company formed April 17, 1832. Work commenced at Rome in Nov. 184S. Road opened to Camden in 1849, to Pierrepont Manor in May, 1851, to Watertown in Sept. 1851, to Chaumont in Nov. 1S51, and to Cape Vincent May 1, 1852. Watertown, Rome, d: Cape Vincent Rait Road. Stations and Distances. (OfQcial) Stations. Cape Vincent Throe Mile Bay Chaumont Lknerick Brownvillo Watertown Adkms Center Adams 7..,. Pierrepont Manor.. Mannsville Sandy Creek Richland..... Albion I Kasuag Williiuustown West Camden , Camden McConnelsvillo Taberg Rome Distances in Miles. Between Stations. 8 3 6 4 4 10 3 6 2 5 6 6 G 3 5 6 9 2 11 From Oipe Vin- cent. 11 17 21 25 35 38 43 45 60 6S 60 66 69 74 79 84 86 97 From Rome. 89 86 SO 70 72 62 69 64 62 47 42 37 31 38 23 18 13 11 IViUiamsport &. Elmira Rail Road. Incorporated by Penn. April 9, 1850. and allowed to extend the road to the New York & l)rie B. R. at Elmira. The village of Elmira waa authorized to loan its credit for $100,000 toward the con- structioo. Kifibt mUea of the road ore in this State. NE"W YOKK STATE GAZETTEER. Official Summary of Bail Road Statistics Names. Albany, Vermont & Canada. Albany & West StockbriJge Black River & Utica Bloaaburg & Corning Brooklyn City Butfalo, New York & Erie Buflfalo & State Line Cayuga & Susquehanna Chemung Eighth Avenue Elmira, Canandaigua & Niagara Falla, Fluehing Hudson & Boston , Hudson River Long Island New York Central New York & Erie New York & Harlem , New Y'ork & New Haven Ogdensburgh Oswego & Syracuse Potsdam & Watertown Rensselaer & Saratoga Rochester & Genesee Valley. S^kets Harbur & ElHsburgli. Saratoga & Schenectady Saratoga & Whitehall Second Avenue Sixth Avenue Syracuse, Binghamton & New York... Third Avenue Troy & Bennington Troy & Boston Troy & Greenbush Troy & Rutland Troy Union Watertown & Rome , Total o» IE ^1 1 c i^ 1:2 "s-s •«-S .« s £ ^ S'S ~i S'S-? ■5," ^.a . l^'^ §8, ^1 ^11 ii-i II ^< 32.95 3.39 $ 600.000 $ 4.39,004.97 $ 1,576,098.79 $ 1,625,098.79 38 34 1,000,000 1,000,000.00 1,289,933.98 1,2.89,933.98 34.94 1,600,000 250,000 804,647.99 14.81 1.60 260,000.00 220,000.00 220,000.00 2(1.15 19.95 1,000,000 1,000,000.00 680,000.00 142 11.33 1,500,000 2,409,693.88 2,574,632.19 68.34 18 1,300,000 1,913,000.00 1,049.000.00 1,221,378.49 34.61 3.49 1,600,000 687,000.00 473,000.00 480.402.28 17.36 2.06 380,000 380,000.00 70,000.00 70,000.00 6 800,000 800,000.00 46.84 7.sn 2.90 .39 300,000 200,000 131,339.90 230,600.00 269,913.32 17.33 .60 175.000 176,000.00 144 106.50 4,000,000 3,758,466.59 8,842,000.00 9,297,003.04 95 10.08 3,000,000 1,852,715.79 639,497.67 653.203.02 665.88 311.80 24.182.400 24,182,400.00 14.402,634.69 14.402,634.69 446 2S2.60 10,600.000 11,000.000.00 26,438.016.65 27.170.274.41 130.75 28.84 8,000,000 6,717,100.00 6,161,287.21 6,298,927.88 62.25 63.82 3,000,000 2,980,839.33 2,163,600.00 2,194,061.07 118 17.75 4,671,900 360,000 35.91 2.21 396,340.00 197,000.00 213.414.94 75.36 2 2,000,000 633,077.15 818,600.00 998.638.47 25.22 2.01 610,000 610,000.00 140,000.00 140,000.00 18.45 1.25 800,000 665,4.50.10 1.50,000.00 180.417.13 18 1 175.000 167,485.89 278,400.00 30li.S10.47 21 1.67 300.000 300,000.00 86,500.00 86,500.00 40.86 3.87 600.000 600,000.00 395,000.00 400,455.94 8 8 800,000 627,200.00 350,000.00 380,000.00 4 4.38 760 000 760,000.00 1,200,130.00 81 7.09 1,201,300 1,500,000.00 1,763,486.80 6 6.50 1,170,000 1,170,000.00 50,000.60 90,600.00 6.38 .28 80,000 75.358.00 171,200.00 172.295.37 27.23 3.23 1,000,000 668,297.22 797,800.00 1,028,682.99 6 .04 276,000 325.000 17.27 2.75 249,939.60 30,000.00 2.14 2.14 30,000 680,000.00 680,000.00 98.76 11 1.500,000 1,498,400.00 688,500.00 769,250.76 2,520.59 978.12 $79,625,600 567,358,192.43 $71,925,162.77 574,692,936.63 The Plattsburgh & Montreal R. R., 23.17 mi.; Champlain & St. Lawrence R. R., 2.5 mi. to Canada line; and Williamsport & Elmira R. R., 8 mi. to Pennsylvania line, are not included in the above table, from default in reports. The gauge of the New Tork & Erie R. R. and of the connecting roads ia 6 ft., the same as that of several roads in Penn. The New York Centra! R. R. General Summary of Hail Road Statistics for the year ending September 30, 1858. Length of roads in miles 3,124.71 Length of roads laid 2,442.91 Length of roads in operation, excluding city roads 2.397.62 Length of double track, including sidings 970.4S Length of branches owned by company and laid 373.44 Length of double track on same 6.37 Length of equivalent single track, exclusive of city roads 3,709.08 Number of engine houses and shops 183 Number of engines 738 Number of first-class passenger cars, rated as eight- wheeled 1.071 Number of second-class and emigrant cars 175 Number of baggage, mail, and express cars 239 Number of freight cars 9,014 Excludinff City Roads. Miles. Average rate of speed of ordinary passenger trains, inclu- ding stops 20.72 Average rate of same when in motion 25.53 Average rate of speed of express passenger trains, including stops * 25.44 Average rate of same when in motion, 29.39 Average rate of speed of freight trains, including stops 10.69 Average rate of same when in motion .13.95 Tbns. Average weight in tons of passenger trains, exclusive of passengers and baggage 73.09 Average weight in tons of freight trains, exclusive of freight 129.27 MUc3 run by passenger trains 11,578,745 The same, excluding city roads 6,145,862 Number of passengers of all classes carried in cars... 43.786,579 The same, excluding city roads 11,250,073 Kumber of miles traveled by passengers, or number of passengers carried one mile, city roads not in- cluded 373,159,179 Miles run by freight trains 5,417,456 Number of tons carried on freight trains 3,473,725 Total movement of freight, or number of tons carried one mile 420,604,609 Classification of Freight. Tons. Prodncts of the forest 303^6 Products of animals 734,995 Vegetable food 914,206 Other agricultural products 77,174 Manufactures 325,596 Merchandise 562,378 Other articles 556,140 Total tonnage 3,473,725 Costs. Repairs of road bed $2,282,807.73 Cost of iron for repair 464.712.95 Repairs of buildings 207,846.56 Repairs of fencesand gates 48,660.36 Tuxes on real estate 290,771.47 Other road expenses 398,329.66 Total road expenses $3,693.129.72 Repairs of engines $ 930.627.16 Repairs of cars 1,003.906.26 Repairs of tools 82.975.15 Oil, waste, Ac 112,518.64 Other coats 43,759.29 Total cost of repairs of machinery $2,173,786.69 OflBce expenses, stationery, Ac $ S6;427.S1 Agents and clerks 622,981.68 Labor, loading and unloading freight 449,060.96 Porters, watchmen, and switchmen attendance.... 420,180.66 Wood and water stution attendance 96,958.14 RAIL ROADS. 75 for the year ending Sept. 30, 1858. §1 I a S 2,010,634.64 2,--'89,933.93 1,234,614.64 496.661.28 1,038,839.97 2.975,325.66 2.772,987.09 i;iS3.ni2.71 400,000.00 833.642,87 200,000.00 308,891.,').8 175,000,00 11,328,989.96 2.560.270.07 30.732.517.54 34.058,632.63 7,948,116..35 6,324,627.09 -4,788,791.26 761,380.11 1,587,028.08 900,550.58 663,539.64 389,170.84 480,684.15 903,890.92 1,005,403.71 855,957.22 2.837,607.66 1,378,090.74 263,931.19 1,422,188.86 294,731,43 338.688.87 732,114.72 2.159,295.04 lis $ 84,119.86 '"60,624.33 23.554.24 395,026.80 420,763.89 840,116.71 97,151.68 Ji38.410.16 17,989.46 40,072.62 68.207.21 1,636.412.28 320.588.93 6,528,412.70 6,151,616.43 975.853.86 836,612.14 — 410,806.66 115.996.68 94.385.03 208.222.S6 S7.280.67 48;358.60 30.160.00 139,383.67 227,457.70 280,617.86 177,027.85 403,065.03 3,164.88 125,042.65 391,973.40 !l II $ 72,904.83 28,091.92 ""288,'7'7i'.22 301,632.09 480,507.05 77,285.40 177,753.91 11,947.28 41,666.29 47,367.60 1,041,773.43 174.215.05 3,487,292.67 3,791.467.62 617,061.47 632,477.85 283,793.93 64.549.63 49:672.54 110,982.77 3,514.02 95,723.46 119.704.37 178,226.24 100,700.61 242,811.63 71,753.69 232,667.41 a, ■3 $ 12.500.00 80,000.00. "' ios','6b6.o6 96,000.00 10,600.00 "i'Sm&i.oo 2,108.75 37,097.93 "i8,3b6!o6 12,544.00 76,000.00 44,952.00 Passenger Transporta- tion. Number. 196,911 171,046 63,647 9,364 7,606,869 186,876 296,194 26,253 6,768,203 15.852 226,779 37,110 1,416.339 360.130 2,124,439 793,662 720,070 963,819 71,764 92,492 71,850 161,676 43,948 7,340 93,036 4,604,645 6,612.367 107,504 7,946,462 87,432 127,285 MiUage. 1,864,210 5,094,681 1,121.012 103,847 "8',192,'6o6 17,864,082 623,886 479,841 1,483,454 413,355 66,668,109 7,380,760 136,091,023 64,931,456 17,940.971 82.908,967 2,767,920 2,131,962 1,725,177 3,602,026 703,184 68,913 2,452,281 2,753,962 1,798,203 rRiiaST Transporta- tion, iM Tons. Nuw^er. 34,918 228,035 13,1.36 73,908 "l43,'709 290,632 85,666 4,293 1,460 60,806 160,197 89,480 766,407 816,965 122,371 64,053 160,432 42,810 21,142 69,903 27,700 8,342 62,863 73,410 66,049 "l23,'599 MUeage. 698,360 7,611,341 316,660 831,679 'i4,300,'oo6 19,809,225 2,674,375 880, 18,416, 2,236. 142,691 165,895, 7,446, 3,715. 13,210. , 1,375, 699, 1,580. 470, 74; 1,871,411 6,058,890 1,482,292 "9','899,'i28 Acci- dents. $129,621,642.88 $20,527,961.53 $12,716,306.68 $2,517,667.08 40,977,229 375,336,441 3,669,082 423,362,032 117 aDd its connecting roads have a gauge of 4.71 ft., the same as New England roads generally. The Buffalo & State Line R. K- has a gauge of 4.83 feet, like the Ohio roads ; and a few tracks near Suspension Bridge have a gauge of 6.6 feet, like that of the principal roads in Canada. Conductors, baggagemen, and brakesmen 663,122.23 Enginemen and firemen 652,985.29 Fuel and cost of labor in preparing for use 1,698,260.16 Oil and waste for engines and tenders 204,078.43 Oil and waste for cars 54 202.29 Loss and damage to goods and baggage. 9,8',939.93 Damages for injuries to persons 135,214.26 Damages for property and for cattle killed 18,519.15 General superintendence 203,.301.81 Contingencies 645,259.03 Other costs 906,669.45 Total cost of operating roads $6,6.36,061.33 Eaminffs. From passenger business $ 9,016,747.50 From freight business, city rcids excluded 10,632,714.97 From other sources 759,691.38 Total earnings for all roads $20,309,053.85 Payments for transportation expenses $12,830,626.87 Payments for interest 4,156,997.05 Payments for dividends on stock 2,503,013,93 Amount carried to surplus fund 218,641.42 Total payment for all roads $19,709,079.27 Accidents. Number of passengers killed 20 Number of passengers injured .142 Number of employees killed 29 NumbrT of employees injured 24 Number of others killed. 68 Number of others injured 36 Total number killed 117 Total number iiyured 202 Total number killed, excluding city roads. 114 Total number ityured, excluding city roads 191 Cost of OmstrucKan and of Equipment. Grading and masonry..... $58,355,306.85 Bridges 2,396,300.42 Superstructure, including iron 28,166,443.55 Passenger and freight stations, buildings and fix- tures 4,777,786.65 Engine and car houses, machine shops, ma- chinery and fixtures 1,920,498,40 Land damages, and fences 9,047,417.34 Locomotives and fixtures and snow plows 6,884,500.70 Passenger and bflggage cars 2,670,601.01 Freight and other cars 6,586,736.19 Engineering and agencies 12,102,948.10 Total cost of construction and equipment 131,907,445.21 Total cost of same, excluding city roads 126,873,010.70 Excluding City Hail Roads, thefoUoioing deductions per MiU. Average cost per mile $52,916.23 Average cost single track per mile 34,206.06 Average number of miles traveled by each passenger 33.17 Average number of passengers to each train 60.72 Average distance each ton of freight is transported in miles 120.91 Average number of tons in each freight train 77.64 Average number of trains over each track daily. ... 8.54 Average Cost per MUe of Road. For maintaining of road way $1,511.70 Forrepairs of machinery 692.47 For operating road 2,415.49 Average Cost per Mile of Single Track. For maintaining of roadway $ 677.19 For repairs of machinery 677.45 For operating road 1,661.42 Average amount received for passengers per mile, 1.98 cts. Proportion of passengers killed to miles traveled, 1 to 18,657,969. Proportion of passengers killed to passengers traveling, 1 t* 662,504. Proportion of expenses to earnings, 63 to 100.32. 76 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Rail Roads Projected^ Abandoned, or merged in other Roads. Names of Rail Roads. Adirondack Albany, Bennington & Rutland Albany Northern Albany & Cohoes Albany & Saratoga Albany & Saratoga Springs Albany & Schenectady April 1, 1S39 April 23,1850 Feb. 12, 1851 Co. not organ'd June 28, 1852 Sept. 20,1852 April 19,1847 Albany & Susquehanna Albion & Tonawanda Atlantic &, Great Western.. Attica & Allegany Valley.... Attica & Buffalo Attica & HomellBTille . Attica & Pheldon Auburn & Caned Auburn & Ithaca Auburn & Rochester... Auburn & Syracuse.-., Aurora & Buffalo B.itavia & Chicktawauga Bath & Coney Island. Bath & Crooked Lake Binghamton & Susquehanna..... Black River Black River Black River Brewerton & Syracuse Broadway R. R. Co. of Brooklyn Brooklyn, Jort llamilton Buffalo International Biifalo, New York & Erie.... Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo, Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo & Allegany Valley & Batavia.., & Black Rock. & Conhocton Valley..., Corning & New York.. & Erie &. Hinsdale & Lake Huron (Canada) & Lockport & New York Buffalo & New York City- Buffalo, Tonawanda & Niagara Falls Buffalo & Niagara Falls Buffalo & Pittsburg , Buffalo, Pittsburg & St. Louis- Buffalo & Rochester Canandaigua Railway & Trans- portation Co Canandaigua A Corning Canandaigua & Elmira... Date of Organization. Ckipital. April April Sept. May 2. 1851 17, 1832 1, 1858 16, 1S52 May 14, 1S45 May April May May 21, 1836 24, 1832 21, 1836 13, 1S36 May 1, 1834 Apra 14,1832 Aug. 17, 1850 March 24, 1831 AprU 29,1833 AprU 17,1832 May 21, 1836 27, 1853 Jan. May Aug. May 1, 1836 11, 1858 12, 1836 Feb. 25, 1857 Sept. 1, 1857 May 21, 1853 AprU 18,1838 April 29,1833 June 26, 1850 March IS, 1852 April 14,1832 May 12, 1846 April 27,1852 Jan. 16, 1S51 April 8, 1851 June 23.1853 May 3. 1834 Oct 7, 1S62 Oct. 11, 1852 Oct. 8, 1850 April 12,1828 May 11, 1845 Sept. 11,1852 $100,000 400,000 335,000 "soo.ouo 200,000 4,000,000 200,000 1.000,000 350,000 750,000 50,000 150.000 500.000 2,000,000 400,000 300,000 300,000 20,000 150,000 900,000 200,000 120,000 80,000 200.000 150,000 150,000 1.500,000 300,000 500,000 100,000 1,400,000 650.000 500,000 600,000 350,000 250.000 110,000 750,000 * 1,825,000 60,000 1,600,000 Qmmcitons. Adirondack Iron Works and > Clear Pond J Albuny. Bennington, and 1 Rutland ( Albany and Troy, and Rutland R. R. at Eagle Bridge. Albany and Cohoes Albany and Green Island /Albany Northern R. R. and) \ Saratoga Springs j" Albany and Schenectady. Albany and Binghamton Albion and Batavia f Buffalo & New York Central \ \ R. R. and Penn. State Line J Attica to Penn. State Line Attica and Buffido Attica and Homellsville. Attica and Sheldon Auburn and Canal Auburn and Ithaca. Aubuin and Rochester. Auburn and Syracuse Aurora and Buffalo Bata-via and Attica &BuffaloE.R. Bath and Crooked Lake Binghamton and Penn. S. Line ( Rome or Herkimer and River \ \ St. Lawrence J Clayton and Carthage Clayton and Mohawk Village.... f Outlet of Oneida Lake and > 1 SjTacuse. j Through a part of Brooklyn {Buffalo and proposed iater-'j national bridge, opposite > Squaw Island J /Buffalo, New York & Brie) \ R. R. at Corning / /Buffalo and Attica & Allfr-) ) ganyR. R / Buffalo and Batavia, Buffalo and Black Rock / Buffalo. New York & Erie R. R. \ at Corning. Buffalo and Erie, Penn Buffalo and Hinsdale... Buffalo and Lockport Buffalo and Attica. Buffalo and nornellsville Tonawanda and Black Rock...... Buffalo and Niagara Falls / Buffalo and State Line near") t Olean J Buffalo and Rochester. Canandaigua and Watson Canandaigua and Elmira Canandaigua and Niagara Edge. Nothing done. Merged in Albany Northern R.R. Sold, and succeeded by Albany, Vermont, & Canada R. R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Changed from Mohawk & Hud- son, and merged in the New York Central R. R., May 17, 1853. Partly graded. Nothing done. Nothing done. Partly graded. Consolidated as Buffalo & Roches- ter, afterward as Buffalo A N. York City R. E., at present as Buffalo, New York, & Erie. Consolidated, and is now the Buf- falo & New York City R. R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Consolidated in New York Cen- tral R. R. Consolidated in New York Cen- tral R. R. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Consolidation of the Buffalo. Corning, and New York R. R. and part of Buffalo & New York City R. R. Partly done. Not constructed by this organi- zation. Horse-power. Since abandoned. Now the Birffalo, New York &\ Erie R. R. Name changed from Buffalo & Conhocton Valley R. R. Surveyed and located. Nothing dona. Allowed to purchase real estate in 1857. Consolidated with New York Cen- tml R. R., 1853. Connected with Attica & Homells- ville R. R., and name changed to Buffalo & New York City R.R. Consolidation of Attica A Bufftilo R. R. and Buffalo & New York R.R. Not constructed. Leased to Xew York Central R. B. Co. in 1853. Reorganized as the Buffalo, Pitts- burg & St. Louis R. R. Partly graded. Formed by union of Tonawanda and Attica & Buffalo R. Roads, / Connected with Chemung R. R. \ to Elmira. Formed from Canandaigna ACorn- ing and Chemung R. Roads. Le;ised to New York & Erie R. R. Co. Leased to New York Central R. R. Co. in 1858. RAIL ROADS. Sail Roads Projected, Abandoned, or merged in other Roads, continued. 77 NA5tE3 OP Ria Roads. Canandaigua & Niagara Falls... Canaudaigua &■ Syracuse Casaadaga & Erie Castleton & West Stockbridge.. Date of Orgaiiization, Capital. Dec. Nov, 10, 1850 26, 1853 May 21, 1836 May 6, 1834 Catskill & Canajoharie. Cat8kill & Ithaca Chautauqua County Chemung & Ithaca Cherry Valley & Susquehanna.. Clifton A South Clifton ayde & Sodus Bay Coeymans Cold Spring Cooperstown & Cherry Valley... Corning & Blossburg Corning & Olean Cossackie& Schenectady Danaville & Rochester Delaware Division Avenue Dunkirk & State Line Dutchess Dutchess Elmira, Canandaigua & Nia-) gara Falls J Elmira & Williamsport.. Erie & Cattaraugus Erie & New York City , Fishhouse & Amsterdam Fislikill Landing & State Line., Fredonia & Van Buren , Geneseo Valley Genesee & Cattaraugus , Genesee & Hudson River Geneseo Geneseo & Pittaford Geneva & Canandaigua Giiboa Goshen & Albany Goshen & New York. Great Ausahle Greene Harlem & High Bridge.. Herkimer & Trenton Honeoye Hudson & Berkshire Hudson & Delaware- Ithaca & Geneva Ithaca* Owego. Ithaca & Port Renwick.. Jamesville Johnstown Jordan* Skaneatelea Kingston Turnpike & R. R. LakeChamplain & Ogdenabui-gl Li\ke Ontario, Auburn & New' York Lake Ontario, Auburn & New York , Lake Ontario & Hudson River.'. Lake Ontario & Now York.. Lansingburgh & Troy Lansingburgh & Troy Lebanon Sprhigs April 19, AprU 21, July 23, May 16, May 10, March 8, Jan. 22, May 21. April 30, 1830 1828 1851 1837 1836 1853 1853 1830 1839 May 15, 1837 AprU 5, 1851 $1,000,000 1,000,000 250,000 300,000 600,000 1,500,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 350,000 150.000 75,000 2.500 150,000 Feb. May March May March April March 5, 1853 15, 1837 22, 1832 21, 1836 1, 1853 15, 1S50 28, 1832 May 25, 1836 April 24,1857 April 21, 1832 May 15, 183^ 11, 1851 2fi, 1832 12, 1S4S 21. 1.S36 2, 1856 July April April May June May Dec. April May April April April May April April Aug. May May April 15, 183: 11, 1S.=)2 11, 1848 11, 1836 21, 1828 15, 1839 12, 1842 13, 18.'',7 17, 1828 18, 1838 25. 1853 13, 1836 21, 1836 21, 1858 April 19,1830 April 0, 1832 Jan. 28, 1S2S April May May May April April April May April 16, 1834 21, 1S3G 13, 1836 6, 1837 23, 1835 20, 1832 15, 1851 9. 1856 6. 1857 Aug. May Nov. Dec. 19, 1836 13, 1853 1, 1S51 May 6, 1836 850,000 500,000 300,000 400.000 500.000 500.000 600,000 1,000,000 75,000 200,000 750,000 250,000 '"i'iooo 300,000 400,000 7,000,000 15.000 150,000 100.000 150.000 1,500.000 150,000 150,000 20,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 350,000 500,000 800,000 150,000 15.000 25,000 20,000 ,000,000 ,500 000 ,500,000 Canandaigua and Erie Canal Canaudaigua and Syracuse f Cassadaga Creek and Penn. 1 X State Line / Castleton and West Stockbridge Catskill and Canajoharie Catskil! and Ithaca Now York & Erie R. R. and ) Penn. State Line j Head of Cayuga and Penn. Lint ' Utica & Syracuse R. R. and ) Now York & Erie R. It i Clifton and Vreeland Farm, \ on Lower Bay j Clyde and Lake Ontario Landing and Moss Hill Quarries In Cattaraugus co f Cooperstown and Canandai- 1 1 gua & Syracuse R. R | J Corning and IJIosebui"g Coal \ Reidon iu Penn, Corning and Glean Coxsackie and Schenectady Dansville and Rochester. Delhi and Deposit BrookljTi Dunkirk and State Line Poui,^hkeepsie and State Line I Pout;hkeepsie and Jilass. ov\ \ Conn, lioe J Elmira and Suspension Bridge... Elmira and Williamsport, Penn. ' Attica & Buffalo 11. R. and 1 Genesee & Cattaraugus R.R. j" Little V.dley Creek and ) Penn. State Line ) Fisbhouae and Amsterdam 150,000 40.000 10.000 500,000 Fredonia and Vau Buren , Avon and Mount Morris f Attica and New York & I Erio R. R Rochester and Albany Gent'eeo and Canal in York.... Geneseo and Pittsford Geneva and Canandaigua Giiboa to Canajoharie Albany and Goshen , Goshen to New Jersey State line Port Kent and Ausable Forks, f Greene and New York * t ErieR. R East River and High Bridge.... Herkimer and Trenton Erie Canal and Ilonooye Lake- Hudson and Berkshire , Newburgh and Delaware River., f Ithaca and Geneva & Canau- "l ( daigua R.R j Ithaca and Owega Ithaca and Cayuga Lake Jamesville to Erie Canal Johnsto^vn and Ctica & Sy- \ racuae R.R f Jordan and terminus Ska-) neateles R.R J Esopus Creek and Kingston Ogdensburgh and L.Chaniplain, f Little Sodus Bay and Cayuga X and Susquehanna R. R. The same J Lewiston and mouth of Ni-) X agara River | Lansingburgh and Troy Tlio same Lebanon Springs and Chatham. Lewiston and Niagara Falls Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done under this organi- zation. Partly constructed, and after- wards abandoned. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done but survey. Nothing done. Nothing dune. Intended for lum- bering pui-posea. Nothing done. Changed in 1854 to Blossburg & Corning R. R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Surveyed. Nothing further done, Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothiug done. Nothing done, f Formed by connection of Ca^ 1 nandaigua & Elmira and Ca- 1 nandaigua & Niagara Falls [ R. Roads. Nothing done by this Corporation, Nothing done. Partly graded. Nothing done. Company never organized. Nothing done. Trains commenced in March 1859. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Notliing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Merged in Hudson and Boston R.R. Graded, but nothing further done. Not constructed. Changed to Cayuga and Susque- hanna R. R. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Not constructed. Sui-veyod, but not constructed. Grading commenced, but no part completed. ("Work resumed, but no part X completed. Name changed from Sackets Har- bor & Saratoga R.R. No part completed. Nothing done. Nothing dono. Notliing dono. Grading commenced, but no part completed. Leased to the New York Central R. R. Co. 78 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Mail Roads Projected, Abandoned, or merged in other Roads, continued. NiMES OF Kail ROii>s. orfa'^Uon. <^P^- LockportA Batavia May 21, 1836 liockport & Niagara Falls April 24, 183-1 $ 175,000 Lockport & Youngetown... Madisou County Maiden ManhattaQ Maiiheiiii& Salisbury.. Mayrille & Portland Medina & Darien Medina & Lake Ontario Mohawk Valley. Mohawk & Uudson Mohawk & MooBe River.. .Mohawk & St. Lawrence R. R. & Navigation Co Newark . New York City , New York & Albany. , New York & Connecticut .... New York & Newburgh New York & New Rochelle... New York & Troy New York & Western New York & Jamaica Niagara Bridge &. Canandaigua.. Niagara Falls, Buffalo & N.Y.... Niagara Falls & Lake Ontario ... Niagara Falls & Lewistown Niagara River Northern Northern (N.J.).. Northern Slackwater & Railway Co Ogdensburgh OgdfDflburgh, Clayton & Rome. Orange &. Sussex Canal Co OswegOjBinghamton & NewY'ork Oswego Northern & Eastern Oawego & Troy Oswego & Utica Otsego Owego & Cortland Penfit-ld & Canal Piermont West Shore.. Plattsburgh & Rouses Point.. Port Byron & Auburn , Rochester, Lockport & Niagara Falls Rochester & Canal Rail Road.. Rochester & Lake Ontario Rochester & Lockport Rochester & Pittsburgh.. Rochester & Southern Rochester & Syracuse Rome & Port Ontario , Rutland & Wliitehall , Sackets Harbor & Saratoga... Sackets Harbor & Watertown..., May 21, 1836 AprU 17, 1829 May 13, 1837 Nov. 28, 1853 AprU 23,1834 March 29, 1832 May 15, 1834 May 13, 1836 Jan. 11, 1851 April 17, 1S26 April 14,1857 11, 1837 21, 1S36 May May May 12, 1851 AprU 17,1832 May 12, 1846 March 27, 1854 Feb. 18, 1852 Jan. 30, 1852 June 10, 1853 Aug. 1859 Aug. 23, 185S June Sept. ^ept. July May 4. 1S52 3, 1852 1. 1847 3, 185: 14, 1S45 AprU 15, 1S5S May 13, 1S46 31, 1857 19, 1853 9,1829 Dec. Feb. April 14, 1855 12. 1853 21. 1854 13, 1836 26. 1832 21. 1S36 6, 1S3' Aug. Jan. Feb. May AprU May May Dec. 4, 1857 March 17- 1851 April 17,1829 Dec. 10, 1850 March 26, 1831 May 3, 1852 May 15, 183! July 18, 1853 Dec. 27, 1852 Aug. 1, 1850 May 13, 1837 May 21, 1836 AprU 10,1848 Aug. 25, 1855 350.000 70,UUt) 310,000 75,000 150,000 100,000 200.000 2,000,000 300,000 1,000,000 100,000 120,000 3,000,000 150,000 500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 12,000,000 150,000 1,000,000 250.000 100,000 150.000 175,000 2,000,000 1,538.500 2,000.000 Omnections. Lockport and Batavia. Lockport and Niagara Falls.. Lockport and Yonngstown.... CUitteuango and Cazenovia... pusV TMalden and junction < Smitbbush and Esopus ( Roads ^ ManhattanviUeand South Ferry Little FaUs and NicholvUle. Mayville and Portland , Medina and Alexander Medina and Carlton. Utica and Schenectady Albany and Schenectady... ["New York Central R. R. in"| Montgomery county and > [^ Moose River Lakes J Nicholville and Piseco Lake Vienna and Lake Ontario (Lower part of the city and) \ Macombs Bridge j New York and Albany Ridgcfield, Conn., and Harlem. 'Newburgh and New Jersey ' State line New Rochelle and New York ' City New York & Harlem R. R. ia Ghent and Troy State Line in Rockland Co. ' and Canandaigua , Jamaica and Hunters Point Niagara Bridge and Canandaigua Suspension Bridge and Buffalo... Niagara Falls and Young8town„ Ni.agara FaUs and Lewiston. Niagara Falls and Lewiston Rouses Point and Ogdensburgh. Remarks. Piermont and Jersey City.. Port Kent and BoonvUle.. Ogdensburgh and Rome.. 400,000 ;400,000 2,000,000 750.000 200,000 500,000 12,000 40,000 500.000 50,000 30,000 100,000 400,000 1,000,000 200.000 4,200,000 350.000 100,000 2,000,000 110,000 Oswego and Syracuse f Oswego andWhitehall Sl Rut- ) \ land R. R j" Oswego and Troy Oswego and Utica Cooperstown and Milford Owego and Cortland or Homer ... Peufiild and Erie Canal ("Piermont and terminus of") -{ Northern R. R. (N. J.) at V 1 State Line j Plattsburgh and Rouses Point... Aubiu-n and Port Byron Rochester and Niagara Falls.. Rochester and Lake Ontario... Rochester and Charlotte Rochester and Lockport f Genesee Valley R. R. and> \ Allegany Valley R. R j" Rochester and Mendon Rochester and Sjxacuse Rome and Port Ontario WHiitehall and Rutland Sackets Harbor and Saratoga.... Sackets Harbor and Watertown Nothing done. Merged in the New York Central R. R. Nothing done. Preliminary surveya made. Noth- ing else done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Name changed to Mohawk & St. Lawrence R. R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Surveyed, but not constructed. Name changed to Albany k Sche- nectadv R. R. First R. R. in the State. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. No part of the road completed by this Company. Nothing done. Nothing done. No part constructed.. Nothing done. Surveyed, nothing further done. In progress of construction. Changed from Canandaigua & Niagara Falls R. R. Leased to New York Central R. R. Nothing done. Graded and rails laid, but not used. Nothing done. Nothing done. Since changed to Ogdensburgh R.R. AUowed to extend from State Line to Piermont. Constructed. Route explored, nothing further done. Name changed from Northern. Partly graded, and abandoned. AUowed to build a R. E. on the line of their route. Notliing done, Nothing done beyond surveys. Nothing done. Nothing done but survey. Nothing done but survey. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Superseded by extension of North- ern R.R. to Piermont. Nothing done. Nothing done. Consolidated In New York Cen- tral R. R, Completed to near the Landing in 1832. Leased to New York Central R. R. Co. on consolidation. Nothing done under this organi- zation. Not conatructed. Not conatructed. Consolidated with New York Ccu- tral in 1855. Nothing done. Nothing done. Partly graded. Name changed to Lake Ontario and Hudson R.R. Surveyed, but nothing further done. RAIL ROADS. 79 Bail Roads Projected^ Abandoned, or merged in oilier Eoads, continued* Names of Rail Roads. Date of Organization. Salina & Port Watson Saratoga Springs & Schujlerrille Saratoga & Fort Edward Saratoga & Montgomery Saratoga & Waaliington , Schenectady & Catskill Schenectady & Susquehanna Schenectady & Troy Schoharie & Otsego Scottsville & Canandaigua.. ScottsvilleA LeRoy Sharon & Root.. Skaneateles Skaneateles & Jordan Sodus Point & Southern .. Staten Island Staten Island Syracuse, Cortland & Bing-' hamtOQ ^ Syracuse Stone .' Syracuse & Binghamtou Syracuse & Southern .. Syracuse & Utica Syracuse & Utica Direct Tioga Coal. Iron Mining & 1 Manufacturing Co j Tonawanda Trenton & SacketB Harbor.... Troy Turnpike & Rail Road- Troy & Utica Troy & West Stockbridge Tyrone & Geneva Ulster County .. UnadiUa & Schoharie.. Utica & Binghamton... Utica & Schenectady... Utica & Susquehanna Utica & Syracuse Straight Line. Utica & Waterville. , Warren County Warsaw & LeRoy Warwick Waahington County Central.. Watertown & Cape Vincent... Watervliet & Schenectady.. Westchester County West Side Whitehall & Plattsburgh... Whitehall & Rutland.. Williamsburgh, Brooklyn, ) Bushwick & New Lots j" "' April April April May May May May May •27, 1S29 6, 1S32 17, 183'J 6, 1836 2,1834 13, 1846 13,1846 21, 1836 Capital. April 25, 1832 April 12, 183S May 21, 1836 April 18, 183S May 19, 183' March 13, 1838 March 8,1852 May Aug. May May July Oct. May Jan. 21, 1836 2, 1851 21, 1S36 13, 1836 2, 1851 13, 1856 11, 1836 20, 1853 1841 April 14,1832 May April Feb. May May 15, 1837 18, 1831 10, 1853 10. 1836 16. 1837 May 21, 1836 May 9, 1836 May April April Sept. June April May May Dec, 18. 1853 29,1833 25, 1832 18, 1852 26. 1854 17, 1832 5,1834 13, 1837 8, 1853 May 13, 1836 May Nov. Feb. Dec. April Juno 21, 1836 7, 1856 1854 15, 1852 26, 1833 29, 1853 $ 375,000 100,000 200,000 150,000 600,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 500,000 300,000 100,000 200,000 80,000 350,000 250,000 300,000 500,000 75.000 1,200,000 1,201,300 1,000,000 600,000 500,000 500,000 100,000 2,500.000 600,000 500,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 300,000 250,000 100,000 100,000 200,000 50,000 500.000 500,000 6,000,000 1,000.000 100,000 Omnectiom. Syracuse and Port Watson j Saratopi Springs and Schuy- ) t lerville J Saratoga and Fort Edward J Ballston Spa and W. branch 1 \ of North River j Samtoga and Vt. Stite Line Schenectady and Catskill f Schenectady and New York ) \ AErieR.R / Schenectady and Troy ("Catskill &. Central R.R. and) \ Susquehanna j Scottsvillo and Canandaigua Scottsville and LeRoy._ Hemarks. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done by this company. Nothing done. Name changed to Saratoga & Whitehall R.R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Consolidated with New York Cen- tral R. R. in 1853. Nothing done. Nothing done. Partly constructed but aflervards abandoned. Nothing done. 1 Branch of Catskill & Cana-\ joharieR.R j" Skaneateles and some point } on Skaneateles & Jordan > Constructed, but since abandoned R.R J Skaneateles and Jordan f Sodus Point and Catskill & \ Ithaca R.R. /From near Quarantine to) 1 opposite Amboy J Clifton and Tottenville Syracuse and Binghamton Syracuse and Stone quarries.. Syracuse and Binghamton , Syracuse and Binghamton Syracuse and Utica.. Syracuse and Utica... / Bituminous coal region and ) \ Chemung Canal J Rochester and Attica Trenton and Sackets Harbor.. Troy and Bennington, Vt Troy and Utica Troy and West Stockbridge... ' Geneva and New York & ] Erie R.R Kingston and New York &] Erie R.R Mouth of Unadilla River 1 and New York & Erie ; R.R Utica and Binghamton Utica and Schenectady Utica and Susquehanna Utica and Syracuse Utica and Waterville Glens Falls and CaldwelL Warsaw and LeRoy ' Branch of New York & Erie ) near Chester j Pittstown and Greenwich Watertown and Cape Vincent- West Troy and Schenectady Harbor River and NewRochelle.. Albany and Sufferns. Whitehall and Plattsburgh. Whitehall and Rutland, Vt Williamsburgh and New Lots.... Changed from Skaneateles R.R Partly graded; work stopped in 1854. Not constructed. Not constructed. Surveyed. Nothing further done. Nothing done. Opened in 1854. Name changed to Syracuse & Southern R. K. Successor of Syracuse & Bing- hamton R. R. Name changed to Syracuse, Binghamton & New York R.R. Consolidated with New York Cen- tral R.R. in 1853. Not constructed. ( Sold in 1852, and name changed -l to Corning & Blossburj t R.R. Consolidated with Attica & Buffalo R.R. in 1850. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothmg done. Nothing done. Consolidated with New York Central R. R. in 1853. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Surveyed and nothing further done. Surveyed and nothing further done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Surveyed, but not constructed. Not constructed by this company. Allowed to build Horse R. Road, for 21 years. CORPORATIONS. Corporations were generally formed under special acts until the adoption of the Constitution of 1846, which directed that general laws should be passed for this purpose, and forbade special legis- lation, except for municipal purposes and in cases where the purpose to be attained could not other- wise be effected. The Legislature has power to alter and repeal the powers of any corporation formed under the general laws. The articles of association or declaration of intention must in all cases be filed in some office of record specified in the general acts ; and limitations of time, capital, and location must be specified. The stockholders of the more important classes of corporations are personally liable to an extent equal to the amount of stock owned. Under the present Con- stitution, general acts of incorporation have been passed for a variety of purposes, all of which belong to one of 4 general classes.^ Class I. includes those whose articles are filed in the office of the Secretary of State. 1. "A}i Act to provide for the Incorporation of Companies to construct Plank Roads and Turnpilies.'^- 2. ^' Ari Act to auihorize the formation of Companies for Mining', Meclianical, and Clieiulcal Purposes" was passed Feb. 8, 1848.^ 3. " An Act to authorize the formation of Gas Lig'lit Companies'' was passed Feb. 16, 1848.* 1 ConstiUdwn, KTt.Wll, Revised Statutes. Previous to 1S46, general laws existed for the organization of religious aocieties, (X784 ;) colleges and academiea, (1787;) public librariea, (1796;^ medical societies, (1S06:) manufacturing companies, (ISll;) banks, (1838;) and agricultural Bocietiee, (1S19, 1841.) 2 Several hundred of these corporations were formed and several thousand miles of plank road built in lS4S-o2. It is probable that leas than 5 per cent, of these are now in use, having mostly been abandoned and divided into road diBtricte as public highways. The companiea were required to report, but generally neglected to do eo; and few general statistics are preserved concerning them. s These companies, though quite numerous, were not required to report; and statistics concerning tbem cannot be obtained. Many companies that filed their articles never went into operation. * Gas Light Companies. A * indicates companies not in operation. Names of Companies. Albany Gas Light Consumers' Co.* Albion Gas Light Co.* Albion Gas Light Co Astoria Gas Co Auburn Gas Light Co Batavia Gas Liglit Co Biugharaton Gas Light Co Brockport Gas Light Co Brooklyn Gas Co.* Brooklyn Consolidated Gas Light Co Buffalo City Gas Light Co Buffalo Gas Light Co , Canandaigua Gas Light Co Catskill Gas Light Co Citizens' Gaa Light Co. Brooklyn Citizens' Gas Liglit Co. of the City of Rochester., Citizens' Independent Gaa Co Cohoes Gaa Light Co Elmira Gas Light Co Fishkill Gas Light Co , Flushing Gas Liglit Co Fulton Gas Light Co , Gas Light Co. of Syracuse Geneva Gas Light Co Glens Falls Gas Light Co , Green Point Gas Light Co Harlem Gas Light Co Hempstead Gas Light Co „ Hempstead Gas Light Cp Hudson Gas Co , Hudson Gas Light Co.* Ithaca Gaa Light Co Jamaica Gas Light Co Johnstown Gas Light Co Lansingbnrgh Gas Light Co Lockport Gas Light Co Lyons Gas Light Co Blanhattan Gas Light Co Metropolitan Gaa Light Co Morrisania Gaa Light Co .'... Newburgb Gas Light Co New York Gas Light Co New York Mutual Saving Gas Light Co.* Ogdenaburgh Gas Co Ogdensburgh Gas Light Co Ogdensburgh Gas Light & Coke Co Oswego Gas Light Co Owego Gas Light Co SO Date of Organization. Original Capital. Present Capital. Feb. 18, 1S56 $75,000 $75,000 March 13, 1S56 20,000 20,000 May 13, 1S68 30,000 30,000 Deo. 1, 1853 20,000 20.000 Jan. 29, 1850 20,000 60.000 June 11, 1S65 82,000 32.000 Juno 25, 1863 60,000 60,000 Jan. 17, 1S59 Oct. 21, 1848 200,000 200,000 Oct. 24, 1850 500,000 600.000 March 12, 1863 160.000 160,000 Teb. 29, 1848 150.000 760.000 Aug. 3, 1863 60.000 60.000 July 13, 1855 40,000 40,000 Oct. 26, 1868 1,000,000 1,000,000 Jan. 22, 1852 60.000 60,000 Juno 13, 1859 Sept. 13,1852 60,000 60.000 May 8, 1852 60,000 60.000 July 20, 1853 15,000 16.000 July 18, 1S55 40,000 61.000 Juno 12,1868 12,000 12,000 Feb. 9, 1849 100.000 100,000 Nov. 24, 1852 75.000 76,000 June 17,18.64 85,000 36,000 Nov. 29, 1853 100,000 40,000 Feb. 5, 1855 120,000 860.000 April 18,1867 15,000 16,000 AprU 9, 1859 Feb. 23, 1853 60,000 60,000 Mav 22, 1662 60,000 60.000 Oct. 28, 1852 76.000 75.000 June 2, 1856 30.000 20.000 March 16. 1867 18,000 18.000 Feb. 28, 1853 100.000 100.000 March 17, 1851 17.000 40,000 Jan. 25, 1859 60(1,000 400,000 Feb. 26, 1S30 600,000 2,000,000 April 17,1855 2,500.000 2,500,000 Oct. 28, 1862 200.000 200,000 May 17, 1862 60,000 70,000 March 26, 1823 600,000 600,000 Sept. 20, 1852 1,500,000 1,500.000 Aug. 23,1854 76,000 78,000 Juno 15,1853 100,000 100.000 June 11, 18.54 76,000 76,000 April 22, 1852 65,000 C6.000 March 24, 1856 40,000 40.000 CORPORATIONS. 81 4. " Jn Act for the incorporation 0/ Benevolent, Cliar liable. Scientific, and Mis- sionary Societies" -was passed April 12, 1848.^ 0. '■'An Act to provide for thcincorporation and regulation o/" Telegraph Companies" was passed April 12, 1848, and amended June 24, 1853.^ 6. '' An Act for the incorporation of '^uliiWwi^^ Mutual liOan, and AccuniulatingT Fund Associations" was passed April 10, 1851.^ 7. " An Act to provide for the formation of Insurance Companies" was passed Aprix 10, 1849.* Gas Light Companies^ continued. Names of Companies. Date of Organization. Original Capital. Present Capital. Palmyra Gas Light Co PeekakiU Gas Light Co Plattshui'gh Gas Light Co Pouphkeepsie Gas Light Co Richmond County Gaa Light Co Kocbester Gas Light Co Rome Gas Light Co Readout & Kingston Gas Light Cow Saratoga Gas Light Co Schenectady Gas Light Co Seneca Falls Gas Liglit Co.* , Seneca Falls & Waterloo Gas Light Co Sing Sing Gas Light Co Sing Sing Gas Manufacturing Co Staten Island Gas Light Co gjTacuse Gas Light Co TarrytowTi and Irvington Union Gas Light Co The Consumers' Gas Light Co. of Saratoga Springs- Troy Gas Light Co UticaGas Light Co Waterford Gas Light Co Watcrtown Gas Light Co , West Farms Gas Light Co West Troy Gas Light Co Williamsburgh Gas Light Co Yonkers Gas Light Co Oct. 29, 1866 July 18, 1855 July 6, 1859 Bee. 18, 1860 April 26, 1866 May 12, 1848 Dec. 28, 1860 May 27, 1864 Aug. 4, 1853 June 19, 1849 July 17, 1866 Dec. ai, 1866 May 3,1864 July 26, 1S55 March 14, 1866 Nov. 30, 1848 March 4, 1869 Aug. 23, 1858 April 6, 1848 Nov. 23, 1848 Oct. 4, 1858 Feb. 28, 1852 Nov. 18, 1862 Jan. 31. 1853 July 6, 1850 May 12, 1854 12,500 40,000 70,000 200.000 100,000 20,000 66.000 16,000 60.0D0 60.000 80,000 80,000 35,000 150,000 100,000 30,000 100,000 100,000 12,000 20,000 200,000 100,000 80,000 70,000 12,500 31,000 70.000 360,000 200,000 30,000 66,000 76,000 70.000 60,000 80.000 80,000 36,000 160,000 100,000 30,000 200,000 80,000 12,000 20,000 200,000 100,000 449,500 70,000 1 Tliese companies ore not required to report. I solidated. The N. Y. A Erie R. R. have a telegraph for regu- 2 These companies mako no report; and there is no official lating the trains upon that road. The N. Y. Central and some knowledge concerning those now existing. Several of those other road.s have the exclusive or preferred use of telegrapii formed never went into operation, and others have been con- 1 wiies along their route for like purposes. Telegraph Companies. A * indicates companies not in operation. Name. Albany, Springfield & Boston Di- rect Telegraph Co American Telegraph Co.* Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Co.*. Baldwinsville Electro Magnetic Telegraph Co.* Buffalo, Coming & New York Telegraph Co Central & Southern Telegraph Co.* Kafitern & Western Telegraph Co.* Erie & Central Junction Tel, Co.* Erie & Central Junction Tel Co... Genesee Valley Turnpike Co Long Island, Marino k Inland Telegraph Co Merchants' Telegraph Co.*. New York. Albany & Buffalo Elec- tro Magnetic Telegraph Co. New York, Albany Hi Buffalo Tele- gr.iph Co., incorp. by special act* New York & Canada House's Print- ing Telegraph Co New York & Mississippi Tel. Co.* New York & Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Co.* New York & Montreal Printing Telegraph Co.* , May Dec. June Date of Organization. 19. 1864 12. 1865 16, 1867 Dec. 4, 1852 Jan, Nov. May April July April March Sept. May Jan. Nov. April Sept. 26, 1856 13, 1864 30. 1866 24, 185; 19, 1853 10. 1867 24, 1868 23, 1862 31, 1848 26, 1856 19, 1855 8, 1861 21, 1864 16, 1853 Capital, $ 35,000 200,000 300,000 400 16.000 11.280 20,000 11.260 11.260 80,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 300,000 170,000 60,000 NiMH. New York & Montreal Telegraph Co.* New York & New Kn^'buid T.l. Co.*.. New York & New En -Ian. 1 TrI. Co New York & Philadiliiliia llranch Telegraph Co New York & Sandy Hook Telegraph Co New Y'ork & Washington Printing Telegraph Co New York & Western Union Tele- graph Co New York, St. Louis A New Orleans Junction Telegraph Co New York State Printing Telegraph Co.* New York State Telegraph Co.*... Otsego Telegraph Co Syracuse, Oswego & Ogdensburgh Telegraph Co Transatlantic Telegraph Co.* Transatlantic & Submarine Tele- graph Co Troy, Albany k Boston Telegraph Co.. Utica A OxfoEd Magnetic Telegraph Co West Troy, LansingburghjWaterford & Cohoes Telegraph Co Oate of OrganizaXion. Oct. April July April Aug. May Dec. Aug. July May Sept. Sept. May. Jan. July Aug. July 23, 1862 26, 1849 3, 1862 24,1848 13, 1862 26, 1852 22, 1852 26, 1860 16. 1850 16, 1860 30. 1851 22, 1856 19. 1857 18. 1858 26, 1867 2,1852 14, 1866 Capital. % 40.000 42,300 30,000 16,000 26,000 200,000 10,000 200,000 200,000 26,000 4,000 20,000 100,000 100.000 60,000 6,400 3,000 > These associations wore chiefly limited to the vicinity of New Y'>rk, numbering 72 in New York Co.. about 40 in Kings Co., with a few in Queens, Richmond, and Westchester. Their ope- rations consisted in raising money by subscription of the mem- bers, to be loaned to that member who would allow the highest premium,— the avowed intention being to afford to people of hum- ble means the opportunity of securing for each a home. This absurd fallacy found multitudes of dupes ; and in the competition for loans the premiums paid in some instances ran as high as one half of the amount loaned. The mode of appropriating loans varied. It appeared in evidence before the legislative committee of 1865 that in one instance it was as follows : — " The names of all the shareholders who are not more than fonr weeks in arreaj are put in the end of a quill, and all put into ft bottle; the whole is then shaken, and the name which first cornea ont on reversing the buttle baa the right to tho appropriation." Nearly or quite all of these assrtciations have been abandoned^ a few oidy being kept together by the complexity of their inter- ests and obligations, which are ih»t readily ad.iu3ted. A statement showing the operation of these associations was reported by a spe- cial legislative connnittee in \%b^.~Asstm. Doc., 1856, iVo. 4t>,jj. 16. * This act relates to Marine Insurance Companioa which mak» no report. .\ list of them will bo found in tho gQueral liati}e Insurance Couipanics, pp. 83 to 89. 82 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 8. " An Act for the Incorporation of Companies formed to JVavigT^^te tlie Ocean by Steamsltips" was passed April 12, 1852.i 9. "An Act to authorize the formation of Companies for Ferry Purposes" was passed April 9, 1853.2 10. " An Act for the Incorporation of Companies formed to IVavi^ate the fVaters of L.ake George by Steamboats" was passed January 14, 1854.' 11. " An Act for the Incorporation of Companies formed to IVavigate tlie liakes and Rivers" was passed April 15, 1854. Cos. report annually to the State Engineer and Surveyor.* 1 Previous to 1862, Steamship Cos. were incorp. by special acts; since that time they have organized under the general act. Ocean Steam Navigation Companies. Names of Companies. Date of Or- gariizalion. Capital. Names op Companies. Dale nf Or- ganisation. Capilal. Dec. 26. 1853 /Feb. 23. 1839.) i& May 8. 1845/ Jan. 6, 1854 May 26, 1855 Oct. 1, 1858 Oct. 1, 1859 Jnly 7, 1852 Jan. 26, 1863 Oct. 27, 1852 April 19, 1828 March 16, 1853 Sept. 6, 1853 March 11, 1853 Jan. 14. 1859 $55,000 2,000,000 300,000 686.000 600,000 400,000 1,500,000 120,000 160,000 1,600,000 1.000,000 100,000 N. Y. & Havre Steamship Co Jiin. 1.3, 1855 Jan. 16, 1859 Sept. 12. 18.54 April 14, 1827 Sept. 29, 1863 April 10,1850 M.iy 1, 1839 May 8,1 S46 May 6, 1839 AprU 7, 1S19 Dec. 26, 1853 March 17, 1863 June 25, 1869 March 13, 1864 March 8, 1866 $700,000 360,000 100.000 600.000 300.000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,000.000 2.50,000 1,000,000 60,000 loo.oon 160,000 Amer. Atlantic Steam Nav. Co.... Amsterdam Steamship Co N. Y. & Matanzas Steamship Co.... N. Y. & New Orleans Steamsliip Co. X. Y. South American Steamboat Co N. Y. & Southern Steamship Co N. Y. & Virginia Steamship Co North .\merican Steam Nav. Co.... Cal., N.Y., & Europ. Steamship Co. Cal., N.Y., & Kurop. Steamship Co. Cent. Amer. & Cal. Steamship Co- Mexican Oc^*an Mail & Inland Co. N. T., Bait. & Alex. Steamship Co.. N. T. & Boston Steamboat Co N, y. 4 California Steamsliip Co... N. T. & Galway Steamship Co.... N. Y. Harbor Steam Freight Co... N. Y. 4 Havana Steamship Co..-. Staten Island & N.J. Steam Nav. Co. U. S. & Cent. American Transit Co. U.S. & Liberia Steamship Co W. India & Venezuela Steamship Co S The Ferry Companies axe required to report annually to the Secretary of State ; but the reports are not published. Feny Companies formed under the General Act. Names of Companies. Pate, of Or. ganization. Capital. Names op Companies. Date nf Or- ganization. Oipital Feb. 26, 1855 Nov. 7, 1864 April 19, 1863 June 29,1859 Jan. 21, 1854 May 9, 1859 June 20, 1860 $100,000 3,000 600,000 12,000 People's Ferry Co. (N. Y. to Wil- April 21,1853 Sept. 5, 1863 May 7, 1863 April 26.18,63 April 26, 1S66 Oct. 26, 1863 Nov. 9, 1854 $300,000 60.000 8,000 250,000 100 900,000 800.000 EsopuB & Hyde Park Ferry Co... Fort Montgomery Ferry Co Flushing. College Point & N. Y. Piermont & Dearman Ferry Co..... Rliinebeck & Kingston Ferry Co... Kosevelt & Briiige St. Ferry Co. (N Y to Brooklyn) Garrison A West Point Ferry Co. Long Island Ferry Co. (N. Y. & Sidney & Unadilla Ferry Co. Staten Island & N. Y. Ferry Co Union Ferry Co. of Brooklyn 3 The only Company formed under this act is the Lake George Steamboat Co., incorp. Jan. 20, 1S54. It has a capital of $20,000. * Inland S^eam. Kav'tgailon Companies. Names op Companies. American Steamboat Co American TransportrUi' n Co." Archimedean Propeller Co Black Hiver Steamboat Co Black River Steamboat Co Blanchanl Steamboat Co Buffalo k Toledo Transportation Co, Catskill Steamboat Transport. Co., Cayuga Lake & Inlet Steamboat Co, Chautauqua Steamboat Co Crooked Lake Steamboat Co Dutchess & Orange Steamboat Co. Essex Steam Navigation Co Flushing Steamboat Co Fulton Steamboat Co Harlem A New York Nav. Co Hudson River Steamboat Co Hudson Kiver Steamboat Co Lake Cbamplain Steamboat Co.6... Lake Cbamplain Steamboat Navi- gation Co Lake Erie Steamboat Co Lake Erie Transportation Co Lake Erie & Buffalo Steamboat Co. Lake Ontario Steamboat Co^ Date of Ofganizatimi. Capital. Feb. 3, 1858 $80,000 Jan. 11, 1865 640.000 June 1, 1859 200,000 April 12,1S4S 26,000 April at, 1866 10,000 Feb. 25, 1856 25,000 May 6, 18.66 120,000 Aug. 1.5.18.54 20,000 Feb. 25, 1828 60,000 May 4, 1829 10.000 April 18.1826 6.000 April 20. 1826 100,000 April 24, 1S29 20,000 April 21. 1829 1.5,000 April IS. 1816 250,000 Jan. 14. 1866 27.000 April 20,1825 200,000 Sept. 16, 1866 20,000 March 12, 1813 200,000 May 11, 1835 100.000 March 10, 1820 114.000 Nov. 20, 1866 100.000 March 23, 1859 50.000 Jan. 28, 1831 100,000 Names of Companies. Lake Navigation Co New York Transportation Co.... New York & Albiiny Propeller Line New York & Western Towing Co.., Niagara Falls Steamboat Assoc Northern Tmnsportation Co Northern Tran.'^portation I-ioe North niver Steamboat Co."^ Old Oswego Line Oneida Lake & River Steamboat Co.« Ontario Steam & Canal Boat Co/..-. Ontario Steamboat Co Ontario & St. Lawrence Steam- boat Co.* Orangetown Point Steamboat Co... Poughkeepsie Steamboat Co St. Lawrence Steamboat Co Seneca Lake Steamboat Co Suffolk Steamboat Co Susquehanna Steam Navigation Co. Troy Steamboat Co United States Mail Steamship Go... Western Transportation Co Dati- of Organization. Capital. Feb. 20, 1856 500,000 April 15, 1864 100,000 Dec. 1, 1856 40.000 Sept. 21, 1857 66,000 Sept. 2. 1854 60,000 Feb. 6. 1866 300,000 April 6, 18.57 59,500 March 10, 1820 600,000 May 2, 1856 300,000 April 2. 1838 10,000 1842 May 12, 1369 100,000 1848 April 16.1830 10.000 March 30, 1827 60,000 1842 April 6, 1826 20,000 March 25, 1829 8,000 May 11, 1836 60,000 March 31, 1825 80,000 AprU 6, 1,600,000 Dec. 8, 1865 800,000 « Capital retluced to S270.O0O Jan. 15. 1859. I * Charter expired April 11, 1838. The first steamboat on Lake Champlaiu wag in ISIO. « Merged in the Ontario & St. Lawrence Steamboat Co. in 1S48. | Exclusive individual and corporate rights for steam naviga- tioq upon the waters of this State have been granted und^r special acts, as follows : — An act was passed March 10, 1797, (ranting to John Fitch the sole right of steam navigation in the waters of the State for a period of fourteen years. Having d Charter expired April 11, 1S3S. « Charter limited to 20 years. Reincorporated April 12, 1842. / Merged in the Ontario & St. Lawrence Steaniboat Co. in 1848. ff Merged in the American Steamboat Co. in 1858. done nothing for ten years, this act was repealed in 1798. An act was passed March 27, 179S. granting to Robert R. Livingston the sole right of navigating by steaui for twenty years, con- ditioned to building a boat of at least 20 tons, capaljle of moving four miles per hour against the current of Iludson River. This CORPORATIONS. 83 12. " An Act for the Incorporation of Associations for Improving tlie Breed of Horses" was passed April 15, 1854.' 13. " An Act to facilitate the formation o/ Agricultural and Horticultural Socie- ties" was passed June 8, 1853, and amended April 15, 1855.^ Class II. includes all those whose certificates are required to be filed in the Comptroller's ofiice 1. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation of lulfe and Healtb Insurance Com- panies, and in relation to Agencies of such Companies," was passed June 24, 1853.' 2. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation o/Pire Insurance Companies" was passed June 25, 1853.* 1 The followiue compauies have been formed under this act:- - Names. Place. When fcn-med. Newtown... Newtown... Goshen Jamaica.... Nov. 26, 1855 Mav 29, 1854 July 31, 18.o5 July 31, 1858 Orange County Central Horse Co. 2 For Table of Agricultural SocietieB, see pp. 102, 103. privilege was extended two years, March 29, 1799, to enable Nicholas J. Kosevelt to complete experiments. By act pjissed iu 179S, Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton secured the exclusive right of navigating by steam for a period of twenty years ; and by an act passed April 11, 1808, an extension of five years was granted for each new boat — the whole time, however, not to exceed thirty years. This monopoly was contested in the State and Federal Courts, in a suit begun in 1819, and finally decidi;d in the Supreme Court of the U. S. in Feb. 1S24, as repugnant to the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to regulate commerce. So far as these acts prohibited vessels licensed by the laws of the United States from carrying on a coasting trade, they were void. — Johnson's ItfiJtyrtSf IV, I-IS ; Cowen's Reports, III, 713 ; Wheaton's Eeports, IX, 1. 3 These companies report annually to the Comptroller. A list of them ia given in the general list of Insurance Companies. * These companies were formerly created by special acts, — generally for periods of 20, 21, or 30 years. Until about 1834 they were almost invariably upon the joint stock principle. For many years this class of investments was considered extremely relialde, and large dividends were often paid to the stock- holders. The great fire in New York in Dec. 1835, proved a heavy disaster to almost all the Insurance companies then formed, and many of them were prostrated by it. This event soon led to the formation of Mutual Insurance Companies in almost every county in the State: most of these companies have since become insolvent. A graphic and truthful statement of the operations that ruined these companies is given in the Comp- trollers Report on Fire Insurance Cos. of 1854. A general law, passed April 10, 1849, provided for the incorporation of these companies, under which risks of every kind might be taken. The frauds pei^ietrated nndcr this system rendered a revision indispensable: and in 1853 two general laws were enacted, — one for the formation of companies for insurance of life and health, and the other against loss by fire, or inland navigation, and transportation. The articles of association (under the law of 1849, required to be filed in tlie Secretary's office) were, by these acts, filed iu the Comptroller's office, and general powers wore conferred upon the Comptroller, with the view of protecting the public from any frauds that might be attempted, and t« secure the equal and uniform operation of the laws relating to insurance. Annual reports are made to the Comptroller, and by him to the Legislature, under each of these laws. Marine In- surance companies are still filed in the Secretary's office, but are required to make no report. Insurance companies formed under the laws of other States or countries cannot establish agencies in this State without first depositing with the Comptroller a certified copy of their charters, and of the vote or resolution creating the agency, a statement of their condition, and proof that their capital is equal to that required by the laws of this State, and, if a Life Insurance company, securities to the amount of $100,000, for the benefit of policy holders. Foreign Marine Insurance companies are required to pay 2 per cent, upon all premiums received by any agent; and a bond in the penal sum of $1,000 is required of every agent of such companies for the pay- ment of this tax. This tax was first collected in 1858, and amounted to $3,742.55. Several companies are not required to report their statistics to the Legislature. The aggregate reports of Fire Insurance Companies for 1857 show the following results : — Capital invested $16,731,010.00 Cash premiums received. ™. 6,051.304.87 Gross amount of income 7,577,872.62 Losses paid 2,898.106.11 Dividends paid 2,240,434.72 Taxes paid 243,062.79 Gross expenditures 6,855,953.83 Unpaid claims 968,083.00 The following tables comprise the companies which have been incorporated under special acts or the general laws of the State. Foreign companies authorized to transact bufiineas in the State are not included in the list: — Insurance Companies in the State on Isi day of Jan. 1858, Name. ^tna Fire Insurance Co. of New York.*... Adriatic Fire Insurance Co AcricuUural Mutual Insurance Co.* Albany Insurance Co.«. American Fire Insurance Co Arctic Fire Insurance Co Ast^ir Fire Insurance Co Aator Mutual Insurance Co Atbtntic Fire Insurance Co Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co , Beekman Fire Insurance Co Brovnort Fire Insurance Co , Broadway Insurance Co , Brooklyn Fire Insurance Co Chautauqua County Mutual Insurance Co. Citizens' Fire Insurance Co."* City Fire Insiu-anceCo Location. Now York... New York... Watertown Albany „. New York.., New York... New York.., Now York... Brooklyn.... New York.., New York.., New York.., New York.., Brooklyn..- Fredonia.... New York.. New York.. Date of Act, or of filing artir cles of associ- ation. March 31. Nov. 24, Sept. 25, March 8, Apfil 21. July 16, June 11. April 18. Feb. 20. April li; March 4. Feb. Oct. April April April April 1824 1858 1851 1811 18.57 1S53 Expiration of charter. March 31, Nov. 24, Sept. 25. Feb. 18, April 21, July - - 1851 [June 1843 1851 1842 1853 1857 1849 1824 1836 1836 1833 1878 1888 1S81 1881 1887 1883 1881 Feb. April March Feb. Oct. April April April April 1881 1872 1883 1S87 1879 1866 1876 1866 1863 S. S. M, S. s. S. s. M. s. M. S. s. s. S. M. S. s. f. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. m. f.n. m. n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f. f. f. f. Present capital of stock companies. $200,000 150,000 125,000 200,000 250,000 150,000 150,000 200,000 150.000 200,000 102,000 150,000 210,000 a Reorganized Feb. 12, 1836, under act of Feb. 12, 1836. * Removed from Evans Mills April 10, 1855. • Reorganized Feb. 18. 1851. Capital, $100,000. Originally Albany Fire Insurance Co. Capital, $100,000, and allowed to take fire, marine, and life risks. Once extended. Expired June 1.1851. '^ Changed to Citizens' Fire Insurance Co. April 5, 1849. 84 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Existing Insurance Companies, continued. iCliiiton Fire Insurance Co Columbia Fire Insurance Co Columbian Insurance Co Commercial Insurance Co Commercial Firo Insurance Co Commonwealth Firo Insurance Co Contineutiil Fire Ineurance Co Corn Exchange Fire & Inland Nav. Ins. Co Dividend Mutual Insurance Co Dutchess Co. Mutual Insurance Co Kagle Fire Company of New York.o East River Insurance Co.'' Empire City Insurance Co Empire Insurance Co Everett Fire Insurance Co Esceleior Fire Insurance Co Exchange Fire Insurance Co Farmers' Fire Insurance Co Farmers' Mutual Insurance Co Firemen's Fund Insurance Co Firemt-n's Insurance Co.c Franklin Co. Mutual Insurance Co Fulton Fire Insurance Co.<.-» Gallatin Fire Insurance Co Gebhard Fire Insurance Co Glen Cove Mutual Insurance Co Globe Mutual Insurance Co Goodhue Fire Insurance Co..- Great Western Marine Insurance Co Greenwich Insurance Co Grocers' Fire Insurance Co H;ijniIton Fire Insurance Co.*. Hanover Fire Insurance Co Harmony Fire InsuraDce Co Home Fire Insurance Co Homestead Fire Insurance Co Hope I'"ire Insurance Co. (The) Howard Insurance Co./. Humboldt Fire Insurance Co Huntinpton IMutual Fire Insurance Co.ff Income Insurance Co Indi-mnity Fire Insurance Co Irving Fire Insurance Co Jamestown Farmers' Fire Insurance Co Jeft'eison Insurance Co Kings County Fire Insurance Co Kingston Mutual Insurance Co Knickerbocker Life Insurance Co. Knickerbocker Fire Insurance Co. of N. Y." Lafarge Fire Insurance Co Ija Fayette Fire Insurance Co Laman Fire Insurance Co Lenox Fire Insurance Co Long Island Insurance Co Lorillard Fire Insurance Co Manliattan Life Insurance Co Manhattan Fire Insurance Co.*. , Market Fire Insurance Co , Mechanics' Mutual Insurance Co Mechanics' Fire Insurance Co Mechanics' k Traders' Fire Insurance Co , Mercantile Fire Insurance Co Mercantile IMutual Insiirance Co , Merchants' Insurance Co , Metropolitan Fire Insurance Co , M->nroe Co. Mutual Insurance Co Montauk Fire Insurance Co , Montgomery Co. Mutual Insurance Co , Mutual Ins. Co. of the City and Co. of Albany.. Mutual Life Insurance Co. Nassau Fire Insurance Co National Fire Insurance Co.J New Amsterdam Fire Insurance Co New World Fire Insurance Co New York Uowery Fire Insurance Co New York Equitable Insurance Co.* New York..„ New York New York..„ Albany _ New York..., New York.._ New York..- New York Olens Falls I'ouglikeepsie...., New York.,_ New York..- New York Union Springs... Cayuga co. N.Y. New York..- New York Meridian...... Buffalo New York..- New York..- Malone New York.. New York— New York..- GlenCoTO.., New York New York..- New York New York..., New York..- New York.. New York..- New York New York..- New York..- New York..- New York..- New York Huntington New York New York.— New York Jamestown , New York..- New York Kingston New York New York.... Now York Brooklyn New York , New York , Brooklyn New York , New York New York , New York Troy Brooklyn New York New York New York New York New York Rochester. Brooklyn Canajoharie Albany New York Brooklyn New York New York New York New York New York Daie of Act, or of filing arti' d^ of associa- tion. July 9, March 9, Ang. 8, May 14, March Feb. April April April April Sept. Dec. Dec. Jnly May April May May April May Feb, Aug. Aug. March March Aug. Aug. May Jan. May April Dec. April Dec. June Slarch May April April April Jan. Aug. March Oct. March March March May Dec. Dec. April April Jan. May March Jan. May May Feb. Dec. April Feb. Oct. March May March May April Oct. April Feb. Oct. April April 1850 1S53 1857 1858 1850 1853 1853 1853 1850 1S36 1S06 1S33 1850 1861 1858 1853 1853 1853 1S45 185S 1825 1836 1853 1857 1S57 1857 1855 1857 1855 1834 1850 1852 1852 1853 1853 1S58 1856, 1825 1S.5' 1838 1858 1856 1852 1851 1834 1858 1836 1853 1798 1853 1856 1856 1853 1833 1852 1850 1821 1853 1836 1857 1853 1851 1842 1850 1852 1836 1857 1836 1836 1842 1851 1838 1853 1856 1833 1823 Expiration of charter. July 9, 1880 March 9, 1883 Aug. 8, 1887 March 14, 1880 1883 March 9,1883 Feb. 16, 1883 April 15,1880 April 12, 1876 Unlimited. Dec. July May Sept. 17, 1880 Dec. 22, 1881 15, 18S8 25, 1883 20, 1883 April 23,1883 May 14, 1865 May 1, 1888 May 12. 1876 Feb. 23, 1883 Aug. 11, 1887 Aug. 6, 1887 March 29, 1877 March 22, 1885 .Aug. 29. 1887 29, 1885 5,1864 16, 1880 22, 18S2 1, 1882 1883 11, 1883 15, 1888 16, 1886 16, 1866 5, 1887 2, 1858 Aug. May Jan. May April Dec. April Dec. June Jnne May April April 11. 1886 Jan. 9, 1882 Aug. 25, 1881 March 12, 1876 March 29, 1883 9, 1883 3, 1886 10, 1886 1, 1883 April 26,1863 Jan. 16, 18S2 17. 1880 1866 26, 18S3 14. 1876 5. 188' 4, 1883 24. 1881 April 12,1872 Feb. 20, 1880 Oct. 1, 1882 March 21, 1876 May 19, 1887 March 30, 1876 May 3, 1886 Till repealed. Oct. 31, 1881 Fe'b."""28, 1883 Oct. 13, 1886 April 24, 1863 May Dec. Dec. April May Jan. May May Feb. Dec. .!-1 Sll 55^ ^•^^ 8. f.n. S. f.n. S. m. S. f.n. S. f.n. S. f n. s. f.n. M. f n. M. f. S. i. s. i. s. M. S. f.n. s. f. 8. f.n. M. f.n. M. i. S. fn. S. t. M. f. 8. f n. S. f.n. 8. f n. M. f n. M. m. S. fn. S. m. 8. f. S. f. 8. f. S. £ 8. f.n. 8. f.n. 8. f.n. S. f n. S. f.n. S. f.n. M. f n. 8. 8. f.n. 8. f.n. M. f.n. S. f. 8. f.n. M. S. I. S. 8. f.n. 8. f.n. S. fn. 8. f n. S. f. 8. f n. S. 1. s. f n. s. f.n. M. t 8. f.n. S. f.n. S. f.n. M. m. n. S. f.n. S. f.n. M. f 8. f n. M. f. M. t. M. 1. S. fn. 8. f.n. S. f.n. 8. f.n. S. f. 8. f.1. Present capital of stock companies. 5260,000 200,000 600,000 200,000 2.50,000 200,000 200,000 300,000 150,000 200,000 150,000 200,000 160,000 150,000 20i,000 150,000 150.000 200,000 300,000 200,000 1,000,000 200,000 200,000 160.000 200,000 160.000 600,000 160,000 150,000 250,000 200,000 100.000 150,000 200,000 200,000 150,000 100.000 280,000 160,000 150,000 200,000 160,000 200,000 200.000 112.000 260,000 200,000 160.000 200,000 200,000 200,000 300,000 136,000 160,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 300,000 210,000 <' Original capital ^600,000. Special relief on account of fire Bf July 19, 1845. granted by act of May 12, 1846. 6 Organized March, 1835. Allowed to take inland transporta- tion riaks April 29, 1840. Changed to East River Mutual In- turance Co. April 12, 1842. e Original capital $300,000, reduced May 12, 1846, by the fire of July, 1845. d Allowed to remove from Williamsburgh April 13, 1855. Changed from Williamsburgh City Fire Insurance Co. • Changed from Building Association Fire Insurance Co. Uarcb 8, 1853. /Reorganized 1836. Original capital $300,000. It Organized March, 1840, under act March 12, 1840. * Changed from Mutual Insurance Co. of the City of New York. May 12. 1846, having been twice extended. Originally named the Mutual Insurance Co. of New York. » Reorganized June 7, 1836. i Changed May 24, 1841, from Seventeenth Ward Fire In- surance Co. Amended charter March, 1857. * Reduced fi-om $300,000 Feb. 18, 1848. CORPORATIONS. Existing Insurance Companies, continued. 85 Name. New York Fire and Marine Insurance Co.a New York Indemnity Insurance Co.* New York Life Insurance Co." New York Life Insurance & Trust Co New York Mutual Insurance Co New York & Krie Insurance Co.- Niagara Fire Insurance Co North American Insurance Co Northern New York Mutual Insurance Co North River Insurance Co.<^. North Western Insurance Co.". Ocean Insurance Co/..- Ocean Insurance Co Ontario & Livingston Co. Mutual losurance Co.... Orange Co. Mutual Insurance Co..-- OrientMutual Insurance Co Pacific Fire Insurance Co Pacilic Mutual Insurance Co Park Fire Insurance Co * People's Fire Insurance Co Peter Cooper Fire Insurance Co Phoenix Fire Insurance Co Pou:4:hkeepsie Mutual Fire Insurance Co Relief Fir« Insurance Co.-- Republic Fire Insurance Co Resolute Fire Insurance Co Richmond County Mutual Insurance Co Rutgers Fire Insurance Co St. Lawrence Co. Mutual Insurance Co St. Marks Fire Insurance Co....- St. Nicholas Insurance Co..- Schenectady Insurance Co.? Security Fire Insurance Co Star Insurance Co Stuyvesant Insurance Co Suffolk County Mutual Insurance Co...., Sun Mutual Insurance Co Tradesmen's Fire Insurance Co Union Mutual Insurance Co United States Fire Insurance Co United States Life Insurance Co Wall St. Fire Insurance Co Washington Insurance Co _ Waterville Protection Insurance Co Wayne County Mutual Insurance Co Westchester County Mutual Insurance Co Western Farmers' Mutual Insui-ance Co Williamsburgh City Fire Insuriince Co.- Wyoming County Mutual Insurance Co New York Albany New York New York New York Middletown. New York New York Plattsburgh New York Oswego New York New York West Bloomfield. Goshen New York New York New York New York New York New Y'ork Brooklyn Poughkeepsie New York New York New York Richmond New York Ogdensburgh New York New York Schenectady New York Ogdensburgh New York Southold New York New York New York New York New Y'ork New Y'ork New York Waterville Newiirk New Rochelle ..... Batavia. Williamsburgh.... Warsaw Date of act, or of filing arti- cUs of associa- tion. April 18, July 29, May 21, March 9, March, Nov. 29, June 22, Jan. 1, Sept. 18, Feb. 6, April 26, Jan. 29, April 3, March 21, March 16, Jan. 18, AprU 17, Dec. 18, Feb. 1, April 22, March 30, M.arch 14, July 30, Dec. 17, March 22, July 10, March 30, Sept. 12, May 12, July 14, July 23, May 26, Juno 20, Nov. 30, Jan. 7, April 30. May 22, Dec. 20, May 14, March 31, Jan. 20, Oct. 19, Feb. 11, Feb. 3, April 1, March 14, April 23, Dec. 13, Nov. 25, 1832 1861 1841 1830 1851 1S62 1850 1836 1852 1822 1832 1863 1856 1836 1837 1859 1861 1854 1863 1851 1863 1863 1860 1865 1852 186: 1836 1853 1831 1863 1862 1841 1866 1863 1861 1836 1841 1868 1845 1824 1850 1858 1860 1861 1853 1837 1844 1862 1851 Expiration of charter. April 18,1862 July 29. 1881 Unlimited Unlimited March, 1881 Nov. 29. 1882 June 22, 1880 Sept. Feb. Jan. Jan. April April Dec. Feb. April 18. 1882 6, 1862 1, 1877 29. 1883 3, 1885 March 20, 1876 March 16, 1877 Jan. 18, 18S9 7, 1881 18. 1884 1. 1883 11, 18,81 March 30, 1883 March 14, 1883 July 80, 1880 Dec. 17, 1886 March 22, 1882 July 10, 1887 March 30, 1876 Sept. 12, 1883 May 12, 1876 14, 1883 23. 1882 26, 1891 20, 1886 30. 1883 7, 1881 30. 1876 22, 1861 20, 1888 14. 1876 1. 1884 26, 1880 19, 1888 11, 18S0 3, 1881 1, 1883 March 14. 1877 AprU 23,1864 Dec. 12, 1882 Nov. 25, 1881 July July M.ay June Nov. Jan. April May Dec. May April Jan. Oct. Feb. Feb. April ■SI M. M. S. S. M. S. gS'B f.m. f.n. 1. 1. m. n. f.n. f.n. f. f.n. f.n. f.n. m. f. m. n. f. f m. n. f.n. m. n. f n. f n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f n. f.n. f n. f. f.n. f. f n. f n. f. f n. f n. f. f. f. m. n f.n. f m. f. 1. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f. f. f f. Present capital qf stock companies. 5200,000 108.800 100,000 200,000 250,000 350,000 150,000 300,000 300,000 200,000 200,000 160.000 160.000 200,000 100,000 160,000 160.000 200,000 200,000 150,000 150,000 200.000 150.000 200,000 150,000 260.000 100,000 200,000 200,000 160,000 <» Changed from New York Fire Insurance Co. May 10, 1847, ^nd allowed to take marine risks. 6 Removed from Broadalbin April 15, 1867. c Changed from Nautilus Insurance Co. April 6, 1849. and limited to life risks. First organized April 12, 1845, and allowed m. n. and t. risks. Capital, $200,000. <* Reorganized July 18, 1862. Originally allowed marme risks, e Organized Jan. 1834. / Enjoiuder. ff Changed from Schenectady County Mutual Insurance Co. April 7, 1858. Obsolete Insurance Companies in tlie State, Jan. 1, 1859. VJlXE. Location. Date of act of incorporation or of fling articles. °1 11 Remarks, 1 Utica. March 14, 1851 May 3, 1836 April 13,1857 April —,1857 April 30,1839 April 10, 1843 AprU 18,1825 June 18,1812 June 12,1856 Sept. 6, 1862 March 30, 1832 April 23, 1850 April 1, 1843 AprU 6, 1826 Feb. 27, 1824 M. M. M. f.- M. S. S. M. M. M. S. S. f.m. f.n. m. f. f.m. m. Receiver appointed Jan. 1864. Closed. Closing business. No receiver. Cap. $260,000. Cap. $300.000, 21 years; AprU 20,1832, $200,000, 30 years. Successor to Marine Ins. Co., 15 years, from May 12 : cap. $250,000. In 1814, marine, not exceeding $1,000,000. Extended to May 12, 1867. Closed in 1846. Receiver appointed April, 1865. Receiver appointed Dec. 1854. Changed from La Fayette Ins. Co. of the City of New York. Cap. $.600,000. Discon. in 1828; al- lowed to close up and reorganize new company. Albany County Mutual Ins. Co Allegany Mutual Insurance Co Allegany County Mutual Ins. Co Albany Alliance Mutual Insurance Co American Fire Ins. Co. of Now York.. American Ins. Co. of New York American Insurance Co. of the City New York Utica. American Miinufacturers' Mutual New York American Mutual Insurance Co American Mutual Insurance Co Amsterdam Atlantic Insurance Co. of New York.. New York NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. Name. Location. Dale of ad of incorporation or 0/ filing articles. N Remarks. Atlas Insurance Co. of New York.... April 8, 1825 April 14,1836 April 10, 1843 March 14, 1825 AprU 24,1833 AprU 10,1837 May 25, 1836 April 3, 1844 April 1, 1830 March 17, 1.837 May 3, 1852 March 14, 1825 May 25, 1836 May 17, 1837 March 20, 1837 April 16,1822 April 29, 18.39 AprU 2, 183S May 3, 1838 AprU 12, 1842 AprU 26,1831 May 4, 1,S29 May 12, 1836 May 12, 1836 May 25, 1836 March 21, 1801 June 4, 1851 April 4, 1805 AprU 12,1842 May 12, 1836 April 10, 1849 April 10,1843 May 9. 1S37 April 15, 1814 AprU 25,1836 April 30. 1S36 AprU 6, 1839 Dec. 8, 1,849 Aug. — , 1855 Feb. 28, 1822 Judo 26, 1861 Oct. 29, 1850 May 13, 1845 April 13, 1836 April 3, 1831 AprU 29,1833 March 13, 1818 April 2. 1819 March 6, 1851 AprU 12,1852 AprU 2. 1819 May 14. 1840 May 25. 1841 May 3, 1836 March 4,1839 May 2, 1837 March 18, 1814 June 6, 1852 Oct. 21, 1852 March 30. 1836 March 31. 182J April 2.5, 1862 AprU 24, 1833 AprU 25,1836 s. s. M. S. s. M. S. s. M. S. s. s. M. M. S. s. M. M. M. S. S. M. M. S. s. "s." s. M. M. M. S. s. s. M. s. 'M. S. M. S. s. s. s. s. M. s. s. M. M. 3. S. S. M. M. M. S. S. S. S. m. Ul. m. f. n. f. f. £m. n. f. n. f. f. f. f. f. {'• f. 1. m. f. 1. n. f. m. n. f. m. n. m. f. f. { I f. 1. ann. f. m. n. f.n. m. f. f. Cap. $.300,000. Cap. $360,000. KevlTcd April 14, 1833. Cap. $160,000. Cap. $300,000. Cap. $150,000. Cap. $150,000. Cap. $100,000. Changed March 8, 1853, to HamUton Fire Insurance Co. Cap. $300,000. RoTived AprU 21, 1823, cap. $150,000. Cap. $300,000. Closed business in 1853. Cap. $400,000. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $300,000; time extended 1832-33. Cap. $300,000. Receiver appointed Jan. 1S54. Cap. $300,000. Revived April 6, 1839, cap. $250,000. Cap. $500,000. Eeceiver appointed Jan. 1853. Cap. $250,000. Extended 21 years April 3, 1811. Changed June 16, 1853, to Commercial Mutual Insurance Co. Closed about 1852. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $200,000. Original cap, $300,000. Changed to Trust Fire Ins. Co. April 25, 1839. Cap. $250,000. Receiver appointed June 1855. Enjoined Dec. 28, 1855 ; injunction re- moved Jan. 81, 1856. Closing. Cap. $500,000. Receiver appointed Nov. 1854. Cbangii'd to Rochester Insurance Co. March 20, 1862. Receiver appointed. Cap. $500,000; reduced to $200,000 April 21. 1837. Cap. $150,000. M. risks allowed AprU 20, 1S32. To expire June, 1S61. Cap. $150,000. Changed to Brooklyn Firemen's Ins. Co. May 26, 1836. Cap. $500,000. Reduced one-half. 1828. Continued in 1835 to '66. Reduced by the great fire of 1835. Cap. $500,000. Receiver appointed June, 1855. Receiver appointed Sept. 1854. Cap. $500,000. Cap. $250,000. Receiver appointed Oct. 1851. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $500,000. Company of Uke name incorp. July 24, 1851. cap. $200,000. Cap. $1,000,000. Reduced one-Lalf March 17. 1S36. Receiver appointed August, 1855. Removed from Utica April. 1S59. Re- ceiver appointed Feb. 1856. Cap. $'250,000. Cap. $300,000. Cap. $500,000. New York New York New York« BrooklyD Firemen's Insurance Co... Buffalo Fire k Marine Insurance Co. Building Association Fire Ins. Co New York Canal Ins. Co. of the City of NewYork Cattaraugus County Mutual Ins. Co. Cayuga County Mutual Ins. Co Chatham Fire Insurance Co. of the New York Ellicottville NewYork Chemung County Mutual Ins. Co Cherry Valley.... Clinton Fire Insuritnce Co. of the City of New York Clinton Insurance Co. in the City of Clinton & Essex Mutual Ins. Co Columbia County Mutual Ins. Co Columbi;in Fire Insurance Co. of 1 the City of New York J Keeseville New Tork Amsterdam New York Cijrtland County Mutual Ins. Co Cortlandville New York. Dunkirk Marino Insurance Co Dutchesa County Insurance Co Eighth Ward Fire Insurance Co Eighth Ward Mutual Insurance Co.. Poughkeepsie New York NewYork Saratoga Springs Empire State Mutu:iJ Insurance Co.. Farmers' Fire Ins. & Loan Co Farmers' Ins. Co. of Oneida County.. Farmers and Merchants* Ins. ) Co. of Western New York j Farmers* Mutual Insurance Co. of New York Utica Sherburne New York Fifth Ward Fire Insurance Co. of \ the City of New York f Firemen's Insurance Co. of thej City of Albany J New York Franklin Fire Insurance Co. in the City of New York Franklin Fire Ins. Co. of NewYork.. Franklin Marine &, Fire Insurance Saratoga Springs Saratoga Springs Fulton Fire Insurance Co. in the Girard Fire Insurance Co. of the New York New York Utica Greene County Mutual Insurance Co. Catskill Good Hope Ins. Co. of New York New York Hamilton Fire Insurance Co. of the New Vnrk____ CORPORATIONS. 87 Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. Name. Location. DaU of act of incorporation or of filing articles. 1 Remarks. 1 Hamilton Marino Insurance Co April 4, 1838 s. s. M. s. M. S. S. S. S. M. M. s. s. M. M. M. S. M. S. M. M. s. M.' M. S. "s." M. s. s. s. s. M. M. s. M. M. S. "s!" "s." f. m. Cap. $250,000. f. Changed to Harmony Fire & Marine Insurance Co. April 17, 1858. f. m. u. Changed from Harmony Fire Insu- rance Co. April 17, 1S6S. Keceiver appointed Dec. 1855. Receiver appointed 1853. Changed from New York Firemen's Insurance Co. Cap. $300,000. f. (Pictures, furniture, Ac.) Repealed AprU 17, 1843. Changed to Merchants & Householders' Mutu.al Ins. Co. 1. Discontinued issuing policies 1856 or '57. See Comp. Key 1869, p. 53. f. n. Cap. $200,000. Keduccl to $150,000 April 17. 1843. f. Cap. $200,000. m. Cap. $300,000. f m. n. Receiver appointed Aug. 1854. f Business transferred to Hudson River I Marine & Fire Insurance Co. Cap. $600,000. Changed from Kings County Mutual Ins. Co. (f. m. Cap. $400,000. Reduced to $300,000 J April 24, 1840. Reduced to $200,000 1^ and tire risks allowed. Changed to International Ins. Co. AprU 11. 1846. Receiver appointed July. 1855. ( Cap. $300,000. Changed to Anchor J Ins. Co. of the City of New York, 1_ April 8, 1826. f. Took but one insurance. Never fully organized. Cap. $50,000. Revived May 2, 1835. Closed under act of Jan. 25, 1854. m. Cap. $300,000. m. Cap. $250,000. Closed up under act of June 18, 1812, by the American Ins. Co. of New York having become in- solvent, f Original cap. $500,000. Reduced to I $300,000 Jan. 12, 1828. f. 1. Caji. $300,000. Reduced to $260,000. Made assignment and diss. Jan. 1852. f Changed from Householders' Mutual \ Ins. Co. f. m. n. Cap. $250,000. Closed, f. m. Cap. $400,000. f. m. n. f Changed to Ocean Ins. Co. of the City \ of New York April 3, 1865. Cap. $250,000. Cap. .$500,000. Never organized. Cap. $.500,000. Receiver appointed Oct. 1854. Receiver appointed Jan. 18.55. Cap. $250,000. Revived April 17, 1826. f. Renewed 1808 as Mutual Ins. Co. of New Y'ork. Cap. $350,000. To con- tinue till repealed. Changed to Knickerbocker Fire Ins. Co. of New York May 1-2, 1S40. f. m. n. f. m. n. Cap. $200,000. f. n. f. m. Extended April 12, 1843. Receiver appointed Sept. 1855. 1. m. n. Original cap. $100,000. Cap. $1.50.000. Receiver appointed Aug. 1855. April 5, 1849. changed to New York Life Ins. Co. and limited to life risks. Closing up. No new policies issued. Receiver appointed Sept. 1855. f. n. Cap. $'250,(IOO. Cap.$30O,OOO. SimUaractMay6,1844. Harmony Firo & Maiine Ins. Co New York Doc. 29. 1855 April 28. 1836 Jan. 20, 1S21 May 25, 1841 June 20,1852 April 6, 1838 April 4, 1811 April 8, 1825 Juno 1, 1862 Aug. 8, 1850 AprU 13, 18.36 May 2, 1810 Apiil 11, 1855 AprU 23,1831 March 8.1836 April 15,1844 May 15, 1852 April 8, 1825 Feb. 27, 1837 Aprfl 29,1833 April 30, 1S36 March 23, 1830 AprU 8, 1825 March 16, 1802 April 7, 1819 AprU 2, 1810 Feb. 4, 1850 AprU 17,1843 AprU 7, 1824 Feb. 4, 1S51 April 26,1836 AprU 10,1843 Jan. 29, 1853 April 29,1839 Oct. 2, 18.52 April 3, isai June 27.1851 June C, 1861 March 0.1825 March 23, 1708 AprU 18,1843 May 25, 1841 May 7, 1844 Apfil 17,1838 May, 1855 AprU 14,1815 AprU 9, 1838 Feb. 22, 1861 Herkimer County Mutual Ins. Co.... Little Falls Householders' Mutual Insurance Co. New York Hudson Insurance Co. of the City of Hudson River Marine & Fire Ins. Co. Hudson River Mutual Insurance) Co. at Waterford j Indemnity Fire Insurance Co. of the Insumnce Company of Firemen Now York Jackson Marine Ins. Co. of the City \ New York Jefferson County Mutual Ins. Co Kings County Mutual Insurance Co. Watertown Waterford La Fayette Ins. Co. of the City of) New York ] Lewis County Mutual Insurance Co. Long Island Farmers' Ins. Co. in the Hempstead Long Island Mutual Insurance Co... Madison Marine Ids. Co. of the City of New York Marine Insurance Co. of Now York.. Mechanics'Tire Ins. Co. of the City) of New York / New York New York Merchants' Mutual Ins. Co. of Bnffiilo Merchants & Householders'Mutual) Ins. Co ; Merchants' Ins. Co. in tho City of Merchants' Marine Insurance Co.... Merchants' Mutual Insurance Co.... Metropolis Ins. Co. of the City of ) New York j New York New York Now York New York Mohawk Insurance Co. of New York Mohawk Valley Farmers' Ins. Co.... Scotia Amsterdam Mutual Assurance Co. of New York Mutual Insurance Co. of Buffalo Mutual Protection Insurance Co Mutual Protection Ins. Co. of Roches New York Buffalo \ew York . Rochester National Exchange Ineiirauce Co.... New York National Protection Insurance Co.... Saratoga Springs. New York Central Insurance Co Cherry Valley .Tan. 16, 18.51 Nov. 13, 1852 March 22, 1825 AprU 5, lti24 New York New York New York Contributionship Ins.Co." » The New York Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses & Property from Loss by Fire, incorp. April S, 1822, Changed to above. 88 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. Naue. Location. Date of act of incorporatum or nf/ding ai-Ucks. 1^ EemarlL-s. New York Fire Ins. Co. of the City 1 of New York j Nsw York Protection Insurance Co- New York State Mutual Ins. Co New York Union Mutual Ins. Co New York firemen Insurance Co New York Guardian Tneurance Co... New York Rome Newark Johnstown July 23, 1849 Oct. 31, 1849 May 9, 1860 March 2,1810 April 6, 1838 AprU 2, 1798 AprU 14, 1826 AprU 2, 1798 Feb. 28, 1822 March 28, 1809 May 4, 1829 AprU 8, 1825 May 9, 1850 April 11,1825 AprU 22,1831 April 13,1837 AprU 8, 1836 AprU 13,1826 May 26, 1851 July 8, 1851 Sept. 17, 1862 Nov. 14. 1851 March 2,1810 AprU 28,18.36 March 23, 1832 March 8,1863 AprU 13,1836 March 21, 1826 AprU 7, 1819 June 1, 1850 AprU 28, 18.36 AprU 14,1816 AprU 20,1832 AprU 10,1843 Feb. 20, 1807 March 29, 1823 May 14. 1851 AprU 8, 1826 AprU 7,1824 March 31, 1836 April 29,1836 AprU 15,18.52 AprU 16,1819 March 20, 1852 May S, 1834 July, 1852 May 6, 1834 May 26, 1841 April 22,1831 Dec. 3, 1850 May 6, 1834 AprU 12,1839 April 29,1839 AprU 9, 1838 March 29, 1837 Sept. 29, 1861 Aug. 1854 April 26,1833 April 1, 1837 M. M. S. S. "s!" M. M. S. S. M. S. M. S. M. M. S. s. "m.' s. s. ..„.. s. M. S. S. M. "si" M. "ii'.' s. M. s. s. "s." s. M. j Changed May 10, 1847, to New York \ Fire & Marine Ins. Co. Made assignment Jan. 1852, and closed np. Receiver appointed. Receiver appointed July, 1855. Cap. $600,000. Closed by losses 1818 and reorganized. Changed to Hope Ins. Co. Jan. 26, 1821. Cap. $300,000. Expired 1.S20. Extended to Jan. 1860. f.n. O.i' ^-■". C:r ■ f, Cij.,- J I'lianged AprU 15, 1823, \ to Life i fire Ins. Co. Changed from Sun Fire Ing. Co. Cap. $440,000. Cap. $400,000. Rerived AprU 25, 1831. Cap. $300,000. Cm. Cap. $250,000. Changed to Neptune ■1 Bell Mutual Ins. Co. of New York, 1 AprU 22, 1831. j"m. Clianged from Neptune Ins. Co. Cap. \ $250,000. Revived AprU, 1832. f. Cap. $250,000. Clanged from Phoenix Firelns.Co. Allowed to fcike inland navigation risks May 7, 1846. Cap. $300,000. Receiver appointed June, 1855. Receiver appointed Oct. 1854. m. n. Cap. $500,000. Extended to Jan. 1860. Capital reduced to $350,000. Closed, f. n. Cap. $260,000. Closed. Closing up. f. n. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $400,000. Receiver .appointed March, 1852. Cap. $500,000. f. Cap. $300,000. Reincorporated May 3, 1839. Cap. $260,000. f. 1. m. n. Cap. $600,000. Original cap. $250,000. Changed to North America Fire Insurance Co.. AprU 8, 1836. Receiver appointed March, 1864. f. n. Cap. $100,000. Cap. $300,000. Keorganizcd Oct. 11, 1851. Receiver appointed Feb. 1855. Cap. $50,000. f. I. n. Cap. orijrin.ally, $500,000. Closed np. f. Changed from Farmers & Merchants' Insurance Co. of Western N. Y. f. f. Receiver appointed Jan. 1857. f. n. Cap. $100,000. Stopped issuing poli- cies by act May 25, 1841. Changed by dropping "County Mu- tual" AprU 7, 1858. Extended 30 years. Revived May 9, 1836. Receiver appointed, m. n. Cap. $250,000. Time for final divi- dend extended 1840 to June 28, 1841. f. f. Cap. $250,000. f. n. Cap. $200,000. Changed to National Fire Insurance Co. May 24, 1841. Keceiver appointed Nov. 1856. Changed from Cooperstown Feb. 1855. Receiver appointed. Cap. $100,000. New York New York Marine Ineurauce Co New York Mechanics' Lil'e Ins. &\ Coal Co j" New York Mutual Insurance Co New York New Tork State Marine Ins. Co New York Union Mutual Ins. Co Neptune Ins. Co. of the City of New } York ; Neptune Bell Marine Ins. Co. of) New York / Niagara County Mutual Ine. Co North American Fire Insurance Co.. New Tork New York North American Mutual Ins. Co Northern New York Live Stock Ins.Co Northern New York Mutual Ins. Co. Northern Protection Insurance Co... Brasher Falls Plattsburgh riattsburgh Oneida County Mutual Ins. Co Utica Oneida Lake Mutual Insurance Co... Onondaga County Mutual Ins. Co Cleveland Baldwinsville Albion Oswego County Mutual Ing. Co Pacific Insurance Co. of New York... New York Phwnis Insurance Co. of New York New York People's Ins. Co. of the State of N. Y. Poughkeepsie Insurance Co Kingston Poughkeepsie Renovation Fire Insurance of the City of New York Rensselaer County Mutual Ins. Co..-. Lausingburgh ... Langingburgh ... Trov Rensselaer & Saratoga Ins. Co.*. Rochester Saratoga Springs Saratoga County Mutual Fire Ins. Co. Schenectady County Mutual Ins.Co. Schoharie Mutual Insurance Co Schoharie County Mutual Ins. Co Schenectady Cobleskill Waterloo . Seventh Ward Fire Insurance Co Seventeenth Ward Fire Ins.Co Steuben Farmers & Merchants' In- Susquehanna Fire Insurance Co.*..... Tioga County Mutual Insurance Co.. Owego » Capital reduced from $199,880.90 to $87,636.46 by the great Troy firo of 1820. Life insurance taken away in 1831. Directed to close up by act of AprU IS, 1843. l See Comptroller's Report, 1858, p. 45. CORPORATIONS. 89 Class III. includes those whose certificates are filed in the Banking Department. "An Ad to authorize the Business of Banking" was passed April 18, 1838, and was modified April 12, 1851, upon the creation of a Bank Department. Reports previously made to the Comptroller are now made to this Department. In 1853 the articles of association previously filed in the Secre- tary's oifice were transferred to this department.' Individuals or copartners may obtain bills from the depart- ment for circulation as individual bankers, and are liable to the full extent of their property for the redemption of the notes and the payment of tlie debts of such private banks. The name of individual banks must now be that of their owners ; and the privilege cannot be sold, or the bills be signed by an agent. It may, however, be Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. Name. Date of act of incorporation or of filing articles. April 25, 1840 March 9, 1825 M. S. March 14, 1825 AprU 4, 1838 S. s. May, 1855 AprU 6, 1831 "s!" May 7, 1844 AprU 26,1830 Jan. 29, 1853 s. April 25,1839 s. May 12, 1836 M. AprU 24,1833 March 18, 1818 s. s. May 21, 1850 M. May 14, 1840 M,-vrch 10, 1798 s. s. March 31, 1837 s. Nov. 8, 1850 reb. 22, 1861 March 29, 1816 M. M. April 12,1852 AprU 22,1807 S. M. April 29,1839 AprU 24,1832 S. S. AprU 27,1833 s. March 30, 1802 AprU 11,1842 May 12, 1836 JIarch, 1865 AprU 3, 1824 Jan. 22, 1863 s. M. AprU 7, 1817 AprU 15,1862 AprU 17,1843 Mareh 9,1837 S. M. Tompkins Conntv Mutual Ins. Co.... Traders' Ins. Co."in the City of N. Y. Tradesmen's Insurance Co. in the City of New York Triton Insurance Co Ithaca New York.. New York.. New York.. f. n. f. m. D. Tontine Fire Insurance Co.- Troy Insurance Co New York.. Troy. Troy Mutual Safety Insurance Co.... Troy Trust Fire Insurance Co New York.. Tempest Insurance Co Meridian.... Trust Fire Insurance Co.. Unadilla Mutual TnBurance Co Union Fire Insurance Co. of the City of New York Union Insurance Co„ Union Mutual Ins. Co. at Fort Plain United Insurance Co United Ins. Co. in the City of N. Y... United Slates Insurance Co. of the ) City of New York. J United States Mutual lusurance Co. United States Insurance Co Utica Insurance Co Utica Live Stock Insurance Co Woflhington County Mutual Ins. Co. Washin^on Insurance Co Washington County Insurance Co... Washington Marine Insurance Co. ) of the City of New York J Washington Mutual Assurance Co. of the City uf New York Washington Mutual Insurance Co... Wayne County Mutual Ins. Co Webster Fire Insurance Co Western Fire Insurance Co Western Insurance Co. of Olean Western Insurance Co. of the village of RuffiUo.- Western New York Agricultural Live Stock Insurance Co. Williamsburgh Fire Insurance Co... Yates County Mutual Insurance Co. New York.. Unadilla.... f. n. f. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $200,000. Cap. $2.50,000. Reduced to $160,000 May 26, 1841. Receiver appointed Oct. 1856. Cap. $200,000. Directed to close up by act of April 21, 18-10. Cap. $150,000. A committee appointed in 1855 could not find the books or Secretary of this Co. Changed from Eighth Ward Fire Ina. Co. Cap. may increase $200,000. New York.. New York.. New York.. New York.. West Potsdam.... Saratoga Springs Utica m. n. f. 1. m. f. m. Utica Granville.. New York.. New York- New York.. New York Canandaigua.. Olean Buffalo Cleveland, Oswe- go CO Williamsburgh f. Cap. $400,000. l.ann. Cap. $500,000. In 1837 extended to Jan. 1, 1862. Changed to UniOD Insurance Co. July 8, 1S51. Cap. $500,000. Cap. $500,000. Twice extended. Cap. $1,000,000-- Fire risks allowed May 5, 1840. Receiver appointed Feb. 1855. Receiver appointed Feb. 1859. Receiver to be appointed by act of May 26, 1S41. (insured live stock.) Cap. $25,000. Reorganized Dec. 13, ISiO. Receiver appointed Sept. 1856. Cap. $250,000. f. Cap. $50,000. Cap. $300,000. Reduced to $100,000, 1833, and changed to Marino Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Allowed to take fire risks April 27 1833. f. Referee appointed Sept. 1855. Cap. $250,000.' Receiver appointed Dec. 1855. f. m. n. Cap. not over $400,000. 1 The first bank organized in the State was the Bank of New York, which had existed several years previously as a private partnership. In many of the earlier banks the State reserved the riglit of subscribing stock, and of appointing directors to represent their interest in proportion to the amount held. Hank- ing powtTs could only be enjoyed by special act of the Legisla- ture, and were commonly limited to a period of 30 years. In 1S38 a general I.iw was enacted, allowing the organization of ns- Bociations for banking, upou depositing the requisite securities with the Comptroller and filing articles of association in tho Secretary's Office. Up to the date of the general law, lOG banks had been created, — of which 31 are still in existence, 36 have reorganized, and 39 have failed, closed, or changed tJieirnaiues. The Manhattan Co.. created " for supplying the city of New York with pure and wholesome water," and the Now York Dry Dock Co. posae.'is perpetual banking powers. Other corporations for manufacturing or commercial purposes were nllowrd like privileges for limited periods, all of which have expired. In 1829 a "safety fund" was created, by requiring an annual con- tribution of ^ per cent, of its capital p:iid in fmin each bank formed nr extended after that time, until ench had paid 3 jier cent. Tliis fund was placed in charge of the Comptroller, and applied to tho redemption of the bills of insolvent banks con- tributing to this fund, after their other means had been ex- 90 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. bequeathed. All banks, excepting those in New York, Brooklyn, Albany, and Troy, must have an agency in New York, Albany, or Troy, for the redemption of their bills within one-fourth of one per cent, of par. hausted. Tlie bank fund has long since been exbatistecl, the draft upnn it far exceeding tbe income. In 1S4S, 11 insolvent banks, that hal contributed but $Sij.2S2 to this fund, had drawn from it $-2,bu, 927. —Omptrolkr's RepoH. 1S48, p. 55. The same law ijrovided for the appointment of 3 Bank Com- missioners, who were required to visit the banks thrice annually, to ascertain their condition, take measures to secure the public against li-aud or loss, and report annually to the Legislature. This office was abolished April IS, 1843, and the Comptroller was invested with general powers relating to banks, from which he was relieved by the creation of a special Bank Dcpaitmeut in 1851. Thia department is under a superintendent appointed by the Governor and Senate for 3 years. It has the custody of all Elates fbr printing bank bills ; registers, numbers, and issues to anks such bills as their charters and securities entitle them to; destroys the same when withdrawn ft'om circulation; and destroys the plates when the bank is closed. It appoints special agents for examining the condition of doubtful banks, directs prosecutions in behalf of the State, sells the securities of broken banks to redeem their circulation, and reports the condition of banks to the Legislature annually. Banks can only obtain bills for circulationtby dt-positiug New York SUUe or United States stocks boaring interest equivalent to 6 per cent., or bonds and mortgagts of not over So.OOt) each upon unincumbered improved lands at two-fifths value, exclusive of buildings, and bearing 7 per cent, interest. Closing banks, after calling in 90 per cent, of their circulation, may withdraw their stocks or mortgages, and substi- tute c;\sh for the redemption of the remaining 10 per cent, of circulation. Stockholders of banking associations are personally liable to an extent equal to their capital stock. Experience has shown that under our free bank system bonds and mortgages have re^alized but about 88 per cent, on the sum for which notes were issued, while the aggregate securities, including stocks, have almost always sold for more than enough to redeem the circulation based upon them. — RepoH, 1859, p. 8. Bank JVote Engraving is now done by a company, formed in 1S58 by the union of most of the establishments previously ex- isting. The Bank of the United States had branches for discount and deposit at New York, Utica, and Buffalo, in this State. Specie payment has been generally suspended three times by the banks of New York State. In tb« fall of 1814 all the banks of the Union, except those of New England, suspended until the spring of 1817. In May, 1837, there was a second suspension, which continued until the spring of 1838. On the 13th of Oct. 1857, a third suspension took place in all the banks of New York City, mth one exception, (Chemical Bank,) and this was soon followed by the banks of the State generally; but specie payment was resumed in about 60 days. The following tables, derived from returns in tbe Bank De- partment, are corrected up to Jan. 1, 1859. The amount of capital is reported for Dec. IS, 1858: Existing Banks in the State, Jan. 1, 1859. CoEPOEATE Name. Addison Bank Albany City Bank Albany Exchange Bank — American Exchange Bank.. Artisans* Bank" Atlantic Bank Atlantic Bank of the City of New York Auburn City Bank -. Auburn Exchange Bank.... Ballston Spa Bank Bank of Albany^ Bank of Albion Bank of America" Bank of Attica Bank of Auburn''. Bank of Bath Bank of Binghamton Bank of Canandaigua Bank of the Capitol Bank of Cayuga Lake" Bank of Cazenovia Bank of Central New York Bank of Chemung Bank of Chenango/. Bank of Cohoes Bank of Commerce in New York Bank of Commerce of Put- nam County. Bank of Cooperstown Bank of thoCommonwciUth Bank of Corning Bank of Coxsackie Bank of Dauaville Bank of Fayetteville Bank of Fishkill Bank of Fort Edward Bank of Geneseef. Location, 111 I si 1. 1. 1 Addifion Albany Albany New York New Toik Brooklyn New York Auburn Auburn Ballston Spa. Albany Albion New York Buffalo Auburn Bath Binghamton.. Canandaigua Albany Painted Post. Cazenovia Utica. Elmira Norwich Cohoes Now York.... Carmel Cooperetown New York...., Coming Coxsackie .... Dansville Fayetteville.. Fishkill Fort Edward Batavia OffJing arti- cled. Dec. 12, 1838 Oct. 1, 1S38 Aug. 22, 1856 May 27. 1 .Inly - ■ 1S63 1S.53 1866 1839 1S54 1839 Dec. 30, 1852 " ^" 1850 1850 16,1 31,' 15,1 July 16, 1 AprQ 24, Jan. 2, 1 1862 Nov. 17, Jan. 3, Feb. 28. Sept. 17, Dec. 11, Dec. 28, March 18, Feb. 15, 1839 1863 1847 1856 1838 1882 1856 1859 Feb. 1, 1863 iNlarch 22, 1853 .Ian. 17, 1839 March 14, 1853 June 10. 1839 19, 1854 28, 1.V50 3, 1851 22, 1861 Tan. Feb. Oct. Dec. Of beginning hicsineas or of act of incorpo- ration. May 17, 1866 AprU 30, 1834 Jan. 1, 1839 Sept. 14, 1838 July 10, 1856 March 10, 1836 July 2, July 25. Feb. 1, Dec. 10, Dec. 30, July 16, Dec. 1, March 1, Doc. 31, AprU 11, July 29, April 4, Feb. 1, Sept. Feb. 21. Sept. 8, Jan. 1, Dec. 31, May 1853 1853 1850 1838 1854 1839 1852 1850 1849 1864 1862 1864 1853 1847 1856 1838 1863 1865 1859 Jan. 1, 1839 April, J.in. 1, March 1, Jan. 12, March 4, June 10, Jan. 9, June 1, Oct. 1, Dec. 1, 1853 1853 1853 1839 Of expiration of charter or privilege. Jan. Jan. Sept. July Jan. July July Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, 1S64 1, 2600 14, 1938 1, 1966 1, 1866 2, 1953 6, 1963 1, 1956 10, 1938 1, 1904 2, 2039 1, 1963 1, 2000 1, 1960 Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, 2000 ' "i','2606 "l",'l96o 15, 1889 1, 1893 1, 1966 Jan. 1, 1889 Jan. March Jan. 18531. Tan. 1839 June 1864 Jan. 1850 Dec. 1851 In year 1851 Dec. 31 1953 1963 19.39 1900 1539 1954 1899 1951 1961 600 100 600 600 600 400 200 150 100 360 100 2,000 160 200 "156 120 100 100 120 150 750 117 120 100 110 120 100 100 Present capital. i 60.000 600,000 311,100 4,999,550 600,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 200,000 125,000 600.340 100,000 3,000,000 250,000 200,000 60,000 200,000 26,000 619,600 10,000 120,000 110,200 80,000 160,000 100,000 8,861,760 63,012 200,000 750,000 78,500 142.000 160,260 115,400 160,000 200,000 160,000 |1 S5 I. S. E. S. E. S. S. S. S. E. S. S. E. S. S. E. S. S. E. S. E. S. E. s. 9. E. S. E. S. S. E. S. E. S. E. S. E. S. S. E. S. E. « Articles amended M-ay 11, 1857. » First incorp. April 10, 1792; cap. $40,000; allowed to reduce two-fifths April 4. 1820, and shares reduced from $400 to $30 April 17. 1830; twice extended; expired Jan. 1, 1865; State re- served right to subscribe stock at first. » First incorp. June 2, 1812 ; cap. $6,000,000, and late United States Bank allowed to take five-sixths of the stock; reduced to tJ,000,000 March 20, 1813 ; once extended. ■i First incorp. March 31, 1817 ; tip. $400,000 ; once extended ; expired Jan. 1. 1850. Started at Ithaca. / First incorp. April 21,1818; cap. $200,000; once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1856. s First incorp. April 29, 1829 ; cap. $100,000 ; expired Jan. 1, 1862. CORPORATIONS, 91 Existing Banks, continued. Corporate Name. Bank of Goncva" Bank of llaviina Bank of the Interior Bank of Kont Bank of Kinderhook Bank of Lansingburgh^ Bank of Lima Bank of Lowrillo Bank of Malone Bank of Newark Bank of Newburgh«. Bank of Newport Bank of New York<* Bank of North America* ... Bank of Norwich Bank of Old Saratoga/. Bank of Orange Countjv.... Bank of Owego Bank of Pawling. Bank of Port Jervis Bank of Poughkeepsie / Bank of the Ki-pnblic Bank of Rhinebeck. Bank of Rome Bank of Rondout Bank of Salem Bank of Siilina. Bank of Saratoga Ppring3\ Bank of Seneca Falls Bank of Silver Creek. Bank of Sing Sing Bank of the State of New York Bank of Syracuse Bank of Tioga Bank of Troy* Bank of Ulster. Bank of Uticfui" Bank of Vernon Bank of "Watertown Bank of Waterville Bank of Westfield Bank of West Trov Bank of Whitehall* Bank of ^^'l^testown 'Bank of Yonkers Blark Kjver Bank 'Brigg^ Bunk of Clyde JBroiidway Bank I Brockport Kxchange Bank.. [Brooklyn Bank Broome County Bank' Butfalo City Bank ; Bull's Head Bank of the City of New York Burnet Bank Butchers k Drovers' Bank in the City of Now York™ Cambridge Vallt^y Bank at North White Creek. Canajohario Bank Canastota Bank CatariiCt Bank Catskill Bank« Cayuga County Bank.. III Geneva Havana Albany Ludingtonville... Kinderhook Lansingburgb.... Lima Lowville Malone Newark Newburgh Newport New York New York Norwich Schuylerville Goshen Owego Pawling r. Port Jervis Poughkeopsie New York Rhinebeck Rome Rondout Salem Syracuse Saratoga Springs Seneca Falls Silver Creek Sing Sing. New York Syracuse Owego Troy Ulster Village Utica Vernon Watertown. Waterville Westfield West Troy Wbitoball Whitesboro Yonkers Watertown Oyde New York Brockport Brooklyn Binghamton Buffalo New York Syracuse New York White Creek CaDiijoharie Canastota. Lockport Catakill Auburn Of filing arti- cles. Not. 20, 1852 June 4 ISiST March 15 1.S.56 Deo. 19 1S3S June 22, 1855 Dec. 26, Ang. 18, April 6, Dec. 17, April 2, Dec. 21, AprU 11. Feb. 21, Jan. 23, 1838 1851 1884 1860 1868 1852 ISol 1856 1858 April 4, Feb. 4, Dec. 31, Jan. 25, June 1, 1849 1853 186' 1860 1803 Oct. May 5, 1848 17, 1853 May 11, 1852 Oct. July 25, 1839 13, 1863 Sept. June Not. June Dec. Jan. Jan. Dec. 1838 1S56 1852 1852 1849 1839 1839 1838 April June Feb. June June 1852 1869 1839 1854 1351 Aug. 15, 1849 Dec. Feb. 1854 1853 Of heginning msiness or of act of incor- poration. 15, 4, 1, 27, 15, 1, 6, 18, Not. April June Feb. Dec. .Tune Fab. Dec. Aus:. AprU i; Jan. 1, March 28, Dec. 22, April 10, July 16, Jan. 1, April 6, May 21, Sept. 3, March 1, Dec. 31, Feb. 1, June 1, AprU IC, Sept. 1, May 10, AprU 20, May 1, May, Oct. 15, Aug. 1, May IS, Sept. 15, June 14, 1852 1861 1857 1866 1838 1855 1867 1838 1851 1854 1861 1868 1862 1851 1856 1856 Of expiration of charter or privilege. Jan. 1, 1900 May 1, 1957 Feb. 27, 1965 Jan. 2, 1839 July 1, 1955 Not. 1. Jan. 1, Dec. 31, .Ian. 1, March 25, Jan. Jan. July Jan. 1813 J.Hn. lS36!.J.in. 1S49 .Sept. Dec. July Dec. Jau. Jan. 17, Oct. 1. April 12, May 1, Jnne 20, Feb. 26, July 10, June 1, Sept. 21, Aug. 9, July, Feb. 21, Dec July 18, 1854 I March 1, Dec. 16, 1862 Juno Not. Fob. Sept. Dec. 20. 1855 30, 1865 28. 1856 16, 1868 28, 1852 Oct. 12, 1863 1857 1861 1863 1832 1848 1853 1832 1852 1854 1839 1853 1830 1S,3S 185C 1852 1852 1849 1839 1839 1838 1848 1852 1859 1839 1854 1851 1855 1849 1852 1832 1854 1853 1854 1862 Dec. 22, 1852 Sept. April AprU Sept. Dec. 3, 1866 3, 1855 1, 1856 20, 1868 31, 1862 I March 14, 1833 March Jan. .Tan. Dec. Jan. Sept. Jan. .Tan. May In year Dec. 31, 2301 1900 1900 1961 1908 19.53 1961 2066 1958 186: 1S66 1899 1963 1958 1951 1899 1862 1898 1950 1862 1961 '2500 1953 Jan. .Sept. June Jan. .Tune Jan. .Tan. Jan. Oct. 1, 1866 15,2338 14, 1956 1, 1962 1, 1950 1. 1950 1,1939 17,2340 1.2838 May June Feb. Dec. Jan. 1. 1900 8, 1909 25, 2839 31, 1953 1, 1890 Aug. 9, 1950 Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, 1860 1, 1964 1, 2000 Dec. 31, 1953 Dec. 31, 1953 Jan. AprU Jan. Sept. Jan. Jan. 1, 1906 3, 1955 1, 2000 1, 1968 1, 1899 1,1863 205 "700 100 125 120 100 100 100 200 100 2,000 1,000 126 110 « 200 125 120 200 1,000 125 100 100 100 150 100 160 125 2,000 100 100 440 100 60O 100 100 100 200 100 100 1.50 100 200 100 100 300 115 100 110 100 t 260 Present capital. $205,000 60.000 251,550 111.940 260,000 150,000 60,000 102.450 19G,.S00 100,000 300,000 50,025 2,838.075 1,000,000 125.000 105,850 105.060 200,000 176,000 130,000 200,000 2,000,000 126,000 100,000 160,000 138,000 160,000 100,000 80.000 100,800 150,000 2,000.000 200.000 100,000 440,000 150,000 600.000 100,000 47,779 120.000 60,000 260.000 100,000 120.000 160.000 100.000 62.611 1,000,000 60,000 150,000 100,000 277,700 173,300 93,400 800,000 168,339 125,000 110.000 40.000 128,962 250,000 SI 1 °g S. E. S. E. S. S. E. .S. K. S. B. S. B. S. E. S. E. S. E. S. E. S. B. S. S. S.E. S. E. S. S.' S. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S. E. S. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S. S.E. S. S.E. S. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S. » First incorp. March 23, 1817 ; cap. &J0O,000 ; once extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. » First incorp. March 19, 1813 ; cap. $200,000 ; once extended ; expired July 1, 1865. ' First incorp. March 22, 1811. << First bank in State ; incorp. March 22, 1791 ; cap. $900,000 ; thrice extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. * A bank of simUar name filed Jan. 7, 1839 ; cap. $100,000 ; did not orsauize, / Begun as an individual bank. e Once extended. * Individual bank of this title begun 1847. * First iucorp. March 22, 1811 ; cap. $500,000 ; allowed to open * $105,660. offices of discount and deposit at Waterford and Lansinbnrgh ; once extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853 ; State reserved right to t.ake stock. i First incorp. .Tune 1, 1812 ; cap, $1,000,00(1: once extended; allowed to open a branch at Canandaigua AprU 10, 1815 ; State reserved right to take stock. * Organized in place of Safety Fund ,Bank of same name whose charter expired June 13, 1859. « First incorp. Apr. 18, 1831 ; cap, $100.000 ; expired .Tan, 1, 1856. "» Butcliers & DrOTers' Bank incorp. April 8. 1830; cap. $.300,000. increased to $600.000 ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. » First incorp. March 26, 1813; cap. $100,000; once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1853. t $110,007. 92 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Existing Banks, continued. Corporate Name. Central Bank of Brooklyn.. Central Bank at Cherry Volley* Central Bank of Troy Central City Bank& Chatham Bank Chautauqua County Bank- Chemical Bank Chemung Canal Bank. Cheater Bank Chittenango Bank Citizens' Bank". Citizens' Bank City Bank of Brooklyn City Bank of New York^.., City Bank Clinton Bank of Buffalo Commercial Bank of Al- bany" Commercial Bank of Clyde. Commercial Bank of Glens Falls Commercial Bank of Roch- ester. Commercial Bank of Sarar toga Springe Commercial Bank of Troy. Commercial Bank of White- hall Continental Bank Corn Exchange Bank. Croton liiver Bank Cuba Bank Cuyler's Bank Delaware Bank Deposit Bank/. Dover Plains Bank. East River Bank? Elmira Bank Essex County Bank* Exchange Bank at Lock- port Fall kill Bank. Farmers' Bank of Amster- dam Farmers' Bank of Attica... Farmers* Bank of Hudson.. Farmers' Bank of Lansing- burgh Farmers' Bank of Saratoga County Farmers' Bank of the City of Troy* Farmers' Bank of Washing- ton County Farmers & Citizens' Bank of Long Islands Farmers & Drovers' Bank.. Farmers & Manufacturers' Bank Farmers &■ Mechanics' Bank of Genesee* Farmers & Mechanics' Bank of Rochester Flour City Bank Fort Plain Bank Fort StauAvix Bank. Frankfort Bank Fredonla Bank Frontier Biink Locatimi. Ill Brooklyn Cherry Valley- Troy Syracuse New York Jamestown New York Elmira East Chester... Chittenango.... Fulton New York Brooklyn New Y'ork Oswego Bn£falo Albany . Clyde Glens Falls .. Rochester.... Saratoga 'Springs Troy Whitehall New York New York Brewster Station Cuba Palmyra Delhi Deposit Dover New York Elmira Keeseville Lockport Poughkeepaie.., Amsterdam .... .\ttica Hudson Lansingburgh .. Troy Fort Edward.. Williamsburgh. Somers Poughkeepsie.. Buffalo Rochester.... Rochester.... Fort Plain.. Rome Frankfort... Fredonia — Potsdam Dates Of jiling arti- cles. April 9, 1853 Dec. Feb. May Feb. 13, 18.54 6, 1853 12, 18i 6, 1861 Feb. 6, 1S« May Feb. Sept. May Nov. May Dec. July 11, 1846 4, 1853 8, 1853 3, 1861 6, 1850 2G, 1852 17, 1849 3, 1856 July 3, 1S47 AprU 28, 1883 April 8, 1839 Feb. Jan. 18, 1856 8, 1839 Aug. 5, Jan. 24, Dec. 21, March 21, June 20, April 9, March 21, Nov. 12, Feb. 12, Sept. 11, April 22, 1849 1853 1862 l.Sf,6 1855 1863 1839 1866 1.857 1862 1864 Not. 12, 1851 Juno 17, 1852 April 26,1839 Feb. 7, 1839 March 31, 1854 Nov. 13, 1852 Juno 30, 1856 Juno 21, 186; July 16, 1839 Dec. 13, 1838 March 15, 1839 March 4,1856 0/ beginning business or of act of incor- poration. Dec. May May Feb. April Feb. .\pril May April Aug. May Dec. July Nov. Aug. Of expiration of charter or privilege. Aug. 1, 1853 July 31, 1953 14, 1854 Jan. 1, 1853iMay 12, 1852; May 20, 1851 1 Jan. 18, 1831 24, 1844 9, 1833 1, 1846 1. 1853 20, 1853 1, 1861 14, 1850 1, 1852 1, 1849 1, 1856 Jan. Jan. May Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Nov. July July 1, 1847 Nov. 1880 April 28, 1863 Nov. 7, 1838 Feb. Jan. Aug. Jan. Jan. March June April Jan. Oct. M:u-ch Sept. Nov. April July April 1, 18.56 8, 1839 16, 1849 24, 1863 1, 1863 16, 1856 1, 1855 16, 1863 1, 1839 1, 1856 15, 1858 8. 1852 1, 1863 25, 1832 1. 1851 1. 1852 April 10,1839 May 7, 1856 March 1, 1839 April 1, 1864 Dec. 1, 1852 Jan. Nov. Feb. July April 2, 1839 6, 1S47 6, 1854 2, 1856 29. 1864 Jan. 1, 1856 July 3, 1852 March 16, 1839 April 26,1834 Not. 1, 1838 Feb. 12, 1839 March 1,1866 1, 1839 6, 1847 16, 1854 1, 1866 30, 1864 Jan. Nov. May Aug. April 1, 1966 1,2353 12, 1962 1, 1899 1, 1860 1, 1899 1, 2500 1,2000 31, 1953 1, 1951 1, 1950 1, 1952 1,2049 1, 2000 JaA 1, 2000 Jan. 1, 1954 Nov. 7, 1938 Feb. 1, 1956 In year 2000 Jan. 1, Jan. 1, Jan. 1, March 15, June 1, Jan. 1, Jan. 1, J.an. 1, March 1, Sept. IS, Jan. 1, Jan. 1, 2500 1963 1960 1956 1900 1900 1939 1969 2UO0 1953 1953 1862 In year 2000 July 1, 1962 AprU 10,1939 Dec. 31, 1900 April 1, 1964 Jan. 1, 1950 Jan. 1, 1966 July 3, 2000 In year 1950 Jan. Not. Jan. Jan. Jan. Not. May May Jan. 1,1854 1, 2000 1, 3838 1, 1966 1, 2001 3, 2347 16, 2354 1,2000 1,1" ■|| Is' '&■'§ si 200 200 110 300 100 300 200 100 105 125 300 160 800 125 260 150 400 125 100 1,600 600 100 100 100 100 125 100 300 200 100 150 150 100 "iod 200 200 t 300 100 100 200 100 110 105 100 100 Present capital. $200,000 200,000 300,000 125.200 450,000 100,000 300,000 200,000 125,600 150,000 166,100 400.000 300,000 1,000,000 276,400 250,000 600,000 26,000 136,400 600,000 126,000 300,000 108.200 2,000,000 1,000,000 107,500 100,000 74,000 160,000 125.000 100,000 206.525 100.000 100,000 150,000 200,000 118.000 64,633 300,000 171,300 200,000 360,000 168,650 200,000 111,160 300,000 150,000 125,000 300,000 160,000 160,000 106,000 100,000 100.000 "■Cherry Valley Bank incorp. April 21, 1818; cap. ?200.000; changed to Central Bank ; once extended : expired Jan. 1, 1856. * Changed from Crouse Bank Feb. 3, 1857. Removed from Ogdensburgh. ^ City Bank incorp. June 16, 1812; cap. $2,000,000; twice ex- tended; expired July 1. 1862; cap. reduced one half March 24, 1820, and arter\vard to $720,000. • Commercial Bank incorp. April 12, 1825 ; cap. $300,000 ; once extended; expired July 1, 1847. * $108,200. / An individual bank merged in association. s Allowed to reduce cap. to $313,918 March 7, 1836. 1 Allowed to increase cap. to $400,000 May 10, 1836. • Farmers' B.^nk incorp. March 31, 1801 ; cap. $250,000 ; State reserved right to take stock ; twice extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. i Increased to $300,000 March 9, 1854 ; afterward reduced. * Removed from Batavia June 3, 1853 t $111,150. CORPOKATIOXS. 93 Existing Banks, continued. Corporate Name. Fulton Bank, in the City of New York" pulton C»>unty Eaok Genesee County Bank.... Genesee Kiver JJnnk Genesee Valley liank Geo. Washington Bank. Glens Falls Bank Goshen Bank Greenwich Bank of the City of New York* Grocers' Bank Iq the City of New York Hamilton Bank HauiA'er Bank Herkimer County Bank..... Highland Bank H. .1. Miner & Co.'b Bank... H. .Miner's Bank of Utica... Hudson Kiver Bank^^ Huguenot Bk.of NewPaltz Hungerford'B Bauk"^ llion Bank Importers & Traders' Bank International Bank Iron Bank Irving Bank in the City of New York Jamesto^vn Bank. Jefferaon County Bank* J. N. Uungerford's Bank... J. T. Raplee'3 Bank Judson Bank<* Kingston Bank Lake Mahopac Bank Lake Ontario Bank...., Lake Shore Bank Leather Manufacturers' B'k LeonardsvUle Bank. Lockport City BankA Long Island Bankff Lyons Bank* Manhattan Company* Mannfactnrera' Bank of Brooklyn' Manufacturers' Bank of Troy— .^ Manufacturers & Traders' Bank Marine Bank of Bufl'alo Marine Bank, at Oawego.... Murine Bank of the City of New York Market Bank Market Bank of Troy 3Iechanic3' Bank of Brook- lyn Mechanics' Bankof theCity of New York* Mechanica' Banking Asso- ciation^ Mechanics' Bank of Syra- cuse Mechanics & Farmers' Bank of Albany"* Mechanics & Traders' Bank in the City of New York. Location. s =5.. 5 Si ■211 New York OloverBViJle Lo Koy. Mount Morris.. Geneseo Corning Glens Falls Goshen New York.. New York Hamilton. New York Little Falls.... Newburgb Dunkirk Fredonia Hudson New Paltz.... Adams Hion New York Buffalo Plattsburgh.. New York Jamestown Watertown Corning , Penn Yan Ogdensburgh Kingston Mahopac , Oswego Dunkirk New York Leonardsville Lockport Brooklyn Lyons New York Brooklyn .. Troy Buffalo... Buffalo.. Oswego.. New York.. New York.. Troy Brooklyn ... New York.. New York.. Syracuae.-. Albany. New York.. Of filing aril- cUs. J.ln. April Dec. Oct. May Of beginning buinness or of act of incor- poration. 15, 1844 March 1, 2S, 1SS2 March 23, 19, 1S.-;,S I Jan. 1, 1, issa Oct. 5, 6, 1S51 May 10, Oct. Sept. 31, 1851 25, 1860 May 30, 1865 Aug. 15, 1861 Feb. 19, 1863 April 2, 1851 AprU 23, 1865 April 25, 1853 Sept. 17, 1863 Feb. 6, 1862 Not. 28, 18.55 May 11, 1864 Oct. Nov. 1844 1852 18.39 1853 1861 1864 1851 1861 June 4, 1865 Aug. March Of expiration of charter or privilege. Jan. 1, 1899 March 23, 1962 Jan. 1, 2000 Oct. 6, 1919 Jan. 1, 2000 Sept. 1, 1962 Not. 1, 1951 June 7, 1954 1, 18.53 AprU 2, 1861 March 14, 1833 AprU 26, 1834 Feb. 25, 1859 March 29, 1851 Oct. Feb. 21, 1863 9, 1859 May June Sept. Feb. Dec. June July, 8, 1856 1, 1853 1, 1863 2, 1862 1, 1865 1, 1864 1853 Aug. 1, 1854 March'ni'isS AprU 26, 1856 May 13, 1869 Juno 16, 1845 AprU 19,1853 Aug. 12, 1852 June 26, 1856 July 15, 1850 June 26, 1856 March 23, 1853 Oct. 19, 1«62 July 6, 1853 Aug. 12, 1852 Dec. 18, 1854 Aug. 1, 1838 Sept. 29, 1851 Not. 4, 1852 Dec. 30, 1856 March 31, Feb. Dec. 31, March 16, July 16, July 1, May 18, AprU 15, March 12, Jan. AprU 23, Feb. 27, June 16, Dec. April 2, March 6, AprU 22, July 1, Aug. 1, Aug. 20, Jan. 1, Aug. 30, Sept. 2, Aug. 10, Jan. 1, Aug. 1, Aug. 28, Dec. 1, Jan. 2, 1861 1863 1853 1869 1858 1854 18.36 1854 1857 1.856 1832 1856 1845 1843 1799 1853 1852 1866 1860 1856 1853 1852 1853 1852 1865 1838 1851 1852 1857 July Jan. Jan. 1, 1950 1, 2063 AprU 2, 1951 Jan. 1, 1863 Jan. 1, 1864 May July July Feb. Jan. Jan. 10, 1965 1, 1953 1, 1963 3,2362 1, 1966 1, 1954 Jan. 1, 1950 Jan. 'ij'wOO 1,1904 1, 1866 March 12, 1967 June i, 1862 Feb. 27, 2356 July 1, 1890 Unlimited May 1, 1903 1, 1952 July Jan. Jan. Ang. 1, 2000 1,2000 20, 2866 Jan. 1, 1963 Aug. 30, 19.51 Jan. 1, 1953 Jan. Jan. Ang. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, 1952 1, 1955 1, 1938 1, 1960 1, 1950 1, 1957 600 150 100 130 120 160 110 160 110 600 200 200 200 125 128 100 1,000 400 600 200 132 200 600 100 200 2,'6o6 250 200 200 170 126 600 660 200 200 2,000 140 J50 400 Present capital. $600,000 150,000 200,000 130,000 160,000 50,000 112,000 110,000 200,000 240,000 110,000 1,000,000 200,000 200,000 25,000 250,000 125,000 125,000 100,000 1,500,000 400,000 50,000 600,000 92,915 2,000,000 50,000 122,000 200,000 40,860 325,000 39,200 600,000 100,000 400,000 48,609 2,060,000 150,000 250,000 495,000 300,000 186,000 669,100 1,000,000 300,000 300,000 2,000,000 316,000 140,000 350,000 400,000 ■a<; a ■2 I S. E. S. E. S. E. S. E. S. E. S. E. S. S.E. S. E. S. s. S. E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S. E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S. S. S.E, S. S. s. S. E. S.E. a Fulton Bank incorp. April 1. 1824; cap. $600,000; increased to $760,000 March 16, 1827 ; expired Marcb 1, 1844. » Greenwich Bank incorp. AprU 17, 1830; cap. $200,000; ex- pired June 6, 1853. ' First incorp. March 29, 1830 ; cap. $100.000 ; increased to $150,000 April 16, 1S32; expired June 12, 1856. <* Originally an individual bank. •First incorp. AprU 17, 1816; cap. $400,000, and located at .Adams ; failed ; reraoTed to Utica Nov. 19, 1824, and cap. re- duced to $100,000: increased to $200,000 May 19, 1830; once ex- tended; expired Jan. 1, 1854. / Niagara Kiver Bank. Buffalo, removed to Lockport, and name changed May 13, 1869. I First incorp. AprU 1, 1824 ; cap. $300,000 ; once extended ; expired July 1, 1845. " Begun under the name of Palmyra Bank; changed name March 31, 1867. ' Chartered for supplymg city with water, with perpetual banking priTilegos. > Changed from Mechanics' Bank of WUUiimsburgh, and cap. reduced April 15, 1868. * Mechanics'Bankfirstincorp. March 23, 1810; cap. $1,600,000; reduced to $1,440,000; once extended; expired Jan 1, 1865; State reserved right to take stock. ' Under Chap. 183, laws of 1868; original cap. $128,175. "* First incorp. March 22, 1811 ; cap. $600,000 ; reduced on** fourth AprU 4, 1820 ; ouco extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. 94 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Existing Banks, continued. Corporate Name. Of fling arti' cits. Of beginning business or of act of incor- poration. Of expiration of charter or privilege. Present capital. Medina Bank Mercantile Bank« Mercantile Bank of Platts- burgh Mercliants' Bank of Albany, Merchants' Bunk of Erie County Merchants' Bank in the City of New York Merchants' Bank in Pough- keepsie Merchants' Bank Merchants' Bank of Westr field Merchants' Exchange Bank in the City of New York^ Mercliants & Farmers'Bank Merchants & Mech;mic3' Bank of Troy Motrojiolitan Bank MidcUetown Bank Mohawk Bank of Schenec- tady" Mohawk River Bank Mohawk Valley Bank. Monroe County Bank Montgomery County Bank'* Mutual Bank Nassau Bank Nas.sau Bank of Brooklyn. National Bank of'Albany- National Bank in the City of New York* New York County Bank of the City of New York New York Dry Dock Com- pany/. New York & Erie Banks... New York Exchange Bank in the City of New York. New York State Bank" Niag.ara County Bank. North River Bank in the City of New York' Ocean Bank in the City of New Y'ork Og(ien?burgh Bank jOneida Bank Oneida Centr.al Bank Oneida County Bank Oneida Valley Bank Onondaga Bank iOnondaga County Bank Oriental Bank Oswegatchie Bank ' Oswego Bank rOawego River Bank [Otsego County BankJ. Pacific Bank tPark Bank i People's Bank of the City ■ of New York Perrin Bank Phcenix Bank of the City of New York* Pulaski Bank Quassaick Bank Randall Bank Medina New York.. Plattsburgh ., Albany Lancaster. . New York. . Poughkeepsie.. Syracuse New York.. Ithaca Troy New York , S. lliddletown.. Schenectady.. Fonda Mohawk Rochester Johnstown.... Troy New York Brooklyn Albany New York.. New York.. New York.. Buffillo New York.. Albany Lockport.... New York.. New York Ogdensburgh.. Utica , Romo , Utica Oneida, Syracuse Syracuse New York Ogdensburgh .. Oswego Fulton Cooperstown .. New York New York New York,, Rochester... New York Pulaski Newburgh Cortlandville.. May, Jan. 1S54 8, 1860 Jan. Jan. St, 1856 22, 1863 Jan. 1, 1S66 March 21, 1863 Jan. 1, 1966 March 1,1963 Dec. 24, 1866 Jan. 19, 1845 Feb. 21, 1851 April 24,1849 Oct. 24, 1838 Dec. 16, 1853 April 10, 1861 May 17, 1830 Oct. 13. 1862 Jan, 2, 1860 March 28, 1839 May 26, 1S67 30, 1866 3, 1863 28, 185; 28, 1869 8, 1866 May, Jan. July Dec. April, .Tune Oct, 1844 2, 1857 2, 1846 31, 1860 1, 1S49 16, 1838 Jan. 1, 1957 July 1, 1896 Dec. 31, 1950 Dec. 15, 1863 April 10, 1860 July 1, 1839 Dec. Jan, Oct, Jan. Feb. Jan. Jan. July May Dec. Feb. Nov. Jan. J.an. 1, 1853 1, 1866 1, 1839 23, 1867 31, 1856 1. 1863 1, 185; 12, 1869 16, 1856 Dec. 22, 1866 June 25, 1866 Aug. 1'2, 1862 Jan. 2, 1857 June 1, 1855 AprU 12, 1825 Sept. 1, 1S6:~ Jan. Jan. Jan, Jan, May Jan, Jan, .Tan, May Jan. Feb. Nov. Jan. Jan. 1, 1899 1, 2040 1, 19.64 1. 1960 1, 2130 1, 1052 1, IS.jt; 1, 2S39 23, 2 1, 1956 1, 1953 1, 195; 10, 1956 1, 196! April 14, 1851 April 21, 1861 Oct. 26. 1860 Dec. 31, 1860 May 7, 1866 May 1. 1856 July 1, 184; June 1, 1955 Unlimited Jan. 1, 2000 Jan. 1, 1900 Jan. 1, 1960 Before 2500 Juno 1, 1842 Deo. 22, 1849 Dec. 10.1849 Oct. 29, 1863 May 2, 18.i3 Sept. 27, 1S62 May 1, 1854 July Oct. 6, 1853 3, 1854 Oct. 3. 1856 Dec. 30, 1863 Oct. 8, 1860 March 12, 1856 Feb. 27, 1851 Dec. 27, 1863 Sept. 16, 1863 March 19, 1852 April May Sept. M.ay Sept. May 30, 1829 14. 18.36 19. 1853 10, 1S63 22, 186; 1, 1854 Jan, Jan, Jan. Jan. .Sept. Jan. Sept. May 1, 1899 1,1960 1, 1869 1, 1S66 19, 2001) 2, 2600 2,1902 1, 1964 100 250 1,600 110 136 1,000 160 300 250 100 126 100 100 100 100 200 600 600 1,500 200 120 250 250 200 600 100 400 150 125 106 150 July 11, 1853 Oct. 10, 1864 March 14, 1831 .T.an. 1, 1866 Dec. 31, 1853 June ' 17, 1850 March 1,1856 AprU 1, 1851 Sept. 29, 1856 Jan. 2, 1854 Sept. 1, 1S63 March 19, 1862 Aug. 1853 July Oct. Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. March 11, 19,63 1, 1954 1, 1859 31, 1955 1, 1954 1, 1960 1, 1966 AprU 1, 1960 Jan. 2, 1954 Dec. 31, 1899 Jan. 1, 1952 300 200 160 126 200 600 2,000 250 1,200 100 130 $ 60,000 1,000,000 100,000 400,000 50,000 2,638,975 150,000 180,000 1,235.000 80,000 300,000 4,000,000 125,000 200,000 100,000 150.000 100,000 100.000 234,500 979,200 600,000 1,500,000 200,000 200,000 300,000 130.000 350.000 100,000 316,000 1,000,000 100,000 400,000 173,600 125,000 105,000 90,200 1.50,000 300,000 200,000 160,000 114,600 200,000 422,700 2,000,000 412,600 43,620 1,800,000 100,000 300,1100 60,000 <* Successor to Bank of Ithaca. 'First incorp. April 29, 1829 ; cap. $750,000. e Mohawk Bank incorp. March 13, 1807 ; cap. $200,000 ; allowed to reduce April 4, 1820; twice extended : expired Jan, 1, 1853, ■i First incorp, March 15, 1831; cap, $100,000; expired Jan, 1, 1867. • National Bank incorp. April 30, 1829; cap. $1,000,000; ex- pired Jan. 1, 1857. /Dock Co., with perpetual banking powers. fi Removed from Dunkirk March, 1864. » First incorp. March 19, 1803; cap. $460,000; once extended; expired Jan, 1, 1851 ; i^tate reserved right to take stock. • North River Bank incorp. March 23, 1821 ; cap. $600,000 ; expired July 1, 1842; judgment dissolving an injunction filed Sept. 26, 1868. > First incorp. April 8, 1830; cap. $100,000; expired Jan. 1, 1864. * Incoi-p. June 15. 1812, cap. $1,000,000, as New York Manu- facturing Co.. for making wire and cards; amended Sept, 26. 1814, with banking privileges to extent of $160,000 besides $350,000 in manufacturing; changed to Phoenix Bank, Feb. 2. 1817; once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1864; increaijed to $1,000,000 April 29, 1834, and reduced May 7, 1841. CORPORATIONS. 95 Existing Banks, continued. Corporate Name. Rensselaer County Bank.... K. M.Godtiard k Co.'b Uank Rochester Bank Rochester Cily Bank Rome Exchjin.i:;e Bank St. Nicholas Bank. Salt Sprinj^s Bank Saratoga County Bank" Schenectady Bank Schoharie County Bank Seneca County Bank Seventh Ward Bank Shoe & Leather Bank Smith's Bank of Perry SprakerBauk State Bank of Troy State of New York Bank.... Steuben C-ounty Bank Stis.sing Bank* Suffolk County Bank Susquehanna Valley Bank.. Syracuse City Bank Tanners' Bank Tompkins County Bank Tradfsmen'a Bank of the City of New York« Traders' BankofRochester* Troy City Bank Ulster Comity Bank DnadillaBfink Union Bunk of Albany Union Bank of Kinder- hook Union Bank of the City of New York* Union Bank of Rochester... Union Bank of SuUivau County Union Bank of Troy Union Bank of "^^'atertown.. Utica City Bank Wallkill Bank Washington County Bank.. Watprtown Bank &. Loan Company Waverly Bank Weedsport Bank Westchesti^r County Bank.. West Winfield Bank White's Bank of Buffalo... Williamsburgh City Bank. Wooster Sheirnau's Bank.. Worthington Bank Wyoming County Bank Lansingburgh-. Cauton Rochester Rochester Rome New York Syracuse Waterford Schenectady Schoharie , Waterloo , New York , New York , Perry Canajoharie Troy....„ Kingston Bath Pine Plains , Sag Harbor , Binghamt^n.... Syracuse :. Catskill Ithaca New York.. Rochester.. Troy Kingston.... Unadilla.... Albany Kinderhook.., New York.. Rochester... Monticello Troy Watertown , Utica , Middletown Union Village.., Watertown Waverly Weedsport PeekskiU WestWiufield.... Buffalo WiUi;mieburgh.. Watertown _. Cooperstown I Warsaw _. 3l| 1. 1.1 Dates Of filing arti- cles. Dec. 7, 1852 March 31, 1854 Feb. 18, 1851 Nov. 25. 1852 Feb. 4, 1862 Not. 28, 1866 Dec. 30, 1852 May 31, 1853 May 20, 1S62 .July 9, 1853 Juno 8, 186S Jan. Dsc. 31, 1855 21, 1849 Dec. Jane 28, 1854 1, 1859 June 8, 1853 June 23, 1853 Dec. Jan. 21, 1852 20, 1863 March 3,1851 Jan. 20, 1851 June 14, 1862 Aug. 30, 1848 June 9, 1857 March 8,1839 Jan. 21, 1839 Aug. 20, 1866 July 12, 1854 March 10, 1854 April 9, 1853 Feb. 25, 1862 Of heginning business or of act of incor- poratioti. Jan. 1, A])ril 29, April 1, May ISi Feb. 18, Nov. 16, Jan. 3, Dec. 1. April 16, April, March 12, April 30, Doc. 3, Sept. 22, June 1, April 27, Sept. 6, March 9, May 29, April, Jan. 10. Oct. 26, March 14, May 14, 1863 1859 1864 1836 1851 1862 1852 1865 1832 1852 1833 1833 1852 1868 1853 1862 1863 1832 1868 1844 1855 1849 1831 1836 Jan. 2, 1865 April 19,1833 March 14, 1831 July, 1844 July 4, 1863 Juno 23, 1853 Dec. 22, 1852 March 1, 1863 March Jan. July, Sept. Aug. July Jan. Aug. July March Fob. April Feb. Dec. Dec. Nov. 1, 1851 1. 1851 1, 1862 1, 1848 3, 1867 1, 1839 20, 1839 6, 1855 3, 1864 21,1833 16, 1854 6, 1863 4. 1852 1841 1854 1851 Of expiration of charter privilege. Jan. 1, 1953 Jan. Jan. Jan. Nov. Jan. Dec. Jan. 1, 1954 1, 1866 1, 1961 15, 1952 3, 1962 1, 1966 1, 1862 Jan. Jan. Dec. June Jan. Sept. Jan. Jan. 1. 1863 1, 1863 2, 1952 "i','i963 1, 2000 5, 1893 1, 1862 1, 1900 Jan. Oct. Jan. Jan. 9, 1966 26, 1949 1, 1860 1, 1866 Jan. 1, 1950 Jan. 1, 1863 June 1, 1861 July 4, 1953 Jan. 1, 1900 Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. July Jan. Aug. 1, 1952 1, 1953 1, 1899 1, 1961 1, 1952 1, 1898 3, 1957 In year 2060 Jan. Aug. Jan. Jan. Feb. 16, In year Feb. 4, 1956 1954 1863 2354 2000 1982 5S s'& 100 400 100 600 125 100 150 "206 600 600 "io6 260 100 150 120 106 100 100 260 800 300 100 1,000 400 110 250 100 125 125 100 100 100 100 200 100 100 200 Present capital. I 200,000 200,000 400,000 100,000 760,000 200,000 160,000 150,000 100,000 200.000 500,000 1,600,000 60,000 100.000 250,000 125,000 150,000 60.000 20,000 100,000 160,260 100,000 250,000 800,000 300.000 100,000 126,650 500,000 200,000 1,600,000 ■500,000 150,000 300,000 187.900 200,1100 126.000 200,000 100,000 106,100 100,000 200,000 125,000 200,000 600,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 C ^ o PI IS S.E. S.E. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S E. S. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S. S.E. S.E. S.E. » First incorp. March 29, 1830 ; cap. $100,000 ; expired Jan. 1, 1867. * Successor to Pino Plains Bank. " Tradesmen's Bank incorp. March 29, 1823; cap. $600,000 : re- duced to $400,000 March 20, 1827 ; once cxt. ; exp. Jan. 1, 1S65. •> Formed by the consolidation of the Manufacturers' Bank and the Eaglo Bank by special act of 1859. «Cnion Bank incorp. JIarch 8, 1811; cap. $1,800,000; once extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1863 ; successor to Jersey Bank, in- corp. by State of New Jersey. Obsolete and Closing Banks. (Those marked with a * are redeemed by the Banking Department.) Name. Looatioru Ill Vat'^ of charts or beginning of business. Capital. Hate of redeinp, tion ofcircuta- tim. S.—Slocks. S. E.— Slocks and mortgages on real estate. Remarks. Adams Bnnk I. A. I. C. Aug. 1850 Jan. 11, 1839 May 13, 1840 April 21,1818 $ 100,000 Redemption expires June 2, 1860. Geo. Jones, N. Y. (Failed Jute 4, 1858. Red. at -{ New York State Bank, AI- ( bany. (Changed to Greene County t Bank Feb. 5, 1819. ♦Agricultural Bank of) Ucrkimer / Allegany County Bank 1 Aqueduct Association, in) \ VUlage of Catskill / Angelica S. 36 Catskill 96 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Obsolete and Closing Banks, continued. Bank of Brockport Bank of Buffalo Bank of Carthage Back of Columbia Bank of Commerce of Buf- falo Bank of the Empire Sta.te.. *Bank of Hornellsvillo Bank of Hudson Name. American Bank . ♦Aetor Bank Atlas 3ank of New York... Amenia Bank MayTille.... New York.. Clymer Leedsville . Bank of America at Buffiito . Bank of Balnbridge. Baak of Lake Erie.. Bank of Lodl Bank of Lyons Bank of the Metropolis- Bank of Monroe Bank of New Kochelle .. Bank of Ithaca . Bank of Niagara Bank of Olean Bank of Orleans Bank of tho People Bank of Phittsburgh Bank of Rochester Bank of Tonawanda Bank of the Union ♦Bank of the Union in the City of Now York Bank of the United Sta,te3 in New York Bank of Warsaw Bank of Washington &. Warren Bank of Waterford Bank of Western New York. Bank of Whitehall Binshamton Bank Bowery Bank of the City of New York , Camden Bank Canal Bank *Canal Bank of Lockport... Cattaraugus County Bank, *Central Bank of the City of New York. Chemical Manufacturing ( Co i Chemong County Bank Chelsea Banlc City Bank of Buffalo.. City Trust & Banking Co... Clinton Banlc Commercial Bank of Buf- falo Commercial Bank of New York Commercial Bank of Os- wego Cortland County Bank Cortland County Bank Grouse Bank. Champlain Bank... Commercial Bank.. Location. ■§31 ill Buffalo Penn Yau.. Brockport . Buffalo Carthage ... Hudsou Buffalo Fairport Ilorliellsville.. Hudson Buffalo., Lodi.( Seneca CO..) Lyons New York Rocheater . Bolivar Buffalo Olean Albion Low^ville Plattsburgh . Rochester Wheatfleld.... Belfast New York.. New York.. Warsaw .... Sandy Hill Waterford Rochester Whitehall BinghamtoD . New York Camden Albany .... Lockpurt.. Randolph New York.... New York ... Horseheads., New York., Buffalo New York . New Y'ork ., Buffalo New York . Oswego Truxton CincinnatuB.. Syracuse EUenburgh ., Lockport 1. Date of charter or heginning of buniuss. June, June June, 2, 1S62 1847 1844 Sept. 26, 1839 April, 1S47 Nov. 13, 1S3SI March 14, 1831 July, 18.52 March 6, 1793 Aug. 27, 1839 June, 1848 March 1, 1856 March 25, 1808 Sept. 1847 Jan. 8. 1S.39 May 14, 1836 March 31, 1851 April 22,1829 Jan. 1S46 AprQ 29,1829 April Feb. April Sept. April Feb. Dec. March, 17, 1816 13. 1S40 30, 1834 1852 7, 1S17 19, 1824 15, 1838 , 1852 May 25, 1863 Aug. Jan. April Jan. July April Dec. Aug. Jan. May April 13, 1838 1, 1839 7, 1817 1, 1839 4, 1838 30, 1829 26, 1838 16, 1S47 27, 1848 2, 1829 10, 1S39 Jan. 23, 1840 Jan. 17, 1853 April 21,1824 Sept. 14,1856 Jan. May 8, 1839 21, 1836 March 10, 18.39 Feb. 10, 1840 April 26,1834 April 28,1834 May 19, 1836 Sept. 30, 1839 Sept. 184S May 12, 1852 Oct. 1846 'Capital. 4. . i S 8 ; S" I I. oi« (V .5 .S ■ - ^ 100,000 150,000 200,000 100,000 300,000 100.000 200.000 100,000 300,000 200,000 400.000 100.000 200,000 "360,006 260,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 400,000 100,000 180.000 100,000 100,000 300,000 112,550 300,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 1,000,000 400,000 100,000 100,000 250,000 100,000 Par S. 97, S. E. 76 Par S.76,S. E.78 S. 76. Par .. S. 83, S. E. 97 Par Par S.par,S.E.81 S.87, S. E.74 Par ...!.!.. S. 78. S. 75, S. E.74 Par . Par . 40.... Par . S. 84, S. E. 77 Par Par Par Par . Par . Remarlis. Closing. Red. by Henry Keep untU Nov. 16, 1S61. Closing. Failed 1847. Red. by Geo. Jones, N. Y., until Sept. 14, 1861. Failed. Closing. Red. by H. B. Bennett untU March 26, 1863. Failed. Failed. Closed. Red. until April 29, 1863, Failed 1829. Twice extended. Failed. Closing. Red. until Oct. 7, 1862. Closing. Originally individual. Failed 1820. Allowed office of discount at Catskill. Closing. Red. until March 21, 1862. Failed. Failed. Scarcely began business. Got one pl.ate eugraved. Charter expired Jan. 1, 1850. Failed Oct. 1,1851. Time expired for redemp. Jan. 8, 1859. Ch.arter expired Jan. 1, 1850, Removed to N. Y., and now Mercantile Bank of New York. Failed 1825. Failed. Failed. Elizur Hart receiver. Closing. Red. untU Oct. 28, 1862 Failed 1825. Charter expired July 1847. Failed 1840. Closing. Red. until June 2, 1864. Closing. Failed 1826. Failed. Failed. Charter expired June 13, 1859. Failed. Failed. Jno. A. Stewart receiver. Closing. Red. by Edwin Rock- well untU Jan. 1, 1864. Failed July 11, 1848. Closing. (See Rep. Comp. 1848. p. 70.) Failed. Failed. f Charter expired. Merged in 1 Chemical Bank. Failed March 23, 1858. Red. by Bank Dept. until Sept. 23, 1864. Failed in 1840. Failed 1839. (See Comp. Rep, 1848, p. -5.) aosed 1S41. FaUed 1844. Failed. Failed. Failed. Closing. Red. until Dec. 2, 1859, Changed to Central City Bank Feb. 3, 1867. Closing. (See Rep. Comp. 1848, p. 76.) Red. until Nov. 16, 1861. aosing. Bed. until Aug. 25, 1861. CORPORATIONS. 9T Obsolete and Closing Banks, continued. Name. Commercial Bank, Alle-l ganyCounty j Clinton Connty Bank *I)airymeii'8 Bank Delaware k Hudson Canal ) Co / Dutches^ County Bank Dutchess County Bank Drovers' Bank of St. Law- 1 renceCounty J Dunkirk Bank Eagle Bank Eagle Bank of Kocbester... Eighth Avenue Bank •Empire City Bank. Erie County Bank Excelsior Bank ♦Exchange Bank of Buffalo. ♦Exchange Bank of Genesee Exchange Bank of Roches- ter Farmers' Bank of Ovid Farmers' Bank of Hamilton County Farmers' Bank of Geneva- Farmers' Bank of Malono.. Farmers' Bank of Mina *Fiimers' Bankof Onon-I daga I Farmers' Bank of Orange 1 Couutj' J Farmers' Bank of Orleans.. Farmers' Bank of Penn Yan Farmers' Bank of Seneca County Farmers & Drovers' Bank of Erie County Farmers & Mechanics' Bank of Ogdensburgh Farmers & Mechanics' Bank of Onondaga Franklin Bank of Chau- .tauqua County Franklin Bank Franklin County Bank Farmers' Bank of Saratoga County Freemen's Bank of Wash- ingt»>n County Genesee Centr;il Bank Globe Bank Globe Bank in the City of New York Greene County Bank *Uamilton Exchange ) Bank of Greene j Hartford Bank it. J. Miner's Bank of Utica. Henry Keep's Bank ♦Hollister Bank of Buffalo- Howard Trust & Banking Co Hudson River Bank •Island City Bank Ithaca Bank James Hank .' Kinderhook Bank Knickerbocker Bank Knickerbocker Bank of^^ the City of New York ) Kirkland Bank I.a Fayette Bank Location. Friendship Plattsburgh Newport New York Poughkeepaie Amenia Ogdensburgh Dunkirk New York Rochester New York New York Buffalo Meridian Buffalo Batavia Rochester Ovid Arietta Geneva Malone Mina Onondaga TaJley, Warwick Gaines Penn Yan Romulus Buffalo Ogdensburgh Fayettcville French Creek New York Malone Crescent Hebron Attica Seneca Falls New York Catskill Greene- Hartford Fredonia. Watertown Buffalo Troy. New York New York Tthaca .Tamesville Kindcrhook Genoa New York Clinton New York -'•i' Date of Charts or betjinning of busimss. July, May Nov. IS. 1836 1,1855 Not. 19, lS2i AprU 12,1825 Aug. 1849 Dec. 1843 July, 1851 April 5, 1839 March 27, 1852 Sept. Jan. 1, 1853 1, 1852 Sept. 1, 1838 Feb. 1861 April, 1844 Jan. 8, 1849 Oct. 31, 1839 Oct. 6, 1838 April, 1850 July 18, 1839 Oct. 1844 May, 184: July, Aug. Oct. Aug. April Oct. Aug. Aug. April Aug. 1852 1842 29, 1838 20, 1839 20, 1839 1843 28, 1843 24,1839 1847 21, 1818 1846 April 1, 1851 Oct. Dec. Dec. April Feb. Aug. June, Feb. Sept. Feb. 1850 11. 1838 23. 1839 11. 1840 5, 1819 1849 1850 1847 1, 1850 April 16,1839 Dec. 6, 18,"!8 June 1, 1X54 Dec. Feb. .Tan. Sept. Oct. Dec. April 31, 1838 7, 1S39 25,1839 1848 1, 1851 1845 18, 18S4 Capital. $200,000 100,000 600,000 160,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 600,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 250,000 560,000 200,000 "100,060 100,000 25,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 250.000 106,000 200,000 "ioo'fioo E-2 S o *■ "S"V &a^ Par. Par. Par . Par. S. E. 94... Par S. 52, S. B. 72 Par Par Par S.par,S.E.74 Par. Par. Par . Par. Par . Par. Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Remarks. /Closing. Eed. until July 22. \ 1862. Failed. Failed May 1868. Red. at New York State Bank at Albany until Nov, 6. 18iU. f Banking privilege expired 1 Not. 19, 1844. Charter expired July 1, 1846. Oosing. Ked.until Not. 6,1863. f Closed. Removed from Catta- \ raugus CO. Closed. Failed. Merged in the Traders' Bank of Rochester June, 1S59. Failed Not. 1854. Red. at Bank Dept. Failed. Red. at North River Bank. Failed. Oosing. Red.nntil Not. 16,1861. Failed. Red. at Albany aty Bank. Closing. Removed from Alex- ander June 24, 1850. Closed. Closing. Ked.untilJuly 16,1363, Closed. Worthless. Closing. Red.untilMar.9,1864. (■Failed May 1853. Red. at < Bank Dept. at 85 until Not. I, 12, 1859. ' Closed 1843.. Worthless. (See \ Comp. Rep. 1844, p. 61.) Failed. Worthless. Closed 1843. Failed 1840. Failed 1846. Worthless. aosed. Closed 1841. Closing. Red. until Aug.25, 1851, Failed 1830. aosed 1852. Still redeeming its own notes. Closing. Red. until Oct. 2, 1861 Failed. Failed 1826. Redeemed at Bank Dept. at 84 until June 23. 1854. Closing. Red. until July 14. 1862. Closing. Still redeems its own notes. Closing. 1859. Failed. Bank at Albany. Red. until Sept. 17, Red. at Commercial Failed Oct. 1857. Red. at Man hattan Co. until April 22, 1864, Failed Oct. 1, 1851. Worthless. Closing. Red. until Not. 16, 1861. led. Red. at North River Bank, osing. Red. until June 3, 186S. Failed. ,Fa Closi m NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Obsolete and Closi?i{/ Banks, continued. Leiand Bank Le Roy Bank of Geneseo ... Lewis County Bank- Livingston County Bank... Lockport Bank Lockport Bank & Truet Co. Lumbeiman'a Bank *Lutber Wright's Bank Mclntyre Bank Madison Co. Bank Manhattan Exchange Bank Man ufactu vers' Bank of Ulster Co Manufacturers' Bank of \ Rochester J Mechanics' Bank Mechanics' Bank of Buftalo Mechanics' Bank of Wil-) liamsburgh j Mechanics & Farmers' Bank Mercantile Bank of Schenec- tady Merchants' Bank Merchants' Bant of Ontario County Merchants' Banking Co. Merchants' Exchange Bank of Buffalo Merchants k Farmers'Bank •Merchants & Mechanics' ) Bank uf Oswego / Middle District Bank Millers' Bank of New York ♦Monroe Bank of Kochester New York Banking Co., New York Bank of l^avatoga New York City Bank.... New Lebanon... Le Roy , Martinsburgh.. Gene.soo Lockport Lockport Wiltnurt Oswego Adirondac Cazenovia New York Saugerties.... Rochester.... Watertown.. Buflalo New York Manufactaring \ Co X New York City Trust & Banking Co New York Security Banlc New York Stuck Bank *New York State Stock) Security Bank | *Now York Traders' B.ank ) of Washin-iton Co J Niagara River Bank* Location. •few o III Williamsburgh.. Ithaca Schenectady . Mina Naples New York.. Buffalo.. Carmel.. North Granvilla. PoushkeepHie ., Clyde , Cuba New York ILidley New Y'ork New York.. New York... Hope F.illB.. Durham North American Banl; North American Trust & Banking Co Northern Bank of New York Northern Exchange Bank- Northern Canal Bank North r.iver Bfinlcing Co ... ♦Oliver Lee & Companj^'B 1 Bank / Onondaga County Bank Ontario Bank North Granville. Buffalo New York.. New York.. Madrid Br.aalier Falls.. Fort .\nn New Y'ork Buffalo Syracuse Canuudaigua . [Long Island Bank Ontario Bank, (President and Directors of) •Ontario County Bank Oswego County Bank Palmyra Bank of "Wayne ) County J Fachiu Bank Phcpnix Bank Phtenix Bank at Buffalo.... •Pino Plains Bank Brooklyn... Uticn.... Phelps. Palmyra.. Buffalo.... Bainbridge.. Buffalo Pino Plains.. July, 1852 Jan. 1, 1S39 April 30, 1833 April 7, 1S30 April 22,1829 Oct. 31, 1838 llarch, 1861 March 28, 1846 Sept. 1847 March 14, 1831 AprU 1, 1839 Date fif charter or beginning of business. 10, 1840 28, 1866 1851 25, 1839 Sept. July Sept. Jan. March 1,1863 Oct. 24, 1838 March 26, 1839 Feb. 1847 March 1846 Sept. 4, 1839 Sept. 20, 1838 Oct. 1848 July 1852 March 22, 1811 Dec. 1, 1838 Oct. 1852 March 23, 1S39 Feb. ISr.l May 6, 1840 Sept. 26, 1814 Aug. Juno 1848 1846 Nov. 30, 1838 Sept. 1851 Haicta 15, 1853 Oct. 21, 1S39 Not. 6, 1838 Feb. 1847 July 1847 Aug. 1848 Dec. 4, 1839 Jan. 1, 1844 Jan. 1. 1854 March 12, 1813 April 1, 1824 Capittd. 4,i Dec. Nov. Oct. 29, 1855 1855 1849 Dec. 1843 Oct. 1, 1847 June 1850 Oct. SO, 1839 March 9,1839 i 100,000 100.000 100,000 100,000 600,000 300,000 100,000 300,000 200,000 160,066 100,000 100,000 1,000,000 200,000 300,000 Ill Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Par S. E. 63.. Par . Par . S.81,S. E.66 Par 100,000 "266,666 160,000 S.Par,S.E.94 Par S. 42 Par 104,000 100,000 100,000 150.000 600,000 300,000] Remarks. Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . I'ar . Par . 600,000 Par Par 100,000 Par "SOO.'OM 100,000 S."iJ."73.V.'.'.'.V. Par Closing. Kod. until July 16, 1864. Failed Nov. 4, 1864. Charter expired July 1, 1855. Charter repi-aled May 15, 1837. Closing. Hed.untilNov.l2,lS63. Closing. Red. untU Oct. 24, 1861. Closin;;. Closing. Bed. until Feb. 27. 1861. Charter expired Jan. 1, 1858. Closed. f Merged in The Traders' Bank \ of Rochester June, 1^59. Closing. Red. until Sept. 23, 1861. Failed. f Changed to Manufacturers' \ Bauk of Brooklyn, 1S68. Closed 1844. Closing. Red. until Oct. 17, 1861. Closed. Closed. Failed 1840. Closing. Bed. until May 30, 1862. (•Failed March 1S64. Red. at J. Bank Dipt, at 77 until Sept. I 28. 1860. Failed 1829. Failed 1S40. Closing. Failed. Closing, r.ed. until A prill, 1862. {Merged in Phientx Bank Feb. 21, 1817. Incorp. June 15, 1812, for manufacturing cards and wire. Closed 1840. Closing. Kcd.untilAug.l6,lS64. Closing. Red. until July 19, 18K2. [Closing. Red. at New York I State Bank. Albany. yClo.sing. Red. at New York \ State Bank, Albany. Removed to Lockport May 13, 18.^9, and name changed to Lockport City Bank. Closed 1841. Failed. Closing. Red. until Not. 1,1860 Closing. Bed. until March 1, 1862 Closing. Red. until Oct. 13, 1862 /Failed. Bed. at Albany City t Bank. Clo.ied. Charter expired .Tan. 1. 1856. Allowed to establish Branch at Ulica April 10. 1816, and this continued until charter ex- pircl as Ontario Branch Bank of Utica. Failed. E. A. Wetmore, receiver. Failed March, 1858. Red. at Union Bauk, Albany, until Aug. 11, 1S64. Closing. (1854.) Red. until Sept. 5, 1860. f Clianged to Lyons Bank March 1 31, 1867. Closed. Bed. by A. D. Patchin until Feb. 28, 1862. Closed. Failed. Bed. until Sept. 2, 1863. Failed April 1858. Keorganixed as Stissing Bauk. « Kemoved from Tonawauda, Sept. 2iy 1867. CORPORATIONS. 99 Savings Banks are institutions intended to receive in trust small sums of money, generally the surplus earnings of the laboring classes, and to return the same with moderate interest at a future time. They are banks of deposit only ; their officers serve without pay, and the money received on deposit can be invested only in mortgages upon real estate, public stocks, or such other securities Obsolete and Closing Banks^ continued. Kahe. Powell Bank *Priitt Hank of Buffalo . Prattsville Bank Putnam County Bank.. Putnam Valley Bank- Queen City Bank Reciprocity Bank Sackets Harbor Bank -.. St. Lawrence Bank State Bank of New York Silver Lake Bank of Genesee ♦State Bank at Sackets \ Harbor J •State Bank at SaugertieB.. Staten Island Bank ♦Suffolk Bank Sullivan County Bank Tenth Ward Bank Troy Exchange Bank Union Bank at Buffiilo United States Bk. at Buffalo Valley Bank of Boonville. Valley Bank of Lowville... Villaf:;e Bank ♦Walter Joy's Bank- Warren County Bank... Washinpton Bank in the City of Jt'ew York Watervliet Bank 'til Newburgh. Buffalo Prattsville Farmers' Mills . Putnam Valley. Buffalo .... Buffalo Buffalo.. Ogdonsburgh ., Buffalo Perry Sackets Harbor., ?augerties Port Richmond. New York Monticello New York Troy Buffalo Buffalo Boonville Randolph. Buffalo Wayne County Bank.... *VVhite Plains Bank Western Bank of Suffolk County Williamsburgh Bank Willout^hby Bank Wool Orowers' Bank of the State of New York Yates Connty Bank New York... West Troy .. Palmyra.. Naples.... Date of charter or beginning of business. S.Huntington... Williamsburgh.. Brooklyn New York.. Peun Y'an.. A. C. C. I. I. A. A. A. C. Dec. Oct. 27, 183.S 1847 Aug. Nov. 2: 1843 ,1848 May, 1849 Sept. 18.53 March 0,1867 April, 23,1834 ,lan. 8, 1839 Oct. 15, 1839 Jan. 6, 1839 May, April, Oct. July Oct. Dec. Jan. Oct. Dec. 1852 1847 29, 1838 1, 1852 18.50 1, 183S 1, 1838 10, 1839 13, 1838 Aug. June, Feb. Capital. £ .S g C K I. ai 'i $130,000 "100,066 "266,666 200,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 ' 106,006 100,000 100.000 100,000 Par . 94.... July May April Juno, June, Jan. Nov. Jan. April 1S4S 1848 18, 1839 21, 1836 30, 1820 1844 1850 12, 1839 1, 1839 12, 1839 2, 1831 125.000 250,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 Par . Par . Par . Par . S.32, S.E.50 S. 31 Par . Par E. 56.. Par Par S. 94 S. 81.. S. E. 7 Par ... Bemarkt. Par . Par . Par . 66, 35, 4 Par. Par . Par . Par . Closing. Red. its own notes. Failed Feb. 1868. Bed. at Bank Dept. at 94. Closing. Eed.nntiIDec.15,1860.1 Closing. Bed. by David Kent; until Oct. 1863. Closing. Closing. Red.untilFeb.lO,lS63.; Changed from Sackets Harbor Bank March 6, 1851. Failed. Receiver app. Aug. 27, 1857. Removed from Sackets Harbor March 25, 1852. Changed to Reciprocity Bank 1857. F.ailed Dec. 3, 1841. Failed. (•Failed Nov. 1, 1856. Red. at < Union Bank, Albany, uutil ( Nov. U, 1862. Closing. F.ailed. Closing. Cloeing. Red.nntilAug.21,18C0. Failed 1810. Failed. Failed. Closing. Rcd.by B. N. Merriam, of Ogdeneburgh, until March 20, 1863. Removed to Boonville. See above. Oosing. Red. until Jnne 3, 1859. Failed 1850. Red. at Mechanics & Farmers' Bank, Albany. Closing. Red. untU Nov. 12, 1859. Failed 18«. Failed. (Soo Comp. Rep. 1848, p. 77. Closed. Closing. Closino;. Red.untilJaneI7,1862. Closed. Closed 1840. Closed 1841. Failed 1848. (See Comp. Kep. 1849, p. 35.) Savings Banks in the State, Jan. 1, 1859. Name. Albany City Pavings Institution Albany Exchange Savings Bank Albnny Savings Bank Auburn Savings Institution BauU fir Savings in the City of New York Bloiiminp.'dalo Savings Bank Bowery Savings Bank Broad\v.ay Savings Institution BriH-kport Savings Bank Broiiklyn Savings Bank Buffalo Savings Bank Central City Savings Institution Central Savings Bank of Troy Coboes Savings Institution Commercial Savings Bank of Troy...... Dry l)(i(!k Savings Institution East lliver Savings Institution Elmira Savings Bank Emigrant IndnstrLal Savings Bank Localian. Albany Albany.... Albany Auburn.... New York. New York. New York. New York. Brockport . Brooklyn... Buffalo Utisa Troy Cohoes Troy New York. New York. Elmira New York. Date of incorporation. March April March March March April May .lune July April May .lune April April Api-il April 29. 1850 IS, 1866 24, 1820 12, 1S49 26, 1819 17, 1854 1, 1834 20, 1.8.51 18. 1863 7, 1827 9. 1S46 20, 1S51 16, 18.57 11, 18.51 12, 18,55 12, 1848 April April 17, 1854 10, 1860 Amount depositors. i 168,181 27,987 99S,92.t 71.'2.35 8,701,923 56,31)0 7,818,143 841.341) 2,4.39 2,rifiO,9Sl 872,r>Sl 28.431 2.5.712 34,734 60,031 1,118,876 785,782 1.973 1,628.764 Resources. $ 168.181 27,987 1,049,804 71,415 9,2.59.996 67..599 8,274,446 872,967 2.611 2,816,817 824,86.1 80.638 25.712 34.734 00,031 1,109,401 829,669 2,1OT 1,096,961 100 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. as may be approved by law. They can be organized by special act of the Legislature, and their charters are perpetual. The total number of savings institutions incorp. prior to 1809 was 75, of which 57 reported their statistics in 1858. They are placed under the care of the Superintendent of the Banking Department, who has general powers for the protection of the interests of deposi- tors, and is required to report their condition annually to the Legislature. Most of these institu- tions bear names closely resembling those of banks of discount and circulation, and are kept in the same building and have the same persons as officers of both.' Class IV includes those whose certificates are filed in the County Clerks' offices. Most of th corporations already described are required to file their articles in the clerk's office of their respect- ive counties, in addition to depositing them in the departments of the State Government. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation of Religious Societies" was passed April 6, 1784.2 "An Act mdhorizing the Incorporation of Rural Cemetery Associations" was passed April 27, 1847. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation of Villages" was passed Dec. 7, 1847.' Savings Banks, continued. Eniigr.ant Saving:8 Bank of Buffalo Erie County Savings Bank Pishkill Savings Institute Greenwich Savings Bank Hudson City Savings Institution institution for the Savings of Merchants' ClerkS.. Irving Savings Institution Manhattan Savings Institution Manufacturers' Savings Bank of Troy Mariners' Savings Institution .-. Mechanics & Farmers' Savings Bank of Albany... Mechanics & Traders' Savings Institution Monroe County Savings Institution Mutual Savings Bank of Troy Nowburgh Savings Bank Niagara County Savings Bank Onondaga County Savings Bank Poughkeepsie Savings Bank Rochester S.avinga Bank Rome Savings Bank Rose nill Savings Bank Savings Bank ot Utica Schenectady Savings Bank Seamen's Bank for Savings Sing Sing Savings Bank Sixpenny Savings Bank of Albany Sixpenny Savings Bank of the City of New York. South Brooklyn Savings Institute Soutbold Savings Bank State Savings Bank of Troy Syracuse Savings Bank Troy Savings Bank Ulster County Savings Institution Union Savings Bank of Albany Westchester County Savings Bank Western Savings Bank Williamsburgh Savings Bank Yonkers Savings Bank ButTalo Buffalo Fishkill New York , Hudson New York New York New York Troy New York Albany New York Rochester Troy Newburgh Lockport Syracuse Poughkeepsie. Rochester Rome New York Utica Schenectady .. New York. Sing Slug , Albany New York Brooklyn Southold Troy Syracuse Troy Kingston Albany Tarrytown Buffalo Brooklyn Yonkers. Date of incorporation. April April Feb. April April April July April April April April April April April April April April April April June April April April Jan. March April June April April April March April April April July July April April 17, 1858 10, 1854 25, 1867 24. 1833 4, 1850 12,1848 1, 1851 10, ISoO 15, 1857 16, 1S52 1-2, 1S55 IC, 1852 8, 1S50 15, 1867 13. 1852 10, 1851 10, 1S55 16, 1836 21, 1831 30, 1851 17, 1854 26, 1839 29. 1834 31, 1829 9, 1854 17, 1854 4. 1853 10. 1850 7. 1S58 18, 1S56 30, 1849 23,1823 18. 1851 13, 1864 21, 1853 9. 1851 9, 1851 3. 1854 Amount due. depositors. % 6,490 642,641 21,497 3,528,851 44.010 1,609,889 719,498 1,782,007 61,988 419,089 179,049 301,612 250,079 23,037 91.188 1,669 129,601 247,605 1,371,911 33,621 71,854 334.262 211,886 7,319,474 36.410 10,601 112,361 622,360 6,970 47,479 237,580 634,004 62,435 16,187 103,734 77,048 1,086.882 47,405 Resources. i 4,218 649,722 21,705 3,678,180 45,206 1,529,810 736,323 1,839,785 51,988 430,141 179,049 372,417 259,341 23,637 92,993 1,636 130,262 203,619 1,476,425 36,289 72,285 368,499 2-27,659 7,820,443 35,711 10,601 113,548 638,664 7,001 47,479 2.38,619 671,716 63,022 15,187 108,729 77,048 1,119,001 48,009 I The first savings b.ank in England was formed in 1804, and the first in New York in 1819, under the auspices of the *' So- ciety for Prevention of Pauperism." A public meeting was called and the plan discussed and approved Nov, 29, 1816. The firat deposits were made July 3, 1819, and $2,807 were received the first evening from 80 depositors, in sums of from $2 to $300. Within 6 mo., $153,378.31 had been deposited, by 1,627 persons, and but $6,606 had been withdrawn. Up to 1857, $47,630,067.61 had been intrusted to the care of this institution. — Common Gouncil Manual. 1868. p. 623. The first savings bank in Albany was established in 1820; in Troy, in 1823 ; in Brooklyn, in 1827 ; and in Buffalo, in 1836. Most of these banks were originally required to report to the Legislature; but their returns were seldom published. Under the act of March 20, 1857, they are required to report to the Superintendent of the Banking Department. Sixteen pavings banks have been incorp. that never organized. Only two of the whole number chartered have ever failed. The"Knicker. bocker S.avings Institution," of N. Y., incorp. April 8, 1851. failed and went into the hands of a receiver in 1864 : and the *' Sixpenny Savings Bank of Rochester," incorp. July 13, 1854, failed. 2 This act was amended, so far as it related to the Ref. Prot. D. Societies, March 7, 1783. Other amendments were made in 1801, 1813, and 18'28. For statistics see p. 139. 8 Previous to this act, vilUiges were incorp. by Bpeci.al acta of the Legislature, and the articles were filed in the State Depart- ment: but since, the filing of articles has become a mere local affair; and it is extremely difficult to obtain a complete list of the incorporated villages of the State. AGRICULTURE. The climate of the State is adapted to the cultivation of most of the crops and fruits of the temperate zone. The improved lands comprise a little more than one-half of the entire area of the State, and of these 37 per cent, is devoted to pasturage and 25 per cent, is occupied by meadow- lands. The principal crops, in the order of relative amount, are oats, corn, wheat, buckwheat, rye, and barley, together occupying 37 per cent, of the cultivated lands, — leaving 1 per cent, for the minor crops and gardens. The northern cos. of the State and the highland regions along the s. border and upon the Hudson are much better adapted to pasturage than tillage ; and the people in these sections are almost exclusively engaged in stock and sheep raising and in dairying. Little more grain is raised than is strictly necessary for a proper rotation of crops ; and the greater part of the grain for home consumption is imported from other sections of the country. The low lands that surround the great lakes and occupy the greater portion of the surface in the w. part of the State are best adapted to grain growing. Several sections of the State are found peculiarly adapted to particular products. The Mohawk Valley intervales have been long almost exclusively devoted to the cultivation of broom corn. The Chemung Valley, parts of Onondaga co. and several other sections are becoming known as tobacco raising districts. Hops are extensively cultivated in Madison, Oneida, Otsego, and Schoharie cos. The Hudson Valley below the High- lands, the N. shore of Long Island, and the s. extremity of several of the lake valleys in the cen- tral portion of the State are well adapted to the culture of grapes. Maple sugar is largely pro- duced in the northern cos. and in the central highland districts. Upon Long Island and in West- chester large sections are devoted to the cultivation of vegetables for the New York market. The people of Orange, Rockland, "Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess cos. are largely engaged in fur- nishing the city of New York with milk.^ The Sfew Tork. State Agricultural Society was formed by a convention held at Al- bany in Feb. 1832 ; but for several years it received no support from the State and held no regular fairs. In 1841 the society was re-organized, and measures were adopted for raising funds and hold- ing annual fairs. On May 5 of that year, an act was passed by the Legislature, appropriating ^8,000 for the encouragement of agriculture, $700 of which was to go to the State Society, and the re- mainder was to be divided among the co. societies in the ratio of Assembly representation. This appropriation has been continued until the present time. The society is requu'ed annually to re- port to the Legislature a full account of its proceedings, and such facts concerning the agricul- tural condition of the State as may be of general interest. The volumes of Transactions are published by the State, and are widely distributed among the farming population. The annual fairs are held in different parts of the State, and are largely attended.*'^ They usually succeed in 1 Hay is most largely produced in St. Lawrence, Oneida, Che- nango. Otsego, Chautauqua, Delaware, and Orange counties; wheat, in Livingston, Monroe, Genesee, Niagara,Ontario, and Jef- ferson counties ; oats, in Onondaga, Montgomery, Oneida, CajTiga, and Otsego; rye, in Columbia, Rensselaer, Ulster, Orange, Albany. Saratoga, and Washington; barley, in Jetteraon, Onon- daga, Ontario, Cayuga, and Wayne; buckwheat, in Schoharie, Montgomery, Otsego, Saratoga. *ind Tioga; corn, in Onondaga, Cayuga, Monroe, Wayne, Oneiaa, and Ontario; and potatoes, in Wiishington, Monroe, Oneida, St. Lawrence, Kensselaer, and Tninklin. The counties having the greatest number of cows are St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Oneida, Orange, Chenango, Her- kimer, and Chautauqua; and the greatest number of elieep, Ontario, Livingston, Steuben, Cayuga, Washington. AVyoming. Monroe, and Genesee. The counties that produce the greatest quantity of butter are St. Lawrence, Delaware, Chenango, Jef feraoD, Chautauqua, Orange, and Otsego ; and the greatest amount of cheese, Herkimer, Oneida, Jefferson, Madison, Krie, Cattaraugus. St. Lawrence, and Otsego. 2 The earliest agricultural exhibition on record within the present limits of the State was a cattle fair, held nt New Am- sterdam, Oct. 15, 1641. An act passed Nov. 11, 1C92, entitled "An act for settling fairs and markets in each respective city and CO. throughout this province," remained in force until re- pealed by the St ite Legislature, March 12, 1788. A special act waa passed f »r the fairs of Albany, Cumbeiland, and Tryon cor., March 8. 1773, but scarcely took effect before the Revolution. Acts applying to particular towns were passed by the earlier State Legislatures; but the custom of holding fairs soon fell into disuse. These fairs were more properly market days ; no pre- miums were offered, and no inducements to competition existed beyond the ordinary stimulus of trade. The i>roducts of farm culture being placed side by side, their comparative excellence was left to the decisiou of the pui'chaser, which doubtless contri- buted to excite emulation among the producers. These fairs were generally held semi-annually, upon fixed days, under the direction of "Governors and Rulers," appointed in colonial times by the Governor, and afterward by the judges of the co. courts. The expenses were defrayed by tolls, usually 1 per cent., upon the commodities sold, half of which was piud by the buyer and half by the seller. The Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manu- factures waa instituted Feb. 26, 1791, and incorp. March 12, 17!13. For more eflBcient action, it in 1801 divided the State into as many agricultural districts as there were cos., in each of which a secretary was appointed, to convene the members of the society within his district, inquire into the state of agriculture and mauufactures. receive communications and arrange and transmit them to the President of the society. The transactions of this body were printed by the State, and the society numbered among its members nearly every person of eminence throughout the State. Its charter expired in 1S04 ; and it.s corporate powers were revived and continued April 2 of that year, under the name of the Society for the Promotion of the Useful Arts. The affairs of the new body were managed by a council of 9 membcrR, and State patronage was continued in the printing of its Trans- nctiona. In lSOS-12 liberal premiums were offered for the best cloths of household manufacture, a part of which were awaided by the co. judge and a part by this society. The samples, upon which |no,OOU were thus paid, are still preserved in the librarv of the Albany Institute, After beingonc»extended, the Society for Promoting Agricultural Arts was superseded, in part, by a Board of Agriculture, but continued as a local institution of Albany until merged, with the "Albany Lyceum of Nutund IIi»- tory," in the "Albany Institute," in 1829. Tlie latter haa moat of the books, papers, and effects of its predecessors; and tracing back through its change it is the oldest scientific soi-icty in the State. " An act to improve the agriculture of thin State," lUl 102 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. awakening a great local interest in agricultural matters. The office of the society is kept at the Agricultural Rooms, corner of State and Lodge Sts., Albany, where it has a museum and library. County and Town Societies. — The act of 1853 allows county agricultural societies to purchase and hold real estate to an amount not exceeding §25,000 and personal property not ex- ceeding $1,000, for the purposes set forth in their articles of incorporation, and for no other pur- poses. Town and other societies may hold real estate to the amount of §10,000 and personal property to the amount of $3,000. Each county or union society must have at least one director or manager for each town ; and each town, village, or city society must have not less than 10 directors, who are elected annually by ballot. Upon application of two-thirds of their members to the Supreme Court of the district in which they are located, these societies may obtain an order for the sale of a part or the whole of their property. An amendment to the act was passed April 13, 1855, by the provisions of which the number of directors was changed to G, 2 of whom are elected each year for a term of three years. Any person may become a life member by the pay- ment of a sum not exceeding $10 ; and the officers are jointly and severally liable for all debts^ due from the society contracted while they are in office, if suit be commenced within one year passed April 7, 1S19, created a board of agriculture aud appro- priated $10;000 annually for 2 years, to be distributed for the pro- motion of agriculture and family domestic manufactures in the several cos., on condition that a similar sum should be subscribed by the co. eocietiea formed under this act. A board, formed of the president, or a delegate chosen from each co. society, met annually at Albany, elected officers, examined reports, and selected for publication such returns as tlioy deemed proper. These were published by the State. Throe volumes of Memoirs were issued, and the board continued in existence but little longer than the appropriation waa continued. County societies, on the plan of the Berkshire Co. Agricultural Society, began to be formed in 1817 ; and, by the exertions of De Witt Clinton, El- kanah Watson, and other friends of the measure, they were extended to most of the cos. These societies, after a brief period, fell into disuse; and that of Jeflerson co. is the only one of this class that can trace an unbroken descent from that period. The first officers of the present State Agricultural Societj', formed in 1832, were Le Ray de Chaumont, Prcsidejit ; E. 1*. Livingston, Jacob Morris, and Robert L. Kose. Vice Presidents; P. S. Van Rensselaer, Recording Secretary ; Jesse Buel, Corre- sponding Secretary ; Charles R. Webster, Treasurer ; and H. W. Delavan. John Townsend, and II. Hicl^ox, Executive Cummiitee. County societies were again instituted in many of the cos. under the influence of this society ; but most of them were short lived. Tlie "Cultivator" was be^^un in March, 1834. by Jesse Bnel, under the guarantee of Stephen Van Rensselaer and James Wadsworth, as the organ of the society and medium of commu- nication between the friends of agriculture; and it has been con- tinued ever since, under private auspices, but entirely devoted to the interests of agriculture. It has for many years been pub- lished by Luther Tucker, of Albany. Any person a citizen of the State may become a member of the State Society upon payment of $1 annually, or a life mem- ber by payment of $10 at one time. Presidents of co. societies ftud one delegate from each are ex officio members. The officers of the society are elected annually in Feb., and consist of a President, one Vice President from each of the Judicial Districts, a Recording aud a Corresponding Seeretary.a Treasurer, and an Executive Committee, consisting of the above and 5 others chosen for the purpose. Premiums are awarded in money, plate, medals, books, and diplomas; and the society embraces within the tieldof its patron- age not only stock, farm, aud garden products and implements of husbandry, but a wide range of useful aud ornamental mauu- fectures, particularly those which are tlie products of homo in- dustry. The places and times of holding the State fairs, names of Presidents, and total receipts of the State society have been as follows : — >^ Place of holding fair. Time of holding fair. Presidents. Receipts. is.n Sept. 29, SO Sept. 27, 29 Sept. 20, 22 Sept. IS, 19 Sept. 17, 19 Sept. 15, 17 Sept. 14, 16 Sept. 5, 7 Sept. 11, 13 Sept. 3, 6 Sept. 10, 19 Sejit. 7, 10 Sept. 20, 23 Oct. 3, 6 Oct. 2, 6 (Sept. 30,1 t Oct. 3/ Oct. 6, 9 Oct. 6, 8 Oct. 4, 7 (Free.) $1,290.10 3,000.00 3.6.50.00 4.370.18 4,333.17 4,034.22 6,272.86 8,144.66 10.405.61 11,956.25 S.125.41 6,009.90 9.24S.70 11,527.25 8,010.00 15,073.89 10,815.81 1842 Jas. S. Wadsworth Jas. S. Wadsworth .T. B. Bcekman B. I*. Johnston .T. 51. Sherwood 1S43 1844 1845 Rochester Poughkeepsie.. Utica 1846 Saratoga Sp'gs l^.is Lewis F. Allen.—. John A.King Ezra P. Prentice... •lohn Delafield Uenry Wager Lewis G. Morris— Willi.im Kelly Samuel Cheever... Theod're S. Faxton Alonzo S. Upham. Wm. T. McCoun... 1849 Syracuse 1851 Rochester 1853 1854 Saratoga Sp'gs New York 1856 1857 Watertowu 1S5S 1859 Syracuse Toivn and Union Agricultural Societies. (For County Societies see p. 103.) Name. Bainbridge Agricultural Society Brookfield Agricultural Society Canaseraga Agricultural & Mechanical Society, Dansville Chautauqua Farmers' & Mechanics' Union at Fredonia Connewango Agricultmal, Horticultural, &. Me- chanical Society Connewango Union Agricultural & Horticultu- ral Society Constantia Town Agricultural Society Coventry Agricultural Society Dryden Agricultural Society Kllisburgh, Adams, & Henderson Agricultural Society Farmers' Club, of Little Falls Farmers' &. Mechanics' Association of Cazenovia Farmers' & Mechanics' Association of Fenner... Galen Agricultural Society Goi'ham Agricultural Society (luuverneur Agricultural &. Mechanical Society Hamilton Agricultural & Horticultuml Associa- tion of Karpersfield Union Agricultural Society Ilartland /\gricultural Society Hornellsville Agricultural Society DaU of organization. Jan. March March March May Sept. Oct. March Aug. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Fob. Aug. April Feb. March 1857 1850 1859 185D 1858 1S5' 1S57 1856 1855 1858 1859 185; 185: 1857 185: 1S59 1S5G ISSti Name. Jefferson Agi'icultural Society, Schoharie Co... Lebanon Agricultural Society Leon Agi'icultural Society Lodi Agricultural Society, of. Nelson Farmers i Mechanics'Association lOswego City Agricultural Society Otselic, Pitcher, Pharsalia, i Lincklaen Agricul- tural Society Rushville Union Agricultural Society St. Lawrence International Agricultural & Mechanical Society. Ogdensburgii Sandy Creek, Richland, Orwell, & Boylston Agri- cultural Society Sangerfield & Marshall Town Agricultural So- ciety Somerset Agricultural Society Susquehanna A'alley Agricultural & Horticul- tural Society Union Agricultural Society, (Broome and Dela- ware cos.) Union Agricultural Society, of Palmyra iVirgil Agricultural Society iWilson Afiricultural Society jwinfield Union Agricultural Society AViskoy Agricultural Society, Genesee Falls. I PUie.&Eagle Feb. Aug. Sept. Aug. June Date of yrganization. 23, 1858 19, 185G 15. 1856 22. 1857 5. 1858 March 19, 1859 June Feb. June March Nov. Jan. 27, 1857 9, 1855 21. 1856 20, 1859 10. 1857 27, 1857 AprU 4, 1857 March June Feb. June April 29, 1859 1 26, 1856; 26,1857 10, 1859 18, 18591 Dec. 6, 18551 AGRICULTURE. lOo of the time wlien due. Each society formed under these acts is obliged to report annually to the State Society.^ An examination of the returns of the census of 1855 shows that Caitaravgns excels all other counties in the production of millet ; Columbia in pears, rye, garden seeds, and onions ; Dvichess in plums and quinces, and in number of swine ; Herkimer in cheese ; Jefferson in spring wheat and barley ; Livingston in fallow lands, in winter wheat, and in wool ; Monroe in value of farms and nurseries ; Montgomery in lint ; Oneida in value of stock and amount of apples and honey ; Onondaga in acres plowed and quantity of oats, corn, tobacco, and cider; Ontario in sheep; Orange in milk ; Orleans in beans ; Otsego in hops and in domestic linen ; Queens in garden seeds and strawberries ; Rensselaer in flaxseed ; St. Lawrence in pasture and meadow lands, quantity of peas, sugar and butter, number of horses and cows, and yards of fulled cloth, flannel and other ^ Summary of County Agricultural Societies. (For Town and Union Societies see p. 102.) tOUSTIES, I organization. Albany ".. — .. .\llegany. Bromnt Cattaraugxis .. Cayuga Chautauqua.. Chemung Chenango Clinton. Colunthia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Esgex Franklin Fult. & Ham.. Genesee Greene Herkimer Jefferson Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery .. Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Qiit:ens Kensselaer Kiclimond. Rockland St. Lawrence. Saratoga Schenectady. Schoharie Schuyhr Seneca , Steuben , Suffolk. Sullivan Tioga Tompkins .... UWer Warren Washington.. Wayne Westcheater. Wyoming Fates Aug. 9, 1853 April 27,1858 Jan. 28, 1855 June 21, 1856 1836 1851 1845 March 8,1856 Oct. July, Oct. June Dec. July Oct. May Oct. Sept. Dec. 1838 1841 16, 1841 2, 1S56 1850 30, 1856 18, 1838 2ii. 1857 11, 1856 4, 1841 7, 1854 1841 June 30, 1855 Feb. 8, 1856 March 19, 1856 Oct. 13, 1841 2, 1858 1841 25, 1856 18, 1854 1841 17, 1856 27. 1855 22. 1856 1851 30. 1857 7, 1855 Dec. April, Jan. May Oct. Dec. Jan. Not. Jan. First President. James W. Jolly.. P. Ten Broeck.,.. H.HowIand Joeeph Warren.. T.B. Campbell... Simeon L. Rood.. Abram Perlee.... E. Livingston W. Bewry Samuel A. Law... Henry Staats Lewis F. Allen.... W. C. Watson S.Lawrence Elias Prindle T. C Peters Lewis Sherrill A. Loomis J.D.LeRay E. Merriam Jas.M.GilTord.. Aaron Barber J.D. Lodyard Willard Hodges... T.J.VanDevUle., Pomeroy Jones... Wm.midreth T. C. Bailey.... D.H. Little.... T. B.Aiden.... E. Lawrente.. Jos. Hastings Juno 29,1844 June 21,1856 June 24, 1S41 Oct. 26, 1S41 March 14, 1855 Jan. ;24, 1S56 June 22, 1853 Not. Aug. Jan. Jan. March Aug. May July Jan. 9, 1847 11, 1855 8, 1858 7, 1858 5, IBS'- 4,1841 5, 1855 20, 1856 13, 1855 First Secretary. D. R. "UTieclpr. Wm. Richardson. A. J. Wynkoop.. A. Sanford D. McFarlaud .... Geo. Kneeland... Warren Bryant.. R. S. Haip Harry S. House.. T.S. Persse C. P. Turner H.L.Day Aaron Petrio E.TcnEyck Job. Kershner... A. S.Sloan D. D. T. Moore.. John Frey B. P.Johnston..., J. S.Bates... Hiram Goff... Abrame Stevens.. H. Van Kcnsselaer H. Gaidner Wm.C.Bouck.. G. Denniston.. Lotan Smith .,., Henry Corgell.. riiafi. McLean Hugh C. Wilson. A. G. Corll.. Luther D. Eddy.. N. C. BlauvcU.... Henry G. Footc. Jobn A. Corey... Ralph Brewster. George S. El las... J. 0. Dunning.... Wm. Smythe Present place of holding a7i7iuul fair. Albany. Little Valley.. Auburn Migratory.... Ilorselieads.. Norwich f Chatham \ Corners .t} Wash. Hollow.... Buffalo Elizabethtown. Malone Johnstown Bat aria. IlioD Watertown /Turin and \ Lowville. Genesee Morrisville Brighton Fonda. Utica and Rome. Syracuse. Canandaigua Cooperetown. lit •Slfe 55,500 (■ 2,000 per I aim. l,So6 13,000 11,025 10,000 6.215 10.800 7,050 2,368 10,113 30,000 12,000 Peter Crispell B. C. Butler Henry Holmeg ... fDe Witt C. I \ TanSlyck../ Jas. C. Ferri? .Tohn Hatmiiker. C. H. Skillraon.. Asa Fitch, Jr...., P. P. Bradish .... L. VT. Thayer Darius A.Ogden,, Lansinghnrgb.... New City. Canton. McchauicsviUe. Bath.. MonticcUo. Owego. t Luzerne. b Lyons Warsaw.... Pcnn Yan.. 20,836 6,500 8,635 9.690 30,385 Fair Grounds. 1S56 1856 1856 1853 1854^ 1857 6.120 4,239 4.356 6,520 1857 1S54 Leased. $2,850 Leased. 2,600 Leased. Leased. Leased 2,000 15 Leased. 6 3.600 4.000 2,401 1,COO l§ 2,500 $5,850 6,400 6,600 2,100 1,400 1,000 2,600 4,000 16,926,96 13,160 3,350 « Societies in italics were organized under acts of 1863 and I « Fairs held alternately in diflereut parts of the connty, and 1855. Most of tliem had been in existence many years under generally at the place that contributes most toward expenses. a previous organization. "^ Fair held alternately at .Tamaica, Flushing, and Ilcnipstead- » Fairs in the town that will give most to p-iy expenses. I Receipts tho first 10 years, $3,532. 104 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. domestic cloths ; Schenectady in broom corn ; Schoharie in buckwheat, and about equal with Mont- gomery in clover ; Washinr/ton in potatoes ; and Wayne in peaches and dried fruits. In connection with the table of agricultural products, it should be remembered that these Agricultural Products of the several Counties in the State Albany Allegany Broomo Cattaraugus- Cayuga Chautauqua... Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland , Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franltlin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston.... Madison Monroe Montgomery.. New York Xiagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orlesms Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond Rockland St. Lawi-ence . Saratoga Schenectady... Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk , Sullivan Tioga Tompkins nister Warren Washington... Wayne Westchester.... Wyoming Yates 7,424 82,929 11,92-i 21,721 193.729i 6ii,249i 03,764 4.560^ 2,13Si T,9V2i 4,690i 955i 54,4701 238,812} 2,484 1,35;)} 3,(>Wi 760,461 7,346 6 5,904J 70,6094 18,086 3,845i ,094,779 29,3204 810,363 23,9044 30 689.911 20.439} 97.05?} 628.4SS 43.3634 376.949 12.696 6.078 3,560} 402.169i 2,058 11.335} 2.945} 24,7804 14.8201 6,1654 18,r>45 80.4314 161,721 219,590 151,.V20i 1.4724 19,366 84,3954 19,370} 1,213 8.3.S7 282.474} 33,7514 382,4984 168,9094 Total 7,064,0491 2,033,363 6,9274 56,4224 8,1214 67.2784 27,327 78,6361 18.024 20.2834 57,172} 6874 24,361 8.538} 250 46.913 44,0094 69.5594 7.5001 11.1.54 3,1754 245 38.149 428,072i 18,023 52.777 2,620 18,9784 '6.386 41,8834 86.148 27,059 32 2,206 44,3004 63,4464 4S" 13.3834 '575 6 295.464 8.074 6;3774 23.074} 33.139} 11,379 82,014 1294 98 11,9381 82.042} 815 4,2,S5 23,854 2,687 1,497 37.4974 18,003 64,6791 64,637} 63,685 62,640} 57,732 105,672 24,941 117,370} 48.2-11 65.103 56,71)91 103.8901 83..S7S4 98,0114 39,139} 37.5044 33.903 41.398} 68.6244 4.274 78.264} 98.675 6,1S3 61,802 39,187} 6H.2634 68,738} 44,6321 157 41.1174 124.9334 63,246| 42,44SJ 103,2114 34,6204 58.138 108.069} 27,756} 61,395 68,557} 7.032 14,828 139.400 52.743} 10,1854 48.774} 17.9064 20,.«79} 68,7491 41.606} 40.7161 38.401} 38.143} 64,795 22.088} 69.881 45,2714 90.496J 68,4211 16,8504 3,256,9484 496,1774 668.490 466.8704 697,0704 950.&30 639.766 473,469 664,242 276.0804 643.034 382.786 416.0594 626..W 724,7474 234,940 144.617 365,8.55 299.809 160.9074 16.701 724;.5.S5 460,230} 11,079 295.4454 261,990 671.637 792.370 997,005 435 353,398 975,8004 1,015,2274 525.9374 291,111 229,7.31 635,4324 903,647 66,922 199,618 658,377 16,9914 28,168 437,041 744,220 293,768 490,0031 357.247 650,238 711,307 262,0074 109,883 462.978 812.S83 278.105 120;347 798,321 876.0244 204.769 496,837 100,457} 27,015,290 n? 186,667 2,834 20.646 2,3734 6,331} 2,808 3,568 14,329 13.073 446,036 4,172 60.5274 239,003 24.9704 13.3674 20,1914 22,3834 1,149 72,232 277 17,550 99,3914 4,800 11.3834 4,118 1,477 9,1664 39,1124 25 1.014 24,121 6.3404 10.002 202.301 2.777 45,6574 34.2184 22.8904 71,019 299,804 3,1314 31,6004 26,725 132,774} 44,7524 S7,.5924 6,168 7;so2 10.212 52.2124 75,153 25,8544 17,621 236.9934 10,9624 121.907 7,2594 61,404 2,7774 24,617 3,030,435 3,503,540 9.1264 28.4.544 2,337 14,096 308,3034 19,6564 23,862 22,229 6.877 3.801 45,6654 2.219 2.818 67.2864 1.1184 6,188} 14,704 59,819 1.7874 ■ 42 61,4394 392,0844 37.6134 123,2564 197,231 179,765 39,2624 79.893 137.430 371,7854 320.375 179 36,071 28,054 43,889 2,769 12,807 627 14 28,187 9.624 6,6094 44,136 60,.507 104,866 78.873 10,974 1,0,534 5,925 66.295 130 39 12.9444 229.495 645 68.207 152,134 CI 84,812} 39.2984 73,2144 26.183 64.0764 9.664} 69.0404 60,3044 30,051 j 64,3344 28,1154 86.330 43,1244 21.5684 13,701} 13,6251 69,7.59 14,9134 33,9134 2,91.3} 42,875} 6,909} 236 10,4434 13,8304 13,8534 22,023} 141,6774 29.1514 54,7C7S 32,463} 18,325} 23,023} 12,903 31,608} 112.732} 10,71.84 21,2244 62:S21 1.325 8.7224 12,9124 108,8824 41,858 169,078 67,523 21,4364 89.9904 18.8564 65.5714 91,4024 74,305 70,076 19,214} 40.0581 39,7604 211,890} 20,277} 24.0074 2,481,0794 6 103,6914 1895884 214,098 3119,702 868,543 558.5074 239.2864 3.54,480 92,567} 383.3394 240,7034 119.383 658,308 483.228 105.369 ,83,615 158.733 437,0624 99.204 7,161 283.748 321,779 84.179 92,3984 431,4044 4-19.683 805,811 247,5164 1,180 509,605 732,2944 907,463 617.4854 357.4904 4:30,975 603.812 340.1704 110.9194 a37.e85 393,4134 43.0374 61.873 220,693 479,449 92,279 161.1634 160.7804 387,9984 292,6894 604.767 102.594 260.074 872,202 242,2294 123,817 689,6784 756.6774 402.2384 234.006 174,181 19,290,6914 Items not included in the above Tables. Cash Talue of farms $700,355,307 " " stock $103,776,053 " " tools and implements $20,927,502 Acres plowed the year previous 3..377,471 Acres in fallow the year previous 506.0304 Acres in pasture tlie year previous 4.984.1144 Bushels of turnips harvested 985.6224 Pounds of tobacco harvested 946,5024 "Value products market gardens $1,138,082 Pounds of maple sugar made 4,935,816} f^aUons of maple molasses made ' 85,0914 Gallons of wine made. Pounds of cocoons Value of other textile fabrics Bushels of beets Talue of cabbages Bushels of carrots , Bushels of cherries. Bushels of cranbenies Value of cucumbers Bushels of currants.. Bushels of fruits (not specified).. 18,181 207 J $3,824 29,332{ $18,668 478,277 3,7871 87 $9,819 6064 43,074 AGRICULTURE. 105 numbers refer to the yield of 1854, which was distinguished by a severe and prevalent drought. From 20 to 50 per cent, should be added to obtain the proximate results of years of ordinary pro- duction. of New TorTc, as reported by the Slate Census of 1855. « "& 375,C64i 206,258 160.-120i 300,245J 261,71SJ 282,451 131,291 270,642 385,492 269,419i 155,389 209.567} 205,498 44S,350i 318,021 484,425 182,9(>t 167,274 116,871 26,2,57 257,875 289,031 308,243 243.841 132.256^ 224,2784 654,551 145,154 1,808 275.448 624,648 380,U1J 188,900 12.'3,651i 171,867 391,912i 412,703J &*.5n4 291.135 696,669 21,739 47,233J 604,023 487,672 105.132 190,432i 81,106 72,644 265,938 304,06:5 103,188} 150,518J 111,106 134.639J 173.323 767.285 261,403 286,249 203,932 57il2J 16,989J 22,S44J 9324 14.4924 6,665 7,693 1,3604 4,0184 14.645 1,336} 9,527 2,2394 670 15,3214 11,636* 12,0744 14.202 8,7074 1,5324 140 27,864 63,338 16,930 12,97S4 6,3984 20,9734 16,0284 22,8564 250 16,981 12,9124 34,9154 16,2974 2,'!0 6.471 11,1164 29,93af 48 33,444 1,574 410 49 69,016 0,466 6,5514 33,4S24 1,7104 0404 25.0064 142 168J 3,9924 4,6594 2964 2,2704 14,2104 8,4564 230 13,3264 1,444 cq 2,.306 3,174J 949f 4,406J 6,6384 4,033 1,S,W4 2,7634 6,a934 739 1,7201 2,1284 7884 6,124 2,818 i:839i 7614 S,6694 6934 1544 1,616 4,2814 7.042 1,0.304 1,00.34 4,8364 14,342* 3,941 645 9.2664 7.770} 8,984 2,404} 34S4 40,185} 4,S26 2,8114 2104 22.2834 6,979 166} 63 6.131 972J 7144 1,6664 1,931 .')731 2.6S64 1,3^24 O9S4 2,49.'i4 2,1004 634 91.5} 6,0754 6,806} 2784 8,2324 745} 2,675 879 478 2,738 18,385 4,5S4 130 16,636 7,700 1.123 68,269 1,477 657 6,026 196 704 223,005 118.500 10,620 6,000 308,060 12,066 ""65,782 90 102,681 1,000 1,016,929 'ssii 6,635 67,287 2,070 30 19,030 37,109 98,6045 306 672,780 1,2064 15,125 200.200 13,916 8,058 629.811 1,777 93 712 79.932 2,017 " 839,426 23,260 6,6.30 246,000 2104 2054 355 68J 1.166 3024 664 2034 2364 64} 2,1-3} 25} 15 2764 64 64 1,2164 6954 144 4,241 760} 1,686 134 7364 664 7,746} 322 1,2.334 2,644} 1994 2S5 749 1,4244 1 19,2664 4 616} 2,.346 626} 4204 7,036 306 2» 140J 1,706 78 23,003 627 J 6184 1,860 7,440 2,768 21,808 488 2,640 2,416 102 163,832 1,014 2,037 69,0384 3,104 2,862 9 231,217 12,007 610,033 28,995 8.870 14,255 1,312,308 44,010 211,603 616,054 13,427 82,761 89 16 29,206 3,122,2584 20 25 1,015 3 197,875 18,.364 2,600 440,754 730 8,549 304 176 1,200 1,138 2,735 7 62 737 6 17,526 1,605 S ■& 1284 23,000 1,770 3,300 l.."90 S3,:)97 5.i0 20 418 40 18,507 60 """i63 "i'iso 115 3,691 10 13,680 86,620 219 i3,oi6 39,220 664,987 9,180 800 22,871 15 643 200 160 15 30 16,500 16,950 1,000 62 160 27,090 2,624 20 2,390 38.432 2,202 116 6,003 234.251 214136 224,463 177,1734 622,761 868,115 107,31*4 553,654 70,9364 210,342 351,975 259,160 216,693 266,195 64.2004 20,273 100,143 296,121 192,8144 8,459 333,901 215,431 64 72,198 243.300 631,677 491,491 165,861 265,997 634.262 624,5454 397,098 80,1804 281,7814 425,915 601,196 27,168 3,346 131,241 28 3.253 90,497 2S9.4T8 105.651 222,183 143,229 175.278 297,289 27,799 73,298 169,183 417,7.'- 397,754 68,772} 189,103 609,036 60,1374 323.290 143,773 6,038 2,983 4,7474 1,257 10,3024 4,6244 2,961 7,6694 8624 9,480 3,738 6,9184 8.al7} 6.084} 9094 3774 2.0704 6,767 3,9544 18 6,416 3,4594 1,451 5,9284 7,4174 10,313 6,0084 4,4614 12,735 13,7264 8,044 3,18S4 4.534 8,1064 8.880 8144 29 4,364 47 719 11,3864 2,8484 3,6894 3,212 4,029 4,580 4274 1,6994 4.359 6,172 6.006} 1,002 6.8O94 S,S934 2,3254 4,5174 3,7004 15,191,8531 705,9674 244,079 4,907,6664 87,0034 7,192,364 946,6024 13,668,630} 273,639 Value of farden seeds $40,SS9 Bushels of grapes 1,610} Value of melons $4,6S2 Bushels of millet 6.4534 Bushels of onions 16.0264 Value of osier willow. $261 Bushels of quinces 2.0354 Value of root crops (miscellaneous) $16,703 Bushels of rut.ibaga 3,111 Pounds of Kiffron 1,798 Bushels of strawberries 371 Value of fruit and ornamental trees $142,328 Miscellaneous $611,397 Neat cattle under one year old 311,474 Neat cattle over one year, exclusive Of working oxen and cows 577,887 Number of cattle Itilled for beef 225.338 Gallons of milk sold 20,965;S61 Pounds of wool 9.2.31,9694 Value of pnultry sold. $1,076,598 Value of e;r;;s sold $1,."',0.673 Yards of fulled cloth made... 198,203 Yards of flannel made 379,922j Yards of lin. n made 105,086 Yards of cotton and mixed cloths 24.5,464 Yards of carpeting 213,617} 106 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. The State appropriations for the proaiotion of agriculture, in 1819, through tlie Board of Agri- culture, and, since 1841, through the State and County Agricultural Societies, have been as shown in the table commencing at the foot of this page. Agricultural Products of the several Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugufl.. Cayuga Chautauqua- Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia.. Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton. Herkinier ..... Jefferson.. , Kings Lewis Livingston.... Madison Monroe.. Montgomery . New York Niagara Oneida. Onondaga .... Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer.... Richmond.... Rockland St. Lawrence. Saratoga Schenectady . Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suilolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins .... Ulster Warren Washington.. Wjiyne Westchester.. Wyoming. Yates Total 47. 62. 83, 63. 39. 4S. 51. 31. 66. 101, 38. 69, 27, 19. 23. 32. 32, 6. 3S, 18, ,660 99S 3S0 ,4^6 ,.M3J ,465 .191 .702 .469 .618 .148 ,671 .603 ,6.i.9 ,342 ,622 761 359 940 610 ;a- ,444 .912 ,693 ,615 ,03S ,671 27, 13S, 81, 63. 25. 23, 47. 93, 13 8 61, 45, 12. 89, 52, 37, 113. .205 .475 ,576 1.36 111 ,113 700 ,020 ,2374 ,989 ,6841 475 .667 .614 ,202i ns8 .676 ,167 649 653 0S7 .946 ,378 .627 ,898 .062 .000 .204 ,592 .248 ,260 2,567,876 3,436J 3,3211 2,1131 3,.i7S 4,1651 4,142 1,6701 3,451 2.23S1 1.466 3,619J 6.2S6i 1,830 3.220 1.419 919 1,300 1.668 2,2fl2.i 4011 2.9271 1,2901 "831 ' 1,960J 3,306J 1.S42J 3,544 1,460 3,4665 3,857} 2.45SJ 2,12.si 1,1.511 2,1421 4,665} 469 276 1,8401 22 1741 2.Sl4i 2,499 4.496i 2.076 l,609i 6,429i 414 2.39S1 1,6121 4,075} 3,125 1,06H 1.945 2,8204 6.3701 2.000 l,510i 138,0334 li 23,247 47,332 37,.644 68,489 40,178 76,890 20S99 68,391 25,666 27,676 37,671 66,181 44,126 66,439 23,667 23,677 19.922 24,7S5 26,239 2,466 49.820 79.249 3,204 29,748 29,383 44,924 39,.546 30.602 8.323 28,238 77,8.32 60,228 33.962 67,602 23.412 42.172 63.798 16,607 14,326 29,601 2,260 7,198 96.408 34,789 8,614 38.771 19.004 16,996 62,4.S3 24,216 27,346 29,664 30,847 34,140 14,282 40,410 38.464 33,132 39.048 16,7.S4 1,813 8,392 3,5.31 4,137 2,606 4,616 1,,610 3,8S7 1,484 3,701 1,709 4,780 6,263 3,794 2,0S1 1,.859 1.173 1,417 2.349 360 7,85 2,622 41 2.4a3 ];761 1,874 1.944 1,046 2,058 3,476 2,454 2,113 3,4S9 1.164 3,093 2,942 3.200 1.926 2,704 400 673 6,.576 2.625 697 2,440 1.128 677 4.351 2.006 4.265 2,323 1,666 4.671 1.423 2,100 1.762 5,427 2,674 747 144,.597 13,332 19.009 17,116 23,633 19.822 36,046 9.090 30,939 11/284 14:600 21.668 34.484 24;684 29,831 8,749 10,919 10,268 10.541 12,692 862 86,663 49,472 2,8.34 19,151 10.980 24,067 17,664 16.S01 719 11,708 47,794 24,801 14,202 40,187 8,921 21,983 34,713 7,861 9.ato 16,864 1,189 4.708 62,101 16,778 5.768 18,213 7,676 7,136 20,284 10,833 10,776 12,964 14..672 17..332 6.161 18,689 10.769 20,078 16,737 7,260 1,008,427 « 1,173,627 1.700,775 1,763,417 1,9.57,183 2.082,022 3,389,837 924,i;.16 3,990,664 891,4314 1.347,428 2,379,267 4,020,675 1,081,695 1,866,132 026,642 1,0,60.040 840,397 919,130 1,191,930 83,282 1,306.377 3,949,608 17.425 1,676,615 1,046,691 1,840.298 1,643,615 1,211,385 i',03s!307" 2,912,176 2,294,287 1.223.097 3,286,587} 912,013 2,036,174 3,076,208 493.696 441.DS34 1,291,738 24,365 266,006 4.208.809 1,468.1364 615,662 1,832,257 798.953 705,574 1,976,129 634,406 931.927 1,366.783 1.645,947 1,669,631 482,786 1,626.138 1,446.080 1.116.6S9 1,333,948 717.2691 — *- 0,293,0734 Appropriations for the Promotion of Agricnllvre Counties. 1819. 2 2/ ears. 1841. CODXTIES. 2lS^.|^S41. Counties. 1819. 2 ije.ars. 1841. CODNIMS. 1819. 2years 1841. S350 75 100 2iib" 60 .?205 123 67 86 161 143 62 Chenango $200 '$122 Essex Franklin Fult. 4 ILam $125 100 260 200 200 200 ri 50 60 179 91 112 183 $-5 100 250 4(io 660 ?143 .63 117 120 194 107 950 Allegany Columbia 300 125 200 400 133 75 108 187 186 Livingston Cattaraugus.... Chautauqua Chemunrr Montgomery... Now York Erie AGRICULTURE. 107 By an act of April 11, 1842, Genesee receives $92 and Wyoming $87 annually ; and by another tf April 13, 1855, the co. of Schuyler was allowed to receive a proportional share from the moneys previously belonging to Chemung, Steuben, and Tompkins cos. Counties in the state of Nero Yo ■k, continued. e 3 u g •g i ^ ^ 'i & ~ g « is; b; •& 1 1 ^ ^ ■& •s. "S- ■& "& V > 'S ^ ^ ^ ^ s ^ ll i5 36520 10.9.54 31 37,054 24.035 127 8341 3344 359 1,044,978 11.223 36 104,799 13,148 147 52 1,6924 40896 6.998 7 40,894 12,251 isr 137J 11 14 1,V17.484 9.497 11 69,726 13,.S34 2i 647 i 39 148 199,333 15.405 4 103,631 29,081 6.041 396 15 l,la8.361 13.047 15 90,164 21,105 62 4,742 149 1354 7,861 4,856 6 21,364 9,853 i 924 2- 190 1,212,544 10.971 10 8.5,923 18,092 65 106.906 8,444 36 38.851 7,668 25 87,167 9,103 211 87,649 32,568 4i 1,999 759 313 708,679 7,410 27 41,321 12,302 1 66 43 11 61.185 9.140 5 71.315 15,870 384 11 5 64,119 10.820 29 7.3,687 42,988 1,072 278 1,780 2,038,-392 16.983 10 65.085 24,791 2,010 139 207 93,594 6,149 43 47.654 6,604 23 143.916 6.029 3 23.968 7,635 570.079 6.829 1 16,969 10.514 H 6 105,873 11.395 13 100.391 10.273 3,509» 267 21,317 6,203 23 19,382 14.074 i 140 232 2,670 338 1,481 610 9.068,619 9,098 10 17,706 18,227 261 is 10 2,819,4.59 17.069 20 63,401 23.327 121 6.314 122 2 3,9154 15 115 1,896,741 6.097 9 10,086 8.363 1 n 79,34ei 12.502 4T 112,662 19.275 7ui 618 38 24 2,0S7.5!)4 11.753 32 66.547 16.794 6 485 21 131,2.53 18,913 10 116.817 34.727 22,134 240 4 1,538,654 8.836 14,099 3 256 29,661 18,834 1.249 256i 77 126 71,443 14.334 5 78.359 21.765 4* 12,378 47 87 3,311,114 17,398 34 60.841 31.228 14* 4684 27 860,644 17,330 8 94,202 81,639 1,165 376 201 205,921 13.060 159 132,725 26,419 3,073 699 265 80,060 9,986 74 21.377 40,684 2.706 09 146 110,'J98 9,040 2 91.286 15,692 4.031 136 100 976,461 12.398 23 36,088 21,836 2,244 450 1294 1,638.493 14.662 17 109,937 22,368 84 624 82 3,475 1,938 1 5.804 6,997 J 765 7.954 178 9.714 14,228 111 60 538,462 10.184 10 64,009 2,5,007 43 392 341 341 2,6o6 3.716 170 926 3,188 8 5 1,672,999 20.261 20 86.454 24,286 5 152,901 J 11,293 2 46.018 20,003 94 72.019 4.219 4 10.759 7,727 727 312 71,010 9.6S2 2 45,596 18,804 134J 28 8 32.168 6,700 4 48.918 9,431 3,195 630 13,812 7.497 6 47.634 17,532 5,777 378 203,329 13.899 40 111.363 24,154 1.148 4 397 1.5S0 7.111 163 28.016 19,727 i 1,330 91 8 4.598 3,092 87 12,691 8,231 i 60S 134 60.357 6,678 13 36.132 11,248 686 31 22 60,128 9,443 3 61.038 14.338 1.919 1-27 4 620 9,.S93 68 29,841 31.1125 1,721 111 3 64.634 3,:;41 6 16,472 6.703 144 634,491 11,707 11 IIS.5.33 30,305 24 ...... 75 163,7131 14.928 5 104.845 29.799 7i 25,394 166 5 2,180 7,332 73 11.321 20,861 895 82.3,105 10,358 C 93.365 11.074 397 70 212 69.972 6,773 8 64,827 12,688 1,689 15 2,-)l 38,944,249J 679,716 2,264 3,217,024 1,069,702 1,609} 116,4104 7,6294 8,604 1 1 Appropriations for the Promotion of Agriculture^ continued. Counties. Nm^ara...... Oneida Onoiiilaga... Oiit.'\rio.._.. Orange Oik'iins , Oswego Otsego....... 1819. lyars. 1841. $03 $400 25S 300 204 600 130 300 162 76 131 4o6 148 Counties. Putnam Queena Itonssclaer Richmond Bockland St. Lawicnco.... Saratog.i Schenectady.... 1819. 2ytars. $100 200 3.50 75 100 100 300 100 S3S 91 1S( ;i4 36 170 121 61 ■CotUITIES. 1810. 2 years. 1841. COUSTIES. 1819. 1841. $200 150 1.50 200 100 150 150 $97 74 138 97 47 01 114 tllstor $260 100 360 250 $137 40 1-23 120 146 61 TOO Steuben SuITulk Washington.... Sullivan Wcstchostor.... Yates Tit'Ea ... . State Sf. Soc... 108 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. County societies usually require the payment of $1 annually from each member, or $10 for life membcrsirn.i without further payment. It is customary to restrict competition for premiums to members of the society, and to collect of all others an entrance fee to the exhibition grounds. Dwellings, Area, and Products. Counties. NOMBEE OF DWELUNGS. r? Number op Acres. 1 S ^ 1 i ^ Improved. 1 Total 83 13 4 5 73 14 1 20 163 62 9 44 177 111 30 88 2 60 100 2 62 429 615 34 67 .50 801 69 1,617 348 69 60 120 232 182 67 84 1 21 16 74 261 312 32 16 13 41 12 9 15 S 9 903 6 23 250 158 11 26 3,769 29 82 9 325 113 47 21 460 388 45 8 434 2,427 168 71 63 107 163 ""165 208 8,061 18 113 95 1,760 147 29,977 299 623 762 616 474 133 131 60 47 70 1,659 122 106 176 343 606 31 13 267 67 66 "'"35 77 329 90 3» 323 470 60 62 9,385 6,287 6,529 4,942 9,620 8,314 3,264 7,226 3,969 6.665 4.276 0.040 8,947 12,834 4.176 2.645 3,817 4,976 4,964 273 6.332 9.634 14.901 3.195 6,787 7.688 13.713 4.700 10,596 6,361 16,062 13,176 6.691 8,162 4,119 10,616 8,837 ■ 2,270 7,071 9,719 3,018 2,775 8,427 7.944 2.449 6.333 2.634 3,924 8,042 7.089 4.230 4.361 4,871 9,028 2,.')24 7.213 6,889 12,044 6,181 3,275 19 966 660 1,252 476 639 616 240 1,988 29 295 888 68 1.638 663 1,353 238 408 145 147 191 1,369 i','0'94 . 608 173 660 23 1,526 496 498 613 406 346 821 287 63 "203 ""40 3,443 163 14 436 405 254 1,938 7 757 483 287 682 461 124 859 3 603 452 13,691 8,192 6,436 7,516 10,916 9,988 4,837 7,602 6,994 7,287 4,727 7,238 9,705 21,674 6,227 4,444 4,179 6,753 6,419 401 6,898 11,975 23,970 4,707 6,990 8.221 16,916 4,960 42,668 8,698 17.782 15.215 7,828 9,682 6,299 12,649 9,324 2,405 7,896 11,683 3,220 3,188 13,191 8,631 3,105 6,846 3,682 4,669 11,351 7.2.U 5,403 6,049 6,051 11,068 3,614 7,876 8,708 12,768 6,041 3,873 3,539 6,392 3,926 6,441 4,299 6,647 1,948 6,203 3,561 3,242 3,388 6,468 3,797 7,267 2.716 3,247 2,288 3,003 3,145 404 3,447 6,992 39s 3,945 3,375 4,6S0 4,879 2,852 48 3,968 8,316 6,336 3,943 3,982 2,454 6,720 6,109 1,368 3.113 3.869 876 1.221 8,946 4,20s 1.328 4,011 2.446 2.238 7,042 4.338 3,683 3.088 3,623 4,851 2,145 4,192 4,767 3,722 4,1.!1 2,242 242.735 280.863 19S,.839i •266.436} 315.796f 360,110 120,219} 347,82811 1138,932 - 304.277' 194.73i\- 3(34.400- 340.307i 186.44:.'i 14-l.r,27i 13-5.416} 219.0124 212,2234 16,07.5} 267.4144 405.222 15.S714 lS4..i4il4 202,4024 277,3931 216,8404 194,4.57 1 1,160} 207.0434 435.800} 344,528 290,639} 308,599i 181,948} 244,120 428,9.32J 94.2054 119.549 292.21 2J 15.072} 4I1.4M} 490..i.34 315.7284 93.44s 4 227.9045 i:34.:aii4 VA.WJi 313.512J 635,1324 404,048} 699,066} 603,0324 664.2654 230.606 630,704} 670,0184 373,632} 308.399} 802.662i 464.4134- 593,651i 959,038} 979,692 280.4864 294,7444 362,828} 783,6644 773,072 716,613 21.4136 681,6861 358.840} 388.898} 296.0223- 241.178} 1,974- S0S,15:Ji 722,394 459,2291 387,74Si 498,214} 244,276} 672,173} 608,491} 138.653} 176,753 393.216} 22.6744 97,3344 1,385,085 ■455,5774 125,131} 3.59.9,50} 197.3354 197 .88114 799.7004 424,389} 620.3184 293.317} 290..-.Sii| 618.843} 442.r>43i 476,585 356,613} 291,0944 364,418} 206,6764 Allegany Broomu Cayuga Cortland Erie Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene .V Hamilton Herkimer New York Q, ° Saratoga 3131.4.' 1 lliii.SlNj 125.4S9i 154.8944 205.61 Cj a4l>,G41 111.202f 333.0304 254.461 } 209,146} 241,6.544 165,6424 Yatea Total 7,636 57,450 397,638 33,092 622.325 231,740 13,067,400} 26,758,183} 1 This column includes the four \ &c. Of 4,196 dwellings, the materi irecedini; il and val ones, and ue were n also a miscellaneous class reported as " Planks," " Hoards,' ot given. The value, so far as reported, was as follows : — " Shanties," Namher. Total Value. Average Value. 7,172 66.762 378.967 28.831 $40,184,819 312,151,135 297,453.492 1.330,li;S $6,867.89 6,600.26 784.90 46.13 1,362.76 • Total 4S7,f 04 604,f 99,907 MANUFACTURES. The manufactures of the State are very extensive, embracing an almost endless variety of articles. In many sections tlie manufacturing interests surpass tliose of agriculture or commerce. Tiic lines of internal communication through the State have greatly facilitated the spread of manufactures; and now flourishing establishments are found in nearly every part of the State.^ The most im- ' Manufacturing Establishmenta in the several Counties, as reported hy the State Census 0/1855. . i <■> 6 5 i .S •a. » Counties. 3 1 1 a ! 1 1 ! ■s I 1 IS rl It s. •5 s 1 a el S'C el 1 i 8 1 S s p •*1 -i ■g f a S >5 i 1 1 1 1 Albany 15 1 27 S7 27 23 9 11 1 8 13 3 2 9 2 6 29 24 12 3 25 4 23 23 7 13 8 2 3 2 2 8 2 Allegany "9. 23 32 16 16 1 1 1 1 5 15 4 3 "i 1 15 18 7 8 2 4 27 31 6 10 1 1 1 5 1 2 "2 59 43 36 37 "4 •2 .3 11 13 3 3 7 3 3 1 32 31 9 22 10 7 13 11 1 2 3 5 2 2 Chautauqua 6 16 19 41 22 47 26 31 44 29 28 15 28 15 29 26 26 35 3X 8 2 "i "i 18 1 1 9 2 2 13 11 6 1 6 6 7 9 9 19 6 K 3 1 "5 1 2 1 4 "i 7 1 "3 3 2 "2 1 "3 9 9 21 20 34 15 25 40 26 15 V 16 4 1 10 10 7 15 4 7 'I 4 1 3 9 9 2 ■ 17 2S 19 43 23 26 39 43 10 3 10 9 6 8 10 9 14 4 3 "4 1 "3 2 2 4 "3 "3 1 "i 2 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 Erie Essex 2 "2 15 12 33 19 7 7 36 6 "{ i 1 2 22 6 2 6 5 1 1 1 "7 "3 i "i 8 6 25 8 1 3 10 16 4 X "4 4 11 9 22 27 1 3 6 15 3 "5 "5 2 4 1 1 2 1 3 Fulton ITamilton 3 4 9 1 9. 36 .12 11 9 35 34 42 10 30 1 1 12 "4 i 4 "i 1 10 17 16 5 11 '1 1 I 3 10 1 10 1 1 2 "2 27 33 14 12 26 ii 10 6 1 13 '4 10 15 1 13 18 48 6 10 29 10 17 5 6 11 "2 2 "3 2 2 3 2 5 6 11 1 3 6 3 1 8 27 69 30 34 20 1 16 "3 9. 12 15 9 1 3 3 ii 6 3 21 48 21 9 52 5 9 12 3 23 54 24 16 27 9 1 2 2 5 4 11 3 4 2 &4 "9 1 63 32 65 63 71 24 72 63 19 1 8 6 "5 6 9 98 6 21 16 "4 2 76 1 1 12 31 "o 2 69 24 61 45 69 10 19 .38 37 4 21 n 8 17 42 36 32 10 20 26 61 1 6 4 4 6 5 8 36 4 7 9 32 2 Oneuia 40 29 1 3 8 1 1 1 19 13 8 40 in 1 2 3 1 20 14 9 1 •' S3 8 4 38 16 2 38 26 26 29 "9 8 13 2 4 1 1 21 21 10 48 6 9 26 42 7 12 2 2 4 2 1 66 54 1 2 15 4 11 65 17 9 39 20 1 6 2 "5 6 14 12 8 2 2 4 1 2 1 2 26 1 1 7 24 1 7 2 1 2 9 2 1 43 6 7 26 6 6 8 1 1 7 1 .33 10 1 1 "3 1 4 1 20 2 7 12 "l 7 "3 34 2 13 8 1 1 1 1 1 7 4 3 Rockland 1 47 37 1 6 12 26 8 8 36 14 3 4 4 1: i[ 47 29 4 ? 29 11 1 33 1" 9 1 5 1 5 R ai 21 6 5 27 14 4 27 1 1 Schuyler 23 16 4 1 15 7 2 16 6 1 ^ 23 13 1 '4 6 1 3 19 7 5 15 8 •> 1 2 49 28 .•i 16 3 1 36 yt g 42 15 2 X Suffolk 1 22 18 7 5 3 1 16 1 1 1 2 Ulster 3 37 9 11 s n 2 \ 29 29 5 42 R 1 3 14 7 1 2 2 1 1 g 5 3 2 1 24 1 ? 6 10 11 8 17 1 6 27 62 9. .38 7 1 12 1 28 29 7 " 1 ? 37 34 17 2 30 6 8 6 6 30 9 1 2 4 Yatea 2 14 15 6 1 15 15 5 1 1 Total 196 1,921 1,467 128 269 616 114 232 111 1,397 666 388 1,476 695 121 101 1S7 l.-i8 110 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. portant and extensive manufactories are those of iron and machinery, leather, articles of wood, and cotton and woolen goods. Such articles as relate to the professions and fine arts, to books, maps, and engravings, and to the heavy machinery used in ocean steamships, are principally manu- factured in New York City and its suburbs. Immense quantities of brick are manufactured on the Hudson for the New York and Southern markets. Lime, waterlime, and gypsum are largely manufactured on the Hudson and through the center of the State ; and iron ware is produced in large quantities in the iron districts of Essex, Clinton, Dutchess, Orange, and Oneida counties. De- tails of the principal manufacturing establishments are given in the statistics of the cities or towns in which they are located.' ' Manitfacturing Esiablishments in the several Counties, continued. Counties. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus ., Cayuga. Chautauqaa . Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia. Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston — Madison Monroe Montgomery. New York...., Niagara Oneida.......... Onondaga. Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer.... Kichmond .... Bockland St. Lawrence, Saratoga Schenectady. Schoharie Schuyler Seneca. Steuben. Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington.. Wayne Westchester.. Wyoming Tates Total St3 43 183 169 169 79 184 99 110 110 21 68 234 12 161 73 65 90 46 62 23 94 101 2 95 35 75 65 43 13 41 238 81 64 21 .33 218 142 2 7 91 7 138 80 13 118 84 16 238 11 145 146 97 95 68 49 85 31 77 19 151 109 144 151 193 200 .!,948 2(i2 1212 143 560 S63 -5. S'g Tho returns of manufacturing establishments from many counties are quite unsatisfactory, as an examination of the tablo will show. \t Ls to bo hoped that the next census will be more complete in this particular. COMMERCE. TnE position of New York in the confederacy of States gives it peculiar focilities for maritime affairs, and through its various ports a large proportion of the foreign and internal commerce of the nation is carried on. This commerce extends to every accessible port in the world, and in amount and variety excels that of all the other States of the Union. It is regulated by acts of Congress ; and the revenues arising from duties upon articles imported are collected by officers ap- pointed by the President and Senate, or subordinate to those thus appointed. These officers are accountable to the TJ. S. Treasury Department. Collection Districts. — The Federal Government has established 11 Collection Districts within this State for the collection of these revenues. Each of these has one port of entry, in charge of a collector, and several ports of delivery, at which one or more deputy collectors, inspectors, or other officers reside.' The number of officers employed in collecting these revenues in New York City and its dependencies is nearly 800. Duties on foreign importations form much the largest item of revenue for the support of the General Government, and those collected at the port of New York form the largest part of the whole amount. The absolute and relative amounts of moneys collected from this source in the United States and State of New York have been steadily increasing, except as influenced by pecuniary embarrassments ; and now the former amount to about $60,000,000 annually.* ' Collection Districts in New York. District. Date of Establishment. JPrincipal Ojfice. Subordinate Offices. SagHarbur_ New York City... Champlain^ Oswegatcliie Cape Vincent Sackets Harbor... July 31, 1789 .TulySl, 1789 Mar. 2, 1703 Jlar. 2. 1811 AprU 18, 1S18 Mar. 3, 1803 Mar. 2, 1799 Mar. 3, ISOo Mar. 2, 1799 Mar. 3, 1S05 July 27, 1S54 Greenport. Albany, Troy, Cold Spring Harbor, Port JefFerson. Whitehall, liouses Point, Champlain. Perrysville, SFooers, Centerville, Chateaugay, Buike, Trout Kiver, Westville, Fort Covington, llogana-j burgh, Malone. ^ Hammond, Morristown, Lisbon, Waddingtoo, Louisville, Massena. i Ahiandria Bay, Millens Bay, Clayton, Chaumout,Thitio Mile Bay, Poiiitl Peninsula. i Dexter. Henderson. Sandy Creek. 1 Big Sodns, Little StHlua, Texas, Port Ontario. Carthage Landing, Kelsey Landing, Pnltneyvillp, Cbarlotto. Niagara Falls, Niagara Bridge, Youngstown, Wilson, Kighteen Mile Creek, > Registered TONNAGB. Enrolled TONS.VGE. Total Tomnagb. u tXnit-4 Stat-s. Nrw I'ork. United states. Nno York. UniUd Stales. York. 280.694 2r0.2''3 359.367 429 316 506,276 779,818 1,27.5 671 1.422174 1825 1830 18.35 1840 1.S45 1850 1855 1S5S 700,788 678,475 885.821 899,765 1.095,172 1,58.5.711 2,536,136 2,577,769 136.3P4 92.361 162,874 184,542 217,081) 388,438 737,.509 841 .(.86 800 213 615 301 93.1.1 )H 1,2W.999 1.321 .8.30 1.049,743 2,076,866 3.201,430 144.210 167.922 196.4S3 244.774 298.187 391.380 538,162 680.488 1,42.3.112 1,191,776 1.824,940 2.180,704 2,417,002 3..535,454 5,212,001 6.049.808 112 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. The roreign Trade of New York from 1700, although fluctuating con.siderably, has exhibited a general progressive increase. The commerce of the country was suspended during the Revolution ; and no statistics of its amount have been preserved during the period in which the States formed each an independent sovereignty under the Confederation. The amount of imports has been reported separately by States only since 1821.' Amount of Atwrican as comparted with Foreign Tonnage at dilhrent jKriods in tlie District of New York. Years. Tonnage Entered, U.S. Foreign. Total. 1825 259,524J 20,6551 280.179J 1830 280,918 a3.797J 314,715J 1835 373,465 90.999 464,404 1840 409,453 118.136 627,594 1845 472,491? 140,858i 613.360 1850 807,6S0i 441,756 1.249.337 1854 1,442,278J 477,034* 1,919,3131 1858 2,411,087 1,124,020 3,635,107 YE.1ES, ToxN,iGE Cleared. XT.S. Foreign. Total. 1825 246,512 17,914} 263,4.30} 18.30 209,6984 33,6864 273,286 1836 289,661* 80,0381 369,690 1840 275,393J 117,204 392,6971 1845 377,163A 140,2221 617.3861 1860 705,162 407,0.54 1,112,215 1855 1.0S2,799| 445,305 1,628.104} 1858 2,152,835 1.132,568 3,286,403 Amount of I^effist^red, Enrolhd^ and Liccvsed Tannage in the several Chlkction Districts, June 30, 185S. Sag Ilarbor New York Champlain Oawegatchie Cape Vincent Sacketa Harbor.. Oswego Genesee Niagara. Buffalo Creek Dunkirk Registered. 7.408.72 841,GS5.35 Enrolled and Licensed. Amount of Rt^qistfreA and Enrolkd Tonnage of th/: United States and District of New York at different periods. Tears, Reoistered. Enrolled and Li- censed. U. states. N. Torlc. U. States. iV. York. 1827 747,170 686,990 810,447 976,359 1,241,313 1.899,448 2,499,550 133.403 118.395 169,060 193,911 254,541 496,507 841,6861 873,435 752.460 1,086,237 1,117,035 1,.597,733 2,238,992 2,550 742 166 542 162,419 216 351 1837 1S42 247 0"^3 1847 1S52 3.37,381 445 674 1858 593.600 1 Trade of New York from 1700 to 1776. Number of Entries of Merchandise at the Fort of Neiv Yorfrfor 10 years, ending June 30, 1856. 1847 40,418 1S48 5.3.949 1849 64.506 1850 61,752 1S51 71,068 1852 68,967 186.3 63,470 18.54 93.282 1855 76.448 1856 89,377 General Statistics for 1858. American Vessels. Foreign Vessels. Exports of American produce.... " fureiga " $ 65.037.150 12,430.450 123.928.2S3 4.471 67.240 4.97G 73,866 $24.n02.f.31 G.S70,C84 4 4'-'6 55 757 Crewa " '* 55,903 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727. 172S 1729 1730 1731 17.32 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 Total Value. Imports. $247,050 159,550 149,955 87,810 111,470 139,510 157,940 149,275 134,495 172,885 157,375 144,280 92,620 232,350 223,215 273,196 260,865 220,700 314,830 281,785 181,985 253,770 287,390 265,065 316,100 353,250 424,330 337,260 408,170 323,800 321,780 330,580 327,700 827,095 408,790 402,025 430,000 629.166 607.190 Exports. $ 87.8.35 92,7.35 39,825 37,355 62,700 36,965 14,245 71,415 64,235 61,296 91,015 60,965 62,330 72,140 149,050 106,680 109,856 122,670 135,655 97,980 84,180 78,405 100.690 139,960 105,955 124,880 191,535 158,085 106,710 79,165 43,700 103,780 47,055 68,130 76,535 70,775 89,720 84,165 81,140 Years. 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1762 1753 1764 1755 1756 1757 1768 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1776 1776 Total Value. Imports. $5.80,3.50 693,885 602.150 8.37,955 672.436 599,600 274,785 433,560 689.940 716,665 1,328.866 1,335.660 1,244,705 970,150 1,380,320 637,486 755,365 1,262,125 1,766,665 1,782,775 3,163,925 2,400,030 1,447,850 1,440.230 1,192,800 2,577,080 1,911,745 1,854,145 2.089,785 2,414.650 374,690 2,379,955 3,288,105 1,719,850 1.446.070 2,189,685 6,140 Exports. $ 92.296 107.490 105,710 67,680 76,336 72.635 70.415 44,205 74.960 61.790 117,066 178,160 211,816 203.290 202.765 133,315 146,275 120,365 96,840 71,300 108,420 105,626 243,240 294,410 264.990 268,4,'i5 274.796 336,100 307,110 436,575 367,430 349,410 479,375 413,535 381,230 400,040 935,090 11,590 Trade of New York mice the adoption of Federal Constitution. Years, Imports. Ezports. Years. Imports. Exports. 1791 1792 1793 1794 1796 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1S06 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 $23,629,246 35,445,628 23,421,349 36,113,7-23 S 2,505,466 2,635,790 2,932,370 6,442,183 10,304,681 12,208,027 13,308,064 14,300.892 18.719.527 14,046.079 19,851.136 13,792,276 10,818, — 16,081,281 23,482,943 21,762,.S46 26,367,963 6,606,0581 12,681,5621 17.212.3.301 12.266,215 8,961.922 8;i85,494 209.670 10.676,-373 19,690,031 18,707,433 17,872,261 13,587,378 13,163,244 13,162,918 17,100,482 19,038,990 22,807.134 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843* 1844 1845 1848 1847 1848 1849 1860 18.51 1862 1863 1S.64 1855 1858 1857 1888 S«9,639,174 38,115,630 33,719,644 41,927,792 34,743,307 35,624,070 67,077,417 63,214,402 65,918,449 73,188,8941 88,191,305 118,263.416 79.301,722 68.463,206 99,882,438 60,440,750 75,713,426 67,875,604 31,366,640 66,079,516 70,909,085 74,254.283 84,167,352 94,626,141 92,567.369 111,123,524 141.646,638 132,329,306 178,270,999 195,427.933 164,776,511 210,160,4.64 236,493,485 178,476,736 $35,269,261 21,947,791 23,834,137 22,777,649 20,119,011 19,697,983 25,635,144 26,000,945 26,395.117 13,849,469 30,345,264 28,920,(38 27,338,419 23,008.471 33.208.099 34.264,080 33,139.833 27.-576 778 16,762,664 32,861,640 36,175,298 .36,935,413 49,844,388 63,361,167 45.963,100 62,712,789 86,007,019 87.4,84,466 78,206,290 122,634,640 113,731,238 119,111,500 1,34,803,298 108,340,924 * From Oct. 1, 1842, to June 30, 1843. The fiscal year ' changed at tliis time, and now begins July 1. COMMERCE. 113 The reports of commerce and navigation do not specify the amount imported and exported in each collection district. The relative amount of the port as compared with the State of Nevr York has been as follows at different periods : — i H >> Imports. 1 Exports, Jmporiatwn of Dry Goods. | B>rt ofN. T. State of N.r. Pirrto/N.r. Slate of N.r. Entered for Con- sumption. 1356. 1857. 1868. 1840 1845 1848 1855 1858 $66,846,924 68,032,207 89,816,968 162,539,783 171,473,336 $60,440,760 70,009,085 94,625.141 164,776,611 178,475,736 $30,186,470 34,196,184 45,863,916 62.918,442 100,667,890 $34,264,080 36,175,293 63,351.157 113,731.238 108,360,924 Manufactures of wool. " cotton. " Billt. " flax. Miscell. dry goods Total $22,671,010 13;,«5,234 27.738,090 7.760,145 6.675,816 $20,261,826 16,813,299 25,192,465 6,867,433 6,709,004 $17,035,032 9,012,911 17,581,099 3.701,665 3,761,788 $77,970,295 $74,833,527 $61,092,386 n-ade of New York for the Three Tears ending June 30, 1868. Imports. 1856, 1857. 1858. Withdrawn from Warehodse. 1856. 1857. 1858. $150,088,112 29,668.397 17.4.32,112 1,126,097 $141,430,109 62275,673 16,036.630 6,441,8.55 $ 94,019.659 44.463.806 23.605,4«7 9,324,384 warehousing Manufactures of wool. " cotton. " silk. flax. Miscell. dry goods Total $2,025,697 1,888,.578 2,'241.7S6 1,131.403 507,675 $2,929,179 2,492,616 2,004,190 1,100,183 601.038 $6,369,118 4.018.693 6,394,970 2,216,427 1,386,173 Specie and bullion.... tal To $198,214,718 21,934.130 86.898.690 112,316,028 $226,184,167 27.950.212 92.699.088 133,485,079 $171,473,336 49.376,593 67.317,736 104,156,600 Withd awn from $7,890,143 $9,127,103 $19,383,381 Dry go Genera Entered for Ware- hodse. 1856. 1857. 1868. 1 merchandise. ESPOETd. 1856. 1857. 1868. Manufactures of wool. '• cott< n. « silk. " flax. Miscell. dry goods $2,184,687 2,006,493 2,225,515 861.657 660,113 $6,081,505 3.780,715 4,407.447 2.228,768 1,247,120 $5,028,533 4.048,630 3,667,521 1,9M,891 1,515,876 Domestic produce Foreign mdse. free ... " " dutiable Specie and bullion.... $76,02^,244 1,268,914 3,691,600 22,280,991 $76,928,942 2.396.003 3.932,.'i70 44,348,463 $56,931,987 3,104.160 7.309,672 34,322,071 $7,929,495 $17,835,561 $16,236,351 $102,267,749 $126,606,683 $100,667,890 To tal Commerce of New York with Foreign Countries for the year endinrj June 30, 1858. ENTERED. CLEARED. FoREiON Countries. England Cuba France Bremen Hamburg British North America...; New Grenada British West Indies Porto Rico Scotland Brazil China Pern Belgium British East Indies Hayti Two Sicilies Spain Venezuela. Holland..- Mexico Tnscany Philippine Islands Bnssia. Buenos Byres Central Republic Dutch West Indies British Guiana Danish West Indies Africa (except Egypt and British Possessions) British llonduras Sardinia. British Possessions, Africa. Austria Portuga.1 St. Domingo Sweden and Norway Turkey iu Asia Egypt Uruguay Ireland French West Indies British Australia Canary Islands Swedish West Indies Chili French North Ameriain PossessionB.. 390 631 131 14 8 44 80 163 162 16 101 37 24 26 29 111 37 60 68 14 33 17 10 10 22 14 24 17 20 19 15 2 14 2 4 14 2 e 441.043 11,313 227,4.-i3 7.626 136.408 4.542 21,966 809 6.122 125 7.316 284 48.990 2,704 32.335 1,206 35,596 1,338 9,289 226 29,997 1,064 33,664 923 28,910 696 23,140 592 23,912 646 20,849 849 13.253 412 13,870 480 13,956 611 8,721 229 14 522 441 10,743 277 9.416 242 6,333 170 7,436 2.37 6,:33 165 6.133 193 4.881 171 4,226 152 4,170 3,829 869 2,833 794 1,590 2,227 1,073 2,036 1,767 1.987 1,667 1,642 1,293 766 168 141 25 110 26 44 94 31 68 130,016 11,288 3,926 68,564 62,797 43,869 819 17,321 6,715 31,231 7,811 3,464 603 4,195 2,867 1.717 6.t,16 6.741 2,935 7,657 '"iVsi's 200 2,235 261 740 181 315 107 130 2,383 331 2.065 ■1,313 660 ll644i 386 2,317 350 2,116 260 1,006 6,969 445 163 1,993 2,057 1,746 27 748 227 1,469 284 109 16 193 87 70 216 231 120 214 13 333.165 179,940 74,938 21,856 "41,830 54.765 28,919 14.492 23.300 15.585 18,127 9,449 10.429 14,041 8.926 1,347 20,054 6,810 6,566 8,932 755 3,188 10,272 2.301 7,897 6,180 8,462 3,022 3,353 9.82 6,079 821 6,148 1,619 405 4,694 2.525 4,629 27,975 267 263 11,224 120 8,732 8.647 2.784 1.139 2.727 1,091 662 629 690 628 76 469 386 392 45 655 278 166 291 24 85 333 80 314 218 326 121 119 35 204 25 154 76 13 149 72 193 717 8 12 282 146.347 6 040 2.743 39,759 47.267 80.216 S53 15,649 1,657 31.492 1.079 369 4,195 6.400 1.167 2,07.7 6,902, 413 11.526 1,068 1,716 636 425 116 247 6,435 227 122 1,642 1^878 2,806 84 744 67 1,260 61 14 192 198 60 77 266 19 353 49 360 10 987 32 1.3C9 48 1.137 44 1,021 18 467 17 382 15 3,868 138 905 46 4,762 133 2,061 83 .346 12 813 46 114 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. ■AS 1821 1825 1830 1835 1840 1846 1850 1855 1858 ^atisHcs of Americ an and B'rejgn Trade. ToNiVAOE Cleared. Exports. American Produce. i 7,896,606 20.6.51.568 13,618,278 21,707,867 22.676.609 26,929.904 41,602,800 96.414,808 89,039,790 Foreign Produce. $ 5,264.313 14,607.703 6.079.70.T s,o;;7.:i97 11.5'-7.471 10,245,3;i4 11.209.989 17.316,430 19,301,134 American Yesfds. $ 158,174 256,878 2211,341 689.,'!65 618.202 926.280 1,411,557 1.861.682 2,162,835 Foreign Vessels. $ 10,720 19.851 36.674 343.078 843.114 414.688 737.639 1.140,197 1,132,668 Valve of Articles Imported for the year ending June 30, 1868. Dutyfree. Articles from B. A., duty free.. Produce U. S. brought back.... Bullion, gold " silver Coffee Tea Coin, gold. *' silver Dye stufiFs Linseed Ground madder , Gnano , Painting and statuary Rags, cotton and linen Seeds, trees, and plants Silks, raw or reeled. Tin. blocka " pigs Wool Total duty free Paying duty ad valorem. Coal Cotton, piece goods, plain.. " hosiery " thread, twist, and yarn... " manufactured, not speci- fied " ble.iclied or dyed Feathers and flowers Linens, bleached or unble.iched... " manufactured, not speci- fied Ctirrants Raisins Purs, undressed " hatters' Glass, pl.ate " window Gems, not set Jewelry, real or imitation Goat's hair. Angora, and other piece goods Hats and bonnets, straw Hemp, manufact'd, not specified.. India rubber, not manufactured Indigo Iron, bar Cutlery Fire arms Iron, pig...... *' railroad " rod " sheet Steel, shear, cast, and German.... " other Iron and steel, other manufac- tures Jute and sisiil grass Laces, embroidery " cotton Lead Gloves Skins, dressed Leather, sole and upper " other manufactured Liquorice paste Molasses Musical instruments Opium Paper, writing J Printed books, English $ 624.060 1,024,992 269,833 271,027 6.730,168 6,414.700 8,096,651 689,633 659.635 940,077 477,087 242,fU.8 389,519 696,399 276.030 1,293.921 4C.3.007 327.207 1,173.076 U. States. $.33,072,680 621.774 4:10,948 1,62.1.833 761,429 399,426 8,383,662 649.894 4,308,238 611,276 272,469 762,668 247,510 870,336 3SS,241 454,344 332.503 332,097 488.741 1,128,651 332,821 867,061 467,379 1,610,970 1,166,761 281,963 329,786 1,666.538 324,897 677,669 702.696 546,596 817,687 970,723 2,274.0.33 285,183 1,638,087 1,362.096 437,268 1,205,714 248,815 452,723 1,414,168 247,233 309.416 238.402 364,973 $14,754,255 1,244.692 2,286,099 408,879 18,341,081 6.777,295 9,279,969 7,299.649 R87.486 3,24.3.174 643,642 525,376 504.034 971,120 392.440 1,.%0.065 470,023 594,268 3843,320 $80,319,265 772,926 741.077 2,120,868 1,080,671 966.017 12,391,713 664,462 5,598,571 953,436 342,869 1.441,471 321,935 876,166 397,310 626.744 329.241 386,945 515.641 1,1S2,,8,37 520.029 666„S83 467.379 3,318,913 1,489,064 382,610 739,949 2,987,576 426.499 946,073 1.147.773 970.133 2,298,709 2,845,029 405.4:.!9 1,972,243 1.449.672 800,412 1,259.711 278,946 477,996 4,116,759 378.928 447.634 256,322 466,450 Valtie of Articles Imported^ continued. Articles. Kaw hides and skins Salt Silk, hosiery " piece goods " and worsted piece goods " raw " manufactured, not specified. Soda, ash " carb Spices, cassia. " nutmegs " black pepper Spirits, brandy... " from grain Sugars, brown Tea and coffee from places not free by treaty Tin plates Tobacco, cigars " unmanufactured Porcelain, earthen, and stone ware Wine, sherry and St. Lucien " white, not enumerated " champagne Wool, blankets " carpeting " hosiery " piece goods " worsted " shawls " manufact'd, not specified .. Uncnumerated articles. At 4 per cent At 15 per cent At 24 per cent Total ad valorem Total imports X^'W York. 5,629,029 282,644 341,528 15.304.'255 1,1N3,788 240.601 2,032,614 616,700 267,097 323,041 236,168 269,486 1,410,426 706.945 13,514,098 442 910 3.042,152 •2,0411.898 1,078,666 1,755,011 286,954 237.710 679,421 976.018 1,195,004 1,378,660 0.719,713 9,192,641 1,742,396 494,915 908,789 1,046,668 836,423 $137,208,207 $170,280,887 U. mates. 9.884,368 1,124,920 417,168 16.121,396 1,249,386 24'2,130 3,207,043 1,211,305 373,699 366,614 378,257 631,723 2,232,452 1,158,517 23,317,436 484.520 3,842,968 4,123,208 1,255,831 3,215.236 343,100 285,125 860,942 1,574,716 1,64-2.600 1,837,561 7,626,830 10,780,379 2,002,663 663,373 1,367,426 2.314,065 1,466,074 $202,293,876 $282,613,150 Value of U. S. products exported, during the year ending June 30, 1858. Articles, Ashes, pot and pearl Beef. Boards, planks, and scantling Butter Carriages and rail road cars, Ac Cheese Cloverseed Copper and brass manufactures.. Cotton Drugs and medicines Gold and silver coin '* " " bullion Hams and bacon Hides Household furniture Indian corn „ Indian meal Iron castings " manufactures Lard Leather Manufactured tobacco ** cotton (white) " " other " wood Oil, spermaceti " whale Whalebone Pork Rice „. Rosin and turpentine Skins and furs Spirits Irom grain " " mola.csee " of tm-pentine Staves and heading Sugars (brown) Tallow Tobacco (leaf) Wheat " flour N. T. Total of exports $83,403.664 |$293,768,279 S 627,867 1,312,967 751,3.34 236,928 626.831 661.451 232.764 1,706,426 8,368,500 452,929 14,917,585 12,456,266 1,485.958 393^58 331,281 1,331.570 234.945 314,936 1 9"22,7.34 l'l72,950 303.579 1,113,428 473,838 1,368,779 413,806 1,046.453 412,999 1,105,223 1,169,707 604,969 1,219,5.63 822.986 243,118 387,084 904,242 960.390 231,879 258.226 1,482,970 6,461,491 7,017,790 U.S. $ 654,744 2,081.866 3,4'28,530 641,863 777,921 731,910 332,250 1,985,223 131,386,661 681,'278 19,474,040 22,933,206 1,957,423 875,753 932,499 3,259,039 877,692 464,415 4,059,528 3,809.601 606.589 2.400,116 1.598.136 1.800,286 2.234.678 1,097.503 597,107 1.106,223 2,852.942 1,870,578 1.464.210 1,002.378 476,722 1,267,691 1.0S9.282 1,975,852 376,062 8-24.970 17,009,767 9,061.604 19.328,884 COMMERCE. 115 Tonnage. — The size of registered American vessels engaged in foreign trade has been steadily increasing, and has more than doubled within twenty years. Steam vessels were first enrolled in 1823 and first registered in 1830. They now form 12 to 15 per cent, of the total amount of tonnage.' Steamboats applying for registry, enrolment, or license must be inspected under the direc- tion of a Board of Supervising Inspectors. The United States is divided into 9 Supervising Dis- tricts, the 2d of which includes the seaboard and the 9th the lakes of New York. Steamboats are required to be well guarded against fire, to have suitable pumps worked by hand and by steam, at least two boats, and large steamers more, in proportion to their tonnage, (except upon rivers,) one life preserver to every passenger, and a certain number of floats, and fire buckets and axes. Their boilers, engines, and hull must be examined and approved by inspectors appointed by the Col- lector, the Supervising Inspector for the district, and the Judge of the U. S. District Court; and every requirement of the law must be found complied with. Pilots and engineers on steamers must be examined and licensed by the Inspectors. The present steamboat law was passed Aug. 30, 1852.2 The Coasting' Trade of the United States is entirely restricted to American vessels, and the share belonging to New York is very great ; but from the want of official returns it cannot be definitely ascertained. Unless carrying distilled spirits or foreign goods, these vessels are not re- quired to report their entrance and clearance ; and, as they oftener leave than arrive with these articles, the number of clearances reported is disproportionately high.' The aifairs of commerce relating to police, sanitary, and municipal regulations are governed by 1 Average tonnage, of vessels at different periods arriving at New Tork. Yes. American. F^'reign. Yrs. Anierican, Foreign. 1S35 1840 1845 245 2S0 319 193 253 267 1850 1855 1868 427 527 630 338 223 452 Vtsseh built in New Tort for 1858. Districts, Class. "fe. 1 1 §1 t •s P i Ihnnage. Pag Harbor New York Oswegatciiie Cape Vinceot.... Oswego Niagara Buffalo Creek.... Dunkirk "7 "2 "i 2 22 "is 3 10 1 2 84 1 -2 4 1 26 3 2 i'i 4 141 1 3 10 3 39 2 636.5S 6,093.75 2«.74 46S.7S 1,990.79 601,1)6 7,216,77 252,26 Amount of registered and enrolled steam tonnage of XT. S. at different periods. Yeaes, Registered. Enrolled. Total. 1825 1830 1835 1S40 1846 1860 1855 1858 23,061 63,053 122,474 319.527 4.S1.0<15 666,240 661,363 23,061 64,472 122,814 202,339 ."i25.947 770,947 970,890 1,419 340 4,155 6,492 44,942 115,W5 78,027 Vessels built in tfie V. S. at different periods. i Classes op Vessels. n •a c ■ .5 !! If 1 Tbnnage. 1815 136 226 681 274 1,316 164.624,39 1820 21 60 301 162 624 47,784,01 1826 66 197 63S 168 35 994 114,997.25 1830 25 56 403 116 37 637 6S,094.24 1835 25 60 301 100 30 607 46,'23S,52 IMO 97 109 378 224 04 872 118,309.23 1845 124 S7 322 342 163 1,038 140,018,02 18,W 247 117 647 290 159 1,360 272,218.54 1866 381 126 606 669 253 2,034 683,450.04 1868 122 46 431 400 226 1,225 242,286.09 2 Statistics of Steamers for 1858. No. of steamers in- spected and ap- proved Tonnage of steamers inspected Pilota originally li- censed within the year Pilots whoae liceuses were renewed Engineers and assist- ants originally li- censed within the year Engineers and assist- ants whose licenses were renewed Lives lost from acci- dents during the year Second DiST. N.Y. 302 Ninth District. Total U.S. t O 1 47 8 8 839 38,314 6,465 3,565 326,262 40 364 87 21 13 1,640 36 435 87 18 13 1,809 26 5 126 s statistics of the Coasting Trade of the Port of New Tork. 1S49 1850 1861 1852 1863 1854 1865 1856 Entered. Vessels. 1,865 1,928 1,768 1,766 1,733 1,880 1,966 1,669 Tons. 424,976 489,395} 455,542 497,840 607,631 543,462 614,045 639,461 Cleared. Vessels. 3,994 4,719 4.803 4,680 4,789 4.779 4.663 4,696 895,689 1,020,070 1,214.942 1,173,762 l,310,r,97 1,499,869 1,378,888 1,482,310 Tonnage of Vessels engaged in the Coasting Trade, June 30, 1858, District. .^ag Harbor New York Cbam plain Oewe^tchie Cape Vincent , Sftckets Hflrbor.. Oswego Genesee Niagara nuffalo Creek Dunkirk Tmtnage. 7,057.94 680,487.32 88802 11,866,60 1.312,16 1,321 22 48,4i0,19 3.704.31 1.272.31 73,478.80 6.3S3.50 733.192.62 Total in N. Y Total in D. S 2,361,696.72 116 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. the laws of the State, and their care is intrusted to officers appointed under its authority. These officers are divided into several classes, each of vrhich has charge of a particular department. 1. The Board of Commiiiisioners of Pilots consists of 5 persons, — 3 elected for 2 years by the Chamber of Commerce, and 2 for a like term by the presidents and vice-presidents of the marine insurance companies of N. Y., composing or representing the Board of Underwriters in that city. This Board appoints a secretary, has an office, meets once a month or oftener, and licenses, for such term as it may think proper, as many pilots as may be deemed necessary for tl a port of New York.' 2. The Board of Health of New York is composed of the Mayor and Common Council of the city.^ 3. The Commissioners of Ilealtli are the President of the Board of Aldermen, the Health Officer, the Resident Physician, the Health Commissioner, and the City Inspector. 4. The Health Officer, appointed by the Governor and Senate, is required to board every vessel subject to quarantine or visitation, upon its arrival, to ascertain whether infectious diseases are present, and to obtain, in such case, the facts necessary to determine the period that such vessel must be detained.' •5. The Physician of tlie Marine Hospital is appointed by the Governor and Senate. He appoints as many assistants as he may find necessary. His salary is $5,000, and is paid by the Commissioners of Emigration. 6. The Resident Physician for the city and county of New York is appointed by the Mayor and Common Council. He is required to visit all sick persons reported to the Board of Health, or to the Mayor and Commissioners of Health, and to perform such other professional duties as the Board ma^y require. 7. The Health Commissioner, appointed in like manner, is required to assist the Resident Physician.' 8. The Quarantine Hospital is located in the town of Castleton, in Richmond co. ; and vessels detained on account of infectious diseases are anchored in the adjacent waters, or, in sickly seasons, in the lower bay.* 9. Harbor Masters are appointed by the Governor and Senate, for the purpose of assign- ing piers and other stations for landing and receiving cargoes." 10. The Port Wardens of the Port of Wew York are appointed by the Governor and Senate, for the purpose of inspecting vessels and the stowage of cargoes and of estimating all damages to the same. They consist of a Board of 9 members, one of whom must reside in Brook- SnrdUed Tannage of tlie U. S. engaged in tlie Oiaiting Trade far different periods. Tears. Tonnage. Years. Tonnage. Years. Tonnage. 1816 1R20 1826 1830 435.066.87 639,080.46 687,273.07 616,978,18 1835 1840 1846 792,301.20 1,176,694.46 1,190,898.27 1S60 1855 1868 1,730,410.84 2,491,108,00 2,361,596.72 In Juoe, 1858, there were, of email vessels under 20 tons licensed for the coasting trade, 189.21 tons at Sag Harbor and 71.25 tons at Gn-enport. 1 The licenses thus granted may express different degrees of qualification, appropriate to different branches of duty, and may be revoked at pleasure. Candidates must sustain a satisfactory examination and be found of good ch:uacter and temperate habits. They must also give bonds for the faithftil discharge of their duties. The board has power to regulate pilotage ; and the fees of pilots are fixed by law. The masters of vessels of under 300 tons, owned by a citizen of the U. S. and licensfd in the ex»a8ting trade, need not employ a pilot unless they prefer. If the master of a vessel of from 150 to 300 tons, owned and licensed as above, be desirous of piloting his own vessel, he may obtain a license from the Commissioners of Pilots for such purpos)'. All masters of foreign vessels and vessels from a foreign port, and all vessels sailing under register by way of Sftudy lluok, are required to take a licensed pilot, or. if they re- fueo, they must pay the pilotage to the pilot first offering his services. Pilots licensed by other States have no privileges in this. Candidates for recommendation as Ilellgate pilots must have served an apprenticeship of 3 years, and until they attain the age of 21 years, must have served 2 years after as deputy pilots and sustained repeated examinations before the Board of Wardens in the presence of at least 2 Hellgate pilots. The first act regulating the pilotage of New York was passed in 1731; and since that period this service has been conducted under rules and penalties established by the Colony or Slate of New York. All special laws conceiuing pilotage by the way of Sandy Uoiik were repealed in 1845. The present law was euacted in 1853 and amended in 1854-57. The pilots belonging upon steamboats are licensed by mspectors appointed under the Treasury Drpartnient of the U. S. Those employed in conduct- ing vessels by way of Sandy Hook are licensed by the Board of Commissioners of Piluts ; and those by way of Hellgate, by the Governor and Senate, upon recommendation of the Board of Wardens. 2 Boards of Health are by law created in every city, incor- porated village, and town, under an act of 1850; but the greater number of these have never acted officistlly. In towns the Siipervisor and Justices of the Peace are a Board of Health, and may appoint a physician as health officer. — Revised Statutes, btk Efiitirm, II, p. 53. 3 The Health Officer resides at quarantine, has general direc- tion of the location of vessels detained, their purification, and the dischaige of their cargoes, and other duties connected Avitli the health of vessels in quarantine. Ke is paid by fees, and re- ports to the Mayor or Commissioners of Health. * This officer receives all moneys applied to the Marine Hos- pital, aud pays all demands against the same that shall have been approved by a majority of the Commissioners of Health. He reports his accounts moutlily to the Board of Health, gives a bond of $20,000 for the faithful discharge uf his duties, and re- ceives a salary of $3,600. to be paid by the Commi.ssioners of Emigration. The Board of Health may from time to time ap- point as many visiting, hospital, and consulting physicians as may be deemed proper, and may also fix their duties and com- pensation. 6 The Hospital buildings, destroyed Sept. 1-2, 1858, (see page 565.) have been temporarily rebuilt. The removal of quarantine to sume place less dangerous to the public health has been fully shown to h^necessarii ; but the final disposition of the important question as to whither, is not settled. The only available place i»r the construction of buiM- ings seem to be upon some of the shoals in the lower bay. old Orchard J^hoal, on which the water is from 1 to 3 fathoms deep at mean low tide, has been proposed for this purpose. The East Bank and Dry Burner Shoals have about the same depth, but are more exposed to the open sea. 6 There are 9 Harbor Masters in New York, 2 in Brooklyn, and 1 in Albany. They enforce the regulations of the city authorities relative to clearing docks and preventing nuisances or obstructions. They are paid by fees and report the amouat thereof annually to the Governor. COMMERCE. 117 lyn, and 3 must be nautical men. They choose one of their number President, appoint a Secretary, use a seal, and keep an office. Thoy are exclusive surveyors of vessels damaged or wrecked, or arriving in distress, and, when called upon, judge of the fitness of vessels to depart upon voyages. They are also, upon application, required to estimate the value or measurement of vessels -when the same is in dispute or libeled ; and they may examine goods in warehouses that have been damaged on shipboard. The Board, or some member thereof, must attend all sales of vessels or their cargoes condemned and in a damaged state ; and such sales by auction must be made under the direction and Vjy order of the Wardens, and are exempt from auction duties.^ The Commissioners of Health are authorized to collect of the masters of every vessel entering the port of New York a certain tax, for the benefit of the Health Office.^ Tlie Board of Commissioners of Emigration, consisting of the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn, the Presidents of theGerman Society and Irish Emigrant Society, and 6 Com- missioners appointed by the Governor and Senate, have charge of the interests of immigrants whea they first arrive at New York.^ Tiie Marine Court of tlie City of JVew YorK has jurisdiction in civil cases arising between persons engaged in maritime affairs, where the sum in dispute does not exceed $500.* Canadian Trade. — The revenues collected on the Canada frontier, in some periods, have fallen short of the cost of collecting them. The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 admits the greater part Df articles the produce of the U. S. and B. A. into each country respectively free of duty.^ 1 The Wardens are paid by fees and percentages upon sales. Si'ecial Wardens are appointed to reyjde at quarantine. Tbey report to tlie Board of Wardens of N. Y., and have jurisdiction as wardens over vessels detained in quarantine. The Board of Port Wardens reports annually to the Comptroller a state- ment of its receipts and expenses, with an affidavit of each memher and of the Secretary that they have not received directly or indirectly any moneys except their legal fees. 2 Under an act passed in March, ISOl. the amount of this tax was fixed at $1.50 for every cabin and 75 cts. for every steerage passenger, mate, and mariner. In 1813 the tax was fixed at $1.50 for every captain and cabin passenger; $1.00 for every Bteenige passenger and mariner of foreign vessels ; and 25 cts. for master, mate, and sailor of every coasting vessel. The moneys thus paid, after supporting the Marine.IIospital at Quar- antine and contingencies and yielding $8,000 annually to the Society for the Reform of Juvenile Delinquents, was invested by the Comptroller aa the "Marine Fund." In 1831 the Board of J'rusteea of the Seamen's Fund and Retreat was created, under ^■hose direction the present establishment known as the '■ Sea- jien's Retreat," on Staten Island, more particularly described on page 566, has since been managed. Of the 44,932 admitted up to .Ian. 1, 1859, 80 per cent, were discharged cured. Si per cent, were relieved, 3 per cent, were discharged by request, and 4J per cent. died. 3 The master of every vessel bringing passengers from foreign countries must give a bond of $300, conditioned that such per- Bons shall not become chargeable for support wilhln 6 years. They may commute this bond by paying $'2 upon ertcli padsenger, of which sum ^ is set apart for the counties other than N.Y. toward the support of emigrants in the several counties. For every lunatic, idiot, deaf and dumb, blind, maimed, or infirm person, and every widow with children, or person over 60 years of age, and liable to become a public charge, a bond of $oOU is required. The Commissioners of Emigration have a large establish- ment on Wards Island for the support of the sick, infirm, and destitute, and have leased Castle Garden as a general land- ini; place. Emigrants may here purchase tickets for any part of the Union, and procure puch articles as they may stand in uc miles. It rises from Kingston to thp summit 165 feet by 13 locks, and descends to the Ottawa 2&2 feet by .3i locks. Its total cost was $3,800,000. The Gah>i*pe, Pmnt Iroguois. Rapid Ptat, Fiirra?is Pi/int, Corn' wall, Beattharrtnis^ and Lachmi' 6ina^5 extend around the rapids on the St. Lawrence. Steamers usually pass down the rapids, but must return by the canals and pay toll both ways. Sail vessels pass both np and down by canal. These canals afford navipa- tiun d'^wn to Montreal, to which point ships c^me np from the si'a. The totjil fall by river without locks is 204J feet to Montrt-al and 133 feet thence to tide water at Three Hirers. The rapids of the St. Lawrence have been surveyed with the design of dti'pcniu.,^ llii'Mi ti) aff.ird a channel 200 feet wide and 10 feet di:fp, but nutbtng further has been done. These surveys mako Lake Erie 534J feet above tide. Chambly Canal extends from the foot of navigation on Lake Cliamplain to Chambly Basin, and witli a lock at St. Ours, upon Richlieu Hirer, completes the line of n :ivi'::ation from the lake to the St. Lawrence. A ship canal has recently been proposed between these important navigable waters. The amount of tonnage on these canals, in which this State is interested, is very large; and in the Welland Canal more tbaa half the duties are paid by American vessels. Statistics of the Business of the Canadian Canals for two years. WELL.1ND Canal. St. Lawrence Canai. Chamdm Canai. 1856. 1867. 1866. 1867. 1866. 1857. 276.919 699,637 31,3.34 62.100 34,716 116,6S2 200,373 341,225 245,256 655,816 67,476 29.128 137.574 163,217 280,546 245,256 131,430 603.106 6,274 33,888 6.380 16,612 213 S06 134,382 469,270 4,493 30,306 9,328 3,765 17 30 107,878 21,788 96,868 16,741 725 112,634 21,053 107,925 18,272 166 Canadian to American porta, up " " " down " " " down " " " down. Revenues from tolls on property £ s. d. 59,408 10 7 6,108 3 11 88 7 6 440 1 3 1,967 4 4 £ s. d. 62.2,M 16 6 6,919 9 7 82 3 2 155 1,504 6 7 £ s. d. 16.813 13 6 1.978 a 5 638 16 4 910 7 10 1,042 10 £ I. d. 13,741 10 8 1,898 8 11 579 10 4 203 10 4 1,503 19 10 £ s. d 2,407 9 9 432 16 1 6 18 4 £ s. d. 2,577 6 8 443 19 10 10 11 60 10 4 28 6 " " passengers " " fines " " rents... Statistics nf the Canadian Canals. -- it ■§5 1 24 3 1 1 47 2 1 o 1 7 9 5 9 1 1 fa Ske of Locks. Width op Canal. Casals. S » g S ■51 Sg P 1 1 ^ 1 t ^ £ Welland 2S| 21 U 126J 3 4 } Hi iij 8i IH }330{ 8 457 8 6 lU 4 48 82} m 74 6 150 200 150 200 134 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 120 200 26i 45 26i 45 33 45 45 45 45 4.5 45 46 24 45 8i 9 8i 9 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 }45 35 46 "m 60 60 60 100 80 80 36 J 81 in 85 Brnad Creek Branch 75 go Point Iroquois Rapid Plat...-. Far ran 8 Point 90 90 90 Cornwall Beauharnois... 150 120 Chambly St. Ours (lock) 60 It has been proposed to build a ship canal from Lake Huron to Lake Ontario at Toronto, by way of Lake Simcne, 80 mi. A cutting to allow Lake Simcoo to pass southward would not ex- ceed 175 ft. in depth; and in the S mi. survt-yed the principal obstacles would not average over 40 ft. It has been pstimated that the cost for a canal 120 ft. wide at bottom, and 13*5 ft. nt snrfaf.e, 12 ft. deep, with 64 double locks 50 ft. wide, and 250 ft- long, would be $20,051,000, and that it could be constructed in 6 years. Grmt Wst^rn Rnihvaij of Canada, from Suspension Bridjeto ■Wind-^or. 229 mi., and thence by ferry to Detroit, was opened Jan. 27. 1854. Branches extend from Hamilton to Toronto, 38 mi.; from Harrisburgh *o Onelph. 23} mi.; from Pn-ston to Berlio. 10^ ml, ; and from Kamoka, near London, to Port Sar- Dla, 6Uiiii, Buffalo <£• Lake Huron Railway extends from Fort Erie, oj^ posite Buffalo, to Godorich Harbor, on Lake Huron, 165 mi. Erie d- Ontario Railway extends from Chippewa to Niagara, 17 miles. JVdland Railway, from Fort Dalhousie to Port Colborne, 27 mi« is on the eve of completion. Grand Trunk Railway of Oinarfaextends from Portland, Me., and Quebec to Richmond, and thence to Montreal, Toronto, and Port Sarnia, at the foot of Lake Huron. More than 700 mi. of this road are finished. A branch extends from Belleville to Peterborough, 50 mi , and others are proposed. Ontario, ^simcoe <& Huron Railway extends from Toronto to Collingwood, on Georgian Bay. 95 mi. Cohurg rfr Peterbornugk Railway is 284 nii. long, with privi- lege of extending to Marmora Iron Workii. Ottawa (£■ Prcicott Railway extends from Prescottto Ottawa City. 54 mi. M'mtrail <£ New York R. R. extends from Montreal to La- chine. 8 mi., and thence by ferry, 2 mi., always open, to Caugh- nawaga, the terminus of a road leading to Plattsburgh, 52 mi. This line is now united with the Chainplain d- St. I^iwrenre R. R.. from St. Lambert, opposite Montreal, to Rouses Point. 44 mi : and the consolidated company is known as the M'mtreal rf Champlain RaU Road Co. 3 Custom Houses of New York. Place. New York Plattsburgh..., I Ogdensburgh.. Oswego Buffalo Total New York.. Total U. States.... Total appro- priatian. $1,068,743 99.900 118.000 131,100 290 000 $1,707,743 Of site. $270.(H}0 5.000 8.000 12.000 40.000 $335,000 $24,104,799 I $3,388,827 Total. $1,105,313.57 86,443.73 ""121.092.89 191.680.08 $1,604,530.27 $10,529,951.72 120 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. ]IIa,rine Hospitals* — Since 1778, every American seaman has been taxed 20 cents per month for a Hospital Fund ; and in return he is entitled in case of sickness to assistance and support from the revenues thus collected. This fund is in charge of the U. S. Government, and is entirely independent of the various State and private hospital funds of New York Citj.^ Li ^ht Houses* — The United States Government has erected 62 light houses, lighted beacons, and floating lights -within the State of New York, for the benefit of navigation. Of these, 3 are upon the seacoast, 15 upon Long Island Sound, 4 within the Harbor of New York, 16 upon Hudson River, 3 upon Lake Champlain, 14 upon Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River, and 7 upon Lake Erie. The Government has also erected buoys, spindles, beacons, and other signals to indicate channels or to point out dangerous localities.^ The Bite for the New York Custom House was purchased Jan. 9, 1833, the building was completed Feb. 22, 184'2: it is used for a custom house only. The site for the Platteburgh Custom House was purchased Nov. 22, 1S56, the building was completed May 19. 1858: it is used for a custom house, post office, and courthouse. The site for the Ogdensburgh Custom House was purchased Jan. 20, 1857. the building has not been commenced: it is designed to be used for a custom house, post office, and courthouse. The site for the Oswego Custom House was pur- chased Dec. 15, 1854, the building was completed Sept. 1, 1858 : it is used for a custom house and post office. The site for the Buffalo Custom House was purchased Jan. 26, 1855, the building was completed July 12, 186S : it is used for a custom house, post office, and courtlii.iuse. The Custom Houwe in New York occupied before the present one was finished was erected in 1816. at a cost of $928,312 96. In 1850 the only custom house building in the State belonging to the United States was at New York City. On the 19th of Feb. 1857, the Federal Government purchased a site for stores at Atlantic docks, Brooklyn, for $100,000; but as yet no use has been made of it. 1 The Federal GoverniuenI" has built 34 marine hospitals, none of which are in this State. Those entitled to aid are supported in this State in private families or local hospitals. The numt)er of seamen relieved and supported in the several collection districts in the year end follows : — iDg June 30 1858, wu aa Collection Dis- imcT. 1 ■s Total p_x- peiiditurts. Hospital •money coir kcted. Sag Harbor New York Champlain Oswegatchie Cape Vincent... Sackets Harbor "824 "*i'6 86 ""4 76 ■9M ■"12 98 ■■■■■3 86 "2 "i $ 19.19 22,48i).94 403.81 15.15 $ 289.63 42.576.78 412.60 544.93 253.60 60.70 975.42 98.00 92.19 2,320.50 269.88 142.15 3,632.21 183.86 3,770.92 Bufialn Creek... Total New York Total U. States.. 1.000 1,123 3 $30,653.23 $47,894.13 10.703 9.444 SSI $358,020.53 $161,161.82 ' Light Houses, Name. Montauk North Dumpling .... Little Gull Island.. Gardners Island Plum Island Cedar Island Hortons Point Stratford Pt. Vessel... Oldfield Point Batons Neck Lloyds Harbor Great Captains Island Execution Uocka Sands Point Throgga Neck Location. Great West Bay- Fire Island Swash Channel Bea- con. Princess Bar Fort Tompkins Robhins Reef Stony Point West Point £sopu8 Meadows.. Rondout f E. point of S-Branch, ) 1 L.I I Fishers Island Sound... fa. side main en-l \ trance Sound j" N. point Island w. end Plum Island Entrance Sag Hai'bor... N. side of Southold f Middle ground of) \ Stratford Shoals.. J Brookhaven E. of Huntington Bay... Entrance of harbor Near Greenwich Point.. Off Sands Point E. of C-ow Bay N.E.side of Fort Schuyler ("Pon'iuogue Point) •{ N. of Shinnecock > [ Bay „ J E. of Fire Island Inlet... daugerties .. L Staten Island, near 1 Elm Tree Station.]" 8. of Staten Island w. of Narrows Off Tompkinsville J w. side entrance \ \ Narrows | Gees Point, w. side Opposite Esopus, w. side ( Mud flat. s. of N. en-"| •I trance creek w. > I of river j /w. of river, N. ofl t Saugerties J n if Flashing ... Fixed Revolving Fixed 2 « « Revolving Fixed a Revolving 2 Fixed..., Flashing.., Fixed White 85 Red "h 56 Brown White 27 34 31 Red 10 Straw col.. 32 White 34 66 34 34 42 41 61 Brick 160 Yellow 150 White, red. White 33 48 61 " 150 " :!:::: 32 32 " 32 « 37 fe 1795 1848 1806 1865 1827 1839 1857 1837 1823 1798 1867 1829 1848 1809 1826 1857 1858 1828 1828 1839 1853 1839 1857 1865 1867 1S66 1866 18.=i5 1857 1868 1856 1856 1856 18.57 18.55 1855 1864 1854 Remarla. f Fresnel lens ; flash \ 2 min. Fog hell. Machine. Fl.ish 30 sec. LiRht on keeper^s house. f 2 reflector lights. \ Fog beU. Fog hell. Machine. Flash 30 Bee. Fog Pell. Machine 7 per min. First light house built in 1826. Fog bell. On keeper's house. COMMERCE. 121 liifeboat Stations have also been established by the General Government upon the sea- coast and great lakes. On the shores of Long Island and the adjacent islands are 30 lifeboat sta- tions, the iirst of which were established about 1850. Each of these consists of a house, containing a lifeboat, boat wagon, life cars, mortar for throwing lines, and every fixture that could be used in affording aid to vessels in distress. The houses are furnished with stoves for warming them when necessary, and with fuel and matches for kindling a fire on short notice. They are each intr\istcd to a local agent, and are under the general care of a superintendent appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Their location is indicated on the map. Coast Survey. — A survey of the coast, with soundings of its adjacent waters, was ordered by the General Government about 50 years since; but many years were necessarily employed in making preliminary arrangements. Active surveys were begun about 1832, and during the last 15 years they have been prosecuted with great effect. The triangulationa of this survey are conducted with great precision, and extend up all rivers navigable from the sea as far as tide flows. Light Houses, continued. NA3IE. Location. s^ ? 3 ^ „; It II "fe- I"! 1 1- 1 I- 1 Fixed White 32 38 1854 6 " " 32 38 1851 1854 6 « « 20 35 1854 6 « « 32 38 1829 1854 6 « a Zl 38 1829 1854 fi tl " 20 21 25 1854 1857 6 6 " '* 25 25 1867 1S67 6 6 (( « 20 ■21 1864 6 « « 15 15 1854 6 « « 32 100 1838 1856 4 " « 38 65 1837 18.57 1856 5 4 " White 27 30 1834 1855 4 " (( 25 37 1847 1855 4 « « 28 31 1847 1865 6 « « 27 39 1847 1855 6 « (( 47 67 1827 4 « " h\ 69 1820 1857 4 " " 34 42 1831 1857 6 Revolving. tl 34 39 1837 1867 5 Fixed « 46 49 1838 1855 6 » u 4.5 69 1837 1855 4 ReTolving t( 60 64 1825 1868 4 Fixed " 37 81 1822 1865 4 (( (( 22 28 1822 1865 fi « « 41 78 1813 1867 4 « l( IS 25 1853 6 Flnahing... « 50 60 1856 4 Fixed « 61 65 1828 is67 S " (t 35 44 1847 6 Flashing... « 60 87 1837 1867 3 Fixed « 25 40 1837 1854 6 « 40 80 1829 1867 4 R^marlcs. Catskin Reach ..., Prymea Hook Fovcr Mile Point.. Coxsackie Stuyvesant New Biiltimore , Fire Hook Island... Coeymana Bar Pch(^d.ick Channel.. Cow Island Van Wiea Point Split Rock Cumberland Head.. Poiut au Roche Ogdensburgh Croaa Over Island... Snnken Rock.. Rock Island..., TibbettS Point.. Qalloo Island..., Horse Island.... Stony Point Salmon River.. Oflwego BigSodusBay.. Genesee Geneeee Beacon.. Niagara Fort Black Rock Beacon.. Horse Shoe Reef. Buffalo Cattaraugua Dunkirk Dunkirk Beacon . Barcelona rUalf way Athens^ < and Catskill. e. of V ( river. ) 2^1. N. Hudson, E. side (w. side. Half way) < Athens and Cox- >■ ( aackie J J w. side. N. end of\ ( Cow Island / E.side E. side on island Calvers Plat Island N. end Poplar Island W. side Mulls Plat E. side near Castleton... f E. of dike below Al- ) 1 bauy. w. side.... J Near Essex Near Piattsbnrgh w. of Lake Chaniplain.. Mouth of Oswegatchie.. Above Oak Point !In front of Alexan- 1 dria Bay j ear Mullet Creek fEnti trance of St.Law- \ reuce j" side island Near Sackela Harbor ... On Stony Point N. side entrance harbor. (Near head Niagara") t River J Entrance Niagara River 8. pier. Harbor J w. pier. Cattaraugus ) 1 Creek / Harbor Pier w. side harbor Portland or Barcelona.. w. pier harbor 14 w, of Sodua Harbor 13 w. of entrance to river.. 14 End of w. pier Outlet of Niagara River. On keeper's booBe. Building. {1S5S.) Light on keeper's house. Light on keeper'^ house. Light on keeper's house. I 1 mi keepei,''s keeper's keeper's Rebudt 1854. Shoal N. w. Light on dwelling. Light on dwelling. Light on dwelling. Lake coast light. Lake coast and har- bor light. Frame. Harbor light. On mess house. Fort Niagara. Lake coast light. Rebuilt 1857. Lake coast light. I Harbor light on pier. Lighted with natural gas. No harbor at this place. Besides the above, there are nine Stite lights established in 1856 in the marshy "Narrows" at the bead of Lake Champlain. Big Sodua Be:»con was destroyed In a gale in 1857. A flashing light has been auUiorized at C^wn Point. 122 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. There are lifeboats on Lake Ontario at Tibbetts Point, Sandy Creek, Salmon River, Oswego, Sodiis, Genesee River, and Niagara River, which were supplied by the U. S. Government in the summer of 1854. Several have also been placed on Lake Erie. None of those on the lakes have been provided with houses, except such as have been erected by the persons having them in chai'ge. Illlinigration into the U. S. for many years past has been very great; but the proportion landing in New York has been less than the relative amount of trade. Other routes in some respects affurd superior facilities for immigration. The large number of ships arriving in Canada without cargoes favors immigration to a great extent; and hundreds of thousands of immigrants have crossed into this State from Canada witliout their names ever appearing on the U. S. Govern- ment records. These immigrants have consisted chiefly of Irish and Germans ; though there has also been a large number of English, Scotch, and Norwegians. The greater part of the immi- grants either locate in the cities or immediately pass on to the wild lands of the West. The En- glish and Scotch usually prefer to settle in Canada.' Assay Office. — By an act of 1853, the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to establish an assay ofSce at New York, for the special accommodation of the business of the city. At this place the owners of gold or silver bullion, or of foreign coin, may deposit the same, have its value ascertained, and certificates issued payable in coin of the same metal as that deposited, either at the office of the assistant treasurer in New York, or at the Mint in Philadelphia. The metal assayed may, at the option of the owner, be cast into bars, ingots, or discs, of pure metal, or of standard fineness, and stamped with a device designating its weight and fineness. This office is under the general direction of the Director of the Mint, in subordination to the Secretary of the Treasury. The Assay Office is located on Wall St., adjacent to the Custom House, and is fitted up with every appliance for carrying on its operations upon a very extensive scale. Its lofty chimney, emitting dense, orange colored fumes of nitric acid, forms a conspicuous object in the district. About 50 men are employed upon the premises. Its officers are a superintendent, treasurer, as- sayer, melter, and refiner, with their assistants and clerks. The site of the Assay Office was bought Aug. 19, 1853, for §553,000, and the premises were fitted up and completed Oct. 9, 1854, at a total cost of §761,493.02.^ The Itlail Service of the State of New York forms about 5 per cent, of the whole U. S. in miles, and 7 per cent, in cost, while the receipts from postage in this State amount to 22 per cent. I Passengers arriving by Sea at New Tork since 1820, i, I- a. i g.. 1. r ■s-S e •&•« e •^-s; ^a g 41 41 S 41 s 1820 3.S3i 1830 13 748 1840 60.009 1849 213,736 1821 4,038 1831 10,737 1841 65,885 1850 184,882 1822 4.110 1832 28.914 1842 74,014 1851 294,445 1823 4.247 1833 39.440 1843 38.930 1862 303,163 1824 4.K*.9 1834 40.063 1844 69.762 1853 294.818 1825 7,1)02 ls3.'i 32,715 1845 76.514 1864 327.976 1826 6.0O8 1.^30 58,617 1846 98,863 1866 161,490 1827 12.002 1S37 51.076 1847 145,830 1S66 162,108 1828 i9.seo ia;.;8 24.935 1848 160,994 1867 203,600 1829 14,814 1839 47,688 Until 1850 these returns were made up to Sept. 30 ; but since 1851 they began upon Jan. 1 each year. The number between Sept. 30 anrl Uec. 31, 1850, not inclnded in the above, was 3S,R31. The total number of paasengcn* who arrived in tlieU.S. from 1820 to 1858 was 4,482,837, of which number 3,028,225 arrived in New York. 2 The eff coining madiinery to the exist- ing Assay Office could bo made at a moderate expense. Amounls Assayed at Vie V. S. Assay Office in New Tork. Five Fine Tears. Gold hars. Valm. Silver hars. Value. 1854 .. 822 $2,888,069.18 1855 .. 6,182 20,441,813.03 1856 .. 4.727 19.396,046.89 62 $6,792.00 18.57 ., 2230 9,336.414.00 5.iO 12.3.317.00 1858 to June 30.. .. 7,052 ..21,013 21,798,691,04 894 1,496 171,901.79 Total $73,860,024,74 S302,071.79 Total Pieces. Total Valve. 1854 822 $2,888,059.18 1856 6,182 20.441,813,63 1866 4,799 19,402,8.39,62 1857 2,7.80 9,468,721,00 1868 to June 30 7,946 21,970,652,83 Total 22,609 $74,162,096,16 Amounts Deposited. Gold. Silver. From Oct, 10 to Dec. 31, 1864 $9,260,893.69 $76,307.00 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 18.56 26.087,701.24 350,150.08 From Jan, 1 to Dec. 31, 1856 17.803.C92.4O 474.161.38 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1857 18,997,365.40 1.397,702.99 Total $72,749,662.73 $2,208,331,45 72,749,662,73 Total gold and silver $75,047,974.18 Proportion of the above payable in fine bars. $47,817,597.00 " " " coin 27,230,377.18 Total $7.5,047,974.18 Amounts transmitted to the Mint for Coining. Ookl. Silver. From Oct. 10 to Dec, 31. 1864 $5,142,262.60 $41,417.89 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1865 7,722.476.47 71.687 34 Fiom Jan, 1 to Dec, 31, 18.i6 6.797,652.33 412,416.06 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1857 9,307,928.89 1,842,708.71 Total $27,970,260.29 $2,368,190,00 Cost of transportation from the Assay Office to the Mint and return :■ — On gold, $1 per $1,000 $27,3.34.17 On silver, $3 per $1,000 7.101.98 Total $34,93604 COMMERCE. ^23 of the whole sum collected, and exceed by over $300,000 per annum the expenses of the establish- ment within its borders. The total expenses in the U. S. overrun the receipts by about $3,500,000 annually.^ There were four Distributing Post Offices in New York, Jan. 1, 1859, located respectively at New York, Albany, Troy, and Buffalo. The Troy post oflfice was discontinued as a distributing office July 1, 1859. 1 Post Office Summary for the year ending June 30, 1858. Length of routes in miles I TrausportutioD in coaches, miles " " cost '^ in steamboats, miles " " cost " by railroad, miles " " cost " mode not specified, miles *•' " " cost... Total cost of transportation Total number of miles by coaches '* " steamboats .... " " railroads " " moik'9 not spe- cified every method. Number of mail routes.. " contnictors " route agents " express agents " local agents " mail messengers.. JVew York State. 13,078 4.961 $109,490 168 $7,298 2,S94 $333,163 5,055 $68,100 $518,060 2,4.30,792 108,944 3,961,795 1,468.312 7,969,843 82S 702 55 11 2 315 United States. 260,603 53.700 $1,909,844 17,043 $1,233,916 24,431 $2,828,301 16.%429 $1.S23,.3.57 $7,795,418 19.555,734 4-569.610 25,763,452 28,876,695 78,765.491 8,296 7,044 440 28 43 1,464 In tbe UmTED States. BIar*k Rock Buffalo Exchange Offices U7ider the postal arrangement with Canada. In Canada. Waterloo. Toronto, Hamilton, London, nnd Queeneton, (by through bags,) Fort Erie, and Ports Denver, Simcoe, Itowan, IJur- woll, Vienna, and Stanley, Montreal. Kingston. Dundee. Queenston. Hcmingford. Brockville. Prescott. Kingston. By steamer in sum- mer. Montreal, St. Johns. Coburg. By steamer in sum* mer. St. Johns. Kingston. By steamer in sum- mer. Suspension Bridge and Canada; Itoute agents. Montreal ; by through bag. St. Johns. Niagara. From New York City to every port and country with which the U. S. has postal arrangements. Cape "Vincent Fort Covington.. Lt^wiston Mooers , Morristown Ogdensburgh Oswego , Plattsbnrgh.. Rochester Rouses Point , Sacketa Harbor.. Suspension Bridge.. Trov Whitehall.. Youngstown.. Mail Monies in New York by Railroad and Steamboat Termini. Bt Railroad. (June 30, 1858.) New York to Dunkirk New York to Alb;iny , New York to Chatham Pour Corners Brooklyn to Greenport Sufferns to Pierniont Newburgh to Chester Hudsfn to West Stockbridge, Mass Albany to Buff'alo Albany to Troy Albany to Eagle Bridge Troy to North Bennington, Vt Troy to Schenectady , Troy to Saratoga Springs Eagle Bridge to Rutland, Vt Saratoga Springs to Castleton, Vt Plattsburgh to Canada Line Rouses Point to Ogdensburgh Watertown to North Potsdam Sackets Harbor to Pierrepont Manor Schenectady to Ballaton Utica to Boonville Rome to Cape Vincent ^ Syracuse to Rochester Syracuse to Oswego Syracuse to Binghamton Canandaigua to Elmira , Canandaigua to Niagara Falls Rochester to Niagara Falls , Rochester to Avon Batavia to Attica , Buffalo to Lockport Buffalo to Lewiston , Buffalo to Hornellsville. , Buffalo to State Line Corning to Batavia , Owego to Ithaca , Br Steamboat. (Sept. 30, 1858.) New York to Manhasact Albany to New Baltimore. Whitehall to Plattsbnrgh Ithaca to Caynga mslances. Nn.of trips per week. Anmial pay. Total annital cost. Number of Route. 460 19 $92,000 $117,378 1,026 144 19 32,400 44.612 1,002 130i 6 6,593 8,865 1,003 93 18 8,225 11,147 1,007 18 6 772 870 1.026 19 6 814 891 1,032 35 6 1,760 1,770 1,064 298 25 61,600 62,442 1,073 7 13 1,050 1.050 1,074 33 12 2,829 3,946 1,075 321 12 3,250 4.329 1,082 22 12 1,650 1,726 1,083 32.81 12 3,281 3,942 1,084 625 12 6,250 7,SW 1,091 64 12 6,400 6,667 1,099 23 6 986 1,163 1,122 119 12 9,700 11,252 1.123 76 6 3,800 6,505 1,146 18} 6 792 1,117 1,153 16 6 800 -950 1)886 10,976 1,164 35 12 2,625 1,200 97 18 8,329 1,210 104 12 20,800 23.099 1,228 35J 12 3,043 3,463 1,229 80 6 3,429 4,952 1,230 68i 12 6,137} 6,624 1,269 07 18 6,100 8,094 1,270 75 12 11,400 14,230 1.275 18 6 772 1,030 1,278 11 6 650 650 1,300 22 12 1,100 1,100 1,312 29 12 1,450 1,660 1,313 91 12 6.825 7,667 1,314 69 19 13,800 17,741 1,316 100 6 4,286 7,633 1,369 33 12 1,415 2,313 1,375 18 15 6 6 300 485 1,004 1,076 1,108 95 11 (for 7 months) 4,800 40 6 1.713 1,375 124 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. The Fisheries in New York, although considerable in amount, are quite suhordinat* to other branches of industry. The whale fisheries, formerly of great importance, are now chiefly limited to Sag Harbor, Greenport, and Cold Spring Harbor.' The shores and bays of Long Island support great numbers of fishermen, and the product of their labor chiefly finds a market in New York City.- The Hudson yields shad, sturgeon, and other fish in great quantities ;' and there are extensive fisheries upon the great lakes, especially near the E. end of Lake Ontario and in the waters of Chaumont Bay.* The waters of Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence formerly abounded in salmon ; but, from the building of dams and mills, or other causes, the tributaries of these waters now afford but very small supplies. Trout and other fish highly prized for food abound in the clear mountain streams of Northern New York. Hundreds of millions of " bony fish" are taken annually around Long Island for manure ; and the manufacture of oil from sharks, porpoises, and other fish has been at various times carried on with encouraging success. Numerous special laws have been passed for the preservation of fish in certain waters and at particular sea- sons ; but this is now made one of the subjects within the legislative jurisdiction of Boards of Supervisors. United States Ocean Mail Lines connecting with New Yorh, Sept. 30, 1858. ROCTES. N. Y. via Southampton, England, to Bremenhaven, Germany. N. Y. to Aspinwali, New Grenada, direct N. Y. via Havana tn New Orleans , N. Y. to Liverpool, England N. Y. via Cowes, England, to Havre, France p ■is Ann-ual Pay. 3,700 2,000 2.000 13 24 24 $60,000 1 290,000 3,100 20 385,000 3,270 13 Postages Act of June 14, 1S58. f Contract under Acta of 1847 ] and 1851. Contract Act 1847. Now nnder Act nf June 14, 1858. Act of June 14, 1858. Comparative Receipts and Expenses of the Post Office in New York and all the Offices in the United States for the year ending Jxdy 30, 1858. Letter postage Newspaper postage.. Registered letters..... Stamps 60ld Total receipts Ktw York. S285.207.46 90.244.30 2.874.65 1,080,384.98 1,458,711.39 United States. $882,122,95 593,407.19 28,146.95 5,692,366.63 7,196.043,72 Pay of Poet Masters.. Incidental expenses... I Total of above , ! Transportation i Total expenses New York. $316,267.39 311.893.98 628.161.37 525.950.00 1,164,111.37 United States. 52.349,260.49 1,104.183.53 3.453.444.02 7.344,019.44 10,798.003.46 1 The right to drift wh.iles was often made a subject of special reservation or sale by the Indians of Long Island; and the capture of whales in open boats from the shore has continued from the first settlement to the present time. Scarcely a year passes without one or more being taken along the shore of the island. The whale fisheries from Hudson, Poughkeepsie. and Newburgh, once large, have ceased altogether. On the 30th of June, 1858, 5,927.92 tons were employed in the whale fisheries at Sag Ilarbnr, 1,942.12 tons at Greenport. and 2.136.27 tons at Cold Spring Harbor. The total of whaling vessels in the U.S. at the same time was 19S,r)93.51 tons. 2 The wholesale fiafciart of N. Y., on the East River, at the foot of Fulton St.. ocOTpies an entire block. The rarer kinds are oftener sold in the Washln'jton Market. A record kept in 1856 enumerated 79 species, in 56 genera and 20 families, as found in these markets, the majority of them being marine fish from tho waters adjoining Long Island and the New England coast. A few came from the South, and many from the interior lakes and rivers. 8 It is estimated that $100,000 worth of shad are taken annu- ally below the Highlands. They are caught in seines nearly as far up as Albany. About $20,000 worth of sturgeon are sold annually at the Albany market. * As many as 10.000 bbls. have been taken at Chaumont Bay in one season, although sometimes no more are taken than enough to supply the local want. The fish are chiefly lake her- ring and whitefish. The amount of tonnage invested in this State in the cod fisheries is quite unimportant, and amounted in June, 1858, to 131.32 tons at Greeuport, and 159.34 tons at New York, consisting of licensed vessels under 20 tons. COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. In 1754 King's College was incorporated in N. Y. City by patent, and libe- rally endowed by a lottery and grants of land. At the commencement of the Revolution it was the only incorporated educational institution in the colony. In 1784 its name was changed to Columbia College; and in connection with it an extensive scheme of education was devised, in |which the college was to be the center of the system, and subordinate Ibninches were to be established in different parts of the State, — the whole to be under the control of a board denominated "Regents of the University. '* This board was to consist of the priuoipal State officers, two persons from each co., and one chosen by each religious denomi- nation. The number of the Regents was afterward increased by add- ing 33 others, 20 of whom resided in N. Y. City, This whole scheme was found to be impracticable; and by act of April 13, 1787, it was superseded by a system which has continued without essential change to the present time.' By this act the Governor, Lieut.-Gov- ernor, and 19 persons therein named were constituted Regents of the University, and required to visit and inspect all colleges and academies, and report their condition, annually. They might appoint presidents of colleges and principals of academies for one year, in case of vacancy, and incorporate new colleges and academies, pro- viding the revenue of the latter should not exceed the value of 4,000 bushels of wheat annually. In 1842 the Secretary of State, and in 1854 the Superintendent of Public Instruction, were made ex officio members of the Board of Regents. Vacancies are filled by the Legislature in the same manner that U. S. Senators are appointed; and Regents hold their office during life, unless they resign or forfeit their place by removal from the State, by accepting the office of trustee in an incorporated college or academy, or by accepting a civil office the duties of which are incompatible with their duties as Regents:^ but the members maybe removed by concurrent resolution of the Senate and Assembly." They receive no pay. Under a special act of 1791, the Regents appoint the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the City of N. Y. and confer degrees upon its gradu- ates.* They confer the honorary degree of M.D. upon four persons annually, upon recommenda^ tion of the State Medical Society, and may grant any honorary degree. They have exercised this right by conferring the degree of LL.D. upon 12 persons since their first organization.^ In 1821 they were authorized to incorporate Lancasterian and select schools.® In 1844 the Regents were made trustees of the State Library, and, with the Superintendent of Schools, were charged with the supervision of the State Normal School. In 1845 they were made trustees of the Stata Cabinet of Natural History, and in 1856 were intrusted with what remained of the publication of the colonial history. Their secretary and the Secretary of State are commissioners to superintend the completion of the publication of the natural history of the State. The Regents annually apportion $40,000 of the income of the Literature Fund' among academies, in proportion to the number of students pursuing the classics or the higher English branches; I The authorahip of this syfltpm has been generally ascribed to Alexander Hamilton, then in ttio Assembly. The original drafts of the act. still preserved, and the legislative journals of that period, show that Ezra rHommedieu, then in the Senate, was prominently concerned in its passage, if not the original mover. The bill w;i3 introduced in the Senate upon a petition from Clin- ton Academy, in Suffolk co, • What these offices are does not appear to have been settled. Onsoveral occaaif^nsan appointment to the bench of the Supremo Court has created a vacancy. Non-attendance at the meetings of the Board during one year haa also been consti-ued to vacate the seat of a Regent. ' This power has never been exercised by the Legislature. * A similar power existed with regard to the Western College of Physicians and Surgeons at Fairfield, during its existence, 6 The honorary degree of M. P. had been conferred upon 120 persons previous to 1S59. Resolutions wpre passed, Oct. 14. 1851, for conferring the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Literature ; but none have been granted. *This ritjht has been exercised four times, viz.: — Select School at Ilenrietta. Monroe co., July 2, 1S27. Lewiston High School Acadi-niy, Niagara co., April 16, 1S28. Fabius Select School. Onondaga co., Feb. 27, 1841. Hunter Cbissical School, Orecne co., June 23, 1851. Lancasterian schools were incorporated by special acts, as follows : — Albany, Lancaater School Soc., May 26, 1S12. Catskill, Lancaster School Soc, March 14, 1S17, Repealed April 20. 18.30. Hudson, Lancaster Soc., April 1.5, 181". Schenectady, Lancaster School Soc, Nov. 12, 1816. Poughkeepsie, Lancaster School Soc. 7 This fund originated with certain tracts of Land reserved for literature, and was largely increased by four lotteries, granted April 3, 1801. by which $100,000 were to bo raised for the joint benefit of academies and common schools, but chiefly for the latter. In 1816. the avails of the Crumhorn Mountain Tract, amounting to $10,416, were given from tli** cneral fund to aca- demies and common schools; and in 1S19 the arrears of quit- rents, amounting to $53,380. were also thus equally divided. In 1827. $150,000 was given to this fund bv the Legif^lature; and on the 17th of April, 18.38. the sum of $2S,0(>0 was sot apart annually, from the incomi of the U. S. Deposit Fund, for distribntion among academies. The sum previmisly applird for this purpoeo was $12,000 annually ; and since 1S34 a small part of the income, aside from this, hna been applied, from time to time, to the pur chase of apparat us. This fund was managed by the Regents until, by act of Jan. 25. 1832, it was transferred to the Comptroller for investment,- ■ the Legislature appropriating the proecfds annually, and the Regents designating the scale of app'Tiionmetit. The principal of the fun Mayor and Recorder of Albany ex njfici/t trustees. Building erected for Lancasterian school, and leased by the city at a nominal rent. " A college of similar name, incorp. March 28, 1827, did not organize, See Reyents^ Heport, 1858, p. 108. <* Capital limited to $100,000. Proprietors elect councU of 16 for 4 years, besides which each department elects one to the council to hold at their pleasure. « The council nf the University of the City of New York con- sists of 32 shareholders elected for 4 years, besides the Mayor of New York and 4 of the Common CouncU designated for the purpose. COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 127 possessing a capital stock may be elected by the proprietors for such terms as shall be fixed. The capital stock of an academy may not exceed ^50,000, and that of a medical college formed under the general law cannot be less than $50,000, nor more than $200,000. All such charters, except- ing those containing provisional conditions, are perpetual . Theological Seminaries in the State of New York,'^ General Theological Seminary of P. E. Church Hartwick Semiuary (Theological Department) Martin Luther CoIIefre H'heological Department) Rochester Theological Semioary St. Joseph's Theolo^rical Seminary St. Lawrence University (Theological Dop.) Theological Department Madison University Theological Seminary of Aubarn Theological Seminary of Associate Reformed Church.. Union Theological Seminary New York Hartwick Bviffalo Rochester Fordham Canton Hamilton Aubui-n Ncwburgh New York Denomination. P. E. Lutheran Lutheran Baptist R. C. Universaliat Baptist N. S. Preab. A. R. Presb. N. S. Presb. Date of E^tab- lisltineiit. 1817 1816 Not. 4, 1850 184 ft 1868 1820 April 14, 1820 1836 1S30 11 11,963 1,250 5,500 7,500 0.000 3,200 18,000 a Mostly upon authority of the American Almanac of 1859. Several of these possess liberal endowments, and defray the per- Bonal expenses of the students attending them. Tuition fees are, it is believed, in no cases required from those receiring in- struction. Alt the above are now in operation. The following institutions have been projected^ but have not been established^ or have ceased to exist : — Name. Albany College Auburn University Auburn Female University Brockport College Cayuga College.. Central Medical College and Syracuse Medical ) College ; Clinton College, Fairfield College of Physicians aurt Surgeons of Wes- ) ti-rn District, Fairfield J Flushing College Ithaca College Kingston College Medical Department of Columbia College N. Y. College of Dental Surgery, Syracuse Richmond College. Richmond co. St. Paul's Colletie, College Point, Flushing, L.I. Trov Medical Ci^Uege University of Western N. Y., Buffalo Washim^cton Collei^e, Uichmond co Westminster College, Buffalo Date, of Ineorp. Feb. 26,1826 Jan. 29, 1852 March 4, 1830 1849 Mar. 25, 1816 June 12, 1812 Aprii"iori822 1793 April 13,1852 AprUlS, 1838 May 9, 1840 April 8, 1836 Jiin. 27, 1827 April 17, 1851 Applications were made for a college in 1795, but refused. Provisions of charter not complied with. Never organized. Never organized. Applications made Feb. 15, 1802. Refused. ( After a few courses of lectures, these institutions were \ abandoned. Conditions not complied with. (Courses of lectures were held until 1840, the Regents con- \ ferring the degrees. Applications refused Feb. 20, 1845. Conditions not complied with. Applications refused in 1779, 1804, and 1811. Discontinued in 1814. Discontinued in a short time. Never organized. Closed in a short time. Application refused, Feb. 16, 1824. Never organized. Conditions not complied with. Never organized. Besides these, several institutions bpariog the name of col- leges have been established, but of which no general statistics have been obtained. Among them are the '■ Martin Luther Col- lege." at Buffalo, the '• College of St. Francis Xavier," (K. 0..) in New York ; "■ Franciscan College and Convent." inaugurated Oct. ^1858, at Allegany. Cattaraugus co.; the "De Vcaux College tor Orphan and Destitute Children," incorporated April 15. 1853, and locati'd at Suspension Bridge. Niagara co. ; and the "St. Pi-ter"s College," (R. C) in course of organization, at Troy. Most of these are unincorporated, none of tln^m posHt-j^s the right of granting degrees, and they generally partake more of the character of academies than of colleges. Tabular Summary of Colleges as reported Jan. 1859, /or the year previous. Albany Medical College College of Physicians and Surgeons, N.Y Columbia Coflcge Genesee Coll'-ge Hamilton College Hobart Free College Madison Tlnivr-rHity Medical Institute Geneva College Medical Department of University of N. Y Medical Department of University of BulTalo.. Metropolitan Medical College New York Central College New York M.dical College St. John's College Troy University Union College University of City of New York University of Rochester 1 ^S' Is ir ■S => 1? ta *a u~ >e •^^ >? ^,5 ^•i ^^ 9 121 S« 9 173 50 12 1S3 25 fi 9B 15 fl 134 27 7 92 20 9 119 2;! 7 31 8 7 347 128 9 3« 9 fi 18 10 9 If. 4 12 99 37 27 49 S 4 fiS IB 297 89 in 1 •.!.=, 10 8 149 22 ^11 90.000 114336 S4.S0O 125.000 35,000 18.700 16,049 70,000 14.000 30.006 50.000 74,2>I0 100.000 70,993 200,000 38,201 ll 6,616 1.464 Free. 2,402 1,497 10,177 12,207 6,360 44,150 6.250 8,019 4,695 7,286 4,000 12.161 11,160 10,836 $606 636 199 1.736 84 335 $1,120 1,325 160 3,840 132 1,110 128 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Statistics of Academies frnm the Regents' Report of 1859. ■£ 1^ s c; ti ;. '^^ z e..S K % ^ •s. ^i ^.§ ^ 6f S-3 R 131 92 4 ISl 110 10 242 116 13 200 136 3 224 133 13 476 365 7 168 125 2 80 67 4 46 36 .1 99 71 .t 136 95 1 41 18 2 226 101 2 113 33 3 1S2 101 7 S51 148 2 95 71 19 607 240 10 159 82 3 172 69 4. 1S6 98 6 145 87 2 129 69 f. 210 106 6 107 87 3 148 76 9 210 64 3 90 29 3 133 98 2 111 47 14 433 367 4 127 70 7 67 22 6 394 344 4 234 161 3 306 10 225 186 9 2(1 205 3 139 61 4 230 106 3 60 53 3 210 113 3 103 62 10 3S9 308 11 383 191 1 66 41 3 ,168 105 7 264 167 3 287 145 4 170 148 4 281 171 3 166 91 9 103 99 4 235 146 11 687 495 7 210 104 5 218 168 13 921 43 2 103 46 4 233 127 7 266 60 6 340 156 7 90 71 1 43 23 6 136 106 77 48 1 86 26 2 193 93 3 130 67 6 168 117 2 88 88 4 264 100 2 100 52 « 345 216 3 1S6 120 4 165 126 3 205 119 S 216 153 2 168 126 ■=;'£,«. Total Values. C^ ■fe. |3 I Academy af Little Fall'* Academy of iHitchessCo Albany Academy Albany Female Academy Albion Academy Alfred Academy Ameiiia Seminary - Ames Academy Amsterdam Female Seminary Argyle Academy Anl-'Urn Academy Augusta Academy Aurora Academy Ball Sen)inary Binghamton Academy Brix^kpnrt CoUepiate Institute Brnoktield Academy Brooklyn College & Polytech. Inst.. Buffalo Female Academy Cambridge "Wa-shington Academy... Canajobarie Academy -. Canandaigna Academy Canton Academy _. Gary Collegiate Seminary Cayuga Academy Cliamplain Acjndemy Cherry Valley Academy Chester Academy _. Cincinnatus Academy -. Clarence Acadeuiy Claverack Academy & H. R. Inst... Clinton Grammar School Clinton Lilieral Institute Cortland Academy Cortlandville Academy -. Dansville Seminary _. Deaf and Dumb Institution _... Delaware Academy -. Delaware Literary Institute De Ruyter Institute Dundee Acad'-my East Bloomfield .\cademy Ellington Academy Erasmus Hall ,\cadcmy F.airfield Academy Falley Seminary Farmers' Hall Academy -. Fort Covington .Academy Fort Plain Seminary and Female Collegiate Institute - . Franklin (^Lalon?) Academy Franklin (Prattsburgh) Academy.. Fredonia Academy Friendship Academy Oalway Academy Oonesee Conference Seminary Genesee Wesleyau Seminary Genesee and Wyoming Seminary... Genespo Academy Geneva Union School Gilbertsville Academy & Coll. Inst. fllf-ns Fjdis Academy Gloversville Union Seminary Gonverneur Wesleyan Seminary.... Grammar School Columbia College Grammar School Madison Univ Grammar School N. Y. Cent. CoU... Granville Academy Greenville Academy Groton Academy Hamilton Academy Hamilton Female Seminary Uartwiek Seminary HoUey Academy Hudson Academy Ithaca Academy Jamestown Academy Jefferson County Institute Johnstown Academy .Jonesviile Academy .Tordan Academy $178.52 213.44 225.68 263.89 26S..57 688.84 234.79 •130.21 64.03 137.77 170.75 34.93 195.98 62.09 194.54 2S7.68 131.94 461.81 169.11 133.89 190.18 16S.S1 114.48 20.3.74 lOS.Sl 147.47 124.18- 66.26 1S4..34 91.20 712.12 133.89 42.69 667.40 313.40 693.76 360.91 397.78 124.18 206.69 100.90 219.26 97.02 697.64 870.62 79.66 203.74 S24.64 281.36 287.18 331.81 176.68 192.10 283.30 960.49 201.80 326.98 83.44 89.26 238.67 116.42 302.70 137.77 36.86 201.80 93.14 60.44 180.46 130.00 213.44 170.75 194.04 100.90 419.12 238.85 244.49 2.30.90 296.88 242..52 $10,200 11.000 90.000 33,347 7.100 17.266 18.600 2,440 9.000 3.100 8.214 2,4S7 2.900 3,810 6.500 30.000 3,000 69,754 66,000 4,250 6.580 12,.500 3,500 15.140 10.000 6.504 13.000 2,9.i0 3.1S3 5.000 36.330 2,(00 30,300 6,000 2,S0O 3,043 26,000 21.000 8.800 2.3S0 6.000 3,660 9,500 20,200 17,800 3,.'160 2,160 24.000 8.(100 10,000 4,600 3,125 27,600 8,681 11,200 10,000 4,600 4,600 17.497 6,800 2,900 2,500 6,S50 3,775 8.613 7.800 2,900 3.200 12.600 4.400 11.060 s.ono 9.662 3,800 $361 310 1,631 1,028 606 6,80 1,696 275 400 242 332 368 610 197 400 1,022 170 367 360 650 260 690 440 ,646 3,027 342 223 370 174 182 173 200 1,775 1,000 711 164 1,183 1,053 426 267 568 228 2.604 1,044 655 681 205 152 3.18 1.151 2,111 214 ""iin 2,366 864 708 1.000 668 240 160 432 650 "260 233 261 441 823 410 1,679 243 177 4,37 283 1,445 240 441 209 $684 081 2,917 2,416 360 1,376 1,267 200 405 1.50 600 289 400 485 438 377 156 1,876 1,742 666 244 1.346 327 600 879 652 762 284 206 151 846 176 475 1,000 600 170 630 396 642 178 478 160 497 1.280 1.062 223 262 456 416 457 762 168 162 2,319 702 600 616 465 385 168 939 222 250 45 160 625 473 368 2(12 228 200 900 740 1,666 282 366 350 $1,295 3.116 6,717 6.662 2,139 12,124 10,302 742 674 1,.330 1,478 260 1,601 507 1,612 3,204 700 30,4.53 6.970 1.700 1,284 3,139 1,094 4,078 1,622 1.440 4.768 1.1.80 1.2.32 836 13.214 6.069 1.6,i3 3.973 1.762 674 2.286 4,144 1,101 2,.30S 713 971 2.196 14.307 4.e32 649 1,049 3,169 1,767 2,280 2,177 1,198 3,417 1,393 4,603 1,906 3,699 6,4.34 1101 1,215 2,631 2.449 6.990 611 1,403 443 816 1,602 774 4.906 1.813 1,761 702 3,328 1,317 21.36 1.530 6,447 1,6S3 $1,195 2.928 10,062 7,608 2,1.38 10,989 10,301 712 760 1,319 1,477 260 1,412 614 1,611 3,244 700 30,313 6.078 1,695 1.406 3,189 1,094 4,078 1,665 1,440 4,768 1,196 1,066 776 11,385 6,166 1,553 4.208 1.819 720 8,250 3,975 991 2,440 713 964 1,858 13,024 4,632 641 1,017 4,359 1,819 2,645 2,459 1,198 3,339 1,475 4,644 1,SS5 3,923' 4.440 702 1,216 2,6.31 2.134 4,167 600 1,404 473 768 1.330 1,341 4,862 1,734 1,751 705 3,181 1,317 2,136 1,629 6JI47 1,584 COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 129 Staiisiics of Academies from ike Begenis' lieport of 1859, coniimied. Keeseville Academy Kiuderbook Academy Kingsboro' Academy Kingston Academy Liberty Norniul Institute Lockport Union School Lowville Academy Lyons Union School Macedon Academy Manlius Academy Marion CoUej^iate Institute Mayville Academy Medina Academy Mexico Academy Middlebury Academy Monroe Academy Montgomery Academy Mout ice Uo Academy. Moravia Institute Mount Morris Union Free School., Mount Pleasant Academy MuQio Collegiate Institute New Paltz Academy New York Conference Seminary.... New York Free Academy North Oianville Female Seminary. North Hebron Institute North Salem Academy Norwich Academy Nunda Literary Institute Ogdeusburph Academy Oneida Conference Seminary Onondaga Academy Ontario Female Seminary Oswego High School Ovid Academy Owego Academy Oxford Academy Packer Collegiate Institute Palmyra Classical Union School.... Peekskill Academy Perry Academy Peterboro' Academy Phelps Union Classical School Phipps Union Seminary Plattsburgh Academy Pompey Academy Poughkeepsie Female Academy..., Prospect Academy , Pulaski Academy Randolph Academy Red Creek Union Academy , Rcussetaerville Academy Richburgh Academy Rochester Female Academy Rogersville Union Seminary Rome Academy Rural Seminary Rushford Acndi'my , Rutgers Female Institute , Sag Iliirbor Institute , St. Lawrence Academy Saugerties Academy , Sauquoit Academy Schenectady Union School Schoharie Academy , Schuylerville Academy , Seneca Falls Academy SoduB Academy , Spencerto\vn Academy Springville Academy S. S. Seward Institute Starkey Seminary Susquehanna Seminary Troy Academy Troy Female Seminary Trumansburgh Academy Unadilla Academy Union Hall Academy Union Literary Society Union "Village Academy Total Taidi: "5 -S :0 g ■2 S> &S i-l 1 & ^ % s ^ C t-^ oS 1'^ i ^ ■§ •fe. 41 •5. "fe. S 1 4 378 246 ^61,81 $3,600 $227 $200 $2,328 $2,328 231 4 106 67 130.00 4,000 600 624 1,294 1,294 680 H «6 3.700 417 555 670 567 285 .■) 209 114 219.26 16.000 667 400 3,176 3,058 620 2 115 9 17.46 1.260 185 164 701 683 189 9 491 181 361.21 13,000 259 600 4.459 4..522 144 4 2B7 176 279.42 7.600 860 627 2,170 2,016 1,119 4 12S 68 131.94 15.000 745 403 1,757 1,807 986 4 2W 179 347.03 6,066 207 736 2,482 2,471 177 H 99 26 48.61 3.000 410 200 978 812 417 i 168 74 141.66 11.600 248 692 1,646 2,603 196 •I 78 49 95.08 3,750 194 206 889 910 186 5 171 164 318.22 6,200 350 235 1.839 1,967 349 4 223 169 308.62 14.000 630 826 2,001 2,083 627 5 229 142 275.64 6,500 930 499 2,016 1.976 862 4 162 75 146.63 5.466 158 160 1.369 ],,368 141 •I 77 28 60.45 6.000 200 300 811 806 480 1 163 60 116.42 4.350 251 170 2,359 2.443 216 •1 122 63 102.S4 2,200 362 361 830 630 366 4 98 70 1S5.S3 222 193 710 710 316 7 82 69 114.48 17,000 1,467 300 7,033 6,660 1,,376 3 134 95 182.40 21,600 869 719 1.639 1.256 722 2 61 33 62.09 7,900 486 663 9S1 980 447 H 460 226 438.53 20.000 3,'iO 250 19,939 20.473 350 25 613 667 1,100.70 117,324 9,296 8,988 69.783 60.071 6,528 13 114 132 266.14 19,000 228 375 13,372 10.034 368 "60 ■32 2.400 3.000 40 536 137 250 110 487 110 440 112 202 1 32.98 5 311 222 430.77 8.400 400 899 2,123 2.114 600 5 309 241 467.64 2.900 174 184 1,902 1.703 171 3 161 116 226.68 11.000 601 679 4,686 4.449 1.248 8 351 268 600.62 26.000 2.327 2,694 4.321 4.602 1,946 1 128 116 12.700 20,000 610 931 306 924 4,865 4,864 636 896 13 211.60 3 121 80 155.33 11,000 2.500 600 8 273 196 350.91 16,600 350 600 3.784 3.625 470 4 249 109 211.50 5,000 601 180 2.373 2.344 402 6 300 105 318.22 9.350 053 790 2.131 2,149 1.286 24 673 375 727.76 121.766 1,338 1,596 30,574 24.474 1,138 5 282 134 225.58 12.000 574 260 2,438 2.386 1,094 3 101 60 97.02 17,000 646 446 2,387 2,185 609 5 127 49 85.38 16.750 567 210 1,226 1,735 347 1 42 14 27.17 4.628 207 174 334 319 184 6 408 91 176.58 5,200 315 201 1,996 2.0.53 604 10 217 176 r.10.46 10.200 471 212 8,674 3.673 405 4 215 160 310.46 6,600 229 474 1,948 1,948 146 2 43 39 76.67 6.400 351 160 602 613 366 8 119 98 190.18 16.963 678 760 4.497 4..597 C34 1 87 24 38.81 2,900 312 325 294 317 376 3 170 61 118.36 9,028 301 175 2.567 2.514 293 4 184 87 16S.S1 6,420 388 278 1.263 1.2ii3 320 6 250 158 291.66 9,060 176 175 1.560 1,5.59 200 2 91 30 58.21 2.610 203 166 375 V,b 223 3 86 61 9314 3,200 172 185 927 855 132 4 122 62 120.30 6.000 186 170 2.234 2.224 171 4 96 76 147.47 7,850 160 174 939 939 120 3 233 110 213.44 10,600 420 350 2.060 2,131 606 3 122 77 149.41 4.100 647 237 1,081 1.081 678 2 201 141 273.00 5.963 283 837 1.631 1,631 162 IS 278 186 302.70 27,600 2,314 3.138 10.397 12.272 3,032 2 320 CI 118.36 2,400 210 187 1,.546 1.621 206 b 293 125 236.73 10,000 784 493 2,484 1.925 936 3 179 60 97.02 6.000 152 1.86 1,117 1,347 180 3 116 87 168.81 2.500 192 1.86 712 743 92 5 206 143 260.61 41.000 4.000 200 19.278 19.532 2,904 3 112 91 176.58 4.000 361 161 1.306 l..'i:i7 331 3 169 12:i 238.67 2.8,10 211 400 1.073 1.094 215 4 193 98 168.81 3.000 496 600 1.S79 1,803 293 4 129 72 131.94 3.300 184 283 919 1,106 133 b 78 62 102.84 2.7.50 192 210 993 971 240 2 166 8li 166.87 3,600 200 410 1,002 961 160 B Ibl 101 195.98 10,000 2(,2 150 4.045 2.108 129 5 161 112 217.32 10.360 863 658 1.220 1.4S3 1.268 V 232 192 364.79 37.000 1.58 4.57 2.376 2.479 138 5 46 28 64.32 7.576 240 275 2.486 2.409 244 21 819 212 411.36 12.100 1,374 903 8.743 8.270 1,066 2 16S 34 65.97 4,300 163 160 766 1,061 200 2 80 21 40.76 3,560 256 151 030 629 206 9 220 148 277.48 16.400 6,';4 369 S.6S6 3.532 667 6 209 173 336.69 10.,500 731 481 2,778 2.414 604 4 215 140 271.66 4.681 306 187 1,938 1,941 373 130 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Statistics of Academies from the Regents' Report of 1859, continued. Names. ■S >^ Is if s^s Total Valxtes. IS 1^ I Utica Academy Utica Female Academy Vernun .Academy Wallliill .\cadcmy Walton .\cademy Walworth Academy Warsaw Union School Warwick Institute Washinirton Academy Washinston Co. Seminary & C. I Waterloo Union School Waverly Institute Webstrr Academy Weetfit'ld Aciidemy West Winfield Academy Whitehall Ac;idemy Whitestown i-eminary Wilson Collegiate Institute Windsor Academy Yates Ac4id'.-my Yates Polytechnic Institute Total 188 179 162 198 l,fl 84 150 112 124 777 608 176 92 260 357 187 400 232 59 167 251 110 73 •36 137 62 63 612 27 43 47 113 166 77 286 138 36 43 109 $308.62 133.89 186.28 213.44 141.66 67.91 265.83 91.20 122.24 993.98 62.39 83.44 91.20 219.26 293.50 149.31 664.95 267.77 69.85 83.44 211..50 $7,000 23,000 4.000 6,610 3.429 8.440 4,800 6.300 6.000 14.100 6,500 7.364 4.300 4,300 10,000 3.660 12,500 2.685 3.780 2,760 10.000 $313 189 464 340 409 200 279 160 271 646 436 165 166 640 778 260 1,305 786 4.88 480 242 $760 257 683 190 473 7 89 461 150 700 947 ' 475 178 163 300 925 603 1,236 646 190 619 358 $3,947 3.861 891 2.S11 1.899 998 1,396 1.382 1.109 9.192 3.090 1,391 743 1,216 3,142 1,058 3.636 1,210 606 796 3,182 $3,944 3,728 890 2,811 1,688 856 1.396 1,320 1,103 9,191 3.372 1,680 738 1,161 3,142 1.040 3,612 1,209 578 840 3,182 169 127 630 423 222 130 231 104 366 549 789 166 112 610 600 220 1,193 790 689 382 296 35,009 20:812 $39itll.66 $2,009 076 $111,438 $101,693 $596,125 $582,136 93,969 Academies incorporated since the organization of a State Government in 1777. Name. Location. hicorp. by Incorp. by Regents. Ranarls. Academy of the Sacred ITeart.. Academic Department of Union School Adama Collegiate Institute Addison Academy Rochester, Monroe co April 11, 1849 Jan. 11,1855 April 22, 1866 Feb. 8, 1849 Mar. 4, 1813 Jan. 29, 1828 April 16, 1828 Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Sold, fall of 1868. Not organized. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Merged in Packer Inet. Not organized. Extinct. Extinct. Diss, by act Apr. 21, 1846. Albany Female Academy Albany Female Seminary Albany Pearl Street Academy. Feb. 16,1821 April 9,1828 April 23, 1836 May i; 1837 May 6, 1834 Albany, Albany co Albany, Albany co Feb. 27, 1841 Feb. 5, 1839 Jan. 31, 1843 Mar. 29, 18,36 Feb. 6, 1839 Feb. 16, 1841 Feb. 1. 1856 May 4. 1841 Feb. 13, 1844 Feb. 14, 1815 Feb. 11, 1S40 Feb. 28,1842 Jan. 29, 1S39 Feb. 27, 1841 April 11, 1843 Mar. 21, 1808 Feb. 6, 1839 Alexander Classical School Alexander. Genesee co Amenia Seminary Ames Academy Amsterdam Female Seminary.. Angelica Academy Antwerp Liberal Lit. Inst Ames, Montgomery co Amsterdam, Montgomery co Angelica, Allegany co April 22, 1837 Mar. 29, 1S39 May 12,1836 Astoria Institute Auburn Female Semin-iry* Auburn, Cayuga co April 18, 1838 Aurora Academy'' April 30, 1833 April 30, 1836 Ball Seminarv" Hnosick Falls. Rensselaer co Balldton. Saratoga co Ballston Academy Batavia Female Academy Mar. 6, 1838 April 8, 1S26 Mar, 8, 1833 Mar. 29, 1841 Bernvillo Acad. & Fem. Sem... Feb. 28,1842 Ang. 23, 1842 April 1, 1811 April 16, 1828 Feb. 16, 1,842 April 17, 1847 April 7,1864 Jan. 14,1847 Jan. 10, 1860 Oct. 14, 1851 Blooming Grove Academy Bridgewater. Oneida co April 8,1826 Brockport Collegiate Institute. April 23, 1829 May 8, 1S46 April 30, 1839 Brooklyn Coll. & Polytech.lns. Brooklyn Coll. Inst, for Young Brooklyn Female Academy Brooklyn, Kings co Union, Broome co Brownville Female Seminary... Buffalo Female Academy Buffalo Female Seminary Buffalo Literary k Sci. Acad''.. Buffalo, Erie co Buffalo, Erie Co April 23, 1831 April 17, 1827 • a Jan. 29, 1S52 and July 21, 1853. The Institution had be- eome extinct under its first cliarter. 6 Incorp. aa the *' Aurora Manual Labor Sominary." Name cbanged April 16, 183S. Named from L. Chandler Ball, principal founder of the In- stitution. . ' ^ 6 Merged in the Public School System of Ogdensburgh bv act of April 13, 18.57. « Incorp. as tho " Seminary of the Genesee Conference ;" name changed to "Seminary of Genesee and Oneida Conference** March 24, 1829. iind to the present name May 8, 1835. ''Charter amended March 16. 1858. • Revived by act of April 17. 1818. See alsoact of April 25, 1831* /Allowed to educate females by act of March 28, 1839. 1 134 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Academies incorporated since 1777, continued. Naub. Iv^orp. by Lcgislaturt. Jncryrp. by Kegmts. Semarki. Schuyleryille Aciidemy Scientific * Military Academy of Western District Seneca Falls Academy • Seward Female Seminary of Rochester Sherburne Academy Skaneateles Academy Rodus Academy Sonthold Academy Spencertown Academy Springville Academy S. S. Seward Institute Starkey Seminary Steuben Academy Stillwater Academy Stillwater Seminary Sullivan County Academy Susquehanna Seminary Syracuse Academy Ticonderoga Academy Troy Academy Troy Episcopal Institute Troy Female Seminary Trumausburgh Academy Turin Academy Unadilla Academy Union Academy Union Academy Union Hall Union Literary Society Union Village Academy Utica Academy Utica Academy Utica Female Academy Vernon Academy Victory Academy ■••••• Wallabont Select Gram. School of the 7th Ward in the City of Brooklyn Wallkill Academy Walton Academy Walworth Academy Warnerraie Union Seminary & Female Institute Warsaw Union School Warwick Institute Washington Academy Washington Academy Washington County Semmary 4 Collegiate Institute Waterford Academy Waterford Female Academy.... Waterloo Academy Waterloo Union School Watertown Academy** Waverly Institute Weedsport Academy Westfield Academy — West Hebron Classical School.. Westtown Academy West Winfield Academy Whitehall Academy Whitehall Academy White Plains Academy Wbitesboro' Academy Whitestown Seminary Wilson Collegiate Institute Windsor Academy Windsor Academy Vates Academy •■••:■■ Yates County Academy & Fe- male Seminary Yates Polytechnic Institnt' Schuylerville, Saratoga Co.. Wbitesboro', Oneidaco.... Seneca Falls, Seneca co. Rochester, Monroe co Sherburne, Chenango CO Skaneateles, Onondaga co Sodus, Wayne co Southold, Suffolk CO Spencertown, Columbia CO Springville, Erie co Florida, Orange CO ^ Starkey, Yates CO Steuben, Oneida co Stillwater, Saratoga CO Stillwater, Saratoga co Bloomingburgh, Sullivan co Binghamton, Broome co SjTacuse, Onondaga co Ticonderoga, Essex co Troy, Rensselaer co Troy, Rensselaer co Troy, Rensselaer CO Ulysses, Tompkina co Turin, Lewis co Unadilla, Otsego co. Stone Arabia, Montgomery Co.. Granger, Allegany co Jamaica, Queens co Belleville, Jefferson co Union Village, Washington CO.. Utica, Oneida CO Utica, Oneida co , Utica, Oneida co Vernon, Oneida co Victory, Cayuga co Jan. 23, 1840 April n AprUa , 1S26 ,1837 AprU 5,1839 Apriii4,"i829 Aprii2V,"i837 May 13,1845 Mar. 19, 1827 May 7, 1847 Aprii'i7,"i826 April 6,"i828 Aprii 28,"i835 9,1829 6, 1839 11, 1840 23,1840 Jan. 11,1855 Jan. Feb. Feb. Jan. Dec. Jan. Feb. Feb. Jan. Jan. Feb. 3,1847 26, 1830 4, 1848 25, 1848 29, 1828 29, 1839 25, 1848 May 6, 1834 April 13, 1839 May 6, 1837 Aprii 30, 1839 AprU 13, 1826 Mar. 31, 1831 April 7,1854 Feb. 6, 1839 AprU 8,1858 Feb. 6, 1839 Jiin. 30,1838 July 6, 1854 Extinct. Extinct. Merged in Public Schools, Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Brooklyn. Kings co Wallkill, Orange CO Walton, Delaware co.... Walworth, Wayne co... Warnerville, Schoharie co. .. Warsaw. Wyoming co Warwick, Orange co Salem, Washington CO Warwick, Orange co May 26,1853 April 28, 1S37 April 18, 1838 May 21,1836 May 4, 1839 May 26,1841 iil^y'iiiiisii AprU 1,1852 Mar. 31,1795 Jan. 11,1855 Feb. 29,1792 Jan. 6, 1830 Jan. 23, 1840 Mar. 14, 1814 Feb. Feb. 6,1839 6, 1839 Extinct. Provisional charter. Merged in Public Schools. April 28, 1834 Aprii'il,'i842 May"'2,"i835 Fort Edward, Washington co Waterford, Saratoga co Waterford, Saratoga CO Waterloo, Seneca co Waterloo. Seneca co Watertown, Jefferson CO Waverlv, Tioga CO I ;— ••.;'ii"'iaia Weedsport, Cayuga CO April 18, 1838 Westfield. Chautauqua CO May 6, 18oi Hebron, Washington CO Westtown, Orange CO West Winfield, Herkimer co Whitehall, Washington co Whitehall, Washington co White Plains, .Westchester co Whitesboro', Oneida CO - Whitcbboro*, Oneida co W ilBon, Kiagara co Windsor, Broome co Windsor, Broome co Yates Center, Orleans co April 18, 1839 Aprii 20,"i839 Aprii 19,1828 May 16,1837 Penn Tan, Yates co Chittenango, Madison Co.. April 17, 1828 Feb. 13, 1842 Feb. 10, 1854 AprU 19, 1843 .Tan. 27,1864 Jan. 11, 1S55 Mar. 17,1854 Feb. 16, 1791 Mar. 25, 1811 July 6,1854 Feb. 6, 1839 Mar. 19, 1819 Aug. 23, 1842 Oct. 11,1865 Jan. 21,1858 Feb. 6. 1839 Mar. 22, 1865 Jan. 30,1840 Feb. 14,1851 6ct'.'"27',"i848 Jan. 26,1830 Mar. 23, 1813 Mar. 27, 1845 Feb. 19, 1846 Mar'."i6,"i849 Aug. 23, 1842 Jan. 25.1830 April 11. 1S63 Extinct Not organized. Extinct Extinct. Merged in Union School. Extinct Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct, Extinct. . Charter repealed Feb. 19, 1S41. Merged in Black River Literary and ReligiouB Institute. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Ample provisions have been made by the State for the establish- ment and support of public schools throughout its borders. To this end the whole inhabited portions of the State have been divided into convenient districts, in each of which a school is taught some portion of the year and is open to all and within the reach of all. These schools are supported in part by money derived from the State, in part by a rate bill collected from parents of children attending school, and in part by a tax upon the property of the district.^ Scliool Districts are formed and altered by school com- missioners. These districts are so formed as to best accommodate all the inhabitants of the various localities and at the same time secure efficiency in school organizations. Each district has a schoolhouse and a library. Its monetary affairs are arranged, and its officers elected, at annual meetings of all the taxable in- habitants. Its officers are trustees, a clerk, a collector, and a librarian.^ School Commissioners are elected in each of the Assembly districts of the State outside of the cities, and have the general supervision of schools. They examine and license teachers, visit the schools, and in every possible Avay endeavor to advance the general interests of education. They report annually to the State department of education. Tlie State Superintendent of Public Instruction is the administrative officer of the school department. He has an office in the State Hall at Albany, and has a deputy and the necessary number of clerks. He hears and decides appeals from the school officers and Com- missioners, and has the general supervision of the common schools, Indian schools, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and all similar institutions in the State. He is ex officio a member of the Board of Regents of the University, is chairman of the Executive Committee of the Normal School, and a trustee of' the State Asylum for Idiots. He also apportions the school fund among the several counties and districts as the law directs. The school fund of the State, derived from a variety of sources, in 1859 yielded a revenue of $264,500.^ This sum, and the amount derived from the J mill tax, is divided among the schools as follows: — One-third is divided among the districts in proportion to the number of teachers employed, and the remaining two-thirds are distributed to the several counties in proportion to their population, and thence distributed to the districts in proportion to the number of children between the ages of 4 and 21. District JLibraries were established in 1838 ; and from that period to 1851, with few inter- missions, the sum of ^55,000 was annually appropriated for the purchase of books.* These 1 In 1859 the amount divided by the State among tlie several districts was $1,316,607.18. Of this sum $1.062,1U7.1.H v.'na de- rived from the J mill State tax, and $264,500 from the interest of the common school fund. A record ia kept of the attendance of each pupil, and the amount due for teachers' wages above that received from the State is assessed in proportion to this attendance. Cost of fuel, repairs, and the amount of rate bills abated to indigent parents are met by a tax upon the property of the district. 2 District Meetings decide upon questions of building and re- pairing eohoolhouses, furnishing them, providing fuel aud facili- ties for teaching, within tlie limits of the law. The annual meetings for the election of officers are held on the second Tuesday of Oct. throughout the State. The Board of Trustees, consisting of 1 or 3 at the option of the district, constitute the executive officers of the district. The Trustees engage teachers, properly furnish the srhoolhouse. provide fuel, and execute the wishes of the district as expressed in the district meetings. They have also the care of the district library. The Clerk preseiTcs the records of the district and calls district meetings. * The school fund was chiefly derived from the following sources ; — 1799, Seven-eighthB of four lotteries of $100,000, aggre- gate $ 87.500 1801, One-half of lotteries of $100,000. aggregate 50.000 1805, Proceeds of 500,000 acres of land sold. " Stock subscribed in Merchants* Bank, and in- creased in 1807 and '08. 1816, One-half of the proceeds of the Crumhorn Moun- tain Tra*;t of 6,944i acres, amounting to 5,208 1819, One-half of the arrears of quitrents " An exchange of securities between general and common school fund, by which the school fund gained " Proceeds of escheated lands in Jlilitary Tract given. 1822, By the Constitution, all public lands, amounting to 991,659 acres, were given to the school fund. 1827, Balance of loan of 1786. amounting to " Bank stock owned by the State " Canal '■ " " " 1838, From the revenue of the United States deposit fund, annually An additional sum from the same fund for libraries $26,690 161,641 33,616 100,000 150,000 110.000 55,000 The sum of $25,000 from the revenue of the United States deposit fund is annually added to the capital of the common school fund ; and the capital of this fimd is declared by the Con- stitution to be iuviolate. In directing the sale of the public lands, the State reserved certain lots in the 10 Towns of St. Lawrence co. and in theCho- nango 20 Townships, for gospel and school purposes. The pro- ceeds from the sales of these lands have formed a local fund for the benefit of the towns in which they lie. Many uther tuwna have small funds, derived from fines and pcnultied, ai'plicable ta schools. See p. 47. * The following directions are given in the selection of books :- • " 1. No works written professedly to uphold or attack any sect or creed in our country claiming to be a religious one shall be tolerated in the school libraries. "2. Standard works on other topics shtUl not be ezcloded i;;5 136 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. libraries, free to every person in the district, generally comprise books on scientific and literary subjects and affording means of information which would otherwise be unattainable. The State IVormal School -was established in 1844, for the instruction and practice of teachers of common schools in the science of education and the art of teaching. It is supported by an annual appropriation from the literature fund, and is under the immediate charge of an executive committee appointed by the Regents of the University. Each county in the State is entitled to send twice as many pupils to the school as it sends members to the Assembly. The pupils receive tuition and the use of textbooks free, and also receive a small amount of mileage. The school is located at the corner of Howard and Lodge Streets, Albany.^ The law makes provision for the establishment of Union Free Schools wherever the inhabitants may desire it, and for the formation of Colored Schools in districts where the presence of colored children is offensive to a majority of the people of the district.^ Previous to the Revolution no general system of education was established. All the schools that had been founded were of a private character or the result of special legislation. The necessity and importance of common schools had not been recognized, and education was princi- pally confined to the wealthier classes. At the first meeting of the State Legislature, in 1787, Gov. Clinton called the attention of that body to the subject of education, and a law was passed providing for the appointment of the Regents of the University. In 1789 an act was passed appro- priating certain portions of the public lands for gospel and school purposes. In 1793 the Regents in their report recommended the establishment of a general system of common schools ; and in 1795 Gov. Clinton in his message to the Legislature strongly urged the same.* On the 9th of April of that year a law was passed "for the purpose of encouraging and maintaining schools in the several cities and towns in this State, in which the children of the inhabitants of the Stat« shall be instructed in the English language, or be taught English grammar, arithmetic, mathe- matics, and such other branches of knowledge as are most useful and necessary to complete a good English education." By tiiis act the sum of £20,000, or $50,000, was annually appropriated for 5 years for the support of these schools,* The beneficial result of this system, imperfect as it was, became at once apparent; and from time to time measures were taken to increase the funds and to improve the system.^ The successive Governors nearly all strongly recommended the passage of new laws for the encouragement and support of schools f but nothing definite was accomplished until 1811, when 5 commissioners were because they incidentally and indirectly betray the religious opinions of their laithorB. "3. Works, avowedly on other topics, which abound in direct and unreserved attacks on, or defense of. the character of any religious sect, or those wliich hold up any religious body to con- tempt or execration by .singling out or bringing together only the darker parts of its history or character, shall be excluded from the school libraries. In the selection of books for a dis- trict library, infurniation, and not mere amusement, is to be regarded aa the primary object. Suitable provision should, however, bo ninde fnr the intellectual wants of the young, by furnishing them with boohs which, without being merely juvenile in their charactiT.may be level totheir comprehension and sufiBciently entertaining to excite and gratify a taste for reading. It is useless to buy hooka which are not read." — Code ofPiiMic Tii^t., 1856. p. .328. 1 Males are admitted at 18 and females at 16 years of age; and upon entering; each one is required to sign a pledge that he intends to become a teacher. The number of graduates up to the close of the thirteenth year. 1S5&-57, was 999, and the number of pupils at that time was 22.3. The school for several years occupied the building near the head of State Street, now known as "Van Vechten Hall." In 184S tlie present building was erected, at a cost of $25,000. The experimental school taught by the graduating class numbers somewhat over 100 pupils. These pay tuition, and are elected or appointed by the Executive Committee. 2 Under the Union Free School law a large number of schools have been established in different parts of the State. These schools are supported by a direct tax upon the property of the district, and the rate bill system is discarded. Free schools are established iu all the cities and in most of the larger villages in the State by special laws. In most cases the free schools are graded, and comprise 3 or 4 distinct departments, furnishing instruction from the primary to a full academic course. Being entirely free and within the reach of all, they afford to every child, regardless of his position in life, an opportunity to secure a thorough English education. These free schools rank among • the best public schools in the country; and they have tlius far proved superior to those in which the rate bill system is retained. 3 Is his message Governor Clinton uses the following lan- Fuagft. — '"While it is evident that the general establishment and liberal endowment of academies are highly to be com- mended and ai'e attended with tht most beneficial cousequcuces, yet it cannot be denied that they are principally confined to the children of the opulunt. and that a gieat portion of the commu- nity is excluded from their immediate advantages. The esta- blishment of common schools tliroughout the State is happily calculated to remedy this inconvenience, and will therefore en- gage your early and decided consideration." * The principal featui'es of the system inau^rated by this act were as follows : — 1. The public money was to he appropriated to the several counties in the proportion of their repre*entation in the Legis- lature, and to the towns in proportion to theuumber of taxable inhabitants in each. 2. The Bo-irds of Supervisors ^were required to raise by tax one-half as much as they received from the State. 3. Each town was to elect not less thau 3 nor more than 7 commissioners, to take general charge of the schools, to examine teachers, and to apportion the public moneys in the several dis- tricts. 4. The people in each district were authorized to elect 2 or more trustees, to employ teachers, and to attend to the special interests of the school. 5. The public money was to be divided among the various districts In proportion to the number of days' instruction givea in each. 6. Annual reports were to be made from the districts, towns, and counties. The returns of 1798 show a total of 1,352 schools organized and 59,6e0 chddren taught. 6 An act was passed in 1799 authorizing the raising of $100,000 by 4 lotteries. $S7.500 of which wa'^ appropriated for the support of common schools. In ISO! ^lOO.OOiT more was raised by lottery for school purposes, of which sum $50,000 was devoted to com- mon schools. In ISOO a bill aj)propriating $50,000 to the sup- port of common schools passed the Assembly, hut was defeated in the Senate. « Gov. Jay, in 1800, Gov. Geo. ainton, in 1802, Gov. Lewis, in 1804 and '05, and Gov. Tompkins, in several successive years, urged upon the Legislature the necessity of revising the school laws and of making nmre liberal appropriations for the support of scho<,"»ls. Several bills weie introduced into the Legislature; but they were all defeated in either the S'-nate or Assembly. In the mean time the scbool moneyB gradually increased, and were funded by the Comptroller, laying the foundation of the present large school fund. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 137 appointed to report a complete system for the organization and establishment of common schools. The commissioners made a report, accompanied by a draft of a bill, Feb. 14, 1812. The report was accepted by the Legislature, and the bill became a law.^ Under this act, Gideon Hawley was ap- pointed Superintendent, and continued in office from 1813 to 1821. The great success which this Bystem met with, and the firm hold which it speedily attained, is mainly due to the administrative abilities and indefatigable exertions of Mr. Ilawley. Several important changes were made in the law dui-ing his administration, all of which tended greatly to improve the schools. In 1821 the office of State Superintendent was abolished, and the superintendence of schools was made au ap- pendage to the department of Secretary of State. Every successive year the Governor and Secre- tary of State urged upon the Legislature the necessity of systematizing the schools and of correcting obvious defects in the existing laws.^ In 1835 a law was passed providing for the esta- blishment of teachers' departments in 8 academies, 1 in each of the Senatorial Districts of the State.^ In 1838 the District Library system was established by law ;* and in 1841 the office of Deputy Su- perintendent was created.^ In 1843 the Board of Town Inspectors and School Commissioners was abolished and the office of Town Superintendent was substituted. May 7, 1844, an act was passed for the establishment of a State Normal School; and the school was opened at Albany on the 18th of Dec. following.^ Ou the 13th of Nov. 1847, the Legislature abolished the office of County Superintendent, — al- though the act was strongly resisted by many of the best friends of education in the State.' During the same session Teachers' Institutes, which had existed for several years as voluntary associa- tions, were legally established.^ On the 26th of March, 1849, an act was passed establishing free schools throughout the State. By the conditions of this act the rate bill system was abolished, and the whole expense of the schools beyond the State appropriation was made a tax upon the property of the district. This act was submitted to a vote of the people and was sustained by a majority of 3 to 1. In consequence of the inequality of the laws in regard to taxes, it was found that the Free School system did not work well in practice. Remonstrances poured in upon the next Legislature from ail parts of the 1 These commissioners, appointed by Gov. Tompkins, were Jedediah Peck, John Murray, jr., Samuel Kussel, liogcr Skin- ner, and Samuel Macomb. Tho principal features of thia bill were, — 1. $50,000 was annually to be divided among the counties of the State. 2. The Boards of Supervisors were obliged to raise an equal sum, to be iliatributed among the towns and districts. 3. Three commissioners were to be appointed in each town to superintend the schools and examine teachers. ' 4. Three trnstees were to be elected in each district to engage teachers and otherwise provide for tho local necessities of the school. 5. The whole system was to be placed under the charge of a State Superintendent. * In 1813 the olfice of School Commissioner was created, and from 3 to 6 school inspoctora were annually elected in each town, with the same powi^rs and duties as school comrab^sion- ers. Bills were introduced from time to time to place the whole system again under the charge of a distinctive oflRcer. to pro- vide for more efficient supervision of schools, to secure more competent teachers, and to establish a seminary for the instruc- tion of teachers: but they all failed of receiving the necessary support. In 1828 the number of inspectors was reduced to 3. Tho laws that were passed corrected tho most obvious abuses ; but no great step was taken in advance until 1S38. 8 Erasmus llall Academy in Kings co., Montgomery Aca- demy, Orange co., Kinderliook, St. Lawrence, Fairfield, Oxford, Canandalgua, and Middlebury Academies, were the institutions in which this department was established. 4 On the 13th of April of this year, the foundations of the District School Library were laid by "an act authorizing the taxable inhabitants of the several school districts to impose a tax not exceeding $20 for the tirst year and SIO for each suc- ceeding year, for the purchase of a district library, consisting of such books as they shall in their district meeting direct." This bill was ably advocated in the Senate by Col. Young, of Sa- ratfjga, and the Hon. Levi Beardsley, of Otsego; and its friends were indebted for its success to the untiring exertions and ex- tensive influence of .James Wadsworth. of Cenepeo. By aft ol July 9, 1851, the law was modified, giving to supervisors of towns a discretionary power of levying a tax for library pur- poses. In 1838 an act was passed requiring $55,000 of tho school moneys to bo distributed among the school districts and ex- ptiQded by the trustees in the purchase of suitable books for district libraiies, and the residue for the payment of the w.iges of duly qualified teachers. An equal amount was also requned to bo raised by taxation on the several counties and towns and Applied to tbo some purposes. The first definite proposition to establish district librariea was made by A. C. Flagg, in his report of la30. 6 In 1S39, .!ohu C. Spencer, Superintendent of Schools, recom- mended a plan of county supervision, which " was urged upon the department and the Legislature; and under the strong re- commendation of the Superintendent, backed by the exertions of several of the most eminent friends of popular education,^ among whom may be enumerated the Hon. Jabez 1). llammund, who as early ns 1835 had given to the public the details of a plan essentially similar; the Itev. Dr. Whitehouse, of Koch- ester; Francis Dwight, Esq., editor of the District tfchoul Juur- ual, then of tieneva; Profc-ssor Potter, of Union College; and James Wadsworth, Esq., of Geneseo, — this project became, in lh41, by the nearly unanimous action of the Legislature, incor- porated with our syntem of common schools." — JiandaWs Ojm- nwn School iSystemj p. 44. c The establishment of a Normal School for the professional education of teachers was strongly advocated by several Super- intendents, and had been a favorite measure of many distin- guished friends of the cause for many years. The bill fur tho establishment of tho Korniai School was introduced March 22, 1844, by Hon. Calvin T. Hurlburd, of St. Lawrence. The bill, as passed, appropriated SU,600 fur the first yeai*, and $10,OUO per year for five years, for the support of the school, under the di- rection of the State Superintendent and Kegents of the Uni- versity. The Superintendent of Schools, (Sauiutl Young.) KttV. Alonzo Potter, Kev. VI. II. Campbell, Uon. Gideon Hawley, and irancis Dwight, Esq., wore appointed an executive committee to attend to the interests of tho school. The committee pro- ceeded to organize the school by the appointment of David P. Page, Principal; Frederick I. llsley, Teacher of Music; and J. B. Howard, Teacher of Drawing. Only 29 pupils were in at- tendance the first day; but tho number speedily increased to loo, and since that time the school has been an uninterrupted success. 7 This oflBce had become very unpopular in some sections of the Stitte, in consequence of appointments having been fre- quently made by the Board of Supervisors up^n political con- siderations merely, without the kast regard to the qualifica- tions of the appointees. Under tho supervision of the County Superintendents the schools had progressed more rapidly than ever belbre, in the same period ; and after the aboli^ihment of that otfice they steadily retrograded fur several years. « The first Teachers' Institute in the State was held at Ithaca, Tompkins co.. April 4, 1843. under the direction of James S. Deuman, County Superintendent. Immediately afterw.ird. in- stitutes were held in other counties; and in a few jwirs they became a lixed institution. Jn 1847 they were recognized by the Legislature, and appropriations were made for their sup- port. 138 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. State ; and in 1850 the law waa again submitted to a vote of the people and again sustained, — though by a decreased majoi-ity. In April, 1851, the Free School Act was repealed and the rate bill system was reinstated.' During the session of 1853 a law was passed allowing Union Free Schools to be established under certain conditions.^ On the 30th of March, 1854, the office of Superintendent of Public In- struction was created, — thus substantially restoring tlie original system of general supervision.' On the 13th of April, 1855, a law was passed allowing the Regents of the University to designate certain academies in the several counties in which a teachers' class might be taught free, the State allowing SIO for each pupil so taught, to a number not exceeding 20 iu each academy. 1 At the time of the repeal of the Free School act a provision was made for raisiuK $800,000 auDually by a State tax, which in many of the rural districts practically made free schools. This tax was afterward made a i mill tax upon all the property of the State, producing a sum somewhat larger in the aggregate, and one increajiiug with the wealth and wants of the State. 2 The law for the creation of Union Free Schools was a recog- nition of the free school principle and an important step in the progress of education. 3 "While the School Department waa a subordinate branch of the Department of State, it was impossible to give to it that character and efficiency necessary to the best interests and wel- fare of the schools. Since the change, every department of edu- cation has felt a new impulse and has been constantly improv- ing. The administration of the schools has been much more perfect, the reports have been more regular and reliable, and the standard of teaching has materially advanced. School Statistics from tJie Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1859.' Alb.any Allegany Broome Cattaraugus... Cayuga Chautauqua... Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia. Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kinga Lewis Livingston.... Madison Monroe Montgomery . New York Niagara. Oneida Onondaga. Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego , Putnam Queens Rensselaer .... Richmond .... Rockland St. Lawrence, Saratoga Schenectady.. Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington.. W.ayne WestcheMer . Wyoming .... Yates Total 170 252 211 25.3 248 S05 114 274 182 187 1S2 332 213 326 180 156 110 146 163 28 193 373 47 176 193 238 120 95 171 397 297 207 184 134 298 319 65 75 199 24 39 464 257 63 203 112 104 3.50 148 169 159 165 219 130 238 219 169 191 106 169 243 2.i9 262 214 221 265 256 247 278 307 Sis 116 127 277 2S6 182 189 188 199 182 183 337 3:i7 217 247 327 497 187 1S2 157 156 111 113 151 161 IM 172 33 29 199 203 375 398 47 366 17 S 179 196 207 239 254 244 336 126 129 95 1,350 163 197 408 458 296 369 204 224 179 201 132 143 297 344 320 320 65 6S 76 HI 210 273 24 38 41 43 4r4 4S2 230 245 68 83 203 204 112 112 102 117 365 3-,4 1.50 161 163 163 159 166 lli5 1S3 223 231 1.32 123 2-n 247 219 26-2 148 211 189 197 106 110 No. of chil- dren between 4 and 21. No. of vol'- umes in dis- trict library. 39,559 16,411 13,610 16,121 19.4,38 19,935 10.641 14.747 18,327 10,503 9.264 15.696 21,446 60.773 11,400 11,299 10..561 10,044 11.6,S9 1.046 14.136 26.757 60.772 10,368 14.055 15.664 34.370 12,033 200,000 18.051 38,455 32.478 15.375 21.661 10.614 27.248 18.027 6,489 17,058 28.372 8,1.33 6.939 31.219 18,146 7,281 12.024 7,108 10.164 25,717 1.5,192 12,280 10.S74 11.993 25.758 7,812 16,296 17.062 27,738 12.072 7,636 Apportionment of Siatemoneys for 1859. 27.018 20,196 17.314 20,859 46.109 33,260 11,571 31.941 18.203 21.719 18,588 28,075 33.915 45.445 17,393 11,.S68 12,308 17.842 21.051 1.454 24.676 41,636 37,629 15.628 28.040 30.445 36,618 18,048 4,000 23.764 64,588 44.978 27.248 32,929 16.082 31.341 36.009 9,064 2.3,023 30.382 7,025 9,365 42.898 31.228 9..537 22.578 13,092 16.347 32.010 23.999 12.519 17,872 21,088 32.632 9,896 30.743 26.240 31 .803 2.5,114 12.170 $.34,758.46 18,443.07 16,680.38 17,669.93 21,647.28 22.937.75 10,727.63 18.622.61 16,448.91 17.196.20 11.686.07 19.703.21 22.672.83 49,440.52 12.252.48 11.12618 9,236.79 12..312.75 12.793.84 1.516.11 15.766.92 28.164.96 68,798.02 11,580.04 16,664,48 18.430.01 34,972.62 11,649.24 207.332 96 18.105.71 41.891.72 33,261.15 17,391.78 21,434.10 11..302.71 28,152.08 21,994.48 5.319.28 15.261.77 28,962.64 6,617.81 6.311.17 33,173.93 19.624.40 7.394.20 14,506.61 7,912..37 9.968.63 26.672.33 16,123.09 12.004.20 11.737.21 13,272.69 24,249.37 8.832 63 18:526.88 19,301..57 26,908.02 13.924.49 8.263.32 11.666 I 11,617 I 14,286 I 1.240,176 | 1,448.113 | $1,316,607.18 Total receipts. $122,068.91 28.818.61 24,123.23 27,noi .80 48.635.41 40,7S5.66 19.119.92 29.341.34 23,629.05 34,767.79 17,255.54 28,767.16 46,222.93 138.417.98 19,337.32 16,637.73 14,102.19 23,487.48 22.016. i'9 2.10.3.87 27.3r.5.25 49,18.5,46 246.461.75 17,348,67 26.052,77 31,.594.17 112,104.41 23.4.30.67 961,178.40 37,960.86 72,376.15 80,114,54 36,443.60 53,077.70 19,239.56 72,476.06 32.171.15 9,103.17 42.506.25 14,029,12 lli.S71.53 12.205.00 6S.331.46 34.026.32 17.979.08 21,844.73 13.528.71 24,109.69 42,912.11 38,765.60 19.238.68 19.627.49 24.2,So.06 4:!,7lS.f4 12,953.77 31,963.60 37.833,48 S4,IUS.40 21.756.20 19,089.09 Total expenses. $124,673.71 32,258.36 27,529.85 33,362.17 69,294.60 45,440.26 20.558.93 32.606.47 26,198.33 36.898.14 20,937.05 33,603.46 61,889.61 197,466,83 21.271.35 20,802.87 18,713.68 28,726.67 27.027.94 2.364.82 33,533.20 68,063.32 230,877.31 19,408.54 34.072.68 34.847.48 107.480.67 23,430.67 961,178.40 37,950.86 72,376.15 80,114.64 36,443,60 63,077.70 19,239,66 72,476,06 32,171.15 9.103.17 42,506,25 14,029.12 16.871.53 12,295.09 68,331.45 31,626.32 17.979.08 21..S44.73 1,3,5-28.71 24,109.69 42,912.11 38,766.60 19,238.58 19,627.49 24,285.06 43,763.04 14.063.80 36,966.24 45,994.11 9.5,156.04 27,744.76 16,417,96 ,277,256.14 $3,792,948,79 o The above Table embraces returnfl from Jan. 1 to Oct. 1, 1858, except the last column, which is for the year 1857. CHURCHES. 139 The office of School Commissioner was created by law April 12, 1856, and by the same act the office of Town Superintendent was abolished. This substantially reinstated the office of County Superintendent, the abolishment of which in 1847 was so disastrous to the interests of education.' On the 15th of March, 1856, an act was passed directing that the school laws should be digested and codified.^ By act of April 12, 1858, the school year was changed so as to commence Oct. 1, and tlie annual district school meetings were directed to be held on the second Tuesday of October. mercantile Colleges, especially adapted to instruction in opening, conducting, and closing business accounts of every kind, and an elucidation of the laws and customs that have been esta- blished concerning them, have within a few years been opened in most of our cities. They de- pend entirely upon individual enterprise for support, and instruction is usually given by oral illus- trations, lectures, and examples.' CHURCHES. The various church organizations in the State are independent of each other and are supported entirely by private contributions. The aggregate amount of church property in the State, and the amount annually raised for religious purposes, are immense. The following is a list of the diflferent denominations, arranged in alphabetical order : — TUe African Metbodist Epii^copal (Zion) Cliurch was formed in 1820. The State of New York forms one conference, having in 1S52 1,028 members. Tlie American ISwedenborg^ian Association was formed in 1857, and has its office in New York City. A Printing and Publishing Society of this denomination, formed in 1850, collected in the year ending in 1858 $3,108.25. It owns the stereotype plates of all the theological writings of Swedenborg, Tlie Anti I>Iission or Old Scliool Baptist, in 1855, had in the State 18 churches and 1,101 members. Tlie Associate Presbyterian Cliurcb, in 1855, had 26 churches and 3,926 members, and The Associate Relornied PresbyterianCburcb 3S churches and 5,634 mem- bers. These two denominations united in May, 1858, under the name of Tlie United Pres- byterians. Tlie Baptist Cliurcb has in the United States 565 associations, 11,600 churches, 7,141 ordained ministers, 1,025 licentiates, and 923,198 members. Of these 43 associations, 812 churches, 738 ordained ministers, 90 licentiates, and 84,266 members are in New York. Its general Benevo- lent Associations are the ** American Baptist Missionary Union," "American Baptist Publication Society," "American Baptist Historical Society," "American Baptist Home Mission Society," "American and Foreign Bible Society," "American Baptist Foreign Mission Society," "Southern Baptist Convention,*' 1845, and "Southern Baptist Publication Society," 1847. It has in this State 2 colleges and 2 theological seminaries, and has 5 periodicals devoted to its interests.* 1 The School Conimissionera have generally succeeded in awaktiiinjr ft new interest iu their respective districts by per- sonally visiting the schools and tefichei-a, by enconrngiiig the formation of tenchors' associations and institutes, and by re- quiring a higher Ptamiard of qualification on the part of teachers. The schools under tlifir supervision are steadily improving. s The expense of this codification of the school laws was de- frayed from the Hbi*ary fund. ^Thege institutions ai'e almost indispensable in every mer- cantile community. They aflord instruction upon every depart- ment of business accounts, and incidentaliy upon methods of conducting business generally. Courses of lectures are usually given, in which are unfolded the laws relating to all business matters, and a vast amount of information is given relating to all departments of commercial transactions. The most extnn- Bive of these coUegeB are those of Bryant A Stratton. 7 in num- ber, of which 3 are in this State, — 1 at Buflalo, 1 at Albany, and 1 at New York, — Eastman's Colleges, at Itoche.Kter and Oswego. and Bassett's College, at Syracuse. Tliere are various other institutions of the kind in the ^tate, of good local repute, and of great value to the villages and towns in which they are ea- tablished. 4 The Missimmry Union was formed in 1S14; its receipts for 1857-58 were $97,808.77. It has 19 missions, 80 missionaries, and over 300 churches. The headquarters of the Society are at Boston. The Baptist Publicatimi Society was fonned in 1824, and has its depository at Philadelphia. It supports 53 colpor- teurs, and its receipts for 1867-58 were $60,585.12. The Amer- ican Baptist Home Jllissionary x Counties. J^^ r-si s t IS| ^ s| !---^ -5 b & t^-g e^l 39 61 $ 96..350 164.300 74 168,325 1.400 B 85 173,600 127 346,785 149 2,840,700 hi 66,845 SB 263,260 94 202,.580 141 804.230 .52 141..300 262 V2.W1.1M 74 ■J ' 1 J( 1 ■. 201 (.;:;,. '.iuii 142 663,610 II Counties. Ontario Orange , Orleans Oswego Otsego , Putnam Queens Rensselaer.... Richmond — Rockland St. Lawrence. firatoga I lienectady. < Imharie < Imyler ■fe. S^-a "fe. • o a. S2S3.730 443,855 228,600 234.715 231,962 S5.000 492,135 746.640 285,100 130.300 2K!.4S5 313.975 17.3.710 129.830 99,125 CotTNTUS. Seneca. Steuben Suffolk. Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington. Wayne Westchester.. Wyoming Yates Total. II 4S 105 112 46 45 66 100 33 96 80 148 74 48 K'S $144,333 161,438 278,260 60.000 106,700 183,690 409,350 57,250 287,120 272,000 868,260 169,365 133,650 6,077 31,480,144 RELIGIOUS, LITERARY, AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 145 thereof without note or comment.' Auxiliary to the American Bible Society are numerous county and local societies, through which the greater part of the funds are raised.' The American Tract Society was instituted in 1825, by the several evangelical de- nominations, for the purpose of disseminating tracts and books upon moral and religious subjects.' Several of the religious denominations have tract societies of their own. TUe American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was formed iu 1809, for the purpose of supporting missions in foreign lands. Its central office is in Boston ; but it has auxiliary societies throughout this State. It is chiefly supported by the Congregational and New School Presbyterian societies.* 1 The firat society within the State for the gratuitous distribu- tion of the Scriptures was the N. Y. Bible and Common Prayer Book Society, formed in 1809. A large number of co. societies uas formed within the next five years. The present society, formed in 1S16. h;ta gradually increased in wealth and influence, UQtil its operations have extended to almost every section of the globe. It has a Bible house in Now York. — one of the most extensive publishing houses in the world. Its books are gra- tuitously di.stributed, or sold at cost ; and "the total number of volumes issued up to Jlay, 1858. was 12,80-1.014. These are produced in great varieties of style and iu upward of forty different languages. The society has also published the Bible Ln English with raised characters for the blind. The Baptist .and I'rotestnnt Episcopal denominations have separate societies for publishing the Scriptures, although many members belonging to both of those co-operate with the Ameri- can Bible Society. 2 The following table gives the names of these societies, the date of their organization, and the amount of their douations and remittances up to May, 185S; — NiJis. Albany Co Allegany Co Amity Female Ausjihle Valley. Brooklyn City Broome Co Buffalo City Caledonia Caledonia Female Carlton Cattaraugus Co Cayuga Co Chautauqua Co Chemung Co Chenango Co Clinton Co Cold Spring Columbia Co Cortland Co Delaware Co Dutchess Co. Female Dutchess Co Erie Co Essex Co. Floyd and Western Welsh Franklin Co Fulton & Hamilton Co.... Geneva Genesee Co Genoa Greene Co Greene Herkimer Co Hudson Female Jasper Jefferson Co Lewis Co Lewis Co. Welsh Livingston Co Long IsLand Madison Co Blr>ntgomery Co. Monroe Co Newburgh New York Female New Y'ork Calvinistic Welsh New York Marine New York Niagara Co North Brooklyn North Seneca. Nyack Kef D. Ch. Female Oneida Co Onondaga Co May, 1816 April, 182.') Sept. 1816 Dec. 184,"^ Feb. 1849 Feb. 1817 Nov. 1847 April, 1818 May, 1817 Jan. 18.15 Aug. 1829 June, 1817 April, 1820 July, 1828 Nov. 1826 April, 1821 Aug. 1838 Oct. 1817 Aug. 1816 July, 1816 Oct. 1817 Oct. 1839 April, 1848 Jan. 1817 April, 1864 June, 1S21 Dec. 1816 April, 1,846 July, 1818 April, 182.'^ Sept. 1816 Mar. 1855 May, 1817 Oct. 1816 Aug. 18.56 Jan. 1817 April, 1828 May, 1850 May, 1824 Sept. 1817 Oct. ISIB Dec. 1816 Oct. 1821 Sept. 1818 June, 1816 Sept. 1844 Feb. 1817 Mar. 1829 May, 1830 May, 1810 July, 1852 May, 1842 Jan. 1817 April, 1832 Donaiions. $19,621.00 1,626.49 329.15 370.04 6.683,-6 l,9ljl).01 2,339.91 3,366.72 1,673.97 127,06 3.738,99 1,397.13 2.949,36 6,638.99 718,50 101.01 10,835,30 4,320,90 1,460,75 4,764,87 15,930,45 098,06 909.14 60..30 381.95 21.1S2.49 1.117.86 3,169.47 972.15 6,477,23 25.00 3,268,27 1,970.60 3,936,37 644.51 341.68 fl.542.59 20.786,70 5,701,51 300.00 22,828,47 3,-84,74 102,926.12 646.23 42.091.43 2,457,41 1,726,16 582.19 W,30 16.226.06 7,694,IX) Remit- tances fffr Bibles. $16,386,20 3,326.92 130.85 804,05 10.054.75 5.171.46 6,329.05 111.28 232,50 lil,,^ l.,879,62 7.S07.61 7.547.60 3.404,26 6,634.34 4,291,26 324.39 6.131.77 6,830.78 5,341.42 3.985.20 6.355.39 4,163.76 4,244,35 81,70 3,385.60 11,237.37 2,280.75 6,950.40 1,072,20 6,746,56 175.00 4,699.15 805,32 87,00 12,274,47 2,997.44 147.65 6,482,53 30.7S5.72 0,814.87 1,345,11 19.282,30 3.768,00 17,369.47 72.86 6.013.89 264.911.73 6,401.51 1.726,20 767.73 7.20 20.521.48 12,8U6„50 Name. Ontario Co Orange Co Orleans Co Oswego Co Otsego Co Peekskill Female Poughkeepsle Fem. Union Putnam Co Kemsen Steuben Welsh and Vicinity Ren-iselaer Co. Rockland Co Sandy Hill and Fort Ed ward Saratoga Co Schenectady Co Schoharie Co .Schuyler Co Seneca Associate Ref. South Seneca South Steuben Steuben Co ! St. Lawrence Co Sullivan Co Tioga Co Tompkins Co Ulster Co. Utica Welsh and Yia AVarren Co Washington Co Wat.'rviiet Wavne County Welsh B. S. of Nelson Welsh B. S. of Rome Welsh B. S. of Holland Patent Westchester Co Wyoming Co Yates Co Date. Mar. 1817 June, 1816 July, 1830 Mar. 1826 . une, 1816 Feb. 1817 Sept. 1860 May, 1S28 Jan. 1817 June. 1816 July, 18i6 Nov. 1848 July, 1816 May, 1823 Jan. 1817 Feb. 1866 May, 1846 Feb. 1846 June, 1848 Feb. 1817 AprU,1820 Aug. 1826 June, 1823 M.ay, 1828 Nov. 1816 Jan. 1317 Sept. 1821 Miir. 1817 Jan, 1849 April, 1847 Sept. 1856 Mar. 1856 May, 1865 Aug. 1827 Feb. 1860 Dec. 18271 $ 8.405.15 24,141,22 3.2.30.82 2,488.15 3,116,79 713.59 1,080.,81 120.00 3,893,68 35,452,61 1,985,72 164,64 12,779.61 2,741,66 3,934,40 358,60 319,71 1,735,67 1,267,85 2,085.38 2,115.40 2,388,90 4,272,81 4,044,04 ^1,145 91 4,479 71 194 44 19,092,11 3,720 58 3,731.43 12,00 228,08 184 48 19,614.17 2,310 82 4,372,10 Remit- tances/or Bibles. $ 4.870,93 6,426.71 4,058.68 7,286.94 7,673,77 106.76 316.16 2,141,06 22.289.21 2,289,64 243.93 7,277.96 4,454.40 3,982.19 513.23 16,08 1,077.02 1.264.36 6,201,34 14,193,70 3,166,16 5,373,82 6,249,34 2,191,24 2,460,12 2,300,38 7,468,51 2,117,34 4,776,31 63,35 132.73 77.40 6,977,71 4,634.73 3,468,60 10 8 This society has a largo property vested in a publishing hou.se and grounds, corner of Nassau and Spruce Streets, New York, and in the stock, machinery, alid matcri.als used in tho manufacture of books and tracts. Its fiscal affairs are managed by a finance committee. It has 31 auxiliaries in the State cf New Y'ork. Tho receipts up to May, 1858, were $rj 856,711.05,— about three-fifths of which were derived from sales, and the rt* mainder from donations. Previous to May, 1868, this society had circulated 13,098,013 volumes, 188,971,408 publications, 4,75,3,741,573 pages; including 149,761 volumes (9,831 .sets) of the Kviuigelical Family Lilirary, 94,026 volumes (2,0S<, iets) of the Christian Library, 48.638 volumes (1,990 sets) of the Reli- gious or Pastor's Library, 319.323 volumes (4.657 sets) of tho Y'outh's Library, and 160,921 volumes (20,044 sets) of the Youth's Scripture Biogr.aphy. The society publishes an Almanac, the American Messenger, (in English and German,) and Child's Paper, in largo editions ; and issues books and tracts in the Eng- lish, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Welsh, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Hungarian languages. It operates through bnanch and auxiliary societies, general agents and su- perintendents, and paid and volunteer colporteurs. The Ameri- can Tract Society of Boston, which formerly co-operated witll this, is now a distinct organization. Societies of kindred character were formed in the State pre- vious to this. — the more important of which was the New York Religious Tract Society, formed in 181'2, with auxiliaries in vari- ous parts of the country. * This society lias es'tidilishod 27 missions. 121 stations, and 101 out stations in Africa, Gret^ce, Western and Southern Asia, China, Sandwich Islands, Micronesia, and among tho North American Indian Tribes, It employs ,373 missionaries and as- sLstnnt**, and 6*24 native pastors and assistants, has 8 printing presses, and up to 1868 had issued 1,080,481,083 pages of tracts an,l religious books. These missions numbered 318 churches, and 27,740 members; and the educational department embraced 146 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Tlie American Home Missionary Society was formed May 12, 1S26, for the pur- pose of supporting the ministry in feeble and destitute Presb. and Conj;. churches in the U. S.^ Tlie American Sunday Scliool Union was formed in 1824, for the purpose of en- couraging the establishment of Sunday schools and of supplying them with books. Its central ofSce is at Philadelphia. The New York Sunday School Union, auxiliary to this, was established in 1816, and has numerous local subordinate societies in different parts of the State.^ Tlie American Seamen's Friend Society was formed in 1828, and endeavors to carry out the intentions expressed in its title by distributing Bibles and tracts, supporting the ministry, and otherwise promoting the moral welfare of seamen.^ Tiae American Betiiel Society was instituted in 1836, for the purpose of opening chapels fur boatmen and mariners, distributing tracts, and extending other means for their moral improvement. It established a magazine named the *' Bethel Flag ;" and has auxiliaries in many places on the lakes, rivers, and canals. Tlie American and Foreigrn Christian Union was formed in 1849, for the special object of counteracting the influence of the Romish and other churches opposed to the class usually denominated "evangelical."* Tlie Central American Education Society was formed for the purpose of assisting young men preparing for the ministry. In 1858 the society aided 111 students. Tlie American Colonization Society was formed at Washington, Jan. 1817, for the colonization of free colored persons in Africa. Tlie IVe'W YorK State Colonization Society was formed at Albany, April 9, 1829, and has had numerous auxiliaries in the State.^ Tbe JVational Compensating^ Emancipation Society, formed in 1857, has for its object the purchasing of slaves for the purpose of giving them freedom. The American Anti Slavery Society was organized Dec. 4, 1833.^ Tlie American Missionary Association was formed Sept. 1846, as a Home and Foreign Missionary Society. Business office in N. Y. City. Keceipts for first 12 years of its exist- ence, S;421,001.98, Present monthly income, ^3,000 to $,5,000. It has a slaves' Bible Fund, and labors for the extinction of slavery. The association publish The American Missionary (paper) and American Missionary Magazine, both monthly. Young Men^s Christian Associations have been formed in most of the cities and 6 seminarieit, 17 other boarding schools, 619 free schools, (of ■which 312 were supported by the Hawiuian Government.) and 17,020 pupils. The receipts in the year endin;^ July 31, 1858, were $334,01S,48, the principal part of which was derived fiom dionatiQus.— Forty-Ninth Report A. B. 0. F. M., 1858. 1 This society was formed by the union of two societies pre- viously formed by the Presbyterian and Reformed Protestant Dut^li Churches. It is supported by the Cong;rej;ationalists and New School Presbyterians, and to some extent by the Keforraed ProtestJint Dutch, Lutheran, and German Reformed Churches. la 1858, 1,012 persons were connected with this society or its ftgencies and auxiliaries, of which 133 are within this State. The number of congregations and stations fnlly or statedly sup- plied is 2.034; Sabbath school scholars, 65.500; contributions to benevolent objects, £24.272.23. The receipts in 12 mnnths were $175,971.37; the payments in the same time were $190,735.70. Total receipts in 32 years, $3,456,082; total years of labor, 18,871 ; totiU additions to churches, 150.275. There aie a central and a western agency in this State, — the oflSce of the former of which is at Utica and of the lattfr at Geneva. The number of missionaries aided within the year was 133. Total contributions, S39.347.96. - This movement was supported by most of the evangelical denominations ; but several of them have since established Sun- day school organizations among themselves. The American Sunday School Union had, in 185S, expended about S2. 500.000 in books, and Si. 000,000 more in organizing; Sunday schools. Its receipts for the last year were $65,076.14; and it had formed 1,524 new schools, with 57.787 pupils and 9.694 teachers. The New York Sunday School Union had. in 1858. 210 schools, re- porting 60,000 pupils, 4,825 teachers, 82.294 books in libraries, and $13,089 raised by contributions. Sunday schools in some form are supported by nearly every religious denomination, and are chiefly for Biblical instruction. A State Sunday School Teachers' Convention, formed in 1855, meets annually. Its third report, made Oct. 1858, gave a total in the State of 1,895 schools, 22,263 officers and teachers, and 212.312 pupiU. 3 This society has 15 stations in various parts of the world, and grants aid to various Bethel operations not connected with it. The receipts for the year ending in 1858 were $25,230.20; and the total expenses in the seamen's cause about $100.000 ; 2.257 mariners had been received at the Sailors' Home in New York, and the whole number received into that institution from \U eHtabliahment was 52,353. * The association has 61 home laborers; and its receipts in the year ending in 1S58 were $76,603.22. Its expenses in the same time were $79,604.33. It has agents, and supports chapels in several foreign coontries. 6 The slave trade was abolished in 1807, and after Jan. 1, 1808, the cargoes of captured slaves were to be sold for the bene- fit of the State where they might land. By an act of March 3, 1819, the General Government appropriated $100,000 for the restoration of a large number of Africans to their native coun- try. By the co-operation of the Government with this Society a purchase was made in Dec. 1821. in the neighbi^rhood of Cape Menpurado, on the w. coast of Afi'ica, from which has grown the present Republic of Liberia, under the special patnmage of this society. Formal possession was taken April 28, 1822. Several of the subordinate State societies have been merged in anti-slavery and other more radical societies for the termi- n.ition of .slavery. In the y^ar ending in 1S5S the receipts of the New York Colonization Socipty were $15,624.62. « The expenses of the society for the year ending in 1858 were $17,052, including those of the Anti Slavery Standard, its prin- cipal organ. Receipts, $15,200 from the paper and donations, and $17,355 by auxiliaries. A New York State Anti Slavery Society, with numerous aux- iliaries, was forme^i about 1834-36, and its friends soon organ- ized themselves into a political party. The highest State vote of this party was in 1S44, when it amotmted. on the Governor's ticket, to 15.136. Slavery existed under the Dutch, and waa continued through the English period of our colonial history. An act was passed March 31, 1S17, declaring that every child born of a slave in this State after July 4. 1799, should be free at the age of 28 if a male, or at 25 if a female. Every child born after the passage of the act was to become free at the age of 21. and measures were orden^d for the education of children held in service. The importation of slaves was prohibited. The first emancipation under this law, therefore, took effect July 5, 1827, as the law fixed the period as after instead of vpon the 4th of July, as was perhaps intended. The 5tli of July has sometimes been celebrated as their anniversary of independence ; and hence arises the slang expression of '• Fourth of July one day aWer." Tho. composed of its Grand Officers and the representatives (the Master and Wardens) of every lodge in the jurisdiction. As at present constituted, the Grand Lodge dates from 1785, when Chancellor Robert R. Livingston was elected Grand Master, and continued in office till 1801.* In 1859 there are 430 chartered lodges in the State, (numbered to 474,) with about 33,000 mem- bers, numbering among them a very respectable class in all the walks of life. There is at least one lodge in every county in the State, (except Hamilton ;) 93 of the lodges are in the city of New York ; and a lodge is located in every considerable town and village. The annual receipts of the 1 In July, 1858, associationa of this kind were in active ope- ration in Albany, Albion, Black Rock, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Cats- kill, Flushing. Hudson. Jiimestown, New Yovk, Osivego. Pou^li- keepsie, Roudoiit, Saratoga Sjirings. Stapldon, Troy, Utica, and Waterford. Those iu italics belonged to the confederation. * The ftrst organization of this lund in the State wa8 the Al- bany Young Slen's Association, formed Dec. 13. 1833, and in- corp. March 12, 1835. The following is a list of these associa- tions in the State formed under special acts: — Name aito Location. Albany, Albany co Buffalo, Erie co " (German) Elmira, Chemung co.... Fulton, Oswego CO Geneva, Ontario co Port Byron, Cayuga co. SacketB Harbor, jeflfor- son CO Saratoga Springs, Sara- toga CO Frauklia Institute,^ Syracuse, Ononda- > gaco J Schenectady, Schenec- tady CO Troy, Kcnaselaer co Utica. Oneida co Watertown.Jefferaonco, Date, of inco-rporalion. March 12, March 3, May 12, April 11, May 13. April 17, April 10, March 2, May- 14, Dec. 1835 1843 1846 1842 1846 1S39 1844 1843 1840 1849 March 9,1839 April 10, 1S.35 March 25. 1837 April 17, \U\ JRemarJcs. Fully organized. Li- brary 7,000 vols. Library in 1855, 7,600 vols. Library in 1855, 1,800 vols. Closed. J Library in 1859, ( about 3,000 vols. Fully organized. Closed. Burned out in 1849. « Tlie fourth report of the State Society, in 1838, gave 1,538 societies and 231.074 members. Its principal organ, tlio Temper- ance Recorder, waa begun March 6. 1832, at Albany, and issued many years. It also published almanacs, tracts, and circulars to a large extent. The American Society for tho Promotion of Temperance, formed in 1827, was in 1836 succeeded by the "American Temperance Union." The latter, in the year ending in 18r)8, received $1,987.20. It'* principal organ is the Journsil of the American Temperance Union, at New York. Both this and the State Society are sfill in operation. About 1841-45 tha '' Wasbingtonian" temperance movement, originating among reformed inebriate?, spread over the State, and several thousand independent societies were formed under it, — most of which, how- ever, died out with the enthusiasm under which they wera created. The secret orders of "Kechabites" and *' Sons of Temperance"' originated in New York, about 1842, and subse- quently those of "Cadets of Temperance," "Daughters of Tem- perance." ** Good Samaritans," " Daughters of Samaria," '* Knights Templar." '* Social Circles," and other associations of a similar class were formed for the avowed purpose of pro- moting temperance reform. Numerous lodges or encampments were formed, and these societies at one time embraced large numbers of members. Several of them have been given up en- tirely ; and it is believed none of them are increasing. They required a form of initiation and pledge of secrecy, had fixed dues payable at regular intervals, pro\ided money to assist tho sick and bury the dead, and gave certificates of membership, which, with passwords and other tokens of recognition, might enable a memberto claim assistance among strangers belouging to the order. The License question was submitted to the popular voto May 5, 1840, with the result of 111,8^4 /f>/-, and ll7,(i^Z'igainst licens?. The operation of the law was deemed by many to be unequal ; and its effect upon the temperance cause was unquestionably adverse. In 1847 the majorities fur license were large in most of the towns. The " Maine Law," or prohibition movement, began in 1851, and was urged by its friends with great forco during several sessions of the Legislature. A prohibitory law waa passed, but was declared unconstitutional by the Court of Appeals. The present law regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors, passed April 16, 1857, provides a Board of Exciee C'Om- miseioners in each county for granting licenses and prosecuting violations of the law. * At tho close of hia term there were 94 lodges in the State, of which tho oldest was St. John's. No. 1. (yet iu active exist- ence.) established in tho city of New York iu 1757. Gen. Jacob Morton was Grand Master "from I'^Ol to 1806, De Witt Clinton from 1S06 to 1820, and Daniel D. Tompkins from 1S20 to lii22, when tho (Irand Lodge became divided. In 182ti. at the com- mencement of the Anti-Masonic excitement, (see Genesee co.,) there were about 360 lodges iu tho State, (numliered to f»07,) with alKmt 22,000 members. In 1836 the number of lodgos had been reduced below 75, with a corresponding membership, — aay 4,000. 148 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Grand Lodge are about Sl6,000; and during the year ending in June, 1859, the amount expended for charitable relief by the Grand Lodge and its immediate agents was about §3,000 ; and probably three times more than that sum was expended for the same purposes by lodges and individual Masons. There is in the Hall and Asylum Fund, raised for charitable and educational purposes, about S25,000, controlled by trustees chosen by the Grand Lodge, (it not being incorporated;) and this sum is constantly being increased from various sources, — a portion of it arising from the stated revenues of the Grand Lodge. The fraternity are now all united in one body, under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge and its subordinates, and are in a sound and flourishing condition. The ofiioe of the Grand Secretary and place of business of the fraternity is in Odd Fellows Hall, corner of Grand and Center Sts., New York. The Grand Lodge is in correspondence and direct communication with all the Grand Lodges and Masonic fraternity throughout the world.' Independent Order of Odd Felloivs. This order was introduced into the United States from Manchester, England ; and the first regular lodge was opened at Baltimore, in 1819. The Grand Lodge of the U. S. includes 42 subordinate Grand Lodges in the States and Territories, Canada, and the Sandwich Islands. There are 2 Grand Lodges and 623 subordinate lodges in this State." Sons of Malta. This order embraced in this State, on the 1st of July, 1859, the Grand Lodge of the State and 8 subordinate lodges, with an aggregate membership of 12,680. MEDICAL SOCIETIES. The formation of County Medical Societies was authorized by an act passed April 4, 1806. They were empowered to grant licenses to practice medicine in the State and to collect of the members a sum not exceeding $3 annually. Delegates sent from each co. society, in number equal to the representation of the co. in Assembly, were to constitute a State Medical Society, which had the power of granting diplomas to practice medicine and to decide upon cases appealed from the co. societies. Although local societies were formed under this act in most of the counties then existing, several of them have ceased to exist ; and there are at present but about 40 county societies that are represented by delegates. The State Society was formed Feb. 5, 1807, and ia 1 The stated festivals of the fraternityare on the 24th of June and 27th of December, usually styled St. John's days. The offi- cers of the Grand Lodge and of the subordinates are elected annually ; and the time and place for the *■' Annual Communica- tion" of the Grand Lodge is on the first Tuesday of June, in the city of New York. The elective Grand Officers of the Fraternity are Grand Master, Deputy Grand Master, Senior Grand Warden, Junior Grand Warden, Grand Treasurer, Grand Secretary, and 6 Grand Chap- lains. ' Siaiistics of the Odd Fellows for the year ending Jan. 30, 1858. Lodges, or Subordinate encampments Number of initiations.... " « rejections.... " died " " members « " « re- lieved No. of widows and fami- lies relieved Amount paid for relief of members Amount paid for relief of widowed families Amount paid for educa- tion of orphans Amount paid for burying the dead Amount of annual re- ceipts Lodges. ^1 Grand Lodge Northern New York. t . 11 = 3,390 16.649 1.713 1,739 176,700 493 690 61 82 11,783 130 44S or 118 8,475 23,161 716 1,346 2,705 113 393 $294,992.91 $11,263.80 $29,663.62 66,614.55 3,186.18 6,645.17 11,284.06 207.29 38S.09 67,364.70 2,250.00 5,091.17 1,223,685.03 44,766.78 69,981.18 5 S $40, 7; 114 623 1,138 78 200 20,258 2,060 606 ,927.42 ,730.36 596.98 ,341.17 ,787.96 ENCA.MPMENTS. c 2 S 651 2,765 79 220 22,319 902 93 $28,171.10 3411.60 10.00 6,377.24 110,166.64 .§£■1 •118 10.00 40.84 2.019.92 s s J: 71 13 66 60 2 8 4 979 487 22 32 1 $211.00 $363.00 3.00 90.00 2,426.75 84 116 2 12 1,466 64 1 $674.00 MO 10.00 90.84 4,446.67 MEDICAL SOCIETIES. 149 now composed of delegates from co. societies, 1 delegate from each medical college, 5 from the New York Academy of Medicine, honorary members by virtue of office or by election, and per^ manent members elected after 4 years' service as delegates. The annual meetings of the society are held on the first Tuesday of February. The State Society has maintained a regular organization from the beginning; and since 1848 its proceedings have been reported annually to the Legisla- ture and published with their documents.^ Homeopathic Medical Societies may be organized in the several counties under an act of April 13, 1857; and such have been formed in Kings, Livingston, New York, Oneida, and perhaps other counties.^ County Medical Societies. County. Albany Allegany Broome , Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung , Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Krie Essex , Franklin Fulton and Hamilton Genesee Greene II*^rkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis » Livingston MadisoD Blonroe Montgomery New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Kichmoiid Rockland St. Lawrence Saratoga , Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler , Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Wyoming , Yates , Date of Organuati(tn. July 29, 1806 Nov. 6, 1823 Aug. June, Aug. Oct. 1S36 5, 1806 1806 10, 1808 1806 1806 1815 1809 Ang. 5, 1806 Dec. 17, 1800 March 2,1822 1808 May 29, 1821 " " 27, 1806 9. 1821 3, 1806 1, 1806 July May July July July July July July 1806 1, 1806 1, 1806 17, 1821 1, 1806 July 18, 1806 May Oct. Oct. Dec. 18, 1850 14, 1807 1857 29, 1857 July 22, 1806 July 1, 1806 May 8, 1797 March 4, 1823 First President. Wm. McClelland.. Chester Lusk Lemuel Hudson . Tracy Robinson... Wm. Wilson Lewis S. Owen Joshua H. Brett Samuel Bard JoBiuh Trowbridge.. Records lost. Andrew Proudfit Archibald Macdonald.. Joshua Loe First Secretary. Charles D. Townaend.. Ammi Doubleday Asa R. Howell.. Geo. Mowrey .... Wm. Bay Geo. W. Bradford... Adam J. Doll Van Kleefe . Westel Willougbby,jr. John Dm-kee Cornelius Low Records Imrned Charles Little Israel Farrell , AlexandtT Kelsey Alexander Sheldon.... Nicholaa Romayne Amos G. Hull John H. Frifibia Jonathan Sweezey Benjamin Coe Joseph White Bei^amin Woodward. John Demarest Joseph W. Smith S. B.Wells Nelson Wintou David Conklin Andrew Farrell Hugh Henderson Andrew Vanderze Organization abandoned, Cyrus Wells Elijah Pratt Frederick F. Backus Stephen Reynolds Edward Miller David Hasbrouck Walter Colton Nathaniel Elmer Luther Cowen Caleb Richardson Ira M.Wells Charles Whipple , W.Noble C. C. Van Dyck Thomas Shannon D. Moses Blachely Wm. Livingston Watson Smith... John Hat maker. First No. of Members. 20 10 9 13 9 20 20 8 106 29 11 7 14 11 6 10 7 12 Present No. of Members. 45 20 15 40 27 22 40 35 95 32 46 94 20 45U 90 62 30 37 14 28 41 25 5 The first act regulating the practice of physic and surgery in New York was passed June 10, 1760. It was amended in 1792 and 1797. and under the latter the judges of State courts and courts of Common Pleas and Masters in Chancery were, upon proof of two years' study of medicine, authorized to license persons to practice as physicians. By the act of 1806, medical societies mi^ht be formed in each co. by securing five or more members: and where there were less than five physiciaus in a CO. they might unite with the society of a neighboring en. The restrictions upon practice without a diploma were fin.illy abolinhed in 1844 ; and the law now makes no distinction between the different classes of practitioners. Those assuming to act as Ehysiciaus become responsible for their practice, and, if not coased by a county or the State Society or regularly graduated at a medical school, can collect pay according to the time em- ployed, but they cannot collect the specific fees, implying pro- ieasional skill, which are recognized by the established usages of the profeyfiion. 2 The number of homeopathic practitioners in the State is about 600, of whom 150 are in New York and Brooklyn. The Central, Bond St., and Northern Homeopathic Dispensaries in New York, the Ilomeopatliic Dispensary of Brooklyn, the Hahnemann Academy of Medicine of New York, and the Homeo- pathic Medical Society of Northern N. Y.. are sustained V>y this class of physicians, nnd the North American Uomeopathio Journal, (quarterly.) the Homeopathic Review, (mo,,) and the Homeopathic, (semi-mo.,) all published at New York, are de- voted to their interests. 150 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Population, Classified hy Color, Political Relation, Nativity, &c., according to the State Census of 1855. COCNTIXS. Albany Allegany — Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua. Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer .... Jeflferson Kings Lewis Livingston... Madison Monroe Montgomery. New York.... Niagara Oneida Onondaga .... Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer... Richmond.... Rockland St. Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady . Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga , Tompkins , Ulster Warren "Washington.. Wayne Westchester . Wyoming .... Yates Total 103,681 42,910 36.660 39,630 63.571 63,580 27,2S8 39,915 42,4.S2 44.341 24.575 39,749 60,635 132.331 28,639 25.897 23,284 31.532 31,137 2,643 38,566 65.420 216,356 25,229 37,943 43,087 96,324 30.808 629,810 48.282 107,749 86.675 42,672 60,868 28,435 69,398 49,736 13,9.34 46.266 79,234 21,389 19,611 74,977 49,379 19,672 33,519 18,777 25,.358 59,099 41.066 29,487 26,962 31.516 67.936 19.669 44,405 46,760 80,678 32,148 19,812 3,466,212 3,420,921 102,84: 42,729 36,136 39.401 63,171 63, 26,826 39,701 42,351 43,13: 24,547 39,566 68,806 131,473 28,403 25,460 23,124 30,94S 30,326 2,639 38,394 65,2-23 211,876 25,186 37,734 43,362 96,835 30.40' 618,064 47,880 107.134 86,073 42,088 68,720 28,325 69,030 49.618 13,805 4.3,216 78.340 20,799 19,014 74,875 48,737 19,261 33,063 18,701 25,190 62,567 39,018 29,377 26,732 31,267 66,510 19,589 44.185 46.516 78,750 32,119 19,716 J,2 839 181 616 129 390 109 463 214 131 1,254 28 194 1,829 858 136 17 160 86 812 4 172 197 4,480 43 209 325 489 401 11,840 402 616 602 684 2,148 110 368 217 129 3,050 894 690 497 102 642 311 466 76 168 408 1,888 110 2.30 249 1,426 70 230 245 1,928 29 97 Political Relations. 18,616 9.884 8;282 8,637 11,621 11,912 6,859 9,700 6,374 9.412 5,902 9.065 12,498 21,743 6,662 4,462 6,066 6,477 6,952 699 8,578 14,206 32,62: 6,284 8,136 9,974 17,272 6,786 88,877 8,257 20,946 16,933 9,147 11,301 6,704 14,609 12,177 3,0.37 8,187 14,933 3,796 3,580 13,984 10,377 3,790 7,376 4,377 6,.395 14,151 7,939 5,727 6,181 7,456 13,197 4,165 9,356 10,205 14,245 7,0m 4,474 20,2.8: 2,032 2,056 2,645 4,863 4,7 1,191 977 8,404 3,800 704 1,632 6,861 37,274 2.994 3.739 1,559 4,107 1,522 168 3.955 6.377 66,636 2,751 4,329 3,232 22,837 2,688 232,678 10.327 18,472 73,649 4,767 7,956 3,813 7,372 1,640 1,216 8,618 14,921 6,078 3.457 9,916 6.748 2,943 874 687 2,153 3.606 3,083 3,606 979 1,160 9,487 1,6*3 4.822 4,767 16.741 2,827 942 45,286 662,3221632,746 2,222,321 Natitities. 64,705 32,826 27,874 28,918 40,720 37,966 19,983 32,402 26,222 36,500 19.989 33,576 48,073 66,945 19,067 14,583 19,632 20,339 27,338 l,r - ' 30,283 60.103 94,122 17..683 26.141 34,060 63,939 25,762 262.156 27,753 68,302 67.689 30,666 46.339 19.841 60,731 42,206 11,628 33,092 61.667 14,094 13,512 47,991 37,423 14,596 31,195 15,379 19,253 48,737 34,983 21,608 20,760 25,587 63,136 14,632 33,297 35,077 52,035 22.438 16,083 70,407 39,160 32,921 34,629 46,033 46.444 24,075 37,728 29,279 39,141 23,139 36.072 60,724 77.620 23,799 19.258 20,811 24,920 28,755 2,226 32,607 66,471 115,246 19,669 31,166 39,336 63,048 26,714 303,721 33,206 76,868 66,126 36,639 49,718 23,303 66,895 46,674 12,338 34,800 67,447 16,441 16,030 69,667 41,305 15.217 32,117 17,648 22,498 66,489 36,807 23,186 25,028 29,538 64,735 17.122 37.482 39,380 67.401 26,978 18,277 33,247 3,153 3,225 4,006 6,854 6,797 2,876 1,747 13,021 5.107 1,380 3,664 9,707 64.267 4,684 6,622 2,448 6,427 2,261 310 6,803 8,630 100,206 5.470 6,649 4.351 33,276 3,880 322.469 14,717 30,354 20.949 6,803 10.761 4.966 12.024 2.770 1,694 11,135 21,445 5,883 4.436 16,016 7,937 4,303 1,294 966 2,763 2.196 4,211 6,138 1,697 1,849 13,162 2,479 6,791 7,103 23,133 6,060 1,408 538,444 917,708 3,231 636 611 496 890 749 675 273 4,449 1,069 246 283 1,667 2,315 1,164 1,323 631 436 616 63 608 991 8,924 723 376 848 2,106 625 26,858 976 3.06: 2,160 670 1,241 736 1, 569 425 1,588 3,080 245 980 2 272 l,'27r 269 601 219 366 870 681 655 436 271 2,997 348 1,030 668 3,130 266 281 18 18 18 21 17 14 8 17 20 20 7 18 19 36 7 16 12 16 11 "21 41 45 8 13 27 27 26 411 11 48 24 21 18 13 33 24 6 21 19 3 7 26 18 7 9 4 6 21 12 46 20 3: 31 39 21 11 34 18 34 25 29 43 66 16 1 20 30 27 1 37 62 16 21 14 43 56 14 316j 656 14 42 28 10 14 4 24 18 2 9 13 12 2 23 13 96,489 1,422 1,136 2,742 1 1,812 Percentages of the Several Classes to the Total Population. White males 49.23 " females 49.47 Colored males 0.61 " females 0.69 Total males 49.84 ■• females 50.16 Single 60.08 Married 36.16 Widowers 1.02 Widows « 2.75 Kative voters 14.90 ^'aturalized voters 3.91 Aliens 18.54 Owners of land 10.41 Over 21 years who cannot read and write 2.78 Ages under 5, males 6.86 " females 6.74 Aged 5 and under 10, males 6.73 *' " females 5.64 Aged 10 and under 15, males * 5.46 " " females 5.35 Aged 15 and under 20, males 4.91 " " females 6.46 Aged 20 and under 30, males 9.43 " " females 10.44 Aged 30 and under 40, males 7.28 " " females 6.78 Aged 40 and under 50, males 4.79 " " females 4.39 Aged 60 and under 60, males 2.91 " " females 2.70 Aged 60 and under 70, mules 1.55 " " femalof! 1.56 Aged over 70, males 0.84 ^^ females 0.85 POPULATION. 151 Summary of Population at different periods in the several Counties, as now organized. Counties. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1814. 1820. 1825, 1830. 1835. 1840, 1845. 1850. 1865. 13,717 25.155 34,661 33,885 38,116 42,821 13,184 63,620 69.762 68,693 77,268 93.279 103.681 Allegany 1,443 2.20- 6,520 20.238 27,295 30.264 31,402 37.808 42.910 Broorae 45 2,730 6,481 7,423 11.100 13,893 17..579 20,199 22,338 25.808 30.660 36,050 Cattaraugus.. 458 637 4.090 6,643 16,724 24,986 28.872 30.169 38.C50 39,630 Cayuga l6,8i7 29,843 33,609 38.897 42,743 47.948 49,202 60.338 49.603 65,458 63.671 Chautauqua... 2.381 4,2.i9 12.568 20.639 34.671 44.860 47.976 46.548 60.493 63.380 Chemung. 2.931 1.848 2,862 3.115 4,2-2 8,011 11,562 14.439 16.483 17.742 21.737 27.288 Chcuaugo 6.500 21.704 24.221 31,215 34,216 37,238 40,762 40.7S5 39.900 40.311 39.915 Cliutou 1,036 3,916 8.802 7,764 12,070 14,486 19,344 20,742 28.157 31,278 40.047 42.482 Culumbia 27,732 35,322 32,390 33.979 38.330 37,970 39,907 40,746 43.252 41,976 43.073 44,341 Cortland 982 8.879 10.893 16.507 20.271 23,791 24.168 24.607 25,081 25.140 24.675 Delaware 2,745 10,228 20.303 21.290 26.5S7 29.666 33,024 34,192 36.396 36.990 39.834 39.749 Dutchess 36,334 37,909 41,190 43,707 40.616 46.698 ,50.926 60,704 62.39S 65.124 68,992 60.635 Erie '"57s 4;i57 4,667 9,477 6,201 9,949 10.S34 13.811 24.316 16.993 35,719 19,287 67,594 20,699 62.465 23,6:54 78.036 25,102 100,993 31,148 132.331 28.639 Essex Franlcliu 443 2.719 2,568 4,439 7,978 11,312 12,501 16.518 18,692 25,102 26.897 Fulton 6,931 16,048 14,491 15.723 17,006 20,4.51 21,597 18.049 18,579 20,171 23.284 3,660 19,636 9,435 1S..578 20.708 26,008 29,525 29,145 30.173 28 705 28 H^ 28 4.'^8 31..532 Greene 7,02s 12,584 20,210 22.996 26.229 30.446 31,957 3,3,126 31.137 Hamilton 466 556 1.251 1.290 1,325 1,0.54 1,907 1.882 2.188 ■i-fiK Herkimer 2,827 16,332 24.742 23,726 31,017 33,040 35,870 36,201 37.477 37.424 38.244 38,566 JefiersoD. 262 15,140 18,564 32,952 41,650 48,493 63,088 60,084 64.999 68,163 65,420 Kiugs 4,495 6,740 8,303 7,665 11,187 14,679 20,635 32,0,57 47.613 78.6:il 13S,SS2 216.365 1,362 6,433 10.526 9,227 16,093 35,683 26,229 37,943 Livinii^iton. ... 2.448 13,181 21,006 26,731 27,729 42.498 38.389 40.876 Madison 8,036 25,141 26,276 32,208 3.5,646 39,038 41,741 40,008 40.987 43,072 43,087 1,192 13,015 4,683 11.178 27,288 39.108 49,855 58,085 25,108 64.902 36.818 Montgomery.. 18,261 23,007 22.705 21,846 22.600 23,264 24.643 31,992 30,808 New York 33,131 60.489 96,373 95.519 123,706 166,086 197,112 268,089 312.710 371.223 616.647 629.810 Niagara 1,465 1.276 7,322 14.069 18,482 26,490 31,132 34,550 42.276 48,282 Oneida. 1.891 20.839 .30.634 45.627 60,997 67,847 71,326 77,518 85,310 84,776 99.666 107,749 Ononilaga 6.434 26,495 30,020 41,467 48.435 58,973 60.908 67.911 70.175 86.890 86,676 1,075 8.406 22,088 22,812 35,292 37,422 40,288 45.366 Orange 22,809 29.368 34,347 34,908 41,213 41.732 45.096 60.739 62.227 67.145 60.868 1,164 3,889 1,524 5.349 14.460 17,732 22.893 25127 25 845 28 501 28,436 69 398 S4S 6,382 41,687 9.353 12.364 17.875 27 119 38 246 43.619 48,441 62 198 1,702 21,636 38,802 44,S56 47,898 61,372 49,736 13,934 Putnam 8.932 9.836 10,293 11,268 11,866 12.628 11,5.50 12.825 13.258 14.138 16.014 16.893 19,336 19,269 21.619 20,331 44,065 22,460 25,130 66,515 30,324 60,269 31,849 62.338 36 833 46,266 79.234 Rensselaer 22,428 30,442 36.309 36.833 40.153 49.424 73.363 Richniontl 3.835 4 563 5,347 6.602 6.135 6,932 7.082 7,691 10,905 13.073 16,061 21.3.89 Rockland 6,001 0,.353 7,758 7.817 8,837 8,016 9,388 9,696 11,975 13.741 16,962 19,611 St. Lawrence. 454 7,885 8,252 16.037 27,595 36,354 42,047 66,706 62.354 68,617 74,977 Saratoga 17,077 24.483 33,147 31,139 36,062 36.295 38.679 38,012 40,553 41.477 45,646 49,379 Schenectady. . 5,698 8,8S8 10,205 11,203 13,081 12,876 12.347 16,230 17,387 16,630 20.054 19,672 Schoharie 2,073 9,808 18.945 19,323 23,154 25.926 27,902 28,608 32,358 32,488 3;i,548 33,619 Schnvler 286 3.609 5.652 10,411 13.773 13,764 15,163 16,388 17.327 18.619 18,777 Semca 4,0.57 11,306 13,935 17,773 20.169 21,041 22,627 24.874 24.972 25,441 25,.358 Steuben 1,788 6.036 8.983 18,068 20.282 28.012 34.961 40,661 46.203 68.358 69,099 Suffolk 16.440 19,4i>4 21,113 6,10s 21,368 24,272 23 695 26 780 og 074 32 469 34 679 36 9'^2 41 066 Sullivan 1,7 6:i 3,222 6.233 8.900 10..373 12,364 13,755 16,629 18.727 25.088 29,487 Tioga 2.034 6,860 6.188 7,966 9,988 13,426 16,534 20,627 22.456 24.880 26,962 1'ompkind 927 6,1.53 9,816 22,167 27,951 31,333 32.345 32,296 32.2W 32.094 31,616' tlster 16,297 21,033 4,825 26,676 7,565 26,428 7,838 30.934 32 015 36 650 39 960 45 ^^'^ 48 907 59 384 67 936 Warren 1,080 9.453 10,906 11,796 12,034 13,422 14.908 17,199 19,669 Washington... 20,497 30,982 36,724 .36.359 38,831 39,280 42,635 39,326 41.080 40.554 44.780 44,405 Wavne 1,410 27,347 6,575 30.272 11.220 20,309 26,761 33 643 37 788 42.057 48.686 42 516 44 953 46 760 Wetitchester... 24,003 26,307 32,638 33,131 36,4.56 38,789 47.394 68.203 80,678 Wyoming 2,736 5.411 16.149 22,307 29,047 32,771 34,245 30.691 31.981 32,148 1,702 4,867 6,434 18,026 15,313 19,009 19,796 20,444 20,777 20,590 19,812 Total -. 340,120 588,603 961,888 1.035.910 1,372,812 1.614.458 1.913,131 2,174,617 2,428,921 2,604.495 3.097.394 3,468,212 Abstract from the Census of the Indians residing on Reservations in 1855. Reseevations. Allegany CatUraugus ".. On(^i(Ja* Onondaga*..., St. Regis' , Shinnecock... Tonawauda.. Tuacarora — Where located. Cattarawgua co Cattaraugus, Erie, & Chau- tauqua cos Madison and Oneida cos Onondaga co FranliUn co Suffolk CO Genesee, Erie, and Niagara COS. Niagara co. Total'* 1,947 376 676 88 173 206 290 160 378 604 73 176 207 71 312 166 1,987 163 2 91 48 1,714 3.032S 354J 2.063J l,426i 2.616 3,092 729 43 141 161 16 261 »49 464 10 350 13,8675 2.089 1,094 673 236 2,806 eren (Bear) Island— called by the Indians *' Passapenock" — np to Sneackx Island, and ''of a breadth of two days' jour- ney." * On the 1st of Oct. 1630, a copartnership was foimed between Van Rensselaer on the one part, and Saml. Godyn, Johannea do Loet, Saml. Bloemmaert, Adam Eisaela, and Toussaint Mous8art on the other, by which the latter were constituted co-directora of Rensselaerwyck, and were boxind to do homage and fealty to the lord of the manor. i The patroon reserved the right to trade with the Indians. For several years this trade was carried on by the settlers, who received goods from the patroon's Btoro, and aent the peltries which they received to be aold by him in Holland. This busi- ness afterwards foil into the hands of local traders. 6 So active did this controversy become, that at one time Gov. Stnyvesant sent an armed force to Albany to support the rights of the company against the proprietor. * This pl.'ice soon became the seat for holding all great councils with the Indian tribea. Among the curious things mentioned in the annals of the " old colonic" is the fact that, during an almost unprecedented freshet in the epring of 1646, a whale 40 feet long came up the river and stranded on an island near the mouth of the Mohawk. Four others stranded the same season, 40 Dutch mi. above New Amsterdam. ^ For a concise view of the changes made by this charter, see Barnard's Hist. Sh(t':h of Bcnssdaerwyck, p. 107. 8 The manorial title has descended as follows : — KlLUAN Van Rensselaek, first Patroon. died in 1647, at Ametei^ dam, leaving the property with his two sons. Jobanm:3 and Jebemuh. Each of these had a son named KiXLU-v, the former of whom died without issue in 1687, leaving the title with Knj.iA.N , son of Jeremiah. Dongan's patent was confirmed to the two cousins Nov. 5, 1685, and all other claimants released to the survivor in 1695 ; to whom also Queen Anne's patent of confirmation was granted May 20, 1704. Ue willed the property to his eon, Jeremiah, and to the male heirs of his body ; but, dying without iasuc, the title passed to hia younger brother, Stephen, who had a son (sole heir under the will above men- tioned,) named Stephen, who died in 1769. leaving the title with Stephen, the late patroon, who was bom in 1764, and died In 1839. The entail ended with this person, who, in his will, gave the w. part of the manor to his son, Stephen, the present proprietor, and the E. part to his eon, . WauAM P., of New York. The " Quarter Sales," as they were technically called, h which the landlord claimed a part of the purchase money at each transfer of a lease, was particularly obnoxious. In 1860 the Quarter Sales were declared unconstitutional by the Su- preme Court. w This movement led to the adoption of Art. 1, Sec. 14. in thti constitution of 1846, prohibiting the lease of agricultural lands for a longer period than 12 years. n The relative amount of the land held by lease and in fee in the county is now nearly as follows : — In Waterrliet, nearly all held in fee; in Gnilderland, three-fourths; in Bethlehem. Coey- maus. and New Scotland, two-thirds; in Knox, Rensselaerville, and Wesferlo, half; and in Bern, one-third,— the remainder being held by lease, ^ The following list is imperfect, but is supposed to include all the more important newspapers ever published in the Co Wo are indebted to Joel Munsell, printer, for assistance, and tho use of hia immense collection of specimen numbers, in the prepa- ration of this class of statistics. 7'he Albany Gazette was first issued in Nov. 1771, by Alex, and Jamea Robertson, who joined the loyalistsin N. Y. in 1776. TTie New York Gazetteer or JSorthem InteUigencp.r, in 1782, by Solomon Balantine and Charles R. Webster. In 1784 the name was changed to The Albany Gazette, and in 17S8 a semi-weekly edition was issued. In March. 1S17, united with the Albany Daily Advertiser, and took the name of The AJhavy Gazette and Daily Advertiser, continue<' until 1845. The AU/avy Jourval, or Montgomery, Tfashingt^n, and Chluvv- bia Jnt'lligi'ncer. semi-w. in winter and w. in siimmor * was started in Jan. 1788, by Chas. R. & Geo. Webstflr, and published in connection with the Gazette. ThA Albany Daily Advertiser, Sept. 1815, by Theodore Dwight 158 ALBANY COUNTY. T*. j^J" 181" W. L. Stone nnited it with the Albany Gazette ntAm^r,canJ,.ur„cJ of. Science and Art. Thos. McKee eS' rS^^ftmy^^sterwa^puMiahed by John Rarber from 1788 Ti t. J'" l'"^' "'"' ^y ^- Sonthw1,k till 1817. The Fchral ncrald. by Cl«ton k Babcock, brought from Th, jm^fr*^.^^ '° ''?''• "'*• "'"' "S"'" returned thitber. The Repubhcan On^. liackus 4 Whiting and Isaac Mitchell were successively publishers. The Albany ChmmrU was commenced in 1797 bv John McDo- nald. Joseph Foy and Henry C. Southwick were after- ward Its editors. It was discontinued in 179;i Tht Gim-iwii, 1807 Van Benthnvsen & Wood. 2 years. JIte Jiulance. and Ana Fork .State Journal, semi-w., 1808-11 Ti. ,„'-''"''";''"f^'''"'y ='■'""<"■<="*''■»" Hudson. ' ineAlbann hnmbhcan was started in April, 1S12, by Samuel H. Drown.— Rnmaine succeeded the next year, "and after Th. siJ" J,''}\^,"J'^ meT%,'•" ji" 1856 it was united with the Argns^ int. thr,stm,i r.sitant, 4lo, was begun June 3, 1M5, bv S T,. -, .>'™»l>™k, and continued 2 years. ■>. "J 0. 2Ae J-wnd^Svo. mo,, was begun in 1816 by D. & S. A. Abbey. TU plTT' n"""'' ""^ - ^^'^"'- '""^""■'^ •» N.T. in 1818. 2L,7 "'^ f^',^'^ ^'"' I'y '^"'"■"o" Southwick, TA, ^twJi^, « "'^'l^P'""" of Henry Homespun. rif A-^"-" ^"^™«°Pe. 1820, hv Chas. Galpin, continued till 184'' Tl^ J\d CkriUia,! Regi^Ur was stSd in Th. ^ W^«5^"^^^ L. G. Homnan, pub,, and J. R. 27,c Albany B.iil:/ Chronicle was started April 22, 1826 and T* n. P;'''''"'f '' a *0"-t time by Galpin & Cole. ' rL «w "'5' '"'Bun Aug. 4, 1827. B. McOlashan, ed. ftv,„f^^ »,?■'" P"'''-s''ed in 1827 by Matthew d>le. * -^Noy f kSTm pfl °'^'- ^'l' "^' ••'-'' 'liscontinued T-A^ ^^«r; ' '■ l';*l."=^""=''''"i.P">>"S-DoW.Bloodgood,ed ^ ^"S'thS,^eS!'- '" ''''• ''^'^'"^ * ^""d- p""-;^^: rV Jtr^yrmng Chroiicle d.a., and TAe Albany Chronicle, semi-w , rv .^.,1 P"'; 'f ^ji '" 1828 by Beach, Denio, & Richard ' The Age was published m 1S28 by Galpin 4 Slurtevant. . Tl.e AWany Tunes andLit„ayy Writer was started Dec. 27, 7-fc. ,,.1 .'•'>J'J''>s.McGlashan:Bloodgood4 Van.Schaick eds TAe^Waiiiaj^semi-mo., was started Jan. 30, 1828, by ArthS The Albany Minen-av:,a published in 1828 by J. Munsell M?rcTfs'5n^T,*""'S,r'""^"'^l^- commenced Tl nrfoi w- I'' "?' PV'--''=''<^'J '■? B- !>■ Po'-Sard i Co., Ihurlow Weed, ed. A w. and a semi-w. journal are The Farmers Mcchamcs, and Working Men's Advocate da was started m 1830 by McPherson 4 McKercher ' The m! lowing year it appeared as »,. was commenced Feb. ''*'^''S?rd"ocrf''lS36'''''"'P^°''^P='''"-"^'bany,was ""^*ri8lrrG™"umS*"'"'^'"°-'"-''"'"-''^d »•*<; -«*any m.ig was commenced in 1834. by J. B. Van Schaick 4 Co., as the weekly of The Body Adrertis^ u%fs soon merged in The Albany Gazette, a semi-w. paper issued from the same office. ^ The Ci/mmon School Assistant, mo., was pubhshed in 1836 by J Urville Taylor. ^ The Associate Presbyterian Magazine. Svo, mo., Rev. P Bnl- hous, ed. Pub. from 1838 to 1842 i- oai S" ,,',!■*■■'* ■f''™^ Nexosimpcr was published in 1638 1 he JeJJersoman was published by Horace Greeley durine the campaign of 1838. * The Cultivator, mo., was commenced in March, 1839, by Jesse Buel. It was afterward published by W. Gaylord Th. 7V„^ ; ^'^<=}"> >">d now by L. Tucker 4 Son. The ^^'fT'p "''■^,^-"^'»'^9 Kmfe was published a short time. The Albany Pa not was started in 1840 by Jas. C. Jackson. and continued 4 years. * The rnicmisl.Ja., was jrablisbed by J. Mnnsell. and The Rough^Hewer by Theo. M. Burt, during the campaign of The District SfM Journal mo., was established at Geneva in 1840, Irancis Dwight, ed. Removed to Albany in 1841. and continued by the State School Den. until 1852. The Examiner was published in 1841 by 6. Galpin. I he American Magazine, Svo, mo., started in 1841 by J. S. 4B. Wood. 3 vols. pub. j".o. «.i>. The Irishman was published seven weeks in 1843 by H O Kane, J. Munsell, printer. The New Tca-k State Mechanic was started in 1842 by J Ti .- "V'nsell, and continued eighteen months. The Northern Star and Freeman's Advocate w.as started in T,.. o , i^ w ''• S'™''"-' aud Charles 8. Morton. The Sunday Tickler was publi.^hed in 1842 by C. W. Taylor I tie Albany Switch was commenced in 1842" by H. J. HastinES T,. x- 1", li*» '^-n Light, mo., conducted by Dix, Hawley. Dean. Beck, Olcott, and Delavan. and subsequently by A. B. Street, was started in 1^51, and continued about 3 yrs. Deutsche Frele Blaetter^ tri-w., was started in 1852. Hi^nry Bemii'r and Augustus Miggael, present pub. The Family Intelligencer was commenced by Jasper U;i/.en. Sept. 11. \y-:yl. now pub. by J. T. Ila/.en. The New Yorlt Teacher, mo., the organ of the N.Y. State Teachers' Association, was started in 1852, and is now conducted by James Cruikshank. The Evening Transcript, da. and w., commenced Jan. 31, 1853. by Cuylor k Henry, was last published by Snyder k Ell3. The Country Gentleman, started bv J. J. Thomas and I. kL.n. Tucker in 1853, is now pub. by L. Tucker k Son. The Prohibitionist, mo., ed. by A. McCoy, the organ of the N.Y. State Temperance Society, was started in 1854, and in 1857 united with the Jour, of the Am. Temp. Union. The Foffice, the general offices of the New York Central R. R. Co., and a variety of other offices. The Public Schools^ have hardly kept pace with the progress of other institutions of the city, or with the public schools of other cities in the State. Until within the last few years, the whole public school interest was under the charge of a Board of Commissioners, appointed by the Regents of the University. The people, having no power over school matters, took but little interest in them, and the schools languished in every department. There was a great deficiency in school- houses, in the number of teachers employed, and in the general supervision of schools. This system has been changed of late, and a series of improvements have cormnenced which bid fair to soon place the schools of Albany on a par with those of her sister cities. In 1857, there were 13 school districts, employing 53 teachers, 10 males and 37 females. The number of children between 4 and 21 was 18,359, of whom G729, or 37 per cent., were in attendance some portion of the year.' There are 70 private schools, reporting 3827 pupils. The Albany Academy, (for boys,) fronting on Eagle St., opposite the State Hall, is a flourishing institution. It was chartered by the regents, March 4, 1813: the corner-stone of the present building was laid July 29, 1815, and it was opened for students Sept. 1, 1817. Dr. T. Romeyn Beck was its principal for 31 years ; and under him the school obtained a deservedly high reputa,- tion. The building is an imposing structure, of red Nyack freestone, in the Italian style, fronting on a park of 3 acres.'" 1 Id 185G, the receipts of barley at tide water exceeded 2,000,000 bushels. 2 In 1S58 there was received at Albany by canal, principally from the N., 267,406,411 feet of boards and scantling, 11,949.700 feet of timber. 31,823 M. of shinerles, and 07,505 tons of staves, 3 The directory of 1858 gives the following aggregate of the Dianufacturing estabhshments in the city : 4 ag. implement facs. ; 8 boiler and steam-engine shops ; 9 bookbinderics; 10 breweries; 9 brick yards ; 17 carriage and car fac. ; 1 car wheel fac. ; 6 distilleries ; 4 drain tile fac. ; 9 flour mills ; 13 harness shops ; 8 hat fac, ; 13 iron founderies ; 11 machine shupa ; 14 malt houses ; 15 printing offices; 3 safe fac; 5 sawing and planing mills; 2 type and stereotype founderies ; 13 stove manufac. ; and 4 piano factories. There are about 60 commission merchauts ; 60 dealers in ilour and grain ; and 50 lumber dealers, * In 1790 the corporation wjis empowered to construct wat^r works, but nothing was done. Afterward the enterprise was completed by a private company, who obtained their supply of water from Maezlandt Kil, N, of the city. This supply not being Bufflcient, an act was passed in 1850 for the constniction of pub- lic water works. The vote in the city stood, " For water," 4405 : "No water," 6; "Brandy and water, strong," 1. The works of tlie old company were purchased and the present works built, * The original cost of construction was $860,000 ; and the total cost up to Jaa, 1, 1858, $1,018,495. The main pipes measure 42 78-100 miles. The receipts for the year ending Oct, 31, 1857, were $75,560, The revenues are sufKcient to pay the interest on the debt for construction and the cost of maintenance, and leave a considerable balance to form a sinkiug fund for the tinal liquidation of the debt, 6 See pages 27, 44, 136, I This building is 109 feet front by 80 feet deep. In front it has a recessed porch, supported by 6 Ionic columns. In the center of the hall, in the second story, is a statue of Hamilton, by Hewes : and in the common council room are portraits of the first 13 Governors of the State, 8 A. LancAsterian School Society was incorp. May 26, 1S12. a school having been maintained jor some time previous. The members of the common council were es-officio members of the society, and those giving $25 were entitled to a scholarship. In 1617, the society erected the building now occupied by the Al- bany Medical College, for the use of the school, which continued to be occupieil until 1834, when the school was superseded by the public school system of the State, Wm, Tweed Dale was principal of the school for 23 years, » The total expenses of the schools for 1857 were $44,310 10. Total receipts, the same. No. of volumes in Dist. Libraries, 9285. 10 The late Henry W. Dclaran bequeathed $2000 to this insti- tution, the income of which is devoted to the education of indi- gent youth. NEW YORK STATE CAPlTOL ALBANY ALBANY COUNTY. IGl The Albany Female Academy, on N. Pearl St., was established in 1814, and iucorp. in 1821, and the present building was completed May 12, 1834. The institution has uniformly borne a high re- putation. The building is in Grecian style, with an Ionic portico.' The Albany Female Seminary, situated un Division St., was incorp. April 9, 1828. It is under the charge of the Mcth. denomination. The Albany Institute, a society for the promotion of science and art, was iucorp. Feb. 27, 1829 by the union of Society of Arts and the Albany Lyceum of Natural History.^ It has three depart- ments, devoted to — Ist, Physical Sciences and the Arts; 2d, Natural History; and 3d, History and Gen. Literature. During the winter months it holds semi-monthly meetings. It has a valu- able library, and an extensive cabinet of minerals and of specimens of natural history.' The Young Men's Association was formed in 1833, and incorp. March 12, 1835. It supports a lecture course during the winter, and has a library of above 7000 vols., and a reading room supplied with 70 papers and 15 other pei-iodicals. It is the oldest institution of the kind in the U. S., and has about 1000 members. A Catholic Young Men's Association has sustained a course of lectures for several winters. The Albany Industrial School, erected by the city in 1857, for vagrant children, is not completed. It is located in the rear of the Penitentiary. The Albany Mercantile College (Bryant, Stratton & Co.) is located on Broadway. (See p. 748.) The Dudley Obserratorij, on an eminence in the N. border of the city, was founded through the munificence of Mrs. Blandina Dudley and other liberal patrons of science. It was incorp. April 2, 1852, and its management intrusted to 15 trustees. The building is admirably arranged, and furnished with instruments, several of which are the largest and most delicate ever constructed. It was dedicated Aug. 28, 1856, and placed under the charge of a scientific council, to be employed by the coast survey in the determination of longitudes, and other purposes connected with that great national enterprise. It has a special library of about 1000 volumes.* The Albany Medical College, located upon Eagle St., was incorp. Feb. 16, 1839. Two courses of lectures are held annually ; and the institution has secured a deservedly high reputation in the medical profession. It has an extensive medical museum, and a choice library of 5000 vols. The Law School of the University of Albany was instituted under the university charter of April 17, 1851. Two courses of lectures are annually held in rooms attached to the medical college building. This school has obtained an excellent reputation. The Albany Almshouse, consisting of a poor house,^ insane asylum,* and a fever hospital,' is located upon a farm of 116 acres, IJ miles s. w. of the city, and is entirely owned and managed by the city authorities. These departments are supplied with commodious and appropriate buildinge. The Industrial School building is located upon the same farm. The Albany City Hospital, located on Eagle St., was incorp. April 11, 1849. It was founded by private subscription, and the present building' was opened for the reception of patients Aug. 8, 1854.' The Albany Orphan Asylum, on Washington St., at the junction of the Western Turnpike, was incorp. March 30, 1831, at which time it had been in practical operation for nearly two years. It was commenced as a private enterprise, and the present building was erected by subscription and the product of several ladies' fairs. It is now supported by funds received from the State, the interest on its endowment, and the proceeds of an annual fair. The St. Vincent Orphan Asylum was incorp. in 1849. The female department, situated on N. Pearl St., is under the charge of the Sisters of Mercy. The male department, 2 mi. w. of the capitol, is under the care of the Christian Brothers. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1640. Rev. Johannes Megapolenses was settled as pastor in 1642, under the patronage of the patroon. A regularly organized Lutheran churcli existed in 1680, but the date of its formation is unknown. It was reorganized Aug. 26, 1784. 1 The Albany Library, kept in this building, was incorp. Feb. U. 1792. It contains about .5,000 vols. s Prof. Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, read his first seientitic papers before this association, and performed his first original experiments while a pupil at the Albany Academy. The Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufictures, was established in 1791, incor. 1793, and expired in 1S04, by limitation of charter. Revived as the Society fnr the Promotion of Useful Arts: incor. 1S04. Tliese were State Institutions, and thw latter became local on the establishment of tlie Biiard of Atiriculture, in 1S19. and continued a city institution until its union with the Albany Lyceum of N.itural History in 1^-9. ! 80 inmates. 8 The libriiry and cabinet are kept in the Albany Acad, building. ' Cost l-SOOO. * The building is in the form of ji cross, 86 by 70 feet. Among 8 xhis building was erected by the city tbr a jail. the instruments is a calculating engine, made by C. Schoutz, a ^ The whole cost of the institution has been about $50,000. 11 Swede, and purchased by John F. Rathbone. It is the only onft in existence. A large class of calculations is performed by it.s use, and the results are impressed upon leaden plates, ready to electrotype and print. This institution has been involved in on unhappy controversy between the trustees and council, which hiis embarrassed its plans; but it is now in active operation under cheering auspices. *> The city contracts to support county paupers at $1.25 per week each. A school connected with this institution is kept thro\ighout the year. 8 Huitt at an expense of $12,000, and witll accommodations for Ib2 ALBANY COUNTY. The first Prot. E. Church (St. Peter's) was erected in 1715, on a site granted by the governor of the colony. It stood in the center of State St., opposite Barrack (now Chapel) St., and was demolished in 1802, and the present edifice built by Philip Hooker. The communion plate of this church was presented to the Onondagas by Queen Anne. The most imposing and costly church edifices in the city are the Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, corner of Eagle and Lydius Sts., and St. Joseph's (R. C.) Church. There are now (1858) 48 churches in the city.^ At an early period Albany acquired much importance from being the principal center of the Indian trade, and afterward the place where the great military expeditions against Canada were fitted out.^ Its importance as a military station led to its being fortified at an early period; and, although it was often threatened with invasion, no hostile army ever reached it.' It became the permanent seat of the State government in 1797. For 30 years after the Revolution, Albany was the seat of the entire trade of the western part of the State, the produce being brought in by sleighs in winter. The first great impulse to its commercial prosperity was given by the successful trip of the Clermont,* the first steamboat of Fulton, in 1807, and the improvements in steam navigation which immediately followed. The steamboats now upon the Hudson River are among the very largest that navigate any inland waters.^ The completion of the Erie Canal, in 18-5, and of the various lines of railroads since that time, have each essentially added to the growth and prosperity of the city.® Business is principally centered upon Broadway, State, S. Pearl, and Washington Sts. The Dutch language and customs, which continued until long after the English conquest, have almost entirely disappeared. Very few families retain any characteristics of their origin, although many occupy the same lots that were conveyed to their ancestors two centuries ago. The peculiar Dutch architecture has now nearly disappeared, and within the limits of the city there are not more than a dozen houses with the sharp gables fronting even with the street, the tile roof, and antiquated appearance, so common but a few years ago. The city has been visited by several disastrous fires,' and the lower part has often been inundated by water.® BER]\® — was formed from Rensselaerville, March 17, 1795. Knox was taken off in 1822. It lies near the center of the western border of the county. The Helderbergh Mts., 1200 feet above tide, form the eastern border. Grippy and Irish Hills, two broad mountains, with steep declivities and rolling summits, 900 to 1000 feet above tide, occupy the center. The s. and w. parts are hilly, and the x. rolling. The principal streams are the Foxen Kil and the Switz Kil. These streams flow N. w. through narrow valleys bordered by steep hill sides. "Werners and Thompsons Lakes, in the N. E., are small sheets of water. In the lime rock, in the N, E. part, are numerous small caves and sink holes.^" There are several sulphur springs in town. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam interspersed with clay. Bernvllle (Bern p.o.) contains 50 houses;" E, Bern^^ (p.v.) 15; S. Bern (p. v.) 15; and Reidsville (p. v.) 12. Peoria is a small village on the line of Knos. Settlement was begun about 1750 by a few German families. In 1777, a company of 85 militia were raised in this town, of which the captain and 63 men joined the British, and the remainder the Americans at Saratoga. Bernville, then called ** Beaver Dam,'* was fortified during the war, and sentinels were posted at night to prevent surprise by the Indians.^* The place at one 1 Of these there are 8 Meth. E.. 7 Bap^ 5 Prot. E.. 5 Pr^sb., 5 R. C, 3 Ref. Prot. D., 3 Jewish Syn., 3 Evaug. Luth, 2 Wes. Metfa.. Cong.. Evang. Ger. Abso., Evang. Prot. Ger., Asao. Presb.. Friends, Uuita., and Univ. * On the 19th of June, 1754. the first Congress of the colonies aariembled at AU>any, to devise a general plan of union and measuree of defense, in view of the French and Indian ho.«tiIities, then just commencing. This Congress consisted of delegates fromN. H.,Mass., R.I.. Conn., N. Y.. Penn., and Md. The "plan of union" drawn up by Dr. Fraaklin was adopted, but it was afterward rejected by the British government ae being too demo- cratic, and by the coioniestt* giving too much power to the king. * The first fort was built by the Dutch, in 1614, on the island below the city, which is hence called Castle Island. In 1617 a fort was built at the mouth of tlie Normans Kil: and in 1628 another was erected near the present steamboat landing, in the 8. part cf the city, and named Fort Grange, in honor of the reigning prince of Holland. A qiiadranevlar fi^rt, called "Fort Frederick,*' was afterward built on the bipifc gronnd, now State St., between St. Peters Church and the GeoJogical BnW, with lines of palisades extending down Steuben and llndson Sts. to the river. Those fort iJi rations were demolished soon after the Revolution, and the only evidence of their existence now re- maining is the curved outlines which they have given to the streets in the older parts of the city. * The Clermont was ItXt feet long. 12 feet wide, and 7 feet deep. The first voyaire to Albany was accomplished in 2S hours and 4o minutes. This boat was afterwards cnlai^ed, and her (Uune changed to the '■ North River." _ 6 As a contrast to the "Germont," it may be stated that the " Isaac Xewton." of the People's Line of Steamers, is 404 feet long. 76 wide, and 47 deep, and has sleeping accommodations for more than 700 passengers. * The sloop "Experiment." of 80 tons. Capt. Stewart Bean, sailed in the fall of IJSS from Albany to China. This was the second vessel from the U.S. to Canton. She was absent 18 months, and returned with a cargo of teas, nankeens, damask silks, and 13 sets of China ware, to order, for family gifts. ' A fire in 1797 burned 96 dwellings, and rendered 150 fami- lies housele'58. Aug. 17, 1S4S. a most destructive fire broke out, which destroyed a considerable portion of the commercial part of the city bordering upon the river,and alsomany iKMits in the basin. 8 Upon the breaking up of the ice in the river. Feb. 9. 1857, the water completely submerged the lower part of the city, and came up so high that it covered Broadway in front of the Kx- change. The damage to property was immense. 9 Named from the native place of Jacob Weidman, first settler and milt owner. 10 In one of these caves, during the war. a notorious tory and spy named Salisbury was couc-'aled for some time, but was at last arrested. The place is still known as ''Tory's Hole." — Simnis's ScJtobarie^ p. 525. 11 In 1825 an extensive ax fectory was erected here; bat it was soon after removed to Cohoea. 13 Formerly called "Philadelphia," and still locallv kuown as » Philla." 13 The family of Johannes Beitz, consisting of S persons, wer» murdered by the Indiajis. — Simms's Sviwharit^ p. 4S»9. ALBANY COUNTY. 163 time became a rendezvous for tories.' The Ret Prot. D. Church of Beaver Dam was formed in Jan. 17C3. The first settled pastor was Johannes Schuyler, in 176".- BETDLiEnEM— was formed from VTatervliet, March 12, 1793. New Scotland was taken off in 1832. It lies on the bank of the Hudson, e. of the center of the county, and includes the islands w. of the main channel of the river. Its surface consists of a rolling upland, ending upon the river in steep bluffs 100 to 150 feet high. Near tlie center of the town are a few sand ridges and rocky knolls. The principal streams are Coeymans Creek, Vlamans Kil and Normans Kil. The declivi- ties of the upliuid are broken by numerous deep gulleys worn by streams flowing into the Hudson. There are two small caves, several sulphur springs, and quarries of coarse brown sandstone, iu town. The soil is sand and clay.' Groesbcck is a suburb of Albany. Pop. 1,232. Ken- ^TOOd, a village near the mouth of Normans Kil, contains an extensive mill, and a manufactory of woolen and cotton knit goods. I'pper IIoIIow, Adanisville, A'ornianskill. (p. o.,) Betiilebeni Center, (p. o.) Beckel■^4 Corners, Cedar nUl, (p. o.,) and S. Betli- lebeni are hamlets. Callanans Corners, in the x. w. corner, is a p. o. On the hills overlooking the Hudson below Albany are several fine country seats. The first settlement waa made upon Castle Island,* in 1614, and a fort erected the same year. As this island was liable to overflow, in 1617 another fort was buUt at the mouth of Normans Kil.° Agricultural improvements commenced in 1630, by tenants under Van Rensselaer. Mills were buUt on the Normans Kil and Beaver Kil at a very early period. A part of the house kno^vn as "Whitehall," near the Delaware Road, was built by Gen. Bradstreet, and during the Revolution is said to have been a secret rendez- Tous for tories. Cherry Hill, just out of Albany, on the river road, was the residence of Gen. Solo- mon Van Rensselaer. A Ref. Prot. D. church was formed in colonial times, and in 1794 S. Van Rensselaer gave the society 100 acres of land, known as the parsonage farm.' COEY>I A^VS — (Quee'mans) was formed from Watervliet, March 18, 1791. A part of Westerlo was taken off in 1815. It was named from the patentee. It is the s. E. corner town in the county, and includes the Barren islands in the Hudson. Its surface consists of an upland, 200 to 400 feet above the river, broken by ridges and hills rising 100 to 400 feet higher. The principal streams are the Coeymans' and Haanakrois Creeks. In the former, at Coeymans village, are two falls at which the stream descends, in the aggregate, 75 feet. Lawsons Lake is a small sheet of water in the N. w. part of the town. A stratum of marble or limestone extends through the town 3 or 4 mi. from the river. In the s. e. part are two caves, the largest extending 40 rods into a perpendicular ledge. Feuri-Spruyt Kil, a small stream in the x. part, disappears, and flows for half a mi. in a subterranean passage, coming to the surface again in New Scotland. At the place where the stream disappears it falls perpendicularly into a deep cavity, forming a considerable water power. Another brook, in the w. part, flows in a similar manner under ground for 40 or 50 rods. There are several mineral springs in town, impregnated with sulphate of magnesia. In the E. the soil is sand mixed with clay, and in the w. it is gravel and clay. The fossil remains of a mastodon were found on thefarmof Mr. P. Gidney, 6 mi. w. of the river. Large quantities of hay are sent annuaUy from this town to the New Y'ork market. Coeymans Landing, (Coeymans p.o.,) on the Hudson, is a village of considerable trade. Pop. 650. Coeymans Hollo-fv, (p.o.,) Stephensville, and Indian Fields (p.o.) are small villages in the valley of the Haanakrois. Keefers Corners is a p.o. Barent Peterse Coeymans, an emigrant from Utrecht in 1636, settled under the patroon as miller, and leased the mills upon the Patroon Creek and Normans Kil. In 1073 he bought the territory included in this town of the Catskill Indians, and a patent was granted him April 17, 1673, by Gov. Lovelace. Van Rensselaer had previously bought the same lands of the Mohawks ; and a conflict of titles ensued. The matter was finally settled in 1706, by Coey- mans agreeing to receive title under the patroon and pay a small annual quit rent.' Settlement commenced early in the last century.' The first mills were erected by the patentee at Coeymans 1 Cornelius Schennerhom kept a tory reDdezvous, and at one time an absconding paymaster from fiurgoyne's army is said to have been mnrdered at his bouse. * A parsonape fiirm was given to this church by S. Van Rens- island, and on some old maps, it is called Martin Gorriteen's Island. * A map dated 1630 gives the name of "Godyns Kil" to this stream. The Indian name was Ta-wal-sou-th.'u The present eelaer. midway between Bemville and Peoria, and a church was i name is derived from Albert .\ndriessen Bradt de Xo-jrman. the erected upon it. In 1835 the societj' was divided, and a new edifice wa.^ erected at each of the villages, the farm being btld in common by both societies. The census reports 13 churches in town ; 4 M. K., 3 Christian, 3 Ref. Prot. D., and one, each,- Bap., Evang. Luth., and Friends. • Tbe proximity of this town to Albany has afforded an ex- Icssee of the falls at an early period, and one of the first settlers. • There .are churches:! T. It.Ch. 3 K. P. D, 2 M. E., 1 Pn^h. ^ The Indian name of this creek is said (o have l>een 0-nis-ke- thau. and of the flats at Coeymans Hollow Ach^que-tuck. * This arrangement was confirmed by patent fr^jm Queeu Anne. Aug. 6, 1714. cellent market for produce, and much of the land h-is been do- i • Andreas and Lendert Whitbeck were early settlers near voted to the production of milk, butter, aud culinary vegetables. L\ch-que-tuck ; Daniel Travor and Balthus Keefer near Keefers *lu 1668 Martin Uerritsen Van Bergen had a leas« of this i Corners ; and A. Serls, Jno. &T. Witbeck near Indian VioldB. 164 ALBANY COUNTY. Falls. The first church (E. M.) was built in 1792, 2 mi. west of Coeymans Landing. This church was organized March 1793, Kev. Freeborn Garrison first pastor.' CUILDERIiAlVD — was formed from Watervliet, Feb. 26, 1803. It lies near the center of the northern border of the county. Its surface is greatly diversified. In the w. rises the precipitous wall of the Helderberghs to a height of 800 feet above the general level of the valleys. The central part is undulating, and the eastern is occupied by numerous sand ridges. The Normans Kil with its branches, the Bozen Kil,^ Black Creek, Wildehause Kil, and Hunger Kil, are the principal streams. The lower course of the Normans Kil in this town is through a narrow ravine, with steep clayey banks. The soil is light and sandy in the B., and gravelly loam mixed with clay in the w. A mineral spring is found upon the farm of Wm. McGowan. HaniiltonvlIIe, (Guilder- land p.o.,) formerly known as the "Glass Ilouse,"^ is situated on the old turnpike, 8 mi. w. of Albany. Ouilderland Center, (p.v.,) locally known as "Bangall," contains 18 houses. Uunnsvllle,* (p.o.,) Knowersville,* (p.o.,) and Frenclis Mills,^ on the Normans Kil, are small villages. During the Revolution, a portion of the inhabitants sided with the British ; and the feuds which grew up between families and neighborhoods have not yet entirely subsided.' The Ev. Luth. church (St. Jame's) was organized Oct. 13, 1787. Heinrich MoeUer was the first pastor.' KIVOX — named from the celebrated Col. Knox — was formed from Bern, Feb. 28, 1822. It is the N. w. corner town of the county. Its surface consists of a high plateau region broken by a few small hills. Its eastern part constitutes a portion of the Helderbergh region ; but the declinties are BO gradual that they only serve to give to the town a moderate inclination towards the N. and w. The Bozen Kil, forming a part of the e. boundary, with its tributaries, and the Beaver Dam Creek, are the principal sU-eams. There are two caves, supposed to be of considerable extent, about IJ mi. N. of Knoxville. The soil is principally gravel and clay, with hard pan underneath. Knox- ville' (Knox p.o.) contains 23 houses. TT, Township, (p.o.,) E. ToiTnsbip, and Peoria, on the line of Bern, are small villages. This town was settled by Germans before the Revolution. During the war the people became divided in politics, and after the defeat of Burgoyne many of the tory families went to Canada.'" Saml. Abbot and Andrew Brown, from Conn., settled in town in 1789 ; and soon after 20 to 30 families came in from the same State. The first church was a Kef. Prot. D." IVEW SCOTIiA]*I> — was formed from Bethlehem, April 25, 1832. It is the central town of the county. The eastern and central parts are high and rolling, with occasional isolated hills and ridges ; and the western border is occupied by the Helderbergh Mountains. The principal streams are Normans Kil, A'lamans Creek, and Coeymans Creek, (or Oniskethau Kil.) and several of their tributaries. Upon the side of Bennett Ilill, in the s. w. part, is a strong sulphur spring. Near Clarksville are two eaves, extending respectively i and J mi. under ground. Streams flow through each of them. The outlet of Lawsons Lake, in thcN.w. part, about 1 mi. from the lake, falls into a deep cavity and flows J mi. in a subterranean passage, and in its course it receives a considerable tributary." At the northern foot of Copeland Hill, near the same locality, are remark- able sink holes, 5 to 8 feet in diameter, and extending down through the soil and lime rock to a depth of 10 to 20 feet. A subterranean stream connects the bottoms of these cavities." The soil is a gravelly loam mixed with clay. ClarLLSville (p. v.) is situated at the foot of the Ilelder- berghs, on Coeymans Creek, and contains 211 inhabitants. Me»V Salem (p. v.) contains 27 houses; and ]¥ew Scotland (p. v.) 15. Unionville, (Union Church p. o.,) Feurlbusb, since the RevolutioD, a small number of Indians belonging to the Oneida tribe lived in this town. They removed, but re- turued for a short time in 1S12. An acct. of £10 was audited in 1792. for building stocks and a whipping post. t The census reports 6 churches in town ; 3 M. E., R. P.T)., R. C. and Union. s From "Boos," angry, because of its rapid descent and severe freshets. 8 A iilasB factory vpas erected here in 1792 ; and in 1793 the State loaned the proprietors £3000 for 8 years. — 3 years without interest and 5 at 5 per cent. In 1796 the project was conceived of establishing here a m-anufacturing town, and the ground was laid out into streets and lots, under the name of Hamilton. To encourage the project, the company and workmen wore exempted from taxation for 5 years. The works were discontinued in 1815 for want of fuel. — litttnsdVs Antials, vol. III. p. ICi". * Named from Christopher Dunn, original owner ; locally known as " Hardscrabble." 6 An inn was kept here dnring the Revolution by Jacob Aker. \t was the Beat of a factory in 1800. 6 Named from Abel French, who built a factor}' her« in ISOO. A clothing works was erected here in 1795, by Peter K. Broeck. 7 The news of Eurgoyne's surrender was celebrated by the whigs by burning a hollow chestnut tree on a hill. A barrel of tar had previously been turned down the hollow trunk and branches. 8 A R. P. D. church was formed Dec. 14, 1793. The census reports, besides those already mentioned, 3 churches ; 2 Presb. and 1 M. E. » Knoxville was formerly known as " Union Street," and is still locally called "The Street." to Capt. Jacob Van Aernden was an active leader of the whigs of this section during the w.ar. n The census reports 6 churches ; 3 M. E., R. P. D., Luth., and Bap. 12 This cavity has been explored, and in it are found beautiful stalactites, and thousands of bats clinging to the roof. 18 This passage has been explored, and is fonnd to contain several rooms of considerable size. Some .years ago a notorious thief used this cavity as a depository for stolen goods, and for » ALBANY COUNTY. 165 and Onisketliau (locally known as "Tarrytown") are hamlets. Teunis Slingerland, from lIolhuKl, -was the first settler on the Oniskethau flats. He purchased 9874 acres, and built a dwelling near the center of the tract, and erected the first mills.* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized at New Salem about 1780.^ REHSSELAERYILLK — named from the Van Rensselaer family — was formed fromWatei^ vliet, March 8, 1790. Bern was taken off in 1795, and a part of Westerlo in 1815. It is the s.w. corner t<)wn of the county. Its surface is mostly upland, broken by parallel ridges extending n, and s. and rising 400 to COO feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Catskill Creek and its tributaries, Scrub, Fux, Ten Mile, and Eight Mile Creeks, and Willow Brook. The valleys of these streams are narrow, and are bordered by steep hill sides, and the streams are rapid, and subject to sudden and destructive freshets. Upon Ten Mile Creek, near Rensselaerville, is a fall of 100 feet; and upon AVillow Brook is another of 40 feet. Bog iron has been found in the e. part. There is a sulphur spring 2J miles n. e. of Preston Hollow. The soil is clay and gravel, underlaid by hard pan. Rensselaerville^ (P*v.) contams an academy.* Pop. 501. Will- iamsburgli, on the w. border of the town, contains 18 houses ; Preston Hollow^ (p-^'-) 40; and Medusa^ (p-v.) 30; Potters lIollOTV^ and Cooksburg^ are post-offices.^ The town was mostly settled by emigrants from New England soon after the Revolution. Michael Brandt, a German from Schoharie, lived in town during the war,^" Daniel Shay, the leader of the revolt known as Shay's Rebellion, moved to this town in 1795. Maj. John Edmonds, a Revo- lutionary officer, was also a settler in this town. The first church (Presb.) was formed in Nov. 1793, and the edifice erected in 1796.^^ Rev. Samuel Fuller was the first pastor. WATERTIilET — was formed March 7, 1788, and included the w. district of the manor of Rensselaerwyck.*^ Rensselaerville was taken off in 1790, Coeymans in 1791, Bethlehem in 1793, Guilderland in 1803, and Niskayuna in 1809.^' It lies at the junction of the Hudson and Mohawk, in the n.e. corner of the county. Its surface is mostly an upland, 200 to 300 feet above the river. The declivities of this upland are broken by numerous guUeys worn by the small streams. A fine intervale, nearly half a mile in width, extends along the Hudson. At Cohoes, on the Mohawk, the river flows over a rocky declivity 78 feet in height, of which 40 feet is perpen- dicular.** The banks, both above and below the falls, are high and precipitous. The Erie Canal rises, by a series of 18 locks, from the Hudson, through the village of Cohoes, to the most northerly angle of the town 3 mi. above, and 188 feet above tide. At this point it crosses the river into Sara- toga CO., in a stone aqueduct ll37Jfeet long, 26 feet high, and resting upon 26 piers. The soil is a deep, rich alluvial upon the river intervale, and a light, sandy loam upon the upland. Sulphur and chalybeate springs, and bog iron ore, are found in town. The quarries of graywacke furnish an excellent flagging and building stone. This is the most populous town in the State. West Troy, (p.v.,) iucorp. April 30, 1836, is a commercial and manufacturing village opposite the city of Troy. Pop. 8306. It is especially noted for the extent of its lumber trade, and for beiiig the seat** long time eluded the vigilance of those who were searching for ] Truman Beman was the first paetor. A Bap. church was him. At length he was tracked to his hiding place, and the formed at Preston Hollow in 1800 ; a Friends meeting at Totters existence of the cavity was made known. I Hollow in 1808; and Trinity Church (P. E.) was organized in 1 Among the other first settlers were William Pangbnrn and [ 1816. There are besides, in town, 2 M. E. cfaurches. Wra. Vanattan at StoneyHill; Ebcnezer Wands, John Watt, | 12 The manor was divided into the East and West T)iBtricts, ~ " " " " " March 5, 1779. the river being the separating bouniia. This district, as defined by act of March 2-4, 1772, embraced .^11 that part of the manor north of an e. and w. line from Beeren Island north to Cumberland co., except the city of Albany. 13 It includes the former village of " GibbfmKville," (iucorp. April 23, 1S23,} and places known as *' WashinyUm" and *'Fort Schuyler." w The cascade is in full view from the R. R. bridge, a few rotl« below Cohoes. The Champlain Canal crosses the Mohawk a short distance below, in a pond formed by a dam 1650 feet long and 7 feet high, and unites with the Erie Canal 2 mi. 8. of thia point. 16 The arsenal grounds occupy about 100 acres, located be- tween the Troy and Albany turnpike and the Erie Canal, tho latter furnishing wafer-power for the machinery of the arsenal. The grounds are inclosed by a high wall, excepting the part be- tween the river and the turnpike. This is the principal govern- ment manufactory of gun carriages, machines. cquipmentH, ammunition, and militarj' supplies for the troops and forts of the United States. Tho building of this establisbment waa begun in 1S14, under Col. Geo. Bomford, of the Ordnance de- partment, and it was for many years under tho charge of Maj. Jas. Dalliba. The Watervliet Arsenal now consists of more tlian thirty buildings, of brick and stone, mostly largo nhops and storehouses. — the former of which will accommodate, in case of need, more than 500 workmen. The stores deposited here exceed $1,500,000 in value. A company of soldiers of the Geo. Swan, and Wm. Kirkland, Scotch emigrants, near New Scotland; and Geo. Reed, John Patterson. Saml. Kamsey and Bons. James McMullin. David Allen, Wra. McCulloch, and Brandt in otherparts of the town, also Tunis Iloughtaling. 2 There .ire in town 8 churches ; 4 Ref. Prot. D., 3 M. E., Presb. Tho Friends organized a meeting in 1812. » Samuel Jenkins, the first settler, located here February 22, 1788. * Opened Jan. 17, 1847. 6 Named from the family of first settlers, who came in soon after the Revolution. « Formerly called " Halls NtVs," or " Halls Hollow:' ' Named from Saml. Potter, who, with his sons and brothers, were first settlers. 8 Nann^d from Thomas B. Cook, who purchased land hero in Hnticipatiou of business from the Catskill and Canajoharie U. R., which wae completed to this place from the Iludsou. The road was run two years, when the rails were taken up. * Upon the farm of Ezra Lester, in a place known as Willow Glen, formerly stood a village, known as " Pcckham Hollow," conaisting of 2 stores, 2 smith's shops, and 14 houses. For a time it was a rival of Rensselaerville; but now not a vestige of it remains. i*> At the time of the Indian incursion into Bern, Mr. B, had gone to Catskill Tjanding, leaving his family alone. On their return, the savages passed close by with their scalps, prisoners, knd plunder, but offered no molestation. u A Bap. chuich was formed at Rensselaerville in 1797 ; Rev. 166 ALBANY COUNTY. of an extensive U. S. arsenal. It has a bank, printing office, 8 churches,^ and extensive manu- factures of woolen goods, bells, butts and hinges, castings, carriages, and malt. The annual aggregate value of manufactured products is about ^51)000,000.^ Oreen Island (p. v.) was incorp. Oct, 14, 1853. Pop. 1,324. It contains 2 churches,^ a car factory, brass, malleable iron, and 2 iron founderies and R. r. machine shops. It is also the seat of considerable lumber trade.* Coboes, (p. v.,) incorp. under general act, is a manufacturing village upon the Mohawk.^ Pop. C106. A dam is here erected across the Mohawk,^ and the water is con- ducted by canals to convenient places for factories. The whole fall is 103 feet, and the water is used 5 times from canals of diflerent levels. The annual aggregate of manufactured products is nearly §2,000,000.'' The village contains two banks and six churches,® and a large number of stores, shops, Sec. Bo^bt^ (p-v.) contains 15 houses. The Eef. Prot. D. church of this place was organized April 14, 1784, by Rev. E. Westerlo. Liisbas Kil, ]VewtoiivilIe,*^ and Ireland Corners^^ are hamlets and p. offices. I^ondonrille is a hamlet, 2J miles from Albany. Tivoli Uollo'iv, on Patroon Creek, adjoining Albany, has extensive manufactures of ag. implements, bolts, and holluwware. IVortb Albany lies on the river, north of the city, and contains 40 houses. It includes a portion of the " Lumber District" and several manu- factories. SpencervillCj or West Albany^ is the name applied to the recent establishments of the N. Y. C. R. K., 3^ mi. n. w. of the city, including the cattle and wood yards and car and engine houses of the company. The Sbaker Settlenient,^^ in the w. part of the town, consists of about 300 persons, living in 4 distinct families, in a manner peculiar to that people. Tow^n House Corners is a populous neighborhood near the center of the town, where town business has usually been transacted. Watervliet Center (p. o.) is a hamlet. The Albany Rural Cemetery^^ was incorp. April 20, 1841, and the site selected April 20, 1844. The premises were dedicated and consecrated Oct. 7 of the same year. Haver (Dutch for "Oaf) and Van Schaicks Islands, in the Hudson above Green Island, are separated from each other and the mainland by the *' Sprouts" of the Mohawk. Upon the approach of Burgoyne, in the summer of 1777, Gen. Schuvler retired to these islands and threw up fortifications to check the advance of the enemy expected from both the n. and w. Upon the retreat of St. Leger from the siege of Fort Stanwix, no further trouble was apprehended from the direction of the Mohawk Valley ; and Gen. Gates, upon assuming the command of the northern army, advanced into Saratoga County. The traces of the fortifica- tions are still visible. "WESTERLiO^"*— was formed from Coeymans and Rensselaerville, March 16, 1815. It lies upon the center of the southern border of the county. Its surface is broken and hilly, with a general southerly inclination. The highest point in the northerly part of the town is 800 feet above tide. The hills are very steep and irregular, and the valleys are mere narrow ravines. The streams are Ilaanakrois, Basic, Wolf, Fly, and Eight Mile Creeks and their branches. These are all rapid streams, and are liable to severe freshets. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, inter- Ordnance department forms the guard of the arsenal, and the men are also employed in the shopa. Moat of the employees are citizen mechanics. A large number of trophy canuan are de- posited npon the premises. 1 Bap. org. 18-27 ; Kef. Prot. D.. 1844 : P. E., (Trinity.) 1835: 2 K. C. (St. Patrick's. 1839, and St. Bridget's. ISSl.) and 2 M. E. 2 The village ia built on land formerly lield l>y the Bleecker family. It waa purchased by a company of Troy capitalista and laid out as a village, and has mostly grown up since the com- pletion of the canals. * Presb. and M. E. * It is situated upon an island in the IluJgon directly op- posite the city of Troy, of which it forms a suburb. 6 The Cohoes Co. waa incorp. March 28. 1826, T\'ith a capital of .$250,000. afterward increased to $500,000. This co. built the dam, and constructed the canals, for the purpose of leasing the water power. c Thi.s dam is half a mile long, and the canal 2 miles long. ' The following manufactories were reported here in the census of 1855 : 6 knitting mills, value of product $&47,100 2 cntton factories 618.000 1 ax and edge tool factory 210.000 2 bedstead factories 45,000 1 veneering factory 42.000 2 mills 28.000 1 machine shop and foundery 34,200 1 tobacco factory 21,450 1 shoddy mill 21.840 1 wheel factory 9.000 1 straw paper factory 9,000 1 bobbin shop 6,000 There are now a considerable number of manufactories not in- cluded in the above list. 8 M. E., Kef Prot. D., Presb., P. E., {St. John's,) Bap., and R. C. (St. Bernard.) * The Dutch for " bend," in reference to the bend in the Mo- hawk; sometimes called "'Groesbeck Corners," from Vm. G. Groesbeck. One of the earliest settlements in the county was made in this ueigliborhood. J" Named from J. Jl. Newton. 11 Named from E. II. Ii-eland. innkeeper. 12 This community was formed in 177fi, by Ann Lee and her followers, by whom sho ia regarded as the spiritual mother of mankind. It is the oldest of the kind in the U. S., and now owns 3.000 acres, incluiling about 300 acres of alluvial land on the Mohawk at tlie mouth of the Schoharie Creek and on Shaker Island, which are annually fertilized by the floods of the Mohawk, and chiefly devoted to the raising of broom corn. The whole number of buildings in liie aettlement is about 150, several of which are of stone or l>rick. They have a commodious church, (built in 1848,) 3 offices, 1 schoolhouse, 8 dwellings, (suitable for 50 to 100 persons each.) 2 grist mills. 3 saw mills, 3 machine shopa, for turning, sawing. Ac, and numerous other shops and storehouses. Their pursuits are agriculture, horti- culture, the manufacture of brooms and medicines, and such mechanical trades as their own wants require. The females are employed in household work, dressmaking, spinning, weaving, braiding whiplashes and bonnets, and in making small salable articles. They keep 40 to 50 horses. hX) cows, 16 yoke of oxen, 500 sheep, and young stock in proportion. '' Mother Ann" (us their founder is affectionately named) was buried in the cemetery near the church family. 1" This cemetery is located npon ths hills west of the Troy and Albajiy Koad, 4 miles from the city. The grounds are tastft- fully laid out, and contain many elegant monuments. 14 Named in honor of Kev. EUardus Westerlo, of Albany. ALBANY COUNTY. 167 spersed with clay and underlaid by hardpan. There are several fine quarries of flagging stone in town. Cliesterville* (Westerlo p. o.) contains 196 inhabitants. DorniausvlUe,^ (p. o.,) SoutU I'Vesterlo, (p. o.,) Laiubs Corners, and Tan LeuTens Corners,^ arc ham- lets. Settlement commenced before the Revolution.* A Bap. church was organized, about 1800, at Chesterville ; Roswell Beckwith was the first pastor.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Scliools, Live Stock, Agricultural ProductSj and Domestic Mamifactures of Albany County, Names of Towns. Albany Bern B(;tblehom Coeymana GuUderland Knijx New Scotland.-, Rensselaer ville.. Watervliet Weaterlo Total Acres op Land. "S p 1 £ 2,958 l,630i 31,171 8,116J 26,604} 6,616J 22.Sti3 10,066 32,590 9,70U 21,136 6,1161 19,012 8,114 31,601} 6.603 26.897 i 8.193} 29,101 6.721 ,242,736 7Q,777i Valuation of 1858. 9.486.071 6.477,850 3S5.3S7 86,575 1.842,115 186,650 1.017,475 202.273 719.950 79.039 256.250 07 .885 1.083.216 110,400 627,760 170.825 4.921.325 831.100 692,966 97,844 26,963.922 471,962 2,02.S,706 1,219,748 798.989 323,136 1,193,615 798,675 6.762.425 690,510 27,001 1,578 2,646 1.486 1.5S7 939 1.680 1.607 10,240 1,327 29,672 1,628 2,605 1,477 1,001 949 1,647 1,681 10.643 1.321 30.931,604 8,310,141 39,241,646 i60,667 53,024 13,591 16,983 7,478 169 30,659 6,386 676 796 660 402 362 612 684 2,734 601 8,636 674 981 664 664 344 613 682 2,736 499 2,767 476 476 343 411 312 263 466 1,626 440 21,600 1,300 1,806 1,134 1,288 730 1,337 1,126 8,407 Names op Towns. Albany Bern Bethleliem Coeymanfl Guilderland Knox New Scotland... UensselaervlUe. Watervljet Westerlo Total Live Stock. •0 t1 s », w tq is « ^ 1.224 297 640 144 860 1.172 1,618 1.772 6,686 2.002 1.1.56 927 1,629 1.722 .3,593 790 931 699 1.767 1,943 1,416 1,180 1,691 2,824 3.835 790 959 1,032 6.246 1.1891 749 682 966 1,914 2.563, 962 1,463 1,632 12,003 2.602; 1,724 884 1,912 1.034 3.306: 972 1,074 1,469 3,716 2.242| 10,964 9,915 13,332 37,054 24,036 AORICDLTCRAL PRODUCTS. Bosa. op Gbun. 3.714 6,S70i 39,910 26.836 50.273 S 6.620 30.677 6..6.39 16,0.)9 10.692 193,991 9,4.84 99,8424 123,045 42,6S3J 150,411 83,686} 60,387 i 71,780} 101,31.'! 65.497 808,031 426} 5..31U 8,927i 6,016i 7.9524 3.0364 5 73S4 4.421 6,22s 7,522 54.679J 15.236 18.875 94.586 9,104 46,929 10,6304 1.3.768 1.3,449 143.023 10.167 376,6544 7S6 22.016 16,239 19,977 38.004 18.092 20,260 37.176 17.273 44,432 234,261 Daisy Products. ^-fe 7.126 162.166 124.210 93,25: 165.666 90.530 100.050 171.440 124.7.51 144,448 1,17,1,527 ■SS" 4,099 100 410 l,2S6l 2,606 472i 11,63.51 6.563,' 8.7901 *-5 2,706i 1.665 1,106 2,9514 2,9264 2,479 874} 1,618 1.744 36,520i il7,960i 1 Named in honor of Rev. John Cheater, former pastor of 2d Presb. Ch. of Albany. 2 Named from Daniel Dorman. former inn and store keeper. * Named from Isaac Tan Leuven. Firat called " S'trkds 0>m^rs" from Jas. Sacket. and afterward '' Prestons Oorners" from an innkeeper named Preston. * Anions tlip e:irly settlers were Nicholas Stoddard, Philip Meyer, and Loduwyck Hayues. ApoUus Moore, afterward first judge of the county, taught school in 1788. Kobt. 0. K. Bemet taught a school in 1790. Grant & Eadie kept a store and made potash at Cliesterrille in 1798. I,obdeU k Baker built the first mill, about 1796. & The Kef. Prot. D. Ch. was formed about the same timo. Em.innel Church. fP. K..) at S. Westerlo. Wiis firmed in 1854. There are also 1 Christian and 2 M. E. churches, and a society of Friends, in town. ALLEGANY COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee, April 7, 1806. A portion of Steuben co. was annexed March 11, 1808. Portions were set off to Genesee in 1811, to Wyoming and Livingston in 1846, and to Livingston in 1856. It lies upon the s. line of the State, w. of the center ; is centrally distant 220 miles from Albany, and contains 1,033 sq. miles. The surface is mostly an upland, separated into ridges and broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The highest summits, in the s. part, are 500 to 800 feet above the valleys and 2,000 to 2,500 feet above tide. The declivities are usually too steep for profitable cultivation. Toward the N. the co. gradually loses its mountainous character and spreads out into a hilly region. The Genesee River flows in a n. e. direction through near the center of the co., forming a deep valley bordered by abrupt hillsides. The main ridges — parallel to the river and about 10 mi. distant from it — form watersheds, dividing the waters flowing N. from those flowing s. The streams e. of the E. ridge are tributaries of the Susque- hanna, and those w. of the w. ridge of the Allegany. Narrow valleys break the continuity of these ridges, and in numerous instances streams flowing in opposite directions take their rise within a few rods of each other. The principal tributaries of the Genesee are Wigwam, Angelica, Philips, Vandemark, Dike, Chenunda, and Cryder Creeks on the E., and Fords, Knight, Van Campens, White, Black, Caneadea, and Six Town Creeks on the w. The streams flowing e. from the E. border of the co. are Canaseraga and Sugar Creeks, Canisteo River, Karr Valley, McIIenry Valley, and Whitney Valley Creeks ; and the streams flowing w. from the w. border are Oil, Wolf, Dodges, Deer, and Little Genesee Creeks. The rocks of the co. belong to the shales and sandstones of the Portage and Chemung groups, — the former appearing in the deep valleys in the N. part, and the latter covering the tops of the s. hills. At various localities the sandstone furnishes an excellent building material ; and in Rush- ford it is quarried for grindstones. The shales in the s. w. part are highly charged with bitu- minous matter; and many of the springs have a strong bituminous taste and smell. From a spring in Cuba petroleum, or rock oil, issues in considerable quantities. Iron pyrites are found to some extent associated with the shale. Drift deposits are found in some portions of the co., though not in large quantities. The soil upon the uplands is generally a heavy clay, de- rived from the disintegration of the shales, and in most sections largely mixed with undeeom- posed fragments of the rocks. In the valleys the soil is mostly a gravelly loam and alluvium. From the nature of its surface and geological formation, the co. is best adapted to grazing; and, although wheat and the spring grains are successfully produced, stock and wool growing and dairying form the principal branches of agricultural pursuit. The manufacture of lumber has formed the leading interest for a long series of years, and facilitated the occupation and cultivation of the lands ; but as the primitive pine forests have disappeared the pursuits of the people have become more and more exclusively agricultural. A considerable portion of the s. part of the co. is yet covered with forests, and lumbering is still pursued to some extent. The county seat is located at the village of Angelica.* The courthouse is an old, dilapidated brick building, built in 1819, and now entirely inadequate to the comfortable accommodations of the courts. The jail is a wood structure, erected in 1849. It has no facilities for the proper classification of prisoners, and no means of ventilation.' The clerk's office is in a separate building, contiguous to the courthouse. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 180 acres in Angelica, 2 mi. B. of the courthouse. It is a stone building, affording ample accommodations for ^ By the act erecting ttie county in 1806, courts were directed to be held at Angelica on the 2d of June, 1807. By an act of March 11. 1808, the county Beat was permanently located at Angelica, and a courthouse and jail were authorized to be erected, under the direction of Moses Carpenter, John Gibson, and Wni Iliggins. The jail was built soon after; butthecourts continued to be held in private rooms until 1819. when the present courthouse was erected. The old jail continued to be occupied until 1849, when it was superseded by the present 16S structure. An act was passed, April 2, 1858, providing for the immediate removal of the county seat s. to the line of the N. Y. & Erie K. R. ; but the execution of the law has been ar- rested and restrained by legal proceedings now pendiii-; in the state courts. The first co. officers were Philip Chiircli. First Judgt^ : Jacob S. Holt, County VUrk; John Gibson, Sheriff; and Luke Godspead, Surrr.fiat*- . 2 The jail has an average number of 6 inmates, supported at a weekly cost of $2.75 each. ALLEGANY COUNTY. 160 the inmates, but is destitute of means of ventilation. The average number of inmates is 57, supported at a weekly cost of $1.03 each. The farm yields a revenue of $1,000.^ The Genesee Valley Canal extends s. from the n. boundary of the co. along Genesee Paver to Belfast, thence up the valley uf Black Creek to New Hudson, and thence across to the valley of Oil Creek, and down the valley of that stream to the w. bounds of the co. The N. Y. & Erie R. R. extends from Steuben co. up Whitney Valley Creek ; thence across to Dyke Creek, and down the valley of that stream to Genesee River; thence down the Genesee to Belvidere ; thence up Van Campens Creek to Friendship Village; thence across to the valley of Oil Creek, and down that stream to the w. bounds of the co. It passes through xVlmond, Alfred, Andover, "Wellsville, Scio, Amity, Friendship, and Cuba. The Buffalo & N. Y. City R. R. extends through Burns and Grove, in the n. e. corner of the co. Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ The two western tiers of towns in this co. were included in the Holland Land Purchase, and the remaining part belonged to the Morris Reserve. John B. Church became the owner of 100,000 acres of this tract. His son, Judge Philip Church, subsequently became the proprietor of one- half, or 50,000 acres, and the pioneer settler of the tract at Angelica, in 1804. A few settlers had previously located at different points in the valley of the Genesee; and the settlement of the co. may be said to have commenced with the century. The roughness of the surface, and the superior richness of the lands further n., had a tendency to retard the development of this co.; and for many years comparatively little progress was made. The construction of the Genesee Valley Canal and of the Erie R. R. gave an impulse to improvement and afforded an opportunity to convey the rich products of the extensive pine forests to a profitable market. Agricultural im- provements have slowly followed the retreat of the forests ; and now nearly one-half of the co. is under improvement to some extent. ALFRED — was formed from Angelica, March 11, 1808, A part of Angelica was annexed in 1816. Almond and Independence were taken off in 1821, a part of AVest Almond in 1833, and a part of Ward in 1856. It lies upon the e. border of the co., a little s. of the center. Th j surface consists of deep, irregular hills separated by narrow valleys. The highest summits are 500 to 800 feet above the streams. Whitney Valley Creek flows to the n. e., and Dyke Creek to the s. The soil upon the hills is a clayey or shaly loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam, Alfred Center (p. v.) contains a church, the Alfred Academy and University,' and 177 inhabit- ants ; Bakers Bridge, (Alfred p. o.,) in the n. e. corner, contains a church, fiouriug mill, and 134 inhabitants. It is a station upon the Erie Rail Road. Tip Top Sum- mit is also a rail road station. The first settlement was made near Alfred Center, in May, iTuthe report of the Senate committee of 1857. this institution IB reported ae poorly kept. Lunatics were confined for weelia together without attendance and without having their colls cleaned; and it was a custom of the keeper to flog the inniateu with a raw hide. 2 Th&Anijdica Rfipublican was started in Oct. 1820. hy Frank- lin Cowdery,and was continued 2 years. In 1827 it was revived aa The JUegany Republican, puhlished by Samuel P. Hull. In 1S32 it was changed to The Angelica Rfpublican and Farmers and Mechanics' Press, issued by U. F. Smcad. During the same year it was again changed to The AUcgany Republican and InUrnal Improvement Advncotfi, and published by Peter Cherry. In 1830 it wiis issued as The Angelica Republican and AUegany Whig. It soon after passed into the hands of Wni. Pitt Angell, who changed it to The Angelica R:p(rrterand Allegany Republican. It soon passed into the hands of Samuel C. 'Wilson, and was issued for several years as Tlie Angelica Reporter. In 1841 it waa published by Ilorace E. Piirdy and Hiaa. Ilortoa; and in 1J?44 Mr. ilorton be- came solo proprietor. In 1S5G he purchased The Ad\o- CJite and Whig, and published the combined paper ni* Tlie Angelica Reporter and Angelica Advo- cate and Whig, under which name it is still issued. The Republican. ^Tigis and Allegany Democrat was published at Angelica in 1S30. The Allegany Gazette was issued at Angelica in 1840. Tlie Allegany O). Advncat-' was started at Angelica in Jan. 1842, by Erastus S. ralmer. It was successively issued by Ellroy & Churchill. PeterS. Norris. and Wm. H. A C. M. Beei'her. In 1802 it was united with The Cuba Whig and issued as The. Advocate and Whig. In 1856 the Beechers sold to Charles Horton, who united the paper wiib The Reporter. The Republican Era was started at Angelica in 1S44 and issued a short time. The Republican Era waa started at the village of Oramel in 184G by Hnrace E. Purdy. Its publication was con- tinued by different persons until 1857. The Cuba Advocate was commenced at Cuba, Oct. 29, 1838, by Isaac C. Sheldon, and was continued several years. The Political Jnimtigator (mo.) wiia published at Angelica a short time in 1S4S. The Ammran Banner was commenced at Cuba in Feb. 1855. by Hatch & Pratt. In July, 1857, the name of the paper was changed to The Southern Tier, and its publication continued byC. Pratt. M. li. Champlin, editor. The Almond Heruhl was commenced at Almond in 1853 by R. Deuton. who published it 1 year, when it was suspended. In about ti months it was resuscitated bj' Melvin Uydo and Isaac Busby, and appeared under the name of The AUegany Sentinel. Subsequently it passed' into the hands of Pruner k Spencer, by whum the paper was published until ls50. The Genesee Valley Free Press was commenced at Belfast in Jan. 1853. by A. N. Cole. In March follow- ing, the paper was removed to Wellsville, where the publication is continued by Mr. Colo. The Rural Budget was commenced at Wellsville in Oct. 1850, by I'.ichard 0. Shant, by whom the publication iH continued, s The academic part of this institution was incorp. in 1^4'J. and the university in iSo". The erection of the university biiilomg has been commenced. It is under the cliargf of tlie Seventh Bay Baptists. The building occupied by the female deptirtmeut was burned Feb. 14, lS58. 170 ALLEGANY COUNTY. 1807, by Clark Crandall, from Rensselaer co.' The first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was formed in 1816. There are now 2 churches in town ; both Seventh Day Bap. AL.I.E1V — was formed from Angelica, Jan. 31, 1823. A part of Bird.sall was taken off in 1829. It is an interior town, situated north of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into ridges by the valleys of the streams. The highest summits are 500 to 700 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Wigwam, Plum, and Bakers Creeks. The soil upon the uplands is clay underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Allen, (p. o.,) in the e. part, and Allen Center (p. o.) are hamlets. There are no stores, taverns, doctors, or lawyers in the town. A few small settlements were made about the com- mencement of the century, but the principal settlements were made subsequent to 1820.^ The first religious services were conducted bv Rev. Robert Hunter, (Presb.,) in 1821; and the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1830.^ A1.MA — was formed from Willing, Nov. 23, 1854. It is the central town on the s. border of the CO. The surface is broken and mountainous. Iloneoye Creek and its branches, flowing in deep, narrow ravines, form the drainage. The greater part of the surface is yet covered with forests. The soil upon the uplands is a clayey and sandy loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Lumbering is the principal pursuit; and large quantities of pine lumber are annually manufactured. Alma, (p. v.,) in the w. part of the town, contains a steam sawmill and 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1833, by Warren Huff, from Quebec, Canada.* The first religious services were performed by Rev. Reuben Kent, in 1838; and the first and only religious association (M. E.) in town was formed in 1850. There is no church edifice in town. ALiMOlVD — was formed from Alfred, March 16, 1821. A part of Birdsall was taken off in 1829, and a part of West Almond in 1833. It lies upon the e. border of the co., a little N. of the center. Its surface is mostly an upland, separated into several distinct ridges by the deep valleys of Canisteo River and the Karr Valley, McHehry Valley, and Whitney Valley Creeks. The highest summits are 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. The soil is a gravelly and clay loam. Quar- ries of good building stone, and sulphur springs, are found in various localities. Almond, (p. V.,) near the E. line, contains 2 ihurehes, 2 flouring mills, several manufactories, and about 1,000 inhabitants. Center Almund, in Karr Valley, and IVortli Almond are p. ofliees. The first settlement was made at Karr Valley, by Rev. Andrew Gray, Wm. Gray, Jos. Rathbun, and Vandemark, all from Peun., in the spring of 1790.* The first religious meeting was held at Karr Valley, by Rev. Andrew Gray, (Presb.,) in his own house. May 1, 1797; and the first church was formed, the same year, by Mr. Gray." AMITY — was formed from Angelica and Scio, Feb. 22, 1830. A part of Ward was taken off in 1856. It is an interior town, lying a little s. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly and broken, the summits rising 500 to 800 feet above the valleys. Genesee River flows n. w. through the w. part and receives as tributaries Van Campens and Philips Creeks. The valleys of these streams are narrow and are bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is principally a clayey and sandy loam. PIlilipsTille, (p. v.,) on the Genesee, was incorp. Feb. 21, 1853. It con- tains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, a flouring mill, and about 1,000 inhabitants. It is a station upon the rail road. Belridere, (p. v.,) on the Genesee, at the mouth of Van Campens Creek, in the N. w. corner of the town, contains 3 sawmills and 181 inhabitants. It is also a rail road station. The first settlement was made in 1804, near Belvidere, by John T. Hyde.' The first religious 1 Nathan Green, from Madison CO.. settled Iathow5, March 7, 1820; and the first marriage, that of Sani'l Van Wickle and Harriet Freeman, in 1S21. Hannah Scott taught the first school, in 1^22. Josiah Whitman kept the first inn, in 1820, and Joseph B. Welch the first sforo. in 1828. The first sawmill was erected on Black Creek, by KUas lluU and David Peterson, in 182.3. 2 There are 3 churches in town ; M. E.. F. W. Bap., and R. C. 8 Christopher Tyler settled io 1819, Austin and Asa Cowles in 1820, in the w. part of the town, — all from Otsego co. The first birth was that of Almond W. Cowles, in 1820; the first mar- riage, that of Daniel Kellogg and Sopiiia Hitchcock, in 1825; and the first death, that of a child of Lutber Austin, in 1823. The first school was taught by Austin Cowles, in 1820-21. Hollis B. Newton kept the first inn. in 1831, and Newton & Cowles the first store, in 1825. The first sawmill was built by Asa and Austin Cowles. near the village, on Genesee Cretk, in 1822, and the first gristmill by Asa Cowles, at the village, io 1824. 4 The ceusus reports 3 churches; 2 M. E. and Bap. 6 Formerly called " Whitnry VaU-i'y." 6 This institution was formed in 1856, and is in charge of the Bap. denomination. 7 Wm. Carroll and Wm. Hopkins settledat South Valley. Elijah %nd Daniel Abbott, Elias Van Scoter, and Thos. Quick, all from Penn., at De Witts Valley, and Sam'l Boylan. at Whitney Val- ley, in 1806. The first cliild born was Lewis W. Carroll, Aug. 1, 1807 : the first marriage, that of John Gregory and Betsey Doty ; and the first deaths, those of Jeremiah Gregory, who was killed by the fall of a tree, April 4, 1812, and his twin-brotlier, killed in the same manner, Sept. 17 of the same year. The first school was taught at Canaseraga, by Wm. Crooks, in 1810. S. Do Witt Brown kept the first inn, at '^'Dc Witts VdlJey" (now Burns Vil- lage,) in 1820, and Isiiac N. Town the first store, at Canaseraga, in 1828. Daniel Schull erected the first gristmill, in 1810, and David McCardy the first sawmill, in 1813. 8 There are 5 churches in town; Bap., F. W. Bap., Presb., Prot. E., and M.E. 8 Ephraim Sanford. jr., Zephaniah nuflf, David Sanford, and Nehemiah Sears settled in 1803, and Ezra Sanford and others soon after. The first children born were Mosos V. Chamberlain and Betsey Sanford, both in 1806. The first school was taught, near the center, by Asa Harris, in 1811. The first inn was kept by Widow Bradley, from Penn., at the center, in 1810; and the first store, at the same place, by Hunt, in 1S12. Jnhn Hoyt erected the first sawmill, at the mouth of Caneadea Creek, in 1816. and David Hitchcock put the first carding machine in operation, in 1810, on Caneadea Creek. 10 The census reports 2 churches; Cong, and M. E. 11 Calvin P. Perry, from Berkshire co., Mass., settled near Mr. Maxson in 1S09. Abraham and David Jolatt. brothers, were the next settlers in the order of time; and nextwere Zaecheus, Thos., ALLEGANY COUNTY. 173 (Bap.) was held by Rev. John Griffith. Rev. Silas Hubbard.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed in July, 1S24, by CEe equal to 200 mi. of canal. *The celebrated Oil Spring, in the w. nart of this town, is 174 ALLEGANY COUNTY. dwellings; and Ceres, (p. v.,) on the s. line, a church and 12 dwellings. The first settlement was made on Genesee Creek, on Lot 3, in the E. part of the town, in 1823, by Jabez Burdick, from Rensselaer co.' The first religious services (Seventh Day Bap.) were held by Rev. John Green, in 1820 ; and the first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was organized, in 1827, by Rev. Henry P. Green." GRAIVGER — was formed from Grove, as "West Grove," April 18, 1838. Its name was changed March G, 1839. It is the central town upon the N. border of the co. It is a hilly upland, divided into several distinct ridges. Genesee River, forming a portion of the w. boundary, ia bordered by abrupt hillsides 600 to 800 feet high. The soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Sliort Tract is a p. o. in the s. part of the town. Granger a p. 0. in the N., and Grove a p. o. in the e. The first settlement was made near Short Tract, in Feb. 1816, by Reuben Wilcox, Isaac Smith, and Rufus Trumbull, from Vt., and Elias Smith, from Otsego CO.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Elias Smith, in 1818, by Rev. Mr. Hill, (M. E.;) and the first church (M. E.) was organized about 1830.* GROTE — was formed from Nunda, (Livingston co.,) March 8, 1827, as "Church Tract." Its name was changed in 1828, and Granger was taken ofi" in 1838. It lies upon the N. border of the CO., near the N. E. corner. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several distinct ridges. A valley in the E. part is known as Chautauqua Valley. Branches of Black and Canaseraga Creeks form the drainage. The soil upon the hills is a clay loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. 8ATaiusviIIe is a p. o. on the R. R., in the E. part of the town, and C'liautaiiqiia Valley a. p. o. on the r. r., in the n. e. part. Grove Center is a hamlet. John White, from Herkimer co., made the first settlement, in May, 1818, in the N. w. part.^ The first religious meeting (M. E.) was held at the house of Mr. White, by Rev. Cyrus Story, in 1820; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in the White Settlement, in 1821.? HUME — was formed from Pike, (Wyoming co.,) Feb. 20, 1822. It lies upon the N. border of the CO., w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland. Genesee River flows through the s. E. corner and forms a portion of the E. boundary. It is bordered by al:irupt hills rising to a height of 400 U> 700 feet. The other principal streams are Six Town and Ctjld Creeks. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Cold Creek, (Hume p. o.,) near the center of the town, contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, and about 300 inhabitants ; Fillmore, (p. v.,) a canal village at the mouth of Cold Creek, contains a church, a saw and grist mill, and 372 inhabitants. 'Wis- coy, on Wiseoy Creek, and Mill's Mills, in the n. ^art, are p. ofiices. Mixville, at the mouth of Wiseoy Creek, contains a church, saw and grist mill, and 200 inhabitants. An immense water-power at this place is but little used. The first settlement was made at Mill's Mills, in 1807, by Roger Mills, from Montgomery co.' The census reports 5 churches in town.* IIVDEPEIVDEIVCE— was formed from Alfred, March 16, 1821. Andover was taken ofi" in 1824, and a part of Willing in 1851. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. The surface is a moun- tainous upland, broken by deep, narrow valleys. The highest summits are 800 to 1,200 ft. above the valleys. The streams are Cryder and Chenunda Creeks. The soil is principally a gravelly loam with sections of sand. Whitesvllle, (p.v.,)s.E.of the center, contains 2 churches and several mills and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 220. Springs Mills, (p. v.,) in the s. e. corner, contains several mills and 14 dwellings ; Greens Corners, (Independence p. o.,) in the N. part, contains a church and 10 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1798, by John Cryder, who built a house, a sawmill, and made other improvements, and soon after abandoned them and left the country. The first permanent settlement was made by Samuel S. White, from Madison co., 1 Roswell Strw ter. from Rensselaer Cf>.. settlefl in 1825. and Ezekiel Crandtll and Joseph Wells, from R. I., in 1826, on Wind- fall and Genesee Creeks. Joseph Maxson, from R. I., and John Cook, settled in the w. part in 1827. The first cliild born was Kdward \\\ Burdick, in 1826; the first marrLoge, that of Joseph Allen and Phebe Ma.\son, in the same year ; and the first death, that of Arvilla Burdick, in 1824. The first school was taufrht by Henry P. Green, near the mouth of Windfjill Creek, in the winter of lS2t>-27. Lewis P. Coon kept the first inn. in 1842. at Genesee Valley, and Albert LauRWorthy the first store, in 1831. The first sawmill was built on Genesee Creek, by Newmar, Crab- tree, in 1820. No liquor license has ever be^ granted in the town ; and it is claimed that no inhabitant has ever been sent to tt prison or a poorhouso. 3 The census reports 3 churches: all Seventh Day Bap. * The first birth was that of a child of Elias Smith, in March, 1817; and the first death, that of Olive Linee. in 1817. The first fr-iiool w)is tauj^ht in the Smith Settlement, by Miss Williams, in 1819. Elias Smith kept the first inn, in 1819, and the first store, in 1820. Isiiac Van Nostraud erected the first gristmill, in 1831, and the first sawmill, in 1823. * The census reports 2 churches ; M. E. and Wes. Meth. 6 In the same year Alex. Bailey, from Vt., settled near Mr. White. The first child born was Laura Bailey, Dec. 2-5, 1820; and the first marriage, that of Elijah White and Lucy Danji. iu 1822. The first school was taught by Emily Pago, in 1826. Ilenry Andrews kept the first inn, in 1828, in the N.w. corner, and Thayer & Smith the first store, at or near the same place, in 1825. John S. Culver erected the first sawmill, in the N. part. * There are 4 clmrches in town; 3 M. E. and Bap. ' The first school was tauirht in the barn of Roger Mills, jr., m the summer of 1812. by Caroline Russell, from Montgomery co. Geo. Mills kept the first inn. at Mills Mills, in 1815, and Elisha Mills the first store, at the same place, in 1809. Roger Mills erected the first sawmill, in 1807, and the first gristmill, iul808. « Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., and Wes. Melh. ALLEGANY COUNTY. 175 in the spring of 1819, at Whitesville.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Sam'l S. White, by Rev. Daniel Babcock, (Seventh Day Bap.,) Jan. 1, 1820.^ KEW IirDSOIV— was formed from Rushford, April 10, 1825, as "Halrjld." Its name was changed April 4, 1837. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., a little n. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by valleys extending n. e. and s. w. The principal streams are Black, Oil and Rush Creeks. The soil is a gravelly or clayey loam. McGrawvUIe, (Neiv Hudson p. 0.,) on the N. line, contains a church, 2 sawmills, and 20 dwellings; ]Vew Iludson Cor- ners, (Black Creek p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. IVortll Val- ley is a hamlet near McGrawville. The first settlement was made on Lot 49, in the s. part, by Spencer Lyon, from Waterbury, Vt., in 1820.' The first religious meeting was held by Rev. James Eastwood, (M. E.,) at his own house, in 1821. The first church (Presb.) was formed with C members, by Rev. Robert Hubbard, June 4, 1822.* RUSIIFORD — was formed from Caneadea, March 8, 1816. New Hudson was taken off in 1825. It lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two distinct districts by Caneadea Creek, which flows E. through near the center. The valleys of several smaller streams, tributaries of the Caneadea, divide the highlands into narrow ridges. The soil is a shaly loam underlaid by hardpan. Quarries of building stone, several sulphur springs, and a brown mineral paint resembling ocher are found in town. A woolen factory upon Caneadea Creek manufactures about 12,000 yds. of cloth annually ; and a pineapple cheese factory turns out 70,000 lbs. of cheese annually. Rlisliford, (p. v.,) at the center of the town, contains 4 churches, the Rushford Academy, and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 654. £a$t Rusllford (p. v.) contains several mills and 40 dwellings. The first settle- ment was made on Lot 30, in 1808, by Enos Gary, from Vt.* The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Mr. Sanford, (Bap.,) in 1813; and the first church (Bap.) was formed in 1815, by Rev. Nathan Peck, a missionary from Boston.* SCIO — was formed from Angelica, Jan. 31, 1823. A part of Amity was taken off in 1830, a part of Willing in 1851, and a part of Wellsville in 1855. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the county. Its surface is a mountainous upland, the highest summits being 700 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. Tlie streams are Genesee River and Knight and Vandemark Creeks. The soil is principally a sandy loam. Scio, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, contains a church, several mills, and 496 inhabitants. The first settlement was made at the mouth of Knights Creek, in 1805, by Joseph Knight and his son Silas, from Oneida co.' The census reports 5 churches.® WARD — was formed from Alfred and Amity, Nov. 21, 1850. It is an interior town, lying s.E. of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 500 to 800 feet above the valleys. The streams are Philips and Vandemark Creeks. The soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Pliilips Creeli, (p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 2 churches and 16 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Abraham Wald- ruff, from Ontario co.' The first church (M. E.) was organized at an early period. There are now 2 churches ; M. E. and Univ. WELI.STIL1I1E — was formed from Scio, Andover, and Willing, Nov. 22, 1855. It is an 1 In the spring of the eame year John Teater. from Dutoke until 1839, when it passed into the hands of Davis & Cooke, it was continued by T. Cooke until 1848, and by E. R. Colston until 18^19. It subsequently became the property of \Vm. Stuart, and is now pul> lisbed daily and weekly. The. Evening Express, d., was issued from the Republican office in 1848. The Daihj Iris wa.s started in 1840. by Wm. Stuart and E. T. Evans. It W!i3 sonn after changed to TUe Blngbamtou Daily Republican, and is still published by Wra. IJLusirt. The Broome Co. Oiurier was started in 1831, by J. R. Orton. and was continued by him until 1^37. It'tlien successively passed into the h;inds of Sheldon & Marble; I. C. Shel- don; E. P. Marble; E. P. & J. W. Marble; and Marble & Johnson. In 1843 it was changed to The Binghamtmi Courier and Broome Oi. Dtinocraty and was published by J. & C. Orton. In 1846 it passed into the hands of N. S. Davis. In 1S49 it pjussed into the hands of J. K. Dickinson and was changed to The Binghamton Democrat. It is now published by'Adams & Lawyer. The Iris, semi-mo., was started iu July, 1839. by C. P. Cooke. In July, 1841. it was purchased by Edwin T. Evans, and by him it was enlarged, and puldislud weekly until liijS, when it was merged in the JJiiighamton Kei)tiblican. The Binghantfon Standard was started in Nov. 1853, by J. Van Valkenljurgh,andiastill pulilished. T/ie Binghamton Mt:rcury, semi-mo., was issued a short time by Chester Del I art. The SmqiwJianna Jnumal, started in Oct. 1S53, by W. II. Pearne, was merged in the Broome Kepublican in ISS.'t. Tfie Broome Oj. American was started iu May, 1855, by Ransom Bostwick. The Union News v&a established at Uuion iu 1851, bj 180 BROOME COUNTY. By a treaty held at Fort Herkimer, June 28, 1785, between the Governor and Commissionera of Indian Affairs in behalf of the State, and the Oneidas and Tuscaroras, the latter for ^11,500 ceded all their lands, bounded n. by an e. and w. line from the Chenango to the Uuadilla, 10 mi, above the mouth of the latter, e. by the Line of Property,* s. ])j Penn., and w. by the Chenango and Susquehanna. At the Hartford Convention, in 1786,a tract of 230,400 acres, between the Chenango and Tioughnioga on the E. and Owego River on the w., was ceded to Massachusetts.^ This tract was afterward known as the ** Boston Ten Towns," and was sold by Mass. (Nov. 7, 1787) to 60 persons for £1500.^ It ia embraced in Broome, Tioga, and Cortland cos. The Indian title to this tract was extinguished in 1787, and the remaining Indian titles within the co. were extinguished by the treaty of Fort Stan- wix in 1788. The s. and e. parts of the co. were granted to Hooper, Wilson, Bingham, Cox, and others, several of whom resided in Philadelphia.* The first settlements in the co. were made in the valleys of the Susquehanna and Chenango, in 1785, The settlers were people who had traversed the region in the Revolution; and they located while the country was still threatened with Indian hostilities, and before Phelps and Gorham had opened the fertile lands of "Western N. Y. to immigration. The early settlement was retarded by a remarkable ice freshet in 1787-88, which destroyed most of the property of the settlers upon the river intervales. Scarcely less calamitous to life and property was the scarcity that followed in 1789. Oquaga, on the e. branch of the Susquehanna, was a noted rendezvous of tories and Indians during the Revolution.^ Most of the invasions into the Schoharie and Mohawk settlements, as well as those upon the frontiers of Ulster and Orange cos., were by way of the Tioga and Susquehanna Rivers from Niagara; and this war path, with its sufferings and cruelties, has been often described in the narratives of returned captives. BI]V€rOAMTO]V — was formed from Chenango, Dec. 3, 1855. It lies at the junction of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers, and extends s. to the s. line of the co. The surface is hilly in the s., but the n. part embraces the wide and beautiful intervales extending along the two rivers at and near their junction. The hills are 300 to 400 feet above the river, and are generally arable to their summits. The soil in the valleys is a deep, rich, alluvial and gravelly loam, and upon the hills it is a fine quality of slaty loam. Binghauiton^ (p. v.) was incorp. April 2, 1813. By a subsequent charter, passed May 3, 1834, its limits were enlarged and its territory was divided into 5 ■wards. It is beautifully situated on the n. bank of the Susquehanna at its junction with the Chenango. It contains the State Inebriate Asylum,' the Blnghamton Academy, and the Susque- hanna Seminary,^ 3 female seminaries,^ a commercial college,^'' 2 water cures," 9 churches,^^ 5 newspaper ofi&ces, and several manufactories. The village is an important station upon the Erie R. R.. and is connected with Syracuse by the S. B. & N. Y. R. R, It is also the s, w. terminus of the Chenango Canal and of the Albany & Susquehanna R. R. It ia the center of a large trade, A. F. Quinlan. It was subsequently sold to Cephas Benedict and Ebenezer M. lietts, and is still published. Tlie Broome County Gazette was communced at Wliituc-ya Point, in July, ly58, by G. A. Dudge, its present publielier. 1 This liue was agreed upon at Fort Stanwix in 17G8, and was surveyed by Simon Metcalf the next year. It forms the e. boundary of this co. 2 The s. bounds of this tract were to be the N. line of the tract granted to Daniel Cox and Robert Lettice Hooper, and it was to extend aa far n. as waa necessary to iuclude tbe above quantity of laud. Upon survey it was found to overlap the Military Tract by 17,264 acres, which was allowed, and an equivalent was granted to the claimants under the latter in Junius, Seneca CO. — Balloting Bonk, pp. 20, 23, s The partition of apart of this tract by lot was legalized March 3, 1789, in an act reciting the names of the CO associates. ^Laws of N. K, f^>l. Ed., \2tk Sess., p. 76, Nap JS^u. 148, State Engineer and Surveyor's Office. * A tract of moo acres on both sides of the Susquehanna was sold to Jacob and John Springstead, Josiah, David, and Daniel Stow, David Hotchkiss, and Joseph Beebe. Other tracts were gold to Wm. Allison, James Clinton, Isaac Melcher. Abij;Ui Ham- mond, and others. The islands in the Susquehanna were bought by Jaa. (!linton, at 4 sliilHngs per acre. 6 This place is sometimes found written On-oh-ogh-wa-ge and Ogh-qua-ga. There is here a hill or mountain on both sides of the river, gently sloping from a beautiful vale of 3 or 4 mi. in h-ngthand a mi.' to a mi. and ah:df wide. When first settled, it bore evidence of bavins long been occupied by the luJiatis. Apple trees of great age were found growing, and traces of furtificjttions existed, supposed to have been erected by Gen. Clinton. Mission- ary Lnbora were directed to this locality about the middle of the la!itc«ntury, audin 1753 the Kev.Uiduon Hawley was sent hither from Mass. — Doc. Hist., III. 1031 ; WilJdnsnn's Bi7ig7iamfon. p.142. 6 Binghamton was originally called " Clie.nango J'oiiit." Its present name was given in honor of William Hinghiim. the origiual puicliaser of a large tract of land Ij'ing on both sides of the Susquehanna, and including the site of the village. He made liberal donations of land to the village. ^ The Kew York State Inehriiite Asylum was incnrp. in 1854 for the tern) of 50 years. It is designed for the medic;d treat- ment and restraint of inebriates. It owes its ori;;in mainly to the persevering efforts of Dr. J. Edward Turner. Kvery i>frfjon donating $10 is deemed a subscriber and stockholder. The build- ing is located e. of the village, on a beautiful siie. 240 feet above the water. It is 3Co feet long by S2 feet broad, built of stona and brick in the Tudor Ciistellated style of architecture. Tho citizens donated a farm of 250 acres, upon which the buildings are erected. 8 This institution is under the charge of the M. E. denomina- tion, and is designed for a large boarding school. The building ia a 4 story brick edifice, plesifiiintly located n. w. of the village upon an eminence overlooking the valley. Biver Side Seminary, estallished in 1848 by 5Iiss R. S. In- galls; Miss Barton's Seminary, established in 1857; and Harmony Retreat Seminary, established in 1857 by Misses March. 10 Lowell & Warner's Commercial College. 11 Binghamton Water Cure, established in ISS^by O. V. Thayer; and the Mt. I'ro.spcct Water Cure, undeWbe super- vision of J. U. North. 12 2 M. E., and 1, each, Bap., Prcsb., Cong., Prot. E., Univ., R. C, and Af. Metli. 13 There was transhipped from the Del., Lackawanna & Western R.R.cars to the Chenango canal bo;its, iu 1S57, 5I.70Ugruss tons of cold, and from these boats to the cars 26,&95 tons uf Clinton (Oneida eo.) iron ore. BROOME COUNTY. 181 and is an important point for the transhipment of coal." Pop. 8,818. Ilawleytoil (p. o.) is a hamlet in the s. part, near the Penn. line. The first settlement was made in 1787, by emigrants mostly from New England.' The first religious services wore conducted by Rev. Mr. Ilowe, (Bap.,) in 1788. lion. Daniel S. Dickinson is a resident of this town. B ARK1i)R' — was formed from Lisle, April 18, 1831. A part of Greene was annexed April 28, 1840. It lies upon Tioughnioga River, n. w. of the center of the co. The surface consists of a high, broken plateau divided into two distinct parts by the valley of the river. The declivities of the hills are in some places very steep ; but their summits spread out into a broken region generally covered with timber and adapted to pasturage. The highest point, in the N. w. part of the town, is about 1400 feet above tide. The river valley is very narrow, but the limited amount of intervale is excellent land. Hallway Brook flows through a narrow valley in the E. part of the town. In this valley brine springs have been found ; and here also the unsuccessful boring for salt was made.' The soil in the valley is a rich alluvium and gravelly loam, and that upon the hills is a clayey loam mixed with disintegrated slate and shale. Cbenango Forks (p. v.) is situated mostly in this town, at the fork of Chenango and Tioughnioga Rivers. It is a station on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. Pop. 506,— in Barker 287, in Chenango 127, and in Greene (Chenango co) 92. Barker is a p. o. in the central part of the t, kept the first store, and hnilt the first mill. The first school waa taught by Ihos. Cartwrisht, in 1795. '2M. K. nndCiMiK. * Stephen P.almer and .Tared Page wpi^ nmonp: the carliefil selllers. The first birth w.ts that of Sally Smith, in 1791. ' .■! M. E. and 1 Itap. 8 Nameil from Natlianiel Cole, one of the first setUers. ' At this place ia li tannery, which turns out 60,000 sides ot leather per annum. 1" I*mue1 and Nath'I KadgerandCasperSprincsetHedni th« town iu 1780; Nathaniel and Vena Cole, Uaniel I'icket. Jul. 182 BROOME COUNTY. ■was made in 1785, by John Lampliere, from "Watertown, Conn. The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Joseph Badger, in 1793. There are 10 churches in to^vn.' COIVKLiIK'— was formed from Chenango, March 29, 1824. A part of Windsor was taken off in 1831, and a part was annexed from Windsor in 1851. It lies upon the Susquehanna, s. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the tine broad intervale of the river and high, broken uplands which rise upon each side. The summits of the hills are 400 to GOO feet above the valley. The declivities upon the w. side of the river are very steep, but upon the e. they are generally more gradual. Little Snake Creek flows in an easterly direction through the s. w. part. Its valley is narrow and is bordered by steep hills. The soil upon the summits of the hills is a hard clayey and gravelly loam largely intermixed with fragments of slate. In the valley the soil is a deep, rich alluvium and gravelly loam. Kirktvood (p. v.) is situated on the e. bank of the Susquehanna, in the s. part of the town. It is a station on the Erie R. R., and contains 25 houses. Conklin Center and Corbettsvllle are p. offices, and Millburu and C'onkliu are hamlets. At Millburn are extensive pyroligneous acid works. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1788, at the mouth of Snake Creek, by Jonathan Bennett, Ralph Lathrop, and Waples Hanoe.' The first religious services were conducted by Revs. David Dunham and John Leaoh, Methodist missionaries. There are 4 churches in town ; M. E., Presb., Bap., and Christian. lilSLiE* — was formed from Union, April 7, 1801. Nanticoke, Barker, and Triangle were taken off in 1831. The line of Berkshire was altered in 1812, and a part was annexed to Union in 1827. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. The surface is mostly a hilly and broken upland, divided by the valley of Tioughnioga River into 2 unequal parts. The summits of the hills are 400 to 700 feet above the river, and their declivities are generally steep. Dudley or Yorkshire Creek flows easterly through near the center of the town, its narrow valley breaking the continuity of the w. ridge. The soil along the valley is a rich, gravelly loam, but upon the hills it consists of clay and a slaty gravel underlaid by hardpan. The declivities of the hills are usually too steep for easy culti- vation, and the soil upon the summits is a moist clay loam, better adapted to grazing than grain growing. I.isle (p. v.) is situated on the w. bank of the Tioughnioga. It is a station on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R., and contains about 30 houses. The old Catskill & Ithaca Turnpike, built in 1796, crossed the river at this point. Yorkshire, (Center Lisle p.o.,) near the center of the town, contains about 30 houses. Killawog', (p.o.,) in the n. part, on the Tioughnioga, is a station on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1791, by emigrants from N. E.* The first religious services were conducted in 1795, by Rev. Seth Williston. There are 5 churches in town.' MAIjVE — was formed from Union, March 27, 1848. A part of Chenango was taken off in 1856. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface consists of ranges of hills divided by numerous narrow valleys, the principal of which extends in a N. and s. direction. These hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valley of Chenango River. The principal streams are Nanticoke, Bradley, and Crocker Creeks. The soil is a gravelly loam largely intermixed with the underlying slate. Maine, (p. v.,) situated on Nanticoke Creek, w. of the center, contains 3 churches. Pop. 220. East Maine is a p. o. The first settlement was made in May, 1797, by Daniel Howard, Alfred and Russell Gates, and Winthrop Roe.' There arc 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Bap., and Cong. BfAKTICOKE'— was formed from Lisle, April 18, 1831. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface consists of an upland broken by a few narrow ravines. RTertrhant, Bateman S. Dickinson. Wihnot, Daniel Crofoot. and Titus Hnmiston, in 1795 ; John Ruggles and Is.iac Tyrell. in 1796 1 and Eli Osborne and Peter Warn, in 18(J0. Tlie first birth was that of Louisa Badger, May 28, 178S ; the first death, that of John Lamphere, the same year; and the first marriage, that of I!enj. Bird and flira. John Lamphere, in 1794. Benj. Bird kept the first inn, in 1794, and Bateman S. Dickinson the first store, in 1R05. The first school was tauglit bv Job Bunnel. ■ 4 M. E., 2 Bap,, 2 Union, Prot. E.. P'resb. 2 Named from Judge John Conklin, one of the early set- tlers. Kirkwood \v.h8 taken off in 1859. * Among the early settlera were Gerret Snedaker, David Bound, Daniel Chapman, Peter TVentz, Asa Rood, Nathaniel Tagot, Asa Squires, John Bell, Silas Bowker, Joei Lamoreaux, Abraham Snedeu, David and Joseph Compton, Abraham Miller, Ebenezer Park, Noel Carr, and Thos. Cooper. The first birth was that of William Wentz, Feb. 18, 1795 ; the first marriage, wn. Amns Pntti^rson. Al)npr Rnckwell, and Mpdad and EliBlia R. Uradlny. Tlie f rst death w.is that of Mary ,1. Fisk, .Tnne 1^, 1789. .tamea Rnas and .TabeBlt Winchop built the first gristmill, in 1791, and the latter opened the first tavern, the BHHie year. The first schiiol wjis tauftht by Flavel .'•'abin. In 1787. Tlio tlrst birth was that of Joseph Chauibcrs, J uly 4, 1790. S'iPresb. and 2.11 E. 8 Sanniel and Daniel Seymonr, David Barney, Daniel Price, Wm. Coc, l!np:^IeB Winchel. and As.a('anip, were the first set- Ilorn. Sanil foe kept the first inn. in 1791, and H. Winchel bnilt ^ the first pi-i>t mill, iu 1786. The first school wad taught by John lllutcb, in I79o. * The censns reportaS churches; Bap., M. E., and Ref. Meth. * Named fioni Windsor. Conn. ^ The surface of the Susquehauna in this town in about 910 feet above tide. ' So called from its hein<; the center of Randolph's Piitent. B David Amaphad and Cyrus llotcbkiss. John tinrnaey and Swift, settled in town in 1787. The first birth was that of David Doolittle, Dec. 27, 1786; the first niariiage, that of Capt. Andrew English and Miss Rachel Moore; and the first death, that of Mrs. Ashley, the intei'proter at the Oquaga Missien, in Aiig. 1787. JosiiUi .^tow opcucil the first inn and stole, in 1738, and Nathan Lane bnilt the first griaUniil, in 1797. The first school was taught by Stephen Scyni'iur, in 1T89. ft 2 M. K, and 1 each F. W. Bup,, Rap., aud Presb. BROOME COUNTY. 185 Acres of handy Yalnation^ Populatiorij DwcUhtgSy FamilieSj Freeholders ^ Schoohj Live Stocky Agricultural ProductSy and Domestic Manufactures, of Broome County. Names op Towns. lljukcr liirighamton*. Chenango OilesviUe Conklin Lisle Maine Niinticokc Port Crane*... p'anford Triangle Union VcKtal Windsor - Total Acres of Land. 1 •g -e g £ fe, s. •g e 13,165 9,299 29,4«6 21.040J 27.023i 20,102 10,0-m 19,613 13,493 10.963 13,S79i 17,001J 6,020 8,424 14.3501 40.509} 16.830 8,676 14,167 6,061 12,026 13,919 22.367J 29,801 198.8391 205.20SJ Valuation op 1858. c « a* ^ |fc s Be 05 $305,712 O-tt. $13,410 1,829,290 606,609 326,076 20,100 636,669 30,806 608.901 22,160 373.229 18.260 317,916 22,620 119.695 1,7.60 198,867 1,600 478.620 3,640 344724 30,150 634,699 33.3S6 345,150 14.161 492,960 30,086 6.710,609 847,717 7,568,32f 639 6,026 1.013 1,340 925 1,008 426 1,604 912 1,259 997 1,337 118,686 _5_ 683 6,.502 1,522 1.199 890 971 393 1,456 872 1.204 970 1,300 266 1,943 706 466 263 393 162 656 340 477 378 619 e, a rhild of An- in IS32, The first sawmill wofl built Ly Edarcua Icouurd, in dr"W Frsnk. Aug. 31). l^l-i. Danl. Thomas and Norman B. Car- 1826. (er Ua-hl the firat schools, in 1S22-23. | CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 189 from Mass., on Lot 22, in 1820.^ The first religious meeting (Cong.) was held in 1823, by Rev. Win. J. Wilcox. COMlVEWAIIfGO— was formed from Little Valley, Jan. 20, 1823. Randolph was taken off in 1826, and Leon in lSo2. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface in the s. w. and w. parts is level and swampy, the Counewango Swamp being 30 to 50 feet below the bed of Allegany River at its nearest point. The remaining parts are hilly. It is drained s. by Connewaugo, Little Connewango, and Clear Creeks, and other small streams. The soil on the uplands is clay and gravel, and on the flats a gravelly loam. Rulledge, (Connewango p. o.,) in the N. w. part, on Connewango Creek, contains a church and 17 dwellings. Clear Creek (p. V.) is on the line of Chautauqua co. Axville is a hamlet. Settlement was commenced in 1810, by Eliph. Follet, near Rutledge.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized at Rutledge, in 181G.* OAYTOIV— was formed from Perrynburgh, Feb. 7. 1835. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is generally a rolling and hilly upland. The highest elevations in the n. part are about 300 feet above the r. r. at Dayton Station. It is drained s. by two branches of Connewango Creek and other small streams. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Lumber- ing is an important branch of industry. Daytou, (p- v-,) on the N. Y. & E. K. R., in the n. e. corner of the tovra, contains 13 dwellings; and "West Dayton, (Cottage p.o.,) in the n. w. corner, a church, 2 sawmills, and 14 dwellings. Sociality is a hamlet, in the s. E. part. The first settlement was made by Silas Nash and Simeon Bunce, from Otsego co., in 1810.* The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Joshua Webb, in ISIG, by Rev. Klnathan Finch; and the first church (Bap.) was organized in March, 1818, at the house of Mr. Webb.^ EAST OTTO— was formed from Otto, Nov. 30, 1854. It lies upon the n. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is hilly and broken; Mt. Tug, the highest summit, being 300 feet above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek forms the n. boundary ; and South Middle Branch flows w. through the town, s. of the center. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, favorable for both grain and grass. Otto Corners, (East Otto p.o.,) a little s.w. from the center, contains 3 churches and 17 dwellings. The first settlements were made by Joseph Bates, on Lot 20, and Horace "Wells, near Otto Corners, about 1816.® The first religious meetings were held at the house of Tyler M. Beach, in 1821. The first preaching (M. E.) was at the same house, by Rev. Ira Brownson, in 1822.' EI.L,ICOTTVIL.I.E8— was formed from "Ischua," now Franklinville, April 13, 1820. Ash- ford was taken ofi" in 1824. It is an interior town, lying a little n.e. of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep and narrow ravines of the streams- The principal stream is Great Valley Creek, flowing s. through near the center. The soil upon the hills is a clay loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Ellicottville, (p. v.,) on the creek, in the s.w. part of the town, was incorp. April 1, 1837. Besides the co. buildiugs, it contains 4 chuiches, 3 news- paper offices, and an iron foundery. Pop. 695. Plato and Asli Park are p. offices. The Qrst settlements were made in 1815, by David Waldo, from Oneida co., and Orin Pitcher, from Mass,* The first religious meeting was held at the house of Wm. Vinton, by Rev. John Spencer, m 1818. The first church (Presb.) was formed Sept. 10, 1822.^° 1 Eastman Prescott and hia father settled in the s. part, and Ifiaac Morrill in the N.w. part, in 1821. The first birth was that of Martha, daughter of Ch.irlr'S Crook, jr.. in the spring of 1S24; and the first d.:-ath. that of Miss Jones, in thn fall of 1S21. Miss E. Sanf inl taught the first schonl. in the summer of 18.'U. Phi- Icnus Uall kept the first inn and the first store, in 1822. Chaa. Crook and Josliua Basson erected the first sawmill, in 1S20, on Oohl Spring Creek. 8 Sampson Crooker. from Cairo, Greene en., settled near Rut- liMlfio in 1S18; and Calvin Treat, H. Camp, Wm. Holbrook, and John Darling about the same time. The first school was taught by Olive Cheeney, in the summer of 1819. Eliphalet Fultet kept the first inn, in 1817, near Hutlcdge, and H.Camp and \Vm. Ilolbrnok the first store, in 1S22. at Olds Corners. The first sawmill was erected by Sampson Crookei", on Mill Creek, in 1S19, and the first gristmill by Calvin Treat, near the center of the town, in 1S21. Mrs. Crooker. wife of Sampson Crooker, killed a wildcat at her hen roost with a pair of tongs, in the winter of 1819. 8 The censnq reports 3 rliurches; Presb., Bap., and M. K. * Joshua Webb, fmni Madi.'fon co., settled on Lot 50. Lemiin IT. Pitcher, on Let 6S. in the s.w. part; Ralph Johnson, llenian and Anson Merrill, and Timothy M. Shaw in the N. E. part.— all in 1815. The first child born was Amos Nash, in Juno, 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Benj. Parsell and Mary Redfi<*ld, in March, 1818; and the first death, that of De Witt, son of Silas Naub, in Feb. 1813. Caleb Webb kept the first inn, in 1827, at West Dayton, and Wm. H. Leland, the first store in 18.3.3, in the s.e. part of the town. Silas Nash erected the first Bawmdl, in 1817, at West Dayton. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., F. W. Bap., nnd M. E. « Soon after. Moses T. and Tyler M. IJeacli. Justice Kartliolo- mcw. Abraham Gibbs, and Sa'ml. Tuttle settled in the town. The first children liorn were Arzan and Brittaina,— twins, — sen and daughter of Justice Bartliolomew; the first marriage wua that of Mosea N. heland and Brittaina Wells, in 1825: and the first death of an adult, that of Mrs. John Darling, in Dec. 1S24. riezekiah Scovel kept the first inn. near Otto Corners, in 1823, and Vine Plumb the first store, near the s.inie place, in 1.S24. Mosea T. Beaeh built the first sawmill, in 1S:23, and the first gristmill, in 1824, on South Middle Branch, in the E. part of tlio town. ' The census reports 3 churches ; St. V... Cono:., and Bap. 8 Named from Joseph KUicott. agent of tli'- Holland Land Co. * Grove Hurlbut huilt tbe fiist house, in ISl.'i, un Lnt ;.7, and settled in March. 1816. Kicknrtson Burlinganie and i:pliriiim Fitch settled in 1S16. The first child born was Orlanilo V. Pit- cher, in June, 1816. The first school was langht by Knriico Carpenter, at the house of Orin Pitcher, in the suuinter i<{ IS17. Baker Leonard kept the first inn. iu 1S17, and tne fuvt stoie, m 1818. Orin Pitcher erected the first aawniill, in 1821, on Great Valley Creek. ^'* The census reports 4 churches; Presb., Prot. E., M. E., and R.C. 190 C A T T A R A r G U S COUNT Y. FARMERSVII.I>E— was formed from " Ischiia," now Franklinville, March 29, 1821. If lies on the e. border of the co., N. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, forming the water- shed hetween the streams flowing n. w. into Lake Erie and those flowing E. into Genesee River and s. into Allegany River. The highest point, near the center, is 800 to 900 feet above the R. R. at Olean. Mud Lake, in the n. part, covering an area of about 30 acres, discharges its waters N. ; and Ischua Creek flows s. through the w. part. On the uplands the soil is chiefly a vegetable mold resting on clay, shale, and slate; in the valleys, a gravelly loam. Farmersville, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 17 dwellings. Fairvie»V is a p. o. The first settle- ment was made by Peter and Cornelius Ten Broeck and Richard Tozer, — all from Otsego co., — on Lots 4 and 36, in 1817." The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Eliab Going, (Bap.,) at the barn of Levi Peet, in 1821. The census reports 2 churches; Bap. and M. E. FRABIKL,IIVTIL,L,E— was formed from Olean, June 16, 1812, as " Eehe." Its name was changed to '-Ischua," April 17, 1816; and to Franklinville, March 3, 1824. A part of Perrys- burgli was taken ofi" in 1814, Ellicottville, Freedom, and Yorkshire in 1820, Farmersville in 1821, and Lyndon in 1829. It is an interior town, lying n.e. of the center of the co. Its surface is un- dulating and hilly. It is drained s. by Ischua and Great Valley Creeks and several other small streams. The soil is clay and gravelly loam. Franklinville, (p. v.,) on Ischua Creek, in the N.E. corner of the town, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, and 370 inhabitants; Cadiz (p. v.) a church and several mills. Pop. 165. The first settlement was made at the village of Franklin- ville, by Joseph McClure, originally from Vt., in March, 1806.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1823. There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and M. E. FREEDOM— was formed from " hchua," now Franklinville, April 13, 1820. A part of Yorkshire was taken off in 1844. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. The surface is a rolling or moderately hilly upland. Clear Creek and the s. branch of Cattaraugus Creek are the principal streams. Beaver Lake, in the s. part. Fish Lake, in the e., and Scum and Laws Lakes, in the center, are small ponds. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Several quarries of good build- ing stone are found in different parts of the town. Sandusky, (p. v.,) on Clear Creek, in the N. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 175. Elton, (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, contains a church and 14 dwellings. Freedom is a p. o. The first settlements were made in 1811, by Warren Stanley, Ezekiel Reynolds, from N. II., and Earl Lawyer, Rufus Met- calf, and Enoch Ilowlett, from Vt.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Rufus Metcalf, in April, 1813, by Elder P. Root. The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1820.* GREAT TAEEEY— was formed from Olean, April 15, 1818. "Burton," now Allegany, was taken off in 1831, and Carrolton in 1842. Part of Allegany Reservation was taken off in 1847. It is an interior town, h'ing a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a mountainous and hilly upland. The highest summit, near the s. w. corner, is 1,300 feet above the river. The declivities are generally very abrupt, and many of them are too steep for cultivation. Allegany River flows through tlie s. w. corner, and receives as tributary Great Valley Creek. The soil upon the highlands is a hard clay mixed with disintegrated slate and shale ; and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Lumbering is the leading pursuit, five-sixths of the surface being still covered with forests.' Great Valley (station, (Killbuck p. o.,) at the mouth of Grea,t Valley Creek, in the s. part, contains 18 dwellings ; and Peth (Great Valley p. o.) 11. Settlement was commenced at the 1 Levi Peet and Peleg Robins, from Otsego co.. settled on Lots 36 and 3. in 1817. The first cliild born was Addison, son of Richard Tozer. in 1S17 ; the first niari-iaKe, that of Peter Ten Broecli and Polly Tremain; and the first death, that of Mrs. Magdalene Adams, No%'. 7. 1820. The first inn was kept in 1817, by Richard Tozer, and the first store by Jacob Conistock, in 1828. .Tames Wordeu erected the first sawmill, in 1824, on the outlet of Mud Lake. 2 Mr. SlcClure was an agent and sun-eyor of the Holland Land Co., and located his lot in 1S05. He was a leading man in the town for many years, filled the principal town offices, serTed with the rank of captain on the Niagara frontier in the War of 1812. and represented the co. in the Assembly of 1814-15. Ilis brother David settled in the town in 1806, Thos. Morris and Henry Conrad in 1S07, and Timothy Butler, Jereniiali Bur- roughs, and Danl. Cortwright, soon after. — all in the valley of Ischua Creeli. The first child born in the town and co. was Hiram W., son of David McClure, April 30, 1806. John McClure tauglit the first school, in 1809: Joseph McClure kept the first Inn. in 1806, and Thos. Morris the first store, in 1816, at or near Franklinville Village. Ilcnrv Conrad huilt the first gristmill, in 1808, and sawmill, in 1809. at Cadiz. » These settlers made improvements and put up log houses in 1811, jind moved in with their families in the spring of 1812. The first child born was Rufus Metcalf, jr.. Dec. 24. 1812; and the first death of an adult was that of Peter Davis, Dec. 17, 1816. Elihu Daggart and Sally McKee, and Sylvester Davis and Miss Daggart. were all married at the same time, in 1S17. The first school was taught in 1816, by Jemima Clark. P)noch Ilowlett kept the first inn and the first store, in 1824. He also erected the first sawmill, in 1821. on Clear Creek. Dr. Elihu Cruttenden erected the first gristmill, on the same stream. In 1822. * The census reports 5 churches ; 2 Bap., F. W. Bap., Calv. Meth., and Univ. 5 On Lot 19. about 1 mi. E. of the center of the town, is a place known as the " Breathing Well." About ISoO, Nicholas Flint attempted to dig a well ; but, after reaching a depth of 25 feet and obtaining no water, he abandoned the undert-aking, but stoned up the well, hoping that water might come. Noticing a current of air proceeding from the well, he inserted a pump log in it. and covered it up. except the end of the log. A current of air is continually blowing either into or out of the well : and a whistle placed in the bore of the log has been heard half a mi. The current is sometimes steady in one direction fur a whole day, and sometimes it chiinges every hour. CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 191 mouth of Great Valley Creek, by Judge James Green, in 1812.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Orin Pitcher, by Rev. John Spencer, in 1815. The first religious association (Cong.) was formed, with 8 members, in 1817. There is now no church edifice in town, and but 1 church, (M. E.) HIIVSOALiE— was formed from Clean, April 14, 1820. Ischua was taken off in 1846. It lies on the E. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface is a hilly and broken upland. The hills are 500 to 600 feet above the valleys and are bordered by abrupt declivities. The highest points, on Lots 23 and 24, are 500 feet above the R. R. at Hinsdale Village. Reservoir Lake is a small sheet of water near the s. e. corner. Ischua and Oil Creeks — the former from the n.e. and the latter from the N. w. — form a junction near the center, and thence the united stream takes the name of Clean Creek, flowing s. through the town. The soil upon the uplands is chiefly clay, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Iliusdale, (p. v.,) at the junction of Ischua and Oil Creeks, contains 2 churches and several mills and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 255. It is a canal village and a station upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Scotls Corners, in the n. part, contains a church and 13 -houses. Haskel Flat is a p. o. The first settlfr^ were Horace Noble, Chas. Foot, and Thos. Lusk, who located near the present site of the village in ISOO.'-' The first religious meeting was held at the log barn of Zachariah Noble, in June, 1807. The first regular preacher was Rev. Reuben Aylesworth, (M. E.,) in 1820, who organized the first religious association in 1821.' HIIMPHREY*— was formed from "Burton," now Allegany, May 12, 1836. It is an interior town, lying a little s. e. of the center of the co. The surface is a broken and hilly upland, the highest summits being 600 feet above the R. R. at Clean. Its streams are Great Valley, Five Mile, Wrights, and Sugar Town Creeks. The soil upon the hills is mostly clay, occasionally intermixed with sand, and in the valleys it is a gravelly loam. Humphrey Center is a hamlet. Huinplirey and Sugar Town are p. ofiices. The first settlement was made in the N. w. corner, on Lot 56, by Russel Chappell, in 1815.' The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1834.« ISCHUA — ^was formed from Hinsdale, Feb. 7, 1846, as "Eke." Its name was changed March 27, 1855. It lies upon the E. border of the CO., a little s. of the center. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland, the highest summits being 600 feet above the valleys. Ischua Creek flows s. through the town and receives several tributaries. The soil is chiefly clay, with a thin surface mold and some gravelly loam. Quarries of good building stone are found in the town. Iscbua, (p. v.,) formerly called "Rice," on Ischua Creek, in the N. part, contains a gristmill and 19 dwellings. The first settlement was made on Lot 45, on the creek, by Abraham M. Farwell, from Mass., in 1812.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Mr. Farwell, by Rev. John Spencer, in 1815; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in 1827. IiEOIV — was formed from Connewango, April 24, 1832. It lies on the w. border of the co., a little N. of the center. Its surface in the w. and N. w. is level and marshy, and in the remaining parts moderately hilly. It is drained s. by Connewango Creek and its tributaries. The soil is a clay, sandy, and gravelly loam. Leon, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 18 dwellings. East L.eon is a p. o. Ttaompsonville is a hamlet in the s. e. part. Settle- ments were made on Mud Creek, in 1819, by Jas. Franklin and his son James, from Riga, Monroe CO., and Abner Wise and his son Abner W., Thos. W. Cheney, and Ed. Dudley, from Otsego cp.' ^ Among the other early settlers were Danl. McKay, Judge Renj. Cliamberlin, and Ilibbard, who located in 1813: Lewis Worcester and Laurin Norton, in 1814. The tirst child born was Ira Green, in 1813 : and the first death, that of Mrs. Ilib- bard, the same year. The first school was tangbt at the house of James Green, by Joel Fairbanks, in the winter of 1817-18. James Green kept the first inn, in 1813, at the mouth of Great Valley Creek, and Lewis Worcester the first store, in 181,^, at Peth. The first sawmill was erected by J.ime3 Green, in 1813. 2 Zachariah and Seymour Noble also settled in 1806. All the Bottlers at this time were from Ontario co. and originally from Mass. The first child born was Clarissa, daughter of llorace Noble, in the fall of 1808; and the first death, that of Bibbin FoUet, in 1809. Rachael Turner taught the first school, at Scotts Corners, in 1818. Elihu Murray kept the first inn, near ninsdale Village, in ISIO, and Emery Wood the first store. In 1825. The first sawmill was erected by Lewis Wood, in 1815; and the first gristniill, by Henry Conrnd, in 182.S. * The census reports '2 churches; Bap., and M. E. * Named from Charles Humphrey, of Tompkins Co., Speaker of the Assembly at the time of the formation of the town. 6 Among the other eaily settlers were Alonzo Berry, Abgab Rowley, Nathan Howe, Thomas Scott, and Stephen S. Cole. Tho first school was taught by John Howe, at Sugar Town, in 1820. Mr. Howe has since been a member of Congress from Penn. Russel Chappell kept the first inn, in 1824, and Averill Lawyer the first store, at Humphrey Center, in 1S4S. The first sawmill was erected by Foster B. Salisbury, on Wright Creek. 6 There are 4 churches in town"; Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., ana K. C. ' Seymour Boughton, from Westchester CO., settled at the vil- lago in 1815, and William Kimball, Amos Pitcher, and Jontl. than Davis about the same time. The first child born was C. Adehne, daughter of A. M. Farwell. in 1816; and the first death, that of Henry Boughton. by the fall of a tree, in 1811. The first school was taught on the prennses of Mr. Farwell, by Caroline Putnam, in the summer of 1821. Mr. Farwell erected the first sawmill, on Lot 45. in 1814. and Cook & Tyler the first grlst- mill, fn 1826. both on Ischua Creek. The first store was opened by Albert Lawrence and Henry Stephens, in 1832, aud the first inn by Seymour Boughton. in 1816. > Robert Durfee, from R. I., settled on Lots 50 and 67, in 1819, where he still resides ; and John Fairbanks and John Battles, in 1819-20. The first birth was that of Edward Dudley, July 20, 192 CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. The first religious meeting was held at the house of Abner Wise, in 1820, by Elder Uadlcy ; and the first church (Ref. Metli.) was formed by Rev. Ezra Amadon, in 1822.' L.ITTL,E TAl,L,ET— was formed from "Perry," now Perrysburgh, April 10, 1818. Conne- wango and Napoli were taken oS' in 1823, Mansfield and New Albion in 1830, and Bucktooth in 1854. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mostly a hilly upland, divided into two principal ridges by the deep valley of Little Valley Creek. The highest summits are 500 to 600 feet above the creek. Upon Lot 77, in the s. E. part of the town, is a peculiar rock formation, known as " Rock City."^ The soil is a hard, clay luam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys.' Little Talley, (p-v.,) in the N.w. corner, contains a church and 30 dwellings. It is an important station upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Little Valley CreeK, near the center, contains a church and 11 dwellings. The first settlements were made in the valley, in 1807, by John Green, Judge Benj. Chamberlin, and several other families, who left during the War of 1812.* The first church (F. W. Bap.) was formed by Elder Richard M. Cary, Oct. 8, 1820.* L.Y]VDOiV — was formed from Franklinville, Jan. 24, 1829. Its name was changed to "Elgin" April 7, 1857, and back to Lyndon April 16, 1858. It lies on the E. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is hilly, the highest ridges, near the center, being about 500 feet above the R. R. at Olean. It is drained by Oil Creek and branches of Ischua Creek. The soil is chiefly clay covered with a light vegetable mold upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Elgin, (p. 0.,) near the center, and Ra'\TSOn, (p. o.,) in the e. part, are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Solomon and Wm. Rawson, who located upon Lots 6 and 7 in 1808.' The first religious services (F. W. Bap.) were conducted by Seth Markham, at his own house, in 1810. The first church (F. W. Bap.) was organized in the e. part of the town, in 1816, by Elders Jeremiah and Abraham Folsom.' MACHIAS — was formed from Yorkshire, April 16, 1827. A part of Yorkshire was annexed in 1847. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The surface forms a portion of the elevated table land dividing the waters of Allegany River from those of Cattaraugus Creek. Lime Lake, in the N. E. part, 1,100 feet above Lake Erie, discharges its waters N. into Cattaraugus Creek. Ischua Creek flows s. into the Allegany. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, mostly of good qualify. Maple sugar is largely produced. Macllias, (p. v.,) in the N. e. part, con- tains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and 30 dwellings. Lor of 5 have increased to 15. including a pair of 5 year olds sold for $1,000 for shipment to England, in 1S57, and a 3 year old buck elaughtered July 4, 1858. * Among the first settlers before the war were Luther Stewart, Wm. Gillmore. David Powers, and Alpheus Bascom. After the war, Stephen Crosby, from Madison co., located on Lot 30, in Feb. 1816; and Noah Culver, Enoch, David, and Alvin Chase, and John Stratton. from New England, soon after. David Powers built the first saw and grist mill, in 1809, on Little Valley Creek. 6 The census reports 3 churches; F. W. Bap., Cong., and Prot. Meth. 6 Among the other early settlers were J. Simons. David, Seth, and Jephtha Markham. fiom Penn., who settled on Lot 7 in ]809. The Markhams were originally from Conn. The first child born was Nattclla, daughter of f^oiomon Rawson, in Aug. 1S09; the first marriage, that of Wm. Markham and Rachel Phillips, March 1. 1815 : and the first death, that of James Markham, the father of the 3 Markhams among the first settlers, in 1811. Sally Osborne taught the first school, in the summer of IS15, in the E. part of the town. The fii-st inn was kept by Wm. Rawson, in the E. part, in 1825, and the first store by Charles Gillmore. at the center, in 1827. The first sawmill was built by Jasou Sher- man, in 1843. 'The census reports 4 cburchea; F. W. Bap., Wes. Meth., Asso. Presb.. and Asso. Ref. Presb. 8 Joseph Kinney settled In 1815; Obadiah Vaughn in 1818; E. T. Ashcraft. Chas. Button, Chas. II. Briggs. and Wiggen M. F.ar- rer soon after. The first marriage was that of Brigham Brown and Polly Mason, in April. 1823: and the first death, that of Esther Ashcraft, in Dec. 1819. Nathl. Bowen taught the first srhool. in 1819. on Lot 25. Andrew McBuzzell erected the first sai\Tnill, in 1822. and Danl. Potter the first gristmill, in 1823,— both on the outlet of Lime Lake. The first store was kept at the same place, by Howard Perk and Alva Jeffer&on ; and the first inn, on Ischua Creek, by Widow Freeman, in 1820. 9 The census reports 2 churches; M. E. and Christian. CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 193 N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly, the highest elevations, in the s. e., being about 300 feet above the N. Y. & E. R. R. where it crosses the s. w, corner of the town. The s. branch of Cattaraugus Creek flows w. through the n. part, and several small streams s. into the Allegany. The soil is a hard, clay loam on the uplands, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Eddyville, (p.o.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, and 11 dwellings. The first settler was Amos Morgan, who located in the s. part in 1817.* The first church, (Bap.,) formed in 1828, has since broken up.^ IVAPOLI — -was formed from Little A^alley, Jan. 20, 1823, as ** Cold Sprinr/." Its name was changed April 15, 1828 ; and the present town of Cold Spring was taken off in 1837. Its surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 600 feet above the valley. The principal stream is Cold Spring Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. IVapoli, (p. v.,) s. of the center, contains a church and about a dozen houses. The first settlement was made on Lot 27, by Major Timothy Butler, in 1818.^ The first religious meeting was held by Rev. John Spencer, in 1820. The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1820.* 1VE"W AL.BIOIV— was formed from Little Valley, Feb. 23, 1830. It is an interior town, N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland. It is drained by streams flowing into Cattaraugus Creek on the n. and into the Allegany on the s. The soil is a clay loam on the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. IVew Albion, (P-'^'O a little s. of the center, contains 20 dwellings; Cattaraugus,^ (P-'^-O i^ ^^^ n. part, contains a steam flouring mill and 50 dwell- ings. It is an important station upon the N. Y. & E. R. R., and has grown up since this road was completed. The first settlement was made on the s. w. corner of Lot 57, by Matthew Dimmick, in 1818.® The first religious association (M. E.) was organized in 1830. There are 3 churches in town, but no church edifice.' OLEAX — was formed March 11, 1808, and at first included the whole territory of Cattaraugus CO. " Ischiia," now Franklinville, was taken off in 1812, a part of Perrysburgh in 1814, Great Valley in 1818, Hinsdale in 1820, and Portville in 1837. It lies upon the s. line of the co., near the s.E. corner. The surface is a hilly upland, separated into two distinct parts by the valley of the Allegany. The highest points are 500 to 600 feet above the valley. Lumbering is the leading occupation. Olean, (p. v.,) on the Allegany, at the mouth of Olean Creek, was incorp. in 1854. It contains 6 churches, the Olean Academy,® a newspaper office, a flouring mill, foundery, tannery. and 3 sawmills. Pop. 994, It is a station upon the N. Y. & E. R. R., and an important commer- cial point upon the river; and it was for some years the southern terminus of the Genesee Valley Canal,® The first settlement was made prior to 1805. In that year Robert Hoops, agent of Adam Hoops, and David Heusten were residents near the river on small improvements, and must have settled as early as 1804.io The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1820." OTTO^-— was formed from Perrysburgh, Jan. 29, 1823. East Otto was taken off in 1854, a 1 Among the other early settlers were Nathaniel Fish, Sewell Gunn. and Bennett, wlio located in the 8. part in 1817 ; and Samuel L. Ilollister, from Great Valley, who located in the V. E. part in 1S22. The first child born waa Wahala Fish, Dec. 9, 1820; and the first marrintre, that of Prince W. Fish and Lois Qrover. Jan. 1, 1824. The first school was taught hy I^fo Cliase, in 1821. Nathaniel Fish kept the first inn. on the old Johnson Road, in the s.E. part, in 1818, and Thos. IT. McKay the firet store, in 1S48. at Eddyville. The first sawmill was erected by George and Munson Clark, in 1637, on the s. branch of Catta- raupuF Creek. 2 The census reports 3 churches ; M. E.. F. TV. Bap., and Univ. ' In 1819. Geo. Hill located on Lot 29, Harvey Parmaleo and Harlow Butler on Lot 51, Sargent Morrill on Lot 50. and Timo- thy Boardman on Lot 43. The first child horn was .loseph Foy, in June, 1820; the first marriage, that of Dr. Noble and Slatira Canfield, in 1821 ; and the first death, that of a child of Timothy Butler, in 1820. The first school was taught by Fanny Board- roan, in the summer of 1819. Moses Cook kept the first store. in 1826, and Eastman Prcscott the first inn, in 1831. James Wait erected the first sawmill, in 1829, on a branch of Cold Spring Crei'k. * There are 4 churches in town ; Cong., Bap., F. "W. Bap., and M. E. 6 Joseph Plumb, the owner of the lands on which the village in built, deeded the lots with the condition on penalty of for- feiture that no intoxicating litiuors should be eold on the pre- mises. It i**, of course, a temperance village. * David Hammond, jr. Incatud on Lot 33. and Jonathan Kinne- cutt on Lot 10, in ISIS; A. Smith Waterman on Lot 25, and James Godard on Lot 9- about the same time; Benj. Chamberlin on Lot 1, and David Unl and John A. Kinnecutt on Lot 18, in Dec. 1820; Itobert and Timothy P. Gay subse^ueotly located on 13 Lot 33. The first birth was in the family of Matthew Dimmick, in Dec. 1818. Capt. Rosecrantz, an Indian trader, froze to death in this town in the winter of 1810, while on his way from the month of Cattaraugus Creek to Olean. The first inn wa.s kept by Jas. Godard. on Lot 9, iu 1819, and the first store by Eraetus Hooth, in 1833, at the center. Matthew Nealy built the first sawmill, on a s. branch of Cattaraugus Creek, and Charles Sib- ley the first gristmill, on Lot 49, in 1S3G. ^ M. E., Wes. Meth.. and Prot. Mcth. 8 The academic buildings were burned April 1.1856. The now buildings are neRrly ready for the reception of students. 9 An act was passed in 1856 authorizing the extension of this canal 7 mi. to the Penn. line. The work is now in progress; and. when completed, it will, in connection with elackwater navigation upon the river, open a direct communication with the coal mines of Penn. *o .Icibn BrouUs, James Green, Cornelius Brooks, Wm. Shepard, and Willis Thrall located in 1806. Jas. G. Johnson was the first Hettler in the village, in 1S0>^. The first lumber was rafted down the Allegany in 1807, by Bibbins Follet. Jed.-.iiah Strong, and Dr. Bradley. The first birth in town was that of Olean, daughter of Wm. Shepard, Mav 22. 1S07: and the first death, that of Wm. B. Shepard, Sept. 21. 1809. Sylvanua Bussell kept the first inn. in 1808, at Olean Point, and Levi Gregory the fla-st store, in 1811. at Clean Village. Wm. Shepard and Willis Thrall erected the first sawmill, in 1807. on Olean Creek; and Adam Hoops, the first gristmill, in 1809, at the mouth of the Creek. Mr. Hoops was a proprietor of lands and a pioneer settler. He had served with distinction in the Continental army, — at one period as aid to Gen. Washingt^-n. " There are now 7 churches in town; 2 Evan. Luth., M. E., Prot. E.. Preeb^ Bap., and R. 0. ^ Named from Jacob S. Otto, ageat of the IIoUaDd Land Co. 194 CATTARADGUS COUNTY. part of Perrysburgh in 1823, and a part of Ashford in 1835. It lies on the n. lino of the co., w. of the center. The surface is a hilly and broken upland. It is drained w. by Cattaraugus Creek, which forms its n. boundai-y, and several tributaries, the principal of which is the South Branch, forming the w. boundary. The soil is chiefly a hard, clay loam, -with occasional spots of gravelly loam. 'Waverly, (Otto p. o.,) in the s. part, contains a church, woolen factory, and gristmill. Pop. 277. The first settlement was made on Cattaraugus Creek, in 1816, by Joseph Adams and his son Bina, and Joseph Bartlett.' The first church (Christian) was formed about 1826.' PERRYSBURGU'— was formed from Clean and "Ischva," now Franklinville, April 13, 1814, as "Perry." Its name was changed April 10, 1818. Little Valley was taken off in 1818, Otto in 1823, and Dayton and Persia in 1835. Part of Otto was annexed in 1823. It is the N. w. corner town in the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. Cattaraugus Creek forms the If. boundary. The streams are small branches of Cattaraugus and Silver Creeks. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Perrysburgll, (p. v.,) s. of the center, contains a church and 23 dwellings. It is a station on the N. Y. & E. R. R. Tersailles, (p. v.,) on Cattaraugus Creek, in the n.e. part, contains a church, 2 flouring mills, and a tannery. Pop. 274. The rapid descent in the creek at this point affords an extensive water-power. The first settlement was made in 1815, by John Clark.* Religious meetings (M. E.) were held in 1820; but the first church (Bap.) which drew the lands granted by the Holland Land Co. was formed in 1821.^ PERSIA — was formed from Perrysburgh, Feb. 7, 1835. It lies on the N. line of the CO., w. of the center. The surface is a billy upland,' with a general inclination toward the N. The highest points are about 650 feet above Lake Erie. The principal streams are Cattaraugus Creek, forming the N. boundary, and South Branch. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Gowanda,^ (P- v-.) on Cattaraugus Creek, in the N.w. corner, w;xs incorp. Dec. 7, 1847. It contains 2 churches, a newspaper office, a large flouring mill, 2 sawmills, and various other manufacturing establishments. Pop. 908, of which 520 are in Persia and 388 are in Collins, (Erie co.) The first settlement was made a little above Gowanda Village, in 1811, by John Russell, from Vt. Upon the breaking out of the War of 1812, he left with his family and never returned. In 1814, Ahaz Allen, from Vt., settled permanently on the lot left by Russell.' The first religious meetings were held by Elder Elnathan Finch, (F. W. Bap.,) in 1815-16. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1826, at Gowanda. PORTVIliliE — was formed from Olean, April 27, 1837. It is the s. E. corner town of the CO. The surface is mostly a hilly upland, the highest summits being 500 to 600 feet above the valleys. The Allegany River enters the town upon the s. border, flows N. to near the center, and thence n. w. to the w. border. It receives as tributaries Oswaya, Dodges, and Haskel Creeks. The soil is a sandy loam ; and the flaUs were originally covered with a magnificent growth of white pine. Lumbering is the leading pursuit. Portvillc, (p. v.,) on the Allegany, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, and a gristmill. Pop. 287. Mill Grove, s. of Portville, on the Allegany, contains 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and 18 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1805, by James Green, on Haskell Creek, in the n. part of the town.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1824. The census reports 2 churches; M. E., and Presb. KAlVDOIiPII — was formed from Connewango, Feb. 1, 1826, and named from Randolph, Vt. A part of South Valley was taken off in 1847. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is an undulating and hilly upland, the highest summits being about 400 feet above the valleys. Little Connewango Creek is the principal stream. The soil is mostly a clay I Stephen, Tsaac. and Benj. Ballartl, from Vt.. and Kphraiin Brown, settled in 1S18, in ditToient parts of the town. D.tvid S. Elliott Uept tlie fii-st inn, and Vine Plumb the first fitoie, in 1828, at Waverly. The first sawmill was erected by Isaac W. Sherman, in IS'22; and the lirst gristmill, by Stephen Rogers, in 182S. at Waverly. * There are now 3 churches in town ; Christian, M. E., and Presb. 5 Named from Commodore O. il. Perry. * Amonj; the other early settlers were Edward Rnssell, Phineaa Spencer, IIuj;li Campbell. Ralph Griswold. Wm. Cooper. John Sprague. and Simon Waterman, who came in about 1S16; and Elish? Ward. Stephen Crocker, and Freeman Edwards, who located near Peri-ysburgh Village in 1817. The first school was tanglit by Olive Barto. in the summer of 1S19. Beiy. Waterman kept the first inn, in 1816, and Cobb. Cook A Pelton the first store, at the village, in 1827. The first sawmill was erected on the branch of Silver Creek, by Isaac Balcomb; and the first frristmill, at Versailles, about 1820. 6 The census reports 4 clmrches ; 3 M, £., and Bap. * Formerly called " Lodi." 7 Thomas Farnsworth located in 1814, and ilcrrill Aldrich and Daniel Wheeler in 1815. The first child born was Anice Farnsworth, in the summer of 1S15. The first schotil was taught by Polly Redfield, in 1 M7. Ahaz Allen erected the first sawniill, in 1814; the first clothing works, in 1S21; and fii-st gristmill, in 182.1, on Cattaraugus Creek. Phineas Spencer kept the first store, about 1.^25, at Gowanda. " Point Peter" is the name given to a locality If mi. above Gowanda that marks the site of an ancient fortification. 8 There are 2 churches in town : Presb. and M. E. * The first child born was Hannah Green, daughter of Jaa. Green, April 28, 1807 ; the first marriage was that of Jonathan Dodge and Eunice Atherton, in 1809; and the first death, that of David Ileusten, killed by the spring of a tree v,'liile getting out spars, in the spring of 1807. Anna Carpenter taught the first school, near Portville Village, in the summer of 1822. I.u- man Rice kept the first inn, in 1822, and Allen Itife the flrat store, in 182.3. The fiist sawmill was erected by James Gri-en and Alpbeus Dodge, on llnskel Creek, in 1807 ; and the first gristmill, by Samuel King, on Dodges Creek, in 1830. CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 195 and gravelly loam. A sulphur spring is found J mi. n. of East Randolph. Randolph, (p-v.,) on Little Connewango Creek, in the N. part, contains a sawmill, 3 churches, and about GOD inhabit- ants ; East Randolpll, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, a furnace, machine shop, tannery, and about 700 inhabitants. Randolph Academy is situated upon an eminence about midway lietween the villages. The first settlement in town was made at Randolph Village, by Edmund Fuller, from Oneida co., in 1820.' The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1823.^ SOUTH TAIiliET— was formed from Randolph and Cold Spring, April 2, 1847. A part of Cold Spring was annexed in 1848. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. The surface is mountainous and broken. Allegany River flows s. w. through the town and receives as tributaries Split Rock, Ilotchkiss, Tunessassa, Pierce, Sawmill, and Bone Run Creeks. The soil is a clay loajm on the hills, and a rich, gravelly loam in the valleys. Lumbering is the principal occupation of the people.' Onoville is a p. o. The first settlement was made, under the auspices of the Friends' Mission, upon the Allegany Indian Reservation. The Mission was established in 1798, by the Yearly Meeting of Philadelphia Friends ; and Joel Swayne, Holliday Jackson, and Chester Simmons, from Chester co., Penn., settled upon the Reservation, in the n. part of the town.' It does not appear that any other religious association has ever been formed in the town. The Presb. missions on the Reservation, however, have an extensive range in the valley of the Allegany. TORRSHIRE— was formed from Franklinville, April 13, 1820. Machias was taken off in 1827. A part of Freedom was annexed in 1844, and a part of Machias was taken off in 1847. It lies upon the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland. Cattaraugus Creek forms the n. boundary. South Branch flows through near the center and receives several tributaries. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. A large amount of maple sugar is annually produced. Yorkshire Corners, (Yorkshire p.o.,) on Cattaraugus Creek, contains 38 dwellings. Yorkshire Center, (p. v.,) a little e. of the center, contains 2 chui-ches, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and 42 dwellings. liVest Yorkshire, (p. v.,) on the n. line, at the junction of the South Branch with Cattaraugus Creek, contains a gristmill, sawmill, carding machine, and 14 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1810, on Lot 1, in the n.e. corner, by Abner Bomp, from Vt.' The first church (M. E.) was formed about 1814.* > The first child horn was James Fuller, in Jnne, 1822; and the first death was that of Zaimon C. Smith, June 17. 1824, while at worlt OD mills of Cliauucey C. Helms. The double marriage of David Salisbury and Clement Russell with dtiughtel-s of Thos. Harvey, at the same time, was the first in town. The first school was taiipht by Sally Morton, at Eandulph Vill.oge. in the summer of 1822, Benj. Clark kept the first inn. in 1823, and Kohert Uelnrs the first store, in 18,37. Thos, Harvey erected the first aawinill, in 1823 ; Chauncey C, Helms, the first grist- mill, in 1826 ; and Jonathan Wood, the first carding and cloth dressing mil!, in 1827, * There are 5 churches in town ; M, E,, Bnp,, F, W, Bap., Cong,, and R, C, 8 The extensive pine forests which grew in town are nearly exhausted ; and the lumbering is now mostly confined to the coarser kinds of lumber. The town lias an area of 37,749 acres, of which only about 2,000 acres are under improvement, * Soou after the first settlement the Yearly Meeting at Phila- delphia purchased 300 acres of land of the Holland Laud Com- pany and built a saw and grist mill. The mills did work for white settlers on the usual terms, and furnished lumber and ground com for the Indians free. The Indians were also in- structed in agriculture and the arts of civilized life. The mills were built by Jacob T.aylor and Jonathan Thfimas. Robert Clendenon, from Chester co„ Penn., occupied the Mission Station in 1812, It is said that descendants of Sir Wm, Johnson are now residing on the Allegany Reservation, 6 Benj, and Wm, Fetch, Edward Bomp, Thoe, Dow, and Luther Thompson were anions the first settlers, Saml. G, Sutton and Robert Steel, from N, H,. settled in 1818. and are now the oldest residents in town. The first store was kept by Henry L, B;dcer, In 182;i, and the first inn by Prescott M'illiams, in 1820, — both at Yorkshire Corners, Isaac M'illiams erected the first griat and saw mill, in 1814. on Cattaraugus Creek, * There are now 3 churches in town ; M. £., Bap., and Univ. 1% CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuafiony PopvJatwn, Dwellings^ Families^ Freeholders^ Schools, Live Stockj Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Cattaraugus County. Names of Towns. Allegany Aflhford Bucktootb.... Carrolton Cold Spring... CoDnewango.. Dayton East Otto EUicottviUe... Farmers ville. FranklinTiUe. Freedom Great Valley^ Hinsdale Humphrey.... Ischua Leon Little Valley.. Lyndon Machiaa Mansfield Napoli New Albion.. Clean Otto Perrysbiu'gh.. Persia. Portville Randolph South Valley. Yorkshire Total...., AceesofLand. I ■s 1 1 1 1 & •5 e 4,09Si 40,677 12,138} 16,423 794 4.617 l.mei 22,809i 2.3195 15.497 10,954^ 9,512i 10.108, 12,5S-i 10,76S 11.619 9,3S4r 17.722J 19..'>76j 13,456i 13.972 17.401 15.874i 9,398 4,586i 26,285 7,762i 15,232 10.378i 6,348 7.394 12.56ei 11,740 9.226} 6,073i 13,21Si 10,289i 9.627 10,683 9,604J 11.30U 11.267i 10,332 11.361i 11,270} 10,272} 2.618 9.219 11,049J 8,487} 12,3325 6,55U 6,483S 6,166J 8.189 18,823} V,206i 13.214t 1,714} 33,074J 11,059 11.361 432,620* 266,4351 Valuation of 1858. .s ■Si- fi Si § s^ « n.o< $198,096 $760 280.728 1.270 90,065 9.400 81,600 600 94495 260 176,719 13,000 212,610 17,600 202.064 13.480 251,493 67,700 261,458 36,260 270,898 36,460 364.360 10..500 133.284 6,200 188.342 13,650 183,080 4,000 155.987 1,300 258.499 14,457 115,015 6,050 166,190 6.550 202.767 17,070 197.341 8.200 240.771 11,800 219,823 10,962 302.129 33.550 335,216 29,119 269.261 37,800 223.441 34,200 186,637 14.700 284.530 18,500 128,650 5,000 232.619 14,275 499,323 6.508.9.58 $198,846 281.998 99.466 82.100 94745 188,719 230.110 216.644 319,193 300,708 307,348 374,850 139.484 201,992 187,080 157,287 272.956 1211.065 172,740 219.837 205.541 262,671 236,776 335,679 361,336 306.761 267,641 200,337 303,030 133,650 246,894 7,008.281 20.211 19.319 763 947 209 255 313 671 658 624 917 682 841 700 690 1,030 364 618 648 384 630 097 649 633 763 772 631 729 684 654 881 204 818 297 359 84 81 110 207 217 227 350 266 816 2S5 224 409 147 204 201 168 226 256 213 229 305 337 211 276 240 204 318 92 348 7.616 89 119 276 226 242 343 267 334 300 236 434 l.'il 204 264 100 220 226 257 243 310 310 213 288 185 213 327 111 338 7,646 228 337 38 69 80 228 157 2Zr 152 244 348 261 183 229 130 107 283 142 220 210 185 231 241 223 189 24S 240 173 226 72 312 I Si 6,263 2.5.^ 16.12: NAK28 OF Towns. Allegany , Ashford Bucktooth Oarrolton Cold Spring.. Connewango.. Dayton Kast Otto EUicottTille .. Farmersville.. FranklinviUe Freedom Great Valley.. Hinsdale Humphrey.... Ischna Leon Little Valley.. Lyndon Machias. Mansfield Napoli , Now Albion.. Olean Otto Perry sburgh. Persia. .'. Portville Randolph South Vftlley. Yorkshire ' Total.... Live Stock. Ageicultcbal Products. 1 Hi 489 Bush. OP Grain. 1 <• >■ ■ ■5. Dairy Probccts. l| a i 882 ~183 1 610 1 11 ^5 11; 1^1 tt, 05 Pounds 0/ Cheese. 121 296 20.4034 l,187i 9,327 1.686J 31.175 1,046 475 1.804 1,304 2.880 721 1,021 67.371 2,824i 14,679 9,358 113.313 144,876 35 186 94 136 49 40 3.656 224J 2.540 220 9.805 620 36 236 137 94 194 10 4.699 283 2.866 90 8,905 600 104 2,S6 170 ,573 162 15 10.107 561i 3.980 1.829 12.813 376 434 2.282 1,019 1.922 732 314 49,097 J 3,086J 10.086 9.6,50 107.9.88 14,245 344 1.241 1,007 1.415 456 866 36.522 2.3654 8.691 11.641 61.016 113,814 331 1.203 1,610 1.381 358 323 38.908 2.556 8,453 7.657 86.099 266,000 251 1.083 691 2.040 440 209 38.311i 1.5694 14,4864 2.518 44.846 22.195 621 2.665 1,774 4.360 695 686 66.400 4,758 18,700 11.244 161.746 161,539 477 2.103 999 4.303 667 1,761 66.4.34i 3,567 18,021 6,235 77.870 78,710 635 1,749 1,604 3.272 645 66,672i 3.8674 13.219 7,356 162.942 37,890 220 630 396 1.259 347 208 20.662 1.1384 10.015 1.730 34.957 240 366 1,045 624 2.828 676 857 57.502i 2,041 10.393 6.665 68.200 10.640 203 888 422 1,822 268 216 30,189 1.3874 8.636 1,800 35,464 9.900 306 1.277 642 2,603 486 1.724J 46.342 1.903 8.078 6,488 44.640 5.S70 369 1,450 1,021 2,314 695 1,346 42.760i 3.1404 10.961 16.060 69.314 114,475 166 668 238 698 216 206 11.646i 1,030 6,421 2.387 38.636 9,310 356 1.350 826 4,063 601 909 40,480J 2,502 13.055 3.W7 77,700 46,370 380 1,325 840 3,446 531 641 65,932 1.749 12.351 3,183 76.694 10.644 312 1,190 954 2,.560 421 290 47,614i 2.0094 11.013 6.269 72.703 199,500 402 1,225 790 2.165 4S8 135 65.350J 2.486 12,068 11.377 91.776 5.550 3S3 1.557 1,079 2,688 006 661 48,655J 2,643 11,840 4,743 90.4,i8 77.166 155 249 286 228 326 364 12.690 634 3.905 1.426 6.310 660 336 1,167 1.229 1,410 462 S90S 41.776 2,540 6.6864 9.186 77,8'23 208,476 425 1,466 1,215 2.437 713 4,279 89.334 3.4304 10..334 9.718 91,875 128.994 240 826 6,58 760 324 3.777 25,679 1,4604 7,202 6.260 42,666 38.666 193 336 323 8.54 3.54 178i 16,561 789 9,474 3,069 27,983 2,895 434 1.139 617 1,2.53 676 318 28,129 1,9614 7,479 6,200 49.090 4,616 88 314 171 4«6 136 364 4.859 6134 2.370 800 15,366 400 1.S29 S68 23,633 2,703 615 1,088 46,646J 1,118,979} 2,193} 13,019 9,781 88,925 12,904 9,407 34,766 69,726 13,834 24,094J 62,646} 300,245} 177,1734 1,967,183 1,717,484 38,072} CAYUGA COUNTY. This county was formed from Onondaga, March 8, 1799. Seneca was taken off in 1804, and a part of Tompkins in 1817. It is a long, narrow co., 13'ing w. of the center of the State, and extending from Lake Ontario s. to near the head of Cayuga Lake. It is centrally distant 14C mi. from Albany, and contains 756 square mi.' It has a general northerly inclination, and is divided geographically into two nearly equal parts by a line extending eastward from the foot of Cayuga Lake. The N. half is level, or gently undulating, and contains numerous marshes. Some portions of its surface are covered with small, isolated drift-hills 50 to 75 ft. high. The surface of the s. half is rolling, and gradually rises until it attains an elevation of 500 to 800 ft. above the level lands of the N. These highlands are divided into two general ridges, the first lying between Skaneateles and Owasco Lakes, and the second between Owasco and Cayuga Lakes. The summits of both ridges are rolling, and have an elevation of 1000 to 1200 ft. above tide. Their E. declivities are often precipitous, forming high, bold bluffs upon the shores of the lakes, but their w. declivities are more gradual, generally sloping gently down to the very edge of the waters. The s. part of the w. ridge is divided near its center by the valley of Salmon Creek, which is bordered by steep banks 50 to 200 ft. high. Among the most peculiar of the natural features of the co. are the three long, narrow lakes which extend from the level regions of the n. between the parallel ridges far into the highlands of the s. Skaneateles Lake, upon the B. line, is 840 ft. above tide, and is bordered by bluff shores within the limits of the co. Owasco Lake, near the center, is 770 ft. above tide, and its shores are generally bold, and in some places pre- cipitous. Cayuga Lake, on the western border, is 387 ft. above tide, and along nearly its whole extent in the 00. the land slopes beautifully and evenly upward from its surface to the summits of the ridges. The water of these lakes is clear and transparent, and may be taken as the very type of purity. This lake region, with its beautifully rolling surface and rich and productive soil, with its green lawns apparently stretching upward from the very bosom of the water, and with its highly cultivated farms, presents one of the finest landscapes in the country. Seneca River flows eastward through near the center of the lowlands which form the N. half of the co. It receives Cayuga and Owasco Outlets from the s. and numerous smaller streams from both the N. and 8. A swampy region, known as the Montezuma Marshes, extends along the whole course of the river.' The streams that drain the central ridges are small creeks and brooks. Upon the level land in the n. part of the co. are a series of small, shallow lakes and ponds, the principal of which is Cross Lake. The rocks in this 00. generally lie in nearly horizontal layers, but in some places they are disrupted and broken. Their edges appear one above the other, forming the declivities of the hills that rise toward the s. The lowest formation is the Medina sandstone, which outcrops upon the shore of Lake Ontario and covers the n. half of Sterling. Above this successively appear the Oneida, conglomerate, and Clinton groups in the s. part of Sterling ; the Lockport group in Victory ; the red shale of the Onondaga salt group in Cato, Brutus, Conquest, and Mentz ; the gypsum of the same group in Auburn, Aurelius, and Springport, and for a distance of 10 miles along Cayuga Lake ; the waterlime and Oriskany sandstone in Owasco, Auburn, Fleming, and Springport; and, successively above the Onondaga and corniferous limestone, the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, TuUy limestone, Genesee slate, and the Portage and Ithaca groups, the last occupying the summits of the southern hills. Weak springs of brine are found in the Medina sandstone upon the borders of Lake Ontario, and also in the red shale of the salt group along the course of Seneca River. In the central part of the co., and along the shores of Cayuga Lake, are numerous quarries, which furnish a good quality of waterlime, quicklime, and gypsum. The red sandstone and the Onondaga and corniferous limestone are quarried extensively for building stone. Thin layers of corniferous limestone and of sandstone are extensively quarried along Cayuga Lake, and make an excellent quality of flagging. The soil in the n. half of the co. is generally a fine quality of sandy or gravelly loam, inter- 1 Exclusive of 160 eq. mi. in Lake Ontario. I raarahes, and largo Fums have been expended. A portion only, *Sevcral efforts have been made by the State to drain these liuwever, has yet been redeemed. 197 198 CAYUGA COUNTY. mixed with clay, muck, and alluvium ; and in the s. it is a gravelly and clay loam and very pro- ductive. The whole co. is well adapted to either grain raising or pasturage. Until within a few years wheat has been the staple production ; but it has been nearly superseded by rye, oats, barley, and corn. Wool growing and dairying are also extensively pursued. The cultivation of fruit, to which the climate and soil are admirably adapted, is beginning to receive considerable attention. The manufactures of the co., mostly confined to Auburn, are extensive, though comparatively less than in 1810.^ The county seat is located at the city of Auburn.^ An elegant and substantial courthouse was built in 1807-09.* It is located upon a commanding site in the s. w. part of the city, and contains rooms for the usual co. offices. A fireproof clerk's office is situated adjacent to the courthouse. A substantial stone jail was erected in 1833, in the rear of the courthouse.* The county poorhouse is located upon a farm of 90 acres in Sennett, 3 mi. n. e. of Auburn. It is a poor, old, dilapidated building, containing about 30 rooms. The average number of inmates is about 100, supported at a weekly cost of 70 cts. each. A school is kept during a portion of the year.^ The Cayuga Orphan Asylum, located in the city of Auburn, was incorp. in April, 1852. It receives orphans and destitute children and has an average attendance of 30. The institution is well managed, and the children receive good care and instruction. The Erie Canal extends through Brutus, Mentz, and Montezuma. Cayuga Lake and Outlet are navigable, and form a connection with the canal at Montezuma. The direct branch of the N. Y. Central K. R. from Syracuse to Rochester extends through Brutus, Mentz, and Montezuma, and the Auburn branch through Sennett, Auburn, and Aurelius.® Two daily, 7 weekly, and 3 monthly papers are published in the co.'^ i"The number of looma in the co. were 1,360, producing 340.870 yds. of cloth annually; there are 19 tanneries, 47 dis- tilleries, 48 asheries, 11 carding ma<-hines. 11 cloth dressing- mills, 3 oil mills, an air furnace, triphammer, several nail facto- ries. 6 earthen ware factories, and several hatters' ehops. About 2,500 skeins of silk and 60,000 bushs. of salt are made annually. Thf! inhabitants clothe themselves principally in the products of their own families, and were it not for the exorbitant num- ber of their distilleries, I should add. are very temperate and industrious, — the character given them by correspondents." — Spaf"r(r$ Gazetteer, ed. 1813. 2 When organized in 1799, Cayuga included Seneca co., the territory lying between the Cayuga and Seneca Lakes ; and, as central to the thin population, the first courthouse was located at Aurora, on the e. shore of Cayuga Lake. It was built of poles and covered with brush. In 1803 a circuit court and court of Oyer and Terminer was held at this place by Daniel D. Tomp- kins, at which an Indian by the name of John was tried and convicted of the murder of Ezekiel Crane, jr., and sentenced to be hung. He urgently requested that ho might be shot, — a pri- vilege, of course, not granted by our laws, A log building at Cayuga Village was authorized to be used as a jail March 25, 1800. In 1804 an act was passed, authorizing John Tillotson. Augustus Chidsey, and John Grover, jr., commissioners to build a courthouse on the b. e. corner of Lot 46 of Scipio, (now Auburn,) This act was afterward repealed. On the 6th of March, 1805, Edward Savage, of Washington co., Jas. Burt, of Orange, and Jas. Hildreth, of Montgomery, were appointed commissioners to locate the site of a courthouse. The commissioners neglected to fix the site; and. April G, 1808, John Glover, Stephen Close, and Noah Olmstead were appointed to superintend the finishing of the courthouse at Auburn. 3 The first co. officers were Seth Phelps, Fimt Judge ; William Stuart, District Attorney; Benjamin Ledyard, County Clerk; Joseph Annin, Sheriff; Glen Cuyler, Surrogate. * This building is 45 by 65 feet, 2 stories high, with 2 double and 26 single cells, arranged in the center of the building, with a hall on three sides, open to the prisoners in daytime. 6 No means are provided for ventilating the rooms or for classifying the inmates. The insane are sometimes confined in dark cells not provided with means of warmth; and the whole estiiblishment aod its management are by no means creditable to the intelligence and humanity of the citizens of the CO. 6Tlie Ontario, Auburn & N.T.R.K., extending from Little Sodus Bay 8. to Ithaca, has been surveyed through the co. and partially graded; but work upon it has been suspended. J 77ie Levana Chisetf*; or Onondaga Advertiser, the first paper published in Cayuga co.. was established July 20, 1798, at Levaua, in the town of Scipio, (then Onondaga co.,) by R. Delano. The Western Luminary was published at Watkins' Settlement, in Scipio, in 1799. The Aurora Gazette was established in 1799 by 11. & J. Pace, and continued until 1805, when it was removed to Auburn and changed to The. Whtn-n Federalist. It was published as The Auburn Gazette by Skinner and Crosby in 1816. I'fte Cayuga Ihcsin was commenced at Union Springs in 1812 by E. T. Chamberlain. It was soon after removed to Auburn, and continued by different persons until 1847, when it was united with the Cayuga Patriot. The Cayuga Patriot was started at Auburn by Samuel R. Brown in 1814. Isaac S. Allen, Ulysses F. Doubleday. and others, were afterward interested in its publication. In June, 1847, it was united with the Tocsin, the joint papers taking the name of The Cayuga New Era. It was successively published by Mer- rill, Stone & Co.. Stone. Hawes & Co., Finn & Ilallett, and William L. Finn, and was discontinued in 1857. T7u Advocate of the People was commenced at Aubuin in Sept. 1816, by Henry C. Southwick. The Cayuga EepuhHcan was commenced in 1819 by A. Buckin- ham, and was afterward published by Thomas M. Skin- ner. In 1833 it was united with the Free Press and issued as The Auburn Journal and Advertiser by Oliphant & Skinner. Skinner subsequently withdrew, and the paper waa continued by Oliphant. In 1846 it was i.ssued as Tlie Auburn JouriiRl ; and the same year The Aubui'U Dally Advertiser, the first daily paper published in the co., was established in connection with it. In the fall of the same year, Oliphant sold out to Henry Montgomery, by whom the papers were con- tinued until 1850. when Knapp & Peck, the present publishers, became proprietors. ThA Auburn Free Press was commenced by Richard Oliphant in 1824 and published by him until 1829. It was then sold to Henry Oliphant, and in 1833 it was united with the CajTiga Republican. The Gospel ^fss':w*7''r fl'rot.E.) was established at Auburn by Rev. Dr. Rudd in 1827. It was removed to Utica d few years after. The Diammid was published in 1830. The Gospel Advocate was published in 1830. The Cayuga Democrat was published by Fred. Prince in 1833. The People's Friend was published in 1836 by Ohphant A Skinner. The Western Banner was published in 1836 by Francis S. Wiggins. The People's Library., mo., was published in 183G by F. S. Wiggins. The Primitive Oiristian waa published in 1830 by Silas E. Shepard. The Conference Record was published in 1837 by Rev. J. S. Chamberlain. Tfie Northern Cliristian Advocate (M.E.) was commenced in April, 1841, by Rev, John E. Hobic. It was edited by Rev. F. G. Hibbard and Rev. Wm. Hosmcr until May, 1S44, when it was purchased by the Meth. Genl. Conference and clianged to nplie Nortliern Advocate* It was edited Fuccessively by Rev. Nelson Rounds and Wm. Hosmer, and is now under the editorial charge of Rev. F. G. Hibbard. The Star of Temperance was published in 1845 by L. H. Davey. Auburn's Favorite was published in 1849 by Newton Calkins The Cayuga Chief was commenced at Auburn in January, 1849, by Thnrlow W. Brown, and continued until 1857. The Auburn Daily Bulletin was published in 1849 by Stonp. Hawes & Co. The Masonic Union, mo., was published in 1850. CAYUGA COUNTY. 199 This CO. formed a portion of the Military Tract, and included the original townships of Cato, Brutus, Aurelius, Scipio, Sempronius, and parts of Miltou and Locke. Sterling -was included in the lands granted as a compensation for portions of the original grants, -which upon survey were found to belong to the Boston Ten Towns. Before the advent of the whites it formed the chief hunting grounds of the Cayuga Nation. The people of this nation were more migratory in their habits than those of the Onondaga and Seneca nations, and they had fewer towns and villages. Tiie principal town or place of council of the tribe was upon the shore of Cayuga Lake, near the present vilhige of Aurora, The first white settlers were soldiers, who had served during the Revolution and who drew lots upon the Military Tract, or those who had purchased soldiers* warrants. The first immigration was by the way of Oneida Lake and River, and from the s. by way of Cayuga Lake; but in 1796 a State road, extending from Whitestown to Geneva by way i>f Auburn, was cut through ; and in LSOO the celebrated Cayuga Bridge^ was built, the new route speedily becoming the great highway of Western emigration. The population steadily and rapidly increased from 1700, a great impulse being given to it by the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. The first inhabitants were principally from New England and the eastern cop. of New York. AUBURN CITY — was formed as a town from Aurelius, March 28, 1823. It was incorp. as a village April 18, 1815, and as a city March 21, 1848. It lies upon Owasco Outlet, near the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with an inclination toward the n. Owasco Outlet, flowing n. w. through near the center, descends 120 ft., and furnishes an abundance of water- power, which is mostly improved. Along its course are valuable quarries of waterlime, Oriskany sandstone, and Onondaga and corniferous limestone. The city is finely laid out upon both sides of the creek, most of the streets having a gentle inclina- tion. It is situated in the midst of a rich farming country, and it has a large share of internal trade. Its manufactures are extensive and important, consisting principally of woolen goods,' paper, agricultural implements, books, flour, and machinery. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 12 churches,^ 3 banks, and many other fine public and private buildings. Seven weekly, 2 daily, and 2 monthly papers arc published in the city. Pop. 9,470. The Puhlic Schools are under a Board of Education, consisting of 4 members, elected annually. The schools, 5 in number, employ 23 teachers, — 5 males and 18 females. In 1858 the number of children between the ages of 4 and 21 was 3001, of whom 2187, or 73 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for 1858 were ^13,231.19. Ttie number of volumes in the district libraries is 3986. The Clirlstlan Ambassador (Univ.) was commenced in Jan. 1851, and is now editc-d by John M. Austin. The S2>irif'iiil and Moral Instructor was pubUshed in lf^51 by Pelog 8. Collrell A Co. Tlie A«bum American, d. and w., was established in Fell. 1855, by Wm. .T. Moacs. In 1S59 the namo of tho d;iily w:ifl chrtnged to rUe Daily Uniou, Mose3 k Vail publislKrs. The Journal of Specific HomeopatKy, mo., was stJJ-rted in M^iich. 1S55, iind i.^ piili. by K. Iluiuplireys. riie Spiritual Clarion, cumimncfd Nov. 15, 1851), is published weekly by Urifth CI. irk. TUe Northern Independent w.is ostab. in Au^. 1S56, l-ya. pub. com. of till- IM. K. Ch.; Hov.Wm. llosmer, ed. Tlie Orphans* Friend, int)., njnuneuced in Feb. 1^.07, is pub. by the m;in;if;iTs olthr Cayuga Orphan Ayylum. The t'u'/uga F'lrmcr ami Mechanic w:ui commenced iii Sf-pt. 1H50. by P. J. Becker. In Dec. 1857 its namo wua changed lo The Teachers* Educational Journal) it ia still ir'suod by its oricinal proprietor. The Auburn Democrat was establishwl in Aup;. 1857, by Stone and Ilawes, by whom it is slill published. Tlie W'-f-fi'Icridiail,* (p. v.,) in the N. part of the town, was ineorp. Oct. 17, 1854. Pop. 360. Cato, (p. v.,) on the line of Ii-a, in the N.w. corner, contains 3 churches and 53 dwellings. Seneca River is a p. o. The first setr tlement was begun in 1800, by Samson Lawrence, on Lot 32.^ The first church (Bap.) waq formed Oct. 26, 1810 ; Rev. Daniel Palmer was the first pastor." CO:»fQUEST'— was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the center. The surface is gently rolling, the ridges extending n. and s. The s. part along the course of Seneca River is marshy, and a swamp about one-fourth of a mi. wide extends n. and s. through the town along the course of the small stream which flows through Mud Pond. Duck Pond, in the N. w., is about 1 mi. in diameter. Howlands Island, in Seneca River, contains 2,700 acres, one-third of which is swampy, and overflowed during high water. Tho soil is a sandy loam interspersed with clay and underlaid by red shale. Conquest Center (Conquest p. o.) con- tains 2 churches and 26 houses ; Pineville, in the w. part, contains 15 houses. The first settlers were George Snyder, from Schoharie co., who located on Lot 37, and Israel Wolverton, from Tomp- kins CO., on Lot 4, in 1800.^ Tlie first church (Prot. Meth.) was formed at Conquest Center, in 1803 ; Rev. Joshua Beebe was the first settled preacher.' FliEMlBTG"'— was formed from Aurelius, March 28, 1823. It lies w. of the foot of Owaseo Lake, a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with an inclination toward the n. and E. The banks of the lake slope upward for about three-fourths of a mi. The highest portions are 150 to 250 feet above the lake, and 800 to 1,000 feet above tide. Wheeler and Crane Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, with an occasional intermixture of clay and sand. Fleming', (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 clmrehes and 25 dwellings. 1 Named from Elisha and Edward Weed, first settlers at the villoge. 2 Among the other e.arly settlers were Caleb, Nathan, and Jonah Rood, and Powers, from Saratoga co., who located at and near Weedsport; John Hamilton, from Washington co., on Lot 64, in March, 1.S02; Kdward Ilorton, Peter Dnuf^liias. and Samuel Moore, from N. J., on Lot 8G ; Adam Helmer, from Herki- mer CO., on Lot 67. in ISoi ; and Van Dyck and Daniel Mil- ler, from N. J., on Lot 7fi. in 1805. The first child born was Bur- nett Stevens. Nov. 13,1801; the first marriage, that of Peter Douglass and Polly Hamilton, Jan. 12, 1S04 ; and the first death, ♦hat of an infant child of Sunderland Sweet, in ISIJO. Harriet Phelps taught the first school, in 1806 ; Walter .and Elisha Weed kept the fir.^t store: and Lewis Putnam built the first sawmill and gribtmill, on Bread Creek. * Tlie census reports 4 churches ; Presb., Bap., M. E., and R. C. * Formerly " Cato Four Comers^ 6 Among the other early settlers were Solomon Knajip, on Lot 100, L. Sheldon, on Lot 84, Jacob Labei-taux, from Penn.. on I/Ot 67, in May, 1803; Jesse Elwcll and Abner Ilollister, at Meridian, in lf05. The first child born was Elvira Stoekwell. May 4, 1S05 ; the first marri.oge, that of Andrew Stoekwell and Sibyl Root, June 4, 1804; and the first death, that of Stephen Olcott, in 1R05. Solomon Knapp kept the first inn at Cato, in 1803: and Jesse Elwell, the first at Meridian, in 1805. Daniel M. Bristol kept the first store, in l^Ofi; and Samuel Woodford erected the first gristmill, on the outlet of Otter Lake, in ISll. * The census reports 4 churches; Presb., M. E., Bap., and Ref. Prot. D. T Name given to commemorate the conquest achieved by those who favored the division of the old town of Cato over those who opposed it. 8 Among the other early settlers were .Tames Perkins, from Onondaga co., on Lot 3, Ephraim Witlierill, from Tompkins CO., on Lot 4, Theopliilus Emerson, on Lot 27, aud Clement B. Emerson, on Lot 15, in 1802; Dijar Wilcox, from Saratoga CO., on Lot 74, Wm. McCollom and John CrowcU, from Newhurgh, on Lot 76, in 1805; and William Crowell, on Lot 77, in 1807. Tlie first child horn was Amos Wolverton, in 1803; the first ni.irri.age, that of Gilbert Perkins and Betsey Snyder; and the first death, that of a traveler and stranger, at Miisqnito Point. John Perkins taught the first school, at Conquest Center, in 1SU7; Ephraim Wilherill kept the first inn. in 1803; Jonath.in Davis, the first store, at Coiniuest Center, in 1827 ; Twitchell erected the first sawmill, in 1808, and Abram Cherry the first gristmill, in 1810. This mill was long known as the " Pepper Mill,'' from tho fact that a store was at first kept in it. The first settlers joined in making a canoe which would hold 60 bush, of grain; and in this they carried the grists of the whole neighborhood to Spriiigpnrt. by the way of Seneca River, to bo ground. The journey usually took 4 days. In 1813 John Fil- kins took a load of wheat to Altiany, hut was obliged to sell tho wheat and one horse to defray the expenses of the jnnrney. lu 1804 Ja.s. Perkins built the first framed house, sawing out the whole lumber with a whip-saw. The building still stands (1869) a monument of persevering industry. * The census reports 3 churches ; 2 Prot. Meth. and M. E. 10 Named from Qen. Qeorge Fleming, an old resident. 202 CAYUGA COUNTY. Oirasco Italic is a p.o. The first settlements -were made in 1790-91.' The first religious services were held by Elder Daniel Irish (Bap.) about 1794.^ OI^iVOA — was formed as "Milton," Jan. 27, 1789; and its name was changed April G, 1808. Locke was taken off in 1802. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO., lying upon the e. bank of Cayuga Lake. The surface is a rolling region, gradually rising from the lake to a height of about 600 ft. and divided into ridges by the valleys of Big and Little Salmon Creek, which extend through near the center.' The declivities that border upon the streams in some places are steep and 50 to 150 ft. high. The soil consists of a strip of clay along the banks of the lake, and a deep, rich, gravelly loam in the other parts of the town. Genoa, {p. v.,) on Big Salmon Creek, contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, a tannery, and a furnace and machine shop. Pop. 300. IVortbville (Kings Ferry p. o.) ia situated in the n. w. part of the town. Pop. 200. Five Corners (p. v.) contains 35 dwellings. £ast Oenoa (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settlements were made anterior to the organization of the co. Jabez Bradley wag the first settler, at Northvllle. The census reports 6 churches in town.* IRiV — was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821, and a part was annexed to Cato in 1824. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is rolling, the summits of the ridges being 50 to 75 ft. above the valleys and 225 to 275 feet above Lake Ontario. The streams are small brooks and creeks. The soil is a sandy loam underlaid by red sandstone, and is very productive. Ira Center, (p. v.,) the only village, contains 2 churches and 145 inhabitants. The first settlements were made by David, Eleazur, and Andrew Stockwell, 3 brothers from White- hall, on Lot 58, Wm. Patterson, on Lot 32, and Henry Conrad, (a German,) on the same lot, all in 1800.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed at Ira Corners, July 7, 1807, by Kev. Francis Pomoroy ; Rev. Silas Bai'nes was the first preacher.* liEW Y ARD' — was formed from Scipio, Jan.-30, 1823. It lies upon the e. bank of Cayuga Lake, s.w. of the center of the co. Its surface inclines toward the w.,its extreme E. border being elevated 500 to 000 ft. above the surface of the lake. The slopes of the hills are generally gradual, but are steep in a few places. Its streams are small, rapid brooks, the principal of which is Paines Creek, flowing through a narrow ravine in the s. part. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam, very fertile. Aurora, (p.v.,) incorp. May 5, 1837, is beautifully located on the E. bank of Cayuga Lake. Its fine situa- tion and the comparative mildness of its climate have made it a place of considerable resort; and it contains some of the finest residences to be found in the interior of the State. It is the seat of the Cayuga Academy.* Pop. 459. Talcotts Corners, (Ledyard p. o.,) near the s. E. corner, con- tains 2 churches and 12 dwellings. L.evaua (p. v.) is a steamboat landing, 2 mi. n. of Aurora. Pop. 106. Roswell Franklin, from Wyoming, settled at Aurora in 1789, and was the first settler in Cayuga co. Benj. Avery was the first settler at Talcotts Corners.' Rev. Seth AVilliston (Presb.) conducted the first religious services ; and Rev. H. Woodruff was the first settled minister.'" L.OCKE — was formed from " Milton," (now Genoa,) Feb. 20, 1802. Summer HiU was taken off in 1831. It lies upon the high ridges which border upon Owasco Inlet, in the s. part of the CO. The inlet flows through near the center in a deep, narrow valley bordered by steep hills rising 200 to 400 ft. above it. The summits of the hills spread out into a beautifully undulating 1 Among the early settlers were Benj. Irish, Joseph (irover, Edward Wheeler, Ichubod and Abel Wilkinson, and James Herrington. The first child horn was Aurelius Wheeler, in 1791; and the first death, that uf Mrs. West, in 1792. John Herring taught the first school, in 1794; Abel Wilkinson kept the first inn, in 1792 ; and Joseph Grover the first store, in 1797. 2 There are 3 churches in town ; Ref. Prot. D., Eap., and M. E. 3 The s. part of tlie town was settled by emigrants mostly from I'enn. and N. J., and the n. part by emi;^raot3 from New Kngland. In 1800 the town had a pop. of 3.553; in 1810 it rose to 5,425; in 1820, after its territory was reduced to its present limits, the pop. was 2,5S5 ; and in 1855, 2,352. 4 Two I'resh., 2 M. E., Cong., and rniv. 6 Among the other early settlers were Daniel Parker, on Lot 69, John C. Barnes and Ilev. Silas Barnes, on Lot 70, and Zadock Barnes, on Lot 83, all from Mju-cellns. and Edward Wood, from Sennett, on Lot S9. in 1802: Archibald and Chas. Green, on hot 70, in 1803; Eli Mattison and Ahr.iham Willey, from Conn., on Lot 34, Uonry Ferris and his son, Augustus, from Saratoga CO., on Lot 71, in 1804 ; and Thos. Barnes, from Washington co , at Ira Corners, in 1805. Dr. Squire, the first physici.an. taught the first Bchool, in 1805; David Stockwell kept the first irin, in 1800; Sam'l and Israel Phelps, the first store, at Ira Corners, in 1813 ; and John Hooker erected the first gristmill, in ISIS. The first child born was I'olly, daughter of David Stockwell, in April, 1602; the first marriage was that of Eleazur Stockwell and Mar- g.iret Noble, March 7, 1802 ; and the first death, that of tho wife of Rev. Sil.as Barnes, in 1S02. 6 Tho census reports 5 churches ; 2 M. E., and 1 each Bap., Presb., and Disciples. ' Named from Benjamin Ledyard, agent and clerk for the dis- posal of the lands belonging to the Military Tract. The trace of an ancient fortification is found within this town. It stood upon a hilt between two ravines, and inclosed about 20 acres. — Smithsonian Cotttrilndions. Vol. 21, Dirt VI.p. 63. 8 The Academy building st^rnds upon an eminence command- ing a fine view of the bay and lake. The institution has a well selected library, competent teachers, and is in a prosperous condition. The Gospel and School Lot No. 36 of this town hav- ing been given to Union College, Lot 89 was taken for school purposes, and assigned to this academj'. * Elisha Durkee. and Atwell and Edward P.aine, settled at Aurora in 1790. The first settler, Mr. Franklin, was in the battle of Wyoming, at which his wife was killed and his youngest child taken prisoner by the Indians. He died at Aurora in 1791, under the weight of his misfortunes. Betsey Durkee (now Mrs. Sweetland) wag the first child born in town. The first inn was kept by Joshua Patrick, at Aurora, in 1793. in a house still standing. Abiathar Hull kept the first store, and T. WTieeler erected the first mill, a little N. of Aurora. w The census reports 6 churches ; 2 Friends, 2 M. E., Presb., and Prot. E. CAYUGA COUNTY. 203 region with a mean elevation of about 1,000 ft. above tide. The soil is a gravelly loam inter- spersed with clay, milan, (Locke p. o.,) situated on the s. branch of Owasco Lake lulet, con- tains 2 churches, 2 woolen factories, 2 gristmills, and several mechanics' shops. Pop. 180. Ccn- terville contains 18 houses. The first settlement was made by Ezra Carpenter, Jas. Cook, Ja.s. Durell, and Solomon Love, in 1790.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1819.^ MEIVTZ — was formed from Aui-elius, as "Jefferson," March 30, 1802. Its name was changed April G, 1808. Montezuma and a portion of Throop were taken off in 1859. It lies upon Seneca Kiver, N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is generally flat, with a few low sand ridges near the s. border. A swampy region extends along Seneca River. Owasco Outlet, flowing through the center, is the principal stream. Limestone, gypsum, and red shale are the underlying rocks. The soil is a clayey, sandy, and gravelly loam. I'ort Bj'roil, (p. v.,) incorp. March 2, 1837, is situated upon the Owasco Outlet and Erie Canal, near the center of the town. The N. Y. C. R. R. station is 1 mi. n. of the village. It contains 3 churches, a woolen factory, cabinet ware manufactory, and a flouring mill with 10 run of stones. Pop. 1,669. Ceiitei'port, a canal village on the e. line, contains 22 houses. The first settlement was made in 1797.* There are ?> churches in town ; Bap., M. E., and Presb. JMOIVTEZUM A— was formed from Mentz, April 8, 1859. It lies in the n. w. angle formed by the great easterly bend in Seneca River, on the w. border of the co. Its surface is mostly low and flat. An extensive swamp, known as the Montezuma Marshes, extends along the river. The only considerable stream ia Cayuga Brook. The soil is generally a clayey loam. Brine springs are found along Seneca River. Moiitezuma (p. v.) is located upon Seneca River, in the w. part of the town. The Seneca and Cayuga Canals here unite with the Erie Canal. Salt and some other articles are manufactured.' Pop. 650. The first settlement was made in 1798.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1803, by Rev. John Jeffries. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and Bap. itIORATIA — was formed from Sempronius, March 20, 1833. It lies upon Owasco Lake and Inlet, in the E. part of the co. The greater part of its surface is a rolling upland, broken by ^ the deep and narrow valleys of Owasco Inlet and its branches.' These valleys are 300 to 400 ft. below the summits of the hills, and are bordered by steep and in many places nearly perpen- dicular sides. Upon the streams in their course through the ravines are several beautiful cas- cades, furnishing an abundance of water-power. Mill Brook, just below its junction with Trout Brook, flows over a precipice of 80 ft. Upon the E. tributary of the outlet, near the s. border, is a cascade known as Dry Falls, from the fact that in summer the stream ceases to flow. A little below this cascade is a circular recess in the face of the perpendicular precipice, 42 ft. deep, and sur- mounted by a limestone arch 55 ft. high and 125 ft. long. Upon this arch rises a lofty hill covered with primitive forest trees. A large spring of carburetted hydrogen gas, highly inflammable, is situated upon the lowlands near the lake. The soil among the hills is a gravelly loam mixed with clay, and in the valleys it consists of a deep, rich loam formed of gravel and disintegrated limestone and slate. Moravia (p. v.) is situated on Mill Brook, in the valley 3 mi. s. E. of the head of Owasco Lake. The rapids and cascades in the stream at this point furnish an abundance of water-power. The village is incorp., and contains 130 dwellings, the Moravia Institute, and several mills and other manufacturing establishments. Montville,' a small village 1 mi. E. of Moravia, contains 15 houses. The first settlement was made at Moravia Village, by John StoyeU, in 1791.* The first church (Cong.) was formed March 12, 1806.' 1 A daughter of Jas. Durell was the first child born; Aaron Kellogg kept the first store, at Milan; James Cook, thefirat inn; Lyman Brown erected t\w> first factory, at Milan, in 1810, and Mr. Durell the first priBtniill. The traces of an Indian buryinp; ground, half a mi. w. of Milan, between 2 deep trulfs, covering about 'I acres, are still visible. The graves are r.inged in rows E. and w. * The census reports 3 churches; 2 M. E. and Bap. ' Among the early settlers were Philip King, Seth Higby, from Sariitopa co.. on Lot 72, Josiah Patridge, from Mass., on I.^)t 73. in 1797; Charles Anoea, Aholiab and Elijah Buck, from Chemung co., on Lot 73. (now Port Byron.) in 1798; Dau'l Love- land, from Tt., on Lot 49, in 1799; Peter Kausier and Moses Lent, from Owego, on Lot 62, in 1800; James Dixon and Jo8<*i'h Ilannlton, from Washington co., Caleb Hopkins, from N. J., and Ira lloi'kins, fi-om Washington co., on Lot 85, from 1800 to * Salt was first manufactured in Montezuma about 179S; but the biiainess wae abandoiud about 1^40, in conf^equence of the brint^ becoming too weak to successfully compete with the salt Hprings of Syracuse and Saliua. Strong brine springs have lately been discovered, and the manufiictureof salt has been suc- cessfully resumed. These salt Fprings, like those of Onondaga, belong to the State. f> Among the early settlers were Peter Clark, from New York City, Comfort Tyler, and Abram Morgan, at Montezuma, in 179S, who located there to manufacture salt. 8 The Owasco Flats were in part cultivated by the Indiana anterior to the settlement by the whites, and still bear tracesof the ancient occupation. 7 Ex-President Fillmore read law at this place with Judge "Wood. 8 Among the other early settlors were Winslow Perry, Amos Stoyell, and Jabez L. Bottom, in 1793; Oiirshoni Morse, in 1794; and Cotton Skinner, in 1795. The first child born was Seth I'erry, in 1794; the first marriage, that of Jonathan Eldridge and Sally Perry, in 1795; and the first death, that of Cynthia Wriglit, in 179fi. Levi Goodrich taught the first school, in 1797 ; Zadock Cady kept tli^ first inn. in ISOl, David Wright the first store, and Jnhu Stoyclt built the first mill. B The census reports 3 churches in town : Cung., Prot. £., and M.E. 204 CAYUGA COUNTY. HflLiES — ^was formed from Sempronius, March 20, 1833. It lies between Owasco and Skane- ateles Lakes, s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is principally a rolling and hilly upland. The highest summits are 700 ft. above Owasco Lake. The declivities are gradual toward Owasco but more abrupt toward Skaneatelea Lake. Dutch Hollow Brook, flowing N. through near the center, is bordered by high, steep banks.' The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Kel- log'gsville, (p. V.,) in the extreme s. part, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings; New Hope, in the s. E. part, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and 12 dwellings; IVIles, (p. 0.,) in the N. part, TVest Xiles, Twelve Corners, and Wine Corners, are ham- lets. Tho first settlements wore made in 1793.^ There are 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Bap., and Univ. OWASCO— was formed from Aurelius, March 30, 1802. It lies e. of the foot of Owasco Lake, s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and inclined to the n. w. From the lake it slopes gradually upward, and the highest summits attain an elevation of 500 ft. Owasco Creek, flowing w. across the s. part, and Millers Brook, in the N. part, are the only streams. The soil is a clayey loam. Owasco, (p. v.,) in the s. x. corner, contains 3 churches and 45 dwell- ings. The first settlements were made in 1792.' The first church was formed in 1798, by Rev. Abram Brokaw.* Ex-Gov. Throop is a resident of this town. SCIPIO — was formed March 5, 1794. Sempronius was taken off in 1799, a part of Marcellus (Onondaga co.) in 1804, Ledyard, Venice, and a part of Springport in 1823. It lies on the w. shore of Owasco Lake, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, the highest summits being 500 ft. above the lake. A steep bluff, 20 to 50 ft. high, extends along the lake, and from the summit the surface slopes gradually upward for about one mi. The streams are mere brooks. The soil is a clayey loam. Scipio Center (Scipio p.o.) contains 2 churches and 80 inhabit- ants; Scipioviile, (p. v.,) near the w. line, 80 inhabitants; ShertVOOd, (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, 80 inhabitants. Tbe Square is a p. o. in the N. w. part, and Bolts Corners a hamlet in the s. The first settlements were made in 1790.^ The first religious services were held by Elder David Irish, in 1794 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed the same year.' SEMPROjVinS — was formed March 9, 1799. A part was annexed to Marcellus (Onond.aga CO.) March 24, 1804, and Moravia and Nilcs March 20, 1833. It lies upon Skaneateles Lake, in the s. e. part of the co. From the valley of the lake and inlet the hills rise abruptly to a height of 800 to 1,000 feet, and from their summits the surface spreads out into a rolling and hilly upland. The highest points are about 1,700 ft. above tide. Mill Brook, flowing w.. Bear Swamp Brook, N., and Fall Brook, s., all have excavated deep valleys in the drift deposits and shales. The soil is a good quality of clayey, sandy and gravelly loam, mixed with disinte- grated slate and limestone. Dresservllle, (p. v.,) located on Mill Brook, in the s. part of the town, contains 30 dwellings ; Vansville, (Sempronius p. o.,) 15 ; Glen Ilaven (p. o.) is a noted water cure establishment near the head of Skaneateles Lake. Its situation is extremely beautiful, and it is supplied with pure, soft spring water. The first settlement was made in 1794, by Ezekiel Sales,' Jotham Bassett, and Seth Burgess. The first church (Bap.) was formed Feb. 29, 1798 ; Rev. John Lasure was tho first preacher. The census reports 1 church (Bap.) in town. SEIVUfETT — was formed from Brutus, March 19, 1827 ; it was named from Judge Daniel Sennett, a pioneer settler. A portion of Throop was taken off in 1859. It lies upon the E. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is level or gently undulating, the ridges rising in long, gradual slopes 50 to 100 ft. above the valleys. The streams are all small brooks. The soil is a deep, fertile, clayey and sandy loam, and is under a high state of cultivation. Sennett, (p. v.,) a station on the Auburn branch of the N. Y. Central R. R., contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1794, by Ebenezer Healy, Jos. Atwell, Thos. Morley, and Thos. 1 On the highest point of land, 3 mi. E. of Owasco Lake, is a quarry of fine flagging stone. 2 Among the early settlers were Garret Conover and his eons John and Aaron. Is.Hac Selover, James Brinkerhotf, and William Bowen. The first child born was Sally Amerman, in 1798. 8 Among the early settlers were Samuel and Benj. De Puy, Moses Cartwright. and Jacob and Roeliff Brinkerhoft". Cornelius DeKamater kept tlie first inn, in ISOO; James Burrows, the first store, in 1S07; and David Bovier built the first gristmill, in 1798. * There are 3 churches in town; M. E., Itef. Prot. D., and True D, Reformed. 6 AmoD^ the early settlers were Elisha Burkee, Henry Wat- kins. Gilbert and Alanson Tracy, Sam"l Branch, Ebenezer Witter, and Gideon Allen. The first child born was Betsey Durkee. Dec. .S, 1790; and the first niarri.ige, that of Wni. Allen ami Betsey Watkins, June 25. 1793. Wm. Daniels taught the first school, in 170S, and Dr. Strong kept the first store, in 1808. fl There are 4 churches in town ; Bap,, Presb.. M. E., and Univ. ' The first child born was Benj. Sales, in 1794; the first mar- riage, that of Sam'I Bice and Matilda Summerston ; and the fir«t death, that of Sam'l Bice. Cyrus Powers taught tlie first school, in ISOO; John Husted kept the first inn and store, and Arteiuaa Dresser erected the first mill. CAYUGA COUNTY. 205 Morley» jr., from Conn., on Lot 21.* The first church (Bap.) was organized Sept. 12, 1799, by Rev. Mauasseh French, who was the first preacher. There are now 2 churches in town; Presb. and Bap. SPRIWTGPORT— was formed from Scipio and Aurelius, Jan. 30, 1823. It lies upon tht E. shore of Cayuga Lake, s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface rises in gradual slopes from the water to the e. border, where it attains an elevation of 400 to 500 ft. Waterlime, plaster^ and limestone used for flagging, are quarried along the shore of the lake and in the adjoining ravines. Two immense springs flow from the ground near the village, furnishing a valuable water-power.^ The soil is a superior quality of sandy and gravelly loam, in some places mixed with clay. The lake is so deep that it rarely freezes, and the warmth of the water essentially moderates the intensity of the frosts of winter.* Union Springs (p-v.) is beautifully situated upon Cayuga Lake, s. of the center of the w. border of the town. It contains several manufac- tories, a private academy, and many fine residences. Pop. 1,118. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Frederick Gearheart, Thos. Thompson, and Jas. Carr.* The first church (Cong.) was formed by Rev, Joshua Lane, the first preacher.^ STERliIlVCr — named from William Alexander, Lord Sterling, of the Revolution — was formed from Cato, June 19, 1812. It lies upon Lake Ontario, in the extreme n. part of the co. Its surface is rolling and has a slight inclination toward the N. The summits of the ridges in the s. are 200 to 300 ft, above the lake; and Big BluS", upon the lake shore, has about the same elevation. The streams are Little Sodus Creek and its branches, flowing into Little Sodus Bay, and Cortright Brook, flowing into Blind Sodus Bay.^ Little Sodus Bay is about 2 mi. long by 1 mi. wide, and is one of the best harbors upon the s. shore of the lake. An extensive swamp, covering several hundred acres, extends along the lake shore, e. of the bay, and another lies on the s. border of the town. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam ; some portions of the surface are very stony and hard of cultivation. Outcrops of Medina sandstone' and Oneida conglomerate are quarried in this town for building stone. Sterling* Center (Sterling p. o.) contains 40 dwellings; Fairliaven, (p- "^v) on Little Sodus Bay, 40; MartviUe^ (p. o.,) near the s. e. corner, 25; and Sterling* Valley 20. IVortli Sterling (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settler was Peter Dumas, who located upon Lot 19 in 1805.® The first church (Asso. Ref. Presb.) was formed in 1818.^ SUimWER. niLili — was formed from Locke, as "P?a/o,'* April 26, 1831; its name was changed March 16, 1832. It is the s. e. comer town of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, 1000 to 1100 ft. above tide. Fall Brook, the principal stream, flows s. through the e. part. Its valley is 300 to 400 ft. below the summits of the hills, and forms the only considerable break in the general level of the surface. Summer Hill Lake is a small pond in the n. e. part, discharging its waters into Fall Brook. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam, the clay predominating. Summer Hill, (p. v.,) in the s. part of the town, contains 115 inhabitants. The first settle- 1 In 1795 Judge Dan'l Sennett, Amog Bennett, and Jacoh,Kufu9, aud Dan'l Sheldon, from Conn., settled on Lot 99. In 1797 Jacob Hicks, a Revolutionary soldier, w]io drew Lot 99, settled on it; Benj. Miller, also a Revolutionnry soldier, on Lot 17; and Jabez Kemmiogton and Hezekiah Freeman, from Vt., on Lots 21 and 10. The first child born vraa Pally Smith, in 1795; the first marriage, that of Nebemiah Smith and Mindevill Morley, in 1794; andtbe first death, that of Thos. Moiit-y, in 1796. Bwtsey Morley taught the first school, in 1795 ; Joseph Atwell kept the first inn, the same year; and Sheldon & Lathrop the first store. * These springs are about 10 rods apart. From the larger flows a stream of sufficient size to furnish water-power for running a flouring mill with 6 run of stones, a plaster mill, sawmill. and several other kinds of machinery. The stream from the smaller spring drives the machinery of a planing mill, sawmill, and tannery. From the springs the town and village both derive their names. 8 Fruit growing:, to which the climate and soil are admirably adapted, begins to attract attention. The vine is successfully cultivated : and a single vineyard of 10 acres, devoted to grapes, produces fine crops. * Amoa Comely taught the first school, near Union Springs ; Thomas Collins kept the first inn; Laban Haskins and Walter Irf)w, the first store; Philip Winegar erected the first woolen factory. 6 The census reports 9 churches; 2Friends, 2M. E., and leach Cong., Presb., Bap., Christian, and R. C. ** Since work commenced on the Ontario, Auburn & N. Y. K. R. an effort has been made to change the name of this bay to On tario Bay. J This stone is much used for the underpinnings of houses nnd farm buildings. It has been observed that hogs are very fond of licking the stone whenever they have access to it; and in consequence they foam at the mouth, and can only be fatted with great difficulty. 8 Mr. Dumas was a Frenchman, who came to this country with La Fayette and served during the Revolution- For his service* he received « lot in the Military Tract, nnd drew Lot 19, in Sterling. Capt. Andrew Rassmusen settled the same year on Lot No. 1. He was killed on board of an American vessel, on Lake Ontario, during the War of 1812. Francis Decamp located near Martville, in 1S06; M'm. Divine. Nathan Wilmot, and Jehiel Peck, on Lot 11, in 1807; Jacob Wilsey, from Saratoga co., on Tyot 14, in 1808; John Cooper, on Lot 12, John Duzeubury, on Lot 44. Curtis Stoddard, on Lot 19, John McFarland and* son, from Washington Co., on Lot 27, John and Matthew Ilarsho, from Wasliington co., at Martville, in ISlO; Wm. Coojjer, Jos. Bunnell, and John Turner, from Long Island, in IJiill ; and Geo. Cooper, from Saratoga co.. in 1812. The first child born was Isaac Hopping, March 16, 1807; the first marriage, that of Mat thew Uarsha and Charity Turner; nnd the first death, that ot Ezra, son of Peter Dumas, July 21, 1S06. The first schonl was taught by Benj. Clark, in 1812; Wm. Cooper kept the first Jnn, inl81D; John Cooper erected the first sawmill, in ISIO, uud the first gristmill, in 1815. * The census reports 6 churches; 2 M. K., and 1 cocb Assa Ref., Presb., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., and Ref. Prosb. 206 CAYUGA COUNTY. ment was made in 1797, by IIes:ukiah Mix, from Genoa, on Lot 37, near the village.* The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1807; Elder Whipple was the first pastor.^ TUROOP' — was formed from Aurelius, Mentz, and Sennett, April 8, 1859. It is an interior town, lying a little n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is generally level, broken in a few places by eand and gravel ridges 100 to 150 ft. high. Its principal streams are Owasco Outlet and Cayuga Brook. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Tlil'OopsTiUe, (p. v.,) on Owasco Inlet, s. e. of the center, contains 3 churches, a grist and saw mill, and woolen factory. Pop. IGO. The first settlement was made on Lot 2, in 1790, by Ezekiel Crane and his son Shadrach, from N. J.* There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., M. E., and Disciple, TEIVICE — was formed from Scipio, Jan. 30, 1823. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, the highest summits being 300 to 400 ft. above Owasco Lake. Salmon and Little Salmon Creeks flow s. in deep valleys dividing the surface into distinct ridges. Owasco Lake borders upon the n. e. corner. The declivities bordering upon the lake and upon the w. bank of Salmon Creek are steep, but generally the hillsides are long, gradual slopes. The soil is a fine quality of clayey and gravelly loam. Venice, (p. v.,) in tlie n. e. part of the town, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings; and Poplar Ridg^e, upon the highest sum- mit in the n. w., contains a foundery and machine shop and 20 dwellings. East Venice (p. o.) and Venice Center (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1800.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed at Stuarts Corners, in 1800, by Elder Irish, the first preacher.^ Upon the ridge e. of Salmon Creek, near the s, border of the town, are the remains of an ancient fortifi- cation. Upon the creek, near the center of the town, were extensive cleared and cultivated fields at the first advent of the whites. Near these fields was an Indian burial ground. VICTORY — was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821. It lies upon the w. border of the eo., N.w. ofthecenter. Its surface is gently undulating, the highest points being scarcely 50 ft. above the general level. Little Sodus and Bed Creeks are the principal streams. The underlying rocks are red shale and blue limestone, covered deep with drift. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam. A swamp in the s. w. part covers several hundred acres. Victory, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 25 houses; and Westbury, (p. v.,) on the line of Wayne co., 50. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1800, by John McNeal, from Montgomery co., and John and Samuel Martin, from Ireland, on Lot 65.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1813, by Rev. Zenas Jones, the first preacher.^ 1 AmonK the e,arly settlers were Nath'l Fillmore, (father of Millard Fillmore, Ex-Pres. U, S., who was born in this town,) Martin liarber, AVni. Webster, Jos. Cone, Wiu. IIoneywcH, Jas. Savage, Harvey Hough, nud Josiah Walker. The first school was tauf;lit by Nathl Fillmore, in 1S04. The first child born was Aljllard Fillmore or Anson Coue ; the first inarriag:e, that of Ebeuczer Crowl and Kosanna Mix, in 1803; and the first death, that of Amos Mix, killed by the falling of a troo in 1798. Jos. Cone kept the first inn, in 1S03; Cbas. Crane, the first store; and EbeneztT lieunett erected the first mill, in 1816. ^ The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., Cong., and M. E. 9 Named from lion. Enos T.Throop, Ex-Gov. of the State. * Among the ether early settlers were Isiiac Barnnm. Othniel Palmer, and his son. from Conn., Israel Clapp, from Mass., on Lot 16; JnH, Leonard and Wm. Durell, from N. J., on Lots 2 and 4, Manonah Clark, from Oneida co.. on Lot 4, Jonas Ward and his son Caleb, from N. J., on Lot 92, in 1796; Chriptopher and Kev. JohD JelTrit-s, from Saratoga Springs, on Lot 16, Epliraim Wetby, from Dutchess co., on Lot 4, in 1799; Amos and David Codner. on Lot 14. in ISOl. The first marriage waa that of Shadrach Crane and Hannah Palmar; and the lirst birth, that of Ezfikitil Crane. Edward C;u-peuter tauglit tho first school, in ISOO; iBxael Clapp kept tha first inn, in 1800; Lather UardcD the first store, in 1804; and Prentice Palmer erected the first saw and grist mill, in 1798. 6 Amou^ the early settlers were Henry Ilewit. Ezekiel Landon. Samuel Robinson, and Zadock Bateman, at Stuarts Cornera, Samuel ChikLsey, and Amos Itatbbun, at Poplar lUdgc, Luke Taylor, and Thomas Carman, all of whom came in between 179'^ and ISOO. The first child boru was Lemon Cole; and the first death, that of Herrick, one of the pioneer settlors: he was killed by the fall of a tree. The first inn was kept by Samuel Kobinson. The first mill was erected at Venice Village, in It^. * The censu^? reports 3 churches; 2 Friends and 1 Bap. ' Patrick Murpby. from Ireland, settled on Lot 54. in Feb. 1806: Matthias Vanderhuydcn, from Albany co.. on Lot 62, and Asahel Carter, from Vt.. on Lot 66, in 1810 ; John Ramsey, and Wm. and Danl Griswold, from Herkimer co-, on Lot 25,in 1811 ; Jacob W. and Martin De Forrest, from Washington co,, Cr.nrad Phrozine, from Nowburgh, on Lot43, Maunsseh French, from Scipio, Judge C. Smith, from Saratoga co., on I^ot 40, I'hilander Phinncy, from Saratoga co., Silas Kellogg, from Brutus, on Lot 39, and Ebenewr Bird, from Onondaga co., on Lot 29. all inlSr2. Mrs. Jane Wood was the first child Ijorn in town, in 1S04; and the first death, waa that of John McNeal, in 1800. 8 The census reports 6 churches; 2 M. E., Presb., Bap., and Christ iaiL CAYDGA COUNTY. 207 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Scliools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Cayuga County. NAUE3 OF Towns. Auburn Aurelius BrutuB Cato Conquest Fleming Genoa. Ira Ledyard Locke Mentz UoDtezumao. Moravia NUes Owiisco Scipio Seinproniua... Bennett Spring,]Oi-t ... Sterling Summer Hill. ThioopS Venice Victory Total..... Acres of Land. 4,427} 18,O03J 9,395 16,210J 13,919} 10,2S7J 19,951i 1.1,84.5 17,;70i 11,466 21,331 11.994} 18,220i 9,678 18,975i 11,278 17,4.53 11,313J 14,134 10,9414 19,843} 14,465i 315.795} 172 8,298 3,301 6,159 7.702 1,806 6,710 6,039 4,1614 3,216 0,197 4,S30i 6,035 2,522 3,608 6,486 3,684 82,4774 12,0204 6,678J 6,467 6,9274 lS7,237j Valdation op 1858. 6) s _ »! $2,105,074 1,031,666 627,910 646,665 633,317 449,145 1,032,390 619,001 966,020 868,805 1,262,833 432,926 571,990 429,340 917,253 291,191 828,836 797,264 361,804 261,200 869,290 436,048 $16^821,228 $1,630,869 116,300 1813,960 41,950 24,426 41,700 196,735 83,060 290,110 89,600 73,750 115,028 92,468 74,340 203,275 34,640 40,830 108,480 24,617 32,300 184,940 64,235 $3,689,492 $3,736,643 1,140,900 814,809 687,616 657,742 490,845 1,229,125 702,061 1,246,130 408,306 1,326,683 547,964 664.468 603,680 1,120,528 325,831 869,666 906,744 S89.421 293,600 1,054,230 489,883 $19,510,720 4,819 1,367 1,466 1,164 968 604 1,150 1,064 994 636 2,637 906 973 636 966 614 1,064 1,107 1,641 600 1,007 1,025 27,363 4,657 1,207 1,341 1,088 904 600 1,202 1,069 9S2 667 2,421 913 939 067 930 656 1,028 1,004 1,483 678 932 901 1,514 484 613 429 300 223 472 400 369 201 918 344 385 239 369 244 386 392 667 254 377 380 1,644 611 409 455 314 226 489 432 393 265 794 361 319 258 370 268 389 399 679 256 389 413 1,122 300 335 323 280 216 363 342 266 208 694 260 279 276 268 258 298 282 492 127 306 327 7,661 Schools. Nahss op Towns. Auburn. Aurelius Brutus Cato Conquest Fleming Geuoa Ira Ledyiird Locke Mentz Montezuma*. Moravia Niles OwHSCO..: Scipio Sempronius... Bennett. Springi)ort... Stirling Summer Hill. Throopl Venice Victory Total.... Live Stock. AORICDLTURAL ProDDCTS. 1 , ||. § ^ !5 BoBH. or Obain. •& 1/ D-vmy Pkoddcts. lb 1i 1§ feo^ "3 S g * 6 tqH. 2,175 ^^ 13,560 iCS 377 128 123 471 384 831 11,148 393 1,617 200 806 1,094 977 6,923 1.678 20,376 131,187 3,1174 0,260 8,880 93.290 7,694 627 1,110 656 2,350 1,412 10,116 80,7534 2,073 13,886 22,624 01,0SS 12,085 864 1,672 1,004 3,311 1.379 21,2684 147,5094 2,01!.} 17,393 26,368 93,410 4,411 791 1,498 998 5.374 1,713 17,751 133,6094 2,457 16,082 21,137 92,992 4,851 404 481 441 3,483 965 .5,787 87,2634 1,485 6.848 14.758 41,090 4,536 892 1.371 1,246 7,748 1,462 11,769 162,313 3,462} 10,698 48,284 161,586 9,851 957 1,785 1,227 4,618 2.024 12,993 129,0554 2,9004 16,877 44,602 128,399 19,783 6S0 930 6S4 9,696 1,132 10,264 105,9574 2,155 6,516 10,212 49,210 8.629 627 1.212 943 1,901 72S 1,406 62,395 3,036 5,249 20,190 105,008 3.976 1,153 2,330 1,629 6,34S 2,700 27,171 161,294 6,613} 20,905 23,668 131,664 18,997 544 1.062 968 4.824 935 1,606 62,163 2,9604 6,627 41,624 124,237 9,519 833 1,393 1,196 4,369 1,421 2,958 104,470 2,8084 8,2934 31,147 145,617 16,273 449 649 5S2 3,067 976 2,073} 67,3994 1,861} 10,828 18,169 62,037 10,470 812 1,131 864 7,963 1,261 10,865 127,173 1,970J 8,690 28,968 72,969 7,139 618 922 1,066 1,617 784 72 52,844 3,2R6 10,518 29,080 140,702 6,064 751 1,6S3 1,164 6,286 1.630 0,1054 116,12:14 3,3404 21,8.18 27,430 84,439 29,646 666 703 2 4.720 1.378 10,770 85,992 1,383 4,251 9,134 48,630 3.775 849 1.490 1,179 4,192 1,768 9,622 105,6264 2,630 27,027 20,086 112,872 4,917 492 912 912 2,762 634 113 48,369 2,732 0,942 20,333 124,670 6,643 773 1.623 976 10,267 1,239 6,722 137,404 3,105 10,077 25,488 101,676 10,640 860 1.377 26,366 1,007 3,081 1,616 11,402 127,099 2,413 16,838 261,718J 23,262 101,987 3,236 16,405 19,822 103,631 29,081 200,061} 2,227,0894 67,732 622,761 2,082,022 199,333' _§.=_ 148 311 156 633 1,943 2.34 672 1,318 20 1,140 313 7244 1,9904 6514 624 1,227 338 1,1S0J 1,074 669 1,5244 • Montezuma w.i8 formed in 1859, and its statistics aro em- j * Throop was formed in 1869, and its statiatics are includel braced in those of the town of Meutz. | In tboso of Mentz, ^eunett, and Aurelius. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. It lies upon the shore of Lake Erie, and is the s. w. corner co. of the State. It is centrally distant 288 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,099 sq. mi. The surface is mostly a hilly and rolling upland. A bluff, with a mean elevation of 20 ft., extends along the lake ; and from its summit the land spreads out into an undulating region, gradu- ally rising for a distance of 3 or 4 mi. This comparatively level tract is bordered by the declivities of a hilly upland, which occupies the center and s. part of the co. The highest summits are 1,000 to 1,200 feet above Lake Erie and 1,800 to 2,000 ft. above tide. The uplands are broken by several deep valleys, the principal of which are those of Chautauqua Lake and Connewango Creek. The sum- mits- of the hills, 4 to 6 mi. s. of the lake shore, form the watershed which divides the waters of Lake Erie from those of Allegany Eiver. The declivities bordering upon the valleys are in many places too steep for profitable cultivation. Connewango Creek, flowing along the E. border and receiving Cassadaga Creek and Chautauqua Outlet, is the largest stream in the co. The other principal streams are Cattaraugus, Silver, Wal- nut, Canadaway, Little Cattaraugus, and Twenty Mile Creeks, flowing into Lake Erie ; French and Little Brocken Straw Creeks, tributaries of Allegany River ; and Prendergast Creek, flowing into Chautauqua Lake. Besides .these and their ti-ibutaries are numerous smaller streams flowing directly into Lake Erie. Chautauqua Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 18 mi. long and 1 to 3 mi. wide, occupying a deep valley in the highland region about 10 mi. s. E. of Lake Erie.' It is 726 feet above Lake Erie and 1,291 ft. above tide. The hills that surround it are 600 to 800 ft. above its surface. Its outlet forms a branch of Connewango Creek, which latter stream is a tributary of Allegany River. Several other small lakes are located among the highlands, the principal of which are Bear, Cassadaga, Mud, and Findleys Lakes, all 700 to 900 ft. above Lake Eric. The rocks of this co. belong to the Portage and Chemung groups, — the former occupying the n. half of the co. and the latter the s. half. The summits of the highest hills in the s. are crowned with conglomerate, belonging to the Catskill group and affording the only good building stone in the s. part of the co. The sandstones of the Portage group are quarried to some extent in the N. part. Lime is obtained in limited quantities from limestone boulders and marl beds. One of the most peculiar geological features of the co. is the numerous springs of carburetted hydrogen gas found in various localities and especially along the shore of Lake Erie. It comes from the shales of the Portage group, and at various places is turned to profitable account. The soil upon the uplands is principally Clay mixed with disintegrated shale, generally known as flat gravel; and in the valleys it is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam mixed with allu- vium. Along the lake shore is a strip of productive clay loam. The uplands are arable to their summits, but are generally much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuits of the people. Stock and wool growing, and dairying, are largely and successfully carried on. Spring grains and fruits are also largely produced. Manufactures are few and unimportant and are chiefly confined to the local wants of the people. Commerce — an important item in the business and wealth of the co. — is chiefly concentrated at Dunkirk, which is at once an excellent harbor upon the lake and the w. terminus of the Erie R. R. The county seat is located at Mayville, in the town of Chautauqua, at the head of Chautauqua Lake.' The courthouse is a fine brick edifice, erected in 1834, at a cost of $11,000. The jail is a brick building, with stone cells, on the opposite side of the street from the courthouse. The clerk's ofiice is a fireproof brick building contiguous to the courthouse.' The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 160 acres, near De Wittville, 3J mi. s. E. from Mayville. 1 Near the middle this lake is contracted to the width of a few rods, giving it the appearance of two lakes connected by a narrow strait. * This CO. was united with Niagara from the date of its organi- zation in 1808 until 1811. The first court was held June 25. 181). The commissioners to locate the co. buildings were Jonaa 203 Williams, Isaac Sutherland, and Asa Ransom. The first CO. officers were Zattn Cushin;;, First Jiidije ; M;itlhew Prondorga.st, Philo Orton. .Tonathan Thompson, and Wm. Alexander, Assncvite Judges; I>avid Eason. ,Shi:riff; and John K. Marshall, rV). Clerk. 8 In 1858 the supervisors authorized the erection of a new clerk's office at a cost of $2,500. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 200 The average number of inmates is 130, supported at a weekly cost of 44 cts. each. A school ia taught G to 8 months in the year. The buildings are poor and dilapidated and are destitute of proper accommodations and means of ventilation. The N. Y. & Erie R, R. extends through Hanover and Sheridan and terminates at Dunkirk. This road opens a direct communication with New York, and, taken in connection with the con- necting raih-oads and vessels upon the lake, is one of the most important of the great thoroughfares between the Atlantic seaboard and the Valley of the Mississippi. The amount of freight carried over the road is immense ; and the business connected with it gives employment to thousands of men. The Buffalo & Erie R. R. extends along the lake through Hanover, Sheridan, Pomfret, Portland, Westfield, and Ripley. This forms another link in the great chain of Western travel, and connects with the Erie R. R, at Dunkirk and with the N. Y. Central at Buffalo. The proposed Erie & New York City R. R. extends through the s. part of the co., connecting Erie, Penn., with the N. Y. & Erie R.R. at Great Valley.^ Nine weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ In 17S2 a party of British and Indians, with a train of artillery and other munitions of war, spent the months of June and July around Chautauqua Lake in constructing canoes and making other preparations to navigate Allegany Kiver in a contemplated attack upon ^^ Fort Pitt," near 1 The suiTeya of this b. r. have been made, and considerable work has been done in gvading. 3 The Chautauque Gazette, the first paper published in the co,, was started at Fredoniaiu Jan.lSlT, by .Tas. Porcival. It waa afterward issued by Carpenter k Uull, and by ,Ias. IluU, until 1S22, when it waa suspended. In 1823 it was revived by Jas. Hull, and continued until 1S26, when it was united with the People's Gazette and its name was changed to TJu Frulonia Gazttte. It was issued a short time by Hull A Snow, when it was removed to Dunkirk b}- Mr. Hull and changed to The Dunkirk Gazett-e. In a few months it was remoTod to West* field and united with The Chautauque Phcenix. The People's Gazette waa started at Forestville in 1S24 by Wm. S. Snow. In 1826 it was removed to Fredonia and united with The Chautauque Gazette. The Chautauque Eagle waa commenced at Mayville in May, 1819, by Robt. .7. Curtia, and was continued about 1 j-ear. The Fredonia Censor waa commenced in 1S21 by Henry C. Friabee, who continued its publication for 17 years. In 1838 it passed into the hands of E. Winchester, and was published by him 2 years and by R.Cuuningtou 1 year. In 1841 it was bought by Wm. McKinstry, and it is DOW published by W. McKinstry & Co. The Western Star was stnrted at Westfield in June, 1S26, by Harvey Newcomb, and was discontinued after 2 years. It was soon after revived, as Tff! Chautauque PUamij-. by Hull & Newcomb. In 1831 its name was changed to The Ame,ri(Xin Eagle, and it was issued by G. W. Newcomb. In 1S3S it waa chan?;ed to The Wcatfield Oiiiricr. Rnd was issued a short time by G.W. Blios. Tlie J'amesto'vm Journal was commenced in June, 182t), by Adolphus Fletcher, and was continued by him until I84t3. It was then issued by John W. Fletcher, a son of the original proprietor, for 2 years, when it passed into the hands of F. W. Palmer, who contioued at the head of the establishment until 1858, having had in the mean time associated with him as partners Francis P. Bailey, Ebenezer P. Upham, and C. D. Sackett. It is now issued by Sackett & Bishop. The Chautauque Repuhlican was started at Jamestown in 1828 by Morgan Bates. Richard K. Kellogg, Lewis C. Todd, Chaa. McLean, Alfred Smith, and Wni. II. Cutler were successively interested in its publication until 1833, when it passed into the hands of S. S. C. Hamilton and iU name was changed to The RepiU'lican Banner. It was soon after removed to MajTille, and in a few months was discontinued. The Genius ff Liberty waa started at Jamestown in 1829 by • Lewis C. Todd, and was continued about 2 years. The Western Intdliqencer was published at Foix'Stville a short time in 1833. The MayvlHe Sentinel was started in TS3-4 by Timothy Kilby; and the next year it passed into the hands of Beman Brockway, who continued it 10 years. In I84.'> it was sold to John F. Phelps, by whom it is atill issued. The Chautauque Whig was started at Dunkirk in Aug. IS'U, by Thompson & Cai-penter. About 1844 its name wa.s changed to The Vunhrirk beacon, and it was discontinued a short time after ward. Tlie Wesiftdd L'tmim^ started in 1835, was issued a short tirao by Sheldon k Palmer. The Western Democrat and Literary Inquirer was started at Fredonia in 1835 by Wm. Verrinder. It was successively issued by Randall, Crosby & Co. and Arba K. Mayuard. U and by the latter it was removed to Van Buren Harbor in 1837 and issued as The Van Buren Ti7nes. It soon after passed into the hands of W. H. Cutler, and was continued about 2 „-car8. T/ie Western Farmer was started at Westfield in 18^6 by Bliss & Knight, and was continued about 2 years. The Settler was issued a short time in 1840 from the Fredonia Censor office by E. Winchester. Tfie Wesljield Advocate waa commenced in May, 1841, and waa discontinued in a few months. T/w Westfield Messenger was started in Aug. 1841, by C. J. J. & T. Ingersoll. In ISdI it passed into the hands of Edgar W. Denuison and was changed to TJie Westjield Transcript. In 1S556 Buck & Wilson became its proprietors, and continued it about 1 year. The Panama Herald was started at Panama in Aug. 1846, by Dean & Hurlbut. Stewart & Pray afterward became proprietors, and continued it until 1848. Tlie Frontier Exm-ess was started in June, 1846, by Cutler, Cottle A Perham. In 1849 it was changed to The Fredonia Express, and was published by J. P. Cobb A Co., and afterward by T. A. Osborn & Co. In 1850 it was changed to The Ciiajttaiique Union, and was published a short time by E. F. Foster. The Libert)/ Star was started at Jamestown In 1847 by Harvey A. Smith. In 1849 it passed into the hands of Adolphus Fletcher and was changed to The Northern Citizen. In 1853 John W. Flu„cher became pro- prietor; and in 1855 it was changed to The Chautauqna Democrat^ under which name it la now issued by Adoljihiia Fletcher and Jas. Parker. Tfie Silver Creek Mail was started at Silver Creek in 1S48 by John C. Tan Duzen. In 1852 it was changed to The Home Register, and was published by Jas. Long. In 1854 Samuel Wilson became proprietor, and chauged it to The Silver Creek Gazrite, and continued it until 185t5, when it waa discontinued. In Aug. of that year it was revived, as The I^ake Shore Mirror, by H. M. Morgan, by whom it is still published. The Tocsin, a temperance paper, was published at Mayville by Lloyd Mills a short time about 1845. The Chautauque Journal was started at Dunkirk in May, 1850, by W. L. Carpenter. lu a short timo its name waa changed to The Dunkirk Journal, and it is still issued by tiio orit^inul propriL-tor. The Fredonia Advertiser was started July 4, 1851, by Tyler & Shepard. It ia now published by Levi S. Pratt & J. C. Frisbee. The Undt-Tcurrent was published at Jamestown a short time iu 1851-52 by Harvey A. Smith. The Jamestoion Herald was started in Aug. 1852, by Dr. Asaph Rhodes. In 1S53 Joseph B. Nessel became i^oprietor^ removed it to Ellington Center, and changed its name to The EJliiigtim Luminarr/. It was discontinued in 185fi. The Philomathi'in Exponent was issued at Ellington by the students of the ac.idemy in 1852. The WestAeld Republican was commenced April 25, 1855, by M. C. Kice & Co,, by whom It is still continued. T/ie Botanic Afedical Journal was pubUshed a short time at Fredonia. The Pantheon was published at Fredonia a short time. Tfie Wefitern Argus was started at Westflelil in isr>7 l)y John F. Young. In about 1 year it waa removed to Dunkiik, and changed to The Dunkirk Press and Argns, and is now isstcd by Howard & Young. 210 CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. Pittsburgh. Their plan was to build a dam across the outlet of the lake and descend the river upon the flood so created. The party finally returned without attempting the project. The first settlement in the co. was made at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek in 1797, by Amos Cottle.^ Soon after making the first improvements, Sottle left, and returned in 1801, with Mr, Sidney and Capt. Rosecrantz. At the time of the first exploration of the co. the only Indian settlement was on Connewango Creek, within the limits of the present town of Carroll, In 1802, Gen. Paine, agent fur the State of Connecticut, opened a wagon road from Bufi'alo to Chautauqua Creek, to enable emigrants to reach the Conn. Reserve lands in Ohio. This road was soon after finished to the Penn. line. In 1804 the town of Chautauqua was formed, and embraced the entire territory now included within the limits of the co. In April of the succeeding year the first town meeting was held, at which John McMahan was elected supervisor, and John Mc- Mahan, David Eason, and Perry G. Ellsworth were appointed the first justices of the peace.' In 1806 the first mail route was established between Buffalo and Erie, Penn.^ The lands in the CO. were included in the Holland Purchase. A tract of 60,000 acres in the s. e. part was sold to Levi Beardsley, James 0. Morse, and Alvan Stewart. In 1835 the Holland Land Company sold their outstanding contracts and unsold lands to Trumbull Cary & Co., of Batavia ; and the new proprietors imposed such conditions upon the extension of contracts that the settlers rose en masse and demolished the land office at Mayville and burned the records in the public high- way.* In 1838 the interests of the co. were transferred to Duer, Morrison & Seward, and the troubles were satisfactorily settled. ARKWRIGHT— was formed from Pomfret and A^illenova, April 30, 1820. A part of Pom- fret was annexed in 1830. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is an elevated upland, broken and hilly in the s. w., and rolling in the n. e. The highest summit — near the center, said to be the highest land in the co. — is 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above Lake Erie. The principal streams ai*e Canadaway and Walnut Creeks. Mud Lake, on the e, border, covers about 10 acres. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Upon Canadaway Creek, in the s. w. part, is a fine cascade with 22 ft. perpendicular fall. Ark^vrigllt 8uniiuit is a p. o. in the e. part of the town. Arli'tvriglit (p. o.) is a hamlet in the n. part. The first settlement was made m the N. w. corner, by Byron T. Orton, Benj. Perry, and Augustus Burnham, from the eastern part of the State, in 1807.^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of Aaron Wilcox, in 1810, by Rev. John Spencer. The first church (Bap.) was organized by Elder Thos. Grennel, in 1820.* BUSTI^ — was formed from Ellicott and Harmony, April 16, 1823. A part was annexed to Ellicott in 1845. It lies upon the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly and broken. It is drained by several small streams flowing into Chautauqua Lake, which lies along the N. border, and by others flowing e. into Connewango Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Busti Comers (Busti p. o.) contains a church, gristmill, and sawmill. Pop. 201. The first settlement was made on Lot 61, in 1810, by John L. Frank, from Herkimer co.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed Aug. 30, 1819 ; Rev. Lemuel Smith was the first minister.* ^ Elial T. Foote, (now of New Il.iven. Cnnu..) fT 20 years First Judge of Chaiitaiuma CO., eay9 that the fir,>*t scttloTuent in the CO. was made in 179-1, by several persons from Erie. PeiiD.; and araon^ them were the brothers Lou ry. These peisons had been induced to locate in Penn. by fraudulent representation a, ^nd were afterward obliged to leave their improvements and commence anew in the wilderness. They settled within the limits of Chautauqua co. ; but the precise place is unknown. 3 Previous to 1804 the whole of the present co. formed a part of the town of Batavia, in Genesee co. The elections were held at Batavia, nearly 100 mi. distant, to which place the electors were compelled to go if they voted. In 1812 the Board of Super- visors consisted of 2 members, representing the towns of Chau- tauqua and Pomfret. The county seat had been located at May- ville. much against the wishes of the people of Pomfret ; and. in consequence, the supervisor of Pomfret voted against the appro- priation of $1,500 to build the courthouse and jail. After re- peated attempts to effect the object, the question was temporarily laid aside. When the accounts of the town officers of Pomfret were presented, the Chautauqua member voted In the negative, and affairs came to a dead lock, but were finally st^ttled by a compromise, which allowed both the appropriation and the account to go throuj^h. 3 Tlie first mail was carried by a man nanied Metcalf, who went on foot and carried the mail matter in a handkerchief. * The company demamled compound interest on al! sums due, md an 'ncreasv of one-third upon all extensions uf contracts. 6 Aaron Wilcox settled in 1809, Xathan Eaton in ISIO. Uriah L. Johnson, Jonatlian and Benj. Sprague, from Otsego co., nenr the center, in 1811, and Simeon Clinton, from Otsego en., at the center, in 1813. The first child born was Horatio Nelson John- son. May 11,1811; the first marriage, that of Asahel Burnham and Luania Eaton, May 11, 1S15; and the first death, that of Augustus Burnham, in 1S13. The first school was taught by Lucy Dewey, near the cente* in the summer of 1813. Simeon Clinton kept the first inn, in 1S17 : and Benj. Orton built the first sawmill, in 1818, on the E. branch of Canadaway Creek. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; 2 M. E. and Christian. ' Named from Paul Busti, of the Holland Land Company. 8 Lawrence Frank settled on Lot 62 in ISIO, Heman Bush and John Frank, from Herkimer co., audTheron Plumb, from Mass., on Lot 60. in 1811. The first marriage was that of Zebrick Root and Polly Parmiter, in 1813; and the first death, that of Lawrence Fr.'iiik, in 1811. Eve Frank, a young lady, was carried off by the Indians in 1811, and was gone 3 years, when she re- turned home and wa.s married. Soon after, her husband was taken by the Indians and detained about the same length of time. These incidents are noted upon a tombstone in the grave- yard at Busti. The first school was taught by Olive Mfirph, on Lot 61. in 1813. Capt. Heman Bush kept thefirst inn and store, and erected the first mill, on Stillwater Creek, in 1S15. »The census reports 5 churches; Cong., Bap., M. E., Uni^- and Christian. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 211 CARROLL,'— was formed from Ellicott, March 25, 1S25. Kiantone was taken off in 1853. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. Its surface is broken and hilly in the n.e. and E., and rolling in the s. and s. w. The highest summits are 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The principal stream is Conncwango Creek, forming part of the vr. boundary. The soil is a clay loam in the n. and E., and a gravelly loam in the s. and w. Fre'»vsburst», (p-v.,) in the n.w. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill and sawmill. Pop. 400. FentoilvUle is a p. o. near the s. w. corner. Joseph Akins, from Rensselaer CO., the first settler in town, located on Lot 29 in Jan. 1807.' There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. CUARLOTTE— was formed from Gerry, April 18, 1829. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is moderately hilly and divided into several ridges by the val- leys of the streams. North Hill and Lake Hill, the highest points, are about 1,000 feet above Lake Erie. It is drained by Mill Creek and several tributaries. The soil is chiefly a clay loam. Cliarlotte Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a good water-power with some manufactories, and 10 dwellings ; Sinclearville,' (Gerry p. o.,) near the s. line, contains 4 churches, 2 grist- mills, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 450. The first settlement was made near the center, in 1809, by Robt. W. Seaver and Wm. Divine, from Oneida co.* The first religious meeting (Presb.) was held at Sincleai'ville, in 1811; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in 1816. There are now 6 churches in tovpn.* CDAUTAUQUA — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) April 11, 1804, and embraced all the territory now included within the limits of Chautauqua co. Pomfret was taken ofl' in 1808, Portland in 1813, Harmony in 1816, and Clymer, EUery, and Stockton in 1821. It is an interior town, lying a little w. of the center of the co. The surface is elevated and moderately hilly, oc- cupying the watershed between the waters of Chautauqua Lake and those of Lake Erie. Chautauqua Lake is on the e. border, and chiefly within the limits of the town. The soil is a clay loam of good quality. Mayville, (p. v.,) pleasantly located near the head of Chautauqua Lake, was incorp. April 30, 1830 ; it contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, the Mayville Academy, a news- paper oflice, and a flouring mill. Pop. 501. De 'Wittville, (p. v.,) in the E. part, contains a church, the co. poorhouse, and 133 inhabitants; Hartfield, (p. v.,) on the lake inlet, contains a church, gristmill, savnnill, and furnace. Pop. 123. Magnolia is a p.o. on the lake, near the e. line. The first settlement was made at Mayville, in 1804, by Dr. Alexander Mclntyre.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed at Mayville, in 1820, by Elder Wilson.' CIIERRY CREEK.— was formed from Ellington, May 4, 1829. It lies on the e. border of the CO., a little n. of the center. The surface is hilly in the n. w., and rolling iu the s. E. Along the s. border are several small swamps. It is drained by Connewango Creek and several tributaries, flowing s. The soil is clay and a gravelly loam. Cherry Creek, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, and a gristmill. Pop. 240. The first settlement was made on Lot 15, in 1812, by Joshua Bentley, from Rensselaer co.' The first religious services were held at the house of AVard King, in 1817 ; the Rev. Mr. Hadley (Bap.) was the first preacher.' CLYMER'"- was formed from Chautauqua, Feb. 9, 1821. Mina was taken off in 1824, and French Creek in 1829. It lies upon the s. border of the Co., w. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of Brocken Straw Creek and its tributaries. The soil is a gravelly loam. Considerable lumber is still manufactured. Clymer, (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, con- 1 Named in honor of Charlea Carroll, of Carrollton. ' Lalian Case settled on Lot 31, Wm. Akios on Lot 21, in 1807 , Jas. Akius on Lot 13, in 1818 ; James Hall on Lot 11, in 1810 ; and Wm. Sears on Lot 11, in 1811. The first child born was Hamilton Tjlor, in 1810 ; the first marriage, that of Wm. Bowles and Jenisha Walton, in ISll ; and the first death, that of Woodcock, killed hy the fall of a tree in 1810. Stephen Rogers taught the first school, in 1813, on Lot 51. The first sawmill was built by John Fren and Thos. Russell, on Lot 61, in 1811, and the first gristmill by John Fren, on the same lot, in 1S17. William Soars kept the first inn. on Lot 11, in 1814, and James Uall the first store, on the same lot, in 1834. * The vill.igo derives its name from its first settler, M^. Sam'l Sittclear, wlio came in from Madison Co. in 1810. * John Picket, John Cleveland, Chas. Waterman, and Ilarvey 0. Austin, from Eastern N. Y., settled in the w. p.art in 1800. The first school w.os taught at Sinclearville, in the winter of 1811-12, by Wm. Gilmore. Maj. Sinclear kept the first inn, in 1811, and Plumb, Edson & Winsor the first store, in 1817, at Sinclearville. Maj. Sinclear erected the first sawmill, In 1810, and the first gristmill, in 1811, on Mill Creek. ' 2 M. E., 2 Cni¥., Cong., and Bap. * .Jonathan Smith settled about the same time, near the w. shore of the lake, and Peter Barnhart, from Pemi., on the E. shore; Martin Prendergast and Messrs. Griffith and Bemus, also on, the K. shore, in 1806. Judge Peacock was also an early settler. John Scott kept the first inn, at Mayville, in 1808, and J. A M. Prendergast the first store, in 1811. ' The cen.sus reports 7 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., Prot. E.. and F. W. Bap. 8 Jos. Kent settled on Lot 9, in 1815, and Willani Cheney on T/Ot 10, Wm. Weaver on Lot 16, Anson Hendrick on Lot 16, and Cogsdill Brown on Lot 15, in 1816. Reuben Cheney taught the first school, in 1818; Geo. H. Frost kept the first inn, in 1823, and Seth Orover the first store, in 1831, at the village. Wm. Kilbourn built the first sawmill, iu 1821, on Cherry Creek, uosir the village. The first death was that of Lydia Pago ; she was buried in the woods near the village. .Toshua Bentley lost a daughter, 2 years old, in 1817,— supposed to have been carried off by the Indians. * The census reports 3 churches ; 2 B.ip. and P. W. Bap. 10 Named in honor of Geo. Clymer, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 212 CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. tains 2 churches and 110 inhabitants. Clymer Center is a p.o. John Cleveland settled on Lot 58 in 1820.' The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Mr. Cleveland, in 1820, by Elder Powers. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1830.' ELiliERY'' — was formed from Chautauqua, Feb. 29, 1821. A part of Stockton was taken off in 1850. It is the central town in the co. The surface is hilly, the highest summits being about 400 ft. above the valleys and 1,000 ft. above Lake Erie. Chautauqua Lake forms the s. w. boundary, and into it flow several small streams, which form the principal drainage. The soil is a clay loam upon the uplands, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Ellery Center (p. v.) contains a church and 16 dwellings. Ellery is a p. o. near the shore of the lake. The first settlements were made on the lake by Wm. Bemus and Jeremiah Grifiith, from Rensselaer co., in 1806 ; the former located at Bemus Point, and the latter farther s.* The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1809, by Elder Asa Turner, the first minister.' EliEICOTT'— was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. A part of Busti was taken off in 1823, Carroll in 1825, and Poland in 1832. A part of Busti was annexed in 1845. It is an in- terior town, lying s.E. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, with a gentle inclina- tion toward the s. w. The foot of Chautauqua Lake extends into the s. w. corner ; and the outlet flows E. through the s. part of the town, receiving Cassadaga Creek as a tributary The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. JamestovFU, (p. v.,) located on the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, in the s. part of the town, was incorp. March 6, 1827. It contains 7 churches, the Jamestown Academy, 2 newspaper ofiices, 2 banks, the ofBce of the Farmers' Insurance Company, 2 woolen factories, 2 furnaces, 2 flouring mills, and various other manufacturing establishments, and an ample water-power. Pop. 1,625. Fluvanna, (p. v.,) at the foot of the lake, near the w. line, contains a church and 14 dwellings. lm Rens.selaer CO., in 1816; Simon Lawrence, from Vt., Abner Bates and Ward King, from Mass., in 1817. The first child born waa Simon Lawrence, jr., in 1817 ; the first marriage, that of Kufus Hitchcock and Rauah Hadley, in 1817; and the first death, that of Sir. Hitchcock, who fell from a building and was killed six weeks after his marriage. Jas. Bates kept the first inn, at Ellington Village, in 181-1, and Lewis Holbrook the first store, in 1821. Ward King built the first gristmill, near the village, in 1821. to The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., Christian, Presb., M. E., and F. W. Bap. » John CSeveland settled on Lot 31, in 1812 ; Eoswell Coe on Lot 39, and Nath'l Thompson on Lot 9, in 1813; and Paul Col- bourn, from Oneida co., on Lot 44, in 1814, The first death was that of a son of Nath'l Thompson, drowned in French Creek. The first school was taught by — — Chitsey, in 1818. William Graves kept the first inn, and built the first gristmill, in 1822; and John Dodge opened the first store, in one end of the grislmill. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 213 GERRY'— was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. Ellington was taken off in 1824, and Charlotte in 1829. It is an interior town, lying a little E. of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits, iu the n. e. corner, being 900 ft. above Lake Erie. It is drained by Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries, Mill Creek, and several smaller streams. The 80)1 is a clay loam upon the uplands, and a sandy loam in the valleys. There are several sulphur springs in town. Upon Lot 44, s. w. of the center of the town, a gas spring has been found; and the owner, James H. Mix, uses the gas for lighting his house. Bucklins Corners, (Vermont p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 23 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1811, by John Love, jr. and Stephen Jones, in the N. w. part.^ The first religious meeting was held in the spring of 1818, by Elder Jonathan Wilson. The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1819, and drew the lot appropriated by the Holland Land Company for religious purposes. They erected a church a little w. from the center, the only one now in town. HANOVER— was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. Villenova was taken off in 1823, and a part of Sheridan in 1827. It lies upon Lake Erie, in the N. E. corner of the oo. A part of Catta- raugus Indian Reservation lies in the N. e. part of the town. The surface along the lake is level or undulating, and in the center and s. it is hilly, with an inclination toward the N. Cattaraugus Creek forms a portion of the n. boundary. Silver Creek flows in a N. w. direction through the town into Lake Erie, receiving Walnut Creek at its mouth,' and several other tributaries. The soil is clay and gravelly loam. (Silver Creeli, (p. v.,) upon the lake shore, at the mouth of Silver Creek, was incorp. June 8, 1848 ; it contains 2 churches, a bank, a weekly newspaper office, 2 mills, 2 tanneries, and various other manufacturing establishments. Pop. C52. Lake vessels were formerly built at this place,*— the first by Ira Fairchild, in 1816. Irving, (p-V.,) on Cat- taraugus Creek, near its entrance into the lake, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 404. At the mouth of the creek is a harbor admitting of the entrance of vessels. Smitll ]>ItII»«, (p. V.,) a little s. from the center, contains a flouring mill, a distillery, and 22 dwellings. Forestville, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, was incorp. April 4, 1849. It contains 2 churches, 2 grist- mills, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 540. It is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. IVasbville, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches and 26 dwellings. HanOVer is a hamlet. Amos Cottle set- tled at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek in 1797.* The first religious meetings (Bap.) were held T^y Rev. Joy Handy, in 1811 ; and the first church (M.E.) was organized in 1816, at Forestville.^ H ARIttOWY— was taken from Chautauqua, Feb. 14, 1816. A part of Busti was taken off in 1823. It lies upon the s. border of the co., a little w. of the center. The surface is a moderately hilly upland, the highest summits being about 900 ft. above Lake Eric. Chautauqua Lake forms the K. E. boundary. It is drained by Goose Creek and several smaller streams, flowing N. into the lake, and by Little Brocken Straw Creek, flowing s. to Penn. The soil is clay, yellow and gravelly loam. Quarries of a fine quality of sandstone for building purposes are found in several localities. Asliville, (Harmony p. o.,) on Goose Creek, near Chautauqua Lake, contains 3 churches, a grist- mill and sawmill. Pop. 247. Panama, (p. v.,) upon Little Brocken Straw Creek, near the center, contains 4 churches and 500 inhabitants. BlocUville (p. v.) contains 20 dwellings. Stednian is a p. o. in the n. part of the town. The first settlement was made on Lot 43, in 1806, by Reuben Slayton, from Otsego co.' The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held in a schoolhouse at Blockville, by Rev. Simon Bowers.* 1 Named from Elbridge Gerry, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 2 Jesse Dexter, David Cobb, and Iluph B. Patterson were Among the early settlers. The town settled slowly until after the close of the war in 1S15, when the settlements progressed rapidly. The first death was that of Alva Eaton, who was killed by the fall of a tree in the spring of 1S18. Jas. Bucklin kept the first inn, in 1820, and Howard B. Blodget the first store, in 1826. at Bucklins Corners. John Hines and Wm. Newton erected the first sawmill, on Cassadaga Creek, in the 8. w. part, in 1819, and the first gristmill, iu 1822. * Named from a gigantic walnut tree that grew near its mouth. This tree was 9 ft. in diameter and 27 ft. in circum- ference. It Wius cut into sections and sold as curiosities. « The steamboat W. F. B. Taylor was built here in 1S36. t Among the first settlers were Wm. Sidney and Capt. Roso- crantz.inl801: Sylvanu9Maybee,Benj.Kinyon. and Amos Avery, at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, Nathan Cass, from Boston, Je- hiel More and .Tonae Green, at Forestville, in 180.^; Abel Cleve- land and David Dickerson. in 1802; John E. Howard, in ISOi); and ArtemuB R. Clothier, in 1809.— all at Silver Creek. The flr,«t child born waa Caroline Sidney, in 1804; the first mai-riage, that of Richard Smith and Sally Mack, in 1S07; and the first de.ata, that of Wm. Sidney, in Jan. 1807. John Mack kept the first inn, in 1807, at the mouth of Cattaraugus Ci-eek, and Parker Brownell the first store, in 1811. Abel Cleveland and David Dickersc n built the first sawmill, m 1804. and the first gristmill, in 1800, at Silver Creek. In 1805 Mr. Dickerson erected a saw mill at Silver Cl'eek, to which he attached a mortar and pestle, for the purpose of pounding corn for food. Moore erected a gristmill at Forestville about the same period. * There are 8 churches in town ; 4 M. E., 3 Bap., and Presb. T Daniel B. Carpenter, from Washington Co., settled on Lot 04, in 1800; Jonathan Cheney on Lot .i2,in 1607 ; Theron lily, from Otsego CO., on Lot 44, and Wm. Mattison on Lot 52, in 1811 ; and Jas. Carpenter on Lot 56, in 1816. The first child born was Thos. Slayton, in Nov. 1807 ; the first marriage, that of Reuben Slavton and Clarissa Slayton, in 1808: and the first death, that of Thomas Slayton, Nov. 26. 1807. Ebon Pratt taught the first school, in 1817; Jas. McCallen kept the first inn, in 1810, on I/Ot 43; and Tihbcta k Kellogg the first store, on the same lot. in 1818. Reuben Slayton built the first sawmill, on Lot 4.'t. in 1818. 8 The census reports 9 churches ; 6 M. E , 3 Bap., and Preab, 214 CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. KIAIVTOIVE — was formed from Carroll, Not. 16, 1853. It lies upon the s. border of the co., E. of the center. The surface is undulating in the E., and hilly in the w. The highest summits are about 100 ft. above Chautauqua Lake. Connewango Creek forms the greater part of the e. boundary. Kiantone and Stillwater Creeks are the other principal streams. The soil is a clay loam intermixed with gravel. Kiantone (p. v.) contains about 20 dwellings. The fir.st settle- ment was made on Lot 1, in 1807, by Robt. Russel.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of -Joseph Akins, in 1814, by Rev. Mr. Smith ; and the first church (Cong.) was formed in 1815. There are 3 churches in tovm ; Cong., M. E., and Univ. 9II1VA — was taken from Clymer, March 23, 1824. Sherman was taken oflT in 1832. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface is rolling and hilly. The principal streams are French and several smaller creeks, flowing s. and w. Findleys Lake is a fine sheet of water in the s. w. part. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, mina Corners, (Mina p. o.,)a little E. of the center, contains 15 dwellings; and Findleys liake, (p. v.,) near the outlet of the lake, 20 dwellings. Friends is a p. o. in the s. w. part. The fii-st settlement was made on Lot 52, in 1816, by Alex. Finley, from Penn., originally from Ireland.^ The first religious services (Ref. Prot. D.) were held in the barn of Benj. Hazen, by Rev. Mr. Bradley, in 1826. The first and only church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1853, and the church edifice was erected in 1857. POLiAKD — was formed from Ellicott, April 9, 1832. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several distinct ridges. The principal streams are Connewango and Cassadaga Creeks, which form a junction near the s. line. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. Considerable lumber is still manufactured. Falconer,^ (p-'^'-i) on Connewango Creek, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and 23 dwellings. Poland Cen- ter is a p. 0. The first settlement was made at Falconer, on the Connewango, in 1805, by Dr. Thos. R. Kennedy, from Meadville, Penn.* A church (Union) — the only one in town — is located at Falconer. POMFRET— was formed from Chautauqua, March 11, 1808. Ellicott, Gerry, and Hanover were taken off in 1812, a part of Shft-idan in 1827, and parts of Arkwright in 1829 and '30. It lies npon Lake Erie, a little E. of the center of the co. A strip of comparatively level land extends along the lake, and the remaining part of the surface is a rolling upland, the higher summits being 700 to 800 ft. above the lake. It is principally drained by Canadaway Creek and several smaller streams flowing into the lake. Several small branches of Cassadaga Creek take their rise in the s. part. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Quarries of excellent building stone are found along the lake shore. Dunkirli,'' (p. v.,) on Lake Erie, was incorp. May 15, 1837. It is a commercial port upon the lake, and the w. terminus of the N. Y. & Erie R. R. It has a Sue harbor, and commodious wharves and warehouses for the accommodation of the large amount of commerce that centers here during the season of navigation.* The R. R. company have also extensive warehouses, work and repair shops, and accommodations for an immense freighting business. The port is the most important one on the lake between Buffalo and Cleveland ; and regular lines of steam propellers run in connection with the R. R. The village contains a bank, 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a union school, several machine shops and furnaces, and a brewery and distillery. Pop. 4,754. Fredonla, (p. v.,) upon Canadaway Creek,' 3 mi. s. of Dunkirk, was incorp. May 2, 1829. It contains 4 churches, the Fredonia Academy, 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers, 3 flouring mills, 2 furnaces, and various other manufacturing establishments. The celebrated "Fredonia Garden Seeds" are raised and put up at this place.' Pop. 2,004. Woodard were also e.-irly settlers. Dr. T. R. Kennedy erected the first sawmill, in 1805, and the first pristmill, in ISOli. on the Con- newango. The first lumber rafted down the Allegany was made at Dr. Kennedy's mill. ^ Formerly called ^Chadwiclcs Bay,^^ from the first settler. 6 At this port were received, in 1S57, "242.957 bbls. flour, 38.532 bhls. whiskev, 20.153 bbls. beef, pork, and bacon, 93,44.S bush, wheat. 114,65'2 bush. corn. 2,162,800 lbs. wooI.l,20S.400 lbs. butter, 9,236 head of cattle, 10,7S2 sheep, and 10,865 hogs. I Upon the bunks of the creek — just below the bridge, in the village — is a spring of carburetted hydrogen gas, yielding about 10,000 cubic ft. of gas every 24 hours. This gas is collected in a gasometer and di.stributed in pipes, aflbrding sufficient light for about one-half of the village. About one mi. E. of the village the gas oozes from the shale rocks on the banks of the creek over the space of an acre. The amount of gas escaping here is sup- posed to be much greater than at the spring in the village, and a company has been formed to collect it for use. 8 Over GOO acres of laud are devoted to this business. 1 James Hall settled on Lot 28, in 1810. The first school was taught by Stephen Rogers, in 1814. Jas. Ilall kept the first store, on Lot 28, and Wm. Sears the first inn, on Lot 11. Robert Russel built the first sawmill, on Kiantone Creek. 2 Aaron Whitney, from Dunnville, Can-ida, settled on Lot 59. Zina Keckford on Lot 28. and Roger Ilaskill on Lot 50, in 1821 ; James Ottaway. from Kent CO., England, on Lot 14. in 1823. The first birth w-as thfit of a daughter of Nathaniel Throop. in 1823; the first marriage, that of Isiuic Stedrnau and Nancy Wil- cox, in April. 1826 ; and the first death, that of the mother of Nathaniel Throop. in 1825. The first school was taught by Elisha More, near Finleys Mills, in 1826. Cullin Barnes kept tlie first inu, on Lot 20, in 1827, and Horace Brockway the first store, in 1824, on Lot 52. Alex. Finley built the fii^t mill, in 1824. on the outlet of Finleys Lake. 3 Formerly known as ^^Kennedyinlle" * Edward ShiUitto settled about the same time at the mills on the Connewango ; Amasa Ives, Isaac Young. Owens, Wijes, Jos. and Banlt-l Wheeler, Nicholas Dolloff, and Joshua CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 215 Laona, (p. v.,) on Saw Creek, near the e. border, contains 2 churches, a paper mill, saw and grist mill, and 406 iuhalntants. Brl^ham, in the s. part, is a p. o. Sliumla is a hamlet, near the s. e. corner. David Eason and Thomas McClintock, from Penn., settled at Fredonia, in 1804.* The first church (Bap.) was organized Oct. 20, 1808, at the house of Judge Cushing.^ PORTIjAIVD — was formed from Chautauqua, April 9, 1813. Ripley was taken off in 1817, and a part of Westfield in 1829. It lies upon Lake Erie, a little w. of the center of the co. Its surface is level along the lake shore, but broken and hilly in the center and w. Its streams are small creeks and brooks flowing into Lake Erie. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Centerville^ (Portland p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 233 inhabitants; Saleui, (Brockton p. o.,) in the n. e. part, contains 2 churches and 258 inhabitants. The first settlement was made a little w. of the center, by Capt. Jas. Dunn, in 1805.® The first religious meeting was held at the house of Capt. Dunn, in 1810, by Rev. John Spencer, who afterward organized the first church (Cong.) in 1817.* RIPEjET^ — was formed from Portland, March 1, 1817. A part of Westfield was taken off in 1829. It lies upon Lake Erie, in the n. \v. corner of the co. Its surface is level along the lake shore, and broken and hilly in the s. e. The highest summits are 800 ft. above the lake. It is drained by Twenty Mile Creek and its tributaries and a large number of small streams flowing into the lake. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Along the lake shore are several valuable stone quarries. Quiiicy, (Ripley p. o.,) about 1 mi. e. of the lake, contains 2 churches and 289 inhabitants. State liine is a station on the B. &E. R. R. Josiah Farnsworth, from the e. part of the State, settled at Quincy in 1804. The first religious services (Bap.) were held at the house of Nathan Wisner, by Rev. Samuel Wisner, in 1806; the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1820.® 8I1ERIDA1V — was formed from Pomfret and Hanover, April 16, 1827. It lies upon the shore of Lake Erie, e. of the center of the co. The surface is level in the n. w., and hilly in the 8. E., with a gradual inclination toward the lake. A nearly perpendicular bluff, 50 to 200 ft. high, extends along the lake shore. It is drained by Scotts Creek, and several smaller streams, flowing into Lake Erie. The soil is a clay loam, mixed in some parts with gravel. 81ieridan Center (p. V.) contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. The first settlements were made on Lot 17, at the center, by Francis "Webber, from Mass., in 1804.'^ The first religious meeting (Presb.) was held at the house of Orsamus Holmes, by Rev. John Spencer, in 1807; and the first church (Presb.) was organized by Mr. Spencer, in 1816,^ SIIERMAW^— was formed from Mina, April 17, 1832. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling and hilly, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. It is drained by French Creek and its tributaries. The soil is clay and sandy loam. Considerable lumber is manufactured in the town. Sherman, (p. v.,) in the n., contains 4 churches, a grist- mill, sawmill, and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 401. Center Slierman is a p.o. Pleasant Valley and Waits Corners are hamlets. In 1824,*** Alanson "Weed set- 1 Low Minegar, Benj. Barrett, Zattu Gushing. Barnes, Cole, and Geer settled, in 1S04 and '05, at and near Fredonia. Timothy Goulding settled 1 mi. w. of the harbor, in 11^08. Solomon Chadwick located at Dunkirk in 1809, and Gaylord. Daniel Pier, and Luther (Joulding soon after. Samuel Perry brought the first vessel into the harbor, in 1810. The first death was that of a daughter of Oliver Woodcock. VI years of age, killed by the fall of a tree in 180S. The first school was taught by Samuel Perry, at Fredonia. in the winter of 1808-09. Tho8. McClintock kept the first inn, in 1809, and E. Risley the first store, in 1808. at Fredonia. Baker. Berry & Co. built tho first sawmill and gristmill, in 1807. on Canadaway Creek. 2 The census reports llchurches; 3 Bap., 2 Prot. E., iiPresb., 2 M. E., Christian, and R. C. 8 In 1806, Nathan. Elisha. and Nath'I Fay settled on Lot 25. Peter Kane on Lot 38, Johu Price on Lot 34. David Kaaon on Lot 37, and Benj. Hutchins in tho same vicinity. The first birth was tliat of Ueorge W. Dunn, Jan. 18. 1807; the first marriage, that of Absalom Harris and Polly Kane, in 1810; and the first death, that of Mrs. Natlian F;iy, in 1807. The first school was taught by Anna Eaton, on the premises of Capt. Dunn, in the summer of 1810. The first inu was kept near Center\'ille, liy Capt. Dunn, in 1806, and the first store by Tlios. Clump, in 1817, in the w. part of the town. Moses Sage and Wni. Dunham built the first sawmills, near tho lake shore. The first gristmill was built at Salem. * Tho census reports 6 chnrchea; 2 Bap., 2 M. E,, Prot. Meth., and Cong. 6 Named in honor of Gen. EleazurW. Ripley. Among the other early settlers were Perry G. Ellsworth, on Lot 12, near Quincy, Samuel Truesdail* near the Penn. line, Alexander Cochrane, on Lot 10, and Wm. Alexander, all of whom came in 1.804; Silas Baird settled on Lot G. and Ira Loomis in town, in 1806; Chas. Forsyth in 1808, The first school was tanght by Ann Riddle, a little w. of Quincy, in ISIO. The first inn was kept near th«i State line, by Sam'l Truesdail. in 1805. 6 The census reports 6 churches; 2 Presb., M. E., Bap., anu Union. 7 Jerrard Griswold, John Walker, Oraemus and Alanson ITolmes. and Uriah Lee, from Eastern New York, settled near the center in 1804-05; Wm. Griswold, from Conn., on Lot 35, iu 1805; and Rev. John Spencer, from Conn., at the center, in 1807 The first birth was that of Jos. Ellicott, son of Alanson Holmea. in the spring of 1805; the first marriage, that of Benj. Parrows and Betsey Stebbins. iu 1807-08: and the lirst death, that of Alanson Holmes, in tho fall of 1805. The first school was taught by Wm. Griswold, in the winter of 1808-09, at his own house Oraemus Holmes kept the first inn. w. of the center, in 1808, and Elisha Gray the first store, the same year. Haven Brigham built tho first gristmill, in 1807, on Brighams Creek. 8 The census reports 3 churches ; Presb., Bap., and Wea. Meth. 8 Named iu honor of Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 10 In the same year, Harvey W.Goff settled on Lot 30, Lester R. Dewey on Lot 31, Otis Skinner on Lot 32, and Hiram N Oleason on Lot 24. Tho first child born was Amasa Dormius, in 1824; the first marriatie. that of Lester R. Dewey and Fanny Patterson, in 1825; and the first death, that of Arnold, in 182(>. Otis Skinner taught the first school, in his own house, iu 1828. Josiah Keeler kept the first store and inn. on Lot 27, in 1827. Alanson Wood erected the first mill, on Lot 30 in 1826. 216 CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. tied on Lot 31. The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Jonathan Reynolds, by Elder Spencer ; and the first church (Cong.) was formed in 1826.^ STOCKTOIV^— was formed from Chautauqua, Feb. 9, 1821. A part of Ellery was annexed in 1850. It is an interior town, lying a little n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland. Cassadaga and Bear Lakes, two small bodies of water near the n. border, give rise to Cassadaga and Bean Creeks. These streams unite in the s. part of the town. The soil upon the upland is a clay loam, and in the valleys a sandy loam. Delaiiti, {Stockton p. o.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a grist and saw-mill, and 180 inhabitants. Cassadagra, (p.v.,) upon Cassadaga Lake, in the n. e. corner, contains a church, a sawmill, and 151 inhabit- ants, Soutb Stockton, in the s. e. part, and Oregon, in the s., are p. offices. The first settlement was made in the s. part of the town, in 1810, by Shadrack Scofield, David Waterbury, and Henry AValker, from Saratoga co.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in the s. part, in 1815.* VIliLE^'OVA — was taken from Hanover, Jan. 24, 1823. A part of Arkwright was taken ofi" in 1829. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is rolling in the s. e., and broken and hilly in the center and n. The highest summit is 900 ft. above Lake Erie. Two small lakes — one on the n. and the other on the w. border— form the sources of the two branches of Connewango Creek, which unite in the s.e. corner. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Omar, (Hamlet p. o.,) a little s. w. of the center, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, and 181 inhabitants. Villenova is a p. o. at Connewango Forks, in the s. e, part. The first settlement was made in 1810, on Lot 3, by Daniel Whipple, from Herkimer co., originally from Mass.^ The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Mr. Dunham; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in 1812. There are 3 churches in town; M. E., Wes. Meth., and F.W. Bap. "WESTFIEliO— was formed from Portland and Ripley, March 19, 1829. It lies upon Lake Erie, w. of the center of the co. The surface is level or rolling along the lake, and hilly in the center and s. It is drained by Chaiitauqua and Little Chautauqua Creeks and several smaller streams flowing into the lake. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Westfield,^ (p. v.,) upon Chautauqua Creek, about 2 mi. from the lake, was incorp. April 19, 1833. It contains 4 churches, 2 banks, a weekly newspaper, the "Westfield Academy, an agricultural implement factory, a hard- ware factory, woolen factory, cotton mill, and 3 flouring mills. Pop. 1,433. Barcelona, (p. V.,) a port of entry upon the lake, contains 109 inhabitants. Tolusia is a p. o. in the s. part of the town. The first settlement was made in 1801, by Edward McHenry, from Penn.'^ The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1807, by Rev. John Linsley.^ 1 The census reports 5 churches; Cong., Bap.,F.W. Bap., M.E., and Univ. - Named in honor of Richard Stockton, a signer of the De- clHi'atiou of Independence. 3 The first child born was Wm. Walker, Aug. 25, 1811. Abigail Durft'y tauglit the first school, in the s. part, in the summor of 1815. Thi.' first inn was kt-pt by Ichabod Fisher, at Cassadaga, ID 1811, and the first store by .lames Haywood, at Delanti. in 1817. Hines, Lazell & Nelson built the first gristmill, at De- lanti, on Bean Creek, in 1819. < The census reijorts 6 churches; 3 Bap., Cong., Christian, and Univ. 6 Among the other early settlers were Daniel Wright, from Herkimer co., on Lot 19, Villeroy Balcomh. John Kent, and Kli Arnold. The first child born was Klecta Whipple, May 6, 1812; the first marriage, that of .Tas. Maffit and Mary Djghton ; and the first death, that of John Arnold, in 1811. Mrs. Battles taught the first school, in her own house, near Wrights Corners, in 1815, Norris & Grover kept the first store, and Villeroy Bal- comb the first ina, at Wriuhts Corners, tu 1829. John Kent erected the first sawmill, in 1815, on the Connewango, below the Forks ; and a gristmill was attached in 1818. * The business of this place was ruined bvthe finishing of the N. Y. & Erie R. R. to Dunkirk. A lighthouse here is lighted by gas obtained from a gas spring, on the bank of the creek, about a mile distant. 7 Among the other early settlers were Arthur Bell and James Montgomery, from Penn.,who located alittle w. of Westfield Vil- lage, Abraham Fredrick, from Penn., on Lot 71, and Dan'l Kin- kaid, on Lot 14, all in 1802 ; and Gen. John and Jas. McMahan, on the present site of the village, in 1803. The first child bom was John McUenry, in 1802; the first marriage, that of James Montgomery and Sarah Taylor, June 30, 1805; and the first death, that of Edward McHenry, drowned by the upsetting of a small boat on Lake Erie, in isu3. John McMahan elected the first sawmill and gristmill, in 1804, on and neiir the mouth of Chautauqua Creek. Edward McHenry kept the first inn, id 1802, and Jas. Atkins the first store, in ISOS, at Westfield Vil- lage. The first school was taught by Wm. Murray, in 1803. 8 The census reports 7 churches; 2 M. E., I'resb., Prot. E., Wes, Meth., Bap., and Univ. CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. 217 Acres of Lamly Valuattonj Popniafwn, DicelUngs, Families, Freeholders , Sehoohj Live Stockj Af/ricullural ProductSj and Domestic Manufactures^ of Chautauqua County. Names of Towns. Arkwright.... Busti Carroll Charlotte Chautauqua... Cherry Creek. Clymer EUery EUicott EUingtou French Creek. Gerry. Hauover Harmony Kiantoue Mina Poland Pomfret Portland Bipley Sheridan. Sherman Stockton Villenova , Westfield Total Acres of Land. | ■j •H g § I « g 12,250 9,199 18,399 11,342 6.712 12,755 12,696 8.658 25,318 19.617 11.090 14,477 9,260 13,965 19.59Si 10,800 9,'J51i 9,2984 li.171 8,675 6.6684 16,4484 11,917 9,837 21.011 11,736} 2S,72S 26.805 6,040 4.234 10,103J 12.786 8,6344 13,386 21,5SSi 10,941J 16,3304 5,604 16.696 12.630 15,6594 6,719 11,499 12.038 16.02S 12,9001 12.769S 9,521 18.1944 10.272 360,110 294,1454 Valuation of 1858. $287,734 662,606 271,874 386,336 784,050 247,170 229,812 646,627 750,119 340,666 190,616 285,065 962.119 821,779 208,446 246,841 252,535 1,631,057 607,222 646,470 630,236 305,409 439,836 323,081 1,082,696 1,889,940 $306,034 583,215 303,049 459.991 923.280 256;620 240,612 678,677 1,083,395 404,806 194,541 30f3,076 1,089,669 939,369 293,521 266,316 263,635 1,961,697 652,711 729,070 684,635 339,009 473,786 369,231 1,247,656 649 980 710 827 1,267 694 667 S93 1,964 ii.'S 02'; 2,044 1,701 233 614 623 4,403 988 851 828 662 819 692 1,663 14,819,090 27,101 26.279 661 940 69S 846 1,324 632 607 972 1,971 972 400 635 2.067 1,742 267 622 702 4,754 978 852 763 662 869 721 1,675 202 364 267 329 620 246 234 34« 715 874 153 242 798 713 90 199 251 1,627 136 319 318 268 343 290 646 9,988 10,566 187 339 274 327 418 234 211 409 364 146 211 641 C21 91 192 206 1046 303 281 295 240 319 264 682 8,628 307 el 463 675 651 677 1,092 437 462 649 1,654 941 316 489 1,590 1,405 205 600 548 3,063 652 699 582 441 621 493 1,126 20,091 Names of Towns. Arkwright.... Busti Carroll Charlotte Cliautauqua.. Cherry Creek. Clymer Ellery Kllicott EHiogton French Creek. Gerry Hanover Harmony Kiantone Mina Poland Pomfret Portland Ripley Sheridan Sherman Stockton Villenova...... ■VV'estfleld Tobil 391 6.39 266 349 861 378 303 784 413 678 240 430 S9S 1,076 168 331 290 1,1.59 iilO 005 481 409 45' 46' 685 1,376 2,040 1,039 1„617 2,391 1,367 1,230 1.902 9.54 1,648 788 1,381 2.599 3,710 667 1,.548 1,196 2,073 1.427 2,1 1,1 1.218 1.398 1.368 2,198 1,348 1,925 634 1,429 2,799 981 1,012 2,033 725 1,168 561 1,165 2,366 3,312 613 1,002 727 2,748 1.117 1.267 1.035 1.260 2 299 1.461 1.200 13,047 40,844 36,046 90,154 2,174 5.748 1,676 1,001 4,601 2,077 1,624 3.813 3,832 4,895 4.614 3.323 ■ 4.659 5.845 1,660 2,101 1,941 3,786 5,204 8,740 4.331 2,135 1,097 3,285 6,094 Agricultural Products. Bush, of GsAlM, 646 736 1,480 90 1,456 587, 886, 5,625 1,6264 289 327 282 8.235 2.978 387 38 674 6,936 6,872J 10,068 10,010 280 435 3255 ,001 ^ 37,1294 75.708 26,429 46,740 71,190 40,2434 28,679i 86,337} 41,9074 73,2934 18,5054 42,1585 66,542J 96.779: 20,478 28,2064 32,801 64,938 49,098 65.9684 42.2684 32.277 47.402 44.113 48,875 69,1575 1,217,968} 2,900 5,810 2.642 3,339 8,250 2,7.36 2,612 4.985 2,697 3,663 1,745 3.147 6.6414 8.586 1,914 3,246 2,921 6,7694 4,7424 5,371 4,332 S.6145 4.41SJ 3,492 6,5114 10,188 15.196 7,957 10,686 13,703 9,088 12,272 13,091 11,274 13,,574 6,038 8,475 17,706 27,642 3,632 9,916 11,029 12,870 7.411 7,443 8,288 11,654 11.243 14,772 7,.504 11,262 20,589 7,219 10,154 26,196 12.448 3,915 32,104 12.454 22,38' 2,226 16,667 30,068 28.352 6,742 6,007 7,098 19.037 12,671 9,016 22,202 3 24.3 24.300 14.529 9,349 Daiby Products. t, « 99,029 195.463 50,460 139.761 279.574 10.782 95.669 173,669 64.694 144.717 58.050 103.685 229.772 332.496 56,630 111,065 71,910 176,368 131,S36 122.800 105,786 143,745 212.926 168.087 112.064 105,672 1 282,451 308,116 3,.389.837 1,198,301 ' 35,268 1^1 120,51.) 61,780 4,700 70,280 116.272 20,650 16,741 119,439 12.884 16,165 2,;i8 ei.'.'JO 68,300 83,172 21,400 10.610 6.375 91.509 8,425 17,426 64,700 14.100 179,472 36,609 6,214 =;.= 1,784 1.427 1,765 781 726 2,612 1,931} 1,865 6494 1,693 1,002 827 2,201 3.941 136 9,SS 1,008 848 995 1,221 1.619 1.497 1.246 2.990} 615 nUlVKIRK — was formed from Pomfret, Nov. 17, 1859, the division line being tlie north line of Lots 2, 9, 15, 21, 26, 31, 35, 38. CHEMUNG COUNTY. ^^^^^P^^ Tnis county was formed from Tioga, March 29, 1836.' A portion of Schuyler was taken off in 1854. It lies upon the s. border of the State, is centrally distant 158 mi. from Albany, and contains 400 sq. mi. Its surface is principally a hilly upland broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The highest points are 400 to 600 fl. i above the valleys and 1300 to 1500 ft. above tide. The ridges extend . in a general N. and s. direction, and have steep declivities and broad and rolling summits. A deep valley, extending s. from Seneca Lake, divides the highlands into two general systems, and forms an easy communication between the Susquehanna Valley and the cen- tral portions of the State. Chemung River flows s. e. through the s. part of the co. and cuts the ridges diagonally. Wide alluvial flats, bordered by steep hillsides, extend along nearly its whole course. Catharine Creek flows n. through the central valley and discharges its waters into Seneca Lake. The other principal streams, all tributaries of the Chemung, are Post, Sing Sing,^ Newtown, Goldsmith, Wynkoops,' and Cayuta Creeks from the N., and llendy and Seely Creeks from the s. The valleys of these streams are generally narrow, and are bordered by steep hills. The valleys of the smaller streams are mere ravines and guUeys. The principal rocks in the co. belong to the shales and sandstones of the Chemung group. In the N. part the rocks of the Portage group are exposed in the ravines. The sandstone is quarried in several places, and furnishes a good quality of stone for building and flagging. Bog iron ore and marl are found to a limited extent. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, intermixed in some places with clay. The valleys are covered with a deep, rich alluvium. The highlands are best adapted to pasturage. The people are principally engaged in agriculture. Until within a few years, lumbering has formed a leading pursuit ;' but since the disappearance of the fine forests this business has been mostly superseded by stock and wool growing and dairying. Since the com- pletion of the railroads and canals, commerce and manufactures have received considerable atten- tion, although they are still subordinate to the agricultural interests of the co. The county seat is located at Elmira, upon Chemung River.' The courthouse and jail are located near the center of the village, e. of the canal. The jail is poorly arranged, and in construction it meets neither the requirements of humanity nor the law. The average number of inmates is 12, kept at a cost of §2 50 per week each. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 180 acres in the town of Horseheads, on the line of Erin. The average number of inmates is 70, supported at a cost of $ .80 each per week. The farm yields a revenue of $1000.° The Chemung Canal extends s. from Seneca Lake through the central valley to Chemung River at Elmira, forming' a direct connection with the great chain of internal water navigation of the State. A navigable feeder from Corning, Steuben co., forms a junction with the canal on the summit level at Horseheads Village. Junction Canal extends several mi. along the Chemung, affording navigation at points where the river is obstructed by rapids and naiTows. The New York & Erie R. R. extends along Chemung River through Chemung, Southport, Elmira, and Big Flats. The Chemung R. R. extends N. from Elmira through Horseheads and Veteran. The Williamsport & Elmira R. R. extends s. from Elmira through Southport into Penn., forming a direct line to Philadelphia. Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published in this co.' 1 Xame derived flrom the principal river, signifiea " Big horn," or " Horn in the water." It :8 called by the Delawarea Con-on- gue, a word of the same Bignification. These names were ap- f)lie4i to the stream in consequence of numbers of immense deers' iorns having from time to time been discovered in the water. In his " Views of Elmira," Solomon Southwick says that the Indian uame of the Chemung was Con-e-wa-wa, signifying " a head on a pole." 2 Named from .Tohn Sing Sing, a friendly Indian. ' Named from Wm. Wynkoop, an early settler. * For many years 10.000.000 ft. of pine lumber were floated down the Chemung and Susquehanna from Elmira annually. 6 Upon the erection of Tioga co. Elmira, then " A'ewtoum,^' was made half-shire: and upon the erection of Chemung co. in 1836 it was designated aa the county seat, and the old CO. buildings were taken for the use of the new co. The first co. officers were 218 Joseph L. Darling, I^rst Judge; Andrew K. Gregg, District At- timey: Is.iac Baldwin, County CUrk; Albert A. Beckwitb, Sheritf; and Lyman Co\ill, Surrogate. * The poorhouse is entirely inadequate for the comfort or health of the inmates. Many insane persons are confined, with- out proper care or medical attendance. No school is kept, but at proper age the children are bound out. ' Tfte Telegraph, the first paper published in the co.. was estab- lished at '' Newtown" (now Elmira,) by Prindle & Murphy at an early period. In 1816 it was issued as The VidetU by Prindle. & Murphy, and subsequently by Wm. Murphy. The Investigator was commenced at Elmira, in 1820, by Job Smith. In 1822 its name was changed to The Tioga J^rgister. a-ad in 1S2S to Tlie Elmira Gazette^ and its publicatiou was continued CHEMUNG COUNTY. 219 la 1770, Gen. Sullivan and his army entered the co. from the s. by the way of Chemung River. Below ^^Neiviown Pui7it" (now Elmira) he encamped and threw up a breastwork, which was afterward called Fort Sullivan. At this point he first encountered the Indians and torlcs iu force, and on the 29th of Aug. a battle ensued. The Indians were commanded by Brant, and the tories were led by Cols. Butler and Johnson. After an obstinate engagement of two hours, the enemy gave way at all points and fled, and no more resistance was offered to the advance of the American army. The first settlements were made from 1787 to 1790, by immigrants from Pcun., who had accompanied Sullivan in his expedition. They located principally in the valley of the Chemung, at Elmira, Southport, and Big Flats. Soon after, settlements were made at Catlin and Veteran, by immigrants from Conn.; at Erin, by Dutch and Scotch from N.J. and Del.; and at Chemung, by immigrants from Lancaster co., Penn.* The portion of the co. lying s. of the Che- mung River was included in a royal grant made previous to 1775. The remaining parts of the co. were included in the Watkins and Flint purchase. BALiDTFI^^ — was formed from Chemung, April 7, 185G, It lies s. E. of the center of the CO., and a narrow strip extends to the e. border. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of Baldwin and Wynkoop Creeks. The soil upon the hills is a clayey and shaly loam underlaid by hardpan, and iu the valleys a gravelly loam. Hauinionds Corners (North Chemung p. o.) contains a church, tannery, and 18 houses. Henry Sice made the first settlement, a little N. of the village, in 1813, and Warren and Charles Granger settled at the village in 1814.^ The only church in town (Union) was formed in 1852, by Dr. Murdock, the first preacher. BIG FI-ATS— was formed from Elmira, April IG, 1822. It lies upon the w, border of the CO., s. of the center. Its surface consists of a broken upland in the n. and s., separated by a wide intervale or flat, which extends n. e. from the Chemung through the center and gives name to the town. Chemung River receives several small tril)utarie3 from the n., the principal of which is Sing Sing Creek. The soil is a slaty loam upon the hills, and a productive gravelly loam in the valleys. Tobacco is raised in considerable quantities upon the flats.'* Big Flats, (p. v.,) situ- ated in the valley near the w. border of the town, is a station upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Pop. 180. The first settlement was made by Christian Miner, from Penn., in 1787.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1807. Rev. Roswell Goff was the first preacher.^ CA1XI\ — was formed from Catharines, Schuyler co., April 16, 1823. It is the n.w. corner town of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 200 to 400 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Post and Sing Sing Creeks and Hubbards Run. The soil is chiefly a gravelly loam, and is best adapted to grazing. There is no village or church in town. by Mr. Smith until 1831. It was successively issued by Brinton Paine, Cyrus Pratt, Pratt & Beardsley, Mason & Rhodes, Geo. W. Mason, and Wm. C. Mason, until lSr>7, when it passed into the hands of S. C. Taber, by whom it is still published. The Elmira RipuliUcan was commenced in 1820, and in 1828 it was changed to rA« Elmira Whig, and puhlfshed by James Durham. In 1829 it was changed again to Tlu Elmira R'^puhlicany and issued by C. Morgan. It was soon after called Tht Elmira HepubUmn and Caiml Advertiser. In 1831 it passed into the hands of John Duffy, and its name was changed back to The Elmira Jifpuhlican. It was successively issued by Birdsall &. Iluntlev. Ransom & Birdsall, Polly & Carter, Polly k Couk. Polly & Huntley. S. B. & G. C. Fairman, G. C. Fairnian. Fairman & Baldwin, Baldwin k Dumas, and Calhoun, until 1857, when it was discontinued. T^ Elmira Daihj Jtepublican was issued a short time iu 1S46, The Daily Rcpubli':an w.is issued from the Republican office from the fall of 1851 to 1S55. The Elnilra Advertiser was commenced in 1S53 by Fairnian Brothers. In 1856 F. A. De Voe became in- terested in the publication, and the paper is still issued by Fairman & Df Voe. The Klmlra Dally Advertiser was commencpd pimultaneously with the weekly, and is still iGSued, by the 6,ime publishers. Tht Elmira DaUy Democrat was issued a short time in 1851 by J. Taylor & S.C. Taber. The Chemunri Patriot was published in 1837 at Horseheads by J. T. Bradt. TIu PhUoxophrr was commenced at Horseheads, April 7, 1855, by Sam'l C. Taber, and was continued until 1857, when it was merged in The Elmira GazeUe. The Daily Press was commenced in 185i^, byD-imas, Van Gelder k Paine, its present publishers. The Teviperance Gem (mo.) was published at Tllmira about 1850. 1 Louis Philippe, the Dnke de Nemours, and the Duke de Berri, visited Elmira in 1797, having traveled on foot to that place from Canandaigua, a distance of 70 mi. They went down the rivi;)- to llarrisiiurgh upon an ark. 2 Named from Baldwin Creek, which received its name fmni Isaac, Walter, and Thomas Baldwin, brothers, who setlleii at an early period at the mouth of the creek. It w.ss furmerly called Butlers Creek. They were attached to Gen. Sullivan's expedi- tion against the Indians in 1778-79, and Walter was wounded at the battle of Newtown. 3 The first child born was Simeon Hanimond, and the first death was that of Thos. Wheeler, killed by the fall of a tree. The first school was taught by Polly Blandin,a little N.of the village. D. R. Harris kept the first inn, and Miles Covel the first store, h. of the village. * In 1850, Sanford Elmore, from Conn., commenced the ciilti- Tation of tobacco iu this town, and it has since become a staple product. In 1858 nearly 1000 acres were devoted to it, and 250 tons of the Conn, seed leaf were produced. & Caleb Gardner and Henry Starell. from Penn., settled on the river below Miner in the same or the next year. Geo. Gard ner settled at the village in 1788, Clark Winans on the river in 1789, and John Winters, Jesse and Joel Kowlev, and Geo. Gardner, jr., all fi*om Penn.. in 1790. The first birth was that of Christian Miner, jr., in 1790; the first marriage, that of Wm. Applegato and Catharine Miner; and the first death, that nf T. Dolson. Cornelius McOinnis taught the first Fchnol. near the village; .lobn Hay kept the first store, and Capt. Geo. (birdner the first inn at the village. The first gristmill was erected by Robt. Miller, K. of the village. fl The cowrs reports i chiu-ches ; Baj-^ F. W. Bap., Presb., and 220 CHEMUNG COUNTY. Catlin Center and Post Creek, are p. offices. The first settlers were John Martin, from Tompkins co., and Aaron Davenport, from N. J., who located in the s. w. corner of the town.^ CHEMUIVG— was formed Feb. 28, 1789. Elmira was taken off in 1792, Erin in 1822, and Baldwin in 1856. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland broken by deep and narrow valleys. Chemung River flows s. e. through the s. part. AVynkoop Creek flows s. through near the center, in a deep valley bordered by steep hillsides. The soil on the uplands is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys gravel mixed with alluvium. Broomcorn and tobacco are largely cultivated. Brecltville, (Chemung p.o.,) on Chemung River, contains a church and 57 dwellings. It is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Cbemung Center and Bald\%'iu are p. offices. The first settlement was made at Breckville, in 1788, by Elijah Breck, Capt. Daniel McDowell, and William "Wynkoop, — the first two from Penn.=^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1790, by Rev. Roswell Goff.» EI^IYIIRA — was formed from Chemung, as " Newiown," April 10, 1792, and its name was changed April 6, 1808. Catharines Schuyler co., was taken off in 1798, Big Fhits and Southport in 1822, and Horseheads in 1854. It is situated s. of the center of the co. Ranges of hills occupy the E. and w. borders, and a wide valley extends through the center. The declivities of the hills are generally steep, and their summits are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Chemung River, forming the s. boundary, and Newtown and Goldsmiths Creeks. The soil upon the uplands is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a productive, sandy loam, Elmira (p.v.) is situated upon the Chemung, near the center of the s. border of the town. Upon an emi- nence 2i mi. E. of Elmira Village are the remains of an ancient fortification. It is protected on one side by the river, and on the other by a deep ravine. An embankment 200 feet long, 14 feet wide, and Z\ feet high still extends along the rear of the fortification, and upon it large trees grew when tlie whites first occupied the country. It was incorp. as " Ncwtoum" March 3, 1815, and its name was changed April 21, 1828. The people are largely engaged in manufacturing* and in commercial pursuits,^ for which the location of the place is admirably adapted. Besides the co. buildings, the village contains 3 banks, 1 daily and 2 weekly newspaper offices, 8 churches, and a large number of fine and commodious commercial buildings. It is also the seat of the Elmira Female College,^ the Elmira Seminary,^ the Elmira Academy,^ and a large water-cure establishment.^ The public schools are graded and are in a flourishing condition. Pop. 8,308, of which 7,173 are within the limits of the town, and 1,135 in the town of Southport. The first settlement was made by Col. John Hendy and Christian Loop, who located on the present site of the village in 1788.^** Col. Ilendy 1 Among the other early settlers were N. Swick, Homer Tup- per, Edward Beebe, Jacob Bucber. Alanson Owen, John Woolsey, and J. M. Barker, who located in the 8. part. Jacob Bucher kept the first inn on Post Creek, and Ostraudcr erected the first saw and gristmills on the same stream. Reuben Beebe died in the town inl8o4, at the age of 105. Hia widow, Hannah Beebe, was living. 1858, at the age of 105. Mr. Beebe served as a soldier in the Revolutionary army. 2 The first marriage was that of Guy Maxwell and Nellie Wynkoop, and the first death, that of Wm . Boeworth. The first inn was kept by Wm. Wyukoop, on Wynkoops Creek, and the first store by Elijah Breck, at Breckville. Epinetus Owen erected the first gristmill, on Wynkoops Creek. Wm. Wyukoop was from Ulster CO., and settled at the month of the creek bearing his name. Samuel Wallace, the first school teacher, was killed by the Indians. s The census reports 4 churches; 2 Union, Bap., and Cong. * The principal of the manufacturing establishments are as follows : — The Elmira Woolen Manufactory, employing (j4 hands, and turning out 230,000 yds. of cloth annually ; the Phoenix Furnace Iron Works gives employment to 40 men ; the Elmira Ax Factory to 25 men; and a barrel manufactory to 50 men. Beaides these, there are several flouring mills, a planing mill, and other establishmeuts. 6 An immense lumber trade is still carried on by means of the Chemung Uiver and Canal. The W. & E. R. R. opens a direct communication with the coal mines of Penu., and a large coal- trade is rapidly springing up. The village is also the center of an extensive trade. 6 This institution was chartered in 1S55, with all the powers and privileges granted to the other colleges in the St,ate. It ex- tends to woman, opportunities for the highest culture. It is beautifully situated upon an eminence a little n.w. of the vil- lage. The building is 230 feet long, with an octagonal center "0 feet in diameter and 4 stories high, flanked by 2 wings, each 80 by 60 feet, and 3 stories high, all erected at a cost of $80,000. The catalogue of 1858 reports 188 pupils in attendance. T The Elmira Seminary for young ladies, a i>rivate institution, has been in successful operation for 11 years, under the nianage- mont of Miss C. Thurston. The catalogue of 1857 reports 205 pupils. 8 The Elmira Academy, once incorp., is now a private institu- tion. It has an endowment of $10,000. New buildings for the school are in process of erection. In 1S5S, 262 pupils were re- ported. 9 The Elmira Water-Cure is situated on the hill 1 mi. e. of the village, commanding an extensive view of the valley and sur- rounding country. It contains accommodations for 110 patients. 1*^ Anii>ug the earlysettlers were John Konkle, James Cameron, Wm. yeeley, Nathaniel Seely, John Muller. Caleb Baker. Marks, Thomas Hendy, and John J. AcMody. Cornelius Lijw kept the first inn, in 1791, at JVewtown Pointy and Cyms Ilallenbeck the first store, at about the same time and place. The first gristmill was built by Wm. Dunn and Brin- ton Parne, at the village in 1701, and the first sawmill, wool carding and cloth dressing mill by Gen. Matthew Carpenter, on the site of the present woolen factory. The following ac- count of the first birth in town was given in the N. Y. Commercial Advertiser: — "One Saturday afternoon, about 4 o'clock, iu the summer of 17SS, while C-ol. John Ilendy waa working on his log bouse, a man and woman, both on horse- back, emerged from the Indian pathway and crossed the New- town Creek to his land. The man rode before, with a basket on each side of hia horse, and a child in each basket, while the woman brought up the rear, having on her nag the goods and chattels of the family ; for they were man and wife. The hus- band rode up to Col. H., inquiring with much anxiety if there was a doctor to be found in the vicinity. ' What is the matter ?* said the veteran. 'My wife has got hurt by the stumbling of her horse, and wants a doctor as soon as possible,' was the reply. *That is very unfortunate.' said the Col., 'for there ie no doctor in this wilderness.' He had no shelter nor resting place to offer them, save the ground, the pine trees, and the canopy of heaven. They rode on a few rods, and stopped — for they were obliged to stop — under the best shelter they coald find. On Sunday morning Col. Hendy met the man iu the woods, near the spot where they had conversed before, and, in- quiring how bis wife was, was answered, ' She is as well aa could be expected.' The Col. did not think again of the traveler till Monday, when he sent his son to look after them. The boy returned with the intelligence that they were getting ready tc Htart. 'But how is the woman, my hoy?' said he. 'The CHEMUNG COUNTY. 221 was the pioneer in the valley of the Chemung, and one of the most prominent of the early settlers. The first preacher (Presb.) was Rev. Nathan Culver.* ERIIV — was formed from Chemung, March 29, 1822. A part of Van Etten was taken off in 1854. It extends from near the center of the co. to the n. border. Its surfiice is a hilly upland broken by the deep and narrow valleys of the streams. The principal streams are Winkoop, Bakers, Baldwin, and Newtown Creeks. Upon Bakers Creek, in the s. part of the town, is a fine sulphur spring. The soil is a medium quality of gravelly loam, and is best adapted to grazing. Considerable lumber is still manufactured, little more than one-third of the surface being under improvement. £rin, South £rin, and State Road are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Kobert Park and John Bonfield.^ There are 2 churches in town; Presb. and M. E. IIOR8£IIE]ADS^ — was formed from Elmira, Feb, 17, 1854. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is rolling and level in the w. and hilly in the e. The summit level of the Chemung Canal at Horseheads Village is 443 ft. above Seneca Lake, and the summits of the hills are 200 to 400 feet higher. Its principal streams are Newtown Creek and its branches. The soil is generally a good quality of gravelly loam. Considerable attention is paid to raising tobacco, and, in 1857, 1000 acres were devoted to this crop. Horsebeads (p. v.) was incorp. May 15, 1837, as " Fairport,'' and its name was changed April 18, 1845. It contains 2 steam flouring mills, a plaster mill, a givng sawmill, and 3 churches. Pop. 1000. The Chemung navigable feeder from Corning intersects the canal at this place. Breesport (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 18 dwellings. The first settlement was made at Horseheads in 1788, by Nathan Huntington.* The first church (Presb.) was formed by Rev. Daniel Thatcher; the first settled minister was Rev. EUian Pratt.^ SOUTIIPORT— was formed from Elmira, April 16, 1822. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO. Its surfixce is mostly a hilly upland broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Chemung River, forming most of the n. boundary, is bordered by wide, fertile alluvial flats. Seely Creek, the principal stream, receives as tributaries South, Bird, and Mud Lick Creeks ; Hendy Creek flows along the N. border. The soil upon the hills is a slaty loam, and in the valleys a fine quality of gravelly loam, \f ellsbur^li, (p. v.,) on the Chemung, in the s. e. corner of the town, con- tains 2 churches and several mills and manufacturing establishments. It is a station on the N.Y. & E. R. R. Pop. 365, Soutliport (p. v.) contains 2 churches, 2 mills, a woolen factory, and 44 houses. Webbs Mills (p. o.) is a hamlet, and Seely CreeU is a p. o. The 3d ward of El- inlra, containing a pop. of 1135, is on the s. bank of the Chemung in this town. The first settle- ment at "Wellsburgh was made by Green Bentley in 1788 and Abner and Henry Wells in 1789. Abraham Miller located at Southport in 1789,* The first church (Bap.) was formed at "Wells- burgh, in 1790; Rev. Roswell Gufi" was the first preacher.*^ On an eminence known as Fort Hill, near the Chemung, in the w. part, are the remains of an ancient fortification, supposed to have been French, TAIV ETTEM" — named from James B. Van Etten — was formed from Erin and Cayuta, April 17, 1854. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland. Cayuta Creek flows woman, eh? oh, the woman hna got a haby; and I piiesg she wants another basket to put it in.'" The child whose birth is told above was Clark Winans, jr. The place was surveyed, in 1788, by Jas. Clinton, Gen. John Hnthom, and John Cantine (>>ni8; and the first lands were boM at IS pence per acre. In 1790, a council with the Indians was held under a tree on Lake St,, just E. of the present site of the courthouse. About 1200 Indians were present. Nathaniel Seely, tlio first patentee, of Elmira Village, sold to Moses D'> Witt, who sold to White; and in 1794 White sold to Ouy Maxwell and Saml. Hepburn. * The census rt-oorts 8 churches; 2 M.E., Bap., Cong., Presb., Af. M. E., Prot. E.; and R. C. * Among the other early settlers were Jesse L. White, Isaac Shoemaker, Alexander and John McKay. Thomas Baker, Wm. and Robert Stewart, John and James Ilallenbeck, B. Sperry. Thomas Van Ilouton, Philip Thomas, J. Boyn, Robert McDowell and his son Barnum, and Andrew Austin, Joseph, Daniel, and Samuel VauK'^f'' The first death was that of Mrs. Thomas Baker. Tlie first school was kept on Ne\vtown Creek, and the first sawmill was erected at the same place by J. and J. McMillen. ' This name was derived from the following incident. While Qon. Sullivan's army was encamped at this place, some 30 or 40 worn-out hordes were shot. The Indians afterward gathered tho heads and arranged them on the sides of the path, and the Iticaliti; becune known aa the Horaeheads. ■* John Breese (from N.J.) settled at the same place in 179U. and Jonathan S. Concklin. Nathaniel Huntington, Asa Guilder- sieve, and a family named Gilbert, in 1791. Soon after, a com- pany from Oran^o co., among whom were James, Ebenezer.and John Sayre, purchased a tract of 1400 acres, covering the site of tlie village, and settled on it. The first child born was Susanna Concklin, in 1792; the first marriage, that of Wm. Dunn and Mary Sayre; and the first death, that of Susanna Concklin. Amelia Parkhurst taught the first school at tin- village. Vin- cent Concklin kept the first inn. in 1822. and Westlick & Dunn the first store. The first gristmill was erected by Lewis Breeee, E. of the village. 6 The census reports 5 churches; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., and 1 Preeb. 6 Col. Abraham Miller was from Penn. He served with dis- tinction as a captain in the army of the Itevolution, aud was ap- pointed First Judge of Tioga co. by Gov. Geo. Clinton, in 1791. Tho first birth was that of Eunice Kelsey, and the first death, that of Stephen Kent. The first school waa taught by Caleb Baker ; the first inn was kept by Wm. Baldwin, and the first store by Wm. and Henry Wells, on tho river at Wellsbnrgh. The first sawmill was erected by Col. Abraliam Miller, on a branch of Seely Creek ; the first gristmills were erected by David Griswold and Solomon Bovier, and the first factory by Charles Evans, at Southjiort. 7 The census reports 5 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., and Presb. 222 CHEMUNG COUNTY. s. E. through near the center, and receives as tributaries Jackson and Langfords Creeks from the n. and Bakers Creek from the s. The soil on the hills is a clay loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Van Ettenville (p. V.) contains 3 churches and 20 dwellings ; Cayuta is a p. o. The first settlements' were made along the valley of Cayuta Creek in 1795, by Alexander and Benjamin Ennis, Peter, Jacob, Emanuel, and Isaac Swartwood, from N.J. The first church (Bap.) was formed by Rev. Ebenezer Jayne, the first settled preacher." VETEKAlV^was formed from Catharines, April 16, 1823. It lies on the N. line of the co., w. of the center. The surface is principally a hilly upland. Catharine Creek flows n. along the w. border, affording an abundance of waterpower.' The other streams are Newtovrn and Beardsley Creeks. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam of good quality. Millport (p. v. ) contains 2 churches, flouring and saw mills, and various manufacturing establishments. Pop. 706. Sullivanville, (p. V.,) in the s. part of the town, contains a church and 155 inhabitants. Veteran and Pine Valley are p. offices. The first settlements were made at about the commencement of the cen- tury, — in the N. part of the town by immigrants from Conn., and in the s. part by immigrants from Penn.* The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1817.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Chemung County. Names of Tow^s. Baldwin*,... Big Flats.... Catlin Chemung.... Elmira Erin IlorscJioadg. Southport.. Van Etten.. Veteran Total.. AcitES OF Land. 12,616J 11,670 1!),S64 10,094} 9,638 12,490 16,831} 12,689 16,326 120.219} I 11,125 9,316 20,364 6,425 18.169 7.840 16,960J 12,083 8,073 110,3S5J Valuation of 1858. $641,430 276.084 661.100 2,130,801 141,873 707,870 903,644 102,448 482,471 6,947,621 It t.0. $54,576 6,064 64.600 869,860 3,227 81,860 34,960 2,660 24,600 1,132,367 e $696,006 282.148 615.700 3.000,661 146,100 789,720 938,494 106,098 607,071 7,079,988 POPDLATION. 929 769 1,437 4.137 604 1,356 2,286 781 1,423 13,711 924 769 1.348 4,349 686 1.292 2,194 741 1,384 342 295 493 1,463 229 430 814 277 674 13.677 1 1 4,857 353 300 498 1,689 231 467 869 281 668 203 245 386 1,023 232 314 878 208 416 3,665 116 10,621 cs 427 666 651 929 2,866 644 1,037 1,833 659 1,061 NAME3 OF Towns. Baldwin*... Big Flats.... Catlin Chemung... Elmira Erin Horseheads. Southport... Van Etten., Veteran Total. 649 603 674 627 289 670 729 348 667 4,856 ■^1 I i 1,422 1,002 1,961 767 1,025 1,166 1.473 1.076 1.318 11.209 959 694 2.1S3 93S 845 995 1,220 684 1,172 9.690 3,009 3,630 2,48; 361 1.632 2.496 1,408 2.066 4,374 21,364 « 1,216 809 1,785, 1,019; 676 1,232' 1,542| 6891 Agricultural Products. BiTBB. OF GaAm. 13.8673 4,S63 8,683 6,778 2,097 10,S73i 9,S13 2,708 7,129 67.312 132,203 83,270 117,986} 76,813, 81,960 120.262} 95,626} 41,055 109,4.30 827,607 2.664 2,031 4.866 2,461 1,898 2.825} 3.391 1.868 2,956} 24,941 ^5 12.101 9.226 15,189 34,843 8,947 13.741 15,626 6.936 14,685 131.291 16.771 6.503 19..')11 6,870 8.322 13,916 9,613 8.964 17.994 107 J64 Daibt Pboducts. 1^1 0, m 86.702 65.720 209.735 79,767 72,140 108,260 118,899 57,870 126,662 924,646 860 850 2,770 3,611 7,861 it's 2S2 1,128 280 l,fi87 213 192 1,370 658 7,013 j * Formed since 1855. 1 James Van Etten, John and David Hill, Isaac and Levi Decker, Som'I, James, Daniel, and Josliua Westbrook, John Lattimore. Johnson, and Crammer, all from Delaware River, set- tled on the Cayuta Flats, at and near Tan Ettenville, from 1795 to 1800. Harmon White, (from Lit<:hfield. Conn.,) David Jayne and Gahriel Ogden, (from N.J.,) settled, in 1802, on a branch of Cayuta Creek. Most of these persons served as soldiers during the Revolution. James Van Etten and Isaac Decker were wounded by muaket balls, which they carried to their graves. Flanders & Skauts kept the first store, at Van Ettenville; Isaac Swart- wood erected thefirst gristmill, inlS03; Jacob Swartwood opened the first inn, in 1801. His old sign (still hanging) reads as fol- lows: — " You jolly topers, as you pass by, C^ll in and drink; for I know you are dry! And if you have but half a crown, Ton are welcome to my jug, Eit down ! Entertainment by J. Swartwood." 2 The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., F. W. Bap., and M. E. 3 In the summer of 1S57 a sudden and destructive tlood oc- curred upon this stream, which swept away every dam upon it, and every lock on the canal from Horseheads to Seneca Lake. The whole valley was flooded ; and at Millport and other places the people were obliged to flee for their lives. < Among the e^rly settlors were E. Mallary and son, Eli and David Banks, and families named Meeker. Baldwin, and Parsone, from Conn. ; Theodore Valleau, D. Shaffer. N. Butsford, and B. Lockesby, from Penn. Daniel Parsons kept the first inn. on the middle road, and E. Crandeil the first sttimes, during the first few years. A colony of French settled at Greene in 1792, but, * The Western OracU, the first paper published in the co..wa8 I commencod by A. Romeyn, previous to 1804, at Sher- burne I'our Corners. It was discontinued in 1808 j or '09. ] The Olive 5rancft was started at Sherburne in May. 1806. by rhinney & Fairchild. In 1808 John F. Faircliild became sole proprietor. Miller, Lot Clark, and John B. Johnson were succeesively interested in its publication. In 1812 or '13 Johnson changed its name to The Volunlrer. ]nl816 the press was purchased by John F. Hubbard, who commencfd TJie Norwich Journal. In 1844 it passed into the hands of La Fayette Leal and J. H. Sinclair, who merged it with The Oxford Kepublican in 1847 and changed tlie name to The Chenango Union. Harvey Hubbard purchased Leal's interest Oct. 20,1847,aDdSinclair'8 iuterestSept. 1st 1859, and the paper is now published by Hubbanl. The Chenango Patriot was commenced at Oxford in 1807 by John B. Johnson, and its publication continued for 3 or 4 yrs. The PresUknt was published at Oxford in 1808 by Theophilus Fat on. The Rtpuhliciin Messengt^r was commenced at SherburnemlSlO by Petit & Percival. Tfie Oxford Gazi'tte was started in 1814 by Clianncey Morgan, who published it some years, when it was sold to tieo. Hunt, and afterward to Hunt & Noyes. Mr. Morgan again became i)roprietor in 1826, and after a few years the paper was discontinued. The Rfpuhlican Agriculturalist was commenced Dec. 10, 1818, by Thurlow Weed. It soon parsed into the hands of Curtiss, who continued it for a short time, when it was discontinued. The F^nple's Advocate was commenced at Norwich in 1824 hy H. P. W. Brainard. It passed into the hands of Wm. G. Hyer, and was discontinued in a eliort time. The Chenango Etpuhlican was cummencod at Oxf'ud in 1826 by Benj.Cory. In 1828 it was purchased bv Mack &Chap- nian. March 3, 1S31, Wm. E. Chapman and T. T. Flagler commenced a new series, and soon alter changed its name to The Ox/m-d Rcpuhlican. In 1838 Mr. Chapman became sole proprietor. It was successively published by J. Taylor Bradt, Benj. Welch, jr., R. A. Leal. C. E. Chambeilin. and La Fayette Leal. In 1847 it was merged witli The Oxford Journal and published as The Chenango Union. Tlie Anti Masonic Telegraph was commenced at Norwich in Nov. 1829. by E. P. Pellet. In 1831 B. T. Couk became asso- ciated in its (publication. Its name was subsequently chanced to The Chenango Telegraph. In 1840. on the death of K. P. Pellet, it passed into the hands of his brother. Nel- son Pellet; and upon his death, in 18.^1, it was conducted for the estate by L. Max Leal and F. B. Fisher. In Sept. 1855, it was purchased by Rice & Martin, by whom it is now published. Tin: Clietiungo Patriot was commenced at Greene in 1830 by Nathan Randall. It afterward passed into the hands of Joseph M. Farr. who changed its name to Tlt£ Clicnango Democrat, and in a short time it was discontinued. Tfie New Berlin, Herald was comnienced in 1831 bv Samuel L. Hatch. In 1834 it was published by Randall & Hatch. It soon after passed into the liamls nf Isaac C. Sheldon ; and afterward into the hands of Hiram Ostrandei-, who clianged its name to The New Berlin Sentinel. It was discontinued about 1840. '"he Chenango miig was publislied at Oxford a short time in 1835. The Miniature, a small mo., was issued from the same office. The Sherburne was commenced in 1836 by J. Worden Marble. In 1839 it was removed to Binghampton. The Oxford Times was commenced in 1836 by a joint stock company. It was for some time conducted hy H, U. Cook. In 1841 it passed into the hands of E. H. Purdy and C. D. Brigham. In 1844 it was published by Waldo M. Potter: in 1845, by Potter & Galpin; and in 184S J. B. Galpin became sole proprietor, and still con- tinues its publication. The Bainbridge Eagle was commenced in 1843 by J. Hunt, jr. In 1846 its name was changed to The Bainbridge Freeman ; and in 1849 it was merged in The Chenango Free Democrat, commenced at Norwich Jan. 1, 1849, by Alfred G. Lawyer ; and J. D. Lawyer soon after became associated in its publication. It was then early removed to Cobleskill, Schoharie co. The New Berlin Gazette was commenced in 1849 by Jos. K. Fox and M. E. Dunham, and was published about 1 year. The Chenango Nnvs was commenced in 1850 by A. T. Boynton. J. M. Haight soon after became associated in its publi- cation, and subsequently became sole proprietor. Ho removed the press to Norwich, and. in connection with A. P.Nixon, commenced the publication of The Temperance Advocate in 1855, and published it 1 year, when it was discontinued. The Saturday Vii^it'rr was commenced in 1852 by Joseph K. Fox. Its name was soon after changed to Tlie Social Visitor, after which it was published about 5 years. The Spirit of the Age. was commenced at Berlin in 1S52 by J.K. Fox, J. D. Lawyer, editor. It was continued but a short time. The Oxford Transcript was commenced in 1853 by G. N. Carhart, and was published about 6 months. The Slterburne Transcript was commenced in 1855 by James M. Scarritt, and was published about 2 years. The Chenango American was commenced at Greene, Sept. 20, 1855, by Denison & Fisher, its present pub- lishers. The Daily If cporter was commenced at Norwich in 185" by G.H. Smith. In 1858 it was purchased by Rice & Martin, and was soon after discontinued. TJie Literary Indrpmdent -was commenced at Norwich in the fall of 1858 by E. P. Pellet, G. H. & J. E. Spry, It was pulilished abuut 4 months. The New Berlin Pioneer was commenced Feb. 19, 1N59. by Squires &. Fux, its present publishers. 2 This tract was grunted to relieve those persons who had purchased lands of the State of New York within the present limits of Vermont. These lauds were claimed by both New Hampshire and New York, and, alter an anirry and prutracted controversy, extending through several years, New York eur* rendered her claim to Vermnut. 8 These towns were designated originally by their numbers only, and are now in the counties of Madison, Chenango, and Oneida, as foUows : — JVos. Present Tovms. Not. Present Tmrna. 1 Nelson, MadisoD co. 11 PhTnouth, Chenango co. '/. Eaton, " 1'2 Pharsalia, " 3 Madison. " 13 McDonough, " 4 Hamilton, " 14 Preston, " fi Lebanon, " ■a, Norwich, " 6 Georgetown, " 16 New Berlin, " 7 Otselic, Chen.ingoco. 17 Columbus, " 8 9 J^myrna, " .Sherburne, " IS 19 1 Brookfield, " 10 Norwich and^ (( New Berlin, j 20 '"S'etaLtjo-'^-- CHENANGO COUNTY. 225 from defect in title, most of them left. The greater part of the later immigration was also from New England. In consequence of the gradual change which has been going on for the last 20 years in the business of the co., and the substitution of dairying for all other branches of farming, the popu- lation of the CO. has gradually decreased, and is now no greater than it was 40 years ago. AFTOKT — was formed from Bainbridge, Nov. 18, 1857. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface consists principally of a rolling upland, separated into two nearly equal parts by the broad valley of the Susquehanua. The summits of the hills are 300 to 500 feet above the valleys, and their declivities are generally gradual slopes. The Susquehanna flows s. w. through near the center, in a broad and beautiful valley. It receives from the N. Kelseys and Harpers Brooks. Round Pond, one mi. N. E. of the village, covers an area of about 40 acres. It is 25 feet above the surface of the river, and without any visible outlet. The soil upon the hills is a shaly loam, and in the valleys a clayey loam and alluvium. Aftou, (p. v., ) upon the Susquehanna, near the center of the town, contains 4 churches and 270 inhabitants. Ayresllire, (p.o.,) upon Kelsey Brook, in the n. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made upon the Susquehanna, below Afton, in 1786, by immigrants from Conn, and Vt.' There are 5 churches in town.'' BAIIVBRIDGE — was formed as part of Tioga co., by the name of "Jericho' Feb. 16, 1791. Its name was changed April 15, 1814. Parts of Norwich and Oxford were taken off in 1793, of Greene in 1798 and '99, and Afton in 1857. It lies upon the E. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, divided into two parts by the Susquehanna, which flows s. w. through the center. The valley of the river is about one mi. wide, and is bordered by moderately steep hillsides. The highest summits are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. The soil upon \he hills is a gravelly and shaly loam, and in the valleys a clay loam and alluvium. Bainbridi^e, (p. v.,) upon the Susquehanna, was incorp. April 21, 1829. It contains 3 churches and 350 inhabitants. BennettsvlIIe, (p. v.,) upon Bennetts Creek, in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches, ;/ gristmill, sawmill, and about 20 houses. West Bainbridge is a p. o. in the N. w. corner, and East Bainbridg^e is a hamlet in the n. e. corner. The lands in this town were first claimed by Ro- bert Harper under a grant from the Indians ; but the title was repudiated by the State, and a por- tion of the lands was granted to settlers from Vt. who had suffered from failure of title to lands in that State granted to them by N. Y. The first settlements were made in 1785, by immigrants from Yt. and Conn.' The first church (Presb.) was formed about 1790, by Rev. William Stone.* COl,UMBlJS— was formed from Brookfield, (Madison co.,) Feb. 11, 1805. A part of Norwich was annexed in 1807. It is the n. b. corner town in the co., and occupies a portion of the high ridge between Unadilla and Chenango Rivers. The highest summits are 400 to 600 f'^et above the valleys. Unadilla River forms its e. boundary, receiving as tributaries Beaver Crtek, Shawlei Brook, and several other small streams. The soil is a gravelly and shaly loam.* Columbus Center, (Columbus p. o.,) upon a branch of Shawler Brook, contains 3 churches, a tainery, and 25 houses. The first settlement was made upon Lot 44, in 1791, by Col. Converse." The first religious meeting was the funeral of Mrs. Dorcas Howard, conducted by Elder Campboli, (Bap.,) in 1797.' COTEIVTRT — was formed from Greene, Feb. 7, 1806. Parts of Oxford and Greene were an- nexed in 1843. It is situated centrally on the s. line of the co. The highest elevations, midway between the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers, are about 800 feet above the valleys. The hills are arable to their summits, and their slopes are generally long and gradual. Harpers and Kelseys Creeks, flowing into tlie Susquehanna, are the principal streams. The soil is a gravelly and shaly 1 Among the early settlers were Seth Stone. Nath'l Benton, Isaac Miner, and Japhet Bush and sons, from Conn., and lleze- Kiah Stowell and sous, Orlando Bridgnian and sons, and Eben- e«er Church and sons, from Vt. The three last named families were " Vermont Sufferers." The first child born was Win. Bush, in 17S(5; and the firatdeath was that of I'oll.v. NathI Chiirch taught thefirst school, in 1790; Asa .Stowell kept the first inn. in 1788, Peter Betts the first store, in 1805; and David Cooper and Isaac IVliner built the first sawmill, on Kelseys Brook. 2 Two M. E., Cong., Bap., and Univ. 8 Among the early settlers wereWm. Gutherie, Abraham Fuller, Reuben Kirby, and Oouid Bacon, from Conn.; St^'phen and .John htiles. Heath Kelsey, Chas. Bush, Ebon and Jos, Lander..*, and Jas. t^ratiam, Sam'l Bixby settled on Lot "ih. in 1788, and M-ij. Henry Evans on Lot SI), in 1789. The first birth was that of K. Landers.diiughterof Jos. Landers, in March, 1791; the first mar- riage, that of Charles Bush and Joan Harrington, in 1794; and the first death, that of Mrs, Reuben Kirbey, in 1792. Wib liom Gutherie kept the first inn, in 1793, on Lot 85, I'hineas IS and Reuben Bennett erected a gi-iatmiU on Bennetts Creek, in 1789, * There are 7 churches in town ; 2 M, E., 2 Bap., F. W, Bap,, Presb., and Prot. E. ^ The people are almost solely engaged in dairying. For 30 years the population has been contiuually decreasing and tho dairies increasing. 8 Among the other early settlers were Ilenry, Daniel, and Jae. Williams, from R. I., who located upon Lot 90, in 1792; Thos. Howard, from R.I., on Lot 89, Israel Greenleaf, from N. U., on Lot t>2, Gilbert Strong, on Lot 61, and Josiah Ratbbone, on T/it .54, in 1794, The first child born was Sally Williams; the first marriage, that of Joseph Medbery and Hannah Brown, in 17iH; and Uie first death, that of ^Irs. Dorcas Howard, in 1797. Nicho- las Pago taught the first school; Col. Converse kept the first inn, in 179.1; Amos C. Palmer, the first store, in 1797 ; and Job Vail built the fii-st sawmill, in 1794. and tlie first gristmill, in 179,5. ' The census reports 6 churches in town; Bap., E. W.,, Bap.f Cong., M. E., and Univ. 226 CHENANGO COUNTY. loam, with occasional spots of a red, slaty loam. Coventry? (p. v.,) x. w. of the center, contains 2 churches, a pocket-book factory, and 40 dwellings ; and Coventry ville, (p. v.,) 2 mi. e. of Cov- entry, a church, mill, and 25 dwellings. Ctaurcli llollo^v is a p. o. on the s. line. The first settlement was made near the center, by Simon Jones, in 1785.' In the e. part is a spoke factory. The first church (Cong.) was formed Nuv. 19, 1807. Rev. David Ilarrower was the first preacher.^ GERMAIV* — was formed from De Ruyter, (Madison co.,) March 21, 1806. Otselic was taken oflf in 1817, Lincklaen in 1823, and a part of Pitcher in 1827. It is located centrally upon the w. line of the co. The surface is hilly, and watered by several brooks, forming what is called Five Streams, which flow through the town in a s. direction. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, well adapted to grazing. JLiveruiore!^ Corners^ (German p. o.,) near the w. line, is a hamlet; and East German is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1795, by Benjamin Cleveland, from Oneida co.* The first church (Presb.) was formed at an early period, and a M. E. association was formed in 1815, at the house of Walter Oyshlenbank.^ GREEIVE^— was formed from Union (Broome co.) and "/eric^o," (now Bainbridge,) March 15, 1798. A part of ^^ Jericho'* was annexed in 1799. Coventry was taken off* in 1806, and Smith- ville in 1808. A part of Barker (Broome co.) was taken ofii" in 1840, and a part of Coventry in 1843. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland. The hills rise 500 to 700 feet above the river, and are broken by the ravines of the streams. Che- nango River flows s. w. through the center of the town, in a broad valley about 1 mile in width. The Chenango Canal passes through the valley. Genegantslet Creek flows s. through the w. part in a wide valley, and joins the Chenango a few miles below the village of Greene. Pages Brook flows through the s. E. corner; and several small streams are tributary to the Chenango. The soil is a gravelly and shaly loam on the hills, and alluvium in the valleys. Greene, (p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. April 12, 1842. It contains 4 churches, a flouring mill, furuace, and 814 in- habitants. East Greene (p. v.) contains a church and 158 inhabitants. Genegantslet (p. V.) contains 1 church and 12 houses. Chenango Forks (p. v.) is partly in this town, S. Ketchum settled in 1792.*^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1795,® by Elder Nath. Kellogg. 1 Wm.Gnodell and Andw. Clark settled uear Mr. Jones in 17S6, aod Benj. Jones at the same place In 1788. (Jzias Yale and 0. S. M. Stork LcJited a little n. of Co\eutiy in 1799, i-li^ba \A ari-en on Lot 2. in 1><04. and Mosea AIHs, and about 10 oth-r f;tmilies, soon after. The first birtU was that of Wui.. son of Moses Allis, in 1794; the tirst marriage, that of Simeon I'arker and Polly bpraguo; and the first death, that of a son of Koger Egertoii. in 1790. Sherman I'age taught ih<- first school; lit-nj. Jones kept the first inn. in 17S8. itnd Jotbam Tarkor the first Btore, in 1799. The first gristmill vv;ia erected by Capt. Parker, in 1796, and the first carding and cloth drerfsing mill by Miles Doolittle, abuut the year lsl5. - The cenau-s reports 5 churches ; 2 Cong., 2 M. E., and Bap. 8 Named from Gen. Obadiah German the nriijinal ctwner of the township. It was first named ^-Brakel Tf/wnship.'' * Abraham Livermore settled at Livermores C^irners. in 1796, with his wife and children. Abraham, jr.. Becka, Daniel, Polly. Abel, Cyrus. Hepaey, Sally, and Martin Livermore. From their isolated position in the wilderness — remote from any settlement — the Cleveland and Livermore families suffered grcit priva- tions and hardships during the first years of their settlement. In June. 1796, Mr. Cleveland set out for "Fort SLaitwix" for pro- Tisions, his family Ijeing entirely destitute. He inten-led to re- turn in 3 or 4 days, but was detained for some time. On the fourth day of his absence, his wife and children, who had e^t'-n nothing for 3 days except a few roots found in the woodsi. set out for their nearest neighbors, in Cincinnatus, on Otselic River, 4^ mi. dis- tant. When about a mile from home, they encountered a bear, and were frightened back. The next morning the mother was too weak to walk, and the two older children again set out for Mr. Raymond's, on the Otselic. Upon learning the suffering condition of the liimily, Mrs. Raymond made them a pudiling of bran, — the only food she had in the hou.-ie. This and a bottle of milk kept the family from starvation until relief came. At another time, when the ftimily were reduced to the last ex- ti'emity. two unmilked cows came to their house one n ight. and went away in the morning, furnishing them with milk for several days. It was never known where the cows came from or where they went to. Other families in the vicinity suffered in a similar manner. The first birth was that of Polly Cleveland, in 1796; the first marriai;e, that of Jonathan Head and Hepc^ey Liver- more; and the first death, that of — — Hartshorn. Abraham Livermore kept the firat inn: Jonathan Chandler kept the first Btore. and erected the first mill and tactory, on the e. branch of Otaelic River. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; Presb., M. E., and F. W. Bap. « Named in honor of Gen. Nath'l Greene. That part of the original township of Greene lying e. of Chenango River was in- C^iidod in a purchaeeBiade by the State from the Oneida and Toa- carora Indians in 1785. Tliese lands were subsequently sold by the State to individual patentees. 7 Mr. Ketchum located within the bounds of the present vil- lage of Greene. In the fall of 1792 a settlement was made by a company of French refugees. One of tbeir number, Chas. Felix De IJulogne. had preceded the main body, and m.-ide a ijurchaso of 15.000 acres lying on the e. side of Chenango River. The first party that came consisted of M. Bulo^ne, M. Shamont, M. Le Fevre. M. Bravo. M. Du Vernet, and M. Obre. A portion of them had families ; and several young ladies were among the party. In Otsego CO. Simon Barnot joined the p:\rty, and subsequently M. Dutremont, with bin family, settled with them. Before the disitersion of the colony they were joined by Jos. Juliand, who W!L« the only French emigrant that became a permanent resident. M.Bulogue, on his way to Philadelphia in the springof 1795, waa drowned while fording a creek mnch swollen by tliti floods. The untimely death of the leader of this adventurous band proved fatal to the future success of the settlement. The failure of the company to pay the balance of the purchase money dne on the tract caused the title to revert to the original patentees. After all the hardships and privations they had endured, the failure to secure a title to their land proved a signal for dis- persion. The majority of them left in the year 1796. In 1794, Talleyrand, the celebnited French diplomatist, visited his fellow- countrymen in Greene. Among the early permanent settlers were Nath'l Kellogg, Zopher Belts, Benajah Loomis, Cornelius Hill, and Daniel Tremaine. who located at East Greene in 1793. The first road that was cut through the town was called "TA* Chmango Road." It runs from the present village of BaiD- bridge to the mouth of Page Creek, on the Chenango, — a dis* tance of about 25 mi. The first settlers upon this road within the then limits of the town, commencing at the w.. were Nathan Bennett, Joshua Root, Eleazur Skinner. Thomas Elliott, Joab Elliott, Koswell Fitch, Aden Elliott, Philo Clemmons. Capt. Man- deville, Simeon and Benj. Jones, Hardin Bennett, Record Wilber, and Deacon Richards, who came in from 1792 to '95. The settlers who located in the S. part, w. of the river, were Jas. and Herman Terwilliger. Elisha and Noah Gilbert. Stephen Palmer, and Joe. and Cornish Messenger. as early as 1796. The fii-st birth was that of Johnston Rundall. son of .Tea. Rnndall, — for which honor the mothor subsequently received a deed of 50 acres of land from the Hornby Estate. Cartwright taught the first school, in 1794; Conrad Sharp kept the first inn, in 1794; Elisha Smith the first store, in 1801 Conrad Sharp built the firat sawmill, it 1795. and Abraham Storm and Henry Vorse the first gristmill, in 1794. 8 The census reports 9 churches ; 5 Bap., 2 M. E., Presb., un4 Prot. E. CHENANGO COUNTY. 227 and was the first church of that denomination in the co. Elder Kellogg continued its pastor ahout 30 years. GUIE.FOIID — was formed from Oxford, April 3, 1813, as "Eastern." Its name was changed March 21, 1817. It lies on the E. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface is hilly and broken, consisting of the elevated lands between Chenango and Unadilla Rivers, the hills rising 200 to 700 feet above the valleys. It is drained by the Unadilla, which forms the entire E. boundary, Guilford Pond Creek,' and several other smaller streams. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, occasionally intermixed with clay. Oullford, (p. v.,) located in the valley of Guilford Pond Creek, contains 3 churches, an iron foundery and machine shop, and several mills ; pop. 203. Guilford Center (p. V.) contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. East Guilford, (p. v.,) in the s. e. corner of the town, contains a church, a mill, and 15 dwellings. IHount Upton, (p. V.,) upon the w. bank of the Unadilla, contains 4 churches, several mills, and other manu- facturing establishments; pop. 190. Rockdale, (p. v.,) on the river, 4 miles below Mount Upton, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, and 25 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1787, by Ezekiel Wheeler, a little n. of Mount Upton, on the farm now occupied by his grandson, Silas Wheeler, 2d.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder Orange Spencer, in 1803.' L.I1«CRL,AE1V*— was formed from German, April 12, 1823. Parts of Pitcher were taken off in 1827 and '33. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly, broken upland, divided into ridges by narrow ravines extending N. and s. The declivities of the hills are usually steep, and the summits are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. Mud Creek, a branch of the Otselic, flows s. through the w. part of the town. Ashbel Brook and several other small streams take their rise in the s. and E. parts. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam. Lincklaen, (p. v.,) on Mud Creek, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Burdick Settlement, in the N. part, contains a church and 12 dwellings. Bforth Lincklaen is a p.o. in the n.e. part. The first settle- ments were made about 1796. The first religious services were held by Rev. Seth Williston, in 1798. The census reports 4 churches in town.' MACDOWOUGII^ — was formed from Preston, April 17, 1816. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly, and in some places broken by deep ravines and sharp ridges extending N. and s. It is drained s. by Bowmans and Geuegantslet Creeks and several other streams. Genegantslet Lake lies near the w. border. The sod is a clay loam, better adapted to grazing than tillage. Macdonough, (p. v.,) on Genegantslet Creek, contains 2 churches, several mills, and 168 inhabitants. East Klacdonougrll (p. v.) contains 1 church and 14 dwellings. The first settlements were made in 1795, by Nathaniel Locke, Loring and Emery Willard, Henry Ludlow, and others.' The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1798. The first church edifice (P. W. Bap.) was erected in 1831 ; Elder Steer was the first pastor." JVEW BERLIN — ^waa formed from Norwich, April 3, 1807, changed to "Lancaster" May 9, 1821, and origin.il name restored March 22, 1822. A part of Sherburne was taken off in 1852. It lies upon the e. border of the Co., N. of the center. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, the ridges extending n. and s. Unadilla River forms its e. boundary ; and Great Brook flows s 1 This stream h.ia a fall of 140 feet in passine through Guilford Village, alToniinc a fine and very valuable water-power. 2 .Joshua Mercereau and liis brother ^Krenclinieu) eettlod at the utouth of Guilford Creek, and erected the firat mill in town, in 17^9. Jamea Phelps and Button settled neiir RocUdale in 1790; Robert McLeod, on Lot 1, and Isaiic Fuller, from GuU- ford. Conn., in 1701; I)an'l Savage, John Nash, and Nelson Kob- hius. from Ballston Spa, in 1702, at and near the old Four Cor- ners; John Secor, from Haveratraw, on Lot 2; Gurdon and Wyatt Chiimberlin. at Mount Upton; Wm.and Nathaniel Uyer, — all in 1703. Major Kichmond and his sons Joseph and tctli, Asa Haven, father of Hon. Solomon G. liaven, of BufliUo. lian'l T. Dickinson, father of lion. l>aniel S. Bickinson, of Uingh.nm- ton, Caleb Uurdick, Sam'l irmith, and i'aris Windsor were also among the pioneer settlers of the town. The first child born wtis I'rudcnce Fuller, in April. 1791; the first marriage, that of Powell and the widow of Isaac Fuller, in 170;i: and the first death, that of Isaac Fuller, in 1793. Ezekiel Wheeler kept the first inn, in 1796 ; and Sullivan Reynolds kept the first store and erected the first mill on the Unadilla, in 1790. The first school was taught by Nathan Bennett, in 1794. 'The census reports 12 churches; 5 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Oong., Presb., Prot. E.. and Union. * Named from John Lincklaen, former proprietor of the town- lihip and several adjacent tracts. Among the early settlers were Guerdon Wells. Abel Fairchild, Elisha Catlin, Joseph Pullbrd, Backus, Nathaniel Gray, Wolcott Bennett, Joseph Dar- ling, Jesse Catlin. Aaron Feet, John Wilson, Etisha Blonnt, Christopher Shipman, and Walters. The first child born was Matilda Wells, about 1800; and the first death, that of a child of Christopher Shipman. Wm. Bly tnuglit the first school ; F;iiaha Catlin kept the first inn ; Fairchild Brothers, the firht store; Catlin .% Shipman built the first Ba^^^nill, and J. Pulford the first gristmill. 6 Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Cong., and M. E. 6 Nnmeti in honor of Commodore Macdonough. 7 Edward Colbom, Benj. Ketchnm, Benj. Kenyon, Ephniill Fish, John Anderson, Nehemiah Dunbar, Jonah and Sylvanus Moore. Joseph and R.ansom Cook, Wm. Mead. Wni. Norton, Dunl.Wainwright, .Adam Oyshterbank, and M.Turner settled in town from 1795 to 1S08. The first marriage w.aa that of Sylva- nns Moore and wife; and the fii-st dt>ath, that of Mrs. jleuj. Ketchnm, The first school was taught by Capt, Joshua A, Burke. Sylvanua Moore kept the first inn, in 1799. and Henry Ludlow the first store, in 1802. Gates Wilcox eri'Ctcd the first gristmill, in 1818; John Nevins, the first paper mill, in 1828, «t Macdonough A'illage. Henry Ludlow built the first sawipill, oo the outlet of Ludlow Fond, in 1798, 8 The census reporta 4 churches; Bap,, M, E., Presb., and Union, 228 CHENANGO COUNTY. through near the center. Mathewson Pond is near the w. border. The soil is a shaly loam, occa- sionally intermixed with clay. MeiT Bci'lln, (p. v.,) upon the Unadilla, in the N. e. part of the town, was incorp. April 17, 1816. It contains 4 churches, the New Berlin Academy, a newspaper office, paper mill, cotton factory, tannery, and several minor manufactories. Pop. 740. Soutb IVew Berlin, (p. v.,) upon the Unadilla, in the s. E. part, on the line of Otsego co., contains 2 churches, a large tannery, and 285 inhabitants. IIoIniC!4VilIe, in the extreme s. E. corner, contains a tannery and about 20 houses. Wew Berlin Center is a p. o. Ambler Set- tlement is a hamlet in the s. part. Daniel Scribner settled upon the Unadilla in 1790.' The census reports 8 churches.^ Hon. Henry Bennett, who has been elected to Congress five successive terms from this district, resides in New Berlin Village. WORTH IVORiriCH — was formed from Norwich, April 7, 1849. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the valley of Chenango River and the high rolling uplands which rise upon either side. The summits of the hills are 200 to 600 feet above the valley. It is drained by Chenango River, Cold and Fly Brooks, and several other small streams. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, in some places mixed with clay. IVortll IVor- wicll, (p.v.,) upon the Chenango, contains 3 churches, several mills, and about 150 inhabitants. It is an important village upon the Chenango Canal. Kin^s Settlement is a p. o. in the E. part; and Plasterviile, a hamlet in the s. w. Jos. Lothrop and A. Mead located on Lot 1, in 1794.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1790; Elder Eleany Holmes was the first preacher.* NORWICH— was formed from Union (Broome co.) and "Jericho," (now Bainbridge,) Jan. 19, 1793. Pharsalia, Plymouth, and Preston were taken ofi" in 1806, New Berlin, and a part of Columbus, in 1807, and North Norwich in 1849. A part of Preston was annexed in 1808, and a part taken off in 1820. It is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Its surface consists of two high, rolling ridges, separated by the valley of the Chenango. The highest summits are about 500 ft. above the valleys. Chenango River flowss. through the w. part. It receives the Canasa- wacta and several other streams as tributaries. Unadilla River forms the E. boundary. The soil upon the uplands is a shaly and gravelly loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Aiorwicla, (P-^-.) upon Chenango River, in the n. part, was incorp. April 16, 1816. It contains the CO. buildings, 5 churches, the Norwich Academy, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, a piano forte factory, 3 carriage factories, 2 tanneries, 2 blast furnaces, a hammer factory, planing mill, foundery, machine shop, 2 sash and door factories, and plaster mill. Pop. 2,430. Wllite Store, (p. o..) on the Unadilla, contains a church, gristmill, and 10 houses. The first settlement was made in 1788, by Avery Power.* The first religious services were held by Rev. Manasseh French, in 1793 or '94.* OTSEIilC — was formed from German, March 28, 1817. It lies on the ^f. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is hilly, consisting of high ridges 500 to 800 ft. above the vallev of Otselic Creek, which are broken by the ravines of the streams. Otselic Creek is the principal stream, and flows s. w. through the center of the town. Several small streams are tril)utaries of the Otselic. The soil on the hills is a shaly loam, and in the valleys alluvium. Otselic, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 100 inhabitants; Soutb Otselic, (p.v.,) in the s. w. corner, 1 church and 225 inhabitants. Settlement was commenced about 1800, by Ebenezer Hill.' The first preacher was Stephen C. Nicholas. There are 4 churches in town; 2 Bap., F. W. Bap., and Christian. OXFORD — was formed from Union (Broome co.) and "Jericho," (now Bainbridge,) Jan. 19, 1 Among the other early SL'tth^rs were Nath'I and Joseph Med- hery, who located upon tireat Brook ; Thos. Sarle, who located on the Unadilla; Samuel Anderson, Silas Burliaganie. Jeremy G(X)ilrich, Levi Blakeslee, Chas. Knapp, and Joseph Mo3a, who located upon the present siteof the village. The first child born Cole, Wm. Smiley, Nicholas Pickett, Maj. Thomas Brooks, Israel, Cbas. and Matt. Uraves. Josiah Brown. John Wait, Wm. Hansford and sons Hascall and Wm.. jr.. .John Harris, Manasseh French. Joab Enos, Hezekiah Brown, Elisha Smith, Wm. andChaun- cey Gibson, Mark, Wm., and Stephen Steere. Stephen Collins, Jas. was Louisa Bancroft, in 1797 ; and the tirst marriage, that of IGilmore. lIosesSuow.JohuKandall, John McNitt, and I>avid and Dan'l Williams and Phila Parker, in 1794. Josiah Burlingame ;Jobn Shattuck. The first child born was Lucy Power; the first tauijht the first school; Dan'l Scribner kept the first inn; Levi male child, Marcus Cole; the first marriage in the town and co. Blakeslee the first store; and Job Vail built the first mill. [was that of Hascall liansford and Fanny Graves, July 12, 1792. 8 2 Bap., 2 Cong., 2 M. E., F. W. Bap., and Prot. E. JBenj. Edmunds kept the first iuu; Jonathan Johnson was the first 8 Among the other early settlers were Judge Joel Thompson, Jeremiah and Abner Purdy, and Benj. Ferris, from Dutchess co., in 1795 ; and Jesse Rnndell, Jacob Grow. Gon. Obadiah German, Ebenezer Hartwell, and James Purdy, in 179G, — all of whom settled at the village and along the valley of the Chenango. The first child born was Amos Mead, jr., Sept. 12, 1794 ; the first niaTri.ige, that of Ebenezer Hartwell and Rachel Mead, in 1795; and the first death, that of Mrs. Abner Purdy, in 1796. Thomas Brooks taught the first school ; Amos Mead kept the first inn, iu 1803, aud Gen. Obadiah German the first store. Benj. Hart- well built the first gristmill, in 1803. * The census reports 4 churches ; 2 M. E., Bap., and Univ. ^ Among the other early settlers were David F'airchild, Silas physician; and Llisha Smith built the first saw and grist mill. * There are 6 churches in town; Bap., M. E,, Ct>ng., Prot. E., Union, and K. C. ' An Indian name, signifying Plum Creek. s Among the early settlers were Reuben Buckingham, David Steadman. Wm. Fish, Jonah Wolcott, Wm. Cross, Wm. Hurl- but, aud Wm. Smith, in the N. part : Elias Benjamin, Buell Warner and his sons Oliver, Abner. and Bnell, jr., Bent'ui Ptarce. Lewis Cook, ^lineas Thompson, John and James Warner, Abra- ham Fairchild, and Wm, Greene, in the s, part. Hiinnah War- ner taught the first school. Ebenezer Hill kept the first inn, in ISIO, and built the first gristmill, in 1S20. G.K.Cooleykept the first store, in 1812. Jas. Kust built the first sawmill. CHENANGO COUNTY. 229 1793. Guilford was taken off in 1813, and a part of Coventry in 1843. It is an interior town, lying a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is divided into two parts by the valley of the Chenango. The hills bordering upon the river are 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. Chenango River flows s. w. through the w. part in a valley averaging about 1 mi. in width. It receives Eddy and Padget Brooks from the E., and Fly-Meadow, Mill, and Ludlow Brooks from the w. The soil is a shaly loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys. Oxford, (p. v.,) upon the Chenango, in the n. part of the town, incorporated April 6, 1806, contains 6 churches, tlie Oxford Academy,' a hoe factory, sash and blind factory, carriage shop, grist and saw mill, and plaster mill. Pop. 1,218. Soutli Oxford is a p. o. in the s. w. corner ; and Cliestaireville a p. 0. near the s. line. The first settlements were made in 1790, by Benjamin llovey.' The tir.st preacher was Rev. Uri Tracy, (Presb.,) in 1792.' PIIARSAliIA — was formed from Norwich, as " Stoninglon," April 7, 1806. Its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, occupying a portion of the watershed between Chenango and Otselic Rivers. The latter flows through the extreme n. w. corner. Canasawaota, Genegantslet, and Brackel Creeks take their rise near the center. The soil is a shaly loam. Pliarsalia, (p. v.,) in the w. part, contains 12 houses ; East Pbarsalia, (p. v.,) in the s., 2 churches, 2 gristmills, a sawmill, and 15 houses. IVortli Pliarsalia is a p. o. The first settlement was commenced in 1797, by John Randall, on Lot 48.* John Peck was the first settled minister. There are three churches in town ; Bap., F. W. Bap., and Presb. PITCHER'— was formed from German and Lincklaen, Feb. 13, 1827. A part of Lincklaen was annexed in 1833. It lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface consists principally of two high ridges 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. Otselic River flows s. e. through the center. Brackel Creek flows 3. w. through the s. part. The ravines of the streams are narrow and are bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is a shaly and gravelly loam. Pitcher, (p. v..) upon the Otselic, s. w. of the center, contains 3 churches, a woolen factory, and 25 dwellings. Nortb Pitcher, (p. v.,) upon the Otselic, n. e. of the center, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, a hame factory, fork factory, and about 20 dwellings. Pitcher Springs (p. o.) is a hamlet E. of the center.' South Pitcher is a p. o. John Wilson and Schuyler settled in 1794 or '95.' The first religious services were held by Rev. Seth Williston, in 1797.* PETMOUTH — was formed from Norwich, April 7, 1806. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by deep ravines. Canasawacta Creek, and its e. and w. branches, flow s. E. through deep and narrow valleys and form a junction near the center of the town. Southwest of the center are 2 small ponds, covering an area of 100 to 150 acres each. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Plymouth,' (p- v.,) n. of the center, contains 3 churches and 150 inhabitants; South Plymouth, (p. o.,) in the s. E., a gristmill and 10 houses. The first settlement was commenced about 1794, by some French families.'" The first church (M. E.) was organized about 1806 ; and the Rev. White was the first preacher." PRESTOST— was formed from Norwich, April 2, 1806. Macdonough was tarken off in 1816. A part of Norwich was taken off in 1808, and a part of the same town was annexed in 1820. 1 This Institution for many years bore tlie Iiifiliest repiit.ition of any academy w. of the Hudson. Many distinguished citizens of the central portions of the State received their academic edu- cation at this place. 2 Among tlie other early settlers were Elijah Blackman, Eben Eno3, John Bartle and 6 sous, i'eter IJurgot,.Iohn Church, Theo- dore Burr, Benj. Loomis. Samuel Karnham, Charles Hurst, John Uolmes, John -McNeil. Diui'l Tucker, Francis Balcom. Wm. and Heury Gordon, and Thos. McAlpine. The lirst child horn was Ellis Loomis, in May, 1792; tJie first marriage was th.at of Peter Bartle and Tabitha Loomis, in May, 179.'); the first death was that of a child of Peter Burgot, and the first death of an adult, that of Andrew Loomis. in 1893. Mrs. Philip Hartle taught the first school, in 1793. Philip Bartle built the first schooihouse, indiiidually, on "Panther Ilill" in 1793; John Bartle kept the first inn. on Bowmans Creek; Benj. Hovey kept the first store, And Peter Burgot built the first will, on .Mill Brook. * The census reports 7 churches in town ; Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., Prot. E., B.C., and Univ. * .\mong the other c-u-ly settlers were Joseph Breed, on Lot 49, Sanfurd .Morgan, on Lot 3ti. John Weaver, on Lot 28. Daniel lleni- Bon.on Lot 70. Lo) upon Pleasant Brook, near the e. line, was incorp. April 20, 1829. It contains 3 churches, a gristmill, 2 tanneries, and 320 inhabitants. The first settlement was made by Joseph Porter, in 1792,^ The first religious society (Friends) was formed at an early period.* 1 David Fairchild and his sons John and Amns pottled nt Pres- ton Corners in 1795; Kandall EiUingsaud Silas Chnnipion, from Conn., at FreatonCentt^r. in 1790; Jonas Marsh, IVuni Muss., Cul. Gnrdon, and Dudley Hewitt, in 1799. Among the other early eet- tlere were Saml and Clark Lewis. Rev. Hazaid Burdick, David >.ccIeston, Jouiia Marsh, Champlam, \Vm. Packer, Abra- ham Avery, aud Wm. Walsworth. Ihe tirst child born wiw Fanny Billings, July 16. 1796; the first marriaRP. that of Capt. Lyon and Widow Crandall, in 179^; and the fir.st death, that of an inf:iiit child of Geo. Crary. The first school was tmipht I'y AVm. McAlpinc. who surveyed the Livingston Patent in 179S and sub- sequintly tlie Morris Tract. Jonaa Marsh kept the first inn, in IStiO; Jiis. Glover kept the first store and erected the first mill. ' The censua reports 5 churches ; Bap., F. M'. Bap., Seventh Day Pap., Presb.. and Univ. 3 A company from New England, consisting; of Nath'l Gray. Joel Hatch. Abraham. JimiPS, and Newconib Kayiiinnfl, .Tnseph. John, and Ele;tznr Loth rop. Cornelius Clark, and Juel Northiop, witli th(Mr families, settled in 1793. The deed of their purchase ifl dated in June of that year. * Purine the first week after their arriTal they erected a log Dieetinghuuse, and on the succeediug Sabbath met in it, after the example of the Pilgrim Fathers, to make pnlilic and united ackuowledfimonte for the protection and guidance of an over- ruling Power while on a perilous and tedious Journey through the wilderness to their new homes. The census reports 9 chnrchee; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., F. W. Bap., Cong., Prot. E., Univ., and Union. sjos. Agard and Eppaphes Sheldon. IVom Litchfield. Conn., bouj^ht out tlie log house and improvement of Mr. Lytle in Feb. 1798, moved in their families, and became the sole resitlents of the town. Tliey were joined in 179S-99 by Edward Loorais, who settled on Ludlow Creek, Simeon NeaJ. Robt. Williams. A8:i Stiuight. Dan'i Phillips. Capt. Samuel A.Slteel, John Yunng. and John Palmer. The first child born was Jane Loomis. May *2, 1800; the first marriage, that of Jason Smith and Hannah liora- pnugh. in 1807: aJid the first death, that of a son of Georgo Shaddock, in 1799. Capt. John Palmer kept the first inn aiij store and erected the first distillery. Timothy Scoville built thd first sawmill, in 1805, and Nicholas Powell the first gristmill, in 1S09. 6 The census reports 4 churches: 2 M. E., Bap., ami Univ. ^ Among the other early settlers were Jos. Collins. Jos. Bil- lings, Joshua Talcott, David Wilbur, and John Parker. Tho first griatmill and clothing works were erected by Collins & Bil- lings, in 1705. 8 The census reports 5 chuixhes in town; Bap., F. W. Bap,, Cong., M. E., and Friends. CHENANGO COUNTY. 231 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dioellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Chenango County. Names of Towns. Afton' Itainbridije. Ouluinliua Coventry German Greeue Giiill'oid Lincklaen Macdtinough .... New IWliiii North Nuiwich, Norwicll Otselic Oxford PhAi'Riilia Pitcher Plynioiith PreBt^Mi Shorburne Smitlivdlo. Smyriiii Total AcBES or Land. 27.0801 14,319 ■21,447 10.003i 2«.170i 23.633 10..'i44i 13.1Sli 19.942 lil.lOlii lil sasi 14.352 19,159 12.794 13.3545 1.5.10G 15,936J 20.702 20..341 l>V903i 20,092 7,393 10.606 6.035i 14.0S2i 10.963 6,2(iU 8,619 10,046 6,691 6,477i 9,871 12,101 12,248 4,396J 9,671 6,361 5,644i 9,366J 7,2SU Valuation op 1S58. $383,045 386.550 382,312 464,715 167,990 1,031,905 t>40,220 149,740 232,900 1,223,675 362,341 646,761 292,760 627,600 234,380 241,090 376,645 277,010 776,686 400,665 442.42S .347,S2SJ 182936 I 9,620,318 i 1.677.823 $406,345 409 250 436,655 498.165 161,665 1,364,470 723,120 158,440 252,240 1,734,111 390,191 603.706 .308,010 790,325 247,380 263,830 415,945 303,060 891,786 429,666 610,792 11,298,141 POPOIATION. 1 ^ 1 Set : , i 1 ■5 < 13 1,688 1,689 618 643 655 14 670 661 253 292 238 fi 842 842 333 357 214 12 406 400 146 146 133 S 1,880 1,837 697 743 628 22 1,272 1,280 492 624 443 19 649 682 214 219 194 9 701 716 279 2S2 262 9 1,224 1,283 479 524 354 20 686 641 210 235 194 8 2,005 2,104 761 822 683 19 887 834 339 360 077 13 1,619 1,697 029 030 621 19 594 658 210 218 209 10 662 629 260 315 260 11 769 772 299 677 603 16 612 632 ISO 483 279 8 1,307 1,409 632 392 297 17 837 824 311 198 176 10 920 946 370 270 230 14 19,879 20,038 7,002 8,236 6,435 289 ? ?. G ° 571 668 446 640 360 1,283 S92 445 621 690 444 1,401 729 1,219 462 486 620 362 1,029 681 698 Names of Towns. Aftoni llaiubridgo Columbim Coventry GeriiiHii Greene Onilford Lincklacn MaedonongU ..., New Berlin North Norwich, Norwich Otselic Oxford Plmrsalia, Pitcher Plymouth Preston , Sherburne SmilhviUu Smyrna Total 763 464 634 290 848 697 376 374 M5 37 «',2 626 736 330 446 653 349 R41 490 711 3.146 1.106 1.771 826 2.822 2.206 802 j 1,009 1.363 986 1.933 1,278 2,216 812 1.122 1,386 1,287 1,856 1,882 1,744 2,226 1.807 2.140 1.160 3;603 2.721 981 1.535 2.439 1.061 2.220 1,4.33 1.714 1,31S 1,269 1,531 1,497 2,179 2,620 1,495 03 6,438 2,835 2,760 964 4,090 3,756 2 29' 2J43 2,097 3,335 7.287 2,562 5,835 1,926 4,487 4,413 6,793 11,726 2,290 7,300 V! 1,361 898 1,0211 361 1 1,6401 1,2961 486' 635' 1,047 727 1,003 676 1,450 606 685 643 625 1,189 1,135 1.018 Agricultural Products. BCSH. OF GkaiN. 3,1 86S 136 930 286 3.272J 2,384 64 177 675i 1,464 492 21 1.760 166 128 679 82 1,601 584 1.128 10,971131,452136,939 85,923 18,0921 19,089* 1.018,320* 117,370j 93.411 J 48.605 60.962 16.934 88,2834 68,908} 30.134} 18.274 65,390 46,291i 46.446 4S.310i 60.623 20.674 29,81Ci 47,884 24,797} 111,742J 41,701* 63,942 30,609 13.531 16.795 6.827 22,634 16,931 6,160 8,645* 12,976 13,314 14,291 13,612 17.028 9.186 8.369 13,291 9,094* 16.118 11,399 13,831 -0,642 40.714 26.738 31,330 11,616 41,208 34,093 13,358 16.153 30,227 18,162 31,889 11,116 43,924 11,714 21,682 27,997 35,265 47,116 32,689 27,614 653,654 DAmr Products. 225,645 107.410 250,270 123.600 451,433 344.045 95.785 1(>4.9S5 190.839 136.381 198,380 141,505 289,502 114,048 144,200 155,603 176.953 208,415 319,695 146,210 0,3 =;-s 14,000 283.019 6.510 700 17.7681 29.226 19.680 1 1,805 248,173 99.200; 107.32S| 67.300; 17.100; 51.4.50; 13,797; 76,604; 23.380 92.7081 13,660; 39,186 6,109 1.360 1,343 2..358 6,530* 1,109 1,682} 3,44S, 1,298 347 1,188} 1,772 2,297 2,399 1,412* 1,062 1476* 694 3,387* 2,488* 3,990.564 1,212,544' 42,662 1 Formed since 1855. CLINTON COUNTY. This county was formed from Washington, March 7, 1788.' Essex was taken off iu 1799. St. Lawrence was provisionally annexed in 1801, and taken off in 1802; a portion of Oneida was annexed in 1801 ; and Franklin was taken off in 1808. It lies upon Lake Champlain, and is the n. e. corner co. of the State. It is cen- trally distant 143 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,092 sq. mi. The surface is generally hilly and broken, and in some parts mountainous. The Au Salile Range enters the s. w. corner from Essex CO. and extends in spurs and broken ranges through more than one-half of the w. part of the co. The highest peaks, along the w. border, are 3,000 to 4,000 feet above tide. These moun- tains have the same general characteristics as those further s. They are wild and broken, and their declivities and summits are so covered with ragged ledges of rocks that they can produce but a scanty crop of timber and are almost inaccessible. The uplands decline toward the N: ; and along the N. line of the co. is a wide tract nearly level. Along the lake shore the surface is level or moderately uneven; and from this tract it rises gradually but unevenly to the summits of the ridges in the interior. A large share of the central and w. portions of the co. is covered by the original forests, and is too rough to ever admit of profitable cultivation. The mountainous region in the s. w., comprising about one-third of the CO., is underlaid by gneiss, granite, and other primary rocks. A belt of Potsdam sandstone extends in a great curve around the primary region and occupies more than one-half of the re- maining part of the co. On the n. it extends nearly to Canada, but toward the s. it gradually diminishes, and on the s. line it is but a few miles wide. Surrounding this, and lying next above it, is a narrow belt of calciferous sand rock, outcropping on the surface, along the lake shore, between Au Sable and Salmon Rivers. The limestones next appear, occupying the n. e. corner of the co. and outcropping along the lake from Salmon River to Rouses Point. Tertiary clay is found in a, few places along the lake; and drift deposits are abundant in the n. and e. parts. Peat bogs are numerous in the N. E. part. The primitive region is exceedingly rich in minerals. Magnetic iron ore is found in inexhaustible quantities, and of a quality equal to the best in the world. '^ Au Sable River forms most of the s. boundary. North of this are Little Sable, Salmon, Sara- uao. Little Chazy, and Great Chazy or Champlain Rivers, all flowing into Lake Champlain. English River flows n. into Canada. Upon all these streams are numerous fills, furnishing an immense amount of water-power. In the western wilderness are numerous small lakes, the principal of which are Chateaugay and Chazy Lakes, and Sampson, Taylor, and Slush Ponds. The soil along the lake is clayey, and in the interior and w. a sandy loam, best adapted to pasturage. The people are principally engaged in stock raising, dairying, lumbering,' mining, and in the manufacture of iron* and starch. A large business is carried on in peltries, the wilderness still furnishing numerous valuable fur-bearing animals.' Fish are abundant in the mountain streams and lakes, although the salmon, once so abundant, have now nearly disappeared.* The Northern (Ogdensburgh) R. R. extends w. from Rouses Point, on Lake Champlain, through Cham- plain, Mooers, Altona, Ellenburgh, and Clinton. The Plattsburgh & Montreal R. R. extends N. through Plattsliurgh, Beekmantown, Chazy, and Mooers. The CO. seat is located at the village of Plattsburgh, on Lake Champlain.' The courthouse is a 1 N.imed from Geo. Clinton, then Governor. When orfijanized, it embraced all the land on both sides of Lake Chami>lain. as claimed by the State of New York. The claim E. of the lake was abandoned upon the recognition of Vermont .as an indepen- dent State, in 1791. - Clinton and Kssex are the two most important minine cos. in the State. The veins of iron, in extent and richness, svirpass those of any other piirt of the world. Ore was first discovered in the '* Winter" ore bed. in Au Sable, by Geo. Shaffer, in 1800, — although travelers had previously frequently noticed the im- mense quantities of iron s.ind upon the lake shore. Tlie prin- ripal veins now opened are the Arnold, RutRers, Finch, Winter. Indian, Cook, Battie, Mace, Jackson, and Mclntyre Mines, in ' Au Sable ; the Palmer and Rutgers Mines, in Black Brook ; and the Skinner and Avei ill Mines, inDannemora. Veins of greater or lees richness are found in all the towns underlaid by the primary rocks. * Au Sable aud Saranac Rivers flow through valuable lumber 232 districts, and upon them are numerous sawmills. Immense quantities of logs are annually floated down these streams and worked up at the mills below. .Several important plank roads have been constructed in the wilderness for the special accom- modation of the lumber and iron business. * The iron manufactured is principally in the form of blooms. B Hunting is pursued as a business to somee.\tent: and during the summer large numbers of amateur hunters from the cities flock to the wilderness for recreation and amusement. 6 So abundant were salmon that 30 years ago 100 bids, were annu.ally taken Id the co. ; and from its importance to the early settlers this fish was taken as a device for the first co. seal. I The first court was held Oct. 28, 17SS. A blockhouse erected at the time of the alarm occasioned by the defeat of St. Clair by the Indians was used for the first jail. A courthn.ise and jail of wood w.as erected in 1802-03, and burned in ISll by the in- vading British army. A new one erected soon after was burned in 1836, and the present one was erected on its site. The firsc CLINTON COUNTY. 233 Bubstantial brick building, with a stone basement, fi-onting the public square and the river. The jail, a stone building in the rear of the courthouse, affords no accommodations for the cUissification of prisoners, and is destitute of means of ventilation. The clerk's office is a fireproof building on an adjacent lot. The poorhouse is located in Beekmantown, 4 mi. n. of Plattsburgh. It has an average of 65 inmates, supported at a weekly cost of $1.00 each. The farm — 90 acres — yields a revenue of $800.^ Four weekly newspapers are published in the cc* The first white man that ever visited this co. was Samuel Champlain, in 1G09, under the auspices of the French. From that time until the final surrender of Canada in 17G0, the French claimed and held this region of country, and the lands were mostly occupied by parties holding title under French grants.' At the close of the war in 1700, settlement rapidly spread down the lake shore. By the terms of the treaty between England and France, the French settlers were to be secured in their rights ; but the Government of New York made conflicting grants, which gave rise to controversies and quarrels and seriously retarded the progress of settlement. A few families were scattered along the shore previous to the Revolution ; but the expedition of Burgoyne in 1777 broke up every settlement in the co. An important naval engagement took place Sept. 11, 1776, in the strait between Val- cour Island and the w. shore, between the British and American forces, without any decisive results. The conflict was renewed on the 13th, and the American vessels were nearly all run ashore on the Vt. side and burned.* Settlements were made at all the principal places bordering upon the lake within 10 years after the close of the Revolution. Point Au Fer was occupied by the British until 1706, when, in com- mon with several other posts along the n. frontier, it was surrendered to the Americans.^ During the same year the St. Regis Indians ceded their claims to the State. The embargo &f 1808 was openly violated, and many severe encounters took place between the revenue officers and organized bands of smugglers.^ Several attempts were made by lawless bands to seize the collectors and revenue officers, but without success. During the last war with Great Britain this co. was the seat of important military transactions, and along its frontiers and upon the adjacent waters of the lake many skirmishes and engagements took place.' CO. officers were Chaa. Piatt, First Judfff : Josiah Throop and Chas. Ih^y, Judges : Robt. Cochran, Peter Sailly. Wm. McAuley, and Pliny Moore, Assistant Justices ; Thendoru-* Piatt. Stirrofiate ; Beuj. Mooera, Shfirijf; and Melancthon Lloyd Woolsey, Clerk. J The Sonate Committee of 1857 report that ''this house is a very poor one, indifferently kept, and a disgrace to the co.'* The rooms were filthy and not at all ventilated; and the water sup- plied to the estal)litr and Wm. Laud. In Aug. ISS.'l, it passed into the hands of Iloby G. Stone, l\v whom it is still continued. The Northern Ileruld was begun April 10, 1^13, by Fred. C. Powell. In 1815 it was changed to The Ptattshurgh Hn-ald, and soon after it was discontinued. Hie Northern Inti'Uiqtmcer was begun at Plattsburgh in May, 1821, by Fred. R. Allen. In 1832 it was united with The Aurora Bormlis, which waa established in 1828, the com- bined piipers taking the name of the Plattsburgh Aurora. It was continued but a short time. The Democratic Press waa published at Plattsburgh in 1834 by J. K. Averill. The Whig was started at Plattsburgh in 1835 by Q. W. Piatt. In 1838 it was changed to the Clinton Count)/ Whig. After several changes of ownership, in '^ct. ISfj.S. it wiia changed to The Plattsburgh Kxpress, published by Albert G, Carver, and is still contiuued by him. The Berean Guide was published a short time at Beekmantown in 1837 by Rev. Mr. Bailey. The Free Democrat was pnblishi.'d in 184S by Oliver Hart. Tlie Northern Laifet. mo., wa-S bi'gun in 1849 by I)r. Horace Nelson. It WHS soon changed to The Lancrf, and was continued till 1856. The CJiamploin H-acon was commenced in 1850 by Kefchum & AveriU. In 1852 it was sold to D. Turner, of Ki-oflfvrlb'. who chiinged it to The Rouses Point Advertiser, under which name it is still published. Tfie Oottage. Gazette was published in IS.'il by Arthur C. Nelson. The American Sentinel waa stiirteri Jan. lb, 1855, by Warren Dow. It was soon changed to The Plattsburgh Sentinel, and ia still published. '^ The Governor General and Intendant. on the 10th. 11th, and l'2th days of April. 1733, granted 3 seigniories within the present limits of Champlain and Chazy, eacli 3 le.agnes in depth and fronting upon Lake Champlain. The first, granted to Huguea Jacques Pean. Sieur dt* Liviandi^re. cajitain in the marines, ex* tended from (,'liazy River 2^ leagues northward; the aecond waa granted to Sieur Migeon de la GauchitSre, also a captain in the marines, and the third to Sieur do St. Vincent, jr., an ensign in the marines; each grant being 2 leagues in front. These grants were assigned forever, in fief and seignii^ry, with the rightofsuperior, mean, and inferior jurisdiction, (/ant(f,Trto^cHTw, r. The pntentees miglit grant concessions to tonant^s, subject to tho customary cens H rrtiie.s and dues, for each arpeiit of land in front by 40 arpents in depth. If used for military purpost^s, materials for the erection of fortifications and firewood for the use of gar- risons were to be given without charge, and tho grant was to be submitted for the royal approbation within one year. The grantees having failed to make improvements on the 10th of May. 1741, all tiiese grants were declared to havt reverted to his majesty's domain. On the 1st of Nov., 1752, a beigniory of 2^ leagues in front by 3 in depth, and including Cha!,y River, waa granted to the Sieur Redou. counccllor in the Superior Council of Quebec, under conditions like those of Ftan.— Titles atid Dues, relating to the Seignorial Tenure. * This engagement was one of the most gallant fought during the war. and, although resulting disaatrously, it reflected no dishonor on the American arms. Tho American forces, com- manded by Benedict Arnold, consisted of 1 skwip. 2 schooners, 4 galleys, and 8 gondolas, with 84 guns and 144 swivLds ; aud tho British force, commanded by Capt. Thos. I'ringles, of 1 ship. 2 schooners. I razee. 1 gondola, 20 gunboats, and 28 long boats, with 89 gtina and 697 men. The American Into was 80 to I'O, and the British about the same. The Americana saved thnn- aelvea by rurming their veasela aground and swimming ashore. 6 Judge Pliny :\Innre. who settled in Champhiiu in 17S5, waa visit,ed on (he Ist of every month by a British corporal and file of men. from Point An Fer. to notify him that his claim nnder the State woulil not be recognized ; but no attention waa pairl to these repeated warnings. — l\ilm*-r's Hi.ng Lake Cliamplain. Toward the last of Aug. a land force of 14,000 men assembled on the frontier and commenced their march, supported by a formidable fleet under Commodore Dovrnie. Gen. Macomb, vrho commanded the Americans, had a force of less than 3,000 ; but, as the invading army drew nigh, he was continually re-inforced by volunteers and militia.* The American fleet, under the command of Commodore MacDonough, took position in Cumberland Bay, awaiting the attack of the British. On Sunday morning, Sept. 11, a simul- taneous attack was made by the British land and naval forces, and a bloody and desperate battle ensued. At the end of 2 hours Commodore Downie's flag struck, and nearly the whole British fleet fell into the hands of the Americans.^ The cannonade was continued upon the shore until night, when the British slowly and sullenly retreated and in a few days returned to Canada.^ These engagements were justly considered among the most brilliant that occurred during the war, 1812, Sept. 1.— Gen. Bloomfield, with 8,000 troops, prepared to attack Canada. " Sept. IG. — Tr<)np3 consisting of 3,000 regulars and 2,000 militia, under <_ien.r>t'arl)orn, encamped with- iu a half mile of the Canada line. " Sept. 20. — Guardhouse at La Cole surprised; but, as plans of attack were fru'^trated, the troops retired to Plattsltiirgh fur winter quarters. 1813, Feb.— Two brigades marcliud to Snckt-ts Harbor, Ie.iviDg the w. Bide of the hike entirely un- protected till Sept. " June 2. — Naval engagement near Ash Island, Canada, between an American fiTce. under Lieut. Sidney Smith, and several British gunboats, resulting in the loss of the American sloops Growler and Eagle and 112 men. The ves- sels wei-e subsequently I'e-captiired. " July 31. — A British force of 1,400 men. under C<.)1. Murray, made a descent upon Plattsbnrgh and de- stroyed a largo amount of public and private property. " Sept, 19. — A body of 3,000 American troops, under Gen. Uampton. concentrated at Cumberland Head and started on an expedition a^raiust Canada. ** Sept. 21.— After remaining one day in Canada, the Gen. changed his plan, and, ostensibly on his way to Montreal, he marched to Chateaugay, and there remained idle 26 days. *• Oct. 1. — A small party of American militia surprised a picket guard at Odeltown, Canada. •* Oct. 11.— Col. Is.iac Clark, with 110 men. crossed the lake fiom Champlain, attacked a purty of British at Missisco Bay, killed 9, wounded 14, and took 101 prisoners. * Nov. — A party of Vt. militia crossed the lake and placed themselves under General Hampton. The Gov. of Vt. ordered them to return; but they refused to obey. " Dec. 1. — A British naval force, consisting of 6 armed galleys, under Capt. Pring, entered the lake and burned an empty storehouse near Rouses Point. In the report of Sir George Provost, this building was converted into a large magazine of stores at Plattsburgh. 1814, Jan. 18.— A detachment of infantry from Plattsburgh arrived upon the frontier, soon followed by another body of troops, under Gen. Wilkinson. ** March 30.— Uij.ler the direction of Gen. Wilkinson. Mnj. p.'rsyth attacked a gristmill at La Cole, but was repulsed with a loss of 104 in killed and wounded. The British loss was 56. ** May 9. — A British naval force, consisting of 5 sloops and 13 row-galleys, under Capt. Pring. were re- pulsed in an attack upon Otter Ci-eek. in Vt. On their retreat they entered Baquet Kiver. but were attacked by a body of militia, and nearly all the men in the rear galley were killed or wounded. " June 24.— Lieut. Col Forsyth, with 70 riflemen, entered Canada, and was attacked by a British force of 200 men. He effected his retreat with little loss, but a few days after was killed in another skirmish. " Aug. 29.— Gen. Izard, with the greater part of the Ameri- can force, left Chamjilain, leaving the im- mense amount of military stores at Platts- burf,'h in charge of Gen. Macomb, at the head of ,".400 men, 1,400 of whom were sick. « Aug. 30. — Gen. Brisbane, with the advance truard of the British army, took possession of Champlain. ** Sept. 3.— Sir Geo. Provost, Gov. of Can.ada, at the head of 14.1100 men, advanced s. from Champlain. arriving within 8 mi. of Plattsburgh on the evening of the 6th. * Sept. C— Skirmish at Culvers Hill, and the iirst attack on Plattsburgh. in which the British lost 200 men and the Americana 45. 1814, Sept. 11. — Naval engagement in Cuml>erland Bay, result- ing in the complete victory of the Americans ; and an attack upon the American landworks, which was repulsed. The British army re- treated during the following night. " Sept. 24. — Last division of the British army retired to Canada, t Gov. Chittenden of Vt. issued a proclamation calling upon the militia to rally and repel the invasion ; and large numbere promptly responded to the call and repaired to the camp. The call upon Wiishington and Warren cos. was answered by 350 more men than had ever mustered at an inspection or review. 2 The c^imparative strength and loss of the two parties on the lake were as follows: — AMETilCAX, Vessels. Flagship Saratoga, Com. Macdonough... Brig Ei':7Je. Capt. Ilenlyn. Schooner ISfontUraga. Lieut. Cassin Sloop Pre.bk, Lieut. Chas. Budd Galleys Allen, Bui"rmos, Borer, Nettle, Viper, and Centipede (each 1 long 24 and 1 CoUnnbian) Galleys Ludlow, M^mer, Alunn, and Ballard (each 1 12 pound) Total.. . e ^ S i^ 212 26 2S ISO 20 13 110 17 6 30 7 2 210 12 140 4 862 86 49 BRITISH. Frigate Confiance, Capt. Downie, Brig Ltii7i€t, Capt. Pring Sloop Chub, Lieut. McGhee " Finch, " Hicks Galleys Sir Jas. Tea, Sir Gen. Provost, Sir Sidney Bechwith, Broke, and Murray (each 2 guns) Galleys Wellington, Tfcumseh, Drum- mftnd, Simcoe, and 4 names un- known (each 1 gun) Total.. 300 120 45 45 39 16 11 11 41 10 6 255 10 S60 1,095 8 95 TT The action lasted 2} hours. The British galleys lowered their colors : but. not being pursued, they escaped, as did also a store- ship which lay near the point of Cumberland Head during the engagement. The loss upon the enemy's galleys was not ascer- tained, but was large; and the total British loss was one-fifth of their whole number. In their retreat the British left behind them a vast quantity of provisions, tents, camp equipage, and ammunition, together with their sick and wounded. The British and American officers were buried 8ei)avately near the center of the village cemetery; and the sailors and m.irines of both fleets side by side in one common grave, on Crab Island. Some time after, the sister-in-law of Com. Geo. Downie placed a tablet over his grave: and on the anniversarj- of the battle, in 1843, the citizens of Plattsburgh and the Clinton Co. Military Association erected plain marble monuments at the unmarked graves of Lieut. G. W. Runk, Lieut. Peter Gamble. Lieut. John Stansbury, Sailing Master Rogers Carter, Midshipman J. M. Baldwin, and Pilot Josepli Barrowof the American navy; andCol. Willington, Ensign J. Chapman, Lieut. B. Kingsbury, Boatswain Chas. Jackson, Capt. Purchase. Cnpt. Alex. Anderson, (marines.) Acting Capt. Wm. Paul, and Midshipmau V. M. Gunn, of the British army and navy. 8 Sir Geo. Provost, in his official report, says, "This unlocked for event deprived me of the co-operntii-n of the fleet, without which the further prosecution of the service was become imprac- ticable. I did not hesitate to arrest the conrse of the troops ad- vancing to the attack, because the most conijilete success would have been unavailing, and the possession of the enemy's work« offered no advantage to compensate for the loss we mast haTO sustained in acquiring possession of them." CLINTON COUNTY. 235 and they served to partially obliterate the disgrace that attached to most of the movements that were planned and executed along the n. frontier. The immense snm.s of money expended within the CO. during the war greatly gtimulated it.s industry ; and although Plattsburgh was twice in tho hands of the enemy and partly burned, still business prospered. At the close of the war the ex- citement subsided, and a commercial re-action followed that entirely prostrated business. Upon the completion of the Champlain Canal in 1823, business again revived; and a new impulse has 'again been given to it by the railroads and plank roads since constructed. In 1838-40 the co. shared the intense excitement attending the " Patriot Wars," and several encounters between the insurgents and the military authorities took place in the neighlx)ring parts of Canada. The lands in this co. were mostly granted in comparatively small patents. The w. portion embraces 4 townships of the Old Military Tract. A tract of 231,540 acres in the n. e. and central parts of the CO. was included in the lands granted by the Legislature of New York to the refugees from Canada and Nova Scotia at the close of the Revolution.* These lands were divided into SO and 420 acre lots, except 5,000 acres, which was divided into 15 equal parts, which were granted to the officers and privates among these refugees. Considerable land lying along the lake was granted in small tracts to English officers who served during the French War. Among the principal remaining patents were Piatt's, Livingston's, Beekman's, Duerville, Dean's, and Graves. ALiTOXA — was formed from Chazy, Dec. 2, 1857. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, with a slight inclination toward the n.e. The W. half is underlaid by Potsdam sandstone, and hundreds of acres are covered with the naked rock. Great Chazy River is the principal stream. The soil is light and sandy, and a large share of it is unfit for cultivation. A few settlements are scattered through the town, and the people are mostly engaged in lumbering. There is no village or p. o. in town. Cbazy, in the n. part, is a station on the N. R. R. Ellenbur^li Depot lies on the w. line. The first settler was Simeon Wood, who located in town in 1800.^ The town embraces parts of the Refugee Tract and Ducrville Patent. The first church (French Bap.) was formed Jan. 1, 1856, W SABIjE^^was formed from Peru, March 29, 1839. It is the s. e. corner town in the co. Its surface is neaidy level in the e., rolling in the center, and hilly in the w. The highest summits are 500 to 600 ft. above the lake. Au Sable River forms the s. boundary, and the Little Au Sable flows N. E. through the w. part. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam, moderately fertile in the E. and center and nearly unfit for cultivation in the w. Upon the Au Sable where it breaks through the Potsdam sandstone is a beautiful cascade known as Birmingham Falls.* Iron ore of an excel- lent quality is found in abundance.^ Keeseville,^ (P-^-0 upon the Au Sable, 5 nil. from the lake, contains 7 churches, the Keeseville Academy, 2 extensive rolling mills, 3 nail factories, a machine shop, an ax and edge tool factory, a cupola furnace, an axletree factory, a horseshoe factory, a planing mill, 2 gristmills, and a nail keg factory.' Pop. 2,569, — of whom 1,999 are in Au Sable and 570 are in Esses co. ClintonTille, (p. v.,) upon the Au Sable, in the w. part of the town, was incorp. April 11, 1825. It contains 2 churches and an extensive iron manufactory.* Pop. 855. IVew S^veden, (p-^-i) upon the Au Sable, in the s. w. corner of the town, contains 2 forges and 150 inhabitants. Birniingbaiii Falls, at the head of the rapids upon the Au 1 The art making this grant bears date of May 11, 1782. The names of Canadian refugees were reported by Biig. Gen. Moses Hazen and Col. Jeremiah Throop, and those of the Nova Scotia refugees by Col. James Livingston. The small Iota were laid out in narrow strips fronting upon the lake, and the remainder in the rear. These lands were ilistributed among 252 piTSons. who drew the lots by ballot. The greater part of the tract was not occupied in the time specified by the act, and reverted to the State. 2 Among the early settlers were Lyman Clothier, Eliphalet Haacall, Daniel and Robert Baker, Tbo,^. Cmlwnrth. Simon Good- speed, and Daniel Robinson. The (irst birth was that of Matilda K. Wood. >Iay 30, 1S02. Sarah Stockwell taught the first school, in 1S04; and Lyman Clothier ktpt the first ion. * Pronounced Au Saw'ble, a French name signifying river of fliind. The name is said to have been derived from a sandy bar at the mouth of the river. * This cascade is located about 2 mi. bplow Keeseville. From the face of the cliff the river has worn hack a ragged and irre- gular channel in the solid sandstone for a distance of nearly 2 mi. and to the depth of 100 to 130 feet. The r.>cks that border it are perpendicular, and in some places overhanging, so that the water can scarcely be seen from tlie banks above. At several points this ravine is compressed to a width of less than 30 feet. Tlio river plunges into the cbiism in a perpendicular descent of TO feet, and struggles through the tortuou? channel, foimiing, whirling, and eddying over its rocky bed. 6 The Arnold ore bed. 2^ mi. N. w. of Clintonvillo, was first opened in lb09. The shaft is 350 feet deep, and the ore is raised by steam. For many years the average annual yield has been I.UO.) tons; and for 5 years before IS.'^fi it was 1.500 tons. There are fi veins, with atotal width of 25 foet. yielding oresof different qu;tliti«'S. This mine has supplied tho forges of Jay. Wilmington, and Chesterlield. in F.ssex Co., and of Peru, Au Sable, and lilaclc Rrook. in Clinton co. Other ore beds are found, of which the Finrh vein, a continuation of the Arnold, is the only one now wniked. It has supplied the forge in Jay. The ore from this bed is a peroxid, and may be worked without washing or other sepai-ation. ^ Named from Tllchard and Oliver Koose, sons of .Tohn Keese, one of the original proprietors. Tho two parts of tlie villago are connected by 3 bridgi-s, — one of stone, one of wood, and one an iron suspension foot bridge. The stone bridge is a single arch of 110 fet-t. 7 About 3.500 tons of nails and 1,500 tons of merchant iron and 70.000 nail kegs are manufactured here annually. The flrat r'llling mill in the State was established here, in 1816. 8 ITie Peru Iron Co. was incorp. Nnv. U. 1824. with a capital of .■$2110.000. The iron works built by thi-nt at Clintonville snb«f^ qiienHy passed into tho hands of Francis Saltiis, and are now owntd by him and his sons. In one building are 20 forge fires, and thf blooms made are entirely worktfl up into merchant iron, of which ".500 tons are produced amiuuUy. 236 CLINTON COUNTY. Sable, contains 20 houses. The Union is a hamlet, on the line of Peru, and contains two Quaker incetinj^houses, Edward Everett located upon the site of The Union in 1786.^ The first religious society ^Friends) was organized in 1799.^ BEEKMAXTOW:^^— was formed from Plattsburgh, Feb. 25, 1820. Dannemora was taken off in 1854. It lies upon Lake Champlain, near the center of the e. border of the co. The surface is level in the e. and moderately hilly in the w. Its streams are small creeks and brooks. St. Armands Cay extends into the s. e. corner. Point an Roche and Rams Head are capes upon the lake. The soil is a clay loam in the center and e., and a light sand in the w. A spring emitting sulphuretted hydr.);;-en and carbonic acid gases is found in town. Beek.mantO'VTn (p. o,) and East Beekniantoivu (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlers were Maj. Benj. Mooers and 7 associates, who located at Point au Roche Aug. 10, 1783.* The British passed through the town in 1814, and on the 6th of Sept. a slight skirmish took place, in which several were killed.^ The census reports 4 churches ; 3 M. E, and 1 Presb. BliACK. BROOR*'— was formed from Peru, March 29, 1839. It is the s.w. corner town in the CO. Its surface is a rocky and mountainous upland, the highest summits being 1,500 to 2,500 ft. above the lake. Among the mountains are several nearly level table lands 200 to 300 ft. above the general level. Ledges, crags, and boulders cover a large share of the surface. The forest trees are thinly scattered, and nearly the whole town is too rough and poor for cultivation. Sara- nac River flows across the n. w. corner, and the Au Sable forms a portion of the s. boundary. Great Black Brook and Little Black Brook, tributaries of the Au Sable, drain the central parts of the town. In the mountainous region are several small lakes or ponds, the principal of which are Mud, Sampson, Taylors, Slush, and Military Ponds. The soil is cold, wet, and unpro- ductive. Extensive beds of iron ore are scattered through the town.'^ The people are principally engaged in the manufacture of iron^ and charcoal, and in lumbering.^ Au Sable Foi'kS^ (p. V.,) on the Au Sable, in the s.e. partof the town, is mostly on the s. bank of the river, in Esses co. Black Brook, (p. v.,) near the s. border, contains extensive iron works, several sawmills, and about 85 houses. Clayburg^h, on the Saranac, in the n. part, lies partly in the town of Saranac. It contains iron works and 30 houses.*'' Union Fall!>i (p.o.) and Garlick Falls, (p.o.,) both on the Saranac, are hamlets and lumber stations. The first settler was Zephaniah Palmer, who , located at Au Sable Forks about 1825.^* The census reports one church (R. C.) CHAMPLAIIV — was formed March 7, 1788. Chateaugay (Franklin co.) was taken ofi* in 1799, and Mooers and Chazy in 1804. It lies upon Lake Champlain, in the n. e. corner of the co. Its surface is generally level, with a gentle slope toward the lake. The crest of a swell of land between Champlain Village and Rouses Point is abnit 200 feet above the lake. Great Chazy or Champlain River flows in a tortuous course through the town and discharges its waters into 1 Amoni; the other (-arly settlers were Jrihn Keese and his Bons Richard, John, Oliver, Ste|)heii, and Wiltiam. Caleb Gret-n and his sons Henry, Rodman, John, and Janii-s. Feter Hnlleck, Danl. Jackson. Gilbert and Gerrit Thew, Juhn Haff, Elisha Arnold, and John Stanton, about 1795. The first child bom was in the family of John Stanton, abont 1795. The mother of this child was a servant girl in the family. The wife, not being exactly reconciled to the circnmstance. insisted upon being immediately taken to her friends in Dutchej5s co. It heing winter, the hvisband took her upon a hand t;Ud and drew h-r upon the lake to *^ SJcmeshnrotigh," thence to Fort Edward, and down the Hudson to her father's, after which he returned to Au Sable, having been 5 weeks in performing the journey. Upon his return he married the mother of the child, and lived with her many years. The first Echool was taught in 1791, by Thompson ; the first inn was kept by Joel Buck, in 1800; and the first forge was erected by Geo. Griswold, in 1812. 2 The census reports S churches in town; '2 Cong., 2 M. E., 2 Friends. Presb., and R. C. 3 Named from Wm. Beekman, to whom, with 29 others, the town was granted March 27, 1769, It embraced 22.475 acre.'*. * Mooers was appointed to survey the Refugee Tract. After several years he removed to Cumberland Head, and afterward to Plattsburgh. Thos. Tread well, Ezekiel Hubbard. Henry Dem- ing. Jonathan Scribner, Abner Pomeroy. Simon Newcomb, Jr.. Capt. John Jersej', and Joseph Main settled near Beekmantown Corners; Philip Roberts, Henry Barnes. Ephraim and Amm Mooere and John Deming were also among the early settlers. The first birth was that i.f Silas Pomeroy; the first marriage, that of Eli Howe and Miss Hubbard, in 1794; and the first death, that of a child of Simon Newcomb. 5 Amom; t-he killed were Lieut. C-ol. Willington and Ensign Chapman, of the enemy, and several of the American militia. — PiUvur'R Hint. Lake Chnmplain, p. lo2. fl Kamfid from its prijicipal stream. The town comprises por- tions of the Old Military Tnict and of Livingston's Patent. The military lands were finally conveyed to Benj. Birds.iII and his associates by act of Feb. 4. 1793. to satisfy claims growing out of the Buppfession of the lease of all of the Indian lands in tlie St:ite for 999 years.— iioiio Laivsj XVI. Sess., p. 24. aark's Hist. Orion., vol. I, p. 368. ' The Palmer Mine, 2 mi. N. of Au Sable Forks, was discovered by 7.. Palmer in 1825. It is situated on a hill 400 to 500 feet above the river. The ore is raised by ste:frii. and the yield is 16.000 to 20.000 tons per year, nie M)/er.-! Min'\ at Claybur^-h, has been worked since 1846. It yields annually 1.500 tons of ore, priticipally used in the manufacture of wire, t.icks. and small nails. The 'Promhnis Mine was discovered in 1^45. and about 10.000 tons of ore have been raised. The iron made from it is soft and tough, and is principally used in the manufacture of boiler plates, horse shoe nails, and car axles. 8 The Sable Iron Company liave extensive works at Au f?ahl9 Forks and at Black Brook, and they manufacture 2.600 tons of hK>oms. 900 tons of merchant iron. 50.000 to 55.000 kegs of nails, using 1,600.000 bush, of charcoal per annum. 2.500 tons of biooms are manufactured at their establi-^hmenf at Black Brook alone. The Co. was incorp. in Sept. 18o4. and the stock is now owned by J. & J. Rogers. 9 There are S to 10 large sawmills in town. 10 The products of tlie Myers Mine are principally mnnufac- tured at this place. A water-power near the mine is improvedt and a forge of 5 fires is in active operation. A steam forge and steam hammer for the manufacture of K. R. axles were in opera- tion here about 4 years. 11 Several plank roads have been built in this town to facilitate the iron and lumber business. Curtis k«"pt the first inn, near the center, in 1^28. Ilalspy Rogers and John Mclntyre located in town in 1830. The Sable Iron Co. erected the ^at forge the same year. CLINTON COUNTY. 237 Kings Bay. It Is navigable to near Champlain Village. Corbeau Creek, ite tributary, is the other principal stream. Point au Fer* and Stony Point are two capes projecting into the lake. The soil is a clay or clayey loam. Peat is found in numerous localities. Cbaniplaln^ (p. v.,) upon the Chazy, near the n. line of the town, contains the Champlain Academy, 3 churchori, 2 founderies, a linen factory, planing mill, and carriage factory.'^ Pop. 1,473. Perrys Mills' (p.o.) is a lumber station upon the Chazy, iu the N. w. corner of the town. Rouses Point,* (p. V.,) upon the lake, in the N. e. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a brewery, newspaper office, and extensive depSts and repair shops belonging to the Northern R. R. Co. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Villages, the latter being about twice as large as the former. Pop. 1 J69. Coopersville,^ or Corbeau, is a village upon Chazy River, opposite the mouth of Corbeau Creek. It contains 1 church and 40 houses. The first settlers were Canadian and Nova Scotia refugees, who located in town soon after the Revolution. The first English settler was Pliny Moore, who came in to reside in 1789.^ The census reports 4 churches in town.'' CHAZY® — was formed from Champlain, March 20, 1804. Altona was taken off in 1857. It lies upon Lake Champlain, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and has a gentle incli- nation toward the e. The principal stream is the Little Chazy, flowing n. e. through near the center. Corbeau Creek flows through the n. border. Potsdam sandstone underlies the w. part, and Chazy and Trenton limestone the e. Tertiary clay extends along the lake shore. The soil is clayey and productive in the central and e. parts, but sandy in the w. Cbazy, (p. v.,) upon Little Chazy River, contains 2 churches and a saw and grist mill. Pop. 326. "West Cliazy^ (p. V.,) upon Little Chazy River, in the s. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, and starch factory. Pop. 280. It is a station on the P. & M. R, R. 8ciota (p. v.) is a station on the P. & M. R. R., in the n. w. corner of the town. Chazy I^andiu^ is a hamlet on the lake shore. In^raliani is a p. o. in the s. e. corner. The first settler was John La Trombois,® who came in town in 1763. After the Revolution the first settlers were refugees from Canada and Nova Scotia. Of these, Lieutenant Murdock McPherson was the first one that could speak English.^** The census reports 5 churches in town.*^ CEjIWTOIV — was formed from Ellenburgh, May 14, 1845. It is the n. w. corner town in the CO, Its surface is generally level, with a gentle inclination toward the n. w. The highest points along its s. border are about 1,050 feet above Lake Champlain. A portion of the surface is undu- lating. It is nearly all underlaid by Potsdam sandstone, which here is remarkably white. The streams are small brooks. More than three-fourths of the town is yet a wilderness. The soil is a light, sandy loam, capable of supporting but a thin growth of forest trees. A large part of the land is owned by capitalists and speculators. Clierubusco^ (p.o.,) the summit station upon the 0. R. R., Tlie Frontiers, (Frontier p.o.,) and Wrl^litsville, upon the w. border, are hamlets. This town lies within No. 6 of the Old Military Tract. The first settlers located upon the Old Military Road and near The Frontiers." A M. E. church has lately been organized. DAIVIVEMORA^^ — was formed from Beekmantown, Dec. 14, 1854. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface is mostly a wild, mountainous upland, covered with a sandy soil and light growth of forest trees. Chazy Lake, near the center, 3J miles long by IJ- 1 Called Point au Feu (Fire Point) upon a map bearing date of 1748. During the KevolutioD. the Moira. a veseel of war, aocliorcd off this point, and barracks were built upon the land for the winter quarters of the marines. The place was occupied by the British until 1796. It was reaei-ved by the State iu 1767 for military purposes, but waa not used. - This place contains a fine water-power, and a larpo amount of manufacturing is carried on. The greater part of the lumber brought down by the Ogdensburgh R. R. is shipped here. 3 Nameil from Geo. Perry, former proprietor. * Named from Jacques Rouse, a Caiiadi.tn, who settled here in 17B3. Tliis village has grown to importance since the comple- tion, of the B. R. The passenger and freight depfits are both among the largest r. r. structures in the State. A bridge a mi. long here crosses the lake. A floating draw of 300 feet, opined and shut by steam, admits the pa^i^age of vessels. About one mi. N. of the village, upon the banks of the lake. Fort Mont- gomery is situated. This fort commands the entrance to the lake. It was begun soon after the War of 1812 ; but in 1818 it was found to be within the limits of Canada, and the work was abandoned. It became known as "F't/ ^S/wnt^-r;" but by the Webster Treaty of 1842 it was ceded again to the U. S. Work upon it has been resumed; and it is estimated that the completed works will cost $600,000, of which sum $275,000 has already been expended. & Named from Ebenezer Cooper, who erected millH there. * Moore came in to survey the tract granted to Smith, Graves, and others, in 17P5. He erected the first saw and grist mills, in 17S9. Among the other early settlers were Elnathan Rogers, Wm. Beaumont, Chas.L.Sailly. Samuel Ashman. Joseph Corbin, Sihifl Hubbell, FAiaa Dewey, Charles Bedlow, David Savage, and Benj. Tyler. 7 M. K.. Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. Since 1855. 3 churches hare been organized at Rouses Point; R. C, M. E.. and Prot. E. 8 Pronounced Shfi-zee. It included the patent granted to Elkanah Dean and 29 others, July 11. 1T69. " He was accompanied by two men, named Gonde and Swarte. Ho wftK driven off^ in 1776, but returned after the war. and died there in lS\(i.~I\ilmer's Hid. Lake Oiamplain, p. soi J" Among the early settlers were Levi Ilazen. Septa Fillmore, John BronMin. Elisha Ransom. George Root, and John Douglas. Miss M. Rin;;ham tiught the first school, in 1802. " 2 M. E.. Bap., Cong., and Wes. Meth. 12 Among these early settlers were Junio Uoward, Calvin John- son. C. A. Smith, Ebenezer Gates. George Peters, and Stephen Martin, mostly from Vt. The first child born was Rhoda S. Howard, Feb. 7. 1819; the first marriage, that of Cornelius Aus- tin and Fannv Hall, in 1822; and the first death, that of a child of William Hunter, in 1820. Mary Emmonds taught the first school, in 1821 ; Benjamin Roberts kept the firist inn ; Charlew D. Backus the first store, in 1835; and John McCoy erected the first sawmill. '8 Named by Gen. Skinner, from a celebrated iroa locality in Sweden. 238 CLINTON COUNTY. ■wide, discharges its waters e. into Cliazy River. Upper Chateaiigay Lake, on the w. border, 5 mi. long by 1 J broad, discharges its waters w. into Chateaugay River. The few settlements in town are confined to the s. E. corner. Dannemora (p. v.) is a small village grown up around the Clinton Prison. This prison was located here in 1845, for the purpose of employing convicts in the mining and manufacture of iron, so that their Inbor would not come so directly in competition with the other mechanical trades.' The first permanent settler was Thomas Hooker, who came to reside in 1838. The census reports 1 religious society (Presb.) in town. El,L,EIVBrRGir— was formed from Mooers, April 17, 1830. Clinton was taken off in 1845. It lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is an upland, mountainous in the s. and rolling in the N., with an inclination toward the N. E. English River flows E. across the N. border. The soil is generally sandy ; but in many places the sand is covered with a ricli vege- table mold. The settlements are principally confined to the valley. Potatoes are raised in large quantities. Lumbering is estensiv-ely carried on. EHcnburgll (p. v.) contains 3 churehes, a sawmill, tannery, and 125 inhabitants. Ellenburg'b Center (p. v.) contains a church, saw and grist mill, 2 starch fiictories, a machine shop, and 15 dwellings. Ellenbui'g'b Depot is a hamlet on the line of Altona. James Hanchett came to this town in 179G, but left soon after. The first permanent settler was Abner Pomeroy, from Vt., about 1800.' There are 4 churches in town.* MOOERS* — was formed from Champlain, March 20, 1804. Ellenburgh was taken off in 1830. Its surface is generally level, with a gentle inclination to the N. e. The principal streams are Great Chazy and English Rivers. The surface is entirely underlaid by Potsdam sandstone, and is covered with a light, sandy soil. Along the n. border are several small Swamps. Upon the Canada line, in the n. w. corner, is a remarkable chasm in the rocks, called The Gulf.' Center- Ville, (Jlooers Forks p. o.,) upon the Chazy, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, stave factory, and 30 houses. It is a station on the N. R. R. Mooers, {p. v.,) upon the Chazy, in the E. part, con- tains 2 churches and 40 houses. It is near the junction of the 0. and P. & M. R. R's. Ang'ell- ville, upon Corbeau Creek, in the s. E. corner, is a hamlet. The first settler was Joshua C. Bos- worth, who located in town in 1796.' The first preacher was Rev. Andrew Blackman, in 1800 ; and the first settled minister was Rev. Martin Powell, in 1807.' PERr»— was formed from Plattsburgh and Wilhsborough, (Essex co.,) Dec. 28, 1792. A part ■was annexed to Willsborough in 1799, and An Sable and Black Brook were taken off in 1839. It lies upon the lake, s. of the center of the co. The surface in the center and e. is rolling and slightly inclined toward the lake, and in the w. broken and mountainous. The Au Sable flows across the s. e. corner, and along its course are extensive swamps. Little Sable drains the greater part of the remaining portions of the town. The principal body of water is Military Pond, on the W. line. A strip of land 2 mi. wide, extending along the lake, has a soil composed of clay and clay loam. West of this is a plain 4 mi. wide, covered with sand and interspersed with swamps. In the w. the soil is a light, sandy loam. Peru, (p. v.,) on the Little Sable, near the center of the town, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, starch factory, and tannery. Pop. 504. Eapbauis Mills, 2 mi. below Peru, contains a large flouring mill, a plaster mill, forge, and 15 dwellings ; Peasleville, on Salmon River, in the N. w. corner, a foi-ge and 25 dwellings. Port Jackson, (Valcour p. o.,) on the lake, opposite Valoour Island, iS a hamlet containing a church. Peru I The prisoQ was erected under the euperintendence of Ransom Cook, uniier an act passed May 1. 1844. Tlie prison grounds. compvisins '^ acres, are located upon the elope of a liill, and are surrounded by pickets 20 feet high. The main buildings, con- structed of dressed stone, are in the form of a T. and are respi-ct- ively 3G4 by 5'j feet, and 160 by 40 feet. The cells are con- structed in a block 3 stories high in the center of the building. a wide corridor extending completely around between them Rnd the outer walls. The main buildings have slate roofs and are completely fireproof. Within the grounds area steam forge, with 10 fires, a rolling mill, foundery. steam separator Mpable of washinjr SOU tons of ore per month, 7 coal kilns, a steam saw- mill, machine shop, and theruinsof a blast furnace, burned Juno 2ii. l?-'j6. A large stuareof the labor of constructint; tliesc works has been d'jue by convicts. The prison works were first supplied with ore from the Skinner Mine, owned by the State : but more recently from the Averill Mine. A new mine has lately been discovered upon the Stnte grounds. Besides the manul;icture of iron, stave makint:. cooi>ering. and shoom.akinK are carried on. The total earnings in 4 years, ending in 1857, were $120,537.50; and the total expenses, $Zl-2,901,-22. s Name'l inC'inpliuientto KUen, daughter of John R. Murrav, of N. Y., the piineipal proprietor of Township No. 5 of the Mili- tary Tract. 8 Among the early settlers were Aaron Broadw^ll and Lewis Ransom, in 1822: and Benjamin nine, W.Jennings, jr., Joseph Serey, Pardon Daily, Joseph Lawrence, and Samuel Ilazleton. soon after. The first child born was Lloyd Rogers Hines. He was named after Lloyd Ho.^ers. and received a farm of 50 acres for the name. The first marriage was that of Smith Delamater and Phoi-be Hastabrook. John R. Murr.ay built the fii-st BUW and grist mill. 4 M. E., Prot. E., Presb., and Union. The Union Church waa built by J. R. Murray. 6 Named from .M. by Richard Hayworth, was changed in 1851 to a starch factory. «2M. E.."Cong., andR. C. • This island is mt-morable for the naval engagement whi^h took place near it durinj; the Rr-vulution. The r-^mains of the schooner Royal Sarajje. sunk at that time, may still be seen. • The sailors and marines killed in the naval battle of Sept. 11, 1814, were buried upon this island. 6 Extensive military works were begun here in 1814. but were abandoned upon the approach of the enemy. The Sfcito of Vt. presented Com. MacDonouRh with a farm on this point, which is still owned by his descendants. • Built in 185fi. at a cost of $3,000. It is a fireproof briik building, and contains a town hall, armory, and fire engine room. ' This is a fine fireproof brick building, built at a cost of $80. 000. and contains rooms for the customhouse, postoifice, and U.S. Court, 8 These buildings were commenced in 1838. and were originally designed to inclose a space of WO fret square. Only a part of the design has been carried out. Troops were stationed here until 184G, when they were sent to join the army in Mexirn. The buildings are now used by the Clinton Co. Agricultural Society for its annual fairs. • This grant was made in accordance' with the provisiont of an act passed in 1781, which proviiled that wheu 61 rightB, or ^0,U)0 acres, should be jointly located, a tract 7 mi. square should b« granted, including 860 acres for gospel and school,'!. 10 Among tliu settlers who received lots under this offer were Kinner Ncwcuinb. Jacob Ferris, Thos. Allen, John B. H;irtwick, Derrick \\'ebb. .Tabez Peftit, Moses Soper. Lucius Reynolds, and Heni-j' Ostrauder. Among the other early settlers were Icbalmd Truesdale. Peter Roberts, Woi. Campbell", Bmj. Ketchum, and Benj. (irnves, who settled at the village; Melaucthon L. Woolsey, Adams. Frederick Durant, Wm.Coe. Russell Ransom, litnxj. Mooers. Wm. V. and Tlieodorus Piatt, who settled on Cumber- land Head; Lambert Iloppin. John Stevenson. Gideon Ruger, Joshua Hillyard, and Abm. Webb, who located on South St.: Benj. UeynoldH. 8;im'l Xorcross, John Roberts, and Benj. Ham- mond, on Center St.; Nath'l Piatt, Sam'l Benson. Eliplndet Ha;*- kins. Jon. Orm'fby, Benj. Vaughn, and John Wait, on North St. ; and Jh'l.incthon Smith, Zephaniah Piatt. Tlios. Treadwell, Peter Sailly. and Wm. Bailey, in rither parts of the town. " The first child born was Ida Ostrander. Sept. 7. 1785; the first malo child. Piatt Newcomb, Nov. 1, 1785; the first niarriagw w.Hs that of Peter Saiily and ^L^riann6 Adelaide Greille. Juno 8, 1789: and the first death, that of Mrs. Saiily, first wife of Peter Saiily. Dec. '23, 1786. Twelve of the original proprietors met at the house of Judge Piatt, at Poughkeepsie, Dec. SO. 1784, and took measures for the immediate erection of a grist and saw mill and forge. These buildinirs were the first in town. 12 3 U. C., Bap., M. E., Wes. Meth., Presb., Prot, E., ana Union. 13 At the Saranac Falls the river flows through a narrow, tor- tuous channel, bounded by nearly perpi-ndiculnr rncki*. for the spare of a mi. In its course its descent is very rapid, nnd tC. several places it i.s picci pita ted down precipices of 20 or 30 ft., and at l.tst it plunges uito a ba.ain in a perpendicular fall of 60 feet. The ragged rocks upon the bottom and sid-s, and tho abrupt angles in tho channel, cause the water to Iwil and seethe and Htru-glt- in tho wildest commolion. In high wHt^b, by Ashbel Stoddard and Chas. R. Webster. "Webster soon after withdrew, and the paper was continued by Stoddard until l80;j-01, TJie Bee wag removed from New London. Conn., to Iludson. Aug. 17, 1802, and was published by Chas. Holt until 1810. It then passed into the hands of Saml. W. Clark, and afterward into those of John \V. Dutcher. It was changed, about 1820, to The Ooluml/ia Cfntijirl, and two years aflerwai-d it was united with the Cohimbia Republican. The Balance and Columbia R>p(i^itin-y was started in 1802, by Ezra Sampson, George Cliittenden, and Harry CroswelL It Wios removed to Albany in 1K08, and discontinued ia 1811. The Wa^-p was edited a short time by " Roht. Rusticoat,'' in the early part of the present century. TheSudson NerospnpT atiri;itiMn. Tlie Coluiikbia Republican was started in Aug. 1S18. by Soiomou Wilbur, in 1M20 it passt'd into tlie bands of Ambrose L. and Allen Jordan, and is now published- by Wm. IJryan. For a year or two, about 1836-30, it was issiu'd as The Cnhiinl'ia Ii'pnbli:nn and Hudson City Advertiser. Tlie Hudson Gazette was. established in 1824. by Pelo^ G. bliirtevant, and is now published by Williams & Bi-otber, John W. Edmonds. Ed. Th& StesufTirjer of Peace was startt-d in 1824, at Hudson, by Ricliard Carrique, and continued 1 year. The Rural L'^positort/, semi-mo., was cnnimencod. June 12, 1824, by Wra. B. Stoddard, and continued until 1851. Oibnnbia and Greene Co. Env-ny was started at Hudson, in 1S31, by Kdwin G. Lindsley. and continued 2 years. T'le Diamond, eemi-mo., was published at Hudson, in 1S33, by G. F. Stone. The Mognolia., semi-mo., was published at Hudson, in 1834, by P. C. Carriiiue. The Hudsmi Flail was published by J. R. S. Van Yliet, during the campaign of 1840. J7ic Columhia Washivgtonian waa started at Hudson in 1842, by J. K. S. Van "Vliet. The paper changed bauds several times, and was changed to The Daily Evening Star, Dec. 28, 1847, by Alex. N. Webb. It is now piiblislied as The Hudson Star, da. and w. The Ci-linnhui iJnnocrat was commenced at Chatham Four Cor- nel s, in 1847, by The Temp'ra7iC'' FuUadium waa published at Hudson in 1851, by J. W. Dutcher. The Hudsm Daily Aews was published in 1855, by Richard Van Antwerp. The KindiThonk Sentinel was established at Kindorhook in June, 1825. by Peter Van Schaack, and in Jan. 1832, was changed to Cblujnhia's Sr>itinel. In IS.'U it passed into the hands of John V. A. Hoes, but about IS months afterward it reverted to Van gchaack. It has since been changed to the Rough Notes, and since 1854 it has been published at Kinderhook. by P. H. Van Vleck. The Valatie Weekly Times was published in 1853. bv H. N. Hopkins. The Eciual Rights Advocate was started at Chatham Four C-or- ners. by an anti-rent association. In 1848 it was re- moved to Hudson and changed to The Democratic Freeman. It was discontinued in 1855-56. T/w Columhia (Ih. Journal was published at Cliatham Four Cor- ners in 1850. by Philip 11. Osfrander. The Journal of Materia Medlca was commenced at New Lebanon in 1857 ; H. A. Tilden, pub.. Joseph Bates. M. D., ed. 1 The patent of this manor conferred upon Robert Livingston, the patentee, ft-udal privileges, and impr)'*ed an annual qviitrent of 28 shillings. The manor contained 100,240 acres, and in- cluded nearly all the present towns of Clermont, Germantown, Livingstnn. Gallatin, Taghkanick, Ancram, and Copako. It cu'isisted of 2 pui chaacs : the Livingston purchase, obtained of the Mohegan Indians in July, 1683, and the Taghkanick par- chase, obtained Aug. 10, 1685. They were confirmed by Gov. Dongan, the former, Nov. 4, 1684. and the latter, Aug. 12, 1685. In 1701 there were but 4 or 5 houses on the manor. From and after 1716 the manor vam represented by a member in General Assembly. Before his death — which took place in 1728 — Robert Livingston bequeathed to his son Robert tliat part of the manor now included in the town of Clermont, and the residue to his eldest eon, Philip. The latter was succeeded by Robert Living- ston, Jr.: and in 1792 the land e. of the post road was divid^ between Walter, Robert C. John, and Henry Livingston, the devisees of Robert Livingston, Jr., according to the provisions of his will. — Sutherland's Deduction of the Title of the Manor of Livingston: Dor. Hist. III. 0>hmial Hist. 1q the patent and upon the maps of the manor, several places are designated by their Indian names, viz., — Ahashawaghkick, a.\A\\ in N.w.rorner. on Mass. line. Acxi- vjnnuk, a flat or rock in N. part of North Fast, (Dutchess co.) Kacfiwawyick. a place w. of a certain mountain. Kickiut, or A'lH/ja, one of 3 plains near RooliffJansens Creek. MananosicJc, hill in w. part, on or near Mass. line. Afawanagua-tirk, stone heaps on R. line, "where Indians have laid several heaps of stones together, by an ancient custom amongst them." Mahas' kakook, a ''cripple bush" on s. line of patent. MnwichnaJe^ a flat on both sides of a creek where it joins R. Jansens Creek. Minmissichtauock, a piei^e of land n. of RoeliflF Jansens Creek. Nowanagquasick, on N. line of manor, fSauthier's map.) Nacha- warvachkano, creek tributary to Twaatawekak. JSlchavkookf, one of 3 plains near Roeliff" Jansens Creek. Pottkook. patented to K. Van Renssi^laer, s. of Kinderhook. Quisichkonk, a small creek N. of Roeliff Jansens Creek. Saai^kahampka, or Sjoaska- hajriaka, a place opposite Saiigerties. Ulster co. Saealika, on N. line of the town of North East. Sankhenak, Boclifl' Jansens Kil. Skoankook, a creek. Jbwastawekak, or Tivaxtawekak, a creek. WachanekaiseJr, a small stream opposite Cat^kill Creek. Wahanlasick\ near Roelifi" Jansens Creek, (Sauthier's map.) Wawyachtonock, a place. Whichquc^uhbau, s. w. comer of Mass. 2 With the view of settling their claims upon the Hudson, tho Boston Government, iu March. 1672. sent John Paine to New York to solicit permission to pass and repass by water. The application was received with cold civility, and the subject referred home for the decision of his Majesty. Gov. Lovelace improved the occasion to remind the Mass. people of the distrust with which they had received tho commissioners sent over in 1C64, .ind intimated that their application uiid(T other circum- stances might have been difl'erently received. — General Entries, IV. 177, 178. Sec. Office. 8 Doc. Hi,^t. ni.. 754. ■* In 1791 the sheriff' of the cO. was murdered by an armed mob while in the discharge of his official duty. 6 A party of rangers was organized to suppress these: and under the act of May 11, 1780, £1500 waa raised to defray thi expenses thus incurred. 6 Afsem. Doc. 15ti: 1846. p. 2. 7 This town was included in the Livingston Manor. The lina bordering upon Taghkanick was altered March 25. 1S14. A narrow triangular tract of about 1000 acres, in the extreme e. part of the town, known as " B-'Ston Comer" formerly belonged to the town of Mt. Washington, Berkshire co.. Mass. The Taghkanick Mts. extend along the E. boitler of the tract, and form an almost impassable barrier between this and the ro moiuiug parts of that town. Thus entirely isolated from the COLUMBIA COUNTY. 243 The surface is broken and hilly. In the E. part the hills range in a N. and s. direction, but else- where they are irregular. Roeliif Jansens Kil' crosses the town in a s. w. direction. A narrow intervale, bordered by steep, irregular hills, extends along its course. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Iron ore has been obtained at diiferent places from the hills upon the E. border of the town,^ and lead ore is mined at Hot Ground.' Ancraui,* (p-'*'v) situated on Roeliff Jansens Kil, in the w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a paper mill, a sawmill, and about 30 houses. Hot Ground (Ancram Leadmines p. o.) and BoNton Corner, (p.o.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., are hamlets. The town was first settled by the Dutch, in th« neigh- borhood of Ancram Village. There are 3 churches in town.' AITSTERI.ITZ— was formed from Canaan, Chatham, and Hillsdale, March 28, 1818. It lies on the E. border of the co., N. of the center. The E. and central parts are broken by irregular ranges of hills, and the w. part is undulating. The principal streams are Green River in the E. and Myrtle Creek in the w. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed in some parts with slate and clay. The hills are mostly arable to their summits. Speucei'town, (p. v.,) on Myrtle Creek, in the w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, an academy,' and 2 gristmills. Pop. 225. Austerlitz, (p. v.,) in the valley of Green River, contains 2 churches and 150 inhabitants. Upper Green River is a hamlet in the s. e. part of the town. The first settlements were made about 1745 to 1750, by squatters from Conn.' Disputes concerning the ownership of lands thus appropriated arose ; and on the 31st of May, 1757, the settlers appointed a committee to adjust the difficulties. About 1774, Nathaniel Culver and Jas. Savage were sent to England to secure a grant of these lands to the settlers ; but, owing to the trouble existing between the mother country and the colonies, they were unsuccessful. The land titles were finally settled by the act of March 22, 1791. The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1750, and Rev. Jesse Clark was the first pastor.' CA]VAA1V — was formed as " Kings District," March 24, 1772, and its name was changed March 7, 1788. A part of Chatham was taken ofi" in 1795, and New Lebanon and a part of Austerlitz in 1818. It is situated on the E. border of the co., between Austerlitz and New Lebanon. A range of mountains or hills separates it from Massachusetts. The surface is broken and hilly. Whitinga Pond, in the E. part of the town, is about 2 mi. in circumference. Its outlet is tributary to Kin- derhook Creek and affords several valuable mill sites. The soil is a gravelly or slaty loam and clay. The hills are mostly arable to their summits. Near the center of the town is a slate quarry.* Canaan Four Corners, (p. v.,) a' station on the A. & W. S. R. R., contains 1 church and 32 dwellings ; Flat BrooU, (p. v.,) a station on tlie same R. R., contains 1 church and 15 dwellings. Canaan (p.o.) and Canaan Center (p.o.) are hamlets. Queecliy, on the outlet of Whitings Pond, contains 1 church, 2 paper mills, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 21 dwellings; and Red Rocfc,'" in the s. w. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 30 dwellings. Two families of Shakers, consisting of about 75 persons, reside in the N. E. part of the town. They are chiefly engaged in farming, and their estate consists of over 1400 acres. They raise garden seeds to a limited extent, and manufacture brooms, mop sticks, and other similar articles. The settlement of the town was commenced about 1756." At a meeting of the citizens of "Kings District," (June 24, 1776,) held for the purpose of choosing delegates to the Provincial seat of civil authority, it became the resort of fugitives from Justice, prifO fighters, and otbers of like character, who bade defiance to tlie laws and practiced their unlawful acts with im- punity. In Dec. 1848, the inhabitants petitioned to be annexed to N.Y. The State of Mass. consented in May, 1863. The cession was accepted by New York. July 21 of the same year, contirmed by Congress. Jan. 3, l'^55, and the Corner was an- nexed to this town, April 13, 1857.— iV. F. AssPtii. Docs,, 54 & 194, 1849. t Called " Ancram Creek" in this town. 8 Tlieso mines have been worked many years. Considerable quantities of ore are obtained on the land of A. Mc.^rtbur and Bent to Millerstown (Dutchess co.) on the Harlem R.R. An ore bed N. of this, owned by the Kmpire Co., is coimected with tlie R. R. by a track H mi. lon^. * This mine waii discovered on land leased by the keeper of the Livingston Manor. Kobt. R. Livingston purchased the lease, and Riild it to a N. Y. Co., by whom the mine was worked until within a few years. A shaft has tieen sunk 100 feet, and galleries opened in different directions. The mine is on land now owned by 11. Mclntyre. * This place was formerly celebrated for its iron works. These were erected as early as 17.'>6. Tlie ore was olitained from Siilis- bury. Conn., and from mines in the E. part of this town, and pig and bar iron of a superior quality was made. & Evang. Luth., M. E., and Presb. 6 The Spencertown Academy was established mainly tbrougtl the exertions of Rev. Dr. T. Woodbridge. ' Among the early settlers were John Dean, John Williama, Seth and Truman Powell. Jas. Sexton, Ephraim Kidder, and families by the names of Osborne, Lawrence, Spencer, and Whit- more. 8 The census reports 4 churches in town ; Christian, Cong., M. E.. and Presb. * This quarry is on the land of L. D. Ford. The elate is of a dark blue color, and plates of any required size or thickness may be obtained. 10 So named from a large rock by the roadside, painted red, and surmounted by a wooden column about 10 feet high, bearing the date " Jan. 1S26." u Among the early Bettlers were families named Dnnglnss, Warner, Whiting, Alesworth, lialdwin, and Ilawley. Tlie first mill was bnilt by Wm. B. Whiting, about 1775. This milI,8torM with grain belonging to the government, was burned by toTina during the war. In the first book of records is a memorandum, without date or signature, statimr that "the town records were kept on loose paper previous to 1772, but not probably but a few years. The deed from the Indians of 6 mi. sq. was executed in 1768. The compensation was £250, that being paid for the C mi. sq." The record is continuous since May 5, 1772. 244 COLOMBIA COUNTY. Congress, it was voted to recommend to that body the passage of a declaration of independence.' There are 7 churches in town.^ CIIATIIAI*! — was formed from Canaan and Kinderhook, March 17, 1795, and parts of Aus- terlitz and Ghent were taken off in 1818. It lies near the center of the N. border of the co. The surface is moderately hilly, the ranges generally extending n. and s. The principal stream is Kin- derhook Creek, upon which are numerous mill sites. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay, and upon the hills it is slaty. The valleys are broad and fertile, and the hills arable to their summits. Near New Concord is a sulphur spring. Cliatliaui Four Cor- ners (p.v.) is situated partly in this town and partly in Ghent. It is an important station on the A. & W. S. R. R. and the H & B. R. R., and is the terminus of the Harlem R. R. The depSts of these roads are in Ghent. The village contains 3 churches, a machine shop, and 3 foundries. Pop. 697. East Cliatliam, (p.v.,) a station on the A. & W. S. R. R., near the line of Canaan, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and candle factory. Pop. 245. ]Ve\v Concord contains 1 church and 109 inhabitants; CUatbani, (p.v.,) 1 church, a furnace and plow factory, gristmill, and saw- mill, and a pop. of 214 ; Ray ville a Friends meeting house and 13 houses ; Cliatliani Cen- ter, (p.v.,) 1 church and 127 iuhabit.ants ; Maiden Bridge, (p.v.,) 1 church, a paper mill, sawmill, and tannery, and a pop. of 193 ; and Riders Mills, a gristmill, sawmill, and 12 houses. IVortll Cliatliani, (p.v.,) contains 2 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, and plaster mill. Pop. 179. The settlement of this town commenced about 1725. The settlers were from Kinder- liook, but originally from Holland. A company from Connecticut settled at New Concord in 1758.' The census reports 11 churches in town.* CLiAVERACK^ ( Claw' ve-rack)— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772. Hillsdale was taken off in 1782, and Hudson in 1785. It was recognized as a town, March 7, 1788. A part of Ghent was taken off in 1818. It lies near the center of the co. The surface in the w. part is undulating, and in the E. hilly. Claverack Creek, upon the w. border of the town, and its tribu- taries, are the principal streams. The soil is a rich loam in the w., and a gravelly loam inter- mixed with slate in the E. ClaveracK, (p.v.,) in the w. part of the town, a station on the H. & B. R. R., contains 2 churches and the Claverack Academy and Hudson River Institute f pop. 496 ; Mellenville, (p. v.,) a station on the II. & B. R. R., contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 30 dwellings ; and Plliliuont, (p.v.,) a station on the Ilarlem R. R., contains several manufac- turing establishments' and 35 dwellings. Soutli Bend Mills, Martlndale Depot, (p. o.) and Humplireysville (p. o.) are hamlets. Smoky Uollotv (p. v.) contains several manu- ffictories' and 25 dwellings, and Cliurclltovi'n (p.v.) 1 church and 14 dwellings. The Ref. Prot. I), church, Claverack, was organized in 1716, and the present edifice was erected in 1765. There are 6 churches in town.' CXERMOIVT— was formed from the Livingston Manor, March 12, 1787.'° It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is undulating. Roeliff Jansens Kil forms the E. boundary. The soil is a fertile loam, and in some places sandy. Clermont, (p. v.,) near the E. part of the town, hs,s a pop. of 155. The first settlement was made at an early day by Germans, who occupied the lands as tenants. A school was established, in 1791, by a special act of the legis- lature, before any general school system had been adopted in the State." Robert R. Livingston, a prominent statesman of the Revolution and the first chancellor of the State, was a resident of this town. A German Lutheran church, about 3 mi. w. of the village of Clermont, is the only church in town. COP ARE— was formed from Taghkanick, March 26, 1824. It lies on the E. border of the CO., between Hillsdale and Ancram. Its surface is broken by ranges of hills separated by broad 1 William B. Whiting, As.i Waterm.in. Philip Frishie, Martin Beebe, Elistia Pratt, Capt. Baldwin. Daniel Etick. Elijah Bost- wick. Gideon King, .Jarvis Mudge, Sanil. Johnson. Saml. Gillett. L. A. Ilerrick, Joseph Wood, John Woodworth. and Saml. Baily were appointed a committee to prepare a memorial making Hucli recommendation to Congress. 2 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Christian, Cong., and Presb. 8 Among those were John Beebe, and others named Cady, ITnrlburt, Palmer, and Davis. A little w. of Chatham Center was a stone house, used as a defense against the Indians during the Revolution. A man named Vosbnrgh, who lived near this house, was killed and scalped ; but his family escaped. < M. E., 2 Bap., Christian, Cong., and Ref Prot. D. 6 This town formerly extended to the Hudson, and the bluffs ©n the bank were named the " Klauvers," (clovers,) whence *• t'laver-reach," or " Claverack." — Benson's Memoir, p. 44. « This institution is located upon a beautiful eminence in the N. part of the village, and commands an extensive view of the surrounding country and of the distant Catskills. It is one of tlie most flourishing institutions in the State. It has accommo- dations for 500 to 600 pupils. ' Three paper niill^, a carpot factory, woolen factory, sash and blind factory, furnace and machine shop. 8 Among these are a woolen factory, cradle factory, gristmill, and sawmill. 2 Ref. Prot. T).. Bap., Evang. Luth.. M. E., and Prot. E. 10 By an act of legislature passed March 2, 1858, a triangular tr.act, now constitutiug the N. part of Germantown, was taken off from Clermont. 11 An academy was incorp. April 26, 1.S34, and received under the regents Feb. 26, 1837, but it was never successfully organ izcd. COLUMBIA COUNTY. •245 and fertile valleys. A high and nearly unbroken range extends along the e. border. In the town are several small lakes, the principal of which are Copake Lake in the w., and Robinsons, Snyder, and Rhoda Ponds in the s. Tlie soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Near Copake Station are several iron mines.^ Copake Slation, (Copake Iron Works p. o.,) on the Harlem R. R., contains I church, a blast furnace, and 2G houses; Copake Flats (Copake p. o.) contains 1 church and 20 houses; and Haines {Station, (North Copake p. o.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., 15 houses. The settlement of this town commenced about the middle of the last century.- A Ref. Prot. D. church was the first church organized, and Rev. Jeremiah Romeyn was the first pastor.' GAl.I.ATIK'' — was formed from Ancram, March 27, 1830. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. The surface is broken by several ranges of hills, which extend in a n. and s. direction. The highest point is Mattashuk Hill, s. of Lake Charlotte. Roeliif Jausens Kil is the principal stream : its banks are steep and in some places rocky. Charlotte Lake, in the n. part of the town, is a fine sheet of water, surrounded by gentle slopes cultivated to the water's edge. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam, and moderately fertile. Gallatinville, (p. v..) on Roeliff Jansens Kil, contains a gristmill and 11 houses ; 'Weaver Hollow, Jacksons Corners, (on tlie line of and p. o. in Dutchess co.,) and Union Corners, (partly in Livingston,) are hamlets. The town was settled at a very early day by emigrants from Holland and Germany.* A Ref. Prot. D. church was organized in 1748, and the Rev. Mr. Freymoot was the first pastor.* GIIEWT' — was formed from Chatham, Claverack, and Kinderhook, April 3, 1818; and a part of Stockport was taken off in 1833. It is an interior town, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly in the e. and undulating in the w. The town is watered by several small streams tribu- tary to Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks. The soil is mostly a gravelly loam, but in some parts it is clayey. Glient," (p-'^-O in the e. part of the town, is a station on the H. & B. and Harlem R. Rs. It contains 2 churches and 18 houses. fVest Glient (p. v.) contains 1 church and 16 houses. Pulvers Station is on the II. & B. R. R. The first settlement was made about 1735, by emigrants from Holland and Germany.' There are 4 churches in town.'" GREEIVPORT— was formed from Hudson City, May 13, 1837. It lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly. Beacrofts Mt., is. the E. part of the town, is nearly precipitous upon its w. side. Merino Point," near the Hudson, has an elevation of 250 feet above the river. Claverack Creek forms the e. boundary of the town, and a small tributary of this stream and Kahseway Creek are the principal watercouiscs. The inter- vale of the latter is broad and fertile. The soil is clayey along the river and a sandy and gravelly loam in the interior. Limestone is extensively quarried on the e. side of Beacrofts Mt. Oak Hill (p.o.) is a station on the Hudson R. R. R. in the s. w. part of the tovra. A steam ferry connects this place with Catskill Point on the opposite side of the Hudson. Settlement commenced in this town about the middle of the last century." There is but one church (Ref. Prot. D.) in town. OERMAafTOWRf" — was formed as a district April 1, 1775, and recognized as a town March 7, 1788. A part of Clermont was annexed, March 2, 1858." It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. part of the co. The surface is undulating. Roeliff Jansena Kil forms the N. boundary. The soil is a rich, fertile loam, sandy in a few places. Geriuantovrn (p. v.) contains 1 church and 19 houses, and East Camp 17 houses. The first settlement was made in 1710, by German Palatinates, under the patronage of Queen Anne. The first arrival was in 1710; and on the 1st of May, 1711, there were 1178 settlers in town, and the four villages " Hunterstown," " Queenabunj," "Annsberg," and " HaysburgJi" had sprung into existence.'* A school was estab- 1 The ores obtained from theao mines aro hematites. A new ore bed, that promises an almndaut supply of an excellent quality, has recently been opened to the deptli of 13 feet. " Families by the names of Snyder, Brieae, and Lampuian were among the early settlers. 8 The census reports ."i churches ; M. E., Prcsb., and Prot. E. * Named in honor of lion. Albert Gallatin. 6 The Knickenbackers and the .Snyders were among the first Bettlers. An Englit^liman, named Koss, was one of the first set- tlers in the neighborhood of Gallatinville. c There are 2 cburches in town ; Ref. Prot. D. and M. E. ' Named from Client, in Holland. 6 The Indian name of this locality was " .Srom-pa-muck." 8 Among the tirst settlers were John, Cornelius, Andrew, and Lawrence Sharp, and Abraham Hogeboom, who located ne.ar Ghent Village. A man named Cflx had settled near the same place a short time before. l» 2 Ref. Prot. D., Evang., Meth., and Friends. n This point was formerly called " liorabitck." Its present name was derived from the fact that a largo sheep farm was established hero many years ago. 12 Jacob Johannes Van Hoesen and Erneric Plaice settled in the town as early as 1763. 18 Named " I^ast Camp^ and " Gt-mian Camp'^ in some early records. n That part annexed was almost isolated from the rest of Clei* mont, imd lay N. of this town. 15 A tract of 6000 acres, forming the present town of German- town, was purchased, on the 9th of Sept. 1710, of Robt. Living- ston by Gov. Hunter, for the use of these people. It was do signed to employ them in raising hemp and making tar. pitch, and rosin for the royal navy, and they were furnished with pro. visions and tools. The management of their ailuirs was in- trusted to a boani of commissioners, consisting of Robt. Living- ston, Richard Sacket. John Cast, Godfrey Walsen, Andrew Rag- ger. and Herman Scbureman. John Peter Knieskem was ap- pointed "master" in Hunterstown, Jolin Conrad Weiser in Queensbury, ilartman Windecker in Annsberg, and John Chris- 246 COLUMBIA COUNTY. lished in 1711. The Ref. Rrot. D. church was formed in 1728, and Johannes Van Driesen was the first pastor.' HIL.I.SDAI1E — was formed from ClaveracK, as a district, March 26, 1782, recognized as a town March 7, 17S8, and a part of Austerlitz was taken off in 1818. The surface is broken by ranges of high hills extending in a N. and s. direction and separated by narrow valleys. Green River crosses the n. e. corner; and several small streams, which form the headwaters of Roeliff Jansens and Claverack Creeks, take their rise in the town. The soil is a gravelly loam and clay. Hillsdale, (p. v.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., in the s. part of the town, contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 225 ; Harlem ville (p. v.) contains 1 church and 225 inhabitants, and Green River (p. v.) 1 church and about 12 houses. The town was settled at a very early day,— the s. part by immigrants from Mass. and the N. by Dutch settlers.' The first church (Bap.) was organized June 23, 1787, and Rev. Stephen Gano, D.D., was the first pastor. There are 6 churches in town.* H5JDSOIV CITY — was formed from Claverack, and incorp. as a city, April 22, 1785.* A part of Stockport was taken ofi' in 1833, and Greenport in 1837. It lies upon the e. bank of the Iludson, at the head of ship navigation, near the center of the w. border of the co. The surface is a rolling upland. A slate bins' rises abruptly from the river to the height of 60 ft., and from its summit a beautifully rolling ridge extends eastward and slopes gradually upward for a distance of one and a half mi., termi- nating in Prospect Hill, a high, rounded eminence 300 ft. above tlie surrounding lands and 500 ft. above the river. This ridge is from 6 to 50 rods in width, and is bounded on the N. and s. by gradual and uniform slopes. North and South Bays (two shallow bodies of water) extend about 1000 ft. inland from the river, converting the w. extremity of the ridge into a promontory.* A public square, containing an area of about an acre and a half, has been laid out upon the summit of the blufi" overlooking the river, and furnishing one of the most beautiful public promenades in the country. From the summit of Prospect HiU an extensive view is obtained of the windings of the Hudson, with the distant Catskills on one side, and the Green Hills of Mass. on the other. In the river, opposite the city, is an extensive mud flat, through which a canal has been cut for the Hudson and Athens Ferry. This canal has recently been abandoned. This city is the western terminus of the Hudson & Boston R. R., and an important station on the Hudson R. R. R. The manufactures are extensive, consisting principally of iron and clothing.' A considerable amount of commerce is carried on by means of the Hudson.' The City Hall is a brick building, situated on Warren St. near the center of the city. The lower story is used for mercantile purposes. The Public Schools are in a flourishing condition. In 1857 the city was divided into 4 districts, and gave employment to 21 teachers, — 5 males and 16 females. The number of children between the ages of 4 and 21 was 2562, of which 1095 (or 42J per cent.) were in attendance some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for that year was §4448 38 ; total receipts, the same ; number of volumes in district libraries, 700. A Lancasterian School Society was incorp. April 15, 1817, and it maintained a school many years.* The Hudson Academy building, a plain, 3 story brick edifice near Prospect Hill, was erected in 1805. tian Tucks in Haysburgh. The enterprise was unsuccessful, and many of the settlers removed to the Mohawk and Schoharie Val- leys. In the summer of 1711 a company of 25 men from " Flun- terstown" volunteered in the expetlitiou .-jgainst Canada. In 1725 the tract was granted hy letters j)atent to the inhabitants of ^East Camp" to be divided equally in fee after reserving 40 acres for church and school purposes. 1 The census reports 3 churches in town; Evang.Luth., M.E., and Ref Prot. D. 2 Among the early Dutch settlers were families named Showei^ man. Blackman, Kinyon. Fregers. Evens, and Slinrts. Foster was one of the first settlers near Hillsdale Village. The State Bnrreodered its cUums to the lands actually occupied, March 12, 1793 8 3 M. E., Bap., Christian, and Presb. 4 The express object of this incorporation w.as to facilitate com- ■ttercial operations. The charter iucluded all the territory N, of ! Livingston Manor, w. of Llaverack Creek, and s. of il^jor Abra-I nams Creek, extending Ibu feet into the iludfjou. I 6 Warren St., the principal street of the city, extends along .he crest of this ridge from the foot of Prospect Hill to the prome- niide grounds on the bluff. Few streets in any city have a finer location than this. 6 The Hrdson Iron Co. have a double blast furnace, driven by an engine of 300 horse power : 80 to 90 men are employed, and 40 to 50 tons of pig iron turned out per day. At the Columbia Iron Works about 40 men are employed, and 20 to 25 tons of pig iron made daily. The ore used in these furnaces is obtained from Weston. Mass.. and from Dutchess, Orange, and Essex cos, Clark's Clothing Manufactory employs about 400 hands. In 1858, siiles were made to the amount of $130,000, mostly for the South* em market. Beside these, there are in the city 2 machine shops^ 2 iron foundries, a stove foundry, gunshop, cutlery manufactory, bookbiudery, flouring mill, brewery, and brickyard. 7 An immense quantity of pressed hay, annually sent to th« New York maa"kot, forms the principal export of the co. 8 By act of May 11, 1S35, this society was allowed to raiat $400 annually. COLUMBIA COUNTY. 247 The Hudson Female Academy was organized in 1851, and occupies a substantial stone edifice formerly used as a private lunatic asylum. The Orphan Asylum was established in Oct. 1843, and is in charge of a board of lady managers. Forty to 60 children are provided for. It is supported by private donations, assisted by an annual stipend of .§1000 from the co. The city contains 11 private schools, 2 public libraries, 3 banks, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. 6,720. A lunatic asylum was established here in 1832, but it was given up upon the opening of the State Asylum at Utica.' The first religious organization (a society of Friends) was formed in 1784, and a meeting house was built in 1785. There are now 11 churches in the city.^ Hudson was formerly known as " Claverack Landing."^ The foundation of its future prosperity as a city was laid by Seth and Thos. Jenkins and their associates, in 1783.* It grew with great rapidity, and soon became the center of a very extensive commercial business. In 1775 it became a port of entry,* and at an early period its commerce extended to the West Indies and Europe." Shad and herring, from the river and coast fisheries, ship timber, and country produce were ex- ported, aud numbers of ships were employed in the whale fisheries. The embargo, and the war which followed, destroyed this trade. The whaling business was afterward resumed, and for some time prosecuted with success ; but it has since been entirely abandoned. A daily line of steamers plies between this city and Albany, and the day line between Albany and New York touches here. HIXOERIIOOIi' — was formed as a district, March 22, 1772, and reorganized as a town March 7, 1788. A part of Chatham was taken olf in 1795, a part of Ghent in 1818, and Stuyvesant ■ in 1823. It occupies the central part of the n. border of the co. The surface is level or undu- lating. Kinderhook Lake, in the n. e. part, is about 4 mi. in circumference. The principal streams are Kinderhook Creek and the outlet of Kinderhook Lake. The soil is a fertile, sandy, and gravelly loam. Hindertaook, (p. v.,) situated on the creek of the same name, was incorp. April 18, 1838. It contains 4 churches, the Kinderhook Academy, a newspaper ofiice, 2 banks, and several manufacturing establishments.^ Pop. 1078. Llills, (p.o.,) on KoeliS' Jansens Kil, contains a woolen factory, 2 paper mills, a gristmill, and 10 dwellings. EHzaville^ (p-o.,) Blue Store, and Linlithg'O are hamlets. Settlement commenced soon after the patent was granted.* There are 4 churches in town.^ 1¥EW IjEBAIVOIV — was formed from Canaan, April 21, 1818. It is the n.e. corner town of the CO. The surface consists of steep hills separated by broad, irregular valleys. The Taghka- nick Mts., upon the e., separate this town from Mass. The Wyomanock or Lebanon Creek is the principal stream. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam intermixed with clay. The valleys are generally narrow and the hills arable to their summits. Lebanon Springs, (New Lebanon Springs p.o.,) in the e. part of the town, is celebrated for its thermal springs.^ It contains 2 churches, 4 hotels, a female seminary, and a gristmill. Pop. 278. Tildens (New Lebanon p. o.) contains 1 church, a barometer and thermometer manufactory, a laboratory for the preparation of medicinal extracts,* and 35 houses. l¥eTV Ijebauou Center (p.v.) contains a gristmill, saw- mill, tannery, and 22 houses ; MoflTatts Store, (p.v.,) 1 church and 23 houses; and IVew Britain, (p.o.,) 1 church and C houses. In the e. part of the town, about 2 mi. s. of Lebanon Springs, is a large Shaker community.^ The first settlement was made about 1760, by immigrants mostly from Mass. and Conn.^ There are 8 chui'ches in town.^ STOCKPORT— was formed from Hudson, Ghent, and Stuyvesant, April 30, 1833. It lies upon tiie Hudson, n. of the center of the co. The surface consists of a high table land, rising from the river in bluffs and descending with a moderate slope toward the e. Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks unite near the center of the town. The valleys of these streams are narrow and their banks often steep and rocky. Near Stottsville are 4 mineral springs, known as the Columbia Springs.® Stockport, (P-"^v) situated at the junction of Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks, contains 3 churches, several manufactories,® and 44 dwellings. Cliittendens Falls contains 1 church, 2 paper mills, and 14 dwellings, and Stottsville 2 woolen factories and 21 dwellings. Co- luuibiaville^" (Stockport station on the Hudson R. R. R.) is situated on the Hudson. This town was settled at an early period by the Dutch. There are 4 churches in town." STUYVESAIVT^^— was formed from Kinderhook, April 21, 1823, and a part of Stockport was taken off in 1833. It is the n. w. corner town of the co., is situated on the bank of the Hudson, and includes the adjacent islands e. of the middle of the river. The surface is generally level, except along the river bank, wbere it is broken by ravines and low hills. Kinderhook Creek crosses the s. part of the town. The soil is generally clayey, but in some places it is a light, sandy loam. Stuyvesant Falls, (p.v.,) on Kinderhook Creek, contains 1 church, several manufac- tories," and 35 houses. Stuj'vesant Landing, (Stuyvesant p.o.,) on the Hudson, contains 1 church, a flouring mill, a foundry, 2 coal yards, a lumber yard, and 34 houses. It is a steamboat 1 On Beatty's map of 1714. the manorhouse and mill are located within tbis town, near the Hudson, and the residences of families uamt-d Witbeck, Claiis, and Brusie near Claverack 2 2 Ref. Prot. D., Evang. Lnth., M. E. 8 The eprinp is 10 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep, and dis- charges 16 barrels of water per minute. The water is wholly tasteless, aud has a temperature of 73° at all seasons. Accord- ing to an analysis made by Br. Meade. 1 pint of water contains 1.25 grs. solid matter, as follows: — 0,25 grs. chloride of calcium, 0.44 grs. chloride of sodium. 0.19 grs. carbonate of lime, and 0.37 grs. sulphate of lime. Bubbles of gas constantly rise from the bottom of the spring, giving it the appearance of boiUog. This gas is composed of 89,4 parts nitrogen and 10.6 parts oxygen, and is given out in the proportion of 5 cubic inches from a pint of the water. So great is the volume of water discharged that it not only supplies several baths, but 2 or 3 mills are kept run- ning by it buth summer and winter. — h. C. Beck's Report, 1S48, p. 48, and Gi-ology \st Dist., p. 105. The medicinal properties of these watiTs were first brought to the notice of the public by Jas. Hitchcuck. There are several eimilar springs of less volume in the vicinity. * Tildeu k Co. have under cultivation 40 acres of medicinal plants,— chiefly dandelion, hyoscyamus, lettuce, belladonna, stra- . raonium. yellow duck, burdock, poppies, digitalis, aconite, hore- hound, wormwood, and valerian. They also use large quantities of conium, gathered from the surrounding cnuntry, as well as imported medicinal herbs and roots. Sixty persons are employed in the preparatirin of tlieir extracts. 6 There are 600 to 600 persons in this community. They owu about 2000 acres of land in this State, besides a considerable tract in Mass. They have a large meeting house, a laboratory furnished with steam jiower, a gristmill, 4 sawmills, 2 machine shops, 8 dwellings, and several other buildings. They are prin- cipally engaged in farming, and in preparing extracts, roots, herbs, botanic medicines, and garden seeds. They also mann-' factux-e brooms, sieves, and fancy baskets. About 200,000 Iba. of medicinal articles and garden seeds are put up annually. The neatness of their grounds and premises is proverbial. * Among the first settlers were families named Gilbert, Cor- nell, King. Skinner, Mudge, Gurnsey. Jones, 'Waddams. Sanford, and Pfttchin. An inn was kept at Lebanon Springs for several years before the close of the Revolutionary War. The honee is still standing, and is supposed to be nearly a century old. ' 3 M. E., Bap,, Christian, Presb., R. C, and a Shaker meeting house. 8 The waters of these springs have never been analyzed. A hotel and bathing houses have recently been erected near them, and they are now much frequented. * 2 cotton factories, a matrass factory, machine shop, and sash and blind factoi-y. w ColnmbiaviUe was incorp. Feb. 21. 1812, but the act of in- corporation was repealed April 20. 1833. It was formerly a manufacturing place of considerable importance. In 1813 it had a cotton factory of 1500 spindles, 2 paper mills, 4 cording mills, 2 fulling mills, together with grist, saw, and plaster mills. " M. E.. Presb., Prot. E.. and Univ. J2 Named in honor of Gov. Peter Stuyvesant. w 3 cotton factories, a woolen factory, a gristmill, 6awinill» machine shop, and an asi'icultural implement factory. COLUMBIA COUNTY. 249 landing' and a station on the Hudson R. R. R. Coxsackic Station, on the Hudson R. R. R., has half a dozen houses. At this place is a ferry to Coxsackie, (Greene co.,) on the opposite side of the river. The first settlement was made hy the Dutch about the period of the English conquest.* There arc 3 churches in town.' TACJIIIiAlVICK' — was formed from Livingston as " Granger," March 19, 1803. Its name was changed JMarch 25, 1814, and Copake was taken ofi' in 1824. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly. Taghkanick Creek is the principal stream. Its banks are low and rocky, and upon it are numerous mill sites. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. The hills are generally arable to their summits, although some are wooded and rocky. West Tag'likanick. (p. v.) contains 1 church, a gristmill, and 14 houses. TagliUanick (p. 0.) and IVcvv Foi'ge are hamlets. The first settlements were made by German and Dutcli settlers, among whom were families named Brises, Shurts, and Shoefelts. A tract of about 600 acres, called Taghkanick, included in this town, was purchased by Robert Livingston in 1685. The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1843. There are now 2 churches in town; Evang. Luth., and M. E. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Diccllinijs, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stoch, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Columbia County. Names op Towns. Ancram Austerlitz Canaan Chatham Claverack...... Clermont Copake Gallatin German town... Ghent Greenport , Hillsdale Hudson Kinderhook.... Livingston New Lebanon. Stockport Stnyvesant Taghkanick. ... Total Acres op Land. 21,136 22,805 16.601 26,856 28.065 10,23lj 18,344 17.6S3 5,768 22,606 9,866 21,068 373 15,865 20,648 16,218 6,650 10,820 16.991 304.277{ 6.7S4 4,!)S7 6:218 4.3S1 4,916 2,047 4,.524 6,ir,l 673 6,420 1,649 6,641 77 2,811 2,055 3,804 901 2,448 5,008 69.2.55 Valuation op 1868. $626,300 401,600 447.810 1,094,908 927.201 279.057 433,820 2SS,924 220,407 881,604 357.280 462,830 1,000.600 721,867 692,072 286,090 233,818 460,752 283,980 ft. a. $49,900 08.460 66.100 271.730 133.353 161,331 100,250 126,089 100,305 92,103 222,600 132.060 1,360,042 994.240 254.600 lOi.OfiO f4,250 203.000 63.100 $9,989,970 $4,562,379 $14,642,349 21.857 $076,200 470.260 613,910 1,366,098 1,065,554 430.388 634,070 414,093 320,712 973,607 679,880 694,880 2,350,642 1,716.09 846,872 390,090 298,1 653,752 347,086 029 796 989 2,030 1,654 638 838 778 673 1,272 6S5 1,101 3,120 1,800 1,025 1,151 776 974 828 872 822 957 1,993 1,709 620 782 739 668 1,266 698 1,093 3.600 2,064 1,039 1,178 845 963 837 !2,634 =1 4 284 323 389 724 569 183 271 260 175 412 215 394 895 671 328 352 2S2 316 274 7,287 E d _5__ 323 354 426 821 619 183 269 272 193 471 242 366 1,365 743 370 370 304 8.54 291 j,236 17i 228 236 460 444 130 ISO 166 132 237 146 273 600 161 204 291 126 2«7 178 4,564 188 16,503 757 674 634 1,497 1,179 383 642 672 446 700 445 979 2,390 1,628 932 821 619 849 656 Kauzs o; Towns. Ancram Austerlitz Canaan Chatham Claverack. Clermont Copake Gallatin Germantown.. Ghent Greenport. Hillsdale Hudson - Kinderhook. .. LiviuRston New Lebanon. Stockport Stu^esant — Taghkanick..., Total la 610 614 464 897 841 378 436 620 220 806 346 638 248 642 611 448 133 180 481 1,268 800 690 1,338 964 289 981 1,035 189 962 366 866 7 642 697 833 203 347 799 852 827 078 1,462 1,113 695 804 8.37 435 981 498 893 118 639 995 926 327 660 881 11,381 8,486 8,711 6,679 4,573 2,639 7.211 6,135 243 4,469 740 5,900 3,866 3.954 9,230 87 1,442 3.005 Vj 3,836 1.193 1.01.3' 2,924l 2,888 1,355 2,837 2,530 723 2,272 925 2,1S6 612 1,639 1,859 972 250 632 2,123 AoRlCDUrOK&L Proddcts. BUSB. or Gkajn. 22.298i 12,821 12.325 40,844 49,049 14,867 40,774 28.431 6,736 60.172 12,324 26,367 100 33.911 49.23S 8.809 2,784 10,562 31,546 9,103 13,176'14,500 87.649'32,56S 453.008i 987,172i 65,103 269,419, W 101,274 47.664 60,779 110.398 68,701J 22,8064 71,454 55,373 7,920 71,132 19,9154 73,928 936 99.730 49.446J 61.295 9.786 27,619 37,114 3,383 3,l'.9S 3,078 4,283 6,060 3,242 3,011 2,848 2.229 4,818 3.926 4,26S 178 2,802 4,99' 4.783 1.894 2,934 2,694 21,006 17,066 18,790 17,706 23.080 6.499 20,076 13,084 2,617 13,428 6,177 19,353 2324 20,0.50 9.519 15,868 4,114 21.236 9,019 14,680 12,626 14.702 17.532 18,581 6.508 11,671 7,662 3,969 7,914 9,493 26,885 270 7,876 9.440 22.436 6,170 6,689 7,748 Djusr Pboducts. Iti 91,036 98,665 75,080 130,875 107,575 42,046 72,295 60.076 3.3,068 104,023 46.088 98,707 1.700 64,IU0 90,246 84.022 26.173 45.408 67.588 10,342 1,347,428 67,167 300 8.300 12,386 10.284 1,168 1,220 750 100 260 6,061 626 144 26,794 255 630 230 161 1,017 321 622 487 305 1,208 105 68 236 13 139 3,016 8,575 1 2 propellers, owned by parties here, ply on the Hudson and run from this place. 2 Among the early settlers were families by the names of Van Alstyne, Van Allen, Van Ness, Van Slyke, Van I>yke, Van Valkenburiih, Vosburgh, and Schernierhorn. » Evang. Lnth., Ref. Prot. D., and M. E. * Pronounced Toh-kon'nick, and supposed to signify " Wntet Enough." Upon this side of Mt. Tom. in Cupiike, was formerly a spring which was a favorite resort of the Indians ; and heuco the name '* Taghkanick' for the locality. CORTLAND COUNTY. This county was formed from Onondaga, April 8, 1808, and embraces the original townships of Virgil, Ciucinnatus, Homer, Solon, and the south half of Tully and Fabius' in the s. E. corner of the Military Tract. It was named in honor of Pierre Van Cort- landt, first Lieut. Gov. of the State of N. Y.' It lies near the center of the State, upon the northern spurs of the Allegany Mts., and just s. of the watershed between the Susquehanna and Lake Ontario. It contains an area of 485 square miles, and is centrally distant 120 miles from Albany. Its surface is hilly and occasionally broken, consisting mostly of arable ridges with narrowish valleys between them. The highlands are divided into three general ridges extending through the county in a northerly and southerly direction. The first of these occupies the extreme eastern edge of the county, and is bounded on the w. by the valley of the Otselic River; the second lies between the Otselic and Tioughnioga Rivers ; and the third embraces all the highlands lying w. of the Tioughnioga. These highlands are all divided laterally by the valleys of small streams, and in some places they are but little more than a collection of sharp ridges separated by narrow ravines. The northern portion of the county spreads out into a high plateau, broken by hills. This level has an average elevation of 1,100 to 1,200 feet above tide, and the ridges rise from 200 to 500 feet higher. A broad plain, into which nearly all the valleys of the tributaries of the Tioughnioga converge, occupies the center of the western part of the county : and here the county seat is located. South of this the valleys contract until they become ravines. The highest points in the county are Blount Toppin, in Preble, the Truxton Hills, and the Owego Hills, in Virgil and Harford, which attain an elevation of 1,000 to 2,100 feet above tide. The drainage is nearly all through the Tioughnioga River, which flows through near the center of the county. In its upper course, it consists of two principal branches, the eastern entering the town of Cuyler from Madison county, and the western taking its rise in the small lakes in the northern part of Preble and the southern part of Onondaga county. The principal branches of the Tioughnioga are the Otselic, — which flows through a deep valley in the eastern part of the county from Chenango county, — Trout, Cheningo, and Labrador Creeks, and Cold and Factory Brooks. The Skaueateles Inlet drains the northwestern, the branches of Fall Creek the extreme western, and Owego Creek the southwestern, parts of the county. The only considerable bodies of water in the county are the Skaueateles Lake, which borders upon the N. w. corner, and several small lakes in the northern part of the Tioughnioga Valley. The Hamilton group of rocks — consisting of calcareous shale, with limestone and slate iutei^ mixed — enters the northern portions of the county ; and successively above this, toward the south, appear the Genesee slate, and the Portage and Chemung groups. Quarries of sandstone and limestone, affording excellent building material, are worked in Scott, Homer, Cortlandville, and several other parts of the county. A little s. e. of Cortlandville are several small lakes, containing deposits of marl, from which an excellent quality of lime is manufactured. The soil upon the hills is principally a sandy or gravelly loam ; and that of the valleys is of the same character, with a large mixture of disintegrated slate, shale, and limestone. From its considerable elevation above tide, the climate of this co. is colder than the lower regions N. and w. The winters are longer, and snow falls to a greater depth. The people are almost exclusively engaged in the different branches of agriculture. Spring grains are largely produced in the valleys, but the whole county is better adapted to pasturage than tillage. Dairying and stock raising ar^ extensively pursued. The production of wool also receives considerable attention. The more hardy fruits generally flourish, but are liable to injury from early and late frests. I The following lots in these towns were set apart for the sup- port of the gospel and schools; — In Tully, 69. 76, SI ; Fabius, 55. 6S ; Homer. 4, 34. 70, 85. 93, 98 ; Solon, 'iS. 25, 30, 41, 64, 98 ; Virgil, 20, 30, 61, 86. 91, 99 ; Cincinnatus, 1, 16, 37, 49. 63. 62. The terri- tory of the " Boston Ten Towns," lying immediately south of this, was found to overlap or extend over a portion of tliis tract, and to embrace nearly all of the two southern tiers of lots 250 in Virgil, and 4 lots in the s. w, corner of Cincinnatus. Two ad- ditional towusliips I Junius, Cayuga Co.. and Galen. Wayne co.) were set apart by the Land Commissioner^. July 31. 1790. to sup- ply the deficiency thus occasioned in the Military Tract. 2 Gen. Van Cortlandt was an extensive owner of lands upon the Military Tract in this and adjoining counties. CORTLAND COUNTY. 25] Manufactures are of limited extent. The completion of the Syracuse, Binghamton, and New York R. R. through this county lias given an additional impulse to every branch of business, and haa greatly enhanced the value of the farms by furnishing an easy and direct avenue to market.* Cortland Village, tlie county seat, is situated upon the Tioughnioga, near the center of the town of Cortlnndviile. The county clerk's office and the court house are finely situated in the center of the village.^ The jail is located in the basement of the court house, the floors of the cells being 4 or 5 feet below the surface of the ground. The average number of prisoners is 2. The poor house is situated upon a farm of 118 acres, 3 mi. n. e. of Cortland Village. The average number of inmates is about 50. The farm yields a revenue of §600. There are four papers published in the county.^ Few events of general interest have occurred in this county. Settlement began in Homer in 1791, in Virgil and Cortlandville in 179-1, and in several other towns before the commencement of the present century. Being remote from the great routes of travel, its settlement advanced but slowly for many years, and the fertile but more distant valley of the Genesee had been mostly taken up by immigrants before civilization spread over the hills and along the valleys of Cortland county. The fear of Indian massacre then had not entirely siibsided, and at times occasioned distress almost as real as if hostilities actually existed. The wild beasts often claimed a share of the little flocks and herds of the pioneers ; and long, weary forest roads to distant mills and markets, for many years, proved a heavy burden to the early settlers in this and many other sections of the State not favored with navigable streams. CIiVCI]V]VATUS — was formed from Solon, April 3, 1804. It embraced the township of Cin- cinnatus, or No. 25 of the military tract, a name applied by the Land Commissioners upon its first survey. The present town is one-fourth of its original size, — having been reduced by the erection of Freetown, Willett, and Marathon, in 1818. It lies upon the eastern border of the county, s. of the center. Its surface consists of the narrow valley of the Otselic River and of the high ridges which rise upon each side. Deep ravines, forming the valleys of small tributaries to the river, extend laterally far into the highlands, dividing nearly the whole surface of the town into steep ridges of hills. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and best adapted to grazing. Cincinnatus (p. V.) contains about 290 inhabitants, and l.O'^ver Cinciuuatus 150, The former contain3 3 churches* and an academy.* The first settlers were Ezra and Thos. Rockwell, from Lenox, Mass., who located upon lot 19; and Dr. John McWhorter, from Salem, N.Y., on lot 29, in 1795.* The first church (Presb.) was formed by a union of the people of Cincinnatus, Solon, Taylor, and Pitcher, Chenango co. 1 This road is "bcilt along the Tioughnioga Valley, connecting wUhtheN.Y.C.R.R. at Syracuse, and with theN.Y. & E. R. R. at Binyliamton. It has stations at Pruble, Little York. Uonier, Cortlandville. Blodgets Mills, State Bridi^e, and Marathon. • The county courts were first directed to be held at the schoollioiise on lot 45, in Homer. By an act of April 5, 1810, Josejih L. Richardson, of Auburn, Nathan Smith, of Herkimer, and Nathaniel Locke, of Chenango, were appointed commission- ers to select the site for a court house, and $2000 waa appro- priated for the erection of the huiUHnc:. The first county officers were John Keep. First Judge; "Wm. Malloiy, Sheriff; and John McWhorter, Surrt^ate. * Tht Cortland Courier was established at Homer in 1810 bv Jas. & Saml. Percival. In 1812 H. R. Bender & R. Wa^h- burne became the proprietors, and changed its name to The Farmers Jnurnal. They sold it to Jesse Searl in 1813, by whom it was issued as The Cor'luTut h't-positori/, and continued until 1825. Then Milton A. Kinney became proprietor, and changed its title to The Cortland Observer. It passed into the hands of S. S. Brad- ford in 1833, and in 1836 into those of Holmes, by whom ita title was changed to The ITomer EaijU. In 1S3V it was united with the Cortland Ee- ■puhlican, and issued by R. A. Roid as TAe Rrpuhliran and Eagle, and continued until 1852. C. B. Giiiild then became proprietor, and changed it to The Cr/rtbmd County Whig. In 1856 it was sold to J. R. DLxon, and by him it is now pnlilishHfl as Tlie Cortland County Republican. The PriMstant ^ntinel was started at Homer in 1831 by John Maxeon, and continued until 1^33. The OoHlaTfd Erpublv^an was commenced in 1815, at Cortland Village, by James Percival. and was continued by him, by Osbora &. Campbell, and by the Campbell Bros., until 1821. The Wcfifrn Oiurier was founded at Homer in 1821 by Roberts & Hull, and was soon after removed to Cortland Village. la 1824 it appeared as Tlie Cortland Journal, and in 1832 as T/ie Oortlavd Adi'ocate. It was published successively by "W. Gill, H. S. Randall, and David Fairchild, and in 1845 it was styled The Cvrtland Democrat. Seth Haight & H. G. Crouch have been interested in its management; and it is now pub- lished by A. P. Cole, as The Cortland Gazette, which name it received in 1857. The Cortland Chronicle was started in 1828 by Reed & Osboni. It was sold to R. A. Reed in 1832. and by him called The Jvti-Masonic li^puhlican. In 1833 it was styled The. Oirthijid Ifepublican, and in 1837 it was united with Thu Homer Eagk. The Lihertij Iltrald, semi-mo., was pubUshcd at Cortland Village in 184i and '45 by E. F. Graham. Tlie True American and Keligious Examinf'.r was started in 1845, at Cortland Village, by C. B. Gould. The follow- ing year it passed into the hands of S. R. Ward, waa issued by him as The True AmeJ-ican, and continued until 1848. Tlie Republican Banner was started in 1858 by E, D Van Slyck & P. H. Bateson. The South Cortland Luminary was published in 1840, at South Cortland, by M. Reynolds. The Morning Star was published at McGrawville in 1850, and The Central Reformer in 1858. * Cong., Bap., Meth. 6 Cincinnatus Academy waa chartered bv the regents, April 21. 1857. 6 Eb'r Crittenden, from Barrington, Mass.. removed to the pro- sent town of Willett in 1793. and to the present limits of this town iD 1707. The first child born was Sally Rockwell, the first marriage that of Dr. McWhorter to Katy Young, and the first death that of Daniel Hartshorn.— all in 1790. Mrs.H.Beebe taught the first school, in 1797; Col. John Kingman, tho first inn ; Elijah Bliss, the first store ; and Eph'm Fish ouilt the first miU, in 1814. 252 CORTLAND COUNTY. CORTl,AlVI>VIL,L,E— Tvas formed from Homer, April 11, 1829, and embraces the southern half of the oi-i;;iiuil township of Homer, and a small portion of the N. E. corner of Virgil. The name was applied to the town from its being the county seat of Cortland county. It is situated at the junction of the eastern and western branches of the Tioughnioga River, and extends from the central portion of the county to the extreme western border. The surface of much of the town is level ; but the eastern and southern parts are hilly. From an eminence just w. of Cortland Village can be seen 7 distinct valleys, separated by ranges of hills radiating in different directions. The ridges are 200 to 400 feet above the valleys ; and the southern part of the town is a broken upland region, the hills being arable to their summits. The tributaries of the Tiouglmioga in this town are Trout Brook from the e. and Dry and Otter Brooks from the w. A small part of the ■western portion of the town is drained by streams flowing westward into Cayuga Lake. In the s. w. part of the town are three small ponds, fed by springs, and furnishing an almost unlimited supply of marl, from which an excellent quality of lime is manufactured.' The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Cortland Tillag'e^ (p-^'-) is finely situated upon the Tiouglmioga, near the center of the town. It contains an academy,' 5 churches, 3 hotels, and a jiopulation of 1,576. McGra'tvville (p. v.) is situated upon Trout Brook, 4} mi. E. of Cortland Village. It contains 3 churches and several manufacturing establishments, and is the seat of the N.Y. Central College.* Pop. 558. Soutli Cortland, (p. v.,) in the s.w. part of the town, contains 161 inhabitants. Blodg'ets Mills is a p.o. The first settlers of this town were Jonathan Hubbard and Col. Moses Hopkins, — the former upon the lot where Cortland Village now stands, and the latter upon lot 94.* The census reports 9 churches in town.' FREETO'WIV — was formed from Cinoinnatus, April 21, 1818, and embraces the N. w. quarter of that township. Lot 20 of Virgil was annexed in 1850. It is situated upon the ridge between the Otselio and Tioughnioga Rivers, s. E. of the center of the county. It is high and hilly, and its surface is much broken by the narrow ravines of the watercourses which flow N. and s. A considerable part of the more hilly portions is yet covered with the original forests. Its soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, and is best adapted to piasturage. Freetown Corners (p. v.) has 2 churches and about 100 inhabitants. Robert Smith, a soldier of the Revolution, drew lot 2, and, accompanied by his son-in-law, Ensign Rice, took possession of it in 1795.' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1810, by Elder Caleb Shepard, of Lisle, who was the first preacher.* HARFORD — was formed from Virgil,' May 2, 1845, and it embraces the s. w. quarter of that township. It is the s. w. corner town in the county. Its surface consists of a high, broken upland, 500 to 700 feet above the valleys and 1500 to 1700 feet above tide. The Owego Hills, in the central part, are the most elevated portions. The declivities are usually s1:eep, and often rocky, and the summits are crowned with forests. One half of the town is yet a wilderness. The streams are mere brooks. The soil is a moderately productive sandy and gravelly loam, best adapted to pasturage. Harford (p. v.) contains 30 houses, and Soutli Harford 20. The first settler ■was Dorastus De Wolf, in 1803.'" Religious meetings were held as early as 1804; but the first church (Bap.) was not organized till 1815." HOMER— was formed March 5, 1794. Solon was taken off in 1798, Virgil in 1804, and Cortlandville in 1829. It lies upon the w. border of the county, N. of the center. Its surface 1 Crandalls Tow^ covers an area of 15 acres ; Swains, 6, and Chatterdons, 4. The marl is generally of an ash color when first talieu out. but the vegetable matter wliich it contains whitens upon expnbuieto the air. AVhen partially dried, it is moulded into the form of bricks, and these are thoroughly dried and burned. The greatest known thickness of these deposits of marl is about 20 feet.— G.oi. Third Dist.. p. 291. 2 Incorp. 8 The Cortlandville Academy, incorp. .Tan. 13, 1843. * This institution was incorp. in 1850. It wiia originally started as a manual labor school, and is open to all, without dia- tinction of color or sex. 6 In 1795, Thos. Wilcox, from "^Miitestown. located upon lot 94; Keuben Doud, from New Haven, Jiis, and John Morse, and Joseph Lee. upon lot 75. In 1796-97, Aaron Knapp located near Cortland Village. Ilotchkiss upon lot 73. and i^aml. Inglis and son on lot 75. In 1800, Wilmot Sperry (from Woodbridge, Conn ) settled on lot 73; and a few settlers came yearly until 1810, when the growth became more rapid. The first school- house stood on the present site of the Eagle llotel. The first inn was kept by Sanil. Inglis, in 1810. « 2 Bap., 2 51. E„ 2 Presb, Christian, Ref. Presb., and Dniv. ' About 10 years after. Smith and Rice sold their improve- loents to Saml. G. Hathaway and Sanil. .Tennings; and about the same time Caleb Shepaj-d and David H. Munro, from Wash- ington CO., settled on lot 22. In 1806, Remembrance Curfiss set- tled on lot 12; and Curtis and Chas. Richardson, from Saratoga CO., on lot 32. Henry Gardner, Wm. Tuthill, Jacob Hicks, Gideon Chapin, Simeon Doty, John Backus, and Amos Eaton, woro among the other early settlers. The first marriage was tliat of Robert Smith, jr., with Amity Smith. The first schoolteacher was Don A. Robertson, The first store was kept by Peter McVean, at "The Comers," The first permanent merchant was "Walton Svveetland, still a resident of the town. * The census reports 3 churches ; 1 Bap., 2 M. E. l> A p. o. (Harford) was established in" tiiis part of Virgil In 1825 or "26. From this the town derives its name. The village was formerly called •^W'rthingfon.'* 10 Among the other first settlers were Thos, Nichols, in 1804, John Greeu. in 1805, Eben Burgess, L. liarus, Gordon Bur- lingame, Nathan Hejiton, Theodore E. Uart, and Levi Moore. Theodore E. Hart kept the first store, in 1824. The first birth Wiis that of Dr. Charles Barns ; tlie first marriage, that of Obed Graves and Alice Munroe; and the first death, that of Mrs. Dorastus De Wolf. Betsey Carver taught the first school, in 1806; Lewis Moore kept the first inn; and Nathan Heaton built the first gristmill, in 1814. u The census reports 3 churches^ Christian, Cong., and Union. CORTLAND COUNTY. 253 is quite uneven, consisting of the valleys of the two branches of the Tioughnioga River and the ridges which border upon them. The valley of the western branch is over a mile wide, and elevated 1,0% feet above tide. The eastern valley is narrower. A ridge of hills. 200 to 500 feet above the river, separates the two valleys ; and a similar ridge occupies the s. e. corner of the town. The western part is a hilly upland, 1500 to 1600 feet above tide. The principal branches » of the Tioughnioga are Cold and Factory Brooks, from the w. The valleys of these streams open northward into corresponding valleys, through which flow streams emptying into Otisco and Skaneatelos Lakes. The soil upon the river intervales is a deep, rich alluvial and dark loam, well adapted to tillage ; among the hills, it is a sandy or gravelly loam, better for pasturage, lloiner' (p. v.) is finely situated on the Tioughnioga, 3 mi. n. of Cortland Village. It contains 6 churches, a printing office, and several manufacturing establishments, including the only cotton factory in the county. It is the seat of Cortland Academy,^ an old and very flourishing institution. Pop. 1625. East IBonier (p. v.) contains 25 houses, and Little Vork. (p. v.) 15. Spencer Beebe and his brother-in-law, Amos Todd, were the first settlers of this town, and of Cortland county, in 1791.^ The first religious meetings were held in 1793, when there were but 6 families in town; and all attended. The first church (Cong.) was founded in 1801, chiefly through the influence of Mrs. Ilobart, wife of Lieut. Hobart.* liAPEER — ^was formed from Virgil, May 2, 1845, and embraces the s. e, quarter of that tovraship. It lies upon the high ridges w. of the Tioughnioga River, on the s, border of the county, w. of the center. The declivities of the hills bordering upon the river are precipitous. " Luce Hill," in the north western part of the town, is the highest point, and is 1,600 to 1,700 feet above tide. The streams are all small brooks. Upon Fall Creek, near the s. border of the town, is a wild and beautiful cascade, 71 feet high, known as Hunts Falls. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Nearly one half of the town is still unsettled. Hunts Corners contains 10 houses. I^a-peer (p.o.) is near the center of the town. There is no church edifice in town.^ The first settler was Phineas Grant, a colored man.^ MARATIIOIT — was formed from Cincinnatus, April 21, 1818, as " J5a?Ti50H," embracing the s, w. quarter of the military township. Its name was changed in 1827. It lies upon the southern border of the county, e. of the center. Its surface is rugged and hilly, the ridges rising 500 to 700 feet above the valleys. The Tioughnioga flows through its western part, in a deep, narrow valley ■with precipitous sides. Hunt Creek in the n. w. and Merrill Creek in the e. part of the town also flow through deep and narrow valleys. The arable land lies principally along these valleys, the uplands being broken and only fit for pasturage. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam lUaratUon^ (p. v.) contains 3 churches, the oldest of which is the Presb., organized Feb. 11, 1814.® Pop. 500. Texas Valley is a p. o. in the n. e. corner. Dr. Japheth Hunt, a surgeon of the army, who served in both the French and Revolutionary Wars, settled on Lot 93, in 1794.* 1 Incon\Mfiy 11,1835. s Incoip. Ffbniary 2. 1S19. Tliis institution, from its com- monccnu-nt, has uuifomily borne a bigh reputation. Samuel B. Woolworth, LL.B., present Secretary of the Regents of the UnivtT&ity, was at the liend of this institution for nearly 22 years. At a jubilee celebration, held July 7 and 8, 1846, it was Btated that 4uiXt students had been connected with the academy. Tho whiilc number up to 1859 was over 8,000. 8 They came in the fall, and erected a temporary dwelling, a little N. of Homer Village, near the bridge, and returned in the winter for their goods, leaving Mrs. Beebe the sole occupant of the house, and the only representative of civilization within a circuit of 30 miles. They were prevented from returning for 6 weeks by the deep snows ; and during the whole of that period the lone woman remained in anxious doubt as to the fate of her husband and brother. Mr. Todd located on lot 42, '• West Hill." Among the other early settlors were John House, John Miller, Jas. Matthews, Jas. Moore. Silas and Danl. iSIiller, (from Binghamton.) in 1792; Darius Kinney, (from Brimfield, Mass..') in 17'J3; Koderick Owen, (from Lebanon, N.Y..) Jonathan Hubbard, and Moses Hopkins, in 1794; Thos. Wilrox, (from WhiteBt^jwn.) Zebulon Keene, and John Stone, (from Brimfield,) John Keep, Solomon and John Hubbard, and AsaWhite. in 179.'j. Tho flrfst male cliild born was Homer Mooro, and the first female RHsey House; the first death, that of Mrs. Gould Alvord. The first marriage was that of ZadocStrongand Wid. Russell, who were obliged to go through the forests to Ludlowville, Tompkins co.. on horseback, to have the ceremony perfonned. The first school- house waa built a little S. of Homer Village in 1798. The first teacher was Joshua Ballard. Enos Stimson kept the first inn, and A.M. Coats the fir.-^t store. The first permanent and suc- cessful merchant was Jedediah Barber. John Keep, Solomon Hubbard, and Asa White built the first gribt mill in 1798, on the Inresent site of that cf Cogswell & Wilms. The old mill for some time was used a.s church, public hall, and liall room. * The first sermon was preached by Rev. Mr. Hillard, of N.J. He was assisting at a raising ; and, when it became known that a minister was present, a sermon was clamorously called for and was delivered on the spot. The census reportsG churches in town; Cong. Bap., M. K., Prot. E., and Univ. at Homer, and M. E. at K^st Homer. s Free Bap., Meth., and Christian denominations hold meetings in echoolhouses. The Free W. Bap. Society was formed by Elder Lake in 1820. Among the ctJier first settlers were Peter Gray, (on lot 70.) Rnbt K. Wheeler, and Thomas Kingsley. who came in 1802; Seth Jennings and Timothy Roberts, in 1805 ; Zac'h Lynes, John K. Smith, Urial Sessions, Simeon Luce, Avery Hartshorn, and H. J. Richards. The first marriage was that of Simeon Luce and Rebecca Ayres, Oct. 9, 1805 ; and" the first death, that of Simeon Luce, in 1808. Ebenezer Luce taught the first school, in 1814; and Harrcy Jennings built the first mill, in 1813. ^ About one mile 9. o( the village, on the e. bank of the river, is the site of an old Indian village and burial ground. Tradition says that this was once the seat of a powerful tribe of Indians. 8 The census rt-ports 4 churches; 2 Presb.. Hap., and M. E. * Among the other pioneer settlers were Julin Hunt, in 1796; Abram Brink, (first innkeeper,) Barnabas Wood and Son, and Zacbariah Squires, in 1802. The first child born was S. M. Hunt, a gnindsonof the first settler; the first marriage, that of Nich<'laa Brink and Polly Alfred; and the first death, that of the firet settler, in March, 1808, aged 97 years. Wm. Cowdrey taught the first school, in 1.S03; John Hunt built the first sawmill; and Weed & Waldo, James Burgess, and David Munroe were tho early morchants. The first successful mercantile firm was thai of Peck, Archer & Dickson, now of New York City. 254 CORTLAND COUNTY. PREB£iE— named in honor of Commodore Edward Preble, was formed from Tully upon the organization of Cortland co., April 8, 1808, and embraced the southern half of the latter town. Scott was taken off in 1815. It lies upon the northern border of the county, w. of the center. Its surface consists of the valley of the western branch of the Tioughnioga River, which is here nearly 2 miles wide, and the ridges which rise on the e. and w. Mount Toppin, s. w. of the village, is 1,700 feet above tide ; Truxton Hills are the highest land in the county. The declivities of the liills are steep, and some of tlieir summits sharp ridges. North of Mount Toppin a valley extends northward and opens into the valley of the Otisco Inlet. In the northern part of the town are several beautiful little lakes ; and upon the southern borders are others of a similar character, known as the Little York Lakes. The soil is a iine quality of gravelly loam. Preble Corners (Preble p.o.) contains 200 inhabitants, and Baltimore 75. The first settlers were James and Robert Cravarth, John Gillett, and Elijah Mason, who came in 1798.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed through the efforts of Revs. Theodore Hinsdale and Joel Hall, missionaries from Conn.* Rev. Matt. Harrison was the first pastor. SCOTT — was formed from Preble, April 14, 1815, and named in honor of Gen. Winfield Scott. It is the N. w. corner town of the county. Its surface is mostly upland, broken by two deep and narrow valleys which extend N. and s. thi'ough the town. The declivities of the hills are very steep, and in many places precipitous. Cold Brook flows through the eastern valley, and Factory Brook and Skaneateles Inlet through the western. Skaneateles Lake borders upon the N. w. corner. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, and is best adapted to grazing. Scott Center (Scott p.o.) contains about 300 inhabitants. Scott Corners (East Scott p. o.) is a hamlet. Peleg and Solomon Babcock and Asa Howard (from Mass.) and George Dennison (from Vt.) located on lot 82 in 1799.' The first church was a Seventh Day Baptist, organized in 1820, Wm. B. Maxson first pastor.* SOliOX — ^was formed from Homer, March 9, 1798, and embraced the townships of Solon and Cincinnatus. A portion was annexed to Truxton, April 4, 1811. Ciucinnatus was taken off in 1804, and Taylor in 1849. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the county. The surface is mostly upland, broken by numerous narrow valleys of small brooks and creeks. The hills on the eastern border are 1400 to 1500 feet above tide. Many of the highest summits are too rough for cultivation, and are crowned with forests. Trout Brook flows in a westerly direction through near tlie center, forming a narrow but fertile valley. The soil is a gravelly loam, well adapted to grazing. Solon (p.v.) contains about 100 inhabitants. The first settlers were Johnson Bingham and Eddy Wildman, from Canterbury, Conn., who located, the former on lot 62, and thg latter on lot 51, in 1790.^ The first church was formed in 1804, Rev. Josiah Butler the first preacher.* TAYliOR — ^was formed from Solon, Dec. 5, 1849, and named in honor of Gen. Zachary Taylor. It lies near the center of the eastern border of the county. Its surface is mostly upland and is very broken and hilly. The declivities are generally precipitous, rising 600 to 800 feet above the valleys. Mount Rhoderick, lying partly in this town and partly in Solon, is the highest point. The streams are mere brooks, generally flowing in a southerly direction and discharging their waters into the Otselio. Solon Pond is a small sheet of water near the center of the town. The soil is a s.andy and gravelly h.iam. Taylorville, (Taylor p. o.,) or "Bangall," contains 25 houses, and Union Valley (p. v.) 20.' The first settlers were Zerah Beebe, a Revolutionary soldie; Latus Beebe, his son, and John Tinker, his son-in-law, from Waterbury, Conn., in 1794.' lAmoBfjthe other first settlers were Amos Steel, Setb and Samuel Trowbridge, Kichard Egbertson, Samuel Orvis, Jabez B. Phelps, Kd. Cumminga, and Francis. Albert, and Garret Van Itoesen. The first child born was Nancy Gill: the first mar- riage, that of Amos Ball and Sally Mason ; and the first death, that of Jihn Patterson, a Revolutionary patriot, in 1799. Kuth Thorp taught the first school, in 1801 ; Davis & Taylor kept the first store, and Moses Naah the second ; Samuel Trowbrige kept the first inn. * The census reports 2 churches ; 1 Presb., 1 M. E. 8 Among the other first settlers wore C^irnish Messenger and Daniel .Ltkeway. (from De Rnyter,) Maxon Itiiljcock. (from Mass.,) Gershom Riclianison. .Tared and .Tolin llabcock, Elisha Sabins, Henry and .Te.^se Burdick, Timothy Brown, and Nathl. ?Iorg. v.) about 60. State Bridg'e (Messengerville p. o.) is a r. r. station. Franlis Corners is a hamlet in the s. w. part. The first settler was Joseph Chaplin, in 1792.* The first religious meeting ■was held in 1802; and the first church (Cong.) was formed, Feb. 5, 1805, by Rev. Seth Williston.* WII.IjET — was formed from Cincinnatus, April 21, 1818, and was named in honor of Col. Marinus.AVillett, of Revolutionary memory. It lies in the s. e. corner of the county. Its surface consists of the narrow valley of the Otselic River and of the high ridges which rise on either side. The upUinds are broken by the narrow ravines through which the small streams flow. Nearly one-third of the town is yet unsettled, the surface being too rough for profitable cultivation. In the N. w. part of the town is a small lake, known as Bloody Pond, — its sanguinary name having been bestowed in consequence of the vagaries of deUrium tremens. The soil is a sandy and gravelly 1 In Nov. 1858, thia town was divided into 2 nearly equal parts by a line extending n. and s. ; and the e. half now forms the town of CUYLEB. * Among the other first settlers were Robt. Kuight, (from Mon- mouth, N. .T.J Hugh Stewart, (from Coleram, Maa3..) John Jeffrey and Etiob Phelps, (from N.J.,) Billy Trowbridge and Dr. John Miller, (from Dutches.'; co.) The Va&I named was the first physician, and is etill living. (1858.) aged 82. The first child born was a son of Samuel Denedict; and the first dinvth waa a child in the same family. A. W. Bakt-r taup:ht the first school, in 1799 ; Bowen Brewster kept the first inn, in 1801, and Stephen Hedges the first store. * The census returns -i churches; 2 M. E., Bap.. Presb. < Mr. Chaplin was cng;aged to open a road from Oxford to Cayuga Lake, which he commencwl in 1792 and finished in two years. This road was 60 mi. in length, and it became the thoroughfare for emigrants. Mr. Chfiplin brought in his family from Oxford in the winter of 1794-95. Among the other first settlers were John M. Frank. John Gee, John E. Roe. James Wright, Jas. Knapp, Jae. and John Glenny, Joseph Bailey, and Enos Bouton. The first flock of sheep, brought in by BIr. Frank, were all destroyed by thu wild animals. Mr. Roe and Capt. Knapp killed 15 wolves in one ye.-ir. The first child born was a son of Jriseph Chaplin ; the first marriage was that of BulufF Whitney, of Dryden, and Susan Glenny, in 1800; and the first death was that of a stranger, named Charles Hoff'man, who was found dead in the woods in April, 1798. Clias. Joyce was the first teacher; Peter Vanderlyn and Nathl. Knapp built the first grist mill, in 1805; Daniel Edward built the first sawmill in 1801, and Danl. Sheldon kept the first store, in 1S07. As early afl 182.'^, in a series of articles io the " Cortland Obsei-ver," NathaniL-l Bon ton, a farmer in this town, strongly advocated the constructinn (tf a R. R. through the southern tier of counties. From the proceed- ings of a " Fe8ti\c Gathering' of the early settlers and inhabit- ants of the town of Virgil we make the following extracts : — "The patents issued to the purchasers of the military lots con- tained the whole mile square; yet the State reserved to itself the right to retain 100 acr&s in the s. E. corner of each lot and five ttD e«iual amount of land in Ohio. This reserved lot was known as ' The States Hundred.' By giving notice that he wished to retain his land together, and paying gS.OO for the sur- vey, the pattmtee could retain the whole lot. In default of the payment, the State retained 50 acres of the Jf,fe5^/wre, culled the ' Sur^ ey of Fifty Acres.' " As an illustration of the hard- sliips to which the pioneers of thia town and co. were subjected, we extract the following: — "Id the spring of 1797, John E. Roe came on from Ulster co. and made a beginning on his lot. — the same occupied till recently by himself and family, — boarding with Mr. Frank. He cleared a spot, put up the body of a log house, split plank and laid a floor, peeled bark for a roof, and agreed with a man in Homer to put it on. He also cut and cured some of the wild gra-ss growing in the swamp, for hay, and returned. Preparations were then made for moving on; which was dune in the winter following. He and his wife cjime in a sleigh, with a young cow following them. \Vhen they came to the river, ojiposite Mr. Chaplin's, they found the water high, and the canoe that had been used in crossing carried away. Mr. Chaplin's hog trough was procured, and Mis. Roe was' safely carried over in it. She then stood upon the bank to await the crossing of what remained. The horses, being urged in, swam across with the sleigh, the cow following, and came near being carried away with the current, but. after a hard struggle, made the shore in safety. They put up for the night, the horses being fastened to the sleigh, (as no accommodatiuns could be procured,) and they ate out the flag bottoms of the chairs to allay the keen demands of appetite. The snow was two feet deep, with no track, and the whole day was consumed in coming from the river to their new home. When they arrived, they were surprised to find their house without covering, con- sequently the snow as deep in it as out of it. Persons of less perneverance would have been disheartened. But no time wjia to be lost. The snow was cleared away from a portion of the floor, a fire built against the logs, some blankets drawn acrons the beams for a covering, the horses tied in one corner, with some of that coarse Imy before them ; and thus their first and sevpral successive nights were passed." ^ The census reports 5 churches; Bap., F. W. Bap., CoDg« M. £., Union. 256 CORTLAND COUNTY. loam. Dyersville (Willet p. o.) contains 20 houses. The first settler was Ebenezer Crittenden, from Barrington, Mass., in 1793.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1810. There is also a Cong, church in town. CUY1.ER — was formed from Truston, Nov. 18, 1858. The statistics of this town are embraced in the town of Truxton, page 255. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Cortland County. Names op Towss. Cinciunatus.., Cortliindville. Cuylera Freetown Harford Homer Lapeer MarathoD Preble Scott Solon Taylor Truxton Virgil Willet Total AcEEs OF Land. 1 ■g 1 1 1 10,368 6,016 24,160 8,399i 10.8484 5,1.59 7.054i 7,812 21.676 It.lCTJ 9.371 6.ti544 9,530J 6,4ti2 10,713i 6,920 8,772i 6.081 10.648i 7,663 10.244 7.7S7 32.7071 21.0644 20,756i 8,789} 8,097} 7,7984 194,736J 113,6624 Valuation of 1858. ^ c -.5» ^ ^ i;"- $253.6.'!6 $8,500 1,101,940 210,400 22n,0.'10 11,650 138.174 4,750 1,03;1.9.'.0 140,200 129.546 11,440 270,931 15,700 274,546 15,390 221.020 33,805 256,326 12,000 171,026 3,450 672,757 41,040 308,225 15,200 145,140 14.860 6,278,182 643,985 $202,135 l,37i|340 241,480 142,924 1.180,150 14I1.9S6 292631 289,936 264,525 267.325 174,475 713,797 323.425 160.000 6,821,127 Population. 661 2,127 484 477 1,807 614 670 649 615 1,736 1,094 464 12,267 12,318 608 2,202 471 449 1,978 367 665 606 623 608 5S6 1,708 1.137 461 220 827 188 180 732 142 249 240 247 206 226 646 446 178 4,727 247 879 137 190 477 149 276 268 269 206 232 766 466 182 4,722 4,212 182 Schools, 600 1,690 387 356 1,274 371 619 428 617 465 376 1,306 827 318 9,224 Names of Towns. Cincinnatus.,,. Cortl.andville,. Cuyler2 Fret'town Harford Homer Lapeer Marathon Preble Scott Solon Taylor Truston Tirgil Willet Total....'. Live Stook. Is s « , ?■ :j s £ = S « 1 369 978 1,154 2,221 487 1,078 1,648 2,833 4,918 1,976 363 880 1,233 2,062 626 227 619 628 1,961 380 930 1,924 2,390 3,438 1,861 340 884 802 1.696 450 338 862 1,008 3,260 673 478 920 1,032 2,301 906 390 776 765 2,058 614 446 816 1,170 1,826 637 328 1,063 1,133 2,225 602 1,044 2,406 4,724 6,002 1,9,66 813 1,449 1.909 6,800 1,049 266 889 837 1,663 437 7,410 16,003 21,668 41,321 12,302 AGRICrLTURAL PRODUCTS. 668 2,397} 226 1,306 664 263 406 784 206 23 1694 1,5764 3994 29,020 117,7724 34.936 32,646 90,381J 29,4114 27,774 80,7094 44,317 30,507 29,640 77,561 90,0624 18,1664 3,621 5,964 3,289 1,6034 6,6634 2,644 2,887 2,078 2,080 3,645 3,643 12,712} 4,721 2,627 4 i 6,660 21,376 8,414 6,260 21,600 6,676 5,937 11,411 9,841 8,63; 7,805 26,177 12,485 6,411 14,015 64,928 13.860 10;296 65,052 8,671 17,6; 24,840 18.020 21,788 13,61 60,686 30,474 8,212 8,8684 732,884} 56,7694 156,389 361,976 Dairy Pboocctb. 118,760 319,229 108,690 72,305 279,626 76,970 135,009 141,030 91,825 140.976 151,886 416,246 243,423 83,285 3,070 28,021 71,580 16,220 28,622 10,620 8,101 4,640 7,604 300 5,836 517,281 4,390 2,595 859 1,3474 971 1,0004 903 1,664 2,786 329 1,227 1,130 1.80"4 2.1474 3,749} 1,883 ,379,267 708,679 21,8004 X Mr. Crittenden embarked, ■with his wifp, child, and goods, opon a rude boat, at Chenango Forks, and with a paddle and setting-p'tle worked his way up the r.ipid current of the Tioughnioga and Otselic Rivers to his place of settlement. For 9 years he was the sole inhabitant of the town. Among the other first settlers were Jabez .lohnson, (from Tt.,) Benj. Wilson, (from Westchester co.,) John Fisher, Thos. Gayley, Thos. Tjeach, Phineae Parpent, and John Covert. The first birth was that of a child of Eb'r Crittenden. The wives of golomon Smith, Danl. Roberts, and F.dward Nickerson all died in 1812; and these were the first deaths in town. The first school was taught in 1814. Benj. Wilson kept the first inn and built the first mill, and John S, Dyer kept the first store. 2 Formed since 1865. DELAWARE COUNTY. This county was formed from Ulster and Otsego, March 10, 1797.' It lies upon the headwaters of Delaware River, from which it derives its name. It contains an area of 1,580 sq. mi., and is cen- trally distant 70 mi. from Albany. Its surface is a hilly and mountainous upland, divided into 3 general ridges by the valleys of the 2 pirincipal branches of Delaware River. This upland region J is a connecting link between the Blue Ridge upon the s. and the Catskill and Ilelderbergh Mts. on the N. In the s. part of the co. these ridges form a mountainous region, with lofty, rocky peaks and precipitous declivities broken by wild and narrow ravines. In the N. the highlands are less wild and precipitous, and the whole region assumes the character of a rugged, hilly upland.^ The main or w. branch of the Delaware' River takes its rise in Utsyanthia Lake,* a small sheet of water upon the N. E. line of the co. It flows 60 mi. in a s. w. direction to the w. border of the CO., thence turns abruptly to the s. and forms the s. e. boundary of Tompkins and Hancock. In its course in the co. it descends about 1000 feet. Pepachton River,^ the e. branch of the Delaware, rises in Rosbury and flows 60 mi. s. w., uniting with the Delaware at Hancock. The Susquehanna forms a portion of the N. boundary of the co. Charlotte River and Ouleout Creek are tributaries of the Susque- hanna. The other streams are creeks and brooks, principally tributaries to the 2 branches of the Delaware. The valleys of these streams are usually narrow, and bordered by steep hills which often rise into mountains. The rooks of the co. mostly belong to the old red sandstones of the Cats- kill division. The mineral wealth of the co. is limited to stone useful for building and flagging, of wliioh large quantities of a fine quality are found. Vague traditions of silver and lead mines have here, as in other counties, hauntcil the brains of dreaming adventurers. A brine spring is reported 4 mi. x. w. of Delhi Village, and 1.38-1 feet above tide, another 3 J mi. from Colchester, and several chalybeate springs in various parts of the co. ; but none of them are important.' The soil is generally of a dark reddish color, composed of the disintegrated sandstone and shale. In the valleys are occa- sionally narrow strips of fertile alluvium. Dairying is at present the leading occupation of the people. The numerous fresh springs of water issuing from its hillsides,' the fresh herbage, and bracing mountain air, seem peculiarly adapted to this business.' Lumber was formerly rafted in large quantities to Philadelphia; but, although still extensively exported by K. k., the quantity is diminishing.' Since the completion of the r. r., tanneries have sprung up in favored localities, and will continue until the supply of bark is exhausted. The other manufactures are chiefly limited to the local wants of the inhabitants. The immense amount of water power in the co. will greatly facilitate the establishment of manufactories whenever the exigencies of the co. may demand them. 1 The w. branch of tho Delaware waa formprly the boundary line between Otsego ami Ulster cos. The line between tliis co. and Broome was run according to the treaty of Fort Stanwi.\ of Nov. 5, 1768, and was known for a long period as the " Line of I^npfrlt/.^' 2 The followinf? is a list of elevations above tide, principally derived from the Slate Uoad Survey in 1S25, and various B. R. surveys of more recent date ; — Delaware River, F.. bonier (estimated) 8.10 feet. .Tunction of the two branches of Delaware..... 932 " Hancock Station 94.3 " Delaware River at Itales Eddy 950 " Dickinsons Station 953 " Deposit (State Road Survey) 1004 " Sidney Tillaile 1010 " M.uth of Beaver Kil 1018 " Franklin Villace 1240 " Arkville, near Margaretville 1345 " Courthouse Square 1453 " West Meredith (.7ohn Stittson) 1726 " Perch Pond 1765 " Stamford Village (Newburgh & Syracuse R. R. Suney) 1705 ■' Fish Lake, near Delhi 1770 feet. Elk Creek Summit (3 or 4 mi. from Delhi) 1859 '■ Warner Pass (3 mi. w. of Stamford Village) 1SS7 " Head of Delaware, Stamford 1888 " Davenport Center 1898 " Lowest summit between Ouleout Creek and Delhi 2143 " Mt. Pisgah, Andes (estimatetl) 3400 " *Otherwi.so called the "Mohawk Branch of the Delaware,'- and by the Indians '• Cbokf^itafto'' or " (/art/iiagn." * This lake is often mentioned in early documents. In colo- nial times it waa at one of tin- angles of -Mbany co. 6 Sometimes written Popacton. Papotnnk. In the Govern- ment returns tho p. o. n.amed from the river is written Po- pacton. « Br.cl-'s ilinrralori!/ X. Y.. p. 160. 7 The first court held in the CO. adopted as its seal the devicfl of a "stream of water issuing from a high mountain." 8 111 amount of butter this co. ranks second only to St. Law- rence. * 111 number of aawmills this zo. is now surpassed by none but Steuben and Oneida. : 257 258 DELAWARE COUNTY. The CO. seat is located at Delhi. ^ The present courthouse was erected in 1820.^ The co. clerk's office and jaiF are in separate buildings, adjacent to the covirthouse. The poorhouse is an old, two story wood building, situated upon a farm of 175 acres about 2 mi. s. of Delhi Village. The average number of inmates is G5, supported at a cost of $1.00 per week each. The farm yields an uicorae of §250. The N. Y. & Erie K. R. extends along the Delaware, and the Albany & Susque- hanna R. R. tlirough the n. w. corner. Soon after the completion of the N. Y. & E. R. R., in 1849, plank roads were built, extending from several of the stations into the interior of the co,* The CO. has 7 weekly newspapers.^ The Hardenburgh Patent,^ embracing 10 mi. square, lying s. of the e. branch of the Delaware, was granted April 10, 1708, to Johannes Hardenburgh, of Kingston, Ulster co., and associates, who had previously purchased the lands of the Indians. A tract of 250,000 acres, between the w. branch of the Delaware and a line a mi. e. from the Susquehanna, was bought from the Indians at ^'Johnson Hall,'' Montgomery co., June 14, 17G8, by John Harper, Sen., and Gen. Wm., Joseph, and Alex. Harper and others. On the s. e. side it extended from Utsyanthia Lake down the Delaware to the mouth of a small stream called Camskutty. Within this tract 5 towns, with full privileges of townships, were created by patent in 1770; but in none of them was an organization ever effected under this authority.'^ Under their grant of 10 mi. square the proprietors of the Hardenlmrgli Patent claimed all the land between the branches of the Delaware, and leased it to actual settlers.^ In 1844, the settlers, who had previously paid annual rents, refused longer to submit to what they believed to be a wrong and fraud, and they called for legislative and judicial aid. In the mean time, the lessors prosecuted for rent. In 1845, associations were formed to prevent the collection of rent; and when the sheriff attempted to make a levy, or to sell property for rent, men disguised as Indians appeared to prevent the sale, determined thus to stay proceedings until the question of title should be legally settled. 1 The courthouse was located by the judges, justices, and supervisore; and the sum of $1200 was grauted April 4. 1798, for the erection of the co. buildings, on a lot given by Levi Bax- ter and George Fish. Under an act of March 28, 1806, the eherift's mileage was reckoned from the courthouse; and under an act of June 18, 1812, a tavern was allowed to be kept iu the courthouse. The courthouse and jail was burned April 17, 1S20, and a prisoner confined for some trifling offence perished in the flames. An act passed April 11, 1820, authorized a loan of gSOOO fur rebuilding, and the present edifice was erected in the sum- mer of that year. About a dozen prisoners, on " the limits" at the time the jail was burned, were released upon bail ; and it happened that while the co. was without a jail there was no occasion for its use ; but within a few hours after a prison room was so far completed as to hold a prisoner, it was needed and occupied. " Supernsors' meetings and courts were held at the house of Gideon Frisbie until the courthouse waa completed. The first CO. officers were Joshua H. Brett, First Judge; Patrick Lamb, Wm. Horton, and Gabriel North, Judges; Isaac Hardenburgh and Alex. Leal, Asst. Justices; Ebenezer Foote, Chirk; Elias Butler, Sheriff; and Anthony Marvin, Surrogate. 3 The jail is of wood, warmed by furnaces. It contains 4 rooms, and generally has 1 or 2 inmates. < During the first 10 years of this century several turnpikes were built through this co., and these tended greatly to i)ro- mote settlement, by opening routes to market. £> Tlie Dela-ware Gazette was established at Delhi, Nov. 18, 1819, by John Jas. Lappan. In 1833 it was sold to A. M. Paine, by whom it is now jmldished. The Delaware Republican was started at D'lhi, .luly 4, 1822, by Elijah J. Roberts, and was continii' d ;ibnnt 2 years. The Ddmvare Journal was started at Di_lhi in 18.04, by Geo. I^Iarviue, and was continued 1 year. It was revived by Bonne & McDonald, but was again discontinued. Tlie Delaware Express was started at Dellii, in Jan. 1839, by Norwood Bowne, the present publishir. Voice of the Pwple. an anti-rent paper establisheil at Delhi in 1845, by Wm. S. Hawley, was continued about 4 years. The Deposit Oturier was started in Mnrch, 1849, by C. E. Wright, and was continued till Mav, isji.O. From the same office. in Sept. 1853. Sylvester D. Ilnlso issued The Deposit Union Democrat, and still continues to piililish it. Tlic Bloomville Mirror was begun May 2S, ISol, by S. B. Champion. The first number contained but 101 words, and till July no price was fixed. The " office,'' located in the corner of a mill, consisted of 10 lbs. of type without a press; and the paper was "printed" hy striking with a mallet on a block laid over the type. It has grown into respectable size, and has an unusually large patronage for a country newspaper. It is now printed on a power press. The Hobart Free Press was started Jan. 1855, by E. B. Fenn. The We^l-ly Visitor was commenced April 14. 1855, at Franklin, by Geo. W. Reynolds. It has been changed to The Franklin Visitor, and is still published. I'he Waltan Journal, commenced in 1S56 by E. P. Ben'ay, was continued 2 years. The Village Record was established at Hobart in 1856, by G. \V. Albright. The Walton Blade was commenced in 1S56 by E. P. Berray, but was soon after discontinued. 6 Most of the Hardenburgh Patent was surveyed by Ebenezer VTooster, in 1749; and in that year the proprietors released to each other certain lots, bounded by monuments on the Deiawaro and Papaknnk Rivers. After the Revolution it was found that the monuments were lost, and an act, passed March 29, 1790, appointed Charles Tappen and Jas. Coekburn commissioners to make a survey of certain lines, to be properly marked by stone heaps every 2 mi. along the division lines. The tract was divided into great tracts, numbered from 1 to 42. Of these, 36 to 42 lay between the branches of the Delaware, and parts of 2 to 8 s. of the E. branch. 7 These towns were as follows: Names of Townships. Date of Patent. Acres. Patentees. Bedlington, May 24, 1770, 27,000 John Lake and asso- ciates. Franklin, Feb. 26, 1770, 30,000 Tbomasw Darton and Reese Meredith. Goldsborough, June 15, 1770, 6,000 Edward Tudor, Ber- nard Ratzer, and John Clark. Strasburgh, Dec. 4, 1770, 37,000 JohnButlerandasao- ciates. ■VThiteborough, March 10, 1770, 38,000 1 Henry White and as- 1 sociates. The quitrents of these lauds were fixed at 2 shillings sixpence per 100 acres, payable annually on the Feast of the Annuncia- tion of R. V. M. There was generally in the patent 1 name to each 1000 acres of the grant, although the bona fide owners were usually few in numbers. 8 A select committee of the Assembly, in 1846, reported the following tracts under lease in this co. : Kortright Patfnt, 20,000 acres, mostly leased in fee. at sixpence sterling j)er acre. It was offered for sale at $2 per acre. Desbrosse^ Tract. (Harden- burgh Patent,) 60.000 acres, mostly leased in fee between 1790 and 1807, at 1 shilling per acre after the first 7 years. Farms from 100 to 200 acres. Morgan Lewis Estate, 20,000 acres, about 15,000 under perpetual lease, at 20 bush, of wheat per 100 acres after 15 years: for the first 5 of the 15 years it was rent free, a years for one-half rent, and 5 for three-qu-arters. G. and S. Verplanck, 3 tracts, originally 50,000 acres, of which less than 20.000 were under lease. J{. R. Livingston and Jilrs. Mont- Qomery., 20,000 acres, under perpetual lease, on a rent of 20 bush, of wheat per 100 acres. Gm. Armstrong. 8,000 acres, under lease for 3 lives, at 20 bush, of wheat per 100 acres. Hunter"! and Oi'iring's large tracts in this co., Sullivan, aud Greene, in fee, with a rent of 12J to 15 or 18 cents per acre. DELAWARE COUNTY. 259 An act was passed, Jan. 25, 1845, forbidding persons from appearing disguised and armed, under a penalty of imprisonment in the co. jail for a term not exceeding 6 months. Persons thus armed and disguised might be prosecuted under the fictitious names they assumed, if their real names could not be discovered ; and such persons assembling in public houses or other places to the number of three ormore might, upon conviction, be imprisoned lyear in the co. jail. If convicted upon an indictment for a conspiracy or riot or other misdemeanor, in which offense they were armed with deadly weapons, they were further liable to a fine not exceeding $250, with or without a year's imprisonment. In a few cases these laws were disregarded ; several arrests weremade, and the co. was declared in a state of rebellion. Aug. 7, 1845, Sheriff Moore, accompanied by P. P. Wright, went to the town of Andes to sell the property of Moses Earl upon execution for rent. There he found 176 men armed and dis- guised, who told him to do his duty, and they would protect him: "but," said they, "let bidders beware." The sheriff and Indiana drove the cattle near the road, the Indians forming a semicircle about the property. At this crisis Dept. Sheriffs Osman N. Steele and R. Edgarton (whom Sheriff Moore had requested not to come to the sale) appeared on horseback, jumped their horses over the fence, were joined by Wright, and rode into the midst of the Indians, flourishing their revolvers and firing several shots. The Indians gave ground ; but thechief ordered them to shoot the horses. Seve- ral shots were made, killing the horses of Steele and Edgarton, and mortally wounding Steele, who survived but a few hours.' The Governor immediately issued a proclamation declaring the co. to be in a state of insurrection, and placing it under martial law. A battalion of 300 militia, one-half of whom were mounted, were called out and placed at the disposal of tbe local ofiicers.' They con- tinued in service several months. The mounted men were actively employed the first 2 or 3 months in small detachments, aiding the civil authorities in making arrests, and in patrolling day and night such districts as the exigency of the service required. The residue was employed in guard- ing the jail, and as foot patrols in the vicinity of Delhi on the occasion. On two occasions detach- ments of troops attended the sheriff to State prison with prisoners.' ANDES* — was formed from Middletown, April 13, 1819. It lies on the s. e. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland, intersected by the deep, narrow ravines of the E. branch of the Delaware and its branches. The hiUs are high, rocky, and irregular, and are bordered by steep declivities.' The Delaware flows s. w. through near the center of the town. Trempers Kil, Little Bush Kil, and Shaw Brook are the other principal streams. The valleys of these streams are all narrow and tortuous and are bordered by rocky hillsides. A considerable portion of the town is still covered with forests. The soil is a clayey and shaly loam underlaid by hardpan upon the hills, and a gravelly loam of good quality in the valleys. Andes, (p. v.,) nn Trempers Kil, in the N. part of the town, contains an academy,' 3 churches, a flouring mill, and 2 tanneries. Pop. 350. Cabin Hill, (p. o.,) in the n. w., is a hamlet. Shavertown and Trempers H.I1 are p. offices. Permanent settlement commenced in 1784. A few farms were taken up prior to the Revolution, but were abandoned. The w. part of the town began to be settled in 1794-96.' Rev. Mr. House, of Colchester, held the first religious meetings, in 1797.' BOVIXA'— was formed from Delhi, Stamford, and Middletown, Feb. 25, 1820. It is an inte- rior town, lying directly e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of small streams. The highest summits are 1500 to 2500 ft. above tide. The streams are Little Delaware River, flowing w. through the center of the town. Bush Creek, the outlet of Teunis Lake, and Coulter, Maynard, Moimtain, and Grants Brooks. The valleys of these streams ' For full particulars see Govemor^s Message in 1S46, and Goidd'a Hut. Del.' Cb.^ Chap. xii. About 90 persons were in- dicted for the murder, of whom one-third were arrested. Two (o'Conner and Van Steenburgh) were convicted and sentenced to be executed, but their punishment was commuted to State prison for life by Gov. Wright, and they were fully pardoned by Gov. Young. The co. remained under martial law from Aug. IS to Dec. 22, 1845. The murder of Steele led to the speedy aban- donment of secret organizations and Indian coetumes. - A company of volunteers under Benj. T. Cook, and another under John R. Baldwin, were formed, and organized into a bat- talion under Thom.as Marvine as major. A company of light infantry from Unadilla, under Capt. Holies, waa also called out, and reported themselves to M^. Marvine. » Adjutant General's Report: Assem, Doc. 6, 1846. The whole expense of this service was S*^,6S3 20, which was charged to the CO., but has never been repaid. Considerable tracts of land have since been conveyed in fee: and of others, the rent is now paid as formerly, and if in arrears, suits are instituted without tliffl- cnlty. * Namod from the mountainous character of its surface. ^ " Mt. Pisgah" is the highest point between the two branches of the Del.aware. By a r.r. survey from Oneonta by way of Elk Creek, Delhi and Fish Lake, the Fish Lake summit is ascertained to be 1040 ft. above tide. By another route, up the Little Dela- ware and Coulters Brook, the" highest point on the lino was almost the same height. RIt. Pisgah measured ISOO ft. above this, or about 3400 feet above tide. fl Erected by Henry Dowie in 1847. It is not incorp. ^ Among the first settlers were James Phcenix, Olmsted, Peter Burgher, Joseph Erskine, Silas Parish. E. Washburn, Eli Sears, Jacob, Adam, and Philip Shaver, and Philip Barnhart. The first birth w.as that of Philip, son of Adam Shaver, Oct. 9, 1786; tho first marriage, that of Henry Myers and Catharine Shaver, Juno 17, 1789 ; and the first death, that of Wm. June. Wm. Washburn taught the first school, in 1792-93; Edward Sands kept tho first store, Russell Comstock the first inn, and Robt. More built the first mill on Trempers Kil in 1797. 8 The census reports 8 churches ; 2 Asso. Ref. Prot., and 1 each Bap., 0. S. Bap., Cong., M. E., Presb., and Union. • Name applied by Gen. Erastus Root, from the Latin, in allu- sion to its fitness for grazing. 260 DELAWARE COUNTY. are narrow and are bordered by steep, rocky hillsides. Teunis Lake^ (s.) and Landons Lake (w.) are small bodies of water. The surface is stony, and the soil is generally a clay loam, ad- mirably adapted to grazing. Brushland,^ (p-v.,) on the Little Delaware, contains a tan- nery, gristmill, and clothing works. Pop. 183. BOTina,^ (P-'^-O ^t the junction of Maynard and Mountain Brooks, contains about a dozen houses. The first settlement was begun in 1792, by Elisha B. Maynard, and during the succeeding 3 years many families from Conn, and Scotland located in the ralleys.* Rev. James Richie conducted the first religious services, in 1795. The first church (Un. Presb.) was formed in 1809. The census reports 3 churches; M. E., Asso. Presb., and Ref. Presb. COLiCHESTER^— was formed from Middletown, April 10, 1792. A part was annexed to Walton in 1799; Hancock was taken ofi* in 1806, and a part of Walton was annexed in 1827. It occupies a central position upon the s. e. border of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, broken by the narrow valleys of the streams. The e. branch of the Delaware flows westward through the n. part of the town, dividing the highlands into two distinct parts. From the n. it receives West Trout, Downs, and Coles Brooks, and from the s. Clearwater and several smaller brooks. Beaver Kil flows through the 3. w. corner, receiving Spring Brook as a tributary. The valleys of these streams are all narrow, and many hundred feet below the summits of the hilla which rise on either side. The soil is a reddish clay, and is often very stony. A considerable Bhare of the surface is still covered with forests. Lumbering is extensively piirsued. Dofrns- ville,^ (P'"^-*) on the Delaware, at the mouth of Downs Creek, contains 3 churches. Pop. 206. Pepacton and Colchester are p. offices. The first settlement was begun in May, 1774.'' The first religious services (Bap.) were conducted by Elder Haynes, and the first church (Bap.) was formed in 1803. There are now 2 churches in town; M. E. and Presb. DAVEWPORT^— was formed from Kortright and Maryland, (Otsego co.,) March 31, 1817. It lies along the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a broken upland, divided into two ridges by the valley of Charlotte River, which extends e. and w. through the center of the town. These ridges are subdivided by the narrow, lateral valleys of tributaries of Charlotte River. The soil is a chocolate colored clay loam mixed with slate. Ferg'USOUVille,^ (P-'^-O on Charlotte River, on the E. border of the town, contains an academy,*^ a church, and several manu- facturing establishments. Pop. 125. Davenport, (p-^^-t) 3 mi. below, contains a population of 95. Davenport Center (p. v.) contains a cradle and rake factory and 5 sawmills. Pop. 125. "West Davenport" (p. v.) contains a woolen factory, 3 sawmills, and 90 inhabitants. The first settlers were Daniel Farnsworth and Pross, who located upon the present site of Davenport Center in 1786.^^ At that time an Indian trail, of sufficient width to admit the passage of wagons, extended along Charlotte River. Elder Mudge (M. E.) conducted the first religious services, and commenced regular preaching in 1813." DEEHIi*— was formed from Middletown, Kortright, and Walton, March 23, 1798. A part of Bovina was taken off in 1820, and a part of Hamden in 1825. A part was annexed to Walton in 1 This lake lies near the foot of Mt. Pisgah, and its shores are j inudtiy, and covered with bushes and coarse grass. It was cameii from a friendly Indian who saved the early settlers of Middl'-town from massacre by giving them a timely warning. His hnt was near the lake, and he remained several years after the war. Tradition attributes to this region rich lead mines known only to Indians. s Named from Alex. BruRh, first settler and proprietor. 8 Locally known as ■' Butt End.** * Francis Coulter, Levi and Jacob Mabie, Jas. Kidzie, Andrew Chisholm, Jas. Kay, Thos. Liddle, Sam'l Davis, and A. Nichols, were early settlers. The first birth was that of Elisha II., son of Elisha B. Maynard, An^;. 26, 1793; the first marriage, that of Jas. Russell and Nancy Richie, in 1799; and the first death, that of Hezekiah David, in 179S. Edwards taught the first school, in ISOS; James Wetmore kept the first inn, at the "Hook;" Robert Hume the first store, at Brnshland; Stephen Palmer built the first mill, in 1796, for Gov. Lewis; and John Jerome the first factory, in ISOS. ft Name applied by Joseph Gee, from Colchester, Conn. ' 8 Named from Abel Downs, who erected thCTO extcnsiTO tan- neries and mills. T Timothy Russell, Thos. and John Gregory, (from Westchester CO.j) Frederick Miller, (still living, 1S69, aged luO years,) Jas. and S. Shaver, Silas Bowker, Peter, Harry, and Nehemiah Avery, Jacob Bramhart, Daniel and Wm. Parish, and Wm. Rose, began settlement before the war, but were driven off by the Indians and tories. Before leaving they buried their iron implements, to preserve them. After the war several of the families returned, and were joined by Wm. Horton, Abraham Sprague, Thos. Cal- breth, Nathan Elwood, Nathan Fnller, Joseph Gee, Caleb and Henry Sutton, Jas. Miller, and Dennis. Jared, and John Ilitt. The first birth was that of Catharine, a daughter of Wm. Koe, Dec. 24, 17S4; and the first death, that of Thomas Gregory. Adam J. Doll opened the first store, and built the first bridge across the river at the place now known as Brooks Bridge. Wm. Ruse built a sawmill in 1790. On the farm of Wm. Early, near the month of Coles Brook, is the site of an Indian village, with many of the apple trees planted by the natives still standing. 8 Named from Julin Davenport, an early settler and first snpervisor. 9 Named from Me8srs,rergu8on, who were largely engaged in business here. 10 Erected by the Fergnsons about 1848. 11 Called Ad-a-quightin-ge, or Ad-i-inaon,Wm.C<.irn'-ll. and John and Silaa Grimes. Jas. Howard kept the first inn, in 179(>, and Matthiaa Sweney built the first gristmill, in 1797. Gen. Eliaa Butler waa the first merchant near the Walton line. 10 Asso. Presb.. Christian. Cong., and Presb. i» Named in honor of John Hancock, President of Continental Congress. 262 DELAWARE COUNTY. Brooks, are tributaries of the Delaware. These streams all flow through narrow ravines bordered by steep, rocky hills nearly perpendicular. The valley at the junction of the two branches is 922 feet above tide, and at the mouth of Beaver Kll it is 1018 ft. above tide. The summits are 1000 to 1500 ft. above the valleys. A large portion of the surface is still covered with forests. The soil upon the uplands is a hard clayey loam, scarcely susceptible of cultivation. Lumber, leather, Bhingles, and staves are largely manufactured. Ilaucock,^ (p. v.,) at the junction of the two branches of the Delaware, is an important trading and R. R. station. Pop. 502. Stockport Station and LiOi'dsville are r. r. stations and p. offices. East Brancb, (p. v.,) at the mouth of Beaver Kil, contains 2 churches and 20 houses ;andllarvard, (p.v.,)3mi.aboveE. Branch, 15 houses ; Partridge Island, on the e. branch, at the mouth of Rieds Brook, and Cadosia Valley, (p. o.,) on Hawks Brook, 3 mi. above Hancock, are hamlets. Before the Revo- lution two families settled in town ; but they soon after left and never returned. The first perma- nent settlement was made soon after the close of the war by families from Dutchess co.'' In 1784, Canope, a friendly Indian, was treacherously killed in this town by Bon Haines.' The first reli- gious meetings (M. E.) were conducted by Rev. Titus WLUiams.'' HARPERSFIEL,»5— was formed March 7, 1788. Franklin was taken off in 1792, Kort- right in 1793, and a part of Stamford in 1834. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its sui-face is a rolling upland, constituting a portion of the high plateau region stretching westward from the Catskill Mts. The principal streams are head branches of the w. branch of the Delaware, in the s. ; of Middle Brook, in the center ; and of Charlotte River, in the u. The valleys are usually narrow, and bordered by gradually sloping hills arable to their summits. The soil is a shaly and slaty loam of good quality. The quality of the soil, and the great abundance of pure soft water which issues from the hillsides, render this co. one of the finest grazing regions in the State. Ilarpersfleld, (p. v.,) near the e. line, contains 20 houses. IVortli Uarperstield (p. o.) is a hamlet. FergTUSonville (p. v.) lies on the line of Davenport, Nortli Kortright (p. v.) on the line of Kortright, and Stamford (p. v.) on the line of Stamford. This town formed pai't of a large purchase made from the Indians by the Harpers in 1768.° In 1771, Col. John Harper and David Hendi-y surveyed this town, and a small settlement was made soon after. One of the first settlers was Samuel Claxton, a tory. Several murders were committed by tories and Indians during the war, and the settlement was abandoned. In 1784, Col. John, Capt. Wm., Col. Alex., and Joseph Harper returned, and began the first permanent settlement." Rev. John Lindsley conducted the first religious services, at an early period. There are now two churches in town, Bap. and Presb. H.ORTRIGHT'— was formed from Harpersfield, March 12, 1793. A part of Delhi was taken off in 1798, a part of Meredith in 1800, a part of Davenport in 1817, and a part of Stamford in 1834. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, troken by narrow valleys and ravines. The mean elevation of the town is 1700 ft. above tide, and the highest simimits attain an elevation of 2400 ft. The streams are the w. branch of the Delaware, forming its s. boundary, and its tributaries, and several small tributaries of Charlotte River, draining the N. half of the town. The hills are steep, but are generally susceptible of cultivation. The soil is adark, shaly loam, well adapted to pasturage. Blooniville (p. v.) is in the s. w. part of the town. Pop. 184. Kortri§^llt Center (Kortright p. o.) contains a church and 25 houses. IVortb Kortriglit (p. o.) and South Kortrigbt (p. o.) are farming neighborhoods. Setr 1 Formerly " Shohakin" or '* CJi^hocton" 8aid to signify the unioQ of streams. A planli road extends from this place to Walton, a distance of 21 J mi. 3 Among tlie first settlers were Dr. Elnathan Gregory and his Eon Samuel, John Barber. Daniel Bonker, llenry Ruff, Timothy Rine, Chris. Ruff, Dennis Ilitt, Uilbert, Leonard, (from New England, who settled on Reeds Flat,) John Hitt, John and Richard Biddlecon, Ebr. Wheeler, Win., Jos., John, and Sam'l Mallory, (near Partridge Island,) .Tosiah Parker. Geo. Hanks, and Jones, (at Hancock Village.) The first birth was that af Elisha, son of Dan'I Bouker, May 11, 1792; the first marriage, that of Abni. Sprague and Puily Parish, in 1791; and the first death, that of Lieut. Day. John Gregory taught the first school. 3 OouWs Hist. Del. Co., p. 184. * The census reports 6 churches; 3 M. £., and 1 each Bap., Cong., and R. C. 6 Named in honor of Col. John Harper, a proprietor and pioneer settler. The family consisted of John and his wife Abigail and nine children, — Wm., James, Mary, John, Joseph, Alexander, Abigail, and two others. The brothers were ardent patriots of the Revolution and active defenders of liberty. t^eir names are intimately associated with oar State history. * On the 2d of April, 17S0, a party of 14 prrsone, under Capt. Ale.x. Harper, was sent from Schoharie to Harpersfield for the purpose of making maple sugar and watching the disafi"ected in that quarter. On lu3 return, Cajit. H. was taken prisoner by a party of tories and 43 Indians. Of the party he bad left, 3 were killed and the rest taken prisoners. The representation made by Capt. Harper concerning the strength of the Schoharie settle- ment saved it from destruction at that time. t Roawell Hotchkiss, and Levi and Jedediah Gaylord. settled with the Harpers near the center of the town. Jo.'siah Seely, Matthew Lindsley, Sam'l and John Knapp, 2 Hamiltons, Washburn, Isaac Pierce, Stephen Judd, Sam'l, Eliab, and .John Wilcox, Richard and John Bristol, Atajah Baird, B.vron Mclivaine, D.avid and John McCuUough, Isaac Patchin, Wm. Lamb, Caleb Gibbs, and Wm. McFarland were among the early settlers. Rebecca Harper, born Jan. 8, 1783, was the first birth after the war. Rev. John Lindsley is believed to have taught the fii-at school. A gristmill, erected about 1775 by Col. Harper, was burned by the enemy, and was rebuilt soon after the war. 8 Named from Lawrence Kortright, the patentee. DELAWARE COUNTY. 263 tlements commenced before the Revolution, but were broken up by the war,^ The first permanent settlers after the -war were from Conn., Dutchess cc, N. Y., and Scotland.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed in 17S9: Rev. Wm. McAuley settled in town in Sept. 1794, and was installed pastor June 6, 1795. He filled that office until the time of his death, March 21, 1851, a period of 56 years.* MASOIVVILiliE*— was formed from Sidney, April 4, 1811. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into 2 ridges by the valley of Bennetts Creek, which extends e. and w. through the N. part of the town. These ridges are subdivided by numerous lateral ravines, through which flow small brooks. The highest summits are 600 to 1000 feet above the valleys and 1800 U> 2000 feet above tide. The surface is stony, and the soil a shaly loam, difficult of cultivation except in the valleys. masonvllle (p.v,) is situated on Bennetts Creek, in the w. part of the town. Pop. 234. The first settlement was commenced in 1795, on ** Cochhurns Gore,''^ ujx)n the w. border of the town, by immigrants from Mass.^ In 1797, the State Road from Cherry Valley to Jericho was opened through the town. The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Joel Chapin, in 1797. The first church (Bap,) was formed Dec. 7, 1811. There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb. and M. E. MEREDITH^ — was formed from Franklin and Kortright, March 14, 1800. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, less broken than most of the towns in the co. The s. and e. parts of the town are occupied by the high ridges forming the watershed between Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers. The streams are small brooks and creeks. The soil is a reddish clay and shaly loam. Ouleout (p. v.) contains 25 houses. Mereditb Square (Meredith p. o.) contains 2 churches and 20 houses. West lUereditb (p. o.) is a hamlet. These last two places are on the old Catskill Turnpike. Settlement was begun in 1787, by Joseph Bramhall, whose family were sole inhabitants till 1793.^ Elder Nathan Stilson (Bap.) held the first meetings. He was not a regular preacher, but a zealous promoter of education and religion.® MIDOLETOWIV— was formed from Rochester and Woodstock, (Ulster co.,) March 3, 1789. Colchester was taken off in 1792, a part of Delhi in 1798, Andes in 1819, and a part of Bovina in 1820. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, bisected by the deep, narrow valley of the e. branch of the Delawax'e. The principal streams ai'e Delaware River, Platte Kil, Batavia Kil, Rod Kil, Bush Kil, and Mill Creek, The valleys of these streams are bordered by steep, rocky hillsides often rising into mountains. The soil is a shaly and gravelly loam. Margaretville,^^ (p-^-j) on the n. bank of the Delaware, near the center of the town, contains 40 houses. OrifliBls CornerSj" (p-v.,) on the Bush Kil, in the s.e. part, contains 30 houses. Clovesvllle, (p.o.,) Solitude, and Arkville are hamlets on the Bush Kil, below Griffins Corners. Ory Brook Settlement is a lumber station on the s. branch of the Bush Kil. Oalcottsvllle,^- (p. o.,) on the Delaware, near the e. border of the town, is a hamlet of a dozen houses. Spruceville is a little settlement between Ilalcottsville and Margaretville. IVew Kin^ston^^ (p-o-) is a hamlet upon the Platte Kil, in the n. part of the town. Clarks Factory" (p. o.) is a little settlement on the Platte Kil, near its mouth. liUmbcrvllle (p. o.) 1 Among these early Bettlors wcro Alex. Mille, agent for the proprietor, Alex. Leal, Dauiel JlcGilivrne, and Ilugb Clark. The township was surveyed by Wm. Cockburn in 1770, and the first improvement began eoou after. 2 By an advertiaement dated Jan. 1785, it appears that 30 families were then settled in town. The proprietor oflTered 150 tarms, more or less improved, tree of rent 5 years, and sixpence sterliug per acre annually after forever. The first school waa taught by Jared Blakoley, in 1795. Thos. McAuley, brother of the minister, and afterward Prof, in Union College, taught here in 1799. Judge Keeler waa the next teacher. A Mr. Alexander built a mill before the war, and the irons concealed then have never been found. The first birth wasthatof Dan'lMcGilivrae; the first marriage, that of Michael Sexsmith and Maiy Ann Kiggs; and the first death, that of a son of Isaac Kandell. By an act of April 5, 1810, fairs were established Id the tillage of *' Health," in this town, for the sale of live stock, agricultural produce, and domestic manufactures. It was to be supported by a tax of 1 per cent, on all sales. 8 The census reports 6 churches; 3 Asao. Ref. Presb., 2 M. E., and 1 Ref Presb. 4 Named from the Rev. John M. Mason, of N. Y., principal owner of the Evans Patent in this town. & A narrow strip of land between Evans Patent and the "Line of Property." * Among the early settlers were Wm. and Aden Wait, Danl. Scrnnton, Enoe Goodman. Justin Xash, Pores Moody aud 3on Moses, Asa, Terry, and Caleb Monson. The first birth was that of Sally, daughter of Daniel Wait, Aug. 10, 1797, and the first death was that of Wm. Wait, the same summer. Dr. Eli Em- mons taught the first school ; Simeon Wells kept the first inn ; Fitch & Phelpa the first store, In 1S08 ; and Joseph Bickneli bcilt the firMt saw and grist mill, in 1S02. 7 Named from Sam'l Meredith, of Philadeljihia, who owned a part of Franklin Patent. Hon. Saml. A. Law came into this town in 1796, as agent and part owner of the Franklin Patent, Being a New England man he influenced a large immigration of New Englanders to this place, giving to it the peculiar characterieticB of a Connecticut town. 8 Among the early settlers who came In 1793 were Nathan Stilson, Caleb Strong, Natb'i Stewart, Ohver Button, Dan'l North, and Truman Stilson. Lucy Austin taught tbf firnt school; Joa. Brambidl kept the first inn, and the first birth and death oc- curred in his family. Rufus Bunnell kept the first store, at the Square, in 1799; David Spoor built the first gristmill, in 1802. The first marriage of settlers was that of Elijah Georgia and Keziah Stewart, who eloped and were married in the fall of 1796. ^ The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Bap., 1 F. W. Bap., and 1 Cong. 10 Theold Indian village of "Po-A-a-iapft-A-an" was situated about 1 mi. K. of this village, at the mouth of the Bush Kil. 11 Named from the Grifiin dmily, early proprietors and resi- dents. 12 A wctolen factory is located at this place. 13 This village is situated in the center of a tract of land given by Wm. Livingston to 100 sufferers of the Kingston fiie in 1777 Each family received 50 acres. 1* Named from the Messrs, Claiks, who have an extensive tan- nery Qt this place. 264 DELAWARE COUNTY. is a lumber station at the mouth of Mill Creek, in the w. part of the town. A vague tradition exists of an early settlement of this town by French traders, but no pusitive proof. In 1762-63 a party from Hurley, Ulster Co., commenced a settlement, which increased rapidly and in a few years spread over the Delaware bottom lands.* The settlers were driven out in 1778,*'^ but returned soon after the war. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1794. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and 1 Asso. Ref. Presb. ROXBURY^ — was formed from Stamford, March 23, 1799. It occupies the extreme e. por- tion of the CO. Its surface is a mountainous upland, forming a portion of the great plateau extend- ing w. from the Catskill Mts. The declivities of the hills are steep and rocky and are mostly unfit for cultivation. The highest points on the n. and w. borders of the town are estimated to be 2800 feet above tide. The principal streams are the e. branch of the Delaware, flowing s. w. through the center of the town. Bear Kil in the e., Batavia Kil and Red Kil in the s., and numerous smaller creeks. The soil is a reddish clay loam. Roxbury (p. v.) lies on the Delaware, near the center of the town. Pop. 232. Moresvillc/ (p.o.,) near the n.e. border, Strattons Fall/ (p.o.,) in the s., liitf le Falls, upon the e. border, and Batavia Kil are hamlets. The first settle- ment was made by John M(.ire, a Scotchman, on the site of Moresville, in 1786.^ The first religious meetings were conducted by Rev, H. Myres.' SID1VEY«— was formed from Franklin, April 7, 1801. Masonville was taken ofi" in 1811. It lies upon Susquehanna River, in the n.w. corner of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, ending in high blufi's upon the valley of the river. The highest summits are 800 to 1200 ft. above the valley, Ouleout and Carrs Creeks* flow w. through the town and empty into the Susquehanna. The valleys of these streams are deep and narroAv, and are bordered by steep, rocky hills. The soil in the val- leys is a fine fertile alluvium, and upon the hills a dark, shaly loam. Sidney^ (p. v.,) on the s. bank of the Susquehanna opposite Unadilla, contains about 25 houses, $»idney Center, (p. V.,) on Carrs Creek, 3 churches and 20 houses, .and Sidney Plains, {p. v.,) upon the Sus- quehanna, in the n. w. corner of the town, 2 churches and about 20 houses. In May, 1772, Rev. Wm. Johnston, with an Indian guide, explored this region of country, and finally selected the present site of Sidney Plains as a place of settlement.'^ Early in 1773 he moved in with his family, being the first settler in the Susquehanna Valley within the limits of the State. Several others soon followed. Just before the war, Gen. Herkimer held an interview with Brant at this place; and the menacing attitude assumed by the Indians led Johnston and others who sympa- thized with the Continental cause to leave their new home for a less exposed situation. A few inhabitants remained during the war, and many returned immediately after its close.^' By an act of April 6, 1790, £800 was granted for the construction of a road from " OUhoudf* Creek to Catskill on the Iludson.^^ The census reports 5 churches; 2 M, E., 2 Cong., and 1 Bap, STAMFORD"— was formed April 10, 1792. Roxbury was taken off in 1799, and a part of Bovinain 1820. A part was annexed from Harpersfield and Kortright, April 22, 1834. It lies N. of Roxbury, on tlie n. e. border of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland. Mt. Prospect, E. of Stamford Village, is estimated to be 1500 ft. higher than the valleys. From its summit Albixny City is visible in a clear day. The streams are the w. branch of the Delaware, forming a portion of its n. boundary, and Town and Rose Brooks, The soil is principally a reddish clay 1 The first settlers were Ilarmanus and Peter Dumond, Jo- hannes Van Waggoner, and Ilendrickg, who located neai' the old Indian village. Among those who came soon after were families named Kittle, Yaplo, Brugher, Slyter, Ilinebaugh, Green, and Bieurch. 2 Most of the settlers hecame toriee, and in 1779 the Governor was empowered to cause the removal ordestniction of grain in the bsick settlementu of Ulster co,, to prevent it from being ser- viceable to tha enemy. Soon after the war, the settlers of"/^- kcUaghkan" came before the legislature for redress; but no act was passed ia their fa.yor.-^ Legislative Papns, St. Lib. 3 Named from Roxbury, Conn., from which place many of the early settlers came. * Named from the first settler. b Named from an early settler. Strattons Brook falls about 40 feet at this place, furnishing a good water power. « John More, Israel Inmau, Abm. Gould, Geo. Squiers, Josiah Patchin, Nehemiah Hayes, Da\id Squiers, (most of them from Fairfield, Conn.,) settled along the valley near the present village of Roxbury, in 17 ^9.~GoukCs Hist. Del. Co., 197-98-99. The first child born was Charlotte, daughter of Nath"! Tiffany, in March, 1792; and the first in;»le child born was John Gould, in Oct. of the same year. David Smith taught the first school, in the winter of 1794-95 ; Isaac Ilardenburgh owned the first store, John More kept tlie first inn, and John Pierson built the first gristmill. 7 The census reports 8 churches ; 3 M. E., 2 0. S. Bap., 2 B«L Prot. D., and 1 Christian. 8 Named from Sir Sidney Smith, the British Admiral. Th* name wjis first applied by Jobn Mandeville^, an English school- master, then living on Sidney Plains. ^ Named in memory of John Carr, a tory, who built a sawmill upon this stream at an early period. 10 At this place was the site of an old Indian fort. Three acres of ground were enclosed by mounds of earth surrounded by a ditch. From early times the place has been called " The Fort Grounds.'" 11 The first gristmill w. of Uarpersfield was built, in 1778, by Abm. Fuller, on the Ouleout, near Wattles Ferry. An inn waa opened at the ferry in 17S5, by Nathaniel Wattles. The first raft was sent down to Ilai-risbnrgh in 1795, by Capt. David McMtisters. In 1787 a great scarcity uf provisions occasioned much distress in this valk*y, and the settlers were saved from starvation by a boat li .'^^^ •'^"^'^f' ""'' ^'- i^- Ulanchard, and now by Wm. Luff. The Rhmeheck Gazette was established in 1846 by Smith & Car- penter, and in IS.^jO was united with The Mechanic. The Rhinebeck Advocate was published by Robert Marshall in 1H44). It was subsequently changed to r^e Dutchess Connty Ang Hill" and the highest on the e. border as "^Looking Rock." fi A furnace at this place manufactures pig iron from the ore. It employs 40 hands, and makes about 400 tons of iron per annum. The ore is obtained from the mine near Silver Lake, in Beekman. A mine on the e. line, after being worked 20 years, was exhausted. 1 2 Bap., M. E., and Ref. Prot. D. The last named haa an endowment of $5000. 8 This pass was carefully guarded during the Revolution, to prevent the British from turning the American works at West Point. A considerable American force was stationed at its upper extremity daring the campaign of 1777. ^ Mt. Hope is 5 mi. 8. of Myers Corners. A beautiful and ex- tended view is obtained from its summit. A beacon has been erected here by the Coast Survey, to serve as a point in the tri- angulation of the Hudson River Valley. w Among the most important manufactories are ''The Seam- less Clothing Manufacturing Co.," incorporated with acnpitalof $50,000. It gives employmentto32ohauds,Rud turns out 4500,000 worth of goods annually. The Matteawan Macliine Works, S. B. Schenck, proprietor, givea employment to 200 hands, and turns out annually gonda to the auiomit of |;500,000. J. Kothery's file factory employs 70 hands^ and manafactures goodei to the 272 DUTCHESS COUNTY. churches. Pop. 1476. WappingcrsFalls, (p. v.,) at the head of navigation onWappingers Creek, li mi. from the Hudson, lies partly in Poughkeepsie. It is largely engaged in manufacturing.' Wap- pingers Creek here falls 75 feet, furnishing an excellent water power. The village contains 4 churches. Pop. 1819, of which 1139 are in this town. HugrbSOllvlIle, (p. v.,) U mi. s. of Wappingers Falls, contains a church and a steam saw and grist mill. Pop. 245. ]Vew Hackensacli, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 1 church and 15 dwellings; FisIlkJII, (p-v.,) near the center, contains the Fishkill Seminary, the Fishkill CoUegiate Institute, 2 private schools, a newspaper office, a hank, savings' bank, 3 churches, and 130 dwellings. GI,enliaill, {p. v.,) 2i mi. below Fishkill, contains a woolen factory,^ 3 churches, and 75 dwellings. Carthagre Landing, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, 5 mi. above Fishkill Landing, contains 1 church and 30 dwellings. Myers Cor- ners, Sivartoutville, and BrinkertaoflTville are hamlets. The first settlement is sup- posed to have been made before 1690. The earliest records, dated in 1697,' are papers relating to lands. The town lies within the tract granted to Francis Rumbout and others, Oct. 17, 1685.* In colonial times it formed a part of the Rumbout and Fishkill precincts. The first constitutional con- vention held a session in this town in the fall of 1776. There are 22 churches in town.' HTDE PARR'>— was formed from Clinton, Jan. 26, 1821. It lies upon tlie Hudson, a little N. of the w. border of the co. Its surface is principally a rolling and moderately hilly upland, terminating on the Hudson in a blufi" 180 ft. high. Hog and Lloyds Hills, in the N. part, each about 500 ft. above the river, are the highest points in town. The principal streams are Crum Elbow Creek, and Fall Kil, tributaries of the Hudson. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by slate. Hyde Park, (p. v.,) finely situated upon an eminence half a mi. e. of the river, contains 4 churches, a gristmill, and 692 inhabitants. Staatsburgli (p. o.) is a r. r. station and hamlet in the N. part of the town ; Union Corners and Oyde Park Lianding' are hamlets. Numerous elegant residences, occupying splendid sites, have been erected along the banks of the river. The first settler is supposed to have been Jacobus Stoughtenburgh, the owner of one of the nine " water lots ;" he came to the town about 1720. Gov. Morgan Lewis formerly re- Bided upon the place now occupied by Hon. J. K. Paulding. The census reports 7 churches in town.' liA GRAIVGE'— was formed from Beekman and Fishkill, as "Freedom," Feb. 9, 1821. Its name was changed in 1828. A part of Union Vale was taken ofi' in 1827. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the oo. Its surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland. Sprout Creek, the principal stream, flows s. through near the center. Wappingers Creek forms the w. boundary. The soil is a gravelly loam. La (•rang'eville, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains 2 gristmills and 14 houses; and Freedom Plains, (p. v.,) near the center, a church and 14 houses. Titusvllle,' 1 mi. s. of Manchester Bridge, is a hamlet. Sprout Creek (p. o.) is a hamlet in the s. part. Itlancliester Bridge, (p. o.,) on the w. line, is mostly in Pough- keepsie. Artliursburg'Ii (p. o.) is a hamlet in the s. corner. The first religious society (Friends) was formed before 1800. There are two churches in town ; Friends and Presb. MII.AW"' — was formed from Northeast, March 16, 1818. It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The declivities are generally gradual slopes, and the hills are arable to their summits. Roeliff Jansens Kil crosses the n. e. corner. The other streams are small and are bordered by fertile intervales. The soil is a clayey, gravelly, and slaty loam. Jacksons Corners, (p. v.,) on Roelifi' Jansens amount of $45,000 annnally. Wiccopee. i mi. below Matteawan, was the seat of the Wiccopee Color Mills, since changed to the New York Rubber Co., engaged in the manufacture of rubber toys. This co. has a capital of $125,000, employs 125 men, and turns out $100,000 to $1.50,000 worth of goods per year. 1 The Dutchess Printing Co., incorp. with a capital of $300,000, employs 300 hands, and produces $750,000 worth of prints per annum. The Franklin DaleManuf 'g Co., incorp. with a capital of $150,000. employs 250 hands, and turns out $150,000 worth of printing cloths per annum. There are, besides, a foundry, comb factory, and numerous machine shops. A large cotton factory w;i3 burnt here a few years since, and has not been re- built. 2 The Glenham Woolen Co., incorp. with a capital of $75,000. employs 175 hands, and turns out $275,000 worth of goods an- nually. It was first started in 1811. 8 The first mill was erected at the mouth of Fishkill, some time before 1709. A ferry to Newburgh was authorized in 1743. * The house now occupied by Hon. Isaac Teller and his sisters at Matteawan^-one of the first built in town — belonged to Roger Brett, a son-in-law of Rumbout. It was built about 1710. The liouse is one story, 87 by 36 ft., the sides and roof covered with mdar shingles. It was often filled with oflBcers and soldiers in the Revolution, and salt was stored in its cellar for the army. s The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Fishkill Vil- lage early in the last century ; but the precise date cannot be ascertained. The earliest church records bear date of Sept. 30, 1727. Rev. Dr. De Witt supposed that the church was formed as early as 1716. The present edifice was built in 17S6, in the place of one built in 1731. The old church was used for barracks by the American army during the Revolution. The present churches are as follows :— Presb.. M. E.. Ref. Prot. D., and Af. ISIeth. at Fish- kill Landing; Presb., Prot. E., Prot. Metb.. and R.C. .it Jlattca- wan; M.E., Ref. Prot. D., and Prot. E. at Glenham; Jl.E.. Ref. Prot. D.. and Prot. E. at Fishkill ; M. E., Prot. E., and Bnp. at Wap- pingers Falls ; Presb. at BrinkerhoffviUe; M. E. at Carthage Land- ing; Presb. at lIiighsonviHe; and Uef. Prot. D. at New Hackensack. 6 Named by Dr. John Hard, Irom Hyde Park, London. ' Prot. E., M. E.. Bap., Presb., Kef. Prot. D., K.C., and Friends. 6 Named from La Fayette's residence in France. 6 The Titus Woolen Factory, established here in 1828, employs 60 to 70 liands. and turns out about $100,000 worth of cloths per annum; capital, $50,000. 10 This town is included in the tract known as the *' Little Nine Partners." Z o DUTCHESS COUNTY. 273 Kil, in the n. e. corner, containa 1 church and 25 houses; KocR City' (p. v.) a grist and saw mill and 20 houses; Milanville (Milan p.o.) 12 houses; and l.a rayctteville (p. v.) IGhouses. SbOOkville and Tlioriiville are hamlets. The first settlements were principally made by- tenants under the original proprietors, about 1760,^ ard a large share of the land is still hold by leasehold tenure. The first church (M. E.) was fijrmed about 1790. The census reports 4 churches.'' BIORTIIEAST* — was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Milan was taken ofi' in 1818, and Pine Plains in 1823. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. A tongue of land li mi. wide, upon the E. border, extends 4 mi. N. of the remaining part of the town. The surface is a hilly and broken upland. The Taghkanick Mts., extending along the E. border, are rocky and broken, and are 1000 to 1200 ft. above tide. The highest point in the valley w. of the mountains, forming the sum- mit level of the N. Y. & H. R. R., is 771 feet above tide. Ten Mile River, the principal stream, flows s. through nearly the whole length of the town. Chekomiko Creek flows N. through the w. part. Indian Pond, on the e. line. Round Pond, on the s. line, and Ruds Pond are the principal bodies of water. The valleys have generally a gravelly and clayey soil, but the hills in some places are rocky and fit only for pasturage. An extensive bed of iron ore has been opened 1 mi. N. E. of Millerton, near the Conn, line.* IVortUeast Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 20 houses; Millerton," (p. v.,) a rail road station, contains 1 church and 27 houses ; and Spencers Corners (Northeast p.o.) a church and 12 houses. Coleman IStation is in the s. part. Federal Store ami Oblong are p. offices. The pioneer settlers were mostly from Conn., and located here from 1725 to 1730.' The first religious services were held by Moravian missionaries, at an Indian mission house at the n. end of Indian Lake.' There are 4 churches in town.' PAWliUVG'" — was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Dover was taken oif in 1807. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. A high range of hills extends along the E. border, and another occupies the w. part. A fine, broad valley occupies the central portions and separates the two highland regions." Swamp and Croton Rivers take their rise in the valley, tlie former flowing n. and the latter s. Whaleys and Little Ponds— the sources of the Fishkill— lie near the w. border, and Ob- long Pond lies in the N. E. part. The ridge of limestone from which marble is quarried extends into the n. part from Dover. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam. Large quantities of milk are daily sent to the New York market. Pawling^, (p. v.,) a station on the 11. & N. Y. R. R., con- tains a bank, 2 churches, and 25 houses. Canipbollville, (p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 14 houses. Quaker Hill (p.o.) and Farmers Uill (p.o.) are hamlets. Settlements are suj>- posed to have commenced at Quaker Hill between 1720 and 1730, by Friends from R. I., who organized the first religious society soon after their arrival.'- There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., Bap., and Friends. PIRTE PliAUVS"— was formed from Northeast, March 26, 1823. It lies on the N. border of the CO., E. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, the ridges being separated by bi-oad valleys. The highest summit is Stissing Mt., in the w. part, 400 to 500 feet above the valleys. Its declivities are steep, and it is crowned with a mass of naked rock. Roelifi' Jansens Kil crosses the N. w. corner, and the Shekomeko or Cheecomico flows n. through near the center. Thompsons, Stissing, and Mud Ponds lie at the e. foot of Stissing Mt., and Buttermilk Pond and several smaller ones are in the s. part. The soil is generally a productive, gravelly loam. Marl is found in several X Named from the rock which crops out in the ac^acent hills and alon^ the streams. n In 1760, Johannes Rowe bought of Robert Livingston 911 acres a little n. of La Fayetteville, and located upon it. Among the other early settlers we find the names of Clark, Stewart, Simons, and Herrick, a part of whom wore from Conn. 8 2 M. E.. andl each Christian and Union. * Named from its geographical position in the co. Northeast Precinct was formed from the North Precinct, Dec. 16, 1740, and embraced the Little or Upper Nine Partnei-s Tract. Tlie North Precinct was extended across the Oblong Tract to the Conn, lino, Dec. 17, 174.3. * The Dakin ore bed was opened in 1846 b,v the proprietor, who erected a furnace in the vicinity and nin it until 1856. The mine is at the foot of the Taghkanick Mt.. where it makes a bend into Conn., and about li mi. above the Salisbury (Conn.) mines. From SOOO to 10.000 tons of ore are taken out annually, and are mostly sent by R. R. to Hudson. Benedict's Furnace. 1 mi. N. w. of Millerton, makes 5 tons of pig iron daily, principally from Salisbury ore. A cupola furnace has also been erected here, and the manufacture of car wheels commenced. A slate company waa incorp. in this town in 1813. * Large qnantities of milk are daily sent to the N.T. market 7 Baltus Lott and Adam Showernian first settled in the s. part of the town. Barzillai Rudd, Elder Dakin, and Spencer were also early settlers. 8 The remains of this old mission bouse are still visible on tho fai-m of Douglas Clark. 9 2 M. E., Bap., and Cong. 10 Pawling Precinct was formed from Beekman Precinct, Dec. 31, 1708. n Mt. Tom, a prominent peak i mi. w. of Pawling Station, ic about 300 feet above the valley. 12 The Friends meeting house on Quaker ITill was used as a hospital during the Revolution, aad a eonsiderable number of soldiers were buried in the vicinity. A body of troops were stationed here for some time; and Oen. Washington spent a short time here iu 1778. 13 This town formed a portion of the *' Little Nine Partners" tract. Many of tho fiirms are still owned by tho heirs of tho original proprietors, and are leased to the occupants. All efforts to convert the leasehold tenure into a freehold have proved unsuccessful. 18 274 DUTCHESS COUNTY. localities.^ Pine Plains, (p. v.,) iiear the center of the town, contains a bank and 3 churches. Pop. 382. Uaniiuerto^vn contains an extensive scythe factory and a dozen houses.^ Pul- vers Corner (p.o.) and Mount Ross are hamlets. The first settlements -were probably made about 1740.^ A Moravian mission was established among the Indians at Shekomeko, 2 mi. s. of Pine Plains, in Sept. 1740.* There are 7 churches in town.^ PliEASAMT VALLEY— was formed from Clinton, Jan. 26, 1821. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland. Barnes and Dennis Hills, in the N. w., are the highest points, Wappingers Creek flows s. w. through near the center; Sprout Creek takes its rise in a pond in the s. w. part. Slate crops out along the hills, and a vein of marble has lately been discovered. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Pleasant Val- ley, (p. V.,) in the s. w. part, was incorp. April 15, 1814; it contains a cotton factory^ and 4 churches. Pop, 500.' Salt Point, (p. v.,) on Wappingers Creek, contains a grist and plaster mill and 17 houses. Wasbin^on Uollow, (p.v,,) on the line of Washington, contains a church, cotton factory,^ and 16 houses. Cruni Elboiv is a p. o. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1765 ; Rev. Wheeler Case, the first pastor, was installed Nov. 12 of the same year- There are 5 churches in town.^ POrCHREEPSIE^'*— was formed as a town March 7, 1788. The city of Poughkeepsie was taken off March 28, 1854. It lies upon the Hudson, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a rolling upland. Wappingers Creek, forming the e. boundary, and Fall Kil, flowing s. through Poughkeepsie City, each furnish a considerable amount of water power. The soil is clayey in the w, and a sandy and gravelly loam in the remaining parts. ]!Ve'W llamburgb, (p.v,,) on the Hudson, in the extreme s. angle, contains 2 churches. It is a r. r. station, and is connected by a ferry with Marlborough, Orange co. Pop, 339. Cbannin^ville, opposite Wap- pingers Falls, contains a gristmill, 2 churches, and 50 houses. Illancbester, (Manchester Bridge p. 0.,) on the line of La Grange, contains about a dozen houses.^^ Rocbdale, in the n. e. corner, contains 2 cotton factories and 15 houses. I^ocust Glen is a p. o. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, about 1700.**** There are 4 churches in town; 2 M. E., Presb., and R. C. POrGMREEPSIE CITY— was formed from Pough- keepsie, and incorp. as a village March 27, 1799, and as a city March 28, 1854. It is situated upon the Hudson, a little s. of the cente* of the w. border of the co. The ground gradually rises from the river to a table land, 150 to 200 ft. high, upon which most of the city is built, and about 1 mi. back into a hill 500 ft. high.*^ Fall Kil, a small stream, flows in a tortuous channel through the city, affording a limited amount of water power. The city is finely laid out on the bluff overlooking the Hudson; and, besides the co. buildings, it contains 4 banks, 1 saWngs^ bank, 18 churches, and many other fine public and private buildings. Its location gives to the city commercial advantages which are fully improved. During the summer daily lines of steamers run to New York and to 1 Upon draining Uoag Pond, li mi. s. E. of Pine Plains Village, a-very deep bed of marl, covering 6 or 8 acres, was found. Marl is also found in Buttermilk Pond. 2 Harris'e Scythe Factory gives employment to 50 hands, and turns out about 2000 dozen scythes per nnnum. 8 Id 1740. John Ran, a German, lived on a hill N. E. from She- komeko. John Tice Smith. Jas. Graham, C. W. Rantz, Ebr. Dibble, aiid Snyder were also early settlers. * This mission was commenced in Sept. 1740, by Henry Ranch, and on the 22d of Feb. 1742, the firsts Indian converts were baptized. Before the end of the year, 26 more were converted, and a place of worship was erected. This little community had not become fully settled before its quiet was disturbed by the intrusion of an armed force under the orders of the sheriff, at the instigation of intolerant and bigoted neighbors; and, al- though neither arms nor any thing else were found that could lie construed into hostile designs a^^ainst the Government, the uiissionaries were seized and brought before the Governor and Council at New York, under charge of being in the interests of the French and nf endeavoring to seduce the Indians from their alliance with the English. Upon refusing to take the oath of allegiancfi, they were reprimanded and discharged. Their ene- mies, well knowing their conscientious scruples in regai-d to oaths, in 1744 obtained the passage of an act "for securing his majesty's government in New York," by which an oath of alle- giance was made obligatory. Rather than do violence to their crmscittuces, the uiissio&aries removed to Bethlehem, Peun.^ followed by several of their Indian converts. The mission was visited by Count Zinzendorf and Bishop David Nitschman soon after its location in this town. During the last 2 years, 62 native converts were baptized and admitted to the rliurch. Gottlieb Buettner, one of the missionaries, died in Feb. 1745, at this placf . — Beckeivdder's Hist. Mnrav. Missions, 20 ; Doc. Hist. K. T,, in. 1014; Davis's Sftekomeko, p. 29. 6 Bap., M. E.. Presb., Prot. E., and Friends. 6 This factory was built in 1815, by John Gibbons. It con- tains 80 looms, and gives employment to 76 hands. ' The charter of this village is a dead letter, as no election baa taken place in 10 years. The village records are lost. 8 This factorv gives employment to about 40 hands. » 2 M. E., Friends, Prot. E., and Presb. 10 Poughkeepsie Precinct was formed Dec. Ifi, 1737. Tn early documents the name is spelled in a variety of ways, as *' Picipsi" and ^' Poh-ipsi.'^ The original name is said to have been Apo- keep-sink, signifying ''deep water." n A cotton factory was formerly in operation here. In 1849 it was changed to a paper mill, which was run until lSo7. 12 Near the s. line of the city is a house built before the Revo- lution and formerly owned by Philip Livingston. It still bears the marks of balls fired by the British. The dwelling of Gov. Geo. Clinton, still standing, 6 mi. below the city, is now owned by Philip S. Van Rensselaer. Prof. S. F. B. Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph, resides 2 mi. S. of the city. 13 About 1 uii. N. of this hill is another of about the same ele- DUTCHESS COUNTY. 275 Albany, and a considerable trade is carried on by barges and boats. The daily line of steamers between New York and Albany touches here. A steam feri*y connects the city with New Paltz Lauding. The manuf;ictures are extensive and various. They consist chiefly of pig iron, car- riages, carpets, pins, chairs, drugs, files, sewing silk, and ale.^ The City Hall is a plain l)rick building, situated on Main St., a little w. of the courthouse. Tlie FuUic Schools are under the charge of a board of education, consisting of 12 members, of whom 3 are elected annually. The schools are G in number, and employ 23 teachers, — 3 males and 20 females. In 1857 the number of children between 4 and 21 was 4329, of whom 1900 (or 44 per cent.) were in attendance at school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools were §S444 13. The number of volumes in the district libraries was 4683. The Dutchess Co. Academy occupies a large 3 story brick building on Hamilton St.^ The Pomjhheepsie Female Seminary, situated on Cannon St., was founded by a st^:»ck co., at a cost of S15,000. Eleven teachers and two lecturers are connected with it. The Ftfuyhkcepsie Collegiate School is situated on a hill J of a mi. E. of the city. A lot of 80 acres is connected with the institution, and the building and grounds are valued at §75,000.* The Mansion Square Female Institute is a private institution, corner of Mansion and Catharine St«. It has 9 teachers and 80 pupils. The Dr. McLellans Female Collegiate Institute, a private institution, is situated at the corner of Mill and Catharine Sts. It occupies a 3 story brick building, and has 10 teachers and about 100 pupils. The Cottage Hill Seminary, a private institution for young ladies, is located on a beautiful site upon Garden St. It is under the charge of a principal, assisted by 12 teachers and lecturers. A library of 2000 volumes is connected with it, and the niunber of pupils is limited to 50. The Law School, incorp. in 1851, and first located at Ballston Spa, w^ removed to this city in 1853, and its sessions are still held here. A Young Men's Association has been established, for the purpose of furnishing winter lectures. The PougJikeepsie Lyceum of Literature, Science, and Art was incorp. April 6, 1838. The Poughkeepsie Orphan Asylum and Home of the Friendless, having for its object the care of orphans and destitute children, was organized June 21, 1847. Besides these, there is ^ Rural Cefme- tery Association,* a well organized Fire Department, and an Aqueduct Association, Population of the city, 12,703.5 The first settlement was begun in 1690 and 1700. BaltusVan Kleeck built the first house within the present limits of the city, in 1702, on land now owned by Matthew Vassar Jr., near Cong. Church.^ The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed about 1700, Rev. Cornelius Van Schie was installed pastor of this church and the one at Fishkill in 1727 .'' The Van Kleeck House, a substantial st^ne building, was used for purposes of defence, and just ' under the eaves the walls were pierced with loop-holes fi:)r musketry. This building was after- ward the meeting place of the inhabitants to consult upon the public welfare when the Boston Port Bill and kindred measures awakened a spirit of resistance through the country. There the Committee of Correspondence of Dutchess held their meetings ; and there the pledge to sustain the Continental Congress and the Provincial Assembly was signed by the inhabitants of Poughkeepsie in June and July, 1775. vation. Many beautifHil and costly dwellings are built upon these table landa about the city, affording a fine view of the city and viillt-y. The eye here has au uniuterrupted range of view over JSUO sq. mi. of country. 1 The Poughkeepsie Iron Works were estaMished in 1S48, with a capital of fJU*i.0O(j; 75 hands are employed, and 10,000 to 11.000 tuns of pig iron are manufactured per annum. The ores used are the JuMiiatitc from Kislikill. and the magnetic ore from Kssex CO. The i'oughkeepsie Carriage Manufactory, with a capital of $36,000. employs 0.000 worth of chairs per year, which are nn)8tly sent to Soutli America. An establishment for the prep;»ratinn of dye Btuffs and drugs employs 30 liand.t, and manu- facture** $200,000 worth of gH^danunually. A file factory, started in ls.^t). cmploy.<3 1*2 men: and a sewing silk factory, started in IKSS. employs 15 to '20 h mds. \I. Vas.«iar & C'l.'s Brewery and Malt Works, commenced in 1795. has a capital of $150,000, em- ploys .'(II men, and manufacturfs 30.000 bbls. of ale per year. * TluH building was en-cted in 1836. at a cost of $U.OOO. ' The building of this institution is of brtck, modeled after the Parthenon. It waa organized under the charge of ('has. liart- lett, N. P.TaUmage, and Cuuuingbam. See p. 750. * The PonghkeepBie Rural Cemetery consists of 54 acres, aitu ated in the town of Poughkeepsie. a short distance below the city, between the Highland Turnpike and the Hutison. 6 The population of the town of Poughkeepsie (including the city recently organized) at different periods has been as fol- lows : — 17')0 2,529 I 1814 5,673 I 1830 7.222 I 1845 11,791 1800 3,246 1820 5.726 1835 8,529 IS-^O 1.3,944 1810 4,669 I 1825 5,935 | 1840 ;i0.006 | 1S55 15.873 « Among the early settlers were Dutch families named Van Do Bogart, Van Beuechoten, Van De Bergh. Van Wagener, Da (iraff. ho Koy, Parmentier, Messier, Ostrom, llogeboom, Filkins, Swartwout, Frear, Hegenian. and Liviugston. The first house stood until 1S35. It was built of stone, and was furnished with loopholes for the use of musketry. During the Revolution tho colonial legislature held several sessions in it. ^ In 175S, the controversy between the Cetus and Confevontio parties distracted this church, and led to its divitiiou in 1763. The former of these parties wished to sever their connection from the Classis at Amsterdam and become independent, and the latter wished to still preserve their connection with the mother church. The controversy divided nearly all the Ucf. Prot. D. churches in America, and it was not entirely settled until about 1790, when a reconciliation tookplace. Thereare nowlSchurchea in the city; 4 M. K.. 2 Kef. Prot. D., 2 prot. K., {Christ's and St, .lolin's,) 2 Bap,, and Cong., Presb., Uuiv.j Ocr. Luth., Af. Moth., Frieuds, R. C, and Jewish. 276 DUTCHESS COUNTY. As soon as tlie alarm occasioned by the invasion of Sir Henry Clinton (in 1777) had subsided, Gov. Clinton called a meeting of the Legislature at Poughkeepsie. It assembled at the Van Kleeck House early in Jan. 1778. Various acts to complete the organization of the State Government were passed ; provisions were made for strengthening the civil and military powers of the State ; and it was during that session that the State gave its assent to the Articles of Confederation, the organic law of the Federal Union until our present Constitution was formed and adopted. The State Convention to consider the Federal Constitution assembled at the Van Kleeck House on June 17, 1788. There were 57 delegates present, and Gov. George Clinton was chosen President of the Convention. In that assembly were some of the most distinguished men of the Revolution, and the debates were of the most interesting character. In no State in the Union was hostility to the Federal Constitution more extensive and violent than in the State of New York. Forty-six of the 57 delegates, including the governor, were Anti-Federalists, or opposed to the Constitution. The principal advocates of the instrument were John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and Robert Livingston. Mr. Hamilton had been a leading member of the National Convention that framed the Constitution, and also one of the principal writers of The Federalist. He felt the responsibility of his situation, and the Convention readily acknowledged the value of his judgment. He was per- fectly familiar with every topic included in the wide range which the debates embraced, and he was nobly sustained by his colleagues Jay and Livingston. The hostile feelings of many of the Anti-Federalists gradually yielded, and on the 26th of July the final question of ratification was carried in the affirmative by a majority of 3 votes. Huddlestone, the famous spy, who was captured upon Wild Boar Hill, near Y'onkers, West- chester CO., was tried, condemned, and hung in Poughkeepsie in April, 1780. The place of his execution was upon a verge of the plain on which the town stands known as Forbuses Hill. He was accompanied to the scaffold by the co. officers and a small guard of militia enrolled for the purpose.^ REDIIOOK- — was formed from Rhinebeck, .June 2, 1812. It lies upon the Hudson, in the N. w. corner of tlie co. Its surface is a rolliug upland, terminating on the Hudson in a series of bluffs 100 to 150 ft. high. The e. part is hilly. Prospect Ilill is a prominent peak a little s. of Upper Redhook Village. The streams are the Saw Kil and AVhite Clay Kil. The valleys of the streams are broad and their banks low. Long Pond, in the E. part, forms the source of the Saw Kil. The soil along the river is a clay loam, and in the remaining parts a sandy, gravelly, or slaty loam. Redliook, (p. v.,) near the center, contains a cigar and tobacco manufactory, a female orphan asylum," and 3 churches. Pop. 625. Tivoli,* (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, is a steam- boat landing and a R. R. station. A large forwarding business is carried on here. It is adja- cent to Myersvllle, the two places forming a continuous village. They contain 5 churches and about 600 inhabitants. Barrytown (p. v.) is a r. r. station, 6 mi. below Tivoli. It contains 1 church, and is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 250. Upper Redliook, (p. v.,) in the N. E. part, contains 1 church and 175 inhabitants. Cedar Hill, on the Saw Kil, contains 1 church, a carpet yarn manufactory, a flouring mill,* and 175 inhabitants. The first settlements were made between 1713 and 1727, by the Dutch. There are 11 churches in town." Along the river are numerous elegant country seats. The old residence of Gen. .John Armstrong is now owned by his son-in-law, William B. Astor. The former estate of Gen. Montgomery is now occupied by Mrs. Edward Livingston.' RHIKEBECR*'— was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Redhook was taken off in 1812. It lies upon the Hudson, N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, terminating on the river in bluffs 100 to 150 ft. high. Landmans Creek, the principal stream, flows s. w. through near the center. Rhinebeck Kil is its tributary. Lake Sepasco is a small body of water in the n. e. corner. The soil is principally a fine quality of sandy loam. 1 Losmtg's FiM Bvk, rul. T, pp. 3S3, SS4. 2 By the Dutch called Koode llot-ck. Tradition ascribes the name of the town to a marsh near Tivoli, covered with ripe cranberries when first seen. 3 Supported entirely by Mrs. William B. .^stor. * Pronounced Tiv'o-le. A ferry connects this place with Sau- gerties, Ulster co. ^ Erected in 1856. at a cost of 530,000. ^ 4 Prot. E., 3 M. E., Lutb., Bap., Union, and Independent ; the laflt is the Sylvanian Chapel at Barrytown, owned by Robert I)onal3on. ' .\mong the early settlors were families named Haeners, Shn- foldt, Zippertie. Hagerdorn, Wiederwax, Tranvs. Stjiats. Mell- »uu, Bermar, Woldorf, Near, Proseus.and others, mostly from Germany. They lirst settled near Barrytown and Tivoli. The first marriage on record is that of Adam Sh.affer and Maria Schoett, July 81, 1746. The first baptism on the church record is that of Catherine Woldorf, April IS, 1734. 8 Rhinebeck Precinct, ,as formed Dec. 16, 1737, included the lands purchased of the widow Pauldiui; and her children by Dr. Sjim'l Staats ; all the land granted to Adrian. Roosa, and C^tbe ; land patented by Col. Henry Beekman. June 5, 1703; and the land granted to Col. Peter Schuyler, called the Magdalen Island Purchase. The name is derived from the first settlers, who were from near the Rhine, in Germany, and Beekman, an original proprietor. DUTCHESS COUNTY. 277 Rhinebeck, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, was incorp. April 23, 1834. It contains a bank, paper mill, 2 newspaper offices, a private academy,' and 5 churches. Pop. 1051. Rhine- beck Station, (p. v.,) on tlie Hudson, contains a paper mill and 18 houses. A steam ferry connects the place with Rondout, Ulster co. Monterey,- near the x. border, contains a church and 10 houses. The first settlement was made some time before 1700, but the precise date cannot be determined. The first family that came in was that of AVm. Beekman, the original proprietor.' His homestead (known as the Beekman House, built on a high point above llhinebeck Station) is still standing.* The first religious services are said to have been held in this house. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed May 23, 1724, at the present village of Monterey.^ The Lutheran church at Monterey was formed in 1730.' There are 6 churches in town.' STAMFORD' — was formed from Washington, March 12, 1793. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. The hills are generally rounded, and admit of cultivation to their summits. Slate crops out in numerous places along their declivities, and bowlders and water-worn pebbles are thickly strewn over a considerable portion of the surface. The highest point is Carpenter Hill, in the s. e. corner. Wappingers Creek, flowing s. w. through near the center, is the principal stream, llunns Lake,' in the N. E., and Uptons Pond, in the s. w., are the principal bodies of water. The soil is a good quality of gravelly and slaty loam. A considerable quantity of milk is sent daily to New York by the Harlem R. R. Stanford- ville, (p. V.,) near the center of the town, contains a gristmill, carriage axle factory, paper mill, 3 churches, and 35 dwellings. Bangall, (p. v.,) on AVappingers Creek, contains 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a foundry, 2 churches, and 30 dwellings. Attlebury, (p.o.,) Stissing-ville, and Old Attlebury'" are hamlets. Smith Thompson, U. S. Circuit Judge, was a native and resident of this town. There are 5 churches in town." UIVIOIV VAliE'^ — was formed from Beekman and "Freedom," (now La Grange,) March 1, 1827. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland divided into two parts by a broad valley which extends N. and s. through the center. Slate crops out upon the summits and the declivities of the hills. The Clove Kil, a tributary of Fishkill Creek, flows s. w. through near the center. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. An iron mine near Clove p.o. supplies the Beekman Furnace, 2 mi. farther s. Verbank, (p. v.,) in the N. w. corner, contains 2 gristmills, a paper mill, church, and a dozen dwellings. Oswego Village, (p.o.,) near the w. border, contains a church and 10 dwellings. Clove, (p.o..) near the center, contains 2 churches and about a dozen dwellings. CroMse Store, in the s. part, Mansfield, in the n. e. corner, and Pleasant Ridge, in the s. E. corner, are p. offices. Henricus Beekman, the patentee, conveyed 1,000 acres to his son Henry in 171G, and settlement is supposed to have commenced soon after. There are 4 churches in town.'^ W.tSIIIl«GTOM"— was formed March 7, 1788. Stanford was taken oS" in 1793. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is a rolling and hilly upland. Slate crops out on the hills, and water-worn pebbles are thickly strewn over a small portion of the sur- face. The principal elevations are Muckle Hill, near the center, Molly Mt., in the N. w. corner, Plymouth Hill, in the s. E. corner, and Canoe Hill, near the N. line. The streams are small creeks and brooks. Round and Shaw Ponds, in the N. part, form the sources of Wappingers Creek. A large quantity of milk is sent from the e. part to N. Y. by the Harlem R. R. The raising of blooded stock receives considerable attention.'* llarts Village, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 grist- mills, 2 sawmills, a spoke factory, and 28 dwellings." Mabbettsville," (p.o.,) 2 mi. e. of Harts 1 The Rbinebeck Academy was formerly incorp., but ia now a priv.tte institution. It employs 2 teachers, and has an average of 100 pupils. 2 Named by Geo. Pink, who was appointed first postmaster in 1849. The p.o. has since been discoulinucd. > Wm. Beekman came from Germany witli his son, Henricus, in May. Tfi47 : anil with them cime a number of poor families, who afterward settled in this town. Among the first families were those uauied Sipperly, Kipp, Pink, Schmidt, Shoptown, Backman. and Elseffer. * This house was built of stone, and was used as a fortress in early times. The brick used in the chimneys were brought from Holland. It is now owned by A. J. Hermance, Esq. 6 About ISOO this church divided, by mutual consent of the members: one branch located at Rhinebeck and the other at Itedhook. The first baptism on record is that of John Schmidt, April 6. 1730. * Fred. Uenry Quitman — fiither of Gen. Quitman, of the Mexi- can \Nar — was for several years pastor of tliis church. He was born in the Duchy of Cleves, WestpbaUa, in 17 60, and died in 1832. ' Ref. Prot. D., Luth., Prot. E, M. E., and Bap. at Rhine- beck. and Luth. at Monterey. 8 This town was included in the Great Nine Partners Tract. ^ Formerly Thompsons Poml. 10 An inimeuse spring of pure cold water near this place bos considerable local notoriety. '1 Orthodox Friends, Uicksite Friends. Christian, Bap., and M. E. 12 This town constitutes a portion of the Beekman Purchase. 13 2 M. E., Friends, and Christian. 1* This town is mostly comprised within the Great Nino Part- ners Tract. 1* Saml. Thorn, of Thorndalo. 1 mi. w. of Four C(.>rner8, is ex- tensively engaged in raising the short horn Durham cattle. His herd of 70 head, valued at $70,000, is the most vsiluable one in America. 1^ A mill was built at this place about 1760, and is supposed to have been the fii-sl in town. 17 ^'amed from J as. Mahbett, a former proprietoi^ 278 DUTCHESS COUNTY. Village, contains 12 dwellings, Liitbgow, (p.o.,) near the e. line, 2 churches and 10 dwellings, McctaaniC, (Washington p.o.,) 2 mi. s. of Harts Village, a boarding school,' 2 churches, and 15 dwellings, and Little Rest, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, 2 gristmills and 15 dwellings. Four Corners is a hamlet. fVasliin^on Hollow (p-v.) is on the line of Pleasant Valley. There are 4 chui-ches in town.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Dutchess County. Names op Towns. Anieoia. Beekman Clinton Dover. East Fishkill Fishkill Hyde Park La Grange Milan - Northeast Pawling Pine Plains Pleasant Valley Poughkeepsie Poughkeepsie City Redh.wk Khinebeck Stanford Union Vale Washington Total Acres op Land. 17,709 13.003 19.635 17,4.s2 22,611 25.672 17.090 22.S2Si 18.370i 18,05liJ 19,07lj| 14,23.5 17.464S 15.R10J 1.176} 19,423 17,3S7J 26,067 12,000i 31.671 |306,369J Valuation of 1858. 0.86'J 4.227 4.429 9.1S7 7.455 4.210 6.410 3.153 6,04'J 6.193, 9,773} 3.941 2.694 6,118 38 2.725 4,379 6.514 2,S75i 4,077 98.104J 121,170.239 $1,113,660 644.432 611,195 902.466 876.426 2.164,463 1,321,925 940.209 472.307 770,020 602.993 612.087 626,970 1,179.940 2.177.940 1,913.974 1,863.905 1,013.721 436,672 1,134,555 $274,750 177,550 206.830 206.713 367,307 1,265.057 340.600 247,020 128.576 126,400 271,960 179,305 157,200 333,350 1,925,282 409.600 604,603 237,479 70,530 271,,'iOO g $1,388,300 721,982 718,0251 1,109,168; 1,243,733 3,429,620! 1,062,526 1,187,229 600.883 896,420 874,943 791,992 784,170 1,513,290 4,103,222 2,323,474 2,358.608 1,251.200 607,102 1,406.056 701,602 28,871.741 29.638 30.997 1,080 078 940 971 1,289 4,244 1,219 904 812 876 895 754 916 1,649 6,936 1.895 1,627 1.107 727 1,321 1,119 701 900 954 1,330 4,620 1,261 948 818 882 897 699 938 1,561 6,827 1,865 1,638 1,094 736 1,419 376 242 343 289 462 1,205 415 328 203 291 324 275 374 602 1,706 604 525 403 255 483 409 269 890 282 495 1,602 207 360 830 886 361 272 269 495 2,430 701 611 446 300 610 250 169 282 161 239 668 288 235 231 193 260 160 362 256 933 292 335 301 204 305 9,705 10.081 6.984 214 21.448 Scuoou. 732 402 652 679 881 3,201 821 819 «63 763 650 606 750 959 4,337 1,274 1,097 795 679 887 Names of Towns. Amenia Beekman Clinton Dover East Fishkill Fishkill Hyde Park La Grange Milan Northe.ast Pawling Pine Plains Pleasant Valley Poughkeepsie Poughkeepsie City.. Kedhook Khinebeck Stanford Union Vale Washington Total Live Stock. Ageicultdbal Products. II ■ri. Bdsb. of Grain. 1 li Daisy Pbodpcts. y $ •§C ■Si 1 1 5 r g •1 1,666 ■| 11 1^ if II 429 1,111 1,592 4,647 4,619 63.812 6.109 14,716 15,436 85.055 9,866 317 1.111 796 2,027 1.663 9,597 49,042 8.422 7,530 6,868 66,865 6,497 658 906 1,369 2,980 8,103 24,747 73,791 3,324 9,715 6.184 122,844 636 2S3 1,283 1,285 1,4.80 1,276 2,0,50 30,077 4,464 9.l»2 4.431 65,961 3,840 699 1,737 1,681 2,750 2,S06 13,694 75,237 6,770 12.318 6.990 150,087 864 1,060 1,291 1,646 2,738 2,671 19.718 104,357 7,003 0,779 3.227 105.648 200 642 824 1,366 911 2,171 16,535 48,9934 3,867 6.703 11,147 93,660 720 662 899 1,166 3,418 2,113 23,988 73,818i 4.242 6.129 6.156 89,460 100 606 8.53 873 4,916 2,300 24,405 48,2444 3.049 11,486 7,716 90,916 1,7S2 455 1,002 1,151 7,497 2,077 10,903 74.939 8.475 18,273 31.511 62,826 8,259 387 l,2(i8 1,479 2,689 1.259 3.06U 30,1404 5.210 18,099 7,999 89,460 960 407 711 678 6,723 2,117 14,914i 46.61!-i 2,309 11,005 6,319 39.990 6,188 476 698 1,067 2,142 1,S96 21.487 65.097 3,7204 6,942 6,938 106,785 660 607 1,819 1,242 2,329 11,153 69.7304 3,610 4,072 1,137 48.058 439 48 264 604 692 4.672 364 1.336 830 1,350 654 900 962 3,1.51 2.204 26,302 63.721 5,729 10.742 14.837 67.900 60« 662 8S0 1,157 2,141 2,155 17.1.56i 47,8304 6,0984 9,699 13.257 75,005 661 1,308 1,680 12.116 4,152 26.614 109.180 4,256 14,503 24.898 126.019 8,116 326 602 693 3.177 1,192 7,53Si 45.099} 3,1464 6,4.81 11.392 57,614 1,767| 717 1,698 1,870 24,684 8.037 73.687 3,432 42,986 10,430 121,8984 6,660 20,339 80.S21 156,553 6,744^ 110,829 19,542 293,53411,232,3054 83,8784 205,498 216.593 1,681,695 54,11* ■S-3 11 105 183 328 140 13S» 48 166 6064 7874 183 2il 122 1 The Nine Partners Boarding School was founded at this place in 1796. by the Friends' Yearly Meeting. A farm of lOii acres is attached to it, and it has a cash endowment of $10,000. It is devoted to the education of the children of Friends in indi- gent circumstances, and for many years it has bad an average attendance of 100 pujiils. 3 An Orthodox and a Ilicksite Friends at Mechanic, and ft M. £. and Prot. E. at Lithgow, ERIE COUNTY. %. uxa-'v^ This county was formed from Niagara, April 2, 1821. It lies upon Lake Erie and Niagara River, on the w. line of the State, is cen- trally distant 253 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,071 sq. mi. Its surface is level in the N., rolling in the center, and hilly in the 8. A region perfectly flat, and much of it marshy, lies along Tona- Avanda Creek, and occupies the greater part of the N. tier of towns. This low region is bounded on the s. by a limestone teri-aoe, 20 to uO ft. high, extending from Black Rock E. through the s. part of Amherst, Clarence, and Newstead. A nearly level region, extend- ing s. from the summit of this ridge, embraces the city of Buffalo and the towns of Chicktowaga, Lancaster, and Alden, and terminates in tlie rolling region which occupies the entire central part of the co. The ridges in the center aud s. have a general n. and s. direction, and rise gradually toward the s., their highest summits att;iining an elevation of 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys, 900 to 1,000 ft. above Lake Erie, and 1,400 to 1,000 ft. above tide.' The highlands are divided into several distinct ridges by the valleys of Cazenove and Eighteen Mile Creeks. The slopes of the hills are generally long and gradual ; but in some places the banks immediately bordering upon the streams are very steep. The land along the lake in the n. is low and level, but in the s. it rises in steep banks to a height of 20 to 50 ft. Niagara River, the outlet of Lake Erie, forms a portion of the w. boundary of the CO. Its current flows at the rate of 2i miles per hour. Grand Island, commencing about 5 milea below Buffalo, divides the river into two nearly equal branches. Squaw, Strawberry, Rattlesnake, Tonawanda, Beaver, and Buckhorn Islands, also in Niagara River, are within the limits of thia CO. The river is navigable to the head of the rapids, about 2 mi. above Niagara Falls. Tonawanda Creek'^ forms the N. boundary of the co. It flows in a tortuous course through a low, marshy region. A dam, 4J ft. high at its mouth, furnishes slack water navigation for the Erie Canal for about 10 miles. Its principal branches are Murder and EUicott — or Eleven Mile — Creeks. Buffalo Creef enters the lake at Buffalo City, its estuary forming the harbor. Its principal trributaries are Cayuga Creek, from the N., and Cazenove Creek,* from the s. The other principal streams are Little Buffalo, Eighteen Mile,* Big Sister, and Cattaraugus Creeks, all flowing into the lake, and the last forming the s. boundary of the co. The lowest rocks are those of the Onondaga salt group ; and these are succeeded by the hydraulic, Onondaga, aud corniferous limestones. The central part of the co. is occupied by the Marcellua and Hamilton shales, and the summits of the southern hills are covered by the rocks of the Portage group. The rocks of the salt group occupy nearly all the low land below the limestone terrace. They are covered so deep with drift and alluvium, however, that they have but little influence upon the surface, and can never be profitably quarried for commercial purposes. Hy- draulic limestone of an excellent quality crops out along the N. base of the limestone terrace, and is extensively quarried. The terrace is composed of Onondaga and corniferous limestone ; and along its whole extent are numerous quarries, furnishing an abundance of lime and building stone of excellent quality. Numerous sulphur springs are found near the N. base of the terrace. The shales of the central and southern parts of the co. are generally covered with a thick deposit of drift, and are only visible along the margin of the streams. These rocks furnish an inferior kind of building stone, but are not otherwise valuable. The soil in the N. is generally a stiff, clay loam interspersed with beds of marl and muck ; further 8. it is a clay and gravelly loam resting upon limestone. The southern hills are covered with 1 The foUnwins heights have been obtained from the surveys of the proposed Buffalo Sc Pittsburgh R. R. ; — Soutlj Walps. 507 ft. above Lake Erie. Holland Village, 699 ft. " " Sardluia (summit), 891 ft. " " Concord ( " ), 9211 ft." " The hills generali; rise to about 200 feet above the grade of the R. R. 2 Seneca, Ta-no'wan-deh, meaning, " at the rapids or ripples," or pi^rhaps more nearly literally, "at his rapid.s." s On a map made in 1.S04 by .Joseph Ellicott, agent of the Uollaud Land Company, this stream is laid down afi "Tos-e-o- way" Creek. In an ancient Indian treaty it is called "Te-ho-ss ro-ron." * Named from Theophilus Cazenove, agent for the Holland Land Company. 6 The Seneca name is "GaaJi gwahge-g^-aah" literally, "it w.ts the residence of the Gaah-gwah people." Leaving off the suffix for the past tense, the name is "Gaah->;wah-t:oh," literally, "Gaah-gwali" place or residence. The Oaah-^wah Indians, or Kries. who formerly resided in this reirinn. are supposed to be the Neuter Nation spoken of by early French writers and some- times called Cat Indians. The remnant of them now Uviug beyond the Mississippi are called Quawpaws. 279 280 ERIE COUNTY. drift, consisting of clay and gravel. The soil of the valleys is generally a gravelly luam and alluvium. The principal pursuits in the n. are grain raising, and in the s. stock and wool growing and dairying. The hilly regions are much Letter adapted to pasturage than tillage. The people of BuS'alo and Tonawanda are mostly engaged in commerce and manufactures.^ Buffalo is the county seat.^ The courthouse, situated on the corner of Clinton and ElHcott Sts , is a substantial brick building, containing the court and jury rooms, the office of the co. clerk, and most of the other co. offices.^ The jail is a small stone building on the same lot. The Erie Co. Penitentiary is located on Fifth St., in Buffalo, The buildings are 5 in number, — the male and female prisons, the workhouse, the warehouse, and the superintendent's dwelling. Prisoners are received from Allegany, Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Genesee, Orleans, and Niagara cos. The average number in confinement is 130.* The Erie Co. Poorhouse is located on a farm of 153 acres in the n. e. part of Buffalo. There are 2 buildings, — one designed for use as the poorhouse proper, and the other for the accommodation of the insane. The average number of inmates is 300, supported at a weekly cost of 81.00 each.^ The principal works of internal improvement are the Erie Canal, the Rochester & Buffalo, and the Lockport, Niagara Falls and Buffalo branches of the New York Central Rail Road, the Buffalo. New York & Erie, and the Buffalo &:■ Erie Rail Roads,^ all terminating in the city of Buffalo, and the Canandaigua & Niagara Falls branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., extending through New- stead, Clarence, Amherst, and Tonawanda. A railroad from Buffalo to Pittsburgh is now in pro- cess of construction. A pier, lighthouse, and breakwater have been built at the mouth of Buf- falo Creek."^ "With the exception of the Indian Reservation and the Mile Strip, along Niagara River, this co. was all included within the Holland Purchase.® The Indian lands, containing 130 sq. mi. and lying upon both sides of Buffalo Creek, at its mouth, were purchased in parcels, at different times; and the whole territory is now thickly settled. The first settlements were made at Buffalo, about 1794__05, and in other places within a few years after. The generous outlays made by the Hol- land Company in the construction of roads, bridges, mills, &c. led to a rapid occupation of all the best lands in the co.® On the morning of the 30th of Dec, 1813, a British force of about 1,000 men crossed over from Canada and captured Black Rock and Buffalo. The American forces then stationed at these places were superior to the British in point of numbers ; but the officers were not qualified for command, and a large share of the militia fled upon the commencement of the action. The village of Buffiilo was burned in retaliation of the wanton destruction of Newark, in Canada, by the Americans under Gen. George McClure, (then of Steuben co..) a short time before.^** The finishing of the Erie Canal and of the N. Y. Central R. R. tended greatly to develop the resources of the co., and to convert Buffalo, its chief city, into the greatest commercial place on the upper lakes. The first newspaper in the co. was established in 1811." 1 See pages 285. 2 By tlie act of March 11, 1S08, erecting the co. ol" Niagara, Bviffaio was named the co. seat, on condition tliat the Holland Land Company deed to the county not less than half an acre of land for a site for the puhlic huildings, and erect thereon a courthouse and jail. The company complied with these con- ditions, and erected, in I&IO, a wooden courthouse and a stone jail. In the mean time the courts were held at the house of Joseph Landon. The courthouse waa burned by the British in 1S13. Soon after the close of the war, a new one was erecttd on Washington St.. frontini; La Fayette Park. The first olhcers of Krie co. were Sam'l Wilkeson, First Judge; John G. Camp, Sherilf; James L. Barton, Co. Clerk; and Bos well Chapin, Sur- rogate. *Tho present courthouse was built inl.SSO, ata cost of $1S,000. The commissioners under whose supervision it was erected were Albert 11. Tracy, Italph Plumb, and Timothy A. Hopkins. * The penitentiary lot contains 5 acres, and is enclosed by a Btone wall 1-i ft. in height. The male prison is built of stone, and tbf other buildings of brick. Four-fifths of all the couvicts are of foreign birth. They are maintained at an average weekly expense of 65 cts.. and are employed principally in the manu- facture of harness findings, upon contract, — the males at 20 cents i>er day, and the females at 15. 6 The poorhouse was built in 1852, under the supervision of Silas Kingsley. at a cost of SoO.OOO. It consists uf an octagonal center, 75 ft. in diameter, with 2 wings, each 80 ft. long by 40 ft. . wide; the whole 3 stories high and built of atone. Of the in- mates in 1857, 71 were lunatics and 11 idiots. The main lines of the N. Y. Central and the Buffalo. N. Y. & Erie R. Koada extend through Alden, Lancaster, and Chick- towaga; the Lockport & N. F. branch of the N. Y. Central, through Touawauda; and the B. & State Line K. 11., through Weat Seneca, Hamburgh, Evans, and Brandt. The BuS'alo & Brantford (Canada) R. R. terminates opposite Buffalo. T See page 284. 8 See page 321. * A large share of the later settlers of the co. have been Ger- mans; and this class of people now constitute about oue-fifth of the entile population of the co. The population of several of the towns in the immediate vicinity of Builalo is almost exclusively German, lu The loss at Buffalo was reported at G6 frame, 1 stone, and 2 brick houses, 16 stores and offices, 35 barns, aud 15 shups, valued together at $190,000; at Black Rock, 16 frame and 11 log houses, 8 barns, aud 5 outhouses, valued at $19-000 ; and at other places 20 frame and 67 log houses. 5 stores, 29 barns, 30 shop.';, ic, worth $U1,000. Total. 334 buildings, worth $;i50,ti00, nut iucludiug the buildings of the Messrs. Porter. — Albany Argus, April22, 1814. n The Bujfol/t Gfvzette, the first paper in the county, was com- menced Oct. 3, 1811, by S. H. &. \\. A. Salisbury. It was removed to Harris UUl in 1S13, and back to Buf- falo in the spring of 1814. In April, 1819, U. A Salis- bury became sole proprietor, and changed the name to The Niagara Patriot. On the erection of Erie co. in 1S20 it was changed to Tfie Buffalo J'atn'ot. It was successively under the editorial charge of Wra. A. Caipeuter, Harvey Newcomb, and Guy H. Salisbury. The Daily Commercial Advertiser was issued from the samu office. J.in. 1, 1S35. Soon after, Dr. T. M. Fuote and B- A. .Manchester became associated in the manairement of the two papers ; and in Aug. 1838, the Auroia Stand- ard was merged in them, and A. M. Clapp, its pub- lisherj became ouij of the proprietors of the joint con- EKIE COUNTY. 281 A1.I>EjV— was formed from Clarence, March 27, 1823, and a part of Marilla Mas taken oil' in 1853. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. e. of the center. Its surface in the >v. is level, and cern. In May.lSSJt, they were united with the Uuffalo Journal, aiiJ the weekly wan puhlishtiJ aa The Futi-iot and Joui-nal, and tlie daily as The Ojiiimtrcal Advirtistr uud Jnurnul, by K. It. Jewett & Co. The following; year the daily appeared as TUe Buffalo Couimercial Advertiser, and under these titled the papers aru t-till published, under the editorial charge uf Di-. S. It. Hunt. Siuce iVoO a Bemi- weelily Couiiucrcial Adverliser has been issued. The Niagara Jourtiul was established i[i .iuly, ISlo, by David M. Day; and in l'S'20 its name w;i8 clia[j{;ed to The Buffalo Journal. In lf>3-i it passed into the bands of E. J. Roberts, and in 18or> it was Biispeuded. The Buffalo Whig was established in lfs;jl by D. M.Day; and in 1S35 it was united with the Bullalo Journal, and ap- peared as Tlie Buffalo Wliig and Jimrnal. Jan.l, 1838, M.Cadwalladerand Dr. 11. 11. Stagg were associated with Day, and in Feb. they issued T7iC Buffalo Daily Journal. In 1S.38 the estabhshment pa8sed into the hands of E. K. Jewett, by whom the papers were united the following yeiir with the Duffalo Patriot and the Commercial Advertiser. The Gospd Advocate (Univ.) was begun in 1S22 by Rev. Thomas Gross. In 1823 Simeon Duutou, and in lS2ij Revs. L. S. Everett, Theophilus Fisk, and M. Tiittle, became pro- prietors. In lo28 it was removed to Auburn. The Black- Kock Beacon was publibhed by L. G. llotfman from 1822 to 1824. The Buffalo Emporium was issued in 1824 by J. A. Lazelle and Simeon Francis, and continued about 5 years. The Black Eock Gazette was begun in 1824 by Dartemus Fergu- son, who dispo.sed of it to S. II. Salisbury in 1825. In 1827 it was removed to Buffalo, and its name changed to The Buffalo and Black Bock Gazette It wtm discontinued in 1828. The Black Bock Advocate was begun in Feb. 1S26, and was pub- lished 1 year by Dan'l P. Adams. The Western Advertiser, after an existence of 3 months, was merged in the IJnll'alo Patriot in the spring of 1S28. Tfte Buffalo Republican was commenced in April, 1828, by W. P. M. Wood. It was successively under the charge of S. U. Salisbury & W. S. Snow, S. H. Salisbury, H. L.Ball, Chas. Faxon & Jas. Stryker, and Chas. Faxon. In 1835 the Buftiiio Bulletin was merged in the Republican, and the Daily Star was bought by Faxon and continued under its old name. Horatio Gates and W. L. Craudall were successively editors. In Dec. IS^S the office was burned and the papers wei'e suspended ; but the weekly was resumed by Quartus Graves in 1S39. Jan. 1, 1842, llenry Durwell, then proprietor, changed its name to The DeiHocratic Ecouoimst ; and in Oct. following Joseph String- man succeeded, and changed it to The Mercantile Courier and Bemotratic Mconomid. In Feb. 1843, it appeared as Tfie Buffalo Couri'.r and R-xniomist; and in March as TIu Buffalo Courier. July 1, 184t5, it was united with The Pilot, and The Courier and IHlof, d., tri-w., and w., was published by Stringman, Wancliestcr & Drayman. In Dec. it was chan!:;euerger, d. iuid w., by which title it is now published by Drunck, Held & Co. The Buffalo Dumocrat (German) was started in 1850 by Chas. do Haas; and in 1853 it was united with The Weltluerger. The Sim, d. and w., was issued iu the winter of 1838, and was published 1 year by Abraham Densmore and E. 11. Eastiibrook successively. The Mom, a penny daily, was issued during the summer of 1839. Bristijl's Ga2ette and Ufrald of Health, mo., was commenced in 1^^39 by C. C. Bristol. The next year it appeared as Bn'stol^s Gazette, and was discontinued In 1842. The IVinid of I'outh, mo., was started in 1839 by Rev. A. T. Hopkins, and Wiis published 1 year. The Buffalo Sentinel, d. and w.. was published during the sum- mer of 1839 by Thomas Newell. The Morning Tattler, d., was started in 1840 by Langdon, Fouchutto & ShaeQer. Its name was changed to The Morning Times, by J. S. Walker, and it was discontinued soon after. Der Volks Schild was published by F. H. Singer during the summer of 184U. 2'he Phalanx, d. and w., was published 6 weeks in 1840 by C. D. Ferris. The Buffalo Garland was published in 1840 by Geo. W. Bungay. Ho7u:st Industry was published in 1840 by Dr. Daniel Lee. The Vulksfrcmid (^German) was published in 1840 by Adolphus Meyer. TJie Weilern Presbyterian was issued in March, 1841, by Rev. J. C. Lord, and continued 1 year. The We&leni Liftrary Messenger, semi-mo., was started in July, 1841, by J. S. Chadbourne. C. D. Ferris, Jesse Clement, Chas. Faxon, and E. R. Jewett, at different times, wero interested in its publication. From 1842 it was pub- lished weekly until 1S57, when it was discontinued. Bannister's Life in Buffalo was published a few weeks in 1841 by N. II. Dannister. The Sublime Pidriot, semi-mo., was published during the winter of 1841-42 by T. J. Southerland. The Buffalo Amrriran was Started in 1842 by T. Foster & C. F. Butler, and continued 1 year. The Old Sdioal Jeffcrstmian and The Daily Gazette were pub- lished from 1S42 to '43 by Charles Faxon. T)ie Tewpn-aniie Standard was published in 1842 by II. H. Sahsbury & A. M. Clapp. The School Jieader was published about 3 months iu 1S42 by A. \V. M'iigus. Prescott^s Tiirgraph was published in 1842 by W. Prescott. The Buffalo Gazette, d. and w., was started in 1843 by H. A. Salisbury, B. A. Manchester & J. 0> Brayman, and con- tinued 3 years. The Preimiifhige (German) was started Jan. 1843, by Alexander Krausy Sl Adolphus Meyer, and continued 2 years. Tlie Telegraph, da. and w., (German,) was started in Nov. 1845, by H. B. Miller. Louis Tickers. Adolphus Hiiman. and C. Essellen have successively had the edi- torial ch.arge. It is now published by P. II. Bender, and edited by C. Essellen. Tlie Buffalo Ittedlcal Journal and Mouthly Bevie^v of JUedical aud Surgical Scl* euce was started in June, 1845, by Dr. .Vustin Flint. In 1853 Dr. S.B.Hunt became associated in its manago- munt, and in 1855 its sole proprietor. In 18ii8 it passed into the hands of Dr. Austin Flint, jr., its present pro- prietor. The Western Cataract was started in 1845 by L. P. Judsou. Jas. Dubois, Vi'. B. Williams, and Chauncey llulburt wero successively editors. In Jan. 1847, it was clianged to The Western Tempei-atice Standard, and was discontinued tho following year. The Impetus was started in 1845 by E. "W. Spaulding, and con- tinued mouths. The Mi/rning Express was started Jan. 14. 1846, by A. M. Clapp & Co. In 1S55 The Daily Democracy was united with The Kxpress, and it appeared as The Buffalo Moruiug Express and Dally De- mocracy* by which name it is now published. A Weekly and tri-weekly edition are also issued. The Democracy, d. and w., was stjirted iu May, 1854, by G. W, llaskins. The Rough Notes was merged iu Tho Demo- cracy wxtn after; and in Aug. 1855, Tho Democracy was united with The Express. T?u Hough NoteSj d., was started iu March, 1852, by Geo. Recscv 282 ERIE COUNTY. in the e. gently undulating. It is watered by the head waters of Cnyuga and Eleven Mile Creeks. The soil is a deep, fertile, sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. Aldeai, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. R. R., contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 285; Aldcu Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses; and Iflill Grove, (p. v.,) in the n. w. corner, 18 houses. Alden (Crittenden p. o.) and Wende are stations on the N, Y''. C. R. R. Settlement was commenced in the spring of ISIO, by Moses Fenno.^ Rev. John Spencer conducted the first religious services, in 1811. Tiio first church (Presb.) was organized in 1813-14. There are now 6 churches in town.^ AMIII-:K!!«iT^— was formed from Buffalo, April 10, 1818; and Chicktowaga was taken off in 18o9. It lies upon the n. border of the co., between Clarence and Tonawanda. Its surface is level. Eleven Mile and Ransoms Ci'eeks flow across the town in a n. e. direction ; and Tona- wanda Creek forms its n. boundary. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Upon the land of John Foglesonger, in the s. part of the town, is a very copious sulphur spring. A gristmill with 3 run of stone has been built on the stream formed by it. A ledge of limestone extends across the s. part of the town, from which limestone is quarried in various places. Beneath this led^e ia a layer of hydraulic limestone, which is extensively quarried at Williamsville and burned for waterlime. ITilliamsville,^ (p-v.,) incorp. in 1850, is situated on Eleven Mile Creek, in the s. part of the town. It contains 4 churches, an academy,^ and several manufactories.^ Pop. In 1S54 Kann & Cowan became proprietors, and the same year it waa united with The Democracy. The Westtrn Evangelist (Univ.) waa etarted in June, 1S46, by Kev. L. S. Everett, and continued 1 yciir. The Ambassador, (Univ..) st-'irted the eanio year, was removed to Auburn in ISil. The Journal of Coinm-crce, d., waa etarted in 1847 by John W. Jones, and continued 6 months. Tfie Republic, d. and w., wae started by Livingston, Albro & Co., Jan. 26, 1847. Quartus Graves, Maynard k Welsh, C. A. Kellogg, and C. C. Bristol were sncc-ssively inte- rested in its nianiigement. In lNy7 The liullalo Daily Times was united with The HepuMic. and it was issued as The Buffalo Republic aud. Times, d., tri-w., and Vi. Guy. n. .'Salisbury is the present proprietor. A Campaign psiper was published in connection with this paper in iNyO. The Buffalo Daily Times was started in Aug. 1857, by the Times Association; and the next year it wae united with The Itepublic. Ver Freie Demolrat was published in 1R48. The Wool Grower unil Maijazine of Agriculture and HortieuHure, mo., was started in 1849 by T. C. Petei-s, and continued until 18f.2. The Daily i^ueai Cit;/, a penny paper, was started in 1850 by G. J. Br^-an. The title wns changed in 1852 to THe Buffalo Kveuing Post, under which name it is now puMislied. The Buffalo Chris/inn Advocate wns started in Jan. 1850, by John E. Kobio. In 1857 it was changed to The Advocate, under which nsime it is now publislicd. Onnnio/j .Sense was pulilished in 1850 by D. 1*. Stile. Die Aurora, w, iind Bemi-w.,wa8 started in 1850 by Chris- tian Wieckniann. its present publisher. Daa Klrchllclie Informatorlum, semi-mo., was stiirted in .July, 1S51, by Conrad liiir; and in 1854 T. Andr. A.Grabau. its present editor, assumed its charge. The Su7idai/ Bulletin was started in 1S51 by Wm. F. Kodgera, and continued i) months. The Youth's Casket, mo., wns started in 1851 by Beadle & Vsmderzee. It is now published l»y Robt. Adnms. The American Miller was published in 1851 by Wm. C. Hughes. The EvavgelicaX Christian was published in 1851 by Geo. Stanbro A Co. The Amei-ican Celt and Catholic Citizen wsis brought from Bos- ton, Mnsa., to Bufijilo in June, 1852, find cnntinued until May, 18.'}3, when it w.as removed to New York. Die HomcBopath and Dio'tetischrr Hansfreund was started in 1852 by Conriid Bar, an 1 continued 1 year. Sf/nntags Blatt was started in 1S62 by Brunck, Held & Co., and continued 1 year. 37(6 Sundai/ Visitor was started in 1852 by Reed & Moore, aud continued 1 year. The United Sfaf-ejt Mail, mo., waa published in 1852 by Jowett, Thomas & Co. The Buffalo Daily Ledper was published n few months in 1852 by T. Richardson. The Pathfinder was published in 1852 by Cliarles Faxon. The Sundav Herald was published about 3 months in 1853 by Geo. W. Weeks. The School and Houi^e Friend, eemi-mo., (German.) was started in >Tarch, 1853, by Conrad BHr. and cnntinued 1 year. TheLihrnrunn't Garden w"is putilishetl in lS,-,3 by D. S. Manly & Co. The Buffalo Catholic Sentinel w;ih Ktjirtfd iu June, 1853. by Michael llagau. its present I'liblisber. lllustrirte Attend Sr/nde, semi-mo,, was publihhed in 1S54 by Rev. C. DioblmaQ. The Atlantis, mo., (German,) brought from Cleveland, Ohio, to Buffalo in 185G, is edited by C. Essellen. The Amencon Bights wns published from Sept. 1854. to July, 1855, by Goo. Keese & Co. The Age of Frogjrsx, conducted by Stephen Alhro, was com- menced in 1854 and discontinued iu 1858. The Ziitsc/irifl waa published about 4 months in 1S54 by Conrad Bar. Zelcheu der Zelt, mo., was started in June, 1S55, by I'le.xler. In 185S T. Gottlieb Ade became its editor. The Home has been published since Jan. 1856, by E. F. B.'adle. The Buffalo Allegemeine Zeltung, w. and eemi- w., was started iu May, 1856, by Frederick Beiuecke, the present publisher. The Buffalo Patriot, d., (German,) was published during the Ciinipaign (if 1856 by Voght &. Jung. Das Historisehe Zelthlatt und Literarlscher Auzeiger, mo., was started iu May, 1857, by Cunrad Bar. its pre.sent publisher. The Home Montlily waa started Jan. 1, 1859, under the edit.irial charge of Mrs. H. E, G. Arey and Mrs. Gildersleve. The Inventor's Advertiser was published at Buffah by Thos. P. How. T?ie Aurora Demoa-at was established at West Amora in Oct 1835, by Deluss E. Sill, publisher, and continued about 1 year. Tltc Aurora Standard was started at East Aurora Aug. 1, 1835, by A. M. Clapp. In 1838 it was removed to Buffalo and merged in the Buffalo Commercial Advettisir. The SpringiHlle Ej2^rcss was commenced in May, 1844. by Edwin Hough, and continued until the fall of 184-8. The Sprlugvllle Herald was established in May. 1850, by E. i). Web.<.ter; and in Dec. 185(3, it passed into the hands of J. B. Saxe, its present publisher. The American Citizen was started at SpringviUe in Feb. 1856, by Lucius C. Sanders, and continued nearly a year. The Tonawanda Commercial was started nt Tonawanda in 1846 by Sylvester Hoyt. and continued about a year. The Niagara Fiver Filut wjjs comujenced at Tonawanda in 1853 T'y Packard & Foxlunger. In Aug. 1856, it passed into the hands of S. 0. llaywarJ, by whom, in Kov. 1857, it wns cb.innerl to The Niagara I'^routler^ under which name it is still ptlblisb._'d. The Mental Khvator was pviblihhed a short time in the Seneca bingnage. 1 Among the first settlers were Joseph Freeman, John Easta- brook. 'Wm. Snow, and Ariinah Hibbard. who came in ISIO; Sand. Slade, James Crocker, Saml. Huntington, iind Jonas Stick- ney, who came in 1811; and AVni. Dayton, who cnmo in 1812. The first birtlrwas that of a daughter of Arunah Hibbaid; and the first death, that of I'oHy Cransaky, in 1812. John Rogers built the first sawmill, in 1813 or '14, and the first gristmill, in 1^17. Amos Bliss kept the first inn, and Seth Eastabrook the first store, both in 1816. The first school was taught by Wehe* tabel Eastabrook, in 1815. 2 Bap.. Presb., Evang. Luth., M. E., and 2 R. C. 8 Nitmed in honor of Lord Amherst, commander of the English forces in America in I759-C0. * Nan)cd from Jonas Williams, one of the early settlers. 6 The Williamsville Classical Institute. The whole number of students for the year 1857 was 222. ) on tlio TV. bank of Cazenove Creek, in the s. part of the town, contains 1 church, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and about 30 houses; and Ctrlflin^i Mills, (p. v.,) on tlie same stream, near the center of the town, contains 1 church, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 25 houses. The first settlement was made in the fall of 1803, by Jabez Warren, Henry Godfrey, and Nath'l Emerson.* The evidences of ancient Indian occupation were plainly visible upon the advent of the whites.^ The first church (Bap.) •was organized with 16 members, in 1810, by Elder Irish. There are 7 churches in town.' Ex- Pres. Millard Fillmore and Hon N. K. Hall, Judge of Supreme Court and Ex-P. M. Gen., wero for some years residents of East Aurora. BOSTOK — was formed from Eden, April 5, 1817. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of the N. branch of Eight-een Mile Creek, which flows n. w. through near the center of the town. The valley of this stream is about three-fourths of a mile wide. In this valley the soil is a fine, fertile loam, and upon the hills it is a gravelly and clayey loam. Boston, (p. v.,) on the N. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, contains 3 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a tannery, a cow-bell factory, and 40 houses ; Boston C'fnter, (Patchin p. o.,) on the same stream, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, aud 20 houses; and J\'oi'tta Boston, (p. v.,) 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. The first settlement was made by Didemus Kinney, in 1803.' The first religions services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, in ISlO. There are 7 churches in town.' BKAJVDT" — was fornicl from Collins and Evans, March 25, 1839. It lies upon the shore of Lake Erie, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is generally level, with a gentle inclina- tion toward the lake. Cattaraugus Creek forms a part of the s. boundary. The other principal streams are Big Sister, Delaware, and Muddy Creeks. The soil is generally a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Brandt (p. v.) contains 20 houses. Mill Brancll (Farnham p. o.) is the Saw 9I1II Station on the B. & E. R. R., and contains 30 houses. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Moses Tucker.'" The first religious services were conducted by Benj. Olm- sted, in 1820. A union church is the only one in town. 1 Among the early settlers were Wm. M,iltbiiry. .Tonas Wil- lianiit. James Harmon, Iloi-atio Kelsi'y, Si-th Cantield, Kiios A. Armstrong, ami .las. Harris. The tirst sawmill was built in ISOl, by Thomson ; and the first gristmill, by Wm. 5Ialtliury, in 1S08. Eliiu^ Hansom l%ept the first inn, in 1^05, and Juba Storrs & Co. the first store, in 1S12. 2 nap., Disciples, M. E., and Germ. Ciith. at Williamsville, and 2 Evang. Luth., Free, Mennonite. and K. C. in other parts of the town. * The .\urora Manual Labor Seminary was chartered Oct. 18, 183:i; and in 183s its name was chan^:edtotho Aurora Academy. The manual labor di'i«utmrnt was l.mj; since abandoned. t These nere rollow,.! by .l,,.l ajid .John Adams. Tabor Earlle, and Humphrey Jfmirli. m 1MI4, and Wm. W'airen. 'I'hos. Tntcv, Christopher Stone, and Luther llibliard. in 1S05. The first birth was that of Orra W.arren, in Dec. 1.^05; and the first death, tliat of a daughter of Ilnmpbrey Smith, in ISOO. Phineas Stevens built the first sawmill, in ISUIJ, and the first gristmill, in 1H(I7. lien. Wm. Warren kept the first inn, in l.SOfJ. and Adams & Hascall the first store, in 1S08. The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in 1S06. 6 Two hills, in the n. part of the town, wero fortified by cir- cular breastworks, in many places 6 to 8 ft. high. Human hones, of almost giant size, have been dui; up near the fbrtiflca- tions; and pieces of pottery and iron axes have t)een found in the vicinity. — Letter of lieu. Aslier Wright. In 1S09 an ancient copper plate, 12 by 16 inches, covered with letters or hiero- Rlyphica, was plowed up upon the land of EpUrailu Woodruff, in Anroi-a: the finders, not knowing its value as a specimen of antiquity, converted it into a dipper and skimmer.— Y'«7VJCr*s IM. Fur., J). tOS. 6 2 Tresb.. Bap., Cong., M. E., nniv., and R.C. ' Oliver and Cliarles Johnson settled in the town in 1805, and Richard Cary and Sam'l Eaton in 1807. The first birth was that of Ihiuney Johnson, in 1800; the first maniage. that of David Stanuaid and Esther Yaw, in 1810: and the first death, that of Joel Beebe, in 1809. Ethan Howard built the first mill, in IslO. Job Palmer kept the first inn. in Isll ; and .4aron J. Tapper the first store, the same year. The first school was taught by Joel Eddy, inlHlU. 8 iiap.. Free Will Bap., Evang. Luth., Friends, M. E., Meth. Prot.. and Univ. » Named from Col. Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chief. His Indian name was '• Tha-yan-d*i.^w-g(t}i," said to signify "'wood partly burned," or "a brand;" and as the Indians are unable to distinguish d from t in their pronunciation, it became Brant. — ^.v/cr tVriglit, Missioiiiry at the f\ilt<-iratigus Heaen-atiim. lu .lohn, Hobert, aud Major Campbell, and John West, settled in the town in 1808, and Ansel .Smith, itobt. and Wm.Qramds, and Benj. Olmsted, in 1S19. The first birth was that of a son of Jolm West, in 1818; the first marriage, that of Levi tlrannin and Leah llallida. in 1819; and the first death, that of Matthew West, in 1822. The first mill was built by SaniT Butts, in 1822; the first inn was kept by Josephus Hubbard, in 182.'); and tlie first store, by Milton Morse, in 1835. Julia Bradley taught tho .first Bcbool, la 1823. 284 ERIE COUNTY. BUFFALO CITY — was formed as a town from Clarence, Feb. 8, 1810.^ Amherst was taken off in 1818, and Tonawanda in 1836. Buffalo Village was incorp. April 2, 1813, re-organized in 1815, and again in 1822, and incorp. as a city April 20, 1832, with its limits enlarged by the addition of that part of the Mile Strip Reservation^ s. of York and North Sts. By the provisions of a new charter, granted April 13, 1853, the then town of ''Black Hock" was included within the city limits. The city lies at the E. extremity of Lake Erie, extending nearly 10 mi. along the lake shore and the upper part of Niagara River, and occupies an area of about 40 sq. mi. The principal streams are Big Buffalo and Scajaquady* Creeks, — the former emptying into Lake Erie and the latter into Niagara River. The principal business part of the city is on the lake shore around the harbor. The land in this locality is low, and was once considered "an irreclaimable morass ; but it is now densely covered with substantial warehouses and large stores, intermingled with factories, foundries, mechanics' shops, and dwellings."* The site rises gradually, and attains in one or two places an elevation of about 100 ft. ; but the greater portion of the area occupies an extended plain of an average height of 50 ft. above the lake. On the ^^ Buffalo Plains," and along the river at North Buffalo, are extensive quarries of limestone, furnishing an excellent building material.^ The city is regularly laid out, and the streets are broad and straight. The flagging and paving are done in the most substantial manner, and are kept in excellent repair.^ The main part of the city is supplied with wholesome water from Niagara River by the Buffalo Water "Works Company. The reservoir, situated on Niagara between Connecticut and Vermont Sts., is 88 ft. higher than the river, and has a capacity of 13,500,000 gallons. The water is elevated by two force pumps, each of a capacity of 235 gallons, and is distributed through 31 mi. of pipe.' Lower Black Rock is supplied by the Jubilee AVater "Works with water obtained from the Jubilee Springs. It is conducted through wooden pipes, of which there are more than two miles laid.* There are 5 post-offices in the city, — Buffalo, North Buffalo, Buffalo Plains, Red Jacket, and Black Rock. The harbor of Buffiilo is formed by Big Buffalo Creek, along which for more than a mile is a continuous line of wharves. A pier extends from the s. side of the harbor 1500 ft. into the lake, forming an effectual barrier against the encroaching sands, which everywhere on the lake have a tendency to accumulate on the w. side of piers. At its extremity is a lighthouse.® The Erie Canal enters the city along Niagara River, from which it is separated by a seawall, and extends southward to near the mouth of Bufiiilo Creek, and thence eastward to Hamburgh St. The Erie Basin, just n. of the mouth of Buffalo Creek, protected lakeward by a breakwater, and the Ohio Basin, about one and one-fourth mi. from the mouth of the creek, containing an area of 10 acres, are both connected with the harbor and canal and are sufficiently deep to float the largest lake vessels.^** A ship canal more than a mi. in length extends along the w. side of Big Buffalo Creek parallel to the shore of the lake. This canal, the basins, the Erie Canal, and the harbor are all connected by numerous slips. Six railroads terminate in the city ; and another — the Buffalo & Pittsburgh — is in process of construction." 1 The city of Buffalo was taken off in 1832, and Tonawanda in 1836. The village of *'Black Rock," in thin town, was incorp. April 24, 183", and receives its name from the color of the rock which outcrops at the funy landing. The remaining part of the town was organized as Black Kock, Feb. 14, 1S39; and in 1853 it was annexed to the city. 2 gee p. 280. 8 Named fi-om an Indian of that name, and pronounced Ska- joc'quad-da. * Buffalo City Dire.ctonj, 1858. 6 The pier, the breakwater, the arsenal, St. Joseph's Cathedral. and many of the most substantial buildings in the city, are in part or wholly built of this stone. 6 There are 261 mi. of located streets within the city limits. S7J mi. of paved streets, 205,000 line or ftet of stone sidewalks, and 108 mi. of plank walks. There are l.'.iGO street lamps in the city, lighted by gas furnished by t!ie Buffalo V^m Light Com- pany. The present C08t of the street Improvements is estimated at $2,000,000 ; and the aggregate of taxes for local improvements in lSo7 was S3o6.913. ' The Buffalo Water Vforks Company was incorp. March 15, 1849. The original cost of the works was $40o,OiiO; and S65,0t)0 of the earnings have been expended in extending the works. Connected with them are 320 street hydrants, and 20 under- ground reservoirs, having an aggregate capacity of 407.S50 giil. 8 The Jubilee Water Works Company was organized in 1827, Vith a capital of $20,000. At one time the company had lb mi. of wooden pipe laid, fully supplying Black Rock and a part of Buffalo; but, while the increase of population created a greater demand for water, the supply from the springs diminished, and in 1846 the citizens of Lower Black Rock purchased the worka and confined the supply to their own village. ^ The lighthouse is built entirely of stone and iron. It is 44 ft. hi';h, 20 ft. in diameter at its base, and 12 ft. at the top. The molehead ujion which it stands is 160 ft. in diameter and has a depth of 15 ft. below the surface of the water. The pier and lighthouse were completed in 1S33. It is furnished with a first class dioptric Fresnel apparatus. 10 These basins were constructed by the State as parts of the great system of internal navigation ; but their sites were fur- nished by the city. The Erie Basin cost $300,000, and the Ohio Basin $60,000. They were commenced in 184S and finished in 1858. Vessels driven by storms and failing to gain an entrance to the harbor find a capacious and sheltered retreat in the har- bor of Black Rock, — formed by a mole from Bird Inland to Squaw Island, a distance of 2915 yards. This, with tlte islands, forms a harbor 4.56o yards long and from 88 to 220 yards wide, with an area of 136 acres. Besides affording an exceedingly convenient harbor, with an average depth of 15 feet, this work secures a water-power of about 4i ft. A ship lock Is constructed at it8 foot; and it is on the line of the Erie Canal. n Besides these, 5 phink roads, a macadamiaed road, and a turnpike terminate in the city. ERIE COUNTY. 285 Buffalo is the second commercial city of the State, and the largest and most important upon the great lakes.' Its situation at the foot of navigation upon Lake Erie and at the western terminus of the Erie Canal makes it the principal port for the transhipment of the products of the great grain region of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and gives to it the command of the greater part of thft commerce of the lakes.^ The number of entries at this port during the year 1857 was 4,01", with an aggregate of 1,018,672 tons; and the number of clearances was 3,564, with an aggregate of 1.603,134 tons.' The exportation and importation by canal is also immense;' and it is estimated 1 It is often called " The Queen City," and " The Queen City of the L.ikes." 2 The amount of grain received in 18.57 was 15,443.778 bush., and of flour 925,411 bbls., of which 15.348,930 bush, of grain and 845,953 bbls. of flour were received by lake. The s.ime year there wero'received by lake 29.799 head of cattle, 75.174 hogs, and 44.972 sheep. The following table shows the imports, by lake, of flour .ind grain for a series of years Year. Flour. n-htat. Com. 204.355 0al3. Barley. 4,876 Hae. isaii... 139,178 304,090 28,640 1.600 1837... 126.S06 460,360 94.490 2,653 3,267 1838... 277.620 933,117 34,148 6,677 909 1839... 294.13:1 1.117.262 1840... 697.742 l.ii(i4,:iCl 71,327 1841... 730,040 l,li3.5,0O0 201,031 14,144 2,160 1842... 734,308 1,556.430 454.530 4,710 1,228 1843... 917.617 1,827,241 223.963 2,489 1,3.32 1844... 915.030 2,177,600 137,978 18,017 1,617 466 1846... 746,750 1.770.740 64,200 23,100 1846... 1,374,629 4.744,184 1,456.268 218,300 47,630 28,260 1847... 1,857,000 6.489,100 2,862.300 446.000 70,787 1848... 1.249,000 4,620,117 2,298,100 660,000 17,809 1S49... 1S.50... 1,103,039 3.681.346 2,693.378 359,580 3,600 1851... 1,268,224 4.167.121 6,988.776 1,140,340 142,773 10.662 1852... 1,299.613 6.649.778 6,136,740 2.596,231 407.91:! 112,271 1853... 975.667 6,424,043 3,665,793 1.480.655 401,1108 107.162 1854... 739,756;3.510,792 10,109.<,)73 4.441.730 ZWi.ii^i, 177.01)6 1866... 936,761 8,022.126 9.711.2:ai ■j.r,'.):;;.2"J2 62,3(14 2'.I0.6';»1 1856... 1,126,048 8.465,671 9,632,477 1.7:>'. 0^2 46.327 245.MO 1867- 845,953 8,334,179 6,713,611 1,214,700 37,844 48,536 The annual average receipts of flour duriug the first five vears was about 360,000 bbls,; during the next five it was 82O',0O0; during the next five, 1,474,000 : ,Hnd during the next five, 969,000, The whole amount of grain received in 1847 was 9,668,187 bush,, and in 1865 20,788,475 bush,, — the greatest amount in any one year. This was a greater amount than was received that year in any other port in the world. The following table shows the receipts of leading articles during three seasons: — 1855. 1856. 1857. Cotton, bales Corn, bush Eggs, bbls Feathers, sacks Fish, bbls Furs, bdls Flax, bales Flour, bbls Ilemp, bales Hides, No Horses, No Hogs, No Irou, pig, tons Lard, lbs Lead, pigs Leather, rolls Luraber.ft , Lath, No Meal, corn, bbls Nuts, bbls Oil, bbls Oats, bush Pork, bbls Pelts, bdls Robes, Buflalo, bales,, Kye, hush Seeds, bbls Skins, bdls Staves, No Shingles. No Sheep, No Tobacco, hhds Tobacco, cases Tallow, lbs: Whisky, bbls Wheat, bush Wool, bales. 1855, 2,39 8,711,230 6,591 879 6.752 1,112 1,276 936,761 1,191 90,964 362 69,944 3,994 10,367,136 67,309 2,265 72,026.651 246.000 867 346 4,700 2,693,322 106,682 4,311 480 299,591 20,522 2,391 16,421,668 ' 1,764.000 26,508 489 3,470 1,234,100 37,087 8,022,126 47,168 1856. 681 9,632.477 6,326 820 8,826 890 729 1,126,048 327 111.866 408 72.713 2,077 6,336.500 30,677 2,326 60,584,.541 920.000 1,800 808 2,870 1,733,382 60,477 3,368 287 246,810 16,297 1,814 18,566,039 398,000 41,467 623 3,837 634,900 36,009 8,466,671 41,692 1867, 317 6,713,611 8,286 242 6.211 635 622 645,963 912 139,051 193 76,174 1.323 643,000 22,247 2,613 68,283.319 1,602.000 1.50 113 1,789 1,214.760 20,283 1,695 1,160 48.636 14,830 23,024,213 1,669,000 44,972 270 2,102 446.750 42.140 8,334,179 35,613 The total value of the importations of these three years were, in 1855,^8,767,315: in 1856. $40,429,871; and in 1857, $34,846,692. 3 Following is an exhibit of the number of entrances and clearances, their tonnage and crews, for sLx successive years :— Ashes, casks 4,296 3,265 2,975 Beef, bbls. 97,804 33,320 69,911 Broom Com, bales 9,726 7,366 5,086 Barley.bush 02.304 46.327 37,844 Butter, lbs 1,988,920 1,241,600 923.000 Bacon, lbs 10,768,396 9,220,932 3,612,619 Cattle, No 14,049 25,283 29,799 Cranberries, bbls 225 404 91 Coal, tons 59,878 63,512 67,247 Copper Ore, lbs 600,000 1,870,488 2,687,600 * The following tables show the receipts and shipments of leading articles for the year 1867 : — The total value of the canal ship- ments that year was $16,956,740, and the tolls of the same received at the collector's office amounted to $669,637.44. RECEIPTS. reitr. No. Tonnage. JIC™. 1862 9,441 3,092,247 127,491 1863 8,208 3,252,978 128,112 1864 8.912 3,990,284 120.838 1866 9,211 3,360.233 111,515 1866 8,128 8,018,587 112,061 1857 7,581 3,221,806 132,183 umber, ft 1.853.693 920 Timber. 100 cubic ft Staves, Ui8„, Wood, cords Cheese, lbs.. Wool, lbs. 30,S 25,8 22,e 1,; ,320 Hides, lbs 130,500 Flour, bbls 28,621 Wheat, bush 19,966 Rye, bush 7,778 Corn, bnsh 1,1.31 Barley, bush 37,434 Bran, ic. lbs 236,689 Beans and peas, bush 10.908 Potatoes, bush,, 3,342 Dried fruit, lbs 1,30,900 Hop.s,-lbs 621,862 Domestic spirits, gals 24.720 Leather, lbs 714,136 Furniture, lbs 4,363.775 Pig iron, lbs 12,417,lli4 Castings and ironware, lbs 30,902,467 Domestic cottons, lbs 594,868 Domestic salt, lbs 62,278,989 Foreign salt, lbs 193.839 Sugar, lbs 12,768,136 Molasses, lbs 7,701J44 Coflee, lbs 4.900,077 Nails, spikes, i-c. lbs. 2,866,471 Ironand stceLlbs 12,417.666 Railroad iron, lbs 32,187,521 Crockery and glassware, lbs 5,606,277 All other mdse, lbs 92,894.060 Stone, lime, and clay, lbs 74,134,242 Gypsum, lbs 560,687 Coal, lbs 115,193,297 Sundries, lbs 10,471,711 SBIPME.NTS. Lumber, ft 43,727,.623 Timber, 100 cubic ft 12,485 Staves, lbs 186,921,748 Ashes, casks 1,829 Pork, bbls 9,195 Beef, bbls 6,256 Bacon, lbs 2,112,093 Cheese, lbs 65.469 Butter, lbs 9,874 Lard, tallow, and lard oil... 710,4.35 Wool, lbs 1,325,289 Hides, lbs 760,8.85 Flour, bbls 88,092 Wheat, bush 6,673,827 Rye, bush Corn, bush Barley.bush Oats, bush Bran, &c. lbs Dried fruits, lbs Oitt^n, lbs Tobacco, Ibe Hemp, lbs Seed,lbs Flaxseed, lbs , nop,s, lbs Domestic spirits, gals I/Cather, lbs 6.341 5,001,203 , 11,638 905,814 , 4,796,624 . 16,563 . 49.690 , 606,3114 , 1,077.228 1,529 . 636,000 56,786 Furniture, lbs 393.025 Lend, lbs.! 214,416 Pig iron, lbs 1,240,408 Bloom and bar iron, lbs 87,736 Castings and ironware, lbs 121,789 Domestic salt, lbs 32,100 Ironand steeMba 201,703 Railroad iron, lbs Crockerv and glassware, lbs., 122.594 All othermdse.lbs 674.242 Stono, lime, and clay, lbs 4,989,699 Coal, lbs 28,051,852 Copper ore, lbs 2,665,201 Sundries,lbs 12,771,000 2S6 ERIE COUNTY. that the value of merchandise and property transported 1 v R. r. is greater than the entire amount of the lake commerce of this port,^ About one-fourth of the shippinj^ of the lake is owned by the citizens of Buffalo.^ Shipbuilding is extensively carried on.^ The manufactures of the city are extensive and various.* The principal public buildings are the Custom House, Fort Porter, the State Arsenal, and the city markets. The Ctistom House^ on the corner of Seneca and Washington Sts., is a handsome and well built structure, containing, beside the custom house office, accommodations for the post-office and the U. S. courts. It was constructed, at a cost of $140,000, from designs furnished })y the U. S. Treasury Department.^ Fort Porfer, built in 1842-48, is a fortification on the bank of Niagara Kiver at the point where it emerges from Lake Erie, The State Araenal, erected in 1858, is a massive stone building fronting on Batavia St.** There are four large markets, conveniently located in difierent parts of the city.' The Public Schools of the city have long enjoyed a deservedly high reputation. They are care- fully nurtured through the operations of an enlightened public sentiment, and are so excellent in all their departments that scarcely any otlier elementary schools are supported or needed. They are thoroughly graded, consisting of three general departments. The third department is an advanced school for the whole city; and in it a complete academic course, excepting the classics, is taught. There w^ere, in 1857, 32 school districts, employing 189 teachers, — 24 males and 165 females. The number of children, between 4 and 21 years of age, was 28,000, of whom 15,593, or a small fraction more than b5h per cent., were in attendance some portion of the j^ear.^ The Buffalo Female Academy J a flourishing institution, situated on Delaware Avenue, was opened for students in July, 1852.® 1 The amount of live stock received by R. R. in 1857 was 78,404 I head of cattle, 232.370 lings, and 72.496 sheep. - The amount iif shipping owned in Uuffalo, as shown by the custom bouse boolis. is as follows: — Steamers.... Propellers.. Tugs I Barks Brigs Schooners .. Scows Total.. 10 50 20 7 21 129 5 242 Toniiage. 9,067 30.1S6 2,629 3,537 6.784 35.460 473 88,136 s The following table shows the shipping launched in 1857 : — 4 Steamers 10 Propellers .... 13 Tugs , 21 Schooners 1 Dredge 25 Canal Boats.. Tnnnage. 4,086 5.070 1,145 7,955 Valui'. $352,000 349,000 126.800 353,400 In connectiflfi with one of the shipyards of the city is a dry dock of sufficient capacity to admit a steamer of over 2,500 tons; also a marine railway; and near by is a large derrick for hoist- ing boilers and heavy machinery. * The following is a list of the manufacturing establishments in operation in 1S57 Agricultural Works 5 Ax & Edge Tool M'factory... 3 Awl " 1 Basket Manufactories 6 BWlows '* ^ 2 Billiard Table" 3 Blank Book & Bookbinding 8 Boiler Manufactodes 4 Box '• 5 Brass « 3 Breweries 31 Brickyards 9 Britannia Ware 2 Boot & Shoe Miyju factories 3 Brush " 2 Burr Millstone " 2 CabinetWare^Ianufactories. 11 Car and Car Wheels 2 Carriage Manuactorics 9 Chair " '2 Chromotype Printing..^ 1 Coach k Harness Hardware 2 Comb Manufactory 1 Confectioneries 10 Cooperages 14 r>iHtilleries 3 Kngravin; EarthenwareMann factories. 2 Fence "(iron) " 4 Fire Works " 2 Flnur Mills 10 Flour Mill Manufactories.... 3 Founderies 7 Glove Manufactory 1 Glue " 1 Gold Beaters" 2 Gunshops 3 Harness, Saddle, Ac.M'facts 13 Hrtt & Cap Manufactories... 16 Iron Works 8 Japanned Ware 4 Lantern Manufactories 2 Last Manufactories 2 Leather " 11 Lithojrraphing 3 Luck Manufai'tories 5 M;iii.l.- Works 6 M.uhiiir Sh.ips 10 Mtli^ifiiu Manufactory 1 Oakum Oil Organ Pail and Tub Paper Mill Engine (steam) M'factories.. 6 | Patent Leather Philosophical Instruments.. Piano Furte Manufactory.... Planinfi Mills Plane Manufactory Pocket Book " Poltery Pi intiuK Establishments..... Pump Manufactories IJegalia " Rope " Sail " Sash & Blind " Saw " Shingle " Stove Manufactories Silk " Shipyards 7 Silver Plating 4 Soap & Candle M'factories... 14 Soda &. Sarsaparillu " ... 4 Starch *' ... 2 Stave " ... 2 Steam Sawmills 3 Stone Ware Manufactory.... 1 Tobacco " .... 9 Tanneries 2 Type & Stereotype F'dries... 3 Upholsteries 10 Vice Manufactory 1 White Lead *• 2 Whip " 1 The value of the articles manufactured in 1857 was about $10,000,000. of which the leading products are estimated as follows :— ships and boats. $1,800.000 ; leather, $1.500,000 ; flour, $1,000,000; stoves and other castings, $600,000; machines, $600,000; distilled stuffs, S400,000; piano fortes, $350,000; boots and shoes, $100,000. For most of the statistics of the commerce and manufactures of Buffalo we are indebted to the Annual Statement of the Trade and Vnmmcrce of Buffalo for 1857, issued from the office of the Commercial Adveriuer, 6 The custom house building was commenced in 1S55 and completed in 1858. It is 3 stories high, exclusive of basement, and has a front of 110 ft. on Seneca St. and 60 ft. on Washington St., with a total elevation of 70 ft. above the sidewalk. Its ex- terior is of light gray sandstone, obtained from Cleveland, Ohio ; aud the whole is fireproof throughout, the floors being of small, segmental brick arches, turned from wrought iron beams, rest- ing on tubular girders. The girders rest upon the walla, and are supported in the middle by cast iron columns reaching to the foundation of the building. « The arsenal is 165 ft. long by 65 ft. ^vide. Its front, 50 ft. wide, projecting 16 ft. from the main building, is flanked by octagonal towers 60 ft. high. The walls are 40 ft. high ; and at each corner is a heavy, squai'e tuiTet. The cost of the building was $36,000. ' Elk Street Market is 30 ft. wide by 375 ft. long, having a veranda 24 ft. wide extending the whole length of each side. The Court Street Market consists of a main building. 51 ft. sq., with 4 wings, one on each side. The n. and s. wings are each 91i ft. long by 36 wide, and the E. andw. wings are each 61 ft. long by 36ft. wide. TheCIinton St. and Washington St. Markets are each 395 ft- long by 36 ft. wide, with a veranda 24 ft. wide ex- tending the whole length of each side. 8 The total expenses of the schools for 1357 were $160,019.86, and the total receipts the same; number of volumes in district libraries 8,216, 9 This institution owes its existence in a great measure to the liberality of Jabez Goodell, who contributed over$10.UO0 toward its establishment. The academy occupies one of the most eli gible and Iu*autiful sites in the city. There are two academic buildings, Giiudell Hall aud Evergreen Cottage,— the former oc- cupied for school purposes, and the latter as a dwelling by the family of the principal. ERIE COUNTY. 287 The Buffalo Medical College, on the corner of Main and Virginia Sts., was organized in Aug. 1840, under the charter of the University of Buffalo. A course of lectures is given each winter; and the students are admitted to the liospital of the Sisters of Charity, on stated days, during the visits of the medical and surgical officers. The Bujj'uto Mercantile College, on the corner of IMain and Seneca Sts., was established Oct. 10, 1854. Its ol.yeet is to impart a theoretical and practical knowledge of business transactions. The Buji'ulo Comuicrcial College, on Main St., is an institution similar in character to the Mer- cantile College. The Buffalo Law Library Association, incorp. April 2, 1833, — capital §10,000, in shares of §100 each, — was formed for the purpose of securing the benefits of a professional library beyond tho reach of private means. The Young Men's Association was established in the winter of 1835-36, and incorp. in March, 1843. It has a library of about 10,000 volumes, and a reading room, which is well supplied with papers from most of the principal cities of the Union. During the winter months lectures are maintained by the association. The German Young Men's Association was organized in 1841 and chartered in 846. The library contains about 2000 volumes, mostly German works. The Young Men's Christian Union was established in May, 1852, and incorp. March, 1853. It has for its object the moral and intellectual improvement of young men. Its library and reading rooms are in Kremlin Hall, at the junction of Niagara and Erie Sts. The Young Men's Catholic Association and the Buffalo Catholic Institute are societies similai to the preceding. The Buffalo Medical Association was formed in 1845 and incorp. in 1856. Its objects are purely scientific and professional, and its membership is confined to the medical profession of the county. The Mendelssohn Association, organized Jan. 1858, has for its object the improvement and culti- vation of vocal and instrumental music. The Deutsche Leidertafel and the Deutscher Saengerhtmd are German societies of a similar character. The Buffalo Orphan Asylum, located on Virginia St., was organized in 1835 and incorp. April 24, 1837. The site was donated by Louis S. Le Couteulx, and the present building was erected in 1850. Tlie average number of inmates is about 80. The Buffalo Female Orphan Asylum, on the corner of Batavia and EUicott Sts., was established in 1848, under the care of the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. The present number of childrem is 98. The Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, on Virginia St., was incorp. July 5, 1848. The building contains 20 wards, and the average number of patients is 130. The Buffalo General Hospital was incorp. Nov. 21, 1855, and went into operation in 1858. It was founded by individual donations, amounting to §20,000, and a State appropriation of §10,000.' The Ltjing-In Hospital, on Edward St., is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. The Buffalo City Dispensary, a society of physicians, was organized to aflbrd gratuitous medical services to the destitute. The Association for the Relief of the Poor disburses among the needy each winter sums ranging from §1,500 to $8,000. The Firemen's Benevolent Association was incorp. March 23, 1837, and has for its object the accumulation of a fund for the relief of indigent and disabled firemen and their families. The Buffalo Physicians' Charitable Fund Association was organized in 1858, to provide means for the assistance and relief of the widows and orphans of medical men. A M. E. church was founded in Bufiklo, in 1809, by the Rev. Jas. Mitchell ; but it had no per- manent organization. The oldest church now in the city (Ist Presb.) was organized Feb. 2, 1812, by the Rev. Thaddeus Osgood. The next established were a Prot. E., Bap., a M. B., and a Univ. There are now 57 churches in the city.^ Most of the church edifices are large and commodious ; and many of them are of a high order of architectural beauty. St. Joseph's Cathedral (R. C.) is 1 Tliis hospital is located on Iligh St.. and is a two story brick Btr^icture. 160 ft. lonp; by 75 ft. wide. Tin- w. wing only of tlio geni^ral plan is finished; but that is complete in itself, and hita 4 wards, cnp-tble of accommodating 100 piitientH. ■■! U R. C, S Presb., 7 Prot. K., 7 >t. E., 6 Bap., 4 Ger. KvanR., 5 Luth.. 2 Kef. Frot. D.. and 1 each Asso. I'resb., French Prot., in this city. h.ia been prominently belbre the public from tho nifusal of its trustees to convoy their church property to th« biHhop, and the extraordinary but ineflectual efforts made by the Roman pontiff to induce obedience to this order. In 1.S63 Cardinal Hedini visited America, having thi.s as a prominent object of his mission; but the trustees were inUcxible, and still Unit, Univ., Mission, audBethel. The K. C. Church of :tzk~i Avenue." In 1826 these names were changed by the trustees of the village. The business of the Holland Land Com- pany was transacted here for a short time previous to the open- ing of their office at "Jiansoms Grove." now Clarence Hollow, in 1801. 7 The sur^'eyor general was directed (April 11, 1804) to lay out the land about Black Rock — forming a part of the Mile i^tTip — into lots and report to the legislature. This was ac- cordingly done ; and in his report the surveyor general stated his belief that this was the best, if not the only, place at this end of the lake where a harbor of proper size could be constructed. From the earliest period the U. S. had desig- •aated this vicinity as the site of a fortitication. The report diiwd with the following worda: — *'It will be observed that streets are laid where it will either be impracticable or useless to open them soon. It maj', notwithstanding, be useful now to contemplate, in the plans of towns, what will be necessary ar- rangements a century hence. Such plans on record, while for the present they can be prndnctive of no harm, may prevent those aberrations from order that might hereafter be a cause of much inconvenience; and, without being governed by ex- travagant calculations, no doubt can be entertained that the future importance of this place will justify extensive views in the projection of its arrangements." The village, like Lewiston, Oswego, Salina, and Fort Covington, was patented in small piirrels. 8 See p. 280. In 1825, Congress made an appropriation of $80,000 to compensate the inhabitants for the losses incurred by this disaster. * The sum of §1.861.25 was raised by subscription, and a loan of $12,000 was obtained from the State. A pier, extending 80 rods into the lake, was built, and a lighthouse erected upon the land. The Superior — the second steamboat launched upon Lake Erie — was built at Buffalo in 1822. 10 The population at different periods has been as follows : — 1810 1,508 1830 8.668 1845 29.773 1814 1.060 1835 19.715 1850 42,261 1820 2.095 1840 18,213 1855 74,214 1825 5,141 The population of Black Rock (now about 12,000) is included in the returns of 1855 only. n This name was given at the suggestion of Alex. Hitchcock. It is a corruption of the Seneca word '•• Jiik-do-uaah-geh" signi- fying "the place of the crab-apple tree," the Indian name of this locality. 12 Among the early settlers were Sam'l Lasure. Roswell Judson, Abraham Hatch, and Miy. Noble. The first birth was that of a child of Roswell Hatch, in 1810; and the iirst death, that of Franklin Hitchcock, in 1818. The first mill was built by Sam'l Lasure, in 1810 ; and the first inn was kept by Jesse Munson, in 1815. *l. ERIE COUNTY. 289 limestone. Clarence Hollow, (Clarence p. o.,) near the s. e. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, the Clarence Academy,' and a pop. of 400; Clarence Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 houses. Ilarris Hill (p. o.) and IVortli Clarence (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made at Clarence Hollow in 1799, by Asa Ransom.* The census reports 7 churches in town.' COliDEIV* — was formed from Holland, April 2, 1827. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. The surface is an elevated upland, rolling in the E. and hilly in the w. The w. branch of Cazenove Creek flows through the w. part of the town and is bordered by steep declivities 150 to 200 ft. high. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Colden, (p. V.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains a sawmill, a gristmill, and 34 houses; Glenwood, (p. v.,) on the same stream, contains 1 church, 3 sawmills, 2 lath miUs, a tannery, and 30 houses. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Richard Buffum.* The Presbyterian, at Glenwood, is the only church in town. C01.1.ISIS— was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. A part of Brandt was taken off in 1839, and North Collins in 1852. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is a rolling upland, sloping gradually to the w. and descending abruptly to Cattaraugus Creek upon the s. The summits of the ridges are 150 to 300 ft. above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek forms the s. boundary of the town ; and the other streams are Clear Creek and its tributaries. The channels of these streams are narrow and deep. The soil is a clayey loam on the uplands and a gravelly loam along the streams. Collins Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 36 houses. Taylors Hollow is a hamlet near the n. w. corner. Ctowanda lies partly, in this town." The first settlement was made in 1806, by Jacob Taylor.' There are 5 churches in town.^ COIVCORD — was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812; and Collins and Sardinia were taken off in 1821. A part of Sardinia was annexed in 1822. It lies upon the s. border of the CO. The surface is a rolling upland, with steep declivities bordering u j m Cattaraugus Creek. Townsend Hill, the highest point, is nearly 1500 ft. above tide. The principal streams are Cattaraugus Creek, upon the s. boundary of the town, and its tributaries. Several small brooks^ forming the head waters of Eighteen Mile and Cazenove Creeks, take their rise in this town. The soil in the s. part is a gravelly loam, and in the N. a clayey loam underlaid by hardpan. Sprlng^ille, (p. v.,) incorp. April 11, 1834, is situated in the s. part of the town, and contains 5 churches, the Springville Academy, a newspaper office, and several manufacturing establish- ments.' Pop. 953. lUortons Corners, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 1 church, 2 saw- mills, a gristmill, and 20 houses. Woodwards Hollow (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- ment was made in 1808, by Christopher Stone.'" The first church was organized Nov. 2, 1816, by Rev. John Spencer. There are 7 churches in town." EAST HAMBURGH— was formed from Hamburgh, as " EllkoU," Oct. 15, 1850. A part of West Seneca, as " Seneca," was taken off in 1851. Its name was changed Feb. 20, 1852. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is a broken upland. Chestnut Ridge, the highest land in the town, has an elevation of about 500 ft. above Lake Erie. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, broken by narrow ravines formed by the streams. Smokes Creek and its branches are the most considerable streams. The soil is a loam, gravelly in the n. and clayey in the s. East Hamburg^ll, (p. v.,) n. of the center of the town, 1 Establiahed aB the Clarence Classical School in 1841, by J. Hadley and R. Blennorhaissott. s Asa Ransom was a man of considerable influence with the Indians. They gave him the name oi ^^0-vns-ta~ni>at-!tqufMiich," signifying "maker of silver," or "maker of silver money." Gen. Timothy Hopkins settled in the town in 1797; Asa Chap- man, Timothy James, Wm.Updegratf. Cbrist^pher Saddler, Levi Felton, Abraham Shope, John lliiines, and John Gardner, in 1801 ; Andrew Dnmet. Geo. Shurman. Bcra Ensign, and Jacob Shope. in 1S03; and Daniel Bailey in 1S04. The flrgt birth was that of Harry B. Ransom, in ISOl; and the first death, that of Keyes. in 1804. Asa Ransom opened the tir^t public house. in 1801. built the first sawmill, in 1805, and the first gristmill, in 1806; Otis R. Hopkins kept the first store, in 1811. The first echool was taught by Rebecca Hamlin, in 1805. 3 3 Mennonites, Bap.. Seventh Day Bap., Presb., and Union. * Named from CadwaliaderD. Colden, then in the State Senate. 6 Thos. Pope, JoBiah Brown, and L. Owen settled in the town in 1810, and Jesse Southwick. Richard Sweet, Nath'I Bowen. and Silas Lewis in 1811. The first birth was that of a child of Thos. Pope, in 1811; the first marriage, that of Jas. Sweet and Char- lotte Buffum, in 1810; and the first death, that of .N'athaniel Raven, in 1812. Richard BufTum built the first mill, in 1810. 19 The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in the winter of 1814, « s'ee page 194. ' Joshua Palmerton, Stephen Peters, Turner Aldrich, anil Stephen Lapham settled in the town in 1810. and Stephen Wil- bur and Sylvanus Bates in 1811. The first birth was that of a son of Aaron Lindsley, in 1810; the first marriage, th.lt of Stephen Peterson and Sarah Palmerton, in 1811; and the first death, that of Straight, in 1812 Jacob Taylor built the first mill, in 1812; John Hanford kept the first "store, in 18]:!, and Nathan King the first inn, in 1816. The first scho^,. was taught by John King, in 1815. 8 Christiana. Friends, P. W. Bap., Pi^b., and Union. ' A woolen factory, 2 planing mills, a turning shop, a saw nn"ll, 2 gristmills, a tannery, a stone sawing mill, and a furnaco and machine shop. 1" John Albro and John Russell settled in the town (he same year, Sam'l Cochrane in 1809. and Rnfus Eaton, Joseph Adams Alva Plumb, and David Shultiez in 1810. The first birth wb« that of Lucius Stone, in 18119; the first marriage, that of Jas. Bunnell and Anna Richmond, in 1813; and the first death, that of Mrs. John Albro, in 1808. Anna Richmond taught the first scho — was formed from Tonawanda as a town, Oct. 19, 1852. It is the N.w. corner town in the co., and comprises Grand, Buckhorn, and Beaver Islands, in Niagara River. Its surface is nearly level, and a considerable portion of it is still covered with forests. The soil of the upper part is clayey, and of the lower part sandy. The people are principally engaged in grain raising and lumbering. Grand Island is a p. o. on the E. shore. There is no village on the island, although it is thickly settled along the shores. The first settlers were squatters, who located soon after the War of 1812 and before it was decided to which Government the island belonged." In 1820, Mordecai M. Noah, of New York, conceived the project of forming a 1 Ezekiel Oook and Zenaa Smith settled in the town in 1S03, and Adios Colvin and Ezekiel and Daniel Smith in 1SU4. The fii-st marriage was that of Almon C. Laire and Lydia Sprague, in 1S08; the first birth, that of a son of Daniel Smith, in 1805; and the first death, that of the same child, in 1806. Dan'l Smith built th( first mill, in 1S07; John Green kept the (ir.st inn. in 1B07, and David Eddy the flrat store, in 1S09. The first school was taught by Auna Eddy, in 1807. 2 Among the first settlers were .Tohn Marsh, Silas Este, and Calvin Thompson, who came in 1809, and Daniel and Edward Webster, in IMO. The first birth was that of Uannah Tubba, in 1S09; the first marriage, that of David Doan and Anna Uill, in 1815 ; and the first death, that of Jas. Welch, in 1812. Elisha Welch built the first sawmill, in 1811, and the first gristmill, in 1812. Wm. Hill kept the first inn, in 1814, and Fillmore & Johnson the first store, in 1820. The first school was taught by Bowena Flack, in 1812. ' 3 Ref. Prot. D., Bap., Evang. Luth., M. E., Presb., and R. C. * 2 sawmills, a shinglo and turning mill, 2 gristmills, and a tannery. 6 Named from a very large elra tree near F.lma Tillage. • 1 gristmill, 2 planing mills, and a chair factory. ' Timothy Tre.-it, Iea.'ic Williams, Willard and Jas. Fairbanks, and Amasa .\dam3 settled in the town in 1830, and Zima A. Homstreet, Abraham Taber, and Jacoti Pettengill in 1831. The first birth was that of H. Scott Fairbanks, iu 1S31; the first marriage, that of Gould Hinman and Louisa Adams, in 1835; and the first death, that of the wife of Isaac Williams, in 1830. Ttis first mill waa built by Eaatabrook, in 1824 ; and the first inn was kept by Taber Earlle, In 1829. Emily Paine tangbt the first school, in 1831. 8 Named from David E. Evans, agent of the Holland Land Company. 6 Fisk and Worder settled in the town in 180S, Aaron Salisbury and Aaron Cash in 1809, and Andrew Tyler and Elijah Gates in 1810. The first birth waa that of a daughter of David Cash, in Jan. 1811; the first marriage, that of Whiting Cash and Persis Taylor, June 28, 1815 ; and the first death, that of Jona. than Cash, in 1811. Henry Tuttle built the first mill, in 1817; Joel Harvey kept the first inn, in 1806; and John Harris the first store, in 1815. The first school was taught by Hib- bard, in 1811. During the War of 1812 a party of British Bailors and marinera landed near Sturgeon Point, in the night, and commenced plun- dering the inhabitants. Judge Aaron Salisbury, then a young man, seized his musket and started oflT alone to get a shot at them. W'hen he arrived they were retreating to their b<.iat9, and an exchange of shots produced no diunage on either side. They started for the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek, and he on foot endeavored to get there before them; but they had landed when he arrived. He immediately commenced firing; and they, not knowing how large a force was opposing thtm, re- treated to their boats and speedily left. Here one man fright- ened away 100 and saved the inhabitants from plunder. 10 3 Bap., 3 Cong., 3 M. E., and R. C. n The treaty of peace fixed the boundary between the two countries along the principal branch of Niagai-a Kiver. A dis put« in regard to which was the principal branch was settled in ERIE COUNTY. 291 colony of Jews upon Grand Island, as an Ararat, or resting place, for that scattered and broken people.^ HAMBrRGH'— was formed from *' Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812. A part of Evans was taken off in 1826, East Hamburgh in 1850, and a part of West Seneca, as " Seneca" in 1851. It lies on the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the eo. Its surface in the e. is rolling; but in the w. it is nearly level, with a gentle inclination toward the lake. A bluff averaging 50 to 100 feet high borders the lake. The principal stream is Eighteen Mile Creek. The soil is mostly a clayey loam ; in the s. e, corner it is gravelly. Whites Corners, (p. V.,) on the n. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, in the s. e. part of the town, contains 5 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and has a pop. of 609 ; W^ater Valley, (p. v.,) on the same stream, w. of Whites Corners, contains a woolen factory, a furnace, and 20 houses; Abbotts Corners, (Hamburgh p. o.,) on the line of East Hamburgh, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, a ehingle mill, and 145 inhabitants. Bi^ Tree Corners and Hamburg'li-on-tbe-L.ake are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Nathaniel Titus and Dr. Rufus Beldeu.^ There are 7 churches in town.* UOIjIjAWD — was formed from "Willink^" (now Aurora,) April 15, 1818; and Colden was taken off in 1827. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. e. of the center. The surface is a high, broken upland, divided by the valley of Cazenove Creek. The summit of the highland is about 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed in some places with slate and clay. The valley of Cazenove Creek is very fertile. Holland, (p. v.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains 1 church, several manufacturing establishments,* and 28 houses. The first settlement was made in 1807, by Jared Scott, Abner Currier, and Arthur Humphrey, from Vt.* There is but 1 church (Bap.) in town. IjA^CASTER — was formed from Clarence, March 20, 1833. A part of West Seneca was taken off in 1851, and a part of Elma in 1857. It is an interior town, n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is level. Cayuga and Eleven Mile Creeks are the principal streams; upon them are several mill sites. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. I^ancaster, (p. v.,) incoi'p. March 13, 1849, is a station on the N. Y.C. R. R., in the w. part of the town. It contains 6 churches, a bank, and several manufactories.*^ Pop. 1,259. Boivmansville, (p-v.,) in the n. w. corner of the town, 1818, by comniisflioners appointed respectively by the United j States and British tiovernmenta. While the matter was etill undecided, a large number of lawless persons— mostly refugees from justice from both sides of the river — squatted upon the island, locating principally along the shores. Remaining for eome time unmolested, they began to commit extensive depre- dations upon the timber; and finally they set up an independent government and elected a full quota of municipal officers. la April, 1S19, the legislature passed an act authorizing the re- moval of these intruders. During the succeeding summer the governor insued a proclamation commandiu'^ them to desist from dejiredations upon the property of the State, and at once to remove. A few obeyed the command; but, seeing no active demonstrations on the part of Government, they returned. In the fall of 1819, Gov. Clinton directed Col. Jas.Cronk, the sheriff of Niagara co., to call out a sufficient military force for the pur- pose and forcibly expel them. On the 9th of Dec. 1819, the sheriff, accompanied by Lieuts. Benj. Uodge and Osborne, 2 Serjeants, 4 corporals, and 24 privates, went to the island in boats, manned by 20 boatmen, to carry into execution the orders of the governor. Every facility was given the people to remove ■with their effects; and the boatmen took them to either shore, as they might elect. The military were divided into 3 parties: a vanguard, to read the governor's orders and assist in clearing the houses; a second party, to forcibly remove all property left in the buildings; and a rear guard, to burn the buildings and complete the removal and destruction. Seventy houses were burned, and 150 people, consisting of men, women, and children, were turned out shelterless upon the U. S. and Canada shores. Two buildings, filled with grain, alone were saved. The removal and destruction occupied 5 days and cost the State $568.99. A few famiUea returned immediately, but did not re- main. 1 In a memorial to the legislature in 1S20 for the purchase of the island, MaJ. Noah explained his object; recounted the persecution which his co-religionists in the Old World had suf- fered through many centuries ; pointed out the benefits that had resulted to Spain, Portugiil, France, and Germany from the com- mercial enterprise and the capital of the Jews when allowed the exercise of their rights; and painted in brilliant colors the benefits that would accrue to the U. S. if his people could ex- change " the whips and scorns of Europe, Asia, and Africa fur thelightof liberty and civilization" which this country affordeii. He estimated that there were 7,000,000 of Jews in the world, and predicted that, if the existence of an asylum of freedom wore made known, large numbers would be induced to emigrate. The sanction of law was asked to give confidence to those wbo might not otherwise be induced to remove. His attempt to gather the Jews, like those before it, ended in day dreams. The European rabbii refused to sanction the effort ; and Miy. Noah soon gave up the attempt, leaving no trace of his '-city" upon the island but a mouument of brick and wood. It bore, on a marble tablet, the following inscriptions from Deuteronomy vi. 4: — ARARAT, A CITY OF KEFUGE FOR TffE JEWS, Fonndfd hy Mordecaj M. Noah, in tJte month of TiZRi 5,58fi, (September, 1825,) and in the 50th year of American Inde- pendence. The monument has since tumbled down; and the schemes of Maj. Noah have now scarcely a place in memory or a trace in history. A Boston company was formerly extensively engaged in the manufacture of ship timber upon the island. * Named from Ilamburgh. in Germany. 8 Benj., Enos, and Joseph Sheldon settled in the town in 1(*05, and John Fox and Elisha and David Clark in 1806. Tbo first marriage wa.s that of Ezekiel Cook and Anna Smith, in 1807. NathM Titus kept the first inn, in 1804; and John Cummiugs built the first mill, in 1805. * Bap.. F. W. Bap., Evang. Luth., M. E.. and R. C. at Whites Corners, and M. E. and Preyb. at Abbotts Corners. 6 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and a tannery; the last namiMl in a large establishmi-nt, employing about 20 men. and turning out about ."JO.OOO sides of leather per annum. * They were followed by Dan'l McKean and Ezekiel ajid Har- vey Colby the same year, and bv Increase Kichardson, Samuel Miller. Theophilua Baldwin, and Sandford Porter in 1808. The first birth was that of Dan'l McKean. in 1808. Jot^hua Parsons kept the first inn, in 1817. and Leonard Cook the fir?tstoro, the same year. The first school was taught by Abner Currier, iu 1808. I A glass factory, a bedfltead factory, a tannery, a grlstiuiil, and a sawmill. ERIE COUNTY. contains 1 church and has a pop. of 196. Town Liue, WInspear, and L.oaneyvilIe are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1803, by Jas. and Asa Woodward.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, at the house of Benj. Clark, in 1809. There are 8 churches in towu.^ M ARIliliA'— was formed from Alden and Wales, Dec. 2, 1853. It is situated near the center of the E. border of the co. The surface is rolling. Big Bufialo Creek crosses the s. w. corner; but the principal part of the town is drained by the head waters of Little Butfalo Creek. The soil in tlic N. E. and s. w. is a sandy and gravelly loam ; but elsewhere it consists of clay and muck. Mai'illa, (p. V.,) situated near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, a shingle mill, and 235 inhabitants. The first settlement was made by Jerry and Joseph Carpenter, in 1829.* There are 3 churches in town; Disciples, M. E., and R. C. XEWSTE AD — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) as "Erie," April 11, 1804 ; its name was changed April 18, 1831. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. A limestone terrace extends through near the center of the town. North of this the surface is level, in many places marshy ; and the soil is a clayey loam intermixed with marl and sand. To the s. the surface is level, or gently undulating, and the soil a sandy and clayey loam underlaid by limestone. The town is watered by several small streams, the principal of which is Murder Creek.^ A layer of hydraulic limestone crops out along the terrace, and waterlime is extensively manufactured from it. Akron,' (p-v.,) incorp. Oct. 1850, is a station on the Canandaigua & N. F. branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., near the center of the town. It contains 4 churches and several manufacturing estab- lishments.' Pop. 462. Falkirk, 1 mi. e. of Akron, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the early part of the present century.' The first religious society (M. E.) was organized in 1807, with 12 members, at the house of Charles Knight, by Rev. Peter Van Nest and Amos Jenks. There are 4 churches in town.' ISORTH COIiliIlSS— was formed from Collins, Nov. 24, 1852, as "SMrley;" its name was changed June 24, 1853. It is an interior town, lying in the s. w. part of the co. Its surface is rolling, the summits of the ridges being 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys. The town is watered by the head branches of Eighteen Mile, Clear, and Big Sister Creeks. The streams generally flow through deep ravines bordered by steep declivities. The soil is a gravelly loam. IVortll Col- lins, (Collins p. 0..) in the n. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 34 houses. Sllirley. (p. V.) and L.angford, (p. o.,) in the n. e. part, WevF Oregron, (p. o.,) in the e. part, and Ilarsllfield, (p. o.,) in the s., are hamlets. The first settlers were Stephen Sisson, Abram Tucker, and Enos Southwick, from Warren co., who moved into the town in 1810.'° There are 8 churches in town." SARDINIA — was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. A part of Concord was taken off in 1822. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. The surface in the E. part is gently rolling, and in the w. hilly. Shepherd Hill, s. w. of the center, is 1,040 ft. above Lake Erie. Cattaraugus Creek forms the s. boundary. In the E. part the soil is a gravelly loam, and in the w. it is clay under- laid by hardpan. Sardinia, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, a gristmill, a tannery, and 40 houses. Protection is a p. o. The first settlement was made by George Richmond, from Vt.'^ The first religious services were conducted by the Rev. John Spen- cer, in Feb. 1815. There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 1 Among the early settlers were Alanaon Eggleston and David Hamlin, who came in 1804, Joel Parmalee. in 1S05, Warren Hamlin, in 1806, Wm. Blackman. Peter Pratt, Kerney, and Klisha Cox, in 1807, and EU.19 Bissell. Pardon P>?ckbam, and Beiy. Clark, in 180S. The first birth was that of a pair of twins, children of Zophar Beach, and the first death, that of a child uf Wm. Blackman, both in 1808. Robinson built the first sawmill, in 1808 ; Ahaz Luce opened the first store, in 1810. and Jos. Carpenter the first inn,in 1812. The first school was taught by Freelove Johnson, in 1810. 2 2 Evang. Luth.. 2 M. E., Disciples, Ger. Moth., Prosl)., and K. C. 3 N.amed from Mrs. Marilla Rogers, of Alden. * Bice Wilder, Cyrus Finuey, and Kodman Day settled in the town in 1831. The fii-st birth was that of Sarah Finney, in ()ct. 1831. Jesse Barton built the first sawmill, in 1828, and the first gristmill, in 1832. Miles Carpenter kept the first store, in 1848, and the first inn, in 1850. The first school was taught by Sophia Day, in 1833. 6 Called by the Indians *^Sef-unijnt'' noise or roar of distant water. The creek was named from the fact that about the time of the first settlement a white man was murdered upon it, within the present village limits of Akron, by an Indian who was conducting him to Canada. « Named from Akron, Ohio, and the latter from a Greek word signifying ■' summit." ' 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills. 1 waterlime mill, 1 furnace and machine shop, 1 planing mill, 1 stave and shingle mill, and a tannery. 8 Among the early settlers were Otis Ingalls. David Cully, Peter Van de Venter. Sam'l Miles, John Felton, Charles Barney, Aaron Beard, Bobt. Durham, Tobias Cole, and Sam'l, SiKis, John, and Thomas Hill. Peter Van de Venter kept the first inn. in 1802, and Archibald Clark the first store, in 1809. The first school was taught by Keith, in 1807. Bap., Presb., M. E., and K.C. l» The first birth was that of Geo. Tucker, in Aug. 1810; the. first marriajxe, that of Levi Woodward and Hannah Southwick. in 1812; and the first deaths, those of two girls, twin daughters of Stephen Sisson. Stephen Stanclitf built the fii-st mill, in 1818; Stephen Tucker kept the first inn. and Chester Rose the first store, both in 1813. The first school was taught by Phebe Southwick, in the summer of 1813. 11 2 Friends, 2 M. E., 2 R. C, Bap., and Cong. t2 Among the early settlers were Ezra Nott, Henry Godfrey, and Josi.ah Sumner. Elisha Rice and Giles Briggs settled in the town in ISIO. The first birth was that of Ray Briggs, in ERIE COUNTY. 293 TOUf AWAXDA — was formed from Buffalo, April 16, 1836 ; and Grand Island was taken off in 1852. It lies in the n. w. part of the co., at the angle formed bj the junction of Tona- wanda Creek and Niagara Kiver. Its surlace is generally level. Eleven Mile Creek crosses the n. part of the town. The soil along Niagara River is clayey; in the interior it is sandy. Tona- vraiida, (p. v.,) incorp. Dec. 3, 1853, is situated on the Erie Canal, at the confluence of Niagara River and Tonawanda Creek. It has a good harbor,^ and is an important station on the B. & N. F. R. R. It is the western terminus of the C. & N. F. branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. It contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, an elevator,^ and several manufacturing establish- ments.' Pop. 1,257.* The first settlement was made in 1805.* There are 8 churches in town.® "WAEiES — was formed from Aurora, April 15, 1818; and a part of Marilla was taken off in 1853. It is situated near the center of the e, border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly and inclined toward the n. The principal stream is Big Buffalo Creek. The soil in the n. is a gravelly loam, and in the s. clay underlaid by hardpan. Wales Center^ (p-v.,) on Big Buffalo Creek, in the n. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 40 dwellings; Wales, (p. v..) on the same stream, contains 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 30 dwellings; and South Wales (p. v.) contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and 25 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1805, by Oliver Pettengill.' There are 3 churches in town; 2 M. E. and a Free Will Bap. WEST SEMECA — was formed, as ^^ Seiieca," from Chlcktowaga, Hamburgh and East Ham- burgh, and Lancaster, Oct. 16, 1851; its name was changed March 25, 1852. It is situated on the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is gently imdu- lating in the e. and level in the w. The streams are Big Buffalo, Cazenove, and Smokes® Creeks. The soil is generally a sandy loam. The town is mainly settled by a society of German religion- ists, generally known as Ebenezers, but who style themselves the "Community of True Inspira- tion."^ Middle Ebenezer, on Buffalo Creek, contains a church, calico printing factory, woolen factory, sawmill, oil mill, and G7 houses; Eo'wer Ebenezer^ on Cazenove Creek, contains a church, sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 50 houses; and ]¥ew Ebenezer contains a large manufactory of cotton and woolen goods, an extensive dyeing works, and 9 dwellings. Reserve, West Seneca Center, and West Seneca are p. offices. The first settlement was made by Reuben Sackett, in 1826.^** There are 4 churches in town." 1811; and the first death, that of a son of Henry Godfrey, in 1814. SumniT Warren built the first mill, iu 1811; Geo. Richmond kept the first inn, in ISll; and Clark & Co. the first store, in 1816. The first school was tau^cht by Melinda Abbey, in 1814. 1 Large quantities of lumber are received at this port from Canada and the Western States. The quantity re-shipped by canal in 1S57 was, of timber, 841,011 cubic foot; of sawed stuff, 4,815.441 fl.; and of wood, 16,007 cords. 2 This elevator ha8 a storage capacity of 250,000 bush., and fiu;ilities for elevating 2000 bush, per hour. 8 3 sawmills, 3 shingle mills, a planing mill, and a furnace and macbiue shop. * This is the pop. of that part of the village in Erie co. A part of the village is across tho creek, in Niagsiraco.; and the pop. of this ia not known. 6 Alex. Logan, John King, and John Hersey settled in the town in 1805; Emanuel Winter, Jos. Haywood, Oliver Standard, John Cunningham, Joaiah Guthrie, Ebenezer Coon, Thoa. Hod- nan, and Joseph Hersej-, in 1800; Henry Anguish, in 1808; and Frederick Buck, in 1809. Henry Ani^uish kept the first inn. iu 1811, and Judge Wilkinson the first store, in 1S23. TIte first mill w:ia built by Osborne, in 1819. « Disciples, Evang. Lnth., M, E., K. C, and Wes. Meth. at Tona- wanda Village, and Evang. Luth., M. E., and R. C. in other parts of the town. ' Ethan and Wm. Allen and Jacob Turner settled in the town in 1806, and Chas.and Alex. McKay. Ebenezer Holmes, and Wm. Uoyt in 1807. The first birth was that of Wm. Pettengill, in June, ISOfi. Isaac and Eli Hall built the first mill, in 1811; Isaac Halt kept the first inn. in 1816; and Orsamus Warren tho first store, in 1824. The first scho«:>l was tiught by Jas. Wood, in 1811. In 1813 an Indian hatchet was fouud imbedded in a tree at Wales Center, and in 1825 John Allen related the fol- lowing circumstance concerning it. About the time of the first settlement of liuflalo an Indian came to that place and exhibited the skin of a white child, and boasted that he had murdered and skinned the child for the purpose of making a tobacco pouch. Truman Allen, (brother of the narrator,) hearing the boaat, became so enraged that he followed the Indian to Wales and shot him. He buried tho body and rifle in the sand, and stuck the tomahawk into a tree, where it was afterward fouud as above stated. 8 Named from an Indian who resided near its mouth and who wa.s an inveterate smoker. » This community purchased 7,622 acres belonging to the BuP falo Indian Reservation in 1844, and commenced thi'ir settle- ments the same year. They are largely engaged in a^^riculture and manufactures ; and their wares have obtained so escelient a reputation that they find a ready market at Butfalo and else- where. They have a community of property, reside in villages, and several families usually occupy the same house. They are governed by a board of trustees; and their business is done through an agent, who appears to have almost unlimited control of matters. They are honest, industrious, and frugal; and in the contented and peaceful tenor of their lives they present a model which might well he copied by some of the restless and ambitious Yankee race. w Among the other early settlers were Artemus W. Baker, John G. Wells, Isaac Earlle, and Geo. Hopper, who located in 1828. The first child born was a daughter of Joel Decker, in Aug.1828; and the first death, that of Peter Beal, in 1834. Goo. E. Elderkin taught the first school, in 1839; Reuben Sackett kept the first inn, in 1826; the Ebenezer Society, the first store, in 1845 ; and Ballon & Tubell built the first miH, in 1837. n 2 Lutheran and 2 Conuauolty of True Inspiratios. 294 ERIE COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Erie County. Names op Towns. AldeD Amherst Aurora Boston Brandt B«miloCity Chicktowaga. Clarence Colden Collins Concord East Hamburgh. Eden Elma" Evans.. Grand Island Hamburgh Holland Lancaster. Marilla Newstead. North Collins...., Sardinia Tonawauda Wales West Seneca Total Acres of Land. 11,721 17,29Si 19,363} 13,604i 7,6^0} 10,61-2i 9,280i 17,770 9,716 18,174 23,9oiJi 16,18+1 16,261i 14,400i 4.017 14.468J 12,036A 14,660S 7,037i 19,491 lS,ti91J 16,032i 8,699J 14,638} 6,632 8,960 12.003 13,934} 6,153 1,5135 2,33tii 6,4064 14,637 12,702 ll,692i 17,080 8.170 7,814 10.977 13.684 8,183 9,369 16,303t 652 11,886 8,3534 13,994 .3,7724 7.025 11.743} Valdation of 1858. 34O,.307i 253.344J $643,985 1,274,820 462,240 290,.3OO 269,310 29,334,840 867,992 1,032.130 221,260 610,090 624,648 660.470 490,430 406,625 701.088 237,567 734,685 222.403 890,275 300,175 954.0.i5 498,076 337,500 616,477 330,315 565,293 43.256.039 feE $15,400 86.600 62,120 11,600 11,200 6.182.220 9.800 96,675 3,675 75,900 20,9.50 49,160 23.125 7,600 19,900 114,376 6,500 73,400 16,600 30,376 60,0,SO 15,476 61.100 14,600 2.250 7,060,480 $669,385 1.361,320 604,360 301,900 280.610 36,517,000 877,792 1,128,805 224.825 685,990 645.698 609,630 513,665 413.226 720,988 237,567 849,060 228,903 963,676 316,775 984.430 658,166 362,975 577,577 344,916 567,643 60.216.519 1,230 2,566 1,872 908 670 37,661 1,314 1,695 709 1,013 1,409 1,012 1,241 1,194 483 1,617 691 2,854 704 1,576 964 888 1,385 870 1,333 67,668 1,174 2,553 1,793 8ei 623 36,653 1,212 1,568 672 1,012 1.396 934 1,188 1,058 365 1,420 630 2,636 673 1,411 895 877 1,184 819 1,190 64.673' =1 469 961 733 310 196 10,613 488 587 289 362 531 394 470 452 161 560 266 1,065 292 696 358 360 460 336 416 469 1,016 769 311 211 14,715 497 630 283 408 635 388 470 463 173 564 255 1,080 294 695 367 369 607 341 493 395 727 678 298 169 6,163 366 459 286 287 527 330 414 3S4 90 385 260 794 26 486 340 328 323 329 602 21,674 26.193 16,566 338 Names of Towns. Alden Amherst- Aurora Boston Brandt Buffalo Chicktowaga Clarence. Colden Collins Concord East Hamburgh. Eden Elmaa Evans Grand Island.... Hamburgh Holland Lancaster M.^rilla Newstead North Collins.... Sardinia Ton.lwanda. Wales West Seneca , Total. tfl 656 1,004 1,033 463 281 2,116 611 1,073 337 618 709 664 617 614 129 780 485 908 837 1,051 674 712 465 575 282 0,1 ■i <^ =55 765 1.230 1,191 1,016 789 332 688 896 824 1,659 1,767 688 1,149 1,384 489 638 i.is; 1,125 616 1,252 1.676 1.874 534 1,646 603 CO 1,011 1,294 1,236 1,165 817 1,609 862 1,161 797 2.764 2.461 1,368 1,271 1,467 260 81 780 1,176 487 1,018 2.688 1.036 629 1,258 508 2.306 1.608 6.828 2.4:31 1,326 66 870 4.844 1.710 1.62S 3,329 4.100 2,587 3,157 631 1,645 3.604 1,236 1,896 5,706 2,464 6,06-J 346 4,784 21 to 728 1.976, 1.233 603} 5031 2,503; 814 1,859 372 77 886 862 914 846 770 i,oo: 5r>i 1,494 50S 1,668 816 697 888 6881 824 Agricultural Products. Bo9U. OP Grain. 10,566 36,1704 6,904 2,185 1,421 7,616 9,687 46,471 1,297 6,046 1,949} 3,7994 6,6154 2,2414 4.047 3.3684 9,0.574 22,235 9684 48.700 1,432 1,484 19.818 6,119 7,154 16,983126,608 29,831 66,085 24,791' 263.7924 1,368,349 98,01]4!445,3604 266,195 ^ 46,890 , 82,0164 77,611} 48,7034 23,2214 42.716 40,432} 99,676 27,7984 40,630 93,043 69,367} 69,4264 60,281 16,846 66,(i45 43.647} 84,904 22,9744 100,6774 46,981 66,294 43.499 65,640} 31,017 e 3,647 3,173 6,3SS4 4,0294 2,020} 4,184 3,2724 2,606 2,697 6,905 5,7245 6,6234 4,3124 6,333} 1,002 6.208 3,041 4,439 1,.S21} 3,322 6,410 3,401 2,416 4,336 16.412 19.496 31.068 16,107 12,860 22,519 17,271 17.064 11,710 10,691 22.666 31,2664 20,371 13.922 9,928 21,119 7.107 31,934 7,779 20,663 19.992 18.811 8,991 15,431 20.392 6,853 8,740 17.985 10,997 5,391 2,970 6,743 30,864 3,819 16,566 17,3664 19,2644 14,121 11,138 148 11,170 10,761 13,620 1,118 20,726 12,606 10,266 2,179 12,229 470 Daibt Products. 0.0) 66,424 69.606 111,094 56,136 65,737 15.400 64,139 86,743 64,206 78.736 98,116 110,120 112,660 94,069 23,420 102,800 77,850 80,300 43,394 107,777 103,429 95,646 26,920 112,156 30,260 o,e 4,000 100 16,096 116,645 82,282 4,960 890 42,000 686,3,S4 460,881 38,500 36,466 27,626 40 2.3,380 7,907 3,130 2,904 4,190 616,804 28,470 37,860 B i a ft ;» 1,866,132 2,038,392 410 3104 1,186 769 1,403 681 1,184 1,662 1,541 2.004J 1,432} 1,868 9754 6,874 2.137} 270 702 307 2,251 3,329 175 1,3474 30 26,ti64 o Formed siDCo 1865. ESSEX COUNTY. This couuty was formed from Clinton, March 1, 1799, and a corner was taken off in the erection of Franklin co. in 1808. It lies ujion Lake Champlain, in the N. E. part of the State ; is cen- trally distant 100 miles from Albany, and contains 1,926 square miles. It is by far the most broken and mountainous county in the State. With the exception of a narrow strip of level land along the shore of Lake Champlain, nearly the whole co. is of an Alpine character. High, rocky peaks, and immense mountain masses, abounding in wild, broken crags and stupendous preci- pices, and separated by narrow ravines and deep gorges, form the general characteristics of the landscape. With the exception of the Black Mountain, of North Carolina, and the White Moun- tain group, of New Hampshire, the mountains of this co. attain a higher elevation than any others belonging to the great Appalachian system ; and, taking into consideration their great number of lofty peaks, they surpass in magnitude all other groups e. of the Mississippi. The mountains seem thrown together without regard to order or system ; and from this fact, and the frequent misapplication of names, much confusion has arisen in attempting to describe them. The 5 mountain ranges N. of the Mohawk valley extend through portions of this co., and terminate upon the shores of Lake Champlain. They all have a general N. E. and s. w. direction, rising successively higher toward the N. until they culminate in the most northerly range. The axes of these ranges are nearly parallel, and are respectively about 8 mi. apart. They are not always distinct and continuous, but in some places their lateral spurs interlock, and in others their continuity is broken by the intervention of valleys and brief intervals of lowland. They are not regularly serrated, but appear to consist of groups of sharp pointed peaks connected by immense ridges. The principal mountain masses appear to extend in a due N. and s. direction, and are thus placed obliquely in the range of which they form a part. Single mountains are often sufficiently large to occupy the whole intervening space between the ranges, thus destroying the continuity of the valleys and reducing them to narrow, isolated ravines. This arrangement of mountains, in regard to the ridges, affords the key to the peculiar plan of the construction of this whole moun- tain system. The most southerly of the 5 ranges barely enters the extreme s. E. corner of the co. It is known as the Palmertown or Luzerne Mts. It has also sometimes been called the Black Mountain Range and the Tongue Mts. It constitutes the highlands which rise upon both sides of Lake George and upon the narrow peninsula between the Lake George Outlet and Lake Cham- plain. Mt. Defiance, the extremity of the ridge, has an elevation of about 750 feet above the lake. The second range, known as the Kayaderosseras, extends through the s. E. part of Schroon and the center of Crown Point, ending in the high cliff which overlooks Bulwagga Bay, and ia elevated about 1,150 feet above the surface of the lake. Along the course of this range, in Schroon, is a cluster of mountain peaks, the highest of which, Mt. Pharaoh, is 3,500 to 4,000 feet above tide. The third range occupies the w. and n. parts of Schroon, and extends through the N. part of Moriah and the center of Westport, ending in the high promontory of Split Rock, in the s. part of Essex.' Bald Mountain, in Westport, one of the most noted peaks of this range, attains an elevation of 2,065 feet above tide This range takes the name of the Schroon Mts. from the principal lake which lies at its foot. The fourth range extends through the central parts of Minerva and N. Hudson, the s. E. corner of Keeue and Lewis, the N. w. part of Elizabethtown, and the center of Willsborough, ending in the high' bluffs which border upon Perou Bay. It might with propriety be called the Boquet Range, from the principal river which flows at its base. Dix Peak, in N. Hudson, the highest mountain in this range, attains an elevation of 5,200 feet above tide, and, next to Mt. Marcy, is the 1 The name of Split Rock was applied to this promontory in consequence of al)Out t acre of the extreme point being de- tacIiLHl from the mainland by a chasm 10 feet wide, extending downward to near the water's edge. It was once supposed that this mass was split off from the mainland by some great convulsion of nature, and writers have gravely asserted that 500 feet soundings have been taken in the chasm ; but it is probable that the fissure was formed by the disinlegratioQ of tlie rock, which at this point contains iron pyrites and is easily actfd upon by the elements. The height of this dissevered maM above the lake is about 30 feet. 295 296 ESSEX COUNTY. highest point in the co. Nipple Top has an elevation of 4,900 feet. Raven Hill, in Elizabethtown, and Mt. Discovery, in Lewis, each attain an elevation of over 2,000 feet. The fifth range extends through Newcomb, Keene, Jay, Lewis, and Chesterfield, ending in the rocky promontory of Trem- bleau I'oint. It has sometimes been called the Clinton Range, but it is more widely known as the Adirondack Range.^ Mt. Marcy, the highest peak of this range, and the highest land in the State, has an elevation of 54G7 feet above tide. Mounts McMartin, Mclntyre, and San-da-no-na, belonging to this range, are each upward of 5000 feet high. A spur of this range extends north- ward on the borders of Jay and Chesterfield, in a high, unbroken ridge, with a mean elevation of about 2,000 feet above tide. North of the Adirondack Range the mountains are not disposed in regular ranges, but are scattered in groups over a large space of country. These groups, however, lie in a line parallel to the other ranges, and for convenience of description they might be considered under the head of the " Au Sable Range." Mt. Seward, the highest peak, 5,100 feet above tide, is situated just beyond the limits of the co. Whiteface, in "Wilmington, has an elevation of 4,855 feet. The rocks of Essex co. are primary, consisting of granite, gneiss, and hypersthene. The moun- tains generally are composed of huge masses of naked rocks, more or less disintegrated by the action of the elements. Nearly the whole mountain region is composed of this primitive rock. Along the base of the mountains, on the E., appear the Trenton limestone and Utica slate ; while upon the immediate borders of the lake are found the clayey masses of the tertiary formation. In the primary rocks, among the mountains, are immense beds of rich magnetic iron ore, some of which have been extensively worked, though generally in a very rude and primitive manner. The iron produced from this ore has been subjected to the most severe tests, and has been pronounced equal to the best which is produced in the world. The s. w. portion of the co. is drained by the Hudson and its principal branch, the Schroon River. These streams take their rise upon the highest peaks of the Adirondack and Schroon Ranges, and flow through the winding valleys that lie at their base. Upon the E. Putnams Creek drains the region between the Luzerne and Kayaderosseras Ranges ; Mill Brook, between the Kayaderosseras and Schroon ; and the Boquet- River, between the Schroon and Boquet Ranges. The Au Sable, flowing along the N. base of the Adirondack Range, drains the N. portion of the co. The valleys of these streams are generally narrow, and are bounded by steep banks, which ai'e not unfrequcntly huge masses of precipitous or overhanging rocks. Lakes Champlain and George lie partly in this co., and more than 100 small lakes lie wholly within its limits. The greater piart of these are comprised in three groups, lying near the base of the principal mountain peaks. The first of these groups surrounds Mt. JIarcy ; tlie second, Mt. Pharaoh; and the third, Whiteface. Many others are found scattered along the whole course of the mountain ranges. These lakes are generally long and narrow; and Prof. Emmons says "that, instead of occupying shallow basins scooped out of the softer materials, — as earth and the ordinary slates and shales, — they lie in chasms formed by upliffe and fractures in the primary rock." Many of these lakes have precipitous banks, presenting a great variety of wild and pictu- resque scenery. The soil along Lake Champlain consists of a stiff, hard clay, alternating with a dark loam and gravel, and, in the narrow valleys, of disintegrated rocks. Upon the mountains the soil is thin and light, many of the peaks being masses of naked rocks, destitute of both soil and vegetation. The declivities of the hills are generally wooded, but not very heavily. Three-fourths of the entire surface of the co. is too rough and broken for cultivation. Farming, iron mining, and the manufacture of iron from the ore, constitute the leading pursuits ; and the immense mineral wealth of this section must for centuries continue to afford an object of profitable investment. In the infancy of the settlement, and until the supply became exhausted, the manufacture and exportation of lumber and staves to the Quebec market formed the loading, and, in some neighborhoods, almost the sole, objects of industry. Rafts of great size were formed in the coves and sheltered points along the lake shore, and were wafted by sails and oars to the Richlieu River, and down that stream and the St. Lawrence to Quebec, where they were transferred to ships for the British market. The completion of the Champlain Canal gave a new impulse to lumbering; but the timber suitable for exportation is now nearly exhausted, except on the extreme w. borders of the co. The logs of this latter region are floated down the Sui:inac, I Tue name Ailirondax:k is strictly applied only to the group of elevated peaks of which Mt. Marcy is the ceuter, but by common usage it is uow made to comprehend the whole system of mountains N. of the Mohawk. * Pron. bo-kwet. Probably from the French " baquet," a trough. It is also said to have been named from Henry iioquet, au Euglish officer; but the name appears on french maps pre- vious to his residence in the couutry. BSSEX COUNTY. 297 Racket, Hudson, and other streams, to some convenient place for sawing; and large sums have been apprupriated by the State for improving the channels of these rivers for this purpose.* Tan- neries, within the last few years, have greatly increased in the woody sections of the State, and about a dozen of them are located in this co. The iron manufacturing business of this region was commenced at Willsborough Falls in 1801,^ and now forms one of the leading pursuits of the people. Iron ore is exported from this co, in large quantities to Pittsburgh and other distant localities, to be mixed with other ores.* The manufacture of sash and blinds, tubs, pails, and other articles of pine and cedar, starch, paper, and black lead, receives considerable attention. Ship- building, to some extent, has been carried on in Essex and "Willsborough. The county seat is located at Elizabethtown,* situated upon the Boquet, al)()ut 8 mi. w. of the lake. It contains the courthouse, jail, and county clerk's office.* These buildings are plain and Bubstantial. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 100 acres, in Essex, 10^ mi. n. e. of Elizabethtown. The average number of inmates is 70, supported at a cost of 62 cts. per week each. The fiirm yields a revenue of about $1,200.^ There are 2 papers now published in the county.' In 1609, Samuel Champlain, with two attendants, accompanied a party of Canadian Indians on an expedition against the Five Nations. On the 4th of July his party entered the lake which now bears his name, and on the 30th they met their enemies. A sanguinary battle ensued, the fate of which was decided by the firearms of the whites, then for the first time used within the limits of the State. This act of unprovoked hostility on the part of Champlain laid the foundation for the long and bloody wars between the Five Nations and the French, and rendered the former the willing and steadfast friends and allies of the English. The whole region bordering upon the lake was claimed, by constructive title, by both France and England ; and during the wars that ensued it became the great battle ground for supremacy, and the principal highway for war parties in their mutual incursions upon the defenseless frontier settlements. Fort Frederick was erected by the French at Crown Point in 1731. This measure was met by remonstrance, but no open resistance, on the part of the English. Previous to the erection of the furt, French settlements had commenced in various places along both shores of the lake. These settlements had made considerable progress, 1 $0000 was appropriated in 1S53, and $5000 in 1854, for im- proving the log narigatiun of the An Sable Ri%-fr. A lighthouae has been erected at Split Rock by the General Government. The proposed Sacketts Harbor and Saratoga R. R. has been sur- veyed across the 8. corner of the co.. and another route has been projected from PlatLsburgh to Whitehall ; but there ia little prospect of either of these lines being soon finished. * In that yciir Georgo Throop and Levi Higby. In connection with Charles Kane, of Schenectady, began the manufacture of anchors at Willsborough Falls. For the first 10 years the ore was obtained in part from Canada, but principally from Ver- mont. A bed at Basin Harbor was the only one then known within the co. Mill and Bteambuat irons were afterward made, and the foundry was finally converted into a forge. Early in the present century W. D. Koss erected a rolling mill on the Boquet. for making nail plates for the factory at Fair Haven, Vt. About 1S09, Archibald Mclntyre and his asso- ciates erected works on a branch of the Au Sable, in the present town of N. Elba, designated as the " Elba Iron Works." which were at first supplied from the vicinity, and afterward from the Arnold mine, in Clinton co. The forgo was abandoned in 1S15, after several yi-ars of prosperous business. The iron interest rapidly extended after the completion of the Champlain Canal, and several large manufactories were erected in the valley of the Au Sable and the surrounding region. The forges, rolling mills, and nail factories of this section are among the most extensive of the kind in the country. Bar, pig. and bloom iron of superior quality are produced in large quantities. Within a few years, anthracite coal has nearly superseded the u.se of charcoal in the furnaces along the lake shore. These establish- ments afford a home market for a large part of the agricultural products of the co. Most of the above dates and tacts are cc-u- densed fmm }Vafs A convention of the settlers was held March 17, 1775, (St. Patrick's Day,) and a local, independent government was adopted. The management of affairs was intrusted to a mode- rator, two supts. of roads and bridges, three appraisers of dam- ages, and a town clei'k. Just before the Revolution, a scheme was devised to form a separate colonial government, embracing all the territory north of Mass. and between the Connecticut and St. Lawrence Rivers. Philip Skene, the founder of " Skenes- borough" (now Whitehall,) is believed to have been the leading spirit of this movement, and his appointment as gov. of the forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point in June, 1775, seems to grive color to this belief. See Journals of Otntjress, Juve 8, 1775; Watson's Ag. Survey, Tr. Ag. Soc, 1853, p. 694. * The capture of these forte, and of the armed schooner upon the lake, was of immense importance to the Americans, as it supplied them with a great amount of cannon and other munitions uf war. ^ Gen. Carlton offered a reward of $500 for the delivery of GiUilond in Canada. Sheriff White, of Tr^oD co,, and a party of Tories and Indians, who attempted to capture him, weie themselves captured and sent to Gen. Schuyler. * Mr. G. assisted Arnold in the prosecution of hia designs to the extent of his ability; and, in return for the kindness, Arnold, by an arbitrary stretch of power, destroyed his dwell- ings, mills, and stores, and nearly reduced him to poverty. In a memorial to Congress in 1777, Gilliland held the following truthful and prophetic language in regard to Arnold : — *'Iti9 not in mine, but it is in your power to bring him to justice^. Bursting with pride, and intoxicated with power,- — to which ho ever ought to have been a stranger, but which he has had art enimgh to obtain from you, — he tyrannizes where he can. If temerity, if rashness, impudence, and error, can recomuiend him to you, he is allowed to be amply supplied with these quali- ties; and many people think they ought to recommend him in a peculiar manner to Lord ^orth, who, in gratitude for his having done more injury to the American cause than all the ministerial troops have had the power of doing, ought to reward him with a generous pension." ' A heavy chain. 1000 feet long, and an Immense boom, erected across the lake by the Americans at great labor and expense, were cut through in 2 hours. 8 In this expedition the CoDtinental standard loll bebiad by St. Clair was recovered. 300 ESSEX COUNTY. military stores, were captured by a party of "Green Mountain Boys" under Capt. Ebenezer Allen. In 1780, Gen. Ilaldeman, with a party of British soldiers, advanced to Ticonderoga and occupied it for some time. Maj. Carleton here made a diversion in favor of Sir John Johnson, by an attack upon Forts Anne and George. In 1781 the British fleet several times entered the lake, but retired without accomplishing any thing.' In 1784,' Gilliland returned to his ruined settlement and endeavored to retrieve his waning fortunes. Relinquishing his ideas of manorial greatness, he offered his lands for sale ; but adverse lawsuits and treacherous friends soon dissipated the rem- nant of his wealth and brought his existence to a miserable close.^ The progress of settlement at first was not very rapid. In 1795 there were in Clinton co. — then embracing Essex — but 624 legal voters, From that time forward, however, settlement progressed with great rapidity, and several public roads were opened to facilitate it.' Soon after the war an arsenal was erected at Elizabeth- town. During the patriot excitement it was robbed ; and since, it has been sold. CHESTERFIEIiD— was formed from Willsborough, Feb. 20, 1802. It Hes in the n.e. corner of the co., upon the shore of Lake Champlaiu. Its surface is broken and mountainous. The Jay Mountains, a northern spur of the Adirondack Kange, extend northward through the w. part. This range is a continuous, high, rocky ridge, without a single pass, forming an almost impassable barrier between Chesterfield and Jay. The main Adirondack Range extends through the center of the town from s. w. to N. E., ending at Trembleau Point, a high, rocky bluff 1200 to 1500 feet above the surface of the lake. Bosworth Mountain and Poke-a-Moonshine, each attaining an elevation of about 3000 feet, are the two principal peaks vrithin the limits of the town. The s. e. part is hilly. The N. e. part is a rolling table land, with a light, sandy, and improductive soil. There are several lakes in the interior, the principal of which are Augur and Butternut Ponds. Not more than one half of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. The principal valuable minerals that have been found are iron, graphite, and a beautiful light brown marble. Schuyler Island, in the lake, belongs to this town. The Au Sable River, upon the N. border, affords a large amount of hydraulic power, and some very attractive scenery. The falls at Birmingham have a descent of 90 feet, including the rapids above the main fall.* Heese- Ville (p. v.) is situated on both sides of the Au Sable River, its northern part being in Clinton co.^ It is the seat of extensive iron works and other important manufactures. The iron from the ore is made into nails, horseshoes, merchant iron, edge tools, and machinery. The village has a bank, an academy, and 5 churches. Pop. according to last census, 2509, of which 1370 were in Chester- field. Port Rent/ (p. v.,) on Lake Clmmplain, contains 25 houses; Port DougTlas 5; Port Kendall C ; and Birniingbam Falls 6. Matthew Adgate and sons came into town about 1792.' The first church was Cong. ; and the first preacher was Rev. Cyrus Comstock.* CROWHr POiarX— was formed March 23, 1780, and named from the old French fortress' situated on the lake. Elizabethtown was taken off in 1798, Schroon and Ticonderoga in 1804, and Moriah in 1808. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, s. E. of the center of the co. A strip of nearly level land, about 4 mi. wide, extends along the lake shore. The central part of the town is broken, the hills gradually rising into the Kayaderosseras Mts. in the w. Putnams Creek, the principal stream, takes its rise in the ponds and lakes among the mountains, and upon its course are numerous falls, furnishing an abundance of water power. The soil upon the lake shore is a deep, rich, clayey loam ; and in the interior it is of a light, sandy nature. Abundance 1 For a long time there was a great mystery connected with these movements, which was afterward explained by the publi- cation of the negotiations which tooli place between the Gov, of Canada and the " Vt. Council of Safety." 2 For some time he was confined in N.Y. for debt ; but, regain- ing his freedom, he returned to the scene of his former enter- prise. Here meeting with new disappointments and treachery, and becoming partially deranged by his misfortunes, he wan- dered into the wilderness and perished of cold and exposure. • Among these public roads were one from Willsborough rails til Peru; another, known as the "Old State Road," from Sandy Hill, along the Schroon Valley, to Canada Line; and another across the s. w. corner of the county from Canton to Chester. In 1790, Piatt Rogers established a ferry across the lake, at Basin Harbor. He also built several roads, and a bridge over the Boquet at Willsborough Falls. For constructing these and other public works. Rogers and his associates received ft grant of 73,000 acres of unappropriated land. * See page 235. f The first settler of Keesevllle was Robert Uoyle, who built the first bridge and sawmill and kept the first store, in 1802. It was first called "Z-wij; CAiife." About 1812 the pro- perty came into the hands of Richard and Oliver Keese and John W. Andersou, who erected a woolen factory and iron works in 1S13. The name was first changed to ^ Artdersimi Falh" and afterwards to Keeseville. See Clinton co., town of Au Sable. 6 Both Port Kent and Keeseville are centers of extensive and important iron districts. ' Alva Rosworth, Elihu Briggs, Edward Palmer. Levi Cooley, Dr. Clark, John and Benj. Macomber, John Page, and Norton, were among the first settlers. The first child bom was Thos. Rangnara, and the first death that of Abel Handy. 8 The census reports 5 churches ; F. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. * The point which contains the ruins of this fortress is sup- posed to have been an important commercial mart previous to the French War; but now it contains only a single farm house. ESSEX COUNTY. 301 of rieli iron ore is found; and in connection with it are beds of natural pliosphatc of lime. Graphite and black clouded marble are also found in great abundance. On the shore of the lake is a mineral spring, containing sulphates of lime and magnesia. The manufacture of iron is carried on to a great extent ; there are also establishments for the manufacture of lumber, shingles, pails, sash and blinds, and -woolen goods. Crown Point, (p. v.,) in the E. part, on Putnams Creek, contains 2 churches and about 60 houses. Ilamnionds Corners) contains 35 houses, and Irondale (late "Peiifield") 20. The French made the first settlement, at a very early period. The country around Fort St. Frederick, upon the point, seems to have been once the seat of thriving villages, the remains of which are still visible.' All these settlements were obliterated during the French War of 1755-60. During the peace which followed, settlements were again made, and in 1777 were again destroyed.' Religious services were early held in the chapel of the fort, and were continued during its military occupation.' ELiIZABETIITOWIV— was formed from Crown Point, Feb. 12, 1798, and was named in compliment to Elizabeth, wife of Wm. Gilliland. Parts of Moriah and Keene were taken off in 1808, and Westport in 1815. A part of Jay and Lewis were annexed Jan. 31, 1844, and a part of Lewis, Nov. 11, 1854. It is an interior town, lying a little N. of the center of the co. The Boquet Mts. occtpy the n. w. and the Schroon Range the s. E. corner of the town. Raven Hill, an offshoot from the former range, in the N. E. corner, is 2,100 feet above tide; and the "Giant of the Valley," the highest peak of the latter range, has an elevation of 2,600 to 3,000 feet. A perpendicular precipice of 700 feet lies on the northern declivity of this mountain. The Boquet River flows in a N. E. direction through near the center of the town. Its valley, one-fourth of a mile to a mile in width, comprises the greater part of the arable land. Not more than one- fourth of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. Extensive beds of iron ore are found in various parts of the town. In the s. e. part, a hill, 200 feet high, covering 40 acres, is supposed to be nearly a solid mass of iron, except a slight covering of drift. An extensive bed of kaolin, or porcelain clay, is also found in town. The manufacture of iron is one of the leading pursuits : there are several forges in town. The soil is a sandy or gravelly loam. Elizabetlltofvn* (p. v.) is pleasantly situated upon the Boquet River, near the foot of several high peaks. It is the CO. seat, and a place of considerable trade. Pop. about 500. Wew Russia (p. v.) con- tains about 100 inhabitants. Among the first settlers were Jonah Hanchett, Sampson Smith, Herman and Joel Finney, Wareham Barber, Nathan Lewis, Hez. and Ira Phelps, Wm. KeUogg, and Gardner Simonds, who came in about 1792. The first school was taught by Dr. Kincade. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1796 or '97.' ESSEX — ^was formed from Willsborough, April 4, 1805. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, n. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling in the E. and mountainous in the w. Boquet Mt., in the N. w. part, has an elevation of about 1,000 feet above the lake. Split Rock, the extremity of the Schroon Mountain Range in the s. E. corner of the town, has already been described." The Black River limestone crops out in this town, and is used both for building pur- poses and for the manufacture of lime. The Boquet River flows northerly through near the center of the town. Upon it are several falls, affording abundance of water power. The soil is a clayey loam upon the lake, and a light sandy loam among the mountains. Manufactures, con- sisting of wrought iron, nails, spikes, lumber, and woolen goods, are carried on. Essex' (p. v.) has a population of about 700, Wliallonsburgli (p. v.) 250, and Boquet 200. The town was first settled by Wm. Gilliland, in 1765.' Wm. McAuley, a relative and coadjutor of Mr. G., located upon the site of the present village of Essex.' This settlement was broken up during the Revolution." The first church (Prot. E.) was organized in 1805." 1 The Swedish traveler Ealm mentions the existence of this early eettli-nieDt ; and the " Journal of Major itogers" speaks of villages, well filled barns, herds of cattle, and fields of grain. Chimney Point, upon the eastern shore of the lake, derives its name from the remains of early habitations found there by the present race of settlers. 2 Among the first settlers after the Revolution were George Trimble, James Morrow, Aaron Townsend. Dennis Meagher, Andrew Hard,v, Saml. Foot, and Elisha Rhodes. The first mill waa a windmill, a short distance s. of the fort, James Morrow erected the first mill and kept the first inn and store after the Revolution, Washington visited Crown Point in 1784. * Benj. Wooster waa the first preacher after the Revolution. The first church (Omg.) was organized in 1804. The census reports 4 churchee; 2 Cong., M, E,, Union, ♦ Elizabeth town was named *^ Pleasant VaBei/'* by the first settlers, and is now locally known as " The Valley," A The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., Cong,, M. E. • See page 295. ' A blockhouse was built in this village in 1797, in con- sequence of the alarm occasioned by St. Clair's defeat ; and in 1799. upon the organization of the CO., it was used for a Co, courthouse, and continued as such until the erection of the co. buildings at Elizabethtown, under the act of 1S07. > See pages 299, 306, *• Among the first settlers after the Revolution were Danl,Ros9, (first merchant and mill owner.) I.'viac and Benj. Sheldon, Bei^ Stafford. Danl. Murray, lien. Van Orniand, Dr,Colborn Clemens, (first physician,) David, Abram and Abner Reynolds, Nehemiah Payn, and James Eldrich. The first school was taught by MisB Towner, The first male teacher was Enoch P, Henry. ^0 In Oct, 1777. in this town, the retreating Britiah garrison of Ticonderoga was attackeil b,v a jiarty of "Gr'.'en Mountain Boys," under Capt, Ebenezer Allen, and 50 men and all the military stores were captured, u The census reports 6 chs, ; M, E, Wee, Meth,, 2 Bap,, 2 Presb. 302 ESSEX COUNTY. JAY' — was formed from Willsborough, Jan. 16, 1798. A part of Keene was taken off, in 1808, of Wilmington (as " DanstilU") in 1821, and a part of Elizabethtovm in 1844. Parts of Peru (Clinton CO.) and Chataugay (Franklin co.) were annexed, March 22, 1822. It lies upon the n. border of the CO., w. of the center. The Au Sable Mts., extending through the w. part, gradually decline toward the N. Mts. Hamlin, Clark, and Bassitt, each 2000 feet above tide, are the highest peaks ; the Jay Mts., a N. spur of the Adirondacks, lie along the E. border. The extreme s. angle of the town is oc- cupied by some of the most lofty and rocky peaks of the Adirondacks. The E. branch of the Au Sable flows through near the center of the town. Veins of black lead have been found, but not ■worked. Iron ore is found in abundance. The soil is a light, sandy and graveUy loam. A mi n eral spring, near Upper Jay, contains iron and sulphur. The manufacture of bar iron, naile, and bloom iron is extensively carried on. Au Sable Forks, (p. v.,) an iron manufacturing village, contains 70 houses ; Jay (p. v.) 50, and Upper Jay (p. v.) 20. Nathaniel Mallory was the first settler, about 1796.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1797; the first preacher was Solomon Brown.' REEUTE — was formed from Elizabethtovm and Jay, March 19, 1808. North Elba was taken off in 1849. It extends from the center of the co. toward the N. and w. The Adirondack Mts. extend through the center of the town and occupy nearly its entire surface, leaving little or no arable land. The principal peaks are Mt. Marcy, 5467 feet above tide; Long Pond Mt., 3000 feet; and Pitch Off,* 2500 feet. The Au Sable, flowing n., forms the principal drainage. The valley is so narrow that there is scarcely room for a road between the mountain and stream ; and freshets often occur that sweep every thing before them.* Lake Golden, in the s. w. part, is 2,851 ft. above tide. Iron is found in numerous veins along the course of the river, and is manufactured to some extent. Keene (p. v.) contains about 30 houses. The first settlement was made about 1797.^ The M. E. church was organized in 1800, and the Cong, in 1815. liEWIS — was formed from Willsborough, April 4, 1805, and named in honor of Morgan Lewis, then Governor of the State. Parts of Elizabethtowu were taken off in 1844 and 1854. The Adiron- dack Mts. occupy the N. w. and the Boquet Mts. the s. E. part of the town. The latter range is not a continuous ridge through this tovm, but consists of several isolated peaks, the principal of which is Mt. Discovery, 2000 feet above tide. The remaining parts of the town consist of steep rocky hills and narrow valleys, and not more than one-third of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. Numerous beds of iron ore are found ; but none have been extensively worked. The soil is a landy and gravelly loam. In the N. w. part is a mineral spring of some repute. Eewis (p. v.) contains 130 inhabitants. Wm. Hinckley made the first purchase of land and the first settlement, in 1796.' The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1804; and the first preacher was Rev. Mr. Burbank.' MIIVERV A — was formed from Schroon, March 7, 1817 ; a part of Newcomb was taken off in 1828. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a high, broken upland, bordered by mountain ranges. The Boquet Range traverses the n. w. border, and the Schroon Range the s. e. The intermediate portion is hilly, with a mean elevation of 1200 to 1500 feet above tide. Nearly the whole town is still covered with forests, the settlements being confined to the s. E. corner. The soil is cold and hard, and only moderately productive. On Orrin West's farm is a cave of considerable extent. Lumbering is the leading pursuit. Oliusteadvllle^ (p. v.) contains 20 houses; ])IinerTa is ap. o. The first settlers were Ebenezer West, and his sons Nathan, Ebenezer and John, in 1804." The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810, by Elder Fort." MORIAH— was formed from Crown Point and Elizabethtovm, Feb. 12, 1808. A part of 1 Named from John Jay, then Governor of New Tork. 2 .Vnionp tlie other first settlera were J. W. Southmaiii, .Joseph Btorrs. John Purmort, Robert Otis, Ezekiel Lockwood. Nathl. Ray, Josiah Way, and .Toseph Fowler, Wm. Mallory huilt the first mill. 3 The census reports 6 churches ; Bap., Cong., and 4 M. E, * A perpendicular cliff on the north side of this mountain, 300 to 500 feet high, gives to it its singular name, 6 A most destructive flood occurred from excessive rains. Sept, SO, 1856; and the damage which this occasioned was increased by the breaking .away of the State dam across the s. branch of the Au Sable, in this town. The testimony relating to this acci- dent (forming a vol, of 368 pp.) was printed by order of the Canal Board, in 1868. 6 Among the first settlers were Benj, Payne. Timothy Pang- burn, Thos. Roberts, Zadock Hurd, Eli Hall, Thos, Taylor, Qen, Reynolds, and David Graves. The first child born was Betsey Payne ; the first marriage, that of Thos. Dart and Cj-nthia Gris- wold : and the first death, that of Eli Rostwick. Asa A. Andreas taught the first school, and Zadock Uurd kept the first inu. ' Among the other early settlera were Dea. Putnam, Samuel Bishop, Charles, Saml.. and Noah Lee, Ishmael H. lloicomb. Hooker and Timothy Woodruff, Ziba Westcott, and Ziha Flagg, The first child born was Oliver Holcomb : the first marri.oge, that of Timothy Woodruff and Eunice Newell; and the first death of an adult, that of Mrs. John Smith, Levi Parsons taught the first school, 8 The census reports 1 M, E, church, A Meth, church was formed in 18U8, 9 There is an extensive tannery at Olmsteadville, which makes the village. 10 Among the other first settlers were Wm. Hill, (first mill owner.) Thos. Leonard, Richard Miller, Abner Talman. James Cary, Phito Hawley, and .4. P. and Asa Morse, The first settle- ments were chiefly made along the line of the Canton and Chester Road, The first child born was Francis West: the first marriage, that of Richard Miller and West; and the first death, that of EIiz.ibetli West, u The census reports 3 churches ; Bap,, M, E., R. C. ESSEX COUNTY. 303 Newcomb was taken off in 1828, North Hudson in 1848, and a part of Wostport was annexed, April 9, 1849. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, s. of the center of the co. A narrow strip of level land extends along the shore of the lake, from which the surface gradually rises to a height of about 500 feet, where it spreads out into a hilly plateau region, rising into mountains on the w. border. About one-half of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. The soil upon the lake is a clayey loam, and in the hilly regions a light, sandy loam. This town is very rich in minerals. Fourteen veins of iron ore have been opened, producing iron of a very superior quality:' the supply seems to be inexhaustible. Black lead, and a beautiful variety of i^erd aniiqve serpentine, are also found. The manufacture of iron forms one of the leading pursuits. 9Ioi°iall (p. v.) contains Moriah Academy and a pop. of 275, and Port Henry^ (p-v.) contains a pop. of 503. The first settlers after the Revolution were Wm. McKenzie, Abel Butler, James McClane, Jabez Carpenter, G. H. and John Havens, and Joseph Curtis.' The first church formed was a Cong.' MEWCOMB — was formed from Minerva and Moriah, March 15, 1828. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. The Adirondack Range extends through the center of the town and occupies more than one-half of its entire surface. The principal peaks are Mts. Goodwin, Moore, Sandanona, and Henderson, each 3,000 to 5,000 feet above tide. The remaining part of the surface is a broken upland, with a hard, sour, unproductive soil. Among the gorges in the mountains are numerous small lakes. The Preston Ponds, Lakes Henderson, Harkness, San- ford, Harris, Dalia, Moose, and Ridge Pond, are within the limits of the town ; and Lake Catlin and the Chain Lakes are on the line of Hamilton co. The Adirondack iron beds, near Lakes Sanford and Henderson, are among the most extensive in the world. One of them has been traced upon the surfoce for a mile in length, 700 feet in width, and has been penetrated to the depth of 40 feet without any signs of diminution in quantity or quality of ore. It forms a bar across the river, the water literally faUing over an iron dam. This ore yields 75 per cent, of pure metal, is easily worked, and makes an admirable quality of iron. For the manufacture of steel it surpasses all other ores in America, and equals those of the most celebrated mines of Sweden and Russia. The mountainous character of this town, and its remoteness from the great routes of public improve- ment, have prevented the development of its immense mineral resources. There is very little tillable land in the town. Adirondack has about 15 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1816, by Joseph Chandler.' A M. E. church was formed in 1843, and a Wes. Meth. in 1845. IVORTH ELBA — was formed from Keene, Dec. 13, 1849. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. The Adirondack Range occupies the s. part, and a branch of the Au Sable traverses the N. E. part. At the foot of Whiteface Mt. lies Lake Placid, a beautiful sheet of water, 4J mi. long by IJ broad, and nearly divided in the center by 3 islands. The noted Adirondack or Indian Pass, partly in this town and partly in N. Elba, is a deep gorge between Mts. Mclntyre and Wallface. The bottom of the pass is 2,800 feet above tide, and the mountains on each side are 1,000 to 1,500 feet higher. Wallface, forming the w. border of the pass, is bounded by a per- pendicular precipice a mile in length and 800 to 1,000 feet in height. Mts. Mclntyre, McMartin, and Sugar Loaf are each over 3,000 ft. high. Bennets, Connery, and Round Ponds are in the immediate vicinity. Avalanche Lake, on the e. line, is 2,901 ft. above tide. The central portion of the town is a hilly upland, and the N. w. part a rolling table land, known as " the Plains." The Au Sable and Saranac Rivers form the principal drainage. The soil is a thin, sandy and gravelly loam. The people are principally engaged in lumbering. North Elba and Saranac Eake are p. offices. Settlement was commenced about 1800, by Elijah Bennett.* The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1824; and the first preacher was the Rev. Cyrus Comstock. 1 In 1852, 26,800 tons of ore were exported from Moriah to Penn., Vt.. Va., Me., and Md. The quantity contracted for es- portAtion from that town, in 1863. amounted to 107.500 tons, of which 16,000 were to Penn., 10,000 to Mass.. 3.500 to Va.. 1500 to Ohio. 1600 to N. J., and 1000 to Me.— rr. N. r. S. Jff- Soc.. 1S62. first death, tliat of .Tohn Aiwater. fhy drowning.) Miss Ahi Collins tanfjht the first BchoOil. Ttie first authorized ferry wa« granted to Robert Lewis, April .3, 1811. for 10 years. * Tho census reports 5 churches ; Bap., M. E., Presb., R. C^ Union. P- g27. ^ .tames Chandler, Collins Hewitt, and Wm. Butler came in * The pite and water power of Port Henry were granted to Beiy. Porter in 1766. It is supposed that lie erected a mill soon alter, which was destroyed during the Revolution. After the war, he returned, and, in connection with Robt. Le^is, of AUmny, rebuilt the mill, which has remained up to a recent date. One of the lirst furnaces in the co. was erected here in 1824, by Mty. James Balliba. It was a cold blast furnace, and waa used for the manufacture of pig iron, and the casting of hollow ware and agricultural implements. Several extensive anthracite coal furnaces have lately been put in operation. * The first child born was Alex. McKenzie, in 1785 ; the first marriage, that of John Ferris and Deborah Wilcox ; and the to reside in 1818. Among the other first settlers were Elijah Rissell. Abner Belden. David Pierce, Cromwell Catlin, and James Ramsey. The first child born wjwi Nathl. P. Hewitt: the first marritxge, thst of Abner Belden and Bershelia Butler; and the first death, that of Eliza Butler. Harriet Chandler taught the first school, 1 Among the other early settlers were Isaac Griswold Eb'r Mack, Jonathan Bliss and son, Iddo Osgood, Jerem. Knecland, James Porter, and D.iniel McArtbur. The first marriage was thatof EhjaliMcArtbur and Electa Brooks; and the firstdeatb, that of Arunah Taylor, who perished by cold in the wood& Fanny Dart taught the first school. 304 ESSEX COUNTY. IVORTH HlTDSO!\'— was formed from Moriah, April 12, 1848. It is an interior toim, lying a little s. of the center of the co. The Boquet Mts. occupy the central and w. portions, the principal peaks of which are Dix Peak, 5200, and Nipple Top, 4900 feet high. The Schroon Mts. traverse the e. border of the town. There are numerous small lakes in town, the principal of which are Bull Pout, Mud, Boreas, and Clear Ponds. The soil is a light, sandy loam, and not more than one-eighth of the surface is arable. The Moriah iron district extends into the E. part, and the manufacture of iron forms a leading pursuit. IVortll Hudson (p. v.) contains 15 houses; and Uead Water Iron Works (p. o.) 10. The first settler was Benj. Pond.^ The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1838. ST. ARMAWD — was formed from "Wilmington, April 23, 1844. It derived its name from the old French name of the Saranac River. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling and is inclined toward the N. w. The ridges extend in a N. E. and s. w. direction, and are 200 to 300 feet above the valleys. The average height of the town is 1500 to 1800 feet above tide. The Saranac, flowing in a N. E. direction, forms the principal drainage. Moose Creek, a tributary, flows through Moose Pond, a small lake covering an area of about 200 acres. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. The people are shiefly engaged in lumbering. Blooming'dale, (p. V.,) in the n. w. corner, the only village, contains about a dozen houses. Settlements are of recent date. Among the first settlers were Daniel Crouch, Thos. and Antrim Peck, Geo. Lowrie, Wm. Stranahan, Aaron Brimhall, and Ellis and Milton Goodspeed.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1852. SCIIROOSI*— was formed from Crown Point, March 20, 1804. Minerva was taken ofi' in 1817, and a pai-t was reannexed to Crown Point, Feb. 26, 1840. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. The w. and N. w. portions are occupied by the Schroon Range, and the s. e. portion by the Kayaderosseras Range. Mt. Pharaoh, the highest peak of the latter range, is 3000 to 3500 feet above tide. There are great numbers of other elevated mountain peaks, tliat have never been named. Not more than one-fourth of the town is susceptible of cultivation ; and the greater part of the arable land is in the narrow valley of Schroon River. Schroon Lake is a fine body of water, 10 mi. long. Near the foot of Mt. Pharaoh lies a cluster of small lakes, the principal of which is Pharaoh Lake. Paradox Lake^ is near the center. The soil is a thin, sandy loam. Iron is found in various parts, and black lead has also been found. Scbroon Lake (p. v.) contains 192 inhabitants. Scliroon River is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 1797, by Samuel Scribner, Thos. Leland, Moses Pettee, Benj. Bowker, and Simeon Rawson, all from New England.* The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1830.' Jehial Fox was the first preacher. TICOIVDEROGA'— was formed from Crown Point, March 20, 1804. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, and is the s. E. corner town of the co. Tlie portion between Lakes George and Champlain is the extremity of a mountain ridge ending in Mt. Defiance, 750 feet above the surface of the lake. North of this a strip of level land, about 4 mi. wide, extends along the lake shore, from which the surface gradually rises into the mountainous region which forms its w. border. About three-fourths of the town is susceptible of cultivation. The outlet of Lake George, the principal stream, in the course of a mile and a half descends 150 feet ; and as the water never freezes, and its quantity does not materially change during the year, it fiirnishes one of the most valuable water-powers in the State. The soil is a stiff clay upon the lake, a clayey loam in the center, and a sandy loam in the w. part. The manufacture of lumber,' leather, and black lead" is extensively carried on. Ticondero^a, (p. v.,) or Eiower Falls, contains 325 inhabitants. Upper Falls is a village of 40 houses, and Ti Street of 30. Settlements were begun in this town by the French, soon after the commencement of the fortress in 1755 ; but they were soon 1 Named from its location upon the upper branches of the Hudson. 2 Among the first settlers were Randall Farr, (first innkeeper,) Wm. Puiid, Samuel Norton. Wm. Everett. IJenj. Cumuiinf^s, Russell Walker, Wm. Mallory. Timothy Chellis. Hez h Keep, and Titus Walker. The first death waa that of Mrs. Halloway. .lunet Post taught the first school. 8 The first child born was Silas Crouch ; the first marriage, that of Adrian Storrs and Lovina Hough; and the first death, that of Goodspeed. * This name is said to be a corruption of " Scharon," and to have been applied in honor of the Duchess of Sclmron. favorite of Louis XIV. Some say Schroon is derived from an Adiron- dack word, signifying a child or daughter of the mountain. 5 The surface of this lake is so near the level of the Schroon River, which forms its outlet, that in seasons of flood the water QuwsiAtoinsteadof out of it; hence ita not inappropriate name. • Among the other early settlers were George Moore. Elijah Garfield, James Livingston. Geo. Wliitney. Cornelius Tnavers, Abel Tupp, and ,7ohn Rnwker. The first child bom was John T. Leland; the first marriage, that of John Scribner and Silence Leland ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Benj. Bowker. Clark Ransom taught the first school. ' The census reports 4 churches; Bap., M. E., Presb., tJnion. 8 The Indian name " Tsinondrosie," or " Cheonderoga." sig- nifying " Brawling Water." and the French name "Carillon,'* signifying a " Chime of Bells," were both suggested by the noise of the rapids upon llie outlet of Lake George. 9 In 1852, 600,000 pieces of lumber were shipped from this point. 10 Above 30 tons of black lead are manufactured per yeaj ; and the vein of graphite seems inexhaustible. ESSEX COUNTY. 305 broken up. During the French "War many skirmishes* and one general engagement^ took place in the town. The subsequent history of the fortress belongs to the general history of the country. Permanent settlement commenced immediately after the Revolution.* The first church was St. Pauls, Prot. E. ; and the first preacher, Rev. Mr. Harwood.* ^TESTPORT— was formed from Elizabethtown, March 24, 1815. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, near the center of the e. border of the co. The Schroon Mts. extend n. e. and s. w. through the town, occupying nearly all of the w. half. A wide valley extends w, from Northwest Bay, breaking the continuity of this range and completely separating the highlands at Split Rock from the southern continuation of the chain. The Boquet and it« branches drain the N. part, and numerous small streams flowing into the lake drain the remainder. About one-half of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. The soil is clayey along the lake shore and sandy among the mountains. Iron, leather, and lumber are largely manufactured. Westport, (p. v.,) formerly ''Northwest Bay," contains the Essex Academy and 456 inhabitants. Wadhams Mills (p.v.) contains 25 houses. A small settlement was begun, and a mill built in tlie s. part of the town, before tlie Revolution. After that period, settlement was commenced by Charles Hatch, (first store and inn keeper,) Joseph Stacy, and Nathan Hammond.^ The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1800, and the first preacher was Rev. Cyrus Comstock.^ WIliLiSBOROUGH— was formed from Crown Point, March 7, 1788, and named from Wm. Gilliland. A part of Peru was taken off in 1792, Jay in 1798, Chesterfield in 1802, and Essex and Lewis in 1805. A part of Peru was reannexed to this town upon the formation of Esses CO. in 1799. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, n. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling and in parts hilly. A range of highlands and isolated hills marks the course of the Boquet Mts., ending in the cliffs which overlook Perou Bay. The Boquet River flows through the s. e. comer. East of the river the soil is clayey, and w. a sandy loam. The falls upon the Boquet furnish an excellent water power. Iron is found in places ; and the Black River limestone crops out, from which both quicklime and waterlime are obtained. Leather, lumber, andiron are largely manufactured. Willsboroii^b Falls (Willsborough p. o.) contains 300 inhabitants. Settlement was commenced by Wm. Gilliland, a merchant of New York, in 1765.* Mr. G,, in 1764, purchased a tract of 2000 acres, intending to convert it into a manor. lie suc- ceeded in laying the foundation of quite a flourishing settlement, which was broken ixp during the Revolution. In 1784, Mr. G. returned, and commenced selling his land to settlers. Joseph Sheldon and Abraham Aiken, from Dutchess co., became the first purchasers, and located in 1784.' The first church (Cong.) was organized before 1800.^** "WIIiMIlVGTOBf— was formed from Jay, March 27, 1821, as '' Dansville." Its name was changed March 22, 1822, and St. Armand was taken off in 1844. It lies upon the n. border of the CO., w. of the center. A branch of the An Sal)le Mts. occupies the n. w, border of the town, and another branch of the same range lies between the Au Sable Forks in the e. part. The highest peaks, 2500 to 3000 feet high, lie in the s. part, and from them the surface declines toward the n. Wilmington Notch, in the s. w. comer, is a place worthy of note." Copperas Pond, near the foot of Whiteface, covers about 100 acres.*^ Beds of iron ore are numerous. The soil is a sandy and 1 Bodies of rangers from the ricinity of Fort Wm. Henry ot'ten carried their petty warfare up to the very walls of the fortress. Among the partisan officers distinguiehed in this ^rarfare were Maj. Robert Rogers and Maj. Israel Putnam. The former named officer conducted no less than 25 parties to the invasion of this region. In 1758. at the head of a party of 180 men, he was attacked by a large party of French and Indians a short distance w. of the fort, and defeated, with the losa of 125 men. The remnant of the party escaped, but suffered great hardships before reaching a place of safety. 2 See p. 298. 8 When the fortress of Ticonderoga was surprised by Allen, in 1775, its garrison consisted of 48 men, commanded by Capt. Delaplace. The military stores captured consiated of 120 iron cannon, 50 swivels, 2 10 inch mortars, 1 howitzer, 1 cohorn. 10 " Among the other first settlers were John Ilalstod, .Tefise Brayman. John Stringhani, John and Boiiton Lobdoll, Aaron Felt. Joseph Fisher, Abram Slaughter, Joseph Storrs. and Jacob Southwell. The first death waa that of Mrs. Webster Felt. ^ The census reports 3 churches ; M. E., Cong., and Bap. 8 See pages 299, 301. ® Among the first settlers were Aaron Pairchild, .Tnnathan liynde, Martyn Popo. Melchor and John Hoffnafrli?. John and Wni. Morehouse, Hooker Low, Stephen Taylor. Elisha HiEgins. Peter Payne, and Daniel Collins. The first school whs taught by Scott, in 1787. The first death was that of Thos. Hyer, in 1786. Jonathan Lynde and Stephen Taylor ki'pt tht- first inn, John Hoffman the first store, and Panl. Rosh built tho first mill. ^0 Tlie census reports 3 churches; Cong.. M. E., and Union. 1^ Here the Au Sable is compressed to a few feet in width, and tons of musket balls, 3 cart loads of flints, 30 new carriages, a | breaks through the mountain ban'ier. Wbiteface rises nearly large quantity of shells, a warehouse full of materials for boat building. 100 stand of small arms. 10 casks of poor powder, 2 brass cannon. 30 bbls. of flour, 18 bbla. of pork, and a large quantity of other provisions. * Among the first Battlers were Charles Hay. Isaac Kellogg, (first merchant,) Wm. llurlbert, Wm. Wilson, (first innkeeper,) Nathl., Charles, Noah, and Manoah Miller, .lohn Kirby, Ji>hu »nd Rnlit. Hammond, Jedediah Ferris, Francis Arthur, Peter Deall, Elisha Belden, Gardner Shattuck, and Samuel Ctx)k. * There are 3 other churches ; Bap., M. E., and R. C, perpendicularly, upon one side, to a height of 2000 fi'ct; and anotluT mountain, upon the opposite side, is but a little less in heicht. In the midst of its rapid and tortuous conrso through this passage, the stream leaps down a perpendicular pi-ecipico of 100 feet. 12 Its waters are strongly impregnated with sulphate of iron : hence Its name. Ci^pperas is also found in the nicks in the vicinity, formed by the decomposition of iron pyrites; at pom© future time it will probably be manutactured for commercial purposes. 20 30G ESSEX COUNTY. gravelly loam, and is moderately fertile. Whitefece,' belonging to the Adirondack Range, has an elevation of 4,855 feet above tide. ■Wilnaington {p, v.) contains 20 houses. Settlement was commenced, near the close of the last century, by Thaddeus and Leonard Owen, and Paul Thayer.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1799.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Liva Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures of Essex County. Names of Towns. Acres OP Land. Valuation op 1858. 1 1 POPTOATION. 1 1 4 . 1 Schools. 1 g 1 'I i P "a 1 1 1 4 1 a 1 is e^ 1,389 998 695 730 1,070 380 717 309 1,224 72 117 161 98 776 878 814 654 418 Chesterfield Crown Point 16,309 17,4.891 9,487} 14,867 13,687 7,537 14,068 8,329} 13,281 960 2,008 1,107} 16.712} 15.059 17,077} 14.316} 8,168 21,897 9,961 34,094 4,405 2S,S69 79,165 27,246 143.215 27,611 89,964 88,912 31,433 131,485} 12,075 16,052 7,7464 20.174 $442,920 361,635 138,905 338,236 209,264 71,316 165,108 97,469 670.316 164,142 73,796 61,897 41,060 250,S33 371,232 375,537 284,649 44,107 4,042,211 $148,9.50 23.800 24,050 132,800 46.260 600 2,000 5,951 20,700 2,000 800 11,376 45,276 16,250 22.960 2,207 $691,870 386,335 162,955 471,036 255,514 71,816 167,108 103,410 691,016 156,142 74,595 61,897 41,060 262.208 416,507 391,787 307,609 46,314 1,661 1,167 734 1,042 1,458 386 934 403 1,590 130 175 276 166 1,146 1,072 1,044 842 436 1,666 1,049 668 1,073 1,392 388 869 364 1,630 96 126 244 134 940 1,053 997 833 469 669 394 232 359 462 143 321 144 494 38 63 80 67 348 409 896 390 368 636 435 252 368 501 165 325 148 692 39 60 79 63 378 435 408 312 168 288 297 176 195 292 128 251 133 317 21 61 41 42 284 197 207 212 112 13 20 9 12 12 7 16 7 16 4 4 4 2 16 14 12 12 9 Jay Keene Moriah Newcomb North Elba North Hudson St. Arraaud TicouiJeroga Westport Willeborough Wilmington Total 185.44.3} 1774.196} 505,868 ' 4,648,079 14,M8 13,891 6,227 6,339 3,263 194 11,350 Names of Towns. Live Stock. j AGRICCL1 URAL Products. • |S3 G t SO Bdbh. of GaAtM. 1 1 II ll DiOBT Peodocts.' 1 ^=1 ■j, 11 ^2 Chesterfield 637 702 304 528 401 162 443 139 661 26 67 15 42 426 623 498 448 147 902 1,900 690 1,172 1,396 625 1,071 376 1,152 76 234 7 102 1,067 1,348 1,022 1,087 691 764 842 472 718 736 353 636 250 764 63 142 21 79 638 663 623 654 S43 2,281 7.589 1.620 6.340 2,325 1.673 4,169 732 3,316 73 344 1,568 4,497 5,231 4,941 965 492 778 297 466 667 201 427 184 486 30:, 76 18 152 671 690 606 656 128 490 3,716 402 333 1,430 232} 3,220} 148 651 124 457 200 605} 1,496 181 1,633 622 28,164 62,227 13,424} 36,698} 39,&t.Si 10,816} 22,673} 11,941} 30,047} 2,360 7,447 4,901 29.528 47,209 31,468 37,666} 7 477 3,591 3,991} 1,690} 3,969} 2,697 1,315 2,2,87} 1,134 3,253} 204 413 322} 3,121 4,169 3,047} 3,075 9.^8 25,293 87,865 9,832 10.965 32,192 11,663 19,892 10,865 26,211 4,600 10,140 36,005 23,378 18.613 12,999 19,729 9,989 1,088} 9,060 3,036 8,812 1,598 884 3,699 2,171 4,092 3,385 7,995 6,816 10,638 1,027 46,929 49,791 28,020 42,516 61,245 21,257 60,985 17,666 63,686 3,065 7,866 8,430 66,980 66,126 45,713 60,718 26,661 4,694 9,266' 2,550; 8,371 1 6,390, 2,290 7,920 240 8,000 170 300 6,508 5.378 8,377 22,430 810] 43 460 198 689 1,117 1,012 471 407 186 792} 133 285 194 683 6,400} Elizabethtown Efsex Jay Lewis Moriah Newcomb North Hudson Schroon Ticonderoga. Weatport... WillsboroMgh Total 6,149 14,818 8,749 47,654 6,604 15,841}l413,68S}!39,139} 318,021 64,200} 625,542 93,594' 1 TThiteface derives its name from a landslide, which has laid bare the rocks upon its s. e. slope, giving it a whitish gray appearance. This mountain is nearly isolated ; and from its Bummit is obtained one of the finest and most eztt-nsive views ID Northern N. Y. * Among the other eftfly settlers were Cyrus Wilsf>n, Isaac Peck. Reuben and Daniel Uamblin, Danl. Kay, John Blanchard, Z. Gray, and Nathl. Warner. The first marriage was that of Danl. Hamblin and Keziah Ray ; and the first death, that of John Blanchard. Esther Kellogg taught the first school ; R«a ben Stanford kept the first inn, Eliaa Wilaou the firat store, and Leonard Owen built the first mill. 8 The census reports 2 churches ; Cong., M. £. FRANKLIN COUNTY. This county was formed from Clinton, March 11, 1808, and named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. A small portion was annexed to Essex co. March 22, 1822. It contains an area of 1,718 sq. mi., and is centrally distant 130 mi. from Albany. It lies upon the northern frontier, between St. Lawrence and Clinton counties. Its surface is mostly level in the n., undulating and hilly in the i-entcr, and broken and mountainous in the s. The Au Sable Hts. occupy the s. E. portions; Mt. Seward, 5,100 feet above tide, is tlie highest peak. There are several other elevated peaks ; but their heights have never been ascertained by actual measurement. The plateau of the central and the valleys of the s. part of the co. have an elevation of about 1,600 feet above tide. The N. w. corner, including the townships of Bombay, Fort Covington, Westville, and portions of Constable and Moira, is underlaid by calciferous sandstone. The soil upon this rook is generally a heavy clay. Next s. of this region is a belt about 8 mi. wide, extending N. E. and s. w., underlaid by Potsdam sandstone. A strip next to the calciferous sandstone, about 4 ml. wide, has a sandy soil, and the remainder a fine fertile loam, mixed with clay. The underlying rock in the central and s. portions of the co. is gneiss ; and the soil is of a light, sandy nature, nearly unfit for cultivation. Upon approaching the mountainous region toward the s. the soil becomes more and more sterile, and large tracts are valuable only for their timber and iron ore. Bog iron ore is found in considerable quantities along the line of junction of the calciferous and Potsdam sandstones, and in times past it has been quite extensively used in the manufacture of bar iron. The CO. is mostly drained by tributaries of the St. Lawrence, the principal of which are the Chateaugay, Salmon, Little Salmon, Deer, St. Regis, and Racket Rivers. The Saranac River flows through the s. E. corner. In the southern wilderness are immense numbers of lakes, some of which are several miles in extent. Their general elevation is about 1,600 feet above tide, and they are so located that slight improvements only are needed to connect them, and to form a com- munication between the head waters of streams flowing in opposite directions. In the N. part the people are engaged in the various branches of agriculture, the soil yielding a good return in spring grain, and in potatoes. The whole region, however, is best adapted to pasturage, and dairying forms the leading pursuit. In the central and s. parts the people are mostly engaged in lumbering. The manufacture of starch has become an important business within the last few years.' The principal work of internal improvement in the co. is the Ogdensburgh R. R., (formerly Northern B. R.,) extending through Moira, Bangor, Malone, Burke, and Chateaugay. This road was completed in 1850, and has been of immense value to the co., though a total loss to tlie stock- holders. Steamboats from the St. Lawrence land regularly at Port Covington, and occasionally at Hogansburgh, during the summer. The Salmon River has been improved for log navigation, and a portion of the Au Sable improvement is within the limits of the co. The CO. seat is located in Malone Village.^ A courthouse and jail, in one building, waa erected on the w. bank of Salmon River in 1811-13, and a new stone jail in 1852.' The co. poor- house is located upon a farm of 110 acres, 2 mi. s. w. of the village. It was built in 1826, at a cost of $1,200 and has since been burnt and rebuilt. There are two newspapers in the co., both published at Malone.* 1 Within 10 years, 40 factories for the mannfacture of starch from potatoes have been erected in the co. When potatoes are less than 30 cts. per bushel, the business is considered profitable; but since the completion of tho R. R. they Lave at times been worth much more to transport to the city markets. * The first CO. ofBcers were Ebenezer Brownson. Ffrst Judge ; Wm. Bailey, Joshua Nichols, and Asa Wheeler, Judges; Jas. S. Allen, Clerk; John Wood, Sheriff; Joshua Nichols, Surrogate; and Ezekiel Payne and Oliver Brewster, Coroners. * Before the court house was completed, courts were held in the academy. ' * The Franhlin Telegraph was the first paper published in the CO. U was first issued at Malone, in 1821, by Francis Buruap, and in Vi'2ti it was removed to Potsdam. The Northern Spectator was published at Malone from 1830 to 1835. successively by John G. Clayton, Geo. P. Allen^ and F. P. Allen. The Palladium was begun in March, 1835, at Malone, by F. P. .Mien. It is now published as The Frontier Palladium, by F. T. Heath and J. K. Seaver. The Franklin Republican was begun in 1827. at Fort Covington, by J. K. Averill, and continued under several owners till 1833. The Franklin Gazette was besnin in 1827, at Fort Covington, by F. D. Flanders. In 1H47 it was removed to Malone, where it is still published by the original owner. The Salnum Kiver Messenger was begun in 1S50, at Fort Coviu^- 307 308 FRANKLIN COUNTY. A tract 10 mi. by 40, on the e. side of this co., formed a part of the old Military Tract;' a portion in the n. w. corner, of 24,000 acres, was reserved by the St. Regis Indians,^ and the remainder of the co. was included in Great Tract No. I. of the Macomb Purchase.* Wm. Con- stable, agent and part owner of the last mentioned tract, and the executors of his estate, sold the northern part, and actively assisted in promoting settlement.* The earliest settlement in the co. was made at St. Regis, by a colony of Indiana from Cauglma- waga, on Lake St. Louis,^ and from Oswegatchie, under Father Anthony Gordon, a Jesuit, about 1760. They are now known as the St. Regis Indians, and number about 1,000, of whom 420 reside in this CO., and the remainder on the n. side of the national boundary, which passes through the village.^ During the Revolution a portion of the Indians joined the Americans; and Louis Cook, one of their number, received a colonel's commission from Gen. Washington, In the war of 1812 a part of the tribe joined the British and a part the Americans; and they are thus historic- ally divided into British and American parties.'' This tribe is gradually increasing in numbers, although, from their filthy habits, they are frequent sufferers from virulent epidemic diseases. They are mostly Catliolics, — a Catholic mission being supported among them. A few profess to be Metliodists.^ Two schools are sustained by the State, though they are thinly attended, and appa- rently of little benefit. The first white settlements were made in Chateaugay in 1796, and in other towns in the two northern ranges in 1800-02, by emigrants from Vermont. At the commence- ment of the war of 1812 the population of the co. nimibered about 2,500. In 1813-14 it became the seat of important military events, in the abortive attempt to invade Canada. Upon the with- drawal of the troops from French Mills in Feb. 1814, the co. was overrun by the enemy, who visited Chateaugay, Malone, and Hopkinton, and seized a considerable amount of military stores.® In 1832, the cholera appeared at St. Regis, spreading a panic throughout the whole region. Since the completion of the R. R., systematic efforts have been successfully made to bring into market the valuable timber in the central and southern parts of the co. BAlVdOR^" — was formed from Dickinson, June 15, 1812. Brandon was taken off in 1828. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is gently undulating, with a general northerly inclination. The principal streams are the Little Salmon and Deer Rivers. The underlying rock is Potsdam sandstone, appearing only in the valleys of the streams. The soil is sandy in the n. and a clay and loam in the s. Soutli Bangor, (Bangor p. o.,) JVorth Bau§ror, (p. o.,) and "West Bangor, (p. o.,) are small viUages. The first settlement was made in 1806, and the town was rapidly settled along the Central Road and St- ton, by Jas. Fisk. Dnring the year it passed into the hands of J. S. Sargent, and was published as The Mesaengp.r for a few months. Thf. Jcffersrmian was begun in 1853, at Malone, by J. R. Flanders, and was issued about 2 years. 1 Embracing the present towns of Chateaugay, Burke, BoU- mont. and Franklin. Township 7 was patented to Jas. Cald- well ; No. 8, to Col. McGregor ; Nob. 9 and 10, to different parties in later times. — Hovoh^s Hist, of St. Lawrence and Franklin Cos. 2 From 1816 to 1S25 the Indians ceded 10,000 acres of this re- servation to the State. The remainder of the lands are held in common, and are managed by trustees elected annually. 8 Among those who became directly proprietors under this title were John McVickar, Hezekiah B. Pierrepont, (esecutnr of Wm. Constable,) Wm. S. Smith, Abijah Hammond, Kicbard Harrison, Theodosius Fowler, Jonathan Dayton, Robert Gil- christ, and James D. Le Ray. * These townships were named and numbered as follows by tfae original proprietors : — 1. Macomb. 10. Williamsville. 19. Cheltenham. 2. Cormachug. 11. Westerly. 20. Margate. 3. Constable. 12. Ewerettaville. 21. Harrietstown. 4. Moira. 13. Dayton. 22. Loughneagh. 5. Bangor. 14. Ennia. 23. Killamey. 6. Malone, 15. Fowlor. 24. Barrymore. 7. Annastown. 16. Johnsmanor. 25. Mt. Morris. 8. St. Patrick. 17. Gilchrist. 26. Covehill. 9. Shelah. 18. Brighton. 27. Tipperary. ^ An expansion of the St. Lawrence above the Lachine Rapids, in Canada. 6 This lino was surveyed after the treaty of 1795, and intended to be run on the 46th degree of N. latitude; but a new survey in 1818 showed that the Une was run too far N. By the treaty of 1842, the old line was restored, and permanent monuments were placed at the crossing of roails, and navigable streams, and at intervals of one mile through the forests. 7 This distinction is hereditary from mother to son, and the tinnuities of each government are bestowed accordingly, without reference to the locality oo either side of the line. 8 The Black River Conference has supported a mission at Hogansburgh since 1S47. 8 There is good reason to believe that some of the inhabitants were traitors to their country, and supplied the enemy with cattle and provisions and kept them informed in regard to public movements. Extensive frauds were perpetrated upon the National Treasury, soon after the war. in the way of claims for alleged damages and losses in Wilkinson's campaign; but the plot was detected, and some of the guilty ones were lodged in the State prison. A most remarkable scheme to defraud the State and non-resident landholders was devised about islS, and continued until effectually ended by law in 1822. This con- sisted in the voting of excessive bounties for the destruction of wolves and other noxious animals, to be paid by the towns and c^. As the law then existed, the State allowed aa much bounty as the CO.; and the result of the scheme was to throw almost the entire burden of the tax upon non-residents and landholders ; but, to render the home burden endurable, large sums were re- mitted by the claimants toward paying the resilient^ taxes. Tho bounties amounted on grown wolves to $60 per head, and led to shameless frauds, and the issue of great numbers of certifi- cates upon the heads of dogs and other animals, and upon the same head several times over. In one instance a deer's head was passed for that of a wolf. These certificates were bought by CO. officials, and passed the co. audit. A commission was ap- pointed by law to visit the locality and search into the fraud ; and, although no convictious were obtained, a large sum was saved to the State. The commi-ssioners stated that they found these certificates, to some extent, the '• currency of the co." The total number of bounties issued and sums allowed, in 1820-21- 22, were as follows :— Wolves, 929, $51,685; panthers, 25, $1075 : foxes, 587, $1852.50 ; bears, 93, $243 ; besides small sums for minor animals, amounting, in all, to $5.5,521.50, or nearly $12.25 to every man, woman, and child in the co. Those who had been concerned in this affair quickly sunk into merited obscurity, and have since remained objects of public contempt. i« This town embraces township No. 5 of Great Tract No. II. of the Macomb Purchase. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 309 Lawrence Turnpike.' Religious meetings were first held by Alexander Proudfit, in 1808. A Cong, society was formed at N. Bangor at a very early period.^ BElu. Seward, named from Wm. H. Seward, was called by the Indians " On-no-toan^Utli,'' the big eye. 1* Among the first settlers were Isaac Livingston. Tsaiah C. Flanders. Pliny Miller. Wm. Kelly, and N.hemiah White. 15 Name the share of Gilchrist and Fowler, upon apportionment, and was first settled by Appletou Foote, as agent, in 1803." Luther Bradish,''^ Robert Watts, and Peter Kean afterward became the owners respectively of the N., middle, and s. thirds of the town. There are 3 churches in town.'^ WESTVIl.liE" — wag formed from Constable, April 25, 1829. It lies near the center of tlie N. border of tJie co. The surface is nearly level, with a slight inclination toward the n. It is drained by Salmon River, upon which are several falls, afibrding a good supply of water power. The soil is a fertile, clayey loam. Bog iron ore, found on the s. border, has been used to some extent in forges in the town. A sulphur spring, of some local notoriety, lies near the center of the N. border. Westvllle (\V. Constable p.o.) is a small village on Salmon River. This town was held by the Constable family ; and for many years Wm. Bailey, of Chateaugay, and Albon Mann, were agents. In 1822 the unsold portions were sold to Edward Ellice, of London. The first settlements commenced about 1800, by emigrants from Vt.'' There are 4 churches in tovrn.'* 1 Incorp. 1853. 2 The aciidemy building is finely located in the w. part of the Tillage. 8 The machine and repair shops of the E. R., located here, are on a maf^nificent scale, and are fitted up in a superior style. The repairs of the Potsdam and Watertown K. R. rolling stock are also done here. 4 The Malone Water Works Co., incorp. March 23, 186". Capital, J16,OU0. Dilenry H. Titus commenced improvements in this part of the town, by building mills and a scythe factory, in 1831. After several years' suspension, improvements and settlements have been renewed under James H. Titus, of X. Y. * Among the first settlers were Enos, Nathan and John Wood, Nowell Conger, Luther Winslow, Jehial Berry, Noah Moody, Roswell Wilcox, and David and Lyman Sperry. The first child born was Malone, daughter of L. "Wiuslow. The first sawmill W.1S built in 1804, by N. and J. Wood. 7 Tlie proceeds of this sale were applied to the improve- ment of the arsenal green and parade ground; and a further sum of $oOO was appropriated for the same purpose in 1868. 8 The census reports 6 churches; Cong., Prot. E., Union, M. E., Bap., and R. C. In Nov. 1867, Rev. Barnard McCabe, Catholic priest, was accidentally burned to death. Named from the Earl of Moira. Embraces '■ Moira," or No. 4 of Great Tract No. I. The name was applied to the township long before the incoi-poration of the town. 10 Named from Henry N. Brush, an extensive proprietor of lands in this vicinity and resident of the village. u Among the first settlers were Beiy. Seeley, Jonathan Law- rence, Joseph Plumb, and David Bates. Schools were esta- blished in 1807. 12 Mr. Bradish resided here for several years. He represented the CO. in the Assembly in 182,'*--.>9-30-36-37-38, and was a resident here when elected Lieut. Gov. in 1838. 18 Cong., R.C., and Union, (the last belonging to the M-E.and Christian denominations.) 14 Named from the village, so called from its location in the old town of Constable. 16 Among the first settlers were Amos Welch, Haskins, Elisha Sabins, Sainl. Fletcher, John Reed, Ale.v, McMillen, SiLas Cusbman, John Livingston, Jas. and Thus. Wright, and Alric and Albon Mann. The first sawmill was built by Anoi Welch. The first school was taught by Samuel Kussell, 1ft 1800 16 presb., M. E., Univ. and Union. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 313 BRIGDTOJV — was formed from Duane, Nov. — , 1858. It embraces Township 18 and the s. half of Township 15 of Great Townshij) No. 1 of Macomb's Purchase. The settlements are chiefly in the e. part. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in lumbering. There is no village or p. 0. in town. (This town was formed after the remainder of the letter-press of this co. was stereo- typed ; and hence it is inserted in this place.) Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellimjs, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Franklin County. Names of Towns. Bangor BellmoDt Bombay Brandon Burke Chateaugay Constable Dickinson Duane Fort Covington., Franlvlin Harrietstown..., Malone Moira. WestTille Total Acres of Land. 13,931 6,345 13.177} 4,957 9,175 13,840 9.473} 8,651 2,015 14,290 4,170 842i 25,563 11,031A 8,165 144,627i 1 o 1 15,609 S2,70Si 9,SS9 177,890 9,116 12,683 11,005 181,017 89,790 6,759} 97,088 83.613 33,546 16,452J 8,800 834,964} Valuation of 1858. $3.12,1)56 131,913 224.924 144.:,7li 2l"4,(l(i2 346,484 172.028 211,.i04 60.S4S 388.275 128,255 68,207 985,456 297,188 176,676 1 3,952,552 ^9,645 2,875 20.500 2.430 6,400 6.607 4,750 27,405 1,000 259,950 13,500 6,976 $402,301 l."4,788 245.424 147.026 270,06: 346,484 177.586 216.254 60,848 415.680 129,255 68,207 1,245.406 310:6S8 181,562 1,101 463 1,168 361 957 1,344 746 654 171 1,252 603 168 2,698 747 704 4,351,610 12.927 12,660 396 160 376 135 339 466 254 230 44 430 165 58 871 274 247 421 62 377 141 339 440 269 241 44 448 169 66 943 295 _247 4,492" 3,542 167 11,360 GS 942 437 981 339 875 1,M1 636 696 98 1,033 391 96 2,399 685 702 Names op Towns. Bangor Bellraont Bombay Brandon Burke Chateaugay Constable Dickinson Duane Fort Covington. Franklin. Harriets to vra..- Malone Moira Westville Total 6) 658 196 591 123 511 670 S82 314 66 634 114 24 1,084 391 372 III 1.249 428 1,461 312 987 989 620 703 169 1,434 329 92 1,879 1,183 944 1,002 335 1,168 253 666 990 638 652 91 1,422 251 1,842 672 672 6,029 12,759 10,919 23,968 7,635 ^ 2,040 692 2,661 700 1,886 2,194 1,368 1,666 191 2,2,50 1' 139 4,462 1,648 2,096 578 243 702 169 634 756 471 389 85 1,111 218 69 1,342 420 469 Agricultdbal Products. BCBH. OF Grain. fe 863} 124 l,056i 430 1,287 1,293 2,784i 2,473 193 607 2,3914 35 4,695 1,183 2,139 33,4,83} 9,6625 S5,196i 7,281 19.002 22,760 14,018 20,258 7.506J 41,889 11,067J 6,nis 67,822 21,531i 24,931 3,156 1,334 3,612 771 2,9364 3,385 3,4814 1,765 304 4,768 890 285 6,224 2,9114 1,779 21,546} 331,519} 37,6944 484,425 "5 2 63,963 12.631 21,349 33.962 30.221 68,716 28,356 29.950 6,233 18,843 20.669 6.305 94,772 33,681 22,9-i4 la 2,822 165 1,054 66 2,626 2,349 4,048 440 4,042 r,619 635 407 Daibt Pbodulth. 80.438 29,550 258,671 17,883 61,065 60,145 46,885 67.400 7.448 123,065 17.966 6.010 135,932 77,876 64.696 _a,Q 8,685 2,160 10,716 1,750 13.620; 4,752, 4,861] 12,344 2,849 440 .^7,190 22,430| 2,120; I'&i 1,740 1.222 2,482 663 2.2834 2,136 1,404 2.292 92 1,9464 1664 68 2,025 2,604 2.101 ;6,273 1,060,040 143.916. 23.214} FULTON COUNTY. This county was formed from Montgomery, April 18, 1838.' It lies N. of tlie Mohawk, E. of the center of the State. It is centrally distant 45 miles from Albany, and contains 544 sq. mi. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, rising into a mountainous region on the N. border. The highland regiin Romeyn and Clark. It was afterward continued several years by David Holden. The Montfffmierv liepuhlican was commenced at Johnstown in Aug. 1806. by Wm. Child. His brother. Asa Child, soon after became editor. In 1823 T\'m. Holland became owner, and published it 2 years. Peter Mix continued it until 1834. when the office was burned. The paper Wad revived by him; and iu Nov. l.s3U. the office was again burned, and the publication of the paper was discontinued. The Mont-fffimery Intelligencer was commenced in 1806, and dis- continued in 1807. The Montgnmt:ry M'niitorwas commenced at Johnstown in 1808 by Kobbins & Andrews. It soon passed into the hands of Kussell Prentice, who sold it in 1824 to Duncan and Daniel McDonald. In 1S2S they removed it to Fonda, thence to Canajoharie. and finally to Schoharie. TJie Johnstown Herald was removed from Amsterdam in 1S24 by Philip Reynolds. It had been published there as the " Mohawk Heratd." In 1837 it was removed to Fumla and published as the " Fonda Herald." The Montqnmery Freeman was published at Johnstown by Yates & Co. The Northern Jinnner was commenced at Union Mills, Broad- albin, by John Clark. It was removed in a few months to Joiinstown and published as The Northern Banner and Montgomery Deinocrat. In ^^7 its name was changed to Tite Moriitjoiii'Ti/ Eejnil'liom. It was soon afterward sold to Wm. ?. riawley. who chiintri-d its name in 183H to The Fulton County Democrat. In 18 — it passed into the hands of A. T. Norton; and in 1842 it was pur- chased by M'alter N. Clark, its present publisher. The Chrislinn PaHidiumy semi-mo., was jiublishud in 1836 by Jneeph liadijer. It was removed to Albany in 1846 or '47. The Fulton County Republican was commenced at Johnstown in 1838 by Darius Wells. In 1840 Alexander U. Wells became proprietor; and in 1842 he sold it to George Henry, its present pulilisher. The Garland, semimo., was published at Union Mills by Wm. Dark. It was afterward issued a short time at Johns- town. The Literary Journal was published at Kingsboro' in 1843 by S. R. Sweet. The Johnstown American was commenced in Jan. 1856, by N.J. Johnson. In Feb.lS.'iT.it wjis sold to J.D.Houghtaling. In April, IS.nS. its name wiis ehangi-d to The JohuBtovrn ludepeudent, under which title it is now published. The Gloversvllle Standard was v.^ninienced in Sept. 1866, by W. H. Case, and is still published. 2 It has been the iceneral belief that Sir William ended his own life; and theie is not much doubt but that he huuL^ him- self in his garden. His gardener, who found him and took him down, intimated, in his old age, facts wliich confirm this belief; and his will — dated Jan. 27. 1774 — in Mayfield,) March 12, 1793. Northampton was taken off in 1799, and a part of Perth in 1842. It is the central town on the e. border of the co. Its surface Is rolling and mostly susceptible of cultiva- tion. Chuctenunda Creek flows through the s. e. corner. Fondas Creek flows w. through near the center ; Frenchmans Creek through the n. part ; and Mayfield Creek through the N. w. corner. The soil is mostly of the drift formation, inclining to sand. The N. part extends into the great Sacandaga Vlaie, which is annually overflowed, and in which the soil is alluvial. Fondas Busll, (Broadalbin p. o.,) on Fondas Creek, near the w. line, was incorp. April 17, 1815, as 1 TbiB slave wag sold among the confiscatpd property of Sir John. Ilie purchaser, Col. Volkert Veeder, ceuld imt induce him to betray the secrets of his master. He was pubsenueiitly re- covered by Sir .John, and accom piinied him to Cjxnada. Tlte piijiers buried with the money and plate were afterward found to be ruined, l)ut the coin and plate were recovered and takeu to Canada. 2 See page 411. * Of these 477 were British and tories and 130 were Indians. 4 See page 411. 6 Named from Rutger Bleecker, of .\lbany. a patentee. The town Includes portions of Chaae'8, Glen's, Bleecker's, Lansing's, j Kayaderosserns, and Stone's Patents. %a.i Hayfield'8 Fateats. 8 Named Des-kon-ta on Southier's map, pub. in 1779. ' There are 4 large tanneries in town. 8 .4mong the early settlers were .Tames .Morse, Wm. Rood, Ephraim Lindsley, James Landon, Sanmel Shaffer, Wm. Et:lan, Frederick Mills, Good well, and Geo. Hamilton, — nil from New England. The first death was that of Goodwell, about 1 80t>. Wm. Chase, the patentee, built a gristmill on the N. branch of Stony Creek, in 1804-05. 9 Named from a place in Scotland, by James Mclntyre, one if the early settlers. This town comprises parts of Sacondaga, FULTON COUNTY. 317 " Rawsonville." It contains 3 churches, 3 buckskin dressing mills, a saw and grist mill, and 3 mitten factories. Pop. 651. 91111$ Corners, (p. o.,) in the e. part, is a hamlet. Union Mills (p. 0.) contains a sawmill, paper mill, a peg factory, and 10 houses. IVortU Broadal- bln, (p. 0.,) in the N. E. part, contains a church, saw and grist mill, and 10 houses. Tlie first settlement was commenced before the Revolution.' The census reports 5 churches in town.* CAROGA'— was formed from Stratford, Bleecker, and Johnstown, April 11, 1842. It lies on the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is rolling in the s. and broken in the n. by small, sharp mountains. A large hill lies w. of Garoga Creek ; and a swell of land rises about 300 ft. between the principal branches. Numerous clusters of lakes lie in the center and N. part of the town, the principal of which are E. and W. Eish Lakes, Garoga Lake, the Stink Lakes, Bellows, Prairie, Green, and Pine Lakes. Garoga Creek flows s. from Garoga Lake. A small portion of the area only is susceptible of cultivation. Lumbering is the principal businesa. IVewiiirilS Slills (p. V.) contains a church, (Ref. Prot. D.,) a large tannery, and 30 houses. The first settle- ment commenced about 1790.* EPHRATAH — was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) March 27, 1827. A part was re-annexed to that town on the division of the co. in 1838. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is mostly a hilly upland, 400 to 1,500 ft. above the Mohawk. Garoga Creek flows s. w. through the town, in a deep valley, the hills on either side rising about 800 feet above the creek. The soil is sandy, and in the s. e. a clayey loam. Epliratiill, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains a church, gristmill, a large tannery, and 359 inhabitants. Garoga, (p. v.,) in the N. part, contains a saw and grist mill and 12 houses. Rockfvood, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, 2 tanneries, a buckskin dressing mill, and 196 inhabitants. Liassellsvllle, (p. v.,) in the w. part, contains 2 churches and 20 houses. The first settlement commenced under the auspices of Sir Wm. Johnson, in 1765.* The census reports 6 churches in town.' JOHIfSTOWlV' — was formed from " Caughnawaga," (now Broadalbin, Johnstown, and Mayfield,) March 12, 1793. Lake Pleasant was taken off in 1812, Bleecker in 1831, Mohawk in 1837, and a part of Caroga in 1842. A part of Bleecker was re-annexed in 1841. It lies on the s. border of the co., near the center. A series of hills occupy the n. part. A high ridge extends through the E. part ; Garoga Creek, through the N. w. corner ; and a branch of the Cayadutta through the w. part. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. The manufacture of buckskin gloves and mittens w. part. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. The manufacture of buckskin gloves and mittens forms an important item in the business of the town. JoIinstOfTU (p. v.) was incorp. April 1, 1808. It is situated on the Cayadutta, s. E. of the center ; and it contains the co. buildings, 7 churches, the Johnstown Academy,* 3 printing offices, a bank, 2 gristmills, a sawmill, planing mill, and gas works. Pop. 1,661. Gloversville, (p. v.,) on the Cayadutta, 4 mi. n. of Johns- town, is noted for its manufacture of gloves and mittens.' It was incorp. in April, 1853, and contains 3 churches, the Gloversville Union Seminary, a printing office, a bank, a paper box fac- tory, machine shop, and gristmill. Pop. 1,965. Klng'sborougli, (p. v.,) in the e. part, con- tains a church, an academy, 10 mitten factories, and 300 inhabitants. ISammonsvIUe, (p. v.,) in the s. w., contains a paper mill, gristmill, and 15 houses. fFest Busll, (p. o.,) in the n. pari, Kecks Center, (p. o.,) in the w. part, and McEivens Corners are hamlets. The first I Henry Stoner, Joseph Scott, BenJ. Deline, Philip Ilelmer, Andrew liowman, Herman Salisbury, John Putnam, Joseph Desilver, Jnhn Iloman, P^liaa Cady, settled near Fondas Bush before the Revolution. — Simm^s Trappa-sof N.T., p. 21. James Mclntyro, Alexander Murray, Alexander Oliver, Daniel Mcln- tyre, and Nathan Brockway, from Scotland, Peter Demarost and Derrick Banta, from N. J., Abram Manchester, Keuben Burr, and Enoch Cromwell, from New Eng., settled soon aft^r the Revolution. Rev. Ronlcyn held the first religious services, after the war, in 1790-92. s Presb.. M. E., Bap., Christian, and Union. ' Named from the principal stream. Custom hag applied the name "Garoga" to the latter, and "Caroga"' to the town. * David, Robert, and Solomon JetFers settled in 1798 ; Samuel Oafie, Keuben Brookins, Wm. Jefferson, Abram Carley. Anthony Stewart, Nathan Lovelace, Isiiac Peckham, Etyah Gardner, Ira Beach, John Mead, Jas. McLellan, Titus Foster, Lemuel Lewis, and Daniel Goff, were also early settlers. The first marriage wafl that of Francis Vaudercook and Lucy Jeffers, in 1800. The tirst death was that of Mrs. Amy Mead, in 1804. 6 Frederick Getman, Jacob Empie, and Jacob Schell settled Bear the viU.ige. Nicholas Rector, Jacob Fry. Henry Herring, Philip Kreitzer, Wm. Cuol, Deutzler, Joliannos Winkle, Wm. Smith, Henry Hart, Zachariah Tripp, .John Cassleman, Peter Schutt, and .Jacob Eplie, from Germany, came in from Schoharie, mostly before the Revolution. The first German school was taught by Moot, and the first English school by McLean. A gristmill was built by Sir Wm. Johnson soon after the first settlement. It was afterward burned by the tories. Johannes Winkle built the first mill after the ReToli»> tion. » 2 M. E., 2 Union, Bap., and Ref. Prot. D. 7 Named from Sir William Johnson. The town embraces th# Kingaborouf^h Patent, granted June 23, 1753, a part of Stone Arabia, Butler's, and the Sacondaga Patents. 8 This academy was built in 179S-99, by Wm. Van Tort. Sir Wm. Johnson set apart aportionof theKingsborough Patent fbi the benefit of a free school. This reservation was respected by the courts of forfeiture, and trustees were appointed to take charge of the trust. The proceeds were appropriated to the use of this academy. ^ There are in this town oTer lOO estalilishraents for the mann. . facture of gloves and mittens, and 10 mills for dressing the skins. This business was first commenced by Kzeklel Case, in 1803, and has grown fiom a small beginning, until now it ia said that over $500,000 capital is invested in it. 318 FULTON COUNTY. Bettlement was commenced under the auspices of Sir Wm. Johnson, in 1760. He removed to " John- eon Ilall," about J of a ml. n. w. of Johnson Village, in 1761 or *62. There were then about a dozen houses in the village, and 100 tenants on farms adjacent. The lands were leased by him with thb evident intention of establishing a baronial estate for his family.* The census reports 11 churches in t^>wn.^ IWA\'FIELiD^ — was formed from " CaugJinatva r/a" (now Bmadalbin, Johnstown, and May- field.) March 12, 1793. AVells was taken off in 1805, and another portion of Mayfield was annexed to that town in 1812. A part was annexed to Perth in 1842. It lies on the n. border of the co., e. of the center, and extends nearly to the s. line. Its surface in the n. part is broken by mountains rising 1,500 to 2,000 ft. above tide. These elevations are of primary formation, with rounded summits, the higher peaks having steep declivities. The central and s. parts are rolling and generally susceptible of cultivation. Stony Creek flows through the n. w. corner ; Mayfield Creek through near the center; Fondas Creek* through the s. e. part; and Cranberry Creek in the e. part. The soil is sandy and gravelly, in some places strewn with boulders. The valleys are alluvial, with some clayey loam. IMaylield (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, and 600 inhabitants. Tails Mills, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains a sawmill, a gristmill, a tannery, and 20 houses. Jackson Summit is a p. o. The first settlement was commenced about 1760 or '61, under Sir Wm. Johnson, on the old road from Tribes Hill to the Sacondaga, and was then called '^Philadelphia Bush."^ There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Presb. l¥ORTDAMPTO]V^— was formed from Broadalbin, Feb. 1, 1799. It is the n. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly in the n., the hills rising about 1,000 ft. above the valley. In the s. part the Sacondaga^ Vlaie occupies several thousand acres, which cannot easily be drained. Sacondaga River flows s. e. through the center of the town, in a valley } to 1^ mi. wide. Mayfield Creek flows e. near the s. border. The soil in the valley is a rich alluvium, and on the upland a sandy loam. In places it is stony and rocky. Shell marl abounds in the bed of the Vlaie. Moi'llivllle, (p. V.,) in the n. part, contains 3 churches, 4 mitten factories, and 450 inhabitants. IVorf liauip- ton,^ (p-'^-O in the s. E. corner, contains 2 churches, a large tannery, and 210 inhabitants; and Osborns Bridge (p. o.) a church and 10 houses. Cranberry Creek is a p. o. The first settlement commenced under Sir Wm. Johnson, about 1770.^ The census reports 5 churches in town,^** A part of Wells (Hamilton co.) was taken off in 1805. OPPEIVIIEI5I— was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) March 18, 1808. St. Johns- ville (Montgomery co.) was taken off in 1838. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, inclining gradually to the s. w. In the n. e. part the hills rise 1,200 to 1,500 ft. above the Mohawk. East Canada Creek flows s. along the w. border. Fish Creek flows through the n. w. corner. Little Sprite, Crum, Zimmermans, and Fox Creeks all flow s, w. The soil in the s. w. is clay, in the s. e, a clayey loam, and in the center and n. a light, sandy and gravelly loam. Boulders are scattered over the surface in profusion ; and primary rock appears in the n. Limestone has been extensively quarried in the s. w. part, for the Erie Canal and for private use. Oppenlieim, (p. v.,) near the center, contains a church, a sawmill, and 59 inhabitants. ISrocketIs Bridge, (p. o.,) in the w. part, on the line of Herkimer co., Lotville, (p. o..) in the I Among the tenants were Dr. Wm. AdamB ; Gilbert Tice. inn- keeper; Peter Young, miller; William Phillips, wagon njaker; Jas. Davis, hatter; Peter Yost, tanner; Adrian Van Sickle. Maj. John Little, and Zephaniah Bachelor. The first school was taught by Kahvorth, and the second byG.B.Throop. The tenants were imbued with the political sentiments of the John- eon family, and shared its fortunes. The estates were confiscated during the Revolution; and many from New England settled tliere after the war. " The first clergyman, according to the records, was Rev. Moseley, in 1770. The churches are 2 M. E., 2 Presb., Bap., Cong., Evan. Luth., Asso. Presb., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., and R. C. 8 Named firom the Mayfield Patent, granted June 27. 1770. The town comprises parts of this and Bleecker. Kingsborough. Sacon- daga, KayaderoBseras,Glen,Danl Claus"s,and Norman McLeod's Patents. * Called by the Indians Ken-ne-at-too. 6 Nathaniel Conners, Michael Croman, two families of Wal- ters. Peter Whitman. Schutt. Circaman, Michael Ilaynes, George Cough, Simon Christie, and John Anderson, settled before the Kevulution. William and Robert Jackson, Tiavid Knapp, Alvin McDougal. Peter and John McKinley, Pnncan Anderson. Isaac Bemas. Capt.iin and Major A'an Beuren, Douw and Jeilia Ponda, im New England. The first birth was that of Godfrey Shew, about 2 years before the Revolution; the first marriage was that of Alexander St. John and >rartha Scribner, about 17yS ; and the first recorded death, that of Gideon Olmsted. 10 2 Presb., 2 M. E., and Bap. FULTON COUXTY. 319 N., and Cruua Creek, (p. o.,) in the s. part, are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced by Germans, before the Revolution.' Rev. Jacob Frisband held the first religious services, about 1800.' PERTH' — was formed from Amsterdam, (Montgomery co.,) April 18, 1838. Parts of May- field and Broadalbin were annexed Feb. 17, 1S42. It is the s. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is gently rolling. Chuctenunda Creek flows tlirough the extreme E. part of the town. The soil ia mostly a clay loam. Limestone crops out in several places ; but the prevailing rock is slate. West Galway , (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, on the line of Saratoga co., contains a church and 20 houses. Pertll, (p. o.,) in the N. part, contains a church and 8 houses. West Perth (p. 0.) is a hamlet. The first settlement commenced on the road from Tribes Hill to Sacondaga, about 17G0.* The census reports 2 churches in town ; Presb. and Asso. Ref. Presb. STRATFORD 5— was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) April 10, 1805. A part of Caroga was taken oif in 1842. It ia the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a high, rolling, and hilly upland, 800 to 1,200 ft. above the Mohawk, and in the extreme n. 1,800 to 2,000 ft. above tide, with a general inclination to the s. w. East Canada Creek flows through the N. w. corner and forms a part of the w. boundary. North, Ayers, and Fish Creeks are the principal streams. In the N. part are several small lakes, the principal of which are Dexter, Spectacle, North Pleasant, and Ayers Lakes. The soil in the s. w. and in the valley of East Canada Creek is a clayey loam ; and in other parts it is light, sandy, and gravelly. IVictaOlSVille, (Stratford p. o.,) on the w. border, partly in Herkimer co., at the junction of Ayers and East Canada Creeks, contains 2 churches, 4 sawmills, a gristmill and tannery, and 32 houses. Wllitesburgh (p. o.) is a hamlet, in the s. w. corner. The first settlement was commenced by Samuel Bennett, in 1800.* Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Fulton County. Names of Towns. Bleecker. ;.. Broadalbin Caroga Ephratah JobnstowQ Mayfletd Northampton.. Oppenbeim Perth eitratford Total.. Acres of Land. 2,638) 17,413 2,306 12,389i 29.690 IS.IOOJ 12,932J 20.289J 12.5UOJ 6,250i 36,138 6,972 12,343 8,896 10.75U 16,646i 6,30S 11.700 3.993 35.363 Valuation of 1858. 133.416} 147.070) $71,292 339,765 67,556 300,098 1,584,374 365,694 162,983 438,199 286,836 127,827 3,744.524 $1,746 44,845 6,874 27,940 440,092 26.976 14,876 14.525 32,517 4,610 613,698 479 1,248 378 1,117 3,829 1,170 983 1,250 669 650 11„673 11,711 173 606 126 376 1,2S7 471 4U6 436 206 194 182 659 142 393 1,500 603 406 450 214 211 160 397 83 288 748 358 286 369 169 148 4,179 4,560 2,996 111 9,761 401 248 1,130 3,210 1,086 763 1.109 449 393 Names of Towns. Bleecker Broadalbin Caroga Bphratah Johnstown Mayfield Northampton .. Oppenheim Perth Stratford Total.. Live Stock. Agricdltural Proddcts, II 1 1 177 98 1 BnSH, OP G»A1H. 1 > 1 Da[by Peoducts. 1 .1 II Is 95 136 113 265 2,326i 490 5,968 1,110 12,670 641 1,335 1,121 2.487 1,220 952 73,389 4,003J 29,938 11,612 99,405 10,016 116 139 177 149 186 60 4,871 506 4,487 490 13,325 87 606 956 1,011 1,374 1,135 7,619 63,804 3.086 16,998 4,400 83,525 62.900 1,231 1,936 2,2.50 4,703 3,356 10,363t 183,495 7.713 38,673 27,844 242,117 10,114 1,339 1,370 1,287 2,601 1,232 3,768i 80,963 4,131i 24,016 18,136 102.631 27,306 357 972 509 1,7 M 507 268 30,196 2,826 17,193 6.441 53,198 6,045 731 1,452 2,345 1,501 1,373 694 67,899 7,116i 22,199 15,435 127,741 433,971 491 976 892 1,965 1,119 2,026 100,324 2,607 16,601 11,902 80,676 9,816 170 383 499 327 273 42 26,028 16,248i l,366i 7,891 2,872 25,210 28,826 6,829 9,654 10,268 16,969 10,514 618,5141 33,903 182,964 100,142 840,397 679,079 ■=5.5 164 9S0 221 487 1.463 197 825 2.1651 474 600i 7,4V' 1 Rudolph Tonker was the first settler; John Shaver, Jacob Youron, Moseg .lohnaon. Daniel Dickman, \Vm. Alterburffh, Henry Burkdorf, Frederick Bellenger. and Simeon SchuyU^r settled in the 8. part; Benjamin Berry, Peter CUve. Jacob Ladne, James Johnson, Wm. Bean, Richard Hewett. and Daniel Guile, from New Kngland, settled in the central part in 1797. William Alterhurgh kept the first inn; Andrew Zabriskie the first store; and Jnhn BtMrdsley built the firnt mill. Mr. B. was the pioneer miUwrit^ht in Central New York, aud took anactive part in the first improvements of this class. 2 Thereare4chnrcbe8 in town; 2Univ., M.E..andRef. Prot. D. • Named from Perth, in Scotland, by Archibald McFarlane. This town contains parts of the Kayaderoaseras and Sacondaga Patents. * Charlea Mereness, Richard Bowen. Marcaa Reese, —^ Davis, Michael SwobSj and Francia Frey settled before 1770. Lawrence E. Van Allen, Henry Tan Valkenhurgh, Ira Benedict, C'^nrad and Francis Witine, Derby Newmnn. James and Wm, Robb, anfl Peter Vosburgh, settled §oou after the Resolution. 6 Thia town comprises parts of Glen. Bleecker & Co.'a Patent, one tier of lota of Lott & Low's Patent, and a part of the .lersey- fleld Patent, granti-d to Henry Glen and othera, April 12. 1770. * John Wells, Amos Kinney, Kli Winchell. Natban Gurney, Eleazi'r, Levi, and Samuel Bliss, Abiul Kibbe, and Daniel Shottekirk settled on the Johnstown road, and Stephen and John Wilcox. Amasa Chnppell. and Abiathar Mnslmr in other parts of t!ie town. The fiiHt birth was that of Landing Wells, in 1800; the first marriage, that of Snmuel KUis and I'dllyGuniey; andthefirattleath, that of Jesse Wilrinn.kill'-d by th'- fall of a tree, Dec. 25, 1802 or U3. .S. Bennett kept tlie fir.-^t inn ;'SandiTs I^nsing, sonof oneof thepati'iiiers. builttlietir.it gristmill, on Fish CrceJ^ in ISIO; and Daniel Cruss built the first tannery, in ISI«L GENESEE COUNTY. This county was formed from Ontario, March 30, 1802. It origin- ally comprised all that part of the State lying w. of Genesee River, and a line extending due s. from the point of junction of the Gene- see and Canaseraga Creek to the s. line of the State. Allegany ■was taken oflF in 1806, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, and Niagara in 1S08, parts of Livingston and Monroe in 1821, Orleans in 1824, and Wyoming in 1841. A part of Covington was annexed to Livingston co. in 1823, and Shelby was added to Orleans in 1825. It is one of the western cos. in the State, separated by Orleans from Lake Ontario and by Erie from Niagara River. It is centrally dis- tant 229 mi. from Albany, and contains 507 sq. mi. The surface is mostly level or gently undulating. The s. border is occupied by ranges of hills which extend n. from Wyoming co. and attain an elevation of 200 to 300 feet above the valleys and about 1000 feet above tide. A limestone terrace, bordered in many places by nearly perpendicular ledges, extends E. and w. through the co., N. of the center. At each extre- mity in the co. this terrace ranges in height from 50 to 100 feet, but it declines toward the center to a height of 20 to 40 feet. Tonawanda Creek' enters Alexander from the s., and flows in a n.e. direction to the village of Batavia, thence turns and flows in a general N. w. direction to the w. border of the co. Its course is very tortuous, and its current generally sluggish.'' Its principal tributaries are Little Tonawanda and Bowens Creeks. Oak Orchard Creek takes its rise near the center of the co. and pursues a winding course to the n. e. corner of Elba, thence turns w. and flows through the great Tonawanda Swamp, which occupies the N. part of Elba, Oakfield, and Alabama. Black Creek' flows n. through near the center of Bethany, Stafford, and Byron, thence easterly through Bergen into Monroe co. Its tributaries are Bigelow and Spring Creeks. Oatka Creek flows across the s. E. corner of the co., and Murder' and Eleven Mile* Creeks across the s. w. corner. Tonawanda, Black, and Oatka Creeks form a series of fine cascades in their passage down tlie limestone terrace near the center of the co. The lowest rocks in the co. belong to the Onondaga salt group, extending along the N. border. Gypsum is quarried in Le Roy, Stafford, and Byroo. This is succeeded by the hydraulic, Onondaga, and corniferous limestones, which form the lime- stone terrace extending through the co. Lime and building stone are extensively obtained from the outcrop of these rocks. Succeeding the limestone in order are the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, occupying the whole s. part of the co. The surface generally is covered thick with drift deposits, and the underlying rocks only appear in the ravines of the streams. Nearly all the swamps contain thick deposits of muck and marl, furnishing in abundance the elements of future fertility to the soil. Many of the springs and streams are constantly depositing lime in the form of marl. Along the N. border are numerous wells yielding water strongly impregnated with sulphuric acid, and known as " Sour Springs." The soil is generally a very deep and fertile sandy or gravelly loam intermixed with clay and mostly underlaid by clay or limestone. This co. embraces a portion of the " Genesee Country," which from the first settlement has been famed for its fertility. The people are almost exclusively engaged in agriculture. For many years wheat formed the staple product ; but of late the ravages of the midge have led to the more general raising of the coarser grains, and have turned the attention of farmers to the cultivation of fruit, wool growing, cattle raising, and dairying. The CO. seat is located at the village of Batavia.' The courthouse is a fine stone edifice, 3 stories high, containing the co. clerk's office and the other co. offices.' The jail is a new brick building, a few rods w. of the courthouse.' The poorhouse is situated on a farm of 133 acres in Bethany, near 1 SigDifylng "swift mnning water," from the rapid current for 10 ml. below Eatjivia. 2 Betweftn Attica (Wyoming CO.) and Batavia this stream flows between two parallel roads about 1 mi. apart. The distance hy the hit^hway is 11 mi., and by the stream 43 mi. 8 Indian name " Checkanango." * So named because the body of a man supposed to have been murdered was found in it by .Joseph Peters. Esq., of Darien. 6 S<^ named from crossing the old Buffalo Koad 11 mi. from Bufl'alo. « By the act of organization, the Holland Land Co. were re- quired to donate 1 acre of land for co. purposes and erect the necessary co. buildings. .Toseph Ellicott, agent of the company, complied with the requirement of the law, and erected the buildings in 1802. The first officers of the co. were Joseph Elli- cott, First Jiufgfi ; Daniel D. Brown, District Attomfv ; James W. Stevens, O. Clrrk; Eichard M. Stoddard, Sheriff; Jeremiah R. Munson, Surrnfiate, ' The new courthouse was erected in 1841-42, at a cost of $17,000. « The new jail was erected in 1851. The average number of inmates ia 5. GENESEE COUNTY. 321 the s. line, and 9 mi. s. e. of Batavia. The average number of inmates is 90, supported at a weekly cost of $ .72 each, in addition to the income of the farm, which is about $1300. A school is main- tained 7 months in the year, and at suitable age the children are bound out. The general manage- ment is creditable to the co., and is far better than that of a large majority of similar establishments in the State.^ The N. Y. Central R. R. extends in a s. w. direction through Bergen, Byron, Stafford, Batavia, Pembroke, and the n. w. corner of Darien. A branch of this road extends s. from Batavia through Alexander to Attica. The Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Branch extends w. through Le Roy, Stafford, Batavia, and Pembroke, crossing the main line at Batavia. The Buffalo, New York & E. R. R. extends through Le Roy, Stafford, Batavia, and Alexander.'^ Several plank roads have been built in tlie co. ; but most of them have been abandoned. An important canal feeder extends from Tonawanda Creek through the n. w. corner of Alabama. There are 5 newspapers published in the co.* This CO. embraced within its original limits all that portion of the State included in the purchase of Robert Morris, Phelps and Gorham, the original purchasers of the whole of Western N. Y., failed to meet the obligations to the State of Mass., and a large share of their tract reverted, and was purchased by Samuel Ogden for Robert Morris, May 12, 1791.* Morris sold the w. portion of the tract, constituting about seven-eighths of the whole, to the Holland Land Company, July 20, 1793,^ reserving to himself a strip of an average width of 12 mi., lying between the Phelps and Gorham and the Holland Purchases, and known as the Morris Reserve.® The Holland Land Com- pany, an association of capitalists in Holland, made this purchase through agents who were citizens 1 The poorhnnse is a brick edifice, with a stone wing for the accommodation of the insane. 2 A few years since, a route for a R, R. tras surveyed from Batavia to the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek, on Lake Ontario. * The Genesee InUUigimcer was commenced in the spring of 1807, at Batavia, by Eliaa Williams, and was the first paperpublishedw. of Genesee Kiver. It was suspended in Oct. of the eame year. In the spring of 1808 Benj. Blodgett and Samuel Peck commenced The Chmu&ypia, and continued it until 1811. The Republican Advocate waa commenced in 1811, by Benj. Blodgett and David C. Miller. It soon passed into the hands of Mr. Miller, and was published by him until 1828. It was then successively in the hands of Charles Sentell, Chas. W. Miller, Edwin Uoueh. Andrew W. Young;, Lewis &. Brown, C. C. Allen, Waite & Cooley, and Dauiel D. Waite. In 1864 it was merged in tlio Genesee Co. M'hig, and was issued by Kimberly & Good- rich as the RepiMican Advocate and Gtnesee Go. Whig. In 1855 Mr. Good- rich withdrew, and the name was changed to The Republican Advocate, and was continued by J. H. Kimberly until 1857, when the office passed to D. D. Waite, one of its former proprietors, by whom the pa- pep is still published. The Daily Advocate was commenced in May, 1859, by I>. I>. Waiie. The Spirit of the Tim^s was commenced at Batavia, Feb. 3, 1819, by Oran Follett. In May, 1825, it was sold to his bro- ther, Frederick Follett, who continued the publication until Aug. 1836. It was successively published by Kelson D. Wood, Fred. Follett, Lucas Seaver, Wm. Peaver & Son, and Charles Hurley, until 1856. The Peojtle's Press was commenced at Batavia in 1825, by an association, Benj. Blodgett. editor. It was afterward issued by Slartin, Adams & Thorp, Adams & Thorp, and Adams & McCleary, and was subsequently merged in the Spirit of the Times, and for some years was pub- lished as The Spirit of the Times and The Peoplfi\f Press. The Morgan Investigate- was published at the office of the Kepublican Advocate dirring the Morgan excitement in 1827, and continued about a year. The Masonic Intdligencjtr, institiated by the same excitement, was published for about the same period from the office of the People's Press. The Ihrmers and Mechanics Journal waa commenced at Alex- ander, Nov. 4. 1837, by Peter Lawrence. In June, 1840, it was moved to Batavia and issued as Pie Batavia Time^ and Farmers and Mechanics Journal, by Frederick Follett and Peter Lawrence. Soon after, Fred. Follett became the sole proprietor, and published it until Sept. 1843, when it was sold to Lucas Seaver and was merged in the Spirit of the Times. The Temperance Herald, mo., was issued from the office of the Spirit of the Times, by Lucaa Seaver, for one year from March. 1842. The Ij* Roy Gazette was commenced in 1828, by J. 0. Balch. It waa successively issued by Starr & Hotchkln. Henry D. Ward, Richard Hollister, Kufus Robertson, F. 21 Goodrich, Seth M. Gates, Martin 0. Coe, and Cjtos Thompson, until 1S40, when it passed into the hands of C. B. Thompson, its pn'sent publisher. The Genesee Pepuhlican and Heraid. of Jtcform was commenced at Le Roy in 1829, and was published for 1 or 2 years by Freeman & Son, — Orestes A. Brownson, editor. The Genesee Courier was commenced at Le Koy in the spring of 1844, by Fdw. Bligs, and was published about a year. Mr. B. resuscitated it in 1853, and published it a short time. The Gencgee Herald was commenced at Le Roy in 1854. by Wm. C. Grummoiid. In Jan. 1857, it was removed to Batavia. where it is now published by A. J. McWain. The Genesee Dally Herald was issued from the same office in 185S. and is still published. The Xe Roy Democrat was commenced in Dec. 1852, by Henry Tudd. In Nov. 18.53, it was removed to Biitavia and its name changed to Tlie Batavia Dniocrat. In Dec. 1850. it passed iutu the hands of John Bi-rcen, by whom it was changed to The Genesee Weelcly Democrat, still published. The Genesee (b. Whig was commenced at Batavia in 1852, by Kimberly & Tyrcll. and was published by thorn until 1854. when it was merged in the Kepublican Advocate. The Le Roy Advertiser was commenced April 1, ls57. by Thos. B. Tufts. It was discontiouf-d in July. 1^5'^. * The E. line of the Morris Purchase commented upon tb« Penn. line, 44 78-100 mi. w. of the pre-emption line, and ran doe N. to an elm tree at the forks of the Genesee River and Cana- Bcrega Creek, thence northeily along that river to a point 2 mi. N.of theCannawagus Village, thence due w. 12 mi., thence n. 24« E. to Lake Ontario. 6 The line forming the division between the Holland Purchaew and tlie Morris Reserve commenced upon the Penn. tine, 12 mi. w. of the w. line of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, and from thence ran due n. to near the center of Stafford, Genesee co., thence due w. 2,07875 mi., and thence due N. to Lake (Ontario. This line is known as the Transit Line, from its beine rnn by a transit instrument, then first usfd in surveys. The offset was made in this line to prevent the Holland lands from nverlapjting the Conn. Tract. The names of the members of the Holland company were Wilhelm Willink. Jan Willink, Nicholas Van Stophorst, Jacob Van Stophorst, Nicholas Hubbard, I'ieter Van Eeghen, Christian Van Eeghen, Ii^aac Ten Cate. Hemlrick Vol- lenhoven, Christina Coster, (^vidow,) Jan Stadnitski, and Rutg?r J. Schimmeipennick. • This Reserve was sold out in several large tracts to different purchasers. A tract containing 87,000 acres, lying immediately w. of Phelps and Gorham's '' Mill Tard," was sold to Le Roy, Bayard and McEvers, and is known as the Triangular Tract. The Connecticut Tract lies immediately w. of the Triangle, and contains 100,000 acres. It was piircbased by the State of Conu- and Sir Wm. Pultney and was divided between them. Tho Crngie Tract, containing 60,000 acres, joins the Conn. Tract on the 8., and immediately E. is the 40,000 Acre Tract. Suuth of these are successively the Ogden Tract, of 50.000 acres, the Cot- tinger Tract, of 60,000 acres, the Sterritt Tract, of 150.WII seres, and the Church Tract, of 100,000 acres. A small tra Tn 1828. a law was passed authorizing the Governor to ap- [ conspicuous anionK whom were Wilcox and ilurlbnrt. At .Staf- point a commissinner to malte a full investigation of tiio Morgan ford he was taken into a masonic lodge rouni, whore efforts affair. Daniel Moseley, of Onondaga co., was appointed to this were made to frighten him, and he was threatened with the otlic*'; but upon receiving the appointment of Circuit Judge, in fate of Morgan. When taken out of the lodge room, a l.-irge 18*29, he renigfuHl, and was succeeded liy John C. Spencer, who number of tjia friends had collected, and he Wi»a there first por- made a report to the Legislature in 1830, containing all thy in- niitted to see counsel, and to know the nature of the Bui>. formation upon the subject then known. against him, which was a civil action for debt. Bail waa rt*- Tlie personal characters of the two men who were made the fused, and repeated demands to be taken immediately before victims of these outrages would have ruined their schemes had the ma'^^istrate were unheeded. From Staiford to Le Roy ho they been made puljliuly known. Morgan was a bricklayer and was closely guarded by a large number of armed men and stonemason of damaged reputation, and Miller a refugee debtor attended by an equally large number of his friends. Upon his from N.H., and finally left batavia under circumstances ex- tremely inconsistent with honor. For details, see Hammontfs I^ilical Hijit. A'.F., cfiap. xxxnii: .^s.Tcm^/y Jour.. 1828, j?. 961; do. 182'.l, p. 409, and Appendix F: A^Sf.-n. Doa. 1R.30, Ni>. 07- 186; Anti-Miix<>nic Almanacs, 1828-32, 3rown's Narrative of Anti-Masonic Ex/ritt^ment, <&. * In Sept. l>^27, Jesse French, Roswel! Wilcox, and ,Tames Hurlburt were tried and convicled for assjiiilt and battery upon Ilavid C. Miller, and for CilBe imftrisonnient and riot. In the evidence before the court it appeal ed that, on the 12th of Sept. 182''. French, then holding the office of constable, came into the printing office of Miller, and arrested him upon a writ issuetl by .Justice nartow, of liC Roy. Miller was taken into a carriage and driven olf, attended by a large party armed with clubs. arrival at Le Roy he resolutely insisted upon going before the magistrate, and, assisted by bis crowd of friends, he was enabled ^t do so, taking the unwilling constable along with him. After a short delay bo was discharged. On his way back to Bnta- via, under escort of a number of his friends, who had fr'nowe4 him to Le Hoy, efforts wery made to re-airist him, which his friends prevented. It is said that a p Seo page 323. « Among the early settlers were Jedediah Crosby, David Pot- ter, Wm. White, Jas. Landen, and David Franklin, (from Conn.,) who came in 1805-06; and SImou Pieraon, (also from Conn.,) in 1808. The first child bom was Luthei Crosby, in 1806; the first inn was kept at Bergen Corners by Samuel liutler, in 1810; the first store by Levi Ward, in 1808. Jared Merrill erected the first sawmill, in theN. w. part of the town, in 1811; and Titus Wilcox (from Conn.) taught the first school, in the winter of 1807-08, at Bergen Corners. ^ The census reports 5 churches; 2 Cong., and 1 each Presb., M. E., and R. C. 8 In the same year Capt. Geo. Lalhrop, from C^^nn., settled on lot 40, in the N. part of the town, and Orsemus Kellot^g. from Sheffield, Mass., in the E. part. Lyman D. Prindli-, fn>m Honsick, settled at East Bethany in 1805; Joseph Adgate, from Ulster CO., and Mather Peck, from Lyme. Conn., near Kast Bethany in 180fi. The first birth was that of a child of Orsenius Kellopg. in 1803; and the first dejith, that of Solomon U-tthrop. in 1S06. Matilda Wedge, from New England, taught the first echool. in 1808. Sylvester Lincoln kept the first inn; Elisha Hurlburt, from Vt., the first store, in 1808; and Judge Wilson built the first gristmill, in 1811. 2 Pre«b . and 1 each M. E.. Bflp., and F. W. Bap. 10 The acid spring issues from a hillock abont 230 feet long ana 100 broad, elex'ated 4 or 5 feet above the plain. The strength of the acid is increased by drouth, and in some places it is i)iiite concentrated and nearly dry in its combination with the charred vegetable coat which everywhere covers the hillock to a depth of from 5 to 40 inches. — Beck's Mineralogy N. i', p. 149. n Locally known a« " BrvasfhiUf" U Named from the fact that an early tavern sign at that plac» was pointed yellow and resembled a pumpkin. 326 GENESEE COUNTY. in 1807.^ The first religious services were held by Rev. Royal Phelps, (Presb.,) from Cayuga co., in 1809. The first church (Bap.) was formed in lylO, by Elder Benjamin M. Parks.^ DARIEIV — was formed from Pembroke, Feb. 10, 1832. It is the s.w. corner town of the co. The surface is hilly in the s. and rolling in the n. The streams are the Eleven Mile, Crooked, and Murder Creeks. The soil in the n. is a sandy and gravelly loam, and in the s. a clayey loam under- laid by limestone, Darien Center, {p. v.,) formerly ^* Kings Coimers," contains a church, seminary,^ and 20 dwellings. Darien City, (Danen p.o.,) in the e. part of the town, contains a church and 50 dwellings. The first settlement was made near Darien City, by Orange Carter, from Vt., in 1803.* The census reports 4 churches in town.^ ELBA— was formed from Batavia, March 14, 1820. Oakfield was taken off in 1842. It is the central town on the n. border of the co. The surface is level or undulating. Oak Orchard Creek flows N.E. through the center of the town to the n.e. corner, and thence turns w. and flows through the N. part into Oakfield. The Tonawanda swamp extends along its course in the n. part of the town. The soil is a fertile, sandy, graveUy and clayey loam. Pine Ilill (Elba p. v.) lies near the center of the town. Pop. 400. Transit,' on the line of Byron, is a hamlet. Eau^ons Cor- ners, IflilLs Corners, (East Elba p. o.,) and DaiTS Corners are farming neighborhoods. The first settlement was made at Daws Corners in 1801, by Samuel and Amos Ranger, from Vt.' The first religious meetings were held by Rev. Mr, Mitchell, (M.E.,) in 1807. The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder John Miner, in 1821.^ IjE ROY^ — was formed from Caledonia (Livingston co.) as ^' Bellona,^' June 8, 1812. Its name was changed April 6, 1813. A part of Stafford was taken off in 1820, and a part of Pavilion in 1842. It is the central town on the e. border of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. A limestone ridge, 40 to 100 feet high, extends through the n. part of the town. Oatka Creek, the principal stream, flows from the s.w. corner of the town n.e. to a point a little n. of the center, thence turns and pursues a s. E. course to the e. border. Buttermilk Falls, 90 feet high, marks its descent over the limestone terrace.**' The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Gypsum and Onondaga limestone, for building purposes, are obtained in this town. In the e, part, s. of Oatka Creek, is an extensive tract of oak openings, covered thickly with stone and hard of cultivation. Ije Roy (p.v.) was incorp. May 5, 1834. It is finely located on Oatka Creek, and contains a bank, i newspaper ofiice, a female seminary," 6 churches, and several manufacturing establish- 1 Among the other first settlers were Hoskins, in 1808; Elisha Taylor, from Otsego co., (on lot 186;) Theater T. Hol- bruok, from Cayuga co. ; Wheaton Carpenter, from R. T.; and Elieha Miller, from Penn., on lot 2. in 18f)9; Nathan Holt, from OtseKO CO., in 1810; and Asa Merrills, from Oneida co., in 1811. The firt^t child born was a son of Elisha Taylor, in 1809; the first marriage, that of Saml. Montgomery and Polly Parks, in 1811 ; and the fii-et death, that of a son of Mr. Hoskins. Thester T. Holhrook tanght the first school, in 1810-11; Ira Newbury kept the first inn, in 1815 ; Amos Hewett, the first store, in 1813; Win. Shepard erected the first sawmill, in 1813; and Asa Wil- liams the first gristmill, in 1S14. 2 The census reports 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., and 1 each Presh and F. W. Bap. 3 The Darien Seminary was established in 1850, by Robert Blennerhassett. * Isa«c Chaddock, from Vt., settled near Darien City in 1804. The first child born was Harriet Carter, in 1806. Stephen Parker kept the first inn, in 1808. at Darien City ; and Stephen King the first store, in 1S15, at Dnrien Center. The first saw- mill was erected by Amos Humphrey, in 1809, on Eleven Mile Cioek. 6 Cong.. Bap., F. W. Bap., and M. E. 6 Named from its location on the E. transit meridian of the Holland Liind Company's survey. ' Sam'l Clark, from Mass., and his son Sam'l, settled in 1802. and Samuel Hall, from Seneiu co.. and John Young, came soon after. The first birth was that of Betsey White, in 1802; the tirst death, that ol David Kiugi^k'y, in 1804. Mason Turner tiiighi tlie tirst school, near the center, in ISII; Stephen Har- m'>ii kept the first inn, in 1815; and Sam'l Lane the first store, in l^l'.i, at Pine Hill. Horace Gibbs erected the first sawmill, ou abnmcb .it f-piing L'ret-k. in tin- k. part of the town, in 1810; I and Comfort Smith the first gristmill, on the same stream, in I 1315. The widow of John Young gives the following account of ' some of the triidsof pioneer life: — " My husband having the year before been out and purchased his land upon the Holland Pur- . chase, in the fall of 1804 we started from our home in Virtrinia, j on horseback, for our new location. We came through Mary- ' land, crossing the Sus'tuehauna at MiUon, thence via Tio^^a I'oint and the then usual route. In crossing the Alleghany Mts. night cflino upon us: the horses became frightened by wild t-iiusts, and refused to proceed. We wrapped ourselves in our cloaks and horse blankets, and attempted to get some rest, but had a disturbed night of it. Panthers came near us, often giv- ing terrific screams. The frightened horses snorted and stamped upon the rocks. Taking an early start in the morning, we soon came to a settler's house, and were informed that we had stopped in a common resort of the panther. My husband built a shanty, which was about 10 feet square, fiat roofed, covered with split ash shingles; the floor was made of the halvesof split basswood; no chimney. A blanket answered the purpose of a door for a while, until my husbnnd got time to make a door of sjilit plank. We needed no window ; the light camo in where the smoke went out. For chairs we had benches, made by splitting logs and sett- ling tho sections upon legs. A bedstead was made by boring holes in the side of the shanty, inserting pieces of timber which rested upon two upright posts in front, a side piece completing the structure, peeled basswood bark answering the place of a cord. We of course had brought no bed with tis on horseback ; so one had to be procured. We bought a cotton bag of Mr. Bris- bane, and. stuffing it with cat-tail, it was far better than no bed. The second year we wore in, 1 had an attack of the fever and ague, which confined me for nearly a year. That year my hus- band cleared fouracres, besides takingcare of me and doing the cooking. It was no uncnnimnn thing, in the first years of settle- ment, for women in rlublijirih tti be deprived of the aid of a physician: and often the attetubince of their own sex had to be dispensed with. Mr. Yonntrdiid in 18:16." Turner'' s Rion. Hist. 8 The census reports 5 churches in town ; 1 each Bap,, Cong., M. E., Prot. M., and Friends. * Named in honor of Herman Le Roy, one of the original pur- chasers of the " TrianffU Tract ^ 10 When the water is low, it disappears in the bed of the stream about 2 miles above the falls, and finds its way to the lower channel through a subterranean passage. "The Ingham University, late Ingham Collegiate Institute, was incorp. 1857. The institution was first established at Attira, in 1835. by Miss Marietta Ingham, and a younger sister. Kniily K. Ingham, (now Mrs. Phineas Stanton.) from Mass. In 1837 it was removed to Le Roy, and was established as the"Le Koy Female Seminary" by the founders, aided and supported i»y Messrs. Saml. Comstock, Jonathan P. Darling, Seth M. Gates:, Albert Brewster, A. S. Upham, Enos Bachelder, A. P. Hascall, Lee Comstock, Israel Rathbone, Richard Hollister. and Wm. S, Bradley. It was chartered in 1841; and iu 1855 the whole GENESEE COUNTY. 327 ments. Pop. 2081. Fort Hill^ is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1797, by Charles Wilbur, near Le Roy Village.* The first religious services (Prot. E.) were held at the village by the Rev. Davenport Phelps, in 1802.» OAKFIEE.D*~was formed from Elba, April 11, 1842. It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is level or gently undulating. Oak Orchard Creek, the principal stream, flows w. through the n, part of the town. A marsh, forming a portion of the Tonawanda swamp, extends along its course. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by clay. Brine springs, from which salt was formerly manufactured, are found near the center of the to>vn. CaryviUe^ (Oakfield p. o.) was incorp. in July, 1858. It contains an academy^ and 2 churches. Pop. 500. Oakfield and Mechanicviile are hamlets. Most of the town was an Indian Reservation, and the lands were not sold to the whites until subsequent to 1832, The first settlers were Erastus Walcott, Gideon Dunham, and Christopher Kenyon, who came in 1801.' One mi. w. of Caryville are the remains of an ancient fortification known as the *' Old Fori^'^ consisting of a ditch and breastworks, including about 10 acres of ground. There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. and M. E. PAVIIjIO]V — was formed from Covington, (Wyoming co.,) May 19, 1841, Portions were annexed from Le Roy and Stafibrd, March 22, 1842. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. The surface is hilly in the s. and undulating in the n. Oatka Creek, the principal stream, flows n. a little w. of the center of the town. The soil is a fertile, gravelly loam underlaid by clay. Fruits are extensively cultivated. Pavilion (p. v.) is situated on Oatka Creek, near the s. border of the town. Pop. 21G. Pavilion Center, (p. v.,) formerly " >SbM^^ Lc Boi/y*^ contains a church and 20 houses. Fnlon Corners is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1809, by Peter Crosman.^ The first church edifice (Univ.) was erected at the village of Pavilion, in 1832.* PEMBROKE — was formed from Batavia, June 8, 1812. A part of Alabama was taken off in 1826, and Darien in 1832. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface ia level or gently undulating. Tonawanda Creek flows through the n. e. corner, and Mm-der Creek through the s. and s. w. parts. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay. The Tonawanda Indian Reservation occupies a portion of the n. part of the town. East Pem- broke, (p.v.,) on the line of Batavia, contains an academy,*^ 2 churches, and 35 dwellings, Ricbville,^^ (I'embrokep. o.,) 1 church and 40 dwellings, LougS Corners, (Corfu p. o.,) in the s. part of the town, 2 churches and 45 dwellings, and IHogadore, (North Pembroke p.o.,) 20 dwellings. Prospect Hill is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the town in 1804, by David Goss, from Mass." The first church (Cong.) was formed by Rev. Joshua Spencer, first minister, in 1810, at Longs Corners.^' STAFFORD — ^was formed from Batavia and Le Roy, March 24, 1820. A part of Pavilion was taken off in 1842, It is an interior town, lying e. of the center of the co. Its surface is undu- lating, with a general slight slope to the n. Black Creek flows n. through the center of the town, and Bigelow Creek rises in the w. and flows in the same direction. The soil is a productive, sandy establiehment, coBting over $20,000, was donated by its founders to the Synod of Genesee, npon the conditions that a full colle- giate course should be established, and a permanent fund raised for its support. The gift waa accepted by the Synod, and the present name bestowed. 1 On the brow of the hill at this place are the ruins of an old fort. — Smithsiniiaii ContHbidums, vol. JL, art. d, p. 48. S Capt. John Ganson, aud his 2 sons John and James, settled near Le Roy Village in 1798, and Gideon Fordham, Alexander McPherson. and Uines Chamberlin in 1800-01. The first child born was Naomi Wilbur, iu 1799; and the first after the town was named Le Roy was Wm. Le Roy Annin, in 1814. Geo. A. Tiffany kept the first store, in 1806; and the Holland Land Co. built the first mill, in 1804. 3 The census reports 6 churches in town; 1 each Prot, E., Presb.. Cong., Bap., M. E., and R. C. * Named from the fact that the lands of the town were mostly ** Oak Openings." B Named from CoL Alfred Cary, an early settler and prominent citizen. * The Cary Collegiate Institute was founded in 1840, mainly by the influence aud means of Col. Alfn-d Cary, who died in this town Sept. 17, 1858, aged 79. The building (which is of stone) and apparatus cost $15,000. The institution has accom- modations for 2<)0 students. Besides large contributions to its establishment. Col. Cary has endowed the institution with $2t),tXW. It is now under charge of the Prot. E. Church. ^ The first store waa kept in 1833, by Col. Cary, at Caryville ; ud the first inu by Gideoa Dunham, at Dunhams Corners, in 1805. The first saw and grist mill were erected by Christopher Kenyon, in 1811. 8 Among the other first settlers were James McWithey, Solo- mon Terrill, Reuben Burnham, and Joshua Shumway, in 1810 ; Sylvanus Young. Elijah Phelps, Amasa Allen, and several bro- thers of the name of Burgt-es, in 1811 ; and Isaac 8torm, in 1812, most of whom loaited in the E. part of the town. The first death was that of a child of Reuben Burnham, in 1812. Laura Terrill (from Vt.) taught the fiint scbiwl. in 1S13; Seth Smith kept the first inn, in 1815; and Uorace Bates the first store, in 1817, at the village of Pavilion. The first mill was erected by Bial La- throp, on Oatka Creek, in 1816. • The census reports 7 churches in town; 3 M. E., and 1 each Presb.. Bap., Union, and Univ. 1" The Rural Academy waa incorp. by the regents in 1S56 Average number of students about 100. 11 Named from Charles B. Rich, a prominent man in town. 12 John Long, Dr. David Long, (from Washington co.,) and SamuelCarr Settled in the town in 1>S0S, and Joseph Lester (from Conn.) in 1809. The first child born waa Jonathan Hastings, jr., in 1810; and the first marriage, that of Ansell Ilastiugs and Polly Long, In 1812. Anna Ilorton taught the first ecb ool. at Corfu, in 1811 ; Samuel Carr kept the first inn, at W. i'embroke, in 1809; John Ball the first store, at thn same place, iu 1812; and Samuel Carr erected the first gristmill and sawmill, iu 1808-09. 18 The census reports 6 churches in town; 2 Bap., and 1 each Presb., M. E., Prot. M., aud Christian. 328 GENESEE COUNTY. loam intermixed with clay. Stafford (p. v.) lies on Black Creek, near the center of the town. It is a station on the C. & N. F. branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., and contains 3 churches, a private seminary, and a pop. of 350. Morg'anville' (p. v.) contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, a flour- ing mill, a brown earthen ware factory, and 200 inhabitants. A fall in Black Creek at this place is 30 ft. perpendicular and 30 ft. in rapids, aifording a fine water power.'' Roanoke,^ (p. V.,) formerly " Orangeburgh," contains a church, several mills, and 20 dwellings. The settle- ment was commenced in 1801, by Col. Wm. Rumsey and Gen. Worthy Lovel Churchill, (from Vt.,) who located on the Buffalo Road, w. of Stafford.* The first religicjus services were held at the house of Col. Rumsey, by Rev. Mr. Green. The first church (Bap.) was formed by Rev. Amos Lampson, in 1815.* Acres of Land, Yaluation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Genesee County. Names op Towns, Alabama. .. Alexander Batavia Bergen Bethany.... Byron Darien Elba Le Roy Oakfield.... Pavilion .... Pembroke., Stafford Total.. Acres of Land. l.S,S4oS 17,i3i 20,803} 12.504 18.118 15,409 23,527 15,014 20.427 9.20Si le.9S6i 15,lS7i 15,648 :l9,012i 10,194J 4,539 5,320J 4,126 4,8R2i 4,1 fl2 0,907 6,535 5,872 3,47 6J 4,322i 12.297i 8,098 Valuation op 1858. 806,535 769,370 2.371,128 684,266 617,316 775,776 696,870 678.131 1,266,937 398,916 606,308 814,001 773,125 6,7.32 11,157,67S 1,958,064 848.88S 630,020 3,094,728 724.676 665,654 927,611 768.152 790,261 1,659,707 436,516 687,708 852,001 924,224 1,159 911 2,653 905 926 843 1,112 9.59 2,117 817 916 1,432 1,073 13,115,743 18,821 15,222 1,035 887 2,661 895 964 798 1,064 910 2,098 693 843 1,412 416 351 924 806 356 313 418 375 716 266 323 549 860 6; J_ 436 378 990 363 382 329 435 384 5.32 279 333 566 386 5,792 315 268 733 303 327 272 362 251 611 178 2.';o 452 186 Schools. 903 6S5 1.706 638 604 502 822 616 1,363 589 636 977 744 4,428 152 10,644 ^3 Names op Towns, Alabama. ., •Alexander. Batavia Bergen , Bethany.... Byron Darien Elba Le Roy Oakfleld.... Pavilion Pembroke... Stafford Total. Live Stock. 1,049 700 1,229 683 803 970 976 988 1,246 461 805 781 702 11,395 III 1,288 1,279 1,340 832 1,122 1,314 1,306 979 1,155 646 1,205 1,024 865 14,244 927 781 1,240 689 832 746 1,095 739 970 329 842 6S8 563 10,641 8.844 11.630 7,802 4,667 9,304 6,429 14,729 4,618 7,714 3,007 11,221 6,594 4,932 2,209 991 2,198 1,312 1,277 1,762 1,016 1,789 1,973 983 1,113 1,175 1,487 100,391 19,273 i761,590 Agricultural Products. BiTSH, OF GKAOf. 76.574 39,795 86.868 43,806 48,063 67,638 21,052 63,664 112,421 35,175 66,096 33,073 89,666 ■e _± 91,094 65,907 87,350 49,366 64,201 i 66.597 70.398i 76,616 66,26Ri 47,643 67.782i 62,103 44,848i 840,165 41 ,398 J .:s 12.892 11,361 18,350 7,062 12,991 8,440 17,604 11,667 13,142 4,834 10,448 26,634 12,969 167,274 10.355 33,644 18.436 16,872 41,912 12.366 34,858 29.041 26.180 9,818 32,896 17.586 13,158 296,121 Dairy PH0DDCT8. C5 74.617 74.926 88.348 69.907 77,271 62,820 88,117 71,:i40 89,247 18,574 80,087 93,497 40,480 12,248 12,386 4,625 4,686 16.179 7,345 11,528 l,325j 6,9801 1.293 15.140 8,438 3,501 919,130 106,873 4,6464 992 611 223 296i 20 307 700 332 159 73 698J 401} 33 1 Named from the wife of Wm. Morgan, of masonic notoriety. 2 Two caves are found in the w. bank of the creek a few rods below the falls. > Named from the residence of John Randolph by Major Jas. Ganson. * Peter Stage (from Onondaga co.) settled in 1802. Benj. Gan- son and John Annis were tlie first settlers in the E. part of the town. Gen. W. L. Churchill served with credit in the War of 1812, and subsequently as sheriff of Oenesee co. from 1820 to 1S25. The first birth was that of a child of W. L. Churchill, liarch 9, 1803 ; and the first death, that of the wife of W. L. Churchill, at about the same time. The first school was taught by Kstlier Sprout, in 1806, Frederick Walthers kept the first inn, at Stafford Village, in 1799; and this w,is one of the first three taverns kept on the Holland Purchase. The village was then known as the " Tranint Storr Hou^e,'' from its being the principal supply station for the surveying company while running the " Transit Line." The first sawmill was built on Bigelow Creek, in 1810, by Amos Stow; and the first gristmill, on the sam* stream, in 1811, by Seymour Ensign. 6 The census reports 7 churches in town ; 2 M E., and 1 each Prot. £., Cong., Bap., Christian, and Univ. GREENE COUNTY. This county was formed from Albany and Ulster, March 25, 1800, and named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of the Revolution. Parts were annexed to Ulster co. May 26, 1812. It lies upon the w. bank of Hudson River, centrally distant 32 mi. from Albany, and contains 686 sq. mi. Its surface is very broken and mountainous. The main range of the Catskill Mts. commences 8 to 10 mi. w. of the Hudson and extends along the s. border of the co. to Delavrare co. These mountains are 3000 to 3800 feet above tide.' Their summits are broad, wild, and rocky, and their declivities steep and often pre- cipitous. A branch from the main ridge extends in a N. w. direction through the co., separating the towns of Durham and Cairo from Windham and Hunter and dividing the co. into two nearly equal parts. This ridge is 2500 to 3000 feet above tide. It has a steep and wall-like front on the b., and on the w. it sends off numerous spurs, which extend to the valley of Schoharie Creek. The whole intermediate territory consists of high, rocky ridges separated by narrow valleys. The declivities are generally steep on the N., but more gradual on the s.^ Another branch from the main ridge extends northward through the extreme w. part of the co., between the towns of Halcott and Lexington, and forms the series of highlands that rise upon the w. bank of Schoharie Creek. This range forms the watershed between Schoharie Creek and Delaware River. The e. half of the co. is hilly and broken. An irregular line of bluffs extends along the Hudson, with an average elevation of about 100 ft. Parallel to these bluffs, and 2 to 4 mi. further w., is a range of hills 500 to 700 ft. above the river. These highlands are known as the Potick Hills in the town of Athens. Between this ridge and the E. foot of the Catskills the surface is moderately hilly, gradually sloping toward Catskill Creek. The principal streams of the co. are Hudson River, forming its E. border, Schoharie Creek and its tributaries, draining the w. slope of the mountains, and Catskill Creek' and its principal tributary the Kaaterskil, draining the E. slope. Small branches of these streams flow through narrow, rocky ravines, which break entirely through the mountains and form passes locally known as " cloves." The principal of these cloves are the Kaaters Kil, opening westward from the Hudson into the valley of Schoharie Creek, and the Bushkil Clove, Stony Clove, Mink Hollow, and Platte- kil Hollow, opening southward from Schoharie Creek into the valleys of Ulster co. In many places these ravines are bordered by naked cliffs, nearly perpendicular, and 1000 to 1700 ft. above the streams. The small streams that drain the w. slope of the range in Halcott form branches of the Delaware. Schoharie Creek rises in the town of Hunter, vrithin 12 mi. of the Hudson, flows w. and N., and forms a branch of the Mohawk. The streams are mostly rapid, and are subject to sudden and violent freshets. The E. slope of the mountain and the outcropping strata of the Catskill and Kaaterskil Creeks present to the geologist one of the most interesting and compre- hensive fields of investigation to be found on the continent. Within the distance of 12 mi. from the village of Catskill to the Mountain House may be seen nearly all the strata composing the New York system. The gray grits and conglomerates forming the floor of the coal measures are found 110 ft. deep at the summit of the Pine Orchard. The depth of the whole series, within the 12 mi. referred to, is scarcely less than 4000 feet. Few or no metallic veins or valuable minerals, except buUding and flagging stone, are found in the co. The soil on the w. slopes of the Catskill is chiefly a reddish, gravelly or shaly loam extensively underlaid by hardpan. The surface is stony, except upon the river bottoms, where the soil is fertile and productive. North and E. of the mountains the soil is greatly diversified by sections of gravelly, shaly, clayey, and sandy loams ; but a stiff clay predominates. Where properly culti- vated, it is moderately productive. The whole region is best adapted to grazing ; and the principal agricultural exports are butter, cheese, and pressed hay. Oats, barley, and potatoes are extensively cultivated, but, like most of the other eastern course, the grain grown is insufficient for the consump- 1 High Peak has an elevation of 3804 feet above tide, Round Top 3718 feet, and Pine Orchard 3000 feet. The CatdliiU Moun- tain House is situated upon the last named mountain. s The N. siilee of thefle spurs are generally rocky and bare, and the B. sides covered with vast deposits of drift, indicating that a great current of water from the N. once swept over them. Nearly all the valuable land in this section lies upon the s. side of tba valley. 8 Named by the Dutch fi-om wild cats found in this vicinity. Kaaters Kil has a similar signification, but is limited to the male animals. 329 330 GREENE COUNTY. tion of the population. The principal manufactured products are brick, leather, and paper. Brick are extensively made on the banks of the Iludson, in Catskill, Athens, and Coxsackie, for the New York market. The co. has a considerable interest in the commerce of the Iludson, but less, per- haps, than it had many years ago. No co. has been more seriously damaged in its commercial and manufacturing prospects by the public works of the State than Greene. Before the Erie Canal was completed, Catskill, the co. seat, commanded the trade of the adjacent cos. w., and of the s. tier through to Lake Erie, and some portions of Northern Penn. It was a large wheat market ; and at the falls of Catskill Creek, 3 mi. w. of the village, were the most extensive flouring mills in the State.^ The canals and railroads have limited the commercial transactions of the co. strictly to home trade. A change scarcely less marked and important has taken place in the industrial pursuits of the mountain towns. About 1817, upon the discovery of improved methods of tanning leather, tanners rushed into the Catskill Mts., purchased large tracts of mountain lands covered with hemlock timber, and erected extensive tanneries. The valleys of Schoharie Creek, Batavia, and West Kils soon teemed with a numerous, active laboring population, and the solitude of the deep mountain glens was made vocal by the hum of industry, the buzz of the waterwheel, and the rattling of machinery. Villages of considerable magnitude, with churches, schools, stores, and taverns, rose up in the wilderness as if by magic. Thirty years ago Greene co. made more leather than all the State beside. The supply of bark in this region was soon exhausted, and the pro- prietors gradually abandoned their establishments and followed the mountain chain s., erecting new factories in Ulster and Sullivan cos. ; and their successors are now pursuing the hemlock into the heart of the AUeganies. The result of all this was to facilitate the occupation of the lands in the mountain towns, and in many cases to carry cultivation to the summits of the most lofty ranges, thereby opening one of the finest dairy and wool growing regions in the State. The county seat is located at Catskill, on the Hudson.^ The first courthouse was a wood building, erected under act of May 26, 1812.^ Some years since, this building was torn down, and a new brick edifice was erected in its place. It contains the court and jury rooms, and district attorney and CO. clerk's offices. A stone jail was erected in 1804, and a fireproof clerk's office in 1812. The CO. poorhouse is located on a farm of 130 acres in Cairo, 10 mi. w. of Catskill. The farm yields a revenue of |900. It has on an average 130 inmates, supported at a weekly expense of S .T5 each. A school is taught in the house most of the year. The condition and adaptation of the building, and the management of the inmates, are not thought creditable to the co. authorities. Five weekly newspapers are published in the co.* More than two centuries have elapsed since the settlements in the valley of the Iludson com- menced at various points between New York and Albany. It was 150 yeai's later when a few, I Of this place Spafford's Gazetteer (ed. of 1813) aays, "Cats- kill has consideiable trude already, and must probably expe- rience a rapid growth aa the marlcet town of an extensive back eountry. At some place in this vicinity, and on the w. bank of Ihe river, future ages will probably find the third, if not the •econd, city on the Hudson, in wealth, population, and com- mercial importance."^ 8 Ira Day, Isaac Dubois, Orin Day, Joseph Klein, Ezra Haw- ley, and Lyman Hall, having executed to the supervisors a bond, under a penalty of $16,000, to procure a lot and build a court- house, an act was passed May 26, 1812, allowiug the judges to accept the premises when completed. Courts were previously held at the academy, and the prisoners confined in Albany co. jail. 8 The first co. officers were Leonard Hronk, First Judge ; Ebeo- ezerFoot. District Attnruey ; James Bill, Cb. Clerk; George Hale, Sheriff; John U. Cuyler, Surrogate. * The Ca/sfciU Packet, the first paper in the co., was published prior to 1800. T?ie Catskill Hecorrler was started in 1801 by Mackey Croswell. In 1817 Edwin Croswell assumed its control, and con- tinued it until 18'2Li. In 1827 it was published by Field & Faxton, and in 1828 it was issued as The Catskill Recorder and Greerie Co. Bepublicdn, by Faxton, Elliott & Gates. In 1849 it waa united with the Demo- crat^ and issued aa Tlie Catskill Recorder and Democrat, under which name it is still published by JoNe)>h Josebury. The American Eagle was published at Catskill iu 1810 by N. El- liott & Co. The Catskill Em^vdafor was commenced in 1813, and continued a short time. The Greene and Delaware Washingtnnian was commenced at Catskill in 1S14, by Michael J. Kappel. Id 1S16 it waa chant;ed to The Middle District Gazette, and published by Wm.L. Stone. The Oretne O). Rejndib'can was estaldished at Catskill in Nov. 1820, by Hyer. In 1S27 it was sold to Ralph John- Mo ; la 1S28, tu C. Hull ; and in 1829 it was merged ia The Catsl-m Hecorder. The Catskill Messenger was started in 1830, by Jra Dubois. It was subsequently issued by Wm. Bryan, C. H. Cleve- land, and Trowbridge & Gunn. Iu lS-49 it waa changed to The Greene Cn. Whig : and in 1857 to The Catsktll Examiner, by which name it is now piiblLslii'd. The Catskill Democrat was started in 1843 by Joseph Josebnry, and in 1849 it waa united with The Jieccrder. The American K-njIe was started at I'niltsville iu 1S.54 by Bul- lock & Alien, who nmoved it to Cittskill the same year. In 1855 its name was changed to The BanTi^r of Iitdustrr/, and published by Jas. H. Van Gorden. In 1857 it was sold to Henry linker, by whom it is now published as ^ The Catskill Democratic Herald V The Greene Co. A'lvertisfr was started at Coxsackie in 1832, and published for a time by Henry Tan Dyck. In 1836 it was changed to The Standard, and published by Thomas B. Carroll. It waa subsequently issued a short time as The Coxsackie Standard. The Coxaackie Union was established in 1851 by Fred. W. Hoft'man. In Jan. 1857 it passed into the hands of D. M. & B. S. Slater, by whom it is still published. The Prattsfilli- Dee was started in 1852. The Baptist Library was started at I'rattsville in 1843 by L. L. & K. H. Hill. In 1845 it was removed to Lexing- ton. The PrattsvUle Advocate was established by John L. Hackstaff in 1846, and was discontinued in 1858. TTw Mountainetr was published at Prattsville in 1853 by Chas. H. Cleveland. The Windham Jourvd was started at Windham Center, March 21, 18.i7. by W. R. Steele. TUe AtUeus Visitor was commenced in 1858 by R. Denton. GREENE COUNTY. 331 small, isolated settlements were made in the valleys of the streams in the interior of Greene co. The great Uardenburgh Patent, granted by Queen Anne, covered nearly all of that portion of the CO. lying w. of the mountains. The n. line of this grant commenced at the headwaters of the Kaaters Kil, being the head of the upper lake at Pine Orchard, and ran a N. w. course to the head- waters of tlie w. branch of tlie Delaware, in Stamford, Delaware co. This line was run at three dili'erent periods, near the close of the last century, by three different surveyors, no two of them agreeing by the width of whole farms. This disagreement has proved a prolific source of litigation in the courts of the State for 50 years. The patent included all that part of Delaware co. lying e. of the w. branch of Delaware River, and nearly all of Ulster and Sullivan cos. When the settle- ments commenced, the tract was owned by a great number of individuals, who had purchased by townships. At an early period, Stephen Day (from Conn.) purchased a large tract in Greene co., embracing a considerable portion of the old town of Windham, now forming the towns of Wind- ham, Ashland, Jewett, and a portion of Lexington and Hunter. This tract was principally settled by immigrants from Connecticut. ASm.AHJD — named from the home of Henry Clay — was formed from Windham and Pratts- ville, March 23, 1848. It lies in the N. w. part of the co. Its N. and s. borders are occupied by two parallel spurs of the Catskill Mts., 800 to 1000 ft. above the valley. Batavia Kil flows westward through the town at the foot of the s. range. This stream is bordered upon the N. by steep bluffs 150 to 200 ft. high ; and from their summits the surface gradually slopes upward to the s. foot of the N. ridge near the N. border of the town. Lewis Creek and several smaller streams are tributaries of Batavia Kil. About two-thirds of the land in the town is improved. Asbland, (p. v.,) on Batavia Kil, in the s. part of the town,contains 2 churches and a collegiate institute.' Pop. 400. £ast Asb- land is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the valley of Batavia Kil, previous to the Revo- lutionary War, by a few Dutch families from Schoharie co. During the war, being harassed by the Indians and tories, the settlers returned to Schoharie co. The first permanent settlement was made in 1788, by Elisha Strong and several brothers named Stimpson.'' The first tannery was built iu Ashland, in 1798, by Foster Morss. There are 6 churches in town.' ATHEIVS — was formed from Catskill and Coxsackie, Feb. 25, 1815. It is situated on the Hudson, near the center of the E. border of the co. Its surface is broken by several rocky hills and ridges lying parallel with the Hudson, with uneven or undulating intervales between. A range of high clay bluflfs borders upon the river; and a high rocky ridge, known as PoticksHill, extends Uirough the w. part of the town. Several small streams flow southerly through the town, and Potick Creek forms its w. line. In the w. part of the town are 3 small lakes. In their vicinity, 4 or 5 mi. w. of the Hudson, are extensive beds of the Ilelderbergh limestone, large quantities of which are quarried for building purposes and for the manufacture of lime. Near the river the soil is a tough clay, bordered by sand ; elsewhere it is a sandy and gravelly loam of a good quality. Brick and lime are the principal articles manufactured, and these, with hay, form the exports of the town. Atliens,* (p. v.,) incorp. April 2, 1805, is situated on the Hudson, opposite the city of Hudson. Pop. 1747. The E. part of the town was settled at a very early period by immigrants from Holland.* There are 5 churches in town.' CAIRO — was formed from Catskill, Coxsackie, and "Freehold," (now Durham,) March 26, 1803, as "Canton," and its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is situated at the E. foot of the Catskill Mts., the crest of the mountain forming its w. boundary. Its central and E. parts are broken by several high, rocky ridges. Round Top, also called the Dome Mountain, is a rocky, isolated hill 500 ft. high. The Catskill Creek flows s. E. through the town, and receives from the N. John Debackers Creek and Platte Kil, and from the s. Shingle and Uagel Kils. The soil is a clayey, gravelly, and shaly loam, fertile in the valleys and of'medium quality among the hills. Cairo, (p. v.,) situated near the centef of the town, on the Old Susquehanna Turnpike, contains 4 churches and several manufacturing estab- lishments. Pop. 353. Acra, (p. o.,) in the w., S.Cairo, (p. o.) and Cairo Forge, about 1 mi. s. of Cairo, are hamlets. Settlements were made on the Shingle Kil previous to the Revolution.' A Presb. church was organized May 22, and a Bap. May 25, 1799. There are 7 churches in town.' 1 The Aehland Collegiate Institute was founded in 1854. under the care of the M. E. denomination. The present number of boarding pupils (1S88) is 100. a Amoui the early settlers were ArgaluB White, John Tuttle, .Taims Strong, Solomon Ormsbee, l)r. Thomas lienham, and Medad Hunt, most of whom were Irom Connecticut. The first birth was that of Deborah Stone, in 1789. SanUford Hunt kept tlie Urst store, and Sledad Hunt the first inn. iu 1705. Ex Qov. Washington Hunt, son of Saniiford Hunt, was born in this town. • 3 M. t, Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. < Formerly called '* Loornnhurgh" and " Espi^aitza." Tho steamer Swallow, on her way to New York with a large nunit)i-r of passengers, was wrecked in the river opposite this place on the evening of April 7, 1845, and about 20 persons were lost. — Senate Doc. No. 102. 1S45. 6 A tannery was erected in 1750 by Nicholas Perry. « Bap., Friends, Lutli., Prot. K., and Kef Prot. D. 1 A family by the name of Strobe, living on the Shingle Kil, were murdered by the Indians during the war. 8 3 M. E., Bap, Presb., Prot. E., and Union. 332 GREENE COUNTY. CATSK.ILL.' — was formed March 7, 1788, as part of Albany co. It was annexed to Ulster co. April 5, 1798. A part of Woodstock (Ulster co.) was annexed March 25, 1800 ; a part of Cairo was taken off in 1803 and a part of Athens in 1815. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. e. corner of the CO. The surface is broken by several rocky ridges parallel to the Hudson : these ridges are principally composed of shales and gray grit. In the latter formation are extensive quarries, from which a fine quality of flagging stone is obtained and largely exported. A swamp, covering an area of several hundred acres, extends along the Hudson below Catskill Village. The Catskill Creek flows s. e. through the N. E. corner to the Hudson, and receives the Kaaters Kil after the latter has pursued an irregular course through the center and s. w. part of the town. The other streams are Kiskatom Creek, and Jan Vosent Kil. The soil is principally tenacious clay, with sections of gravelly and slialy loam. Hay is the principal agricultural export. Large quantities of brick are manu- factured and exported. Catskill Village being the chief entrepot for the co., commerce is a leading pursuit. Catskill, (p. V.,) the co. seat, was incorp. March 14,1806. It is situated on the Hudson, at the mouth of Catskill Creek. It contains 5 churches, 3 newspaper oflices, 2 banks, and a large number of mercantile and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 2,520. Leeds, (p. v.,) situated at the falls on Catskill Creek, contains 2 churches and several manufactories. Pup. 450. JeflTer- son, (p. V.,) between Catskill and Leeds, has a population of about 300. Palensville, (p. v.,) in the w. part, on the Kaaters Kil, contains 2 tanneries, a woolen factory, and 18 houses. Kiska- tom is a p. 0. Settlements were made upon the Hudson at an early period, by German immigrants. The flats in the valley of Catskill Creek w. of Leeds were first settled by Martin G. Van Bergen and Sylvester Salisbury, who in 1677 purchased the Indian title to an extensive tract. There are 9 diurches in town.^ The Catskill Mountain House is on the line of Hunter. See page 333. COXS ACKIE'— was formed, as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. Dur- ham was taken oS' in 1790, a part of Cairo and Greenville in 1803, New Baltimore in 1811, and a part of Athens in 1815. It lies upon the Hudson, N. e. of the center of the co. A range of clay bluifs about 100 ft. high extends along the course of the river, and a range of hills 500 ft. high through the center of the town. The surface is level or undulating in the E. and is hilly and broken in the w. The principal streams are the Coxsackie, Potick, and Jan Vosent Creeks. The soil in the e. is clayey and sandy, and in the w. it is a gravelly, shaly, and clayey loam : brickmaking is extensively pursued. Coxsackie, (p. v.,) situated near the Hudson, contains — churches, an academy, and several manu- factories.* Pop. 1,800. Coxsackie Lianding', 1 mi. e. of the village, contains 1 bank, newspaper oflice, and 4 churches. Jacksonville, in the w. part, is a hamlet. The Dutch settled in town about 1652, on a tract about 6 mi. sq. purchased of the Indians. There are 8 churches i# town.' DURII A9I — was formed from Coxsackie as "Freehold," March 8, 1790 ; its name was changed March 28, 1805. Parts of Cairo, Windham, and Greenville were taken oiF in 1803. It lies near the center of the N. border of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken, the N. E. corner being occupied by the s. slopes of the Helderbergh Mts., and the w. border by the Catskills. The principal streams are Catskill Creek, flowing s. E. through the E. part, and its tributaries Fall, Bowery, Posts, and Brink Street Creeks. The soil is generally a heavy clay, with occasional sections of gravel. There are several mills and tanneries on Catskill Creek, which stream aSbrds a fair amount of water power. Oak Uill, (p. v.,) on Catskill Creek, has a pop. of 320. Durbani, (p. v.,) 1 mi. w. of Oak Hill, contains 2 churches and 30 houses. East Durbam (p. v.) 17 houses, Cornvrall- vllle, (p. V.,) in the central part of the town, 15 houses, and Soutll Durtaam (p.o.) 10 houses. Centerville is a hamlet. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1776. Capt. Asahel Jones and Rozel Post, from Conn., settled in 1788.' There are 7 churches in town.' OREElVVIliliE — was formed from Coxsackie and "Freehold," (now Durham,) March 26, 1803, as " Greeiijield." Its name was changed to "Freehold" in 1808, and to Greenville, March 17, 1809. It lies on the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly, — the southern extremity of the Helderbergh Mts. occupying the central and w. parts of the town. The principal streams are Potick, John Debaokers, and Basic Creeks. The soil is chiefly a heavy, clay loam, well adapted to grazing ; but much of it has been exhausted by too frequent croppings with hay. About 1 mi. w. of Greenville Center is a sulphur spring. GrcenTille, (p. v.,) N. of the center 1 Great Tmhocht District, including this towo, waa formed March 24, 1-72. ! 3 M. E., -2 Ref. Prot. D., Pap., P-efb., Prot. E., and Union. 8 Pron. Cool\.sock'ey. Derived from an Indian word signily- tag " Owl-hoot." * Shipbuilding w»8 foTBierly carried on at the lower landing, near this place ; and several of the early Hudson River steam- boats were built here. 6 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Prot. E., R. C, Union, and Af, M. E. » Mr. De Witt built the first gristmill, in 17S8, and Jared Smith the flrst sawmill, about the same time. I 2 Cong., 2 M. B., Bap., Presb., and Prot. K. GREENE COUNTY. 333 of the town, contains 3 churches, the Greenville Academy, and 35 houses; Freehold, (p.v.,) in the s. w. part, 1 church and 24 houses ; Norton Hill, (p.v., ] in the N. w. part, 16 houses; Oreen- ville Center 15 ; and East Greenville 1 church and 10 houses. Gay Head is a p. office. In 1768 the British Government granted 2 patents — one for 2000 and one for 5000 acres, located together in the w. part of the town — to Major Augustine Prevost, of the 6th British infantry, who served in this country during the Old French War.' Stephen Lantiman, Godfrey Brandow, and Ilans Overpaugh, who settled in the town in 1774, were among the earliest settlers.^ There are 7 churches in town.' HAliCOTT — ^was formed from Lexington, Nov. 19, 1851, and named from George W. Hal- cott, then sheriff of Greene co. It is situated in the s.w. corner of the co., and is separated from the other towns of the co. by a mountain ridge 1000 feet high. This ridge is crossed by difficult and unfrequented roads. A considerable portion of the territory is covered with forests. The sur- face is mountainous, comprising four valleys, in which rise the sources of the E. branch of the Delaware. The soil is chiefly a gravelly loam of medium quality, and stony, but is well adapted to grazing. From its isolated position among the mountains,* the chief avenue of communication with the outside world is on the s., by way of Middletown, Delaware co. West LiCxington (p. 0.) is in flie central part of the town. The first settlement was made on the Bush Kil, in 1790, by Keuben Crysler, Thurston, Joseph Brooks, and Timothy Tyler.^ There are 2 churches in town ; 0. S. Bap. and M. E. HUKTER'— was formed from Windham as " Greenland," Jan. 27, 1813. Its name was changed April 15, 1814, a part of Saugerties was taken off in 1814, and a part of Jewett in 1849. The surface is rocky and mountainous, not more than one-fourth being susceptible of cultivation. Several of the highest peaks of the Catskills — among which are High Peak, Round Top, and Pine Orchard — lie within the limits of this town.' Two narrow valleys extend quite through the mountains and cross each other at nearly right angles near the center of the town. The first of these is the valley of Scho- narie Creek and its southerly continuation, that of the Platte Kil ; and the second, that of the Kaatera Kil and Stony Clove. The soil is generally a heavy, clayey and shaly loam, very stony, and poorly adapted to agriculture. Hunter, (p.v.,) situated on Schoharie Creek, in the n. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 393. Tanners- vllle, near the center, is a p. office. Settlements were made during the Revolution, by "cowboys" from Putnam co. Their property was confiscated by the Whigs.* Col. Wm. W. Edwards and his son Wm. W., from Northampton, Mass., moved into town in July, 1817, and erected the first ex- tensive tannery in the State in which the then new method of tanning was adopted. Within a few years after, other tanneries were built, and a very large amount of leather was made in the town annually for a long series of years, until the hemlock bark was exhausted. Most of the establish- ments are aow abandoned. There are 3 churches in town ; Presb., M. E., and R. C. JEWETT' — was formed from Lexington and Hunter, Nov. 14, 1849. A part of Lexington was taken off in 1858. It lies near the center of the w. half of the co. High and rocky spurs extend w. from the principal n. branch of the Catskills ; and a high and almost precipitous ridge extends along the s. w. border. Schoharie Creek and its tributary East Kil are the principal streams. The soil is a heavy, reddish, gravelly loam of medium quality, often stony and rocky, and largely underlaid by a tough hardpan. Jewett,'" (p. v.,) in the n.w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 14 houses. Jewett Center, at the junction of East Kil and Schoharie Creek, 1 Mojor Prevost erected a fine mansion on one of these tracts, a little w. of the village of Greenville, in which he resided until his death. * Abraliam Post, Eleazar Knowles, Bethuel Hinman, Peter Curtis, and Edward Lalie. from Conn., settled in the town in 1783. David Uicl^ock and Davis Denning erected the first grist- mill, in 1786. » 2 liap, 2 M. E., Prot. E., Preab., and Christian. ^ Wild game is still found in the mountains, and the pure, limpid streams abound in trout. 6 Halph Coe and Henry Hosford built the first sawmill, in 1820. Kalph Coe kept the first inn, and ilenry Ilamican the first store. There is now no tavern, lawyer, nor doctor in town. • Named from John Hunter, an early proprietor of a part of the Hardenburgh Patent. T The Catskill Mountain House, upon Pine Orchard, is situated upon a precipice overlooking the Hudson, and is 22i2 ft. above tide. It was built by the Catskill Mountain Asso'n, at a cost of $22,000. for the accommodation of visitors. Among the hills, i mi. v.of the house, are 2 small takes, each \i mi. in circumference, — tliuir outlet formiog the Kaatera Kil. Upon this stream, a little below the lakes, are the Kaaters Kil Falls, where the stream plunges down a perpendicular descent of 175 ft., and, in a few rods, anotlier of 85 ft., falling into a deep, rocky ravine or clove, and finally finding its way into Catskill Creek. The views from the Mountain House, and the scenery among the mountains, are among the finest in the country, and the place is visited annually by thousands of tourists. 8 Samuel, Elisha, and John Haines, and Gershon Griffin, en- tered the mountains by way of Kingston and Mink Hollow, and settled on Schoharie Kil. Their location Mas discovered a year or two after by some Dutchmen from the e. side of the moun- tain, while hunting bears. They were followed, in 1786, by a number of Shay's followers, from Mass., who, on the suppreasion of his rebellion, lied to the mountains. James and .lacob Carl settled in the town in 17S5; Saml. Merritt, and f-anil. and Wm. Hayes, in 1791. Roger Bronson was the first settler at the village of Hunter. The first birth was that of John Haines. Mr. Olm- sted built the first gristmill, in 1794, and subseiiueutly the fln4 tannery, and kept the first store and inn. " Named from Froel>orn O. Jewett, then a justice of the Su- premo Court. to formerly called '-Lcxingii^n Heights J* 334 GREENE COUNTY. and East Jewett, are p. offices. The first settlement was made near Schoharie Creek in 1783-84, by Wm. Gass, a Scotchman.' There are 4 churches in town ; 3 M. E. and Presb. 1.EX11SGTOM— was formed from Windham as "New Goshen," Jan. 27, 1813, and its name was changed March 19, 1813. A part of Jewett was taken ofi" in 1849, but reannexed in 1858, and a part of Ilalcott was taken off in 1851. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. More than one-half of the surface is occupied by the lofty peaks and ridges of the Catskills. Schoharie Creek, flowing through the n. e. corner of the town, is bordered by high and steep rocky ridges. West Kil, its principal tributary, drains a valley 9 mi. in length, everywhere bordered by lofty mountains except on the w. Bush Kil Clove is a natural pass in the mountains, extending from the Schoharie Valley s. into Ulster co. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam. Only about two-fifths of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. Lexington, (p. v.,) on Schoharie Creek, n. of the center of the town, contains 2 churches and 27 dwellings, and West Kill (p. t.) 1 church and 31 dwellings. Busbnellsville is a p. 0. on the line of Ulster co. The first settlement was made in 1788, on the flats of Schoharie Kil.' There are 3 churches in town; 2 Bap. and M. E. WEW B AL.TI9IORE— was formed from Coxsackie, March 15, 1811. Scutters, Little, and Willow Islands were annexed from Kinderhook April 23, 1823. It lies upon the Hudson, in the N. E. corner of the co. The general surface is hilly and broken. A line of high, rugged clay and slate bluffs rises from the river to a height of 100 to 200 feet, and a range of high, broad hills ex- tends s. through the center of the town. The w. part is comparatively level. The principal streams are Hannakrois Creek in the n. w. corner. Deep Clove Kil, Cabin Run, and the E. branch of Potick Creek. Nearly all these streams flow through narrow and rocky ravines. The soil is chiefly a heavy clay loam, with limited patches of sand and gravel. IVeiv Baltimore, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, in the N. part of the town, contains 2 churches, and has a pop. of 709. Medway is a p. office. Settlement was commenced upon the Coxsackie flats at an early period. The Broncks, Houghtalings, and Conyns were among the first settlers. There are 9 churches in town.' PRATTSVIE.ee— was formed from Windham, March 8, 1833, and named from Col. Zadock Pratt. A part of Ashland was taken off in 1848. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its sur- face is principally occupied by broad mountain uplands bordered by steep and rocky slopes. Schoharie Creek and Batavia Kil flow through wild and narrow mountain gorges. The soil is a heavy, reddish, gravelly and clayey loam, moderately fertile and profitable only for grazing. Prattsville, (p. v.,) on Schoharie Kil w. of the center of the town, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. C17. Red Falls, (p. v.,) on Batavia Kil, contains a cotton fac- tory, a paper mill, and several other manufacturing establishments. Pop. 231. Settlements were made on the flats at Prattsville by Dutch immigrants from Schoharie co., during the period between the close of the Old French War in 1763 and the breaking out of the Revolution in 1770.' During the latter war the settlement was attacked by a body of Indians and tories led by a British officer. The inhabitants rallied, and a battle took place upon the bank of Schoharie Kil, a little below the Windham Turnpike Bridge, s. of the village, in which the Indians and their allies were routed. Rev. Cornelius D. Schermerhorn was the first settled preacher. There are 3 churches in town; Ref. Prot. D., Prot. E., and M. E. WIIVDH AM— was formed from Woodstock, (Ulster co.,) as part of Ulster co., March 23, 1798. "Greenland" {now Hunter) and Lexington were taken off in 1813, Prattsville in 1833, and a part of Ashland in 1848. A part of " Freehold" (now Durham) was annexed March 26, 1803. It lies upon the w. declivities of the Catskills, n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is very broken and hilly. A high range of mountains extends along the s. border, at the n. foot of which flows Batavia Kil,« in a deep, rooky valley. The central and n. parts are occupied by mountain spurs divided by narrow ravines. The soil is a heavy, gravelly and clayey loam, of which disintegrated shale forms a large > Zeph'iniah Chase, from Marthas Vineyard, (Maps.,) settled hi the town in \'^1 ; and Chester Hull, from Wallingford, Conn., a Boldiei ut tile Revolution, in 1789. Among those who settled soon aft. r were Zailork Pratt, Theop. and Sam. Pe^k, Eb'r David, and .^'ti-jihen .lolinson. Laban, Ichabod. Abraham, and Amherst Andrt-ws, Henajah, John, and Jared Hiee, Henry Goslee, Justus .'■'quiie.s, Daniel .Miles, Adnah Beach, Isaac and Munson Buel, tiideon. Keuben and Joel Hosford, and Samuel and Daniel Mer- Tin. The (irst birlh wnBthat of Henry Coslee. Jr. Wm.tiass kept the fii-st inn. in 17yO, Klisha Thom|)BOn the first store, in 1795, and Lallan Andrews built the first gristmill the same year. * Anion r the eaily settlers were Aino.« Brouson, Saml. Amos, Richard I'ecU. David and Benj. Bailey, and Benj. Crispell, John T. Bray built the first tannery, in ISIS or '19; Thaddeus Bron. son the first gristmill, in 1792; and Richard Peck opened the first inn, in 179fi. 83 Friends, 2 M.E., B,ip., Christian, Ref. Prot.D..and Prot. Meth. * At this place, at the extensive tannery of the Hon. Zadock Pratt. 60.001) sides of sole leather were tanned and 6,000 cordfl of bark consumed anniiallv fr 25 years. ^ Among the first settlers were John Laraway and his sons John, .loniui. Deriek, avd Maitinus, Isaac Van Aletyne, Vrooman. ,Iohn and Peter Van Loan, Hendrick Becker, and a family by the name of Shoemaker. The first school was t.iught bv Mr. Banks, in 1790. Martiiius L.araway kept the fiot ina, soon after the Hevolution, and, with his brother John, erected the first srri'*tmill. A The Indian name of this stream ma Cliough-tig-hig-nick. GREENE COUNTY. 335 part. Windtaam Center, (p. v.,) on Batavia Kil, in the w. part of the town, contains 3 churches, and has a pop. of 350. Ilensonvllle, (p. v.,) on the same stream, s. of the center of the town, contains 124 inhabitants, and Big IIoIIOlT, (p. v.,) in the s. part, 2 cliurches and 12 houses. East Windham and Union Society are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1790, by Geo. Stlmpson, Abijah Stone, and Increase Claflin.' Rev. Henry Stlmpson was one of the earliest settled ministers. There are 5 churches in town.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJwols, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Greene County. Namiv) of Towns. Acres of Land. | ViLDATION OP 1868. 1 POPOLATIOK. i> : 1 140 Schools. 1 6 1 1 1 Property. 1 5 1 1 i 217 235 rl 7 l! Ashland 9,846i 4,198 $135,080 $9,500 $144,580' 566 684 603 10,361 i 4.602i 499,308 54,050 553,358 1,470 1,400 438 651 343 7 1,046 Cairo 22,641 10,982 666,377 88,175 64;!,662 1.290 1,267 448 478 341 15 827 Catekill 19,1464 17,69Si 17,613 4,516 1,4.37,035 782,710 632,312 16.5,334 1,969,347 94S.044 2,812 1,.S91 2,898 1.791 930 692 1,094 ffl3 544 432 19 13 2.020 1.354 Coxeackie Durham 23,166i 6,865 894,146 68,300 462,446j 1,239 1,301 482 491 393 15 936 20,273} 7,137 6,535 S 4,007 580,315 84,775 70,632 9,900 660,9471 94,676; 1,088 246 1,085 228 415 86 450 89 342 79 IB 4 909 207 Halcott 10,2M; 40,46fi{ 135,395 10,642 146,037 833 761 258 276 207 12 735 Jewett 15,167 10,468} 136,200 25,620 161,820l 678 661 206 220 176 10 491 14,727» 18,27 9t 21,000 6,124J 227,639 804,599 41,150 103,820 268.689 908,429 7S8 1,248 807 1,164 319 426 217 456 235 300 11 15 601 866 New Baltimore Prattsville 8,7S4 4,854 111,200 29,260 140,4601 746 842 267 290 225 8 666 Windham 14,S40i 9,892 244,2S3 41,100 285,383 807 877 327 268 188 3,951 12 531 Total 212,2e3i 160,6045 $6,127,961 $1,249,796 $7,377.7661 16,691 16,646 6,409 6.707 161 11,869 1 Live Stock. AOEICOLTDBil PBODBCTS. 1 Bdib. OS Qhaim. ,8- D IIBY PEOi>OCTa. Names of Towns. 1 6 a, .S .J •s- ll 7,524 ^5 la El -5 11.366 It 1,026 -■3 || 283 Aahlaad 261 697 72- 962 487 l,935i 12,262 2,344i 69,816 Athens 393 349 ,50 i 164 886 4,2S0i 23,373 4,493j 6,099 10,935 42,776 300 2624 Cairo 714 998 1,04< 1,07 ) 1,069 i 1.615 1,663 1,723 13,8044 12,6384 27 991 4.350 8,254 22,771 16,153 96 675 937 1,114 Catekill 713 910 39.337, 7.592 9,245 90.720 617 Coxanckie 636 623 79 397 1,565 8,7054 36.091J 6,699 17,01.19 18,318 83.735 690 Durham 745 1,299 1,36 ! 3,507 2,244 7,064 36,OS7j 3,998 6.8214 25,805 121,917 6.876 7111 Greenville 698 741 1,06 1,779 1,443 7,6654 37,193 6.067 6,679 25,703 109.906 2,07S 1,011 Halcott 162 496 62 J 1,390 200 830 11,917 1,907 1,348 2,490 60,916 6f 1,164 Hunter 102 1,019 60 ) 1,206 286 870 3,610 2.4961 8,264 2,5404 52.311 13C 684 Jewett 2:56 1,401 1,16. i 1,869 467 1,869 8,978 3.391 6.S644 13,611 113,6201 4,928 146 Lexington 354 1,657 1,14- : 2,013 6911 2,449 13,176i 4,468 6,902 13.128 105,290 1 1,285 779 New Baltimore 610 617 99 1,248 1,569 13,4714 35,093, 5,4984 21,789 19,361 90.589 7204 Prattsville 239 680 76 1 60S 384' 2.076 5.461, 1,834 3,636 3,3.'.0 73.780 60 386 Windham 271 1,160 86 r 1,656 666 2,0194 ll,651i 3,386 10.636 8,263 79.980 3.6.57 244 8,6114 Total 6,203 Il2,&47i 12,692 i 19,382 14,074 79,57 8 301,213, 68,524} 116,871 192,8144' 1,191,9301 21,317 1 Perez Steel and hie brother Aaron, from Tolland. Corn., set- tled in town in 1795, and Josh. Jones. Wra. Honson. and Lemuel Hitchcock (from New Haven co., Conn.) in 179G. The first marriaf^o was that of Daniel Perry and Mamva Hitchcock; and the first death was that of Mrs. liemuel Hitchcock, in 1804. Nathan Blanchard taught the first school, In 1809; Tobias Van Dusen built the first grifltmill, in 1793; Van Orden kept the first inn, in 1796 ; and Bennett Oebora built the first tai^ nery, in 1822. a 2 Presb., 2 M. E, and Prot. B. HAMILTON COUNTY. This county wag formed from Montgomery, Feb. 12, 1816; but ita independent organization has never been fully completed.' It occupies the central portions of the great wilderness region in the N. E. part of the State ; is centrally distant 80 miles from Albany, and contains 1,745 sq. mi. Its surface is a rocky, mountainous, and hilly upland and is still mostly covered with the original forests. The highlands are divided into several ranges, generally distinct, but in many places sending out spurs that interlock with each other, and all extending n. e. and s. w. The Schroon Range — called in Fulton CO. the Mayfield Mts. — crosses the s.E. corner of Hope. This range ends upon Lake Champlain at Crown Point, the highest point being Mt. Crane, in "Warren co. The Baquet Range, parallel to the first, extends through the co. between Wells and Lake Pleasant. This range terminates upon Lake Champlain at Split Rock, the highest peak being Dix Peak, in Essex co. The Adiron- dack Range, next N., extends from the Mohawk, at Little Falls, n.e. through Morehouse, Arietta, Long Lake, Oilman, and Wells, ending at Trembleau Point, on Lake Champlain, Mt. Marcy being the highest peak, and the highest point in the State. Its course is in a wave or undulating line occupying a space of 4 to 6 mi. in width. Next N. is the Au Sable Range, extending n. of the Fulton chain of lakes and Long and Racket Lakes. The highest points are Mt. Emmons, in this CO., and INIt. Seward, in Franklin co. Spurs from this range occupy the entire N. part of the co. and extend into St. Lawrence and Herkimer cos.^ . Within the valleys between these mountain ranges are several remarkable chains of lakes, many of them connected by considerable streams and all affording a large amount of boat navigation. These lakes are generally long and narrow, are bordered by steep banks and high mountain peaks. Their waters are clear and cold, and they form the most interesting features of the landscape. Although flowing in different directions, separated by high mountains, and extending over an area of more than 60 mi., they have a nearly uniform elevation.' The first chain on the s., commencing in Stratf ird, Fulton co., includes several small ponds in the s. e. corner of Hope, sftveral ponds in Johnsburgh, Warren co., and Schroon and Paradox Lakes in Essex co. The second chain em- braces Jerseyfield Lake and several others in Herkimer co., flowing s., Piseco, Round, Spy, and Ox Bow Lakes, Lake Pleasant, and a great number of smaller ones, all flowing into Sacondaga River. The third chain, lying between the two highest ranges of mountains, is composed of lakes less in extent than either of the other chains. It comprises Woodhull Reservoir and about 20 small lakes, principally in Herkimer CO., flowing into Black River; a large number of small ponds in the immediate vicinity, flowing into West Canada Creek; Indian, Square, Beaver, Wilmurt, and a dozen smaller ones, in Hamilton co., flowing into Black and Indian Rivers; and the Indian Lakes, flowing into the Hudson. In Essex co. this chain embraces Lakes Rich, Sanford, and Henderson, and numerous others, lying near the foot of Mt. Marcy. The fourth or n. chain is the most extensive of all. It com- prises Brantingham and other Lakes in Lewis co., flowing into Moose and Black Rivers ; the Fulton chain and about 20 other lakes in the n. part of Herkimer, respectively flowing into Beaver and Moose Rivers ; Cranberry Lake and many others in the s. part of St. Lawrence, flowing into Oswe- gatchie and Grasse Rivers ; Tuppers, Racket, Forked, and Long Lakes, and 50 others, in Hamilton CO., and a large number in Franklin, flowing into Racket River ; St. Regis Lake, Osgoods Pond, and numerous others, into St. Regis River; Ragged Lake, Round and Ingraham Ponds, into Salmon River ; Lake Placid, into the Au Sable ; the Chateaugay Lakes, into Chateaugay River ; and the Chazy Lakes, into Chazy River. All these last named lakes are in Hamilton, Franklin, 1 Named in honor of Alexander Hamilton. The territory was included in Herkimer co. Feb. 16. 1791, but was re-annexed to Montgomery March 31. 1797. It can complete ita organization when it has a sufficient population to entitle it to a member of Assembly. It remained appended to Montgomery until 1838, when it was annexed to Fulton on the erection of the latter co. Courts were established in 1837. * This region was called by the natives Coughsarage. " the dismal wilderness." The following entry on a map published ftliout the period of the Revolution, or soon after, gives the pre- vailing opinion of that day coccerntng these lands : — "Through SS6 this tract of land runs a chain of mountains, which, from Lake Champlain on one side and the river St. Lawrence on the other side, show their tops always white with snow; but altho' this one unfavorable circumstance has hitherto secured it from the claws of the harpy land jobbers, yet no doubt it is as fertile as the land on the east side of the lake, and will in future fur- nish a comfortable retreat for many industrious families." 8 The eighth lake in the N. chain, flowing w., is 1,678 ff«t above tide; Racket Lake, 2 mi. n., flowing £., 1,745 feet; the Upper Saranac, Sowing E., 1,567 feet; and Lake Sauf()rd, flow- lug 3., 1,826 feet. HAMILTON COUXTY. 337 Esses, and Clinton cos., in close proximity to each other. The streams, forming the outlets of the lakes, are mostly small. The whole region being a mountainous plateau higher than the surround ing country, the streams that rise here flow in all directions and form tributaries of the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, the Hudson, Mohawk, and Black Rivers. Several of the I'ivers have the same name as the lakes which respectively form their headwaters ; as the Racket, Chazy, and Chateaugay.* This whole region is primitive, the rock being principally gneiss. Calciferous sandstone and Trenton limestone are found upon Sacondaga River. White limestone is also found in several localities. Peat is found in great abundance in the vlaies, or natural meadows, which extend along the valleys. Iron ore and graphite are both found, — though no surveys have been made to ascer- tain their extent. A large amount of labor has been expended in mining for silver; with what success is unknown. The soil is a light, sandy loam, and, except in the valleys, is not susceptible of profitable cultivation. The mountain sides are covered with a thin growth of forest trees, and when cleared seem incapable of supporting vegetation. The valleys at first are productive, but, being deficient in lime, as soon as the vegetable mold is exhausted they become barren. The county seat is located at Sageville, in the town of Lake Pleasant.^ The co. buildings, con- sisting of a courthouse, jail, and clerk's office, were erected in 1840, Each U^wn s\ipports its ovna poor, and the co. poor are provided for by the Superintendent at the most convenit »t place. There has never been a paper printed within the co.' The public works are entirely prodpective.* Most of the territory of the co. is included in the Totten and Crossfield Purchase of 1773.^ Grants within the limits of the co, were made in colonial times to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, Henry Balfour, and Thomas Palmer. Arthursboro, in Morehouse, was granted to Arthur Noble. The first settlement was made about 1790. ARIETTA* — was formed from Lake Pleasant, May 13, 1836. A part of Long Lake was taken off in 1837. It extends from the s. w. border northward nearly across the co., a little w. of the center. Its surface is much broken, and it contains a great number of wild, picturesque lakes. Of these, Racket and Forked Lakes, in the n, part, and Piseco,' in the s,, are the moat important. The principal streams are the w. and s. branches of Sacondaga River. A considerable amount of lumbering is carried on.® Piseco, formerly a p. o., and once a busy village of some 250 inhabit- ants, is now nearly deserted, and contains but 4. families.® There is nop.o. in town. The first settlers were Shadrack Dunning, at the e. end of Piseco Lake, in 1827, and David Woolworth, in the s. part, about the same time. Rensselaer Van Rensselaer, of Albany, settled in 1834.^** OILMAIV^*— was formed from "Wells, April 23, 1839. A part was annexed to Wells in 1858. It is an interior town, extending in a long, narrow strip near the e. border of the co. lis surface is much broken by mountains and diversified by small lakes. Several of the highest peaks in the co. are in this town; but their elevations have never been ascertained. It is the least populous town in the State. Oilnian (p. o.) is in the s. border. Most of the settlers are in the s. part, a few only living on the extreme n. border, quite isolated from their fellow townsmen. Philip Rhine- lander, a wealthy merchant of New York, began the first settlement.*^ 1 If this syFtem of naming lakes could be extended, it would preatly assist those who wish to understand the geography of this region. To make it compk'te, the cit;hth lake in the Fulton chain ehouM be named Mooee Lake; Cranberry Pond, Oswe- fjatchie Lake; Messpwopie Pond, Grasse Lake; Ragged Lake, Salmon; Golden Lake, Hudson; and Piseco Lake, Sacondaga; and then the direction of the flow of the waters would be at once apparent from the names of the lakes. 3 The first co. officers were Richard Peck, First Judge: Saml. Call, County Ch-rk : James Harris, Sherifr: G. R. Parburt, Dis- trict Attnrnf}/ : and Thos. H. Kline, Surrogate. 'The Hamilton County Sentinel, printed at Johnstown and edited at Sageville, was started in 1846 by Clark & Thayer. It waa subseriuently in the hands of Clark & Holmes, and is now issued by Clark & Fish. • Tlip rnute of the Ontario & Hudson R. R., from Saratoga to i^ackets Harrbor. extends through the N. part of the co. The route jp located; but no grading has been done within the co. Several surveys have been made to test the practicability of connecting Piseco Lake with Lake Pleasant, the Fnlton chain with Racket Lake, and Racket River with the Upper Saranac Lake, for thepurposeof forming a slackwater navigation through the CO. These schemes have been pronounced feasible. C'i>n- sidarable sums have been expended upon some of the streams so that logs might be floated down. 6 A large share of this tract has reverted to the State by es- cheat, confiscation, and tax sales. It was purchased, at the re- 'juest and expense of Joseph Totten, Stephen Crossfield, and Uiiers, from the Mohawk and Csnivjuliarie Indians, at Johnsons 22 Hall, in July, 1773. It was estimated to contain 800,000 acres. ^Council Minutes, ^^A'l, p. 31. It was surveyed by Ebenezer Jessup and associates. 8 Named by Rensselaer Van Rensselaer, in honoi of his mother. 7 Named by Joshua Brown, a surveyor, from an Indian chief of his acquaintance. It is about 5 mi. long and 1 to IJ wide. It is one of the most picturesqne sheets of water in tlis co. Tho mountains around it are over 500 feet above its surface. 8 Henry Devereaux. some years since, began lumbering on a large scale in the s. part, and built a tram r. r. some R or 10 mi. long. He also spent many thousand dollars in buildings and machinery; but the enterprise proved a failure. * In 1838 Andrew K. Morehouse, an extensive landholder, built at this place a gristmill, sawmill, machine shop, a large hotel and boarding house, and some half dozen dwellings. Strong inducements were offered to si-ttlers; but they became dissatisfied with the tille. and one by one dropped oflT. In 1S43 he again tried to retrieve his fortunes by tho formation of a Joint stock Co. and induced some 200 settlers to come in. Some returned the same day; others remnincii a week or a month. 10 Kli Rood, of Saratoga, settled on the beech flats s. E. of Piseco Lake; R. Dibble and Seth Whitniaii near the foot of the lake; and Zadock Ross, from Clifton Park, 8. of the lake. The first birth was that of Miss M. M. Dunraiig, Aug. 28. 1829; the first marriage, that of Amos Dunning an'l Ann Kliza PUimmer; and tho first death, that of Seth Whitman, A school was taught by Ann E. Plummer, in 1833. *^ Named from John M. Oilman, an e^rly settler, from N. H. 1' Mr. Rhinelander cleared 300 ucces^ for a stock faroi, and. buiU 338 HAMILTON COUNTY. . HOPE* — was formed from Wells, April 15, 1818. A part of Lake Pleasant was annexed May 10, 1847. It lies upon Sacondaga River, in the s. e. corner of the co. Its surface is broken and mountainous. It is the most populous town in the CO., and the settlements are chiefly in the e. part. The w. portion is still a wilderness, known only to hunters. The mountains are very irre- gular; but in general they extend upon both sides of the river, and, as usual in this region, have their longest slope to the s. w. The principal tributary of the Sacondaga is East Stony Creek ; and the main range of mountains lies between this stream and the river.^ Lumbering and tanning are extensively carried on. Hope Center, Benson, and Benson Center are p. offices. Hope Falls (p. o.) is a hamlet. Settlement was begun in 1790, in the s. border of the town.* IIVDIA.\ I.AKE— was formed from Gilman, Long Lake, and Wells, Nov. 13, 1858. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center.* I.AHI: PLEASAIVT— was formed from Johnstown, Fulton co., May 26, 1812. Parts of Stafford, Johnstown, and Salisbury were annexed at the time of the formation of Hamilton co. Morehouse was taken off in 1835, Arietta in 1836, and a part of Long Lake in 1837. A part was annexed to Hope in 1847, and a part to Wells in 1858. It is the central town of the co., and in- cludes a long tract extending from n. to s. to within a few mi. of each extremity of the co. Its surface is broken and mountainous, and most of it is still a wilderness. Lake Pleasant, from which it derives its name, is about 4 mi. long by 1 wide. Round Lake, J mi. from this, is very irregulai in form, and about 1} mi. across in the widest part.^ The Eckford chain of lakes, in the n. part, are in the midst of wild mountain solitudes. The upper of these is named Janet Lake.® The principal streams in the s. are the n. and w. branches of the Sacondaga, and in the n. the Racket and its tributaries. A mine of graphite has been opened 4 mi. n. of Sageville. Limestone mixed with silex and mica, from which quicklime is obtained, is found s. of Lake Pleasant. Lumbering and shingle making are carried on to a considerable extent. Lake Pleasant, (p.o.,) at the foot of the lake, contains a hotel and 2 dwellings. Sag^evllle^ (p-'^-) '^^ situated on a beautiful elevation 50 feet above Lake Pleasant* and Round Lake, about one-fourth of a mi. distant from each. It contains the co. buildings, a large hotel, a church, and several dwellings. Settlement was commenced about 1795, by Joseph Spier, of Columbia co.^ Meetings were first held by Rev. Elisha Yale; and the first settled minister was Rev. Ryan Bristol. EiOBfCr IjAKK — was formed from Arietta, Lake Pleasant, Morehouse, and Wells, May 4, 1837. It extends across the n. end of the co., and is named from the principal lake within its borders. Its surface is very broken, and numerous small lakes are scattered through its forests. Settlement was begun in Township 21, a few years before the date of its organization."* There ie no p.o. in town. MOREHOUSE"— was formed from Lake Pleasant, April 13, 1835. A part of Long Lake was taken off in 1837. It extends along the w. border of the co., from the s. extremity to Long Lake. a coBtly mansion on Elm Lake, in TownBhip 9, aeveral mi. dis- tant from neighbors. He remained here until tlie di-ftth of his wife, in 1818 or '19, and soon after, l)eing struck with paralysis, waa obliged to return to New York. The property, after repeated Bales, is now owned by Dr. Elliott, an oculist of New York City. Qilmnn and his sons were the next eettlers. John Carter. An- drew MorriMon. Sanuu-1 Johnson, jr., Wni. B. Perk. Wra. Orcutt, ftnd others were early settlers. Mrs. Rhinelander W!i.s the first perBon that died. Susan Gilman taught the fiist school, in 1823. No inn has ever been licensed in town. 1 There are 2 large tanneries in town, and several sawmills. * These mountains are entirely primitive, and incline to the fcyperethene and feldf!pathic varieties. 'Gideon and Jeremiah Olmstead, from Mass., were the first ■ettlerfi. Issachar Robinson. Peter Wager. Asa Deville. Jacob Honck, John Graff, and Elisha Wright settled about 1791-92. a little N. of the center of the town. Zadock Bass, Conklin. Elkanah, Amos, and Isaac Mason came into the e. part in 1S05. The first birth was th:it of Lucinda Olnistead; and the first death, that of Mr5. Conklin, about 1800. Wilson, a Scotch- man, kept the first school. * This town has been fnrmed since the statistics were collected; and its description and history are included in those of thetowns from which it was formed. 6 The ioimmit level between Round Lake and Little Long Lake is but a few feet above the water. In wet seasons water runs both ways, and 25 mi. of slackwater navi^atinn might he made at comparatively small expense. Round Lake flows into the N. branch of the Sacmdaga, and Little Long Lake into the "W. branch. — so that, afttT running 26 and o3 mi. rei'pec lively, their waters again unite. ^ Named from Mrs. Jamoe E. De Raj*, by Dr. Emmons, while making the geological survey of the 2d district. She was the daughter of Henry Eckford. the celebi-ated shipbuilder, from whom the chain of lakes was named. ' Known for several years as ''ZaA-e Pli-a.-^ant.^' until changed through the agency of Uezekiah Sago, of Chittenaogo, who bnilt a large hotel and attempted to establish an extensive business there. Efforts have been made to procure a change of the pre- sent name, but without success. 8 A few years since, Abraham R. Lawrence, of New York City, built al.irgehotel for summer rf sort at the head of Lake Pleasant. As a speculation it proved a failure. 8 Benj. Macomber. John IJarnes. Joseph Davis. .Toshua and Jonath.in Rich^ Jesse Callop, Caleb Nichols, Geo. Wright. Ephrai ID Page, Daniel Fish, Henry Burton, Lemuel Iloluies, and B. Sater- lee settled in town before 1806. The first birth was that of Olivia Spier, in 1S06; and the second, that of Eleanor Macombcr, who died a missionary in Burmah. Geo. WriL'ht kept the fiist inn. In 1S06, and \Vm. B. Peck the first store, in 1S17. A saw- mill was built by Foster, in 1795; and a gristmill, by Joseph Spier, in 1797. W David Keller, James Sargent. Owen Skinner, Zenns Parker Joel I'lumley, and John Cunningham were first settlers. The first death occurred in 1838. A sdiool was first taught in 1840 by Lucina Bissell. There are now o schotds in town, A Cong cimrch was formed in 1842, by Rev. JoLn Todd, of Pittsfield, Mass., and placed under the charge of Rev M. Paiker. This ie the most secluded town in the State. It is U8u.illy reached from Essex CO,, to which the settlers resort for their mails and trade. Scliroon River p.o., E.ssfX co., is the nearest and moul convenient ofiBce fy Benj. Corey. It was purchased by David Holt aud J. B. Robhins. and discontinued in .bin. 1805. The Farmers' Moytitfrr was cumnieiiced in the same office in 1S05 by Holt A Robbins. It was discontinued in 1807. The Herkimer I'dican was commenced in 1807 or '08 by Benj. Corey, and was discontinued about 1810. The Herkimer American was commenced in 1810 by J. H. & H. Prentiss. Wm. L- Stone afterward became the pub- lisher. In 1813 or '14 he sold it to Kdward P. Seymour, who continued its publication until 1831, when it was discontinued. Bunker Hill was coDimenced at Herkimer in ISIO by G, G. Phinney. Its name was changed in 1812 to The ff(ftwst American, under which title it was published a few years. The People's Friend was commenced at Little Falls in Sept. 1821. by Kdward M. Griffin. It was successively pub- lished "by Joseph A. Noonan. Horatio N. Johnson, and E. G. Palmer & H. N. Johnson. In 1830 it was pub- lished as The Penple's Friend ajid Little Falls Gazette. I'n July, 1834. it passed into the hands of N. S. Benton & Co., who cbaiiv'ed its name to Tbe MohawK Courier, under which title it is now pub- lished by A. W. Katou. The Herkimer Hrald was commenced in 1828 by John Car- penter. It was removed in a few years to Oswego. The Republican Fhrmers' Frtf Press was commenced at Herki- mer in 1830 by Holt; B. B. Hotchkin. editor. In 1834 it w»s removed to Littlo Falls and its name changed to The Herkimer f'nunt>i Whig, under which title it was published about 2 years by Larned W. Smith. The Inquirer was published a short time at Little Falls by Larned W. Smith. Tbe Herkimer County Journal was commenced in Dec. 1837, by a comparv; J. C. Underwood, editor, E. P. Seymour, printer, li 1838 it p-nssed into the hands of O. A. Bowe, and in 184* to Orlando Squires, who re- moved it to Little Falls. He was succeeded by Daniel Ayer, by whom the paper is now published. r Small papers. A few numbers were issued Key of David, J in 1853 or '54 by O. Squires. The latter Ecieciic Bulletin A papf^r was designed as a daily, but was ( issued only tri-wec-kly. The Walchmayi was issued by Squires about 6 months in 18 — . The Demncruiic Vindicator was issued by Squires about 2 w«eka in 18—. Tlie Ent€rp}-ise was issued at Little Falls in 1839 by £. M. Griffin. In 1841 it was succeeded by The Mohawk Mirror.. serai-mo„ which wiis discontinued in 1844. The Tribune and Spirit of '^S was published at Little Falls a short time in IS — by H. N- Johnson. The Herkri7ner Freeman was commenced at Little Falls in July, 1844. by O. A. Bowe. In H'50 be removed it to Mohawk and changed the name to The Mohawk Times. It was soon after discontinued. The Frankfort Drmocrat was cnmmenred in 1842 by J. M. Lyon & W. B. Holmes. In 1844 it was removed to Herkimer and its name changed to The Herkimer Chunty Democrat. In 1848 Mr. Lyun was suc- ceeded by Robert Karl. In 1850 C. C. Wilherstine be- came interested in its publication, and in March, 1854, he became sole proprietor. In Sept. 1S54, J. L. Hayse was associated with Mr. Witherstine. and in Dec. 1855, the name of the paper was changed to The Hurkimer American. In May, I85t5, Mr. Hayse withdrew ; and in July following the paper passed into the hands of R.W.Crain & J. T. Stevens, who changed its name to Tlie Herkimer County Democrat. - — Withers- tine 80(jn after became proprietor ; and in June. 1869, it was sold to H.G. Crouch, its present publisher. The nion Indipendent was commenced in Jan. 1855: G. W. Bun- guy, editor. Wm. L. Fish & H. W. Lyman, publishers. Ill Jan. 1S"'8. it was removed to Utica. The Moliawk Valley Sentinel was commenced at Mi.hawk in Jan. 1855. by L. W. I'eters & G. W. Gould. In May following Mr. I'eters becjime sole proprieUif, and in its present publisher. Tlie Standard Bearer was commenced at West Win- field in June, 1859; W. H. Dixon, publisher. * List of Patents, Tracts, and Grants of Land in Herkimer County. Adgate'fl Patent* Brown's Tract* Burnetsfield Patent* Colden,C.. Patent Coldeu. N- Patent. Cosby'fi Manor* Fall Hill Patent Free Mason's Patent*... Glen's Purchase Hasenclevi-r's Patent.... Henderson's Patent*.... Jersnyfielil Patent* John'*n and Benj. Mix, in 1796. The first gristmill was built in 1791-92, by Andrew Miller and Geo. Bell, at Millers Mills. 6 There are 2 churches in tovm ; Ref. Prot. D. and F. W Bap. * Named from the river Danube. IIEKKIMER COUNTY. 343 oflf In 1828. It lies on the E, border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is hilly iu the center, rising 400 to 800 ft. above the Mohawk, and is broken by ravines on each side of the valley of the creek. Fine flats extend along the Mohawk on the n. border. The principal stream is Nowadaga' Creek, which flows n. e, through the town near the center. The soil is gravelly in the n. and a sandy loam in the s. In the n. part are two sulphur springs. Se'^wiUe (p. v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses, and Indian Castle^ {Danube p. o., a hamk't) 1 church. Settlements are supposed to have commenced as early as 1730 ; but no records have been preserved. During the Revolution the settlements were broken up, and did uot commence again until about 1780.^ The first patents are dated 1730-31.* A mission church was establi.'^hed here by Sir William Johnson in 1768. This church had a bell, which the Indians attempted to carry off in the war, and for that purpose secreted it. Search was made in vain. After sufficient time had elapsed the thieves, on returning by night to bear away the coveted treasure, had their presence and business betrayed by the unruly member which they neglected to muffle. As it was borne along on a pole, its ringing brought the Germans to its rescue with such weapons as they in their haste could snatch, and the bell was recovered. The present cliurch occupying the site of the old Mission Church is known as the '* Indian Castle Church." There are 2 uniim churches in town. This town was the residence of King Ilendrick^ and Joseph Brant,*' the celebrated Mohawk chiefs, and of Gen. Nicholas Her- kimer.' King Ilendrick sustained a high character for sagacity and integrity, was warmly at- tached to the English, and especially to Sir "Wm. Johnson, whom he accompanied to Lake George in the summer of 1755, where he was killed. He was recognized as a chief as early as 1697. FAIRFIELD^ — was formed from Norway, Feb. 19, 1796. A part of Newport was taken off in 1806, and a part of Little Falls in 1829. It lies in the interior of the co., near the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, the center rising into a ridge 800 to 1,000 ft. above West Canada Creek.* The streams are small. West Canada Creek flows s. on the w. border. The soil on the uplands is mostly clay, and in the valleys it is gravelly, with local drift deposits of sand. Several fine quar- ries of limestone are found in different parts.^^ Fairfleld, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, an academy," a cheese bos factory, and 00 houses ; Middleville^ (p. v.,) on the line of Newport, 1 church, a woolen factory, tannery,^^ chair factory, grist and saw mill. Pop, 295. Settlements were first made in 1770, by 3 German families named Maltanner, Goodbrodt, and Shaf- fer, who located upon the Royal Grant.^* The first preacher was Rev. Fields, (Presb.,) in 1791." 1 Called by the Indiaos In-cha-nan-do. ! Named from the upper Indian castle, or fort, built in 1710 ODtbe Bat just bulow the mouth of Nowadaga Creek. It was built as one of the chain of defenses that guarded the approach to CaniuJa, and was armed with small cannon. The Indians lived In clusters of huts around it. 3 An inn was kept by Cornelius C. Van Alstyne, in 1795, and a store by Peter Smith, at the same time. Andrew Nellia built the first gristmill, near the mouth of Nowadaga, in ISOO. * Small portions of Fall Hill, Vaughan's, and L'llommodieu's Patents, the whole of Lindsay's, and parts of J. Vrooman's, C. Colden's, Van Home's, and Lansing's Patents are in this town. 6 1'he dwelling of King Hendrick stood upon the high ground near the site of the present Indian Castle Church. On one occasion he remarkeil to Sir William Johnson that he had dreamed a dream. On being questioned, he related that the English agent had in bis slumber appeared to present. him a suit of new clothes. Johnson fulfiUeii the dream, and not long after had iu turn a dream to relate to the chief, in wliich he thought the latter had presented to him a large tract of land. The Indian was caught in his own trap. He, howevt-r, gave the necessary title, but hinted, as he conveyed the lands described, that they would have no more dreaming. This tract was afterward known as the Royal (Jrant. 6 Brant lived in the same place that had been occupied by Ilendrick. Fort Uendrick stood on land now owned by Abram Owens, w. of the Nowadaga, on a small eminence overlooking the flat. The fort was built in the French War. ' General Herkimer's house is still standing, 3 mi. WIow Little Falls, 6. of the canal. It is of imported brick, and was built in 1763. at a cost of $7,500 to JS.OOd, Some of the rooms were finished in panel work and were plastered on the brirk walls: and in its day the house was surpassed by none in this section. It is now owned by Daniel Conner. KfTorts were made to burn it in the Revolution by throwing combustihles upon the roof: but further attempts of this kind were prevented by covering it with a layer of clay. Gen. Herkimer's grave ts 25 rods s.E. from the house, on a knoll, and is marked by a plain white tombstone inscribed as follows : — "Gen. NICHOLAS HERKIMER. Died Aug. 17. 1777, Ten days after the battle of Oriskany. in which engagement he received wounds which caused his death." Attempts have been repeatedly made to obtain the means to erect a suitable monument ; but, notwithstandiug the resolution of Congress on the 4th of October, 1777, " that the Governor and Council of New York be desired to erect a monument, at Con- tinental expense, of the value of $500, to the memory of the lat« Brigadier Harkemer, who commanded the militia of Tryon co., in the State of N. Y., and who was killed fighting gallantly in defense of the liberty of these States," this order has been neg- lected, and the citizen chief lies forgotten by the country for whose cause he gave his life. He was chairman of the Tryon CO. committee of safety. At the time of his death he was abont 50 years of age. 8 This town included nearly all of the Glen Purchase and the first allotment of the Rnyal Grant. 8 The 8. w. corner of the old college building is 1.276. S ft. above tidewater at Troy. The chapel threshold is 727 feet above low water at W. Canada Creek at Middleville, and Barts Hill is 1,177 feet above the same. 10 Near Middleville are found beautiful crystals of quartz. Most of them are perfectly transparent; and sometimes they inclose a few drops of water or small pieces of anthracite coal. " Fairfield Academy was established in 1803. A medical de- partment, incorp. as the College of Physicians and Surgeons, was founded in 1809, and continued until 1840. A conditional college charter was granted to the academy in 1S12, under the name of "Clinton (Allege;" but the conditions were not com- plied with. 12 This establishment manufactures $40,000 worth of calf- skins and upper leather annually. 13 These settlers, though Royalists, were attacked by the In- dians in 1779. Two members of the faniilies wi-re killed, and the others were carried into captivity. Fainilii-^ named Keller. VVindecker. and Pickert settled near the Manbeim lino, and others settled on the Glen Purchase, before the war. Cornelius Chatlield settled in March, and Abijah Mann in May, 17^5. Josiah, David, and Lester Johnson. John lUicklin, Benj. Howen, John Eaton. Nath'l and Wni. Brown, Sam'l Low, David Bense- ley, Elisha VVyman, Comfort Eaton, Jeremiah Ballard, Ww. Bucklin, Arnold, Daniel Vennor, Natlian Smith, Nahum Daniels, Amos and Jas. Haile, Ncely, and Peter and Bi'I.i Ward, all from New England, settled soon after. Tlio fir-^t store was kept by Smith & Daniels, in 17H2-'.i:i. The tir.-t gristmill was built by Empie, and thr fiist sawmill by Samuel & Paul Green. A school was taught in 17115. by Wm. D. Gray; but others had been previously t:iught in the N. p.ut of the town. n There are now 6 churches in town; 2 M. E., Bap., I'rot. E^ Presb., and Cong. 344 HERKIMER COUNTY. FR.iaiKFORT'— was furmed from German Flats, Feb. 5, 1796. It was divided in the forma- tion of Oneida co. in 1798, and a part annexed to Deerfield. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the Mohawk. Its surface is a broad intervale, ri.sing into hills of moderate elevation on the s. w. border, the highest points being about 500 ft. above the river. The Mohawk flows s. e. on the N. border. The streams arc small brooks and creeks. The soil on the uplands is a clayey and slaty loam, and on the flats an alluvial loam. Limestone ledge« are found in the s. w. The most important of these is called Horsebone Ledge. The stone is whitish and makes e.xcellent lime. Slate and calciferous sandstone are also found in some places. Franllfort, (p. v.,) in the n.e., near the Mohawk, contains 4 churches, 1 bank, a grist and saw mill, woolen factory, and distillery. Pop. 1,150. IVevv GraeTcuberg' (p.o.) is the seat of a water cure, 4i mi. from Utica. IIOYr:ii-artment, to induce the In- dians to go to Albany to hold a great council. They attended at Albany soon after; hut sufficient inducements could not be ofTi-red to detach them from the royal cause. 8 In July, 178"2. a party of 600 Indians and tories entered the settlement, and were discovered by Peter Wolever, who, with Augustinus Hess, lived about 50 rods from the fort. Both fami- lies escaped to the fort, except Iless.whowas killed at the picket gate, Valentine Starring was tortuivd within hearin.c of the fort, which was too feeble to attempt a rescue, — Benton's Her- kimrr. p. 406, ^ There are now 7 churches in town ; 2 lief. Prot. D., Bap., Ev. Luth., F, W, Bap., Univ., and Union. HERKIMER COUNTY. 345 HKRKIMER^— was formed from Kingsland District, March 7, ll^S. A part of Palatino (Montgomery co.) was annexed in 1791. Norway and Schuyler were taken off in 1792, a part of Newport in 1800, and a part of Little Falls in 1829. A part was annexed to Schuyler in 1808, and restored in 1811. It lies on the n. bank of the Mohawk, near the center of the settled portions of the CO. A wide intervale extends along the river, and from it the surface gradually rises to the n. line of the town. West Canada Creek flows s. through near the center, dividing the uplands into two distinct ridges. The Hasenclever Mts., w. of the creek, are 000 to 800 ft, above the Mohawk. The soil upon the hills is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a deep, fertile alluvium. Her- kimer,- (p. v.,) upon the Mohawk, w. of the mouth of West Canada Creek, was inQorp. April 0, 1807. It contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, a bank, newspaper office, paper mill,' and gristmill. Pop. 1,371. It is a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. £atoiiTille (p-o.) is a hamlet, in the n. e. corner, on the line of Fairfield and Little Falls. The early history of the town is blended with that of German Flats, of which it formed a part until its organization as a town. The first settlements were made by Palatinates, under the patronage of Gov. Hunter, in 1722.* It had its share of sufl'ering during the Revolution ; and all the patriot families that re- mained during the war were those sheltered by Fort Dayton. This fortress stood upon a point of the stone ridge about 30 rods above the present site of the courthouse. After the destruction of Fort Schuyler by flood and fire, in May, 1781, Forts Dayton and Herkimer became the frontier defenses of the Mohawk Valley.* After the war, many of the Indians and tories who had been actively engaged in hostilities returned to the settlements; but they were received by the settlers in a way little calculated to inspire sentiments of friendship, and the greater part emigrated to more congenial places.® The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at an early period, by Rev. A. Rosegrantz ; but the precise date has been lost.*^ E.ITCUFIEI.D8— was formed from German Flats, Feb. 5, 1796. A part of Winfield was taken off in 1810. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the Mohawk. Its surface is elevated and moderately hilly, its mean elevation being about 500 feet above the river. A series of ridges in the' w. and s. are known as the " Dry Lots,"^ no water being found upon them. The streams are small ; some flow s. into the Unadilla and others n. into the Mohawk. In the e. part is a sulphur spring.^** Eiitcbfield (p. v.) contains 1 church and about 15 houses; Cedar I^ake (p.o.) 1 church and 9 houses ; Jerusalem, a hamlet near the center, 2 churches and 7 houses. The first settlement was commenced about 1789, by Jabez Snow, on Snow Ilill.*^ The first reli- gious services were held in 1794: ; Rev. Spaulding was the first preacher.^^ 1.ITTI.E FAL.L.S— was formed from Fairfield, Herkimer, and German Flats, Feb. 10, 1829. It lies in the interior of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a broken upland, divided by the 1 Named in honor of Gen. Nicholas Ilerkimer. It was intended to apply tlie name to the territory including the old residence of the (ieneral, but by miatake it was yiven to tliis town. The Kingsland District waa one of the diviiiions of Tryon co. formed March '24, 1772. Its name was exch;nig:i-d with that of German Flats District, March 8, 1773. It included all that portion of the CO. lying w. of Palatine District and N. of the Mohawk. This town embraces the whole of Winner's and a partof Burnetsfield, llasenclever'ti, Colden's, and Willet's Patents, and small por- tions of the Royal Grant and Glen's Purchase. 2 Originally called ^'■Stone Rid'jfi.'' 5 This paper mill was established inlSlO; it gives employment to 120 hands. * Among the early settlers were Johan Joost Petrie, Frederick and A. M. Pell, Jury Doxtater, Nicholas Feeter, Melgert Fols, Henry Heger, Lendert. Frederick Johan, Adam and Philip Helnier. and families named Schmidt, Weaver, and Bellinger. The first schools were German. Kobinson taught the first £ugli!«)i school, at the village. <* Lieut. Solomon VVnodworth was stationed at Fort Dayton with a small force of Continental troops. He rendered great service to tlie settlers in this part of the valley. In the summer of 1781. with 40 men, he went out to reconnoiter; but about 3 mi. N. of Hei kimer the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and only 15 escaped. The commander and 20 men were killed. A Mrs. Smith, scalped by the Indiana during the war, recovered and lived to a good old age. On thn 6th of August, 1781, a party of tories and Indians, under Donald McDonald, a Scotch refugee, from Johnstown, made an attack upon the settlement at Shells Bush. The inhabitants mostly fled to Fort Dayton; but Juhn Christian Shell and his family,consisting of his wife and »> sons, took refuge in their owa house, which wa.*? a strong blockhouse. His two little sons, twins, 8 years of age, were taken prisoners; but the remainder of the family escaped within and secured the entrance. In trying to force tlie door. McDonald was wounded, and made prisoner. The attack continued until dark, when the ton&s fled, with a loss of 11 killed and 6 wounded. McDonald died of his wounds the next day. The two little boya were r** turned after the war. — Benton's Herldnur. 6 Julin Adam Ilartman, an active and successful ranger, was engaged in perilous service through the war. Soon after the peace, an Indian came into an inn, in the w. part of this town, where Ilartman was present, and, getting intoxicated, bt-gan to boastof his exploits, and showed a tobacco pouch made from the skin of a white child's arm and hand, with the nails still on. When the Indian left, Ilartman found business on the same road. They both passed into a swamp; anil the Indian never came out. In reply to questions put to him, Ilartman aiid that he last saw the Indian, some distance ahead, standing on a log; and that he fell as if hurt. Ilartman was tried for murder, but was acquitted. Ho lived in town till his death, in the spring of l^ZQ.— Benton's Herkimer, p. 409. 7 There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Ref. Prot. T>. 8 Named from Litchfield, Conn., whence many of the early settlers came. » These hills have limestone ledges beloncing to the Ilelder- bergli series. These lots, 2 in number, contain about 1,600 acres each. Water is obtained by wells at great expense. 10 The Columbian Springs, in Browns Hollow, have been brought to public notice, but have yet gained only a local repu- tatiou. 11 Amongtheotherearly settlors were John Everett. Nathaniel Ball, and Ebenezer Drury. from N. II.; and Kzekict Goodell and S. Sherry, from Conn, tfelah Hulcomb settled 2 mi. E. of Jeru- Balem. \Vm. and Thos. Jones. OUver Kider, Josepli Crosby, and others, were also early settlers. The first birth was that of Luke Andrews, in 1790; the first marringi", that of Joseph Day and , in the };ame year. Jeremiah Everett tiiuirht tlie first school ; Joseph Shepard ke|)t tbo first inn ; David Davis kept the first store; Talctt built the first sawmill, and John Littlejohn the first gristmill, in l.*^0t>-07. 12 The census reports 8 churches In town; 2 Presh., 2 M. E., % Univ., Bap., and Wes. Meth. 346 HERKIMER COUNTY. deep, narrow gorge of the Mohawk. A range of hills extends N. and s. from the village. They are rocky and precipitous near the river, but less rugged on the N. and s. borders.' The Mohawk flows N. E. through near the center of the town in a series of cascades and rapids. Its banks are rocky and in places precipitous. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam. Little Falls, (p. v.,) in the E. part, on the line of Manheim and Danube, was incorp. March 30, 1811. Its name was changed to " Rockton," April 10, 1850, and again changed to Little Falls, April 10, 1s by all bnt tories. HERKIMER COUNTY. 347 HfEWPORT' — was formed from Herkimer, Fairfield, Norway, and Schuyler, Ajiril 7, 1806. It lies on the w. border of the co., near the center. Its surface is broken by ridges of highlands, which rise 400 to 500 ft. each side of the narrow intervale of West Canada Crock. This stream flows s. E. through the town, near the center. White Creek flows s. through the e. part. The soil is a clayey loam, with some gravel on the hills. It is chiefly underlaid by limestone, which is quarried in some localities. iVe^vport, (p* v-O near the center, incorp. March 20, 1857, contains 3 churches, 1 bank, a gristmill, cotton factory,'^ and 071 inhabitants. Settlement was commenced in 171*1, by Christopher Hawkins, from K. I. ;^ Rev. David Haskell (Bap.) held the first meetings, in 17'.Hi.* \ORWA¥^ — was formed from Herkimer, April 10, 1792. Fairfield was taken off" in 179G. Remsen (Oneida co.) in 1798, Russia, as **f/;l^o?^," and a part of Newport, in 1806, and Ohio in 182d. It lies in the interior of the co., n. of the Mohawk. Its surface is elevated and rolling. It is drained by tributai'ics of West Canada Creek. The soil is sandy in the n. w., and loam and gravelly in the IS. and s. Limestone is quarried in several places ; and fossils have been found near White Creek. There is a sulphur spring 1 mi. n. of the village. Woi'way, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a cheese box factory, tannery, and 30 houses ; Graysville,® (p. v.,) on the line of Ohio, contains an extensive tannery and 30 houses.^ The first settlement was made by —Whip- ple and Christopher Hawkins, from R, I., in 1786 ; but it was soon abandoned.* The first religious meetings were held by Rev, Robertson, in 1792.^ OIIIO'^ — was formed from Norway, as **Wesi Brunswick/' April 11, 1823. Its name was changed May 3, 1836. A part of Wilmurt was taken off in 1836. It lies in the interior, on the N. border of the settlements. Its surface is moderately hilly, with an elevation of 700 to 900 ft. above the Mohawk. A range of high, steep hills extends through the n, part. It is drained by West Canada and Black Creeks and their tributaries. The soil is a sandy loam, with some clay. A large portion of the town is still a wilderness. Oraysville, (p. v.,) on the line of Norway, contains 1 church, a tannery, and 30 houses. Obio City, (Ohio p. o.,) in the w. part, contains 10 houses. A few scattering settlements were begun before the Revolution, but were broken up during the war." Religious services were first held at Ohio City, in 1808." RUSSIA" — was formed from Norway, as " Union/' April 7, 1806. Its name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Wilmurt was taken ofi" in 1836. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the Mohawk, its n. part extending into the border of the great northern wilderness. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly, and on the w. descends abruptly to the valley of West Canada Creek. The hills are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the Mohawk. West Canada and Black Creeks flow w. through the n. w. part, the former forming a part of the w. boundary. On it are some extensive lumber works." Trenton Falls, upon West Canada Creek, is on the w. border. The soil is sandy 1 NaDied from New-port, R. I., the former residence of many of thp early settlera. 2 A cotton fiictory was built in 1808, by Benj. Bowen. The Herkimer Manufacturing Co. wna formed in 1S14, with a capital of $Kl,.OiiO. employs 75 men. and produces $150,000 worth of sole leathiT annually. The works are driven by a steam engine of 50 horse power. * Jeremiah Potter and his eon. Fiwher Potter, came in with their families from R. I. in 1788. Their whole store of provi.«iions to carry them through the first winter was a crop of potatoes and some salt. For meat they depended upon hunting. Thos. Manly settled in 1789. John, Andrew, and Simeon ("oo ; Capt. Hinman. from Conn.; John and David Corp, N. F;inning, David Underbill. 5 families of Braytons, Angell. Lemuel, and I'bilip Potter, Kdward Uenderaon, Uri H. Cook, Henri Tdlinghart, Aljijah Tumbling, and Weatel Willoughby, were eaiiy settlers. The first birth was that of a child of Gideon Brayton ; and the first death, that of the wife of E. Hinman. The tirst scliool was taught by Jeanette Henderson. in 1793. Amos Coc kept the first inn; Thaddeus Scribner & Bro., the first store, in 17S*3; Capt. Hinman built the firot sawmill, in 1793: and Carpenter Cole the fir«t gristmill, the same year. Vale & Eddy built a fulling mill, in 1793, — Benton's Herk-inier, p. 450. » The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., and Prot. E. w Nftiued from the State of Ohio. This town includes the Jerseyfield and a small part of the Remsenburgh Patents. " Mount settled on Lot 60 of the Jerseyfield Patent somo years before the Revolution. During the Wiir. Mr. Munnt wsxs attacked by Indians; his two sons were killed, and himself, wife, and daughter fled to Little Falls, a distance of 20 miles. He did not see his wife and daughter after le:uing bis house until they met at Little FnW^.—Biiitoyt's Hiu I :m thiH tiiuber in now only found upon theislandt^ in Uio liitic, it is HuppoBtxi tlmt ttie liill \va« an ii^land at a time whoi) at lu;ttit thre^j fourths of the county waji coverod by wat«r. * Indian name Ka-hu-ah'-go. ffreat or wide river. ' Culled by tlie Indiana 'j'e-ka'dii-n-Ka'-bo, ulopiitg banlul. * Called by the Freucb " La Famine. * £61 352 JEFFERSON COUNTY. Black River, and Chaumont Bays) has a coast line of great leugth; and the Thousand Islands present many attractions from their romantic scenery and historical associations. Several small lakes, filling deep gorges, in Antwerp, Theresa and Alexandria, — one in Rutland, two in Hen- derson, Perch Lake in Pamelia and Orleans, and Pleasant Lake in Champion, constitute the other waters of the co. Iron ore abounds in Antwerp. Traces of lead and copper are found in the primary region ; limestone, capable of a great variety of uses, water limestone and barytes are also abundant. The Black River enters the co. at Carthage, where commence a series of cas- cades and rapids which continue almost to the lake, with a total fall of 480 feet. Indian River affurds water power at half a dozen places, and most of the streams s. of Black River are available for the same purpose. The flat country along the St. Lawi'ence at times is affected by drouth, which is never felt on the uplands; while the latter are somewhat noted for the great depth of their snows. The mirage has been frequently seen on the lake, bringing into view places beyond the horizon. One form of this refraction, in which a line of clear sky appears along the shore, is almost a constant attendant upon clear, pleasant days in summer. Waterspouts, attended with dark clouds and a roaring noise, have been seen upon the lake and its bays. In the primary regions the intervales are remarkably fertile, while the ridges are often naked rock. The soil over a part of the sand- stone is too thin for cultivation, but the barren region is comparatively limited. The limestone and slate districts are exceedingly fertile, and particularly adapted to dairying and the raising of spring grains. Of these, barley, within a few years, has become the most important. Winter wheat is raised less than formerly; oats, corn, rye, and peas are staple products. For many years manufactures have received much attention and employed a large amount of capital. They consist of iron from the ore, castings, machinery, cotton and woolen fabrics, paper, leather, and flour, and have been chiefly carried on along the line of the Black River, and in Antwerp, Theresa, Philadelphia, Adams, and Ellisburgh. Rafting, shipbuilding, and lake commerce form prominent pursuits at several points along the St. Lawrence. Upon the erection of the co., in 1805, AVatertown was selected for the co. seat.^ A com- bined courthouse and jail was erected in 1807 and burned in 1821. Soon after, separate build- ings, of stone, were erected, which are still in use. In 1816 a fireproof clerk's office was built, and occupied until 1831, when the present one was erected. The jail having become unfit for use, and having been officially complained of, a writ was issued, Dec. 1, 1848, by the Supreme Court, ordering its immediate improvement.^ This led to the erection of an additional building, with ex- cellent arrangements for both the security and convenience of prisoners. The first poorhouse was erected on the Dudley Farm, in Le Ray, about 5 mi. n. of Watertown, in 1825 ; and it was used until 1833, when the present spacious buildings were erected in Pamelia, 1 mi. below Watertown. In 1852 a special act was passed for the supervision of the poor in this co. The first newspaper in the co., called the " American Uagle/' was established at Watertown, in 1814, by Henry Coffeen. Its name was soon after changed to the ^* American Advocate."^ 1 The commissinnfrs appointed for the selection of the co. eeat by the Gov. and Council were Mattliew Dorr, David Rodgers. and John Van Bentliuysen. The first court and the first bosrd of Bupervisors met at a scboothouse on the site of the present Univ. Church. The first co. officers were Au^istus Sackef, First Jiuhjp ; Joshua Bealls and Perley Keyes, Jm/ges ; Tlioina« White, Lyman Ellis, Wm. Hunter, and Ethni Evans, Assida7U Justices, Henry Coffeen, Cl^rlr ; Abel Sherman, Sheriff'; Benj. Skinner, Surrofiate and Treasurer; and Uart Massey, Ambrose Peftse, and Fairchild Hubbard, Oivoners. At the time of its erection most of the taxes of the co. were paid by non- reaidents. 2 In 1807 the jail liberties were first established, which were 80 extraordinary as to demand a passing notice. " They covered a small space around the courthouse and part of the public square, and included nio.st of the houses of the village; while between these localities, along the sides of the roads, and some- times in the center, were pa^/i-«, from 4 to 8 feet wide, with oc- casional crossings; so that, by carefully observing his route, turning right angles, and keeping himeelf in the strict ranges which the court had established, a prisouer might visit nearly every buildio'.; in the village; but if the route was, by any ac- ridput, nbstnicted, hy a pile of lumber, a pool of mud, or a loaded wagon, he must pass over, through, or under, or else expose himself to the peril of losing tliis precarious freedom, by close imprisonment, and suhjectina: his bail to prosecution for the violation of his trust:'— Hmifjh's Hist, of J.f. rb.. p. 31. ' The JefTerufi}} ami Lewis Gazette vtas starti^rl at Watertown in IS17 by D. Abbey & J. H. Lord, Jr., and continued until 1R19. Tha Independent FepttJ'Iican, commenced in 1819 by S. A. Abbey, wa£ continued until 1825. The Berald of Salvatinn, semi-mo., (Univ.) was commenced in 1S22 by Rev. Pitt Morse, and continued 2 years. The Wutertoum Freeman was established in 1S24, and continued until 1833, and was then changed to T?te Democratic Standard. In July. 1635, it was united with the Watertown Eagle, and became The Eagle and Standard. Thursday's Pnst was commenced in 1826 by Theron Parsons & Co.. and in 1828 sold to Henry L. Harvey, who changed it to The Register. It was afterward united with the Genius of Pki- lanihropy, and in 1830 it became the Watertovyn Register and General Advertiser. In 1831 it passed into the hands of B. Cory, and in 1S35 it was changed t« the North American. It was published by J. Huxton a short time, and afterward by H. S. Noble, by whom in 1S39 it was issued as The Watertown Register. In 1843 Joel Green became proprietor, and changed it to The Black River journal, and continued it until 1846. The Genius of Pkihmfhropi/ %va8 started in 1828 by TTenry I* Harvey, and was afterward united with The Register. The Censor was started at Adams in 1828. by Tln-rou i'arsonB, and was soon after removeii to Watertown. In 1830, Enoch E.Camp became its proprietor, and changed it to The Anti-Masonic San. Shortly after. Dr. K.Goodale, becoming proprietor, changed it to T?ie Oonsteliation, and continui-d it until 1832, when it paa.<>ed into the hands of Abner Morton, who published it as Tlu Jefferson Reporter until 1834. It was then discontinued. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 353 This CO, is all embraced in the Macomb purchase* of 1791, except the islands in the lake and river, a small reservation at Tibbits Point near Cape Vincent, and a tract 10 mi. square, with one corner extending to the St. Lawrence at French Creek, reserved by the Oneida Indians in the treaty of 1788 for Peter Penet, and called "Penct Square." That part N. of a line running e. from Chaumont Bay, in the line of the s. bounds of Diana, was known as Great Tract No. IV., and was sold to the ^'Antwerp Company," of Holland. Gouverneur Morris became the first agent, and afterward Jas, D. Le Ray de Chaumont became extensively interested in the title, and under him much of it was settled. The land between No. IV. and Black River (210,000 acres) was purchased by Peter Chassanis, of Paris, for a company of capitalists ; a romantic scheme of colo- nization was formed, and settlement begun at its southern point, near the High Falls, in Lewis co. A few years after, the emigrants returned to France. Ellisburgh was mostly purchased by Marvel Ellis, of Troy, in March, 1797, but it afterward reverted to Constable. A tract known as the ** Eleven Towns" was purchased in 1795 by Nicholas Low, Wm. Henderson, Richard Harrison, and Josiah Ogden Hoffman: it was divided by them and sold by their agents. Penets Square waa mostly settled by squatters, with whom the owners afterward had much difficulty. With the exception of Carlton Island, the first settlement in the co. was made in Ellisburgh, in 1797, and within 10 years nearly the whole of this town and of the "Eleven Towns" was taken up by actual settlers. Settlement commenced under Le Ray in Wilna, Antwerp, Le Ray, and Philadelphia, about 180G, and in the n. part of the co., along the St. Lawrence, after the war of 1812-15. But a small part is now owned by the original purchasers or their heirs, much the greater portion having long been owned in fee by actual settlers.^ The embargo and non-intercourse laws were quite unpopular along the n, frontier, and met ■with open hostility or secret evasion in many cases. The declaration of war filled the co. with alarm, and some families hastily prepared to leave. Ft. Carlton,^ within the American bound- ary, had been held until this time by the British, and was immediately captured by a small volunteer party and the buildings burned. A regiment of drafted militia, under Col. C. P. Bel- linger, was'stationed at Sackets Harbor in May. A fleet of 5 sail of the enemy was repulsed from that place July 19, with loss. On the 30th Capt. Forsyth was stationed there with a fine company The iTidepmdent Republican and Anti Masonic Fecorder was published at Watertown, from 1828 until 1830. The Voice of Jefferson waa published during the summer and fall of 1828. The Watertown Eagle was commenced in Sept. 1832, by J. Cal- houn. In 1833 Alvin Hunt became associate editor; and in 1835 it waa united with the Democratic Slatuiard, and issued as The Eagle and Standard. In 1837 it waa changed to Th^. Jeffersonian, and afterward to Tlie Watertown Jfffcrsoniany and continued until 1855, when it was united with the D'tnocratic C'liion, and appeared aa Tike Jefferson County Union* By this title it is now published by E. J. Clark & Co. The Veto was published during the campaign of 1832. The Spirit of Suvenly Six was published a few months in 1834. Tlie Patriot and Democrat was published during the campaign of 1S38. The Aurora was published by Alvin Hunt during the campaign of 1840. Tlie Daily Journal waa started in 1843, by Joel Greene. It waa soon after changed to The Watertown Journal, tri-w., and continued until 1846. The Democratic Union was started in 1846, by T. Andrews, and continued until 1855, when it was united with The Jcffersonian. The Northern Staff. Jmtmal was started in Augiift, 1846, by Ambrose W. Clark. It was afterward ciianged to Tbe IVorttiern "Sew York Journal, and is now published by A.W. Clark. The Watertown Spectator was established in Jan. 1847, by Joel GreeuP, and continued until 1849. TUe Ne^v York Reformer was commenced in Aug. 1850, by IngallB. Burdick & Co., and ia now published by Ingalls & Haddock. The Daily News waa commenced in March, 1859. The Daily J'^lf'rrsonian was published abuut 1 ye;ir, in 1851. The Monhfyr and The Stwient were isput-d a short time. All of the above were published at Watertown. The Sackets Harbor Gazette and Advertiser, the first paper pub- lisbi^d at Sackets Harbor, was commenced in March, 1S17. V>y Geo. Camp. In Feb. 1821, it was changed to TheJeffh-son R^puhlican, and was continued about a year. Tfie FUrmers AdvocaievfHs started in 1824, by Truman W. Has- call, and continued until 1828. The Couri'-'r, afterward called The Sackets Harbor Courier, was publinhed by J. Howe. Ttu Jefferson County Whig was published in 1837, by E. H. Furdy. Tlie SacTcets Harbor Journal was established in Oct. 1838, by E. M. Luff, and continued until 1851. The Hari-isonian was published by E. M. LuflF during the cam- paign of 1840. The Sackets Harbor Observer waa founded in March, 1848, by O. H. Harris. In 1852 it was changed to The Jefferson Farmer, and continued 2 or 3 years. The Carthac/inian was started at Caithage in Dec. 1839, and in 1S43 it was changed to The Black Hirer Times. It was discontinued soon after. The Peoples Press was commenced in 1847 by M. F. Wilaon. The Carthage Standard was commenced in Jan. IhoS, by W. R. Merrill. It was discontinued in 1859. TJte Jefferson County Democrat was established at Adams in June, 1844. by J. C. Hatch. In IS47 it padM-d into tb» hands of E. J. Clark. It ia now publiali.-d, aa The Jefferson County News, by J. llddy. The Therej^a Chnmicte was started Jan. 14, 184f>, by E (J. Burt, at Theresa, and continued about G months. IjC Phare des Lacs (the Beacon of the Lakea) was com- menced at WatertoM-n. in May, 1 859, by Petit & G randpre. Tlie Cape Vincent Crazett'e was commenced In 1858 by f. A. Leach. 1 Alexander Macomb. Daniel McConnick,and Wm. Constable, of New York, were the parties owning this purchase. The first two failed, and Constable bi'came chief agent and party to the sales that were subsequently made. — Hough's Hist. St. Law. Co. ~ The present names of these towns are in most cases diflereut from those applied by the landholders. Their names, numbeis. and owners under the allotment of 179G are as follows. Harrisiin and Hoffman held their interests in common several yi^ars lattT. iVo, Original Names. 1. HcBiod. 2. Leghorn. 3. Milan. 4. Howard. S. Mnntiia. 6. Henderson. 7. Aleppo. s. OrplieuB. St. Handel. 0. Platina. 1. Lowville. Present Names. Owners Hounsfield. Bar. 4 Hoff. Watertown. Lnw. Rutland. Henderson. Champion. Har. & Hoff. Denmark. Har. k Hoff. Hendorsou. Henderson. Adams. Low. Rodman. Har. & Hoff. Pinckney. Henderson. Harrisburgh. Har. k Uoff. Lowville. Low. 23 The several tracts were appraised by Beiy. 'Wright, of Rome, the surveyor, and their value equalized from a part of Wnrth. 8 On Carlton or Buck Island. It was buiU by the French, and during ^he Revolution was an imiwrtaat ponduzvous for scalping parties of tories and Indians. 354 JEFFERSON COUNTY. of riflemen, and, Sept. 20, made a descent upon Gananoqui, Canada, and destroyed a. large quantity of provisions. The details of the operations upon the n. frontier belong to general history. Sackcts Harbor became the principal seat of military and naval preparations, and from this post were fitted out the armaments that captured Little York and Ft. George, and the disgraceful expe- dition, under Gen. Wilkinson, that descended the St. Lawrence late in the fall of 1813.^ Large bodies of troops were stationed here during most of the war; and a fleet of frigates of the largest class was iitted out at this point, to cope with one, equally foraiidable, built at Kingston. The enemy were repulsed in an attack upon Sackets Harbor, May 29, 1813, and were subsequently defeated at Cranberry Creek and Sandy Creek and in several minor engagements. After the war the costly navy was left to rot, or was sold for commercial purposes ; and, in accordance with the provisions of the convention of April, 1817, but one armed vessel was left afloat upon the lake. Extensive barracks were built in 1816-19 at Sackets Harbor. A considerable body of regular troops was stationed here until withdrawn for service in the Indian wars of the Northwest and of Florida. In the abortive scheme known as the "Patriot "War," in 1837-40, this co. became the scene of intense excitement, and the seat of many grave as well as ludicrous events. "Hunter Lodges" were formed in every village to promote the Patriot cause, and large sums raised for the same purpose found their way into the pockets of the leaders, most of whom evinced a cowardice as little creditable to their honor as was their financial management to their honesty. The earliest market of this co. was down the St. Lawrence, which has ever been the route of the lumber trade. Several State roads were built through^the co. before the war, and a military road was laid out and partly worked from Sackets Harbor to Plattsburgh. Soon after the introduction of canals and railroads many projects of internal improvement were formed, and surveys were made in this co., without result. The Watertown and Rome R. R. extends from Cape Vincent s. through Lyme, Brownville, Pamelia, "Watertown, Adams, and Ellisburgh, connecting with the N. Y. Central at Rome. The Sackets Harbor and Ellisburgh R. R., a branch of the preceding, extends from Sackets Harbor through Henderson to Pierrcpont Manor. The Potsdam and "Water- town R. R. extends n. e. from Watertown tlirough Pamelia, Le Ray, Philadelphia, and Antwerp, forming a connection with the Ogdensburgh R. R. at Potsdam. In 1848-51 about 170 mi. of plank road were built within the co., by over 20 companies; but most of the lines have been surrendered to the towns in which the roads were laid. Steam navigation commenced upon Lake Ontario in 1816, and commodious lines have since been run, touching at Sackets Harbor, Cape Vincent, Clayton, and Alexandria Bay, within this co. 1 The following is a clironolojrical list of the principal events ' which took pluce at Sack(?t6 ilarbor and vicinity during the war: — 1812, May. — The Lnrd Nfhon^ a British schooner, was taken, and condemned, for violating the revenue laws. Her name was changed to *■ Scourge." « Col. C. P. Bellinger was statiuued hero with a regiment of militia. " June 14, Pchooner Ontario taken, and discharged. " July 19, Vill;i2e attacked by 5 vessels of the enemy. No injury done to the Americans, and the British retired with lo?s. " July 30, Capt. Benj. Forsyth arrived with the first regular troops. " July 31, Schooner Jiitia sailed for Ogdensburgh, and en- countered 2 hostile vessels at Morristown. " Aug. 20. Col. Bellinger's regiment were disbanded before they were paid. " Sept. 20, Capt. Forsyth started upon an expedition against Usnanoqui. " Sept. 21, Gen. Dodge arrived, and ordered Gen. Brown to proceed to Ogdensburgh. " Oct. Couiniod- ants. Settlement commenced in 1811, under Le Ray, An engagement took place within the limits of this town during the war of 1812.* An elegant Ref. Prot. D. church was erected at Alex- andria Bay in 1848-51.^0 ANTWERP — was formed from Le Ray, April 5, 1810, and named from the Antwerp Com- pany.^^ It is the extreme e. town in the co. The n. and e. portions are broken by low rocky ridges parallel to the river. The s. w. part is more level. The soil in the valleys is a clayey loam, and is very fertile.^"^ The ridges are made up of masses of gneiss, ^^ white crystalline limestone," and sandstone. ^^ Between the gneiss and sandstone in this town are several of the richest iron mines in the State. The "Sterling Mine"^® lies about 3 mi. n. of Antwerp Village; another, of less extent, 1 mi. n, ; a third, known as the *' Keene Mine,"" on the borders of St. Lawrence CO.; and a fourth, known as the " Parish Mine,"^^ immediately adjacent. In the same range are found the mines of Rossie and Gouverneur, which have fui'nished most of the ore used at the furnaces in this region. Bog iron ore is found near Ox Bow.^® One or two sulphur springs are found in town. Antiverp, (p. v.,) on the P. and W.R. R., was incorp. July, 1853. It contains 1 Aleppo, or No. 7 of tlie Eleven Towns. 2 Tliift village was firat eettlRil by David Smith, about 1800, and for many years it was known as '' SinitJts AlillsJ" Incorp. Nov. 11, 1851. 8 Named from Msy. Daniel Appling, the hero of the battle of Sandy Creek. * The first settlers came on for permanent residence in 1800; among them were Nicholas and Alexander Salisbnry, Solomon Smith, Daniel Comstock. Daniel Smith, Abram Kipley. Jonathan Cable, Stephen Shippey, and Enon D'Estiiing. The first iuu was kept by Abel Hart, and the first stor« by Jesse Hale. Daniel Smith erected the first grist and sawmills in 1801-02, the foi'mer superseding the stump mortara of the first season. The first birth was that of Edmnud Salisbury; the first marriage, that of Daniel Ellis to Mrs. A. Salisbury, widow of Alexander Salis- bury, in 1&02; and the first death, that of Alexander Salisbury, drowned in 1801. Schtwls were tirst taught in 1S03. 6 Itev.Chaa. G. Finney, Pres. of GberliD College, was a law stu- dent ill this town. The census reports 9 chuiche-s; 3 Dap., 2 Seventh Day Bap,, 2 Cong.. M. E., and Prot. E. • 1 his place was surveyed and laid out as a village for Le Ray in 181K. A custom house was e»tablishod here in l!S28. Sunki-n Rock Lighthouse was built in 1S47. It isan important wooding Bfation ftir steamers, and within a few years has become a favor- ite resort fur fishing and excursion parties among the Tliuu- sand Islands. ' Named from a town in France. Formerly called *' Flat. Itnck^'" from the naked sandstone in the vicinity. A grist mill was built liei* ill 1M7 for LeKay. Wni. Merrill, the first innkeeper, waa murdered in 1826. 8 A glass factory was e«tjiblished at thi« place in 1833, by John S. Foster. It is devoted to Iht- manufacture of cylinder glass, and is dow carried on by a joiut stuck compauy known aa the RedM'ood Manufac. Co. A stream a few rods in length, flowing from Mud to Butterfield Lake, has hero a fall of 94 feot, and furnishes water power to a grist and saw mill. »The "Neptune" and "Fox," two small American armed vessels, captured a brigade of bateaux belonging to the enemy, July 20, 1813, and took their prizes into Cranberry Creek, in this town. They were pursued, and a sharp skirmish ensued, resulting in the retreat of the British with considerable loss. 10 This church was built through the agency of Kev. G. W. Bethune, ot Brooklyn, and is called "The Church of the 'J'hon- sand Isles." A parsonage was built in 1852. The sites for both edifices were given by Francis Depan. The census reports 6 churches; 2 Prot. E., Bap., M. E.. Presb.. and R.O. 11 This land conip:iny. formed in Holland, bought Great Tract No. IV., within which this town is situated. For particulars seo Hi'Kgh's Hint. Jeff, f »., p. 58-61. 12 According to the last census, this town produces more buttor than any other town in the co.; and, with one exception, it has the greatest number of cows of any town in the State. 13 From ISO.'j to 1828 about 100 pairs of niillatones were manu- factured from this rock in this town. 1* This limestone is especially valuable for lime and as a flax for iron ore. 16 This sandstone furnLihes an excellent building material, auu is used for the lining of furnaces. w Discovered by Hopestill Foster; owned and worked by Jaa. Sterling. 1' On the fann of Hiram B. Keene, and owned by a companj. 18 Owned by Geo. Parish, of Ogdensbingh. 1* This ore is of the red specubtr viiriety. The region in which it is found is one of the richest in the country for spicimens of rare minerals. 356 JEFFERSON COUNTY. Tlie Antwerp Liberal Institute* and 3 churches. Pop. 621. Ox Bow^ (p. v.) is situated on the Oswegatchie River. Pop. 240. 8terlingburgli,^ 1 mi. above Antwerp, and Spragues Corners, on the line of St. Lawrence co., are hamlets. The first improvements were made in 1S03, at the Ox Bow, under the direction of Lewis R. Morris, the original proprietor.* In 1808, Morris sold 29,033 acres to George and David Parish, under whose agents the greater part of the settlements were made. A party of militia was stationed here in 1808, to enforce the embargo, and a blockhouse was built at the village in 1812. The first church was built, in 1816, by Parish.5 BROWlVVII^l-E — was formed from Leyden, April 1, 1802, and was named from Gen. Jacob Brown, its founder. Le Ray was taken off in 1806 ; Lyme, in 1818; Pamelia, in 1819; and Orleans, and a part of Alexandria, in 1821. It is situated on the n. side of Black River and Black River Bay, Its surface is level or gently undulating. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Sulphate of barytes is found on Pillar Point, and the vein has been wui'ked to some extent for lithic paint. Upon the w. bank of Perch River, a few rods below Limerick, is a cave extending 150 yards into the bank and 30 feet below the surface. Manufactures receive considerable attention. BrownTille, (p. v.,) on Black River, 4 mi. below Watertown, was incorp. April 5, 1828. It has a valuable water power, and contains 3 churches, a cotton factory, and several founderies and machine shops. Pop. 621. Dexter^ {p. v.) is situated at the head of navigation on Black River. It is the seat of an extensive woolen factory built in 1836.' Pop. 429. LiiniericK (p. o.) and lUofiatrille, ( Perch River p. o.) contain aduzen houses each. Pillar Point (p. 0.) is sitnated across the bay from Sackets Harbor. Pop. 50. Gen. Jacob Brown l)egan the settlement of the town in 1799, as proprietor and agent.^ During the war Brownville village became the seat of a hospital; and on different occasions large bodies of troops were posted in the vicinity. For several years it was the residence and headquarters of Maj . Gen. Brown, commander in chief of the n. department, and . afterward of Col. Edward Kirby,® his son-in-law. There are 10 churches in town." CAPE VIWCEXT — was formed from Lyme, April 10, 1849, and named from Vincent Le Ray, son of the proprietor. It is the n. w. corner town of the co., and embraces Carlton, Grenadier, and Fox Islands in the St. Lawrence. The surface is level, or slightly undulating, and the soil is a clayey loam. Kent Creek is the principal stream. There are 2 or 3 sulphur springs in town. Considerable attention is paid to ship building. Cape Tincent," (p. v.,) the terminus of the TV", and R. R. R., near the head of the St. Lawrence River, is a thriving commercial village. Pop. 1026. Saint Ijawrence and millens Bay are p. offices and hamlets. The first settlement in the town and co. was made upon Carlton Island,^^ at about the time of the Revolution. A regular forti- fication, known as " Fort Carlton/'^^ was erected upon the island, and a tract of 30 acres was cleared and cultivated, and long known as the '^ Kings Garden" The first settlement upon the main- land was commenced in 1801 at Port Putnam, 2 mi. below Cape Vincent, by Capt. Abijah Putnam.^* Count Real, Chief of Police under Napoleon, and other French families of note, resided in this town for some time. A custom house was established in 1819. Upon the shores of Grenadier Island,'* 1 This inBtitution is not yet fully orpmized. 2 This Dame ia derived from a remarkable bend in the Oswe- gatchie River, upon which the village is situated. The village was settled by Scotch emigrants. 8 Sterlingburph, 1 mi. above Antwerp Tillage, is the seat of an iron furnace built by Jas. Sterling in 1846. A forge was built here for David Parish in 1817. * The first settler was Wm. Lee. Mills were built at Antwerp Village in 1806-07, for Morris, by John Jennison. The first school was taught in the Foster Settlement, by Benj. Cook. 6 This church was the second in the co., and for many years was used by all the denominations in town. It is now* in pos- session of the R. C. There are in town 8 churches ; 2 Bap., M. E., Was. Meth., Prepb., Asso. Ref. Presb., R.C., Union. ft Named from S. Newton Dexter, of Whitesboro', one of the proprietors. It was formerly known as "_P/s/i Itiland." During the war the mills at this place furnished lumber for the public works at Sackets Harbor. The steamer " Brownville," built in 1827, and designed to run l)ptween this place and the lake ports, was bnrned upon her first trip. The Black River Nav. Co., incorp. in ISIO, built locks here, which were little used. Piers for the improvement of navigation were built at the mouth of the river by the Gen. Government ; but they have resulted in injurv. 7 This factory is of stone, and cost $140,000. It is fitted for 10 sets of machinery, and employs 75 hands. 9 In 1800, Gen. Brown built a Bawmill, and in ISOl a small RTist mill, at the mouth of Philomel Creek. A bridge was built in 1802, and a dam across the river in 1806. In 1828, Henry Evans was hung near 'Watertown fnr murder committed in thia town, — the only execution by civil authority that ever took place in the co. Col. Kirby held the office of paymaster in the army from 1824 till his death. April IS. 1846. 10 2 M. E., 2 Prot. E.. 2 Univ., 2 Presb.. 1 Bap., 1 Union. 11 Called " Gravelly Point" by many of the old inhabitants. It was first settled in 1809, laid out as a village in 1817, and incorp. in ISo.'i. A lighthouse was built at Tibbits Point, 2 mi. distant, in 1826, The n. R. company have built here a wharf 3000 feet long, 2 immense freight houses, a grain elevator, Ac. The Ontario Line of Steamers touch at this point, and ferry boats run regularly to Kingston. A few years since, a canal was dug across Wolf or Grand Island, to afford a more direct route for this ferry. This place received several visits from the enemy during the war. 12 This island contains 1274 acres. A military class right (see page 46) of 500 acres was located here in 1786. For several years after 1822 it was a thriving lumbpr station, where rafts were made up for the Quebec market. 18 This fort commanded the a. channel of the river, and was an important post during the Revolution. It was mostly exca- vated in the rock, and the materials taken out were used in the construction of the rampart and escarpment. 1* Mr. Putnam established a ferry from this place to Wolf Island. In 1S03 a State road was opened to this place, and ia 1804 a village plot was laid out, but soon after abandoned. 16 This island was the rendezvous of Gen. Wilkinson's army on their way down the river in 1813. At the eastern extremity is a JEFFERSON COUNTY. 357 and of the mainland opposite, are valuable seine fisheries. A town ag. soc. was formed in 1850.* There are 3 churches in town,^ CH AMPIOllir* — was formed from Mexico, March 14, 1800. A part of Harrisburgh was taken off in 1803. It is the central town on the s. e. border of the co. The surface is broken and hilly. The most elevated portions are the slate hills in the s. angle, (known as the **peak,") which are about 1700 feet above tide. From their summits the land descends in a series of broken and irregular terraces to the river. The n. part is more level. The soil is generally a clay loam, but near the river in some places it is sandy. Cliampion (p. v.) contains 20 houses, Great Bend (p. v.) and We§t Cartliag-e^ about 30 each. Cbaiupion South Roads isap.o. The first settlement was begun in 1798, by Noadiah Hubbard, as agent for Storrs. The first settlers came by water down the river as far as the Long Falls, and the town was settled with great rapidity.* The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1805.* CKy Wm. Constable, in 1796, to Brown and Eddy, and was settled by squatters. Upon the advent of the first settlers, near Ellis Village, on Sandy Creek, were found numerous traces of an early occupation by civilized races.^ Daring the war an engagement took place near the mouth of S. Sandy Creek, between a party of 150 American regulars and a few militia and Indians, under Maj. Appling, and a party of 200 British, who were pursuing a flotilla of boats, commanded by Lieut. Woolsey, laden with stores for Saokets Harbor. The British were defeated, and nearly the whole party were killed or taken prisoners.* The census reports 11 churches in town.^ HE^OERSON*— was formed from Ellisburgh, Feb. 17, 1806. It lies on Lake Ontario, s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling ; and it is deeply indented by Henderson Bay, formed by a long rocky point known as Six-Town Point.' There are in town two small lakes and several marshes. Stony and Little Stony Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is clay and loam. Henderson^ (p. v.) is situated near the center, on Stony Creek. Pup. 404. Hen- derson Harbor'* contains 12 houses; and SmitUville^"* (p-o.) 40. Roberts Corners (p. 0.) is a hamlet. Settlement was begun in 1802, under Asher Miller, agent fur the proprietor.^^ At the head of Ilendersun Bay is a curved embankment or bar of stone, 100 rods long, and a little above the water, known as "Indian Wharf;'* and from this point to Stony Creek there was an Indian trail or portage. The census reports 5 churches in town.^^ H05JIVSFIELDi3_^j^g formed from Watertown, Feb. 17, 1800. It is situated on Black lliver Bay, on the w. border of the co. Its surface is very level, and the soil is a clayey and sandy loam. Ship building and manufactures have received considerable attention. Sackets Har- bor" (p. V.) is the principal village. Pop. 994. This was the principal military and naval station on the nortliern frontier during the last war with Great Britain, and millions of dollars were spent in fortifications and in building vessels. , East Hounsfield (p. v.) and StovrellS Corners (p. o.) are hamlets. Amasa Fox was the first settler. In 1802 there were 30 families in town.'^ In 1805 several English families came in.^^ During the war this town was the center of important military events. Several expeditions were here fitted out against Canada; and, in turn, the town was invaded on several occasions." Large bodies of troops were fre- quently quartered here, and the citizens became familiar with the lights and shades of military life.*^ After the war most of the troops were withdrawn, leaving only enough to keep the 1 Fnrmerly called '' Buck IliU." 2 Anions; the first settlers were Caleb Ellis. Robf-rt Fulton. Elijjili Richardson. Hoz. Pierce, Chauncey Smith, Wm. Root, Vial Siilisbury, Isaac Waddle, and Abram Wilcox. The early settlers suffered much from sickness. The first child born was Ontario Pierce, and the first death, that of Caleb Ellis. Lyman Ellis biiilt the first sawmill, in 1797. and the first srrist mill, in 1803. 8 It is probable that the French expedition, under De La Barre, a^ain^t the Onondagas in 16S-t. met witli their terrilile disasters from famine and sickness within the limits of this town. * The stores were taken by land from this point to the " Harbor." Among them was a cable weighing; 9600 lbs., which was too heavy for loading upon any wagon that could be ob- tained. It was accordingly placed on the shoulders of 250 men and carried to its place of destination. As the bearers approached the Harbor, the sailors met them \vith loud clieers. relieved them of their burden, and marched triumphantly into the village. 6 3 Bap.. 2 Cong.. 2 M. E., Presb.. Prot. E., Univ., Union. 6 No,6of the "Eleven Towns." Named from Wm. Henderson, the proprietor. It embraces the adjacent islands in the lake. ' Upon this point are the remains of a small 4 sided fortifica^ tion, evidently built during the French or Revolutionary War. 3 Formerly called '^SiUsburr/ Afilis," from Lodo^vyck Salisbury, an early merchant and mill owner. The bay upon which this place is situated was called the '- Bay of Naple^' by Henderson, the proprietor. 10 Named from Jesse Smith, who. from a common laborer, became one of the most extensive lumber dealers in the county, and a man of influence. It is on the line of Adams. n Among the first settlers were Anthony Sprague. Levi Sco- field.Jedediah McComber, Samuel Hubbnrd. Sloses Barrett. Wm. Petty, and Daniel Spencer. Willis Fellows kept the first inn and built the first saw and grist mills. The first child born was Betsy Scofield. and the first death, that of a child of Hosea Heath. Elisha Skinner taught the first school. A small woolen factory was erected in 1814. A Scotch settlement was made in 180-3-07, on the bay. A lighthouse waa erected on Stony Point in 1837. >2 '2 M. E.. Ev. Luth.. Univ., and Union. M* The town embraces No. 1, or " ilesiod," of the " Eleven Toiivns." and was named from Ezra Hounsfield, one of the early proprietors. In the division it fell to the share of Harrison and Hoffman ; and by them the w. half wag sold to Champion and Storrs. and the remainder to Peter Kemble and E. Houns- field. It was called ^' I'knoprirt" in early documents. Gull, Snake, Great and Little Galloo, and Stony Islands belong to this town. Upon Galloo Island a lighthouse was erected in 1820. 1* Named from Augustus Sacket, the first settler. Called by the Indians Ga-h(i-a-go-je-twa-da-a-lote, fort at the mouth of Great River. Incorp. April 15, 1814. A collecticm district waa formed in 1S05. Matlison Barracks, built in 1816-19 at a cost of $85,000, are the principal military works. Upon a point in the harbor is the hull of the frigate New Orleans, sheltered by a house built over it. It was commenced during the war, but has never been finished. It measured 3200 tons, and was pierced for 110 guns. The frigate Chippewa, of like dimensions, built farther up the bay, has been taken down. 15 Among these were John and Wm. Evans, Squire Reed, Amasa Hollibut. and Charles Baird. 11 Among these were Saml. LuJf, his sons Edmund, Saml., Jr., Joseph, and Jesse, David Merritt, William Asliby. .John Roots, Henry Metcai f. and Geo. Slowman. Dr. Wni. Baker, who settled in 1803. was the first physician ; Ambrose Pease and Step. Simmons were early innkeepers, and Loren Bnss and Hezekiah Doolittle, early merchants. In 1808 Samuel F. Hooker broygbt in a stock of goods worth $20,000. Meetings were first held by Kdmund LutT, who built a church, and preached many years without fee or reward. Elislia Camp settled in 1804, as a lawj'er and agent, and has since been more prominently concerned in the affairs of the town than any other person. Samuel Luff built tUe first grist mill, Augustus Sacket. the first sawmill, and Solon Stone, the first cotton factory, on Mill Creek. The first child born in town was Wealthy Rowlison. At an early period, John Jacob Astor and other capitalists invested large sums here in the manufacture of p'jtash, that article commanding $200 to $350 per ton in the Montreal market. " See page 354, 18 About a dozen military executions took place here during the war. A duel was fought with muskets, June 13. 1818, between two soldiers, one of whom was killed. During the com- mand of Col. Brady at this station, the remains of Gens. Zebu- Ion M. Pike and Leonard Covington, Col. John Tuttle, Lleat. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 359 works in repair. In 1832 a canal, for hydraulic purposes, waa completed from IIuntington*s Mills, above AVatertowu, to Sackets Harbor ; but in about 10 years it was abandoned.* Dr. Samuel Guthrie, one of the discoverers of chloroform, and inventor of the percussion compound for firearms, which has superseded flints, resided at Sackets Harbor. A Union school was established in tho village in 1840. There are 5 churches in tovi'n.^ I-E RAY^ — was formed from Brownville, Feb. 17, 1806. Antwerp was taken off in 1810, a part of Wilna in 1813, and a part of Philadelphia and Alexandria in 1821. It is an interior town E. of the center of the co. The surface is level, or gently rolling, and the soil is principally a clayey loam. A strip of barren sand, once covered with pine, but now almost a desert, extends along Black River. The streams are Black and Indian Rivers, Pleasant Creek, and several small brooks. E-e Raj'Sville^ (P-v.) contains 22 houses. Evans Mills^ (p-v.) is situated on Pleasant Creek and the P. & W. R. R. Pup. 410. Saudlords Corners, (p. v.,) on the P. & W. R. R., contains a dozen houses. BluIE" — was formed from Brownville, March 6, 1818. A part of Clayton was taken off in 1833, and Cape Vincent in 1849. It lies upon Chaumont Bay, in the w. part of the co. The sur- face is very level. The w. border is deeply indented by Chaumont Bay'^ and its branches. The soil is principally clay. There are several sulplmi* springs in town. Near Chaumont are extensive and valuable limestone quarries.^^ Cbaumont (p. v.) is situated upon the bay at the mouth of Chaumont River. Pop. 306. Three Mile Bay" (p. v.) lies upon a bay of the same name. Pop. 295, Point Peninsula (p. o.) is a scattered settlement containing 25 houses. The first settlement was begun under Jonas Smith and Henry A. Delamater, agents for Le Ray, in 1801.^* The first location waa 2J mi. above Chaumont ; but in 1805 the settlers removed to the site of the present village. During several years much sickness prevailed; but this gradually disappeared as the CO. became more settled. In 1812 the inhabitants, numbering about a dozen families, built a blockhouse, which was taken and destroyed by the enemy. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1816." ORIjCA^S — was formed from Brownville, April 3, 1821. A part of Pamolia was taken off April 1, 1829, and a part of Clayton in 1833. The boundary between Orleans and Alexandria ba.s twice been changed. It lies on the x. border of the co., and embraces the w. part of Wells and Cols. Electus Backup, Timothy Dix, Jr., and John Mills. Maj. John Jdhnson, Capts. Ambrose Spencer, Jr., and Joseph Nichol- son, and Lieut. Michael P. Vanden'enter, officers who hsd boen killed or ha«i died of sickness during the war, wer^ collected, and buried in one grave. A monument of painted piiu: boards wjis erected to their memory by a grateftil country; but it 8n to land, and were accustomed to run "possession lines'" by lopping down bushes. '• Claims'' were often sold and secured by quit claim deeds. 5 Among the first settlers were Roderic C. Frazier, Peter Pratt, Dr. Reuben Andrus, Samuel and Daniel Ellis, and others. Alvah Goodman kept the first inn; Lemuel George, the first store; Collins & Piatt erected the first grist mill, and Dr. Andrus, the first fiawmill. in 1819. 6 After driving the passengers ashore and plundering the boat, the brigands cast her off from the shore and set her on fire. Large rewards were offered for their apprehension, and several persons were arrested, but none convicted. In 1853, Johnston was appointed keeper of the Rock Island Light, which shines on the spot where the Peel was burned. T Two Evaug. Luth., Bap., Cong., M. E., R. C, Wes. Meth., and Union. 8 Named from the wife of Gen. Jacob Brown. Her maiden ^name was Pamelia Williams. » These caverns have been traced nearly 500 feet. Just below and partly under the village of Juhelville, the open mouths of eevoral caves appear on the river bank, opening at both ends on the cliff. The passages are lined with calcareous deposits, in the form of agaric mineral, stalactites, and tufa. These caves are evidently all formed by currents of water flowing throogh the natural seama iu the rock and gradually wearing away the soluble and yielding limestone. Iu the rear of the principal cavern a large area of land has sunk to a considerable depth, as though a portion had fallen in. 10 Named from Madame Juhel, a relative of the Le Ray family. 11 These manufactures consist of lumber, spirits, leather, cotton yarn, and portable steam engines. 12 The first Sfttlers were Wm. Cooper and Wm. Watkins. Anson Pigourney taught the first school ; Samuel Mack kept the first inn, Jabez Foster, the first store ; and Tuttle and Bailey built the first mill. 13 M. E. and Union. 1* Often called '■ Quaker Settlement" by the old inhabitants. 16 Named from James Sterling, the owner of the iron works. Formerly called " De Zauney's Mil!," from the builder of the first mill, in 1807. 16 Built in 1837, by James Sterling. The ore is principally obtained from the Sterling mine of Antwerp, and the Shurtliff mine of this town, near the line of Theresa, the ore from the latter being used principally as a flux. " Built by Caleb Essington. in 18.19. 18 These settlers purchased 16 lots of 440 acres each, lying in the corners of a square containing 25 lots, of which the central range each way was reserved by Le Ray. The center lot, (No. 611,) embracing the site of the present village, was conveyed to trustees " for the promotion of religion aud learning"' under the care of the Quakers. This trust afterward occasioned much contention, and led to a miniature anti-rent war. The matter was finally settled in 1844. Cadwallader Child, Mordccai Tay- lor, and Samuel Evans came in the first year. Robert Com- fort kept the first inn, Saml. Case, the first store, and Thos. and John Townsend built the first mill. Anna Comstock kept the first school. The first child born was John Townsend, and the first death that of a daughter of Robt. Comfort, in 1807. 19 The census reports 5churches; 2M.E., Bap., P'riends, Univ. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 361 RODmA]%^^ — was formed from Adams, March 24, 1804, under the name of " Uarrtson." Its name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Pinckney (Lewis co.) was taken off in 1808. It lies upon the borders of Lewis, in the s. part of the co. The surface is hilly, and broken by the deep ravines of Sandy Creek and its branches. The soil is generally a fertile, gravelly loam. There are 3 sulphur springs in town. Rodman (p. v.) has 45 houses, Zoa.r and Wliites- ville^ (E. Kodmau p. o.) each about 20. Settlement began in 1801, and from 1803 to 1806 it progressed with great rapidity.^ In 1813 an epidemic prevailed, causing 60 deaths in 3 months. The census reports 3 churches.* RUTIjAND^ — was formed from Watertown, April 1, 1802. It lies upon the s. bank of Black River, e. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the narrow river valley on the n., a terraced plateau in the center, and a hilly region in the s. The central plateau, embracing the greater part of the town, is 300 to 400 feet above the flat country farther n., and it descends by a succession of steep declivities to the level of the river. It is underlaid by Trenton limestone. Upon the s. the surface gradually rises to the summits of the slate hills which occupy the s. part of the CO. A remarkable valley, known as "Rutland Hollow," extends through the town upon the lower terrace of the plateau, parallel to the river. It is deeply excavated in the limestone, and appears like the bed of an ancient river. Another valley, smaller and deeper, extends in the same direction across the summit of the plateau, and forms the bed of a deep, narrow lake. Pleasant Lake, in Champion, is situated in the continuation of the latter valley. These valleys and terraces seem the result of abrasion rather than of upheaval. Upon the edge of the terrace, 100 feet below the summit, may be seen the ancient lake ridge before described. There are 2 or 3 sulphur springs in town. The soil is a very fertile loam upon the plateau, and a sandy loam upon the river. Felts Mills,® (p-"^-*) o^i Black River, contains 50 houses; Rlacb. River,^ (p-V->) on the river, partly in this town and partly in Le Ray, ^0 ; Tylerville,® (South Rutland p.o.,) in the narrow valley of Sandy Creek, 30; and Rutland Center,® (Rutland p.o.,) 10. This town fell to the share of "Wm. Henderson, and settlement was begun in 1799, under Asher Miller, his agent. The greater part of the land was sold^** to New England farmers, who came in within 3 years after the first settlement.^^ An old Indian fort is to be seen on the farm of Geo. Wilson; and a bone pit was found near the line of Watertown. The census reports 5 churche^.^^ THERESA — was formed from Alexandria, April 15, 1841, and named from a daughter of Le Ray. It is the central town upon the n. w. border of the co. The surface along Indian River is broken, and traversed by ridges of gneiss rock, with fertile intervales. A part of the town, underlaid by sandstone, is level or undulating. In the primary regions are a number of ro- mantic lakes ; and some of these have highly interesting mineral localities upon their shores and islands.^^ Theresa, (p. v.,) upon the High Falls" of the Indian River, was early selected by Le Ray as a favorable point for settlement, and about 1810 he caused several "jobs" to be cleared and a sawmill to be built.^^ West Theresa is a p. o. A furnace, built near Millseat Lake in 1847, was in part supplied with ores from the vicinity. A private academy has been taught several years. The census reports 3 churches.^^ 1 It embraces No. 8, or "Orpheus," of the "Eleven Towns." Its former uame was from Itichard HarrisoD, of N. Y.. a proprietor; and its present one, from Daniel Rodman, of Hudson, Clerk of the Assembly in lSOS-09. 2 Named from Thos. White, Bub-agent and early settler. 8 Among the settlers who came iu this year were Anson and Ebenezer Moody, Noah, Jonathan, and Aaron Davis, Beuj. Thomas, Wm. Kice, and Simeon Hunt. Miss M. Nobles taught the first school, in Anson Moody's barn, in 1803. Willard Sykes kept the first store; and Wm. Rice built the first sawmill, in 1804, and gristniill, in 1806. The first child born was Walter Harrison Moody ; and the first death, that of the same child, 3 years after. His father received 50 acres of land from Mr. Har- rison for the name. Timothy Greenly moved into the b. w. corner of the town in 1803. « 2 M. E., Cong. 6 No. 3, or " Milan," of the " Eleven Towns." Named ftom Rot- land, Tt., the former home of an early settler. 6 Named from John Felt, who purchased the site in 1813, and still resides here. Formerly the seat of an exteafiive lumber manufactory ; now changed to a tannery. ' Locally known as " Lockport." See p. 359. 8 Named from Josiah and Frederick Tyler, early settlera, 9 On some maps called •*BrookBville," from Curtis O. Brooks, a former citizen. It ia never known by this name in town. ^^ 17,549 acres were sold, in farms within 3 years, fur $50,738. King, John Dale. C. Cummings, Gardner Cleveland, Warren Foster, and John Cotes. Miss A. Porter tanglit tlie first schoc'I, in 1S03. Levi Butterfield kept the first inn, and Jacob Williams tliu first store. David CofFeen built the first gristmill in the CO.. near the mouth of Mill Creek, in the present village of Felts Mills, in 1801. and a sawmill in 1802. The first child bnrn was in the f:imily of Chas. Keleey.and the first death, that of .'^Ira. Francis Towne. 12 o M, E., 2 Union, and Cong. 1* Fluorspar, sulphate of barytes, sulphurets of iron and copper, phosphate of lime, zircon, feldspar, tourmaline, hyalite, pyroxene, Rensseiaerite, idocrase, calcite, phlognpite. and" other minerals, are found in this locality, and some of them are beau- tifully crystallized. Iron ore has been found in considerable quantity. " The river here descends 85 feet within a quarter of a mile. From this place to Kossie its banks are low, and largo tracts are often overflowed, causing-much sickness. A small steamer h.iB run upon this part of the river. 16 Among the first settlers were James Shnrtliff, Anson and Jeremiah Cheeseman, M. B. Ashley, Sylv.'stir Itudman, A/.ariah Walton, CoL S. Ball, Abram .Morruw, Jo-s^-pli Milk-r, Archibald Fisher, Jas. Lake, Ebenezer and N. W. Lull, ami J. D, Davison. Mr. Lull built the first store, in 1^20. Dr. Jas. Brooks, the lirst physician, settled in 1822. and died the next year. Thr first Fcbool was taught by Lindley Gibbe. at Ilvde \.nin\ The lirst child born was Fanny A. Cole, May 26, 1819. The first nutn i; U Among the settlers who came in during the first and second ' was that of F.lienezer Lull and Alniira Barnes. The fin>t death years were Levi Miller, Perley and Wm. Keyes. David and Gobi- j was that of Mr. Casselman, who was drowned. A grisiniill aud smith Coffeen, Amos Stebbins, Raphael Porter. Israel Wright, inn were erected in 1^*19 for the proprietor. Jonathan and Clark Koss, Joa. KiUiam, Chas. Kelsey, Jephtha i ^^ Prc&b,, M. E., and Prot. £. 362 JEFFERSON COUNTY. WATERTOW:\^ — was formed from Mexico, March 14, 1800. Rutland was taken off in 1802, and Ilounsfield in 1806. It lies upon Black River, s. w, of the center of the co. The surface in the s, E. part is broken by the irregular terraces of the Trenton limestone, and in the n. it is level or rolling. The river bank is rocky throughout its whole extent ; and in the village, about 3 mi. below, are several extensive caves. It is an important agricultural town; but it is chiefly distinguished for the extent of its trade and manufactures. In amount of business it is unsur- passed by any town in Northern N.Y. Waterto'^Tn,^ (p-"^--) the co. seat, pleasantly situated upon the s. bank of Black River, was incorp. April 5, 181G. Pop. 5873. It contains an academy,* 4 newspaper offices, 5 banks, and 9 churches. Black River here flows, for the space of a mile, in a succession of rapids over the limestone terraces, afibrding an abundance of water power, which is largely improved, making the village one of the most important manufacturing places in the State.* Three road and 2 r. r. bridges cross the river within the limits of the village : one of the former is a wire suspension bridge. An ice cave, near Whittleseys Point,^ extends under a part of the village. By an act passed March 22, 1853, a board of water commissioners was created, with power to borrow §50,000 for the construction of water works for the village. The work was finished during the following summer. The water is taken from the river, near the upper part of the village, and thrown by water power into a reservoir 200 feet above the village, and about 1 mi. distant; and from the reservoir it is distributed through the streets. A beautiful fountain is constructed in the center of the principal square.^ At an early day, two rectangular pieces of land were given by the owners of the adjacent lots for public use;' and these now constitute beautiful public squares.^ Burrs Mills^ (p. o.) is a hamlet, on Cold Creek, in the e. part of the town. "Watertoim Cenler and Fields Settlement are hamlets. Henry Cofieen and Zachariah Butterfield were the pioneer settlers, in 1800 ; they located upon the present site of the village.^° An arsenal was built at "VVatertown in 1809, and a building for an academy in 1811 ; the latter was used as a hospital during the war. The census reports 10 churches.^^ "WIL-IVA^^ — was formed from Le Ray, and Leyden (Lewis co.) April 2, 1813. It lies upon Black River, in the extreme e. part of the co. Its suiface is somewhat broken. It is chiefly under- laid by the primary rock, which rises into low, naked ridges, and by calciferous sandstone. Black River forms its w. boundary; and upon it are a series of rapids, forming an abundance of water power." The Indian River, in the n. part, also affi)rds water power at several places. At Natu.^al Bridge this stream flows beneath the surface through passages worn in the coarse white lime- stone which here forms the surface rock. Several interesting minerals are found at this place. 1 Its present limits embrace No. 2, or " Leghorn," of the *' Eleven Towns." It first contained Nos. 1, 2, and 3. 2 First Bettled in ISOO; and ttecame the co. seat in 1805. In 1849 the busineF8 portion was almost destroyed by fire, but it recovered from the disaster in 2 years. 8 The WatertowD Acad, was incorp. May 2, 1835. and a large academic building was erected in a grove in the 8. E. part of the village. It was soon after merged in the Black River Literary and Keligious Institute, founded under the joint auspices of the Walertown Presbytery and B. R. (Cong.) Assoc, in 1836. In May, 184r., its name was changed to the Jefferson County Institute, * During the war a factory was built, at a cost of $7-'>.000, for the manufacture of cotton aud woolen cloths. In 1827, Levi Beehe purchased Cowans Island and erected upon it an im- mense stone cotton factory. It had just been put in operation when, July 7, 1833. it was burned, under suspicious circum- Btauces. The loss was $200,000 ; and the site has since remained a ruin. The manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, flour, paper, iron castings, machinery, leather, agricultural imple- ments, lead pipe, sash and blinds, and furniture, are extensively carried on. 6 Named from the wife of Samuel Whittlesey, who in 1815 threw herself from this point into the river, and was drowned. Her husband, a lawyer, and paymaster to the drafted militia, hiul received in N. Y. the sura of J30,000, in bills, aud while returning to Watertown was secretly robbed of $8700 by his wife. He was greatly alarmed, but was persuaded by her to keep quiet, as it would be difficult to convince the public that a thief would have left so large a portion, and. as they must them- selves be suspected of having taken a part, they might as well keep the whole. Her logic succeeded upon the weak-minded old man, and before reaching home she had matured phtns for con- cealment aud evasion. He started with his portmanteau for Oneida CO., leaving appointments along the road for paying on bis return ; but on arriving at Trenton he found he had Ijeen robbed. The news of the robbery spread quickly over the country: but the most active inquiry and very liberal rewards failed to bring the thief to justice. On bis return home he met his family frantic with grief; but there was an inconsistency in his sttjry, and upon a searching conversation, held &ep;irately, with his" two bondBmen, Perley Keyes and Jason Fairbanks, the latter were convinced that there was fraud. By an ingenious course of inquiry and eavesdropping, they were not only con- firmed in the belief, but assured that the family soon intended to remove, and that summary means must be employed to re- cover the money. They accordingly invited W. to take a walk, which led as if by accident to a lonely spot near the village, previously prepared, where they suddenly charged him with the robl)ery aud threatened instant drowning unless he disclosed. He was t\vice submerged and life nearly extinguished, when he confessed and was liberated. The money was found sewed into a pair of drawers fitted to be worn by either husband or wife. Mrs. W. immediately after slipped away frum the crowd unob- served, rushed duwn to the river, and was drowned. — Hough's Hist. Jeff. Co., p. 263. fl An Artesian well was bored 127 feet deep upon Factory Square in 1829, and a copious supply of water was obtained, slightly impregnated with sulphur and iron. ^ These lots are respectively 12 by 2S and 9 by 32 rods. B The principal business of the village is located aionnd the Square aud upon Court St. 8 Named from Johu Burr & Sons, who settled here in 1804. Hart Massey built a saw and grist mill here, iu ISOl, for Low, the proprietor. 10 Oliver Bartholomew came in the same year, (1801.) and in 1802, about 80 families arrived. Jonathan Cowan built the first grist mill, in 1802, and Dr. Isaiah Massey opened the first inn the same year. In 1803, a bridge was built near the present court- house. In 1805, Wra. Smith and John Paddock opened the first store; and a dam was built across BKack Kiver the same year. The first birth was iu the family of Moses Bacon; and the first death, that of Thornton, who was killed by a falling tree. n Two Presb., 2 M. E., Bap., Wes. Meth., Prot. E., R. C, Union, and Univ. 12 Named from "Wilna, in Russia, then fresh in memory from its battle. 18 After affording 42 mi. of navigation, the river here com- mences to descend by a series of rapids, extending to the lake, falling, in all, 480 feet. The " Long Falls" here descend 55 feet iu a liistance of 5090 ; and in the rapids are about 50 small islands. The State Dam, built at this place, is 900 feet long, and the State Bridge 600. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 363 The soil is sandy and moderately fertile. Carthage' (p. y.) is finely situated upon Black River, at the lower terminus of the B. R. Canal improvement. It contains 5 churches, a private academy,' and is the seat of important manufactures.' Pop. about 1,500. IVatural Bridge,' (p. V.,) on Indian River, contains 40 houses. Trilna and IVortll Wilna are p. offices ; and Wood Seltlement is a hamlet. Settlement vras commenced in 1798, at Carthage, by Henry Boutin, one of the French Company.' The village and tovru were chiefly settled under Le Ray.' The census reports 7 churches.' WORTD* — was formed from Lorraine, April 12, 1848. It lies upon the high, slaty, and shaly ridges in the s. part of the co. It is 1200 to 1500 feet above tide, and is the most elevated land in the co. It is subject to deep snows and early frosts. Wherever the surface is exposed to tlie action of running water, deep gulfs have been worn in the soft and yielding rock. There are several sulphur springs in town. The soil is principally derived from the disintegration of the underlying rocks, and is well adapted to grazing. About one half of the town is settled. Worthville is a hamlet, and is the only p. o. The first settlement was made in 1802, by an association from Litchfield, Herkimer co., who bought the N. w. quarter, balloted for the lots, built rude mills, and began small improvements.' A part of the settlers left during the war, and during the succeeding cold seasons of 1816-17 the whole settlement was abandoned. Settlement was not recommenced until several years after. The census reports 1 church, (M. E.) 1 Formerly called " Lmg Falts." Incorp. May 26, 1S41. A bridge was erected here in 1813, by Ezra Church, for Russell At- water and David Parish. s Erected l)y Ilarrison Miller in 1842 ; now owned and taught by B. F. Bush. * Consisting of u'on, leather, lumber, staves, heading, Ac. * Joseph Bonaparte, having purchased a large tract of land in this town and Diana, mady this village his residence for two ■ummers. It was laid out in 1S18. 6 Jean B. Bossout, familiarly known as " Battice," kept the first ton and ferry. * The land office of Le Ray was removed from Le RaysviUe to Carthage in 1835, by Patrick Somerville Stewart. ' 2 Presl)., 2 Prot. Meth., Bap., M. E., and 11. C. 8 Named in honor of Gen. Wm. J. Worth. It comprises No. 2, or " Fenelon,** of the Boylston Tract. Tho E. part was divided among several proprietors, to equalize the division of the '• Eleven Towns."' '■' Among the first settlers were Amos and Abijah Gillett, Nathan Matoon, W. Flower, Lodowyck Edwards, John Gri»- woid, Asa Sweet, Abner Rising, and Pbineas Rose. The first school was tauglit in a log barn in 1806. The fiist death was that of EUsha Sweet, L. B. Gillett kept the first inn and store. 364 JEFFERSON COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Jefferson County. ^iMLi OP Towns. Adams Alexandria.... Antwerp Bruwnville Cape Vincent. Cliampion Clayton ElUsburgh Henderson Hounstield..... LeKay Lorraine Lyme Orleans.^ Pamelia Philadelphia.. Kodman Rutland Theresa Watertown.... Wilna Worth Total Acres op Land. 19,3994 19,168 41,099 26,636 20,631 18,716i 29,257 i 36,327} 16,886 21,622 38,264i 13,192i 20.803 13,7664 19,810 16,093 16.749 20,768i 16,667 20,0134 17,372i 3,9S1 466.2 6,746J 18,363 30,424 8,216 10,661S 7,276 19,9S6i 12,2424 6,616 6,1 68| 14,692 6,678 8,109 16,157 3,836 6,747 6,848 6,470 9,937 6,1864 20,396 21,8354 261.291 Valuation op 1858. $282,460 41,490 69.780 76,300 34.996 86,623 66,859 111,510 70 500 83,750 129,173 23,640 38,734 41,446 79,675 66.700 138.960 59.649 89,380 1,619.960 72,268 3,360 13.047.672' 3.146.192 e $1,026,878 351.0S1 687.458 757.900 600.812 620. 680.824 1.417.272 633.796 63S.963 796,381 24S.643 410.18' 648,233 604,226 456.094 661,480 661..344 447.314 3.942.?60 401.757 70.040 1,603 1,629 1,801 1,816 1.063 969 2.090 2,662 1.048 1,680 1,537 688 1,269 1,368 1,227 846 870 1,016 1,130 3.918 1,468 236 T6.192,St>4 32.992 32.428 1,602 1,724 1,962 1,773 1,712 977 2,142 2,677 1,091 1,641 1,666 787 1,294 1,438 1,284 898 882 961 1,148 3.639 1,666 238 698 602 639 675 592 384 797 1,018 393 620 603 296 465 472 420 316 338 391 397 1,299 677 96 653 623 675 697 639 402 772 1,034 419 646 635 297 564 637 442 335 363 400 418 1,387 698 103 11,976 12,629 624 369 674 360 463 316 681 831 322 443 616 230 326 436 223 267 319 383 390 687 416 90 9,063 376 1,161 1.563 1,404 1,629 1,393 761 1,817 1,988 810 1.221 1,247 681 987 1,208 884 611 684 731 1,063 2,648 1.339 177 25.757 Names of Towns. Adams Alexandria.... Antwerp Brown ville Cape Vincent. Champion Clayton ElUsburgh Henderson llounsfield Le Hay.- Lorraine Lyme Orleans Pamelia Philadelphia.. Rodman Rutland Theresa Watertown.... Wilna Worth Total Lite Stock. Agricultural Products II i 822 lei 1,457 •K 1 2,452 1 1,068 BCSH. OF QiTULjU. 1 3,4924 Daihy Pbodccts. 1^^ £ 1 a. g 1,827 12,4964 82,3044 16,707 17,302 99.766 369,109 770 1.761 2,200 2,689 1,022 7,838 61,926J 5,0564 7,618 932 183.209 4S.366 1.085 1,753 4,293 2.260 1,446 1,844 86.2714 7,798 12,246 1,492 379.109 186.216 1,090 1,493 2,762 3.6S2 1,366 14,178 121.8024 5,096 9.663 10,490 267,182 118,655 899 1,593 2,064 2.0.50 1,280 7,892 88.4274 4,7364 13,107 9.'U9 169,146 24,800 649 1,032 1,^41 1.082 736 4,670 48,6114 2,949 23,440 10.262 160,596 148,718 978 1,997 3.011 2,801 1,782 15,018 91.9304 7,603 13.816 2.770 206,851 179.475 1,472 3,312 3,761 4.260 2,445 23,1704 214.69U4 6,3864 34.662 60.650 261,311 842,466 776 1.621 1.368 3.975 838 7,3.50 71,899 3,2194 12.016 24.532 136,048 36.937 90S 1,227 1,842 4.021 959 17,6864 84,4724 3,982 12.588 10.147 148.966 60.118 998 1,528 3,268 17.7.87 i.e.w 11,999 87,962} 6,242 16.769 7,322 249.888 257,182 396 843 1,601 1,279 692 687 67.3764 3.437 13,381 9,489 94.323 211.822' 857 1,370 1.716 2,379 982 6,306 120,3804 4.731 6,870 4,476 120.497 91,7161 909 1,806 2,662 2,269 1,262 12,874 100.2614 6.488 7,631 1,681 212.976 8,320 684 1,006 1,990 1.687 891 8,886 61,079 4,729 7.780 1,529 161,117 192,4271 664 848 1.729 1.181 634 2184 60,641 2,994 6.762 83 152,784 90.790' 640 1,200 2.149 2.830 896 2.018 68,289 3,972 11.964 12,716 181,236 121.325 668 926 2,643 966 928 3,623 42,036| 4,206 16.832 13,943 234.065 247.331 486 1,065 1,808 861 859 2,427 40.000 4,1774 6.067 640 163,775 93,780 956 963 2,808 1.499 1.078 8,0224 65,329 4,3054 11,766 26,122 222.247 111,240 646 731 1,6.54 1,322 713 1,7974 36,604} 3,0584 24.983 318 142.220 47,850 109 246 406 49,472 169 120 23,327 11.7904 1,672,S95J 1,016 6,683 289,031 111 22,298 30,818 17,069 29,777 63,401 169.901 98,675 216,431 3,949,608 2,819,469 ■ss| 1,789 3,9034 9684 2.382 2,8774 1,126 2,796 4,154 1,561 1,877J 4,312 1.368 2,2,89 3,047 1,626 691 2,179 1,815 2.324 817 1,4764 686 KINGS COUNTY. This county was organized -with its present limits, Nov. 1, 1683.' It lies upon the w. end of Long Island, adjacent to New York rt Harbor, and embraces several small islands adjacent to the coast, i It is centrally distant 140 mi. from Albany, and contains 72 sq. mi. The surface is generally level or gently undulating. Abroad i ;mge of drift hills, 50 to 300 feet above tide, extends from the -liore of the bay in the s. w. corner in a n.e. direction through the ■n. From their summits the surface gradually declines both to the N. and s., and terminates upon the shores in extensive salt meadows. The portion lying n. of the hills is moderately uneven, being occa- sionally broken by low, isolated drift hills. The shores are deeply indented by bays, which for the most part are shallow, and very irregular in outline. The principal of these are Newtown Creek,' Bushwick Creek, Wallabout, Gowanus, and Gravesend Bays on the w., and Sheeps Head Bay on the s. Jamaica Bay, a large, shallow, landlocked bay upon the s. shore, is partially in this co. It incloses a large number of low, marshy islands separated by narrow and irregular tidal currents. Wide salt marshes extend along the shores of the bays, and far inland along the courses of the small creeks.' The soil is mostly a light, sandy loam. A strip immediately surrounding the marshes and embracing a large share of the w. extremity is fertile, and capable of producing almost any crop adapted to the climate. Its close proximity to New York, the great commercial center of the country, renders it favorably situated for the development of manufactures and commerce ; and both of these pursuits are largely carried on at the centers of population. The agriculture of the CO. is mostly confined to gardening for the N. Y. market. All of the business of the co. — manu- facturing, commercial, and agricultural — is so intimately connected with the interests of New York that the co. may be considered as a suburb of the great city.* The county seat is located at the city of Brooklyn.^ The courts are accommodated at the City Hall, which belongs exclusively to the city. The jail, located upon Raymond St., is closely sur- rounded by other buildings, and its ventilation is very imperfect. The average number of inmates ia 80, supported at a weekly cost of §2.10 each.* The Kings Co. Penitentiary is located upon a farm of 38 acres near the s. line of Brooklyn. The buildings, now nearly completed, are of stone, and sufficiently spacious for the accommodation and care of all the prisoners of the co. The main building is 490 feet long by 86 feet broad, with two wings of 50 feet each. The total cost up to January 1, 1857 was $190,414.35. The institution is designed to be self supporting. The county clerk's office is kept at the City Hall.'' The Kings County Almshouse is located upon a farm of 70 acres in Flatbush, about three miles s. of the City Hall of Brooklyn. This institution consists of four large brick buildings, — the almshouse proper, hospital, nursery, and lunatic asylum. These buildings are spacious and well arranged, but poorly ventilated. A school is maintained through the year, and religious instruction is given upon the Sabbath. 1 From 1 666 to 1683 this CO. formed a part of the " West Biding of Yorkshire," England. See p. 544. * This creek is a tidal current, receiving several small fresh water streams, and is properly a narrow bay. * Upon the beach the General Government has established 2 lifeboat stations. In Jan. 1821, the bay and the Narrows be- tween the w. extremity of Long Island and Staten Island were frozen so that persons crossed on the ice. * For more minute description of the business of the co., see town descriptions. * The conrta were originally held at Gravesend ; but, by an act of the General As.ierably, passed Nov. 7, 1685. tbey were removed to Flatbush, and a courthouse was built there the suc- ceeding year. This building was used until 1758, when a new combined courthouse and jail was erected. By an act passed April 6, 17S4, a lax of £200 was authorized to be raised to repair tile injuries which had been done to the courthouse and jail by the British. The repairs were expended under the direction of Philip Nogel And Jeremyafi Yanderbilt. By an act of Mai*ch ID, 1791, the courthouse and jail were directed to be rebnilt under the direction of Johannes E. Lett, John Vanderbilt, and Clias. Doughty, and £1,200 waa appropriated for that purpose. During the next year £300 additional was raised to finish tbo buildings. These buildings were burned Nov. 3. 1832; and by act of Feb. 27, 1834, the co. seat was removed to Brooklyn. The first CO. officers after the Revolution were Nicholas Couenhoven, First Judge ; Jacob Sharp, jr., Cl&rk ; Wm. Eoerum, Sheriff; and Johannes E. Lott, Surrogate, * Up to June 1, 1858, 39,910 prisoners had been confined in this jail. ' By an act of May 1, 1828. a fireproof co. clerk's office waa directed to be built in Brooklyn. A more spacious one was built in 1837, which was used until the office was removed to its present location in the City Hall. By an act passed In 1852, an office of Register was created ; and by a later act, discretionary powers have been granted to a Board of Commissioners for the better preservation of the pubhc records. 366 366 KINGS COUNTY. Children are bound out at the age of 12 years. The average number of inmates is 1,800, sup- ported at a weekly cost of about $2.00 each. The farm yields a revenue of S3, 500. The Brooklyn & Jamaica R. R. extends from the s. ferry of Brooklyn eastward through near the center of the co. The Flushing R. R. extends from Hunters Point, (Queens co.,) n. of Brooklyn, to the village of Flushing, a distance of 8 mi. In the city of Brooklyn are several local rail roads ; and fnjm the city lines of stages extend to every village in the co. Four newspapfrs — three daily and one weekly — are now published in the CO.* The first settlements of tliis co. were made mostly by the Dutch, about 1625. In 1640, a colony of Mass. Quakers, in quest of religious freedom, settled at Gravesend under the protection of the Dutch Guvernment, Long previous to the English conquest of 1064, settlements had been made, mills erected, and churches and schools established in every town in the co. The settlers were so exclusively Dutch that the Dutch language and customs prevailed until within a comparatively recent period. Bushwick, Brooklyn, Flatbush, Flatlands, and New Utrecht were known under the English Government as the ^^ Flee Dutch Toums;" and they were associated, for certain purposes, until 1690."'' The Five Towns also formed an ecclesiastical society, and joined in the support of their minister until the final separation of the American church from the Classis of Holland, in 1772. Few events of interest occurred within the limits of this co. during the colonial period. Ita Revolutionary annals belong to the general history of the country. During its occupation by the British, from 1776 to 1782, the people were subjected to a series of disgraceful and oppressive acts.* Manv of the inhabitants left the co. from fear of hostile visits during the "War of 1812-15 ; and at times much alarm was felt, — although no hostile visit actually took place. It has shared in the growth of New York City, and is closely identified with it in business. This co. is included in the "Metr:ipolitan Police District'* created by act of April 15, 1857, and in the Board of Pulice Commissioners it is represented by the Mayor of Brooklyn and one other member. Vast schemes of speculation have from time to time arisen, most of which have resulted in loss, and several of them, devised upon a magnificent scale, have seriously retarded the progress of needful improve- ment. From 1850 to 1853 about 40 building associations were organized in this co., ostensibly to enable hose of humble means to acquire a home, but practically to form contributions to a fund which was loaned to those members who would allow the highest premium. The rates submitted to were often extremely ruinous, and the speculation had but a brief existence. I The Courier and New York and Long Jsland Adverliser, the first news^jaiier estaLlislied on Long Island, was cum- mcDced at Brooklyn, June 26, 1799, by Thos. Kirk. The Long Ishind Wed. ly hiteUigeiicer was cnmuienced at Urook- lyn. May 26. isoij, by Kobinson & Little. TheLoug Islaikd Star was stJirtcdJum; 1,1809. by Thog. Kiili. In 1^11 it waa bought by Aldfn Spooner, and lia^! bet-n continued by him and his sons until tiie present time. Tile Brooklyu Daily Evening Star was begun by Ahleii Pipi uncr d: Sons, Jan. 4, 18-il. It is still issued, by Kdwin 11. Spooocr. A semi-weekly editiou was issued from The Star office in 1S24. The Long Island Patriot was started at Brooklyn, March 7, 1821, by Geo. L. Birch. In 1833 it was changed to Th€ Broiillyn Advoratej and was issued by James A. Bennett. In 1S35-36 it was changed to Th£ Bri'ollyn Adoocatu and Nassau Gazette. . 2'he iVilUaiitAlrurgh Gazette was started in 1835 by Francis G. Fisli. It was afterward changed to The WiUi'Unsbitrgh Daily Gazt'tte, and was issued a short time. Tlie American Native Oilizen and Brottldyn Evming Advci'tiser, da., was published in 1836 by F. (i. FiPh. The Medtcnirs^ Advocate was issued a short time in 1840 at East i\e\v York. Tlie lieal Estate Gazfftf, also started at East New York, had an ephemeral existence. The WiUiainsburgh Democrat was commenced Jane 3, 1840, by TliomMS A. Dfvyr. TUe Brooklyn Dally Eagle was commenced in 1841 by Is:Lac Van And--n. and is still published. From the same office was issued The, Brnnklyn WeeJJy EigU, which was changed in 1855 to The Siiturday Evening MisceJl. started at Williimisburgh in Dec. 1844, and w:is continued a short time. TAe Demor.ratic Admr.afe was published at Williamsburgh in 1844 by J. 0. Wallace. The Bronllyn Da >!y Adrerti sit was started in 1844 by H. A. Lees and W. Foulkes, and waa continued about 8 yeais. The Ajncrican Champion was published at Brooklyu a short time in 1844. The Daily Lo7ig Mnndi'r wag started at Williamsburgh in 1845 by Bishop & Kelley. The Williamsbuisgh Sl'tming Post was published in 1S47 by Devyr & Taylor. TJie Saturday Evening Bee was issued a short time in 1848 at Brooklyn. The Orbit was issued at South Brooklyn in 1848. The Kings County Patriot was started at Williamsburgh in 1848 by Geo. Thompson and S. R. llasbrook. The Wdh'ainshurgh Times was started in 1848 by Bennet Smith & Co. Soon after the consolidation of Williamsbargh and Brooklyn its name was changed to The Brooklyn Dally Times, under which title it is now iiublislied. The Excelsior was commenced in 1846 at South Brooklyn, and was isKued a short time. T?ie Bronl-Jyn Doily Fretman was published in 1849. The Daily Indep''7)dent Press was commenced July Ifi, 1850, at Williamsbur^'h, by W. G. Bishop and J. A. F. Kelley, and was continued until 1S55. The Brooklyn Aforning Journal was established in IS.Ol by Ho- gan & Heigliway. The Union Ark, a temperance mo., waa published at BrookJyn in 18 — by J. !?chuebly. The Long Island Anzeiger (Cerraan) waa started at Brooklyn, Sept. 2. 1854, by Fdward Rohr. The D-iavgle (fJcrman semi-mo.) waa started at Brooklyn, April 7. 1855, by Edward Unhr. The Kings fh. Advertiser and Village Gnardian (semi mo.) was start' d at East New York in May, 1857, by C. \\arTen Hamilton. The Green Point Advertiser was published a short time in 1847 by L. Masquerier. 2 A Secretary or ivegister was especially commissicned by th« Governor to take the proof of wills, of marriage settlements, the acknowl>>dgment of ■■transcripts"' or other conveyance, and such important contracts and agreements aa required to le re- corded. 3 By an act of March G. 1784, Kings co. was taxed $13,000 to repay Kevolutionaiy expenses. — OiiderdojiJe's Rev. Inc. KINGS COUNTY. 367 BROOKliYlV' — was incorp. by patent, with the usual privileges of townships, under Gov. Lovelace, Oct. 18, 1&67, and its rights were confirmed by Gov. Dongan, May 13, 1686. It was recognized as a town under the State Government March 7, 1788. The village of Brooklyn was incorp. as a fire district April 2, 1801, and as a village April 12, 1810, and both town and village were incorp. as a city April 8, 1834. The city of Willianisburgh and town of Bushwick were annexed April 17, 1854.^ The city extends along New York Bay and East River to Newtown Creek, occupying the N. part of the co. Its exterior line is 22 mi., and it contains an area of 10,000 acres. The s. and E. borders are occupied by a broad rangft of low hills, which extend E. into Queens co. Along the shore opposite the lower point of New York is an irregular bluff known as "Brooklyn Heights." A considerable portion of the s. part of the city is low and level. Newtown Creek, forming the n. boundary, is an irregular arm of the sea, receiving several small fresh water streams. AVallabout Bay is a deep indentation lying between the old cities of Willianisburgh and Brooklyn. Gowanus Bay extends into the s. part of the city.' The land that borders upon these bays is flat and marshy. Within the limits of Brooklyn are several districts known by the names which they bore when they were distinct localities, before the city was incorporated. These will eventually all be lost in the growth and consolidation of the business of the city. Brooklyn (p. o.) includes the old settled parts of tlie city s. of Wallabout Bay. Upon East River, in this district, are several large manufactories. The water front is entirely occupied by wharves and warehouses. 'Williams- burgll (p. 0.) includes the thickly settled portions n. of Wallabout Bay. It contains a large number of manufacturing establishments, and its entire water front is devoted to commercial pur- poses. Green Point, (p.o.,) comprising the 17th ward, lies between Bushwick and Newtown Creeks, and occupies the extreme n.w. part of the city. It contains extensive shipyards, and manufactories of porcelain, coal oil, lifeboats, and many other articles. Witllstbout (some- times called East Brooklyn) lies E. of Wallabout Bay. Bedford and Ite^v Brooklyn are localities on the e. r., in the e. part of the city. Busliwick Cross Roads and BiisIlWick Green are villages e. of Willianisburgh. Gowanus is a village near the head of Gowanus Bay. South Brooklyn comprises the portion of the city lying s. of Atlantic St. It has an extensive water front; and along the shore immense works have been constructed to facilitate commerce.* It contains extensive wood, coal, stone, and lumber yards, and numerous planing mills, distilleries, breweries, plaster mills, founderies, and machine shops. The city is connected with New York by 11 steam ferries, all supplied with excellent boats, which perform regular and frequent trips.* From the Atlantic St. Ferry the Brooklyn &, Jamaica R. R. extends e. to the E. bounds of the co." From the principal ferries lines of city railroads extend through the principal avonues and radiate to nearly every part of the city, affording easy, rapid, and cheap means of communication.' The commerce of Brooklyn is extensive, though it scarce has an independent existence, from its intimate relations with that of New York. The docks and piers at South Brooklyn are among the most extensive and commodious in the country. Ship and boat building and repairing are exten- eively carried on at Williamsburgh and Green Point. The whole water front of the city is occu- pied by ferries, piers, slips, and boat and ship yards ; and the aggregate amount of business * The name is derived from the Putch " Bmtcl--Ja?idt.'* (broken land.) Thi> piitent for tlie township wna issued to .Ton Kvci-ts. Jan Daman. Alliert Corneli.ser. I'aules A'erb_-eck. Michael Eneyle, Tlios. Lamberts. Tennis Gisbert^o, Bogart and .iovis Jacobsen. The annnal quitreut under this patent was 20 bush. •f wlieat. * Busliwick — signifying wo'>d-town — was invested with cer- tain powers of government March 14. IfiPl. AnotJier pat lit was grant'd Oct. 25. KirT ; but it remained associated with otlier towns until .Vug. 12. 17flS. Williamsbnigh Villaj^e in this town was incorp April 14. 1827. and the town i-f Willianisburgh was formed March l*t. l.S4fl. The village and town were united and in.'orp. as the City of Williams^burgh April 7. lSf.1, and the city and town of Bushwick were annexed to Brooklyn April 17. 1854. Ensliwick now constitutes tlie 17th and ISth wards, and Williamsburgh the 13th, 14tb, 15th, Idth, and a part of the 19tb wards. * Acts have been passed antliorizing a canal, with baitins. lAarves, and elipa, to be constructed along tbo creek that flowa into this bay. The mouth of the creek lias been improved Ibr a short di-tance. < 'Ihe Atlantic Dock cnntnins an area of 40 acres, and h;w suffirient depth of water for any vessel. An outside pier in 3.000 le -t long. The warehouses np'm the piers are of granite. The Krio Iia--in and other extensive docks along tlie bay liave been projected and work upon thein lias commeneed. These d. cits afford perfect security to vessels while lo;idiiig and unloading, and security to goods against tlieft. It is estimated tliat $1 000 000 wortli of golds are annually stolen from the wharves and shifis at New York and linioklyii. 6 Tliese several ferries are all chartered by the Corporation of \. V. City. The boat-s average 4oO t.ins. anil are nnted tor tbo regularity with whirh they perTorin Ibeir trips. Seepage428. 1 This road is leased to the T.ong Island K. H. during the term of its charter. A tunnel 2 750 feet long, extending under a iior- tion of .\tlrintic St.. eommeno'-s near the ferry. It wtis finisiied in Doc. 1S41 at a cost of $00,000. ' la 1855 the city authorized Ihegrantingof cliarters for these 368 KINGS COUNTY. transacted there forms an important item in the commerce of the State. In the extent and variety of its manufactures Brooklyn ranks among the first cities in the country. Located near the great commercial center, it has become the seat of an immense manufacturing interest.' The U. S. Navy Yard is located upon Wallabout Bay.^ The premises connected with it occupy an area of 45 acres, and are inclosed on the land side by a high vrall. Within the inclosure are various mechanic shops necessary in building and repairing vessels, a large and costly dry dock,' two large buildings to cover ships of war while in process of building, extensive lumber warehouses, several marine railways, and a large amount of balls, cannon, and other munitions of war. The Naval Lyceum is filled with curiosities sent home by naval officers. Upon a gentle rise, a little E. of the Navy Yard, is a U. S. Marine Hospital* for the care of sick and infirm seamen belonging to the navy. Near it is an extensive laboratory for the manufacture of medicines for the navy.' The groundybelonging to these establishments occupy an area of 35 acres. A little E. of the Navy Yard, upon Park Avenue, are extensive temporary Marine Barracks. The city is well supplied with pure, soft water, derived from Hempstead Hook, Valley, and Spring- city railroads to the parties who should offer to carry passengers I Hues, without regard to distance, is 5 cents, at the lowest price. The Brooklyn City R. R. Co., formed Dec. list of these several railroads : — 17, 1S53, received the grants ; and the fare upon the several [ The following is a Lines of Railroads. Fulton Ferry to Washington Av... Washington Av. to Brooklyn Av... Fulton St. to Nostrand Av Nostrand Av. to Division Av Flushing St. to Throop Av Throop Av. to Division Av Kent Av. to BushwickAv Bushwick Creek to Kent St Kent St. to Freeman St Fulton St, to Gowanus Creek........ Gowanus Creek to Thirty-Sixth St. Thirty-Sixth St. to City Line „ Citv Line to Yellow Uook Liine.... Court St. to Ferry Smites. Fulton Av. Myrtle A v. Fiusiiing St. Hamilton Av. Length in MUes. 2.31 1.12 2.04 .87 2.67 .14 2.08 .49 .26 1..56 1.88 1.17 .56 .93 When Opened, .Tuly, 1864. Sept. " July, " Nov. " July, " April, 1865. Oct. 1854. Oct. 1855. Aug. 1854. Nov. " July, 1855. JulV. 1856. May. 1865. 1 The following table, derived from the State Census of 1855, shows the amount and kinds of manufactures. Names op Maitofactoeies. Agricultural Implements Ax and Edge Tools Bakeries Block Breweries Cabinet Camphene Chandlery and Soap Chemical Laboratories Coach and W^agon Coffee, Spice, and Mustard Cotton Batting Dentists' Gold Distdlerics Fish and Whale Oil Flax Dressing Fur Dressing Furnaces Gaa Glass Glue Gold and Silver Refining. Gold Pen Gristmills Hat and Cap House Building Ivory Black and Bone Manure.. Japanned Cloth Amount of Blanur faciures. $28,000 65.000 92,.';35 70.000 157.255 251,324 1,070,000 229,100 320,000 70.660 68,640 70,000 100.000 2,499,000 173.000 690.000 114,700 900,000 27S.OO0 322,000 160.000 225,000 112,000 635,000 986,000 264,000 106,960 189.600 49 68 52 149 85 64 42 86 25 67 2 215 19 98 30 600 278 282 7 7 41 48 666 151 49 64 -Tames op Manufactories. Lamp and Lanterns,,,. Liquorice Machine Shops M.alt Marble , Oil Cloth Oil Mills Paint and Color Patent Leather Planing Mills , Porcelain , Rope Rosin Oil «.. Safes Sash and Blind Ship Silver Ware Steamboat Finishing.. Steam Pump Stone Cutting Tin and Sheet Iron Tobacco and Cigar- White Lead Whiting Window Shades Minor Manufactories,,, Total 296 $18,494,351 1, No. Amount of Manu- factures. 66,000 49.340 276,000 90,000 88,000 170,2,i0 286,000 60,000 140,000 470,600 90.000 2,205,153 161.300 115,000 102,178 94.5,000 64,000 160,000 60,000 256.300 150,000 206,620 800,000 60.000 60,000 700,446 36 35 260 12 100 94 36 16 47 163 128 677 46 60 60 640 12 64 76 334 96 139 195 17 19 865 2 The land occupied by the Navy Yard was ceded to the General Oovcrnmenf by the State in 1807. 3 The site for the drj- dock was fixed by Col. Baldwin, In 1826; but efficient work was not commenced until 1841, It was subse- quently prosecuted under the charge of several engineers, as follows : — Prof. Edward H. Courtenay; Aug. 1, 1841, to Aug. 1. 1842 $35,264.25 Gen. William Oibbs McNeil; Oct. 10, 1844, to April 1, 1846 114,671.83 W P S.Sahger; Aprill,]845, to June23,1846.: 116,961.81 Wm.J.Mc.\lpine: June 23,1846, to Oct. 1,1849. 1,114,311,09 'J«n,Chaa, B. Stuart ; Oct. 1,1849, to Aug. 30, 1851 732.974.63 Total cost $2,113,173.61 The work was suspended from Aug. 1842, till Oct. 1844. The main chamber is 286 feet long by 35 feet wide at the bottom, and 307 feet long by 98 feet "wide at the top. Depth, 36 feet. The masonry foundations are 400 by 120 feet, upon piles driven 40 feet into the earth. It is emptied by steam pumps in 4J- hours. — Stuart's Nai'at Dry Docks of the f". S. * This building is faced with white marble and presents a fine architectural appearance. The average number of inmates is about 50. 6 This laboratory has been gradually formed within the last 10 years, and is said to be the only institution of the kind owned by any Government. The chemical and mechanical arrange- ments are extremely well adapted to their use. KINGS COUNTY. 369 field Creeks. It is brought TJ mi. in an open canal and 4J mi. in a brick conduit, thence pumped into a reservoir on Cypress Hill, 170 ft. above tide, and thence distributed in iron pipes throughout the city. The conduit has a capacity of 40,000,000 gallons per day, and the pumps can raiso 10,000,000 gal. per day. The reservoir is 20 feet deep, and has a capacity of 107,000,000 gals. The vrliole cost of the work is estimated at §4,200,000.' The Fire Departments of the Eastern and Western Districts are separately organized under special acts.^ The city is supplied with gas by 3 companies. The City Park, between Park and Flushing Avenues and Navy and Park Sts., contains 7 acres ; Wasliingtoii Park, between Jlyrtle and De Kallj Avenues and Cumberland and Canton Sts., con- tains 33 acres. It occupies the site of Fort Green of the Revolution. In the newly surveyed sections several sites for parks have been reserved by the city. The City Armory, at the corner of Henry and Cranberry Sts., was erected in 1858, at a cost of $14,000. A State Arsenal, on Portland Ave. was built in 1856, at a cost of §40,000. The City Hall, situated at the junction of Fulton and Court Sts., is a fine building, faced with white marble.' Besides these, there are in the city 9 banks of discount, 5 savings' banks, and 10 stock fire insurance companies. The Public Schools are under the charge of a board of education, consisting of 45 members. The city contains 32 school districts ; and in 1857 there were employed 320 teachers, — 27 males and 293 females. The whole number of children between 4 and 21 years of age is 46,000, of whom 35,817, or 78 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for 1857 was $231,474.61. A normal school for the professional instruction of teachers has been established. The Packer Collegiate Institute, for girls, occupies an elegant building upon Joralemon St., w. of the City Hall. It was incorp. May 8, 1845, as the "Brooklyn Female Academy." Its name was changed March 19, 1853, in honor of Mrs. Wm. S. Packer, who endowed the institution with §05,000. An astronomical observatory is connected with it.' The Brooklyii Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, for boys, on Livingston St., was incorp. April 7, 1854. It was established by a stock company, with a capital of §75,000, and has accommoda- tions for 450 pupils. Besides these, there are in the city 100 private schools and seminaries, several of which are large institutions, with corps of professors and with permanent investments. The aggregate number of pupils in attendance at the schools is 2,600. The Brooklyn Institute was incorp. Nov. 20, 1824. It occupies a commodious building on AVash- ington St., the gift of Augustus Graham. It has a free library, provides free lectures and lessons in drawing and painting for apprentices, and its rooms are depositories for books, maps, models, and drawing apparatus. The Brooklyn Athenceiim and Reading Room, on the corner of Atlantic and Clinton Sts., was incorp. Jan. 28, 1852. It occupies a large three story edifice, erected at a cost of $60,000. The first story is used for mercantile purposes, the second for a library and reading room, and the third for public lectures. The Law Library in Brooklyn, incorp. Jan. 8, 1850, is located at 341 Fulton St. The Naval Lyceum, within the Navy Yard, was established in 1833 by officers of the navy. It has a fine library and museum. The Kings County Lodge Library Association, at Williamsburgh, was incorp. Feb. 7, 1847. Among the societies for intellectual improvement are the Hamilton Library Association, founded in 1830 ; the Franklin Debating Association, in 1852 ; the Young Men's Association,, in 1853 ; the St. CJtarles Institute, in 1854; the Ecclcston Literary Association, in 1854; and the Columbia Lite- rary Association, in 1855. The Great Northwestern Zephyr Association, designed to encourage native talent in music, painting, and sculpture, was organized in 1838. The Philharmonic Society 1 This prent work is jnst completed. Until a very recent date the city haa depended upon wells and cisterns for its supply of water. There were l'.i2 pnblic cisterns In the city; but all the supplies were entirely inadequate to the demand for water. The first agitation tbr a better supply of water commenced in 1835 ; but nothing was accomplished until 1W7, when a report was made recommending the building of reservoirs to bo supplied from wells. In 1849, W. J. McAlpine submitted a plan fur ob- taining a supply from the streams flowing into Jamaica Bay. The question of prosecuting this work at public expense was repeatedly voted do^vn. Several private companies caused sur- veys to be made, and one of them acquired titles to the streams in -luestion : and June 4. IH^O, the Ojmnion Council subscribed $1.»10,U00 to the stock of the Nassau Water Company. The worlc vrae commenced JuJy 31, 1S5C, under the charge of James 24 P. Kirkwood, Chief Engineer. Feb. 11, ISo", the rights of tho Nas.sau Company were vested in the city. The works were cola* pleted in May, 1859. It is contemplated erecting another reser- voir upon Prospect Hill. 2 The Fire Department of the Western District, under the cart* of 5 commissioners, has 7 fire districts. 22 engines, 4 hook and ladder companies, 7 hose ct)nipanies. and 10 alarm bells. The Fire Department of the Eastern Difltriat has 6 fire districts, 13 engines, 3 h«>k and ladder companies, 4 hose companies, and 2 tdarm bells. 3 This building contains the city and most of the co, offleeH. It was commenced in 1H3(', ; but work was suspended in 1837 and was not resumed until lS4tj. It was completed in 1S4S, ia a style much less c«)atly than that of the ori{;inal design. » See pp. 747, 748. 370 KINGS CODNTY. (if Brooklyn, for the encouragement of music, was incorp. May 6, 1857. The Brooklyn Horti- cuUural Society was incorp. April 9, 1854, and holds annual fairs. The Hunt Horticultural and Botanical Garden was incorporated April 9, 1855, with a capital of $150,000. It has a garden of 16 acres. The Brooklyn City Hospital, on Raymond St. near De Kalb Avenue, was incorp. May 8, 1845. Its present buildings were opened April 28, 1852. It is supported by voluntary contributions and legislative appropriations. The Brooklyn City Dispensary, located at 109 Pineapple St., was incorp. March 5, 1850. It is supported in the same manner as the hospital. The Brooklyn Dis- pensary, (Homeopathic,) 83 Court St., was incorp. Dec. 3, 1852. It is supported by private sub- scriptions. The Williamsburg Dispensary, on the corner of 5th and South Sts., was incorp. March 4. 1851 ; 2,221 persons received medical treatment at the institution in 1857. It is supported by private contributions. The Brooklyn Central Dispensary, 473 Fulton St., was incorp. Dec. 11, 1855. The Brooklyn German General Dispensary is located at 145 Court St. The Brooklyn Bye «nd Ear Infirmary, 109 Pineapple St., was incorp. March 27, 1851. The Orphan Asylum Society was incorp. May 6, 1834. The institution is situated upon a fine site on Cumberland St. near Myrtle Avenue. The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum of Brooklyn was incorp. May 0, 1834. The asylum for boys is located at the corner of Clinton and Congress Sts., and the asylum for girls upon Congress St. near Clinton. The former has 120 inmates, and the latter 250. The girls are under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. The support of these institutions is principally derived from the income of a large property bequeathed by Cornelius Heeney and under the charge of the Brook- lyn Benevolent Society.' The Brooklyn Association for Improving the Comlition of the Poor was formed March 26, 1844. It numbers about 180 visitors, whose duty it is to investii;ate the condition of the poor in every part of the city, afford such temporary relief in the way of food and clothing as the cases may warrant, and to refer the needy to the appropriate sources for permanent relief. This association distributes $6,000 to $7,000 per year. The Brooklyn Benevolent Society, founded upon a bequest of Cornelius Heeney, was incorp. in May, 1845. It is managed by 11 trustees, of whom the Archbishop of N. Y. and the Mayor of Brooklyn are ex officio members. Its funds are principally devoted to the support of various Catholic charities. The Brooklyn Society for the Relief of Respectable and Indigent Females, incorp. in 1851, was founded by John B. Graham, who erected a fine edifice, corner of Washington and De Kalb Sts., as a home for the unfortunates named in the title. It derives its support from private sub.scriptions. The Children's Aid Society was organ- ized in Feb. 1854, as an industrial school. The Brooklyn Industrial School Association, under the management of ladies of the several churches, was incorp. April 4, 1854. It has established schools in difi'erent parts of the city for girls who do not attend the public schools, and who are entirely deprived of moral training. The Brooklyn Female Employment Society, an association of ladies to furnish employment to respectable females who may be reduced to want, was incorp. April 19, 1854. Its office and salesroom is at 65 Court St. The Church Charity Association for the relief of the aged, sick, and indigent was incorp. in March, 1851. It is under the patronage of the Prot. E. Church. The churches of Brooklyn are justly celebrated for their general elegance and beauty of archi- tectural design. Large numbers of people doing business in New York reside in Brooklyn ; and this has led to the erection of so great a number of churches that the city has been denominated the " city of churches." In 1858 there were 139 churches in the city." Connected with these churches are various religious and charitable societies.' The Freemasons, Odd Fellows, and Sons of Tem- 1 Tne other benevolent Catholic societies in the city are aa follows : — St. James's Scltnol. Jay St.. with uring the AVar of 1812 a considerable amount of voluntary labor was expended in erecting a line of fortifications around the city, and bodies of troops were stationed there to protect the people. FJLATBIJ8II- — was chartered by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1652, and its rights were confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, Oct. 11, 1G67, and by Gov. Dongan, Nov. 20, 1685.^ It was recognized by the State Government March 7, 1788. New Lots was taken ofi' in 1852. It is the central town in the co.. lying immediately s. of Brooklyn. A low, broad range of hills extends along the n. border, occupying nearly one-fourth of its surface. The remainder of the town is level. The soil is light and sandy, but productive. Flatbusb (p. v.) is a long, scattered village, extending through the center of the town. It contains 4 churches,* the Erasmus Hall Academy,^ and many elegant dwellings. Greenfield is a thinly settled village plat in the s. w. corner of the town. A part of Greenwood Cemetery lies in the n. w. corner. Calvary Cemetery lies e. of the village. The first settlement was made by the Dutch at an early period. FLATIiAIVDS^ — was incorp. by patent under Gov. Nicoll, Oct. 4, 1667, confirmed by Gov. Dongan, March 11, 1685,' and recognized by the State Government March 7, 1788. It is the s. E. town in the co. The surface is very flat, as indicated by the name; and a considerable portion consists of salt marshes bordering upon Jamaica Bay.^ Several small, marshy islands belong to the town.^ Flatlands (p. o.) is a farming settlement. Canarsie^" (p. o.) is a hamlet, upon the road leading to the bay. The first settlement was made by the Dutch, in 1636. Ex-Gov. Wouter VauTwiller had a tobacco farm in this town while it was under Dutch rule. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and Kef. Prot. D. GRATESEWD"— was granted to English settlers, by patent under Gov. Keift, Dec. 19, 1645, and confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, Aug. 13, 1667, and by Gov. Dongan, Sept. 10, 1686.^^ It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It is the most southerly town in the co. The surface is generally very level. A beach and ridge of sand hills extend along the coast, and in the rear of these are extensive salt meadows. Coney Island is separated from the mainland by a narrow tidal current flowing through the marshes.^^ Oravesend, (p. v.,) near the center, is compactly built, and was formerly fortified with palisades. It was the county seat prior to 1686.^* Fnion* Tille is a small settlement on the bay, near the w. line. The Cove is a settlement on Sheeps Head Bay. This town wag settled before 1640, by English Quakers, from Mass. Lady Deborah Moody — a woman of rank, education, and wealth — was a prominent person in this enterprise. The liberal terms of their first grant were not fully regarded by the Dutch; but the prudence and firmness of Lady Moody eventually secured a good degree of respect and a more indulgent policy toward them. In 1655 the settlement was saved from destruction by North River Indians by a guard from the city. In 1656 the people petitioned for and obtained 3 big guns for their protection. In 1659 the town agreed to give Henry Brazier 500 gilders for building a mill, and 1 The first prison ship was the VPhitby ; but this and another were burned, and, in April,1778,the Jersey became the receiving ship for prisoners. The llo\m and the Falmouth, anchored near by, were the hospital ships; and upon these mostofthe deaths oc- curred. It is reported that ll.SOOprisoners diod upon these ships during the war. The persistent barbarity and cold-hearted in* humanity practiced by the British toward these prisoners finds no parallel in the history of civilized nations; and the horri- l>le Bufferings of the prisoners in their foul dungi?ons, reeking with filth, disease, and the air of the charuel house carried through months and years, completely cast into the shade the lesser horrors of the Middle Passage, or of the Black Hole of Cal- cntta. The graves of these martyrs of freedom were uncovered while grading for the Navy Yard, in 180S. Twenty hogsheads of bones were collected, deposited in 13 coffins, — representing the 13 original States, — and. May 26, 1S08. they were buried upon Hudson Avenue, near the Xavy Yard, under the auspices of the Tammany Society. The land upon which they were interred was given for that purpose by John Jackson. Several years since, Beijj. Romaine inclosed the remains in a vault; and, April 11, 1851. an association was incorp. for collecting funds to build a monument. OnderdfrnK's Hist Prison Ships. 2 Named '■'■MidwouV^ (Mid wood) by the Dutch. 3 In the first patent^ Jan Snedecor. Arent Van Hatten, Jo- hannes Megapolensis, and others, were named as grantO(.'s; and in the second, Ilev. J. Megapoleusis, Cornelius Van Ruyven, J. P. Adrien Hogeman, Jan Snedecor, Jan Stryker. Frans Barents, (^pListor,) Jacob Stryker, and Cornelius Janse Buugart were pat'-ntees.— Pufen^j. IV, 4S, 51. 4 Kef. Prot. D.. (formed in 1654,) M. E., Prot. E.. and R.C. 6 This institution, incorp. Nov. 17, 1787, was the first one char- It^red by the regents. * Called "New Am^^orV by the Dutch, from a place In Holland. 7 The patentees named in the first instniment were Elbert Elberts, Govert Lockermans, Roeliffe Martens, Pieter Claes, Wm. Garrits.Thos. Hillebrants. Stephen C^Jertsen, and Coert Stevens; and those in the second were E. Elberts, R. Martens, Pieter Classen, Wm. Garretsen, Coert Stevens, Lucas Stevensen, and John Teunissen. The annual quitrent was 14 bushels of wheat. >} These marshes and flat lands produce large quantities of hay. 8 The principal of these are Bergen Island, on the bay, and Barren Island. upon the coast. Upon the latter island is a largo bone boiling establishment, to which place are removed all the dead animals from New York. The business is very extensive, and large quantities of hides, fat, bones, hair, and manure are annually produced. 10 Named from a tribe of Indians that formerly occnpied this region. n Named from the English town of this name, or from the deep sounds on the shore. — Thompson's Hid.Al, 169. IS The grantees named in the first patent were Lady Deborah Moody, Sir Ht-iiry Moody, Bart., Ensign Geo. Baxter, and Sergt. James Hubbard: those in the second were Thos. Delavall, Jas. Hubbard, Wm. Bound, sr., Wm. Goulding, and John Tilton ; and those in the third were James Hubbard, John Tilton, jr., Wm. Goulder, Nicholas Stillwell, and Jocham Guilock. The quitrent was 6 bushels of wheat. 13 ^^Cbnijsis IsJatid," from a family of that name. It is a favor- ite summer resort. A fine shell road and bridge connect it with the mainland. It embraces 60 acres of arable land, and about half a dozen families winter there. n The village plat embraced 10 acres, subdivided into 39 Iota for houses and gardens. A street surrounded this plat. The land around was laid out in lots diverging from the central nucleus. KINGS COUNTY. 373 every man a day's work, with a team, or 2 days without, in building a dam. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1655. Besides this, there are in town 2 M.E. churches. RfEW L.OTS'— was formed from Flatbush, Feb. 12, 1852. It lies in the extreme e. part of the CO. Its surface is generally level, the s. half being occupied by extensive salt meadows. Ea»«t Keiv YorK (p. v.) is a prospective city of " magnificent distances" near the N. line.'' It con- tains a newspaper ofBce, 4 churches, a manufactory of dyestufi"s and colors, several shoe manu- factories, and 1,000 inhabitants. Cypress Hills is a newly surveyed village near the n. e. corner. The Cypress Ilills Cemetery, Cemetery of the Evergreens, and Cemetery of the Congre- gation of Emanuel (Jewish) are partly in this town. The first settlement was made by about 20 families from Holland and a few Palatinates, in 1054. In 1660 the portions of lands previously held in chn A' i*rkerke, IIiMidrick Mathyse, Jnhn Kiersen. John Van DycU. (tuisbcrt Thyeon, Carol Van Dyck, Jan Van Cl^-et; Cryn Jansen, M<-ynd»'rt Coerten, Juhn Hansen, Bareut Joosteu, Tcuiiis Van i'cit, Ileu- drick Van Pelt. Lawrence Janf^e, Gerrit Corneliseen. Dirk Van .Sutphen, Thomas Tierkson, Gerrit Stoffelsen. Peter Thysen, Anthuny Van Pelt, Anthony Ducbaine. Jan Vandervent*r. and Cornelis Wyuhart. The annual acknowledgment was bush, of E'od winter wheat, payable, at the city of New York, March ih.— Bitent!^. V. 407. 6 This fortress was commenced in 1S24 and completed in 1833. The total cost of the structure in 1 K.")8 was $552,000. It mount* CO hi-avy guns, of which 48 bear upon the channel. ft Formerly called ^*Fort Diam(md." It was commenced In ISI'2. and in lfi51 it had cost J341.941. It mounts "^ heavy puns. These forts were located and planned by Gen. Bernard, a Frt'iich engint-er. 7 2 Prot. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., M. E., and R. C. LEWIS COUNTY. This county was formed from Oneida, March 28, 1805, and named in honor of Gov. Morgan Lewis. Slight changes were made in the boundary on the erection of Pinckney, in 1808, and of Wilna, in 1813. It lies mostly within the valley of Black River, N. of the center of the State. It is centrally distant 116 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,288 sq. mi. Its surface consists of the broad inter- vales which extend along the course of Black River, and uplands which rise upon the e. and w. The eastern half rises gradually to the E. border of the co., where it attains an elevation of about 1400 feet above tide. This part of the co. forms a portion of the great wilderness of Northern N. Y. The surface in many places is broken by low ridges or isolated masses of naked gneiss. The streams generally flow over rooky beds, and in places through wild ravines. The soil is a light, yellow, sandy loam and unprofitable for cultivation. In the eastern forests are great numbers of picturesque lakes, many of which are scarcely known except to hunters and fishermen. The streams flowing from the plateau are generally rapid, furnishing an abundance of water power.' Magnetic iron ore has been found interstratified with gneiss and red specular ore on the N. E. border of the co., and along the margins of the streams is an abundance of iron sand. At the junction of the gneiss and white limestone in Diana are a great number of interesting minerals.^ The w. side rises from the valley of Black River by a series of terraces to near the center of the w. half of the co., whence it spreads out toward Lake Ontario. These terraces are occasionally broken by oblique valleys from the N. w. The summit is 1500 to 1700 feet above tide. The inter- vale along the river, and the banks which immediately border upon it, are underlaid by Black River limestone. Nest above this, in an irregular terrace, rises the Trenton limestone, 300 feet thick in the N. part of the co. and gradually diminishing toward the s. This limestone is very compact and strongly resists the action of the elements. In many places it presents the face of steep declivities approaching the perpendicular, and the streams from the w. plateau generally flow over this formation in a single perpendicular fall. This rock underlies an extremely fertile and nearly level tract of 1 to 3 mi. wide. Above it, on the w., the strata of the Dtica slate and Lorraine shales rise about 500 feet higher, and from the summit the surface spreads out into a nearly level region, with its waters flowing both toward the E. and w.' This range in Lewis co. is known as Tug Hill. The soil in the limestone region is sometimes thin, but is everywhere productive. Near the foot of Tug Hill is a strip of stiiF clay a few rods wide, extending the whole length of the co., and marked by a line of springs and swamps. The soil upon the slate is deep and well adapted to grazing, but, from its great elevation, it is liable to late and early frosts. Upon the summit of the slate table lands are extensive swamps, which give rise to streams flowing into Black River, Lake Ontario, Oneida Lake, and the Mohawk. Drift deposits are scattered promiscuously, and sometimes lie at a great depth, more particularly upon the northerly sides of the oblique valleys before mentioned. The streams which rise on the summit of Tug Hill in many places flow through ancient beaver meadows, and upon the brow of the hill they have invariably worn deep ravines into the slates and shales, in some instances 3 or 4 mi. in length and 100 to 300 feet deep. Chimney Point and Whetstone Gulf, in Martinsburgh, are localities of this kind. There are but few ravines in the lime- stone terraces, though the Deer River Falls, near Copenhagen, are in a gorge worn in this rock. A thin layer of Potsdam sandstone rests immediately upon the gneiss in Martinsburgh. Waterlime of excellent quality has been made from the lower strata of Black River limestone, and veins of lead ore have been worked in the upper part of the Trenton limestone in Martinsburgh and Lowville.* The outline of the hills readily indicates the character of the underlying rocks.' 1 The water of these BtreamB is discolored by organic matter, nianfjanefie, and iron, and imparts to Black River the color which has given it its name. 2 Zircon, sphene. tabular spar, pyroxene, nuttallite. blue cal- cite. brigbt crystallized iron pyrites, Rensselaerite, and coccolite are found near the Natural Bridge. * Tile highest part of this range is said to be on Lot .'JO, in High Market, and is 1700 feet above tide. On a clear day the hiils of Madison co. can be seen from this place. 374 * About the year 1828 a silver mine was announced as dis- covered near Lowrille; and in 1837 a lead mine was somewhat extensively wrought 1 mi. N. w. of Martinsburgh Village, antf several tons of lead were made at a great loss. More recently a company of speculators tiave bought the premises; but work has not been resumed, and probatily will not be. Black oxyd of manganese has been found in swamps upon the summit of Tug Hill, in the s. w. part of Martinsburgh. * In the primary region the upheavals retain their original LEWIS COUNTY. 375 The s. w. part of the co. is drained by Fish Creek and its branches, and the headwaters of the Mohawk. Salmon River rises upon the \\\ border, and the Oswegatchie and Indian^ Rivers take their rise in the n. e. The principal tributaries of Black River are Moose^ and Beaver Rivers,' Otter,* Independence, and Fish Creeks, and Fall Brook, on the e. ; and Sugar River, Mill, Houses, and AVhetstone Creeks, Roaring Brook, Lowviile Creek, and Deer River* upon the w. Several mineral springs are found within the co.^ Spring grains are readily cultivated; but this co. is particularly adapted to pasturage, dairying forming the principal pursuit of the people. Droughts seldom occur; but the uplands are noted for their deep snows. Within a few years, several exten- sive establishments have been erected upon Black, Moose, Beaver, and Deer Rivers, for the manufac- ture of leather, paper, lumber, and articles of wood. Two furnaces for the manufacture of iron from the ore are located near the n. border. The county seat is located at Martinsburgh. A wooden courthouse and jail were built here in 1810- 11, upon a site given by Gen. Martin.'' The present clerk's office was erected by citizens of Mar- tinsburgh in 1847. Active efforts were made at an early day, and renewed in 1852, to obtain the removal of the co. seat to Lowviile, and a fine edifice was built at that place for the courts, in the hope of securing their removal. The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 59 acres 1 mi. w. of Lowviile. The average number of inmates is about 90. The institution is well managed in regard to economy, neatness, and the health of the inmates. The only internal improvement in the co. is the Black River Canal, connecting Black River below Lyons Falls with the Erie Canal at Rome.* From Lyons Falls the river is navigated to Carthage, a distance of 42J mi., by small steamers. Three newspapers are now published in the co.' This CO. is entirely within Macomb's Purchase, and includes a part of Great Tract No. IV.,^ most of the Chassanis Purchase," Watson's West Tract, ^- the Brantingham Tract," and a small part of John Brown's Tract," on the e. side of the river: and 4 of the "Eleven Towns,"^^ 5 of the Thirteen Towns of the Boylston Tract,^^ Constable's Five Towns,^' and Inman's Triangle^® on the w. The first settlers came from New England and settled at Leyden in 1794. The fame of the forms without change; the limestone terraces rise by steep slopes to their level summit; and the slate and shale hills ex- hibit the yitliling character of the rocks which compose them, by their rounded outline and the gorges which every spring torri-nt has worn upon their sides. 1 Called by the Indians 0-je'quack, Nut River. - Indian name Te-ka'hun-di-anMo, clearing an opening. 3 Indian unme Ne-ha-sa'ne, crossing on a stick of timber. * Indian name Da-ween-net. the otter. 6 Indian name Ga-ne/garto'do. corn pounder. 8 The largest of these arises from the limestone in Lowviile, near the line of Harrisburgh. Others rise fmm the slate upon Tug Hill. All of them emit sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and some have been used for medicinal purposes. ' The CO. seat was located by the same commissioners that were appomted for Jefferson co. Benj. Van Vleeck, Daniel Kelly, and Jonathan Collins, by act of 1811, were appointed to superintend the completion of these buildings. The first co. officers were Daniel Kelly, First Judge ; Jonathan Collins, Judah Barnes, and Solomon King, Judgrs ; Lewis Graves and Asa Bray ton, Asst. Justices ; Asa Lord, Coroner ; Chillus Doty, Sheriff; Richard Coxe, Clerk; and Isaac W. Bostwick, (Surro- gate. The Black River k Utica R. R.. now finished to Boonville, will probably be extended through fho Black River Valley. • The Bhiclc Rivt\r fAizetfe was established at Martinsburgh, March 10, 1S07, by James B. Robbins, and was removed to Watertown the following year. This was the first paper published in the State N. of Utica. The LetvU Co. Sentinel was started at Martinsburgh, Oct. 12, 1^24. by Charles Nichols, and continued 1 yr-ar. The Martinsburgh Sentinel was commenced in 1828 by Pearson, and continued until March, 1830. The Le'wls Comity Republican was established at Martinsburgh. in 1831 or '32, by James Wheeler, who Bold it to Daniel S. Bailey, its present publisher, in 1837. It was removed to Lowviile in 18i4, but has since been returned to Martinsburgh. The Lewis Co. Gazette was started at Lovrville, in the spring of 1S21. by Lewis G. Hoffman, and continued 2 years. Th& Black River Gazette was issued at Lowviile. Oct. 19. 1825, by Wm. L. Ka'iton. It was sold in 1830 to J. M. Farr, by whom it was continued a year or more. The Lewis Democrat was started at Lowviile. March 25, 1834, by Le Grand Byin2:ton. and continued 1 year. The Norfliern Jouriial was commenced at Lowviile, Feb. 14, 183S. by A. W. Clark. It has frequently changed own-Ts. and is now puMishfd by Henry A. Phillips. The Leivls County Banner was started at Lowviile, Sept. 3. 185ti. by \. B. Sylvester, and is now published by Henry Allgoever. The Lewis Co. Democrat waa commenced Sept. 22, 1846, at Turin, by n. R. Lahe. It was removed to Martinsburgh m 1849 and discontinued' a few weeks after. TTie Dollar Weekly Northern Blade was stai-ted at Constable- ville in 1854. It was changed to The News Register in April, 1857, by Merrill & Cook, its pub- lishers, and was afterward removed to Carthage. 10 This tract was bought by the Antwerp Company, and em- braced an area of 450,950 acres. Seep. 353. 11 This tract was purchased by Pierre Chassanis in 1792, and was supposed to contain 600,000 acres. Upon a survey being made, it was found that the tract fell far short of this"; and a new agreement was made, April 2, 1793, for 210.000 acres. A narrow strip of this tract extended along the E. side of the river to High Falls. The settlers of this tract were principally refu- gees of the French Revolution. Many of them were wealthy, titled, and highly educated, and, in consequence, were poorly fitted for the hardships of pioneer life. Large sums of money were expended to render the settlement successful, but the settlers soon after returned to France and the enterprise was abandoned. Kodolph Tillier was the first agent; and in ISOO ho was superseded by Gouverneur Morris, who appointed Richard Coxe his agent. The first buildings were erected near the present residence of Francis Seger. 12 James Watson purchased 61,433 acres, in 2 tracts, connected by a narrow isthmus. The eastern tract is mostly in Herkimer CO. 13 So called from Thomas H. Brantingham. of the city of Pb da- delphia. who at one time held the title. It is mostly in Greig, and contains 74,400 acres. 1* This tract, which is popularly regarded as the whole north- ern wilderness of New York, included 210.0(X) acres sold by Con- stable to John Julius Angerstein, and afterward conveyed Ut John Brown, of Providence, R. I. It was divided into 8 town- ships, as follows : — 1. Industry. 2. Knterprise. 3. Perseverance. 4. Unanimity. 5. Frugality. 6. Sobriety. 7. Economy. 8. Regularity. It has been said that all these social virtues are needed for the settlement of this region. The first 4 townships are partly in Lewis co. 16 Numbers 5.9.10, and 11, — now Denmark, Pinckney, Harris- burgh, and Lowviile. 1« Named from Thos. Boylston. of Boston, who held the title ii few days. Nos. 3. 4. 8, 9, and 13. now Montague, Oscpoltx, and parts of Martinsburgh and High Market, are in Lewis co. Th« whole tract included 817,155 acres. " Those towns were Xenophon, Flora, Lucretia. Poinnna. and Porcia, and now form parts nf Lewis, High Market, and Martins- burgh and the whole of Turin and West Turin. 18 Leyden as it existed before Lewis was erected. It includoj 26,250 acres, forming a perfect triansle. 376 LEWIS COUNTY. "Black River country" spread through Mass. and Conn., and within the next ten years the country between Tug Hill and the river rapidly filled up with a laborious, intelligent, and enterprising population. A romantic project of settlement formed by refugees of the French Revolution, in which Arcadian dreams of rural felicity were to be realized, was abandoned after a short expe- rience of the real hardships of pioneer life. Except an expensive but ineifectual attempt liy Brown to settle his tract, toward the close of the last century, little improvement was made e. of the river until about 1820 ; and this section has at present less than one-fourth of the population, and a still less proportion of the wealth, of the co. A systematic effort at settlement of the extreme w. part was first made in 1840-46, under Seymour Green and Diodate Pease, agents of the Pierrepont estate. Much of this region is still a wilderness. CROGH AW — was formed from Watson and Diana, April 5, 1841, and a part of New Bremen was taken off in 1848. It lies E. of Black River, in the N. part of the co. The surface has an in- clination toward the w. and N., and in the central and e. parts it is broken and hilly. Oswegatchie and Indian Rivers rise in the town and flow northerly into Diana ; and Beaver River forms a portion of its s. boundary. In the E. part of the town are several lakes. The soil is light and sandy, and along the river intervales it is moderately fertile. The town is thinly settled along Black and Beaver Rivers, but in the N. and E. it is still a wilderness. Crogrliail, (p.o..) on Beaver River, and ^auniburg,^ (p. o.,) in the w. part of the town, are small villages. Indian River, (p.o.,) N. of the center of the town, and Belfort, on Beaver River, are hamlets. Settlement commenced before 1830, under P. S. Stewart, agent for Le Ray. Many of the settlers are French and Germans. There are 5 churches in town.' DENMARK.' — was formed from Ilarrisburgh, April 3, 1807. It lies vr. of Black River, on the N. border of the co. Its surface descends to Black River on the e. by a succession of irregular terraces. Deer River flows through the town, and upon its course are several falls, affording an abundant water power. The High Falls, one mi. below Copenhagen, descend 160 feet, at an angle of about 80°, and are celebrated for their picturesque beauty. Kings Fall, 2 mi. below, has a descent of about 40 feet. The e. part of the town is covered with deep deposits of drift. Near tho mouth of Deer River are extensive flats ; and Black River is bordered by a cedar swamp. The soil is very fertile. Copenliag^en,' (p-'^-.) on Deer River, in the w. part, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 505. Denmarli, (p. v.,) in the E. part, contains about 50 houses; and Deer River, (p. v.,) on the river of the same name, 2 mi. from its mouth, 35.' The first settlement was made in 1800, by Jesse Blodget.' The census reports 6 churches in town.' DIAIVA — was formed from Watson, April 16, 1830, and a part of Croghan was taken off in 1841. This is the extreme n. e. town in the co. Its surface is level, or gently rolling. In the E. part are 2 isolated hills, 300 to 500 feet above the surrounding surface. The principal streams are Oswegatchie and Indian Rivers and their branches. Bonaparte'" and Indian Lakes, in the n. part, and Cranberry, Legiers, and Sweets Lakes, in the E., are the principal bodies of water. The greater part of this town is yet a wilderness. The soil is light and sandy. Iron ore is found in the n. and E. parts, and coarse, crystalline marble, of a sky-blue tint, on the banks of Indian River, near Natural Bridge. Sterlingbush," (p. v.,) in the w. part, contains 15 houses; and Ilari'ls- vilie 12. Biancliards Settlement (Diana Center p. o.) is in the s. part. Diana is a p. o., and Alplua'- is ahamlet. There are 2 churches in town, (Bap. and M. E.,) but no church edifice. GREKir" — was formed from Watson, April 5, 1828, as "BranHngJiam." Its name was changed Feb. 20, 1832. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling in the w., but it is broken, rocky, and in some places hilly, in the E. The principal streams, all tributaries of Black River, are Moose River, Otter, Stony, and Fish Creeks, and Cole and Fall Brooks. The scenery 1 Named in honor of Col. Geo. Croghan. It is locally pro- nounced ■' CnVjj:an ;" its proper pronunci.itiou is *' Crawn." 2 Locally known as the '^Pnu^sian .S^tf?fm^■H^" 8 Evan. 'Asso. or Germ. Meth., Ref. Prot. D.. M. E., and 2 R. C. * This town embracoa Township No. 5, or Mantua, of the Eleven Towns. 6 Originally called " Hungers MiUs,^' from Nathan Munger, one of the early settlers. ' • About 1^30 the manufacture of cordage was commenced here on an extensive scale; but it has recently been abandoned. 7 Abel French was the first settler at this place, and it was originally known as " Frenchs Mills" * Amung the eaiiy settlers were Freedom Wright, Miyor J. Crary, Robert Howe. Asa Pierce, Ichabod Parsons, Ijewis Graves, Jonathan Barker, J. Rich, and Andrew Mills. ^ Bap., organized in 1810, Cong.. M. E.. Univ., and 2 Fnion. 10 Bonaparte Lake was so called iu honor of Joseph Bonaparte, who built a log house upon its banks, for the accommodation of himself and friends while upon hunting and fishing excursions, during his stay at his summer residence at Natural Bridge. 11 Formerly called '* Loiiishurg" It owes its origin to an iron furnace built here in 1833. 12 An iron furnace was built here in 1847 by Suchard k Far- vager, Swiss capitalists, and the place has grown up around it. 13 Named from the late John Qreig, ofCanandaigua, whoowne* large tracts of land in the town. LEWIS COUNTY. 377 along Moose River is celebrated for its wildness and beauty. The greater part of the town is yet a wilderness. In the e. part are several small lakes, which constitute some of the favorite resorts of fishermen. The soil is principally a light, sandy loam. Iron ore and ocher are found, and near Brantingham Lake is a sulphur spring. Lumber, leather, and paper are made, and on Otter Creek is an extensive match box factory. Liyonsdale,' on Moose River, 3 mi. from its mouth, and Grelg and Brantingtaam, near Black River, are p. offices. In 1796 the French, under Ro- dolph Tillier, settled on the Chassanis Tract, near Black River, below the High Falls.^ The only church in town (Presb.) was formed in 1807. HARRISBIIRGH^ — was formed from Lowville, Champion, (Jefferson co.,) and Mexico, (Oswego CO.,) Feb. 22, 1803. Denmark was taken off in 1807, and a part of Pinckney in 1808. It lies upon the slate hills and limestone terraces N. w. of the center of the co. Its general inclination is toward the N. E., its s.w. corner being 300 to 500 feet above Black River. Its surface is gene- rally rolling, but in the s. w. it is moderately hilly. Deer River and its tributaries are the prin- cipal streams. The soil is generally a rich loam largely intermixed with disintegrated limestone and slate. Harrisburgb, in the n. e. part, and South Harrisburgb, in the s., are p. offices. Settlement commenced a short time pre^'ious to the War of 1812.* The first religious services ■were conducted by Elder Amasa Dodge, a Free Will Baptist minister. There are 4 churches in town.' HIGH MARKET^— was formed from West Turin, Nov. 11, 1852. It lies upon the elevated slate region w. of Black River, a little s. of the center of the co. Its general inclination is toward the s. E. Its surface is rolling in the s., but broken and moderately hilly in the N. and w. Its streams are Fish Creek and its branches, the principal of which are Big and Little Alder Creeks. The soil is a loam mixed with disintegrated slate, and is best adapted to pasturage. Hlgb Market (p.o.) is in the s. e. part of the town. Most of the town is still unsettled. Among the first settlers were Alfred Hovey, L. Fairchild, John Felshaw, Sol. Wells, and Benj. Martin.' A large proportion of the people are of Irish nativity.* There are no churches in town. liElVIS' — was formed from West Turin and Leyden, Nov. 11, 1852. It lies upon the elevated plateau in the s. angle of the co. Its surface is generally rolling, but in the w. part it is broken and hilly. Its entire surface is 700 to 1200 feet above the valley of Black River. The principal streams are Fish Creek, the w. branch of the Mohawk, and the w. branch of Salmon River. Most of the town is yet an uninhabited wilderness. The soil is generally a sandy loam, moderately fertile and "best adapted to grazing. Owing to the elevation of the town, spring is late, autumn early, and snows deep. West lieyden, (p. v.,) situated on the headwaters of the Mohawk, in the E. part of the town, contains about 20 houses. Settlement was commenced about 1800; but the present inhabitants of the town are mostly new comers, of German nativity.'" The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1826. There are now 4 churches in town." liETDEjV'^ — was formed from Steuben, (Oneida co.,) March 10, 1797. Brownville (Jefferson CO.) was taken off in 1802, Boonville (Oneida co.) in 1805, a part of Wilna (Jefferson co.) in 1813, Watson in 1821, and a part of Lewis in 1852. It lies on the w. bank of Black River, upon the s border of the co. Its inclination is toward the E., the w. border being about 500 feet above the river. Its surface is undulating. Its principal streams are Sugar River and Moose Creek." The soil is a fertile loam mixed with disintegrated slate and limestone. Port Lieyden, (p. v.,) on Black River, has a population of 192; Talcottville, (Leyden p.o.,) in the center of the town, of 50; and Leyden Hill, in the n. part, of 40. Settlement began in 1794," under the owners 1 The first settlement was made in this place by Caleb Lyon, in 1819. He died in 1S35. the year before his long cherished project of a State canal to the Black River was authorized by law. His Bon. Caleb Lyon of Lyonedale, has at this place a Gothic villa, located in the midst of picturesque scenery and adorned with elegant collections of art. * See page 375. 8 Named from Richard Harrison, of N. Y., one of the early proprietors. The town embraces No. 10, or Platina, of the Eleven Towns. See page 353. * Among the early settlers were John and Silas Rush, Amos Buck. Geo. Stoddard, and Thomas and Gilbert Merrills. ' Bap., Iree Will Bap.. M. E., and R. C. * This town embraces Township No. 9, or Penelope, of the BoylBton Tract, and, parts of Nos. 2 and 3, or Flora and Lu- cretia, of Constable's Towns. 7 S. C. Thompson kept the first store and inn and built the first gristmill: and .Tames McVickar erected the first sawmill. The first school was taught by Ada Iligby. 8 They settled in town soon after the suspension of the public works In 1842. * Named from the co. ^'> Among the earliest settlers were John Barnes, Medad Dewey, Joel Jcnks, Matthew Potter, C. and J. Putnam, and Augustus Kent. " Presb., Bap., M. E., and R. C. 12 This town, with that part of Lewis which was set off from it, forms the tract known aa " Inman's Triangle." 18 Upon Sugar River is a beautiful cascade of about 60 feet fall in the space of 200 feet; and upon Black River, a little be- low Port Leyden. are a series of rapids, known aa " The Narrows,** where the banks are so contracted that a person can jump across the stream during the dry sesison. 1* Among the first settlers were Wm. Topping. BelaButterfield, Brainard and David Miller, Hezekiab Talcott, Asa Lord, Wm. Bingham. Theo. Olmstead, Adams, Allen Auger, J. Hin- man, L. Hart, and Benj. Starr. The first birth was that of Jonathan Topping, in 1794: and the first death, that of Calvin Miller. March 22, 1797. The second mill in the co. Mfis built at Port Leyden, about 1800, by Ebcr Kelsey and I'etir W Aldlich. 378 LEWIS COUNTY. of the Triangle. A Cong, church was formed at a very early period, by Rev. Ely, and a Bap. church in 1798. There are now 6 churches in town.' I.O'WVII.LiE' — was formed from Mexico, (Oswego co.,) March 14, 1800, and a part of Harrie- burgh was taken off in 1803. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, a little N. of the center of the CO. Its w. border is about 400 feet above the river. Its surface is gently rolling. A wide intervale, the N. part of which is swampy, extends along the course of the river. The soil is a deep, fertile loam intermixed with disintegrated limestone.' A mineral spring is found near the N. border of the town. IiO^TVille, (p. v.,) incorp. under the act of 1847,* is situated near the s. border of the town. It contains 5 churches, an academy,^ 2 printing offices, and a bank. Pop. 908. West L.otTville, (p.o.,) in the w. part of the town, Stoivs Square, about 3 mi. n. of Low- ville, and Suiitlis Landing', on Black River, are hamlets. Settlement was commenced about 1797, under Silas Stow, agent for N. Low, and the town was rapidly filled with immigrants from New England.* The first church (M. E.) was founded in 1804. There are now 6 churches in town.' MARTIWSBURGH'— was formed from Turin, Feb. 22, 1803, and a part of Turin was annexed in 1819. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, near the center of the co. It has an easterly inclination, its w. border being nearly 1000 feet above the river valley. Its surface is rolling, with a wide, level intervale bordering upon the river. The principal streams are Martins and Whetstone Creeks.' The soil is a deep, fertile loam, except along the river, where it is sandy. Near the head of Whetstone Gulf is a sulphur spring. Klartinsburgli (p. v.) is situated on Martins Creek, near the center of the town. It contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, and a news- paper office. Pop. 210. West Martinsburg'ta, (p. v.,) in the n. part of the town, has a pop. of 164. Glensdale, (p.o.,) in the s. e. part, is a hamlet of about 12 dwellings. Settlement was begun by Gen. Walter Martin, at Martinsburgh, in 1801.'° The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1804, by Rev. Elijah Norton. There are 7 churches in town." MOWTAGITE'^ (Mon-ta-gu')— was formed from West Turin, Nov. 14, 1850. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. Its inclination is toward the N. w., and its elevation is 1200 to 1600 ft. above tide. Its surface is generally rolling, but in some places it is broken and hilly. It is watered by numerous small streams, flowing into Deer River. The n. branch of Salmon River flows through the s. w. corner. Upon lot 22, in the n. w. part, is a sulphur spring. The soil is a moderately fertile, sandy and gravelly loam. Gardners Corners (Montague p. o.) is in the N. part of the town. Settlement commenced in 1846, under the agency of Diadate tease, agent of the Pierrepont estate. There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Bap. IVEW BREMEIV— was formed from Watson and Croghan, March 31, 1848. It lies upon the E. bank of Black River, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is level in the w., but rolling, broken, and rocky in the E. It is watered by several tributaries of Black River, the largest of which is Beaver River, on the n. boundary. The E. part is sparsely settled. The soil is a light, sandy loam. Dayansville'' (New Bremen p. o.) is in the w. part of the town. Pop. 200. Settlement was commenced in 1798, by Samuel Illingworth and some French families." In the w. part is a settlement of Germans, and in the N. one of French. There are 4 churches in town.'" OSCEOLiA'" — was formed from West Turin, Feb. 28, 1844. It lies upon the high region in ' 2 Cong., Bap., M. E., Calv. Meth., TJniv. * This town embraces No. 11 of the Eleven Towns. It was named from Nicholas Low, of N. Y., the early proprietor. 8 In the Trenton limestone are veins of the siilphurets of lead and iron, intermixed with calcite and fluor spar. < The charter was contirmed Feb. 27, 1858. In 1852-53 active efforts were made to secure the location of the CO. seat in this village; and a fine brick building, now used as a town hall, was erected in anticip,ation of its removal. f> The Lowville Academy has from the first maint,iined a high rank. Its 50th anniversary was celebrated .July 22. 1858. * Among the early settlers were Jonathan Kogers. Ehud Ste- phens, Moses Waters, A. Wilcox. B. llillilian, Daniel Kelley, Isaac Perry, J. H. and S. Leonard. John Schull. Wm. Darrow, Jaa. Bailey, John Bush, A. F. and J. Snell, Bavid and Benj. Rice, and Ebenezer Hills. The first birth was that of Harriet Ste- phens. The first inn was kept by Capt. Rogers, and the first store by Fortunatus Eager. The first mill was built by D. Kelley, ' 2 Bap., Cong., Friends, M. E., and Prot. E, 8 This town embraces Township No, 4, or Cornelia, of the Boylston Tract, and Porcia and a part of Lucretia, of Constable's Towns. 8 Martins Creek was formerly called "Poarivg Brook." At Chimney Point, near the center of the town, this stream has worn a channel through the shale and Utica slate, for 2 mi,, to the depth of 200 to 250 feet. This remarkable chasm above the " Chimney" is tortuous, with precipitous sides, and in many places is so narrow that the stream occupies the entire space between the ledges. Whetstone Gulf, upon Whetstone Creek, in the s. part of the town, is a similar ravine. ^0 Among the first settlers were Elijah Baldwin. 5Irs. Richard Arthur and sons, Reuben Pitcher and sons, N. Cheney, Eli Ro- gers, Ehud Stephens, N. Alexander, Stephen Searls, Joseph Sheldon, ChiUus Doty, A, Conkey, D, Ashley, g. Gowdy, C, and D. Shumway, and J, and 0, Moore. W. Martin built 'the first mills, and in 1SU7 a paper mill. n 2 M. E., 2 Union. Bap., Presb., and Second Advent. 12 This town embraces Township \o. 3, or Shak.«peare, of the Boylston Tract, It was named from the daughter of U. B. Pierrepont, the proprietor, t8 This place was laid out in 1826, by Charles Dayan, 14 Several of the French company located at the head of navi« gation on Beaver River, where they designed to build a city. .\ sawroill was built, a half-dozen houses were erected, and the plHCe received the name of *%'astoi~fiUe." Jacob Obesier and Kodolph Tillier were engaged in this project. 16 Bap.. M. B., Evan. Luth.. and R.C. 1'' This town embraces Townships 13 and 8, or Ruraliella and llyl>la, of the Boylston Tract, It was named from the cele- brated Seminole cliief. LEWIS COUNTY. 379 the s. w corner of the co. Its general inclination is toward the s. w. Its surface is undulating, and the highest points are 1500 to 1600 ft. above tide. The streams are branches of Fish Creek and Salmon River. The soil is a moderately fertile, sandy loam. Nearly all the town is yet a wilderness. Osceola is a p. o. in the s. part. Settlement was commenced about 1838, by Seymour Green, agent for Pierrepont. There are 2 churches in town, M. E. and Ind. PIRICKKEY' — was formed from Ilarrisburgh and " Han-isoii," (now Rodman, Jefferson co.,) Feb. 12, 1808. It lies upon the highlands in the n. w. corner of the co., and has an average eleva- tion of 1300 ft. above tide. It forms the watershed between Deer River and Sandy Creek, the head branches of which constitute the principal streams. A series of swamps extend along the K. border. In the town are several mineral springs, one of which has acquired considerable local notoriety for its medicinal qualities. The soil is a light, slaty loam upon the hills, and a deep, black loam in the valleys. PincUney, Hfew Boston, Barnes Corners, and Crouks Corners are p. offices. Settlement was commenced in 1804, under Abel French, agent of Mr. Henderson.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810. There are now 4 churches in town.' TURINT — was formed from Mexico, (Oswego co.,) March 14, 1800. Martinsburgh was taken off in 1803, another portion was annexed to Martinsburgh in 1819, and West Turin was taken off in 1830. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, s. of the center of the co. Its w. boundary is 800 to 1000 ft. above the river, giving to the town an easterly inclination. The surface is level, except near the w. border, where it ascends to the slate hills, and in the E., where it descends to the river intervale. The soil is generally a deep, fertile loam mixed with disintegrated slate and lime- stone. Turin, (p. v.,) situated in the s. part, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 438. Houseville,^ (p. v.,) in the n part, has a pop. of 90. The first settlement was made about 1797, by Nathaniel Shaler, of Middletown, agent of Wm. Constable and part owner, and the town was rapidly settled by immigrants from New England.' The first church (Presb.) was organized Sept. 19, 1802, by Rev. John Taylor. There are 6 churches in town. WATSOar'— was formed from Leyden, March 30, 1821. "Brantingham" (now Greig) was taken off in 1828, Diana in 1830, a part of Croghan in 1841, and a part of New Bremen in 1848. It lies upon the E. bank of Black River, and extends from near the center of the co. to its E. border. Its surface is level or gently rolling in the w. part, but in the central and E. parts it is more hilly ana broken. It is watered by Beaver River, Independence Creek, and several smaller branches of Black River. " The central and E. parts are yet covered with unbroken forests ; and a large tract upon the extreme e. border constitutes a portion of the far famed "John Brown's Tract." In the recesses of these forests are numerous beautiful lakes that are scarcely known except to hunters. Chases Lake, on the s. border, is noted for its beautiful scenery and is much visited by tourists. The soil is light and sandy. Watson,^ (p. o.,) situated on Black River, in the w. part of the town, is a hamlet. The early settlers located along the river, and settlements were not made in the interior until about 1815.'° The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1820. There are 3 churches and 1 church edifice (M.E.) in town." ■WEST TIJRIIV— was formed from Turin, March 25, 1830. Osceola was taken off in 1844, Montague in 1850, and High Market and a part of Lewis in 1852. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, s. of the center of the co. Its inclination is toward the E., its surface rising by suc- cessive terraces from the intervale of Black River to the hills 800 feet above. Its streams are Sugar River, which flows easterly through near the center of the town, and numerous smaller creeks and brooks. Lyons Falls, upon Black River, plunge over a ledge of gneiss rock 63 feet in height, at an angle of about 60°." These falls form an excellent water power but little used. ' By the act organizing this town. Township No. 9. or ITandel. of the Eleven To^vnB. was annexed to Lewis co. The town was named in honor of Charles C. Pinckney, a statesman of S. C. * Among the early settlers were J. Penington, Phineas Wool- worth, N. E.Moody, Stephen Hart, James Ilnnt, and Stephen Armstrong. Frencii was succeeded in 1805 by Jesse Hopkins, and he by I. W. Bostwick, a few years after. Owing to its great elevation, the town is liable to deep snows, and, in consequence, it3 settlement was retarded until a recent date. Since the in- troduction of dairying, it haa become an important town for the jiroduction of the staple products of the county, — butter and cheese. 3 The census reports 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Bap., and K.r. * There are 3 gristmills upon Mill Creek, near Turin, and a woolen factory 1 mi. below the village. ^ ^auod from it« founder, Eleazar Uoase. • Among the early settlers were Enoch .Johnson. Zscchene and John Higby, Levi, Elijah, Justus, and Reuben Woolworth, Thos. Kilham, Ezra Clapp, C. Williston. Kleazar House. 7.. Hush, and W. and O. Shepherd. The first birth was that of Cynthia Clapp ; and the first marriage, that of Levi Collins and Marj Bush. ' ;i M. E.. 2 Presb., and 0. S. Bap. 8 Named from James Watson, of N. Y., former proprietor. 8 Among the first settlers were Eliphalet Edmonds. Isaac ana Jaboz Puffer, Jonathan Bishop, David Durfy, Ozem Bush, J. Beach, and H. Stone. to A bridge was built across the river near this place in 182N It has recently been rebuilt at the joint expense of the State and town. " Bap., Seventh Day Bap., and M. E. 12 Formerly called " High FuUs," The rock has been but slightly worn; but the iron which enters into its compositioa 380 LEWIS COUNTY. The soil is a deep, fertile loam upon the river valley, and a slaty loam upon the w. hills. Con- Stableville* (p. v.) is situated upon Sugar River, at the foot of the Slate Hills, near the center of the town. Pop. 472. Colllusville,^ (?•'''•!) in the e. part of the town, contains 2 churches and a population of about 200. Liyons Falls/ (p. o.,) on Black River, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made at Constableville, in 1796, by Nathaniel Shaler.* There are 9 churches in town.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Slock, Arjriculiural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Lewis County. NAWRfl OP Towns. Acres OF Land. | ViLDiTlON OF 1868. PoPtlLATION. 1 1 •5- 1 1 1 300 489 227 245 243 1.82 226 399 421 429 118 313 110 232 349 183 462 Schools. '2 i 1 1 1 a 1 If *« e 5 1 o 702 1,219 fr»7 MS 679 632 657 930 1,096 1,325 269 783 262 493 907 422 1,183 1 ^1 il 5.524 21.9.61, 6.747, 4.S54 12.4101 7,718 4.099 13.670 16.230 22.024 16.669 8.030 1,029 11,266 13,720 4.705 15.400 100.361 9,0974 84.9634 S1.4sli 10.264 28.966 14,638 6,937 6,724 20.718 9,999 25.6.S6J 61.9924 >■ 13,1504 6.642 I 8.546 8,693 $146,905 483,101 86,467 164,088 198,993 66.822 77.629 361.466 471,9.57 461,768 28.387 140.504 68.087 170.113 262.698 113.013 315.696 $.i;i.6S9 93,018 2.068 3.660 22.600 500 4,900 62,600 150,626 49,700 200 36,270 200 10,100 30,460 14,036 74,600 J199,494 676.119 88.625 15S.248 221,493 67.322 82.629 404,066 622,582 601,4.58 28,687 175,774 68.287 180,213 283.048 127,048 390.195 829 1,162 630 660 661 693 600 926 1.048 1.164 312 864 261 646 841 608 1,295 364 490 222 241 239 181 212 369 368 462 116 306 104 123 344 173 424 4 707 296 430 190 192 113 189 219 277 342 393 120 300 107 207 287 186 251 11 12 9 8 11 7 8 14 12 23 7 10 6 10 12 9 10 734 899 461 468 611 600 678 707 682 1,053 228 693 256 560 760 381 79S Deumark Ilarrisburgh Leydoa Martiusburgh West Turin Total 184.540 L 497.14.13 3.677.173 697.816 4.174.988 I9 8nn 19 4-Tq 4Q07 4 098 1T9 10.358 Names of Towns. LrrE Stock. | AOKICOLTUEAL PE0BCCT8. CTS. 5" a 11 C2 1 III 111 i §■ « 1 354 727 227 280 484 277 182 875 807 978 61 491 131 466 803 280 931 BasH. OP Graih. i 11 St. II Daisy Prodc 1 &> 1 0, S Croghan Denmark 120 648 179 223 366 163 117 446 494 712 65 177 60 323 412 164 449 680 1,034 401 319 rai 608 340 790 664 1,167 177 625 282 610 843 382 1.144 26f 2.16C 38- 42 1,32( 76 60 2.1& 2,37 2,42 16 64. 16 1,14 1,78 40 2,05 170 1,791 317 188 ) 684 i 458 ) 88 1 944 630 r 1,365 i 17 i 403 • 160 S 8,S4 4 667 2 392 5 1,038 3.676 1,257; 148 1,022 141 43 2,209 978 31 3,486 40 209 487 1,603 38 12,006 44,673 14,6424 20,424 28,14Si 19,124i 11,724 62,1354 3S,6la i 72,123 8.092 , 18,460 7.349 38,218 46,373 17,130 68.719 1.460 6.487 636 1,1474 4,084 2,3534 1,926 5,566 4,665 6,0474 4864 1.386 730 4.1174 4.403 1,0364 6,183 14.363 16.940 9.638 10,986 11,029 17,850 8.011 23.130 13.047 25.896 7,699 17,271 4,829 13,636 11.694 8.074 29.069 40 8,671 78 236 3,337 36 210 7,600 18.939 16,088 112 183 1.202 11,013 164 4,391 33.212 183,849 36,900 41,240 130,111 64,761 34,824 178,566 123,103 164,966 8,306 68,437 16,090 109,480 168,731 43,030 189,020 237,796 624 60.60(1 147.79S 24.200 6:'..40ll 204.6(HI 497..'.U 332,327 7,200 67,180 124,846 26,600 113,167 259 980 839 380 681 1 1.7964 104 7604 759 1.438 437 043 163 1,0654 100 718 1.408 Harrisbnrgh High Market 'I'otal 6.097 10..697 19,16 1 10.086 8 3.6,1 115,228? 1 606.7 49i 1 61,802 243,841 72,198 1,676,515 1,896.741 12,801} has gradually dissolved, and the precipitous banks at and below tue tails are so colored by it that they seem tu have been painted by art : hence they are called the " Wctured Itocke.'' 1 Rallied Irom \\ m. Cunstaljle, son of the original proprietor. 3 Named from Homer Collins. ^ s amed from Caleb Lyon, lirst resident agent and proprietor of iLe Urautiugham Tract. * Among the early settlers were Jas. and Seth Miller, E, Cro- foi)t. W. Hubbard. John Ives, Levi Hough. H. Scrautoo, AVil- iiird Allen. Horatio G. Hough, J. Kockwell, aud Jonathan Col- lius. Kx Bishop L. S. Ives is a son of Levi Ives, formerly of this town. & 3 Union, 3 R. C, 2 M. E., and Prot. E. LIVINGSTON COUNTY, This county was formed from Genesee and Ontario, Feb. 23, 1B21. A portion of Allegany was annexed in 1846, and aaother portion in 1856. It occupies a nearly central position in the w. half of the State. It is centrally distant 205 mi. from Albany, and contains 655 sq. mi. Its surface is an upland, rolling in the N. and hilly in the s. The hills upon the s. border are 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above the valleys and 2,000 to 2,200 ft. above tide. From their summits the surface declines toward the n., the extreme n. border being 500 to to 800 ft. above tide. The slopes are usually smooth and gradual, except along the banks of the streams ; and nearly every acre of land in the co. is arable. The streams generally flow in deep ravines. They are usually bordered by steep, and sometimes precipitous, hillsides. The principal stream is Genesee Kiver, flowing N. E. through the w. part of the co. In the s. its course is between steep and often precipi- tous banks, but further N. it is bordered by broad and beautiful intervales.' Its tributaries are Cone- Bus Creek, Fall Brook, and Canaseraga Creek, from the E., and Beards, White, and several other small creeks, from the w. Coshaqua Creek is a tributary of the Canaseraga. Hemlock and Honeoye Outlets flow along the e. border, and a few tributaries of the Susquehanna take their rise in the s. part. Conesus Lake, near the center, and Hemlock Lake, along the e. border, occupying long, narrow valleys, are the only considerable bodies of water. The underlying rocks, commencing upon the N. border, are the waterlime of the Onondaga salt group, the Onondaga and corniferous limestones, Marcellus and Hamilton shales, Genesee slate, and Portage shales and sandstones. The limestones of the N. are extensively quarried for lime and building stone ; and the sandstones of the Portage group furnish excellent building stone and flag- ging. The soil, derived from the disintegration of these rocks, in all the elements of fertility has no superior in the State. Until the commencement of the ravages of the midge, wheat was the staple production ; but it has been principally superseded by the spring grains. Broomcorn is largely cultivated along the Genesee Flats ; and considerable attention is paid to cattle and sheep growing and dairying in the s. part. The county seat is located at the village of Geneseo. The courthouse is beautifully situated upon a fine lot in the n. part of the village.' The jail, in the rear of the courthouse, is an old building, without means of ventilation, and it is impossible properly to classify the prisoners. The clerk's office is a small fireproof building upon the courthouse lot. The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 118 acres about 1 mi. E. of Geneseo. Its average number of inmates is 107, suj>- ported at a weekly expense of 75 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of §2,000. A school id taught 9 or 10 months in the year. The house is well constructed and is very well kept. The Genesee Valley Canal extends along the valley of the Genesee from the n. bounds of the co. to Mt. Morris ; thence it turns s. E. to Coshaqua Creek and up the valley of that stream to Nunda, and thence s.w. to the Genesee at Portage, where it crosses the river upon a wood aqueduct sup- ported by stone piers. The Dansville Branch Canal extends from Mt. Morris s. E. to Dansville.' The Canandaigua & Niagara Bridge Branch of the N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Cale- donia. The Bufialo & N. Y. City R. R. extends s. e. through Portage and Nunda. The Bufi"alc, New York & Erie R. R. extends s. e. through Caledonia, Avon, Livonia, Conesus, and Springwater. The Genesee Valley R. R. extends s. through Avon, Geneseo, and Groveland to Mt. Morris. Five newspapers — one daily, three weekly, and one monthly — are now published in the co.* 1 The Genesee is subject to an annual overflow, the w^ter often covering the entire flats which border opon it. This fre- quently causes destruction of property; but it is a source of con- stant fertility to the soil. * The first CO. officers were Moses Ilayden, first Jtidge : Jamea Oanson, County Clerk; OideOQ T. Jenkins, Sfieriff; and James Rosebur^h, Surrogate. * 1*he liighest levd of the Genesee Valley Canal within this CO. is 622 feet above the Erie Canal at Rochester and 1,132 feet above tide. * TJte Jirisrow Advertiser and Genesee Farmer, the fii-st paper published in the Co.. was commenced at Moscow in 1S17 bv llezeluah Ripley. About 1821 it passed into the bands of Jamee Percival, who removed it to Qeoeseo and changed the name to The Livingston Rfgister. In 1829 Anson M. Weed and Allen Warner became proprietors: and it was successively published by Warner, Percival, EUas Clark, Wm. fl. Kelsey, and Richard M. Miel. In 1835 Miel became sole proprietor. He was soon after succeeded by D. S. Curtis. In 18.37 its publication was suspended. It was soon after revived, and published for a short time by HuglL Harding. He was succeeded by John Kempshall, who published it until 1840, when it was discontinned. The Livinqslon Journal was commenced at Geneseo in 1822 by Chauncey Morse. Asahel Harvey was subsequently 381 382 LIVINGSTON COUNTY. Before the advent of the -vrhitep, this co. -was the seat of several of the principal villages of the Seneca Nation. Considerable advances had been made in the arts of civilization, and a large quantity of land had been cleared and was cultivated. Corn, apples, and peaches vrere extensively produced. The orchards were destroyed, and the whole region was laid waste, by Gen. Sullivan, in 1779. The co. was included in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, and in the Morris Reserve.* The latter tract was subdivided into several tracts, generally distinguished as separate patents. In Sept. 1797, a treaty was held with the Indians at Geneseo, at which they ceded all their lands in this co. to the whites, except several small reservations.^ The first settlements were made about 1790, previous to the extinguishment of the Indian title. The most prominent of the early settlers M'ere James and "Wm, Wadsworth, from Durham, Conn., who located at Geneseo, June 10, 1790. They were large landowners, and by a wise and liberal policy they greatly facilitated the settlement of the surrounding region. The greater part of the early settlers were immigrants from New England. York and Caledonia were settled principally by a colony of Scotch. AVOIV — was formed, as " Sartford" in Jan. 1789. Its name was changed in 1808. Rush was taken off in 1818. It is the center town upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, terminating in fiats on Genesee River, Deming Hill, on Lot 192, is the highest point in town. The principal stream is Conesus Creek, or Outlet, a tributary of Genesee River. The soil upon the uplands is a sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay, and on the flats, a deep, rich alluvium. Avon, (p. v.,) in the w. part, a sta.tion on the G. V., and B., N. Y. & E. R. R's., celebrated for its medicinal springs,^ was incorp. June 13, 1853. It contains 3 churches, 5 large hotels, and 879 inhabitants. East Avon, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and about 35 houses. South Avon, (p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 9 houses. Ijittleville, IJ mi. s. of Avon, contains a church, gristmill, furnace, and 23 houses. The first assnciated with him. In 1829 Levi Hovey became pro- prietor; and it was successively publielied by Benj. Dennison. H. F. Evans, Evans & Woodruff, and Wm. J. Ticknor. Its publication was suspended in 1^34 or "35. In the ftU of 1S35 the establisliment was purchased by David Mitchell and W. H, Kelsey, who revived the paper under the name of The Livivqatnn Democrat. It was continued until 1R.17, when its publication was suspended. In the fall of that year S. P. Allen became proprietor of the press, and revived the pnper under the name of The Livingston Republican. In Sept. 1846. it passed into the hands of John M. Campbell; and was successively published by Joseph Kershner and Chas. E. Bronson. In 1849 James T. Norton became pro- prietor, and is its present publisher. The DansviUp Chronicle was commenced in 1S30 by David Mitch- ell and Benj. Dennison. Deunison soon retired, and its name was changed to rhe. Village Record; it was soon after discontinued. The Wc^ittm New Yorker was published at Dansville a short time in 18 — by A. Stevens & Son. It was succeeded by The Dansville Wln'r/. published by Geo. W. Stevens. Chas. W. Dibble was the publisher about 1 year, when it again passed into the hands of Stevens, who in 1848 changed the name to The Dansville Courier. In 1849 or '50 it passed into the hands of H. D. Smead. who chanp;ed it to Tfu: Dansville Democrat. It subsequently passed into the hands of Gen. A. Sanders, who removed it to Geneseo and changed the name to The Geneseo Democrat, which was discontinued in 1859. Tfit Livinijston Sentinel was commenced by Col. H. C. Page in 1S57. and published until 1860, when it was discon- tinued. The Livingston Courier was commenced at Geneseo in 1831 by C. Dennison. InlS32 it passed into the hands of Henry P. Evans, and was discontinued in 1833 or '34. The Livingston Courier waa published at Geneseo in 1832 by A. Bennett. The Mount Morris Spectator was commenced in 1834 by Hugh Harding. In 1848 he united it with The Livingston County Whig and changed its name to The lilTln^ston Union, under which title it is still published by Hugh Harding. The Dansville Times was published in 1R35 by D. C. Mitchell.' The Nunda Gazette WAS started in 1841 by Ira G. Wisner. It wa*! continued about 1 year, when it was removed to Mount Morris and its name changed to The Genesee Valley Recorder. It was discontinued about 1843. The Dansr-Uk Republican was published in 1X42 by David Fair- child. The Liinnaston Onint]/ Wltigvas started at Mount Morris in l'^43 by Geo. B. Phelps. It subsequently passed into the hands of James T. Norton, nnd in ls4S waa sold to Hugh Iliirdinjr, who united it with The Movint Morris Specta-tor. Vhe Geneseo Deitwcrat was started at Geneseo in 1843 by Gilbert F. Shankland. It was removed to Nunda in 1S47, and in 1H48 to Ellicottville, Cattaraugus co. The Livivqston Express, semi-mo., was published at Mount Mor- ris in 1843 by J. G. Wisner. The Mount Morris Daily Whig vtusi issued from the office of The Livingston County Whig in June, 1846, and dis- continued in August following. The Cuylervilk TAegraph was started at Cuylerville in IS47 by Fi-anklin Cowdery. In 1848 it passed into the hands of Peter Lawrence, who soon after removed it. The Dansville Chronicle was started in June, 184S, by Richard- son & Co.. and was discontinued in 1851. The Nunda Democrat was started at Nunda in IS48 by Milo D. Chamberlain. It was soon discontinued. 7'he Fountuin. mo., was started at Dansville in 1849 by J. R. Trembly, and continued about 2 years. The Dansville Daily Sentinel was commenced in 1859. and pub- lished until 1860, when it was discontinued ; Col. U. C. Page, editor; W. J. La Kue, publisher. The Nttnda Telegraph was started in 1850 by Chas. Atwond. It was continued about 1 year. The Nunda Tim.es wa.g started in Jan. 1852, by N. T. HacliFtaff. In July following the office was burned and the paper discontinued. The Lima Weekly Viidtor was started at Lima in 1853 by A. H. Tilton and M. C. Miller. It was subsequently published I)y Raymond &. Graham and by S. M. Raymond, who changed its name to The Genesee Valley Gazette. It was discontinued nbout IS.'iO. The New Era was commenced at Hunts Hollow in 18.M by David B. and Merritt Galley, boys, respectively 15 and 17 years of age. In 1855 it waa removed to Nunda and its name changed to The Young America. It was discontinued in about 1 year. Tlie Ijetter Box, mo., started at Glen Haven, Cayuga co., in 1857, by J. M. Jackson and Miss II. N. Austin, waa removed to Dansville in 1858, and is now published by M. W. Simons. The Dansville Herald was commenced in 1849. and is continued at this date; G. A. Sanders, pul'lisher. The Valley City Register was commenced at Dansville in 1859 by W. J. La Rue. Discontinued in 1S60. 1 The w. boundary of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase waea line extending due n. from the Penn. line to the junction of Genesee River and Canaseraga Creek, and thence northerly along Genesee River to the N. bounds of the co. 2 The Indian Keservatione within the limits of the co. were: Cannawagrus. containing 2 sq. mi. on the w. bank ofG^nesi-a River, w. of Avon ; Little Beards Town and Big Tree, containing 4 sq. mi. on the w. bank of the Genesee, opposite (ifneseo; Squakie Hill, containing 2sq. mi. on the w. bank of the Genesee, N. of flit. Morris; and the Gardeau Reservation, of 2S aq. mi., lying one-half in this co.. s. of Mt. Morris. See p. 711. The Indian titles to these lands have all since been extinguished. 8 These springs— two in number, and about one-fourth of a mile apart — are located about I mi S. w. of the vina;;e. The lower spring discharges about 54 gallons of water per minnto. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 383 eettlement was made in 1785.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1795 ; Rev. Daniel Thatcher was the first preacher. There are 6 churches in town.* CAIjEOOIVIA — was formed, as ''Southampton,^^ March 30, 1802. Its name was changed April 4, 1806. A part of York was taken ofi" in 1819. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating, and a considerable portion of it is stony. Genesee River furms the e. boundary. Caledonia Spring, in the n, part, covers an area of about 2 acres; and the outlet forms a good water-power, a few rods n. of the spring. The soil is a clay loam, under- laid by limestone.' In the s. part is a valuable quarry of limestone, yielding excellent lime and a fine quality of building 8t^)ne. Caledonia^ (p- V-O in the N. part, a station on the B., N. Y. Sc E. R. R. and C. & N. B. Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., contains 3 churches, a grist and saw mill, a brewery, and 623 inhabitants. The first settlement was made about 1797, by Peterson, a r>ane, and Brooks, an Englishman.* The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1805; and the first settled preacher, Rev. Alexander Denoon, was installed Aug. 17, 1808.^ COIVESCS — was formed from Livonia and Groveland, as ^^Freeport" April 12, 1819. Its name was changed to "Browersville," March 26, 1825, and to Conesus, April 15, 1825. It is the central town upon the e. border of the co. Hemlock Lake forms the e. and Conesus Lake a part of the w. boundary. Its surface is hilly. The Marrowback Hills in the e. part, w. of Hemlock Lake, rise to about 1,200 feet above it. A deep valley extends s. e. from near the center into Springwater, through which the B., N. Y., & E. R. R. passes. The principal stream is Mill Creek. The soil is generally a clay loam. ConeNtis Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a gi'ist and saw mill, and about 40 houses. Couesus (p. o.) is a r. r. station. Foots Corners and Union Corners are hamlets. Settlement was commenced at the head of Conesus Lake, in 1794 or '95, by James Henderson, from Penn.* The first church (Meth.) was organized in 1814.' GEIVESEO — was formed in Jan. 1789. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, with an abrupt declivity of 200 to 300 feet toward the river, on the w. Genesee River, forming its w. boundary, is bordered by fertile flats of an average width of about half a mi. The other principal streams are Fall Creek, and several small brooks that flow w. into the river and e, into Conesus Lake. On Fall Creek, s. of the village, is a perpendicular fall of 70 feet. The soil is clay and clay loam. Geneseo,^ (p-"^-0 a station on the G. V. R. R., was incorp. April 21, 1832; it contains the co. buildings, 5 churches, the Geneseo Academy,^ 2 banks, a library, gristmill, furnace, and machine shop, and about 2,000 inhabitants. Settlement was com- menced by Lem'l B. Jenkins and Capt. Noble, about 1788 or '89. near the village.'" The first church organization is supposed to have been in 1795, in the n. e. part of the town, near Lakeville." GROVEL.AWD— was formed Jan. 27, 1789. A part of Conesus was taken ofi* in 1819, and a part of Sparta in 1856. It lies near the center of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly. In the w. The qiinntily of water from both springs continues about the (iam<' durinp; the year. Several Iare;e hotels have been erected for the accommodation of visitors, large nurahers of whom visit the ppriiiga annually. The foUowins is the analysis of a wine gallon of water from each of the springs : — Loiver ^ring. GraiDB, Carbonate of lime 29.33 Chloride of calcium 8.41 Sulphate of lime 67.44 Sulphr\te of masnesia 49.61 Sulphate of eoda 13.73 Amount of solid contents 158.52 Cubic fitches, Sulphvirotted hydrogen 10.02 Nitrogen 5.42 Oxygen 66 tT:]^[Kr or New BaUi spring. Grains. Carbonate of lime. 26.06 Chloride of sodium 5.68 Sulphate of lime 3.52 Sulpliate of maKnesia. 8.08 Sulphate of soda- 38.72 Amount of solid contents _. 82.96 Sulphuretted hydrogen 31.28 ' Among the early settlers were Gilbert R. Berry, at the river, w. of Avon Village, and Timothy Ilosmer, at Littleville, Capt. Thompson, and Rice, in I'SO. (Jillirrt R. Rerry kept the first inn. and established the first fm y iieri^sg Genesee River, in 17S9. Thefirst .sawmill was built by Tininthy Ilosmer, at Little- nlle. in 1790, and the first gristmill by the Wndsworths. in 1792. The first school waa kept by Pedie Joiner, at Avon, in 17U2. 5 2 M. E., Prot. E., Rap., Presb.. and R. C. 8 Refore the ravages of the wheat midgecommenced, this waa one of the best wheat growing towns in the State. ■* David Fuller settled near the Spring, in 1798; and in that year and 1709 John MoLari>n. Peter Campbell. Alex. McDonald, John Cameron, and Jotin and Donald McVean. from Scotland, settled in town. Hines Chambprlain was an early settler. The fi rst deiith w.Ts that of John McLaren, in 18(X); and the first maniitge. that of nines Chamberlain and Widow McLaren. The first inn was kept by Peterson; David Fuller kept an inn in 1798. The first store wa.s kept by Alex. McDonald, in 1799. The first mill was built by the Pulteney Land Company, at the Spring, in 1801- 02: and the first woolen factory, by Donald McKenzie, in 1822. The first school was taught near tho Spring, by Jeannette Mc- Donald, in 1804. 6 The census reports 3 rhurches; M. E.. Presb.. and Ref. Pi-esb, « Hector McKay settled in 1798. Harvey May in 18'!H, Dnven port Alger in 180S, Jas. Steol and Wait A'rnold in isli), Thonmi Young in ISll, and Andrew Arnold in 181(-. Thefirst store wsa kept by A.&G. Arnold, at the center, in 1818. The first sawmilS was built in 1S03 or '04, on Mill Creek, near the center; and tlu first woolen factory in 1819, by Hosea Gilbert. ^ There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Univ. 8 Originally called "Big Tret,''' from an immense elm tree thai stood on the banks of the river near the villa^'e. * This institution is located on Temple Hill, in the e. part of the villa'ie. Tlic buildings were erected in IS'26. James Wads- worth was principally instrumenfcil in starting the schooL U is under the control nf the RufFalo Synod. 10 Wm. and James Wadsworth settled in town in 1700. They came from Durham. Conn., with a small party, ami lociit* d nit the present sitn of the village. Richard Steele kept tho fiist inn. in 17'.i3, and llall & Mini;r the first store, in 1794. " The census reports 5 churches ; 2 Presb., M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. 384 LIVINGSTON COUNTY. part are extensive flats, occupying about one-fourth of the area of the town. The principal streams are Canaseraga and Coshaqua Creeks, which empty into Genesee River near the n. w. corner of the town. The soil upon the upland is clay loam, and upon the flats a rich alluvium. Oroveland Corners, (Groveland p. o.,) e. of the center, contains 1 church and 14 houses. Hunts Cor- ners^ (East Groveland p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 1 church and 9 houses. Oroveland Center is a p. o. in the n. w. part. The first settlement was made by Charles Williamson, agent for the Pulteney Estate, in 1792.^ In that year he built several houses in the n. w. corner of the town, and there located a small colony of Germans, and called the settlement ^^ Williamshurgh,'^ This colony soon after left, and the entire village disappeared. In the s. w. part, at the junction of the Dansville Branch with the G.V. Canal, is a Shaker settlement, numbering 120 persons. They own a tract of 2,000 acres. There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Presb. liEICESTER^— was formed, as ''Leister,'' March 30, 1802. Its name was changed Feb. 9, 1805. Mount Morris was taken off in 1813, and a part of York in 1819. It is the center town on the w. border of the co. The surface is undulating, with extensive flats in the e. It is drained by Genesee River, which forms its e. and s. boundaries, and by Beards Creek^ and its tributaries. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam on the upland, and a rich alluvium on the flats. Squakie Hill and Big Tree Reservations were within the limits of this town. JWosco^T, (p-"^") iiear the cen- ter, incorp. about 1850, contains 3 churches and 320 inhabitants. Cuylerville, (p. v.,) in the E. part, incorp. in 1848, contains a church, a distillery, and 354 inhabitants; Gibsonville, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, a paper mill, sawmill, and 16 houses. Ebenezer Allen was the first settler, soon after the close of the Revolution, but left soon after. The first permanent settlement was com- menced by Horatio and John II. Jones, in 1789.* The census reports 4 churches in town.^ LiI]>IA — was formed, as ''Charleston,'* Jan. 27, 1789. Its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is undulating and hilly. It is drained chiefly by Honeoye Creek, which forms the e. boundary. Tlie soil in the s. e. is clay and clay loam, and in the N. w. sandy and gravelly loam, liima^ {p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. , . It contains 4 churches, the Genesee "Wesleyan Seminary, Genesee College,® and about 1,200 inhabitants. Soutll L.iiua, (p. V.,)— Hamiltons Station, on the B. N. Y. & E. R. R.,— in the s. w. corner, con- tains 13 houses. Settlement was commenced by Paul Davidson and Jonathan Gould, from Penn., in 1788.'^ The first religious society (Presb.) was organized Oct. 1, 1795, by Rev. Daniel Thatcher.^ lilVOWIA— was formed from " Pittstoiim,'' (now Richmond, Ontario co.,) Feb. 12, 1808. A part of Concsus was taken off in 1819. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. The surface in tJie s. part is moderately hilly, and in the n. undulating, Conesus and Hemlock Lakes lie partly within the town. Their outlets, and that of Canadice Lake, are the principal streams. The soil in the valleys is a clay loam, and on the uplands a sandy and gravelly loam. Livonia. Center, (Livonia p. o.,) a r. r. station, contains 2 churches and 408 inhabitants ; Livonia Sta* tion, (p.v.,) 1§ mi. w., on theB., N. Y. &E. R. R., a manufactory of agricultural implements, and 31 houses; South Lii'onia (p.v.) 1 church and 13 houses; Hemlock Lake, (p. v.,) in the S.E., 2 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, and 319 inhabitants; and Lakeville, (p.v.,) at the foot of Conesus Lake, 4 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and 28 houses. The first settlement was 1 Amonp the parly eettlers were Wm. Ewens, Wm. Ix-mon, John Ewart, and W. Il.irria. The first school was taught !it '■•WiJUamifhurfih:' by Pam'l Morphy. about 1793, Tho first mill was built by Chaa. Scholl, for Chaa. Williamson, on Lot 58. in 1797 ; the first inn was kept in ■' WilUamslmrgh.^^ by Vfm. Ijemon, in 1795: and the first store, in the same place, by Alexander McDonald, in 1795 or '96. 2 Named from Leicester Phelps, son of Judge OliTer Phelps. 3 Named from Little Beard, an Indian chief, whose principal Tillage. Little Beards Town, was situated on the present site of Cuyrerville. Little Beard was one of tho worst specimens of his race. He was chiefly instrumental in the horrid torture of Lieut. Boyd in 1799. In a drunken row, in which both Indians and whites were engaged, at Stimson's tavern, in Leice^er. he was pushed out of the door, and, falling from the steps, received a fatal injury. ^ Amonp the other early settlers were Elijah Hunt, Alexander Ewing. and Maj. Wm. Lemon. Jellis, Thomas, and Wm. Clute. from Schenectady, were also early settlers. The first child born was James Jones, May 5, 1791 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Horatio Jones, in June, 1792. The first inn was kept by Leonard Stimson, in 1797. He also opened the first store, sixm after. The first sawmill was bnilt by Ebenezer Allen, at Gih- pouville, in 1792; and the first gristmill, by Oliver L. Phelps, near Moscow, in 1799. & Presb.. M. E.. Bap.. Ref. Presb. ' These institutions are located on a beautiful eminence in the N. W. part of the village. The seminarj' was founded in 1830 by the Genesee Conference of tho M. E. Church. It was opened for pupils in 1832. The first building, erected at a cost of $20,000, was destroyed by fire In May, 1842. The present building waa immediately erected of brick, at a cost of about $24,000. It has a main s. front of 136 feet, with an E. and w. front, by wings ex- tending back each 96 feet. Between these wintjs is a paved court. A farm of 70 acres is attached to tlie institution. This seminary has sent out more students than any other institution in Western New York. The college was founded in 1849, has — professorships, and is under the general snpervision of the Gene- see and East Genesee Conferences of the M. E. Church. 7 Abner Miles, from Mass.. settled in 1789; John Miner and Asahel Burchard in 1790; Steven Tinker and Solomon Hovey, from Mass., in 1791 ; and Col. Thomas Lee. Willard and Amasa Humphrey, Reuben and Gideon Thayer, Col. David Morgan, and Zebulon, Moses, Asahel, William, and Daniel H. Warner, from Mass., previous to 1795. The first marriage was that of Simeon Gray and Patty Alger, in 1793; the first death, that of Mrs. Abbott, mother of Mrs. Paul Davidson, in 1791. John Sabin taught the first school, in 1792 and '93. Reuben Thayer kept the first inn, in 1793. and Tryon k Adams the first store, in 1794. The first sawmill was built hy Reuben Thayer, in 1796; and Zebulon Norton built the first gristmill, in 1794. 8 The census reports 6 churches in town; M. E., Presb,, Bap.. Univ., Christian, and R. C. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 3S5 made by Solomon Woodruff, from Conn., on Lot 32, in 1792.^ There are 10 cliurclies in town.^ MOITWT MORRIS'— -was formed from Leicester, April 17, 1818. It lies on the w.borderof the CO., s. of the center. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly. It is drained by Genesee River, which forms its n. and w. boundaries, Coshaqua Creek, which flows through the s.e. corner, and Beveral small streams, its tributaries. The soil is a clay loam. A part of the Gardeau Reservation was in the s. w. part of this town. Iflount Morris,* (p. v.,) in the n. part, was incorp. May 2, 1835. It is on the G. V. Canal, and is the southern terminus of the G. V. R. R. It contains 5 churches, 2 furnaces, a printing office, bank, machine shop, 3 flouring mills, a sawmill, paper mill, and 1,851 inhabitants. Tuscai'Ora, (p.v.,) in the s.e. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 192 inhabitants ; Brooks Grove,^ (p. v.,) in the s. part, a church and 16 houses; Ridge (p. v.) a church and 13 houses. River Road (River Road Forks p.o.) is a hamlet. Ebeuezer Allen commenced settlement, in 1784 or '85.® The census reports 9 churches in town.' IVORTH DAlVSTILiIiES— was formed from Sparta, Feb. 27, 1846. A part of Sparta was an- nexed in 1849. It lies on the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly, the highest summits being 600 to 800 feet above the valleys. The hills are generally arable, Canaseraga' Creek flows through the N. w. part, and Mill Creek through the s. The soil upon the hills is a clayey and gravelly loam, and in the valleys a sandy loam. In town are valuable quarries of build- ing and flagging stone. DansTllle, (p. v.,) w. of the center, Was incorp. May 7, 1845. It is the terminus of the Dansville Branch of the G. V. Canal. It contains 9 churches, the Dansville Semi- nary,*^ 2 printing offices, a bank, a water cure, 5 flouring mills, 3 paper mills, 2 furnaces, a plaster mill, machine shop, pail factory, sash and blind factory, distillery, 2 tanneries, and 5 breweries. Pop. 2,879. ConimonsTilie, in the n.w. part, contains a sawmill, furnace, and about 25 houses. Settlement was commenced at Dansville Village, by Amariah Hammond and Cornelius McCoy, from Penn., in 1795. David and Jaa. McCurdy, step-sons of McCoy, came at the same time." The first reli- gious services were held by Rev. Andrew Grey, in 1798. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1800.*- WUA^DA — was formed from Angelica, (Allegany co.,) March 11, 1808. Portage was taken off in 1827. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is hilly, the highest summit, near the center, being about 1,200 feet above the canal at Nunda Village. The principal stream is Coshaqua Creek, which flows through the N. w. part. The soil is a sandy loam, inter- mixed with gravel and clay. On Lot 53, stone is quarried for building purposes. A small spring on the same lot emits gas. JVunda, (p. v.,) in the w, part, on the G. V. Canal, was incorp. April 2G, 1839. It contains 6 churches, the Nunda Literary Institute,*^ a gristmill, sawmill, furnace, machine shop, and tannery. Pop. 1,125. IVunda Station, (p. v.,) on tlie B. & N Y. C. R. R., in the s. w. part, contains about 20 houses ; Coopert-tville, in the n. part, a gristmill and about 20 houses. £ast Hill^ in the s.e. part, is a p.o. The first settlement was commenced near the village, by Phineas Bates and Beela Elderkin, in 1806.^* The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1819; Elder Samuel Messenger was the first preacher^^. * Can-Eme-ra-ga, an Indian name sijnifymg "amont_ the slip- pery elms." 10 This institntion was started in the sprine of 1S5S. The building and grounds cost $12,000 to $16,000. It is under the supervision of the M. E. denomination. n Among the other early settlers were Daniel P.. Samuel, and James Faulkner. Nathaniel and William Porter, from Penn.. in 179ti ; Jacob Welsh. Jacob Martz, and his son Conrad; deorg*' Shirey, and Frederick Barnhart, fi-om Penn., in 1798. William Phenix, Jas. Logan, David Scholl, and John VaTidevcntcr. were also early settlers. The fJrst marriage was that of William McCartney and Mary McCurdy. Thos. McLain taught the fir^t school, in 170S or "991 ^^amuel Faulkner kept the tir.^t iTin, in 1790; Daniel P. Faulkner, the first store. In 1797 and '9.S; David Pcholl erected the flre^t eau-mill, in 175i5, and the flrst gristmill, in 1796. Mr. SchoU was Charles Williamson's millwright, and built the mills for the I'ulteney Estate. 12 There are 9 churches in town; 2 Presb., 2 R. C. Prot. E., M. K., Bap., Kvang. Luth.. and Germ. Evang, Kef. 13 Opened in 1844. The building was burned in June, 1S59. n Among the other early settlers were David Corey and bi-other, Peleg and Reuben Sweet, Abnor Tultle, Gideon Powell, Wm. P. Wilc'ix. John II. Townser. and James Paine. Th(' tirst inn waa kept at the village, by Alanson. Hubbell, in 1S20, and the tirst store by Wm. P. Wilcox, near tJie center. Willous^hby Lovdll built tho first Hawmill. in 181S, and San\uel Swain and Lindi»ey Joslyn the first gristmill, In 1828. ifi There nri* 7 churches in town; Bap., F. W. Bap^ Proab., HI. E., Prot. E., Univ., and K. C. 1 Among the other early settlers were Higby and Peter Briggs, in 1794. Philip Short, in 1796. David Benton, in 1798, and Geo. Smith, Je»e Blake, Nathan Woodruil. Smith Henry, and Thomas Grant, mostly from Conn., and all of whom came in previous to ISOO. The first child born was Philip Woodruff, Feb. 19, 1794; the first death, that of a child of Higby. in 1797. Dorias Perk taught the first school, in 1798 and '99; Solomon Woodruff kept the first inn, in 1794 ; Isaac Bishop the first store, in 1803 or '04. The first sawmill was built by Higby, in i79o; and the first gristmill, by Thomas Van Fossen, in 1799. 2 3 Bap.. 2 M. E., 2 Presb.. Christian, Univ., and H. C. » Named from llnbert Morris. ♦Formerly called *'^/V/i,< JT'TZ." from Ebenezcr Allen, the first settler. Col. John Trumbull, of Kevulutionary memory, at one time contemplated making it his pluce of residence. Hft planted an orchard, selected a site, and made some preparations for building. He changiKl the name to "Jii^hmmtd Hill'^ When he abandoned the idea of settling here, the place received its present name. & Named from General Micah Brooks, one of the purchasers of 'he Gardeau Reservation, and who settled at this place. * Among the eiirly settlers were Benj. W. Rogers, Isaac Bron- ion.Gen. Slills. and Jesse Stanley, from Conn. The first store was kept by Ebenezer Allen, about 1790. He brought in a lot of goods from Pliiladelphia. for the purpose of trading with the Indians. The first mill was built abunt 1820, by William Shnll. ' 2 Presb., 2 M. K., Meth.l'rut., Bap., Prot.E..Hef. Prot.D., and R.G. 8 Named from Daniel P. Faulkner, a prominent pioneer settler familiarly known as Capt. Dan Faulkner: hence the name " DanNville." In area this is the smallest town in the co., and OQQ of the smallest in the State. 2§ 386 LIVINGSTON COUNTY. OSSIA3J— was formed from Angelica, (Allegany co.,) March 11, 1S08. It was set off from Alle- gany CO. in 1856. It is the center town on the s. border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, the highest summits being 600 to 800 feet above the valleys. Sugar Creek flows s. E. through near the center. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam, and on the hills a sandy loam, with some clay in the e. part. In the n. w. part is a small gas spring. Ossian Center (Ossian p.o.) contains 2 churches and about 18 houses; and West Vie'W (p. v.) a sawmill and about 12 houses. The first settlement was made at the center, by Judge Richard W. Porter, and his brother, James Porter, from N. J., in 1804.' The first church (Presb.) was formed Sept. 29, 1818.^ PORTAGE'— was formed from Nunda, March 8, 1827. It is the s.w. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly, the highest point, near Portageville, being about 200 feet higher than the r.r. Genesee River forms the w. boundary of the town. Its banks are steep and rocky, 100 to 200 ft. high and in many places perpendicular. Coshaqua Creek flows through the e. part. The soil in the e. part is a clay loam, and in the w. a sandy loam. Oakland, (p. v.) in the N. E. part, con- tains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, woolen factory, tannery, furnace, and 35 houses ; Hunts Dollow (p. V.) 2 churches, a tannery, and 31 houses. Portage Station, on the B. & N. Y. C. R. R., is on the line of Wyoming co. Settlement was commenced by Jacob Shaver, on Lot 150, in 1810.* The first church (Presb.) was formed at Hunts Hollow, about 1820.* SPARTA — was formed in Jan. 1789. A part of Springwater was taken off' in 1816, West Sparta in 1846, and parts ofNorthDansville in 1846 and '49. Apart of Dansville (Steuben co.) was annexed in 1822, and a part of Groveland in 1856. It lies s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly, the highest summits being 800 to 1,000 ft. high. Canascraga Creek flows on the w. border. The soil on the hills is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a sandy, clayey, and gravelly loam. Several small sulphur and gas springs are found near Scottsburgh. Scottsbui'gh,^ (p. v.,) in the n. part, con- tains 2 churches, a steam saw and grist mill, a furnace, and 34 houses. Hforth Sparta, (p. o.,) in the n. w. corner, Sparta, (p. o..) in the w., and Reeds Corners, in the s. part, are hamlets. Settlement was commenced near Scottsburgh, by Jesse Collar, from Penn., about 1794.' The census reports 6 churches.' SPRISTGWATER— was formed from Sparta and Naples, (Ontario co.,) April 17, 1816. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is very hilly, the highest summits being 600 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. The principal stream is the inlet of Hemlock Lake, which flows N. through the town, w. of the center. Conhocton River rises in the s. E. part and flows s. info Steuben co. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Springwater, (p. v.,) a r. r. station, n. w. of the center, contains 2 churches, a sash and blind factory, a sawmill, and 62 houses. East Springwater, (p.o.,) in the n.e., is a hamlet. The first settlement was made by Seth Knowles, from Conn., on Lot 18, about 1807.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1816."' WEST SPARTA— was formed from Sparta, Feb. 27, 1846. It is an interior town, s. of the center. Its surface is hilly, the summits being 500 to 700 ft. above the valleys. In the n.e. is an extensive marsh, known as the Canaseraga Swamp. Canaseraga Creek flows N. along the e. border. The soil is a clay loam in the N. and a sandy loam in the s. About one-half mi. N. of Byersville, in a small stream called Butter Brook, is a perpendicular fall of about 60 ft. Kj'sorvllle, (p. V.,) in the n. part, on the G. V. Canal, contains 79 inhabitants ; Union Corners, (p. v..) locally known as " Brushville," on the line of Mt. Morris, 2 churches and 17 houses ; Byersville, 1 Among the other early settlers were Richard N. Porter, Jas. Haynes, and James Croghan. about 1806, Jacob Clendenin, in 18U7, Orrieon Cleveland. Wm. and John Gould, and Ileman Orton, about 1810. Luther Bisbee wa.-? an early settler in the N. w. corner of the town. The first child born was Abraham Porter, in 1805 ; the first marruigo was that of John Geleon and Betsey Shav, in 1816; and the first death, that of John Turner. killed by the fall of a tree, in 1807. Weston taught the first B«hool. in l^l."i and '14 ; Oliver Stacy kept the first inn, in 1817 ; and Daniel Canfield the first store, in 18i;4. The first sawmill ■was built by Nathaniel Porter, in 1808 or '09 ; and the first grist- mill, by John Smith, in 1826. 2 'There are '2 churches in town ; Presb. and Al. E. 3 Name derived from the portage or cariying place around the falls of Genesee Itiver. For description of Portage Falls and R. R. Bridge, see pp.710. * Ephraim Kingsley and Seth Sherwood settled on Lot 169 in 1811; Joseph Dixon, above Portageville. Col. Geo. Williams, Russel Messenger, and Sanford Hunt all settled about 1814. Horace Miller tsiught the first schwi. in lSt7. The first inn was kept by Prosper Adams, in 1817: and the first st+ire. at Hunts llullow, by Sanford Hunt, in 1818. Russel Messenger built the first sawmill, in 1816, and the first gristmill, in 1817. 6 There are 4 churches in town ; Presb., Meth. Prot., Prot E., and Bap. 6 Named from Matthew and William Scott, early settlers at this place. 7 Darling Havens settled at North Sparta : John Niblack. on Lot 28; John Smith. Asa Simmons, Robert Wilson, and Thomas Hovey, previous to 1798; and Peter Roberts, on Lot 27, in 1799. Samuel and James Rodman were early settlers. Moat of these were from Penn. The first school was taught by Thos. Bohan.an, in 1800-Cl. The first inn was kept by Darling Havens, at North Sparta, about 1800; and the first gristmill was built by Wm. D. McNair, in 1810. « 2 M. E.. 2 Presb.. Bap., and Evang. Kef. » Among the other early settlers were Kber Watkins. Joshua Herrick. Peter Welch. Adam Miller, and Samuel llin.s, in 1808; Reuben and Pbineas Gilbert, from Mass.. in ISlu; Mul'Ii Wilson, Henry Cole. Samuel Sparks, James Blake, Benj. l.ivi i ni.>re, and David Frazer. Jacob Cannon settled on the e. bill in 1M2. The first death wjis that of Mrs. Benjamin Farnham. in 1813. James Blake taught the first school, in 1813-14. Oliver Jennings kept the first inn. about 1815. Ilosea H. Grover kept tlie firi^t store, in 1815. The first sawmill was built by Samuel Hines, in 1809; and the first gristmill, by Hugh Wilson, in 1813. to There are 4 churches in town ; Presb., Bap., M. E., Christian. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 387 (p. V.,) in the s. part, 61 inhabitants. Woodville, in the s. e. comer, is a hamlet. Settlement was commenced in the s. part, by Jeremiah Gregory, in 1795.' The first church organization was Bap.^ YORK — was formed from Caledonia and Leicester, March 26, 1819. A part of Coyington was annexed in 1823. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is undulating, with a general inclination to the E. Brown and Calder Creeks flow E. through the central and N. parts. The soil in the center and s. is a clay loam, and in the N. E. part a sandy and gravelly loam. York Center (York p. o.) contains 4 churches and 321 inhabita,nts ; Fowlerville,' (Inver- ness p.o.,) in the n.e. part, 2 churches, a machine shop,* and 369 inhabitants ; GreigTSvlIle, (p. V.,) in the s. part, a church and 22 houses ; PifiUrdinia/ (Piflard p.o.,) in the s.E. part, on the G. V. Canal, a church and 23 houses. Settlement wa.s commenced in the n.e. part, by several Scotch families, about the year 1800.* The first church (Scotch Ref. Presb.) was formed in 1816.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Sehools, Live Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Livingston County. Avon Caledonia. Conesus , Geneseo tiroveland- Leicester Lima. Livonia Mount Morris North Dansville. Nuuda. Ossian Portage Sparta Springwater West Sparta York Total Acres OF Land. 1 •s •^ £ 1 s> S 2n,743 6,084 ■2(1,602 6,276 13,M5i 6,889J 22,306i 6,979 10,479 8,058J 17,309} 3,418 14,410} 3,342 19,444i 3,S82S 22,469 6,679 3,3S4 1.632 12.78.':j 6,902S 10,82S 12.720 10,361 5,6264 12.225i 8.217 18,787i 13.313i 12,973{ 7.086J 24.723i 6.0934 273.290i 109,09Si Valuation op 1868. ^ a e* fc) c ^ % ^ g t£ Oi eL,a, 991.606 64,700 1,022,484 151,067 445,061 77,831 1,152,820 637,726 701,563 61,632 671,277 68,609 868.639 341,695 792,626 207,525 1,293.812 187.607 492.448 314,932 6.53,173 69,600 296,443 6.4.50 352,961 25,756 447,368 24,160 484,436 163,844 456,118 39.551 1,166,649 112.960 12.189.374 2,545.333 1,060,,306 1,173,551 522,892 1,790,645 763,195 729,788 1,210,234 1,000,151 1,481,319 817,380 622,773 302,893 378,716 471„50S 648.2,80 495.669 1,279.609 Population. 1,352 1,063 718 1.471 800 1,026 1,324 1,301 2,045 1,058 1.426 711 7.57 626 1,296 774 1,434 19,811 19.446 1,342 928 695 1,412 810 1,060 1,346 1,334 1,997 1,823 1,462 602 782 607 1,185 722 1,348 467 463 270 479 280 367 641 481 663 695 662 234 302 232 460 286 482 7.224 483 346 300 605 272 330 227 498 790 711 403 260 313 141 483 283 587 344 242 184 338 177 239 381 465 606 467 430 179 430 217 355 192 381 1^. 994 607 537 1,002 636 76S 934 770 1.495 1,284 1,076 525 623 447 ef4 656 940 5,507 197 14.255 Names of Towns. Avon Caledi>nift. Concaus Geneseo Groveland Leicester Lima Livonia. Mount Morris North Dansville.. Nunda, Ossian Portiige Sparta Spring; water.- — West .-^parta York Total Live Stocs. AoRicDiTtjKAi Products II Bosh, of Gbain, a. DAUtr Pboddcts. 1 i <«1 5 ?■ ^ e S 13 11 o. 3>K ■s ^ 838 SS5 1,369 S g 1,507 g I' e |a< ^^ ft. 05 £ 1 676 12,745 109,079 88,0644 3,094 10,389 21,010 66.170 4,070 1,101 2,682 772 10.552 1,809 134,445 53,8074 3,056 10,646 9,360 72,831 3,879 618 971 608 8,733 778 39,504 34,235 2,263 4.502 8,120 52,043 1,196 616 1,277 610 8,015 1,271 88,643 64,7364 3,2074 6,714 25,141 43,392 6,2974 892 1,432 837 5,634 1,035 70,331 42,6364 2,3054 6,180 21,302 72,385 1,364 820 1.366 700 4,487 1,079 105,634 79,436 2,128 8,604 10,899 63.711 3,600 793 856 606 8,361 1,309 75,540 77,442 2,469 8,0.57 16,654 68,805 10.025 1,034 1,303 6S6 11,771 1,745 87.779 68,316 3,377 8,092 29.422 90,122 15..539 1,058 1,546 1,081 6,934 1,756 85,337 72,6154 2,5044 9,122 11,431 95,250 2,085 212 143 221 1,499 338 13,821 9,680 434 1,787 3,345 16.275 754 994 794 3,616 1,038 33,149 33,6984 1,82S} 9,723 10,918 8-2,736 2,086 365 671 410 2.646 699 16.984 18,060 1.099 4,027 2,865 38.690 1,376 474 668 486 4.155 751 39,288 36,4784 1,4094 12,026 14,549 54,984 3,590 613 967 646 2,173 1,084 37,678 33,869} 1,7994 6,948 17,435 67,749 1,361 903 1,159 831 6,298 1,169 18.630 65,475 2,5394 13,7114 11,910 86,862 6.173 670 941 665 3,992 1,099 31,708 29,991 1,5.504 5,226 6,845 69.690 8,741 1.206 1 ,SKO 961 11,420 13,698 1,517 128.551 76,6004 874,033 6J31} 40.286} 12,529 23,869 83.706 1.084.281 9,861 80,7214 12,867 19,074 115,208 19,974 1,114,881 136,2834 245,065 II if_ 144 6S4 S« 70 4At 5«7 899i 35 1.352 264 614J 573 S7U 822 962 1 Among the other early settlers were William Stevens, in 1790, Abel Willsey, in 1797, Benjamin Wilcox, in 1798. and Samuel McNair, in 1-S04. The first inn was kept at KysorviUe. by Ktjenezer McMast^r, about 1S2*); the firet store, at Union Corners, hy Jonathan Russel. in 1S23. The first wool-carding and cloth dressing mill waa built by Benjamin llungerford, in 1814; aud the first grietmill, by Samuel Stooer, in 1823. 2 There are 4 churches in town ; Presb^ M. E., Bap., and Christian. 5 Named from Wells Fowler, the first settler at the village. < Manufactures all kinds of agricultural implements, and turns out $70,000 to $80,000 worth of goods per year. 6 Named from David Piffard, a prominent settler at this place. * Among the early settlers were Donald and John McKenzie, Angus McBeAn. John and Alexander Frazer. Archibald QilliH, anii John McCall. David Martz was an early settler. Jobii Russ, from Vt.. settled at the center, in ISO"; Kalph Brown, in 18U8; and .Tohn Darling, from Yt.. in 1809; and James Calder in tlie N. part of the town. The first birth was that of Angus McKenzie. The first inn was kept by N.ithan Buss, in 1817 : the first stnre. by Chandler Piersons, in ISIG. Kalph Brown built the first gristmill, in 1818. ^ The census reports 9 churches in town; 2 Presb.. 2 M. K., Bap., Cong., Asao. Presb., Abso. Ke£ Presb., and Ref. Presb, MADISON COUNTY. This county was formed from Chenango, March 21, 180G, and named in honor of President Madison. That part of Stockbridge e. of Oneida Creeli was annexed from Oneida in 1836. It is situated in the central part of the State, is centrally distant 98 mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 670 sq. mi. The extreme N. part is low, level, and swampy ; but the central and s. parts are hilly, and constitute a portion of the general system of highlands which occupy Central New York. The hills generally hare rounded outlines and steep declivities, their highest summits being 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys and 900 to 1,200 ft. above tide. The highlands are divided into separate ridges by a series of valleys extending n. and s., and they form the watershed between Susquehanna River and Oneida Lake. The principal streams upon the n. slope are Chittenango' Creek, forming a part of the w. boundary of the eo., Oneida Creek, forming a part of the E. boundary, and the Canaseraga,^ Canas- tota,' and Cowaselon Creeks: and the principal flowing s. are Unadilla River, upon the e. border, Beaver Creek, Chenango River and its branches, Otselic* Creek, and Tioughnioga River. The principal bodies of water are Oneida Lake, forming the N. boundary, and Owahgena or Cazenovia Lake, near the center of the w. border. The latter, a beautiful sheet of water, 4 mi. long, is 900 ft. above tide, and is completely surrounded by gradually sloping hillsides. The lowest rocks of the CO., outcropping along Oneida Lake, belong to the Clinton group. The red iron ore peculiar to this group is found to a limited extent, but not in sufficient quantities to render mining profitable. Next above this successively appear the Niagara and Onondaga groups, underlying the whole swampy region.* The red shales form the surface rook s. of the swamp, and beds of gypsum extend along the base of the hills. These beds are extensively quarried in some sections, and furnish an excel- lent quality of plaster. Upon the N. decli\-ities of the hills successively appear the water lime- stone, Pentamerus limestone, Oriskany sandstone, and Onondaga limestone. From these groups are obtained an abundance of waterlime, quicklime, and building stone, all of excellent quality. Next above appear the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, covering more than one-half of the entire surface of the co. The Tully limestone, Genesee slate, and Ithaca groups are found to a limited extent covering the tops of the southern hills. A large share of the co. is covered deep with drifl deposits. The soil upon the flat lands of the n. is generally a red clay, with great quantities of muck and marl in the swampy regions. Upon the northern declivities of the hills the soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with lime and plaster, and is very productive. Farther s. the soil upon the hills is a clayey, gravelly, and shaly loam, best adapted to pasturage, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. The people are principally engaged in stock raising and dairying. Hops are largely cultivated. Manufactures are principally confined to two or three villages. The CO. seat is located at Morrisville. The courthouse is a two story wooden building, pleasantly situated on a small park, fronting on a main street. It was built in 1849, and contains the court' and jury rooms.' The clerk's office is a small, brick, fire-proof building adjoining the courthouse. The jail was burned in the winter of 1858. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 135 acres near Eaton village, 5 mi. s. e. of Morrisville. The average number of inmates is 130, supported at a cost of 56 cts. per week each. A school is taught during the whole year. The farm yields a revenue of $1,500.* The principal public works in the co. are the Erie Canal and the N. Y. Central 1 Meaning "waters divide and nin n." Seaver, in " The Life of Mary Jcmisftn," pays it is a corruption of the Oneida word '■ Chn-ti'-'-naiiny." siffnifyin^ "where the sun eliines out." 3 SleaninE " Big Elkshom." Seaver gives it as " Ka-na-so-wa- ga." signifying " several strings of beads with a string lying across." * •* Ka-ne-to-ta," sipnifying " pine tree standing alone," * Meaning "Capfull." 6 In the marsh near Canastota a brine spring is found. A boring of 190 ft. was made here; but the water obtained was not sufficiently strong to warrant the further prosecution of the work. ' The first courts were held alternately at "the schoolhouse, ni-ar David Barnard's, in Sullivan, [now Lenox,] and at the 388 schoolhouse in the village of Hamilton." The first officers were Peter Smith. First Judge: Sylvanus Smalley, Edward Green, Elisha I'ayne, and David Cook, Associate Jutfges; Asa B. Sizer, Oi. CliTk; Jeremiah Whipple. Sheriff: and Thos. H. Hubbard, Surrofjnte. In 1810, Cazenovia was selected as the site of the CO. buildings, and Col. John Lincklaen and Capt. .Tackson were appointed to superintend the building of a courthon,=e. A brick building was erected, and the first court was hold in it in ,7an. 1812. in 1817 the co. seat was removed to Morrisville, and the first court was held there Oct. 7, 1817, ^ Ellis Moss, Sani'l White, and Oliver Pool were appointed to superintend the erection of the courthouse. 8 This institution consists of three two story stone buildings; the poorhouse proper, a lunatic asylum, and a hospital. MADISON COUXTY. 389 R. R., extending through Lenox and Sullivan. Among the hills are several large artificial reser- voirs, used as feeders for the canal. Cazenovia Lake is used for the same purpose. There are seven weekly newspapers published in the co.^ Nearly all the s. half of this co. belonged to the tract known as the "Chenango Twenty Towns."' A strip lying between this tract and the Military Tract, including De Ruyter and the greater part of Cazenovia, was embraced in the Lincklaen Purchase. The Oneida Indian Reservation, origin- ally embracing all the n. part of the co., was subsequently divided into several large tracts. The "New Petersburgh Tract," or purchase of Peter Smith, includes nearly all of Smithfield and Fenner, the n. part of Cazenovia, and a strip a mile vride across the s. part of Stockbridge. The remainder of Stockbridge was included in the reservation of the Stockbridge Indians. Lenox and Sullivan constituted the N. w, portion of the Oneida Indian Reservation. The first settlements were made by squatters upon the Oneida Reservation, in 1790.* The permanent settlements were com- menced about 1795, and the co. rapidly fiHed up with immigrants, principally from New England. 1 The ^flHh'son FrechoMer was commenced at Peterboro, be- fore or in the early part of 180S, by Jonathan Bunce & Co. It soon after appeared aa The Prtfholder, and was continued until 1813. It was then changed to Tfie Miidis>m (Jounlij Herald, and was continued several years. ' The Christian and Citizen was published at Peterboro, in 1854, by Pruyn k Walker. Tht Pilot was established at Cazenovia. in Aug. 1808, by Oran E. Baker, and continued until Aug. 1823. The Republican Monitor was started at Cazenovia, in Sept. 1823, by L. L. Rice. It was published by John V. Fairchild from April, 1S25, until Jan. 1832, by J. F. Fairchild & Son until July, 1840, and by J. F. Fairehild until March 4, 1841, when it was discontinued. The Stud^mts Afis<>:lla7ii/, semi-mo., was published at Cazenovia, in 1S31, by A. Owen and L. Kidder. Tfie Union Herald wns commenced in Mav. 1835, by L. Myrick and E. W. Clark. In 1836 Qark w'ithdrew ; and in 1840 the paper was discontinued- Tlie Gzzenovia Democrat was started in Sept. 1836, by J. W. Chubbuck & Co.; it was edited by J. W. Dwindle. In Feb. 1837, it was discontinued. The Madison Qmnty Eagle was commenced at Cazenovia, in Feb. 1840. bv Cj'rus 0. Pool. In 1^41 it was published by Thos. 8. Myrick and "W. H. Phillips. In June, 1842, Myrick withdrew; and in May, 1845, its name was changed to Tkc Madison County Whig. In Aug. 184S, Phillips was suc- ceeded by H. A. Cooledge, by whom the paper was changed to The Madison County News, in Oct. 1853. In May, 1854, it was ag^iin changed to TJie. Madison County Whiff ; and in Jan. 1857, it was discontinued. Th£ Abditionist was started at Cazenovia, in 1841, by Luther Myrick, and continued 2 years. The Madison and Onondaga Abolitionist was published in 1843, by Luther Myrick. The Madison Republic was commenced at Cazenovia, in Jan. ISoO, by W. H. Phillips, and continued about 3 months. The Oxzenovia Gojzdle was published by Baker & Debnam, from Oct. 1851. until May, 1852. The Progressive Christian was established in April, 1853, by A. Pryne. and was continned 2 years. Tlie Cazeuovia Republican was commenced May 1, 1K54. by j^eiif'ca Liike. Hh prcHent publisher. The Gaxtte and Madison Cnnritt/ Advertisi'r was established at Peterboro in May, iSl". by John B. Johnsnn and son. It was removed to Morrisville in 1819, and discontinued in 1822. The Madison Obgem'er was commenced at Cazenovia. in Jan. 1821, by Kico & Hale. It was removed to Morrisville in 1822; and in 1824 Bennett Bicknell became its pub- lisher. In 1829 it was united with The Hamiiton Re- corder, and was issued as The Observer and Recorder. In 1832 it passed into the hands of H. C. Bicknell and Jas. Norton, and in 1834 into those of Jas. Norton. In 1835 it was changed to Tlie Madison Observer. In 1839 J. and E. Norton beciune its publishers, and in 1866 Edward Norton, by whom it is «till published. The Hamilton Recordi'T was started in 1817. by John G. Stower and P. B. Havens. In 1819 it passed into the hands of Stower & Williams, and afterward into those of John P. Van Sice. In 1829 it was removed to Morrisville and united with The Observer. The Madison Farmer was published at Hamilton, in 1828, by Nathaniel King. The Civilian was started July 27, 1830, by Lorin Dewey. In Feb. 1831, it passed into the hands of Lewison Fairchild, and in Nov, 1S31. it was di-wontinued. Tfu Hamilton Courier was commenced by Q. R. Waldron, In Feb, 1834, and the following year it appeared as The Hamilton Courier and Madison Oo. Advertiser. It was con- tinued until 183S. The Hamilton Palladium was started in 1838. by John Atwond, and continued 6 years, a part of the time by J. & D. At- wood. The HamHion Eagle was published In 1839, by G. R. Waldron. The Literary Visitor was published at Hamilton about 3 monibu, in is42, by Dennis Redman. Tlie Devwcratic Reflector was started at Hamilton by 0. R. Wal- di'on, in 1842. and was published by Waldron & Baker from 1843 until 1854, and 2 years by Waldron alone, when it was united with The Madison Co. Journal, and appeared as TUe Democratic Republican. It is now published by Waldron & James. The Madison County Journal was commenced in Sept. 1849, by E. F. & C. B. Gould. W. W. Chubbuck. F. B. Fisher, and T. L. James were afterward interested in its publi- cation ; and in 1856 it was united with The Democratic Rcjiect/ir. The Mill Boy "| were published during the campaign of 1844, and >the former at the Palladium and the latter at The Polker } the Reflector office. The Land Mark was published as a campaign paper in 1850. The New Tork State Radii vias removed from Fort Plain, Mont- gomery CO., in 1854, by L. S. Backus, and continued about 18 months, when it was returned to Fort Plain. Tbe Democratic Union was commenced at Hamilton, in 1N56. by Le^i S. Backus; and in 1857 it passed into the hands of W. H. Baker, its present publisher. The Canastota Rrqister was published in 1S30. by Silas Judd and n. B. Mattieou. and in 1831 by H. S. Merrilt. The Canastota Times was commenced in 1857, by Geo. H. Mer- riam, and was discrintinued the following year. The Canastota Eagle was started Nov. 4, 185S, by J. E. N. Backus, its present publisher, The Chitlenango Herald was established in 1832, by Isaac Lyon, and was published successively as The Chitt^nango Republican, The Phcenix, and The Democratic Gazette, until 1856, when it was discontinued. The De Ruyter Herald was published in 1S35, by C. W. Mason. The Protestant Sentinel was brought from Schenectady to De Ruyter in Nov. 1S36. and was published by J. & C. H. Maxson until the fall of 1837. It then passed into the hands of Wm. D. Cochran, by whom it was issued as The ProtfMant Sentinel and S'Tenth Day Baptist Jmirnal. In Feb. 1840, Joel Greene became its publisher, and changed it to The Seventh Day Baptist Register. In 1841 it passed into the hands of James Bailey, by whom it was continued uutU 1845. The National Banner was commenced at De Ruyter in Oct. 1847, by A. C. Hill, and continued 2 years. The Central New Torler was published at De Huj*ter, by E. F. & C. B. Gould, from Sept. 1848, until May, 1851. The Banner of tfie Times was started at De Ruyter, by Walker & Hiil. and continued until 1855. The Oneida Tl-'graph was commenced at Oneida, in Sept. 1851. by D. IL Fmst, In June, 1854, it passed into the hands of Jobn Crawford, and was changed to Tlie Oneida Saclienif under which name it is still pul^ lished. Tlie CIrctilar was established in 1852, and is published weekly at the Oneida Community, s Tlie following is a list of these townships within the limitfl of this CO.: Lebanon 'No. 5. Geori;etown " 6. Brookfleld " 19*20. Nelson No. 1. Eaton '* 2. Madison " 3. Hamilton " 4. The Canastota Tract in this co. was granted in lieu of the school lotB reserved in the '* Twenty Towns ;" but by some over- sight was sold with those lands. • See page 461. 390 MADISON COUNTY. BROOKFIELD— -n-as formed from Paris, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1795; and Columbua (Chenango co.) was taken oif in 1805. It is the s. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of Unadilla River and Beaver Creek. Unadilla River forms the e. boundary. Beaver Creek flows through near the center, and the E. branch of the Chenango through the N. w. part. Several smaller streams take their rise in the town. The soil is a gravelly loam. ClarkviUe,' (Brookfield p.o.,) incorp. April 5, 1834, contains 2 churches, the Brookfield Aca- demy, a hoe and fork manufactory, gristmill, and tannery. Pop. 578. L.eonai'd$viIIe (p. v.) contains 1 church, a bank, and several manufactories.^ Pop. 366. Xorth Brookfield (p. v.) has 275 inhabitants. South Brookfield (p. o.) is a hamlet, and De liancey'ap. o. The first settlement was made by Daniel Brown, in 1791.* The census reports 6 churches in town.' CAZEKfOTlA* — was formed from Paris and Whitestown, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1795. De Ruyterwas taken off in 1798, Sullivan in 1803, Smithfield and Nelson in 1807, and a partof Fenner in 1823. It is the central to^^^l upon the w. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Chittenango and Limestone Creeks. The summits of the hills are 300 to 500 feet above the valleys. Owahgena or Cazeuovia Lake, in the n. part of the town, is a beautiful sheet of water about 4 mi. long. Its outlet — Chittenango Creek — forms a part of the boundary between this town and Fenner. In its course it has a fall of several hundred feet, afford- ing a great number of valuable mill sites. At the Chittenango Fall the water plunges in a beautiful cascade perpendicularly over a ledge of limestone rock 136 feet in height. Limestone Creek flows across the s. part of the town. Hydraulic and common limestone are quarried near Chittenango Falls. The soil in the N. and central parts is a gravelly loam, and in the s. a clayey loam under- laid byhardpan. CazeilOVia, (p. v.,) incorp. Feb. 7, 1810, is beautifully situated on Chittenango Creek, at the foot of Cazenovia Lake. It contains 7 churches, an academy,' a bank, and several manufactories.* Pop. 1177. Slew Woodstock (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 273 inhabit- ants. Cbittenango Falls is a p.o. Settlement was coumienced in 1793, by John Lincklaen, from Amsterdam, Holland.' The first church (Presb.) was organized May 17, 1799, with 5 mem- bers ; and the Rev. Joshua Leonard was the first pastor. The census reports 9 churches in town."* DE RUITTER" — was formed from Cazenovia, March 15, 1798. Georgetown was taken off in 1815, and German (Chenango co.) in 1806. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface con- sists of hilly upland, broken by the valley of Tioughnioga River. The summits of the hills are 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Tioughnioga River and its tributaries. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam on the hills and alluvium in the valleys. Be Kuytcr, (p. V.,) incorp. April 15, 1833, contains 3 churches, an academy,^' and sevcriil manufactories.'' Pop. 727. Slieds Corners is a p.o. The first settlers were Elijah and Elias Benjamin and Eli Colgrove, in 1793." The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder Joel Butler, Nov. 5, 1799.'* EATOBJ'* — was formed from Hamilton, Feb. 6, 1807. It is an interior town, situated near the center of the co. The surface is a rolling upland, broken by the valley of Chenango River into two ridges, whose summits arc 400 to 600 ft. in height. The Chenango flows s. through the center. The outlet of the Eaton Reservoir flows through a deep, narrow ravine, and affords a large number of valuable mill sites. Hatchs Lake and Bradley Brook Reservoir, and several smaller reservoirs, are in this town. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed with clay in the valleys. Morrisville," (p. v.,) situated on Chenango River, was incorp. April 13, 1819. It contains 3 1 Named from .Toaeph Clark, f_umerly Stite Seaator. 2 A fork manufactory, gristmill, sawmill, and tanuery. 8 Named from .lolin De Lancy. * John and EliiLs Button, Lawton Palmer, Saml. H. Burdick. Saml. Billings, David Maine, Stephen Collins, Thos. and James Rogers, and Paul and IVrry Mastwn settled in the town in 1793. Stephen Hoxie, Simeon, Nathaniel, and Eleazer Brown, Henry Clark, Kohert Randall. A3;i Frink, Ethan, Oliver, and Phineas Babcofk, Ira and Nathan Burdick. and Youman York were also early settlers. .Tohn Button built the first gristmill, in 1792; and Reuben Leonard opened the first store, in ISO! . The first school was taught by Asa Carrier, in the winter of 1796-97. 6 2 Seventh Day Bap., 2 M. E., Bap., Dniv. 6 Named from Theophilus Cazeuove, the first genera! agent of the Holland Land Company. I The Oneida Conference Seminary is a large and flourishing institution, under the care of the Methodist denomination. 8 In and near Cazenovia, on Cliittenango Creek, are a woolen factory, paper mill, oil mill, town clock factory, furnace, ma- chine shop. 2 gristmills, and a sawmill. « Archiliald Bates. Wm. Qillett. Wm. Miles, Benj. Pierson. Noah Taylor, Saial. S. Forman. Ira Peck. Nathan Webb, Shubael Brooks, and others named Tyler and Auger settled in the town in 1793 ; and Joseph Simms, Isaac Moss, Gideon Freeman, and David Fay soon after. The first birth w.as that of a child of Noah Taylor, in 1794. John Lincklaen built the first saw and grist mills, in 1794. 10 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., Presb., Prot. E., Union, and Univ. u Named from Admiral De liuyter, of the Dutch Navy. 13 The De Ruyter Institute is under the careof the Seventh Day Baptist denomination. 13 2 tanneries, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, oil mill, furnace, and tmbinetware manufactory. 1^ Joseph Messenger and Sam'l Thomson settled in the town in 1795. Darius IJenjainin, Justus, Jeremiah, and Ebenezer Gage, and Daniel Page were also early settlers. The first birth was that of Frederick Benjamin, about 179S : Joseph .M. ssenger opened the first inn. in 1796 ; Samuel Bowen kept the first store; Joseph Rich built the first sawmill, in I.S117, and the fiist grist- mill, in 1S09. The first school was taught by Kli Gage, iu the winter of 1799. l& There are 6 churches in town ; 2 Friends, and 1 each Bap., Seventh Day Bap., M. E., and Presb. 18 Named from Gen. Wm. Eaton, commander of the U. S. mili- tarv forces in the expedition to Tripoli. IT Named from a family of eiirly settlers in town. MADISON COUNTY. 391 churches, a newspaper office, and several manufactories.* Pop. 715. Eaton, (p-v.,) commonly called ^^ Log City,'' contains 3 churches and several manufactories.^ Pop. 510. West Eaton, (p. V.,) commonly called " Lcevilley'* contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, sawmill, and about 40 houses; and Pratts IIollon'^ (p-'^-) 1 church and about 20 houses. Pine "Woods is a p. o. Settled in 1792, by John and James Salisbury, from Vt. ; but the first permanent settler was Joshua Leland, from Sherburne, Mass., in 1793.* Tlie first church (Presb.) was formed in 1805.^ FEBfflVER® — was formed from Cazenovia and Smithfield, April 22, 1823. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland. Oneida, Canaseraga, and Chittenango Creeks have their sources in this town. The latter forms a part of its av. boundary. Extensive marl beds are found ; and on the bank of Chittenango Creek calcareous tufa is quar- ried and burned into lime. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Perry ville, (p. v.,) partly in this town, contains 2 churches and 25 houses. Fenner (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- ment was made about the year 1793.'' The first church (Bap.) was organized Aug. 23, 1801.® GEORGETOW^N— was formed from De Ruyter, April 7, 1815. It lies upon the s. border of the CO., w. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of Otsellc Creek into two ridges. The summits of the hills are 500 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Otselic Creek and its branches. The soil upon the hills is yellow loam, and in the valleys a gravelly alluvium. Creorg^etown (p. v.) contains 3 churches, and has a population of 280. The first settlement was made by Ezra Sexton, in 1804.* Lewis Anathe Muller, a French refugee, settled in this town about 1810, and remained until the restoration of Louis Philippe.*** The first religious services were conducted by Ezra Sexton, at the house of Bethel Ilurd, in 1805." HAIUIETO^ — was formed from Paris, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1705, and was named from Alexander Hamilton. Eaton, Lebanon, and Madison were taken ofi" in 1807. It lies upon the s. border of the co., between Lebanon and Brookfield. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Chenango River and its east branch. The soil is a gravelly loam in the valleys and a clayey loam upon the hills. Hamilton,^^ (P-^m) incorp, April 12, 1812, is situated on the Chenango Canal. It contains 4 churches, the Hamilton Academy, the Hamilton Female Seminary, 2 newspaper offices, and a bank. Pop. 1448. The Madison University, located at this place, under the care of the Baptist denomination, was incorp. March 26, 1846. It consists of a grammar school, a collegiate and a theological department. Nine professors are employed, and in 1857 31 theological students, 123 under-graduates, and 71 grammar school students were in attendance. .The libraries connected with the university contain about 8,900 volumes." Earl- ViHe,^* (p. V.,) on the line of Sherburne, (Chenango co.,) contains 2 churches, and has a pop. of 441, of which 233 are in this town. Poolville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 houses, and 1 A Bilk ffictory, distillery, tannery, iron foundry, machine shop, gristmill, and sawmill. There were formerly several woolen factories in and near Morrisville, but they have been abandoned. 2 A woolen factory, a tool fuctory and trip hamnier, distillery, tannery, gristmill, and sawmill. * Named from John and Matthew Pratt, early settlers. * John H.and Bonj. Morris settled in the town in 1794; Benj. Morse, Daniel Abbey, Simeon Gillett, Levi Barney, and Elijah Hayden, in 1705; Joseph Moss, Wm. Mills. Lewis Wilson, Sam'l Shiclair, Humphrey Palmer, and McCrellis, in 179'^; and Rawson Ilarnmn, in 1797. Thos. Morris, Windsor and Ziba Co- man, Constandt, Robert, and Cyrus Avery, Joseph French, and Abiathar Gates were also early settlers. The first birth was that of Col. Uriah Leland, Nov. 1, 1793; the first marriase. that of Lems Wilson and Dorcas Gillett, in 1796; and the first death, that of Simeon Gillett. in 1796. Joshua Leland opened the first inn, in 1794, and erected the first saw and grist mills, in 1795. David Gaston kept the first store, in 1S04. The first school was taught by Dr. James Pratt, in the winter of 1797-98. — the first mouth at the house of Joseph Moss, the second near Morrisville, the third near Log City, and the fourth near the residence of Joshua Leland. ^ The census reports 8 churches in town; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., and 2 Cong, fl Named from Gov, Penner, of Rhode Island. 7 Amoug the early settlers were Alpheus Twist and .Tames Munger, from C-onn.. who located a mi. s. of the center, Jona- than Munger and Pago in the N. part, and Kli&ha Freeman, Itburiel Flower, Ames Webster and Amanda Munger in the s. part. The first birth was that of a child of Alpheus Twist; and the first death, that of the wife of Alpheus Twist. Elder Nathan Baker was the first preacher. 8 The census reports 6 churches; 3 M. E., Bap., and Prot. E. * Matthew Ilallenbeck. Joab Bishop. John C. Paine, and Bailey Carter settled in the town iu 1804, and Mitchell Atwood, Wm. Paine, Betliel Hurd. Joseph P. Flarrison. and Josiuh Purdy in 1S05. Ebeaezer Ilull, Apollos Drake, Elijah and Alfred Browu, Jesse Jerrold, Zadock Hawks, John Gibson, Hunt, David Parker. Philetus Stewart. Calvin Cross, Dr. Smith, Benj. Bonner, Capt. Wliite, and Alvord, were also early settlers. The first birth wiis that of Weston Paine, in 1805; and the first death, that of Mrs. Ezra Sexton, iu 1807. Mitchell Atwood built the first sawmill, in 1800, and Bishop & Hunt the first gristmill, in 1807. J. C. Paine was an early innkeeper. 10 Muller settled ou the hill, about 3 mi. w. of Georgetown, erected a large and spacious dwelling, laid out extensive grounds-, excavated an artificial pond, and planted groat numbers of fruit trees. He attempt-'d the establishment of a village, by erecting 2 storehouses, several dwollinga, a blacksmith shop, and a grist- mill. It is supposed that he brought with him to town not leas than $150,000, and that ho carried away not to exceed $1500. Wheu Bonaparte abdicated, Muller returned to France, leaving his wife and children in New York. He afterward returned to dispose of his property here. When he reached Georgetown, hia house was strippedof its furniture; his stock and every mL ."able article had disappeared; weeds covered the gardens, the w.ilks, the roads, and fields ; his village was forsaken, and the mill d** serted. The agent in whose charge he had loft his property had sold every movable article and deserted the place. Muller sold the property and returned to France; and to this day no ono knows who or what he was. u There are 3 churches in town; Bap., Presb., and Union. 12 Formerly called '■^Payncsrilh'." ^^ The '^ Hamilton Thenlngical Stmhmry'"' was established in 1820, under the auspices of the Baptist Kducation Society of tlio State of New York. In 1834 a collegiate coursw was instituted, and the seminary assumed the name of the " I/amilUm Lite.rarif and Theological Seminary;" and in 1846 the insritution wa-s in- corp. as the Madison University. The theolngicul dt-partment is still under the control of the Baptist Educational Soii''ty. Tlw aggregate number of graduates of the theological department is 3u2, and of the collegiate department 462. 14 Named from Jouas Earl, Canal Commissioner. 392 MADISON COUNTY. Hubbardsville^ (p. v.) 20 houses. East Hamilton (p. o.) is a hamlet, and Soufb Ha- milton a p. 0. The first settlers were John Wells and Abner Nash, fi-om Mass., and Patrick Shields and John Muir, from Scotland, but late from Oneida co. They located upon Chenango, near Earlville, in 1792.* The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1796.' Ij'EBAIVOjV — was formed from Hamilton, Feb. 6, 1807. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, lying between the Chenango and Otselic Rivers. The summits in the w. part are 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. The valley of Chenango River, extending through the e. part, is about 1 mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides. The other streams are small brooks. The soil is a yellow loam underlaid by hardpan upon the hills and alluvium in the valleys. I^ebanon (p. v.) contains 1 church, a sawmill, tannery, and 25 houses. Smitbs Valley* and Middleport are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1792, by Enoch Stowell and Jonathan Bates, from Yt.^ There are 4 churches in town.* I^KWOX — was formed from Sullivan, March 3, 1809, and a part of Stockbridge was taken off in 1836. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is level in the n. and moderately hilly in the s. Canastota and Cowaselon Creeks flow through the town. Oneida Creek forms its e. boundary, and Oneida Lake a part of its n. boundary. The Cowaselon Swamp occupies a portion of the N. part. The soil in the n. is alluvium and in the s. a gravelly and clayey loam. In the town are beds of gypsum and of red fossiliferous iron ore. Near Cowaselon Creek is a small sulphur spring; and in the marsh near Canastota is a salt spring.^ Oneida (p. v.) is the principal station between Syracuse and Rome, on the N.Y. Central R. R. It is situated on Oneida Creek, and was incorp. June 20, 1848. It contains 5 churches, the Oneida Seminary,* a newspaper ofBce, and a bank. Pop, 1713. Canastota, (p. v.,) incorp. April 28, 1835, is a canal village and a station on the N. Y. Central R. R. It contains 3 churches, a newspaper ofl&ce, a bank, and a manufactory of astronomical and optical instruments.® Pop. 1081. Wampsville, (p. V.,) a station on the N.Y. Central R, R., contains 1 church and 25 houses. Pine Bush, (Bennetts Corners p. o.,) MerrllLsville, (Cowaselon p. o.,) and I^enOX Furnace are ham- lets. ClOCUvllle,^** (p, V.) contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, 2 flouring mills, and a saw- mill. Pop. 270. Quality Hill (Lenox p.o.) is a thickly settled country street near Canastota. Oneida Lake (p.o.) and South Bay are hamlets. Oneida Talley (p. v.) contains 1 church and about 30 houses. Dui'haniTille (p. v.) contains 1034 inhabitants, of whom 234 are in this town ;" the p, office is in Oneida co. The '* Oneida Community," of about 200 persons, organized upon a peculiar religious and social basis, are located upon a farm of 390 acres on Oneida Creek, 3 mi. s. of Oneida.*^ The first settlement was made in 1792, by Conrad Klok and his sons Joseph, John, and Conrad." The census reports 14 churches in town.^* MADISOIV— was formed from Hamilton, Feb. 6, 1807. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland. The principal stream is Oriskany Creek. The Madison Reservoir and several smaller ponds of water are in this town. The soil consists of a gravelly loam in the valleys and a clayey loam upon the hills. ]Uadison, (P-'^-O incorp. April 17, 181G, contains 4 churches, and has a population of 315. Bouckville^^ (P-"^-) contains 1 church and 35 houses, and Solsville (p. v.) 17 houses. The first settlement was made in 1793.** 1 Named from Calvin Hubbard. s Among tbe other early settlers were Pam'l and Elisha Payne, who lucrttfd upon tho present site of Haniilton Village in 179-1. Theophilus and Benj. Pierce. Jonathan Olmsted. Daniel Smith, and Nathan Foster settled in the town in 1795, and Thomas Greenly in 1796. 8 The census reports 10 churches in town ; 4 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Cong., Prot. E., and Univ. * Named from Justus Smith, a former resident. S Among the early Bt-ttlers were John. Charles, James, and Isaac Campbell, Thos. Hueston. Lent Bradley, Solomon Jones, Abram Webster. Dan'l Stowell. David Ilartson. Rider. Josh. Sniitb. Dea. Finney, David Shapley. Malchiah Hatch, Dr. Merriek, Elihu Bosworth, Bcnj. Ht-wes, and Capt. Moore. Elisha 'WTieeler built the first sawmill, and Daniel Wioeler the first gristmill; Israel Thayer kept the first utore. The first school was taught by Widow Nancy Campbell, a lady about 70 years of age. Bap., Cong.. M. E.. and Univ. 7 At this spring: a boring waa once made 196 ft. deep. At that depth the auger broke, and the work was abandoned. The strength of the water at the surface was 2p by the instrument need, and it was increased to 9'^. — Geol. jV. K. HI. p. 273. • B The school w;is opened Sept. 29, 1S58, with about 200 pnpils and male and 4 female teachers. Established by Chas. A. Spencer. The microscopes and other instruments made here have acquired merited celebrity. The figuatorial telescope at Hamilton College was made here. *'' Named from Conrad Klok, who settled near this place. 11 See page 470. 12 This community was organized in 1R47, under John H. Noyes. with whom their peculiar religious and social tenets mostly originated. They form a gfneral community, holding a common interest in all things. The relation of the sexes is placed, not. like that of civilized society, on the ba.eis of law and constraint, neither on the opposite one of mere freedom, but on that of *■ iiispiratio'n.-' They are prinripally engaged in garden- ing, the nursery business, nulling, and the manufacture of eteel traps, sewing silk, tmveling bags, cravats, and palmleaf hat.8. The Circular, a weekly paper, is published by the Communists. 13 The Forbeses, Buyas. and Suvders were the early settlers. 1* 5 M.E., 5 Presh., 2 Bap.. Cong., and B.C. 15 Named from Gov. Bouck ; formerly called "Jtihvsi'tlle." 16 Samuel and Francis Clemens, Stephen F. Blackstone. John Niles. Seth Snow and his son Seth, Wm.and Da\id Blair. Jan>ea Collister, Daniel Perkins, Henry W. and Israel Bond, Elijah Blodget. Amos and Jesse Maynard. and Joel Crawford, settled in tbe town inl793; Gen. Erastus Cleveland. Thos. Mellen. Abiel Hatch, Jas. McClenathan, Geo.. Clias., and Job Peckhand. Benj. Simmonds. Sylvester Woodward. Elijah Thompson, Sam'l Jones, Jas. and Alex. White. Luther, Abiel, and Ephraim Clongh. and Jonathan Sloan, were also early settlers. The first births in town were those of Marcena Collister and Stephen Blackstone, both in 1794. Gen. Cleveland built the first gristmill and kept the first store. Henry W. Bond built the first sawmill, in 1793, Sam'l Clemens was an early innkeeper. MADISON COUNTY. 393 The first church (Cong.) was organized iu 1795, and the Rev. Ezra Woodworth was the first pastor.* ' WELSO^ — was formed from Cazenovia, March 13, 1807. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a rolling upland. The principal stream is Chitte- nango Creek. The Erieville and Eaton reservoirs are in this town. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. Erieville (p. v.) contains 3 churches and 191 inhabitants, and IVelSOn Flats (Nelson p. 0.) 2 churches and 146 inhabitants. The first settlement was made in 1794, by Asa and Jede- diah Jackson.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.' SmiTIIFIEED — was formed from Cazenovia, March 13, 1807. A part of Fenner was taken off in 1823, and of Stockbridge in 1836. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its sui-face is a hilly and rolling upland. The principal streams are Cowaselon and Oneida Creeks. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Limestone and gypsum are obtained in the n. e. corner. Near Siloam is a small sulphur spring, Peterboro,* (p. v.,) on Oneida Creek, near the center, contains 3 churches and the Peterboro Academy. Pop. 350. Siloam (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settler was Jasper Alesworth, in 1795.^ Judge Greene C. Bronson resided in this town for several years; and Hon. Gerrit Smith now resides in Peterboro. In 1858, Wm. Evans, of Boston, donated to this town the sum of ?10,000, to be invested, and the proceeds devoted to the relief and support of the destitute and needy.® There are 3 churches in town,'' STOCHBRIDCrE — named from the Stockbridge Indians — was formed from Vernon and Augusta (Oneida co.) and Smithfield and Lenox, May 20, 1836. It lies upon the e. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the deep valley of Oneida Creek, which extends in a n. and s. direction thi-ough near the center of the town. The summits of tha hills are 500 to 800 ft. above the valley. The falls of Oneida Creek consist of a succession of rapids and low falls, affording numerous valuable mill sites.^ Oriskany Creek takes its rise in the s. part. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Limestone is extensively quarried from the ledges that crop out upon the hillsides. Hydraulic limestone is also quarried near the falls of Oneida Creek. Gypsum is obtained near Cooks Corners. In this town are an ancient burial place and the ruins of an old fortification.^ Iffunnsville,^^ (p-'^'-O on Oneida Creek, contains I church and several manufactories." Pop. 287. Itnoxville^^ (Stockbridge p. o.) contains 3 churches, and has a population of 138. Cooks Corners (p. v.) contains 1 church, a plaster mill, and about 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1791." A mission church was erected on the Indian Reservation, near Cooks Corners, about 1800.^* SUL.I.ITA1V'^— was formed from Cazenovia, Feb. 22, 1803, and Lenox was taken off iu 1809. It is the N. w. corner tovm of the co. Its surface is level in the n. and rolling in the s. The Cowaselon Swamp extends across the town from Chittenango Creek to the line of Lenox. South of this swamp is the Vlaie, or natural meadow.^^ Chittenango Creek flows through the town and 1 There are 6 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Bap., Cong., Friends, and Uuiv. 2 Joseph Taw. Ebenezer Lyon, Sam'l andChaa. Swift, Jonathan Buell. Samuel Kioney. and Mitchell settled in the town in 1794; Oliver Stone and James Ilinman, in 1795; Joshua Wells, David Wellington, Israel Patterson, llich. Kaiiev. Dan'l Adams, Horatio Simms. Abner Cauip, and Lemuel and Kldad Richardson. iu 1796. The first birth waa that of Palmer Wells, in 1796; and the first death, that of Mrs. Bishop, about ISOO, Jedcdiah Jack- eon kept the first inn, in 1794; Jeremiah Clark built tbe first sawniill. about ISOO, and Oliver Pool tbe first gristmill. Daniel Russell was the first storekeeper. Dea. Dunham was one of the earliest scboolteachera. 8 2 M. E.. Bap., Cons., and Univ. 4 \amed from Peter Smith. * Oliver Trumbull settled in the town the same year. Peter Smith was the proprietor of the soil, and eettled at Peterboro at an early day. Among the early settlers were families named Cleveland, Coon, Babcock, Taylor, Messenger. Sti»ne. Rich. Love- land, Loouiis, Merrill. Spencer. Bump. Northrup, Lathrop, Soper, ghipman, Howard, Chaffer, Lyons, Moody. Spring. Myers, Brown. Austin, and Wright. Peter Smith built tbe first saw and grist mill. Jas. Livingston kept the first store, and Lewis Cook kept the first iun. Tabitha Havens taught the first school, in 1801. • The provisions of the benefaction are, that the amount shall be loaned in sums of not over $1000 each, upon good bond anil mortgage security ; and that as soon after 1862 as the accumu- lated interest amounts to a sufficient sum. a farm, of not less than 50 acres, shall bo bought, and snitablo buildings erected thereon, to be used as a home for the destitute. ' Bap., Presb., and Free. 8 About t mi. E. of Mnnnsville, near the center of the town, are several caves, in liraestoue, which have been explored but partially on account of noxious gases. In the rock that forms the bed of the stream are depressions resembling the footprints of men, cattle, and horses. • The burial place is on the hillside, about 1 mi. 8. E. of Munn:*- ville. A small bone image of a woman, iron and steel axes, guu barrels and fragments of guu locks, brass kettles, and tobacco pipes have been found. The axes are hatchet shaped, and are market! under the eye with three stars. The ruing of the fortifi- cation are in the s. w. part of the town. 10 Named from Asa Munn. the first storekeeper in the town. U A woolen factory, a furnace, trip hammer and edgf-'-tool factnry. a sawmill, planing mill, and sash factory, and a gristmill. 12 Named from Herman Knox, an early resident. 13 Among the early settlers wore Oliver Steward. Natlian. Cal- vin. Barney, John, and Alfred Edson. Wm., Eli,iah, and Joseph Devine. Wm. Sloan, Benajah House, Annos Bridge, Jjis. Tafft, Aaron. Jairus, and Matthew Rankin. Jonathan Snow, Isaac Ohadwick.Talcott Divan, Watrous Graves, and Daniel Thurston. These settlers all located in the S. e. part of the town. The I first marriage was that of John Devine and Pollv Edson. in 1793; and the first death, that of Widow Anna Hall, in 1795. The first saw and gi-ist mills were built by the Stockbridge In- dians, on their reservation, about 1794. The first school wp^ taught by Edward Foster, in 1797. n The census reports 5 churches ; 2 Cong., Bap., M. E., and Univ. 16 Numed from Gen. John Sullivan. 16 The Vlaie is covered to the depth of several feet with muck or peat underlaid by marl. It is destitute of timber, and sup- ports a rank growth of ferns and wecd^. "A ditch cut by the side of the road shows vertical stumps ;i feet below the snrfitco, and then a small growth near the surface; so that it would appear that two forests haveexisted there." This land was origin- ally covered with water; but it is now partially drained by ft ditch dug by the State. ,. 394 MADISON COUNTY. forms a part of its w. boundary. The Canastota and Oowaselon Creeks unite in the swamp and flow in an artificial channel to the lake. These streams afford numerous valuable mill privileges. On the Cauaseraga, near Perryville, is a waterfall 130 feet in height. Black Creek is a tributary of the Chittenango. Gypsum is found in numerous localities and is extensively quarried.' Water- lime is also obtained in the s. part.'' Marl and peat abound in the swampy regions. There are several mineral springs in town, the principal of wliich are the "White Sulphur Spring" and the "Yates Spring." The former — known as Chittenango Springs — is fitted up for the reception of visitors ; and the waters of both are celebrated for their medicinal properties.' The soil in the n. is a clayey loam alternating with muck and marl, and in the s. it is a gravelly loam. Clllttensin^O, (p. V.,) on Chittenango Creek, was incorp. March 15, 1842. It contains 3 churches, the Yates Polytechnic Institute, a bank, a woolen factory, gristmill, and tannery. Pop. 91G. Perryville* (p.v.) is partly in this town. Canaserag^a (Sullivan p.o.) contains 1 church and 25 hnuses, and Bridgeport (p.v.) 1 church and about 35 houses. Lakeport is a p.o. The first settle- ment was made in 1790, by squatters from the Mohawk Valley.^ The census reports 9 churches.' Acres of Land, Valualion, Pojmlation, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Montgomery County. Namrs OP Towns. AOEES OP Laxb. 1 VilCiTlON OP 1868. Population. 1 .8 1 788 975 379 799 327 333 795 344 1,512 641 194 314 217 1,026 Schools. 1 1 1 II 1 1 J 1 Is Bronkfield 30.640J 23,260i 12,959 20.828J 15.021 11.338i 19.080) 19,9l"4J 32,206i 17,468 20,931 11.820 15,512 26,3 09i 1S,564J 6,870 6,859 8,616i 3,661 10.275 6,36SIJ 6,171 16,496i 4,812 6,130i 3.426 3.647 15.707 $599,120 999.550 338,085 776.286 387.606 225.170 721..330 618.640 1,690.330 640,2.50 455,460 327.100 321,910 1.433.000 $183,630 476,950 29,076 149,800 23.350 34.870 227,010 73,120 434,550 123,400 65,250 48,700 41,850 343,000 $782,760 1,475.500 367,760 925,085 410,956 200,040 948,:U0 691,760 2,124,8.80 763,050 620,700 875,800 363.760 1.776.000 1.891 2,162 973 2,014 791 728 1,847 840 4,021 1,222 967 758 1,037 2.764 1.879 2,333 948 2.047 831 714 1,890 821 3.779 1,201 909 756 1,016 2,489 21.672 692 890 334 727 3U 310 700 309 1.422 624 362 290 381 969 631 746 309 667 291 264 676 266 868 366 351 184 298 674 27 18 11 19 14 12 16 13 30 13 14 11 16 26 239 1.330 1.474 727 1.227 670 564 1,235 616 2,935 783 624 569 856 2.051 16.661 Stockbridge Total 277,393j 111.605i $9,432,786 $2,2,54,166 $11,686,941 22,015 8,221 8,544 6.349 Names of Towns. Lite Stock. AaRICULTBHAl, PEODOCTa. -5 II 0.2 t§ III 2,029 1,640 638 2.112 1.069 634 1,679 1.748 2.656 1.227 1,325 866 1,327 2,117 1 f § 1 T7T0 1,578 677 1,209 876 399 1,208 1,068 2,677 828 1,083 801 853 1.92S BCSB. OF GBAIN. 1 IS 03^ DAmv Pboducm. 5 1»l 0, ra ■3 ^ Brookfield Cazt-iiovia De lUiyter 1.056 1,062 448 892 631 311 1,092 690 1,588 685 630 670 681 1.42S 2.435 2.157 1.131 2.14- 974 811 2,02: 2.091 2.76; 1.34t 1,79.' 1,24.' 1.43( 1.71( 8.728 4.713 4.943 4.606 4.388 2.867 3,700 6.423 6.547 4.762 4.586 2.149 2,501 6.644 148 1,S51J 308 642 382 11,880) 1,313 47 778 6.966, 7.491 99.221 J 126.9404 44.108 80.566} 82.585 35,308 72.020 72.376J 236.679 67,761 68.64Si 71.973 89.969 162.776 9,053i 5,127 3,756 6,284 2,520 3,476i 5,1,59 6,108 6,201 4,582 6,.594 2,423 2,742 5.2375 30,179 20.669 8,398 16,78Sj 9,342 7,800 15,650 11,463 25,627 16,856 17,367 9..590 11.976 22.583 63,62 49,76 28,33 46,40 46,74 9,60 39,16 31.84 48.41 40,86 60,86 17,85 26,lf 34,16 7 173.070 3 186.705 7 76.976 2 169.410 84.740 9 70,906 2 118.423 6 137.488 8 219.062 113.045 4 160.978 96.414 6 94.895 4 147.587 260.146 186,356 106.550 290,776 62,705 69,586 186,7.50 161.492 76.965 113,490 209,207 122,078 187,656 64.838 3.124J 638 627 702J 642 731 886 844 1.2511 7684 3,008 216 1.7.58 1.978 17,104} Georg.'town Stockbridge Sullivau 11.753 20.8,57 24.06- 66.647 16,794 30,797, 1,300.89U 68.263J 224.278 r 631,67 7 l.,<40.298l 2.087.594 1 Gypeum is said to have been quarried here in 1800. 2 In this town is a bfd of waterliiue, — the first discovered in the State. The material w.is first quarried and burned for quick- lime to he used on the canal: but it was fmiud that it would not slack. Experiments were then made, and the material was discovt-red to be hydraulic lime. a Following is a statement of an analysis of a pint of water from each of these springs. White Sulphur Spring. Yates Spring. Carbonate of lime 1.33 0.88 Sulphate " " 8.22 1^ Sulphate of magnesia. 3.11 j ' '* " soda 1.G6 Chloride of calcium tra^e o.U Organic matter trace trace. ■* See page 391. 6 These Bquatters were James and Joseph Pickard, Jacob, Pttvid. and Han-Yost Schuyler, Jacob Seeher, Gerrett and Geo. Van Slycke, John PoUley, and John Freemyer. They settled on the Indian Keaervation near Canasoraga. The Indians com- plained to the Governor of thf ir intrusion, and they were ordered to remove. They neglected to do so ; and in 1791, Col. Colbraith, the sheriflf of Montgomery co., was sent with a posse of CO men to dislodge them. Thoy still refused; and their movables were taken from tlu'ir dwflliiigs and their houses burned. They then removed to the neighborhood of Chittenango and settled on lands that the Sliite had lately acquired of the Indiana* John G. Moyer, .bihn Wiilroth. Capt. Timothy Brown, Solomon, Joseph, and David lletbe. QkA. Zebulon Douglas, John Mathews, Philip Daharsh. Nicliulas I'ickard, Ovid Weldon, Peter Dygart, John Keller. John towt-r, Wm. Miles. David Burtun. Timothy Freeman, and I'eter l-hlc settled in thf town shortly after. The first birth was that of Peggy SchuyU-r, in 1791; and the first death, that of a child of David Freemyer. John G. Moyer b-iilt the first saw and gristmill, and Jacob Schuyler kept the first inn. fl 3 Bap,, 2 M. E., Cong., Wes. Meth., Ref. Prot. D., and Union. MONROE COUNTY. _^^rm-r>-r,, Tnis county was formed from Ontario and Genesee, Feb. 23, 1821. A^^ v»-E!!^fi>v ^ It lies on Lalie Ontario, N. w. of the center of the State. It is cen- trally distant 202 mi. from Albany, and contains 682 sq. mi. The Q surface is generally level or slightly undulating, with a moderate inclination toward the lake. The shore of the lake rises in bluffs 10 to 30 ft. in height ; and from its summit the surface gradually slopes upward to the lake ridge, a distance of 5 to 8 mi. from the lake. The summit of this ridge is 160 ft. above the lake; and from it the surface declines a few feet to the s., and then rises to the summit of the Mountain Ridge, a distance of 1 to 3 mi., and 310 ft. above the lake. South of this point the surface is gently rolling, the ridges extending n. and s. The summits of the ridges along the s. border are about 400 ft. above the lake and 600 to 650 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Genesee River, which flows a little E. of N. through the center of the co. Its valley is J mi. to 2 mi. wide, bordered by ridges 30 to 60 ft. high. At Rochester the river flows over the solid limestone which forms the Mountain Ridge a distance of 96 ft., forming the Upper Genesee Falls, and 2J mi. below it again descends 105 ft., to near the level of the lake, forming the Lower Genesee Falls. The principal tributaries of the Genesee are Oatka and Black Creeks from the w., and lloneoye Creek from the e. The other principal streams of the co. are Sandy, Little Salmon, Salmon, But- tonwood, and Long Pond Creeks, w. of the Genesee, and Irondequoit and Four Mile Creeks, e. of that river, all flowing into Lake Ontario or some of its bays. In their passage from the central part of the co. to the lake, these streams nearly all flow over the limestone ridge in a succession of falls, foi'ming an abundance of water-power. The principal bodies of water are Lake Ontario, which forms its N. boundary, Irondequoit and Braddocks Bays, and Buck, Long, and Cranberry Ponds, all indentations from Lake Ontario and connected with it by narrow and shallow straits.' The lowest rock in the co. is the Medina sandstone, extending in a broad belt along the lake Bhore. Next above this is a thin stratum of the Clinton group, almost disappearing upon the w. border of the co. ; and next above is the Niagara group, forming the abrupt terrace of the Moun- tain Ridge. This rock forms an excellent building material, and is extensively quarried. It also yields weak brine springs in several localities. The underlying rocks in the s. part of the co. belong to the Onondaga salt group. Lime is extensively manufactured from the Niagara limestone ; and the rocks in the s. part yield gypsum and waterlime. A large part of the co. is covered with drift deposits, which mostly assume the character of ridges and rounded hills, many of them rising 50 to 100 ft. above the general surface. Tufa and marl are found in several localities, forming elements of fertility to the soil almost invaluable. A small quantity of iron is found associated with the Clinton group. The soil is generally very fertile. Along the lake shore it consists of a red, argillaceous loam, principally derived from the disintegration of the Medina sandstone. This is succeeded by a clay derived from the disintegration of the Clinton and Niagara shales. The soil in the s. part is im- pregnated with lime and gypsum, — two of the most important elements of wheat lands. Agri- culture forms the leading pursuit. Until within a few years past, wheat has been the great staple; but since the commencement of the ravages of the wheat midge, barley, corn, and oats have become the staple productions. Most parts of the co. are well adapted to the culture of fruit, and apples and peaches are largely produced. Wool growing is extensively carried on, and stock growing and dairying are beginning to receive considerable attention. The manufactures are extensive, though mostly confined to Rochester and vicinity. They consist chiefly of flour, machinery, edge tools, cars, and almost every variety of articles of iron. Rochester is the busi- ness center of the co. ; and from it a large trade is carried on with the surrounding rich agricul- tural regions. The canals and railroads centering at this place give it facilities for an extensive inland trade and commerce. A limited amount of commerce is carried on upon Lake Ontario. 1 Tlie Irondpquoit Bay ia a narrow, deep body of water, ox- i the deepest ravine along the >'. border of the State. Some geo- tendin* inland about 6 mi. from the lake shore. From its a. logists have supposed that Genesee lliver formerly flowed •rtremity a deep valley extends several mi. further 8., forming j through this valley. 396 MONROE COUNTY. The CO. seat ig located at the city of Kochester.^ The courthouae, situated upon Buffalo St., near the center of the city, is a commodious brick edifice, with an Ionic portico supported by four massive pillars. The building is surmounted by a dome, the summit of which is 150 ft. high. It contains the usual offices and rooms for the court and co. officers, the co. clerk's office, and rooms for the city officers.^ The jail is an old stone building, situated upon the bank of the Genesee, in the s. part of the city. The poorhouse establishment is located upon a farm of 134 acres in Brighton, just s. of the city line of Rochester. It consists of three large buildings, one of which is used for an insane asylum. The average number of inmates is 300, supported at a weekly cost of 68 cts. each. A school is taught throughout the year. The farm yields a revenue of §3,500. Four daily, 2 tri-weekly, 8 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 3 monthly papers are published in the co.^ 1 Tlie first CO. officers were Elisha B. Strong. First Judge Tirauthy Barnard, Jtulge; Joseph Spencer, Assi&tant Justice; James Seymour, Shei-ijf; Nathaniel Rochester, Clerk; and Elisha Ely, Siirmgate. - The first courthouse was built in 1821, soon after the organ- ization of the CO. It was removed to give place to the present Btructure in 1852. The present courthouse w.as built at a cost of $50,000, at the joint expense of the city and co. 8 T/ie Rochester Gazette, the first paper published in Monroe CO., was commenced in 1816 by Augustine G. Danby. John Sheldon and Oran Follett were subsequently as- sociated with hijii; and in 1831 the paper passed into the hands of Levi W. Sibley, publisher, with Derlck Sibley a** editor, and its name wa^ changed to The Mcniroe Republican. In 1S25 Whittlesey & Mumford became proprietors. In July. lS27.it was purchased by Luther Tucker & Co.. who clKumid its name to TlLe Kocliester Republican, and continued its publi- cation in connection with the Rochester Daily Adver- tiser until 1839. when the establishment passed into the hands of Thomas H. Hyatt. After passini^ through various hands, it is now published by Curtis, Butts & Co.; Isaac liutts, editor. The Rochester Tdegraph was commenced July 7, 1818. by Eve- rard. Peck & Co. In 1S24 Thurlow Weed became its editor, and in 1825 he and Robert Martin purchased the establishment. In 1827 they commenced The Semi- Weekly Telegraphy which in a short time was changed to I7« Rochester Daily Telegraph. In 1828 Weed retired, and the papers, daily and weekly, were continued by Martin. On the 1st of Jan. 1829, the daily was united with the Rochester Daily Advertiser, and in 1S30 the weekly was merged in the Rochester Republican. 27W True Genesee Farmer, mo., wiis publish-'d a short time about 1824 by Wm. A. Welles; N. iTondsell, editor. The Rochester Album was commenced in Oct. 1825. by Mac-shall. Spaulding & Hunt. In 1827 it was united with the Telei;raph. The Rochester Doily Advertiser, the first daily paper w. of Albany, wa-^ commenced Oct. 25. 1826, by Luther Tucker and Henry C. Sleight, under the firm of Luther Tucker & Co. In 1S28 the partnership was dissolved, and the publication was continued by Tucker. On the 1st of Jan. 1829, the paper was united with the Rochester Daily Telegraph and issued as The RocheyUr Daily Adrertiser and Telfgraph, by Tucker & Martin. In 1^:29 Martin retired, and in 1830 Tucker dropped the sub-title of Telegraph, Henry O'Reilly. H. L. Stevens, Thomas W. Flugg. and Hiram Humphrey were successively interested with Tucker in its publication as associate editors, until May 1839, when the establishment was transferred to Thomas H. Hyatt, who became editor and proprietor. After passing through several hands, the paper was united with the Rochester Daily Union, Sept. 1, 1856, and is now published as Tlie Rochester Daily Union and Advertiser. Isaac Butts, editor; Curtis, Butts & Co., proprieturs. The Rochfster Mercury was commenced in Jan. 1827, by Luther Tucker & Co. It was issued weekly in connection with the Daily Advertist^r, and was merged in the Rochester Republican when that paper passed into the hands of the Daily Advertiser. The Rochester Observer was commenced in 1827. Luther Tucker & Co.. printers; Rev. G. G. Sill, editor: Josiah Bissell, jr.. proprietor. After several successive changes of editor.^ and publishers, it was united u-ith the New York Evjingelist in 1832. Thfi Rochester Balance was commenced in Jan. 1828, by D. D. Stephenson. It soon passed into the hands of Thurlow Weed and Samuel Heron, who changed its name to The Anti-Masimic Inquirer. D. N. Spragne succeeded Heron, and Weed retired in 1830. In 1831 Eraatus Shepard j united the Western Spectator of Palmyra with it. In I 1832, Alva Strong became connected with Shepard in I the publication, and in 1834 the paper was merged in I the National Republican. j The CVo/'fanian (Masonic) was commenced at Rochester in 1838 by E. J. Hoberts. It was published about a year and a half and then removed to Albany. The Western Wanderer was commenced at Rochester in 1828 by Peter Cherry. It soon passed into the hands of Edwin Scranton, who changed its name to The Rochester Oem, It subsetpiently passed into the hands of Strong & Dawson, and was discontinued in 1843. T?ie Spirit of the Age, eemi-mo., was published in Rochester in 1830 by Ames & Barnum. The Rochester Morning Courier was published in 1830 by E. J. Roberts. The Genesee Fanner was commenced in Rochester in Jan. 1831, by Tucker & Stevens, with N. Goodsell as nominal editor. It was continued by Tucker until the close of 1839, when it was united with the Cultivator, at Al- bany. The National RepnliUcan was commenced at Rochester in the spring of 1831 by Sidney Smith. In 1833 a daily edi- tion, entitled The Morning Advertiser, was issued from the same office. It was soon after changed to The Evening Advertiser, and in 1854 Smith sold the establish- ment to Shepard & Strong, who united the Republican with the Inquirer and ihantted the name to The, Monroe. Denwcrat, and the name of the daily to The Rochester Daily Democrat. In 1836. George DaWiion became interested in the establishment, and acted as editor until 1839. In 1846, Alva Strong, Samuel P. Allen, and Henry Cook were editors and proprietors. In Dec. l^'iT. the papers were united with the Daily and Weekly Aiii-Tican, and the daily is now issued as Tlie Daily Democrat and American, and the Weekly as Tlie Monroe Democrat, by Strong, Allen & Hunting- ton, prnpiifitcrs. and S. P. Allen, editor. Tlie Tri-AVeekly Democrat is Issued from the same office. IJie Rochester Mirror was published in 1832 by Scranton A Holstein. The Age was published at Rochester in 1833. The American Revivalist and Rfjchester Observer was published in 1833 by N. C. Sastou. GoodsdVs Genesee Farmer was commenced at Rochester in 1833 by Nahum Goodsell, ami continued a short time. 77te Rightt of Man was published at Rochester in 1834 by the Anti-Slavery Socii'ty. The Family Journal and Christian Philnnthr(^nstvrH3 published at Rochester in 1834 by W. B. Van Brunt. The Monthly Genesee Famwr was commenced in 1836 by Luther Tucker. It was made up from the Weekly Genesee Farmer, and, with that paper, was united with the Cul- tivator in 1S39. TJieWatchman was published at Rochester in 1838 by Delazon Smith. McKenzie's Gazette was published at Rochester in 1838 and '39 by Alexander McKenzie. The New Geve-'^ee Farmer, mo., was commenced in 1840. M. B. Bateman. editor. Its name was aft^Tward changed to Tlie Genesee Farmer. It was successively edited by Heniy Coleman, Daniel Lee, D. D. T. Moore, and James Vick, and is now edited and published by Joseph Harris. TJie Worl-ing Man's Advocate, daily, \vas commenced in Roches- ter. Oct. 19, 1839, by the Typographical Association. Henry C. Erink, editor. They also issued a i^eekly edition. In April, 1840, it was purchased by James Tick and George P. Frost, who changed its name to Tlie Evening Advocate. In 1841 it passed into the hands of John J. Reilly & Co., who changed its name to T/ie Evening Fost, and published it in connection with a weekly paper called The Western New }'fn-ker. On the lat of April. 1843. Erastus Shepard became proprietor, and in November foilv*wing the two papers were discontinued. The Rochester Dadi/ Whig, a campaign paper, was piiblished 1?» 1840 by W'm. A. Welles. MONROE COUNTY. 397 The Erie Canal extends e. and w. through the co. It crosses the Irondequoit Valley upon the highest embankment upon the whole canal line. At Kochester it crosses Genesee Kiver npou an aqueduct built of solid blocks of Onondaga limestone. The Genesee Valley Canal intersects the Erie Canal at Rochester, affording water communication s. to near the Penu. line, and opening into Allegany River at Olean. The New York Central R. R. extends through the co., several of it3 branches radiating from Rochester. The direct branch e. extends along the line of the Erie Canal, through Brighton, Pittsford, and Perinton, to Syracuse. The Auburn Branch extends 3. e. through Brighton and Pittsford to Auburn and Syracuse. The Buffalo Branch extends s. w, through Gates, Chili, and Riga ; and the Niagara Falls Branch extends w. through Gates, Greece, Ogden, and Sweden. The Genesee Valley R. R. extends s. from Rochester through Brighton, Henrietta, and Rush ; the Canandaigua & Niagara Bridge Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. extends through Rush and Mendon ; and the Rochester & Charlotte Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. extends from Rochester n. to the lake shore. The territory now forming Monroe co. formerly constituted a portion of the hunting grounds of the Seneca Nation, although it contained none of their principal villages. The region was frequently visited by the French ; but no permanent settlement was made till after the Revolution, Th& Dailr/ Sun was published in Rochester a few months in 1840 by Alfred Oakley. The American Citizen was published at Rochester and Perry (Wyoming co.) in 1S41 by W. L. Chaplin. The Jeffersonian, daily, was published in Rochester a short time about 1842 by Thomas L. Nichols. The Cfifislian Guardian was published a short time in 1842 by Rev. J. Whitney. The M'^chartics' Advocate was published a short time in 1843. The Mochcstrr Daily American wm commenced Dec. 23, 1844, by Leonard Jerome & J. M. Patterson ; Alexander Mann, editor. A tri-weekly and a weekly edition were also issued. In July. 1S45, Lawrence R. Jerome became a partner, and in 1846 the establishment passed into the bands of Leonard & Lawrence R. Jerome. In 1846 Dr. Daniel Lee was associated as assistant editor; and in 1S47 Reuben D. Jones was assistant. Dec. 1, 1857, the paper was united with the Rochester Daily Demo- crat aud issued as the Democrat and American. The Sochester Herald, daily, was published in 1844 by E. S. Watson. The Voice of Truth and Glad Tidings of the Kingdom at Hand. (Second Advent.) was commenced at Rochester in 1844 by Elder Joseph Marsh. In 1S4S it was changed to The Advent Harbinger, and in 1849 to The Advent Harbinyer and Bible Advocate. It was subsequently changed to The Prophetic BxposUor and Bible AdT^o- cate, under which title it is still issued by the original proprietor. The Roch^^ter Temperance Jtmrnal was commenced in 1846, and Continued .i short time. The Geuesee Kvangelist was commenced at Rochester in IS4ti by Kev. Juhn E. Kuby. It is at present issued semi-monthly by R. W. Hill. Tlie Chridian Offering was published at Rochester a short time in 1847 by S. B. t^haw. The Penny Preacher waa published a short time by Eraetus Shepard. Tlie Gcnesre Olio, semi-mo., wag published in Rochester in 1847 by I'ranklin Cowdery. Tbp N'-irfh .S'AfrwaH published at Rochester in 1S47 and '4S. Miemirn If'in'/'',lxb!"'fwa8 [niblishetl at Rochester in 1848. Frederick Douglasses Paper was commenced at Ro- chester in 1S48 by Frederiik Douglasa, editor and pro- prietor, and is still publiphed by him. The Wasliiruitrmian was published at Rochester in 1848 by C. H. i^edg■H^ck. The Ench- ater Girmania was published in 1S49. The Groningfi Oairant was commenced in 1849, and continued a few months. The ChrUti'in Sentinel was commenced in 1849, and continued a short time. Brewstir\. Widener and his sons Jacob, Abraham, "William, and Peter; Sot tie and family, Joseph Cary. Lemuel and Joseph Wood, ^^iimuel Scott, Joshua Howell. Benj. Bowen, John Kimball, I'illing- ham, Franklin and family, all settled previous to ISuii. The first birth was that of a childof Joseph Wood, in 1799. The first death occurred in the family of Joseph Morgan. Jam**s Chap- man kept the first store, in 1807 ; and Joseph Cary built the first mill. 7 2 M. E., 2 Bap., and Presb. 8 Named from Gen. Clarkson, an extensive landholder, who gave 100 acres to the town. MONROE COUNTY. 309 dulations in the s. It is di*aincd to the n. e. by the head branches of Sahuon and Little Salmon Creeks. The soil is a sandy loam, mixed with day. Clarb-SOn, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, a brewery, and 325 inhabitants. It is the residence of Ex-Linut. Gov. Henry R. 8el- den. Salt was manufactured to a limited extent by the early settlers. East Clarkson, (I'-v.,) in the s. e. corner, contains a church and 20 houses; West ClarKson, in the w. part, 30 houses. The first settlement commenced in 1809, by James Sayres, Moody Truman, and Elijah Blodgett'. There are 3 churches in town; 2 M. E. and Cong, GATES^ — was formed March 30, 1802, as ^'Northampton" Its name was changed June 10, 1812. Parma, Riga, and Murray (Orleans co.) were taken off in 1808, and Greece in 1822. It is near the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, and slightly inclined toward the n. Genesee River forms a small portion of the e. boundary on the s. e. corner. It is drained by small streams. The soil is a fine quality of calcareous loam, intermixed with clay. The people are largely engaged in raising vegetables for the Rochester market. Oates (p. o.) is 1 mi. n. of Gates Center. Gates Center and West Gates are hamlets; and Cold water is a station upon the Bufi*alo Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1809, by Isaac Dean, from Vt,^ The census reports 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Presb. GREECE — was formed from Gates, March 22, 1822. It lies near the center, on the n. border of the CO, Genesee River and Lake Ontario form its e. and n, boundaries. Its surface is rolling, with a general inclination toward the lake. Ifc is drained by several streams that flow into the small bays that indent the lake shore. These bays, six in number, beginning at the w., are respectively Braddocks Bay and Cranberry, Long, Buck, Round, and Little Ponds. The shifting sand bars at their mouths destroy their commer(?ial utility. The soil is a clay loam, with large tracts of drift sand along the lake shore. Charlotte,* (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, near the mouth of Genesee River, is a U. S. port of entry in the Gene^see District, and the lake port for Rochester, 7 mi. above. It contains 2 churches, a lighthouse, 3 shipyards, a steam sawmill, 2 grain elevators, planing mill, and lumber yard. Pop. 400. Sis schooners are owned in the place ; and the lake steamers touch here daily during navigation. West Greece, (p. v.,) on the line of Parma, contains 2 churches and 30 houses; Xorth Greece (p. v.) a church and 20 houses; Soutti Greece, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner, 25 houses; and Greece (p. v.) a church and 20 houses. Oanfords I^andlng*, (p. v.,) in the s, e. corner, at the head of navigation on Genesee River from the lake, contains 20 houses. Greece Center and Reads Corners are hamlets. The first settlement was made at the mouth of the Genesee, in 1792,^ by Wm. Ilencher and famil/. The census reports 7 churches in town.® MEMRIETTA'— was formed from Pittsford, March 27, 1818. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, Genesee River forming its w. boundary. The streams are small, and usually dry in summer. The soil is a fertile, argillaceous loam. East Henrietta, (Henrietta p. o.,) e. of the center, contains 2 churches, the Monroe Academy, and 181 inhabitants. West lleurietta^ (P- v.,) s. w. of the center, contains a church, a steam mill, furnace, extensive carriage shops, and 40 houses. The first settlement was commenced by Jesse Pangburn, in 1806.® The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1811.* 1 The first Bettlement was made at Clarkaon; and among the early settlers at that point were David Forsyth and Dea. Joel Palmer, from Conn. Eldridge. John, and Isaac Farwell came in ISIO, and located w. of Clarkson Village. Dr. Abiel Bald- win, from Saratoga, came in 1811. The first male cliild born was a eon of Mrs. Ctarksou; the first female birth was that of Betsey Palmer, in 1812. Charlotte Cummings taught the firHt school, in 1812. Ueury McCall kept the first store, about 1810. 2 Named in honor of Gen. Horatio Gates. * Among the early settlers who arrived in 1809 were John Sickles and Augustus B. Shaw. In 1817, Kzra Mason. Hartford, and Richard. Paul. Philip, Lisle, and Lowell Thomas, located in town. William Williams came in 1819. Tiie first child horn was a daughter of Ezra Mason, in 1818. Ira West kept the first store, and Isaac Dean built the first mill. < In June, 1813, tbo British fleet, under Sir .Tanif-s Yeo. landed at Charlotte and seized a quantity of provisions and whiskey. In Sept. of the same year the iioet again made its appearance at the mouth of the Genesee, and commem^ed a heavy fire upon the place; but the American fleet made its appearance, relieved the place, and the British escaped with considerable difficulty. In May, 1814, the British came once more, and, under cover of a flag of truce, a demand was made to deliver up the public stores at Rochester. The few militia- men who were present passed into and out of the woods in sight of the British, giving the appearance of a great number; 1 and the enemy, suspecting an ambuscade, retired, after having furiously bombarded the woods for an hour. fi Among the other early settlers were John Love, in 1793, at the mouth of the river; Zadoc Granger and Gideon King, at the Lower Geneeee Falls, now Hanfords Landing, in 1796; and, in the winter of 1796 and '97, Eli Granger, Thomas King, tfimon King, Elijah Kent, Frederic Bushnell, and Samuel Lutta located in town. Kli Granger and Abuer Migells built a schooner at Hanfords (then Kings) Landing, in 1799. This was the first merchant vessel built by Americans on Lake Ontario. The first m;irriage was that of Thomas Lee and a daugliter of Wm. Ilenchir. Frederic Ilanford kept the first stoic, in 1810; ami Nathaniel Jones built the first sawmill. « 2 M. K., Fresh.. Bap.. Cong., Union, and B.C. ' Named from Henrietta Laura, Countess of Bath, daugbtei of f^ir Wm. Pulteney. 8 Maj. Isaac Scott received for military services 900 acres in the 3. w. part of the town, and aftemptfd a BPttlemoiit ^n 1790, but abandoned it in 1792. In 1HU6, Cliarlea Rice, Wm ; homp- son. Thomas Sparks, Moses Goodall. Geo. Dickinson. Sclal Heed, and Gidti'on Griswold settled in the w.part. In 1807, Ira Hatch, Jonathan Russell, Benjamin Hale, and the Baldwin family s.-ttlcd on what w;i8 called the Wadsworth Road. In ISO'.t. the Spring family settled near the center. Sarah Leppett taught the first school, in 1x09; James Smith kept the first etore; and Jonathan Smith built the first sawmill. "* The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., 2 Bap,, and Cong. 400 MONROE COUNTY. IROJWDEQITOIT*— was formed from Brighton, March 27, 1839. It lies on the n. border of the CO., E. of the center. Lake Ontario forms the n., Irondequoit Bay the e., and Genesee River the w. boundary. Its surface is rolling, with an inclina:ion in the n. part toward the lake and the deep valley of Irondequoit Bay on the e. The streams are small and flow n. and e. into the lake and bay. The soil in the n. part is sandy, and in the s. clay loam. Irondequoit, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 15 houses. A suburb of Rochester, in the s. w. corner, contains 50 houses. The first settlement was made by Wm. Walker, in 1791,^ There is no church in town. ME^^DOiV — was formed from Bloomfield, (Ontario co.,) May 20, 1812. It lies on the s. border of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface in the n. and e. is rolling, and in the s. w. moderately hilly, Honeoye Creek flows through the s. w. corner, and the headwaters of Irondequoit Creek through near the center. There are three small ponds in the n. w. part. The soil is a clayey, calcareous loam. Uoueoye Falls,^ (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, incorp. April 12, 1833, contains 4 churches, 3 flouring mills, 1 gristmill, a sawmill, 2 woolen factories, a plaster mill, a manufactory of agriculturiil implements, and a stone quarry. It is a station on the Canaudaigua & Niagara Falls Branch of the N, Y. C. R. R. Pop. about 1,100. Mendon, (p. v.,) in the e. part, contains 2 churches, a steam flouring mill, a steam sawmill, a foundery, and 20 houses ; and Meiidon Center (p. v.) a grist and saw mill and 15 houses. Sibleyville, in the s. w., is a hamlet. The first settlement was made at Iloneoye Falls, by Zebulon Norton, from Vt., in 1790.* The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1809 ;^ Rev. Jesse Brayman was the first settled minister, OGDE3J* — was formed from Parma, Jan. 27, 1817. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating, with a slight inclination toward the N. The streams are small brooks forming head branches of Sandy, Salmon, and Little Black Creeks. The soil is a fine quality of calcareous and clayey loam. It is one of the best wheat growing towns in the co. Spencerport^' (p. v.,) a canal village and r. r. station, in the n. e. part of the town, contains 4 churches, a furnace, tannery, gristmill, and sawmill. Pop. 578. Adams Basin, (p. v.,) is a canal village and r. r. station of 30 houses, in the n. w. part of the town. O^den Center contains a church and 35 houses. O^den is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 1802, by George W. Willey, from East Haddam, Conn.^ The first preacher was Rev. Daniel Brown, in 1807 ; and the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1811.® PARMA^** — was formed from '■'Northampton,''^ now Gates, April 8, 1808. Ogden was taken oS in 1817. It lies upon Lake Ontario, w. of the center of the co. The surface is level in the n., and gently rolling in the s., with a slight inclination toward the n. Its streams are Salmon, Little Salmon, Buttonwood, and Long Pond Creeks. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, intermixed in places with sand and clay. Weak brine springs are found s. of Unionville. Parma Cor- ners^ (Parma p. o.,) upon the ridge, in the s. part, contains a church, the Parma Institute, a pump factory, and 116 inhabitants. Parma Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a machine shop, and 109 inhabitants. Unionville, n. of the center, contains 2 churches, a furnace, ma- chine shop, and 145 inhabitants. IVortli Parma is a p. o. The first settlement was made in the N. E. part, in 1794, by Rozaleet Atchinson and his sons Stephen and John, from Tolland, Conn," The first church (Bap.) was formed May 27, 1809.^'-^ 1 Named from the bay. Called by the Indians Neo-daK)n- dii-qnat. eignifying a bay. * Walker was a ranger. He settled at the mouth of Genesee River, but shortly after removed to the w. side of the river, into the present town of Greece. Amonj the other early settlfrs were Park. Dunbar, Elisha Scudder, Dr. Hosmer, Enim-^r Keynolds. Jesse Case, and Adonyah Green, from Vt. The first death was that of Elijah Brown, in 18U6. * Long known as '■'Nort/ms Millsy'^ from the first mills, erected by Zebnion Norton. * Capt. Ball and Peter Sines, from Conn, came in with Mr. Norton. Among the other early settlers were Daniel WUliams, Capt. Treat, Rufua Parks, Ebenezer Rathbun, Benj. Parks, Wm, Hickox, Lorin Wait, and Keubon Hill, from Mass., in 1793. Tliese all settled in the E. part of the town. Sterling. .Ja.son Cross, Moore, and Calvin Perrin settled at Hone- oye Falls, in 1794; John Parks, Jonas Allen, and Joseph Bryan, in 1795 ; Charles Foot and Samuel Lane, in 1797. The first birth was that of Wm. E. Sterling, in 1795; the first mar- riage, that of Jason Cross and Mary Moon, in 1796; and the first death, that of John Moon, in ISOl. Welcome Garfield taught the first school; Abram Parrish kept the first inn; and James Dickinpon the first store. 6 The census reports 9 churches in town; 2 Fresh., 2 Union, Prot. E., M. E., Bap., Cong., and Christian. * Named from Wm. Ogden, son-in-law of John Murray, original proprietor. The town embraces a portion of '' Mill Yard Tract." ^ Named from Wm. H. Spencer, the pioneer aettler. 8 Among the other early settlers were Ephraim, Abraham, Timothy, and Isaac Colby, and Wm. H. Spencer, in 1803; .To- siah Mather. Jonathan Brown, Henry Hahn, Daniel Wandle, Benajah Willey. John Webster, Benj. Freeman, and Daniel Spencer, in ISOi ; Judge William B. Brown and Daniel Arnold, in 1805; and Austin Spencer, in 1SU8. These early settlers were all from Conn. The first child born was John Colby, in 1805; and the first death was that of Mrs. G. W. Willey. in 1S03. Miss Willey taught the first school, in 1807. George Huntley kept the first inn; Charles Church the first store ; and Wm. U. Spencer built the first sawmill. OThe census reports 7 churches in town; Bap., Cong., M. E., Meth. Prot., Presb., R. C, and Union. 10 This town embraces the N. w. portion of the Mill Yard Tract. n Among the other early settlers were Michael Beach, Silas Leonard, Geo. Gtx)dhue, and Timothy Madden, in 1802; Jona- than Underwood. Gibbon Jewell, Geo. Huntley, Abner Brock- way, jr., Jas. Egbert, and Jonathan Ogden, in 1805; Hope and Elisha Downs, in 1S09; Augustus Mather, Lendell Curtisa, Sam'l Castle, and Kinnicone Roberts, in 1810; and Joshua Whitney, in 1811. The first marriage was thatof Capt. Jonathan Leonard and a daughter of Wm. Hincher. Alpheus Madden taught the first school, in 1804; J.Thompson kept the first store: Hope and Elisha Downs the first inn; and Jonathan Whitney built the firpt saw and grist mill. 13 The census rej^vorts 9 churche.'! in town ; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 Preub., F. W. Bap., Christian, and Cong. MONROE COUNTY. 401 PEXFIEliD'— was formed from "Boyle," March 30, 1810. Webster was taken off in 1S40 It lies on the e. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is rolling, and in the w. it is much broken. Irondequoit Bay enters the N. w. corner. Irondequoit Creek iiows through the s. w. corner and forms a part of the w. boundary. It falls about 90 ft. in the village of Penfield. The other streams are small brooks. The soil is drift sand over argillaceous loam. Penfield, (p. v.,) ill the s. w. part, on Irondequoit Creek, contains 3 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a woolen factory, a foundery, and a manufactory of agricultural implements. Pop. 560. I.ovetts Cor- ners {Ea-st Penfield p. o.) contains 20 houses; Penfield Center contains 15 houses. The first permanent settlement was made by Lebbeus Ross and Calvin Clark, in 1801.'' There are 4 churches in town.' PERIBfTOm*— was formed from "Boyle," May 26, 1812. It is the s. town on the e. line of the CO. Its surface is uneven, a ridge from the s. e. terminating near the center. Turk Ilill, in the s. part, is the highest point in the oo. The town is drained by the headwaters of Irondequoit Creek and its branches. The soil is a sandy loam. Fairport, (p. v.,) N. w. of the center, a canal and R. R. station, contains 5 churches, 3 flouring mills, 2 sawmills, a plaster mill, 2 planing mills, a sale- ratus factory, machine shops, and carriage shops. Pop. 685. Buslinells Basin, (p. v.,) in the w. part, on the canal, contains a church and 252 inhabitants; and Eg'ypt, (p. v.,) s. E. of the center, a church and 30 houses. Fullams Basin is a hamlet, on the canal. The first settle- ment commenced in 1790, but was mostly abandoned soon after. Glover Perrin was the first per- manent settler, in 1793.* Rev. Crane preached the first sermon. There are 8 churches in town.' PITTSFORD— was formed from " SmaUivood," March 25, 1814. Henrietta was taken off in 1818. It is an interior town, lying e. of tlie center of the co. Its surface is undulating, with a gentle inclination toward the N. Irondequoit Creek flows through the n. e. part, and Aliens Creek through the w. part. The soil is sandy in the N., and clayey and gravelly in thes. Pittsford, (p. V.,) near the center, a canal and r. r. station, was inoorp. April 7, 1827. It contams 4 churches, a union school, and a flouring mill. Pop. 702. Cartersrille, in the E. part, on the canal, contains a distillery and 12 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1789, by Israel and Simon Stone.' The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1809.^ RIGA— was formed from " Norihampion," now Gates, April 8, 1808. Chili wa.s taken off in 1822. It lies on the w. border of the co., near the s. w. corner. Its surface is level or gently undu- lating. Black Creek, a dull, sluggish stream, flows E. in a tortuous course through near the center. The soil is a clayey loam. Cliurcliville,' (p. v.,) n. w. of the center, on Black Creek, is a r. r. station, and contains 4 churches, a saw and flouring mill, foundery, and machine shop. Pop. 450. Ri^a Center, (Riga p. o.,) near the center, contains a church, the Riga Academy, and 25 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1805, under the auspices of James Wadsworth.'" The first church (Cong.) was formed in the fall of 1806 ;" Rev. Allen HoUister was the first pastor. 1 Named from Daniel Penfield, an extenBive landholder during the early settlement. 8 Asa CarpeDter tiad previously settled, but did not remain. (len. Jonathan Fassett. of Vt., Caleb Hopkins, Maybee, and four others, made a settlement, but soun after abandoned it on account of sickness. Hopkins and Miiytiee remained. As early aa 1804, Josiah J. Kellogg. Dan'l S^ilw^"lI, Uenj. .Minor, Jonathan and David Baker, Isa.ac Beatty. and llenrv Paddock, moved in. Daniel Penfield came in 1810. The first birth was that of a child of Mrs. Fiske; and the first de^atli w.oa that of Benj. Stilwell. in 1804. Jos. Hatch taught the first school; Daniel Stilwell kept the first inn. in ISOfl; and Wm. McKinster the first store. The first mills were built by Daniel Penfield. ' Bap., F. W. Bap., M. ¥,., and Presb. * Named from Glover Perrin, the first permanent settler. 6 Among the early settlers were Jesse Perrin, in 1794, Abner Wright, in 1795, Caleb Walker, in 1799. and Asa and Edward Perrin, Levi Treadwell, Maj. Norton, John Scott, John Peters, and Gideon Ram.'idell, soon after. The first birth was th.at of Asa Wright, in 1797. Glover Perrin kept the first inn ; Gregory & Dean the first store ; and Richard Lincoln built the first grist- mill. « 2 Wes. Meth., M. E., Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., Univ., and Union. t Silas Nye, Joseph Farr, Alex. Dunn, and David Davis, from Washington CO., settled near the center about the same time; Thos, Clelland, Ezra Patterson, and Josiah Oirnins.>n soon after. In 1790 and "91, the Stone family, of 7 iwrsons, Caleb Hopkins, Wra. Acker, Israel Canfield, and Beiy. Miller, came in. The first marriage was that of N. Armstrong and Miss K.Cole. The first school waa taught in 1794. John Mann built the first mill, in 1805, on Irondequoit Creek, in the E. part of the town 8 There are 4 churches in town ; Presb., Prot. E., M. B., and Bap. « Named from Samuel Church, the pionoer settler at the vil- lage in l.SOS. le The first settlers were mostly from Mass. Elihu Church settled near the center, in March, 180G, .Soon atler. Samuel Shepard settled in the 3. w. part; Henry Brewster. S;iml Bald- win, William Parker. Ezekiel Barnes, Nehcmiah Frost, Samuel Cliurch, Jas. Knowl.-s, Thos, Bingham, Jos. Tucker, Knos Morse, and Geo. Richmond, in 1807; and Jos. Emerson and Klier and Chester Orcntt, in 1808, The first birth was that of a daughter of Sam! Church; the first male child born was Hiram Sheparii, in ISOii; the first de.ath wa.s that of Richard Church, in 1807. Jos. Thompson kept the first inn: Thompson & Tuttlc the first store, in 1808. Samuel Church built the flrrt sauiuiU, in 1808, and the first gristmill, in 1811, both at Churchvilio. u The census reports 6 churches in town ; 2 Cong., M. E., Pr«eb., Bap., and Univ. 26 402 MONROE COUNTY. ROCHESTER^— -n-as taken from Brighton and Gates, and incorp. as a village, by the name of " IfochestervtUe," March 21, 1S17. Its name was changed April 12, 1822, and it was en- larged and incorporated as a city April 28, 1834.^ It is located N. of the center of the co., upon Genesee River, 7 mi. from its mouth ; and it contains an area of about 8 sq. mi. The surfaoe is level or gently undulating. The N. Y. C. R. R. track is 280 ft. above Lake Ontario ; and Mt. Hope Ridge, the higliest point upon the s. border, is 160 ft. higher. The city has a solid founda- tion of Niagara limestone, cropping out along the course of the river, but in other parts of the city usually covered with drift deposits. The Genesee flows n., dividing the city into two nearly equal parts. Its course through the city is mostly a succession of rapids and falls, affording an ex- tensive and valuable water-power, which is fully improved for manufacturing purposes,' The city is quite regularly laid out, most of the streets crossing each other at right angles. The N. and s. streets are parallel to the river, and upon the principal e. and w. streets bridges are built across the river.* The streets are usually well paved and bordered by commodious side- walks. The city is divided into 12 wards. The immense water-power furnished by Genesee River gives to the city great advantages for manufacturing.^ Mills were erected at an early period ; and gradually other machinery was added, until the present great amount and variety have been attained. The staple manufacture of the city is flour. There are now in operation 24 mills and an aggregate of 125 runs of stone. The mills have a capacity for grinding 800,000 bbls. of flour per annum ; and the aggregate capital invested is $700,000. Since the failure of the wheat crop in Western New York, a considerable portion of the water-power has been directed to other manufacturing purposes.® The culture of fruit and ornamental trees has for many years formed an important business of the city; and now the nurseries are among the most extensive in the country.' The cotnmerce of the city is large, though of much less importance than the manufactures. It 1 Xamed fiLim Col. Nathl Rochester, one of the original pro- prietors. 2 At the first village meeting, held May 13, 1S28, under charter, Francis Brown waa elected President, and Wm. Cobb, Everard Peck, Dan. Mack, and Jehiel Barnard. Trustees. The villaee corporation embraced 750 acres. The first city officers — elected iu June. 1S34 — were .Jonathan Child. Mayor; Louis Brooks, Tbos. Kerapshall. Elijah F.Smith, Fred'k F. Backus, and A.W. Ripley. Aldtrmcn; Ji'hn C. Nash, C/trA-.- and E. F. Marshall, JVeaswrer. 3 The whole fall of Genesee River within the co. is 280 ft., of which 2iJ5 are below the s. line of the city. The falls evidently all once formed a single cascade; but the different degrees of hardness of the several rocks over which the rivf r flows have caused an unequal retrograde movement of the falls, until they have assumed tiieir present pof-ition. The surface shales have worn away gradually to a uniform slope, over which the water flows in a series of rapids. At the Upper Falls the stream falls a distance of 96 feet over the perpendicular edge of the Niagara limestone underlaid by shale. Below the Upper Falls the river flows IJ mi., through a deep ravine bounded by nearly perpen- dicular si'les. to the Middle F.ills, where it has a descent of 25 ft. One hundrL-d rods below, it descends S4 ft. over a ledge of Me- dina sandstone to the level of Lake Ontario. Several sulphur springs flow out of the rocks below the Middle Falls. * The river is crossed by 4 bridges, respectively at Buffalo, Court, Andrew, and Clarissa St«. The Court and Andrew St. Bridges are of iron, and the others of wood. The first bridge was built upon the site of the present Buffalo St. Bridge, in IslO- 12, under a special act. The cost — $12,00i:i — was raised by tax. in Ontario and Genesee cos. The Ct'urt St. Bridge was first built in 1826, by individuals. It waa replaced by the present struc- ture iu 1858, at the city expense. The Central R. R. Bridge crosses the river a few rods above the Upper Falls. The canal is crossed by 5 substantial iron bridges, built by the State. Other bridges are built across the canal feeder and the various mill- races extending through the city. 6 The situation of this water-power is very favorable for the growth of manufactures. Ve.'^sels from Lake Ontario can come up the river to the foot of the Lower Falls, 2 mi. below the center of the city ; and above the rapids the river is navigable to Mount Morris, a distance of 53 mi. The first mill was built by Ebenezer Allen, in 1788-89. He soon after sold out to Col. Fish and removed to Canada. This mill and one other were tiie only ones at this place until 1814. when Elisha and Henry Ely and Josiah Bissell built another at the Upper Falls. During this year a f'--w hundred bbls. of flour were si-ut to the Niagara frontier, — the first flour ever exported from Rochester. The I'hoenix l^Iills were built in 1818; since that time the number has I'lrgely increased, until now Rochester is one of the largest flour ■wauuiacturingplaces in the country. It ia called the "FlourCity." 6 Flour Borrds form an important item in the manufacturing interests of the city. There are now engaged in this business 41 tirms. producing in the aggregate 250,000 bbls. annually, and giving employment to 400 men. Axes and Edge Tools are manufactured by 3 firms, with an aggregate capital of $180,000. and employing to 200 men. Machine Sfu^s, 9 in number, have an aggregate capital of $300,000, turn out goods to the amount of 3tiO0,000 per annum, and employ 750 men. Furnaces, 8 in number, employ 150 men, and have a capital of $320,000. The Duryee and Forsyth Safe and Scale ManufacturiTig Co. was incorp. in Dec. 1854, with a capital of $100,000. It givea employment to 250 men, and produces goods to the amount of $250,000 per annum. CoUmi Factories, 2 in number, give employment to 26 men, and produce $2;i0,000 worth of goods annually. Breivpries. 17 in number, have an aggregate capital of $130,000, and produce $250,000 worth of ale and lager beer annually. Boot Tards^ 15 in number, have a capital of $70,000, and manufacture $375,000 worth of boats annually. Coach a/id Carriatie. factoi'ies, S in number^turn out $150,000 worth of carriages annually. Boot and Sho': tactories. 5 in number, give employment to 900 hands, and turn out goods annually to the amount of $500,000. Cabinet Shops. 8 in number, employ 025 men, and turn out work to the amount of $500,000 annually. Chair Factorie:^, 2 in number, employ 300 men, and turn out chairs to the amount of $200,000 per annum. AmoDg the other articles annually manufactured are woolen cloths to the amount of $50,000. soap and candles to the amount of $i'O.OO0j carpets, paper, linseed oil. alcohol, paint, fire engines, rifles. &c. A carpet manufactory was started in 1832; and in 1838 there were 2 in successful operation. — one at the Lower and one at the Middle Falls. The first paper mill was built at the Upper Falls, in 1S19. A large paper mill below the Lower Falls now produces paper to the amount of $1.^0.000 annually. It is chiefly engaged in the manufacture of printing paper. There are several sawmills, planing mills, and tanneries in the city. Besides these, there are many minor manufactories, in the aggre- gate giving employment to a large number of men and making use of a great amount of capital. The city ranks among the first manufacturing towns in the State. ' EUwanger & Barry's Mount Hope Nursery, occupjiug 500 acres, is probably the most extensive nursery in the world. Samuel Moulson's Old Rochester Nursery occupies 350 acres; Alonzo Frost & Co's. Genesee Valley Nursery, abnut 250; and Hooker & Bisseirs East Avenue Nursery, about 200. J. O. Bloss & Co., Chas. Moulson, Burtis, Mattison & Co., Wm. King, and Wm. Bryan & Cc'a nurseries occupy 60 to 100 acres each. MONROE COUNTY. 403 is carried on hy means of the canals, railroads, and Lake Ontario.' The exports consist of the products of the Genesee Valley and of the manufactured goods of the city. Pop. 43,877. Besides the cD. buildings, the city contains several fine public edifices. The City Hall, combined with the co. courthouse, has already been described. Corinthian Hall contains the reading room and library of the Atheneum and Mechanics' Asso- ciation, and is one of the finest public halls in the country. The Arcade, fronting BuSalo St., is a commodious building, containing the p. o., telegraph oflices, and a variety of other offices, stores, ,000. It ha*» a German Theological Department. Us library contains 5,.'J00 vols., 4,(i00 of which belonged to Dr. Auiriistus Neander, the German ecclesiastical historian. * See p. 741. 404 MONROE COUNTY. City Tract Society; the Industrial School Association; the CJirixiiari Doctrine Society; Society of St. Alphoiims, (German;) St. Joseph's Convent of liedempt ion ; the Academies of St. Patriclc, The Sacred Heart, and Our Lady of Mercy. The St. Mary's Hospital has an average of ahout 70 patients. The Western House of Befugc for Juvenile Delinquents, a State institution, established in 1844. if located upon a farm of 42 acres 1 i mi. N. of the courthouse. The buildings consist of a large and imposing main edifice, with wings containing offices, cells, a chapel, &c. and a variety of work- shops. They occupy a site of 4J acres, surrounded by a high wall. The average number of in- mates is nearly 400.' The first religious services held in the co. were connected with the French missions in the 17th century. The first church at Rochester (Presb.) was formed in 1815, and the church edifice was erected in 1817 ; Rev. Comfort Williams was the first settled minister, in 1816. Several of the city churches are among the finest church edifices in the State. There are now 46 churches in the city.^ Mount Hope Cemetery is located in Brighton, near the s. line of the city. It embraces a lot of 70 acres located upon Mount Hope, the highest point of land in the vicinity, and one completely over- looking the city. It is laid out in excellent taste, and is one of the finest rural cemeteries in the country. St. Patrick's Cemetery contains 15 acres, and St. Joseph's Cemetery (German) 9 acres. The territory about the mouth of the Genesee first became known to the whites in the early ex- ploring expeditions of the French. A map of the region, prepared by Baron La Hontan, was published at London in 1703. Views of the Upper and Lower Genesee Falls had been published as early as 1708.' Many other adventurers visited the place and gave descriptions of it long previous to the Revolution. The country remained in the peaceable possession of the Indians until after the war, when immigration began to set in toward Western N. Y. The first settler who located at the falls was Bbenezer Allen, the notorious tory.* lie built a mill in 1788 or '90, but soon after sold out his improvements to the Pulteney Estate. The mill went to decay ; and there were no other white settlers for several years.* Among the earliest settlers were Jeremiah Olmstead, who located a short distance s. of the present site of the House of Refuge, in 1798-99 ; Wm. Cole, who estab- lished a ferry, in 1805 ; and Enos Stone, who built a mill, in 1808. In 1802, Nath'l Rochester, "Wm. Pitahugh, and Charles H. Carroll, from Md., purchased a tract of 300 acres at the Upper Falls ; and in 1812 they caused their land to be laid out for settlement. In the same year Francis and JIatthew Brown, from Mass., and Thomas Mumford, laid out a tract of 200 acres adjoining the fcprmer, and commenced the erection of mills, &c.° The war with Great Britain broke out at the time when the first eifurts were made to build up Rochester, and seriously retarded the progress of settlement. The fear of Indian hostilities and of hostile invasion from Canada caused many of the pioneer settlers to abandon their new homes and emigrate to the more populous sections of the country. At the close of the war, settlements commenced throughout Western N. Y. with increased rapidity ; and Rochester immediately felt the new impulse. A large number of settlers came in, mills were built, and the place immediately became the commercial and manufacturing center of the fertile Genesee country. The finishing of the Erie Canal gave a new impetus to the business of the place and served to greatly extend its manufacturing interests. Since that time the city has steadily and rapidly increased both in population' and business, until it has arrived at a front rank among the inland cities of the State. RITSH — was formed from Avon, (Livingston co.,) March 13, 1818. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. Its surface is rolling, with a w. inclination. Genesee River forms its w. boundary; and Honeoye Creek flows w. through the town and enters the river near the center of the w. border. In the w. part, along the river, are extensive fiats. The soil is a sandy, calcareous 1 The CPDtral building is S6 by m ft., and 3 stories high. The wings are each 148 by 32 ft.. — maliing the entire length of the building 382 feet. Juvenile dfliniuents are sentenced to this institution from the central, nnrthern, and western parts of the State, — those from the eastern part ln'ing sent to a similar insti- tution on Wards Island, New York City. The inmates spend a portion of each day in study and a portion in laboring at some useful employment. The principal business carried on is the manufacture of shoes and brushes, A library of 9.000 volumes is connected with the institution. The yearly cost is about $31,000, and the earnings of the inmates $12,000. See p. 42. = 10 Pre.sb., 8 M. E., 7 R. C, 4 I'rot. E., 4 Bap.. 2 Friends, and 1 each Cong,, Univ., Unit.. Ref, Prot, D,, Germ. Evan., Germ. Ref., Second Advent, .Society of Christians, Brothers in Chi'ist, Evang. Association, and Jewish, 5 Upon these early maps the Genesee was called " Casconchia- gon," or Little Senecas River. The water-power was not im- mediately improved, because every creek in the vicinity afforded sufficient power for the wants of the people, * .\aron Burr visited the place in 1705 and made a minute oad critical survey of the Falls, In 1797 Louis Philippe and his two brothers, then in exile, accompanied by Robert Morris, visited the place, 6 See p. 39S, 6 Charles Harford built a sm.all mill in 1S07, — the first one after that of Ebenezer Allen, The Browns built a race in 1812, and started a store. The same year Samuel J, Andrews and Moses Atwater laid out a tract of land for settlement. Among the settlers who came in about this time were Rev, Abelard Rey- nolds, Dr, Jonah Brown, (the first physician,) Abraham Starks, John Slatlick, (the first lawyer,) Henry Skinner, Israel Scranton, Liiscum Knapp, Ilezekiah Noble. Joseph Hughes, Ebenezer Kelly, Ira West, Elisha and Henry Ely, Porter 1', Peck, Josiah Bissell, jr„ Michael Cully, Harvey Montgomery, Charles D, Farman, and Geo, G, Sill, The first child born was a son of Enos Stone, Blay 4, 1810. Hamlet Scranton built the first framed dwelling, in 1S12, on the present site of the Eagle Tavern, "' The following table shows the progress of population since 1830 :— 1830 9,207 I 1846 26,965 1836 14,414 1860 36,403 1840 20,191 1866 43,877 MONROE COUNTY. 405 loam on the uplands, and a rich alluvium on the flats. East Rusll (Rush p. ).) contains a church, a saw and grist mill, a carriage factory, and about 250 inhabitants ; WestRush, (p. v.,) in the w. part, a station on the C. & N. F. Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., contains a saw and grist mill and 30 houses; Xortli Rusli, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, about 1 mi. e. oi Scottsville station, contains a church and 10 houses. Genesee Vallej' R. R. Junction is 1 mi. w. of West Rush. The first settlement was commenced in 1799, by Maj. Wm. JIarkham and Ran- som Smith, from N. H.' The first settled minister was Elder Golf, (Bap.)^ SWEDEIV — was formed from Murray, (Orleans co.,) April 2, 1813. It lies on the w. border of the CO., near the center. Its surface is level and gently rolling. A high ridge passes E. and W. through tlie town, N. of the center. Salmon Creek rises in the s. w. part and flows in an e. and N. E. course through the town. The soil is clay and clay loam. Brockport,' (p. v.,) in the n. part, a canal village and r. r. station, was incorp. April 26, 1829, contains 6 churches, the Brock- port Collegiate Institute,* a bank, 2 newspaper offices, 4 founderies, a planing mill, a manufactory of mowers and reapers, an extensive carriage manufactory, and a rotai-y pump manufactory. Pop, 2,143. Sweden Center, (Sweden p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 20 houses ; and West Sweden, near the s. w. corner, 2 churches and 15 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1807,° by Nathaniel Poole and Walter Palmer. There are 10 churches in town.* IJBflOlV — was formed from Clarkson, Oct. 11, 1852. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Lake Ontario forms its x. boundary. Its surface is slightly rolling and inclines toward the lake. It is drained by a niunber of small streams, the principal of which is Sandy Creok. The soil is a sandy, clayey, and gravelly loam. Salt was manufactured to a limited extent by the early settlers. Clarkson Center, (p. v.,) in tlie s. part, contains 35 houses ; iVortb Clarkson, (p. 0.,) in the E. part, 8 houses; Kendalls mills, near the s. w. corner, partly in Kendall, (Orleans co.,) is a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced in 1810, by Aretus Haskell.' There are 5 churches in town.' A Fourierite community was organized and located at the mouth of Sandy Creek, in 1843, under Dr. Theller, of Canadian Patriot War notoriety. The bubble soon buret. WEBSTER— was formed from Penfield, Feb. 6, 1840. It lies on Lake Ontario, in the n. e. corner of the co. Irondequoit Bay forms the w. boundary. Its surface from the ridge in the s. part has a gentle inclination to the lake. The shore rises in places 50 ft., and in the w., on Iron- dequoit Bay, 80 to 100 ft. The streams are small and flow n. into the lake. The soil is a sandv loam N. of the ridge, and clay and clay loam in the s. Salt was manufactured to some extent by the early settlers. W^ebster, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on the ridge, .contains 4 churches, the Web- ster Academy, and 310 inhabitants; West Webster, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 40 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1805, under the agency of Caleb Lyon.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1812, by Rev. Solomon Pierce.'" WHEATIiAHfD — was formed from Caledonia, (Livingston co.,) as "Inverness," Feb. 23, 1821. Its name was changed April 3, 1821. It lies upon the s. border, in the s. w. part of the CO. Genesee River flows s. on the E. border. Its surface is rolling. Oatka (or Aliens) Creek flows E. through near the center of the town. It is joined at Mumford by the Outlet of Caledonia Springs, forming an excellent water-power. The soil is loam, mixed with clay in the interior, and with sand and gravel in some localities, the whole underlaid by limestone. Gypsum is found in large quantities. Scottsville," (p. v..) in the e. part, contains 4 churches, a union school, extensive flouring mills. 1 Among the early settlers were .Joseph Morgan, from the w. side of the river, and Spraker. from the Mohawk. Philip Brice, ChrysUil Thomas, Jacob Stall, and .John Bell, came in 1801, from Md. ; ,Ioseph Sibley and Elisha Sibley, from Rensse- laer CO., in 1804; KlnaThan Perry and Thomas Paity, in l^OG. The first birth was that of .Toseph Morgan, in 1789. The first deaths were Mr. and .Mrs. Markham, in 1791. John Webster kept the first inn: Bem". Campbell the first store; and John Webster built the first gristmill. 2 The census reports 5 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Evan. Luth., Bap., and Christiiin. * Named from lliel Brockway, a prominent early settler in the villiige. * This instilution is under the supervision of the Baptist de- nomination, and is in a flourishing condition. 6 Siimuel Bishop, Hopkins. Isaiah White, and Sto|.hcn Johnson came in 1S07 : John Reed. Timothy Tyler, and Edward Parks, in ISOS. Reuben Moon, with his sons James. Amos, and Isaac, settled in 1809 and '10, in the E. part. .Tames Scott (colored) was the first settler in the s. part, in 1RU9. John Phelps. Rufus Hammond, and Kni;:ht were the ori'.-inal purchasers of the site of Brockport. James Seymour, hl was issued by J. Reynolds. Jr.. in 1837. Tfi.' F-n'la S, „tui>K b'-gun in 1845; changed in 1869 to Tlie Montgomery Deniocratt I. M. Gregory, pub'r. The Anurican iStur. commenced wt Can.njoharie April 5, 1855, by \Vm. S. Ilawley, was removed to Fonda May 17, 1855. In 1857 it was changed to The Mohaivk VaUry American, and published by C. B. Freeman. In 1S58 this title was changed to The Am-t'i-ican Si-tr, now publi-ihcJ by Wm.S. Hawley as The Montgomery Co. Star. The M"i'lt/'nii>-ry Hliitj was begun at Fultonville in 1839 by P. .f. Mills. It passed into the hands of B. H. Pink- bani. acti in lS5,i it^ name was changed to The Montgomery Republican, and is now pub- lished by T. R. Ilorton. We are indebted to Prof 0. W. Morris, of New York, and to the files of The Pha'nix,for the above list. Many changes of ownership are not stated. 1 Ooldj'7i's Five If^ations ; i^'mith's Hist. N. K s See p. 598. 8 T^e " Lower Castle" was situated at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, the "Middle Castle" at th« moutli of the Otsquaga, and the "Upper Castle" at the mouth of the Now-a-da-ga or Imlian Castle Ci"eek, in Danube, Herkimer co. * An Indian village named Caughnawaga, 9 mi. above Moutreal, is the lesult of this emigration. ^Simms's "Hiil. Sclioltarte.^' MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 409 Mohawk, was granted to John Christian Garlock and others for the benefit of the Palatinates. The principal grants were made between 1730 and 1740 ; and in 1762 there remained little, if any, un- patented laud in the co. About the year 1735, the British Admiral, Sir Peter Warren, acquired the title to a largo tract of land known as " Warreimbush," mostly in the present town of Florida, and sent out his ucijliew, Wm. .Johnson, then but ^1 years of age, as his agent. Johnson first located at the mouth of Scho- harie Creek; afterward he removed to 3 mi. above Amsterdam, and finally to Johustowu. Through the influence of his nncle he received the appointment of Agent of Indian Afl'airs, which gave him great facilities for intercourse and trafiic with the natives. Applying himself industriously to the study of the character and language of the Indians, and adopting their habits and dress whenever it suited his convenience, he gained an ascendency and influence over them never before enjoyed by any white person. His easy and obliging manners made him equally a favorite with the white settlers; and until his death, which took place on the 24th of June, 1774, the events of his life are intimately interwoven with the history of the co.' His title and estates descended to his son, Sir John Johnson ; but his commanding personal influence could not be inherited. Guy Johnson, son- in-law of Sir William,^ Col. Daniel Claus, and Col. John Butler, were attached to the interests of the Johnson family, possessed large estates, and lived in what were then considered sumptuous residences in the Mohawk Valley. They had considerable influence with both whites and Indians. In the controversy between the colonists and the mother country wluch resulted in the Revolution, the Johnsons and their adherents strongly espoused the cause of the King, from whom they had received so many favors. As a class, the German Palatinates sided with the colonies, and a majority of the other settlers entertained similar sentiments ; but for a long time they were overawed, and their efforts at organi- zation were thwarted by the zeal and activity of the tory leaders. In the spring of 1775, while the court was in session at Johnstown, through the influence of the tories the signatures of most of the grand jurors and magistrates were procured to a document opposing the measures of the Continental Congress.' This proceeding, coupled with others of a more aggressive and personal character, tended greatly to organize the opposition forces, to separate the friends and enemies of freedom, and to kindle feelings of bitter and vindictive hatred, which naturally led to all the horrors of civil war. " Tryon co" was divided into 6 districts ;* and, for the purpose of a more thorough organization, delegates were appointed in each by the Patriots to form a committee of public safety. Upon .a meeting of these delegates a significant remonstrance was addressed to Col. Guy -Johnson, Indian Agent, for his aggressive and partisan acts ; he withdrew in June, 1775, to Cosbys Manor, above German Flats, under pretense of holding a council with the Indians in the w. part of the co. ; and in a short time he fled to Montreal, by the way of Oswego, accompanied by a large number of dependents and followers, lie continued to act as Indian Agent during the war, and by liberal rewards and still more liberal promises he greatly stimulated the natural ferocity of the Indians, and incited them to more active hostility. He was joined in Canada by Joseph Brant, a distin- guished and educated Mohawk chief, and John and Walter N. Butler, 2 tories who afterward gained an infamous notoriety. At the head of marauding parties of tories and Indi.ans, they after- ward returned and committed the most inhuman atrocities upon their old friends and neighljors. Sir John Johnson remained at "Johnson Hall," but continued active in his intrigues, and kept up a correspondence with Col. Guy Johnson in Canada. His preparations to fortify "Johnson Hall" ex- cited alarm ; and in Jan. 1776, a committee, consisting of Gen. Philip Schuyler, Gen. Ten Broeck, and Col. Varick, was despatched from Albany to consult with the local committee of safety and satis- factorily arrange matters. Gen. Herkimer called out the militia; and the aSiiir was finally settled by the surrender of Sir John as prisoner, and an agreement that his Scotch tenants should be disarmed. He was sent to Fishkill, but, being released on parole, ho soon returned to Johnstown and resumed his intrigues. In May, Col. Dayton was sent with a regiment to again arrest him ; but, being warned of their approach. Sir John and his followers fled to the woods, and finally reached Canada by the way of Saoandaga and Racket Rivers, after 19 days of fasting and suflfering.' Sir John received a commission as colonel m the British service, raised a regiment of tories known * For his services while in command of the expedition which resulted in the defeat of the French undel' Diesliau. at tlie head of Lalie Georsie, lio received the title of Baronet and a gift of £5000 from Parliament. From this time until his death he lived in ease and opulence, devoting his time to the management of public affairs and the improvenleut of his estate. 2 Succeedeil f^ir William an Indian Agent. * Annals of Tryon Co., p. 4rt. * These districts were " Mohawk" adjoining Albany, ** Canajo- harie," on the s. side of the Mohawk, and *'ralaiini;,'' ou the N., extending up the river to Little Falls, *' Grrman Flats," and '^ Kingslandj" still farther up the river, and •' Olii England Dis- trict" w. of the Susquehanna. The tirst 5 of these districts were formed March 24, 1772. On the Sth of March. 1773. tho oriKinal name — " ■S'^m'? Aral'ia" — was changed to ** Palaiinf-.^^ "German Flats'^ to *' Kivt/sland" and ••h'ini/slami" to "Cfrman Flats" Old England Dist. was formed April 3, 1775. ^ The Indians at St. Regis still preserve a tradition of this event, and state that the party were reduced to the utmost ex- tremity before they reached the iuhabited region. 410 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. as " Jiilinson's Greens," and was active and bitter in Lis hostility throughout the war.* Through the influence of the Johnsons, all of the Five A'ations, with the exception of a portion of the Oneidas and Tuscaroras,^ were attached to tlie British interests, and were liberally aided by arms and pro- visions in their frequent incursions into the frontier settlements under the Butlers and Brant.' In the summer and fall of 1777, this co., in common with the whole northern and western fron- tier, was the scene of great alarm and of stirring military events, produced by the expedition of Burgoyne. Gen. St. Leger, at the head of a large body of tories and Indians, was dispatched by the way of Oswego to reduce the rebel posts and settlements on the Mohawk and join the main army at Albany. On the 3d of Aug. they laid siege to Fort Schuyler, upon the site of the present village of Rome. The militia of Montgomery co. were called out, and, under Gen. Ilerkimer, marched to the relief of the fort. On the way the bloody battle of Oriskany was fought, in which 200 of the brave patriots of the co. were killed and as many more carried into Indian captivity.* In the latter part of the same month, Genls. Arnold and Learned, at the head of 900 troops, marched up the river, and St. Leger hastily abandoned the siege and fled.* The destruction of the valley was thus averted, and for several months the inhabitants were allowed to remain undisturbed, save by small scalping parties, that hung round the unprotected frontiers and cut off the defenseless inhabitants. In the spring of 1778, Gen. La Fayette, accompanied by Gen. Schuyler and Col. Duane, went to Johnstown and held a conference with a body of Indians, which resulted in a treaty of considerable subsequent benefit to the settlers. In the following summer the horrible butcheries at Wyoming, Harpersfleld, German Flats, and Cherry Valley were perpetrated ; and in the summer of 1779 the army of Gen. Chnton marched from this co. to join Gen. Sullivan's expedition against the chief villages and farming grounds of the Onondagas, Cayugas, and Seneoas. On the 21st of May, 1780, Sir John .Johnson, at the head of 500 Indians and tories, suddenly made his appearance at Johnson Hall. He arrived about sunset on Sunday, and, dividing his force into two parties, at daylight the next morning he made a simultaneous attack upon Tribes Hill and Caughnawaga. Several persons were killed and others taken prisoners, and every building upon the route, except those belonging to tories, was burned. The militia began to collect in considerable numbers, and toward night Sir John hastily retreated, and safely reached Canada by the way of the wilderness w. of the Adiron- dack SIts.° Near the last of the July succeeding, the militia of the co. were employed to convey a provision train sent to the relief of Fort Schuyler; and on the 2d of Aug., while they were absent, Brant, at the head of 500 Indians and tories, made an attack upon the settlements in the neighbor- hood of Fort Plain. Fifty-three dwellings were burned, 16 persons slain, and 60 women and chil- dren carried into captivity. Upon the approach of the militia from Johnstown and Schenectady, the party retreated. On the loth of the following Oct. a large party of tories, Indians, and Cana- dians, under Sir John Johnson, Brant, and Cornplanter, made their appearance in the Mohawk Valley, at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, after having laid waste the Schoharie settlements above. From this point they marched up the valley, burning the houses, destroying the property, and murdering or taking prisoners all that they met. The militia under Gen. Robert Van Rensselaer hastily came together and marched to attack the invaders. On the 18th of Oct., Col. Brown, who commanded a small stockade fort at Stone Arabia, acting under the order of Van Rensselaer, marched out with 150 men to attack the enemy ; but, receiving no support from the main army, the little detachment was soon routed, with the loss of the commander and 30 to 40 men killed. Sir John halted at Fox's Mills, about 8 mi. above Fort Hunter, in the town of St. Johnsville, and erected a temporary breastwork. At a late hour in the day he was attacked by a detachment under Col. Dubois, and the Indians under his command were defeated.' The Americans, under Van Rensselaer, fell back 3 mi. and encamped ; and the next morning, upon marching forward to renew the attack, they found that the enemy had fled.* Sir John finally succeeded in making his escape, 1 Annals of Tryan Co.; Simm^s BUt. Schoharu Co, : Hnuah's Hist. St. Law. Co.; Dimlap'sEist. o/N. T.; Benton's Hist. Berk. Co. s About LW Oneidas and 20O Tuacaroras joined the British. — AnnaU of Tryon Co. s The Americans made several efforts to attach the Six Nations to their interests, or at least to induce them to remain neutral. In the winter of 177&-77, Col. Harper was sent to ascertain the object of the assembhne; of a large body of Indians at Oquago, on the Susquehanna. In the succeeding .Tune, Brant, with a party of Indians, made a levy upon the settlers of the Unadilla; and many (led to a place of safety. Gen. Ilerltimer, at the head of S80 militia, marched to meet him : and on the 27th of June. 1777, a conference was held between the general and the chief, but without producing any definite results. AU efforts to propitiate the Six Nations were then abandoned, and all conferences ceased until the close of the war, when the Indians were called upon, as vanquished enemies, to confirm the surrender of most of their lands as an atonement for their hostility. * There was scarcely a hamlet in the vaUey that did not lose one or more of its inhabitants. 6 For farther particulars concerning these transactions, see page 316. 6 The principal object of this incursion was to obtain the silver plate which had been buried by Sir John on his first hasty flight from Johnson Hall. The plate was recovered and carried to Canada in the knapsacks of 60 men. ' This engagement is known as the battle of '' Klocks Field.'* 8 Du Bois had nearly gained the victory, when Van Rensselaer came up and gave orders not to renew tlie battle until the signal should be given from headquarters. The forces of the former were onder arms all night, momentarily expecting the promised MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. 4U though his force was greatly reduced by hunger, fatigue, and the continual, harassing attack* of the militia, which hung upon their rear. The pruspects uf the Mohawk Valley were now gloomy iu the extreme. Nearly every settlement had been desolated, and nearly every family had lost some of its members.^ In the spring of 1781, Col. Willett assumed the command of the American forces on the Mohawk, and, by his military skill, daring, and knowledge of Indian warfare, he not only successfully repelled all attacks made upon the Mohawk settlements, but carried the war into the enemy's own country. On the 9th of July, 1781, 300 Indians, under a tory named Doxtader, made a sudden attack upon the settlement of Currytown, (iu the town of Koot.) After burning the buildings and collecting a lar^e amount of booty, they retreated. Col. Willett, at the head of 150 militia, immediately pursued and overtook them at "i>w77rt/(,'* (Dorlach,) a few mi. over the line of Schoharie co, A severe skirmish ensued, when the Indians fled, leaving 40 of their number dead on the field.* The final incursion into the Mohawk Valley was made Oct. 24, 1781, by a party of 600 British and Indians, under Maj. Ross and Walter N. Butler, who made their first appearance in the neighborhood of Warrens- bush. They marched to the vicinity of Johnson Hall and commenced the usual work of plunder and murder, but were arrested by a sudden attack by forces under Cols. AVillett, Rowley, and Harper. A severe engagement ensued, resulting in the retreat of the enemy. Col. Willett pur- sued, and, coming up with the rear guard at West Canada Creek, another skirmish took place, in which the infamous Walter N. Butler was killed.* The shattered remnant of the British forces escaped by way of Oswego. This aftair practically ended the war in Tryon co., and the remaining citizens, stripped of almost every thing except the soil, were allowed to resume in peace their accus- tomed employments.* In a few years the ravages of the war were completely obliterated, and the fertile regions of Central and AVestern N. Y., which had become known through the military expe- ditions that had traversed them, soon began to fill up with a New England population. The splendid domains of the Johnsons and other royalists were confiscated, and the feudal tenants of the colonial period were replaced by enterprising freeholders under the new government.* AMSTERDAJ»I«— was formed from*' Cauyhnawaga,'''^ March 12, 1793. Perth (Fulton co.) was taken ofi" in 1831, It lies on the n. bank of the Mohawk, in the n.e. corner of the co. Its surface consists of the intervale along the river, and a rolling upland gradually rising for the space of 2 mi. and attaining an elevation of 300 to 500 feet. The principal streams are the Kayaderosseras, 3 mi. w. of Amsterdam Village, Chuctenunda,^ at the village, and Evas Kil,® near the e. border. The soil in the valley is a deep, rich alluvium, and upon the hills it is a fertile, gravelly loam. Near Tribes Hill are extensive stone quarries. A considerable amount of manufactures is carried on in town, consisting of mill machinery, agricultural implements, carriages, car springs, and carpets, at Amsterdam Village, and of woolen goods at Hagamans Mills. Amsterdam, ^° (p. v.,) incorp. April 20, 1830, contains 4 churches, the Amsterdam Female Seminary, a bank, printino- signal; and they had the inexpressible mortification and chagrin human suffering. He surpassed the savages in barbaritv; and to see the beaten foe slipping through the net in which they had been caught, without the possibility of preventing their escape. Had it not been for the indecision or cowardice of Gen. Van Rensselaer, the whole party might have been taken. At the time, he was openly charged of cowardice or treachery by the Oneida chief, and he entirely lost public confidence. 1 Some idea of the extent of these ravages maybe formed from aetatement prepared by the supervisors of "Tr^o^co.," dated Dec. 20, 1780. and addret^sed to the legislature. They therein stated that 700 buildings had been burned within the co. ; that 3.54 fumiliea had abandoned their habitations and removed; 613 persons had deserted to the enemy ; 197 had been killed, 121 taken prisoners; and 1200 farms lay uncultivated by reason of the enemy. This statement did not include Cherrj' Valley, Newtown-Martin. Middlefield, Springfield, Harpersfield, and Old England District, which had been totally deserted and abandoned. The population of the co. at the beginning of the war was about 10,000. Wliile the sufferings of the colonists Were thus great, the Indian loss was much greater. Their whole many a victim was saved from his clutches by the interposition of the Indian chief Urant. * Special acta were passed in 17S0, '81, and 'S3, directing the commissioners of sequestration to relieve certain distressed fami- lies. Rev. Baniel Gros. of Canajoharie, acted as almoner of tho commissioners: and his acts are preserved among the public papers of the State. 6 For several years after the war, ghosts were reported as fre- quently seen stalking about the old residences of the royalists. The appearances which gave rise to these reports were doubtless the tories themselves, returned in disguise to obtain valuables which had been secreted upon their previous hasty flight. The settlers, who had suffered so much, were slow in forgetting the injuries they had received ; and for many years after, few. either Indians or tones, who had been engaged in the war, could show themselves in the settlement ■with safety. 6 Named by Emanm-l E.LeGraff, a Hollander and earlv settler. 7 On the yth of March. 1780, the portion of Mohawk district N. of the river was set off and named '^ Caxtrjhnawago .'" The country had been ravaged, their homea and crops destroyed, i first town meeting was held at the house of .lohn B."^\VimpleJ! and a large portion of their number had died in battle or by *' Caughnawaga'* was formed as a town, March 7, 17S8. It em- fltarvation. At the close of the war the miserable remnant of i braced all that part of Montcomerv co. lying N. of the Mohawk the once powerful nations humbly sued for peace, and were and E. of a line extending from The Nost^s N. to Canada. This content to accept terms that deprived them of almost their town was divided in 1793 into Amsterdiun, Mayfield, Broudalbin entire country. and Johnstown. * * By stratiigem Col. Willett succeeded in drawing the Indians j 8 Signifying "Twin Sisters," and applied to the streams flow- into an ambuscade. They fled so hastily that all their bapgage I ing into the Mohawk on opposite sides; in some documents and plunder was captured. On their retreat they murdered a i spelled Chuct-to-na^ne-da. number of prisoners to prevent their escape. i » Pmnounced E-vaws-kll; named from Mrs. Eva Van Alstyne, 3 Walter N. Butler was one of the most inhuman wretches , who was wounded and scalped by the Indiana in 1755, while that ever disgraced humanity. Ferocious, bloodthirsty, and crossing this stream, cruel, he seemed to revel in perfect delight at the spectacle of | ^o i'ormerly called " Vudersburgh." 412 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. office, and several manufactories. Pop. 2044. Ila^amans Mills (p. v.) has 124 inhabitants, Cranesville' (p-"^-) 92, and Maniiys Corners S houses. Tribes Hill,^ (p-o->) on the line of Mohawk, is a hamlet. A wire suspension bridge here crosses the Mohawk to Florida.^ The first settlement was commenced about 1710, by Dutch and Palatinates. About 1740, SirWm. Johnson built a large stone mansion upon the w. side of the Kayaderosseras, 3 mi. w. of Amsterdam Village.^ This building was fortified and named "Fort Johnson." Col. Daniel Claus and Guy Johnson, sons-in-law to Sir William, occupied fine mansions respectively 1 and 2 mi. below Fort Johnson,* previous to the Revolution. The first settlers at Amsterdam Village were Albert Veeder, E. E. De Graff, Nicholas Wilcox, and Wm. Kline. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1792.® The first settled minister was Rev. Conrad Ten Eyck, in 1799. There had been preaching in town at a much earlier period. CAIVAJOUARIE'— was formed as a district March 24, 1772, and as a town March 7, 1788. Cherry Valley was taken off in 1791, Minden in 1798, a part of Root in 1823, and of Minden in 1849, It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. The surfiice consists of the intervale of Canajo- harie or Bowmans Creek,^ and undulating uplands 200 to 600 feet above the valley. The soil is a gravelly loam, derived from the disintegration of the underlying slate, in some places intermixed with clay. The cultivation of hops receives some attention, A small woolen factory is located on Bowmans Creek. Canajoliarie, (p. v.,) incorp. April 30, 1829, contains 5 churches, the Canajoharie Academy, and 2 banks; pop. 1500. Abridge crosses the Mohawk at this place, con- necting it with the village and r. r. station uf Palatine Bridge. Anies,^ (P-^m) in the s. part of the town, contains an academy and 204 inhabitants, and Bwel,^° (P-^-t) in the s. w. part, 25 houses. Sprout Brooli., (p. o.,) Mapleton, and IflarNliville are hamlets. The first settlement in town was commenced in early colonial times; but the precise date is not known." During the Revolution the people warmly espoused the American cause, and were afterward among the greatest sufferers in the Mohawk Valley .^^ Gen. Clinton, while marching to join Sullivan in 1779, made this place his headquarters for some weeks.^^ In Aug. 1780, Brant made an incursion into the valley and destroyed nearly the whole settlement. ^^ During the war several other incursions were made; and the people were often driven to the utmost extremity. Several small forts were built in the town, which afforded some protection to the people.*^ In 1795, Archibald and James Kane estal> lished themselves as merchants at this place, and commenced a business which soon grew to be one of the largest in the interior of the State. ^® In 1823, the *' Central Asylum for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb" was located near Buel, in this town; but in 1836 it was united with the one pre- viously established in New York City." The first church (Free Will Bap.) was organized at Ames, in 1796-97, by Rev. George Elliott.^« CHARIiESTOJV— was formed from Mohawk, March 12, 1793.^^ Glen and a part of Root were taken off in 1823. It is the most southerly town iu the co., and the only one not bordering upon the Mohawk. It lies upon the high plateau region immediately w. of Schoharie Creek ; and the > Named from David Crane, who settled here in 1804. 2 So uamed because the Indian tribes were wont to assemble here. 8 A Remington suspension bridge built here some years since fell of its own weight before it was finished. * This edifice was richly ornamented with earrings of oak and mahogany ; and at the time of its erection it was one of the finest mansions in the colony. It is still standing, and is the jiroperty of Ethan Aikens, Esq. Sir William lived here for many years, surrounded by numerous dependents, and was frequently visited by great numbers of Indians, by whom he was highly esteemed, lie built a mill upon the Kayaderosseras, near his mansion. 6 The former of those was bnrned. and its site is now occupied by the hotel of Chas. Chase. The latter, known as " Guy Park," is etill standing, between the r. r. and river, 1 mi. w. of Am- sterdam. It is now owned by Jas. Stewart. A tract 1 mi. square was originally attached to each of these residences, but the whole was confiscated and sold with the estates of the tories. • This ( hurch became Presb. in 1&03. There are now 8 churches In town; 2 Presb., 2 M.K., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., Prut. E., and Evang. Luth. ' " Con(i/ox/iar«" in the act of incorporation. Indian name, Ga- na-jo-hi-e, said to siguify a " a kettle-shaped hole in the rock," or "the pot that washes itself," and refers to a deep hole worn in the rock at the falls on the creek 1 mi. from its mouth. 8 It is said tliat the Indian name of this stream is ■* Te-ko~ha- ra-wn." The fulls on this creek, about 1 mi. from its movith,are Interesting to scientific men for the different geological forma- tions there exposed and the holes of various sizes worn in the locks. 9 Hasaed la honor of Fisher Ames. 10 Named in honor of Jesse Buel, of Albany. 11 An Indian school was taught at Canajoharie, in 1764, by Philip Jonathan. 12 At the buttle of Oriskany many of the prominent citizens of this place were killed. Among thetn were Col. Cox, Lieut. Col. Hunt, Maj. Van Slyck, Capt. Henry Devendorf, Robert Crouse, Jacob Bowman, Andrew Dillenback, Capt. Jacob Leeber, Charles Fox, and Lieut. Wm. Leeber. 13 While Gen. Clinton was at this place, Henry Hare and Wm. Newbury, two notorious tories, were arrested and executed as spies. They had formerly been citizens of the town. A deserter named Titus was also shot here. 1* See page -HO. IS A fort was built here at an early period as one of the chilin of fortifications to Oswego. It was 100 feet square. 15 ft. high, witli bastions at the angles, and was ai med with sevenil (small cannon. In 1781 the house of Philip Van AUtyne was palisaded, and named Fort A'an Rensselaer. It is still standing. Fort Ehle stood Imi. E. of Canajoharie. An Indian bui-ial ground occupied the hillside just w. of the village, and several skeletons have been found, in a sitting posture, facing the e. 1* In 1799 their purchases of potash and wheat amounted to $120,000. IT This asylum was established mainly thcouyh the instni- meutality of Robt. Bowman, of this town, and its course of in- struction was modeled after that at Hartford, Coun. I'rof 0. W. Morris, now of the New York Asylum, was its last principal. 18 The census reports 11 churches; 3 M. E., 2 Kef. Prot. D., 2 Evang. Lutb., Presb., F. W. Bap., True Dutch, and Uniun. 1" Hy an act bearing this date, the old town of Muhawk was abolished, and its territory was erected into Florida and Charles- ton. The present town of Mohawk is of much more recent oi igiu. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 413 greater part of the surface is an undulating upland. On the e. it descends in steep declivities to the valley of the creek, which is here a narrow ravine. Its streams are small. The soil ii gene- rally loam intermixed with clay, and is particularly adapted to spring grains and dairying. The town has a limited amount of manufactures, consisting principally of sash and blinds, woolen goods, and flour. Burtonsville,' (p. v.,) on Schoharie Creek, in the s. e. corner of the town, contains 32 houses ; Cliarleston Four Corners, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner, 30 ; and Cliarleston, (p. v.,) near the n. border, 20. Carytown and Oak Ridge are hamlets. A portion of this town was included in the patent of 25,400 acres granted to "Wm. Corry in 1737; and others were portions of the " Stone Heap Patent," granted to John Bowen and others in 1770, and Thomas Machin's Patent of 1787. The first settlements were probably made previous to the Kevolution.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.' FLiORIDA — was formed from Mohawk, March 12, 1793. It embraces that part of the co. lying s. of the Mohawk, and E. of Schoharie Creek. The greater part of the surface is a rolling upland, 600 ft. above the valley. Bean Ilill, in the s. w. part, is the highest land in the co. The declivities bordering upon the streams are usually steep. The two principal streams within its borders are Chuctenunda and Cowilliga* Creeks. The soil and productions are similar to those of neighboring towns. Several sulphur springs are found in town, the most noted of which is near Scotch Bush. The Erie Canal crosses the Schoharie Creek between this town and Glen, on a costly aqueduct. Broomcorn is one of the principal agricultural products, and brooms are exten- sively manufactured. Port Jackson (p. v.) is a canal village on the Mohawk, opposite Amster- dam. Pop. 309. Minaville, (p. v.,) on Chuctenunda Creek, near the center, contains 95 inhabi- tants. Fort Hunter,^ (p-o-.) at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, and Scotch Bush, (p.o.,) near the s. border, are hamlets. One of the 3 Mohawk castles was situated at the mouth of Schoharie Creek at the first advent of the whites. The first white settlement in this co. is supposed to have been made in this town. Fort Hunter' was built here by the whites in 1711. Queen Anne's Chapel was soon after erected, and was furnished with a valuable set of communion plate by Queen Anne.' The fort was garrisoned until after the French War, when it was aban- doned. During tie Revolution the chapel was inclosed with palisades, and converted into a strong fortress defended by cannon. In Oct. 1780, several houses were burned on the opposite side of the creek by the forces under Sir John Johnson, but the fort was not molested. Before the close of the war several newly arrived German emigrants settled in town, and they were followed soon after by Scotch and Irish families.' The first preacher after the war was Rev. Thos. Romeyn, (Ref. Prot. D.,) in 1784. The census reports 5 churches in town.' CrLiElV — was formed from Charleston, April 10, 1823. It lies in the s.w. angle formed by the junction of Schoharie Creek and the Mohawk. Its surface consists principally of uplands about 600 feet high, descending by abrupt declivities to the narrow intervales along the streams. The princi- pal streams are Auries" Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk, and Irish Creek, a branch of the Scho- harie.'^ The soil is generally a clayey loam. One mi. E. of Voorheesville is a chalybeate spring." Fultonville" (p. v.) is situated on the Mohawk and the Erie Canal. Pop. 850. Voorhees- ville, (Glen p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 40 houses, and AurlesTille, (p. v.,) a canal village near the mouth of Auries Creek, 170 inhabitants. The land bordering upon the river was granted in 10 patents to diflerent persons in 1722 to 1726, and the greater part of the remainder to James De Lancey in 1737. Peter Quackenboss settled on Scott's Patent, near Auries Creek. 1 Buckwheat flour' for the New York market is extensively manufactured at this place. 2 Robt. Winchell. Nathan Tracy, Aden B^o^vnley. and Joseph Burnhap settled near Kimballs Corners, Abia Boaman near Charleston P. 0.. Henry Mapes, Abner Thrnop. and David and Nathan Kimball at Charleston. Thomas Machin, Capt. .John Stanton, ,Tohn Eddy, and Ezekiel Tracy were also early settlers. » Bap., M. E., Ref. Prot. D., Christian, and Union. * Said to si^inify " WHlow." 5 The Indian name for this place was I-can^le-ro-pa, or Tfron- dJl-Io-ga, "two streams coming together." The first Indian castle, which stood near this place, was called" Os'Sev-m-^on" or" 0»- e-ym-ofwi-re." — N. T. Colonuil Hist. • The contracts to build this fort, and one at Oswego, were taken Oct. 11, 1711, by Garret gymouce, Barent and Hendrick Vroman, John Wemp, and Arent Van Patten, of Schenectady. The walls of the first were 150 feet square and 12 feet high, and were formed of logs pinned together. It was afterward enlarged and strengthened. ' This chapel was for a long time under the charge of the " So- ciety for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts." and a mis- ■ioaary and Indian school were supported here. The chapel was demolished in 1820 to make room for the canal. The parsonage, still standing, is probably the oldest building w. of Schenec- tady. It was sold a few years since for $1500, and the proceeds were divided between the Prot. E. churches at Port Jackson and Johnstown. 8 Wm. Bent kept the first store at Port Jackson. The first bridge of any importance over Schoharie Creek was built in 1796, by Maj. Isaiah De Puy. The route 8. of the Mohawk was the one principally traveled for a great numtK?r of years. An Indian school was taught at Fort Hunter in 17C9. » 2 Ref Prot. P., M. E., Asso. Presb., and R. C. 1^ Named from Jacob S. Glen, a prominent citizen of the town. n Auries Creek is the Dutch fnr"AdriansCreek."It w.-is named from an Indian in the vicinity. Tlie Indian name was Ogh-rack-ie. w Upon Schoharie Creek, about 2 mi. above its mouth, is a high bank formed by a landslide, and called by the Indians CoKjaugh- ri-ty, signifying '' steep bank," or " perpendicular wall." — Simmyt Bist. Schoharie. " In early days fruitless attempts were here made to obtain iron. W Named in honor of Robert Fulton. Ttio village site waj known as " Van £^s Swamp'' during the Revolution^ — Simmt'9. Hist. Schoharie 414 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. poon after it was secured, and was probably the first white inhabitant of the town. About 1740, 16 Irish families, under the patronage of Sir Wm. Johnson, settled on Oorry's Patent, a few mi. s.w. of Fort Hunter. After making considerable improvements, they abandoned their location and returned to Ireland in consequence of threatened Indian disturbances.* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Glen ; Rev, Henry Y. Wyckoff was the first pastor.^ This town was the scene of many interesting incidents connected with the war. It furnished its full proportion of victims at the battle of Orlskany, and sustained an equal share in the losses and sufferings from Indian incursions.^ The last council within the co. previous to the Revolution was held between the Indians and Americans Oct. 13, 1775, on the farm now owned by John S. Quacken- boss, on the Mohawk Flats, 2 mi. e. of Fultonville. MISD£^ — was formed from Canajoharie, March 2, 1798. Danube (Herkimer co) was taken off in 1817. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, in the extreme w. part of the co. Its surface is principally an undulating upland, with steep declivities bordering upon the streams. The principal streams are the Otsquaga* and its tributary the Otsquene. Prospect Hill, called by the Indians " Ta-^a-jo-rhies,^'^ lies upon the Otsquaga opposite Fort Plain. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly and clayey loam, and is particularly adapted to grazing.^ Fort Plain^ (p. v.,) incorp. April 5, 1832, is situated upon the Mohawk, in the e. part of the town. It contains an academy,' bank, printing oflSce, and 4 churches. Pop. 1502. ]>Iindeiiville, (p. v.,) on the Mohawk, in the w. part of the town, contains 30 houses, and Fordsborougrh, (Mindenp.o.,) on the w. border, 25. HallsvBlle,^ (p-o.,) Freysbusli,^ (p-o.,) and Ilessville^ are hamlets. In this town are found the remains of one of those ancient fortifications which are so common in Central and Western New York and throughout the Western States, showing that the co, was inhabited long prior to the advent of the Indians.^^ During the French War, Fort Plain was erected on the summit of the hill, half a mi. n. w, of the village.^* During the Revolution, several other forts were built to protect the people from the sudden attacks of the Indians,'^ The first settlements in this town were among the first in the co. The early settlers were Germans, among whom were the Devendoi-f, Waggoner, and Gros families, Andrew Keller, and Henry H. Smith." John Abeel, an Indian trader, settled here in 1748.^* In common with the other valley towns, these settlements were ravaged by Brant and Johnson in 1780. At the time of Brant's incursion the men were mostly absent, and the women were shut up in the forts for safety. Upon the 1 A Bon of the first settler married Annie, dauijhter of Capt. John Scott, the patentee, and settled on the site of the present CO. poorhouse. Their son John, bom about 172.'), was the first white child born on the s. side of the Mohawk, between Fort Hnnter and German Flats. Cornelius Putnam settled at Ca- daughrity, Richard Hoff 1 mi. w. of Glen. Nicholas tJardinier and John Van Eps on the Mohawk, and Charles Van Epa at Fulton- ville. Near the house of the Van Eps a small blockhouse was erected toward the close of the Revolution. Joo. Hazard taucht the first school, at the house of J. S. Quackenboss; Wm.Quacken- boss keptthe first inn at Aurie8ville,inl797, and John Starin one still earlier at the present villaire of Fultonville. Jer. Smith opened the first store in Glen, in 1797. A. D. Quackenboss kept a store on the Mohawk. E. of Fultonville. Peter and Simon Mabie built the first sawmill and carding machine, in 1797, and Peter Quackenboss a gristmill, on Auries Creek, soon after. 2 The census reports 4churches in town; 2 Ref. Prot. D.,M.E., True Dutch. 8 In the fall of 1779 George Cuck. a noted tory, who had often led scalping parties of Indians to the homes of his old neigh- bors, was seen lurking about, and at one time was fired upon and narrowly escaped. It was supposed that he had returned to Canada; but toward spring it became known that he was con- cealed at the house of John Van Zuyler, a kinsman and brother tory. A party surrounded the house, dragged Cuck from his hiding place and shot him, and arrested Van Zuyler and sent him prisoner to Albany. In the fall of 17S0 the whole settle- ment was ravaged, and many of the people were mnrdered. One day Isaac Quackenboss, while out Inmting, discovered three hos- tile Indians sitting upon a log. He fired, and killed two, and mortally wounded the third. 4 Mohawk, Osquago, signifying "under the bridge." 6 Said to signify '* Hill of Health," or " Fort on a hill." ■ The dairy products of this town are greater than those of any other in the co. Hops are also largely cultivated. 7 The '■ Fort Plain Seminary and Female Collegiate Institute" is supported by the patroniige of all dt'noniinationa. The academic building is a fine structure, situated upon a command- ing eminence ovt-rlooking the village and valley. 8 Named from Capt. Robert Hall. 9 Named frum John Frey, a lawyer and loading patriot who resided here during the Revolution. 10 These mounds and ruins are the most easterly of any of the Kind yet discovered. They are situated 4 mi. s. of Fort Plain, on a tongue of land formed by the valleys of Otsquaga Creek and one of its tributaries. This tongue is 100 ft. above the streams, and the declivities are almost precipitous. Across the tongue, at its narrowest part, is a curved line of breastworks 240 ft. in length, inclosing an area of about 7 acres. A gigantic pine, 6 ft. in diameter, stands upon one end of the embankment, showing that the work must have been of great antiquity. — Smithsonian Omtributions, Vol JL Art. 6. 11 This fort was built by aFrench engineer for the Government, and was the finest fortification in the valley. It was octagonal, '6 stories high, each story projecting beyond the one below. In the lower story was a cannon, which was fired in cases of alarm to notify the people of danger. 12 Fort Plank was situated about 2 mi. N. W. of Fort Plain, on the farm now occupied by C. House. Fort Clyde was situated 2 mi. s. w. of Fort Plain, near the residence of Peter Deveudorf, at Freysbush. Fort Willett was w. of Fort Plank. 18 Henry Hayse, a German, taught the first school; Isaac Countryman built the first gristmill, soon after the war, and Isaac Paris kept the fir?t store, about the same time. A large stone dwelling was erected here for the sons of Gov. Clark in 1738, but was soon abandoned. It obtained the reputation of being haunted, and was given away, 50 years ago, on condition that it should be demolished. n In his previous intercourse with the Indians, Abeel had married the daughter of a Seneca chief, after the Indian fashion. A child of this marriage was the famous chief Corn- planter. Abeel subsequently married a white woman, and at the commencement of the war was living upon hie farm. Turing the incursion of Oct. 17S0, Abeel was taken prisoner by a party of Indians, and. while momentarily expecting death. Corn- planter addressed him as father and assured him of his safety. He was given his choice either to accompany the Indians under the protection of his son. or to return to his white family. He chose the latter; and after the warCornplanter visited bim,and was received by his Fort Plain relatives with the civilities due his rank and manly bearing. The chief died at his residence in Penn., March 7, 183fi. Stone, in his Life of Brant, says that Cornplanter was more than 100 years old at the time of hia death. Mr. Webster, of Fort Plain, a descendent of John Abeel, states that Abeel did not make his appearance in the Indian country until 1748. and that Cornplanter was born about 1750. This would make his age about 30 when he accompanied the ex- pedition that took his father prisoner, and but 80 when he died. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 415 approach of the enemy the -women showed themselves dressed in men's clothes, and the Indians thereupon kept at a respectful distance. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized at Fort Plain, long before the war. The census reports 9 churches in town.* MOIIAWH. — was formed from Johnsto-RTi, April 4, 1837.^ It lies upon the n. bank of Mo- hawk River and near the center of the n. border of the co. The surface is uneven, and gradually rises from the iiver to the n. line, where it attains an elevation of about 400 ft. above the valley. Its principal screams are Cayadutta and Pa-de-nos-ca-ra^ Creeks. The soil is generally a good quality of gravelly loam. Fonda,^ (P-^-O pleasantly situated upon the Mohawk, is the co. seat Besides the co. buildings, it contains 2 churches, a bank, printing offices, and several manufactories Pop. C87. Tribes Ifiill^ (P-^-O on the border of Amsterdam, contains 327 inhabitants. The site of the present viUage of Fonda was called " Cang/mawaga"^ by the Indians, and was one of the favorite resorts of the Mohawks. It was the scene of some of the earliest labors of the French Jesuits among the Five Nations, two of whom lost their lives here in 1646. The names of the first actual white settlers are not known. Nicholas Hansen^ settled at Tribes Hill before 1725, and others, by the names of Fonda, Vanderworker, Doxtader, and Fisher, at an early day.' Among the other residents of the town before the Revolution were Col. John Butler and his son Walter N., who afterward attained an infamous notoriety for their inhuman atrocities and for the vindictive hate which they seemed to cherish against their old whig neighbors.^ The principal weight of the incursion of Sir John in May, 1780, fell upon the two settlements of Tribes Hill and Caughnawaga.^ In the autumn of the same year the second incursion of Sir John swept over the town, destroying the greater part of the property that escaped the first. A stone church (Ref. Prot. D.) erected in 1763 is still standing.^° Rev. Thos. Romeyn was the first pastor. In 1795 he was succeeded by Rev. Abraham Van Home." The census reports 3 churches in tovra ; Ref. Prot. D., True D., M. E. 1 3 Evan. Luth., 3 M. E., Ref. Prot. D., 2 Univ. * Care should be taken not to confound this town with one of the same name 8. of the river, abolished in 1793. See Note 1 to Charleston. 8 Signifying "trees having excrescences." 4 Named from Douw Fonda, who removed from Schenectady and settled here in 1751. At the time of the Revolution Im was Jiving on the flats, between the present turnpike and the river, a few rods E. of the road leading to the bridge, at which place he was murdered by the Indians under Sir John, May 22, 1780. At the time of his death he was 84 years old. In former years he had greatly befriended the Johnson family; but the ruthless savages led by Sir John spared neither friend nor foe. His three Bon3, John. Jellis, and Adam, were stanch whigs, residing in the neighborhood. Indian name, Garuarwa-da, "on the rapids." 6 Meaning '■ stone in the water," or '■ at the rapids." * Patents of 1000 acres each, on the Mohawk, were granted to Nicholas Hansen and his brother Hendrik July 12,1713. 7 The first birth N. of the river, of which there is any record, was that of Henry Hansen. Collins taught a school in 1774. Jellis (Giles) Fonda is said to have been the first merchant W. of Schenectady. He carried on an extensive trade with the native tribes, and with the whites at Forts Schuyler and Stan- wix and the forts at Oswego. Niagara, and Schlosser. His sales consisted chiefly of blankets, trinkets, ammunition, and rum, and his purchases of peltries, ginseng, and potash. At one time before the Revolution his ledger showed an indebtedness of over $10,000 in the Indian country. John Chaley was an early settler at Tribes Hill. He was in the war, and found his own brother arrayed against him. 8 Alexander White, Colonial Sheriff of Tryon co.. rpsided on the present site of the courthouse. He was a zealous tory, and was obliged to flee to Canada. He was succeeded by John Frey, appointed by the Provincial Congress. * The detachment against Tribes Hill was led by Henry and Wm. Bowen, who had lived in the vicinity, Psissing the tory settlement of Albany Bush (in Johnstown) without molesta- tion, they proceeded to the home of Gerret Putnam, a stanch whig at Tribes Hill, and there by mistake murdered two lories, who had hired the place a short time before. From this place they went up the river, plundering the houses and murdering their old friends and neighbors. Every building was burned except the church and parsonage, and several slaves and white male prisoners were carried to Canada. The women were not particularly molested on this occasion. At the house of Col. Fred. Fisher they were warmly received by the Col.'e family, consisting of himself, his mother, and hie "two brothers John and Harmon. The Col.'s wife and children had been sent to Schenectady for safety ; and his two sisters and an old negro, on the first aiarrn. fled to the woods and escaped. The Indians made a desperate attack upon the house, and a constant firing was kept up by the inmates until their ammunition was ex- hausted. They then all retreated to the chamber except John, who Btoo This purchase extended along East Canada Creelc, in the rear of Hansen's and Van Slyke's p.atent8. * The German was the language taught in the first schools. Robinson taught an English school in 17P2. and Alexander F.wing in 17«3. Wm. Fox built a gristmill in 1750, which was burned in 17 SO. 6 See page 410. * The records of this church commence in 1739, when it had but 10 members. The present edifice was erected in 178.^, and the church was reorganized in 1790. A Luth. church built at Stone Arabia in 1770 w.as burned in 17^0. T The subscriptions for this church were mostly furnished by the Nellis families, who became tories; and in consequence the church was not burned. Sever.al shots were tired into it by the party under Sir John Johnson, one of the shot holes being still visible. 9 Named in honor of Erastus Root, of Delaware co. 8 As surveyed by Capt. Thomas Machtn. w Named from the former owner of the farm on which the cave ^ situated. u Named from Wm. Curry, the patentee. '2 The first schools were German. Glaycher taught an English school at The Noses, in 1784. Albert Tanderworker kept the first inn. at an early day. 13 The census reports 3 churches in town ; Christian, M. E., Ref. Prot. D. 1* Upon the alarm being given, the settlers hastened to a picketed blockhouse near the dwelling of Henry Lewis, closely pursued by the enemy. Every house in the village except one was set on fire; but the flames were extinguished by the van- guard of Col. Willett's forces, under Capt. Robert Kean. Frede- rick, son of .Tacob Devendorf, was scalpt^d, but he recovered. Jacob, jr., another son, was taken prisoner, and was scalped on the retreat of the Indi.ans. He also recovered, and lived to the age of 85 years. He died in 1854, one of the wealthiest farmers in the valley. Mary Miller, a little girl, was scalped and found alive, but died soon after. Several other prisoners were mur. dered. Most of the cattle driven away were abandoned, and found their way back to the settlement. 16 Named from St. John's Church, built in the village at an early day. 10 Xbe first settlers of the town came in long prior to this, MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 417 the house of George Klock, nearly three mi. w. of PaUitiue Church, was stockaded aud named " Fort House.'" The house of Jacob Zimmerman was also stockaded. These forts wore both at- tacked, but never taken. Fort Hill, situated on an eminence e. of East Creek, was erected during the French War. It was repaired aud used during the Revolution. The battle between the forces of Sir John and the advanced guard of Van Rensselaer's army, under Col. Dubois, was fought at "Klocks Field," near "Fori House," Oct. 18, 1780. The enemy forded the river, and retreated up the ''alley during the night following. The Indians, in small parties, continued to prowl al.«iut the settlement during the war, and shot and captured several of the inhabitants.^ ClarksburgU is a hamlet, containing a pitchfork manufactory. A church was built by George Klock in 1756 ; the Rev. Mr. Rosekrautz was the first preacher, and John Henry Disland the second. The census reports 2 churches ; Ref. Prot. D. and Union. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Liv» Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Montgomery County. Names op Towns. Amsterdsim... Canajoharie... Charleston.... Florida Glon Miiiden Mohawk Palatiae Root St.Johnsviilr. Totiil... Acres OP Land. | ■s 1 1 1 g 16,066i 3,989 20,i)9CJ 3,701i 21,716J 4,923 20,053 6,S86l 18,-31i 4,442i 24,156 6,794J 16,517 3,706J 19,612i 4,329J 23,0434 7.372 8,066 2,677 194,4671 40.720J Valuation of 1858. ."? « 779,698 849,073 311,517 688,024 601.470 938,762 602,022 607,813 667,033 279.479 6,114,891 l>.l>i 76,900 113.200 23:i00 93,400 43,160 98,380 66,360 68,073 60,976 41,651 664.079 856,958 902,273 334.617 681,424 644,620 1,037,042 658,372 676,880 708,008 321,130 6,778,970 1,909 2,054 962 1,632 1,542 2,401 1,567 1.291 1,478 903 15,787 16.021 749 612 369 544 483 764 487 231 464 277 s; ■& 600 673 386 612 666 860 560 428 619 327 188 391 249 396 304 665 348 349 809 208 3,306 Schools. 61 1.482 1.566 828 1,190 1,137 1,765 1,270 1.005 1,012 677 Names of Towns, Amsterdam Canajoharie Charleston Florida Glen Minden Mohawk Palatine Root St. .lohnsvilie,. Tot.ll Lite Stock. Agricultueal Proddcts II Bdbh. OF Grain. s Daisy Pkoddcts. s ?1 ?• e » 9> lb ts 960 a 2,402 g S § e si: «^ a, B) ^ e 6S9 1,059 1,399 3,8941 121,000J 3,497 14,207 16,632 91,993 1,320 901 1,779 1,967 2,(i41 2,007 4,313 166,944 4,2084 14,367 11.187 140.705 ]84,.512 850 1,411 1,204 4,866 1,188 1,783 127,9144 2,9054 6,609 18,237 114,398 16.050 1,212 1,694 1,356 2,8S7 2,060 10,240 213,334 4,9374 13,676 23,776 126,140 4,836 986 1.199 1,132 3,824 2,033 10,469 181,5924 3,962 14,749 16,983 106,410 13,290 1,074 1,691 3,120 2,197 2,641 6,668 192,2214 0,461} 24,923 16,756 187.346 405,417 867 1,381 1,658 3,818 2.620 10,648 171,019 6,490 23.194 21,024 173,952 13,490 866 1.626 2,676 1,092 2,457 10.070 134,371 6,4054 14.824 10,746 117,548 120,124 ■ 494,923 1,036 1,649 1,682 4,885 1,628 3,294i 146,2184 3,4344 11,449 18.070 79,010 366 612 13.701 1,147 400 811 2,647 27,011 3,230 7.256 4,550 155,861 34.710 1,211,385 265,800 8,836 16,801 29,061 18,834 63,017 1,471,8264 44,6324 146,164 1,538,664 154 4631 3.344 306 1.097 1.451 1,309 1,829 1,992 341 but tho precise liate ia unknown. They were Germans, and among them were families named Hellebralt, Waters, Getnian, Van Reissen, Walratb, and Klock. A German school was taught by Henry Hayes at an early day. The first Enelif^h Bcbool was taught bylxtt Ryan, an Irishman, in 1702. Chris. Netlis kept an inn in 17S3, and a store in 1801. Jacob Zimmer- man built the first gristmill, during the Revolution, and Geo. Klock tlie stTond, in 1801. 1 Named in compliment to Christian House, the builder. * In the spring of 1780 Philip Helmer deaerted to the enemy. He had previously been paying his addresses to a daughter of Philip Rcllinger, and upon a plan being formed to take tho family of tho latter prisoners, he forewarned them in time to rally a party to their assistance. An ambuscade was formed, and the Indians would have been killed or captured, had it nnt been for tho indiscretion of one of the party, who, upon their approach, yelled out. at tho top ofhis voice, "Lord Gufl Almighty, friends, here they are!" The Indiana fled with the loss of only one. AT NEW YORK COUNTY. The city of New York^ was incorp. by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1652, and its municipal powers were confirmed and enlarged by Gov. Dongan, April 22, 1686, and by Gov. Montgomerie, April 19, 1708. An act was passed Oct. 14, 1732, confirming its rights ; and sub- sequent enactments were embodied in one act in the revised laws of 1813 and in the revised statutes of 1828. Numerous changes in the details of the municipal government have been made from time to time."^ The CO., from the beginning, has embraced Manhattan, Gover- nors, Bedloes, Ellis's, Blackwells, Wards, and Randalls Islands, and the lands under water to low water mark on the shores opposite, in Westchester, Queens, and Kings cos., and in New Jersey.^ Manhattan Island is 13^ mi. long, by 2^ mi. wide at the broadest part. It is centrally distant 130 mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 22,000 acres.* It is separated from West- chester CO. by a strait known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek,^ and Harlem River. The surface of the island was originally quite broken by ridges of gneiss and hornblendic slate, especially in the n. part ; and immense masses of rock and earth have been removed in grading.^ A deep valley extended across the island on the line of Canal St. ;' another near Carmausville f el third at Man- hattanville ; and a fourth at Tubby Hook, near the n. extremity. The s. part of the island was covered with drift and boulders, presenting conical hills, some of which were 80 ft. above the present grade of the streets. Fresh water was readily obtained by wells sunk to the surface of the rock ; and the porous nature of the soil has greatly favored the construction of deep foundations and vaults without annoyance from water.^ Along the e. shore, from 94th St. northward, and around Harlem, the surface is very level, and to some extent covered with salt marshes. On the w. side, toward the n., the valleys are often deep and the hills precipitous. The highest point, at Fort Washington, is 238 ft. above tide. Both sides of the island afford ample facilities for commerce ; and the noble harbor embraced within the shores of New Jersey, Staten Island, Long Island, and the city has scarcely an equal for extent, safety, and facility of access, and for the amount of its commercial transactions.*** The preservation of this harbor from injurious encroachments has been a subject of solicitude ; and investigations which these have occasioned have developed many interesting facts connected with its interests." > Named from the Duke of York, afterward Janiea 11. By the Duti'h n;tmed "^ New Amsterdavif" and by the Indians " Jtfajihutfdn.'' 2 Important acts were passed in 1R30, lS-19, 1.S51. 1853, and 1857. the h^^t mentioned embracing all the essential features of tlie city govormueDt. 3 The queetion of jurisdiction upon the river was long a sub- ject of dispute with New Jersey. A summary of the contro- versy is given in our account of the Boundaries of the State, pp. 17. 18 4 The widest part of the island is at 8Sth St., where it is 12,500 foet across. 6 The creek flows from Hudson to Harlera River, at Kings- bridge. * White limestone of coarse quality appeared at the surface on the E. aide, between 13th and 16th Sts.. and on the w, from '29th to 3lBt Sts. The strata of gneiss are nearly verticil, often bent and contorted, and in places they contain interesting minerals. 7 A body of water known as the Collect l*nnd. (from Kolk, a pit.) bordered by a marsh, extended from near Pearl t^ Franklin 6t. and from Elm to Orange St. It was 50 feet deep, and w:is connected with the Hudson by a narrow inlet nearly on the present line of Canal St, It was a favorite resort for skating in ■winter ; and upon it experiments in steam navigation were made by John Stevt'us in 1796-97 and '98, and by John Fitrh in 1796 and '97. The Halls of Justice, known as the Titmbs, and the "Five Points" district, now occupy the site of the ancient pond; and a large sewer under Canal St. represents the position of the outlet. 8 Known as the Clendening Valley. The Croton Aqueduct crosses this on a magnificent series of arches and piers of solid masonry. 9 Until 1842 the city was entirely dependent upon wells fur Its eupplv of fresh water. See p. 424. 41S 10 The strait known as Harlem River and Spuyten Doyril Creek is too shallow and crooked to be available for commerce. Various plans have been proposed to improve it; but none have been caiTJed into effect. Harlem River is about 800 to 1,000 ft. wide, and mostly bordered by narrow, marshy flats, behind which the banks rise into hills. At Kingsbridge the bank is ISO ft. high and nearly perpendicular. The Hudson Kiver R. R. and the Harlem R. K. cross these waters, and also the High Bridge, (used only for the Croton Aqueduct and fuot passengers.) and the Harlem Bridge, at the head of 3d Avenue. The latter was a toll bridp:e until the expiration of the charter in the spring of 1858. Macomb's Bridge, formerly at the head of 7th Avenue, was much used; but it is now down. A dam was constructed at this place for using tide water; but, being found to impede navigation, it was removed. In 1S27 a co. was formed to build a canal across the upper end of the island, and in 1S80 a similar plan wa.^ proposed, and a canal was partly built, trjices of which may be seen on the e. side of the island, at lOtith St. One of the objects of this canal was to gain access to a marble quarry; hut the stone was found to be of inferior quality, and the project was abandoned. The capacity of the harbor of >ew York is limited only by the depth of water on the bars at its entrance near Sandy Hook. Vessels of about 23 ft. draft can pass at high tide. The approaches by way of Long Island Sound have no practical limitation of this kind; and vessels of 60 ft. draft could approach the upper part of tlie island and land on the West- chester shores adjacent without difficulty. 11 The Colony and State have at sundry times granted to the city lands under water Jtdjacent tn its shores, the riparian owners being usually secured in the right of pre-emption. The principal of these grants have been as follows : — 10S6, — All vacant lands on Manhattan Island to low water mark, with rivulets, coves, and ponds, were secured by the charter granted by Gov. Dongan. NEW YORK COUNTY. 419 Although the city forms but a siugle organization, it has localities known by distinct names? as villages or neighborhoods ; but the number of these is gradually becoming obliterated as popula- tion increases ; and most of them -will soon be known only to tlie student of history.^ Of the several islands, other than Manhattan, comprised in New York City and cc, those in the harbor are owned by the General Government and occupied as military posts, and those iu the East River are chiefly owned by the city and devoted to charitable and penal institutions.^ 1708.— All vacant lands on Long Island shore, between high and low water marks, between the Navy Yard and Red llook, were granted. 1730.— Land under water, 400 ft. wide, between junction of Charlton and Washington Sts. and Markettii-ld St. on the Hudson, and from Whitehall to Houston St. on the K;ust iliver, was secured. These grants, with the pre- vious ones, compriije '209^ acres. 1807. — Land uuder water, 400 ft. wide, extending northward fruiu pn-vious grant 4 mi. on tbe Uudsou and 2 mi. on the Kast Kiver, was granted. 1826, — The s.tme was extended to Spuyten Duyvil Creek on the w. and Harlem R. on the e. 1821.— Land GOO ft. wide in front of the Battery w;is added. 1837. — Land under water on the w. to 13th Avenue line was st'Cured. 1852. — Land under Harlem R. from such exterior line as the corpoi*ation might fix. to the shore, was gr.inted. Other extensions were authorized in 1828, 1830, 1835, 1846. Assein. Doc. 8, 1856. Tn 1811 the exterior line was fixed by the commissioners for l.iying out the city into streets; but changes of their plan and the extension of streets led to encroachments upon the channel, requiring remedial measures. An act was accordingly passL'd, March 30, 1865. appointing 5 commissioners in pursuance of advice of a Senate committee of the year previous, and these persons, associating with themselves several officers of the General Government, proceeded to examine the subject. The harbor and shores were surveyed and sounded, the effects of tides and currents examined, maps constructed, and lines for the limitation of piers and bulkheads recommended, and mostly confirmed by law, April 7, 1857. These surveys were performed by 10 parlies of about 200 persons from the U. S. Coast Survey, at a cost of $S5,000. The reports of the commission embrace a large amount of st-itiatical and historical information. — As&evi. J}oc. 8, 1850; &«. Doc, 40, 120, 1857. The first dock was built frum Broad to Dock St., on the East River. There are now 66 piers on the w. and 78 on tbe e. side of the city. A part of these are built and owned by the corpora- tion, others by individuals or companies, and others jointly by the city and individuals. Of the last class the city pays one-third the cost of building and receives one-half of the revenues. The city owns ZS> piers and 7 half-piers on the Hudson, and 31 piers and '20 half-piers on the East Itiver, — the former valued at $1,42S.OOO. and the latter at $1,829,000. They are under the care of the Street Department. The wants of commerce led to the erection of a lighthouse on Sandy Hook, at the expense of the colony of New Yurk. in 1702. which was supported by special duties upon commerce until ceded to the U- S- Feb. 3, 1790. The commissioners for its erec- tion were .lolin Cniger, Philip Livingston, Leonard Lispenard, and Wm. Bayard. It was burned in 1776. Within the Hook are lights at Princes Bay. Fort Tumpkius, Robins Keef. and Whit<>- hall Laniiing. and numerous buoys to mark tbe channels. The tidi.1 enters at t'andy Hook at 7h. 29m. past the moon's Bouthinj;, and rises at (.iovernors Island from 2.2 to 6.1 ft., the mean rise being 4.3 ft. The harbor was frozen over in 1780, and again in 1S2U. On the former occasion persons passed on the ice to Star<'n Island. It sometimes happens that thy Hudson and Eiist Itivers will be closed for a few hours in intensely cold seasons, and people have on these occ;Lsions rashly attempted to cross; but the occurrence is not common. I The following is a hst of the principal of these localities: — Bloomlngdale, on Broadway, between luuth and 110th Sts., 7 mi. fr.ini the i.'ity Hall, presents a very neat appeanince. and consi.«t9 mostly of suburban dwellings. It is the seat of an orphan and a lunatic asylum. — the latter forming a branch of thM N. Y. Ilospitd. It was called by the Dutch '^Bloonend Dal" — Flowery Vjdb^y. Carmansvllle, on 10th Av- above 155th St., named from families named Carman, former owners of the adjoining lands, is r-hierty made up of country seats. Coriaers Hook; at the angle in the East Iliver near Grund St.. named from Arent Van Corlaer, was called by the Indians '* N«cbl;ink." Domtnles Hoolc lies on the Hudson, between Duane and CAnal .Ms., embracing 02 acres. It was acquired by ground brief frt>m Stuyvesant July 4. 1654, and was afterward granted to the J*n-'li.'ih Clinrch. Fort AVashtngton, (Washington Heights p.o.,) a short distance almve Carniaiisville, is an elevated site, once fortified, and now uccupied by fine dwellings. The Deaf and Dumb Asy- lum is located near tbis place. Greenivlcli, ntiw merged in the city, was 3 mi. above the City Hall, on the Hudson. It was named by Capt., afterwiird Bii Peter, Warten, who owned it. Tbe Indian name was " Sapokanigan." The N. Y. State Prison was formerly located here. Harlem (p. o.) lies between 8th Avenue and East Hiver, above lUiith St. The principal business is on 3d Avenue. It has several churches, important manufactories of India rubber, chemicals, caudles, ale, beer, carriages, and row boats, and several private schools. Kiugs Garden, west of Broadway, between Fulton and Re.ide Sts., is now partly held by Trinity Cburih and leased. Ijispeuards Meadcvvs was an irregular tract on both sides 01 West Broadway irom Keade to near Spring St., and along Canal .-^t. from the Hudson to Orange St- KlauliattanvlUe, (p-o..) on the Hudson, between 125Ch anrl 132d Sts., w. of 'Jtb Avenue, contains a convent, Catholic colletre. and manufactories of iron, paint, and refined sugar. Strykerg Bay, on the Hudson, at 96th St., is a R. R. station. Tubby Hook lies on the Hudson, one-half mi. s. of Spiiyten Duyvil Creek. Turtle Bay is on the East River,2 roi.N.of Corlaer Hook. Its name is a corruptiuu of the Dutch "Deutel Bay," or M'edge Bay. Yorltville, on the east side of Central Park, extends to the East Kiver. from 79th to 90th Sts. 2 Governors Island was formerly called " Nutten I.slmid," mid by the Indians -'Pag-ganck." It lies 1,066 yards s. E. from the Battery, and eontaius 72 acres. It is separated from Long Ishmd by Buttermilk Channel, formerly shallow, but now of sufficient depth for the largest ships. This island Was bought by Gov. Van Twiller, and has always been reserved for public defense. Quarantine was located here from 1794 to 1797. In the settlement of accounts with the U. S., New York undertook to erect fortifications here as payment for her pro- portion of the expenses of the Revolution. Jurisdiction was ceiled to the U. S. Feb. 15, 1800, with Fort Jay. then partially erected. By the authority of an act passed March 26, 1794, £30,000 were expended by the State in fortifications, under the supervision of Geo, Clinton, Matthew Clarkson, James Watson, Kichard Varick. Nicholas Fish, Ebenezer Stevens, and Abijafa Hammond. A further sum of £2U,000 was granted April 6, 1796, to complete the works on this and •' Oi/.^U-r-^ (now Ellis) Islands. Castle William (named from Gen. Willirtius of the N.Y. Militia) is a round lower on the w. shore of the island. fiuO feet in circumference and 60 feet high, mounting 80 casemate and 40 barbette guns. The land side is open, and a covered way leads to the works in the center of the island. Fort Co- lumbus is a star-shaped work of 5 points on the summit of tho island, mounting 105 guns; and South Battery, fronting But- termilk Channel, has 13 guns. These works from 1830 to 1858 cost $285,i>97 ; and they are adapted to a garrison of 800 men. Tbe island is used as a receiving station for newly enlisted troops, and a school for instructing boys in music. About 60 lads of 14 years and upward are usually under instruction upon tbe drum, bugle, and other instruments. Bedloes Island* 2.950 yards s. w. from the Battery, was nanu-d hum Isaac Bedloe, the patentee under Gov.-Nicoll. It was known for some years as *^ Kenned t/s Islaiid." It was ceded to the U. S. in 1800, having been previously used for quarantine purposes. It is now occupied by Fort Wood, erected in 1841 at a cost of $213,000. on the site of a fort built about the beginning nf the century. It mounts 77 guns, and accom- modates a garrison of 350 men. During several months ia 1.S49 it was used by the Commissioners of Emigration as a b.Hpital. Kilts Island, formerly known sib " Oyster." "Bucfrinff." and '■ (iibbtV Island, lies 2.050 yards s.W. of the Battery, and is occupied by Fort Gibson,a work built in 1841-41, at a cost of So.O'jO. mounting 15 guns and requiring a garrison of 80 men Tbe pirate Gibbs and 3 associates were huug here April 2:^ , 1831. BlacUn^ells Island is a long, narrow island in the Kast Kiver, extending from 5l8t to 88th Sts,. and cnttiiuing 120 acres. It was named from the Blackwell family, who owned it for a hundred years or more. It is now owned by tbo city corporation, and is the seat of various penal and charitable institutions. This island was formerly called " Mmining Island^** from Capt. John Manning; and by tbe Indians it was named '■Minnahanock." It was patented to Gov. Van Twitler, and continm-d private property until 182«, when it wiia sold by James Blackwell to tbe city for $30,000. In 1843 tbe city paid $20,000 more M perfect the title. AVards Island, named from Jasper and Bartholomew Ward, former proprietors, extends along the Kast Hiver, oppo site New York, from lOlst St. to lliath St.. and cont;nns 200 acres. It was formeily called '• Great JSarcut' or " Great Born' Island, and by the Indians was named '* Teu-kcn-aa." It wa» 420 NEW YORK COUNTY. Tie city is divided into 22 Wards, which are again subdivided into 149 Election Districts, and Buch other civil divisions as the election of State, city and co. officers, the administration of jus- iice, and the regulation of municipal ordinances require.' Tlie Board of Supervisors in New Y^ork co. is composed of 12 persons, who are so classified that 2 are elected or appointed annually. A ballot can have but one name ; and it is the duty of the canvassers to declare that the two persons having the highest number of votes are elected.' Their general powers and duties — which chiefly concern taxes and assessment — are the same as those of Supervisors in other cos. Tlie Leg'lslative PO'tver of the city government is vested in the Common Council, con- sisting of 2 co-ordinate branches, — a board of 17 Aldermen and a board of 24 Councilmen.' The former are elected by single districts for 2 years, and the latter are elected annually, 6 to each Senatorial district.* Ordinances must be passed by both bodies the same year, and receive the assent of the Mayor, to become valid. The regular sessions of the Board of Councilmen commence at 5 o'clock p. m. on the first Mon- day in each month, and continue on each Monday and Tuesday until the business of the month is concluded. Each house elects a presiding officer, clerk, and other officers ; and the journals of each are published. Tlie Executive Power is vested in a Mayor,* elected for 2 years, and in 7 Executive De- partments, viz., those of Police, Finance, Streets, Croton Aqueduct, Almshouse, Law, and City Inspector, — most of which are subdivided into bureaus, each having specific duties to perform. The Mayor is charged with the general administration of the city, nominates for the approval of the Aldermen eertain officers, and may suspend or remove officers within limits fixed by statute. He communicates annually and from time to time to the Common Council such messages as he deems proper. Xlie Police Department has general charge of police regulation in New Y''ork City, Kings, Richmond, and Westchester cos. By act of April 15, 1857, it was placed under the Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police District,' of whom the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn are ex officio members. bought by Van Twiller in 1637, confiscated in 1604, and granted to Thos. Delavel. The Wards bought it in ISOti; and in Dec. 1847, a part was leased by the Commissioners of Emigration for an Emigrant Refnge and Hospital. Tlie Commissioners have since purchased 106 acres; and a portion of tlie remainder is used as a Potter's Field. The cost of buildings and improve- uieuts up to 1S58 was $260,000. The structures erected before 18aO were slijrht barracks and shanties; but those built since are chiefly of brick. The island is supplied with Croton water; and a ferry connects it with 106tb St. Randalls Island, named from Jonathan Randall, who purchased it in 1784 and resided here nearly 50 years, lies N. of Wards Island, near the Westchester shore. It was formerly known as ^'Little Bam" Island. It was patented under the Dutch Government, but was confiscated in 16t'4 and granted to Thos. Delavel. It was subsequently named " BfJIeinl*-," " Talbots Jsland,^^ and *^ Mnntressors Island." The city purcha=:ed it in 1835 for $.30,000. It is now occupied by nursery schools and by the establishment of the Soci''ty for the Reformation of Juve- nile Delinquentfl. A ferry connects it with 122d St. Sunken Itleadow Island lies adjacent to Randalls Island. 1 The city was divided Dec. 8, 16S3, into 6 wards, known as South, East, North, West. Dock, and Out Wards. They were designated by nuiiihcrs. and a new ward was created by act of Feb. 2.3, 1791, to take effect Sept. a8, 1792. Those subsequently erected have been as follows: — 8th. 1803. 16th. 1836, from 12(.h. 9th, 1803. 17th, 1837, '• 11th. 10th, 1808, from 7th. 18th. 1846, " li;th. 11th, 1825. 19th, 18!i0, " 12th. 12th, 1S25. 20th, 1861, " Ifith. 1.3th, 1827, " loth. 2l8t. 1853, " 18th. 14th, 1827, " Bth and 8th. 22d, 1863, " 19th. 15th. 1832, " 9th. a Tliis arrangement is made so aa to place the Board of Super- Tisoiei above the reach of party politics. 8 The Aldermanic Districts, identical with the Assembly Dis- tricts, ai-e as follows: — 1. South of Cliambers. Duane, Frankfort, Pearl, and Dover Sts. 2. S. by Ist. within Broadway, from Chambers, through Frank- fort. Baxter, Bayard, Bowery, Center, and Catharine Sts. to East River. S. S. by Ist. within Broadway, from Chambers, through Spring St. to Hudson Hiver. 4. S. by 2d. within Broadway, from Franklin, through Grand and Clinton Sts. to East Kiver. b 8. by 3d. within Brojidway, from Spring, through 4th and Clirietopher Sts. to Hudson Kiver. Within Broadway, Houston, Clinton, and Grand Sts. 7. S. by 5th, within Broadway, from 4th, through llth St. to Hudson River. 8. S. and e. by East River; w. and N. by Clinton and Houston StB. to East Kiver. 9. S. by 7th, -within 0th Avenue, from 14th St., through 26th St. to Hudson Biver. 10. Within Broadway and 14th St.. Avenue A, and Houston St. 11. S. by yth. within Cth Avenue, from 2Gth St., through 40th to Hudson River. 12. Within Houston St., Avenue A, 14th St. and East River, 22d Ward. 13. 22d Ward. 14. Within 14th St., from East River, Gth Avenue, 26th St. and East Kiver. 15. S. by 14th. within 6th Avenue, from 26th St., through 40th St. to East River. 16. 19th Ward. 17. 12th Ward. * The election of city officers takes place annually on the first Tuesday of Dec, and that of co. officers on the day of the general State election, which is on the Tuesday after tlie first Monday of Nov. The officers of the co. are the Itocorder, City Judge, and other Judges of the co. courts. District Attorney and his assistants. Sheriff and his Deputies, Constables, Coroners, County Clerk, iiegister. Treasurer. Assessors, Tax Commissioners, Re- ceiver of Taxes, Commissioner of Juries, Commissionera of Deeds, and Supervisors. The Recorder is presiding judge of the ciiminal courts and a ma[i;istrate. Several of the co. officers are ex officio charged with duties more properly belonging to the city government; and the line of distinction between the two sets of officers is not well dofinpd. 6 'I'he Mayor was originally appointed by the Governor and Council, and from 1777 to 1S22 by the Council of Appointment. Since 1S22 the Mayor has been elected. •* This District includes New York, Kings, Richmond, and Westchester cos. The Governor and Senate appoint 3 com- missioners from the city of N. Y., 1 from Kings, and 1 from Westchester or Richmond co. The city is divided into 11 Sur- gical Districts, each with 1 Surgeon ; and into 25 Police Pre- cincts, under a General and Deputy Superintendent. According to the Council Manual for 1858, the number of employees in tb'o police was 1.004, of wliom 11 were surgeons. 7 were attached to the oflficeof theCommi-ssioners. 6 were employed in the offico of the General Depat tment. 24 in that of the Deputy Superin- tendent, 21 as Detectives. 79 in attendance ar public offices and courts. 26 as harbor police, and 841 on police stations. The number is at times largely increased, and is annually becoming pel manently greater NEW YORK COUNTY. 421 The Department of Finance is under a Comptroller, elected by separate ticket for a term of 4 years. This officer has charge of the fiscal concerns of the city, and reports the con- dition of its finances annually to the Common Council. The Department is divided into the Audit- ing Bureau, a Bureau of Arrears, a Bureau of Taxes, a Bureau of City Revenue, and a Bureau of Deposits and Disbursements, the officers of which are appointed by the Comptroller.' Number of cases annually before the Court of Sessions, for a term oft/ears. Tears. 1S38, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 1843 1844 1845. 1846. 1847. 1843. 1349. 1830. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1834. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1838. Misde- Petit Lahcekt. Assault and Battery. meanors. ?: 8 ,B 1 1 1 I ^ '1 1 1 c o 'S e •!2 I Total. ll I'l, 261 73 125 26 429 914 434 296 27 349 93 163 33 681 ... ... 1,219 614 241 26 526 97 226 32 488 1,369 839 508 28 666 78 296 30 396 1.466 1,001 682 67 744 138 287 33 376 1,677 1,119 737 63 907 142 395 64 637 ... 2,035 1,311 987 55 896 148 661 86 838 2,619 1,495 1,068 56 991 193 616 90 1,158 3,047 1,741 1,128 66 977 220 609 87 1,109 2,902 1,661 1,076 66 173 334 48 697 1,262 1,399 981 51 i,064 258 436 62 672 ... 2,548 1,035 1,003 62 1,180 261 658 69 938 ... 2,996 1,837 1,120 71 1,419 219 837 76 1,382 ... 3,933 2,218 1,402 112 1,453 187 662 43 1,194 3,539 2,079 1,179 94 1,476 214 978 51 1,167 3,885 2,405 1,264 97 1,415 179 1,230 07 1,120 4,011 2,570 1,242 119 1,411 108 1,152 66 1,184 3,921 1,528 1.159 77 2,047 196 929 84 1.004 2S 6 4,364 1,942 1,628 69 1,7S8 208 986 84 l,4.'i4 25 4 4,549 2,803 1,426 41 2,041 273 1.589 284 1,627 101 40 5,955 3,762 1,824 195 1,919 317 1,697 344 1,784 139 60 6.260 4,676 2,061 134 Cases tried in the courts of Oyer and Terminer and of General Sessions, for a period of eighteen years. Offenses. Murder , ,\r9on, Istdf^ee. Manslaughter, various degrees Assault and battery with intent to kill or maim... Assault and battery with intent to rob Rape, and intent to commit rape Abandoning child in highway Robbery. 1st degree Kidnapping Uiot with assault Assault and battery Procuring abortion Bigamy Incest Sodomy Perjury and subornation of perjury Arson, not 1st degree , Bnrf;:lary, various degrees Attempt to commit felonies Embezzlement Grand larceny, Ac. 'M offense Petit larceny and attempt to commit _ Petit larceny, 2d offense Conspiracy Carrying slung shot (felony) Receiving stolen goods Accessory to felony Forgery, various degrees Accepting challenge to fight a dnel _ Breaking jail Aiding prisoners to escape Keeping gambling and disorderly house Nuisance Selling, insuring, and advertising lottery tickets. Libel. Cruelty to animals Selling liquor without license.. 14 307 During 29 years ending with 1^58, 3S persons have been sentenced for capital crinvs, of whom 17 have been executed. 14 hsd their sentences commuted to imprisonment for life, Iwas pardoned, 1 committe*^l suicide, and to 4 a new trial was granted, of whom 3 were convicted of manslaughter and 1 discharged. One was under sentence of death at the beginning of 185ft. — Chmmnn Council Atatiital, 1859, jr>. 75. 1 ThoComptrolb>r reports quarterly a list of accounts auditod; and all drafr^ upon the city treasury must bo upon his warmiit, accompanied by vouchors. The foUowiug aggregates show the 422 NEW YORK COUNTY. The Street Department is under the charge of the Street Commissioner, who is appointed for 2 years by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Board of Aldermen. He has the general direction of opening, altering, regulating, grading, guttering, and lighting streets, roads, places, and avenues, of building, repairing, and lighting wharves and piers, and of the construc- tion and repair of public roads and the filling up of sunken lots, under the ordinances of the Common Council. The paving of streets is not under his charge. The department has a Bureau of Street Imjirovements, of Repairs and Supplies, of Lands and Places, of the Chief Engineer of Fire Department, of Collection of Assessments, of Wharves, of Roads, and of Lamps and Gas. Of each of these bureaus there is a superintendent, or chief, and several clerks, numbering in the several offices of the Department nearly sixty persons.' condition of the city finances at the beginning of 1859 and the operations of the preceding year : — Appropriations in 1858 for city government $ 5,950,967.94 Expenditures 4,959,355.19 Eicpcnditures in 1858 on trust and special ac- counts 10,549.621.64 Receipts in 1858 17,152,471.19 Permstnent city debts redeemable from Sinking Funds. Jan. 1, 1859 14,399,998.00 Funded debt redeemable from taxation, same date 1,224,000.00 Funded debt redeemable from Central Park assessments 1,600,000.00 Estimated value of public parks 14,761,526.00 " " bulkheads, wharves, and piers 3,257,600.00 " " real estate occupied by mar- kets 1,114,000.00 " " Croton Aqueduct Depart- ment 15,476,000.00 ** *' property used for Common Schools 1,200,000.00 ** " property used for ferry pur- poses 1,200,000.00 " " property used by Fire De- partment 315,813,00 " " property used by Governors of Almshouse 1,250,000.00 " " real estate of all kinds 41,626,639.00 Assessed TOlnoofreal estate within city in 1858... 368,346,296.00 " " personal estate within city resident 160,813,462,00 " " personal estate within city non resident 12,03-1,532.00 " " personal estate within city, total 162,847,994.00 " " real and personal estate 831,194,290,00 The valuation, tax. and rate, for a series of years, at intervals of 6 years, from 18U5 to 1825, was as follows : — Valuation. City and County Tax. Stale Tax. Total Tax. as. DoUs. 1806 isin $26,645,867 25,486,370 81,636,042 69,530,763 101,160,046 $127,094.87 129.727,16 197,613.38 270,361.19 330,868.82 50 per 1 51 " " 4U " " 49 « " 381 .< .. 1815 1820 1825 $163,372.08 69,530.76 60,680.03 $361,286.46 339,891.94 387,448.85 The property, both real and personal, in New York, is of im- mense value, and is increasing at a very rapid ratio. The taxes are uuiformly heavy, and much higher than the average taxes of the other portions of the State. The following tables show a summary of the Yalvation and Taxes for a series of years. 1826 1830 1835 1.840 1845 1S60 1S65 1853 Value of Real Estate. $64,804,060 87,603,680 143,742,426 187,221,714 177,207,299 207,142,576 330,976,866 368,346,296 Value of Personal Es- tate. $42,434,981 37.684,938 74,991,278 66,011,801 02,787,527 78,919,240 150,022,312 162,847,994 Total Value. $107,238,931 125,288,618 218,723,703 252.233,615 239,995,617 286,061,816 486,998,278 531,194,290 Amount raided by Tax. $.383,759.89 609,178.44 965,602,94 1,354,836.29 2,096,191,18 3,230,086,02 6,843,822.89 8,021,091,31 Comparative Valuation and Taxes of the City and i ^tatefor a series of years. Total VALniTioN. Total Tax. Rati of Tax is Mols, ON $1. City. State. City. state. City. StaU. 1835 1840 1845 1850 1855 1858 $218,723,703 262,135,615 239,995,517 286,061,816 487,060,838 631,222,642 $532,418,407 641,369,819 605,646,095 727,494,683 1,402,849,304 1,404,907,679 $618,494.00 1,354,797.29 2,096,191.18 3.230,085.02 6:844,772,42 8,621,091.31 $2,299,290,67 3,089,920.94 4.170,527.95 6.312.789.23 11.679,016.69 15,426.593.20 4.5 6.4 8.7 113 12.0 16.2 5.0 4.9 6.9 8.6 8.3 10.98 I Moat of the streets in the lower part of the city are \vinding aud crooked ; but above the old settled Dutch portion they are Tery regular. An act passed April 3, 1807, appuinted Simeon I>e Witt, Gouverneur Morria, and John Rutherford to lay out and Hurvey the whole island n. of Fitzroy Koad, (Oansevoort St.,) Greenwich Lane, (Greenwich Avenue,) and Art Street, (Waverly Pl.ice,) to the Bowery Road; and down the same to North St., (Ilouston St.,) and thence to the East River. The powers of these commissioners were more amply specified in an act passed March 24, 1809 ; and Canal St. was by this act to be made a covered passage for the waste waters of its vicinity. The labors of the commission ended ^vitbin the time specified, and their maps were tiled in the secretary's office March 11, 1811. The surveys under this plan were executed by John Randall, jr., with great accuracy, and finally completed in 1821. To the commendable forethought of these gentlemen is the city in- debted Jbr the admirable arrangement of its up town streets and avenues. The Stre^ta of the portion covered in this survey generally ex- tend from the Hudson to the East River direct, and are known by their numbers, the highest being at the time of first survey 164. but since extended to 223. Above 1-ith St. these are known only by their nuniliers. and the lots upon them are numbered E and w. from Fifth Avenue. They are each 00 feet wide, ex- cept Uth, 23d. 34th,42d,5:th.72d. 79th, 80th, 96th. lOGtb.llOth, I25th, 135th, 145th, and 155th, each of which is 100 feet wide. The blocks between them vary from 184 to 212 feet, being gene- rally about 200 feet, or about 20 blocks to the mile. The Avfniws run nearly N. and S., and are numbered from E. to w.. beginning upon the East River. Several short avenuea on the E. side of the city are designated by letters, as Avenue A, beginning at the one next e. of First Avenuo. These avenues are each 100 feet wide, except s. of 23d St., where Avenues A and C are 80 feet and Avenue B 60 feet. North of 33d St. Fourth Avenue is 125 feet wide. The blocks between the avenues are 610 to 920 feet, being generally 800 feet. The Lands and Places belonging to the city date their title from Dongan's charter, by which all waste and unappropriated lands on Manhattan Island to low water mark, and all rivers, bays, and waters adjoining, were confirmed to the city. The real estate now belonging to the Corporation, amounting to $41,453,039, is mostly in use for Waterworks. Police, Fire, Alms- house, School, or Market purposes, or as parks, piera, bulk- heads, and wharves, ferries, and public buildings for municipal purposes. The city owns, besides these, Uncommuted quitrents reserved on property when sold, and water grants yet to be issued $900,000 Lots under lease without covenants nf renewal 325,000 " " " with " " 500.000 Common lands 500,000 Sundry lofB and gores of land 250,000 Real estate in Brooklyn 50,000 NEW YORK COUNTY. 423 The city contains 20 public and several private parks, most of which are inclosed with iron railing and handsomely laid out.^ The Fire Department in some form has existed since 1653, when tlie city enjoyed the privilege of collecting a beaver for each house and a guilder yearly for each chimney to support a fire apparatus. The Fire Department in its present form was incorp, April 16, 1831 ; and its powers have been modified by acts of March 25, 1851, and April 3, 1855.^ 1 Tkt Central Park, for the purpose of construction, is in charge of a special Board of Commissiouers, consisting of 10 members, who servf without pay, and n-port annually to the Common Council. The history of this park is briefly as fol- lows : — On the 5th of April. 1851. Mayor Kingsland, in a special mes- sage to thf Common Council, called attention to tht" importance of a public park sufiiciently ample to meet the growing wants of the city population. The message was referred to a select committee, who reported in favor of purchasing the tract of 150 acres between 66th and 75th Sta. and 3d Avenue and the East River, known as Jones's Wood. An act was passed July 11. 1851, allowing this to be taken; but. from £ome errors in the act, thw Supreme Court refused to appoint Commissioners, and the law wae repealed April 11, 1854. On the 5th of August, 1851, a com- mittee was appointed to examine whether another more suitable Bite for a park could not be found ; and the result of the inquiry was the selection of the site now known as the "Central Park." between 5th and Hth Avenues, originally extending from -iOth to 106th Sts., and in 1359 extended to 110th St. The act for creating this park passed July 2a, 1853, and an act for its regu- lation and government April 17, 1867. The grounds are '2k miles long by i mile wide, embracing 840 acres, of which 136 are occupied by Croton reservoirs. It will be crossed by 4 thoroughfares, sunk below the general surface and passing under the carriage ways and other avenues of the park, so as not toobstructthemovemeutof visitors. Accesstothe grounds cannot be had from these transverse roads. This pai'k is now under construction, and will embrace a parade ground 50 acres in extent, for the maneuver of large bodies of infantry, cavalry, and artillerv : a botanical garden, cricket grounds, playgrounds, poods for skating in winter, and every variety of scenery which a surface naturally rugged and broken can be made to present. The plan embraces carriage drives and bridle paths, winding ways for pedestrians, and broad, noble avenues for promenade; fountains, lawns, terraces, and every variety of woodliind scenery. Ground is reser\'ed for a public hall intended for con- certs; for a large conservatory, and exotic terraces; for a geo- metrical flower garden, with wail foimtains; for an architectural terrace, with a large jet and tazza fountain : for public bouses of refreshment; for residences of the Superintendent and head gardener: for a police station, a zoological garden, and for an astronomical observatory, chartered in 185;^. The grounds now include the building erected and still used for a State Arsenal, but sold to the corporation, and the Mount St. Vincent Academy of the Sisters of Charity. There will be over 25 miles of walks, 5 miles of bridle paths, and 8 miles of carriage road. The main entrance will be at the corner of 5th Avenue and 59th St.; but other entrances will be provided at convenient points on 7th Avenue on both ends, and along 5th and Sth Avenues. The BalUry comprises a tract of about 20 acres at the s. point of the island, planted with trees and fronting upon the harbor. It was formerly a place of fashionable resort; but, in the exten- sion of commerce, it has lost most of its prestige. It is still at- tractive on account of its cool breezes and refreshing shside. The point, formerly called " Schrer/frs Honk.^" showed a number of rocks above water, upon which a platform was built in 1003 for a battery. This shallow spot was afterward filled in; and in 18.'>3-5G it was further extended so as to embrace its present limits. It is valued at $3,000,000. The Bmvting Gnen is a triangular park between Broadway and Whitehall St. and Battery Place. It is supplied with a fountain, but is not open to the public. This Park or Green formerly fronted the fort upon the Battery. Prior to the Revo lution, a leaden equestrian statue of Geo, III. was placed in it, which at the commencement of the war was thrown down and ro»-lted into bullets. The Green is valued at $135,000. Tht P.trk is a triangular space of lOJ acres between Broad- way. Chatham, and Chamber Sts., near the present center of commercial business in the city. The City Hall, Hall of Itecoids, Rotunda, and New City Hall, used for courts and public offices, are located upon it. It has a large fountain, which is seldom used. This tract, formerly called " Tin' Fields,^' or *' The Gjm- mon,'' from the beginning has been owned by the city and used for public purposes. While distant from the settled portion, it was used as a place of execution; and the victims of the negro plot proscription were here burned. In the early part of the Kevo- Uition the Sons of Liberty hero rallied to assert their rights; and at a later period it became the scene of cruelty as the piison and execution ground of American patriots. The s. gateway was formerly of marlde, beautifully finished, and surmounted bytwo marble balls, gifts from theTurkish Government to Com- modore Perry, and by him presented to the city. They had been made for cannon balls. The foundation of this gateway was laid with great pomp, the Mayor presiding and depMsiting lo it varioua coins, papers, and memorials, the Park ia now partly surrounded by an iron fence, and its sides are open for some distance to allow the easy paasai^e of pedestrians. Its central location renders it a favorite place for popular gather- ings, and, from the throng constantly passing, an audience can be swelled to thousands in a brief space of time. This Pai'k is valued at $3,000,009. Wasfiivt/ton Sfiuure, containing 9J acres, formerly the ^*Pot- tcr^s Field" lies between Wavcrly Place. McDougal. Fourth, and VVooater Sts. It is handsomely laid out, and is surrounded with residences of a superior class. It has a fountain, and is a favor- ite resort for promenade. It is estimated that 100,000 persons were buried here before the ground was taken for a park. It is valued at $816,000. Uniim Park is an oval area, with a fine fountain, on Broad- way, hounded by University Place, 4th Avenue, 14th and 17th Sts. It is much frequented in summer by nurses and children. It is valued at $504,000. Adjoining the park, but not within its paling, is the equestrian statue of Wasliington. in bronze, by 11. K. Browne, erected in 1S56 at a coat of over $;U),OtiO. It is 14 feet high, and stands on a granite pedental of about the same lioigbt. Tiinpkins Square, formerly a parade ground, is bounded by Avenues A and B and by 6th and 10th Sts. It is still new; but it is well laid out and will become an ornament to the eastern side of the city. A fountain is under construction, and other improvements are in progress. Madison Square, comprising 10 acres, between 5th and Madi- son Avenues and 23d and 26th Stfl., is beautifully laid out and planted with trees. The at^joiuing 8tre( ts are built up with first class dwellings, and it is one of the most fashionable places of px'omenade in the city. It is valued at $520,000. Adjoining this square on the west is a mot ument to the memory of General Worth. Stuyvp.sant Square, lies between 15tL and 17th Sts. and let and 3d Avenues, the 2d Avenue passing through it. It has a fountain on each side of 2d Avenue, and is tastefully laid out and planted with trees and shrubs. It was presented to the corporation by the late Peter G, Stuyvesant, and is valued at $196,000. Jtesenmir Square, adjoining the distributing reservoir, be- tween 40th and 42d Sts., on 6th Avenue, from 1851 to 1858 was occupied by the Crystal Palace. It is valued at $150,000, and is at present unimproved as a park. Manhattan Square, between 8th and 9th Avenues and 77th and Slst Sts., is a rough, unimproved piece of laud, valued at $^>8,000. Hamitton Square, at Torkville. between 3d and 5th Avenues and 68th and 69th Sts., has a rolhng surface, mostly ab^-ve the level of adjoining streets, and is uuincloscd and unimproved. The corner stone of a monument to Washington was laid with pompous ceremonies on this park Oct. 4, 1847; but the patriot- ism that instigated the enterprise was expended In the effort, and the work was abandoned without further action. The park is valued at $97,000. Mount Morris Square, between 120th and 124th Sts.. on both sides of Sth Avenue, not yet laid out, is valued at $40,000. A square of 17 acres was reserved for a park at Blooming- dale, between Sth aud 9th Avenues and 53d and 57tli Sts.; but the location of the Central Park has led to Its abandonment. In various parts of the city are several small triangular plats at the intersection of streets, valued at $10,000 to $!5,tHt0 each. The city also contains several parks not belonging to the city, which are laid out with great care and are truly ornamental. St. John's Park, or Ilitds'm Sqtiare, irontiiv^ St. John's Church and bounded by Hudson. Varick. Beach, and Laight Sts.. be- longs to Trinity Church, and is valued at $400,000. It is kept for the exclusive use of the inhabitants living nejir it, who pur- chase keys of the keeper at $10 per annum. It contains a beautiful fountain. Graniviercy Park, between 20th and 2]flt Sts. and 3d and 4th Avenues, is owned by those living around it. having been ced(d to them by Samuel B. Buggies. It is inclosed with an iron raUing and a thick hedge of sweet prim, and is planted witb ornamental trees and shrubs. It has a fountain in the center. 2 Thiy department has a Board of Fire VVa7-de}is, consiBting of 14 members, a Chuf Enrrine':r and 13 assistants, and 3,700 men, of whom 1,923 are members of engine companies, 1,262 of hose companies, and 502 of hoi-k and ladder Cdmpnnies. This body of men constitutes a distinct and powerful combina- tion, whose services, although gratuitous, are prompt and in every respect praiseworthy, and whose interests the city author- ities find it their policy to protect. The city is divided intoS fire districts, furnished with 11 district fire alarm bells, all connected by telegraphic signals. There are 47 engine compa- nies, 57 hose companies. 15 hook and ladder companies, and 4 bydraut companies. The first claas euginea fauve compaoiee of 424 NEW YORK COUNTY. The Bureau of I^anips and Gas has in charge the lighting of the streets.' The Croton Aqueduct Department is under a board styled the Croton Aqueduct Board, consisting of a President, Commissioner, Chief Engineer, and Assistant, appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen for five years. It has charge of all structures and property connected with ;he supply of Croton water and the collection of water rents, of the underground drainage of the ;ity, of public sewers, of permits fur street vaults, of paving and repairing streets, and of digging rnd constructing wells. It has a Bureau of Water Rents, and one of Pipes, Sewers, and Pave- nents. The department was organized in July, 1849, under an act passed April 11 of that year. Previous to this the Water Commissioners were appointed by the Governor and Senate.^ Id men, the second of 60, and the third of 50. The hook and l.idder companife have each 50 niRD, and the hose companies eiich 30, The nnmber of fires in the year, ending Feb. 17, 1859, waa 261, and of alarms, 160. The leas by fire on buildings was %^9?,fiil, and on stock $514.999.— of which the Cryetal Palace, burned in Oct. 1858, formed a large item. During the last year two large st^-am fire engines have been obtained; but, except in extraordinary cases, they are not used. The city owns about 80,0i}0 feet of hose. The Department elects one Fire Commia- Bioner annually for a term of 5 yeai-9 from among exempt fire- men. Thfse commissioners form a Board to decide upon the formation of new volunteer companies, to investigate applica- tions for admission to companies, to examine into charges against membei'^. and for cause to suspend or remove them. The Fire Department possesses a fund derived from special trusts, donations, festivals, concerts, fines for violation of fire laws, and other sources, the income of which ia applied in aid of tho families of deceased and disabled firemen. Tlie report of 1857 Rhowed an expL-nditure of $30,567.91 hy the trustees of this fund. Among the items of this expense were 1,978 pairs of slioes and 500 tons of coal. The invested fund amounts to ^95,250. Two .':chnlar8hips for educating the sons of firemen in the Dniversity of New York have beeu endowed by Myudert Van Pchaick. 1 The city gas lights are furnished by three general com- panies, as follows: — The Ni'V} York Gas Li/jht Company was incorp. March 2fi. 1823, with a capital of $1.000l00O. It has works on 21st and 22d Sta., from 1st Avenue to East River, and has 6 large gas holders at that station and 7 others at different parts of tho city. It sup- plies the lamps s, of Grand St^ and haa about 130 miles of mains under the streets. Manhatt-jn Gas Lifjht Company was incoi-p. Feb. 26, 1830. with a capital of $l,noo.obO. It has 2 manufactories of gas, — one on tho Hudson, at ;iie foot of 18th St., capable of making daily 3.00(1.000 feet, and one on East River, at (he foot of 14th St^ capable of making 3,000,000 feet daily. It supplies the city N. of Grand St., and has about 220 miles of street mains. It lights S.OOO street lamps and supplies 26,000 wton's and dwell- ings. In lf^67 it made 600,a}0,000 feet of gas, and in 1859 830.000.000. HiirUm. Gas Liqht Company was incorp. Feb. 8, 1855, with a capital of $250,000. Its works are situated upon Ilarlem River, At the N. extremity of Ist Avenue. There are also several minor gas works for furnishing light to hotels and private esta- blishments. 3 The Croton Aqueduct is the most extensive and costly work in America for sup|tlying a city with water: nn'l its magnitude justifies a somewhat minute account of its orig^in and subse- quent history. In 1741 the General Assembly pnased a law (which was con- tinued hy repeated enactments) for mending and keening in repair the public wells and pumps of the city. In 1774 Christo- pher Colles contracted to erect a reservoir on Broadway, between Pearl and White Sts.: and the plan was partially ca'rried into I effect before tho Revolution. In 1785 schemes were again agi- . tated, which led to surveys and examinations; and in 1799 the j Manhattan Company was fjrmed, ostensibly to supply the city with water, but really as a banldng institution, with a perpetual ] charter and large privileges. Its principal well was at the corner of Duane and Cross Sts., whence the water wa.s raised by steam and distributed in pipes; but the supply was limited in amount and was of very impure quality. During the next thirty years various schemes were proposed for constructing common and artesian wells, and open canals from the Bronx and other Streams in Westchester co. and Conn., and several companies were formed: but no practical steps were taken to secure the result. An act was passed May 2, 1S34, which authorized the i city to supply itself with "pure and wholesome water*' and to issue its stock to defray the cost. The Governor and Senate ^pointed Stephen Allen, R. M. Brown. Charles Dusenberry, Saul Alley, T. T. Woodruff, and William W. Fox Commission- ers, under whom accurate surveys were made and various plans and estimates considered, which resulted in recommending that the water of the Croton he taken near it-s mouth and brought in an aqueduct to a reservoir on Murray Hill, 114 ft. above tide. Tliis plan was approved. March 11, by the Mayor, and in April. 1835, hy the people, by a vote of ll',367 to 5,903. David B. Douglass waf appointed Chief Engineer; but in Oct. 18^6, he was succeeded by .lohn B.Jervis. The work was begun in the spring of 1837. and so far completed as to allow tho ad- fDissioD of water into the diatnbuting reservoir, July 4, 1842. Its completion was commemorated by a grand civic celebration Oct. 14 of the same year. This aqueduct is a covered canal, of solid stone and brick masonry, arched above and below. 8 ft. 5^ in. high. 7 ft. 5 in. wide at the widest part, and 40J mi. in length from the dam to the distributing resen-oir. It has a descent of 47.9 ft., or 13 in. to a mi., and a capacity of supplying 60,000,000 gallons of water per day. At intervals of 1 mi. are openings through small towers for ventilation. The flow of water is generally 2 to 3 ft. in depth, or 27.000.000 gallons a day. It is covered below the reach of frosts; and the surface works are carefully guarded by fences from injury by cattle. It passes through 16 tunnels in rock, varying from 160 to 1,263 ft., with a total of 6.841 ft. In Westchester co. it crosses 25 streams 12 to 70 ft. below the line of grade, besides numerous small brooks furnished with cul- verts. Ilarlem River is crossed upon High Bridge in two 48 inch mains. 12 ft. below the level of the grade of the aqueduct, and turuished with gate chambers at each end. This bridge is of granite, 1,450 ft. long, 21 ft. wide between the parapets, 100 ft. above the surface of high tide to the crown of the arch, and 114 ft. to the top of the parapets. It rests upon 15 arches, 8 of which are of 80 ft. span and 7 of 50 ft. Upon one of the piers is inscribed the following record of the construction of the bridge : — Aqiteddct Brhwe. Begdn1«39; Finished 1848. Stephen Aixen, ] Saul Alley. watprCom C. DL'SENLERET, \ VVATERCOM- W.W.FOX, MI.SI0NERS. T. T. WOODRtTFF, I [ C0XTR.A,O John B. Jervis, Chief II. Allen, Prtnc. Assist. [ Eproi- P. IIastie, Risifknt E. H. Tracy, Assistant George Law, "^ „ Samdel Roberts, v Arnold Mason, J "^^■ The aqueduct of masonry is continued fiom the bridge 2 mi. to the Manhattan Valley, a depreaaion which is 4,171 ft. wide and 102 ft. deep. This is crossed by an inverted siphon of iron pipes 4,180 ft. in length, with a gate chamber at each end. The masonry ia then resumed, and the aqueduct is carried -t'oVV mi. to the receiving reservoir in the Central Park, crossing in this distance the Clendening Valley, 1,900 ft. across and 50 ft. deep, on an aqueduct, with archways for three streets, each of which has 30 ft. span for carriage way and 10 ft. span on each side for foot passengers. The receiving reservoir in the Central Park is 1,826 ft. long, 836 ft. wide, covers an area of 3,505 acres, and has a capacity of 150.000,000 galloD.s. The banks are of earth, IS ft. wide at top, and rise 9 ft. above the level of the water. The pipes pass through brick vaults. A new reservoir ia now under construc- tion adjacent to the former ones, and also upon Central Park. It ml! cover an area of 106 aires, and will be surrounded by an earth bank of irresular outline, which will constitute a broad promenade. The distributing reservoir at Murray Hill, between 40th and 42d Sts. and 5th and 6th Avenues, is a stone structure in 2 divisions, designed to contain 36 ft. or 20,000,000 gallons. Its surface ia 115 ft. above mean tide. The cost of the work was $8,575,000, including water rights and land, besides $1,800,000 for distributing pipes. The expense came within 5 per cent, of the estimate of .Mr. Jervis, the Engineer. The annual interest, amounting to $665,000, is paid by direct water taxes and by some indirect taxes ; and a sinking fund is provided for the final liquidation of the debt. The construction of this work has lowered the annual rates of fire insurance about 40 cts.on every $100 insured. Sing Sing Prison is supplied from the aqueduct as it passes near that place. The amount of pipe laid in different years has been as follows, up to 1859 :— Previous to 1849, 1,024,051 feet. Previoua to 1854, 30.575 feet. July to Dec. 1849, 20,236 " 1856, 36.921 " In IS.iO, 41,328 « 1866, 29.983 « 1851, 65.199 " 1857, 23,320 « , 1S52, 6.3.535 " 1868, 19,560 " 1853, 33,782 " Total 1,388,380 ft. or 262 mi. 5.020 ft The amount of pipe of different Blzes (internal diameter) laid up to 1859 haa been — 41,324 feet 5,4no " 44.S62 " 60,878 " 4,087 " A snrvey of the Croton Valley waa begun in 1857, with tbfl 4 inch pipe 9,473 feet. 20 inch pipe 6 " 930.816 " 24 " " 10 " " 6.875 " 30 " " 12 " " 279,804 " 36 « '< 16 " " 14,978 " 48 " " NEW YORK COUNTY. 425 Tlie AInistaouse Uepartinent is under the charge of a Board of Ten Governors of the Almshouse, generally known as the " Ten Governors/'^ The department was organized under an act of April 6, 1849, and was modified the succeeding year. This board has charge of the Alms- house, of the Relief and Support of the Poor, of the County Lunatic Asylum, of the Nurseries for Poor and Destitute Children, the Penitentiary, and ail the city prisons and houses of detention, except the sheriff's jail in Elbridge Street and the House of Refuge. All ordinary appropriations for this department must be submitted to a board consisting of the Presidents of the Boards of Al- dermen and Councilmen, the Mayor and C(jmptroller.^ If this board approves, it reports to the view of ascertaining its topography minutely, the better to decide upon future reservoirs or other structures ii8 they may be found necessary. The ridge line or watershed inclosing the valley above the dam is 101 mi. in length. The stream is 39 mi. in li^ngth, and its tributaries 1-36 mi. The total area of the vallt'y is 362 square mi.; and within it are 31 natural lakes and ponds, many of which are available as reservoirs, and 16 of which have been minutely surveyed and estimated. The revenues from water rents from Oct. o, 1842, to Dec. 31, 1858, have amounted to $6,725,947.98; and the amount has in- creased from year to year, — except in 1851 and 1S56, when it fell off. The public sewers connected with this department, since Feb. 6, IS46. have cost an expenditure of $163,527.13; and the amount of J^8,o72.00 has been collected from permits to connect premises with the public sewers. The length of sewers ct>n- Btructed by this department since its organization in 1849 has been 92 mi. 1,340 ft. 1 The Governors of the Almshouse are elected by single ballot, one being voted for and two elected. This places the board above the control of party politics. 2 Public measures for therelief of thepoorare among the first necessities of a civilized govt-rnment; and one of the earliest statutes of the General Assembly in 1683 was for this object. In 1699 a law was passed fur the relief of the poor at their homes; and about 1714 the first almshouse was built, on the present site of the City Hall. In 1795 a lottery of £H).Oi)0 was granted for a new almshouse, and the large brick building on the Park near Chambers St. (burned in 1S.54) was erected. lu 1811 a tract on the Kast River, at the foot of 2tith St., was bought; and the first stone was laid Aug. 1, 1811. The present main edifice at Bellevue IIospit;il was opened April 22, 1816, as a hospital, penitentiary, and almshouse, at a cost of ^21,109. The management Wixs for many years intrusted to five commissioners appointed by the Cominou Council. In 1622 the average numoer of paupers was 1,547 ; and the cost of the eatabliahment for several years was as follows : — In 1817 $90,886 1 In 1820 $84,420 « 1818 ■.. 107.600 " 1821 85.000 « 1819 105,509 I " 1822 82,200 The law then required paupers to be returned to tho town where they had gained residence; but this waa often difficult. and vessels then, as since, often landed paupers in or near tiie city from distant places. In 1822 two vessels put about 100 paupers on shore a few miles from the city, and broui^ht on their b:iggage. Efforts were made to remedy these abuses ; but it was fouml diflficiilt in a large population to distinguish those coming into the city liable to public charge, until they applied for relief in the eariy winter months. — Sfit. Doc. No. 86, 1824. Meanwhile the aOiiirs of the institutions at Bellevue became Tery corrupt and mercenary; but a malignant ftver, which broke out in 1825 and committed frightful ravages in the filthy wards and loathsome cellB, forced the question of reform upon tho public. In 1845 the Almshouse waa placed under the c;ire of a single commissiont-r, and in 1849 the present system of super- vision went into operation. Black wells Island was bought in 1S2S, and Randalls Island in 1835. In 1848 the Almshouse was completed on the former ; and the whole of both islands is now devoted to ohjects of charity and reform, Kambills Island being in p;irt under the care of the Governors of the Almshouse and in part under tho Trustees of the House of Refuge. Upon Blackwells Island, commencing at the 8. end, are located resp'Ctively the 8mall Pox llnspital, the Penitentiary, Island Hospital, female and male Almshouses, Workhouse, and JyUnafic Asylum. Upon Wards Island is the Potters' Field, under the charge of the Ten Governors; and upon Randalls Isl.ind are (ho extcn^iive nurseries and hospitals for poor children. Uellevue Hospital, tho largest in the city, remains under tho charge of the Governors as a fever, surgical, and general hospital. The Coloied Orphan Asylum, Colored Home, four city itrisoiis. and the out-door poor, are also under the care of this department. A 8h'^)rt sketih of these several charges is essential to a full knowledge of the city. Bdlevtie Hospital is 350 ft. long, the center portion 5 stories high and the wings 4 stories. Upon each story are verandas and outside stairways of iron. Its arran;;ement8 throughout are ample and judicious, and it can accommodate 1,.'150 patients. It h:i8 a clinical theater fitted up for the accommodation of large classes of students. In 1X.">S the number of pre-icriiitions was 14t6,6(j3; and the number of births is atjuut 35U,anuually. The resulta of its operation during 10 yeara have been as fol* lows : — Ybars. AdmitUd. Discharged. Remaining. Died. 1849 3,114 3,728 6,401 6,020 4,836 6,213 6,743 6,4S4 7.074 7.925 2.716 3,224 6..304 4.449 4.210 6,634 6.476 6.186 6.166 7,612 612 671 fiOO 647 6: 14 674 6S2 602 853 843 483 446 650 633 679 726 623 604 667 812 ISoO.. 1S81 1852 1863 1854 1865. . 1866 1867 1858 The Stnall Pnx Hospital, Blackwells Island, was commenced April 1, 1854, and was finished in the same year. It is bnjlt, in tho Knglish gothic stvle, of stone quarried upon the island. It is 104 ft. by 44, 3 stories high, and cost S38,000. It is not de- signed for the treatment of paupers only, but is fitteii u|i with express reference to receiving persons able and willing to pay for their treatment, and where, secluded from friends to whom they might impart their disease, they may receive every atten- tion that science and the most attentive nursing can bestow. It is the only hospital of the kind in or near the city, ami takes the place of some old wooden buildings previously erected on the island. Its statistics have been as follows: — Years. Admitted. Discharged. Remaining. Died. 1849 263 208 2S6 149 166 186 56 l.W 197 216 241 132 276 122 104 165 48 99 14S 198 13 48 10 12 25 5 3 11 27 5 29 41 6S 25 39 46 10 27 33 40 1850 1861.... 1.S63. 1864 1866 . .. . 1856 1858 The Penitentiary, opposite 55th St., is built of hewn stoje and rubble masonry. It consists of a middle building, 65 by 7G ft., and two wings, each 50 by 200 ft., malting the whole length of the building 465 ft. A new wing was finished in 1859; and another is needed for the accommodation of the inmates. The total number of cells is 1,736. The convicts are employed as occasion requires in quarrying and dressing stone for buildings upon the island, and as blacksmiths, shoemakers, carpenters, weavers, cooratioii under an act of Congress passed March 30, 1822. The buiUlint; waa subsequently used for the public reception of di-^itinguished strangers, and for concerts, op-'ras, public meot- iiigs, the annual lairs of the American Institute, and similar purposes, until leased in 1855 to the Commissioners of Emigra- tion as a landing place for emigrants. The Emigrant Befuge and Hospital, upon Wards Island, consists of several large buildings for hospitals, nurseries, and other purposes, located upon a farm of 106 acres. The total number of emigrants who have arrived in the port of New York since 1846 has been 2,486,463, distributed as follows : — 1847 129,061 1851 289.515 1855 136.233 1848 189,176 1852 300,992 1856 142,342 1849 220,603 1853 284,945 1857 183,773 1850 212,796 1854 318,43S' 1858 78.689 The greater number of these proceed to their destination without expanse to the Commissioners. The Marine Hospital is noticed under Richmond County. See page 566. 2 The markets of New York are owned by the city, and leased in small portions to occupants. They are as follows : — CathaHne — Catharine St., East River. Center — Grand and Center Sts. C/m^on^ Wash iagton and Canal Sta. Esse:r — Grand and Ludlow Sts. FranWrn— Old Slip, East River. i^H»o7i— Fulton St., East River. C'ouvcrneur — Water, corner of Gouvemeur St. Jefferarm — Sixth Avenue, corner of Greenwich Avenue, TmipJcins — Third Avenue and Sixth St. (now building of iron.) Union — Second and Houston Sts. Washingtrm — Fulton St., Hudson River. The principal market for wholesale is the Washington Market; and thither most of the teams from the surrotod- ing country resort for the sale of produce. The principal lish market is adjacent to Fulton Market, where facilities are pro- vided for unloading fishing vessels. The immense supply of anhnal food required by the population of New York has led to enormous investments of capital for the production, and corre- sponding arrangements for the bringing forward, of this class of provisions. Cattle are now seldom di-iven to market on foot. Illinois is the greate.st beef producing State in the Union, and its market cattle are brought by R. b., stopping on the way only 3 or 4 times to rest and feed. About $12,000,000 are annually expended by New York and its suburbs for beef alone. The measures taken for supplying the city with fish, oyeters, and game are correspondiugly great, and have each in their several departments led to organized systems fur ftiruit-hiug their pro- portion with great regularity and in quantities proportioned to the demand. The markets for live stock in New York are provided entirely by individual enterprise: and the principal ones are now on 44th St. and 5th Avenue. The great market days are Tuesdays and Wednesdays; and. since supplies can reach the city nt all Bt-a sons with equal faciUty, the amount is distributed throughout the year in a proportion nearly uniform. This market cx-cupies 14 acres, and has 150 yards, and, with its stalls, can accomnio date 5,000 bullocks, and an equnl number of sheep and calvei* The largest hog markets are at the w. end of 40th St.,aaJ on the Hudson, at the foot of y7th St. There are 2 other market places, — one on 6th St. E.of 3d Avenue, and one in Robinson St., where nearly 450.000 sheep have ber-n sold, bysidea cuws and calves. There are also extensive markets at Bc-rgen Hill. 428 NEW YORK COUNTY. of the State, with 5 justices, the Superior Court, with a chief justice and 5 justices, the Court of Common Pleas, with 3 justices, the Marine Court, with 3 justices, and the Surrogate's Court. The criminal courts consist of a Court of Oyer and Terminer, held by a justice of the Supreme Court, a Court of General Sessions, held by the Recorder or city judge, Courts of Special Sessions, held by the pi )li(_^e justices, 4 Police Courts, and 6 Justices' or District Courts. The Burials from the city are regulated by law; and none can take place without a cer- tificate fniiu the Inspector's Department, and a record of the time, cause, and circumstances of the death, as far as can be ascertained.' Xlie Board of Ilealtli consists of the Mayor and Common Council. The Mayor is Presi- dent. The Mayor, the Presidents of the two branches of the Common Council, the Health Officer, the Resident Pliysician, the Health Commissioner, and the City Inspectors, are constituted a Board of Commissioners, who render advice to the Board of Health. The Health Officer is appointed by the Governor and Senate. The Mayor, with the advice of the Board of Aldermen, appoints an Inspector of Vessels. It is the duty of the Board of Health to watch over the health of the city and port, and conduct and attend to the business of the Quarantine establishment.^ Ferries are established from New York to Brooklyn, Jersey City, the islands, and to numerous points around the harbor. Up to 1810 the ferry boats were propelled by horse and man power; but during that year steam was introduced, and now it is exclusively used on all important routes. A few of the islands are reached only by row boats.' The facilities for passing from one point to another in the city are numerous, cheap, and con- The mim'ter of animals sold during 5 yearfl at the New York live stock markets has been as follows :— w ? = .4 III ell i ^ •i 1S.14 115.846 169,864 13.131 68.584 565,474 252,328 1.058.690 ISS.'i 97.651 l.S6,574 12,110 47.969 688,741 318.107 1,147.609 1856 125,5115 187,067 12,857 4,3,081 402,739 345.911 1,051.655 IS.W 116.6)6 162,243 12,840 ,34.218 444,0.36 2S8.9.S4 940,819 1868 144,749 191,374 10.128 37,076 447,445 651.479 1,238,101 The number of bullocks from the several States sending to this market, in 1853, was as follows ; — Average. New York 30,980 695 No. Pennsylvania 1,664 45 Ohio 4,389 84 Indiana 11,130 214 Illinois 62.,S18 1,015 Kentucky 9,409 181 Virginia 895 Connecticut 690 Texas 1.214 New Jersey 603 Iowa 2,724 Michigan 1,682 No. 7'*'* Average. 17 11 23 11 52 32 The mode of reaching market was as follows : — BuMocka, by Harlem It. R 10.558 » Hudson River R. R 50,91fi » New York & Erie R. R 93,820 « on foot 2,863 Swine, by Nbw York & Erie R. R 301,671 The above stati.'itica do not include barreled beef and pork, and animals shiughterud elsewhere and sent thither for sale. In some seasons over 3,000 slieep are slaughtered per week, at Albany, for the Xew Yorkmai'ket; and the amount from other places ia very lartje. 1 The Burial Places of New York were originally around the churches ; and in 1822 there were 22 places of interment s. of the City Hall. The practice was found to be offensive to the senses and prejudicial to the public health, and was accordingly prohibited in the older parts of the city. The plan of marble cemeteries within t!ie city was proposed, and two were con- structed between 2d and 3d Sts. and the Bowery and 2d Av. Thes3 contained 234 and 156 vaults respectively, were built entirely of stone, and intended to receive each a large number of bodies. The plan was found unsuccessftil, and soon after was superseded by that of rural cemeteiii's. This appropriate cus- tom, introduced at Greenwood in lSi-12, has led to the laying out of many similar grounds, each rivaling the other in bejiuty of location and in plans for the adornment of the resting places of the dead. The principal of these are Greenwood, C.vpreas Hills. Evergreens, Mount Olivet, Calvary, Citizens' Union, Friends. Shearith Ti^rttel, and "Washington, on Long Island; Trinity, on New York Island; Beechwood.at. New Rochelle; Dale, ut Sing Sing; Oak Hill, at Nyack; and Machpelah, in West^ Chester co. ; and New York Bay and other.s, in New Jersey. The Potters' Field Ix-longing to the city is on Wards lisland. By an ordinance of Feb. 3, 1851, no burials are allowed g. of 86th St. : and Trinity Church CVmetery, embia*;ioi; -3^^^^^ acres between the Hudaon and 10th Av. and 163d and I55th Sta., ia the principal one now in use on the island. It was purchased in 1842. 2 Pestilence has on several occasions committed frightful ravages among the population of the city. Among these visita- tions the following are worthy of reconl : — 1702. — A pestilence, probably yellow fever, was brought from St. ThoniJis, of which 500 died up to ^ept., and 70 more during the first week of that month, out of a popular tiou of 6.000 to 7.000. 1732.— In autumn an infectious fever prevailed, of which 70 died in a few weeks. 1743. — A "bilious plague" broke out, of which 217 died in one season. It was confined to swampy ground. This is the first official report on mortility to the Blayor. 1745. — Malignant yellow fever prevailed. 1747. — The bilinus plague re-appeared. 1791. — The yellow fever prevailed, of which 200 died. 1794. — Yellow fever again appeared, occasioning much alarm, — though only 'J.0 to 30 died. 1795. — The yellow fever prevailed, carrying off 730, of whom 500 were foreigners recently arrived. 1796. — A malignant fever prevailed, from filling in of docks, of which 70 died. 1797. — The yellow fever occasioned 45 deaths. 1798. — Memorable for its pestilence, — probably yellaw fevei^ — which appeared in New York in the first week in August, and proved fatal to 2,080 persons, of whom 1,110 were men, 5S9 women, and 885 children. 1799. — Yellow fever again prevailed, but much less aggravated. 1801.— About 160 died of yellow fever. 1803. — From 600 to 700 died in New York of yellow fever. Since this year regular statistics of mortality for the city are preserved for eacli vear, from which it appears that yellow fever in 1805 destroyed 270, and in 1822, 166; and that cholera destroyed 3.513 in 1832; 971 in 1834; 5.071 in 1849; and 374"iii 1852. The mortuary tables show during the 50 years ending with 1&53 a total of 364,698 deaths. 3 The ferries running to and from New York are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the corporation, and deiive their authority by lease, usually for a term of years. The following is a summary of those now running: — Staten Island F>rri/, from Whitehall St. to Quarantine. Cliflon, and Stapleton. Also extends to New Brighton. Factory Vil- lage, and Port Richmond. It is leased to the Staten I.sl md & New York Ferry Co. until 1865. at an annual rent of ?,j,100. HamiUfm Avenuf. Ferry, fiom Whitehall St. to IlamiUnn At., Brooklyn, 1,765 yards in length, is leased to the Union Ferry Co. until 1861. South Ferry, from Whitehall St. to Atlantic St., and Lovr Inland Rail Road. Brooklyn. 1,476 yards in length, is hased to the Union Ferry Co. Wall Street Ft'rry, from Wall St. to Montague Place, I'rooltlyn, 1,150 yards in length, belongs to the Union Ferry Co., and is leased until 1862, at an annual rent of $5,000. Fuitnn Sfrrfl Ferry, from Fulton St. to Fulton St.. I'rooklyn, 730 yards, belongs to the Fulton & Union Ferry Co., and, including the South and Hamilton Avenue Ferries, renta for Si5.i.i00. It is leased until ISid. Peck Slip Ferry, from Pock Slip, foot of Ferry St fot, to South Sth Street. William8l'ur.ih, 2.800 yda., is I -.sfil to .T. V Merserole & Co. until 1869, at an animal rcut of $J1,000. NEW YORK COUNTY. 429 venient, and the establishment of all of them is so recent aa to be within the memory of every adult citizen. They consist of 5 city rail roads and 29 lines of omnibuses.^ Since the introduction of rail roads and the multiplication of steam ferries and steamboat routes, a lar^e number of persons transacting business in the city have been enal)led to provide residences in the country adjucent, where they can enjoy the comforts and luxuries of a rural home without a sacrifice of business interests. A large proportion of the inliabitants of Brooklyn, and great numbers residing within 30 mi. of the city, on Long Island and Staten Island and in the adjacent parts of Westchester county and New Jersey, are in this manner closely identified with the business of the city, and might in one sense be included in its population. New York and its immediate suburbs are thus 80 united in interests that they virtually constitute one great metropolis, and would probably at this time number, within a radius of 10 mi. from the City Hall, about a millitm and a quarter of inhabitants.^ The institutions of New York designed to meet the intellectual and social wants of the people in extent and variety have no equals in America; and many of them surpass all similar institutions in the world. These institutions, noticed under special heads, are devoted to education, both general and special, to benevolent objects in various forms, to religion and morality, to intellectual culture, and to the promotion of the useful and fine arts. They do not strictly all belong to the city, nor do they adequately represent the wants of the city population. Many of the schools and other in- stitutions, from their peculiarities and excellence, attract great numbers from abroad ; and, on the other hand, a great number of educational institutions in the adjoining counties depend for support almost entirely upon city patronage. A reciprocity of interests between city and country is thus kept up in intellectual as well as in business affairs. The Public ScbOOl System of New York now constitutes one of the most important in- terests of the city, both in regard to its effect upon the social position of the people and in the amount of its annual expenditures. There were reported, at the close of 1858, a free academy^ for the complete collegiate education of boys, 4 normal schools for the instruction of teachers, 57 ward schools, including 51 grammar schools for boys, 48 grammar schools for girls, and 55 primary departments for both sexes; 35 primary schools, 42 evening schools, of which 23 are for males and Boosevdt .^reet Ferry, from Roosevelt Street to Bridge Street, Bmoklyn. 1.450 yds., is leased to the Union Ferry Co. until 1867. at $3,000 per annum. JctTHfis Street F<'rry is establislied from James Slip to South 7th Street. William sbuigh. Catharine Street Ferry, from Catharine Street to Main Street, Brooklyn, 736 yds., is leased to the Uuion Ferry Co. until 1863, at $16,000 per annum. Vixisimi Ax^fniie Ferry extends from Grand Street to South 7th Street. Willianisburgh. Orand Street Ferry, from Grand Street to Grand Street, Wil- liamsburgh, is 900 yds. in length. Houst'm StreH Frtn'y, from Uoustun Street to Grand Street, Williamaburgh. 700 yda.. is lensod to the Houston Street Ferry Co. until 1863, at SG.l"iO0 per annum. Tenth Stiret Ferry, from 10th Street to Green Point, is leased until 1865, at $250 per annum. Twenty-Third S/n-et Ferry, from 23d Street to Green Point, is leased until 1863, at $100 per annum. Hunters Point Fe.rry, fromSltb Street to [lunters Point. Queens CO., is leased to A. W. Winants until 1867, at $100 per an- num. Black-wells Island Ferry extends from 61st Street to Blackwells Isbtnd. Mellgate Ferry, from 86th Street to Astoria, Queens cc, is leased to S. A. ilalsey until 1867. at $50 per annum. J^rds Islond Ferry extends from lOCth Street to Wards Island. Randalls Islawl i^^rrf^s extend from 122d Street to the Institu- tions under the charge of the Ten Governors, and from 117 th Street to the House of Itefuge. Jersey City Ferry, from Cortland Street to Jersey City, 1 mile, is leased to the Jersey City Ferry Co. until 1866, at $5,000 per annum. Barclai/ Street Ferrv, from Barclay Street to HoboUen, N. J., is leased to J. C. & R. L. Stevens untU 1865, at $100 per an- num. (hnal Street F»Try. from Canal Street to Hnbokon. N. J., is leased to J. C. & R. L. Stevens until ls60. at $fiOO per annum. Christojiher Street Feri'V, from Christopher Stn^et to Hubokon. N. J., is leased to J. C. & R. L. Stevens untU 1862, at $^^0 per annum. Weehawken Ferry extends from 42d Street to Weehawken. N. J. Elysiajt Fields i^erry extends from 19th Street toElysian Fields, N.J. The Union Feri'v Co. owned on the Ist of Nov. 1858, eighteen boats. Viilu.-d at $480,800. * Some of the principal facts concerning the city rail roads are as follows : — Cars run at frequent intervals and use horse-power. Fare, uniformly 5 cents. On 3d Avenue to Hiirlem, lents. Second Avnur extends fiom Peck Slip, tbroiigli Pearl. Chat- ham, Bov.ery, Grand, and Chrystie Streets and 2d Avenue, to 23d Street; thence to 4L;d Street. Returns througli 2d Avenue, 23d Street, 1st Avenue, Allen and Grand StroL-ts, Bowery, Chat- nam. Olivei", and South Streets. Third Avenue extends through Park Row, Chatham. Bowery, 3d Avenue, and Yorkville, to Harlem River Bridge. 12tith St. Kew Yorlc d: Hitrkm If. R. extends through Park Row, Cen- ter, Broome, and Bowery .Streets, to 4th Avenue, and up to 42d Street, where locomotive trains stop. Sixth Avenue extends through Vesey, Church, Chambers, W. Broadway, Canal. Varick, and Carmine Streets, and 6th Ave- nue, to -iith Street. Eighth Avenue extends through Vesey, Clmrch, Chambers, W. Broadway, Canal, and Hudson Streets and 8th Avenue to W. 59th Street. Ninth Amiu^, track laid and used to 54th St. The Hudson River B, II, and New Haven R. R. run no city cars. The omnibuses all have the names of their roxites pnintod upon the outside. The rates of fare are 4, 5, or 6 cts.. which Is paid without regard to distance trnveletl up'in or within them. Licenses are granted annually : and in 1858 439 stage licenses were taken at $20, and 5 out-of-town lines, at $5 per stage, amounting in the agj;regate to $10,3.'i5. All otht-r conveyances for public hire are also licensed, the number in 1858 being, hacks, 41)2. and special hacks, 320. 2 MoKt of the suburban distrii^ts of New York witln'n tliisStalo are particularly noticed in this work in the cnntie^ and towns in which they are located. Jersey City, wliich lias grown np within a few years, had, in 1855, 21,715 inliabitants. Jt is the terminus of tlie New Jersey R. R., connecting wiih lines S. and w.. and the Union R. R.. connecting with tht^ New York & Erie and the Northern New Jersey R. R. It is the landing place of tlie Cunard steamers, the seat of important manufactures, and the reeidence of multitudes duing bu'ine.'-s in New York City. Hoboken City is also a place of consid* raljle iniportmce fnun its proximity to the city. It had. in 1S55. G.727 inhabitants. Hudson City, in the rear of these, had 3 322 inhabitants; and numerous other places along tlie Hudson in N. J. are receiving attention as desirable places fi>r hnines. 3 The Frc« ,4cm//'my was estjiblisbed by an actofMny 7. 18.^7, subject to a popular vote, which gave li).404 for and 3,400 against the measure. An edifice in the'gnthic styb- of the f.ownb.allfl of the Netherlands. 80 by 100 f(.. was erected on Lexington Avo- nuej corner of 23d Street, in 1S48, with acconiniodatious for 430 NEW YORK COUNTY. 19 for females, and 11 corporate schools.' In the same year there were employed 1,729 teachers, — of whom 440 were males and 1,289 were females. Tbe Public Scbools are managed by a Board of Education, consisting of two commis- sioners from each ward. The local affairs of each ward are managed by local Boards of Trustees. The present system was organized under an act of 1812 ; but it has been modified by various acts since. In 1853 the Public School Society was dissolved and the schools under its control were merged in the ward schools of the city. The Board of Education distributes its duties among committees, and appoints a City Superintendent to exercise a general supervision over the schools.' Academies and Colleges. There are in the city 3 academic institutions, 2 colleges, 4 medical colleges, 2 theological schools, and a great number of schools for perfecting students in special branches of education.' In addition to the schools sharing in the distribution of the school fund, there are a great number of mission, charity, parish, denominational, and private schools, of 1.000 pupils. The cost of the grounds, buildings, furniture, ap- paratus, and library was $100,801.48; and the cost of mainte- nance to Jan. 1, 1859, was $33,238.17. The students and the graduates in eilch year have been as follows : — 1849. 1860. 1861. 1852. 1863. Students Graduates.... 201 2S5 383 498 636 17 1654. 1855. 1856. 1867. 185S. Students Graduates.... 637 20 688 32 875 20 805 21 885 25 Applicants for admission to this school must reside in the city, tie 1-i yuais of age, and must have been students in the common schools 12 months, and must sustain an examination in the ordinaj-y English studies. The school has a 5 years' course of study, and its graduates receive the dc-gree of A.B. Several medals and money prizes have been endowed, and socie- ties of students and alumni have been formed. 1 The number of pupils in 1S58 was as follows : — Normal schools 850 Corporate schools 10,697 General aggregate 171,768 Average attendance 51,430 Free Academy 8S5 Boys' grammar school- 29.309 Girls' " " .. 26,991 Primary department.... 59,276 Primary schools 23,760 Evening schools, about. 20,000 2 The '• Free School Society," afterward tho " Public School Society," was founded in June, 1805, and its first school was opened May 17. 1S06. During its long career tliis honored society disbursed millions of dollars of public money, afforded educa- tion to 600,000 children, and fitted 1.200 teachers at its normal schools. It twice tendered its property to tlie city authorities to satisfy a popular objection that so much property shuuld not be managed by a corporation ; but in both instances the tender was declined. After the society was dissolved, its books and papers were deposited with the New York Historical Society. Its re;il estate used for school purposes consisted of 15 public BChoolhouses, a trustees' hall on Grand Street, and a workshop on Crosby Street. — Dissolution of fab. Scfuiol Si^c. utkI Rep. of Com-., p. 7. The 11 corporate schools share in the public money, but are in no sense under the care of the Board. Tho exj)enses of the public schools in 1858 were as follows: — Salaries of teachers and janitors $ 556,445.93 New schoolhouses, repairs, purchase of new sites.. 228,810.13 Fuel 25,217.08 Books, stationery, and apparatus 105.328.31 Salaries of superintendents, clerks, and ofBcers of the board 23,398.51 Support of Free Ac;ulemy, including repairs 45.834.73 Evening schools 64,515.03 Normal schools 11.290.22 CoDtiugent expenses 45.427.05 Total expenses of public schools $1,106,266.99 » The academies subject to the visitation of the Regents are — Tlie Deaf and Dumb Institution, incorp. April 15, 1830. Grammar School of Columbia College, incorp. April 7, 1838. New York Free Academy, incorp. Oct. 31, 1849. Rutgers Female Institute, incorp. Jan. 23. 1840. Gilumbia OAlege was ch;irtered as ** King's CoUci^e" Oct. 31, 1754, and under the Colonial Government was :dded by a lottery, grants of lands, and liberal private donations from England. A plot of ground between Murray, Barclay, Church, and Oiapel Streets was given by Trinity Church for the college site, and the corner stone was laid July 23. 1756. The building wa.-? fin- ished in 1760, and during the Revolution it was used for a hos- pital. In 1792 tho trustees established a medical school, and BUBtained ituntil 1813. The college remained in its first location until the premises were greatly enhanced in value by the growth of the city and the spread of commercial establishments around and beyond it. An act was passed March 19, 1857, authorizing the purchase of another site for college purposes, in accordance with which the grounds at the foot of Park Place were sold for $596,650, the college still retaining many lots on Barclay Street, Park Place, Murray Street, and College Place, wliich are rented for long periods, and whose prospective value it is impossiblo to estimate. The premises lately owned by the Trustees of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum on 49th Street, near 4th Avenue, were purchased, with 4 other lots, for $75,366.10, and fitted up at a total cost of $114,1136.01. This change is understood to be only a temporary one, the ultimate intention being to locate on the premises of the Botanical Garden, between 47th and 51st Streets, on 5th Avenue. This garden, originally embracing about 20 acres, was laid out by Dr. David llosack, early in the present century, for the introduction of exotic plants, experiments in agriculture and horticulture, and the promotion of science. The Governor, in his message of 1S06, commended the object as worthy of public aid. In 1810 a memorial from the cor- poration of New York, the County and State Medical Society, and the Governors of the New York Hospital was addressed to the Legislature, in pursuance of which the Garden was pur- chased fur $73,000, upon the appraisal of 3 commissioners, and placed in charge of the Regents of the University. The latter placed it in the hands of the Trustees of the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, April 1, ISll. In 1814 it was granted by the Legislature to Columbia College, upon the condition that within 12 years the College should be removed thither ; but in 1819 this condition was rescinded, and $10,000 was given to the College to aid in extending the premises upon the original loca- tion. These grounds have also increased greatly in value, and the College is at tliis moment perhaps the wealthiest in the Union, with this important feature: that its wealth is not coupled with irksome conditions and provisions, but left free to the discretion of its trustees. A gi-ammar school has been many years connected with the College. Thf. University of the City ofAew Fork, located on the E.side of Washington Square, occupies a fine marble building in the PMglish collegiate style of architecture. It is 100 by 200 ft. on the ground; and besides the portion occupied by the College, it contains rooms leased to societies, artists, and professional per- sons. This College gi-ew out of a discussion with regard to a University on a more extended plan than any in the Union. A convention of Iitei*ary and scientific gentlemen was held in the fall of 1830, and in that year a subscription was opened to raise $100,000 for the establishment of a University. A heavy debt de- pressed it until 1854. It has a Preparatory, a Collegiate, and a Professional Department; the last embracing 5 schools. — viz.: of Art, of Civil Kngim-ering, of Analytical and Practical Chem- istry, of Medicine, and of Law. It has a total of 38 professors and 765 stud^'nts. T/ie Chllegp of Physicians and Surgeons is located on 23d St. and 4th Avenue. The site and grounds are leased with privilege of purchase, and funds derived from the proceeds of the sale of the building on Crosby St., formerly owned by it, have be^n raised to effect the purchase. The edifice now used is 75 bv 100 ft., and is valued at $90,000. The first story is leased for stores. The College wa.s incorp. by the Regents in 1807, by virtue of an act passed March 21. 1791. Lectures were first held in 1807;-08. The Medical Department of Columbia College was merged in this Nov. 1, 1813. The College has 2 coui'ses of lectvu'es annually, and a library of 1.200 volumes. The University Medical College, formed under an act of (Feb. 11, 1837, as a branch of the University of New York, is located on 14th St. between Irving Place and "3d Avenue. The building is 80 by 103 ft., 4 stories in front and 5 in rear, and is valued at $50,000. Its charter provides that 5 students of the Free Aca- demy shall be ai.lmitted free of charge except tbe matriculation fee. Its library numbers 5,000 volumes, and its museum is valued at $25,000. Two courses of lectures are delivered annu- ally. the New Tf/rk Medical CoUe^e. located on E. 13th St., was incorp. in 1850. The college building is 60 by 120 ft., and is valued at $70,000. It has a 5 months' course of lectures annually. Ten students are admitted upon payment of $2gical iSeminwy of the Pmt. E. Church of the U.S. was established at IVew Haven in 1819 and removed to this city in 1822. It was incorp. April 5, 1822, and is well endowed. Its library numbers over 12.000 volumes. It occupies 2 handsome stone buildings, each 50 by ItO ft. on 20th St., be- tween 9th and 10th Avenues. Its tnistees consist of the Bishops of the U. S. and others appointed in proportion to moneys g;ranted to the seminary. The Union Theolorjicul S^yninary (Presb.) was founded in 1836, and incorp. March 27, 1S39. It is located in Wavnrly Place, on 8th St., and near Washington Square. It has a library of 16,000 volumes. Its Board of Directors are clergymen and laymen, an equal number of each, elected for 4 years. Commercial coUegeSy writing schools, and studios fur instruction in the fine arts, are numerous. (See p. 748.) The School of D-^-.-^ign at the Cooper Union is eminent among these for the extent of its facilities and the numbers that avail themselves of thcni. Music, drawing, and painting are carefully tauijht in many of the city schools; and the facilities at the Free Academy for these studies are superior to those in most other institutions. I The Prot^stanf Episcopal Public School was founded in 1710, and lias continued until the present time. At some fnturo time it will be largely aided by a bequist made Sept. 20, 1796, by Dr. John Baker, who, having no heiis, devised his country seatnear 80th St., on the P-ast Kiver, embracing 40 acres, for a charity school. With a prudent forecast, the t'Stator presei-ved the pro- perty from sale until aftrr the death of 9 persons then livintr; and the dense part of the city has already approached the premises. An ai-t passed April 16, 1S59, authorized tlie sale of portions, but no benefit has hitherto been received. In April, - 1859, 3 of the 9 lives were existing. The following are the principal of the Bomaa Catholic schools : — The College of St. Francis Xavier, 39 W. I5th St., is an institu- tion under the care of 10 Jesuit priests. 0/nir7it of the MoH Iluly R,dforma- tion. The jud j;es refused to hear and allow the excep- tions taken by Zenger's counsel, and excluded them from tlie bar; but he was ably defi-nded by other coun- sel, and especially by Andrew Hamilton, then a barrister of Philadelphia. Zenger pleaded uot guilty. His counsel admitted the printing and publishing of the papers, and offered to give their truth in evidence. The counsel for the prosecution then said, '"The jury must find a verdict for the king:" and gave the usual defi- nition of a libel, asserting that "whether the person deftinied wjis a private man or a magistrate, whether living or dead, whether the libel was true or false, or whether the party against whom it w.is made was of good or evil fame, it was nevertheless a libel," He then quoted from the Acts of the Apostles and from one of the Kpislles of Peter, to show that it was a very great offense to speak evil of dignities, and insisted upon the criminality by the laws of God and man of reviling tho.'io in authority, and consequently that Mr. Zenger had offended in a most notorious and gross manner in scandalizing his Excellency our Governor, '"who," said the counsel, '■ is the k ing's immediate representative, and supreme inngistrateof this province." Mr. Hamilton re- marked in his reply, that we are charged with printing tt certiiiu /«/.«e. malicious, seditions, and scandalous libel. The word false must have some meaning; or else how came it there? and he put the case, whether if the information had been for printing a certain (n« libel, would that be the same thing. " And to show the court that I am in good earnest," said he, " I will agree that if he cim prove the tacts charged upon ua to be false, I will own them to be scandalous, seditious, and a libel." He then further ofl"ered that, to save the prosecution the trouble of proving the papers to be false, the defendant would prove them to be true. To this Chief Justice De Lancey objected, '-You caunot bo admitted to give the truth of a liliel in evidence: the law is clear that you cannot justify a libel." IVIr. Hamilton maintained that leaving the court to deter^ mine whether tlie words were libelous or not rendered jurie.'^ useb'rts, (^ir worse. "It was true," he said, "in times past it was a crime to speuk truth, and in that terrible court of Star Chamber many worthy and brave men suffered for so doing; and yet even in that court and in those bad times a great and good wan durst sfiy, what I hope will not be taken amiss in mo to say in this place, to wit: — 'The practice of information for libels is a sword in the hands of a wicked king and an arrant coward to cut down and destroy the innocent. 432 NEW YORK COUNTY. The 93eneTOlent Institutions of New York are numerous, aud comprehend measures for the relief of nearly every variety of human suffering. Those under the direct charge of the city have already been noticed. The greater part of other institutions of like character are under the management of companies incorporated for limited and special objects. Prominent among these are the hospitals and dispensaries, affording relief to every class of the sick and distressed. Up to 1857, at these various institutions, 179,377 persons had been vaccinated; 1,666,559 patients had been treated ; and $297,761.60 had been expended. The Legislature usually appropriates money to several of these institutions.* Several of the more important of the benevolent institutions are supported wholly, or in part, by the State, among which are the Deaf and Dumb Asylum,^ the Institution for the Blind, and the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents. The one cannot, because of his high station, and the other (litre not, because of his want of courage, defend himself in another manner.' " The jury, after a short consultation, returned a verdict of not guilty, to the great mortification of the court and of Zenger's perae- cutora. but with great satisfaction to the people. Such ■was the struggle which the press had to maintain only one hundred years ago, and only forty years before the Kevolution gave to its freedom the sanction of Govern- ment and the impress of authi«rity. — Introduction to the Nat. History of tlie Siatf hi/ Wm. U. Seward. Ttit New Tork Evcnivg Post was commenced in 1746, but was soon discontinued. The New York Mercury was commenced by Hugh Gaine. and continued by him 31 years. It was discontinued at the close of the Revolutionary War. The, New Tori- Oaze.ttr vfnB commenced in 1759 by Wra. Wyman. It continued irregularly until 1707, when it was dis- continued. The American Chronicle wae commenced by S. Farley in 1761, aiid was discontinued the next year. The Neio Vnrk Packet was commenced in 1763. It had only a brief existence. The Neiv Tnrl- Journal and General Advertiser was commenced in 176G by John Holt. The Ni:w Tport. Dr. Harvey P. Peet has been for many years Presidt^nt of the Insti- tution. The New Yrirk Institution for the Blind, incorp. April 21, 1831, was opened March 15, 1832, principally throuu'Ii tiie influence of Dr. Samuel Akerly, Samuel Wood, and Dr. John D. Russ. A NEW YORK COUNTY. 433 The city of New York has a large number of charitable corporations chiefly dependent upon private subscriptions for support ; and their management is highly creditable to those who have bestowed their time and money for the relief of the suffering and friendless. Several of these have received aid from the State and the city in their organization and support.^ Hcliool with 6 pupils waa opened May 19. 1832, at 47 Mercer St., undoi' Dr. Rusa. Hy the aid of fairs and donations from indi- vidual;^ and the city, a piece of ground and buildings on 8th Avenue were obtaiufd of James Boorman at a nominal rent, with a covenant to sell. An instructor in the mechanic arts waa procilrt-d, and Dec. 2, 1833, the first public exhibition waa held at the City Hali. The euccess in teaching from raised letters and characters, the proficiency of the 16 pupils in roadiiiK, geography, arithmetic, and especially in music, and the skill of their workmanship in mats, mattresses, and baskets, excited great interest. The present site, between 8th and 9th Avenues and 0.3d and 34th Sts,, was purchased of Mr. Boorman at a re- duction of more than $10,000 below what it could have been sold for; and on the 3uth of April, 1836, $12,000 was given by the State, conditioned to the raising of $8,000 more by the managers. In 1839 $15,000 waa given to erect buildings. Annual reports are made to the State Legislature. State pupils have been received since 1S34; and for many years the institution has received pupils from »w Jersey. The site, originally beyond the improved portion of the city, is now in themidst of a densely settled quaiter, and the square which it occupies is valued at $400,000. The managers are endeavoring to obtain leave to sell and erect new buildings on the upper part of the island. The proceeds of the sale would, it is believed, procure new and 8U]»erior premises without other aid. The institution now has 'JOO pupils, and employs 11 blind instructors and assistants. Tlie manual trades taught are broom, mat, bandbox, and mattress making and needle work. Musical instruction is received with great facility by the blind; and with those that evince decided talent it often becomes a means of support. Those of proper age aro instructed in the common and higher branches of English education: and the number of books with raised characters now jirepared for the blind is quite extensive, including the entire Bible, and volumes upon almost every branch of useful learning. Thi-- New Fork Juvenile Asylum is intended to secure tho maintenance and promote the welfare of children under 14 years of age who may be in destitute circumstances. This asylum was incorp. June 30, 1S51. Its office is located at 23 W. 13th St., ind its temporary asylum is at the foot of E. 50th St. A per- manent asylum, erected on 175th St., near High Bridge, was "l^enod April 2. 1S56. This society takes children between 7 aud 14 intrusted to it by parents, guardians, or other com- petent authority, and affords them the means of a moral and industrial education. A fund originally of $50,000, and after- ward of $20,000 in addition, was raised by subscription; and to this $40,000 was added by the city. The total number sent to the house of reception up to Jan. 1859, was 4,893. Several companies of children are sent annually to the Western States, to be indentured to farmers and others, under the direction of a judicious person. Children are also bound out in the city and viciuity as ciccasion otfers. An act of March 25, 1856, di- rected a sum not exceeding $75 per annum to be levied by tax and p.iid to this asylum for each child committed by the city and supported by the society, and gave $20,000 toward the erection of a new house of reception on 13th St. The edifice is now nearly completed. Tfi£ Socidii fur the Prevention of Pauperism^ formed Dec. 16, 1817^ after promoting the establishment of the first Savings Bank and other institutions of public utility, resolved itself into Thii Societi/ for Oie. Jiefi/rmation of Jui'enile DeUnquent^^ Dec. 19, 1823, and measures were taken to carry the purpose implied by the name into effect. An act of incorporation was obtained March 29, 1824; and, having in that year raised $17,000 and obtained possession of the V. S. Arsenal near Madison Square, the establishment was opened Jan 1, 1825, with 9 inmates. This place was burned in 1839, and the location changed to a building on the East River at the foot of 23d St., erected for a fever hos- pital. In 1S51 the society exchanged a parcel of land it pos- Bessed on Wards Island for about 36 acres on the s. end of Kan- d.ill8 Island, where the corner stone of a new building was laid Nov. 24, 1852. by the Mayor. The buildings were opened Nov. 24, 1854. The male department will consist of a central build- ing and 4 winge, of which 2 are parallel to the front of the center building, and form together with it a front of 590 ft. upon the river. The other two wings are to radiate from the center of the rear at angles of 60°; they have not yet been erected. The arrangement admits of the necessary classification and embraces every modern improvement. A workshop 3 stories high and 30 by 100 ft. is erected in the rear of each of the front wings. The female department, when completed, will be on a plan similar to the other, of 250 ft. front, and otherwise propor- tionally smaller. With the refuse stone obtained in excavation and gniding, a sea wall was built out to low water mark ; and some seven acres were thus added to the grounds. The entire ci^st. including the fitting up, to Nov. 1854, was $310,441.15, of which $14,109.39 had been for the Female Department. The whole number of inmates from its first opening to 1859 was 7,650; and at the beginning of that year it contained 463 boys fluid 77 girls. A female denartment is now in course of building, and when complete will afford to the whole a capacity for 1.000 inmates. Juvenile offenders from the several counties have been as follows : — ■0 00 i g i 1 i i 1 N. Y. Police 126 90 4 17 26 30 7 126 75 7 25 27 27 7 102 123 27 46 27 S 142 70 11 37 44 24 14 96 73 8 40 70 47 8 61 44 7 48 66 23 8 9a 203 6 62 67 23 19 83 139 1 18 23 32 17 Gov. of Almshouse... Other Cos Of the cos. not enumerated, Westchester has sent 15, Ulster 11, Queens 10, Dutchess 9, Orange and Columbia each 8. Suflblk 7, Greene 6. Schoharie, Saratoga, and Oneida each 4. Monroe and Sullivan each 3. Onondaga, Putnam, and Rockland each 2, and Erie and Kichmond each 1. Of 2,641 received in 8 years, 2,039 were white boys, 439 white girls, 138 black boys, and 26 black girls; as to nativity, 1,548 were Irish, 445 American, 218 Ger- man, 150 English, 53 Scotch, 30 French, 10 Italian, 4 Swcdos.and 1 each Spanish, Polish, Russian, Prussian, Dane, Dutch, Welsh, and Belgian. The Pris'/n Association of New York, incorp. in 1846, for the relief and encouragement of discharged convicts, is elsewhere more fully noticed. It has a female department, organized in 1844, to provide employment for discharged female prisoners. 1 The Orphan Asylum Society of New York was incorp. April 7, 1807. It was located on the banks of the Hudson, near 80th St., in 1840. It has 9 acres of grounds and a building 120 by CO ft., [ileawintly situated. About 200 orphans are supported in the institution. Tlie Society for thr R die f of Half -Orphans and Df:stitvte Cfiil- dren was established Dec. 16, 1SS6, and incorp. April 18, 1837. It is located at No. 7 10th St., and is usually known as the •' Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum." It has received donations of $20,000 from John Uosburgh and of $5,000 each from Jarnea Boorman, John Jacob Astor. Peter G. Stuy^esant. and the daughters of John Mason. The whole number of inmates re- ceived up to 1859 was 1,884, and the number then remaining was 136 boys and 101 girls. — Common Council Manual, 1859,^. 5S0. The Rmnan Catholic Orphan Asylum, on Prince St., was incorp. April 29, 1836. It is under the charge of Sisters of Charity, and has 300 inmates. — all females. St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum has a male aid female depart- ment. The male department, on 5lBt St., has 400 inmates, and the female department, on Prince St., corner of Mott St.. 300. They are both under the same trustees, and are managed by Sisters of Charity. The Orphans' Home of the Protestant Episcopal CfiurcJi, at 74 Hammond St.. was incorp. April 16, 1838. Leake and Wiitts Orphan House is located at Manhattanville, between 9th and 10th Avenues and 111th and 112th Sts. This noble charity was founded by the bequest of J. A. Leake, and enhanced by the liberality of Mr. Watts, who waived a claim he had upon the legacy. It is incorp. under the general law. St. Luke's Home for Jndiyent OiHstian Females is at 453 Hudson St. Hmise and School of Industry, at 100 W. 16th St,, is for the gratuitous instruction of poor females in needle work. Association for the Relief of Respeciahle Aged and Indigent Females is located at 20th St., between 2d and 3d Avenues. Nursery for the Children of Poor Womeny at 223 6th Avenue, is under lady managers. Maijdalin Female B>nerolent Asylum, between 88th and 89th Sts and 4th and 5th Avenues, is under the care of lady mana- gers, has 40 inmates, and is designed to encourage reform in abandoned females. American Female Ouardian Sbciety and Honufor the Friend- less, on E. 30th St., between 4th and Madiflon Aveuues, waa formed in 1834. It received by donations in 1857 and '58 $49,719.79. The home school had 108 girls and 112 boys, indus- trial pchool No. 1 340 girls, and No. 2 166 girls. It is managed and chiefly supported by ladies. St. Oiitharijie's 0>nvent and House of Protection, on Honstou St., corner of Murray St., is under the charge of Sisters of Charity. New York Ladies* Home Missionary Sodeiy of the Methodist Episcopal Cliurch, on the site of the "Old Brewery," 61 Park St., was incorp. March 20, 1856. St. Joseph's Asylum was incorp. April 15, 1869. It is designed to support and educate in some useful employment poor orphan, half-<")rphan, homeless, and neglected children, especially of German origin. It has 16 managers. Five Points Houst of Indwtry is- located on North St., Not 166, 157, 169. 2S 434 IJEW YORK COUNTY. Numerous institutions of beneficence are established upon the principle of mutual support, all of which derive their means from fixed contributions of members. The number of these is very great, including many which are limited to particular nationalities and to certain mechanical or other occupations.* The city has a large number of religious associations and societies for the pro- motion of morality, — some national or cosmopolitan in their field of operation, and others local in their range. While some of these oppose vice and wrong in their widest sense, others restrict their efibrts to narrower limits of labor and concentrate upon a single object the united efforts of their members. There are at present about 290 churches in the city of New York.^ Children's Aid S"Cieti/, oflBce No. 11 Clinton Hall, Astor Place, WH« Ibrmed in 1853. It has for ita object to provide homes and enijiIoyrn'Mit for destitute children, and, to a limited extent, for adults of both sexes. Up to 1868 it had provided homes for 3.576. In 1857 it sent 468 boys, 200 girls, 28 men, and 37 women to other Stiitea. It had opened 6 industrial schools, with a total of 9ti8 pupils, maintained a lodginghouse for newsboys and peddlers, at a low charge, and another one for girls, and had undt-r its direction several boys' meetings and libraries. Its annual expenses are about $15,000, not including a large amount of gratuitous services, jVfiw York Association for Improving the Omdition of the Poor was formed in 1843, and incorp. Dec. 6, 1848. Its object is to aflFord temporary relief to such as do not come within the sphere of other existing charities, and to elevate the physical and moral condition of the indigent. To discountenance indiscriminate almsgiving and street begging, it inquires through its visitors into the merits of applications, and for this end has a super- visory council of 5 to each ward, and as many visitors as maybe needed. It is supported by annual donations and collections, and in the year ending Oct. 14, 1857, expended $41,480.88. The American Bible Society, formed May, 1816, as a national institution, claims notice in this place from the spjicious and elegant edifice which it has erected. This structure occupies three fourths of an acre, and is nearly triangular, extending 198 ft. on 4th Avenue, 202 ft. on 8th St., 96 ft. on 3d Avenue, and 232 ft. on 9th St., with a court within. It cost nearly $-300,000, and contains the offices of numerous religions and denomina- tional societies. Its manufactory of Bibles and Testaments, when in full operation, employs 600 persons. A City Bible Society was formed several years before the one above noticed ; and nume- rous kindred associations have been formed at different periods. "1 Of this class are Masonic, Odd Fellows, and other secret so- cieties who possess funds for the relief of the sick, the support of widows and orphans, and the burial of the dead. Others, limited to particular occupations, some of which have been dis- continued, have been chiefly na follows : — The Marine Socieiy of New Fork waa created by patent April 12, 1770. It h;is fur its principal object to collect moneys, by admission fees and yearly duos of members, for the relief of the widows and orphans of seamen. Up to 1S26 it had distributed $88,100 for these objects. Its meetini^s are held at the United States Hotel, corner of Pearl and Fulton Sts. ; and its chief im- portance DOW arises ftom the circumstance that its president is one of the trustees of the Sailors' Snug Harbor, on Staten Island. The importance of that noble trust will serve to perpetuate this society. Thf Nciu York Nautical Society was established in 1820, for (•haritable purposes and the promotion of useful improvements. Its mi>ml>ers were those who had been shipmasters or com- manders of vessels. The New York WatermarC s Society was formed in 1825, for be- nevolent purpoees and the jwomotion of useful improvements in navigation. It is supposed to have been discontinued. The PiloCs Charitable. Society was foi'med in 1817, for benevo- lent and tharitable purposes. The Humane Society was formed in 1787. The Association fttr the Relief of Disabled Firemenis a charity devoted to the objects expressed in its tide. G-neral Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, was incorp. March 14, 1792. The Mutual Benefit Society and the MiUxi/ilAid Sficiety of the City of New York are now extinct. The House Carpenters'' Society ; the New York Society of Journeymen i^ipwrights ; the Pro^ndent Society ; and the Benevolent Society are charitable associations, from which we have no returns. Matdtatian Provident Society of the City of New York was li^rmed Nov. 17. 1708. Friendly Society of the Town 3/ Harlem was formed Feb- 10, 1809. New York Mason^^ Society whs formed Feb. 20, 1807. Stint D tvitPs Benevolent Society (Welsh) was formed in 1800. It was s scendants of the old Dutch colonists. New England Siciety holds its anniversary Dec. 22. Besides these, there are and have been a great number of so- cieties and unions, particularly among the German. I rish, Italian, and other foreign classes, and among the Jews and other denomi- nations, concerning which it is difficult to procure full statistics, or even the names. The " George Clinton Society," '* Washington Benevolent Society," " Tammany Society," or " Columbian Or- der," (the latter founded in 1805, and still existing,) are among those memorable for their political influence; the "Society of Cincinnati," for its Revolutionary jisaociations, and the " Wilber- force Philanthropic Society," '-Manumission Society" of 1785, '* Society for the Belief of Imprisoned Debtors," and a great variety of others, for their labors iu the field of charities, but which have disappeared with the abuses they combated, and their elements re-organizt'd under other names, for new labors which the mis- fortunes, vices, aud crimes of mankind are constantly providing. 2 The following table contains some of the principal statistics of the churches in the city. The dates of first churches in the several denomin;itions are given upon the authority of Green- leaf's History of the Churches of New York. The lists given by that author include several societies not owning church edifices, on which account the numbera are lai"ger than those of the census: — Denouinations. Clt African Methodist Associate Presbyterian Associate Reformed Pres- byterian Baptist. Calvinistic Methodist and other Christian Congregational Cont;regational Methodist. Disciples Evangelical Lutheran Free Will Baptist Friends Jews Methodist Episcopal Moravian Presbyterian Primitive Methodist Protestant Episcopal Protestant Methodist Reformed Covenanters Reformed Protestant Dutch Roman Catholic" Second Advent Seventh Day Baptist Swedenborgian or New Jerusalem Unitarian Universalist tTnited Covenanters Wesleyan Methodist Other churches Total 218 264 249 288 1829 1804 1663 1703 1706 1766 1748 1716 1829 1664 1626 1783 1808 1819 1796 ^^ ^C) Sit *, o ^ 10» 63 <» These numbers may include churches other than those termed common or "Close C-ommunion" Baptists. ft Several of these became Presbyterian. • Father Jogues, a Jesuit, was the first Roman Catholic priest NEW YORK COUNTY. 435 The Lllerary and Library Societies of the city exert an important influence upon the iutellectual condition of the people. Many of the libraries are extensive and are provided with ample accommodations for the preservation and care of the books and for the convenience of students.^ The population of New York has increased with great rapidity since the commencement of the in New York. lie suffered martyrdom at Caughnawaga, Sept. 27, 1642, at the hands of the Iroquois. The first religious ser- vices of this Church were held by Father Farmer, of Philadelphia, about 17N1-82. The first church was built in 1786. and named St. I'eter. Its chief benefactor was Charles III., King of Spain, who gave $10,000. The first church edifice was erected near the Fort, in 1633, and in lii42 was superseded by one built of stone within the Fort. The Reformed Dutch Church retained the ascendency until 1664, when the chapel in the Fort was devoted to the Fnglish service. Trinity, formed in 1697, 1'eceived grants of prop- erty from the Government, which by the subsequent growth of the city have become enhanced in value beyond parallel in AmeriCii, if not \fi the world. Its revenues are UBually consi- dered adequate not only for the support of its several chapels and other edifices of worship, but for aiding liberally the poorer churches of this denomination throughout the country. Its income, already very large, will in a few years be greatly in- creased as leases at a low rate for long periods expire and the property is again offered for lease. The property of the Col- legiate Dutt^h Church is also of great value, and surpassed only by that of Trinity Church. During the Kevolution the Pres- byterian and Dutch Chuirhes were used by the Briti.';h as riding schools, prisons, and for other military purposes. Within a few years most of the church buildings in the lower part of the city have been sold, their sites occupied for commercial purposes, and costly edifices of great architectural beauty have been erected "up town." 1 The New York Library Society was first started in 1700, when Rev. John Sharp, chaplain of Lord Bellemont, gave a col- lection of books to be styled the '' Public Library of New York." The society was inccrp. in 1752. and was organized under its present name in 1754. The library was mostly scattered during the Revolution; but its charter was revived Feb. 18. 17S9. and the bookii as fir as possible were recollected. It was at first kept in the City Hall. In 1793 it was removed to a building in Nassau St., afterward to Chambers St., and in 1840 to a new building corner of Broadway and Leonard Sts. It was after- ward moved to the Bible House, and in 1857 to its present quarters. University Place, between 12th and 13th Sta. The ]ibr.ary building is a fine edifice, and the library now contains 40,000 vols. Tlie Neto York HistoHcal Society was organized Dec. 10, 1S04, and incorp. Feb. 10. 1S09. After occupying rooms many years in the New York University Buildings, it was removed in 1857 to a new. fireproof building on 2d Avenue, corner of 11th St., which was dedicated Nov. 17 of that year. This society pos- sesses a library of 30.000 volumes, particularly rich in historical works and manuscripts, a choice gallery of paintings and collec- tion of antiquities, coins, medals, and charts. Among its collec- tions are a series of large tablets of Assyrian sculpture, the gift of James Lenox. Esq. Under a special act of April 12, 1850, the premises were made exempt from sale on execution, and the law is ?o framed that the society's property cannot be encum- bered by mortgage. Regular meetings of the society are held on the first Tuesday of each mouth. The Mercantile Library Association, at Clinton Hall, Astor Place, was organized in 1820, and has a library, reading room, lecture room, and cabinet. It was originally intended for the use of merchants' clerks, but is now accessible to all. Its library, especially hill in periodicals, numbers 65.000 volumes; and the association has about 4.500 members. It formerly occu- pied the premises of Old Clinton Hall, on Beekman St., near the Park. Tiew Vorlc Law Institute^ founded through the exertions of the late Chancellor Kent, was formed in 1S2S and incorp. Feb. 22, 1830. It contains about 6.500 volumes, forming one of the most valuable and perfect collections of the kind in the United States, It is hjcated at 4.^ Chambers St., to which place it was removed in 1855. Membership is confined to counsellors, solicitors, and attorneys. Judges of the Federal and State Courts, and stran- gers generally, are allowed to visit and use the library. Ttit Mfchanir^ Institute, located at No. 20 4th Avenue, was incorp. April 24. 1833. Its objects are to diffuse knowledge among the mechanical classes, to found lectures on natural, mechanical, and chemical philosophy, and scientific subjects, to open schools, and hold annual fairs. It has established classes in modeling, machinery, architecture, and ornamentjil drawing, a winter course of lectures, a reading room, and a library of 6.000 volumes, all of which are free to mechanics, workingmen, and apprentices of the city. T/te Astor Library was founded upon a bequest of $400,000 made by John Jacob Astor in his will, Aug. 22, 1839. Its tru.i- tees organized in May, 1848. and employed Dr. Joseph O. Cogs- well to visit Europe for the purchase of books. On the lOth of Dec. 1849, they adopted a plan for an edifice, 120 by 65 ft., which was opened to the public Feb. 1, 1854. On the 3l8t of Oct. 1865, Wm. B. Astor presented to the tmsteea a lot, 80 by 100 ft., adjoining the libmry, upon which has been erected a building similar to the first, the two forming the most spacious library rooms in America. The building.n will contain 200,0t"i volunies. and half that number are aire.idy in the library. This noble institution is situated on La Fayette Place, in a q-iii t quarter of the city, and is open to all without charge. Bookd are not allowed to be taken from the rooms. The trustees ar^i required to report annually to the Legislature. 'Jlie Printi^rs' Preii Library, located at No. 3 Chambers St., was founded in 1823 ty the New York T\pogi-aphical Society, for the benefit of those employed in printing and binding book-i. It hu.s 3,500 volumes. nie Apprentices' Library, at Mechanics' Hall, 472 Broadway near Grand St., is free to apprentices, and open to journey meu upon payment of $1 annually. It numbers IG.OiJO volumes. The Libraries of the City Corporation, of Columbia College, of the Free Academy, of the several hospitals, of the medical col- leges, of the theological seminaries, of the Bible Societies, and of several other institutions, are extensive, and some of them are very valuable in their several departments. The Crioper Iitstitute, a fine edifice of brownstone, covers an entire block between 3d and 4th Avenues and 7th and 8th Streets. It was erected by Peter Cooper, Esq., at a cost of $300,000, to promote the advancement of science and a know- ledge of the useftil arts. The first and second stories are to ho rented and the avails devoted to the expenses of the estahlish- ment. In the basement ia a lecture room, 125 ft. by 82 ft., and 21 ft. high. The tliree upper stories are arranged for purposes of instruction, and contain a very large hall, with a gallery designed ultimately as a free public exchange. A school of design is in operation in these rooms, and is attended by sonio 50 young ladies under instruction in engraving, lithographic drawing, and painting. The design of this institution is emi- nently creditable to the enlightened views of its munificent projector, and will associate bis name with those who have done much for the useful arts and deserved well of mankind. The building is known as "The Union," and, in accordance with an act of February 17, 1857, it has been placed in charge of trustees. The American histitute was incorp. May 29, 1S29. for the pur- pose of encourairing and promoting domestic industry iu this State and the United States, in agriculture, commerce, manu- factures, and the arts. It aims to promote these objects by an annuiU exhibition of machines and manufactures, the awaiting of premiums, and the formation of a repository of models and a library of books relating to the useful arts; and for this pur- pose it may hold property producing an income of $30,000 per annum. It has connected with its organization a farmers' club, which holds monthly meetings, and occasional cattle shows, plo\ving, and spading matches, as its oflScers may direct. The annual fairs of the Institute were formerly held at Castle Gar- den, but in 1857 were transferred to the Crystil Palace, where its 3Uth fair was prematurely ended by the burning of the Palace Oct. 5, 18j>S. The amount awarded for premiums fmm 1835 to 1857, both inclusive, has been distributed as follows: — 1835, S 779.00 1836, 1,039,50 18.37, 1,093.50 1838, 1.259.50 1839, 1.155.44 1840, 820.60 1S41, $1,183.03 1842, 1,155.96 184;J, 1,191.55 1S44, 1,192.44 1845, 1,848.17 1846, 3,226.10 1847, $2,592.78 1848, 3,089.83 1849, 2.482.61 1850, 4,303.72 1S51, 4,091.76 1852, $4,917.43 1853, 3,366.77 1855, 3,209.97 1856, 6,693.49 1857, 3,160.34 This society has successively occupied premises on Liberty St. near Broadway, at 41 Cortland St., 187 Broadway, the City Hull, Broadway, corner of Anthony St.. and 351 Broadway. The taiit named premises it now owns. In 1859 it removed to the Cooper Institute building. In 1835 it commenced the publication of a monthly journal that continued through several vulumea. The annua] reports of the Institute to the Legislature since 1841 are voluminous and valviable. The Lyceum of Natural History, located on 14th St., wan incorp. in 1818. It has a large library relating to the n.itural sciences, and a cabinet. It was first opened in the rear of t.'ie City Hall; thence it was removed to Stuyvesant Institute, anJ finally to its present locality. llie. AmcHciin Geographical and Statistical Stciety wart incorp. under the general law April 30. 1852. and, after several years' sojourn in the University Building. h;i8 recently been ro moved to Clinton Hall, Astor Place. It hoids monthlv meetings at the rooms of the Historical Society, and in forming an ex on- sivo and valuable statistical library. The objects of the society are expressed in its name. It publishes a monthly journal, chiefly of original papers. The New yi*rk Academi/ of Mtctic, corner of Irving Place and 14th St.. was incorp. April 10, 1R52. The building is 121 ft. by 114 ft., and will seat 4,000 persons. It is riclily decorated, and is constructed with express reference to fine acoustic effect The cost is estimated at 8350,000, The city has about 15 theaters and a great number ot 436 NEW YORK COUNTY. present century.^ The completion of the Erie Canal gave an impetus to its growth and greatly increased its business transactions. The commerce of the city, without a parallel on the Western continent, has already been noticed in the general article upon the commerce of the State. Tlie financial institutions are of a number and magnitude commensurate with its wants aa the great center of commercial wealth in the nation.* The manufactures of the city form one of the most important branches of the industry of the inhabitants. They embrace nearly every variety of article produced in the civilized world, and the aggregate capital employed is very great. The last State census reported 2,424 manufacturing establishments. In single instances the capital invested exceeds a million of dollars, and the number of persons dependent upon these large establishments for employment extends to several hundred. The above estimate does not profess to include the minor trades, in which little is in- vested beyond an industrial education and a small stock of implements and materials, but which in the aggregate amount to considerable sums. A large number of manufacturing establishments legitimately belonging to the city are located in the several suburban places for economy of rent and for room ; and if these were added to those located in the city the aggregate would probably be nearly equal to that of the most noted manufacturing cities of Europe. The Public Building^s of New York are many of them elegant and substantial struc- tures, combining strength and durability with architectural beauty. Among the most noted of these is the U. S. Custom House, the Merchants' Exchange, and the City Hall.^ miuor places of amusement, generally of a special character and devoted to exhibitions of art, curiosities, and other objects of attraction. The first theater in New York was opened in Nassau St. Sept. 17, 1753, and the first play acted was " The Conscious Lovers." 1 Popidation at various periods. 1756 13.046 1771 21.862 1790 33,131 1800 60,489 1810 96,373 1814 95,519 1825 166,086 1830 197.113 1835 268.089 1840 312,710 1845 371,223 1850 515.547 1820.. 123,706 1 1855 629,810 1698 4,937 1703. 4,375 1723 7,248 1731 8,622 1737 10,664 1746 11,717 '1749 13,294 2 lliere are now 5 incorporated and 49 free banks in New Tork City, which together presented the following total aggre- gate of resources in their quarterly returna of March 12, 1859 : — Capital $68,324,657 Notes in circulation 7.845,947 Profits * 6,640,888 Due banks .*. 27,251,889 Due iudividuals and Corp. other than banks 631,061 Due Ti-easurer of State of New York 119,822 Due depositors on demand 80.679.650 Other sums due 471,666 Total liabUities 191,865,843 Loans and discounts 123,983,075 Over-drafts 69,467 Due fi-om banks -. 5,357,188 Due from directors 4,119,438 Due from brokers 3.281,632 Real estate 5,967,164 Specie 25,068,132 Cash items 17,481.781 Stocks and promissory notes 12,020,306 Bonds and mortgages.^ 52:1,869 Bills of solvent banks 1,023,402 Loss and expense account 372,920 Total resources 191,865.643 There are 16 savings banks in the city, with an ag^egate •mount of S36,S1)4,419 on deposit, and with $38,757,860 in resources. — Report of Supl. Batik Departttwiit 1869; Assem. Doc., No. 87. The first movement toward a savings bank was made Nov. 29, 1816. when at a public meetins; the plan was discussed and approved. The first deposits were made July 3, 1819. and within six months $153,378.31 had been deposited by 1,527 per- sons, and of this sum $6,606 had been withdrawn. Up to 1857, $47,630,067.61 had been deposited in these institutions. They owe their origin to the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism. — Oommon Cmincil Manual, 1858, p. 624. The Clearing Home Association was formed Oct. 1, 1853, for the purpose of facilitating the settlements of banlcs with each other. It« office is on Wall, corner of William St. The ar- rangements are so perfected that the entire daily settlements of all the banlts in their immense transactions with each other are made in six minutes. The whole amount of bank funds which passed through this institution up to Aug. 31, 1858, was $30,675,9;i3,556.5ti; and during that period so perfect has been the system of balances that the error of one cent has never been made. Fire Insurance Companies, to the number of 75. with an ag- Itvegate capital of $17,664,000, are located in the city. Besides these, a large number of agencies for companies in other States and in foreign countries are established in the city. The amount of capital invested in marine, life, and other Jnsnranco companies is not known, as no general reports are published. A list of these companies is elsewhere given. There are also several trust companies, with large cajiital, and a very great number of companie-s, associations, and individuals engaged in the business of banking and exchange, of which no statistics are attainable. The Chamber of Commerce was instituted in 1768. and incorp. by patent March 13, 1770. It probably owes its origin to tha necessity felt toward the close of the colonial period, of con- certed action to protect the interests of trade against the usurp- ations of the British Government. Its rights were confirmed April 13, 1784. and it has since continued in operation without material interruption. Its objects are to adjust disputes and establish equitable rules concerning trade, and to operate upon public sentiment in the procuring of such acts and regulations as the commercial interests require. Within a short time it has commenced the formation of a library of statistical and commercial works, and opened rooms sufficiently ample and convenient for the wants of the association. Its first report was published in 1859. 3 The Custx)m Hoiise, located on Wall St., on the site of the old Federal Hall, is a marble structure, in the Greek order of archi- tecture, with a Doric portico at each end. It has a marble roof, and is fireproof throughout. It was commenced in May, 1834, and finished in May, 1841, at a cost of $950,000. The Merchants Exchange, on Wall St., built of Quincy granite, is 171 by 144 ft., and 77 feet high. A portico in front is sup- ported by 18 Ionic columns, 38 feet high, each formed of a single stone weighing 45 tons. The rotunda is 80 ft. in diameter and SO ft. high. The building is owned by an incorporated company, and cost over $1,000,000. The Oi/y Hail, on the Park, is 216 by 105 ft., with two storiea and a high basement. It is built in the Italian style, and is faced with marble except on the north side. It was begun Sept. 26, 1S03, and finished in 1812, at a cost of over half a million of dollars. The upper story and cupola were burned Aug. 17. 1858, and have since been rebuilt. It is occupied by the Common Council, County Clerk, and various city and county offices. The first City Hall, built in 1698, stood on the present site of the Custom House, at the head of Broad St. The Hall of Record s, on the Park, is chiefly interesting from its historical associations. It was formerly the debtors' prison, and in the Revolution it was the prison into which American prisoners were crowded, and from which grcxt numbers wera taken to execution. In 1832 it was a cholera hospital. Tha pillars upon the ends are of modern origin. The Rotunda., on the Park, was built by John Tanderlyn in 1818, for the exhibition of panoramic views, and is now an office of the Almshouse. It reverted to the city at the expiration of a ten years' lease. The Halls of Justice, or " The Tcrnibs,*' on Center St., is a stmc- ture built of Maine granite, in the Egyptian style of architecture. It is a hollow square. 252 by 200 ft., with a large central bnilding. It was erected in 1838. Executions take place in the open courts within its walls. The Ncvj Armort/, or Dotvn-Tmvn Arsenal, corner of White and Elm Sts., is 131 by 84 ft. and 2 stories high. It is built of blue stone, and is supplied with nsirrow windows for easy defense against mobs. It is used as a receptacle fur a part of the artillery of the Ist Division N. Y. State Militia, and as a drill room. An arsenal was boilt by the State a few years since, on ground NEW YORK COUNTY. 437 The Commercial Buildings and Private Residences of New York are many of them on a scale of great raagnificenoe. The first of these are built of marble or a beautiful kind of brownstone ; and in the upper part of the city are numerous streets which for miles present un- broken lines of palatial residences. Within the past few years a great improvement has taken place in the character of the commercial buildings erected, and many of them now in size and ele- gance have no superiors in the world. ^ The Bay of New York was first discovered by Henry Hudson, then in the employ of the Dutch East India Co., Sept. 12, 1609. A settlement was made upon Manhattan Island by a company of Dutch traders, under the auspices of the West India Co., in 1612 ; but no permanent agricultural occupation began until 1623. During this year 30 families of Walloons from the Flemish frontiers, and a number of domestic animals, were sent over to form the nucleus for the permanent occupa- tion of the country. SarahdeRapalje.achild of one of these fiimilies, born soon after their arrival, was the first white child born in New York. In 1626, Peter Minuet, the first Dutch Governor of the colony, purchased Manhattan Island of the natives for |24, and during the same year he caused a fort surrounded by cedar palisades to be erected. A new fort was begun in 1633 and was finished 2 years after.^ The Colony of New Netherlands increased slowly ; but in 1652 a feud arose between the company and settlers, which continued during the entire period of the Dutch occupa- tion. The interest of the company was solely to make money by their operations ; and they pur- sued their object by the exercise of an arbitrary power and without any regard to the prosperity of the settlers. This controversy tended greatly to develop democratic sentiments in the hearts of the people, and prepared them for the events which subsequently happened. In 1664 the colony fell into the hands of the English, and a new immigration took place, which materially changed the character of the population. A city charter, granted in 1652 and confirmed in 1686, secured many of the privileges since uninterruptedly enjoyed by the people, and formed the basis of all subsequent enactments. From the English conquest to the Revolution the history of the city is merged in that of the State and has no features of special interest. Trade and commerce have been from the first the leading elements of the industry and wealth of the city, and in colonial times every measure of Government tending to embarrass trade occa- now wilhia the Central Park, and which has recently been sold to the Coiiiniissioners of the Park for $275,000. 1 1 was constructed very poorly, iuid was hardly finished before it began to tumble .down From a part of the proceeds of this property a new arsenal was built, in 1858. corner of 7th Avenue and 35th St.; but, before it was finished, the roof, constructed on a novel plan, fell in by its own weight on the morning of Nov. 19, 1S58. Th^ Post Office occupies the old stone edifice of the Middle Dutch Church, on Nnssau, Pine, and Liberty Sts. It is small and incouveniant. and poorly adapted for the purposes of a post office. In the Revolution the pews of the church were broken up for fuel, and the building was used as a prison, and at one time aa a riding school. The project of a building for a post office on or near the Park has been agitited ; but there is at present no arrangement tending to that result. The Assay Office occupies an unassuming marble building adjacent to the Custom Ilouse, formerly one of the branches of the United States Bank. Its operations are elsewhere noticed. See p. 122. 1 Under the first race of colonists the style of architecture was an exact copy of that prevailing in Holland; and for many yearn New York was noted for buildings with peaked gables, tiled roofs, and hiL-'h, wooden stoops. After the English con- quest, a greater variety in style was introduced. Of iate years the march of improvement has completely obliterated the old Btyle of houses, and scarcely a vestige of the olden time re- mains. One of the most interesting relics of the infancy of New York now remaiuing is a venerable pear tree at the corner of lath St. and 3d Avenue, formerly on the farm of Ooveruor Peter Stuyvesant. It is widely known as ''The Stuyvesant I'ear Tree." 2 The first fort waa built in the rear of Trinity Church, near the river, and portions were found in 1751 by some workmen in digging thiough a bank. The next fort stood on what is now tin* linwliiig Ureen. then a high mound of earth overlook- ing the bay and adjacent country. A threatened invasion by the forces nf Cromwell, in 1C53, led to the construction of an embankment and ditch across the then n. line of the city. This fortification extended along the present line of Wall St.; and from it that street derives its name. In 1692 a war with Franco occasioned a further attention to the defenses of the city, and led to the erectinn of a battery on the rocky point at the s. end of the island. A stone fort, with 4 bastions, afterward built at the same place, included most of the Government offices, and bore the name of the reigning sovereign for the time being. It remaiiii'd until finally taken down in 1788. In the summer of 1776, while an attack was expected from the British army, the city was strongly fortified. On the s. point was the Grand Battery, of :J3 guns, with Fort George Battery, of 2 guns, just fcbove it and near the Bowling Green. McDougall's Battery, of 4 guns, was built on a little hill near the North River, a little t\'. of Trinity Church. The Grenadiers' or Circular Battery, of ft guns, was above, and the Jersey Battery, of 5 guns, on the left of the latter. On the E. of the town were Coenties Battery, of 5 guns, on Ten Eyck's wharf; Waterbury's Battery, of 7 guns, at the shipyards; Badlams Battery, of 8 guns, on Rutgers Hill, near the .lews' burial ground; Thompson's Battery, of 9 guns, at Hooriis Hook, and the Independence Battery, on Bayards Mount, corner of Grand and Center Streets. Breastworks were erected in several places in the city, and fortiticatioiie were erected on Governors Island, Paulus Hook, (Jersey City,) Brooklyn Heights, and Red Hook. During the War of 1^12-15 great apprehension prevailed at several times, and during the first year bodies of militia were stationed in New Utrecht a-id on Staten Island to repel any attempt on the part of the enemy to land. Subsequently, fortifications were bepun at Harlem, and in Brooklyn volunteer companies were formed, aud the citizens generally became familiar with the discipline of the camp and the duties of the soldier. In Aug. 1814, for the pur- pose of constructing a lino of fortifications to prevent the ex- pected approach of the enemy, it was arranged that 3 military companies of Brooklyn should turn out to work on Mmuiay. 3 military companies and 1 fire company on Jhiesdoy, the people of Bushwick on Widncaday, of Flatbush on 77iursda)/, of Flat- lands on Friday, of Gravesend on S>iturdiiy. of New Utrecht on Mf/nday, and the Mechanics' Society of Brooklyn, the mili- tary exempts, and 2 fire companies, on Tuesday. The patriotic diggers crossed the ferries every morning with banners and music, and large parties worked in the night by moonlight. The citizens of New York were not behind their neighbors- ia patriotism, aud numerous volunteer associations pressed their services upon theCommittee of Defense, without regard to party or statioii in life, and the rich and the poor wrought togethei with the most patriotic emulation. Many gave money freily to the work, and these zealous labors continued so long aa there appeared reason to anticipate danger. During the same month the General Government made a requisition for 2(i.0(K) militia from New York and New Jersey to repel an attack which WHS reported to be in preparation. The funds to meet the expenses were raised by the city, but were repaid by the Genf;ral Government the next year. Four hundred heavy cannon were mounted on the various forts, and large quantitiea of ammunition weie collected. The fleet in charge of Commo- dore Decatur was also prepared for the emergency; aud it is probable that these prompt preparations sjived the city from an attack. Toward winter the hostile fliet bore off" to the south, and the enemy closed their opeiations before New Orleans. i)u " Kvacnation Day" in 1814 the Governor reviewed 25,000 troops In New York. — a larger nimiber than ever before or siuM muBtered in one body in America. 438 NEW YORK COUNTY. fiioned great uneasiness. This city was annjng the first to feel the eifects of the arbitrary measurea of Great Britain, and was among the earliest to resist their tendencies.* The aristocratic element was probably stronger in this city than in any other part of America ; and this was arrayed in favor of the British measures and against the " Sons of Liberty." Many prominent citizens, who had warmly sympathized with the popular movement in the hope of gaining redress of grievances, at length yielde^l their opposition when there appeared no alternative but war, and continued active or quiet friends of the Royal Government while it lasted. Several members of the first Provincial and Continental Ctmgress afterward became friends of the king. The British forces took possession of the city immediately after the battle upon Long Island, Aug. 26, 1776, and remained until Nuv, 25, 1783. The anniversary of this last event, known as "Evacuation Day," is still held in grateful remembrance, and is usually celebrated by military parade or other cere- monies. In 1785 the first Congress of the United States after the war met in this city and held its ses- sions in the City Hall, corner of AVall and Nassau Streets. In the gallery of this building, facing Broad St., Gen. Washington was inaugurated first President, April 30, 1789. The New York Legislature returned to this city in 1784 and continued its sessions with intervals until finally re- moved to Albany with the State offices in 1707. The Port of New I'ork was made a port of entry soon after the peace. Its revenues were collected under the State Government till 1789, but have since formed a mo^t important source of income to the Federal Government. The receipts from customs at this port considerably exceed those of all the other commercial cities of the Union together, and defray nearly one-half the expenses of the General Government. In the midst of its general prosperity the city has had seasons of adversity.''^ At different times destructive fires have occurred, which have for a time seriously retarded business. 1 The principal events wbich occurred in the city during the troubles leading to the Kevnlution are biiefly its f>noM'9: — 1765, " Sons of Liberty'" were organized to oppose the Stamp Act. 1765, Oct. 31. — A committee of correspondence with other colo- nies was appointed. 1765, Nov. 1. — The Stamp Act took effect, and popular excite- ment bec;ime '•xtrenie. Tlie Lieut. Governor was liurned in effigy before tbe fort. 1765, Dec. 26. — The ship Minerva was boarded by the Sons of Liberty in search of Bt:imp paper. Tho paper was traced to a brig soun after, and ten packages were seized and burned. 1766, June 29. — The Assembly petitioned for a bronze statue of Pitt to be erected. 1766, Oct. 18-22.— The liberty pole on the Common (Park) wag repeatedly destroyed, and there was iiuiuiiicnt danger of a collision between the populace and the trorips. 1770, Jan. 13. — New attempts were made to destroy the liberty pole, and the soldiers became riotous. " Jan. 17. — At a meeting of 3.0W citizens resolutions were passed not to submit to the acts of oppression. *' Jan. 18. — A cnllision took place between the soldiers and citizens at Golden TTill. *' Jan. 30. — The Corporation forbade the erection of a new liberty pole, and the people soon after pbinted one on tbeir own land, inscribed "Liberty and Property." ** March 29. — Another attack was made upon the pole, which excited great indignation, and led to its being nightly guarded, until May 3. * May. — A committee of 100 was formed to resist the importation of goods under the obnoxious laws; but they receded from their purpose July 9, and agreed to import every thing but tea. ** Aug. 21. — A leaden equestrian statue of George TIT. was erected in Buwling Green. Thin statue was thrnwn down by the populace on the receipt of the Declaration of Indr-pendence. July 10. 1776. It was sul'sequently melted up into bullets in the family of Gov. AVnlcott, of Connecticut. It is said that 42.000 bullets were made from the metal, and these did service against 400 British soldiers afterward sent into Cnnn. by Gov. Tryon. ** Sept. 7. — A marble statue of Pitt was placed in Wall Street, in gratitude for his services in the re- peal of theStamp Act. In consequence of the course of Pitt after he became Lord Chatham, this statue wa** mutilated by a mob May 21. 1772, and. having b-cnme an unsightly, head- less tnmk, it was remuved, under an act of March 7, 1788. It is now preserved in the Fifth Ward Hotel. West Broiidway. 1773, Nov. 5.^ — The Committee of Vigilance denounced the im- portation of tea and agreed to resist it3 landing. 1774, April 21. — A vessel laden with tea arrived at Sandy Hook, but was not permitted to land ; and in a few days it was sent back to London. About the same time 18 chests of tea privately brought into port were destroyed. " May 19. — A great meeting was held in the ■' Fields.'* at which strong revolutionary resolutions were passed. A committee of 51 were appointed; but the next day a majority of them receded from their position, and the Whigs requested, their names to be struck off. 1775, April 3. — The Colonial General A.ssembly finally ad- journed. " July 25. — Delegates were elected to tbe Continental Con- gress. " Aug. 23. — Capt. Lamb was ordered by Provincial C-ongresa to remove the cannon from the battery in the city for the forts in the Highlands. Resist- ance was offered from the Asia man-of-war, stationed off the battery; but 21 pieces — all that were mounted — were safely carried away. 2 Two dreadful fires occurred while the city was in possession of the enemy. On the 21st of Sept. 1776, a fire spread from Whitehall Slip w. of Broadway, 8. of Barclay Street, burning 402 houses, or one-eighth of the entire city. Anothi'r broke out on Cruger's Wbarf. Aug. 7. 1778. which burned 300 houses in Great and Little Dock and the adjacent streets. Commissioners were appointed May 4, 1784, to settle claims to the soil and lay out streets in these burned districts. Destructive fire^have since occurred, as follows : — 1811, May 19.— Upon Chatham Street 80 to 100 buildings were burned. 1828, $^00,000 worth of property was burned. 1835, Dec. 16. — A fire broke out in the lower part of the city, which was not arrested until 40 acres, mostly covered by large stores, were burned over, and S18.o60.000 worth of property was de- stroyed. It was the most disastrous fire that ever occurred in the city. 1845, July 19. — A fire broke out near Wall Street, and extended to Stone Street, ravaging the entire di.'itrict between Broadway and the e. side of Rrt.>ad Street. Five to eight million dollars' worth of property was destroyed. 1858, Oct. 5.— Tbe Crystal Palace was burned. Theaters in New York have been burned as follows : — Park. 1820. 184S ; Bowery. 1828, 1836, 1838, 1845 : Mount Pitt Circus, 1828; La Fayette, 1829; National, 1839, 1841; Niblo's, 1846 ; and FrankUn, 1849. NEW YORK COUNTY. 439 Papers and Periodicals now published in the City. Naub. American AnuTicim AuiiriciiD Amcrit'im American Anifrican American American American American view.. American American American American American American American American American American Agriculturist Baptist &. Home Missionary Record Craftsmnn Dru*cgistfl' Circular Farmers' Magazine Furf'ign & Christian Unioo Free Mason Home Missionary Journal Homeopathic Review. Journal of Kducation & College Re- Medical Gazette.... Medical Monthly- Merchant Mining Chronicle Missionary National Treacher Phrenolugical Journal- Publishers' Circular Kail Koad Guide Kail Road Journal American Railway Review- American Temperance Union & No'W York ) Prohibitiunist / American Turf Register Americanischer Agriculturist Americanischer Botschafter Appleton's Railway & Steam Navigation Guide.. Architectural Advertiser A Builders' Register... Argus & United States Military & Naval Chron- icle Atlnntiscbe Blatter Bankers' Magazine & Statistical Register Bank Note List Bank Note List & Reporter Bank Note Register & Detector of Counterfeits.. Bible Advocate Bible Society Record Bible Union Quarterly) Bible Union Reporter j" Billiard Cue B(x)ksellers' Medium & Publishera' Advtrtiser.. Boys' & Girls' Own Magazine Brother .Tonathan Carriugton's Commissionaire Cliess Monthly Christian Ambassador Christian Advocate & Journal & Zion's Herald.. Christian Itiquirer Christian Intelligencer Church Journal Churchman's Monthly Magazine. Coach Makers' Monthly Corn Exchange Reporter Corner Stone Cosmopolitan Art Journal Courrier dee £tats-Unis Y Cymbro Americauidd Demcxratic Age Demucrattc Review & United Statea Magazine.. Dental Monitor Dinsmore's Railway Guide Disturoell's Rail Roud Guide Dollar Weekly E.xpre83 Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature... Educational Ilertild Educational News Engineer Examiner Excelsior Familienblatter Fleur de Lis Foreign Missionary , Frank Leslie's Budget of Fun , Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper.... Frank Leslie's Illustrated Zeitung Frank Leslie's New Family Magazine. German Bank Note Reporter Golden Prize Good News (h-iginal Piihlishers. A. B. & R. L. Allen.. C. C. P. Crosby G. F. Tisdnll H. Bridgemau. J. A. Nash. Edward Vernon J. F. Brennan. Henry M. Smith . Absalom Peters & S. S. Randall C.Meredith Reese, ed.; A.J.Dix.pub, E. H. Parker, ed.; E. P. Alien, pub- Bryant & Stratton , W. B. MoncI; k Co , George Whipple , Wni. II. Btdwell, ed , Fowler i ^Vells , Charles R. Rode , Dinsmore k Co , D. K. Miner & G. C. Shaeffer.. Alexander Mann, ed Rev. Dr. Marsh.. W. T. Porter Orange Judd American Tract Society.. D. Appleton & Co , W. U. Randall & Ca != ft, 1842 1835 1849 1829 w. Orange Judd, present publisher. w. s. mo. mo. mo. 18-lfi lfi2U 1839 1831 1859 1837 1840 J. Crawley F. Rauchfuss. J. Smith Homans, jr., ed L. S. Lawrence & Co A. Nichols & Co Gwyne & Day Amerii-au & Foreign Bible Society ... American Bible Society American Bible Union. O'Conner & Collender. 0. A. Roorback William L. Jones Wilson & Co J. S. Penn, ed. ; J.W. Carrington, pub. P. Miller k Sons. Hallock & Lyon Wangh k Mason Unitarian Association Charles Van Wyck Rev. John Henry Hopkins, jr Rev. B. T. Onderdonk E. M. Stratton. William H. Trafton Dr. S. Jacobs. Quarterly Association Charles Lasnile , John M. Welch C. Edwards Lester, ed , J. O. Ambler Dinsmore k Co.. J. Disturnell J. k E. Brooks.. J. H. Ayremand k W. 11. Bidwell.... Smith, Woodman & Co Tvison k Phinney John IliUyer « Edward Bright , Albert Palmer , Dilthey k Gambs , H. H. Lloyd k Co. Board of Missions of Presb. Church. Frank Leslie Frank Leslie , Frank Leslie , Frank Leslie , Frederick Gerhard Meniek B. Dean Carlton & Porter 1859 1845 1853 1858 1859 1840 1855 1848 1830 1S47 1830 1853 1856 1S2S 1855 1S58 1838 1857 1850 IS44 IS57 1858 1842 1854 mo. mu. E. II. Parker k S. H. Douglass, pre- sent publishers w. Now pulilisLed by J. H. Shuttz k Co, ; H. V. Poor. ed. American Railway Bureau, pub. I Begun at l'hiladeli)hia as Journal of the American Temperance Union ; united with Prohibition- ist, at Albany, in 1851, and re- moved to New York, mo. John Richards, present pub. mo. mo. mo. mo. mo. Com. in Baltimore in 1846. mo. mo. Beiy. H. Day, present publisher. Henry Lyon, present publisher. Carlton k Porter, present publishers. E. P. Allen, present publisher. d. k w. Cambro-American, Eng. k Wwlsh. mo. mo. Conrad SwacKhamer, pres. pub. mo. I mo. mo. 1 A s. w. edition was some time issued,* as the New York Fxpress and Ad- vertiser. mo. W.H. Bidwell, present pub. nio. Quarterly. w. w. mo- Child's Paper, Metb. Epjg. 440 NEW YORK COUNTY. Papers and Periodicals now published, continued. Original Publishers. & a. Oreat Republic Monthly.. Oaksmith k Co.. Hall's Journal of Health Handel's Zeitung Harper's New Monttily Magazine Harper's Wf^ekly Journal of Civilization.. Herald of Light Historical Magazine & Notes and Queries- Home Home & ForeiKU Record of Presbyterian Church Home JournaJ Home MjgHzine Home Missionary Home Mission Record Homeopatliic Review Horticulturist Humorist Humphrey's Journal of the Daguerreotype & Photographic Arts Hunt's Merchants' Magazine Insurance Monitor & Commercial Reporter Irish American Irish News Irish Vindicator Jewish Messenger Journal of the American Geographical & Sta- tistical Society Journal of Commerce, Jr W. W. Hall W. Meyer Harper &, Brothers Harper & Brothers New Church Publication Society. C. Benj. Richardson Beadle k Adams. 1859 1854 1850 1857 1857 Changed from Emerson's Putnam's Magazine, mo. d. & w, mo. mo. Begun at Boston; New York. George P. Morris & N. P. Willis James 0. Reed American Home Mission Society.-... American Baptist Home Miss. Soc, 1854 1849 Journal of Finance k Bank Reporter Journal of Industry k Monthly Price Current of Labor Journal of Medical Reform Journal of Medicine k Collateral Science Journal of Missions & Youth's Day Spring.. Journal of Specific Homeopathy Knickerbocker, or New York Monthly Magazine La Cronica Ladies' Newspaper Ladies' Repository Ladies' Visitor Ladies' Wreath Leader Le Bon Ton , L'Echo Fraugais L'Eco d'ltalia Life Boat Life Illustrated Little Guide Littell's Living Age Liviniston's Monthly Law Magazine Lutherischer Herold Masonic Messenger Mercantile News & Mauuf;icturers' Reporter- Merchants' k Manufacturers' Journal Mercury Merry's Museum & School Fellow.. Message Methodist Quarterly Review, , MetropoliUm Record Military Gazette , Mining and Statistical Magazine.... Missionary Advocate , Missionary Herald Monthly Record of the Five Points House of Industry Morniug Courier k New York Enquirer Mother's Magazine k Family Monitor Musical Pioneer Musical Review k Record of Musical Science. Literature, and Intelligence Musical World & New York Musical Times National Anti Slavery Standard National Humorist National Mag:izine National Police Gazette New Jerusalem Messenger- New Yorker New Yorker Abendzeitung... A. D. Downing, ed. ; L. Tucker, pub. Max Conheim k Otto Brethauer. S. D. Humphrey. Francis Hunt T. Jones, Jr Lynch k Cole. Tho. Fr. Meagher E. D. Connery & Co Rev. S. M. Isaacs k Son.. 1839 1853 1849 1854 John T. Schultz k Co Hallock, HaleA Hallock... S. T. Hodge., Association J. D. Friend Purple k Smith, eds.; A. Mervin Humphrey k Palmer.. Peabody k Co 1854 1859 1855 M. De La Pena John Hillyer. Carlton k Porter Laura J. Curtis John F. ScoTill John Clancy S. T. Taylor Alex. Trey G. F. Secchi de Casale American Seaman's Friend Society.., Fowler & Wells H. H. Lloyd A Co. Stanford & Delisser. John L. Livingston Henry Ludwig M. J. Drummond W. Gutman k Co Thos.K. Kettel.ed.; A. Palmer, prop, Krauth k Caldwell 1853 S.G.Goodrich W. C. Cnnant. J. McClintock. E. Dunnig-an k Bro.., C.G.Stone Geo. M. Newton IS.'^e 1S5S 1852 1839 1841 1828 1859 J. P. Durbin Presb. Board Miss.; A. Merwin, ed.. 1845 1S43 L. M. Pease. James Watson Webb.., Rev. S. Whittlesey.. J. P. Woodbury removed to mo. mo. mo. mo. Begun at Albany. RemoTed to Roch- ester; P. Barry, ed. Removed to Philadelphia in 1855 : J. J. Smith, ed.; R. P. Smith, publisher. Re- moved to New York in 1858 ; A. 0. Moore, present publisher. G. W. k A. G. Wood, present pubs. mo. w, J. R. Taylor, present publisher. d. Issued from the office of The New York Journal of Commerce. mo. mo. mo. John A.Gray, present publisher L. G. Clarke, ed. mo. mo. uio. w. mo. magazine. 8. w. d. mo. w. B. mo. mo. w. mo. Caldwell, Southworth k Whitney, present publishers. J. N. Stearns k Co., present pubs. Carlton k Porter, present publishers. w. J. Miliary, present publisher, mo. Removed from Albany. Changed from Mining Magazine; Thos. McElrath, present ed. Carlton k Porter, present publishers. Mason Brothers Richard Storrs Willis American Anti Slavery Society.. Stearns k Co Abel Stevens, ed Robert A. Seymour John L. Jewett Cornelius Mathews.. Rudolph Leow. 1828 The w. ed. formerly Weekly Coo- ricr & New York Enquirer. 1833 H. H. Lloyd, present publisher. 1856 F. J. Huntington, present publisher. 1858 1849 1840 1856 1852 1845 1855 mo. CarUon A Porter, present pube, w. Geo. W. Malsell k Co., present publishers. NEW YORK COUNTY. 441 Papers and Periodicals now published, continued. Name. Original Publisher. New Yorker Beobachter.. New Yorker Demokrat... Nfcw Yctker Humorist..,. New York Daily News... New York Day Book. New York Diapatch >'ew York Clipper.. New Y'ork Colonization Journal ..... New York Commercial Advertiser.. New York Commercial Times.. New York Evangelist New York Evening Post-. New York Express F. Schwedler F. Schwedler Cobnheim & Brethauer /Gideon J. Tucker, ed. ; Mclntyre 1 \ & ParaouB, pubs J R. W. Stimson A. J. Williams Frank Queen J. B. Finney Francis Uail & Co Adams, Upham & Co... Field & Craighead ..... 1846 1843 1832 1826 1858 1830 Wm. Coleman. Townsend & Brooks.. New York Family Courier «.. New York Freeman's Joarnal- New York Ilenild New York Ledger New York Observer New York Municipal Gazette... New Y'ork Sentinel New Y^ork Spectator. New York Times Jas. Watson Webb J. A. McMasters James Gordon Bennett D. Anson Pratt S. E. & R. C. Morse B. Merrian, ed f Sentinel Printing Co., Col. H. C. \ Page, editor , Noah Webster Uemy J. Raymond New York Tribune Greeley & McElrath.. New York Weekly New York Weekly Chronicle.. Nick Nax North Amerioan Homeopathic Journal Our Musical Friend Parish Visitor Path Finder Periodical Paper of the Am. & For. Bible Soc.. Photographic & Fine Art Journal Picayune Polylingual Journal Porter's Spirit of the Times Principle Programme Protestant Churchman A. J. Williamson. Holman & Gray.... Leison & Haney.... Wm. Radde H. Dyer; Rev. C. W. Adams, pub.. John F. Whitney.^ Protestant Episcopal Quarterly Review. Racing Calendar & Trotting Record Radical Abolitionist Rail Road & Financial Advertiser Real Estate Advertiser & Reporter Republican Sabbath Recorder Sabbath School Visitor Sailor's Magazine Scalpel ' Scientific American .-. Scottish American Journal Scott's Reiwrt of Fashions Seventh Day Baptist Memorial Shipping ACommercial List & N. Y. Price Cur- rent Shoo & Leather Reporter Sh(M^maker Sociale Republic Sower & Missionary Recorder Spectator Spirit of Missions Spirit of the Times Spiritual Telegraph StJLats-Zeituug Standard Bearer , Student & School Mate ... Sunday Advocate Sunday School Advocate .. Sunday School Banner [Sunday School Gazette.... jSunday School Times Swedenborgian Henry U. Snelling^ Gunn & Co. Hiram C. Sparks. Wm. T. Porter John B. Conklin C. M. McLachlio & Co f H. Anthon, S. H. Tyng, & E. H. t C ■' Geo. W. Wilkes & Co. Wm. Goodell John Ilillyer J. W. Wheeler John Uillyer. 1853 1S35 1847 1848 1848 1860 1797 1851 1850 1857 1855 1858 1852 1847 1845 1851 d. & W. w. W. D. Parsons, present pub. Weekly ed. issued as the New York Na- tional Democrat. d. & w. Yanevrie, Horton & Co. pubs. mo. d. semi. w. issued as New Y'ork Spectator. Issued part of the time as the New York Evangelist and New York Presbyterian, d., 6. w., & w. Wm. C. Bryant & Co., present publishers, d. & s. w. James & Erastus Brooks, present publishers. The Dollar Weekly Express issued from the same oflBce. d., fl. w., & w. Changed from the Weekly Courier & Enquirer. (R.C.) d.,s. w., & w. The d. begun in 1837 Robert Bonner present publisher., S. E. Morse Jr. & Co., present pub. Published occasionally. 3. w.; published by Francis Hall & Co d., 8. w., & w.; also California and European editions. Raymond, Wesley & Co., present publishers, d., 8. w., & w. ; also California and European editions. U. Greeley & Co., present publishers. & Co., present Canfield.. 1843 W. B. Maxon . H. G. Lawrence.. Munn & Co Jas. W. Finlay .., G. C. Scott W. B. Maxon. Antms & Boome.. D.J. Field D. J. Field & Co.... Gustave StruTe Orville A. Roorback .... Daniel Dana. J r John Richards C. Patridge Anna UU. N. A. Calkins. James L. Smith Carlton & Porter American S. S. Union.. 1845 1850 1832 1848 1845 Pharcellus, Church publishers. w. (Sheet music.) mo. Abram C. Dayton, present pub. mo. d. Seventh Day Bap.Publication Society. Seventh Day Baptist. American Seaman's Friend Society. mo. 1825 Rev. Benj.F. Barrett. 1848 1S08 1858 1858 w. mo. Board of Publication Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, mo. Removed from Burlington, N. J. 442 NEW YORK COUNTY. Papers and Periodicals now puhlished, concluded. Name. Original pvhlisher. Remarks. Tablet , The Advocate of Moral Reform & Family Guar- dian The Albion The Atlas The Carrier Dove The Century The Cliililren's Magazine The Child's I>aper The Churchman The Constellation The Crayon The Hiiiiieopathiat Tlie Independent Thr Inventor The iHraelite Indeed The New York Journal of Commerce D. & J. Sadlier & Co.. J. R. McDowell W. Young A Co Ilerrick & Seaman., Daniel Dana, Jr Tbos. McKlrath F. D. llaniman John Hecker Park Benjamin, ed W. J. Stillman & J. Durand, B. W. Benedict Low, Hnecall & Co.. G. R. Lederer Association The Press 'The Printer ^The .Sun Theological k Literary Journal Thompson's Bank Note Reporter Tiftanv'B Monthly TnithTeller United States Economist & Dry Goods Reporter. United States Hotel Directory United States Insurance Gazette United States Journal Daniel Adee. Henry k Himtington.. Moses Y. Beaoh , Daniel N. Lord, ed J. F. Thompson , Joel Tiffany. Wm. Durman Joseph Mackey Ropes. Williams & Co.. G. E. Currie Albert Palmer United States Mining Journal , United Sttites Railroad and Mining Register.... Wall Street Broker Water Cure Journal Workin<( Farmer Yankee Notions Y(tnng Cliriatian , Ycung Men's Magazine Youth's Temperance Advocate Y Drvch a'r Gwyliedydd YTraethodydd 1835 1S22 1S39 1858 1S52 1R31 1859 1855 1848 1857 1857 1827 1858 1S33 1848 1840 1830 John Hillyer , Geo. M. Newton. John S. Dye , Fowler & Wells , Fred. McCready...." J. W. Strong , Thos. Lyon N. A. Calkins. Rich. McCormick, ed. John Marsh 1843 Wni. Roberta. 1852 1855 1851 1840 1854 Formerly McDowell's Journal. Devoted to British news. mo. P. E. S. S. Union. mo. American Tract Society. Geo. Roberts, publisher. W. HollingB worth, publisner. s. mo. Joseph H. Richards, present pub. d.,8. W..& w. Hallock, Halo k Hal- lock, present publishers. d. k w. M. S. Beach, present pub. Franklin Knight, present publisher. w. P. Adams, publisher. w. Michael Madder, present pub. mo. J. M. Emerson k Co., present publishers. mo. mo. V. (Mirror & Watchman.)' Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Revolution. Since the Revolution, the following papers have appeared and Ijeen discontinued. The list is very imperfect: as, among the constant changes that are going on, it is impossible to ascertain precise data. It is possible that a few in this list may be still issued, and very probable that others may continue to exist under a different name : Names of Papers. Abbott's Religious Magazine.mo. Academician, The Account, Weekly Advertiser, Daily Advertiser, New York Daily Advocate & Journal, New York, d. k w. Advocate, New York American, changed from Journal Age, The Age, The Age. The d. Age of Reason Agricultor, New York.„ Alexandrian , Alliance, New York. Alligator, The Almighty Dollar, The Amaranth, The mo. Amateur. The jno. Ambassador. The mo. American Advocate for Equal Rights to Man w. American Architect American Artisaa American biblical ilepoa. .....qr, Publishers. John Wiley A. k J. W. Picket, eds Bacon k Stimson... Childs k Swaine.... Dwight, Townsend k Co Redwood k Fisher.. Redwood & Fisher.. Jacob Acker Grattan k Meighau Kendrick k Co Allen k Co.. C. J. : E. C. C. Leigh, Warren Wilkes Stephen H. Branch C. C. Champlin John Henry C. M. Saxton.™.. S. Fleet J. H. Agnew 1818 1848 1785 1830 1833 1K31 1844 1856 1846 18.^2 1835 1852 1858 1S51 1848 1832 1842 1844 1847 1847 1843 1855 1859 Names of Papers. American Celt American Chronopress mo. Ameriran Citizen d. American Citizen A merican Citizen k Watch Tower American Eclectic American Eclectic bi-mo. American Ensign w. American Ensign d. American Family Journal. ...mo. American American American Reportei American American graphy. American American American American American American American Farmer & Mechanic... Flora mo. Foreign Anti Slavery - mo. Journal of Education. Journal of Photo- Jubilee Keystone Laborer mo. Lancet mo. Magazine Mail Mechanic American Mechanics' Magazine- American Metropulis. American Mineral ogical Journal American Minerva. d. American Missionary Register, mo. American Monthly Magazine.... McGee k Mitchell- Alba Honeywell.... James Cheetham... John R. De Puy Absalom Peters k S. B. West J. 11. Agnew Burns k G.immons Association. Burns k Gammons Rev. D. Newell k J ' R. Wisner E. B.Carter A. B. Strong, ed..... Joseph McKean.. C. A.Steele Wm.Goodell Caliicot k Webster Greeleyi McElrath Samuel Loudon Park Benjamin J. M. Van Osdel k S. T. Porter. D. K. Minor H. O. Dayler Archibald Bruce.... Geo. Bruce & Co U. F. M. Soc. Z. Lewis k others... W. Hallet k A. D. Patterson 18 r. 5 18.S0 1806 1843 1806 1841 lS4;i 1844 1847 1.S43 1849 1S44 1847 1845 1856 1851 1S42 1831 1787 1847 1840 1832 1845 1S19 1793 1820 1833 1826 1846 NEW YORK COUNTY. Papers and Periodicals discontirMed since the Revolution, continued. 443 NAME3 OP Papers. American Monthly Magazine & Critical Review. American Moral & Sentimental Magazine American Musical Jourual...mo. American Patriot American Patriot American Patriot k Public Ad- vertJaer American Penny Magazine American Phouographer. American Plow Boy American Protestant Americ-an liepertory of Arts, oience, &■ Manufactures American Repository mo. American Review & Literary Journal American Review & Whig Jour- nal [American Spectator American Sporting Magazine, mo. American Temperance Intelli- gencer American Temperance Magazine American Temperance Magazine & Sons of Temperance Offering American Temperance Recorder, mo. American Whig Review, changed from American Review & Whig Jon mill. America's Own America's Own & Weekly Fire- man's Journal Anglo American Anglo Saxon mo. Annalist, The Anti Masonic Review & Monthly Magazine Anti Slavery Reporter Appleton's Mechanics* Maga- zine mo. Arcturufl J. H. Bigelow & 0. L. HoUey Thomas Kirk ., Jas. Dunn Association .... Samuel 0. Brower. Thood. Dwight.jr. John W. Leonard.. D. K. Miner C- R. Moore, agent. J.J. Mapes, ed.. W. A. Cox. Me- chanic Institute.. C. B. Brown, ed... Wiley & Putnam., B. F. Romaine ..... C. R. Golden .. S. P. Carey- Oliver k Bro.„ E. B. Cfailda.ed.-... Argns.orGreenleaf' 8 New Daily Advertiser Argua & United States Gazette.. Aristidean mo. Arthur's Home mo. Artist, The mo. Asmonean Atlantic Magazine mo. Atlas, The Atlas Magazine s. mo. Atom. The Badger's Weekly Messenger Banner of the Confltitution Baptist Advocate Bapti.st Memorial mo. Baptist Repository.. Barnburner, The Beacon, The Belles Lettres Repository mo. Better Times Bible Examiner s. mo. Biblical Inquirer Biblical Journal Bibliotheca Sacra k Theological Review. Biabee's New Monthly Magazine Booksellers' Advertiser Book Trade, The mo. Bowery Boy. The British Chronicle British NewsA Old Countryman Broadway .lournal Bunker Hill. The Business Reporter k Merchants and Mechanics' Advertiser. Cabinet, The H. D. Patterson, ed. R. k G. S. Wood.... Henry Dana Ward Am. Anti Sla. Soc.. J. M. Adame. ed.... Matthews k Duyc- kiuck J. Greenleaf. Capt. N. Cook Lane & Co DeWitt&Davenport F. Guarre Robert Lvon E. Bliss & E. White J. D. Porter & E. Prescott Swinburne, Rogers A Co Robert G. Hatfield. B. Badger, ed Condy Raquct Robert Sears Rev. Enoch Hutch- inson, ed. Jafs. Van Valken- burgh W. J. Tenney G. Vail A. T. Goodrich &Co. U. Hagadorn George Storrs J.E. Jones Israel Post B. B. Edwards k E. A. Park West k Trour H. Wilson P. F. Harris P. Brown, ed Vinter k Moody... John Biscoe S. B. Dean k Co.. H. L. Bamum .... Henry P. Piercy . 1819 1799 1817 1797 18;i5 1S41 1S43 1806 1845 1851 1833 1845 1840 1840 1801 1845 1841 1834 1851 1851 1848 1849 1851 1842 1847 1849 1829 1834 1851 1841 1795 1S41 1845 1857 1843 1849 1824 1830 1S34 1847 1831 1831 1840 1829 1848 1S43 1819 1840 1844 1850 1842 1844 1839 1834 1850 1856 1842 1849 1845 1844 1S34 1830 1831 1858 1825 Names of Papers. Calumet bi-mo. Calumet of Peace Campaign, The Campaign of Freedom Canfidd'a American Argus... Catholic Expositor & Literary Mag.izine Catholic Expositor k Literary Magazine mo. Catholic Magazine Catholic Register Child's Masrnzine ....mo. Childrens' Magazine mo. Choral Advocate & Singing Clas.g Journal Christian Diadem mo. Christian Family Magazine.. mo. Christian Inquirer Christian Journal & Christian Rngister Christian Magazine mo. Chiistian Parlor Magazine.. .mo. Christian Review quar. Christian Spiritualist Chronicle Express Chronicle of the Times Churchmen's Monthly Magazine Citizen, The Citizen of the World City Chronicle City Guide City Hall Reporter k New York General Law Magazine City Journal and Ladies' Daily Gazette City Recorder Cobbett'.i Political Register Code Reporter. mo. Colored American Columbian d. k s. w. Columbian for the Country Columbian Ladies and Gentle- men's Magazine Columbian Magazine mo. Comet, The Commercial Advertiser & Spec- tator Commercial Register. mo. Constellation Constellation Corrector, or Independent Amer- ican mo. Corsair. The Cosmopolite a semi-mo. mag. Cosmorama Cricket. The Criterion. The Critic, The Crystal Fount Cuban Cyclopedia Indianensis Daily Court Calendar Daily Evening State Register..... Daily Gazette Daily Globe Daily Plebeian Daily Stat*?8man Day's New York Bank Note List Democratic Chronicle d. Democratic Republican Dental Recorder Dewitt k Davenport's Monthly Literary Gazette Diary, or Loudon's Register Dime, The Dispatch & Tattler d. Dollar Weekly Downfall of Babylon Dry Goods Reporter k Mer- chants' Gazette Dyp'a Bank Bulletin d. Dye's Bank Mirror. b. mo. Publishers. L. D. Dewey ., O'SuUivan k Til- den John Dillon Smith k P. Gallagher... Rev. A Ten Bi-oeck Mason k Law Z. Patten Hatch . Rev. D. Newell.... B. Bates , T, k J. Swords. Ilopkiiisi Seymour Rev. D. M^ad... James Woolsey, P. S. Wiggins T. Swords John McClanahan. G. Vail Solon Horn ... John Lomas.. Daniel Rogers.. Sam. E.Cornish, ed Charles Holt John .Tuman, ed... Israel Post H. D. Duhecquet.. Franklin Woods & Co Green,Clark&Bart- lett , John Henry N. P. Willis Prentiss, Clark Co Burton. Chas. R.Rode Wm. Leggett , Burnett k Allen.. J. Mesa Piatt & Peters J. A. Scovill . L. D. Shaumra Childs k Co Abijah Ingraham. Mahlon Day Wm. D. Hait W. Hagadorn Chas. W. Ballard.., Samuel Loudon De Land* Clay Jas.G. Wilson&Co. HerrickA Roper... John S. Dye.. John S. Dye. 1R35 18J2 1844 1S48 1830 1S43 1839 1840 1827 1835 1850 1S48 1843 1825 1S17 18(J*i 1845 1S35 18.04 180*2 1828 1804 ; 1854 1834 1847 1850 1833 ] 1842 1816 ] 181(i 184S 1S37 ISIO 1819 1 1844 1845 1834 1807 1855 1830 ] 1845 1815 1M5 1839 1849 1845 1S55 1828 1843 1S55 1843 1845 1856 1843 1845 1842 1S48 1819 1S34 1X31 1855 1851 1791 : 1854 1S40 1843 1835 1845 185S 1R24 ISll 1836 44i NEW YORK COUNTY. Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Revolution, continued. NiMES OF Papers. Dye"8 Wall St. Broker^ iiclio &■ Literary Military Chron- icle Eclectic Museum Edumud, Charles &, Co.'s Bank N<'teLiBt Emancipator Euu-nild & Political Literary &. Commercial Recorder Emerson's Putnam's Monthly... Emigrant, The Emigrant &. Old Countryman.... Emigrants' Magazine mo. Empire Magazine mo. Empire State Empire State Democrat l-^uteipriad. The a. mo. Pipicureaa Gondola Era, The Eureka, or National Journal of Inventions, Patents,^ Sciences Europeaoj The European, The ^. European American European News Evangelical Guardian & Review Evening City Gazette Evening Gazette Evening Herald d. Evening Mirror d. Evening Signal Evening Star d. & s. w. Evening Star Evening Tattler EvLirgreen mo. Evergreen, The mo, Evergreen, or Monthly Church Offering Every Youth's Gazette Examiner, The mo. Examiner, The Excelsior John S. Dye Crawley, Milne St Co John H. Agnew, Joshua Leavitt, ed Hugh H. Byrne John S. Bartlett... John S. Bartlett... John Wiley M. R. Andrews Hiram Cummings.. G. W. Bleecker ..... Isaac D. Geiger W. T. Adams &, Co, J. L. Kingsley k J. P. Pierson John W. Moore G.F. S.deCasale, Kimber Sl Fine... Aeao. of Clergymen Expositor &, Bajiking Circular... Express Messenger Family Companion mo. Family Keepsake mo. Family Magazine mo. Family Minstrel s. mo Family Record Family Visitor & SilkCultnrist. Farmers' Guide to Science & Practical Agriculture Farmers' Library k Monthly Journal of Agriculture \. Farmers, Mechanics, Manufac- turers, & Sporting Man's Magazine juo. Fathers' Magazine mo. Female Advocate s. mo. Fireman's Gazette Fisher'i National Miigazine k Historical Record Flag of the Free Flatf of Our Union For. & Domestic Chronicle. ..mo. Forcep, The quar. Forrester's Boy's k Girl's Maga- zine Frank Leslie's Gazette of Fashion Frank Leslie's New York Jour- nal 1 Franklin Daily Advertiser Freedom's Journal Free Enquirer Freeman'a Journal A Catholic Reiiister Free Press Free State Advocate Gazette of Education k Snnday School Journal g. mo. Gazette Extraordinary Gazette of the Union K. G. Evans Kingsley, Barton k Co MoiTis k Willis Jonas Winchester.. Noah & GUI- W. Burns Dillon k Hooper.... J. Winchester.. J. Winchester B Gardnier. ed J. Stevenson W. H. McDonald k Co A. L. Stimson P. Childs&C-o.... Burdick k Scovill Redfield k Lindsley Chas. Dingley... Ridgeway k Co. Theodore DwigbtA others 1847 1846 1843 1 840 1834 1824 L. Scott k Co. Geo. Honston John Wiley W. Goodell 4 S. P. Hine9 Robert Sears Rev. Wood Fisher.. Williams Brothers. S. French Tooth Manufac. Co. W.C. Locke.. Frank Leslie... Frank Leslie.... Cornish & Ruewaru Frances Wright & R. D. Owen Jm. M. White.... Wm. Hagadorn.. Jas. B. Swain 183; 1836 1834 1848 1840 1842 1831 1863 1860 1846 1836 1856 1849 1847 1817 1828 1846 1843 1827 1840 1834 1846 1840 1841 1840 1844 1843 1812 1833 1849 1849 1866 1846 186' 1834 1.S36 1861 1839 1826 1834 1832 1835 1845 1848 1848 1843 1855 1845 1853 1856 1832 1827 1843 1834 1866 1843 1843 1847 1869 1836 1848 Names of Papers. Publishers. Gazette of the Union. Golden Rule, 4 Odd Fellows' Com- panion ICrampton 4 Clark. 1838 1 18.52 Gazette of the United State8.-.d.'Lan,v & Turner 1789 Genius of Temperance Wm. Goodell & S. Geographical 4 Commercial Ga- zette mo. Gleaner, The Globe 4 Democratic Union d. Globe & Emerald, or Saturday Journal of Literature, Politici, 4 Arts Golden Rule Good Samaritan Messenger Gospel Herald. Gospel Luminary Gospel Sun.., Gospel Witness Green's National Guardian Halcyon Luminary 4 Theolog- ical Repository Harbinger, The P. nines.. J. Disturnell Charles King Caspar C. Childs ... T. W. CTerke 4 Co. F. Fisk Millard 4 Clough.., n.irt's Path Finder Herald of Christian Love 4 Working Man's Friend Herald & Gazette for tlte Country Herald of the Union Hewitt's Excelsior Holden's Dollar Magazine... mo. Home Circle mo. Home Companion Home Missionary Honest Wrath Home's Rail Road Gazette... Hudson's Exchange Shipping List tri-w Human Rights AsBoc'ation American Union of Associationists Geo. Bunco & Co ... C. Edwards Lester. H. W. Hewitt Illustrated American News., Illustrated News Illustrated News Illustrated New York News. Independent Journal Independent Reflector Independent Republican Industiial Agent Infant Drummer International MonthlyMagazine Investigator. The Inveterate, The Irish Democrat Irish Evangelist Irish Volunteer Iron Platform Island City Isi-ael's Herald Janus Jeffersonian, The .lewish Chronicle mo. Journal. The Journal of Christian Education.. Journal des Dames mo. .Tournal of the Fine Arts Jonrnal of the Fine Arts 4 Mu- sical World. mo. Journal of the People tii-w. Jonrnal of Progress Journal of Public Morals Jonrnal of Useful Knowledge 4 Monthly Record of New Pub- lications ^ Journal of Women Juvenile Wesleyan Knickerbocker Gazette Ladies' Casket mo. Ladies' Companion mo. Ladies' Diadem mo. Ladies" Keepsake 4 Home Li- brary mo. Ladies' Weekly Miscellany Garret 4 Co S.M.Giddings&Co. Absalom Peters M. Doheney, ed C. Home Wm. H. Hudson ... Amer. Anti Slavery Society P. T.Bamum4 H. D. Bea«h Webster 4 McLean 1865 1856 1840 1826 1845 1860 1830 1830 1850 1838 1S4.S 1847 1850 1796 1851 1846 l«f.O 1856 18,57 1828 1856 1849 1836 1836 1852 1843 1819 1843 1853 18,61 1783 1762 (1806,1807 Wm. Newell 4 Co.. 1S48I J. Uillyer 1851 Stringer 4 Town- send 1S.50 Jarvis F. Hanks.... '1830 Denman 4 Horn ... 11849 John McLaughlin.. 1832 John Hurley 1861 M. O'Connor 1,S43 Wm. Oland Bourne 1S6 1846 R. Henisen Childs.Devoe & Hill E. R. McGregor. B, Brandreth Rev. Beiij. 0. Pier 4 B. J. Height... Wm. B.Taylor.. W. T. Brockelbank 4 Co Harmonical Asso. Goodell, Hines 4 NiltiS Worthy L. Lee. . L. Neelv J. C. Burdick.... Wm. Snowdon .. J. C. Burdick.... Burdick 4 Scovill.. 1849 1S52 1835 184;! 183: 1843 1861 1847 1863 1850 1834 1839 1844 1848 1836 1848 1885 1807 1866 1862 1862 NEW YORK COUNTY. Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Mevolntion, eoniinued. 445 Nambs of Papkhs. Lady's Own , Lancet. The Lantern. The Last Section Visitor Leonori's Bank :Note List Liberia Advocate, New York & St. Thoma.'^ Life Insurance Examiner Life in New York Light Ship Light Ship & Sunday School Monitor Literary American Literary Gazette... Literary Journal- Literary Mi?ceIlaoY Literary k Scientific Kepository & Critical Review Literary & Theological Review mo. Literary World Livingston &. Wilmer's Express- Lyceum Reporter k Critical Mis- cellany mo. Magazine for the Million Magazine of Horticulture Magazine of Useful k Entertain- ing Knowledge. Magnet Mason k Tnttle's Advertiser Masonic Register k Union. ..mo. McKenzie'B Gazette Mearson's U. S. Bank Note Re- porter Mechanics k Farmers' Magazine of Ueeful Knowledge Mechanics' Magazine Medic:U k Phif. Journal & Re- view Medical Repoaitory k Review of Medicine k Surgery Mentor k Fireside Review Mercantile Advertiser Myron Finch. G. P.Quiickenbose, ed Swinburne & Pat- terson R. F. Tuckerman k Co J. P. Trow k Co.... Wiley & Halsted.-, Leon. Wood. jr., ed, C. F. Hoffman Le Roy Sunderland J. F. Adams Atex. McKenzie.. Mercantile Advertiser & New York Advocate Mercantile Guide & Family Jour- nal Merchant's l>ay Book d. Merchant's Intelligencer Merchant's I-edger d. Message Bird Methodist Protestant Metropolitan Metropolitan Courier of the Union Metropolitan Magazine Mid-Day Courier with the Morn- ing Mails V Midnight Cry Military Monitor & American Register Minerva, The Minerva, or Literary, Entertain- ing. 4 Scientific Journal Ming's New York Price Current. Mining Journal k American Rail Road Gazette Mirror of Fashion Mirror of the Times Monitor, The Monitor k Messenger Monthly Bulletin Monthly Cosmopolite.. Monthly Diadem Monthly Distribution Monthly Family Circle k Parlor Annual Monthly Journal of Agriculture Puhlish^rs. E. B. Cbilda, ed.. J. G. Bennett Jackson k Co W. 0. Bourne L. J. Leonori John C. Johnston. Mortimer J. Smith Miner k Shaeffer.. 3.k T. Swords J. & T. Swords Butler k Munford in 1830. Amos Butler k Co. Wm. E. Blakeney.. N. R. Stimson k G. Foster Eustis, Prescott k Co Pratt k Requa T. Brockelbank k Co A. T. Piercy Geo. Mearson... Joseph Mason.. Joshua V. Mines... Joseph Desnones. . E. Bliss k E. White. J. Houston & J.G. Brooks John E. Grant.. Genio C. Scott... W.W.Wallace.. J. E. Jones & C. B.Turner Prentiss, Clarkl k Co Geo. P. Metcalf. John 3. Skinner.... 1849 1H43 1852 1846 I860 1C48 1849 1850 1845 1835 1852 1849 18.34 1847 1843 1843 1844 1840 1843 1844 lSo4 1838 1848 1830 1837 1810 1839 1807 1834 1852 1849 1832 1846 1842 1836 1852 1847 1835 1814 1839 1812 1822 1824 1809 1847 1839 1848 1850 1851 1840 1848 1S50 1835 1841 1845 1824 1848 Names of Papers. Monthly Lecturerof the National Socifty of Literature & Science Monthly Magazine k American ) Monthly Review J Monthly Military Repository Monthly Recorder Monthly Recorder of Five Points House of Industry Monthly Record of Prison Asso- ciation Monthly Register, Magazine, k Review of U. S Monthly Repository & Library of Entertaining Knowledge... Monthly Tr.ide Gazette Mural & Daily Advertiser Moral Lyceum Mormon. The Morning Chronicle d. Morning Chronicle d. Morning Chronicle d. Morning Chronicle k Tippecanoe Advertiser Morning Post Morning Post k Family Gazette.d Morning Star Morning Telegraph John Brlsted.. Morning Times k Commercial Intelligencer .' Morning Watch Morris's National Press Journal for Home Musical Magazine Mustang Bulletin mo. National Advocate jsk, w. National Advocate for the Coun- try National Democrat National Trades Union ., National Union Naval Magazine bi-mo, Ned Buntline'a Own , New Charitable Monthly , New Church Messenger quar. New Church Repository mo. New Era & American Courier, d. k w. New Industrial World New Mirror New Montlily Messenger News Boys' Pictorial New World Publishers. Theodonis Foster... Brown, T. k J. Swords Clias. Smith loeoaorui rc. B. < ed.; { Swort Si L. M. Peaae Prison Asso.of New York. F. S. Wiggins G.S.Wells GoodcU & Hines.... C.C.I'. Crosby John Taylor Lazarus Beach Lewis Jones & Co... John W. Moore Joseph Osborne Story & Hildreth... Williams Bro De Witt Blood- good N. J. Eldridge J.V.Hines & others. Geo. White 4 Co. . M.M.Noah A. Ingraham, ed.; C. C. Childs, pub. D. Darling & E. J. Tan Cleve Rev. C. S. Stewart., Edward Z. C. Jud- 8on W. C. Conant.... New York American New York American for the Country New York American Republic... New York Ameiican Sentinel ... New York Amulet A Ladies' Literary & Religious Chronicle New York Aurora New Y'ork Bulletin New York Business Chart New York Cabinet New York Cadet New York Cadet & Daughter of Temperance New York Christian Messenger.. New York Chronicle New York Citizen New Y'ork City Budget New York Columbian s.w. New York Commercial Tran- script New York Crusader New York Cynosure New Y'ork Daily Bee New York Daily Gazette... New York Daily News New York Daily Sentinel.. J. W. Bell John White.... Geo. P. Morris B. Badger Dexter Park Benjamin, ed.; J. Winchester, pub Johnson Verplanck 1799 1796 1813 laoi 1797 1813 1867 1855 1830 1 1855 1832 1833 1855 1803 1802 1842 1840 1810 1832 1848 1846 1840 1838 1 1846 1835 1853 1812 1826 1851 1835 1824 1830 1848 1855 1851 1850 D. K. Miner.. J. F. Trow.... F. Fisk, ed ThOH.Dunn English W. H. Starr .. J. N. Moffatt.. Daniel Cady P. Price Judd A Maclay... J. F. Trow A Co.. R. F. Mather Alden Spooner. Kellogg A Taylor. G. F. tiecchi de Ca- John L. Knapp Archibald McLean. Evans & Stanley ... 1851 1843 1842 1856 1839 1820 1834 1843 1846 1830 1841 1840 1847 1830 1860 1847 1832 1851 1843 1861 1842 1863 1843 1834 i; 1843 1830 1833 1817 m& NEW YORK COUNTY. Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Revolution, cotitinued. Names op Papers. Publisfiers. - s M *1 Names op Papers. Publishers. li 1844 1808 1841 1860 1S31 1840 1652 1666 1845 1848 1831 16J4 is: 60 1823 1837 1825 1848 1830 1822 1866 1830 1835 1807 1820 1S31 1822 1846 1830 1836 1833 1832 1843 1838 1842 1843 1836 1858 1855 1846 1853 1795 1831 1840 1832 1827 ISIO 1S46 1832 1834 1833 1833 1856 1848 1849 1851 1864 1S4S 1829 1S13 1841 1841 1808 1843 1860 11 1866 1843 1827 New York Daily Times E. Philip Williams. 1849 1842 1849 184S 1848 1848 1830 1S46 1824 1826 1843 1847 1855 1843 1830 1846 1868 1826 1831 1802 1R45 1810 1846 1767 1786 1843 1826 1819 1825 1843 1860 1790 1S4.3 1860 1830 1810 1809 1810 1823 1861 1797 1831 1864 1839 1843 1823 1860 180O 1824 1830 1844 1781 1788 1840 1865 1853 1857 1858 1840 1827 1821 1811 1811 1814 1842 1804 New York National Reformer ... New Y'ork Patriot & Morning Thos. Ainge Devyn J. J. Negrin New Yiti k Directory & Busineea Bulletin Jas. McKean Woodard & Co S. Skinner New York Dissector. quar. Dr. H.H.Sherwood E. Weston & Co H. M. Onderdonk, ed New York Pilot New YurkKccleaiologist.....Jiio. New York EveniDg Journal New Ynrk Evening: Irfdger New York Planet Kellogg & Co C B Norton Bu3h, Cook & New York Recorder New York Recorder & Baptist 1 Register / New York Register & Anti Ma- sonic Review...., semi. mo. NcwYork Register A Gazette.mo. New York Register of Medicine Colley & Ballard.-.. J E. Wright, jr . \ & L. S. Cutting Henry Dana Ward W Green Greene & Co R. Tvrrell New York Examiner M. M.Noah. Wm. L. McKenzie. New York Expositor mo. Jas. Warnock D K.Miner C. B. Norton New Y'ork Farniprs & American New York Religious Chronicle... Gray & Bunce New York Farmers' & Historical New York Review & Atheneum E. Bliss & E.White. Henry Clapp & T. B. Aldrich. Geo. Mearson & Co. New York Farmer & Mechanic.. . New York Fireman's Journal.... W. H. Stewart & J. M. Steam 8 John W. Fowler.... New Y'ork Gazette & General Long, Turner & Co. New Y'ork .^eutinel s. w. Michael Tookey.>... 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Thos. L. Nichols.... Nisbitt's American Times Norton's Literary Adveniser Norron's Literary Gazette & Publishers' Circular G. F. Niebitt & Co.. Chas. B. Norton.... Chas. B.Norton.... New Y'ork Missionary Magazine. mo. New York Monthly Chronicle.... New York Morning Herald. Agsociationof Phy- A. Nash * Co J. L. O'fnllivan * S. J. Tilden Morton & Horner. S. Marks Olive Plant & Ladies' Temperance Pierce A Reed J. J. Negrin New York Morning Post & Daily L'Oracle, L'Kcho du Jour, & Chas. Dingley. Organ of the Washington Sec. New Y'ork Musical Review & Parker s Jturnal & Weekly Gaz. Wm. B. Parker..... NEW YORK COUNTY. Papers and Peritdicals discontinued since the Revolution, continued. 447 Names of Papers. Puhlishers. John W. Moore.... Miss A. Reed Park Godwin A. Noonan & Co... Peabody &. Co James Webster... J. Frank Pooler iCo. Dr. J. M. LovelL. Parley's Magazine. mo. C. S. Francis A Co.. Parlor Annual mo. Rev. D. Newell Parlor Magazine Passion Flower Path Finder Paul Pry Pcabody's Parlor Journal Pekin Tea Company's Gazette... People's Democratic Guide People's Friend and Daily Ad- vertiser Penny Dispatch Penny Gazette Petit Courrier dea Dames, or Monthly Journal of Fashion... Photographic Art Journal.. ..mo. Picture Gallery Plain Dealer Pooler k Co.'s Weekly Dispatch.. Popular Educator mo. Price Current Progressive Democrat Propagandist mo. Protestant Episcopal Pnlpitjno. Protestant Magazine Protestant Vindicator Public Advertiser Public Ledger Publiebers' Journal & Teachers & Parents' Companion Pulpit Reporter Joseph Barlow.- Putnam's Monthly Magazine. Quarterly Anti .Slavery Magazine Quarterly Paper of Foreign Evangelical Society Rail Road Advocate Rambler's M;igaxine & Histori- cal Register mo. Real Estate Gazette Rechabito and Temperance Bugle mo. Reformed Dutch Magvtzine Register and Spirit of the Press.. Register of the Times Religions Magazine mo. Reporter & Banking Circular.... Reports of Practice Cases in New York Courts mo.l Abbott Bros. Republic, A Monthly Magazine of Am. Lit. Pol. & Arts Republican Watch Tower ...e. w. Reviser mo. Wm. Leggett (Formerly Wilson's Dispatch) A. Montgomery Alex. Miny E. Stranahan John F. Trow H. Dyer L. D. Dewey Bowne, Wisner k Co J. Frank k Co... O.ITutchinson Holbrook, Buck- ingham k Co Geo. P. Putnam Elizur Wright, jr... John S.Taylor.. Z. Colborn M. k T.J. Strong. R. P. D. Clergy- men V. B. Palmer J. Crooker 0. Batcbeler, ed. fe| 1843 1845 1S36 18.36 1843 184U 1S34 1847 1841 1806 1860 1854 1838 1851 18-44 1830 1861 1863 1807 1S49 1860 1831 1834 1835 1807 1842 1850 1863 1836 1843 1867 1809 1866 1845 1834 1849 1797 1836 1831 Revue Framjaise des Families et des Personnantis Richardson's Journal Rough k Ready„ Rush Light Sabbath M^igazine- mo. Sabbath Monitor mo. Sabbath School Monitor.. ..s. mo. Sachem Sacred Circle- Sargent's New Monthly Saturday Emporium Saturday Evening Gazette.., Saxoni's Musical Times. mo. Seard" Family Visitor mo. Sears' New Monthly Magazine... Self Instructor mo. School Fellow School and Home Journal School Mate Scientific Oirreppondent Scientific Mechanic Scottish Journal.— Scottish Patriot ScoviU'B Family Gazetteer. Scrutinizer..— s. w. Shamrock, or Hibernian Chron.. TlioB. R.Wiiitney.. Jas. Chatham Rev. Silas E, Shepherd Wm. Cobbett.. Myron Finch.... Myron Finch k Chas. Parker Thos. Picton Judge Edmonds, Dr. Dexter, k O. G. Warren Epes Sargent. Edmund B.Green. T. W. Clarke k S. Paine Robert Sears Josiab Holbrook... J. S. Dickerson Marcius Willson... Rev. A.R.Phippen.. A. C. Morey Rufus Porter , J. O. Cumiuings Chas. Y. Baldwin. Edward Gillespie.. 1851 1801 1854 1844 1857 1847 1799 1835 1845 1841 1853 1852 1843 1844 1K27 1849 1851 1846 1843 1855 185' 1850 1S46 184' 1840 1840 IS.'.O 1827 1830 1799 1858 Names op Papers. Shekinah... Shilling Gazette mo. Sober Second Thought Spectator Spirit of the Age Spirit of the Age .« Spirit of the Age.- Spirit of Seventy-Six Publishers. Brit Partridge k ton Moore k Jackson... Daniel E. Sickles... Geo. F. Hopkins.... a ?; 5^3 Sporting Chronicle Standard Bearer mo, Slarus & Co.'s Monthly Bulletin- Stars and Stripes Star Spangled Banner — Star in the "West, or Marion Chronicle Statesman.... Stimmet'8 k Pettigrew's Ameri can Report of Fashions Student & Young Tutor.- Sunday Era Sunday Herald Sunday Leatler Sunday Mail Sunday Morning News Sunday Morning News Sunday News Sunday Keporter Sunday School Journal s. mo. Sunday School Visitor Sunday Times & Noah's Weekly aiessenger. Sylvester's New Reporter Sylvester's Reporter, Counter- feit Detector, and New "ifork Price Current Tailor's Eclectic Repository. .mo. Teachers' Advocate &. Journal of Education Temperance Advocate Temperance Budget a. mo. Thalia, or the Gentleman's Com- pany. The German Correspondent The Great City The Log Cabin The Man The Nation The New 'Yorker The New Y'orker The Old Countryman The Parthenon The Parthenon The People Scovill k Hyatt Fowler i Wells J. G. Brooks 4 E. "V. Sparhawk Wm. T. Porter Rev. H. Dyer Fay 4 Carr Dexter k Bro T. W. Cummings.. C. C. Tuuison J. S. Denman.. Geo. Glentworth Ingraham & Sweet Sam. Jenks Smith. J. Leavitt The People's Press The People's Rights The People's Weekly Journal.... The Pick The Plain Dealer The Plow mo. The Plow, the Loom, k the Anvil The Prophet The Protestant, or Exposer of Popery The Rainliow The Ramshorn Tlie Recruit The Republic The Rights of All.. The Rising Sun The Rover , The Sun The Transcript The Town.. The Uncle Sam.. The Union d. The Union d. The Unit The War The Way of Life The Whig The Whip S. Tail Amer. S. S. Union. P. E. S. S. Duion.. Sylyeater k Co.. 1853 1846 1844 1798 1845 1847 1849 1836 185-2 1847 1847 IS43 1857 1812 1851 1848 1S50 1861 1866 1831 1S36 1840 1847 1832 1829 1836 1840 S. J. Sylvester.., D. S. & G. Williams J. M. McKean k E. P.Allen Goodell 4 Hines.... W. Goodell k S. P. Uines H. Greeley Geo. H. Evans.. H. Greeley 4 Co.... Stuart & Webster. J. T. Pickering, ed, S. Woodworth J. Devin Riley 4 W. E. Robinson, R. 4 T. Hamilton., Windt & Evans... R. Walsh Joseph E. Scovill.. Wm. Van Norden.. C. M. Saxton.... J.'S. Skinner4 Sons S. Rrannon Rev. Geo. Eourue 4 Dr. Brownlee — Van Rensselaer 4 Rogers Gallagher4 Morrell .Jonas Winchester.. S. E. Cornish. Labra& Dean Day 4 Wisner Haywood, Lynd 4 Stanley Andrews, Beau- mont 4 Co Dexter A Bro J. Phillips 4 Co..... M. M. Noah S. Woodworth4 Co. Edgar 4 Herriea.... Geo. B. Wooldridge 1832 1845 18-16 1831 1820 1,S45 1840 1 1S34 1849 1835 1850 1842 1827 1861 1849 1841 1844 1850 1,S36 1.536 1852 1S48 I 1845 1830 1841 1847 1848 1843 1830 1860 1844 1834 1 1836 1846 1847 1843 1842 ISiiO 1812 IS.-iS 1850 1843 1856 448 NEW YORK COUNTY. Papers and Periodicals discontinued since the Rev(^ution, concluded. Names of Papers. The World The Yankee Time Fit'ce TraasactionB of American Eth- nological Society Traveller, Times, & Journal.. True American True Flag True Sun, Daily True Sun True "Wesleyan Two Worlds United States Advertising Cir- cular United States Economist United States Farmer & Journal of American Institute mo. United States Law Jom-n3L..mo. United States Magazine United States fllUitary and Na- val Argus United States Nautical Magazine &. Naval Journal United States Review " Demo- cracy" mo, United States Service Journal... Univercoelum & Spiritual Philo- sopher Universal Traveller Universalist Union Vial of Wrath; Junk Bottle of Destruction Visitor & Ladies' Parlor Maga- zine Voice of the People Wall Street Journal Wall Street Reporter Washingtonian Washingtonian Daily News Washingtonian Organ Washington Kepublicau Water Cure Visitor &■ Health Journal Weekly Chronicle Publishers. J. M. Church Williams Bro.... Philip Freneau.. Society Hunt & Adams, Wm. E. Blakeney.. Dexter & Bro, Assoc'n of Printers Gallagher* Kettell 0. Scott John W. Moore. S. Fleet George F. Hopkins J. M. EmerBon& Co. John Crawley, ed... Griffiths & Bates... Llovd & Campbell.. S.W. W.Tompkins Daniel Hewitt P. Price (Satire upon Mil lerites) , W. S. Hawley.... Fred. Robinson.. Herrick & Ropes.. L. Starr &Co , James Burns Joel Shew. Hudson & Co„. ■4-3 c s S| 1837 1S4S 1797 1800 IS^I is:ii 1«,V2 1S57 184;) 184,5 1849 1R4.5 1843 1SS1 1862 1843 1825 1864 1838 1855 18,53 1S26 1847 lH4:i 1836 1843 1840 1846 1851 1842 1S4,S 1S43 1843 1810 1840 Names op Papehs. Weekly Inspector Weekly Journal.. Weekly Memorial & New York City Record Weekly Museum Weekly New Yorker Weekly Review. Weekly Tattler Weekly Times Weekly Universe Weekly Visitor Weekly Western World.. Welcome Guest Thos. G. Fessenden N. R. Stimson Pickering, Beau- mont & Oakes.... West's Sunday News.. MTjig Union White Man's Newspaper. Whittlery's (Mrs.) Magazine Wide Awake Wilson & C/O.'e Dispatch. jno. Woman's Temperance Paper Wood's Quarterly Retrospect of American & Foreign Practice of Medicine & Surgery.. Woodworth's Youth's Cabinet Workers' Journal , Working Farmer., mo: Working Men's Advocate Yankee Doodle Y Cyfaill (The Friend) Young America Young America Youth's Cabinet s. mo. Youth's Companion & Weekly Family Visitor Youth's Friend mo. Youth's Penny Gazette Youth's Temperance Lecturer mo, Zion's Watchman.- Wm. Fairman & C. D. Stuart VanWinkleA Riqua Dillon & Hooper. N. T. Eldredge... Will iamsoni Burns Daniel Cady. J. F. Bridge WinchesterA Hack- staff. Frederick West S. Do Witt Blood- good, ed. A.G.Whittlery,ed. R. Bonner MaryC.Taughan,ed R. & G. S. Wood... F. C. Woodworth.. Kingman, Cross & Co. J . J. Mapee, ed. Geo. H. Evans W. H. Graham W. Rowland. Geo. H. Evans Si 1806 1 1850 1812 1807 1851 1S46 1842 1849 |1846 1832 1837 1851 1846 1848 1851 1849 1S64 1851 1847 1 1839 1849 N. Southard Bnmett & Smith.. Amer. S. S. UnioD.. Goodell, Hines & Niles Le Roy Sunderland 1.830 1847 1844 1S66 1838 1832 1843 1861 1 1832 1836 / ,.::M:S < ft, b NIAGARA COUNTY. This county -was formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. Erie iras taken off April 2, 1821. It lies upon the w. border of the State, in the angle formed by the junction of Niagara River and Lake On- tario. It is centrally distant 255 mi. from Albany, and contains 558 sq. mi. The surface is generally level or gently undulating. It is divided into 2 distinct parts or terraces by a ridge extending E. and w. The lake shore is a bluif 10 to 30 feet high, and from its summit the lower terrace slopes gradually upward to the foot of an elevation known as the mountain ridge, where it attains an elevation of 100 to 150 feet above the lake. This ridge extends e. and w. through the n. part of Royalton and Lockport, and near the center of Cambria and Lewiston, and forms the N. declivity of the s. ter- race. At its w. extremity it has an elevation of 250 feet above the lower terrace, and is nearly perpendicular. This height gradually declines toward the e., and upon the e. line of the co. it has an elevation of 80 to 100 feet. Through the central part of the co. the ridge is divided into two declivities, separated by a plateau from a few rods to a half mi. in width. The upper ridge is limestone, and for many mi. presents the face of a perpendicular cliff. Throughout the co. the ridge is too steep for cultivation. The s. half of the co., extending s. from the summit of this ridge, is very level. It has a slight inclination toward the s., and terminates in the Tonawanda Swamp. The whole inclination of the slope within the limits of the CO., however, does not exceed 30 feet. The lake ridge — supposed to have been the ancient shore of the lake — extends w. from Orleans co. through Hartland and Newfane, thence turns s. w., and appears to terminate near Lockport Village. It appears again farther w., and at Cambria it is divided into two parts, the N. extending n. w. about 3 mi. and gradually declining to the level of the general surface, and the s. extending s. w. and uniting with the mountain ridge 4 mi. e. of Lewiston.' This ridge is composed of sand and gravel and the usual debris thrown up by a large body of water, and in character is essentially different from the surrounding surface. It varies from 5 to 25 feet in height, and is 20 to 150 feet in width. The n. descent is generally slightly longer and steeper than the s. The lowest rock in the CO. is the Medina sandstone, which crops out in the ravines along the shore of the lake. It is the underlying rock of the w. half of the co., and extends to the foot of the mountain ridge. This ridge is composed of the sandstones and limestones belonging to the Niagara and Clinton groups, the heavy masses of compact limestone appearing at the top. The Onondaga salt group occupies a nan'ow strip along the s. border of the co. Nearly the entire surface is covered with deep deposits of drift, the rocks only appearing on the declivities of the mountain ridge and in the ravines of the streams. Springs of weak brine are found in the ravines throughout the n. half of the co. They exude from the Medina sandstone ; but none of them are sufficiently strong to be profitably worked. The Medina sandstone which lies at the foot of the mountain ridge has been quarried at several places for paving and flagging. Above the sandstone is a layer of impure limestone, about 4 feet thick, from which water cement is manufactured. The Niagara limestone furnishes an excellent building material and a good quality of lime. The principal quarries are situated in the vicinity of Lock- port, and from them was obtained the stone for the construction of the canal locks at that place.' A vein of this stone filled with fossils admits of a high polish, and is used for ornamental purposes, presenting a beautiful variegated appearance. Niagara River forms the w. and a part of the s. boundary of the co. It flows almost due w. from the E. extremity of Grand Island to the Falls, and thence nearly due N. to Lake Ontario. It con- tains several small islands belonging to this co., the principal of which are Tonawanda, Cayuga, Buckhorn, and Goat Islands. In its passage from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, a distance of about 1 This deflection In the course of tbe lake ridge must have been caused by a large bay that extended 8. toward L'X-kport: and the N. branch of the ridge which terminates so abruptly in Cambria was undoubtedly a bar extending into the lake. Two large streams probably discharged their waters into this bay,— one through tlie ravine in which the Erie Canal is located, and ODe through a deep ravine about '^ mi. w. of Ijockport. At the 2» head of the latter ravine is a nearly perpendicular precipice, at which point must have been a waterfall. 2 This stone is found along tbe whole course of tbe niountaiu ridge, and can be quarried in every town. The di'ep cut in the canal w. of Lockport is through this strata, and theperjicndiiiiiar ledges of rock on each side present the most favorably location in the co. for quarrying. 448 450 NIAGARA COUNTY. 30 mi,, the river descends 334 feet, the difference of level between the two lakes. Above Schlosser and below Lewiston the current of the river is not very rapid, and the descent is trifling, so that nearly the whole fall is condensed into a space of about 8 mi. The plateau in which the basin of Lake Erie is situated extends to the mountain ridge at Lewiston, the summit of the ridge being 34 feet higher than Lake Erie. The river originally must have flowed over the face of this preci- pice, at which time Niagara Falls were 7 mi. below their present position. By the wearing away of the rocks the falls have gradually receded, becoming lower at each period of their progress, and leaving a deep, rocky channel, with ragged and precipitous banks 200 feet high, to mark their course and attest their power.* At the present time the falls are at the abrupt angle where the river changes from a w. to a n. course, and the water is precipitated in part over' the front or ex- tremity of the chasm and in part over the side, the two parts of the fall being at nearly right angles to each other. Goat Island, having an area of about 70 acres, lies between the two falls, its w. edge being a continuation of the precipice over which the water fiows.^ The principal fall at the head of the chasm on the w. side is known as the Canadian or liorse Shoe Fall,^ and the fall K. of Goat Island as the American Fall. The Canadian Fall is 2000 feet wide and 154 feet high, and the American Fall 900 feet wide and 163 feet high; and it is estimated that 100 million tone of water tinw over the two falls every hour. A mi. above the edge of the falls a series of rapids commences, the water descending 60 feet before taking the final plunge.* From the foot of the cataract the river flows about 2 mi. in a comparatively still current, but from that point to Lewiston it is compressed within narrow banks, and flows through the tortuous, rocky channel in a perfectly tumultuous and resistless torrent. The immense body of water in Niagara gives to tlie falls, and to the rapids both above and below, a grandeur scarcely equaled by any other of nature's works. Here one uf the largest rivers in the world, forming the outlet of the great internal fresh water seas of North America, plunges down the shelving rapids and leaps into the profound chasm below, and then whirls and struggles with an apparently almost irresistible force in its rocky channel for 7 mi., and at last emerges from it.s mountain barrier and spreads out into the calm and peaceful waters of Ontario. Scenes of surpassing sublimity and grandeur open upon tlie view at every point, and pilgrims from every part of the world flock hither to offer their devotions at one of the great shrines of universal nature. Tonawanda Creek forma the greater part of the s. boundary of the co. Along its course are a series of extensive marshes knovm as the Tonawanda Swamp.* The other principal streams are I The precipice over which the water flows is composed of solid, compact limestone, with sliale above and below. The wearing away of the shale above has formed the rapids, and the disinte^ation of that below has left the limestone in over- hanging masses until they break off with tJieir own weight. The dip of the rock is toward the s. ; and as the falls recede the surface of the limestone will come nearer and nearer the present bottom of the fall, until, at a distance of 4 mi. farther back, it will entirely disappear, and, the soft shales wearing away irre- Rularly, the river will at some distant period of the future fall ID a series of rapids. * Luna Island lies upon the precipice N. of Goat Island, and is separated from it by a stream 65 feet wide, wlitch forms a dis- tinct fall. Beneath the shelving rock over which this small cataract flows is a recess of 30 feet, known as the Cave of the Winds. Three small isiands lying near the head of Goat Island •re called the Three Sisters. Bath Inland lies hetwet-n Goat Island and the American shore, about 50 rods above the falls. A bridge extends from the American shore to Bath Island, and another thence to Goat Island. The first bridge was built in 1817; but the next spring it was swept away by the ice. The one built in I^IS, and rebuilt in 1839, was rei)laced by the pre- sent iron bridge in 1857. The cribs were sunk in the rapids from the end of a long platform projecting from the shore and heavily loaded with stone to keep it firm. As one crib was sunk and filled with stone, the platform was pushed forward and another simk at its extremity ; and so on to the island. Before the brid::re was built, access to the island was attended with great p>Til. and very few persona had attempted it. It was done by shoftting down in boats from above, a strong rope being fastened to the shore, by which the boat in returning was swung bach. It is related that the first white person who visited the island wrs Israel Putnam, in 1755. while on a campaign against Fort Niagara. — DuiighVs Traveij', IV, 88. The Indians appear to have crossed occasionally, and tracea of their graves are still seen. On the 23d of Feb. ISll, Augustus Porter applied for the pnrchase of the island, upon which to keep sheep, and alleged in his petition that the wolves that infested the settlement ren- dered this business nest to impossible withoiit some asyhim like this for their preservation. It was afterward bought by tlio Porters. ■ This name was given from the semicircular shape of the ffdf^ of the eliff over which the water flowed. The shape now yt Dearly that jf a right angle. * Numerous improvements have been made to afford facili- ties to visitors. A staircase constructed at the N. extremity of the Aniericiin Fall, some years since, was burnt and re- built in 185H : another, upon Goat Island, was built in 1829, and called the Biddle Staircase; and another near Table I!ock, upon the Canada shore, by which visitors can descend lu the bottom of the precipice. A row boat ferry crosses the river from ths foot of the American Staircase, and a carriage road extends up the bank on the Canadian side. A little w. of Goat Island, iu the midst of the rapids near the edge of the precipice, a stone tower 45 ft. high was constructed, iu 1^33, to aflbrd a more ex- tensive view of the falls. The '• Afatd of the J/'-s^ " a email steamer, makes trips upon the river from her dork, a little above Suspension Bridge, into the foam and mist just below the Cana- dian Fall. The awful majestj' of this cataract is seen to great advantage in the winter season, when the spray settling upon all objects in the vicinity covera them with a glittering crust of ice. The rocks below become loaded with immense masses; and in extremely cold winters the river below gets blocked in so as to form a natural bridge,overwhii'hpeople venture tocross to the Canada shore and even up to the island. In the winter of 1S41-42 the river was passable for several months, and a small house was built near the center for the sale of refresh- ments. The ice was estimated to be 100 ft. thick. A year seldom passes without several fatal accidents happening at these falls, and an enumeration of those who have been drawn into the rapids, or who have slipped from the precipice and been mangled »ipon tho rocks below, would form a long and mourulul cata- logue. In 1827 the Mi( higan, a condemned schooner, was sent over the falls, with several animals on board, in the presence of 16.000 spectators. She mostly went to pieces iu the r.ipids. In 1S29 the schooner Superior, and in 1841 the ship Detroit, were lowed into the rapids, but the foiTner lodged several days, and the latter was permanently grounded upon the rocks in the rapids. 6 This swamp could be drained if the State dam at tlie mouth of Tonawanda Creek was removed: and this onlj' is needed to convert the tract into the most productive region in the co. As the land is cleared, it becomes suffici'-ntly dry for agricultural purposes. The mnck and marl which abound it (he swamp, and the limestone and gypsum whieh underlie it, are all sourc« of great agricultural wealth. NIAGARA COUNTY. 451 Four Mile, Six Mile, Twelve Mile, and Eighteen Mile Creeks, — named from their respective dis- tances from the mouth of Niagara River, — Fish and Golden Hill Creeks, all emptying into Lake Ontario; Mud Creek and East Branch, tributaries of Tonawanda Creek, and Cayuga and Gill Creeks, tributaries of Niagara River. The streams that flow n. have all worn deep ravines in the drift deposits; and they are frequently interrupted by falls, furnishing abundance of water-power, A strip of land extending from the summit of the mountain ridge about 2 mi. s. is covered with a sandy loam, and the remainder of the upper terrace is clayey, largely intermixed with muck along the s. border. The soil between the mountain and lake ridges is a clayey loam, and along the lake ridge and N. of it it is a sandy and gravelly loam. The people are principally engaged in grain raising, for which the co. is most admirably adapted ; barley, oats, corn, and potatoes are the staple agricultural products.' The manufacture of flour and other articles itj largely carried on at Lockport, and the manufacturing interests at Niagara Falls are on the increase. The vast water power that can be made available at the falls will continually attract the attention of practical men, until eventually an immense manufacturing interest will be built up. The CO. seat is located at the village of Lockport.^ The courthouse is a stone building erected upon a fine lot in the w. part of the village.' The jail, situated upon the same lot, is a well con- structed stone building, but destitute of means of ventilation. The average number of inmates in 27. The CO. clerk's office is a stone fireproof building contiguous to the courthouse.* The poor- house is located upon a farm of 130 acres 3 mi. n. w. of the courthouse. The average number of inmates is 95, supported at a weekly cost of 50 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of $1000. A teacher is constantly employed to teach the children and to exercise a constant supervision over them. The insane are properly provided for, and are uniformly treated kindly.^ The Erie Canal enters the co. near the n. line of Royalton, and extends s. w. to Lockport, thence nearly due s. to Tonawanda Creek, and thence along that creek to its mouth. The heaviest and most extensive work upon the canal is at Lockport, where the passage of the mountain ridge is efi*ected. A series of combined double locks, 5 in number, overcomes an elevation of 56 ft., and from the summit a deep cut through the solid limestone extends several miles westward.* The Rochester, Lockport, & Niagara Falls Division of the N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Royal- ton, Lockport, Cambria, and Niagara, and a corner of Lewiston and Wheatfield, terminating at Suspension Bridge upon Niagara River. The Bufiiilo & Lockport Branch R. R. extends s. w. from Lockport through Cambria, Pendleton, and Wheatfield. The Bufiiilo & Niagara Falls R. R. extends along Niagara R,iver through Niagara and Wheatfield, and a n. branch iw extended to Lewiston. The Canandaigua & Niagara Falls Branch R. R. unites with the B. & N. F. R. R. at Tonawanda.' Three daily and five weekly newspapers are published in the co.^ 1 ^Vhcat formed the great staple of the co. until about 1S50, wheu the nii(i{j;e commenced its rtiVHges. • When the c^. was first erected, the co. seat was fixed at Huf- fnlii. The huihlinfrs were given up to Erie co. upon the erection of the latter Cdunty. 8 This biiilding was erected in 1P24. The first co, officers were. Augustus Porter, First Jadgf.; I Youngstow n, haslifen built, hut it is not yet in operation. • The I>!i(igti}-a DemncraLthe first paper published in the co., was started at Lewiston in 18'21 by Uenjaniin Furgnson. In the following year it was removed to Lockport, and Bi>t>n after chaufted to The Locl-porf Ohy^n-atori/. In Aug, 1822. it passed into the handftof nrsamusTunj4'V,aml in 1S28 it was united with the Niairani Sentinel and Issued as The Sentinfl and Observalnrtj. In 182S, IVter Beean^n, jr., be- came the proprietor, and changed it to The Loci-port Journal. In 1S29 It was purchased by Asa Story and chan'.:fd to The Loclr^vyrt Balance. In 1834 it was united with The tJazctte, under the name of The Balance and Gazette. 1 1 w-is eonn afterward changed a^ain to Thel^Khpfrt Halann; It was sucressiv-iy piiblishe*! by Isa-ic C.Cotton and T. II. Ilyitt until 1S3., when il was sold to Turner^ Lyon and merged lu Tbo Niagara Democrat. The Lewistnv Sevtivrl was commenced at Lewiston in 1R23 by James O, Daily. It soon after pns^^ed into the hands of Oliver lirnce, who removed it to Lockport and issued it as The Niagara Sevtivd. In 1828 it was united with The Lockport Observatory. The Ga:eVe was started at Lockport in 1833 by P. Baker. 1=. 1-^34 it was united wilh The Talanre. The Niofjura Dnmcrut was started at Lockport in 1835 by TiinicT k Lyon. In lt-37 it was united with Tho Ualuiice and i.^sued as The Niognrn Drmocrat and Locl-pori Balance. The latter part of the title was soon dropped. In 1F39 it passed into the hands of T. P. Scoville: and in 1846, into thoHeof Turner &. McCollnm. It wa.s continued by different publishers until 1858, when it was united with The Ijorkport Advertiser. The weekly edition is dii« issued as The IVlagara Democrat, by A. S. Prentiss. The yiajar.i I'atarA.t w.is (.ominciici-d at LocUpint In 1846 by |{. II. Stevens, an' wa- puUliahed at Niagara Falls during tho summer of 185 ' by l*ut in 1687 De Nonviile, the French commander, constructed there a fort with four bastions. This was soon after besieged by the Senecas ; and, a fatal sickness having destroyed most of the garrison, it was soon after abandoned. Joncaire, another French adventurer, built a house on the present site of Lewis- ton in 1721 ; and about 4 years after another defensive work was erected on the old site of the palisade of La Salle. This fortress was afterward enlarged, and became one of the most important French posts w. of Montreal. In the summer of 1759, Gen. Prideaux, at the head of a large force of regulars and provincial troops, was sent to reduce the place. The fort was besieged about the 1st of July; and on the 25th it was surrendered to Sir Wm. Johnson, upon whom the command of the expedition had devolved upon the death of Gen. Prideaux.^ The fortress was repaired and garrisoned by the English; and during the Revolution it became the headquarters of the marauding parties of tories and Indians that desolated the frontier settle- ments along the Mohawk, Susquehanna, and Delaware.* Fort Niagara continued in possession of the British until 1796.* The portion of the Tuscarora Indians who were allies of the English during the Revolution removed to the neighborhood of Fort Niagara after tlie destructive campaign of Sulli- van, in 1779, to obtain means of preventing absolute starvation. The Senecas donated them a square mi, of land, and subsequently the Holland Land Co. 2 sq. mi. In 1804 they purchased an addi- tional tract of 4329 acres, for $13,722. On the 19th of Dec. 1813, Fort Niagara, then in possession of an American garrison, was surprised and taken by the British; and it continued in their pos- session until the close of the war. The villages at Lewiston and Niagara Falls were burnt about the same time. In 1826, Fort Niagara was the scene of Morgan's imprisonment pre^^ous to his final disappearance.^ The land in this co. was all included in the Holland Purchase, except the small reservations of the Tonawanda and Tuscarora Indians, and a strip of a mile in width along Niagara River, reserved by the State for the purposes of a portage road around Niagara Falls. The first settlements were commenced about the beginning of the present century, and the growth of the CO., in common with the whole territory of the Holland Purchase, was rapid. The great impetus to growth, however, was given by the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 and the subsequent construction of railroads. In 1837 the co. became the seat of great excitement connected with the so-called Patriot War. Most of the Patriot forces that rendezvoused upon Navy Island — within British territory, and just above the rapids of the falls — were transported from Schlosser, upon the The Intelligencer, both of which are now issued by RichardsoD & FreemaD. Priestcraft Exposed was published from 1828 to 1830 at Lock- port by L. A. Spaulding. The Lockp(/rt Jmtrnal was started in July, 1851, by M. C. Rich- ardson; and in 1S52 The Lock-port Daibi Journal was commenced, and both editions were continued until 1859, when they were united with the daily and weekly Courier, as already noticed. The Frontifr ^ntiTid-waB published at Lockport in 1S37, during the " Patriot War" excitement, by T. P. Scoville. Tlie Lockport Chronicle was started at Lockport April !>. 1.S59, by S. S. Pomroy & Co. The Levriston Tel^f/raph was started at Lewiston in 1836 by John A. Harrison & Co., and was continued about 3 years. The Niagara Falls Jovmal was published a short time in 1837 by Francis & Ward. The Niagara Cltranide was published at Niagara Falls in 1838 by J. Simpson. The Niagara Vataract was started in 1846 at Lockport by Stephens & Humphrey, and continued a short time. The Iris was commenced at Niapara Falls in 1846 by George H. Hackstaff, and was continued until 1S54. The Niagara Times was published at Niagara Falls from Oct. 1855 to Oct. 1S57, by W. E. Tunis. The Nla^fara Falls Gazette was started May 17,1864, by IVil A Sleeper, by whom it is still issued. The Niagara City Herald was started at Suspension Bridge in Oct. 1855. by ti. H. Hackstaff : and in the fol- lowing year it passed into the hands of N. T. Hackstaff, by wlioin it is Duw published. ^ The vessel sailed through Lakes Erie and Huron to Qreen Bay, where it cast anchor and remained some time. After being freighted with a rich cargo of furs, it started on its return voy- age; but from that time no tidings ever came of the vessel or crew. La Salle and Father Hennepin left the vessel on its up- ward voyage at Detroit, and afterward penetrated the western wilderoess to the Mississippi River. 2 While Sir Wm. Johnson remained at this place he made a contract with Wm. Stedman to construct a road for a portage from Lewiston to Schlosser above the Falls. This road was finished in 1763; and on the 20th 6f June of that year the fcon- tractor started with 25 loaded wagons from Lewiston, under the convoy of 50 soldit-rs. As the party were passing a deep gulf upon the very edge of the clifl" known as the Devil's Hulc, they were assailed by a large force of Senecas who were lying in wait for them, and the whole party except one were driven off the precipice, which here has a perpendicular height of ISO ft. Wm. Stedman escaped by forcing his horse through the ranks of the Indians; and one soldier — a drummer — was saved by his belt catching in the top of a tree below and so breaking the force of his fall. s The prisoners taken upon the war-paths were generally con- ducted to this place, where they were often obliged to submit to the terrible ordeal of the gauntlet. A premium was also here given for scalps, stimulating the Indians to murder. The toriea who rendezvoused here were usually more inhuman than the Indians. * Col. Smith, who commanded this post at the time of its sur- render, was the commanding officer of the Biitish at the battle of Lexington. As Niagara was one of the very last posts sur- rendered. Col. Smith may with propriety be said to have par- ticipated in both the opening and closing acts of the American Revolution. * See page 323. NIAGARA COUNTY. 453 American shore ; and great excitement prevailed in consequence. The steamer Caroline, engaged in furnishing re-inforcements and supplies to the insurgents, was cut from her moorings, on tho night of Dec. 29, by a British force, set on tire, and sent over the falls. This event was the occa- sion of a long diplomatic controversy between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain, and at one time war seemed almost inevitable. Since that time no event has occurred to disturb the peaceful progress of improvement. CAMBRIA — was formed from "WilUnk," (now Aurora, Erie co.,) March 11, 180«. Hart- . land, Niagard, and Porter were taken off in 1812, Lewiston in 1818, and a part of Lockport in 1824. It is an interior town, w. of the center of the co. The mountain ridge' crosses thi-ough the center of the town and divides it into two nearly equal portions. In the N. and s. the surface is level or undulating. The lake ridge crosses the n. part of the town. The principal stream is Twelve Mile Creek. The soil consists of alternations of sandy and clayey loam. Pekiu (p. v.) lies partly in Lewiston, but principally in this town. It contains 2 churches and about 60 dwellings. IVortll Ridg^e and Cambria., in the n. part of the town, are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Philip Beach, from Le Roy.^ There are 2 churches in town, Cong, and M. E. HARTIiAWD' — was formed from Cambria, June 1, 1812. Royalton was taken off in 1817, Somerset in 1823, and a part of Newfane in 1824. It is the central town upon the E. border of the CO. The surface is level or gently undulating, the greatest inequality being along the lake ridge, which crosses the s. part of the town. The principal streams are Eighteen Mile and Johnsons Creeks. The soil s. of the ridge is a clayey loam, and n. it is a sandy and gravelly loam. Jolin- SOns Creek, (p. v.,) located on the creek of the same name where it crosses the lake ridge, con- tains 1 church aJhd has a population of 114. Ilartland Corners, (Ilartland p. o.,) on the ridge in the w. part of the town, contains about 18 dwellings. Ittiddlcport* is partly in this town. The first settlement was made in 1803, by John and David Morrison.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized at Johnsons Creek in 1817. There are 5 churches in town.' 1.EWISTOIV' — was formed from Cambria, Feb. 27, 1818. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. The mountain ridge extends through the town, dividing it into two nearly equal portions. Along the base of this ridge the surface is broken or rolling, but elsewhere it is level. Gill and Six Mile Creeks, and several smaller streams, take their rise in this town, and Niagara River forms its w. boundary. The soil is a sandy loam. The Devil's Hole — a dark chasm, 150 ft. deep, upon the high bank of the Niagara, in the extreme s. part of tlie town — ^was the scene of a sanguinary battle during the Old French War.' Five mi. above Ft. Niagara, bordering upon the river, is a flat of several acres, about 65 ft. lower tlian the surrounding country. It is called Five Mile Meadow: it was here that the British forces landed the night before the capture of Fort Niagara, in Dec. 1814.' Liewiston,"' (p. v.,) incorp. April 17, 1822, was reserved by the State and patented by single lots. It is situated on Niagara River, at the base of the mountain ridge. It is the terminus of the Lewiston & N. F. R. R., and the head of navigation from Lake Ontario. It contains 4 churches, and has a pop. of 1,014. The Lewiston Suspension Bridge across the Niagara River was erected in 1850 and '51." Dickersonville (p. o.) is a hamlet. Soutll Pekin is a p.o. in the s. e. part. Pekin lies partly in this town. Fort Gray, a temporary forti- fication erected during the War of 1812, occupied the verge of the mountain ridge just above the vil- lage of Lewiston. The Seminary of our Lady of Angels, a Catholic institution, is situated on 1 Upon the verge of this ridge, in the E. part of the town, are an ancient fortification and burial places, occupying about 6 acres. Rude Iran implements, pieces of copper, fragments of earthen- ware, charred wood, and corncobs have been plowed up within the area. Nearly in the center, overlaid by sandstone slabs, was a deep pit filled with human bones, many of which ap- parently belonged to men of almost giant size. — Turner's Hist. Holland Purchase. s John Forsyth and Walter Neal settled in the town in 1804, and Chapman Uawley, Dauiel Howell, Joseph Elewett. James Prentice, and Amariah Stoughton soon afterward. ITie first birth wag that of Philip Beach, jr., in 1603: and the first death, that of Nehemiah Street, a traveler, who was murdered in 1790. Philip Beach op^'ned the first inn, in 1800, and Joshua Shep- pard tho first store, in 1816. Joseph Hewett built the first saw- mill, in 1800, and Christian Howder the first gristmill, in 1815. The first school was taught by Mrs. Neal, in 1808. 8 Named from Ilartland, Vt. * Sec page 456. > ZebuluD Barnum, Jedediah Eiggs, Isaac Southwell, and Dan'l Brown moved into town the same year, and Abel Barnum and Oliver Castle in 1805. The first dejith was that of Isaac South well, in 180G: the first inn waa opened by Jephtha Dunn, in 1809, and the first store, by Dan'l Vau Horn, in 1816. The first school was taught by Nancy Judson, in the summer of 1813. • Bap., Frieuds, M. E., Prot. M., end R. C. ' Named from Gov. Morgan Lewis, at the suggestion of Judgu Silas Hopkins. 8 See p. 452. » See p. 280. ^'^ An academy was established at this place in 1828. Besides participating in the general fund, it was endowed by the L*'gis- lature with tho proceeds 'jf the ferry license, which some years yielded $800 to $900. When the I-ewislon Suspension Bridgn was finished, the ferry was abandoned and the academy dis- continued. u This bridge was built by two joint stock companies, — one incorp. by the Legislature of N. York and the other by the Canadian Parliament. The roadway is 849 ft. long, 20 ft. wide, and 60 ft. above the water. Cost of the structure, $58,000. 454 NIAGARA COUNTY the river bank in the s. w. part of the town.^ The site of the village of Lewiston was occnpied by the French at ilifleieut times previous to and during the Old French War; but the first permanent eetttements were made about the year 1800.*^ The first church is said to have been founded by Brant, at the Mohawk settlement, a little e. of Lewiston.^ There are now 8 churches in town.* I.OCKPORT — was taken from Cambria and Royalton, Feb. 2, 1824. It extends from the central part to the southern bounds of the co. The surface in the northern part of the town, through which the mountain ridge extends, is broken and hilly ; in the central and southern parts it is level. Eighteen Mile and Mud Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is a clayey loam intermixed with marl, and in the n. it is stony. The Niagara limestone crops out along the mountain ridge, and extensive quarries have been opened in and near the village of Lockpurt.* Underlying this is a stratum of hydraulic limestone, from which waterlime is made; and sand- stone belonging to the Medina formation is also quarried n. of the ridge.* The manufactures of the town are extensive, and consist principally of flour, lumber, leather, and machinery. I^ock- port,'' (p. V.,) the CO. seat, was incorp. March 20, 1829. It is situated on the Erie Canal and the declivities of the mountain ridge. It is an important station on the Niagara Falls R. R., and is the terminus of the branch road to Buffalo. The water-power created by the canal locks at this place has given rise to numerous and extensive manufacturing establishments.^ The village contains 15 churches, a high school,^ 3 newspaper offices, 3 banks of issue, and 1 savings bank. Pop. 8,939. ft'riKlitN Corners, (p. o.,) in the n. part of the town, and Rapids, (p.o.,) in the s. part, are hamlets. Hickory Coroers, in the w., is a p. o. The first settlement was made at Cold Spring, about 1 mi. e. of Lockport Village, by Charles Wilbur, in 1805.^** There are 21 churches in town.^* Ex-Gov. Washington Hunt is a resident of this town, ]VEWFA]\E— was formed from Ilartland, Somerset, and Wilson, March 20, 1824. It extends from near the center of the eo. to the lake shore. The surface is level. EiglUeen Mile Creek crosses the town, dividing it into two unequal portions. The soil is generally a sandy loam; but in some parts it is clayey. Olcott, (p. v.,) on the lake shore, at the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek, contains 3 churches and about 30 dwellings. Cbarlotte, (Newfane p.o.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, near the center of the town, contains 2 churches and about 25 dwellings, HesS Road, in the e., and Cooiuer, in the w. part, are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1807, by Wm. Chambers^^ and John Brewer, from Canada.*' The first religious services were con- ducted in 1811, by a colored Methodist minister from Canada. There are 5 churches in town.'* IVIAGARA — was formed from Cambria, June 1, 1812, as " ScMosser;" its name was changed Feb. 14, 1810. Pendleton was taken off in 1827, and Wheatfield in 1836. It is the s.w, corner town of the co., occupying the angle made by the abrupt northerly bend of Niagara River. Its 1 This Seminary is under the cbargp of the ** Prusts of the Conyreffation of the Afiss^iov of St, Vincent de Pavl Jristitutifm," find is designed to educate boys aud young men for the priest- hood. Itwasincurp.inlSSS. The buildings are not yet completed. 2 Among the settleifl who were in the town in 1800 were Jos. and John Howell, Middaugh, Henry Hough, Henry Mills, McBride, Thos. Hustler, Wm. Gambol, and Fred'k Wood- man. Geo. Howell was the first child born in the town and in the CO., in 1799. Middftugh kept tavern in 1788, and McBiide built a tannery about 1799. The first sawmill was built by Joe. Howell, in 1808. and the first gristmill by John Gray, in 1815. The Tusrarora Reservation is in this town. 8 This was probably some time during the Bevolutionary War. Erant was an Episropalirtu ; and the services were usually con- ducted by sctme one attached to the British garrison at Ft. Nia- gara. The church was built of logs and bad no belfry. The bell was hung upon a croas-bar resting in the crotch of a tree near by. * Presb., Prot. E., Univ., and R. C. at Lewiston, Cong, and M. E. at Pekin, M. E. at Dickersonville, and Indian church on the Reservation. & The principal of these quarries are along the canal, in the s. part of l^ockport Village. There are alno quarries abont a mile E.of the village, and others a little further w. This limestone is a very excellent building material, and large quantities are shipped to distant places. The locks at this place, and numerous culvtTt.s on the cunal. are built of it. A cave of small extent exists under the village of l-ockport. 6 The principal quarries from which sandstone is obtained are at Rattlesnake Hill, N. w. of the village. This stoue is used principally for flagging and paving. ' So named from there being a greater number of locks here than at any other place on the canal; and to these the village owes its origin. 8 Five tlouring mills, with an aggregate of 30 run of stone. 7 fawmills, 5 stave and shingle factoriea, 1 sash, duor, auU blind factory, 1 planing mill, 2 tanneries, a woolen factory. 2 maehind shops and founderies.a plow factory, a distillery, and a plaster- mill. A hydraulic canal three-fourth.s of a mi. long has been coustnicted upon the decli%ity of the ridge, from which the water is distributed to various manufactories. The water is taken from the upper level of the canal and returned to the lower. A con- siderable proportion of the water-power is obtained from the water tiiken from the lower level. ^ The " LocLport Um'nn School'* was incorp. March 31, 1847. Connected with it is an academic depiirtnit-nt. under the super- visiou of the regents. The number of pupils in attendance in 1856 was 742. 10 Jededi.ih Darling settled in the town in 1808. Gregory in ISnO. Thomac Miles, ^illiman Wakeman. David Carlton, and Geo. Miller in 1810. and Alex. Freeman and John Dye in 1811. The first inn wa* opened by Clias. 'Williur. in ISOii; the first sawmill was built by Alex. Freemau, in ISll. and the first grist- mill by Otis Hathaway, on Eighteen Mile Creek. This was a small mill, which was built in 20 days. L. A. Spauldtng waa then building, and soon after finished, a stone mill of 7 stories in height. Simeon Ford erected a woolen fjictnry in 1>'28. The first school was taught by Olinda Moore, in the summer of 1816. " Bap.-Cong., Friends. Luth.. 2 M. E.. 2 Presb.. 2 Prot. E., 2 R.C., Univ., and 2 Af Meth. at Lockport Village, and Dutch Evang., Dutch Ref , Lmh., 2 M. E., and Wea. Meth. in other parts of the town. 12 Chambers Temoved to Grand Island ; and about the ytar 1825, attempting to iross Niagara Kiver above the cataract in a skiff, he waa drawn into the rapids and carried over the falls. 13 Cotton settled in the town the same year. Burgovne, Kemp, and Peter Hopkins in 1«08. and Wm. and James TiVisnei in ISIO. Levi Ellis built the first saw and grist mill, in 1811, for James Van Horn. Asa Douglas opened a store at Olcott, in 1812. The first school was taught by Bezaleal Smith, in 1815. 1* 2 M, E., Bap., Univ., and Wee. Meth. NIAGARA COUNTY. 455 surface is level. Cayuga and Gill Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is a heavy clay. Goat Inland and the American part of Niagara Falls helong to this town. At Suspension Bridge, on the river bank, is a sulphur spring, which has been fitted up for the accommodation of visitors. JViag^ara Falls, (p. v.,) incorp, July 7, 1848, is situated on Niagara River, at the cataract. It is the terminus of the Rochester & N. F, R. R., of the N. F, & Lewiston R. R., of the Bufialo & N. F. R. R., and of the Canandaigua & N. F. R. R. It contains 5 churches, 1 newspaper office, II hotels, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 2,976. The village owes its ex- istence to its proximity to the great cataract. Thousands of visitors, from every part of the U. S. and from almost every country in the world, annually visit this, one of nature's greatest wonders. Nearly all the business of the community is connected with this periodical visitation, and consists of hutel keeping, livery business, and matters of a kindred nature. A large and by no means unimportant business has grown out of the sale of spar ornaments and fancy articles made by the Indians. IVIa^ara City, (Susperision Bridge p. o.,) incorp. June 8, 1854, is situated on Niagara River, 2 mi. below the falls. The Rochester & N. F. R. R. connects at this place with the Lewis- ton & N. F. R. R., and with the Great Western Railway across the Suspension Bridge.^ The vil- lage contains 6 churches, a newspaper office, 15 hotels, and a charitable institution known as the De Veaux College for Destitute Orphans and Children.* Pup. 1,365. This place participates ■with Niagara Falls in the business made by the annual influx of visitors to the cataract. No places of equal size on the Continent have a greater amount of hotel accommodations than these. I^a 8alle is a p. c. at the mouth of Cayuga Creek. In the fall of 1G78 the French voTjayeurs La Salle, Tonti, and Father Hennepin, with their companions, established themselves at the mouth of Cayuga Creek and remained until the *' Griffin" was launched the following season.^ Other places along the river were temporarily occupied by the French at different times; but the first permanent settlement was made at Schlosser in 1759, by John Stedman, accompanied by his brothers Wm. and Philip.^ The first religious services were conducted by Father Hennepin, at the time of the French sojourn at Cayuga Creek.® There are now 12 churches in town.' l*E]VDl.2l3, besides 330 acres of inalienable land. The building was erected in 1855-56. It is built of stone, haa 2 ■tories and an attic above the ground story, and a front of 100 ft., with a depth of 54 ft. The members of the school are supplied by the iostitutlun with food, clothing, aod books. By the pro- visions of the will of Mr. De Teaux, the prvsident of the collega must always be a clergyman of the Prot. K. Church, and the institute itself under the control of the Diocese of Western New York. Members of the school are appointt-d by the board of trustees, the children of parents belonging to the Prot. E. Cliurch having the preference. When once received, the children are under the sole charge of the trustees until they attain their ma- jority. See &7iate Dnc. 1858, No. 118. The college repi)rtB an. Dually to the Legislature. * See pnge 452. 6 During the period of English occupancy a small settlement grew up at Schlosser. There were, besides tlie .'^tedmiin house, (which was a large and spacious 2i story building.) about 15 other dwellings. The Stedmans moved away in 1795 and left Jesse Ware in possession. Judge Augustus Porter settled at Schlosser in 180G. The first sawmill was Iniilt by Johu Stedman. The first school was taught by Kzekiel Hill, in 1807. * In his account of their sojoura Fatlier H.-nn-pin says, ''I had one hut especially designed for observinj; prayers iu holy- days and Sundays." I Bap.. Presb., Prot. E., M. E., and R. C. at Niagara Falls. Cong., Ref. P. D., Evang., Prot.E., Presb., and M. E. at Niagara City, and M. E. at Cayuga Creek. 8 Named from Sylvester Pendleton Clark, Ex-Gov. of Cirand Island. * Among the first settlers were Martin Van Slyke and John and Adam Fulnier. The first death was that of Martin Van Slyke, in 1814. S. 1'. Claik kept the first inn. in 1H22, and .l.-ny Jenks the first store, the same year. The first school was taught by DawBon, in the winter of 1816. W 2 M. E., Presb . Luth., and K.C. II Named from Judge Augustus Porter. 45o NIAGARA COUNTY. are common to all parts of this co., considerable quantities of apples, peaches, and other fruits are raised. Youngsto^TU,* (p. v.,) incorp. Aug. 22, 1854, is situated on Niagiira River, aboutono mi. from its mouth. It contains 3 churches and has a pop. of 768. Ransoiuville,^ (p-v.,) in the s. e. part of the town, contains 2 churches. Pop. 195. East Porter is a p.o. Fort IViag'ara" is situated on the lake shore, at the mouth of Niagara River. Transient settlements ■wore made at very early periods by the French at Ft. Niagara ; but no permanent settlement was made until the early part of the present century.* There are 7 churches in town.' KOYAliTOHf' — was formed from Hartland, April 5, 1817, and a part of Lockport was taken off in 1S24. It is the s. E. corner tovra of the co. The surface is generally level or undulating, except in the N. part, where the mountain ridge crosses the town. Johnsons, Eighteen Mile, and Mud Creeks take their rise in this town, and the Tonawanda forms its s. boundary. The soil is a clayey loam. ^liddleport' (p. v.) incorporated in 1858, lies partly in Hartland, but principally in the N. E. part of this town. It is situated upon the Erie Canal, and is a station on the R. & N. F. R. R. It contains 5 churches and has a pop. of 689, (586 in Royalton, 103 in Hartland.) Gasport," {p-Y.,) situated on the canal near Eighteen Mile Creek, is a station on the R. & N. F. R. R. It contains 1 church and an academy.' Pop. 273. Orangreport, (p. v.,) on the canal, in the n. w. part of the town, has a pop. of 224; Royalton, (p. v.,) in the central part, of 168: and Keynales Basin, (p. v.,) on the canal, of 132. L.ocust Tree and South Royal- ton are p. offices. MclVallS Corners is a hamlet in the w. part. The first settlement was made in 1803, by Thos. Slay ton and Gad Warner.'" The first religious services were held in 1806; the first religious society (Christian) was organized in 1817, and the first church edifice was built the same year." There are 12 churches in town.''^ SOMER.SET— was formed from Hartland, Feb. 8, 1823, and a part of Newfane was taken off in 1824. It is the most easterly town upon the lake shore. The surface is level. Golden Hill and Fish Creeks cross the town in a N. B. direction. The soil is generally a sandy loam ; but in some places it is clayey. Near the mouth of Fish Creek is a small salt spring, from which salt was formerly made. Somerset, (p. v.,) N. of the center of the town, contains 3 churches and about 30 dwellings. County Eine, on the line of Orleans co., and Eake Road and VFest Somer- set, are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Jacob Fitts and Zacharias Patr terson.'" The first religious services were conducted by Daniel Shepardson, in 1816, and the first church (Bap.) was organized in 1820. There are 5 churches in town." WHE ITFIEED— was formed from Niagara, Jlay 12, 1836. It is the most southerly town in the co., and lies partly on Niagara River and partly on Tonawanda Creek. The surface is level or gently undulating. Cayuga and Sawyers Creeks cross the town, the former in the western part and the latter in the eastern. The soil is generally a hard, clayey loam, difficult to cultivate. About a mi. e. of Tonawanda is a sour spring, and about 2 mi. n. a sulphur spring. A considerable part of the town is yet unimproved. The greater proportion of the population consists of immi- grants from Prussia and other parts of Germany.'* BergfllOltz,'* (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and about 80 houses; Martinsville, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, 1 church 1 Named from John Tounfr. the first merchant at the place. 2 Named from Clark Kansom, one of the early settlers. » See pages 45, 452. * John LloyJ, who was a soldier stationed at Fort Niagara in 1799. settled in town iu 1801, 3 mi. from the fort. Sihas Hopkins settled in 1802, Tlios. Brown, Elijah Doty, John Clement, and John Waterhonse, in 1803, and John Brown in 1805. Robert Gurnsett liept the first inn, and John Yonn^ the first store, in 1808. John Clapsaddle built the first sawmill, in 18115, and the first gristmill, in 1817, The first school was taught by Wm, Cogswell, in the winter of ISOG. 6 3 M. E,. Bap., Presh., Wes, Meth., and K. C, * Named from Royalton, Vt. ' So named from its being midway on the canal between " Np.ivport" (now Albion) and Lockport, 8 So called from the fact that g;is escapes from the earth here. This ga.s is inrlainmable: and at one time it was conveyed through iron pipes frmu the spring to a store, which was lighted by it. « Founded in 1854. 10 Joshua Slay ton, Elswnrth. Lnuden Andrews, and Alex. Haslx3 a S Vj « ^^ § §t^ ~ ^ S ^ K * E^ a. S 'S !fl ^ t) '^•^5^ u-. >=; ,--; >■ g -"> N. I s vl >l^. S ^ NIAGARA COUNTY. 457 and about 60 houses ; Jotansburgr^ in the central part, 1 church and about 50 houses ; and Walmore,* (p. v.,) in the n. w. corner of the town, 2 churches and 12 houses. These are straggling German villages. Shawnee, (p. v.,) in the N. E. corner of the town, contains 1 church and 15 houses. Tonawanda, (p. v.,) on the line of Erie co., lies partly within this town. The first settlement was made by Geo. A''an Slyke, in 1802, at the mouth of Tonawanda Creek." There are 7 churches in town.* WIliSOW*— was formed from Porter, April 10, 1818, and a part of Newfane was taken off in 1824. It is situated on the lake shore, N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is level. The E. branch of Twelve Mile Creek* crosses the town near the center, and the w. branch in the N. w. part. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Wtlson, (p. v.,) incorp. June 25, 1858, is situated on the E. side of Twelve Mile Creek, near its mouth. It contains 3 churches and the Wilson Collegiate Institute. Pop. 666. East Wilson, South YVilson, and North Wilson are p. oiiices. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Stephen Sheldon, Reuben Wilson, Goodman, John Eastman, and Gilbert Purdy.' The first church (Presb.) was organized Jan. 18, 1819. There ara now 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and M. E. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Bivellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Niagara County. Names op Towns. Cambria Hartland..... [ Lewiaton Lockport.... Newfane Niagara Pendleton... Porter Koyalton.... Siiuierset Whcatfield.. Wilson Total.. Acres of Land. I 17.214 20,836J 16.812 21,813i 22,268i 6,754i 9.843J 11.014 27.74Si 18.202 10.7 6S} 21,768 207,043} 6,767 9,600 6,819J 13,684J 10,173 6.088 6,1 69A 6.721 12,968 8,313 10,037 8.269i 101,110 Valuation of 1858. $760,657 839,722 724,371 2,689,229 818,182 1,448,126 420,049 697,697 1,253,211 666.161 866,310 802,867 11,776,382 e $808,447 881,022 792,103 3,163,629 850,247 1,732,826 447,149 619,147 1,356,002 694,111 1,700,110 829,971 1,999,382 13,774,764 24,810 23,472 ^ 1,126 1,527 1,665 6,676 1,641 2.913 972 1,362 2,598 952 1,641 1,739 1.091 1,606 1,596 6,711 1.523 2.544 854 1,2.81 2.332 971 1.611 1.568 530 2,364 618 808 374 484 905 379 616 650 407 642 681 2,286 619 967 359 484 931 378 675 622 8,951 12 18 13 18 16 7 8 11 24 14 7 6,9791 166 2S' 623 2MI 1,613 340 439 1 272 3361 600 492, el 727 1,100 1.214 6,011 1,217 ],9S6 772 979 1,561 780 1,070 1,268 17,726 Names of Towns. Cambria.... Ilartland... Lewiston... Lockport... Newtiiue..,. Niafrara PeniUeton.. Porter licviilton... .^iimerset... Wlieatfield, Wilson Total, f Lite Stock. Agriccitdbal Products. 1 8 1 |1^ III i 1 .5 Bosh, of Grain. 1 3,490 22.343 11 Ml Daisy Pkodocts. 1 0,0] 1i 946 1,768 I.OIS 6,316 1,369 67,773 89,816 36,352 98.077 12,280 1.301 1,696 1,196 9.090 2,221 20,201 88,124 3,801} 33,865 22.614 110,460 12,353 2,798 1,1.61 746 6,034 1,413 68,238 63,962 3,4.36 18,«84 26,900 76,322 405 1,634 1,655 1,640 6,834 3,207 69,320i 120.463J 5,400 29,613 30,191 124,266 4,170 1,177 1,837 1,082 8,243 2,031 66,661 94,506 3,»J2i 29,714 16,441 91,246 8,460 662 635 486 800 MS 21,637 37,176 l,676i 6.905 5,934 22,386 692 813 688 2,111 932 28,540 62,968 1,627 8,526 6,939 46,434 1,361 824 1,054 720 6,327 1,389 69,291 47,797 i 2,893 i 18.724 19,868 66,779 8.697 1,636 1,900 1,479 12.450 2,701 41,480i 171,2S0 6,337} 30,R74i 49,217 164,271 17,813 966 1,376 816 9,929 1,614 38,021 64,693i 2,463S 21,927i 18,066 70,063 6,711 606 992 8S7 2,038 1,606 36,090 68,306 2.695i 19,476 4.629 60,515 820 1,293 1,863 1,151 11,197 2,869 84,672 103,288 4,056 34,697 20,947 127,499 8,383 14,334 16,630 11,708 78,359 21,766 690.926 1,002,271 41,117i 276,448 255,997 1,038,307 71,443 11.499 ISee note 16, p. 456. s John Flarrey and Walton eettled in the town In 1807, and Geo. Burgher, Jacob Stoner, and Wm. Scott, in 1809. James Field kept thp firat inn, in 1808, and Judge Wilkinson the first store, in 1822. The first BawiniU was built by Col. John Sweeney, in 1825. 3 4 Kvanp:. Luth., Bap.. M. E., and Mennonite. < Named from Reuben Wilson, one of the earliest aettlera, and the first BtiperviBor. & In 181 1, about 4 mi. from the mouth of this creek, In the lake, a few rods from the shore, Mr. Goodman found a 4 lb. Frpnch Bwivel, loaded with a ball and 3 grape shot. A large pile of bul- lets and considerable quantities of ballast iron were subsequently found on the shore near bv. The first birth was that of Warren Wilson, in 1811. Joshua Williams and Daniel Sheldon built the first sawmill, in 1S15, and Hi-uben and Luther Wilson the first gristmill, in 1824. Benj. Douglas opened the first store, in 1817, and T. T. Upton the first inn, in 1818. The first school was an evening school for adults, taught by Luther Wibon during Jan. and Feb. 1817. ONEIDA COUNTY. :\ This county was formed from Herkimer, March 15, 1708. Lewia and Jefferson were taken off in 1S05, and a part of Oswpjio in 1816. Portions were annexed to Clinton in 1801 and to Madison in 1836. A portion of Chenango was annexed in 1804.' It lies near the center of the State, 100 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,215 sq. mi. A broad valley, nearly level, extends e. and w. through the center of the co., and from it, both n. and s., the surface rises * ; \ / ■ J into a broken and hilly region. The highlands which occupy the '6j , ..'/^'J:--- .-■"''v;^'^ s. part are arranged in ridges extending n. and s., the highest sum- mits, on the s. border, being 600 to 1,000 ft. above the valley of the Mohawk. North of the central valley the surface rises abruptly to a height of 800 to 1,200 ft., and spreads out into a nearly level plateau, broken by the ravines of the streams. The E. part of the central valley is drained by the Mohawk, flowing E., and the w. part by Wood Creek, flowing w. This valley affords a natural road from the Hudson to the great lakes, and is the lowest pass through the Appalachian Mt. system. The Mohawk rises upon tlie N. border of the co., and flows in a southerly direction to Rome, and thence s. E. to the E. border of the co. Its principal tributaries from the n. are Nine Mile Creek and Lansing Kil, and from the s. Sauquoit and Oriskany Creeks. Black River flows across the n. e. corner of the co. East Canada Creek forms a portion of the E. boundary ; the head branches of the Unadilla and Chenango drain the s. border, and Oneida, Wood, and Fish Creeks drain the w. part. Oneida Lake, extending several mi. along the w. border, is the only large body of water in the co. In the extreme N. e. corner are several small lakes and ponds. The rocks of this co. include nearly the whole, series lying between the gneiss, which covers the N. E. part, and the Hamilton group, which outcrops on the s. hills. The Trenton limestone, Utica slate, Oneida conglomerate, and Clinton group have received their names from being so distinctly developed in this co. Of useful minerals the co. has the lenticular clay iron ore of the Clinton group, bog ore in the swamps near Oneida Lake, and, probably, magnetic ore in the n. e. part.. Marl and peat have been found in some places. Waterlime and gypsum quarries have been wrought to some extent. Building stone in great variety and of superior quality has been exten- sively quarried. Mineral springs are found in several places. The S(jil in the N. E., derived from the disintegration of the primitive rocks, is light and sandy, and is capable of producing only a Boanty vegetation. This region is sparsely settled, and is not capable of supporting many in- habitants. The central valley is one of the most fertile portions of the State. The soil is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam and alluvium, finely tempered with lime and gypsum. The highland region s. of the river has a soil composed of clay and sandy and gravelly loam, and ia best adapted to pasturage. The richness and diversity of the soil make this co. one of the best agricultural regions of the State. The people are chiefly engaged in agriculture, the principal branches of which are grain raising in the valleys and dairying and stock raising upon the hills. Hops are largely cultivated in the s. towns. The manufactures of the co. are extensive, though principally confined to Utica and the villages along Oriskany and Sauquoit Creeks. The county is a half-shire, the co. buildings being respectively located at Utica and Rome.''' The courthouses and jails at both places are well built and conveniently arranged. The clerk's 1 Montgomery, Herkimer, and Oneida conntieg originally ex- tended in long, narrow strips to the St. Lawrence. In 1801, Lisbon — then an immnnse town upon the N. border — was an- nexed to Clinton co. It is not certain whether Tracts 1, 2. and 3 of Macomb's Purchase were intended liy this arrangement to belong to Clinton; but in 1802 they were annexed to St. Law- rence Co. Oneida co. was named from the Oneida Indiana, who inhabited and owned this and some adjoining counties. The ■word Oneida signifies "the people of the stone." The Indians had a strange tradition concerning a certain stone, which fol- lowed them in their wanderings atid finally rested on the sum- mit of one of the highest hills in the eo., fioni which their beacon fires couM be seen to a great distance, and upon which tliey assembled to hold council or prepare lor war. A boulder of gneiss, which tradition identified as this palladium of the Oneidas. a few years since was t.iken from the farm of James 11. Gregg, in the town of Stockbridge. and placed in a prominent positiou near the entrance of the Utica Cemetery, 453 on the Bridgewater Plank Road, about a mi. s. of TItica. — Joneses Chieidu, p. S40; KiiUx and Be/fftlnti'^tis of the Utica Cemttery Asso. 1849. p. 33: S-nale Dor. 1840, Nn. 24. p. 46; Scttfifilcra/t's Hist. CondUion and ProspecL't nf Indian Tribes, I, p. 17fi. 2 The CO. Beat of Ilerkimer co. was originally Kcated at Wliitestown; and upon the division of the co. the lecorils wera retained by Oneida. The act erecting Oneida co. directed the first courts to be held at the scboolhouse near Frrt Seiiuyler, (Home.) and required the courthouse to be tuilt \vithin 1 mi. of the fort. By an act of April 6. 1801, Thomas .tetikins and IIcz. L. Hosmer. of Hudson. .lohn Th'tmpson, of Stillwater, and Dirck Lane, of Troy, were appointed to locate the courthouse and jail of Oneida co. These buildings were comiileted several years afterward, and the courts were held here and at Whites- boro' during many years. The courthouse and jail at Home were burned al'out 184^. anil rebuilt within 3 years after. The clerk's office was removed to Utica in 181t>, and the academy at ONEIDA COUNTY. 459 office is a fireproof building, located at Utica. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 195 acres about 2 mi. s. w. of Kume. It has an average of 222 inmates, supp;»rled at a cost of $1.U0 per week each. Separate buildings have been provided for lunatics and for a pcsthouse.^ The Erie Canal extends through Utica, Wliitestown, Rome, and Veruna. The Chenango Canal extends s. from Utica, up the valley of Oriskany Creek, thi-ough New Hartford, Kirkla.nd, Mar- ehall, and a corner of Augusta, connecting with the Susquehanna River at Binghamton. The Black River Canal extends n. from Rome along the valleys of the Mohawk and Lansing Kil through "Western and BoonviUe, connecting with Black River above Lyons Falls, in Lewis c6. The Oneida Lake Canal extends w. from Rome to Wood Creek and along that stream to its mouth The N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Utica, Whitestown, Rome, and Verona, The Black River &, Utica R. R. extends from Utica n. through jMarcy, Trenton, Remsen, and Steuben to Boonville.* The Waterrown & Rome R. R. extends from Rome N. w. through Annsville and Camden. A large number of plank roads have been built in the co. ; but they are mostly abandoned. Four daily, 9 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, 1 quarterly, and 4 monthly newspapers are now published in the co.^ At an early period of the English occupation of New York the colonists became acquainted with that place was used for holding courts for many yL-ars. A new courthouse waa built at Utica in lS51-f,3. The first co. nfficers were JedeUmh danger, Fint Judge; Geo. Huntington and I»av)d Ostrom. Judirrx ; .Umas Piatt, Clerk; \Vm. Colbratb, SheriJ)'; and Arthur lireese, Sui-rogate. 1 An act was passed in 1S59 for the sale of the poorhouse pre- mises and the piirt-hase of a new site. - This load has been partially built along Black River through Lewis CO.; but work upon it ia now suspended. It was the original di'-iiign toextend the road to Clayton and Ogdensburgh. * Tilt Wt:sfcni Cenlinel was commenced at WInteeboro" in Jan. 1794, by Oliver P. Jiaton. He waa ?uccteded by Lewis, and afterward by Lewis & ^\ ebb. The paper was continued about 6 years. The Whitrstown Gii::eUf- was commenced in .Tune, 1796, bj- Wni. McLean. In 1798 it was removed to Utica aud con- tinu'd :is The TV)n(.\sf' ivn Gaz'tte and Cain's Patrol, In 1803 it was pur- chased by John H. Lathrop, and was soon after merged in The. Utica Patrint, commenced by Asahel Seward and Ira Mer- rill. iVIr. Lathrop continuing as editor. In 1811 it passed into the bandsof W ni. H. Mayiiard; and in ISlti it was united with Th( Patrol, cnnimeuced in Jan. 1815. by Ppwnrd &. Williams, and the combined paper whs puMished a.s TfU! Patriot and P^drol, W. H. Maynard. e'iitor, and Seward & W ilUanis, publishers. In 1S21 its name was changed to The Utirii Sfutinel. In 18'Jo it «a,s united with the Columbian Gazette and published as The Sentinel atid Guzitte. In 1^2S 8. 1). Dakin became proprie- tor, and in ISJ^ he t-old to Hufus Northway and 1). S. Portrr. In P-Sl Mr. Porter withdrew. In 1834 Mr. Niirthway united the Llucidatur with it and changed its iiiiUie to The Ovi'in Whig. In 18JS it was merged in the Oneida \\>«lilv Herald. In 1^42 Mr. Northway commenced The Llirx I'"'l)/ Gn:rtt>\ Wm. Albn and it. U. Slicrman. editors. KiMStns (lark. Wni. H. fmlerhill. Ezekiol Barron, Alex. .^^■wanl. II. C. Potter. J. M. Lyon, John Arthur, N. D. .lewcll. and KIUs & Kohertswcre successively interested in its jutblication. In Jan. 1S57, it was united with The Cfirtt Mrrnitw H-ridd. and assun'ed the n;inm of the Dtica Moriilikg Herald and Gazette, and is still puMi-h./<2y byB.B. IlotchkJn. editor. and ^\'. Willi;iins. publisher. It was united with the tin.-i.la Wliit; in 18;i4. The Gncida M"rni}i'i Hiralil was commenced by R.W.Roberts. R. U. .^herman. and Geo. B. Colaton. in Nov. 1847. A weeklv edition whs also published, called The Oneida W^tklij Herold. In 1848 Mr. Colston withdrew, and in ISf)? the papers were united with the Utica Daily Gazette. Viica Chri.^iian Magazine vas commenced by the Oneida Arho- ciation and Presbytery in 1813, and was publiBhed about 3 vears. The Cluh was j-ubli-'^hed at Utica by Henry Ooodfellow k Co. about 3 months in 1814. The Civil find h'riii/ious InUUigencer was started in 1815 at SanK»'ififld by Jos.Tenney. In 1825 it was changed to The Savgfrjield Itittlligfttcer. and in 1835 it was removed to "■Franl.lin Village,'' now Fiibius, Onondsiga Co. The Utica Observer was commenced by E. Dorchester tu 1816. In 1818 it was removed to Rome and it3 name changed to T!te Oneida Observer. In 1819 it was returned to Utica and its original name was resumed. A. G. Danly, K. A. May- nard, Eli Maynard. C. C. Griffith, John P. Bush. John F. Kittle, and A. M. Heaidsley were successively inte- rested in the pubjicaliou. In 1848 a daily edition waa issued, called The XJtlca Dally Observer. In 1853 the papers united with the Utica Democrat, and arc now publi>hcd by D. C. Grove, the weekly edition as tho Obgerver aud Democrat. The Utica Democrat was commenced by John G. Floyd in 1836. It was succes.'-ively jjublished by Kdwaid Slurris, Jarvis M. Hatili. and Ik-njumin Welch. In 1S53 D. C. Grove became owner, and united it with the f bttervi-r. The Utica Christian Le-positi'iy. mo., was conmu-n' ed by Merrill k Hastings in 1822. \Vm. Williams, publisher. About 1825 its nimie was changed to The Western Recorder, a weekly religious paper, G. Tracy, pub- lisher. It was continued several yewrs. The Baptist Register was commenced by Llders. Oiilnsha & Wiley. In 1825 it was published under the auspices of the Baptist denomination, Alex. Beebe. editor, and Cephas Bennetti publisher. In 1S3(I it waa leased to Bennett k Bright for 5 years; and in 1^35 the lejise was renewed for 7 years. In 1840 Mr. Bright withdrew. It Was succest-ively published by IJenneit, I'lickus k Haw- ley, Bulplius BeMiett, A. M. Beebe, and D. Beiinett. and in 1854 it was sold and united with the New York Recorder, of the city of New York. The Baptiit Situday-School Journal, mo., was commenced in 1828 by C. Bennett. The Univei-Falist, mo., was commenced at Utica by Rev. J. S. Thompson, L. R. ^lnith. & G. B. Li(*lier in 1825. It waa removtd to 1 hil.idelphia in about 1 year. The Wextei-n AV7?rf(/y /^52. In Oct. 18,^4, E. Wager aud D. D. Rowley, the present publisbeis. bought one-half, and in April, 1^55, the remainder, of the establishment. The V':r}ion Oatritr was commenced in July. 1835. In 184*) it w;is remi'vt-d to Home, and its name changed to The Roman Citizen, C. B. Gay. editor, and H. N. Bill, propnetiir. .1. K. Kenyon. J. P. Fitch. Alfred Sanlord, Geo. Scott. G. II. Lynch, A. D. Griswold. and A. C. Sunford were successively interested in its publication. In Oct. 1854. A. Sanford became sok- projU'ietor. In 1855 the oflBce was burned. The publication uf the paper was soon alier resumed by Mr. Sanford, and id Btill continued by bim. ONEIDA COUNTY. 461 towai'd Black River. Oswego was besieged by the French during the summer, and was surren- dered on the 14th of Aug. Alarmed at the success of the French, and greatly in fear for hia personal safety. Col. Webb, then commanding on the Mohawk, destroyed Forts AVilliams and Craven, and hastily retreated down the valley to Albany, leaving the frontiers to the mercy of the savages ; and the sequel is written in blood in the annals of the Upper Mohawk Valley. Fort Stanwix was erected in the summer of 1758, on the site of the present village of Rome. It was heavily armed ; but the war ended without furnishing occasion for its use, and upon the peace it was allowed to fall into ruin. In June, 1776, Col. Dayton was sent by the Continental authori- ties to rebuild this fort, which was from this time named Fort Schuyler. Col. Peter Gansevoort was ordered hither in April, 1777, with the 3d Regiment, and while still unfinished the fort was besieged by the tories and Indians under St. Leger. This movement formed part of a plan of operations against the colonies which contemplated the reduction of this fort and the ultimate meeting at Albany of the three British armies from Lake Champlain, the Mohawk, and New York. To relieve this post, Gen. Herkimer was sent with a detachment of troops chiefly raised in "Tryon" CO. This army fell into an ambuscade at Oriskany, where the memorable battle, elsewhere noticed, was fought on the 5th of Aug. 1777. While most of the savages were absent from their camp, a well conducted sortie from Fort Schuyler, by a party under Colonel Willett, attacked the camp of the enemy and took a large quantity of baggage and stores, 5 British standards, and the papers of most of the officers. The discontent which this incident occasioned among the Indians was increased to insubordination by the mysterious reports brought in by the emissaries of the Americans ; and on the 22d of Aug. the siege was raised, and the enemy retreated by the way of Oswego to Montreal. Portions of these troops subsequently joined Gen. Burgoyne and shared the fortunes of that ofBcer. The fort was destroyed by fire and flood in May, 1781. Through the influence of Rev. S. Kirkland and others, the Oneidas were induced to remain neutral or join the American cause, and were rewarded by liberal concessions at subsequent treaties.' Settlement had extended into the borders of the co. before the Revolution ; but every vestige of improvement was swept away during the war. Civilization re-appeared with peace ; and before the beginning of the present century the hardy pioneers of New England had pressed into nearly every town. The completion of the Western Inland Navigation Co.'s improvement in 1790, and of the Seneca turnpike and other early thoroughferes for emigration, and the construction of the Erie Canal and the 3 lateral canals which here join it, and of the railroads which cross it, have formed marked eras in the improvement and prosperity of the co. In wealth, population, and enter^irise it now ranks among the first cos. in the State. ASr]VSTIL.I.E' — was formed from Lee, Florence, Camden, and Vienna, April 12, 1823. It lies on the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is broken with ridges or swells, running E. and w., gradually increasing in height toward the N. There appear to have been at some period three small lakes in the town, two of which have broken through their barriers and loft fine, fertile valleys. The e. branch of Fish Creek' forms a part of the e. boundary, and flows through tlie s. k part ; and the w. branch of the same stream forms a part of the s. boundary. Several small streams are tributaries of the E. branch, the principal of which are Furnace and Fall Creeks. On the latter. near its mouth, are three falls, of 14, 20, and 60 ft. respectively. The soil is clayey in the s., and sandy, gravelly, and stony in the other parts. Cclenmore, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 sawmills, 1 gristmill, and 15 houses. Taberg,' (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, 3 The Compass was published at Verona in 1840. The ParlfT Journal and LiUrary Ni'ws Letter of Central New York, rao., waa published at Rome by Graham & Co. in ISW. Thi Primit've Christian, eemi-mo., was published at Rome by R. Mattison in 1845. The Camden Gazette was published at Camden by Munger & Ptewart in 1842. The Spiritaal Magazine^ mo., was published at the Oneida Re- sel've in 1848. The Oneida Mirror waa published at Camden by Edward Packard in 1849. The Central Stale Journal waa commenced in 1850 by L. W. Piaine, S. S. Norton, editor. Its name waa soon after changed to The Central iV-w Tork Journal, and in Jan. 1863, to Tlu Vernon Transcript, J. R. HowU'tt, proprietor. In Oct. 1855, Nilea .Jewell became a partner ; and in 1856 the paper waa discontinued. The Boonville Leilyer was commenced by Jamea H. Norton in March. 1852. It afterward passed into tije hands of Kin Kent. In March, 1855, Mr. Kent sold to L. L. Childs A Co.. who changed its name to the Black River Herald, unde"- which title it is now pub- li-sbeil by L. L. Childs. The Waterville Advertiser was commenced by R.W. Ilathawav in 1851. ■* The Empire suite BeallhJournalv{ii%commeiiceAnt'Komem\Hb\. The Waterrilie Journal w-as commenced in .Jan. 1855. by A. P Fuller & Co., C. li. Wilkinson, editor. It was discon- tinued in March. 185i3. The Waterville Times was commenced in Jan. 1867, by McKihbin & Wilkinson, and is still published. T Arweinydd, semi-mo., (Welsh, The Leader.) waa com- menced at Rome in Jan. 1858, by R. R, fileredith, editor, and Thos. T. Evans, assistant editor. 1 The Oneidaa reserved a large tract of land in the treaty of 1788, but ceded portions in 1795, 17'.I8, lSO'->, 1805, 1807, 1809, 1810, 1811. 1815, 1817, 1824, 1826, 1827, and 1840. when they finally ceded the last of their lands held in common and received individual portions. Most of them have euiigrateU to M'isconsin ; and but about 60 now live in this co. — Census of 1865, vp. 500, 503, 513. 2 Named from the wife of J. W. Bloomfield. the first settler. 3 Called by the Indians Te-ge-ro-ken, " between the inouth.s." A branch of the creek was called Aon-ta-gillon. *' Cn-ek at point of rocks." In the neigliborluwd of Fall Creek are severaj ravines with very pictures(iue scenery. * Named from au iron-mining town In Sweden. The Oneida 4G2 ONEIDA COUNTY. Bawmills, 1 gristmill, a furnace, tannery, several small manufactories, and 40 houses. BlOSS- vale is a p. 0. in the s. part. The first settlement was commenced in 1793,^ by John W. Bloom- field, from N. J. The census reports 4 churches in town.'-' AUtrfSTA' — was formed from Whitestown, March 15, 1798. A part of Vernon was taken off in 1.S02, and a part of Stockbridge (Madison co.) in 183G. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland. Two ranges of hills extend n. and s. through the town on opposite sides of Skanandoa Oreek, affording limestone of excellent quality for lime and building purposes. Oriskany Creek flows through the extreme s. e. corner, and Skanand»ja Creek flows N. through near the center. The soil is a fertile, clayey and sandy loam. Augusta, (p.v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 100 inhabitants. HUOX Corners, (p.v,,) N. w. of the center, contains a church and 200 inhabitants. Oriskany Falls, (p. v.,) in the s. E. corner, contains a church, a saw and grist mill, machine shop, distillery, and 711 inhabitants. The first settlement was made by Gunn, in 1793.* The first religious services were held at the house of Fairbanks, in 1794.* AVA® — was formed from Boonville, May 12, 184G. It is the central town on the n. border of the CO. Its surface is a moderately uneven upland, 700 to 1,000 ft. above the Rome level. It is drained by Fish Creek, the e. and w. branches of the Mohawk, Point Rock, and Blue Brooks. Several small sulphur springs have been found in town. The soil is a gravelly loam. Ava Corners, ( Ava p. o.,) w. of the center, contains 20 houses. The first settlement was commenced by Ebenezer Harper, in 1798.' A Friends meeting house is the only place of worship in town. 1{OOIVTIL.L.E^ — was formed from Leyden, (Lewis co.,) March 28, 1805. Ava was taken off in 1840. It lies on the n, border of the co,, e. of the center. Its surface is a hilly, broken up- land, 800 to 1,000 ft. above the canal at Rome. Black River flows through the n. e. part, and Lansing Kil rises near the center and flows s. to the Mohawk. Its soil is clayey loam, in many places thickly covered with boulders and often inclining to sand. Near the village are immense deposits of drift. Its e. border extends into the great forest, and presents the meager, sandy soil and naked rocks peculiar to that region. There is a gas spring Ig mi. w. of the village, and a sulphur spring l\ mi. s. The latter has acquired some local celebrity. Boonville, (p- v.,) in the n. w. part, was incorp. in 1855. It contains 3 churches, a printing ofiice, several manu- factories, and 1,000 inhabitants. It is the present n. terminus of the Black River & Utica R. R. It is on the summit level of the Black River Canal, and has a large trade with the country n., w., and E. Alder Creek, (p-v.,) in the s. e. part, contains a church and 20 houses. Forest Port, (p. v.,) near the s. E. corner, on the line of Remsen, contains 20 houses, llawkjnsville, (p. V.,) N. w. of the center, contains a saw and grist mill, chair factory, carding mill, and 339 in- habitants. Ilurlbutville is a p. o. The first settlement commenced in 1795.* The first church was formed in 1805.'** BRIUGEWATEU"— was formed from Sangerfield, March 24, 1797. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is uneven. The valley of the w. branch of the Unadilla and its tribu- taries, locally known as *' Bridgewater Flats," in the n., is about a mi. wide, but decreases to about Glass ami Iron Manufacturing Co. begau operations here in 1809. In 1811 a Mitat I'uriiaci; whb ereitod. Formerly hollow ware was extensively made; but at present pig iron is the chief product. 1 The first settlement was mad^ at Taberf!. Among the early BettlerB w.-re Klias Brewster. Adam P. Campbell, Mcbolas Arm- stroni, and Squire Fairservice. 2 Pr.sb., M. K., Bap., and It. C. 3 This town is included in the s. part of the tract leased from the Oiieidiirt in 1791 to l'et**r tmitb. Tlie lejwe is eiiid to hiive been for 939 yeai-s. Tiie tract wns divi connnence a pettlemont. Azariah Orton, Cra^ ford and his son Clark, Norman VVaugh, lienoni and I'benezer Bar- low, Ambrose Cui tis, Kpliraim Wright, .Joseph Olc tt, and Benj Young came soon alter. Several of the latter settled at Florence Uill. Nathan Thompson kept the first inn. "^ There are 5 churches in town; 2 M. K., 2 Union, and Bap tt Named from Gen. Wm. Floyd, one of the signers of tho Derlaratiiin of Independence, who purchased a pait of Fonda's Patent and removed to this co. in Ihoy. — J(fnes's Annals of Oneida Oi.pp. t.'jri,705. t* tjulled by the Indiana Te-ya-nun-soke, " a beech tree stauding." 464 ONEIDA COUNTY. of the s. E. part. The soil is of good quality arnl vrell adapted to grain and grass. Floyd Cor- uers (Floyd p. o.) contains a church and 20 houses. The first settlement commenced about 1790, hy Capt. Benjamin Pike.* There are 4 churches in town ; Cong., "Welsh Meth., Union,^ and R. C KIRKIiAIVD^— was formed from Paris, April 13, 1827. Marshall was taken ofi" in 1829, a part was annexed to New Hartford in 1834, and a part of Paris was annexed in 1839. It lies in the interior, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two general ridges by the valley of Oriskany Creek. The hills are 200 to 500 ft. high, and the declivities are generally steep. Oriskany Creek flows n. e. through near the center. The soil is a rich, calcareous loam. Near Clinton Village are quarries of good building stone. Iron ore is found ; and several thousand tons are annually shipped by the Chenango Canal, t4) Constantia, Taberg, and Penn. Great attention is paid to fruit growing, and this town excels every other town in the co. in the amount of fruit raised. The town derives its greatest interest from its extensive educational institutions, which entitle it to the appellation of the Literary Emporium of Oneida co. Cliiiton (p. v.) was incorp. April 12, 1843. Hamilton College* is located upon a hill overlooking the Oriskany Valley. Its buildings consist of Dexter Hall, or North College ; Kirkland Hall, or Middle College ; Hamil- ton Hall, or South College ; a chapel, laboratory, and an observatory. The course of study embraces a collegiate and a law department. A grammar school, under a separate board of trustees, is con- nected as a preparatory department. The college libraries contain about 10,000 volumes, and the cabinet of natural history contains about as many specimens. The village also contains 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, the Clinton Liberal Institute,^ a grammar, a boarding, and a high school, and a few manufactories. Pop. 1,174. I>lcliicliester« (Kirkland p. o.,) a manufacturing village,® in the N. part, contains 30 houses. Frauliliu, near the center, contains the Franklin Iron AVorks' and 35 houses. Clarks Mills/ in the n. corner, is a manufacturing village, and contains a cotton factory, grist and saw mill, and 40 houses. The first settlement commenced in 1787, by 8 families.* Religious services were first held in the cabin of Capt. Poot.^** 1 Among the early settlers were Stephen Moulton, Wm. and Nathaniel All'-n, James Chase, Elisha Luke, ■ Howard, Hope Smith, Daviil Bryan, Samuel Denisou. James Bartlett, Put- ney, Jarvis Pike, Capt. Nathan Townsend. and Thomas Bacon — mostly from Cunn, The first death was that of Foster; the second, that of Xathau Thompson, who was killed by a falling tree. 3 The plan r>f ownership of the union church ia peculiar. The eeats are owned and transferred by purchase, and the owners meet on the first Monday in each year and vote what denomina- tion shall occupy the house the ensuing year. * Niuned from the Rev. Samuel Kirkland, an early missionary among the Oneida Indians, who settled in the county in 1792. He was the principal founder of an academy since merged in Hamilton Colk-ge. He died in 1808; and a monument Wiia erected to his memory by the Northern Missionary Society. * Hamilton Oneida Academy "was incoip. by the Regents. Jan. 31, 1793, mainly through the exertions of the Rev. .Samuel Kirk- land. In 1794 a commodious building was erected, the corner stone of which was laid with much ceremony by Baron Steuben. The school was opened the same year under the ReV. John Niles, whose successors wore Rev. Robert Porter. Seth Norton, and Rev. James Robbins. The success of this academy was highly gratifying to its friends; and the rapid development of Central New York sugt^ested tlie necessity of more ample facilities for inatructiuu and an extension of its course of study. Clinton and Fairfield became active competitors for the honors of a college, and charters of similar character and conditions were granted to each, under the names of Hamilton and Clinton Colleges respectively. By a compromise between the friends of the rival locations, the latter institution was never organized. Clinton went on with its literary college, and employed the most active person in the Fairfield enterprise aa its agent; while Faiifield organized a medical college. Hamilton CoIU-ge was chartered MMy 26. 1S12. and went into operation soon after, under the presidency of the Rev. Azel Backus. His successors have been Henry Davis, in 1817 ; Sereno E. Dwight, in 1833; Joseph Penny, in 1835; Simeon North, in 1S39; and Samuel Ware Fisher, in 18fiS. The college is chiefly under the influence of the New School Presbyterian and Congregational Churches. From 1819 to 1832, dissensions between the Trustees and President seriously retarded the prosperity of the institution; and during the same period insubordination among the students was of frequent occurrent-e. From 1S3S to 1S46 the college received $3,i)0i> annually from the St-ate; but the present Constitution cut it off .from the receipt of a balance previously appropriated, and the grant has not been since continued. The Trustees many years since adopted the custom of admitting students unable to pay tuition fees; and. from incautious extension, this usage became an abuse that showed itself upon the treasurer's books. The receipts from tuition became only a quarter as great as pre- viously, while the catalogiie indicated by its numbers an in- rrea'iing prosperity. It was found more difficult to abandon tliis practii;e than it had been to adopt it ; and it is still continued t>nfl great an extent as the means of the institution will justify. These causes have embarrassed the finances of the college; but efforts are about being made to relieve it from debt. The sum of SoO.OOO was granted by the State, June 19. 1S12. to aid in founding the college. Wm. H. Maynard, of Utica. in 18.S2 gave $20,000 to endow a professorship of law; and S. Newton De.\ter, of Whitesboro, in 18:^6 gave his persona] obligations f'6. * There are 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Friends, and UnioD. 6 Named from William L. Marcy, since Governor of the State. * James, Thos., Isaac, and Jacob Wilson and Tull were early st-ttlers. The first death was that of John Wilson, in the fill of 1793. Camp kept the first inn, about 1810; and John F. Allen built the first mill, ahout 1825. ' 2 Cong., 2 Bap., M. E., and Calv. Meth. B Named Irom Tho8. Dean, long an agent of the Brothertown Indians. * The Brothertown Indians were settled previous to the Revolution on a reservation in this town and Kirkland given them by the Oneidas. They were remnants of New England, Hudson Eiver, and Long Island Indians, who were collected toward the close of the Colonial period, and numbered, when first n-moved hither, about 400 sonls. Coming from many dif- ftrent stocks, they adopted the English language and some of 30 the arts of civilized life. They were mostly scattered dnring the war, but afterward returned, and many of tbem became thrifty farmers; hut the greater part acquired the vices of the whites, and a part of thenisold out and went to Green Bay. In 1850 the last of the tribe uade adieu to their homes and moved West. Among the early white settlers were Warr--ii Wjlllaros. Hezekiah Eastman. Capt. Simeon Hu>>bard, and Lovi Baker. The first birth was that of Col. Lester Baker. JO It was called the Hanover Society; and their edifice, after standing 40 years, was rebuilt in 1841. There are now 4 churches in town ; 2 Cong.. M. E.. and Univ. " The "Utica Cotton Mills" have a capitalof $100,000, mn 8.000 spindles and 150 looms and emjiloy 190 handi. and turn out 1,800.0(10 yds. of clcth annually. They have a dry house, machine shop, and gas works. • 12 This establiehment has a capital invested of $40,000. and employs 80 hands. 1' Among the early settlers were Asahel Be^ich, Amos Ives, Solomon Blodget, Salmon Butler. Joel Blair. Agift Hill. Wyman. Sb-phen Bushnell, Oliver Ctdlins. Joseph Jennings, Joseph Higles. Nathan Seward, John French, Kellogg. Kisley Olmstead, Seymour, Butler. Hurlbut, Kilborn, and Montague. Jedi-diiih Sangi-r bniit th** first mill. 1* Presb., M. E.. Prot. E.. Bap., Uninn. and Friendn. IS Named by the inhitbitants in ncliniiwledgmenl of the kind- ness of Isaac Paris, a merchant of Fort Plain, who, in the year 4«jG ONEIDA COUNTY. Cazenovia, (Madison co.,) Slierliurne, (Chenango co.,) and Sangerfield, were taten off in 1795, and Kirkland in 1827. A part of Kirkland was taken oif in 1839. It lies on the e. border, near the s. E. corner of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of Sauquoit Creek. The hills bordering the valley are 200 to 400 ft. high, and their declivities are generally steep. Sau- quoit Cn-ek flows n. through the town, e. of the center. The soil is a sandy, calcareous loam. East Sauquoit and West Sauquoit, (Sauquoit p. o.,) contiguous villages on opposite sides of Sauquoit Creek, contain 2 churches, extensive cotton factories,* 2 paper mills in the immediate vicinity,'^ 2 sawmills, a gristmill, a tannery, and 690 inhabitants. Clayville, (p. v.,) near the center, contains a church, 2 furnaces, an agricultural implement manufactory,^ extensive woolen mills,* and 817 inhabitants. Cassville, (p. v.,) near the s. border, contains a church, gristmill, tub factory, and 40 houses; Paris Hill, (Paris p. o.,) in the w. part, a church and 30 houses; Ilolnian City, in the e. part, a furnace, a whiffletree iron manufactory, and 12 houses. The first settlement commenced in 1789.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1791, by Rev. Jonar than Edwards; Rev. Eliphalet Steele was the first pastor. There are now 8 churches in town.® RE5ISEM' — was formed from Norway, (Herkimer co.,) March 15, 1798. A part of Steuben was annexed in 1809. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is an elevated upland, broken by hills and ridges and with a mean elevation of 1,200 to 2,000 ft. above tide. Black River and its tributaries drain the central and n. parts ; and West Canada Creek forms a small part of the s. E. boundary. Otter, Long, and White Lakes are in the n. part. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam. A large part of the town is still covered by the primitive forests forming. a portion of the great Northern Wilderness. Renisen, (p. v.,) a station on the B. R. & U. R. R., in the s. w. corner, contains a church, furnace, steam mill, and 510 inhabitants. Forest Port, (p. v.,) on the line of Boonville, contains 20 houses. Port Woodhull is a hamlet. The first settle- ment Commenced in 1792, by Barnabas Mitchell.'* There are 12 churches in town." R07IE — was formed from Steuben, March 4, 1796. It lies upon the Mohawk, a little w. of the center of the co. Its surface is level, and some portion of the w. part is low and marshy. The Mohawk flows s. e, through the e. part, and Wood Creek flows w. through the n. w. part.'** Fish Creek forms the n. w. boundary. The soil is generally a highly productive, gravelly loam. Rome, (p. V.,) upon the Mohawk, s. e. of the center of the town, was incorp. March 26, 1819. It is a half- shire of the CO., and it contains the co. buildings, 12 churches, 4 banks, 2 newspaper offices, the Rome Academy, and several manufactories." It is the s. terminus of the W. R. & C. V. R. R. and of the Black River Canal, and is an important station upon the Central R. R. and the Erie Canal. Pop. 7,083. West Rome is a thickly settled suburb just w. of the limits of Rome. 8tan'«vix, (p. V.,) a canal village, contains about 15 houses. Greens Corners is a station on the Central R. R., near the s. w. corner. Rid^e lUillS;, near the center, contains 15 dwellings ; and Hortli Rome is a hamlet. The first settlement was made at the *' Carrying Place,"^^ before the French of Bcarcity, 17^S0, supplied them with Virginia corn on a liberal credit, iimi fiiiiilly accepted payment in such produce as they were enal-lcd to supidy. 1 The "Quaker Woolen Factory," eatablished in 1812. In 1827 it ci'mmenced the manufjicture of cottun. and now em- , ploys 100 liands, rawi 110 looms, and can make 3.0U0 yards per day. TIii> >;anie Co. -have another mill, that employs 50 hands and nin>; lO bmnis. *'lli-r'' mills employ 30 hands, and make about IJ tons of priTitiiu p.i|ier dally. 8 The inanuficture of scythes was commenced in 1834. The hu9in<-:s h:i,i siiiCf been largely increased; and at present about $200,n. Stephen Barnet, Aaron Adams, Abiel Simmons. Phinpas Kelloa;g, John and S>Ivesti^r Butler. A^a Sbepard, Kirkland ('.ritfiri. and Benjamin Merrill. The firflt death was that of \\m. ^wall. in 1790. Abner Baeoii kept the first inn, and .lani'S Ort 'ii the firat store, in 1S02. « 2 M, I-;.. 2 Prot. K., 2 Cong., Bap., and Presb. ' Named fmni Henry llemsen. Patentee of Remsenburgb. Tlin town embraces most of llenisenburiih Patent, and portions of Kaston's Wo idhull'9, Servia's and other tracts. 8 Among the early aettlera were John Bomer, Nath'l Rock- wood. Bettij L" Clerc, Perez Farr. and Joniih Dayton, in 1793. Tn 18i18, David Mound. John Gai. Grillith I. Jone-", John Owens, and Iluiih lluLihes, Welsh immigriin'a, settled, and were soon followed I'y a lar;:;e immigration of their coimtrymen. This town CQUtiuns more natives of Walea than any other town in the State; and, including their children of American birth, the Welsh number more than half the population. The fir.-t birth was that of Polly Mitchell; and the first death, that of Capt. Peck. Broughton White kept the first store, in 1803. 9 5 Calv. Meth., 3 Cong., 2 M. E.. and 2 Bap. W Between the Mohawk and Wood Creek wa.'i a portage ofabotit 1 mi. in length over level ground. Karly in the bist century propositions were made to bnild a road across this point ; and in 170ti the Western Inland Navigation Co. constructed a canal between the two streams, and the route speedily became the great tlioroughfare of travel. This canal was most of the way on the line of the present Erie Canal, through the village. The Indians called the place Den^-wain-sta. "a carrying place for canoea." Wood Creek was called Ka no-go-dick. The old canal wa? constructed under the superintendence of Peter Colt. n The princip.al manufactories are a plow factory, foundery, planing mill, several sawmills, and the repair shops of the W. R. i C. V. H. R. 12 The first settlers came in at an early period, but their names are unknown. John Roof and Brodock were engaged in the carrying trade at this place in 1760. The former wan first store and inn keeper. Jedediah Phelps. John Barnard, George and Uenry Huntington. Joshua Hathaway. Dr. Stephen White, Roswell fellows, Matthew Brown, aeu. and jun., Seth Ranney. David Brown, Ebenezer. Daniel W.. and Thonia'J Wright. Thomas Selden, Solomon and John Williams. Peter Colt, Wm. Colbrath, Abijah and Clark Putnam. Caleb Reynolds. Rufus K;iston. Thos. Gilbert. Moses Fish. Stephen Lampman. Jeremiah Steves, and John Niles were earlv settlers. — Jones's Avj.als.p. 372. The first birth waa in the family of John Roof. Aug. 28, 1769. The first sawmill was erected in 1758, and the first giistniill in 1795. A State Arsenal was erectc2 men, March 27, ITSU. The English lost the fort and all the stoies which it contained, and 9U men. Furts Williams and Craven, located on the Mo- h.-iwk. just helow Home, were deatioyed by Gen. AVobb in 1756, after the reduction of Oswego by the French. Tort Stitnwix was begun .Tuly 23,1758, by Brigadier Gen. John ftanwix, of the royal army. It was a square work, with bastions nt the corners, and stood a few rods s. of the present park in the village. It was of earth and timber. Bunouiidrd by a ditch and mounted with heavy cannon. In June, 177G, Col. Dayton took possession of it and named it Fort Schuyler. It was besieged in 1777 by St. Lt'ger. Within the last few years the ground upon which th.^ fort stood has been leveled; and not a vesti*ie of it now remain**. Fort Newport was a small square fort un Wotxl Creek, built in the French War. An octag mal blockhouse was built about 1795, iluring the alarm from Western Indian wars. SThecxMisus reports 17 churches: SCalv. Meth.,2Dap.. 2 M.E., 2 Presb,. 2 U. C, Kv. laUh.. Genn. Metli., I'rot. K.. and Univ. 8 Named from Jedediah &inger the pioneer of New Hartford, who g-ivp 5(1 acres of bind to the first church. This town is No. 20 of the Chenango 20 Tnwiisliips-and, toicether with No. 18 and part of 19, was purchased in 1790-91 by Mi .hael Myers, J. Sanger, end John J, Morgan, for '.i shillii'ga and 3 shillings 3 pence per acre. Much of it was Bettlcd und»*r perpetual leases. ■* Called by tho Indians i^ki-na-wis. " Largo Swamp." 6 llaie and wife, and Nalhan Gurney. came in in 1792; and Benj. White, Phineas Owen, Sylvanos Dyer, AgJihel Bellows. N'lithanrel Foi-d, Henry Knowltui. Jonathan Stratton, Clark, C-ol. David Nortnn. aiid about :!0 others, in 1794. The first birth was that of a daughter of/-. Ihelps, in 1792; the fir^t niarriajre, that of Sylvanus Dyer and Hnnnah Norton: and the first death, that of Sibyl Knowlton. Pnllv Dyer taught (he first echoni; and Justus and Ebenezer Hale kept the tirst inn and store. Tho first store in Waterville was kept by Sylvanus Dyer, in 1799. 8 2 Cong., M, E., Prot. E.. Presb., Bap., and R. C. ' Named from Baron Steuben. In May. 17S6, the Legisl.iture granted bim 16,000 acres in this town. He settled soon after, built a log liouse, and collected a colony of tenants, but did not live to See his contemplated improvements carried nut. He was struck by paralysis Nov. 25. 1799, and died 3 days after. He was wrapp^-d in liis cloak and laid in the eai th with his star of knighthiK^I upon his breast. Shortly before La Fayette's visit in 1826. his reniiiins were taken up a?id re-interred under a tablet upon rained masonry. Ilia property was mostly liequoathed U* Wm. North and Benj. Walker, his aids. His library was given to a young man named Mulligan. Col. Walk.T gave a Welsh Bap. Siicicty a lease of 60 acres of land, oof wliich was woodland, around the grave, witli no other rent than tho obligation t*) keep this woodland fenced and the range of animals prevented therein. Tbi'* condition is cirefully observi-d. 8 .^Uirrs Hill is tho highest p.)int in the co. On i clear day, Lake Ontario, partji of 7 counties, and the buildings of Hamilton College can be seen from its summit. s.'^amiiel Sizor. Capt. Simeon Fuller, and David Starr were early settlers. The first birlh was that of St-phen Brooks, jr. ; and tho first mairiatro, that of William Case :ind Piatt. The town wa-i extensively sett!erd Holland patent^.^ of 20.0()'> arn-s, principally in this town. He sold to -cih .tnd Horace JohnsoB and Andrew Cra-rio. 468 ONEIDA COUNTY. U. R. R. It contains 6 churches, the Holland Patent Academy, and 353 inhabitants. Pros- pect, (p. V.,) on West Canada Creek, above the Falls, contains 2 churches, Prospect Academy, an extensive sawmill, a tannery, and 60 houses. Stittsville, (p. v.,) on the lineof Marcy, in thes. w. corner of the town, contains a church, cotton factory, sawmill, tannery, and about 40 houses. Itia a station upon the B. R. & U. R. R. Settlement was commenced in 1793, by Gerrit Boon, from Holland.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed soon after ; Rev. Fish was the first pastor,^ UTICA' — was incorp. as a village April 3, 1798. It was formed as a town, from Whitestown, April 7, 1817, and was incorp. as a city Feb. 13, 1832. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, on the e. border of the co. A wide intervale extends along the river ; and from it the surface rises in gradual slopes toward the s. w. It lies upon the Erie Canal, and is the n. terminus of the Chenango Canal. It is an important station upon the N. Y. C. R. R., and the s. terminus of the B. R. & U. R. R. It is the center of one of the best agricultural sections of tho State ; and its trade is extensive. It is largely engaged in manu- factures, among which are cotton and woolen goods, millstones, screws, musical instruments, telegraphic apparatus, and a great variety of other articles.* The City Hall is a fine, large, brick building on Genesee St., s. of the canal. It contains a large public hall, common council room, and rooms for the several city officers. The Public Schools are under the charge of a Superintendent and Board of Education. They are graded, and include all departments from the primary to a thorough academic course. They employ 45 teachers, — 6 males and 39 females. The whole number of children between the ngea of 4 and 21 is 8,000, of which 3,226, or 40 per cent, attend school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for 1858 were 115,546.82. The number of volumes in the district libraries is 3,018. The Uiica Academy, long an independent school, now constitutes the High School of the public school system of the city. The Uiica Female Academy is a flourishing institution, situated between Washington St. and Broadway, near Genesee St. It was founded in 1837, and its property is valued at $25,000. The Academy of ike Assumption is under the care of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. The State Lunatic Asylum is located upon a large lot on an eminence near the w. line of the city. It receives insane persons subject to co. charge, where there is a reasonable prospect of relief, and such others as its accommodations will admit. Until recently it has received iusiane convicts; but this class will hereafter be sent to the asylum built for that purpose at Auburn. The average number of inmates during the last 16 years has been 381 annually,* * Boon was an enterprising pioneer and agent of the Holland liAnd Company, the same that purchased in Western New York, Alone, or with I^e Roy, Bayard, McEvers, and Bu^iti, he purchased in trust for that company 46,057 acres of Outhoudt'a Patent, 6.026 of Steuben's Patent, 1,'JUO of Machin's Patent, and i;3,609 of Servis's Patent. The last named, lying mostly in this town, was granted in 1768 to Peter Servis and 24 others for the benefit of Sir Wm. Johnson. This tract was conveyed by the trustees above named to the Holland Company in 1801. Among the other early settlers were Col. Ad;im U. Mappa. Dr. Fr. A. Vander- temp. Judge John Storrs, Col. Kobert Liicks, Peter Schuyler, .Pohn P. Little, Cheney and John Garrett. Wm. RoUo. Col. Thos. HiL-ks. Edward Hughes, and Hugh Thomas. Boon returned to Holland, where he dii-d many years after. The first child born waa Adam Parker, in 1796; the first marriage, that of Jacob Joyce and Widow Peck ; and the first death, that of ^^ Nelson, in 1795. * The census reports 15 churches; 4 M. E., 3 Bap.. 2 Presb., (0. S.,} Bap.. Cong., Calv. Meth,. Prut. E., Union, and Unita. 8 The ludians called the locality Ya-nun-da-da-sis, or U-nun- da-ga-gca, "around the hill.'' After an old stockade, built in early times, was razed, it waa called Teva0 yard3 of cotton cloth annually. The Uti<'Ai SU-am, CotU-n Stills employ 330 hands, and produce 1,100 yds. of cotton cloth daily. The Utica Wolen Mills employ 180 hands, and use 350,000 11)6 of wool in the manufacture of cassimeres annually. The Utica Steam iVitolen Co. gives employment to 250 hands, and uses 1.800 lbs. of wool per day. The Utica Screw Manufacturing ffe. employs 50 hands, and turns out goods to the amonat of $60,000 annually. The Utica Millstone Manufactory and Phtstcj- MiUs give em- ployment to 50 men, and turn out $60,000 worth of prithicta an Dually. The city ajso contains extensive manufactories of starch, flour, clothing, org.ins, pianos, castings, machinery, stone ware, fire brick, carpets, oilcloths, leather, lumber, beer, and cigars. 6 An asylum of this kind was recommended by the Governor in 1830, and was annually urged by its friends, until an act was passed, March 10, 1836, appointing 3 commissioners to purchase a site not exceeding Slo.oOO in value, nud to contract for build- ing. N. Dayton, C. McVean, and R. Withers were appointed; and in 1?37 a fiirm of 1.00 acres was bought at the joint expense of the State and the citizens of Utica. ($G,300 of $16,300.) and in that year Wm. Clarke, Francis K. Spinner, and Elam Lynds were appointed commissioners to erect buildings. The first plan (prepared by Clarke) embraced 4 buildings, each 550 feet long, fiicing outward, connected by open veiandae, and in- closing a coxirt of about 13 acres. The main building was erected and the foundations were laid, when the plan was re- duced and attention given to finishing the main building. By act of April 7, 1842. the asylum was put in charge of 9 managers, appointed for a term of 3 years each by the Gov. and Senate, a majority of whom must reside witliin 5 mi. of the asylum. Dr. Amariah Briirham was chosen Sup'-rintendent, and upon his death (Sept. 8, 1849) Dr. Nathan D. Benedict suc- ceeded. The present Superintendent is Dr. John P. Gray, who was appointed in 1853. The building was partially destroyed by a fire set by one of the inmates July 14, 1857. The walls remained standing, and the premises have been refitted without interruption of opera- tions, and with improvements far exceeding in safety and con- venience those that were destroyed. The sum of $6S,74*J was granted in 1858 to rebuild the premises; and the labor ii> now ONEIDA COUNTY. 4G9 Besides the foregoing institutions, there are in the city 10 private schools, 5 banks, and 24 churches.' The site of the city is included in the colonial grant of 1734, styled Cosby's Manor. Settle- ment began soon after the Revolution ; and in 1787 there were 3 log huts at this placc.^ The construction of the Seneca Turnpike and of a bridge gave the first impulse to its growth ; nnd the Erie Canal in a few years doubled its business and population. Although the city has ex- perienced disasters, its general growth in wealth and numbers has been steadily forward, and its geographical position, lines of communication, and natural advantages are guarantees of its future increase.' VERWOIV — was formed from AVestmoreland and Augusta, Feb. 17, 1802. A part of Stock- bridge (Madison co.) was taken off in 1836. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the center.* Its surface is rolling, the mean elevation being about 200 ft. above the Mohawk. The principal streams are Oneida Creek, forming the w. boundary, and Skanandoa Creek,' flowing through the E. part. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly and clay loam, underlaid by limestone, waterlime, and gypsum. Very few towns in the State surpass this in all the elements of fertility. A mineral spring is found a mi. N. w. of Vernon Center. Ternon, (p. v.,) upon Skanandoa Creek, n. of the center, was inoorp. April 6, 1827. It contains 2 churches, the Vernon Academy, a private seminary, bank, newspaper office, and tannery. Pop. 330. Ternon Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. Oneida. Castle, (p. v.,) on the w. line, contains a church, academy, and 337 inhabitants, of whom 275 are in this town. Turltey Street is a nearly completed. The buildings are well supplied with water and guB, and have ample fixtures for the extiuguishuient of fires in future, including steam force pumps, ample reservoirs of water, and pipes for filling the attic and upper rooms with steam. The asylum has shops and gardens for the employment of such as prefer it, and various amusements, — fairs, festivals, musical and theatrical entertainments, books, pictures, inno- cent games, ajid such other modes of occupation as are found to exert a salutary influence upon the ''mind diseased." The Opal, a monthly magazine, is edited and printed at the asylum by its inmates; and the American Journal of Insanity, a quar- terly journal, is conducted by its otRcei s. The aggregate sta- tistics of the asylum firom Jan. 16, 1843, to Dec. 1, 1858, have been as follows :— Perce.vtage Percentage Yes. ^i 1 OF RECOV'S. OF Deaths. li ■^1 1? h •^ .53 ■s 7 267 s5 «^ 1.S43 109 276 48.62 19.'20 2.63 6.44 1844 ?.1(i ?.75 132 16 471 65.93 48.80 3.39 6.78 1845 2fi5 W.1 135 21 553 60.94 46.07 3.79 7.92 1848 WS ?,'!7 1,33 22 b'J2 46.99 39.46 3.63 7.77 1847 415 4'2S 187 48 802 46.06 43.69 5.98 11.66 1848 474 4(15 174 86 877 36.70 42.96 9.80 18.14 1849 454 3(B 503 69 S,57 44.71 56.07 8.05 15.19 1850 4.'?a .•i67 171 51 816 39.49 46.59 6.25 11.77 1S51 440 366 11'.! 48 7U6 23.46 30.60 6.03 10.91 186'2 441 .son 1.56 .39 825 36.37 40.00 4.72 8.84 1853 4'?,3 4?4 169 .39 849 39.95 39.66 4.59 9.'22 1854 444 3D0 164 65 836 37.16 42.06 7.75 14.63 1S55 467 ■.'.75 ^?.H 32 726 27..W 46.64 4.41 6.85 1856 4.14 '24'i 100 .30 697 22.24 41.73 4..30 6.61 ISii? 463 2.35 95 32 696 20.52 40.42 4.59 6.88 1858 489 333 114 31 787 23.31 34.23 3.96 6.33 Of the 5,516 patients received up to Dec. 1. 1S58, 4,896 were diR- charged, of wliom 2,226 recovered. 801 were improved, and 1.194 Were unimproved: 63ijiiad died, and 39 were not insane. Great success attends the treatment in most cases when received at an eiirly stage ; but when the disease has continued a year or inure thechancesof recovery rapidly diminish, and in a few years cease altogether. The asylum is not designed as a hospital for in- curables; and when the prospecta of recovery or improvement Cease, it ia ife peneral custom to return patients to their friends or to JDL-al institutions of support. Of those admitted in the year ending Nov. 30, 1868, 172 were malus and 161 females: 23 were between 10 and 20; 91 between 20 and ,30; lOS between 30 and 40; 62 between 40 and 50; 3(i lielween 50 and 00; and 11 between 60 find 70. 98 males and 87 females were married; 76 males and 64 females were single; 6 were widowers and 10 widows; 17 bad received academic and 23y a commnn school education; 43 could only read and wiite; 12 could read but not write; and 11 were entirely without edu- cation. 396 had labortou8, and 25 professional and literary, em- ployments; 8 were in trade, and 4 had no occupation. 210 weie natives of New York ; 44 of Ireland ; 19 of Eng. ; 16 of (ier- many; 6 of Conn.; 4 each of Canada, Scotland, France. Penn., Vt., and Mass.; 3 each of N. H. and Wales; 2 each of Maine and Switzerland; and 1 each of R. I., Ohio. 111., and Sweden. The principal causes were, so far as ascertained, ill health, 48; hereditary, 28; predisposed, 22; intemperance and vice, 20; re- ligious excitement, 19; excessive labor and anxiety, 17; vicioue indulgences and domestic trouble, each 15; busiiie.ss perplexi- ties, 12; menstrual irregularities, 11 ; and puerperal fever, and excessive labor and exposure, each 10. 1 4 Bap., 3 M. E., 3 Prot. E., 3 R. C. 2 Presb., Evang.. Ev. Luth., Jewish, Calv. Metb., Kof. Prot. D., Germ. Meth., Wes. Meth., 0. S. Bap., and Univ. * Fort Schuyler at this place was bnilt in 1758, and named from Col. Peter, an nncle of Gen. Philip Schuyler. It was a stockaded work, and stood between Main and Mohawk Streets below Second Street. A blockhouse was bnilt before the close of the Revolution on the site of the present depot. Among the early settlers were Uriah Alverson, Philip Murey, Francis Foster, Stephen Potter, Joseph Ballon, Jason Parkei_ John Cunningham, Jacob Cbrestman, and Matthew Hubbell. The first store and inn were kept by John Post, in 179i). on th« N. corner of Genesee and M'hitesboro' Sti'eets. Post had been a dealer among the Indians, and purchased large quantities of ginseng. Some years after, he run 3 "stage boats' for passen- gers to Schenectady. In 1804, Parker & Stephens received a grant of the sole riglit of running a stage to Canandaigua twice every week between May and October. Mails were ex- tended from Canajoharie to this place in 1793. the iuhitbifants along the route paying the expense. Bryan Johnson, in 17'J7, commenced purchasing produce for cash, and began a business that had been mostly monopolized by the Kanes of Canajoharie. The latter soon removed to Utica; and the spirited rivalry of these men, and others who soon joined in it, gave a wide repu- tation to the place as a maiket town. John C. Devr-reux, Watts Shearman, John Bissell. and Daniel Thomas were also c.irly merchants. Nathan Williams, Erastus Clark, Francis A. Blood- good, and Joseph Kirklaud were early lawyers. 3 The population of the town and city of Utica has boon as follows : — 1840 12,782 1845 12.190 1850 17.565 18S5 22,169 1813 1.700 1820 2.972 1«25 5,040 la.-iO 8,323 1835 .10,183 * The territory of this town was included in the original Oneida Reservation. Among the patents granted in town were Bleecker'8 South Patent, Bas Chard's Patent of 4,911 acies, Abraham A'an Eps and Rev. John Sargent's Patent. Thi. prin- cipal Oneida village was called Kan-on-wall-o-hu-le. A Bmall remnant of this once powerful nation of Indians still livo in the s. w. p.irt of the town. 6 Named from the celebrated Oneida chief, and signifying Ilemkick, or stream of hemk-cks. Alluding to this iuterpreiar tion of his name, this chief once made this striking remark: — *'I am an aged hemlock. An huiulrcd winters have wbistltd through zny branches. 1 am dead at the topi" 470 ONEIDA COUNTY. thickly populated farming neighborhood. religious services were held iu 1801.^ The first settlements were made in 1794-97.^ The first VERONA — was formed from "Westmoreland, Feb. 17, 1802. It lies on the w. border of the CO., near the center. Its surface is generally level, slightly rolling in the e., aud marshy in the w. Oneida Lake and Creek form the w. boundary, and Wood Creek^ the n. boundary. Scverai small streams in the town are tributaries to these. The soil is a deep, rich, alluvial loam. There is a mineral spring in the e. part of the town.* Terona (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a tannery, and oO houses. Durliamville, (p-v-,) on the w. border, partly in Madison co., contains 2 churches, a glass factory, foundery, tannery, and 1,034 inhabitants. Yerona Depot, (p-o..) a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., contains 10 houses. State Bridge (p. v.) contains 20 houses; Ui^^i^isville (p. v.) 25 houses ; ]Vew London, (p. v.,) in the n. part, 30 houses ; Scouon- doa, (p.v.,) in the s. part, on the line of Vernon, 20 houses; Yerona Mills (p. v.) 20 houses ; Dunbarton a glass factory and 20 houses ; aud Staeeys Basin 10 houses. Settlement was commenced in 1792, by Geo. A. Smith ;^ Rev. Joseph Avery preached the first sermon. There are now 10 churches in town.® VIE^M A' — was formed from Camden, April 3, 1807, as *' Orange." Its name was changed to ''Bengal,'' April 6, 1808, and to Vienna, April 12, 1816. A part of Annsville was taken off in 1823. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface, rising from Oneida Lake on the s. border to an elevation of about 100 ft., spreads out into a rolling plateau. The n. w. part is hilly. "Wood Creek and Oneida Lake form the s. boundary. Fish Creek forms most of the e. boundary, and unites with Wood Creek before it enters Oneida Lake. The w. branch of Fish Creek forms a part of the n. boundary. The soil is a light, sandy loam, underlaid by clay: in the s. w., along Fish Creek, it is alluvium. Good building stone is quarried in the E. part, and large quantities of bog ore have been raised from the marshes near the lake. Vienna, (p. v.,) in the e. part, contains a church and 110 inhabitants. IVortli Bay, (p. v.,) in the s. part, near the lake, contains 2 churches, 3 sawmills, a shingle mill, and 25 houses. ItlcConnellSVilley (p. V.,) in the n. part, on the line of Annsville, contains 20 houses ; Elpis, a church and 8 houses. Fish Creek Lauding contains 20 houses : West Tienna, (p. v.,) on the lake, 20 houses. Pine is a hamlet, in the E. part. The first settlement was commenced near the close of the last century.^ There are now 6 churches in town^ "WESTERIV— was formed from Steuben, March 10, 1797. Lee was taken off in 1811. It lies in the interior, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by numerous gul- lies worn in the slate by the streams. Mohawk River and Lansing Kil Creek meet near the center and flow s. and s. w. into Rome. The soil in the valleys is alluvium. Stone quarries are worked which have furnished large quantities of stone for the Black River Canal. Western- Ville (p- V.) contains a church, a tannery, and 287 inhabitants. IVortU Western (p.v.) con- ^ The first settler was Joaiah Bushnell, in 1794. Upon the reliiiquishniL'nt of the Indian title iu 1797, a large nuniher of families from Mass. snd Conn, came in; ami within 2 years every fiiim in town was taken up. Among the early settlers were fiimilies named Hills. Bronson. Wetniore, Holmes, Stone, Gridley, Smith. Bisnell, Foot, Goodwin, Kiishie, I>e Votie. Austin, Stannard. Griswold, Alvord, Thrall, Wilcox, Church, Spencer. Carter, Marshall. Tuttle, Bush, MclOwen. Wilcoxsun, and Web- ber, on Bus Churd's location, around Vernon Center; Rev. John Sargent, aud fimilies niinied Codner, Marvin, and McKwen. on Sargent's Patent; Skinner, Lawrence, Shedd, Gratton. Deland, Spauldin,i:,Gnint, Kc-lli».rg, Tryon. Cirter. Moore. Simons, Doane, May. Maiian. Page, Ingmham. Crocker, Graves. Soper, Norton, Dix, Vaughan, Wright. Cody. Kebey, Raymond, Ailing. Hasel- titie. Carpenter, Hungerford, Burley, and Darling, on tlie "Re- servatioo;" Griffin- Webster, Stone, Hotchkiss, Wanen, Youngs, "Willard, tjangdon, and Neller, in the g. w. part; Brockway, Upham. Cole. Davis, Blount, Brookins, Day, Frink, Neys, Camp- hell, Huntington, and Cook, iu the n.; and Van Ejis, Hubbell, VViirner. I'ierson, Fatten, and Root on the Van Eps Patent. The first deiith was that of a daughter of Josiah Bushnell, in 179'>. Sessions taught the first school, in 179S: A. Van Eps kept the first store, in 1798; and Asahel Giidley built the first grist- mill. ■ 2 There are now 8 churches in town; 3 Presb., 2 M. E., Bap., Cong., and Unita. * A royal blockhouse was built at the mouth of this creek ^bout 1722. It was about 8 rods square, on a slight elevation, lud Burrounded by a ditch. * A hotel and water-cure has been erected for the accommoda- tion of visitors and patients. The water is nearly saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and yielded to Prof. Noyes'a analysis the following ingredients to the gallon: — Muriate of soda .720 gr. Lime, with a little magnesia 6S •' Sulphate of lime _. CO " The water resi-mbles in many respects that of the Harrogate Springs in England. ^ Smith was 8 d;iys working his way through snow, ewamps, and thickets from Westmoreland. Among the early ?ettiera were Asahel Jackson, in l?^^. near the Mockhouse; La Whitten de Wardenou, at Oak Orchard, on Wood Cr«ek. in 1796 or '97. Among the early settlers in tlie s. part iu 170S were Brooks, Langdun. Avery, Eamen, Bosworth, Pomeroy. Day. Ellis. Fisher, Phelps, Benedict, Loomia, Warren, Tilden, Todd, Skinner, Bil- lington, Wheelan. Bobbins, Clark, Bishop, and Brown. The first Itirth was that of Eva Smith, in 1795 ; and the first death vftLA that of a child of Wardenou. in 1797. who was buried iu its cradle for want of a coffin. — Jonf:s's Oueid/i O)., p. fi71. Asahel Jai kson kept the first inn. in 1796. The first saw and grist mills were built for the Indians, fi 3 M. E., 2 S. D. Bap.. Presh., Bap., Friends. Union, and R.C. 7 Gen. A. Hamilton. John Lawrence, and John B.CIiurch, under proceedings in chan-.-ery, beGime owners of this t'^wn. 8 Timothy Halsted. Fisher, Jarvis, Peter Gibbons, Isaac Babcock, Alex, and Jonathan Graves. Eliakim St_iddiird, Allen Nichols, and David Stone were early settlers. The tirst birth was that of Polly Bhtkesley. in 1803; and the first dwith, that of Alex. Graves, by an accident in a sawmill, in IStl. Lyman Mathers tauglit the first school; Wm. Smith kept the first inn, in ISol. Ambrose Junes built thi^ first sawmill, in 18t)l ; and Wm. Smith the first gri^tmillj about 1S04. » 3 M. E., Cong., O. S. Bap., Bap. ONEIDA COUNTY. 471 tains a church and 15 houses. Hillside (p. o.) contains 8 houses. Big Brook (p. o.) U a hamlet, near the e. line. Delta (p- v.) is in the s. w. corner, mostly in the town of Lee. The first settlement commenced in 1789, by Asa Beckwith and his sons Asa, Reuben, Wolcott, and Lemuel, and Henry Wager.* The tirst church (Bap.) was formed in 1798 ; Rev. Stephen Parsons preached occasionally. There are now 6 churches in town.^ WESTMOREL.AIVB— was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792. A part of Whites- town was annexed March 15, 1798. Verona and part of Vernon were taken off in 1802. It is au interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surf^ice is a rolling upland, with a mean eleva- tion of 150 to 250 ft. above the Muhawk. The streams are mostly small brooks. Iron ore has been obtained in large quantities for the Westmoreland, Lenox, Onondaga, and Paris furnaces. Several quarries of fine building stone have been wrought; and from some of these grindstones were for- merly manufactured. The soil is principally a gravelly and clayey loam, adapted to grain raising and pasturage. Hampton, (Westmoreland p. o.,) in the e. part of the town, contains 3 churches, several manufactories,^ and 400 inhabitants. I^owell^ (P-^-O in tlie n. w. part, con- tains a church and 25 houses. Hecla Works, (p. v.,) s. w. of the center, contains a large fur- nace* and 1(5 houses. Lairdsville,^ (p. V.,) in the s. part, contains a church and 15 houses. Spencer Settlement, on the n. line, and Eureka, 2 mi. s., each contains about 15 houses. The first settlement was made by James Dean, upon a patent granted to him under an act of Mav 5, 1786.S The first church (Cong.) was formed Sept. 20, 1792.' lVUITESTOW]^8_^as formed March 7, 1788, and included an indefinite amount of territory extending westward. Steuben, Mexico, Paris, and Westmoreland were taken off in 1792 ; a part of Cazenovia (Madison co.) in 1795 ; Augusta and a part of Westmoreland in 1798 ; Utica in 1817 ; and New Hartford in 1827. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, a little s. e. of the center of the CO. A broad, flat intervale extends along the Mohawk ; and from it the surface rises in gentle slo^pes about 100 ft. and from the summits spreads out into a rolling upland. Oriskany Creek^ flows N. E. through near the center, and Sauquoit Creek through the e. part. The soil is mostly a fine quality of gravelly loam and alluvium, well adapted to grain raising. Wliitesboro',"* (Whitestown p. o.,) in the Mohawk Valley, in the s. e. part of the town, was incorp. March 20. 1813. It contains 4 churches, the Whitestown Seminary, a bank, and several small manufoctories. It is a canal and r. r. station. Pop. 953. Oriskany, (p. v.,) near the mouth of Oriskany Creek. is a canal village and r. r. station. It contains 5 churches and several extensive manufactories.** Pop. 711. Yorkville and Wew York Iflills, in the s. part, are manufacturing villages, upon Sauquoit Creek, the former containing about 50 houses and the latter 3 churches and 00 houses." ■Walesville, (p.o.,) Colemans Mills, and Pleasant Valley are hamlets or thickly settled farming neighborhoods. The first settlement was made by Judge Hugh White and his 5 sons, Daniel C, Joseph, Hugh, jr., Ansel, and Philo, in May, 1784." This was the first settlement in the co., and became the nucleus of civilization for Central N. Y. The first church (Presb.) waa formed Aug. 20, 1794 ; the first settled pastor was Rev. Bethuel Dodd.^* 1 These settlers, with one exception, continued to reside on their flrat locations until their deaths. Gen. Wm. Flnyd. one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, settled here in 1S03. and continued a resident until his death in 1821. The leasehold tenure long retarded settlement, and is still a source of dissatisfaction. 2 3 M. E.. Calv. Meth.. Prpsh., and Friends. 8 The Malleable Iron Works of Smith. Parker, Hallack & Co- at this place, employ 40 hands, and have a capital of S20.000. Buell's Hardware Manufactory has b capital of $30,0U0, and gives employment to 5fJ hands. ■• These works, engaged in the manufacture of shelf hardware, have a capital of $io.o6o. and employ 40 hands. A blnst furnace established here near the commencement of the century was run 30 years. f' Named from Samuel Laird, an early settler. * This patent names Dean's Creek 03 Kanaghtarageara. and a small branch nf Oriskany Creek, Kan-you-stot^ta. Among the other early settlers were .lonathan Dean. Silas l'heli)9, Kphraim Blackmer, Neliemiah .lones, .Joseph .Tones. .Ii'seph Blackiner.jr,, and Samuel I*;iird, — all of whom located on Dean's Patent. In 17R9. settlements spread rapidly, and .John and Nathaniel Town- send, fienjamin Blackmer. John Vaugban. Josinh i^tillman, Nathan Loomis, Joshua Oreen. Joseph Blackmer. sen.. Amos Smith, John Morse, Daniel Seely, Klijah Smith, Samuel Starr. Alexander Parliman. and Stephen Kri^ihinn located in town. Mr. Dean was an Indian trader, acquired the language of the natives, and exercised much influence over them. Ue received this grant through a stipulation made by the Indians ns a reward for services rendered to their nation. Althmi-ih greatly ittucbed to him, these savages upon one occasion came near taking his life to atone for the deal i of one of their number who waa accidentally killed by a Dutchman on the Mohawk. Ho died Sept. 10, 1S23, aged 76 yetirs.— Jones's Oneida, p. 749. A MSS. account of Indian mythology, written by him, is in the State Library. ? The census reports 6 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Ixip., 0. S. Bap., and Friends. 8 Named from Hugh White, the pioneer settler. ^ Signifying " river of nettles." 10 The first courthouse of Herkimer co. was erected here in 1793. A clerk's office of the Supreme Court of the State was established at this place April 4, 1807. 11 Oriskany Manufacturing Co., incorp. Feb 16, 1811. for the manufacture of woolen cloths, was the oldest lo. of ttie kind in the State. It had S sets of machinery, and employed 130 hands. The Dexter Manufacturing Co. had 12 sets of machinery, and employed 130 h^rids. These factories are not now in operation. 12 The New York Mills, an extensive manufaitory of cutton, has branches at Yorkville. Now York Mills, and Upper New York Mills, — the last named in New Hartford. It has a capital of $200,000. 13 Among the other early settlers were Amos Wetmore, Jonas Piatt, Geo. Dotjlittle, Thomas R. Gold. Ileiiben Wilcox, Arthur Breese. Enoch Story, Elizur Moseley. Cal-'b Douglass, Wm. <; Tracy, fterrit Y. Lansing, and Henry K. Storrs. The first child born was Esther White; and the flr^t death, that of Mrs. Blacksley, soon after the first settlement The first gristmill in the town and co. was built in 178S, by Judge White, Amos Wet- more, and John Beardsley. "There are now i;iciinrctn'8 in town; 3 Prejb., 3 M. E., 'i Bap., 'Z Prot. E,, Cone., Calv. Meth., and Uuiou. 472 ONEIDA COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Oneida County. Names of Towns. Acres OF Land. 1 Valuation of 1858. Population, | 1 1 1 i Schools. ■s 1 S •sa> 1 1 K E 1 1 14,1884 1 18.843 1 lii ..J e 1 821 2 416 v| •■l'5 17 .li Co 1,172 ' AniisvUle $256,260 $6,960 $263,210 1.380 1.335 469 Augusta 14,247 i 3,3214 315.190 53.200 368,390 1.183 1,200 428 480 378 12 983 9.192 13,295 96.262 4,800 101,062 670 872 219 229 207 9 601 Boonville 18,290J 21,810i 412.895 12.400 425,295 2,365 2.069 748 823 560 23 1,650 11,5761 13,42U 16.990 13.131 16.716# 16,303i 3,105J 17,683 4.616 17.146 5.S89 3,706 231,240 294,849 298,999 137,985 263,760 688,760 31,370 9,300 4.300 2,660 22,616 104 700 262,610 304,149 303.299 140,636 276,376 693.4.50 615 1,431 1,149 1.461 725 1,866 688 1,469 1,108 1,361 718 1,944 246 604 387 490 273 636 267 606 421 639 286 728 191 622 292 417 196 522 8 14 11 17 11 17 486 1,169 769 1,204 619 1,268 Deertield Kirkland — Lee 18.059 9.967 287,430 28,660 316,980 1,633 1,487 665 695 481 17 1,190 Marcv 16.161 3,366 279.410 8.400 287.810 916 861 342 355 281 12 682 16.374 3,6214 347.166 28,760 378.916 1,096 1,062 391 431 325 10 636 New Hartford 15,366} 2,6304 664,030 34,900 688,930 2,132 2,385 707 827 418 18 1,536 Paris 16.769 3,6094 646,729 81,450 628.179 1,825 1,870 679 768 481 16 1,281 Rerosen 14.056i 67,687 217,085 13,400 230,486 1,423 1,261 478 608 366 14 1,028 Kome 22.942 19,3264 1,795,690 620,931 2,416.621 6,449 6,271 1,660 2,032 84.8 21 3.531 Sangerfield 14.S10i 3,803 332,510 180.560 613,060 1,216 1,208 449 491 340 11 927 17,884i 21.800i 8.0414 6.8434 168,103 348,160 5,180 56.760 163,283 404,920 827 2,078 766 1,909 299 626 307 734 246 627 13 1 1^ 530 1.183 Ti-euton Utica 2,.323 292 3,126,920 1,347.511 4,474.431 10,548 11,621 3,193 4,339 2,173 19 8.000 VernoD 19,564} 4.2824 676,410 24.170 699,680 1,624 1,4,81 638 619 329 12 1.090 Verona 26,325i 15,3414 19.3,360 17.700 211,050 3.712 3,211 1,205 1,350 882 27 2.327 13,595 21,762t 22,426} 22.139 9.2924 4.242} 278,900 278.900 422,600 27,952 27,952 33,000 306,862 306,8.'i2 455,600 1,686 1.286 1,615 1.863 1,260 1,664 623 462 389 662 490 675 463 326 603 19 21 17 1,363 1.027 1.166 Westmoreland Whitestown 14,636i 2,8134 729,650 231.218 3,020,669 960,868 2,289 2.649 727 1,106 340 13 1,649 TotaJ 438,80Cii 286.694J 13,568,133 16578,792 63,977 63.772 17,782 21.176 13,016 412 38.616 Live St )CK. 1 1 Agricu -tubal PRODDcra. 1 • 1 to «.-= Bdsu. OF Qraim. •?;■ . V, Daibv Pboddcts. is II s" I=.i s & K v li It 5 o'S ■B »: 15 6SS 6 § 1,076 '^ Si e 20,004 !■? a, ^5 £ g ■S.2 Annsville ,W7 1,473 i,25e 1,360 1.537 73,370} 3.7094 8,341 195.966 3.585 1,9964 628 1,0.60 1,06 2.178 1.857 2,33,4 74.592 2,401 11,34! 3,S,13S 107.980 34.830 803 287 607 642 1.064 1.21- 2.61- 922 800 470 1.059 92 323 28.945 69.061} 3,615 6,586J 13.182 32.052 3.775 81.020 110.200 223.625 5.:iO0 1.124 9734 Boonville Brid^ewater 459 809 1.13 2,039 863 727 68.789 3.640 16,84J 22.15( 66,705 146,670 249 620 1.160 1.10 ) 1,878 881 1,470 39.484} 3.233 16,6U0 23,60( 108.645 15.926 1.694 Deerfield ,')06 866 2..37 874 1,268 606 82.206 4.199 30,211 17,33( 120,170 482.900 1.319 299 636 697 7.51 749 872 1,131 1,287 1,00 2,06 1.26 2.21 3 807 J 1.641 I 2,041 J 2.1 .M 810 1,086 985 1.095 1,919 1.608 1.7644 3,1.53 36.9404 73.8074 91.642 87,065 4,001 4.426 3.991 6.5614 16.982 19.888 26.820 21.675 11,770 18,201 49.296 22.812 124,550 120,310 131,368 206,869 63-36U 186.400 37.508 112.687 46 1,136 413 2.215 Ue 686 635 994 1,652 1.88 1,28 ) 2.068 1 1,9113 1.134 768 1,716 3,4564 70.814 98,374 4.2824 3.869} 38.846 20,380 19,355 37,309 160,319 103.260 24,907 31,372 742 657 New Hartford 746 936 1,47 1.362 1.261 786 66.768 4.988 27.076 62.328 109.263 67,426 1,273 Paris 746 1,129 1,7,3- , 2,219 1,129 1.281) 106,9444 4.300 34.186 39,342 148.775 150.165 660 464 1,090 827 626 639 1,339 1,008 1,020 1.78 2.62 87 2,76' 5 862 i 2,353 3 6.974 1 1,267 716 2,309 722 981 9864 9,008 8S7 30 37,638 133,412 66. 894 38,7744 4.1534 6.496 4.006 6.1164 22.022 43.767 19,681 17,789 1,466 22.534 22,63b 11.057 184.969 174.296 71.609 260.800 116,000 127.629 15.080 131.473 1.250 1,141 385 2,427 San^orfield Steuben -. Trenton 778 1.246 3,16 ; 1,148 1.210 466 86,56^4 7.453 28,175 28.819 157,968 639.529 860 493 835 106 1.218 49 2.05 r 84 I 1.910 831 1.164 2,634 10,347 104,1701 1.1.56 4.197 6,715 17,661 1.242 28.069 7.712 136.465 400 357.376 636 Vernon 1,051 678 774 2.482 1.403 1.2S9 2,66. 1.10 2,98 5 3,094 ) 2.263 } 2,647 2.091 1.609 127,36H 61,2,=.7i 86.288 8.931 3.229 6.9954 31.306 16.876 23,781 37,962 19,440 22,713 244.277 82.715 263.090 176,566 26.210 247.900 1.5624 2.0064 1,7364 Vienna 1.161 ;! 2,0S2 1.366, 1 3.047 Westmoreland. — 852 1..658 2 41 3,636 1.569 1 621 103 3971 6.7921 28,336 46,696 225,012 99.474 432 Whitestown 791 958 1.29 47T79" J 1.386 1,339 ! 62 1 69,0514 lT62,869l 4.7071 27.606 624,648 26,244 95.668 11,766 316 Total 17.398 30 .038 t 60.841 31. 22H 44.560} 124.9334 634,262 '3,912,176 3,311,11* 27,989i ONONDAGA COUNTY. This county was formed from Herkimer, March 5, 1794, and in- cluded the original Military Tract. Cayuga was taken oiF March 8, 1799 ; Cortland, April 8, 1808 ; and a part of Oswego, March 1, 1816. It was named from the Onondaga tribe of Indians, whose principal residence was within its border. It lies near the center of the State, centrally distant 127 mi. from Albany, and contains 812 sq. mi. Its surface is naturally divided into two nearly equal parts by an E. and w. line, the N. half being nearly level, and the s. broken by ridges of hills and gradually sloping upward to a height of about 1,000 feet on the s. border. These highlands constitute a portion of the most northerly spurs of the Central Allegany Mountains, where they sink down to a level with the lowlands which surround Lake Ontario. They are divided into five distinct ridges, all having a general N. and s. direction and separated by narrow and deep valleys. The most eastern of these ridges enters the town of JIanlius from the E., and extends northward to the immediate vicinity of the Erie Canal, the valley of Limestone Creek forming its w. boundary. Its highest point is 600 to 800 ft. above the valley. The second ridge lies between the valleys of Limestone and Butternut Creeks and embraces the highlands of Fabius and Pom- pey, the w. part of Manlius, and the E. part of La Fayette and De Witt. In Pompey this range attains an elevation of 1,743 ft. above tide. The lower or N. part of this ridge is subdivided by the deep valley of the w. branch of Limestone Creek. The third range, between the valleys of Butternut and Onondaga Creeks, comprises the highlands of the central part of La Fayette, the w. part of De Witt, and the E. portions of Tully, Onondaga, and Syracuse. Its highest point, in La Fayette, is several hundred ft. lower than the hills of Pompey. The fourth range, between Onon- daga and Nine Mile Creeks, comprises the highlands of Otisco, the w. portions of TuIIy, La Fay- ette, Onondaga, and Geddes, and the e. portions of Marcellus and Camillus. The highest point of this range, in Otisco, is but a few ft. lower than the highest point of Pompey. The fifth range, lying between Nine Mile Creek and Skaneateles Lake and Outlet, comprises the highlands of Spaf- ford, the w. parts of Marcellus and Camillus, and the E. parts of Skaneateles and Elbridge. Its highest point, Ripley Hill, in Spafibrd, is 1,981 ft. above tide. The axis of this whole system of highlands, extending through Pompey, Fabius, and Tully, forms a part of the watershed between Susquehanna River and Lake Ontario. The declivities of these hills are generally steep ; but their summits are rolling and crowned with forests or cultivated fields. The geological formation of the co. consists of alternate strata of shale and limestone, overlying each other in nearly horizontal layers. The lowest of these, cropping out on the s. shore of Oneida Lake, is the Clinton group of shale, and successively above these, toward the s., the Niagara lime- stone, the red and green shales and gypsum belonging to the Onondaga salt group, the waterlime group, Oriskany sandstone, Onondaga limestone, corniferous limestone, Seneca limestone, Mar- cellus shales, Hamilton shales, Tully limestone, Genesee slate, and Ithaca shales. The last four mentioned are found upon the summits of the southern hills. The salt group occupies the very base of the hills ; and the limestones crop out along their declivities in an e. and w. line extending through the center of the co. The celebrated Onondaga Salt Springs are in the deep valley in which Onondaga Lake is situated, and the salt water is found above or within the strata of red shale. The salt wells are 200 to 400 feet deep. The green shales, embracing the hopper-formed strata, the magnesian or vermicular lime, and large quantities of gypsum in isolated masses, lie imme- diately above the red shales, and form the first declivities of the ranges of hills. The gypsum is extensively quarried, and is one of the most important minerals in the State.^ Next above these shales is the waterlime stone, — another important and valuable mineral.' The Onondaga limestone > Throughout the gypsum regions are found numerous tunnel- sbaped cavities at the surface of the ground, 5 to 30 ft. deep and about the same in circumference. These are supposed to bo caused by the underlying rociis being slowly dissolved by the rains, and the earth above falling into the cavity so formed. From year to year new cavities are continually forming. * This stone is burned and ground, and used for cement. II readily baniens under water, and may be used in all places ev posed to continual dampness. It was used in constnicting the locks on the Krio Canal, and is used on rail road work through- out the Western States and Canada. It forma ono of the most valuable exports of the co. 473 474 ONONDAGA COUNTY. furnishes a Ijeautiful and valuable building stone; and nearly all of the limestone strata furnish quicklime of a superior quality. In variety, strength, and fertility, and in all the elements of perpetual productiveness, the soil of this CO. is not surpassed by that of any other co. in the State. It is extensively derived from the decomposition of the underlying rocks.^ But the northern towns are nearly all covered with drift, and their soil is generally a light, sandy loam, alternating with heavy clay. The vast d';- posits of lime upon the hills go far toward enriching the soil of the valleys. '■' In the central and N. portions the marshes are covered many feet thick with peat and muck formation, formed by the decaying vegetation of centuries, and furnishing the elements of almost boundless future fertility.^ More than one-half the entire tobacco crop of the State is raised in this co. The streams of the co. nearly all flow in a northerly direction and discharge their waters tlirough Oswego River into Lake Ontario. In their course from the highlands they often flow over perpen- dicular ledges and through narrow ravines, forming a great number of beautiful cascades, the principal of which will be more particularly noticed in the description of the different towns. Os- wego River, which forms a part of the E. boundary of Lysander, is formed by the junction of Seneca and Oneida Rivers. Seneca River* enters the n. part of the co. from the w. and pursues a winding course until it unites with Oneida River. It is a broad, deep stream, and has upon it one series of rapids, which has been converted into a valuable water-power. In the lower part of its course it contains a broad sweep or bend from a s. e. to a n. w. direction ; and at its extreme s. point it receives the Onondaga Outlet from the s. Oneida River, the outlet of Oneida Lake, is a deep, sluggish, crooked stream, 18 mi. in length, and forms a link in the chain of internal navigable waters of the State. Limestone and Butternut Creeks, after flowing through narrow and deep parallel valleys among the hills, unite in the n. part of the town of Manlius, and flow into Chit- tenango Creek a few mi, above its entrance into Oneida Lake, Onondaga and Nine Mile Creeks — the latter being the outlet of Otisco Lake — both flow into Onondaga Lake. Otisco Inlet, a small stream entering the co. from the s., may be considered the head branch of Nine Mile Creek. Skaneateles Outlet discharges its waters into Seneca River just beyond the w. border of the co. Several small streams take their rise in the s. part of the co„ and, Sowings,, form the head branches of Tiunghnioga River. The principal lakes in the co. are Oneida, Onondaga, and Cross Lakes, upon the level land of the n,, and Skaneateles and Otisco Lakes, in deep valleys among the hilU of the s. Oneida Lake, extending along the n. e. border of the co., is about 30 mi. in length ; and it forms a portion of the chain of the internal navigable waters of the State,* Onondaga Lake, celebrated for the salt springs which are found in its immediate vicinity, is about 5 mi. long.^ Cross Lake, upon the n. w, border of the co,, is a shallow body of water, about 5 mi, long, and may be considered as simply an enlargement of Seneca River, Skaneateles Lake, 16 mi, long, occupies a deep and narrow valley among the hills, and is considered one of the finest sheets of water in the State. The banks along its s, part rise precipitously to a height of several hundred ft., and the «cenery is singularly wild and rugged. Toward the n. the summits decline in height, and the land gradually and smoothly slopes down to the very edge of the water, forming a rich and ex- ceedingly beautiful landscape. Otisco Lake is about 4 mi. long, and is nearly surrounded by steep hills, 400 to 800 ft. above its surface. In the region occupied by the waterlime and Onondaga lime- stone formations are many deep rents and fissures, from 50 to 200 ft. below the surface, some of which contain little sheets of water. These remarkable depressions are evidently the result of 1 *'Thi'8e systtms of rocks constitute the basis of our soils; tlieir p;iiticles. ffpiirateil by the action of the elements, have bnen decomposed and in process of time rendered fruitful. Be- wides these rocks, we have beds of gravel and rounded stones, tbftt have been brnu<;ht to us frnm the far North by water; and we often see largi^ boulders of granitic rocks that were brought liiTO on islands nf ice thnt once drifted about in the pea that, in H period far back in the world's history, subraerijpd all this part of the continent. The springs that flow from the lime rocks deposit tufa, — in many instances in sufficient quantitieg to make farm fences and to burn lime. So higlily are many of these springs charged with carbonate of lime that hb soon as the water meets the air it parts with a part of the lime and incrusts leaves and twijrs and whatsoever mfiy be encountered. These substances, perhaps, then decay, leaving perfect forms upon the flolid ritfk." — Ag. Address nf Htm. G'orgp. Gtuides. 2 '-There are large deposits of marl in this cmith. W. L. Crandal, and Marcellus Famier were snbsequenlh in- terested in its publication at different time-* till 18iS, when it passed into the handn .>f A'^an & Snnnners. In 1856 Agan sold his int-r-'st to Wni. Siinmiers: and the paper is now pulilislu-d tiy Sniinn''r~ A Bi other. The Syracuse Daily Standard was started in June, 184ii. by S^inifh & Agan. and was continued o months. It was revived January 1, 1850, and is now publiwhed by Summers & Brother. The Onfmdaga Gazi-ile was established at Syracuse in April, IS-i."!. by John Durnford. and was the first paper started at Syracuse. In about a year it was clianged to The Syracuse Gazette and General Advertiser, and continued until 1829, when it was united with tho Onondaga Register. The Syracuse Advertiser was started in 1825 by John F. Wy- man & Thos. B. Barnum ; Norman Kawson was after- ward connected with it, but John F. Wyni^n sor^n as- sumed the entire control, and continned it till 1829, when it was united with the Journal and its name changed to the StJ>ndard. The Salina Si^'dinel was started in October. 182(5. in what is now the First Ward of Syracuse, by Reuben St. John. In 1827 it was changed to The Silina Ihrald, and it was issued a short time by Josiah Buiice. The Courier was published at Jordan a short time in 1831 by Fred. Prince. In 1832 it was removed to Salina and changed to Tlie Salina Cauner and Enquirer, but was discontinued after a few numbers. The Ono7idaga Jtepabliran was stnrted at Syrscusp in 1830 by M". S. Campbell. In 1834 it passed into the hands of .1. B. Clark & Co.. and ils name was changed to The Omxtituti'malist. In is;;t5 L. A. Miller became its propiie- tor. and changed it to The Onondaga Chirf. In 1837 it was sold to J. M. Patterson and pnbliflhed as The Syracuse Whig. In 18.18 J. K. Barlow became proprietor, and continued it abimt 1 year. The Sgriirmf. American was stai ti-d at Syracuse in 1836 by John Adiiins, and wxi continued about 1 ynr. The American Patriot was starl'd at FranUliu Village ^now 476 ONONDAGA COUNTY, This CO. was the chief seat of the Onondaga Nation of Indians, the central of the Five Nations. Their name is said to signify " sons of the hills," or '* men of the mountains." To this nation wa8 intrusted the care of the sacred council fire ; and upon their territory were held the great councils of the Iroquois, to decide upon peace, war, and matters of general policy. The Onondagas were regarded as particularly a sacred nation ; and their chiefs were more influential than those of any other nation. The most authentic accounts of these Indians seem to indicate that they were origin- ally a subordinate tribe, living upon the St. Lawrence near Montreal, and were held in subjection by the Adirondacks, then the most powerful nation of the North. Several hundred years before the discovery of America, they rose upon their oppressors, but were defeated. They then fled, and, Fabius) in 1836 by J. Tenney, and was continued for 3 years. The TTesOrii Staff Journal was started March 20, 1S39. by V. W. k S. F. i^mitb. In ls44 its name was clianged to The Syracuse "Weekly •FoMrnal. In 1847 it was publislied by Barnet;, Smith & Cooper; and in 1849 it piissed into the hands of V. W. Smith. In 1852 Seth Uiiight became proprietor, and George Terwilliger editor. In 1853 Danfurth Mtrrick became proprietor, and in 1854 it paeaed iuto the hands of T. S. Truair, Andrew Shuman editor. In 1855 J. G. K. Truair, bought the establishment ; and Sept. 1, 1856, Anson G. Chester assumed the editorial charge. It is now published by J. G. K. Truair k Co., Koduey L. Adums, eilitur. The Syracuse Daily Journal was established July 4. 1S44, by S. F. Sniitb. It is now issued by J.G. K. Truair & Co., and edited by R. L, Adama and T. S. Truair. The Empire State Democrat and United States Review was started in 1840 by Hiram Cummings, and continued about 3 years. The Onontlaffa AlV-ssf n^f r was Planted in 1841 by Joseph Barber. In 1842 it was cbunged to The Si/raciiSia?i. and was continued about 1 year. The Moiiiitiff Senftnel (first daily paper in Syracuse) was started in Jan. 1843, by N. M. D. Latlirop, and was continued about 1 year, when it was changed to The Onondaga Sentinel, and issued weekly, with a few intervals, until 1850. The Democratic Freeman was staiied in 1844 by J. N. T. Tucker, continued a short time thereafter by James Kinney as publisher and J. N. T. Tucker as editor, when it was chantred to The Si/racuxf Star. In 1846 it was published bv Kinnev. Mari^h & Uaiiies; iu 1847-48 by Kinney & Marsh; in 1N40- 50-51 by Kinney & Masters. It soon after piissed into tlie hands of Geo. F. Comstock, publisher, and Winslow M.Watson, editor. In 1852 S. Coruing Judd became editrir and proprietor. In (Ictober, 185cJ. it passed into tlie hands of Edward Iloogland. who changed it to The Si/racase Republican and continued it about 1 year. The Syracu.Kc Daili/ Star was established in 1846, and issued with tlie W'eelty Star until 1853, when it was changed to The SyracuM Daily Republican, and discontinued in about 1 year. The Bugle Blast, a campaien paper, was published 3 months in 1844 by S. F. Smith. Young Hickory, another ca.mpaign paper, w;is issued about the same time by Smith & Farmer. The Religious Recm-dcr (I'resb.^ was started in May. 1844, by terry &. I'latt. In 1847 it passed into the hands of Avery k Hulin, who continued it until 1853. The Liberty intelligencer was started in 1845 by Silas Hawley, and was continued about 1 year. The Young Ladies^ Miscellany was started Nov. 7, 1845. by a committee of young ladies belonging to the Syracuse Female Seminary, and was continued 12 weeks. TJte Tcachem'' Advocate was commenced in 1846 by L. W. Hall, publisher, and Edward Cooper editor. In 1847 it passed into the hands of Barnes, Smith & Cooper, and was continued about 1 year, when it was sold to Joseph McKean and removed to New York. The Onomlaaa Denuicrat was started in the spring of 1846 by Clark & West; Wm. L. Crandal. editor. In 1847 it was sold to John Abtiott. who changed it to Tfie Syracuse Democrat. At the end of 1 year it was sold to M'm. W. Green, and in 1847 to Agan & Summers and merged in the Onondaga Standard. The District School Journal, organ of tlie Stjite School Depart- ment, was removed to Syracuse from Albany in 1847. and publiehed 2 years by L. W. Hall, and 1 year by Barnes. Smith & Cooper, when it went back to Albany. The Syracuse RrviHllf, daily, was started In 1848 by Wm. L. Palmer k W. Summers, aud was cuutinued until Jan. 1, 18.50. The Free Soil Campaigner, a campaign paper, was published 3 months in 1848 by Agan k Summers. The Clay Banner, a campaign paper, was published about the game time from the Journal office. The Impartial Citizen, semi-mo., was started in 1848 by Samuel K. Ward, an*8 a treaty was made with the Onondagas, in which they ceded to the State all their lands except the Onondaga Reservation.* The land thus obtained, and another tract lying w. of it, were set apiirt for bounty lands to Revolutionary soldiers, and became known as the Military Tract.* It included all the lands lying within the original limits of Onondaga co., and now constituting Onon- daga, Cayuga, Cortland, and Seneca, and parts of Tompkins, Oswego, and Wayne cos. 1 It is rcprtrted that 23 Spnniards came up the Misaissippi, Ohio, and Allegany Uivers to Olean, and tlionoe across tlie country to Ouoiid'iKit, under thf gnidauce of an Iroquois. They had been informed by the Indians that in the N. there was a lake tlif banks uf which were covered with something shining and white. which t)iey understood to be silwr. Their disappointment wjis great wlien they found that the Tmlians meant salt instead. A quarrel arose between the Krenrh and Spaniards, which resulted in the murder of both by th<' Indian'^. * In mmy i)f the old for tificat ions have been found the re- mains uf French arms and merchandise, and a variety of re- mains evidently of much older date. The French doubtless found the fortifications partly built, and took possession of them. In Pompi'v were found seveml of these, and a cnnsidcrable amount of lan'i clep.red ; and it is supposed that quite a flourish- ing French settlement was here utterly destroyed at a period not long anteriur to ihe Revolution. > The official report makes the Indian loss 12 killed and 34 prisoners. * The original Onondaga Reservation was a tract of land bounded on the E. by the military townships of Manlius and Potnpey, s. by the townships of Pnmpey and Marcellus, w. by the townships of Marcellus andCamiUus. N. by the townships uf Camilliis and Manlius and the public Reservation bordering upnn OniMuIaga Lake. The N. E. crirner was orij^inally at thi? former n. e. corner of Syracuse. The Reservation was about 11| mi. long N. and s. by 9^^ mi. wide e. and w.. and inchided parts of tlie present towns of La Fayette, Camillus, Geddcs, De Witt, and the city of Syracuse, and all of Onoudaga. In 1793 it w;w purchased of the Indians, reservinjr a tract in the 8. B. corner i^ mi. n. and s. by nearly 4 e. and w.. and subdi- vided into 221 lots, mostly of 2.',0 acres each, exchisive of the sq. mi. originally granted to Wel)9ter by the Indians in 178S. The Lots 8 to 19, "^5 to 33, 39 to 47, and 53 to 65. inclusive, were made no account of, having been converted into a public Salt Re.-' Mo.vne, who visited the country in 1654. speaks of a spring which the Indians told him was fouled by an evil spirit. He made a persoiiiil examination of it, and made some salt from the water, whlh he carried to Quebec. Other missionaries of an early periiid make frequent mention of the salt springs ; and btfore the Knglish occupied the country the Indians had leameit how to inaiiufucture salt. At thf time of the fir.-it settlement the salt spring was located upon Ihu inar>h. immediately in the rear of the site of the present S^ilina puniphouse, and the salt water came up from the bottom. I'tiH Iinli.tns had excav:itcd a hole, which was con- Btantly filled with water to the surface of the ground. In 1789, Asa Danforth and Comfort T\ler cam* down from Onondaga, and brought with them a kettle, which they ani*pfnrtb, Jedediah Sanger,Datiiel Keeler, Thomas Hart. Ebenezer Butlei, and Hezekiah Alcutt. A new well, about 30 feet deep, was dug a tittle N. w. of the original one; and a building was erected large tnoujih to contain 32 kettles, set in 8 arches of 4 kettles each. From this time the works increased rapidly in si7.e and tiuinher. The manufacture of siilt was commenced at Geddes, in 1793, by James (^Jeddes, and in Liverpool about the same time, by John Danfortb. The brst wells at the old village of .*yra- curte weie cpened in 1830. By continuous pumping, the water in the wells becomes less and less salt, — the shallow wells failing first. This rendera the constant opening of new wells a matter of necessity. The first solar works were con- structed in 1821, by a company formed for that purpose. The introduction of the s^ilarvats produced so much opposition tliat the Legislature was obliged to pass special laws for their pro- tection. The 8;ilt water was at first dipped up by pails and carried to the places for boiling. In 1790 this method was superseded by a pump placed upon a platform above the spring, with open trou:.'h8 leaUiog to each block. At first each manufitcturer pumped water enough for his own use; but in a few years thereafter men were employed to pump for all. As the works incre;Lsed and were locnted at a distance from the spriu;;8, lines of pump logs Were laid from the springs to the various woiks, and a pump was used for each block, or group of bpicks. A horse-p*iwer for elevating salt water was used by Asa Danforth, jr., in 1805 ; and a water-power was obtained from several spring;* in the vicinity by him soon after. In 1807 or '08. a water-power — obtained by conducting Yellow Brook from the vieiniiy of the present county clerk's office, in a race, to Salina — was used by John Itichardson. All the works in which machinery was u^ed elevated the water by means of a wheel, to which buckets wore attached. An experiment was m.ide at an early period to raise salt water by means of steam. An immense tub. placed over the spring and connected with it by tubes, was fdled with steam, which was suddenly condensed by the Hdmissiou of cold water, a vacuum was produced, and the water would rvish up with great violence and fill the tub. This expeiiment was found too cosily fur general application. In 1821-22 the (\jarse Salt Company ere-ted a large pump, worked by machinery driven by the waste water from the canal, for the pu'po.'^e of supplying themselves with salt water. They also made arrange- ments to supply others, at certain pri.-es. Up to this time, the greater part of the water had continued to be raised by hand- pump^. In 1826 the State boui:;ht out the pump works of the Coarse Salt Company and enlarged them sufficiently to supply all the manufaeluiers with brine. The Salina pumphnuso is a fine stone building, completed in 1811, at a cost of iibout $30,000. The .Syracnse pumphouse, also of stone, was erected in 1858, at a cost of $30,!t00. A large ground reset voir has lately been constructed near the .'^yiacuso pumphouse, of HuHicieiit Ciipacity to contain water enough to manufieture Goo.OiW bushels of salt. The State do.--ign8 to double its capa ity immediately. The first greit improvement made in the manufacture of salt was the introduction of bittern pans, wbieh t loU phice within a few years alter the eummencemoiit of the business, A great nunibvT of uxpiu'iments have since been made; hut ttw 480 ONONDAGA COUNTY. CAMILiLlTS — -was formed from Marcellus, March 8, 1799. Elbritlge and Van Buren -were taken off in 1829 ; a part of Onondaga was annexed in 1834. It lies a little n. w. of the center of the CO. The surface is generally rolling, the ridges extending in a n. and s. direction. Nine Mile Creek flows n.e. through near the center, and along the s. line it is bordered by steep banks 100 to 200 feet high. In the n. w. corner is a large swamp. The soil is a rich, clayey and process of maoufactuie remains essentially the same as at first. Many experiments have been made to completely separate the impurities from the water before boiling, — but so far without complete success. The addition of alum to the water is found to harden tho salt and to render the process of crystallization more perfect, 'flie immense consumption of fuel at the boiling works has almost stripped the surrounding country of wood, rendering that article scarce and high. Lute experiments in the use of coal have been completely successful ; and by the con- struction of the Binghamton K. R. an avenue is opened directly to tlie Pennsylvania coal mines. In 1797 the Surveyor-General laid out a tract of 15,000 acres, surrounding the lake, known as the Onondaga Salt Springs Re- servation, which waa set apart for the location of salt works. It was supposed that this tract was more extensive than would ever be needed: and, pursuant to acts of the Legislature, all, except about 660 acres, was sold in 1822 and 1827. Since that time, however, the State has re-purchaned several tracts, and largo numbers of solar works have been erected upon private property. The amount of land at present owned by the State is about 700 acres. The salt wells are all located in the low lands that surround the lake. Their existence is doubtless owing to the nature and position of the rocks forming the basin of the lake. The Niagara limestone — a solid and almost seamless rock, about 100 ft. thick — crops out 8 miles N.of the springs. In common with all the rocks in the vicinity, it has a dip to the S. of about 26 ft. to the mile. This would make it extend under the lake, form- ing a floor to tho whole valley completely impervious to water. Above this formation are the red shales of the Onondaga salt group, nearly 500 feet in thickness. Observation and experi- ment have shown that these shales have been removed, by some great force of nature, from the whole valley which extends from the N. extremity of the lake several miles up the valley of Onon- daga Creek ; and the excavation has been filled with drift depo- sits, consisting chiefly of alternate strata of sand, clay, and gravel. The salt water is found permeated throui^h this drift in all parts of the v;dley, the strongest being found where the old valley is the deepest. The salt water is probably derived from the dissolving of particles of salt distributed through the whole mass of the green shales and plaster beds, which lie next above the red shales and which extend perhaps many miles under the hills. In evidence of the truth of this theory, it is shown that the green shales which have been exposed are lull of small hopper-shaped cavities, — the precise shupe assumed by crystals of salt when left to form by themselves, and one which no other crystal ever assumes. The water collects in this great basin, and is prevented from overflowing by ihtt impervious floor of Niagara limestone. The waters of the lake are probably prevented from mingling with the salt water by strata of im- per\iou3 clay and marl. About 50 different wells have been sunk for obtaining salt water, and a great number of experi- ments have been tried. The depth of the borings has been from 50 to 600 ft. ; and in every case where the tubing has been snnk into the strata below the drift no brine has been obtained. Up to 1825 the water was obtained from square holes sunk in the marsh to the depth of about 30 ft. The first wells that were bored were 50 to 80 ft. deep. Subsequent experiment showed that by boring farther out on the marsh the wells conld be deeper and a better quality of water could be obtained. A tube sunk to the depth of 414 ft. penetrated a clay bed or the Niagara limestone, and d<'8troyeU the well, although at a depth of 392 to 397 ft. a bountiful supply of excellent water was ob- tained. A boring upon the hills, to the depth of 600 ft., pro- bably penetrated through the limestone and entered the Clinton group below. This htyt boring was m;ide with the hope of finding rock salt ; but not a single salt crystal has ever yet been found here in a natural state. Wells have been sunk at 4 points, giving to the salt manufac- ture 4 distinct centers. These are situated respectively at Salina, (now First Ward of Syracuse.) Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes. The number of wells now in use upon the Salt Springs Reservation is 15, of which 6 — from 150 to 310 ft. deep — are at Salina. 6 — from 255 to 340 ft. deep — are at Syracuse, and 3 — from 80 to 100 ft. deep — are at Liverpool. The Oeddes wells have been abandoned, as the water was not sufficiently strong to make the manufacture profitable. The Geddes works are now supplied from the wells at Syracuse. The strength of the water is tested by an instrument called a salometer, graduated so as to mark pure water 0° and water saturated with salt 100°. The water from the wells as now drawn ranges from 60° to 76°, averaging about 70°. An analy- sis of the various springs was made in 1837, by Dr. Beck, with the following result: — ■5-1 . S 1 » "fe> _^ H |i LOCAUTIES. o s-= »^ 2" ■fe. "^j; '•^. 1 6 .a 1 if Is 61 11^ S5 11 8 138.65 139.53 146.50 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.04 0.02 0.04 4.93 6.69 4.72 0.79 0.46 0.51 2.03 0.S3 1.04 130.66 132.39 140.02 861.39 860.40 863.41 1 1 1,000 Salina Liverpool 149.64 0.07 0.13 0.03 4.04 0.77 1.72 142.85 860.39 J An analysis from a well yielding stronger water was after- ward made, with the following result: — Common salt 173.50 Sulphate of lime, &c 8.60 Water 818.00 Total 1,000.00 The water at the present time does not essentially differ from that last given, a hundred pounds of brine yielding about 175 lbs. of pure salt. A bushel of s.ilt, weighing 56 lbs., is made from 36 gallons of water. Tlie temperature of the water as it rises from the ground ranges from 50° to 52° Fahrenheit. An analysis of the manufactured salt shows that 96 to 99 per cent. is pure salt, and the remainder is principally sulphate of lime and water. About four-fifths of the salt is made by boiling, and the remainder by sular evaporation. The water in the wells rises to the surface of the ground ; thence it is raised by combined suction and force pumps into hi^h reservoirs, from which it is distributi?d by pump logs to the various works. The machinery for pumping is propelled by water from the canals. The boiling works consist of two parallel arches, generally set with 25 to 30 k*-ttles each. They are covered with a roof, par- tially open, to allow the egress of steam; and under the same covers are accommodations for storing ami puckiiig the salt. Each of these works is technically called a -'block." A "cis- tern" is connected with each block, and from it a line of logs conducts the water along the top of the arch, between the rows of kottlcs. with a spout to each kettle. The greater part of the impurities are precipitated and fall to the bottom of the kettle liefore the water begins to boil. A shallow pan, called a bittern pan, is placed in each kettle when first filled, to receive these bitterns as they settle. The pan is removed before the water boils, and thf: salt is left nearly pure. The kettles usually have a capacity of about 100 gallons, and average in weight about 900 lbs. each. The ftiel is applied at one end of the arch, the chimney being situated at the other. Within the past few years several chimneys, ranging from 75 to 160 ft. in height, have been erected, for the purpo.se of using coal. The blocks are all situated along the canals, or side cuts from them, for convenience in obtaining fuel and in shipping the salt. The number of blocks upon the Reservation reported in 1869 was 312, distributed as follows : — No. (if Slocks. No. of KdXlts. Syracuse 52 152 62 46 2,998 8,042 3„304 2,686 Liverpool Geddes ■1\,M 312 16,930 The solar works consist of shallow vats, constructed of wood, and placed upon posts 2 to 3^ ft. above the ground. Each rat is 16 ft. square, or 16 by 18. and 9 inches deep. Movable roofs are so constructed that the vats can easily be covered in wet weather and exposed in dry. An aci-e of ground contains about 60 vats and covers, and an evaporating surface of mora Ul en CO # g ^ tti < Z2 enced by a Joint stock company, and a successful business was carried on for many years. 2 James, Wm., and Elijah Lindsay, brothers of the first settler, came soinn after. Among the other early settlors weio Nicholas Lamberson. Moses Carpenter, Judge Wm. Stevens. Dr. J. II. Frisbio, Wm. Reed. Selden Leonard, and David Hinsdale. Daniel Veal taught tlie first school, in 1808; Tsanc Lindsay kept (he first inn. in 1793; John Tomlinson the first store, in 1808; David Munro. Wm. Wheeler, and Samuel Powers built the first saw and grist mills, in 1806. 8 2 M. E.. 2 Presb.. 1 Bap., and R. C. * The Indian name of this swamp is Ka-nugh-wa-ka, "where the rabbits run." 6 See p. 521. 8 The Indian name of this locality is OhBaha-u-ny-tah-se-Uf,-h- kah. " where the water runs out of Oneida Lake." ^ Among the other early settlers were Oliver Stevens, Ryal Bingbam. Elnathan Botchford, John Leach, and Patrick McOee. The rirst child born was John L. Stevens, in 1S02. rit-o. Ramsav taught the first school, in 1792; Patrick McOeo k'pt the first inn. in 1791 ; Isaac Cody the first store, in 1818; and Moses and Freeman Ilotchkiss built the first sawmill, in 1823. 8 2 .M. E., 2 Disciples, Presb^ and Union. * Locally known as "Podnnk." I*' The junction of these two rivers forms the Oswego Rivtl, and from this is derived the name of the village. Among the other early settler^i were Adam Coon, in 1798; ifl small boxes. The barrels are principally manufactured in the towns lying x. of the city. I It is said that the first gypsnm in the U. S. was found in this town in 1792. bv Wm. Lindsay. De Witt Clinton, Samuel Young, and other distin^lehed individuals visited the locality in 180S; A. L. Soule kept the first store; aud Abraham Young built the first sawmill. 12 2 M. E., Bap., and Evang. Luth. 18 Named from Moses De Witt, an early settler and prominent citizen. 482 ONONDAGA COUNTY. Jamesville, is a small lake, occupying a deep chasm in the rocks. It ie nearly circular in form, about 80 rods in diameter, and is almost surrounded by perpendicular banks 150 to 200 ft. high.* Another lake, of a similar character, lies 2 mi, n. e. of Jamesville.^ Messina Spring, a strong sulphur spring, n, w. of the center of the town, has considerable local notoriety for medicinal qualities. Gypsum and waterlime are both extensively quarried along the banks of Butternut Creek. The soil is a sand and clay loam in the n., and a sandy and gravelly loam in the s, Janiesville,^ in the s. part of the town, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. -70. Orville (De Witt p. o.) contains 2 churches and 158 inhabitants. Collamer/ (p. o.,) in the n. part, is a hamlet. JUessina, Springes is near the w. line. The first settler was Beiij. Murehouse, from Dutchess co., who came in April 2G, 1789.* The census reports 7 churches in tuwn.' E]LBRIDOE^ — was formed from Camillus, March 26, 1829. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface is level in the n. and rolling in the s. Seneca River and Cross Lake form a portion of the n. boundary. Skaneateles Outlet flows n. w. through the w. part. Upon tlie banks of the Outlet, near the center, are found the peculiar tunnel-shaped cavities in the earth, characteristic of regions abounding in gypsum. Several weak brine springs are found along Seneca Kiver.^ The soil is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam. Elbrldge, (p. v.,) on Skaueateles Outlet, in the s. w. part of the town, was incorp. April 1, 1848; it contains the Munro Collegiate Institute,^** 3 churches, a pail factory, and several mills. About 1 mi. down the stream is a mill for the manufacture of pearl barley. Pop. 630. Jordan, (p. v.,) upon the Outlet, 2 mi. below Elbridge, was incorp. May 2, 1835. It contains the Jordan Academy, 5 churches, 2 flouring mills, and a wheelbarrow factory. It is a station upon the direct branch of the N. Y. Central R. R., and an important canal village. A feeder from the Outlet connects with the canal at this place. Pop. 1,331. Peru (Jacks Reefs p. o.) is a hamlet, on the canal, near the N. E. corner. Junction (Hart Lot p. o.) is a r. r. station on the Auburn Branch of the N. y. C. R. R. Half Way is a station on the same r. r. California is a hamlet, on the canal, 2 mi. e. of Jordan. The first settler was Josiah Buck," who looated on Lot 82, in 1793 The first church (Bap.) was formed Dec. 30, 1816; Elder Craw was the first preacher.^^ FABirS^^—was formed from Pompey, March 9, 1798. TuUy was taken off in 1803, and a part of Truxton (Cortland co.) in 1808. It is the s. e. corner town in the co. It has a general elevation of 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above the Erie Canal at Syracuse. The surface of the s. half is broken by a series of ridges extending in a n. and s. direction and separated by narrow valleys. Their declivities are generally st^ep, and the summits are 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys. South Hill, in the s. w, corner, is the principal elevation. The central and northern parts are level or moderately hilly. The streams from the center flow s. into the Tioughnioga, and those upon the * Called by the Indians Kai-yah-KLX)h. signifying "satisfied with tobacco." Tradition eaya that an Indian woman once lost her cliild here in a marveloua manner, and that she was informed by a spirit that the child would be safe if she wouM annually cast a quantity of tobacco upon this pond. The custom con- tinued until the advent of the white? ; and hence the name. The water of the lake is pure upon the surface, but strongly im- pregnated with sulphur below. The water is about 60 ft. deep. — (lark's Onmidaga. - In the vicinity of this latter lake two caves have been dis- covered Hud explored for several rods under ground. The caves and sinks in which the lakes are situnted are evidently formed by the dissolving of the underlying rocks by the action of water. 3 Named from Jamea De Witt, who started a forge here at an early day. * The principdi manufactures are waterlime and plaster. The Orville (navigable) feeder of the Erie Canal and the S. B. & N. Y. K. R. aflbrd ample facilities for transportation. 6 lAXially known as "Britton Settlement."' * Among other early settlers were Daniel Keeler. Dr. Hoi- brook, Jeremiah Jackson. Stejiben Antrel, Stephen Hungerford. John Young. Jeremiah and James Oould, M'illiam Bends, Roger Merrill, Caleb Northnip. and Benjamin Sanford,— all of whom located in the town between I79i> and 1800. The first child born was Sarah Morehouse, Feb, IC. 1790; and the first death was that of Egbert De Witt, May 30. 1793. Polly Hibbard taught the first school, in 17!*5 ; Benjamin Morehouse kept the first inn. in 179U ; and Asa Danforth built the first sawmill, in 1792, and the first eristmill.in 1793. ^ 3 M. E., 2 Pre^b., Prot. E.. and Cong. Bin the w. part of the town, at the time of the first settle- ment, were found the remains of three distinct fitrtlfications: one wa.s s-juare, one quadrangular, and one circular. When ttrst discovered, the embankments were 3 feet high ; and upon one of them stood an oak tree 4 ft. in diameter. These works were each situated near a living spring of water. The remains of various articles found here seem to indicate that these forti- ficatione were known to the French. 9 The channel of this river at Jacks Reefe has been deepened by the State, for the purpose of draining the Cayuga marshes. The work was commenced in 1854 and finished in 1S57. under the superintendence of Hon. George Geddes. More than 200.000 yards of rock cutting were removed, and the marshes were drained as far west as Musquito Point. The cost was $156,000. { — years previous tn this work a deep channel was excavated for a distance of — mi., near Oswego River, at an expense of about $100,000.) 10 Founded in 1839. by Nathan Munro, who left it an endow- ment of $20,000. The building — among the finest in the State — is of brick, faced with brownstone, and has accommodations for 300 pupils. The school is well sustained. 11 The old elm tree under which Mr. Buck and family took shelter before their house was built is stiil standing, a little w. of the house of Col. John Munro. Among the other early settlers were Robert Fulton, James Strong, Col. Chandler. Dr. Pickard. Potter, Jas. Wiesuer. Wm. Stevens, Dr. John Fris- bie, Zenas and Aaron Wright, Martin Tickner, Reynolds Corey, Isaac Smith. Jonathan Rowley, Jonathan Babcock, Moses Car- penter, Squire Munro. Fzra and John Brackett. and Josejih and Aaron Colm;in. John Healy taught the first school, in 1801; Josiah Buck kept the first inn, in 1793; Wm. Stevens kept the first store and built the first sawmill, in 1797 ; and Isaac Strong the first gristmill, in 1798. 12 The census reports 8 churches in town; 3 M. E., 2 Bap., Cong.. Presb., and Prot. E. 13 The town at first embraced the military townships nf F;tbius and Tully, each 10 mi. square. The S. half of the township (-f Fabius was erected into the town of Truxton, and no\v consti- tutes the N. part of Truxton and Cujler. ONONDAGA COUNTY. 483 E. and w. borders flow n. into Limestone and Butternut Creeks. A small lake, known as " Labra- dor Pond," lies at the w. foot of South Hill. The soil is generally a fine quality of gravelly loam, intermixed in places with clay and sand. Along the stream w. of Fabius Village is con- siderable swamp land. From its elevation, and the broken character of its surface, this town in best adapted to pasturage. Dairying is the principal occupation of the people ; and in the amount of dairy products it is the first town in the co. and among the first in the State.' FabiUN' (p. V.) ii situated on a small stream, n. e. of the center of the town. Pop. 472. Apulia (p. v.) is a station of the S. B. & N. Y. R. R., in the w. part of the town. Pop. 140. Goo»teviIle is a hamlet, in the N. E. corner. The first settlers were Josiah Moore and Timothy Jerome, from Stockbridge, Mass., who came in 1794.' The first church (Presb.) was formed at Apulia, in 1804; and the first pastor was Rev. Mr. Osborne. The first church edifice erected was a Bap., at Fabius Village, in 1806.* (xEDDES^ — was formed from Salina, March 18, 1848 It lies upon the w. bank of Onondaga Lake, a little N. of the center of the co. Its surface is level in the N. and rolling in the s. lu the s. E. part are several isolated, rounded drift hills, or knolls. Seneca River forms the n. boundary, and Onondaga Creek a part of the E. Nine Mile Creek flows E. through near the center. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. Near the s. w. extremity of the lake are several salt wells.' The New York State Asylum for Idiots is in the E. part, near the line of Syracuse ; and the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. coal depot is on the canal. In the s. E. part are extensive stone quarries. Geddes, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, was incorp. April 20, 1832. It contains 2 churches, a brewery and distillery, and a large number of salt works. Pop. 950. The first settlement was commenced by James Geddes, in 1794.' The census reports 2 churches; Prot. E. and M. E. l,A FAYETTE — was formed from Pompey and the Onondaga Reservation, April 15, 1825. It lies s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken. Butternut Creek flows N. through the E. part, and Onondaga Creek through the w. The high ridge between the valleys of these streams has steep declivities, and its summit is 300 to 600 feet high. Conklings Brook, in the s. E. part, flows from the E., and within the space of 1 mile it descends 500 ft. The soil is generally a sandy and gravelly loam ; and a portion is thickly covered with large, water-worn pebbles. About one-half of the Onondaga Indian Reservation lies in the N. w. corner of this town. liSL Fayette, (p. v.,) on the ridge near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 35 houses; and Cardiff, (p. v.,) on Onondaga Creek, a church and 25 houses. Lilnn is a p. o., in the s. E. part. The first settler was John Wilcox, who located upon Lot 14 in 1791.' The first church (Cong.) was formed in Oct. 1809; Rev. Benj. Bell was the first preacher. There are 2 churches in town ; Cong, and M. E. I.YSAIVDER — was formed March 5, 1794. Hannibal (Oswego co.) was taken off in 1806, and Cicero in 1807. It is the n. w. corner town in the co. Its surface is level and somewhat swampy in the E., and gently rolling in the w. Seneca River forms its s. and e. boundaries. This stream takes the name of Oswego River, below the mouth of the outlet of Oneida Lake. In the s. w. part is a slight fall in the river, known as Jacks Rifts. At Baldwinsville is a fall of 7 ft., affording a valuable water-power. Mud Lake, a large pond s. w. of the center, covers an area ot about 300 acres. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, with occasional patches of clay, formed by the disintegration of the red shales. Baldwinsville, (p. v.,) on Seneca River, was incorp. in 1848. It contains a union school, a scythe factory, ax factory, tannery, several extensive 1 The number of dairies in town of 50 to 125 C0W8 each is about 35, and the njrgrpgate number of cows about 3,500. * Formerly called "FrrmWrni-i/I**." 8 Among the other early settlcra were Capt. Ebenezer Belden, Col. Elijah St. John, Thoma.s Miles, .Jonathan Stanley. Abel Webster, James Harris, John Wallace, Thos. and Simeon Keeney. Jacob Penoyer, and Abel Pi.xley. The first child bom was Cliarlee Moore, in 179S ; the first marriages, those of Abel Webster and Lvdia Keeney. and of Luther St. John and Polly Joy, in 1804; and the first death, thiit of Josiah Moore, in 1802. A colored man belonging to Simeon Keeney died about the Bame time from drinking too much maple syrup. The first school was taught by Miss Jerome, (afterwsird wife of .fudge & Named from Hon. James Oeddes. first settler. * The first salt well was dug by James Geddes. in 1796. The Indians claimed the springs w. of the lake: but they adopted Mr. Geddes into their tribe, and allowed him to go on with bis works. There are now in town 46 fine salt works, and 7,442 coarse salt covers. See page 479. ^ Among the other e.arly settlers wore Freeman Hughs and .Tames Lamb. Nancy Root taught the first school, in 1803; James Lamb kept the first inn, in 1803; and Noah Smith built the first sawmill, in 1825. 6 Comfort Rounds and Wm. Haskens located in town in 1792; Solomon Owennnd James Sherman, in 1793; John Houghtaling, Amaziat Branch, James Pearce. Samuel Hyatt. Amaaa Wiight, James Geddes.) in the E. part of the town; Eunice Fowlci i and Reuben Bryan, in 1794; and Isajtc and Eliiis Conklin, taught the first school nr-ar Apulia, in 1802-03, The first inns Zcnas and Ozias Northway, and Isaac Hull, soou after. The were kept by Josiah Tubbs. near TuUy, in 1797, and by Capt. St. John, at Apulia, in 1802: David Caldwell kept the first Btfire, in 1804: Thos Miles built the first sawmill, in 1800; and John Meeker the first grist mill, in 1S08. ■ * There are 6 churches in town ; M. E. and Cong, at Apulia, and Bap., M. E., F. W. Bap., and Univ. at Fabius. first child born was Amy Wilcox, in 1791; the fir^t marriage, that of Solomon ^ ONONDAGA COUNTY. missionary from Mass.. was the first preacher. The first church (Presbyterian) was formed at an early day, at the Hill.^ OTISCO — was formed from Pompey, Marcellus, and Tully, March 21, 1806. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is principally occupied by the high ridge between the valleys of Onondaga Creek and Otisco Lake. The declivities of the hills are generally steep and the summits rolling, and elevated 800 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys and 1,600 to 1,700 above tide. Otisco Lake is 772 ft. above tide. It lies upon the w. border of the town, in a valley 1,000 ft. below the summits of the hills. Bear Mountain,^ in the n. w. part, overhanging the valley of Onondaga Creek, is one of the principal elevations. The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam, mixed with clay, and well adapted to grazing. Otisco, (p. v.,) situated upon the high ridge near the center of the town, contains 30 houses; and Aniber, (p. v.,) at the foot of Otisco Lake, 25. Maple Grove is a p. o. in the n.e. corner. The first settler was Chauncey Rust, from Northampton, Mass., who moved his family from La Fayette in April, 1801. During this year and the following, a large number of settlers arrived, principally from Mass. and Conn, and the whole town filled up rapidly.^ The first religious service was a prayer meeting, held in Sept. 1801, at the house of Rust. The first church (Cong.) was formed May 9, 1803, by Rev. Hugh AVallace. There are now two churches in town ; Cong, and M, E. This town is noted for being the birthplace and residence of several persons of distinguished literary reputation.* POMPEY^— was formed in Jan. 1789. Fabius and a part of Onondaga were taken off in 1798 ; a part of Otisco in 1806 ; and La Fayette in 1825. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center, and upon the high, rolling ridge which lies between the e. branch of Limestone Creek and Butternut Creek, The highest summit is 906 feet above the surface of Butternut Creek, near the La Fayette r. r. station, 1,343 ft. above the canal at Syracuse and 1,743 ft. above tide. The general ridge is subdivided into 3 ridges by the valleys of the 2 w, branches of Limestone Creek. These valleys are 200 to 300 ft. below the summits and are bordered by steep hillsides. The streams that drain the s. part of the town flow in a southerly direction. Pratts Falls, upon the w. branch of Limestone Creek, are 137 ft. high ; and within a few rods of them are several other fine cascades. Near the n. line, upon the same creek, is a cascade of 70 ft. Just e. of the CO. line, near Delphi, on the e. branch of the same stream, are 2 other fine cascades. Carpenters Pond, in the s. e, part, covers an area of about 30 acres. The soil is a strong, clayey loam. Pompey Hill, (Pompey p. o.,) on the summit of the ridge,** contains 5 churches and the Pom- pey Academy. Pop. 270. Delplil, (p. v.,) upon Limestone Creek, in, the s. e. corner, contains 3 churdies and 219 inhabitants. Watervale, (p. v.,) upon Limestone Creek, n. of the center, contains a grist and saw mill and 20 houses. Oran, (p. v,,) in the n. e. corner, contains a church and 82 inhabitants. Pompey Center^ (p. o.) is a hamlet. In the s. e. corner, above Delphi, are an edge tool factory, and a woolen mill not in operation. The first settler was Ebenezer Butler, who located on Lot 65 in 1792.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1794; the first preacher word, and in a short time died of sxi^f- The first child born was Amanda Danforth, daughter of Asa DanfLirth. jr., Oct. 14, 1789. Dr. Gordon Needham taught the first school, in 1795; Comfort Tyler kept the first inn; George Kihbe the first store; Gen. Dan- forth built the firet gristmill, in 1794; and Turner Fenner the first sawmill, in 1793. 1 The census reports 11 churches; 5 M. E., 2 Presb., Cong., Bap., Wes. Meth., and Union. * Named from the great number of bears that infested it when the country was first settled. 3 Among the first settlers were Jonathan B. Nichols, Charles and Benoni Merriman. Solomon Judd, and Lemon Gaylord. in 1801 ; Otis Baker. Noah Parsons. Nathaniel Loomis. Amos and Isaac Cowles. in 1S02 ; and Benjamin Cowles. Josiah Clark, Daniel Bennett EHaa and Jared Thayer, Henry Elethrop, Samuel. Ebenezer, and Luther French, Jared and Noah Parsons, and Kufus Clapp, soon after. Lucv Cowles (afterward wife of Rev. Geo. Cfllton) taught the first school, in 1802. The first child born was Timothy Rust, March 22, 1802; and the first death, that of Nathaniel Dadv. jr., killed by the fiill of a tree. July 19, 1802. Danl Bennett kept the first inn. inlS02: and Michael Johnson the first store, in 1808. Charles Merriman built the first gristmill, in ISOfi. < Willis Gaylord. widely known as the editor of the Genesee Farmer and Albany Cultivator, and as a refined and graceful Contributor to the light literature of the day, came into town with his father, from Bristol, Conn., in 1801. He was then 9 years of age; and he resided here until a few years before his death, which occurred in 1844. Willis and Lewis Gaylord Clark, twin brothers, were born in this town in April, 1808. The ftjrmer IS known as a poet, the authorof "Ollipodian.i," and as the editor of the Philadelphia GaEette: and thu latter has obtained a national reputation as the editor of the Knickt-rbocker Maga- zine, a position which he has held for the last 25 years. Willis died in 1841. Their fnther was Eliakim Clark, an officer in the Revolntion. and their mother was sister to Willis Gaylord. Rev. Geo. Culton, father of Owen Colton, author of a series of Greek text books, and of Geo. H. Colton. founder and editor of the American Review, was many years a resident of the town. 6 Named by the Indiana Ote-ge-ga-ja-ke, " a place of mnch grass, openings or prairies." Another name given to this locality, not often repeated, and about which there is mnch superstitious reserve, is Ote-queh-sah-he-eh. "the field of blood, or bloody ground, — a place where many have been slain." It has been said that no Indian ever visits this neighborhood. They rertrtinly dis- like to converse much about it. — Ckirk'sOnondag'j.Vol. II. p. 325. 8 Water from one side of the roof of the hotel at this jdar-e finds its way into the St. Lawrence, and from the other into Chesapeake Bay. ' Locally kno^vn as "Greens Corners." 8 Moses Blower and Moses Savage came in the same year. Among the early settlers upon the hilln were Artemus Bishop, Josiah Holbrook. Timothy Sweet, John and Samuel Jerome, Joseph Smith, .Tesse Butler, Dr. Deodatns Clarke. Jacob Il'.ar, Jas. Olcott, Triieworthy Cuok. Selah Cook. Noadiah and Kpi- phas Olcott. Dr. Samuel Beach, and fiiniilies nametl Hinsdide, Hibbard, Messenger, Western, and Daniel Allen. The e.irly settlers in the e. hollow were Samuel Draper. James MrCIuie, Wm. Cook, Oziaa Burr. Elihu Barber. John Lamb. l>arjii| Thomas, Savage, Danifl Hubbard. Wm. Shankland, and Dand Sweet. The first child born was Sally Hoar, alwut 1794; the first male child born was Orange Butler; the first mnrriaga was that of Zachariali Kinne and Diadania Barnes ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Jas. Cravath. Samuel Clement taught the fir^t school in the town and co., on Lot 28, in 1794. Ebenezer i Butler kept the first inn, in 1792; Henry Seymour the first store; ONONDAGA COUNTY. 487 was Rev. Mr. Robhins, a missionary from Conn.^ Several eminent personages, distinguished in the fieUisof politics, literature, and art, were natives of this town, prominent among whom are Sara J. Clarke, (now Mrs. Sara J. Llppincott, better known as *' Grace Greenwood,") Kx-Gov. Horatio Seymour, Charles Mason, late Commissioner of Patents, and Erastus D, Palmer, the sculptor, SAEiII¥A — was formed from Manlius and Onondaga, March 27, 1809. Syracuse was taken off in 1847, and Geddes in 1848. It lies upon the e. bank of Onondaga Lake, x. of the center of the CO, Its surface is level or gently undulating. Mud Creek, in the s. e. part, and its tributary. Bear Trap Creek, are the only streams. Along their course is a considerable amount of swamp land. The soil is principally a sandy loam, with occasional intervales of tough clay. The people are largely engaged in the manufacture of salt. Tobacco is cultivated to some extent. Liiver- pOOl, (p. v.,) upon the e. bank of Onondaga Lake, on the w. line of the town, was incorp. April 20, 1830. It contains 4 churches, a union school, a steam saw and stave mill, and a large number of salt works. Pop. 1,305. The first settlement was made at Liverpool, in 1795, by John Dan- forth and 3 sons, from Worcester co., Mass.'^ There are 4 churches in town.^ SRAIVEATEliES*— was formed from Marcellus, Feb. 26, 1830. A part of Spaffurd was an- nexed in 1840. It is the s. town on the w. line of the co. The surface is rolling or moderately hilly. Skaneateles Lake divides the s. half of the town into two nearly equal parts. From the lake the land slopes beautifully upward to a height of 200 to 500 ft. The highlands upon both borders overlooking the lake furnish a great number of sites for country residences, which, in beauty of situation, have no superiors in the State, Many of these are occupied by fine cottages and villas. Skaneateles Outlet, flowing n., is the principal stream. Upon it are numerous falls, furnishing an abundance of water-power.^ The soil is principally a clay loam. Skaneateles/ (p- v.,) beauti- fully located at the foot of the lake, was incorp. April 19, 1833. It contains 6 churches, a union school, and 3 carriage manufactories. Pop. 1,200. Mottville, (P-^-») ^^ Skaneateles Outlet, contains 1 church, 2 machine shops, a foundery, chair factory, fork factory, and gristmill. Pop. 250. Mandana,, (p. v.,) on the w. bank of the lake, in the s. part of the town, contains 15 dwellings. liello^g^S Mills, a hamlet IJ mi, n. of Skaneateles, contains a woolen factory which employs 125 hands. The first settler was John Thompson, a Scotchman, who located upon Lot 18 in 1703.*^ The first church edifice (Cong.) was erected in 1807 ; Rev. Aaron Bascom was the first pastor.^ SPAFFORD®— was formed from Tully, April 8, 1811. Parts of Marcellus and Skaneateles were taken off in 1840. It lies upon the e. bank of Skaneateles Lake, and is the w, town on the s. line of the co. Its surface consists principally of a high ridge between Skaneateles and Otisco Lakes, abruptly descending to the valleys on each side and gradually declining toward the n. The highest summit, Ripley Hill, is 1,122 ft. above Skaneateles Lake and 1,982 ft, above tide, Otisco Inlet is a small stream flowing through the valley which extends s. from Otisco Lake. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Borodino, (p. v., ) in the n. part of the town, contains a population of 202. SpaflTord, (p-'^-O near the center, contains 2 churches and 30 houses. Spallord Hoi* lour is a p. 0. The first settlers were Gilbert Palmer and his son John, who located on Lot 76 in 1794.*^ The first church (M. E.)was formed at an early day ; Elder Harmon was the first preacher." Pratt & Smith built the first Bawmill. in 1796, and the first gristmill, in 1798; Dr. Hezekiah Clarke was the first settled phyaiciaa. He served 2 years as a surgeon in the Revolutionary Army, and was at the massacre of Fort Griswold. 1 The census reports 12 churches; 4 M. E., 3 Bap., Cong., Presb.. Prot. E., Univ., and Disciples. 8 Abel Hawley, John Eager, and Patrick Riley came in about the same time. The first marriage wixa that of Abram Shne- maker and Betsey Danforth, in 1809. The first school was taught by Capt. Conner, about 1797. in a salt block, which at that time contained 4 kettles; and the school was tau^^ht while the block was in operation. John Danforth kept the first inn, in 1796. 3 2 M. E., Evan. Luth., and Presb. * Indian name: by some said to signify "very long lake," and by others, "the beautiful squaw." The outlet is called " Hanauttoo." or " Hanauto," meaning *' water running through thick hemlocks." ft A rec^-nt survey makes Skaneat<^les Lake 860.25 feet above tide. Between Skaneateles and Mottville are two large distil- leries), and below Mottville a woolen factory, a grist and saw mill, a paper mill, and a distillery. • The beautiful location of this village upon one of the fin<'8t lakes in the State renders it a favorite summer resort of people from the cities and from the Snuth. ' Among the other early settlers were Robinson, James Watson, Lovcl Gibbs, Jonathan Hall, and Winston Day. who came in 1796; Warren Hecox, James and Samuel Porter, Dr. Munger, Elnathan Andrews. John Legg. Moses Loss, John Brijrgs. Nathan Kelsey. Wm. J. Vredenburgh, Isaac Sherwoud, Dr. Benedict, and families by the names of Kellogg and Earll, who came in soon after. EUsha Cole, now living, (1S59,) came in with his father in 1793. Capt. Wm. Thomas came in 1796: Hezekiah Earll and Samuel Greenman in 1797. The first child born was Richard P. Watson, June 1, 1796; and the first death, that of Nehemiah Earll. in 1^08, James Porter kept tlie first inn. and Winston Day the fii-st store, in 1797 ; and .ludge Jede diah Sanger built the first saw and grist mill, in IT'jiV 8 The census reports 8 churches; 2 M. E., 2 Friends, Baji., Presb., Prot. E., and Univ. 9 Named from Horatio Gates Spafford, author of the first Gazetteer of New York. 10 Among the other early settlers were Jonathan Berry, Archi- bald Farr. Warren Kneeland, M. Harvey. Isaac Hall, Elish.'i Sabins, John Bahcock, Peter Knapp. Samuel Smith, Otis and Moses Legg, Jethro Bailey, Elias Davis, Abel Amadou, Job Lewis, Daniel TiukhHm. John Hidlihut, Levi Foster. Benj. Horner, James and Cornelius Williamsttn. Benjamin Stanton. John Woodward, James Hacon, and .\s;diel Roundy. The first child born was Alvah Pnlmer; the first marriage, that of Elisha Freeman and Phtebe Smith; and the fiist death, that of Bcnj. Chaffee, in Aug. 1801. Sallv Packard taught the first scho*06 to 1S09 as '* Bogarihts Cor- ners;" from 1800 to 1S12. as ■■Milan;" from 1812 to 1814, as •' South Sulina ;" from 1814 to 1817, as " 0)Ssitts Ormrrs ;'' from 1817 to 1820. as ■■ Corinth ,•'" and from that time it has been known as Syracnee, — the name given it by John Wilkinson, the first postmaster. ■■Salina," now constituting tlie N. part of the city, was incorp. as a Tillage March 12, 1824. and con- tinued as an independent corporation until 1847, when it wa.s merged in Syracuse. It was long familiarly known as ■■Salt Point." The eastern part of the city was formerly known as '' Lodi" ~ The salt springs are situated upon this marsh and its bor- ders. Near the lake, upon the Liverpool road, is a very strong sulphur spring. 8 This ridge is divided into two parts by the valley through which the canal extends. Upon it. a short dist;mce E. of the head of the Like, are l.nrge cavities in the ground, generiilly termed " salt holes." These holes are continually forming; and it not unfr. quently happens that a tract of 20 ft. in diameter will suddenly fall to a depth of 10 to 30 ft. See p. 481. 4 From its central location, the city is a iavorite place for holding conventions, political, religious, civil, and miscellaneous. From this, it is often called "ITie City of Conventions," and sometimes "The City of isms." It is also called -'The Central City." and " The City of Salt." 6 See pages 4bO, 481. I 6 Several founderies and m.achine shops give employment to j about 200 hands. Greenway's Brewerv manufactures annually ' 50,0011 bbls. of beer, worth $350,000. there are 8 other brew- i erios in the city, producing 500 to 5,000 bbls. each. Barrels for the salt trade are also uinnnfactnred in the city, giving em- ployment to a large number of hands. The Centr.al R. li. re- pair shops employ 150 hands, and about 150 more are engaged as engineers, brakemen, and track hands, belonging to this station. The city also contains large manulacturies of agrictll- tural implements, boots .ind shoes, furniture, saddlery hard- ware, silver ware, cigars, and a variety of other articles. ' The Central Library, kept in the City Hall, is a consolidated library for the use of the central schools of the city, .^t was founded in 1858, and contains 4.000 volumes. 8 The building for this institution was erected in l,853-o4. at a cost of about :?T0.000. The site and grounds were donated by inhabitants of Syracuse. The enterprise has been highly stic- cessful. and hies fully demonstrated the utility and necessity of schools of this description. The institution has attained a wide reputation, and it now undoubtedly ranks among the first of the kind in the world. The school was first estibli.shed at Al- bany, in 1848, by its present supt.. as a private institution. It was adopted by the State, and was continued several years at Albany, but was removed to this place on completion of the buildings, in 1854. ONONDAGA COUNTY. 489 The Franklin Institute, a literary association, was incorp. under the general law, Dec. 1849. It has a fine library and reading room in Wicting Block, S. Salina St., and it supports an annual course of lectures during tlie winter. Tlie number of volumes in the library is about 3,000. Syracuse Post Office is situated near the center of the old village of Syracuse, s. of the Erie Canal. Salina Post Office is situated in the old village of Salina, near the Oswego Canal. The Library of the Court of Appeals was formed by act of Legislature, April 9, 1849. It occu- pies rooms in the courthouse, and contains 4,500 volumes. The Office of the Superintendent of the Salt Springs, on N. Salina St., is a fine building of cut stone. The State Armory is a fine building, m Regimental Park, near Onondaga Creek. It was built in 1858, from a design by H. N. White. The city also contains a Commercial College, 2 private seminaries, a classical school, a boarding school for boys, a large number of Masonic, Odd Fellows, and Sons of Malta lodges, a City Tract Society, a Bible Society, a Fugitive Aid Society, a Musical Institute, a German Turnverein, 11 banks of issue, 2 savings banks, 28 churches,' and a large number of beautiful and costly private residences. Its hotels and public halls rank among the best in the State. The first settlement in the city and co. was made by Ephraim Webster, an Indian trader, who located near the mouth of Onondaga Creek in 1786. In 1788 or 1789 John Danforth, who came into the co. soon after his brother Asa, located at " Salt Point" and commenced the manufacture of salt.^ The settlement at this place increased with great rapidity, in consequence of the pros- pective value of the salt springs. It took the name of " Salina," and speedily became the most important place in the co., — a superiority which it maintained for many years. The first settlers within the limits of the old village of Syracuse, after Webster, the Indian trader, were Hop- kins, in 1797, and Butler, in 1799. Calvin Jackson settled in 1800, and several others before 1805.' The ground being low and marshy, the settlement did not progress rapidly for many years. The first great impulse to its growth was given by the location of the canal in 1817 and its com- pletion in 1825. In 1829, when the courthouse was removed from Onondaga Hill, Salina and Syracuse were nearly equal in population, and the courthouse was placed about midway between the two villages. Since that time, however, the growth of Syracuse has been rapid and nearly uniform. In 1847 it completely absorbed its old rival, Salina, the two villages and Lodi at that time being incorp. and forming the city of Syracuse. The business prosperity of the place has been based principally upon the salt interests and its commercial advantages. The most notable incidents of the later history of the city are the great gunpowder explosion of Aug. 20, 1841 ;* and the rescue of the slave Jerry from the custody of the U. S. Marshal, Oct. 1, 1851.^ Tiri.LiY — was formed from Fabius, April 4, 1803. A part of Otisco was taken off in 1806, and Spafford in 1811. It is the center town upon the s. line of the co. Its surface is an upland, level in the center, but hilly on the e. and w. borders. In the s. part of the central valley are several small lakes, known as the Tully Lakes. Two of these lakes lie but a few rods apart. The smaller, just 800 ft. above the canal at Syracuse, gives rise to Onondaga Creek, flowing n. ; and the larger, 4 ft. lower, gives rise to Tioughnioga River, flowing s. In the immediate vicinity of these lakes is considerable swamp land. The soil is a .sandy and clayey loam. TuIIy, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 216 inhabitants ; and Vesper, (p. v.,) on the line of Otisco, 2 churches and 25 houses. Tully Valley is a p. o. The first settler was David > 4 R. C, 3 Prot. E., 3 M. E., 3 Presb., 2 Cong.. 2 Bap., 2 Ger. Evan. Asso.. 2 .Jewish Synagogues. Ref. Prot. D.. Unit.. Ger. Luth.. Ger. Prot., Af. Meth., Wes. Meth., and Swedeuborgian. 2 In Aug. 171*0, Col. Jeremiah Gould and family, consisting of a wife, three sons, and a daughter, came to ^-Salt Point,'" and found there Deacon and Nathaniel Loomis, Hezeltiah Olcott, John Paufortli, Asa Danforth. jr., and Thomas G.iston. In 1791 two families named Wnodworth and Sturges came in. and March 2. 1792, Isaac Van Vleck and family. Among the other early settlers were Thoma.s Osmon, Simon Phares, Patrick Riley, Wm. Gilchrist, James Peat, Aaron Bellows, Elislia Alvord, Richard Sawyer, and Dioclesian Alvord. The first child born was Abraham Van Aleck, in 1792; the first marriage was that of Thomas Osmon and Katharine Van Derwricher. in 179.'>; and tlte first deatli. that of an infant child of Thompson, in 179-1. Dr. Rurnef, the first physician, died the same'year. The provisions for the first settlers were brought from Tioga, liy way of Ciyuga Lake, and from Herkimer, iiy way of Oneida Laito. In"l793, 30 of the 33 inhabitants of tlie village were sick, — the 3 well ones, with the help of the Indians, taking care of the sick for 2 months. In 179-4, out of a population of 63 persons 23 died. The first regular innkeeper was VVni. Gil- duiat, about 1795; though Isaac Van Yleck bad for several years previous entertained travelers. Elisha Alvord kept the first store, in 1795. In 1793 5)r. Van Vleck brought from Albany a large coffee mill, which was used for grinding corn. 8 Among the other early settlers were Wm. Lee. Aaron Cole, Amos Stanton. Henry Bogardus, and Jonathan Fav- The first child born was Alluon Jackson. Dec. 28, ISOO. A "tract of 260 acres, lying near the center of the city, and including a mill privilege upon Onondaga Creek, was sold by the State to Abraham Walton and became known as the *' Walton Tract." It afterward p.Hs3od into the bands of the " Syracuse Company." Mr. Bogardus erected a log house for an inn. on the site of tlie present Voorhees Block, in 1S05 : and Mr. Walton erected his "Old Red Mill" the same year. The first steamboat ever used upon the canal was built a mi. s. of Oran, and launched at '•Buellville," in Porapey, in 1823. by Wm. Avery. * Twenty-seven kegs of powder, secretly stored in a carpenter shop, exploded, and 25 men — principally firemen — were killed, and more than GO others were wounded. 6 .ferry was arrested as a fugitive slave and confined in tho police office; hut in the evening a large number of citizens as- sembled and forcibly took him from tho custody of the officers. Several men were arrested and tried for participating in tb» rodcuo, but no convictions were ever procured. 490 ONONDAGA COUNTY. Owen, who came into town in 1795.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1818;' Rev. Mr. Hurd was the first preacher. VAW BUREIV — was formed from Camillus, March 26, 1829. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is level or gently unduhiting. Seneca River forms its N. boundary ; along its course is considerable swamp land. The soil is a clayey, sandy, and gra- velly loam. Canton, (Canal p. o.,) on the Erie Canal, in the s. w. corner of the town, contains a church and 188 inhabitants ; Van Buren Center, (p. v. ; Warners Station on the N. Y. C. R. R.,) near the s. line, a church and 16 dwellings. Tan Buren (p.o.) and Ionia are hamlets. BaldVFinsville, (p. v.,) on Seneca River, is on the line of Lysander. The first settler was Joseph Wilson, who located in town in 1792.' The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1803 ; Rev. S. B. Barns was the first preacher.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Ayricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Onondaga Cminty. Names of Towns. Camillus Cicero Clay De Witt Elbridge Fabius Geddes La Fayette.. Lysander ManliuB. Marcellus.... Onondaga.-. Otisco Ponipey 8alina Skaneateles . Spafford Syracuse.... TuIIy Van Buren.. Total, AcEES OP Land. | ■? •8 p g |, fc 16,411 3,57 4i 14.S76i 14.912J 19.S35i 10,681} 15,643J 6,294 16,792i 4.638 19,784i 6,994i 4,786 1,472} 18,004 6,982 27.069t 10,329 21,640i 7,646J 15,658J 3,319i 33,001} 7,846J 14,803i 3,803 32,420J 8,286 6,669} 2,219 20,936J 3,979 16,643i 4.429i 1,992J 293i 12,2695 3.996 17,301 4,104 344,828 114,701i Valuation op 1858. $125,850 42.200 37,850 41,100 163,300 62,900 17,000 69.925 172,820 266,500 99.600 223.050 66,555 100,500 32.900 224,400 76,350 1,765,463 98.400 104,400 1.401 1,780 1,762 1,562 2,273 1,128 1,116 1,214 2,642 3,116 1,258 2.793 830 1,867 1,377 2.005 894 12,611 806 1,598 1,339 1,608 1,564 1,423 2,2S8 1,128 950 1,126 2,418 3,112 1,2S9 2,607 896 1,903 1.203 1,971 922 12,496 813 1,467 24.349.965 3,750.063 28,100.028 44.033 42.542 12,216 16,798 11,067 489 642 638 676 803 442 366 481 963 1,148 488 978 362 729 417 736 3.S6 3,691 362 691 636 689 676 699 884 438 384 473 ' 997 1,404 617 901 361 684 497 746 369 4,881 352 612 828 629 611 422 446 378 167 366 664 764 394 866 298 638 274 446 271 2,716 289 426 g| 1,023 1.305 1,536 1,089 1,626 872 638 783 1,838 2,283 1,868 1.990 641 1,463 1,484 669 9.334 633 1,174 31,428 NAiiES OF Towns. Camillus Cicero Clay DcWitt Elbridge. Fabius Gedd're they had sold to the English Association. Their suspi- cions had at first been excited by an offer from a promioeut member of the Lessee Company for "all the lands they owned east of the line that had been run."' They were so well assured of the fact that in their deed to Mr. Morris they specified a tract in a gore between the line then run and the w. bounds of the counties of Montgomery and Tiop;a. those counties then embracing all of the Military Tract. Being fully convinced of the inaccu- racy of the first survey. Morris, in his sale to the English Com- pany, agreed to run it anew. The new survey was performed under the superintendence of Maj, Hoops, who employed Andrew Ellicott and Angustus Porter to perform the labor. A corps of ax-men were employed, and a vista 30 feet wide opened before the transit instrument until the line had reached the head of Seneca Lake, when night signals were employed to run down and over the lake. So much pains were taken to insure correct- ness that the survey was never disputed; and thus the "New Pre-emption Line" was established as the true division line be- tween the lands of the State of New York and those that had been ceded to Maasachusetts. In examining the old survey, Major Hoops had discovered the precise points of deviation to tlif" westward. It had commenced sonn aft^r leaving the Penn- sylvania line, gradually bearing off until it crossed the outlet of the Crooked Lake, where an abrupt offset was made, and then an inctination for a few miles almost in a N. w. course; then, as if fearful that it was running w. farther than was necessiiry to secure a given object, the line was made to incline to the E. until it passed the foot of Seneca Lake, when it was run nearly N. and s. to Lake Ontario. All this will be observed upon anjr of the old maps. It will at once be perceived that the site of Geneva — the 16.000 acres of Reed and Ryckman — had caused more than a usual variation of the surveyor's compass. Judge Porter's explanation is as follows; — "Geneva was then a small settlement, beautifully situated on the Seneca Lake, rendered quite attractive by its lying beside an old Indian settlement in which there was an orchard." The Old Pre-emption Line terminated on Lake Ontario, 3 mi. w. of Sodus Bay, and the new line very near the center of the head of the bay. With the exception of the abrupt varia- tions that h-ive been noticed, the old line, parting from the true meridian about 5 mi. S. of the Chemung River, bears off gradu- ally until it reaches the shore of Lake Ontario. The strip of land between the two lines was called " Thi^ Gfire." In addition to the patent granted to Reed and Ryckman. the State had pre- sumed the original survey to be correct, and made other grants, and allowed the location of military land warrants upon what had been made disputed territory. As an equivalent to tho pur- chasers of this tract, compensation lands were granted by the State in the present towns of Wolcott and Galen, Wayne co. 2 The w. boundary of this tract was a line '* beginning In the northern line of Penn.. due south of the corner or point of land made by the confluence of the Genesee River and the Ciinaseraga Creek; thence north on said meridian line to the corner or point, at tho confluence aforesaid; thence northwardly along the waters of the Genesee River to a point two miles north of Cauawagus Village; thence running due west twelve miles; thence runtiing northwardly, so as to be twelve miles distant from the western bounds of said river, to tho shore of Lake Oi*» tario." — Turner's Phdps and Gorham Purchase, ONTARIO COUNTY. 495 1827. Brigham Young was also a long time a resident of Oanandaigua; and the first Mormon society was formed at Fayette, in the adjoining co. of Seneca, in 1830. BRISTOL^ — was formed in Jan. 1789. South Bristol was taken off in 1838, and a part was annexed to Richmond, March 23, 1848, and restored Feb. 25, 1852. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a series of ridges, gradually declining to the n. The highest points are about 500 feet above the valleys. These ridges are divided by the deep valleys of Mud Creek and Egypt Brook. The declivities that border upon these streams in the s. part are usually very steep. The soil is a rich alluvial upon the intervales and disintegrated slate and shale among the hills. Bristol Center (p. v.) contains 30 houses ; Baptist IlilP (Bristol p. 0.) 25; and Muttonville^ 15. Eg-ypt is a hamlet in the s. e. part. Gamaliel Wilder and Joseph Gilbert settled in 1788, at what was called the " Old Indian Orchard."* The first relij^iuus services were performed by Rev. Zadock Ilunn, iu 1793. Thei*e are now 4 churches in town.* CAIVADICE* — was formed from Richmond, April 15, 1829, and a part was annexed to Rich- mond in 1836. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface consists of a high, broken upland separated into two ridges by Canadice Lake. The w. ridge, known as Bald Hill, is bordered by steep declivities, and the e. by more gradual slopes. The highest summits are about 700 feet above Honeoye Lake. The principal streams are the Canadice Inlet and Outlet and the Iloneoye Inlet. The soil in the valleys is a clayey loam ; upon the declivities of the hills it is mostly disintegrated shale and slate, and upon the summits in the s. part it consists of gravelly loam and black muck. Canadice Corners (p.o.) is a hamlet, forming the business center of the town. The first settlement was made by Kimball, in 1807.' There are now 3 churches in town.® CAIVAIVBAIGIJA^— was formed Jan. 27, 1789, and a part annexed to Gorham, March 16, 1824. It is the central town of the co., lying upon the w. and n. shores of Canandaigua Lake. The surface is hilly in the s., but level or gently rolling in the n. The highest summits are about 600 feet above the lake. Canandaigua Outlet, Beaver Creek, and Stevens Brook are the principal streams. The soil is a clayey loam in the n. and a deep, gravelly loam in the s., and in fertility this town ranks among the first in the State. Canandaigua^ (P*'^-0 situated at the outlet of Canandaigua Lake, is an important station on the N. Y. C. R. R., and a terminus of the N. F. ifc C. Branch and of the E. J. & C. R. R. A daily steamer connects it with Naples, at the head of the lake. It contains the co. buildings,^^ a State Arsenal, ^^ 5 churches, an academy,^^ a female seminary," a private lunatic asylum," 3 newspaper offices, and a bank. It was incorp. April 18, 1815, and has a pop. of 4,154.^^ Cliesliire, (p-v.,) in the s. part, contains 20 dwellings. Centerfield (p.o.) is a hamlet, and Academy^ near the s. line, is a p.o. Wm. Morgan, of masonic notoriety, was imprisoned at Canandaigua previous to his disappearance.^^ Settlement was commenced in 1788, by Phelps and Gorham and their associates, and considerable accessions were made in 1789 and '90." The first religious service at Canandaigua was held in 1789, by 1 Named from Bristol co., Mass., from which the first settlers camo. 2 So named because a Baptist charch was erected there at an early date. * Derives its name from the establishment of a tallow chandlery there some years since. 30,000 sheep have been slaughtered therp in a ye^r. * William Gooding and George Codding spttled in 17^9, James, Blnathan, and George Gooding iu 1790, and AlJeu Sears and John, George, Farmer, Burt, and William Codding in 1792. The first store and tavern Wore opened by Steph«u Sifson. in 1793 ; Gamal. Wilder built the first gristmill, in 1790. Thomas Hunn taught the first school, in 1790. Cornelius McCrum waa tho first child born. 6 Bap.. Cong., M. E., and Univ. * This name is a corruption of the Indian name of Canadice Lake. 7 Soon after, John Wilson settled at the head of Canadice Lake, and John Richardson, John Wheeler, Samuel Spencer, and And. Ward near Canadice Corners. The first tavern was kept by Llewelyn Davis •, and Severance & Ford opened the firat store. The first sawmill was built at the head of Canadice Lake, by John Algur. Phelps. Gen. Peter B. Porter. Augustus Porter, Philip Church, Wm. Wadsworth. James Wademorth, Abner Barlnw, Moses At- water, Micah Brooks, Vincent Mathews. Walter Hubbell, JohnC. Spencer. John Greig, Natbl. Rochester, Jos. Parish, Red Jacket, Judge Fitzhugh, Ambrose Spencer. Wm. Williams, M.D., N. W. Howell, Wm. Wood. Stephen A.DougJiiS, Danl. Barnard, and 11. Welles. Among other distinguished residents of Canandaigua were Hon. Gideon Granger, P.M. Gen. under Jefferson's adminis- tration, his son, Francis Granger, P. M. Gen. under Harrison's ad- ministration, the late Hon. M. II. Sibley, and Hon. J. R. Giddings. 11 This arsenal was authorized beffTe the war. and 1,000 stand of arms were ordered to be deposited there, Feb. 12, 1808. 12 This academy was founded in 1795, by Gorham and Phelps. It is in a prosperous condition. 13 The Ontario Female Seminary was founded in 1S25. Its buildings are commodious, and pleasantly situated upon grounda containing 7 acres. The number of studenta in 1857 was 311. 1* Bhghain Hall, incorp. in 1859, is about 1 mi. 8. w. of the courthouse. The grounds consist of 70 acres, and the buildinga, with accommodations for 80 patients, are located iu a bsautifni grove of 1(3 acres. i& The CO. Agricultural Society has a lot containing 10 acres within the village limits, with suitable buildings. lo See p. .323. iKe, UV iiniiu Algur. nibiiiu luu viiii^;e iiuuuj, Willi buiiuuit.* uuiiuin(^s. *" i^eti u. •>.». « M. E. ^leth. Prot., and Wea. Meth. it Among the settlers in 1789 were Joseph Smith, Israel • This name was derived from Gan-a^ar-que, a village built by the Sen-'ca Indians on the present site of the village of Canan- daigu.a. Tt pignifies a chosen spot. 10 In one of the courtrooms is a collection of portraits of the promineat first settlers and residents of the co.: viz., of Oliver Chapin. Nathaniel Gorham, jr.. Frederick Saxton, Benjamin Gardner, Daniel Gates. Daniel Brainnrd, Martin Dudley, and James D. Fish. The first birth was that of Oliver Phelps Rice; and the first death, that of Cjdcb Walker, both in 1790. Samuel Gardner opened the first store; and the first school was taught 406 ONTARIO COUNTY. Rev. John Smith. The first church (St. Matthew's, Epis., now St. John's) was organized Feb. 4, 1799 ; the Cong, church was formed Feb. 25, 1799. The census reports 10 churches in town.' EAST Bl,OOMFIEl.»— was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " BloomfieU." Mendon and Victor were taken off in 1812: its name was changed and West Bloomfield was taken off in 1833. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with a gentle inclina- tion toward the n. The ridges are 50 to 600 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are the Mud, Fish, and Hog Hollow Creeks. The soil is a deep, fertile, gravelly loam, in places Mixed with clay. Ciriflitlis Mills in the e. and Brag Village in the s. e. part are hamlets. <':a<«t Blootilficld, (p. V.,) J of a mi. from East Bloomfield Station, on the N. Y. Central R. R., CDUtiiins 3 churches, an academy,'' manufactories of agricultural implements and carriages. Pup. 590. This township having been purchased of Phelps and Gorham by a company from Berkshire CO., Mass., its settlement was commenced in the spring of 1789.' There are 4 churches in town ;* the first (Cong.) was formed Sept. 8, and organized Nov. 15, 1795, by Rev. Zadock Hunn. The first church edifice in all Western N. Y. was erected in this town in 1801. FARMIjVGTOBI*— was formed Jan. 27, 1789. Manchester was taken off in 1821. It lies on the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is nearly level in the s., but in the N. it is broken by drift ridges which rise to a height of 50 to 100 feet above the general surface. The declivi- ties of these ridges toward the n.,e., and w. are generally steep, but toward the s. they become gradual slopes. The streams are Mud and Beaver Creeks and Black Brook. A strip of land iicrass the s. part, embracing about 3 tiers of lots, has a clay soil. North of this is a marshy region ; and farther n. the soil is a gravelly loam and very productive, with good proportions of arable, meadow, and grazing lands throughout the town. IVe'W Salem, (Farmington p. o.,) a villaga in the N. part, contains 200 inhabitants. Brownville (Nortons Mills p. o.) is a liamlet. East Farmington and TVest Farmington are p. offices. The settlement was com- menced in 1789, by Friends from Berkshire, Mass., among whom were Nathan Comstock, his sons Otis and Darius, and Robert Hathaway.^ The first house of worship was erected by the Friends, in 1804. There are now 2 churches in town ; Friends and Wes. Meth. GORIIAIU'— was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " Easion." Its name was changed to "Lincoln," April 17, 1806, and to Gorham, April 6, 1807. Hopewell was taken off in 1822. A part of Canan- daigua was annexed in 1824. It lies upon the E. shore of Canandaigua Lake, s. E. of the center of the CO. Its surface is rolling, the ridges rising in gradual slopes to a height of 25 to 200 feet above the valleys. Flint Creek is the principal stream. The soil in the E. part is principally a gravelly loam, and in the w. it consists of clay, and is generally fertile and productive. Gorham,' (p- v.,) 3 mi. from the Gorham Station, on the C. & E. R. R., contains 3 churches and 310 inhabitants. Reeds Corners (p. v.) contains 3 churches and about 20 houses. The first settlement was made at Reeds Corners, in 1789, by James Wood.' There are now 6 churches in town.'" HOPEWEELi — was formed from Gorham, March 29, 1822. It is an interior town, lying e. of the center of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating, with a northerly inclination. Canandaigua Outlet, Fall Creek, and Fall Brook are its principal streams. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam in the w., and the same mixed with clay in the center and E. It is very fertile and highly cultivated. Cbapinville, (p. v.,) a station on tlie N. Y. C. R. R., contains a church and about 30 dwellings ; Uopen^ell Center (p. v.) contains I church and 16 dwellings. by Major Wallis, in 1792. There were in that year 30 families in town. The Legislature granted. March 31, 1804. to Levi Ste- phens and Jason Parlver the sole right of mnning stages from Utica to this place for a term of 7 years. The trip was to be perffjrmed twice a week, from Jnne to October, within 4S hours, ftnd at the rate of 4 cts. a mi. if with fi or more pa.ssengera. A similar monopoly waa granted, April 6, 1807, for 7 years, to John Metc.ilf, between this place and Butfalo. 1 The censns reports 2 Bap., 2 Prot. E., 2 M. E., Cong., Free Will Bap.. Christian, and R. C. 3 Incorp. AprilO, 183S. The average nnmber of students is 100. 3 Deacon John Adams and his sons, .Tohn. William. Abner, Jonathan, and .Joseph, his sons-inlaw, Ephraira Rue and Loren Hull, and Elijah Rose, Hoses Gunn. Lot Hue, John Barnes, Roger Spragne, and Asa Hickox moved in with their families in 17S9. The first death was that of Lot Rue, in 1793; the first niarriage — and the first upon the Phelps and Gorham Purchase ^wfifl that of Benj. Goss and a daughter of George Codding. The first 6a%vmill was erected on Mud Creek, in 1790, by Gen. Fellows; and the first store was opened in ISOO, by Norton & Beach. Laura Adams taught the first school, in 1794. < Cong., M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. 6 Named from Farmington, Conn. It was formed by the Court of General Sessions. 6 Early in 1790, Nathan Aldrich, Isaac Hathaway, Nathan Herendun, Welcome Herendeen, John McCumber, and Josbaa Herington, from the same place, joined the infant settlement, and were followed by 18 others the same year. Jacob and Jo- seph Smith built a gristmill in 1793, and the first sawmill, in 179.0. Tlie first birth was that of Welcome Uerendeen, inl790; the first marriage, that of Otis Comstock and Huldah Freeman, in 1792 ; and the first death, that of Elijah Smith, in 1793. ' Named in honor of Nathaniel Gorham. 6 Formerly called ^'IMhel." B Parley Gates, from Mass., settled on Lot 49 in 1796 ; and soon after, Oliver Howard and Henry Greene, from Oneida Co., N. Y., and Samuel and Silas Reed, Elijah Huni. and others, came in. The first tavern was kept by William Sherwood, at Keeda Cor- ners, in 1800 ; the first gristmill was built by Levi Benton; and the first sawmill, by Buckley Sc Craft, in 1807. Timothy Mooro taught the first school, in 1802. w 2 Bap., Cong., Prot. E., Presb., and M. E. V - .v: t- 'i- i # t S 1 ^ > $ ^ Sk 1 y- 1 >^ ^ ^; s ^ 1^ ^1 '^. V 5: ^ V =3 . Xi J: v5l :^?; V I 1 ONTARIO COUNTY. 497 Hopevrell is a p. o. Liittleville is a hamlet in the s. w. corner of the town. Settlements were made in 1789-90.' There are 5 churches in town ■' the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1808. MANCHESTER— was formed from Farmington, March 31, 1821, as "Burf," and its name was changed April 16, 1822. It lies upon the n. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is nearly level in the s., but is occupied by irregular sand and gravel ridges of the drift formation in Ihe N. Canandaigua Outlet, Fall Creek, and Black Brook are the principal streams. The soil is a gravelly loam and is very productive. Hydraulic limestone is quarried on "the Outlet." There are 3 flouring mills in town. Clifton Springes, (p. v.,) incorporated in 1859, a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., is situated in the e. part of the town. Pop. 340. At this place are the celebrated Clifton Mineral Springs and an extensive water cure establishment.' Manchester (p. v.) contains 374 inhabitants ; Sliortsville (p. v.) contains 35 dwellings and a large distillery ; and Port Ctibson, (p. v.,) on the Erie Canal, 50 dwellings ; Manchester Center (p. v.) con- tains 18 dwellings. Plaiusville (Gypsum p. o.) contains 12 houses. Coonsville contains a flouring mill, plaster mill, and 12 houses. The first settlement vfas made in 1793, by Stephen Jared, Joel Phelps, and Joab Gillett.* Rev. David Irish preached in Manchester in Jan. 1797, and in Feb. following a Bap. society was organized. There are now 8 churches in town.' Joe Smith, tlie Mormon prophet, resided in this town with his father ; and Mormon Hill, the place wliere the gold Bible was found, is situated a little n. w. of the center of the town.* WAPIiES' — was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " 3[iddletown." The name was changed April 6, 1808. Italy was taken off in 1815, and a part of Springwater in 1816. It is the extreme s. town of the CO. The surface consists of a hilly and elevated upland, broken by the narrow and deep valleys of Canandaigua and Honeoye Inlets and Grindstone Creek. The summits of the hills are 600 to 1000 feet above the surface of the lake and 1300 to 1700 feet above tide. Their declivi- ties bordering on the streams are generally very steep. High Point and Hatch Hill are the highest summits. The soil upon the hills consists of clay and gravel mixed with disintegrated slate and shale ; and in the valleys it is a rich, gravelly loam mixed with alluvium. Fruit grow- ing is receiving much attention. Peaches are produced in great abundance ; and an experiment is being made in the cultivation of grapes, which promises to be successful. Over 30 acres are now devoted to this object, and very satisfactory results have been realized. IVapleS, (p. v.,) on the Canandaigua Inlet, 4 mi. from the lake, contains 5 churches and 3 flouring mills. Pop. 700. The first settlement was commenced in 1790, by a company from Berkshire co., Mass., by whom the town was purchased from Phelps and Gorham.* The first sermon was preached by Rev. Zadock Ilunn, in June, 1792.» PHEl.PS"'— was formed in 1796, under the act of Jan. 27, 1789. A part v\ as annexed to Lyons, (Wayne co.,) April 11, 1823. It is the n.e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling, the ridges rising in gentle slopes 20 to 100 feet above the valleys. The highest point is 300 feet above Canandaigua Lake. The soil in the e. is a sandy loam with a clay subsoil, in the N. a mixed sandy and clayey loam, and in the w. a sandy and coarse gravelly loam, all highly produc- tive. Canandaigua Outlet, the principal stream, flows E. and N. through the center. Along its course are extensive quarries of gypsum and water limestone. In the town are quarries of Ouon 1 Among the first pettlers were Daniel flatca, Daniel Warner, Sweet. Ezra Piatt, Samuel Day, George and Israel Chapin, jr.. Frederick Follett, Benj. Wells, and Thomas Sawyer, mostly from Maas., and William Wyckoff, from Penn. The first child — Benj. Wells, jr. — was born Feb. 4, 1791. CaWin Bacon taught the first school, in 1792. The first tavern was kept by Ezra IMatt ; and the first mill was built by Oliver Phelps and Israel Chapin, in 1789. ! 3 M. E., Wcs. Meth., and Presb. ' A hotel was erected in 1806, as a dispensary ; and the water cure was established in 1850, by a company organized for that purpo.se, with a capital of $45,000. It has accommodations for 1 50 patients, and is largely patronized. The water of the spring was analyzed in 1852, by Dr. Chilton, of N. Y., with the following result in grains to 1 quart: — Sulphate of lime 17.30 grs. " " magnesia 4.12 " " " Boda. 1.94 " Carbonate of lime 2.42 " " " magnesia 3.28 " Chloride of sodium 2.32 " " " calcium 1.02 " " " magnesia 1.02 " Organic matter trace. Total 83.42 HydroBulphuric and carbonic acida are also found in smal) quantities. • * Nathan Pierce and John McLonth, from Berkshire. Mass.. settled in the town in 1795; and John Van Fleet. Jedediab Dewey, Benjamin Barney, William Mitchell, and Peleg Kedfield soon after. Sharon Boothe and a daughter of Joab (iillett were married in 1793. Theophilus Short erected the first mill, at Shortsville, in 1804 ; and the first store waa opened by Nathan Burton. Elam Crane taught the first school, in 1800. ' 2 Bap., 3 M. E., 2 Prot. Meth., and a Univ. « See p. 494. 'Originally called "WaVcin&tmtm,*' from Wm. Watkins, of Berkshire, Mass., one of the purchasers under Pbelps and Qor ham. and called by the Indians Nnn'da-wa-o, great hill. * In Feb. 1790. Samuel. Reuben, and Levi Parish, with their families, came in; and in April following. Nathan and Wm. Watkins, John Johnson, Jonathan Lee. and William Clark. with their families, 30 persons in all. The first birth wa.s that of Phineas P. Lee ; and the first marriage, that of Benj. Clark and Thankful Watkins. in 1795. The first safrmill was erected in 1792. by Benj. Clark and Jabez Metcalf Susannah Parish tanght the first school, in 1792. Myron H. Clark, late Governor of the State, was born in this town, Oct. 23, 1S06. * Ther« are 5 churches in town ; Bap., M. E., Presb., Wee. Meth., and Christian. 10 Named from Oliver Phelps, one of the original proprietors vt the town. 498 ONTARIO COUNTY. da^^a and corniferous limestone. Plielps,^ (p. t.,) on Flint Creek, near its junction with the Canandaigua Outlet, was incorp. Jan. 2, 1855. It contains a union school, newspaper office, and churches. Pop. 1,278. Orlcan^i (p. v.) is situated on Flint Creek. Pop. 218. Oaks Corners (p. o.) contains 15 houses.'^ J. D. Robinson, from Claverack, Columbia co., settled at Phelps in 1789.' Rev. S. Goodale was the first resident preacher ; he held services in schoolhouses and dwellings before any church edifice was erected. The first church (Presb.) was built in 1804.* Rirai:>IO:¥D— was formed in 1796, as *'Pittstow?i." Its name was changed to ''ffoneoy^' April 0, 1808, and to Richmond April 11, 1815. Canadice was taken off in 1829. A part of Cana- dice was annexed April 30, 1836, and parts of Bristol and South Bristol in 1848 ; but these last were restored in 1852. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. It consists of a nearly square portion of land lying near the foot of Honeoye Lake, and a narrow strip extending along tlie e. shore of that lake and its inlet to the s. border of the co.* A wide valley occupies the center, opening toward the n., and surrounded by hills from 50 to 200 feet high on the 3 remaining aides. The southern strip is very hilly, the summits rising 500 feet above the surface of the lake. Honeoye and Hemlock Outlets and Egypt Brook are the principal streams. The soil upon the lowlands is clay, upon the hills a sandy loam mixed with clay. Much attention is given to im- proving the breeds of cattle and sheep, and it is the largest wool growing town in the co., and sec- ond in the State. Honeoye, (p. v.,) at the foot of Honeoye Lake, is the business center of the town. Pop. 244. Ricbmond mills {p. o.) and Aliens Ilill^ (p-o.) are hamlets. This town was purchased of Phelps and Gorham by a company; and the first settlement was made by Capt. Peter Pitts and Ms sons "William and Gideon, in 1789.'' There are 5 churches in town.® SEIVECA — was formed in 1793, under the act of Jan. 27, 1789. It is the s. e. corner town of the CO., lying upon the w. shore of Seneca Lake. The surface is beautifully rolling, the ridges rising 20 to 200 feet above the valleys. The shores of the lake are bluff's about 100 feet above the surface of the water. The streams are Flint and Keshong Creeks and Burralls and Castle Brooks. The soil is a deep, rich loam, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay mixed together, the gravel predominating upon the ridges. The soil is admirably adapted to the production of fruit trees, and the business of the nursery has become one of the leading pursuits in the town. Two large nursery establishments are located within the limits of the village of Geneva. Com merce and manufactures receive considerable attention. Oeneva^* (p. v.,) incorp. April 4, 1800, is beautifully situated at the foot of Seneca Lake. It contains a flourishing union school,*" a large private boarding school," 3 newspaper offices, and 9 churches. It is also the seat of Hobart Free College.*- The Geneva Water Cure and Hygienic Institute is finely situated near the center of the village. A daily line of steamers connects this place with the upper ports upon Seneca Lake. Pop. 5,057. Castleton^ (Seneca Castle p.o.,) on Flint Creek, in the n.w. part, contains 2 churches and 35 dwellings. Flint Creek, (p.o.,) Halls Corners, (p.o.,) and Stanleys I Formerly called " Vienna.'* • The culture of raspberries has recently been introduced in this vicinity, and promises to be successful. • N. Saiiburu. Gould, Pierce. Philetus Swift, and Elihu Granjrer, from Coon., settled in town in 1789; Thaddcus OftltB. Seth Dean, Oliver and Charles Humphrey, John Salisbury, NichoIa.s Pulleti, Walter Chase, and Klias Dickinson in 1791 ; John Patten and David Boyd in 1792; Jonathan Melvin in 1793; and John Shf-rmao, Joseph and Lodowick Vandemark, and John and I'atrick Burnett in 1794. Henry H. Robinson was the first diild born in town; and the first marriage was that of Phib^tua Swift and Snliy Dean, in 1793. Thaddeus Oaks opened the first tavern, in 1793 ; and the first saw and griat mills were built by Seth Dean. • There are 10 churches in town ; 4 Bap., 3 Presb., 2 M. E., and a Prot. Epis. 6 This strip was added to the town in consequence of its posi- tion, hi^h mountain ridfres Beparnting it from the business cen- ters of bdth Canadice and South Bristol. < Named in honor of Nathaniel Allen. Mr. Allen was amon^ the first settlers, and established the first blarksmith's shop at Aliens Hill. Subsequently he was sheriff of Ontario co.; in 1812 he was a member of the Assembly : durin? the War of 1812 he waa army p;iymaster; and in 1819 he was elected member of Congrews from the 2lBt district. T In 1795, i^emuel and Cyrus Chipman, Philip T^eed, Levi Blackmcr. Nathaniel Harmon. Pierce Chamberlain, Asa Deni- son, and Isaac Adams, from Vermont, settled in town. Capt. Pitts opened tlie first tavern; and the first saw and giist mills were built by Thomas Morris, in 1795. Upon the divi- aion of the lands, Capt. Pitts secured 3,000 acres at the foot of Honeoye Lake, eirtbracinK the flats and a cleared field which haji been tin- . He also erected the first public bouse, in ISns, which h« conducted for 9 years. Dr. Hewitt and George Wilder opened the first store, in 1828, The first school was taught by Joaun t Forbes. Eli .\llon was the first chiid born, in 1793. t Called by the Indians GaKysa-ga^o, in the basswood country. 8 t^ee page 4!t.'t. "Levi Boughton and Rnfus Drver settled at Boughton HiU, In 1790. The first birth w.os tha't of Frederick Bougbtcm, in June, 1791 ; and the first marriage, that of /.(dtulon Ncrton ami Miss Boughton. The first tavern was opened at Houghton Hill, by Hezekiah Boughton, in 1792; and the first uawmill was built the same year, by Enos and Jared Boughton. 10 There are .1 churches in town : Cong.. M. E., and Univ. n Called by the Indians QauuuMa-uk, village on a hilltop. 500 ONTARIO COUNTY. the N. Y. C. R. R. Worth Bloomlield, (p. v.,) on the Hnneoye Outlet, and Millers Corners, (Taylorsville p. o.,) in the E. part, are R, R. stations. The territory forming this town ■was purchased by Amos Hall," Robert Taft, Nathan Marvin, and Ebenezer Curtis ; and the first settlement was made by them in 1789.* The first religious services were held in 1793.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Papulation, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Ontario County. Najus or T0WH3. Acres OF Lakd. || Taidation of 1858. POPCLATION. s, .8 1 Scnoou. •?; 1 ■ss 1 a ^ 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 e > 1 4 1 316 3 si Bristol 17,023 6,9461 $462,67 5 $72,249 $524,925 862 853 334 397 12 671 10,799 34,846, 4,969S 8,433 195,69 2,422,92( } 36,101 ) 678,074 230,800 3,100,994 491 3,166 486 3,314 185 1,108 185 1,184 163 767 9 20 449 2,213 Canandaigoa East Bloomfield 13,277 2,906 717,60 121,050 838,651 1,117 1,051 397 406 339 11 701 Farmington 19,676, i 6,419 761,84 J 161,806 913,654 998 952 364 368 309 16 669 Gorham 22,294j 7,621» 966,79. 121,670 1,077,464 1.186 1,196 496 455 388 16 932 Hopewell 16,685 4,043 767,92 71,490 839,417 910 873 306 321 237 13 634 Manchester 18,085 3,17.6i 930,70- I 111,679 1,042,383 1.541 1,468 633 669 349 lb 1,232 Naples 13,958 10,117 267,58 9 66,814 314,403 1,088 1,030 408 409 346 17 911 Phelps 33,409 6,675 1,660,47 5 182,125 1,832,600 2,694 2,599 1,005 1,014 761 19 1,905 Richmond 18,827 6,979 656,16 2 240,600 896,762 767 728 285 291 206 11 643 Seneca 32,802 10,324 8,087,6* t 1,354,265 4,441,769 4,053 4,266 1,4S0 1,559 909 19 2,S22 South Bristol 10,180 13,695 207,86 12,948 220,799 614 666 226 241 202 12 477 Victor 16,051 3,969 787,08 3 106,430 892,613 1,1.63 1,055 415 426 295 11 782 West Bloomfield 12,726 2,946J 486,96 6 82,436 3,397,735 669,401 820 801 298 325 8,180 288 9 694 Total 290,639 ( 97,108} 14,338,69 17,736,425 21,439 21,236 7,828 6.845 209 16,435 1 Namm of Towhs. Live Stock. | AGRICUI-TnRAL PRODUCTS. BtraB. OP Okaim. ■s- • > Daisy Pboducxs. 1 III i5 1 1 ll 03 ft. 11 to-,] 1i II 1| Is ?1 Bristol 736 926 683 6,949 1,427 28,440 68,949 2,7951 6,454 47,339 60,226 22.724 6514 Canadice 459 670 42; 2,770 603 17,264 20,344J 1,2634 3,119 6,643 36,625 4,262 130 Canandaigna 1,606 2,381 1,616 16,988 3,618 60,744 169,425 5,3444 10,836 34.331 146,897 22,901 6704 East Bloomfield 666 .S73 ma 7,956 1,18a 41,446 91,109 2.0674 9,511 19,062 63.939 8,83* 10 Farmiogton 823 1,600 1,1 3( 10,264 1,741- 31,322 110,3654 2,875 11,696 30,848 93.268 27,407 325 Gorham 1,318 1,433 m 10,279 1,649 27,604i 97,796 2,9724 6,034 22,318 90.069 10,063 170 Hopewell 737 1,072 73 6,625 1,603 21,401 96,619 2,394 9,201 31,881 66,170 12,622 247 Manchester 882 1,315 961; 7,419 1,77S 29,8274 121,048 2,4644 14,838 22,729 79,671 15,29; 189 643 1,710 719 1,666 400 902 603 13,660 1,089 2,200 1,485 1,969 691 1,212 845 70t 2,04.' 65f 1,79J m 821 67< 6,602 13,141 884 667 392 1,038 1,121 3,576 1,413 2,892 787 1,776 1,252 16,867 66,184 38,050 32,044 10,776 84,823 37,698 27,3484 267,571 64,936 206,446 11,663 102,950 70,924 1,821 6,0854 3,224 4,863 1,297 2,224 1,767 6,472 48,284 4.172 12,614 1,904 33,892 10,973 17.173 43.164 19,773 47.763 6,232 29,960 18,022 75,160 174,832 64,236 149,581 65,648 72,049 14,947 7,210 33,096 12,716 11,806 3,040 6,370 8,686 1,076 367 61 673 430 105 South Bristol West Bloomfield 19,760 14,20 10,086 W419 544,490 1,627 ,484J 142,4481 188 900 397.098 1,223.097 205.921 4,855 1 Mr. Hall was from Guilford, Conn. He took the first census of Ontario co., id 1790; represented the co. in Assembly, in 1798; and was Major General of militia in the War of 1K12. • John P. Sears, Peregrine Gardner, Clark Peck, Jaaper Mar- Tin, Samuel Miller, John Algur, and S. Thayer settled in the town In 1789-90. Beujamin Gardner, with hia sods John and Peregrine, are supposed to have been the first settlors. The first birth was that of Lucinda Gardner, in Sept. 1791. Jasper P. Sears kept the first inn, and Royal Hendee the first store. The first sawmill waa built by £benezer Curtis; and the first gristmill, by Reuben Thayer. 8 There are now 3 churches in town; Cong., M. E., and Chris. ORANGE COUNTY. Tnis county was formed Nov. 1, 1683. Rockland was taken off in 1798, and a portion was annexed from Ulster the same year. It lies upon the w. bank of the Hudson, s. E. of the center of the State. It is centrally distant 90 miles from Albany, and contains 838 sq. mi. The surface is mountainous upon the s. E. and n. w. borders, and a 1 rolling upland through the center. The Matteawan or South Mts. I extend in several parallel ranges from the N. J. line N. E. to the Hudson, ending in the rocky and precipitous bluffs known as " The Highlands." The highest summits attain an elevation of 1,000 to 1,500 ft. above tide. The ranges and peaks of these mountains are known by several distinct names.' The whole region included between these ranges consists of steep and precipitous rocky peaks and narrow winding ravines, a small portion only being susceptible of cultivation. The Shawan- gunk Mt. Range extends from Delaware River N. E. through the n. w. corner of the co. It is a high, unbroken range, precipitous upon the w., but with more gradual slopes upon the E. The highest summits are 1,500 to 1,900 ft. above tide. The extreme n. w. corner of the co. is occupied by the series of highlands extending from the Delaware into Sullivan co. The central portion of the CO., lying between the two mountain systems, is a rolling upland, broken in many places by abrupt and isolated hills and the deep valleys of streams. This whole region, comprising more than one-half of the entire surface of the CO., is susceptible of cultivation, and forms a line agricul- tural district. Along the s. w. border, extending through several towns and into N. J., is a low, flat region, lying upon the streams, and known as the " Drowned Lands." This tract, consisting of about 17,000 acres, was originally covered with water and a dense growth of cedars ; but a large portion of it has been drained and reclaimed ; and it now forms one of the finest agrtcultural portions of the co. Neversink River flows s. along the w. foot of the Shawanguuk Mts. and forms a tributary of the Delaware. Shawangunk River flows N. along the E. foot of the same mountains and forms a tributary of the Hudson. The Walkill flows n. through near the center of the co. and unites A-ith the Shawangunk in Ulster co. Murderers Kil,' and its principal tributary, Otter Creek, flov/ e. through near the center of the co. and discharge their waters into the Hudson. Wawayanda Creek flows s. into N. J. and, re-entering the State as Potuck Creek, unites with the Wall Kil. Bamapo River rises in the s. part of the oo. and flows s. into Rockland. In the s. are several small lakes, the principal of which are Greenwood Lake and Thompsons and Mt. Basha Ponds. The rocks of the southern highlands are principally granite, gneiss, and sienite, with occasional injected veins of trap. The rocks which compose the Shawangunk Mts. are the shales an^J sandstones of the Chemung group. The central portions of the co. are occupied by parallel strata of the Hamilton shales, Helderbergh limestones and grit, Medina sandstone, and the gray sand- stones, all extending n. e. and s. w., respectively, from the E. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. An abundance of iron, consisting of magnetic ores and red and brown hematite, is found among the southern mountains ; and several veins have been extensively worked.' The soil is as various as tlie surface. Among the primitive mountains it is light, sandy, and unproductive. In the N. w part it is a tough clay, generally underlaid by hardpan. Through the center it is a clay, sandy, and gravelly loam upon the hills, and a fine quality of gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys, — all very productive. The Drowned Lands are covered with alluvium and vegetable mold, and aro among the most fertile lands in the State. The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuit of the people. The most important interest is the sending of milk to the N. Y. market. Butter, spring grains, and fruits are also largely produced. Market gardening is a large and increasing source of public wealth. The manufacturing interests of the co. are considerable, though they are mostly confined to a few places. The manufacture of iron has formed an exten- l AraotiK the principal ridges are tlie W.Hrwick. Bellvalo, I " The skeletons of severiil mastodoux have Iieen found in tins RourIi, and Sterling Itanges. near the s. border of th" Co., ami co,. — mostly in Montgomery and viiinity. One of these wh5 ex- the Schuneraunk Ilange. b^tweeD the towns of Monroe aiid hibited many years in I'eale's Museum, rhiladelphirt. One Ulooniing (irove. I found in 1844 by Nathaniel Brewster. 20 ft. below the surface, * Named from the murder of a family of whites who lived was .3^1 ft. lorg The whole nunilfr "f bones was 2"20, and tbo upon its bfuiks, by the Indians, in early times. ; aggregate weight nearly 1,995 pounds. 601 502 ORAXGE COUNTY. sive business from an early period until within a few years ; but at the present time only two fur- naces are in operation in the co. The proximity to New York renders the lands of the co. ex- ceedingly valuable; and, with proper care, almost any crop adapted to the climate can be success- fully and profitably cultivated. Considerable commerce is carried on by means of the Hudson, the principal export being lumber brought from the West upon the r. r. and trans-shipped at New- burgh. The county is a half-shire, the courts being held respectively at Goshen and Newburgh.* The courthouse at Goshen is a brick building, situated upon a fine lot in the e. part of the village. The jail is a stone building, in rear of the courthouse. The co. clerk's office is a fireproof brick build- ing, upon the street opposite the courthouse. The courthouse at Newburgh is located upon the high land in the w, part of the village. It is a fine brick building, fronting s. upon Second St. The jail at Newburgh is connected with the police establishment of the village. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 2G7 acres in Goshen, 3J mi. s. w, of the village. The average number of inmates is 200, supported at a weekly cost of $1.04 each. The building is of stone, and has accommodations for 300. A school is taught during the entire year. The accommodations are reported by the Senate Committee of 1857 as good, and the general management of the institution as much above the average. The income from the farm is about §2,00(1. The N. Y. & Erie R. R. extends through Monroe, Blooming Grove, Chester, Goshen, Wawayanda, Wallkill, Mount Hope, and Deerpark. The Newburgh branch of this road extends s. w. from Newburgh, through New Windsor and Blooming Grove, to Chester.^ The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends from the Delaware River n. along the valley of the Neversink, through Deerpark.' In the central part of the CO. a wide ditch has been dug, for the purpose of draining the Drowned Lands, which has been of immense value to the county. Thirteen newspapers — 1 daily, 9 weekly, 2 semi-monthly, and 1 monthly — are published in this CO.* 1 The first courts were held at Tappantown. in the present town of Ornngetown, Rockland co., March 8, 1702. Courts were first held at iio«:hen in 1727. The first co. officers under State authority were John M&r'mg, FirstJudge ; Thoa. Moffat, Co. Clerk; Jsiiac NJcoU, Sheriff; and James Everett, Surrogate. Jesse M'otirthull was appointed sheriff M;iy 8. 1777, a lew months previtius to Nicnl!. but was not commissioned. A courthouse WHS built at Goshen in 1773. by James Webster, a Scotch High- landtT, who serveii under Wolfe at the battle before Quebec in 1750. This building was afterward converted into a jail. The CO. clerk's office now occupies its site. 3 The immense quantities of lumber brought from the pine ftirests of Allegany. Cattaraugu*!, and .Steuben, over the N. Y. & K. R. K., are principally carried to Newburgh and transhipped. Milk trains run daily upon this road for the purpose of carrying the immense quantities of milk produced here to the N.Y. mar- ket. The milk business is the most important of all the local bnsiness of the a.R. » This canal extf nds through the valley lying at the w. foot of the Shawanguuk Mts. to Port Jervis. gnd thence up the valley of the Delaware to the w. buunds of the co. * The Ooshen Repn;ritftry, the first paper published in Orar^ge CO., was commenced at Goshen in 17S8 by Pavid Mande- ville. A few years after, it was issued by Mandeville & W'estcott; and in ISUO it was sold to J. G. Ilurton and Gabriel Denton, who changed the name to The Orange Omnty Patriot. In ISUl or '02 it passed into the hands of Wm. A. Carpenter, who changed it to The Friend of Truth. In 1S04 Ward M. Gazeley became pro- prietor, and chanced its name to The Orange. Eunty Gazette. John W. Rarber and David Den- niston afterward became interested in its publication. About 18u3 It was changed to The Citizen, and soon afl.er it was merged la Tfie Sights cf Mav, which was commenced at Newburgh in 1799 by Elias Winfield, and was continued until 1809 or *10. The Orange County Gazette was commenced at Goshen in 1805 by John G. Ilurton and Gabriel Denton. It was suc- cessively issued by Gabriel Denton, Elliott Hopkins, F. T. & A. 0. Houghton, until 1813, when Luther Pratt bec.ime the proprietnr. and changed it to the Independent Republican, nnd removed it to Mont- guniery, wherf it was published some years. It after- ward passed into tlie hands of James A. Cheevy, who removed it back to Goshen. In 1S31 H. H. Van Dyck became proprietor. It was subsequently issued by V, M. Drake. Moses Sweezey. Clark and Montanye, James McNally. anew Vernon, in Mount Hope, in 1832, by Gilbert Beebe. In 1847 it was removed to Middletown, where it is now published by G. J. Beebe. The Tahhtx of Rural Ecrmomy was published at Newborgh in lS32'by J.W. Risevels. The Simtinel was published nt Minisink, now TVawayanda, in 1S33. by Peter K. Allen. The S^e.ii'hurfjk Jmirual was commenced in 1S3.1 by J. D. Spaulding. Its name was afterward changi'd to Tlie Hlglftland Courier. It was issued in 1855 by ^\ m. E. Liiidey, and in 1858 passed into the hands of Edward Mixen. the present publishi^r. The H'lfonneU Preshi/terian was coDinicnced at Newburgh in 1S36 by Rev. Moses Roney. In a short time it waa re- moved to Pittsburgh, Penu. Tfie Familv Vrsiim- was published a short time at Newburgh in'l>;r.9 by D. L. Proudfit. The MMn>t,»rn. 'Cburirr was started in April. IS-tO, by A. A. Ben-^el. In lS4fi it was removed to Kingston and clianged to the Ulster Democrat. The Tnip Whuj was started at Goshen Aug. 5, 1^42. by R. C. S. Hpndriep. In 1S45 it was merged in the Goshen Df nine rat. The Dtmocratic Standard was commenced at Goshen in the fall of 1^43 by Vnit & Donovan. In 1844 it wat changed to The Goshen Clarion, and it was continued until 1849. Tlie Christum Insirnctar waa started at Newburgh in 1845 by D. li. Proudfit, and in a short time it was removed to Philadelphia. The Oravg'j County jXews was started at Goshen in July. 1846, by .Tohn L. Brown, and was discontinued in 1849. Tlie Bauuer of Ijltoerty was coninunced at Middli-town in Aug. 1848, by Gilbert A. Beeb*". oh a mmithlv. In 1849 it was issued semi-monthly ; and it is now published as a weekly. Freedom's Guard waa published at Middletown in Aug. 1840, by W.L. BeeI.e. The Newhurfjh ExclMor was started in 1849 by Thnma'? George. In 1^51 it was purchas-d by E, M.Ruttenber and merged in the Newburgh Telegraph. Tri States I'nlon was commenced at Port Jervis. Xov. 7. IS.^1. by -'"bn .7. Minford. In 1854 L. F. Barnes he- cAm*.' j.rt'prii-tur: and in 1855 it passed into the hands of .James \\. Norton, by whom it is still liubli-shed. The Minurr nf Tcmpfmnce was started at Port .Jervis in 1851 by y. Tj. Barlow. In 1852 John Dow assumed the pub- licnlinn. and continued it until 1855. The Whig Press was commenced at Middletown, Nov. 26. 1851, by i>j\itx W. llaabrouck, by wbum it is still pub- liBbed. I The Separate ATnerican, a quarterly pnblicatioD printed for the colored people of the Separate Ameiican Methodist Church, was commenced at Middletown in 1852 or '53. Rev. David James, editor. It was discontinued ia 185G. The Sentinel was commenced at Port Jervis io Jan. 1855, by John Williams. In June of the same year it was re- moved to Susquehanna. Penn. The Literary Scrap Bonk, mo., was published at Newburgh in 1855 by R. Denton. The Hardivare Man's Newspaper, mo., was com- menced Aug. 1S55. at Middletown. Iiy Jolin Williams, by whom it is still published. It is issued from the office of the Whig Press. The K'wbiirffh American was commenced nt Newburgh in 1855 by K. P. L. Sb^ifer & Cu.; it was soon diseoutmued. The Catholic Library, octavo, nio., was commenced at Nf-wliiir-h in IX'^h by .John A^hurst. The Nevrburgh Times was commenced at Newburgh in lS.jii by R. B. Hancock. It soon passed into the hands of H. II. Bloomer, its present piiblislier. The Dally Nevra was commeueed at Newburgii in 1856 by E. W.Gray, It wa'< subsequently di>!continoed, and its publication resumed in ls57 by E. M. Kuitenber A E. W. Gray. E. W.Gray & Joseph Lawson. present publisln-rs. Tlie Catholic Literary Magaziiie was published at Newburgh in 1850. The Sibyl, semi-mo., was commenced at Middletown in July. 185r>, by Mrs. Dr. Lydia Sayer Ilasbrouck. It ib issued from the office of the Vih'\\f Press. 1 (7/ifftscrocA-.*.— March 27, 1707, to Anna Bi idgea and 6 nthere, a tract of upland and meadow calhd Cliee!>ec"i(ks. buundid .N. by Capt. J. E\ans and Dr. Bridges k Co., w. by Bridg^r"- & To. and w. side of Highlands. S. by patent of Daniel Ilonan and Michael Handon. and K. by the Cliristian patented lands (if llaverstraw and llndson R. (Act March 17, 1783.) - Wtiic'iyinida. — Queen Anne, on 29th of April. 1703, grantey to Dr. John Bridges and 11 others certain tracts known aa Wawayanda and other tracts, bounded e. by (lie High Ililla of I the Highlands and patent of Capt. John Evans, n. by line of O. and U.eoB.,and w. by Minisink llills, and s. by N.J. (Act March 17. 1783.) 3 This patent was afterward set asiiie. as it was described in 80 vague and unsatisfactory a manner that it wils impossible to locate it. Tlie others were but littlp butter. * A portion of the territory was claimed by N. J., and several collisions occurred between the settlers and the offlcers nf the Plate, and numerous outrages werp pi>rpetrati-4l under the color of law. The controversy was finally settled about 1767. * See page 642. 504 ORANGE COUNTY. other forts were built both above and below these, and chains were stretched across the river and various impediments were sunk in the channel, to prevent the passage of vessels. Gen. Putnam was left in command of these positions in 1777, when Gen. Howe marched to attack Philadelphia, but with an entirely inadequate force. About the 1st of October, Sir Henry Clinton, in command at New York, sent a force up the river to aid Gen. Burgoyne, who was then hard pressed by the American army. This force first landed at Verplancks Point on the 5th, but in the night following re-embarked, landed on the opposite shore, and on the 6th surprised and captured both Forts Montgomery and Clinton. The official reports make the loss of the British and Americans about equal ; but, as the former were fully exposed to a galling fire while approaching the works, and the latter mostly escaped, it is supposed that the British loss was much greater. The other American works were abandoned, and Gen. Putnam retreated to Fishkill. The British spent some time in removing the various ob- structions from the river, and advanced slowly northward, plundering and destroying on their way. They reached Esopus on the 15th, and at the same time Gen. Putnam, whose force had been augmented to 6,000 men by Conn., N. Y. and N.J. militia, sent a detachment of 2,000 to take pos- session of Peekskill. The British, afraid to go farther N. with such a force in their rear, remained at Esopus until they received news of the surrender of Burgoyne ; and then they returned to New York. The result of this expedition demonstrated the necessity of stronger fortifications among the Highlands, and during the following winter the site of West Point was fixed upon, as the strongest and most eligible on the river. Earthworks were thrown up early in the spring, and from time to time more formidable works were added, until, at the close of the war, it was the most strongly fortified of any place in the country.' It was afterward the center of the American operations in the North. In the spring of 1780, Gen. Arnold, who had not entirely recovered from the efiects of a wound received at Saratoga, solicited and received the command of this post. The instruction which gave him this command was dated Aug. 3, 1780. Arnold had been in correspondence with the British for more than a j'ear ; and he soon negotiated with Sir Henry Clinton to deliver up West Point, for the sum of £10,000 in gold and a commission of Maj. Gen. in the British army. The final consummation of the compact on the part of the British was intrusted to Maj. Andre, who crossed the American lines in disguise and held an interview with Arnold on the '22d of Sept. Upon his attempting to return to New York, he was arrested as a spy, and the whole scheme was discovered. Arnold escaped to New York, and Andre was subsequently executed.^ The headqu.arters of the American army of the North was for a long time at Newburgh ; and it was at this place that Washington finally took leave of his army,' Aug. 18, 1783. BLOOMIIVG GROVE— w.as formed from Cornwall, March 23, 1799. A part of Hampton- burgh was taken off in 1830, and a part of Chester in 1845. It lies a little E. of the center of the CO. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and E., and rolling and moderately hilly in the n. and w. Schunemunk Mts., upon the line of Monroe, are 1,300 to 1,500 ft. above tide. The other principal elevations are Lazy Hill, on the line of Chester, Toms Rocks, Peddlers, Rainer, Round, Musquito, and Woodcock Hills, and Red Ridge. These hills are generally too steep arid rocky to be ever susceptible of cultivation. The hills in the N. have more gradual slopes, and are arable to their summits. Otter Kil flows £. through the n. part, and receives as tributaries Cromlin,* Slatter- leys, and several smaller creeks. The extensive bog meadows along Cromlin Creek, in the s. part, have been drained, and are now the most valuable agricultural lands in the town. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Washillgtonville, (Blooming Grove p. o.,) upon Otter Kil, in the N'. part, contains 3 churches and 369 inhabitants; Salisbury Mills, (p. v.,) upon the line of Monroe, a church, paper mill, gristmill, and 241 inhabitants; and Craigsville, (p. v.,) in the w. part, a church, cotton factory, and 20 dwellings.* These places are all stations upon the Newburgh Branch of the N. Y. & E. R. R. Blooming Grove, near the center, contains 1 1 The erection of these works was intrusted to Koscinsko, the Polish iiiilriot. then serving as a volunteer in the American army in the eapacity of a military engineer. The works con- sisted of a formiiiahle battery upon the bluff imnieiiiately upon the shore, named Fort Clinton, a strong fort upon Mt. Inde- pendence, in the rear, named Fort Putnam, and several redoubts and outposts. 2 Andre was executed at Tappantown, Rockland co., Oct. 2, 1780. 8 In the spring of 1782. while the array was stationed at New- burgh, a feeling of discontent arose among the officers and men, iu consequence of the arrearages in their pay and the hardships they were called upon to endure. This was prc'niptly checked by Washington, and a formidable conspiracy was broken up. * This creek is called Gray Court Creek in Chester. 6 During the Revolution a forge and powder mill were In operation at Craigsville. In 1790 James Craig erected a papei mill,— the first in the co. ORANGE COUNTY. 505 church and 18 dwellings; Oxrord Depot (p.o.) is a hamlet and station upon the Erie R. R. The first settlements are supposed to have been made about 1735.' The first church was erected at Blooming Grove, in 1759 ; Rev. Enos Ayres was the first pastor.' CIIE.STER — was formed from Goshen, Warwick, Blooming Grove, and Monroe, March 22, 1845. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling in the n. w., hilly in the center, and mountainous in the s. w. The principal elevations are Goose Pond Mt., Lazy Hill, Snake Hill, and Sugar Loaf Mt., — all steep, rocky peaks, unfit for cultiva- tion. The highest summits are 500 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Gray Court, Black Meadow, and Ditch Creeks. Along Gray Court Creek, near the N. boundary, are extensive peat meadows, thoroughly drained, and forming the most productive tract in town. The soil is a light, yellow loam, underlaid by clay. Limestone and slate are both found in town. East Chester, (Chester p.o.,) Chester, and West Chester are three villages, situated at the three angles of an equilateral triangle, 1 mi. apart. They contain the Chester Academy, a bank, 2 churches, and about 1,500 inhabitants. Sug'ar liOaf, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, con- tains a church and 36 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1716, at Gray Court, in the N. E. corner of the town, by Daniel Crommeline, from Long Island.' There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and Presb. CORWW Alili — was formed March 7, 1788, as "New ComivaU." Its name was changed March 3, 1797. " Cheesecocks," now Monroe, and Blooming Grove were taken ofi" in 1799. It lies upon the Hudson, in the e. part of the co. The surface consists mainly of rocky peaks and ridges of " The Highlands." Their declivities are steep, and their summits masses of rocks, in some cases covered with a scanty growth of dwarfed forest trees. The highest peaks are Butter Hill, Crows Nest, and Bear Mountain, — respectively 1,529, 1,418, and 1,350 ft. above the river.* The valleys among the mountains are deep, narrow, and rocky. A small portion of the n. w. part of the town is rolling or moderately hilly. The principal streams are Murderers Creek and its principal tributary, Otter Kil, flowing through broad, beautiful valleys in the N. part, and Bog Meadow Creek, emptying into the Hudson below West Point. Upon the latter, near its mouth, is a series of cascades, known as Buttermilk Falls. Cranberry, Long, Sutherlands, and Bog Meadow Ponds are small bodies of water among the mountains. The soil in the valleys is a sandy, clayey, and gravelly loam. The hills are too steep and rocky for cultivation. Canterbury, (Cornwall p.o.,) in the n. e. part of the town, contains 8 churches, a woolen yarn factory, and tannery. Pop. 428. Corn'n'all Liandiug', on the Hudson, in the N. E. part, is the center of extensive brick manufactories. Pop. 615. West Point, (p. o.,) on the Hudson, is the seat of the U. S, Military Academy. It contains extensive barracks for the cadets and soldiers, 20 oflicefs' quarters, a philosophical building, con- taining the library, apparatus, and observatory, a laboratory for ordnance and ammunition, a chapel, hospital, riding hall, stable, equipment shed. Catholic church, and 150 dwellings for employees.^ Buttermilk Falls, (p. v.,) 2 mi. below West Point, contains 3 churches and 307 inhabitants. Fort Itlontgoniery, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains 1 church and 16 dwellings; Bethlehem, in the n. w., a church and 12 dwellings. Ketchamto^vn, in the w., and Townsville, in the n., are hamlets. The first settlements are supposed to have been made about 1720.' Tlie first church (Presb.) was formed in 1730, at Bethlehem ; Rev. Mr. Chalker was the first pastor, and Rev. Enos Ayres the second.' Fort Putnam, of the Revolution, was situated immediately in the rear of West Point, and Fort Montgomery on the s. E. border of the town.* Idlewild, the residence of N. P. Willis, is near the Hudson, in the N. e. part of the town. 1 Among the early settlers were the families of Strong, Brew- ster, Howell. Dubois. Coleman, Moflfatt, Seely, Gilbert, Woodhull, Tuthill, Goldsmith. Brooks, and Mathews. a There are 8 churches in town ; 4 SI. E., 2 Cong., Presb., and Friends. a In company with others, Mr. Cromlino purchased the Wa- wayanda Patent of Philip Rockby and Uendrick Ten Eyck. He was accompanied by Wm. Bull, an Englishman, whom he had hired from an emigrant ship. During the first year of settlement he erected a house long afterward kept as a tavern and known as the " Crommeline House." Crommeline was a French refugee, and he named his adopted home "Gray Court." after a village in Upper Saone. France. I none of the stones of the building, erected in 1716, was cut the inscription, "D.C. 1716, G.C;'' {i.t. Daniel Crommeline, 1716, Gray Court.) Tha name of tlie stream, meadows, and hamlet was derived from this. * The other principal elevations are Black Rock and Deer Hills, near the center; Aut Hill. Lawyers Hill, and Mount Kascal, in the 8. w. ; and Peat, Pine, Cold, and Round Hills, in the n. part. 6 In the yard at West Point is a large number of canuon taken during the several wars of the XT. S.; and .tmong them are 89 brass pieces captured in the several battles of the Mexi- can War, each marked when, where, and by whom cap- tured. * The first settlement was made at and near the village of Canterbury. The tradition is that the first settlement was made there by Germans, who made some clearings and planted an orchard, but, becoming dissatisfied, sold out and left. The next settlers were English, some of whom had first settled in Conn, and Mass. Among the early settlers were the Suther- lands, Sacketts, Sherods, Brewsters. Woods, Chirks, Smiths, Towosends. Van Duzens, Mandevilies, Bartons, Sands, and Thorns. The first town meeting upon record in the precinct of Cornwall was held in April, 1766. t There are 11 churches in town ; 2 Presb., 2 rt"ot. E., 2 Friends, 2 M. E., Bap., R. C. and Free. 8 A chain was stretched acro.ss the river fit>m Fort Mont- gomery, but the fort was taken by the British and the chain broken in Oct. 1777. A chain was afterward put acroas the river at West Point, and remained there during the war. 506 ORANGE COUNTY. CRAWFORD — was formed from Montgomery, March 4, 1823. It lies in the extreme N. angle of the co. Its surface is a liilly upland, broken by several high ridges extending n. e. and s. w. Cidlaberg and Comfort Hills, along the e. border, are 300 to 4(10 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are the Shawangunk, forming the n. w. boundary, Dwaars Kil, Paughcaughnaugh- sink and Little Paughcaughnaughsink Creeks. These streams all ilow in a general n. e. direction. Upon the Shawangunk is a large amount of water-power. The soil is a slaty and clayey loam upon the hills and a sandy and gravelly loam in the valleys. Pine Busll,' (p v.,) on the Shawangunk, in the N. part, contains a sawmill, gristmill, and 120 inhabitants; Scarsi ille, (p. V.,) on Dwaars Kil, near the center, a gristmill. 2 sawmills, and 10 dwellings; and Bull title, (p. V.,) in the s. part, 12 dwellings. Hopewell is a hamlet, in the s. w. CoIIaburgli is a p. 0., 2 mi. E. of BuUville. The first church (Presb.) was formed at Hopewell, in 1779. The census reports 2 churches ; Presb. and Asso. Ref. Presb.^ OEERPVRK'— was formed from Mamakating, (Sullivan co.,) March 16, 1798. A part of Mount Hope was taken off in 1825. It lies in the exti-eme w. angle of the co. Its surface is a mountainous highland, broken by the valley of Neversink River and numerous deep, rocky ravines of small streams. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the E. border, and form a high, rocky ridge 1,800 ft. above the valleys, with steep declivities on the w. The Neversink* River flows in a deep valley at the w. foot of the mountains. The central and w. parts are covered witli a rocky and mountainous upland, ending in abrupt declivities on Delaware River in the s. The other prin- cipal streams are Mongaup River, forming the w. boundary, Bashers* Kil, Old Dam Fall Creek,' Shingle, and Grassy Swamp' Brooks. Big and Little Ponds are two small lakes in the interior. Port Jervis,* (p. v.,) upon the Delaware, near the mouth of the Neversink, was incorp. May 11, 1853. It is an important station upon the Erie R. R. and Delaware & Hudson Canal. It contains 5 churches, a saw factory, foundcry, machine shop, planing mill, newspaper office, and bank. Pop. 3,023. Ilonesville, (Sparrow Bush p. o..) upon the Delaware, 2 mi. w. of Port Jervis, contains a large tannery and 26 dwellings ; Huguenot, (p. v.,) upon the canal, 4 mi. n. e. of Port Jervis, 25 dwellings; and Cuddebackville, (p. v.,) upon the canal, in the n. e. part, 1 church and 12 dwellings. Carpenters Point is a hamlet, at the mouth of the Neversink. The first BOttlements were made about li'iOO.' There are 7 churches in town.'" De Witt Clinton was born at Fort De Witt, in this town, March 2, 1769, while his parents were on a visit at the residence of his mother's brother. Lead ore has recently been found in this town. GOSIIEW— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Hamptonburgh was taken off in 1830, and a part of Chester in 1845. It is an interior town, lying a little s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling or moder.ately hilly. The hills are bordered by long and gradual slopes, and are arable to their summits. The s. w. corner is occupied by a portion of the " Drowned Lands," most of which have been reclaimed." The principal streams are WalkiU, forming the w., and Quaker Creek, the s. boundary, and Otter Kil, in the e. part. The soil is a sandy loam, underlaid by clay, slate, and limestone. Goshen, (p. v.,) n. e. of the center, was incorp. March 28, 1809. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 4 churches, a female seminary,''^ several classical schools, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, and about 1,800 inhabitants. It is the w. terminus of the Newburgh Branch of the N. Y. 6 E. R. R., and is an important freight and milk station upon the Erie R. 11. The first settlements were made from 1703 to 1714. The first deeds of village lots in Goshen bear the date of 1714. The original Wawayanda Patent," covering the greater part of this town, was granted by Queen 1 ForiHPrly called " Crawford." 2 Nothing definite could be obtaioed in regard to the early bistory of this town. s A man named McDonald, in early time, inrlosed a larsre tract by a brush fence, and the inclusure became known as Mc- Donald's " Deer Park.'" This name was afterward given to the town. * Called by the Indians Ma-hsck-e-meck. ^ Xamed from Bashe. an Indian woman who lived upon its banks, * 'Ihis stream falls 600 ft. in I mi., and hence its name. ' Named from a series of low natural meadows through which the stream flows. 8 Named from J.B.Jervis, the engineer who built the Delaware & Hudson Canfil. 9 Peter Gummaer. .Tacob Cuddeback, Thomas and Gerardiis Swartout, John Tys. and David .Temison located in town in 1690. The fir.st two were Huguenot exiles. The first general surveys were made in 1713. Jacob Cuddeback built the first mill. Among the other early settlers were Cuykendall, John l>ecker. Wm. Cole, and Solomon Davis. 1» 2 Kef. Prot. D., Bap., Presb., M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. 1^ Pome 25 years ago a ditch of small size was dug about 3 mL_ in length across a bend in \\'all Kil, through the Drowned Lands, for the purpose of drainiU'.: them. The action of the water upon the light soil through which it was dug has so enlarged it that in many places it is wider than Wall Kil. and much difficulty is experienced in maintaining bridges over the ditch. 12 The Goshen Female Seminary is a flourishing institution. Several small family classical schools are located in (he village. '3 Christopher Denn. one of the proprietor.s of the Wawayanda Patent, located N. E. of Goshen Village in 1712. After visiting the place and deciding upon a Iwation. he returned to bis reei- dehce on Staten Island, and sent a comp;iny of carpenters, his household goods, and bis adopted daughter, Sarah Wells, then 16 years of age, to his new home, under the guidance of 3 friendly Indians. The carpenters erected a cabin, and Iienn and his wife came on the next day after th" cabin was built. Mr. Bull, a young Englishman just arrived in an emigrant ship, came in soon after. Among the other e.nrly settlers who rama previous to 1721 were John Everett, John C:irp. liter, .lohn Gale, William Ludlum, James .lack.son. Isaac Fini h. Mjiliael liunning, Solomon Carpenter, William Jackson, Samuel .^eely. Samuel Webb, John Yelverton, Samuel Clowes, John Bradner, and John ORANGE COUNTY. 507 Anne, March 5, 1703. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1721 ; Rev. John BniJner waa the first pastor.' GREE1VVH.L,E— was formed from Minisink, Deo. 2, 1853. It lies on the s. w. border of the CO., w. of the center. Its surface is a hill^' and broken upland. The Shawangunk Mts., extending along the w. border, are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys and 1,400 to l.GOO ft. above tide. The E. slopes of the mountains are generally gradual, and the hills are arable to their summits. The principal stream is Shawangunk River, which takes its rise near the center and flows N. E. Benin Water Pond is a small body of water in the N. part. The soil is a sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. C.reenville, (Minisluk p. o.,) in the w. part, contains 2 churches and 12 houses; and !«>niilllis t'oruers, n. of Greenville, contains 1.5 houses. Center Point, IJ mi. s. e. of Greenville, is a p. o. Woodsville is a hamlet in the E. part. The first settlements were probably made from 1720 to 1730.^ There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. IIAMPTOXBirRGW' — was formed from Goshen, Blooming Grove, Montgomery, New Windsor, and Wallkill, April 5, 1830. It is an interior town, lying a little N. of the center of the CO. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly. The principal streams are Wall Kil, forming the N. w. boundary, and Otter Kil, flowing N. E. through near the center. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. Otterville, (p. o.,) on Otter Kil, near the E. boundary, is a hamlet. Ottcrkill, s. of Otterville, contains 12 dwellings. Campbell llall, near the center, and Ilauipton- burgll, 1 mi. s., are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Wm. Bull, in 1711) or '20. In 1727 he erected a stone house, which is still standing. There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. and Asso. Reformed. MI!\ISI1VK' — was formed March 7, 1788. A part of " Calhoun" (now Mount Hope) was taken ofl'' in 1825, Wawayanda in 1849, and Greenville in 1853. It lies upon the N. -J. line, s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and billy. The slopes are generally gradual, and the hills are arable to their summits. The principal streams are Wall Kil and Rutgers Creek, each of which forms some portion of the N. and E. boundaries. The Drowned Lands oc- cupy a small portion of the E. angle. The soil is principally a gravelly loam. Unionville, (p.v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 25 dwellings; and West Town, (p. v.,) 3 mi. n. of Unionville, 2 churches and 15 dwellings. Waterloo I>Iills (p. o.) is a h.amlet, containing 1 church and 6 dwellings. No records of the early settlement have been preserved. There are 5 churches in town.' MOXROE^ — was formed from Cornwall, March 23, 1799, as " Chesecocks." Its name was changed to " Soulhjield," April 3, 1801, and to Monroe, April 6, 1808. A part of Chester was taken off in 1845. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. It lies mostly among the Highlands ; and its surface is a hilly and mountainous upland. The principal ranges are Schunemuuk Mts., in the N., Black and Bear Mts., in the e., and the Southfield Mts., near the center, — all extending n. e. and s. w.' Their declivities are steep and in many places precipitous, and their summits are rough, rocky, and broken. A large share of the whole town is unfit for cultivation. In the n. w. part are several valleys containing arable land. The principal streams are Ramapo River, flowing s., and Murderers Creek, flowing .v. The Forest-of-Dean Creek drains the E. part and discharges its waters into the Hudson. Among the mountains are a groat number of fine, small lakes and ponds.' The soil in the valleys is a sandy and gravelly loam. The mountains are too rough for cultivation. Monroe, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 266 inhabitants. It is a station upon the Erie R. R. Turners,' (p. v.,) a station upon the r. r., near the center, contains 18 dwellings. Greenwood Works (p. v.) is a station upon the r. r., 3 mi. s. of Turners DeDton, many of whose descendants still reside in the town. I settled upon these lands from which the w.itera had retired. Th» tirat marriage was thai of Wiii. Bull and Sarah Wells, in | The lands were called •■Minsies," sii^iiifyiiig " lanils fiom which 1718. The first inn wits kept by Birdseve Yarrington. Noah the waters had gone,"' and the name was afterwaid appliftl to Webster, author of Webster's Dictionaries, lauglit the first | the Indians livin^upon it. From this name the tiTm "Minisink"' academic school, in the village of Goshen, in 1782. De Witt Clinton was a pupil at the academy at one time. William li. Seward sruiUed law at the office of .Tudge Duer, in this village. 1 There are now 4 churches in town ; M. E., l*rot. E., Presb.i and R. C. 2 Fa-^tB relating to the early history of this town could not be accurately ascertained. 3 N'aniid fmm Wolverh.ampton, the birthplace of Wm. Bull, the first settler. < Tradition says that long ago. before the Delaware River broke thr-'Utih the mountain at the Water (Jap. the lands f .r oO or 40 mi. bordering upon it were covered by a lake, hut ln^came d' lined by the breaking down of that part of the dam which Cuulined it, and that apart of a tribe of Indians from New Jersey is derived. — Eag'-r's llixi. Orantje. Co., p. 408. 6 .3 I'resb.. liap,. and Christian. * Named in honor of James Monroe, afterward President of the U. S. t Among the principal mountain peaks are Black Top, Black Cup. and Long Hills, in the N.; Torn Mt. and Cape Hill, in the E.; Tom .Tones Mt. and Hemlock IMII. in the s. E.; Pine and I'rii-kly Ash Hills, in the s. ; and Hogback. Ilall. Tiger, Cedar, Burned. Iteclsy. and Macanniin Hills, in the center. 8 .\niong the principal p.mds are Hazard Fond, in the N., Slaugliteis. Two I'ond, BtiU. I'oplMpcns. and Cedar Bonds, in the E.; Little, Long, and Duck Cedar I'onds. in the 6.; and Littlo liong. Round, and Mt. Basha I'onds, in the w. ^ i'ornierly called " (XnUrviUt*^ 508 ORANGE COUNTY. Station. A blast furnace is situated near the r. r., and another about 1 mi. e. There are about 15 houses in the vicinity. Mouroe Worfes, (p. o.,) 3 mi, s. of Greenwood Works, was the seat of extensive iron works, which have been abandoned. It is Southfield Station on the N, Y. & E. R. R. lll^lilancl Mills, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches and 15 dwellings. Lo^rer Sniitli Clove, 1 mi. s., and Woodbury Clove, 1 mi. n., of Highland Mills, are hamlets. The first settlements were probably made about 1742.^ The Cheesecocks Patent, granted iu 1707. embraced a portion of the Ramapo Valley in this town. There are 5 churches in town.^ MOXTGOMERY-^— was formed March 7, 1788. Crawford was taken off in 1823, and a part of Hamptonburgh in 1830. It lies upon the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Hi surface is generally a hilly upland. The Comfort Hills,* 600 to 800 ft. above tide, extend along the w. border. Walkill Creek flows n. e. through near the center ; its principal tributary, Tin Brook,* flows through the E. part. In the "Walkill, in the n. part, is a fall of 40 ft., affording an excellent water-power. Along the same stream, in the s. part, is considerable swamp land. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam. ]>lont^oinery, (p. v..) upon Walkill Creek, s. of the center, was incorp. Feb. 17, 1810. It contains 2 churches, the Montgomery Academy, 3 gristmills, and a sawmill. Pup. 760. Walden, (p. V.,) on Wall Kil, 3Jr mi. n. of Montgomery, was incorp. April 9, 1855. It contains 3 churches, a shawl factory, satinet factory, and a manufactory of cutlery. Pop. 641. St. An- UreiVS, (p. 0.,) in the n. e. part, contains 10 dwellings. Coldenliaiil,^ near the e. line, is a hamlet. The earliest patent comprising land in this town was granted in 1700, to Henry Hile- man. It was located at the mouth of Tin Brook, below Walden, It was settled by the proprietor and divided into lots in 1712. Lieut. Gov. Cadwallader Golden, the owner of a patent in this town, located at Coldenham in 1728.'' The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Montgomery Vil- lage in 1732.« MOUIfT IEOP£ — was formed from Wallkill, Miuisluk, and Deerpark, as " Calhoun^'" Feb. 15, 1825. Its name was changed March 14, 1833. It lies upon the n. border of the co., n. w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. The Shawangunk Mts. extend through the w. part; the highest summits are 1,400 to 1,800 ft. above tide. Shawangunk River flows n.e. through the center, and the Little Shawangunk along the e. border. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Otlsville, (p. v.,) near the w. border, contains 2 churches and 309 inhabitants. It is a station upon ihQ Erie R, R. Mount Elope, (p. v.,)2 mi. s. e. of Otisville, cuntaius 2 churches and 120 inhabitants ; He^v Vernon, iu the n. part, a church and 20 dwellings. Fincliville is a hamlet, in the s. w.part. Tlie precise date of the settlement of this town is unknown. James Finch settled some time previous to the Revolution.* There are 6 churches in town.io jVEWBURGH" — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Hudson, and is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, the highest summits being 600 to 900 ft. 1 A fiiniily of Smiths settled very early in the town, and from them the town was called '^Smiths C'hivc." Among the early settlers were families of Millers. Galloways. Carpeutere, Bulls, Dobbins, Wytrants. Wards, CoUons, Nobles, Cunninghams, Slaughters, and Lamoreaux, — mostly English families from the Eastern States. The first iron works was that of Ward & Colton, erected in 1751 for the manufacture of anchors. It was situated in Warwick, just over the line from Monroe. In 1752 AK'l Noble, from Penn., erected a forge in this town, near the Ward & Colton furnace. Here the first anchor was made, in 1753. Steel was made in 1776; and during the Revolution one of the chains tlirown across the Hudsun was manufactured here. It weighed 186 tons. During the Revolution, Chtudius Smith, a noted torv, resided in this town. He waa hung at Goshen, Jau. 22, 1779. 2 3 M. E., Presb., and Friends. 2 Named in honor of Gen. Richard Montgomery. In 17C7 the town was called the '*^ Walk-ill Precinct" and in 1772 it was known as the " Hanover Precinct.''* In 1782 its name was changed to the Montgomery Precinct. * Named from a family of Comforts who were early settlers in that region. ^ Name derived from Tinn and Broc. moaning small river. 6 Named from the family of Cadwallader Golden, who waa an early proprietor. T jdhaunes Miller settled on IT all Kil, 2 mi. e. of Montgomery, in 1727. Among the other early settlers were John Neely, Charles Booth. Wra. Eager. Fred. Sinsabaugh, and Johannes Touugblood, — all of whom settled between 1730 and 1741. The E. part of the town was originally settled by Irish, and the valley of Wall Kil by Hollanders. The first store was kept by Alexander Colden. in 17-42; and the first gristmill w;is built at Walden, b^' James Kidd. In the fall of 1775 the people of Bos- ton, by reason of the great scarcity of su|)plies and provisions, applied to this ?tate for aid; and accordingly a public meeting was called, which convened in the town of " Hawn'er" (now Montgomery.) In the mean time the friends of the mother country, always on the alert, liad procured the services of a talented orator for the purpose of defeating the objects of the meeting. As no one could be found among the adherents of the cause of liberty who was able to speak in public, recourse was had to the Rev. Mr. Annan, of Neelytown, who at first declined, but at length consented. A multitude were assembled on the occasion to hear a discussion upon a subject which waa theo the absorbing topic of the day. The discussion was con- tinued for some time with fairness and ability on either side, until at length, to check a strife of angry words and to test the disposition uf the assembly, Mr. Annan suddenly said. " As many as are in favor of assisting the people of Boston and the cause of Liberty, follow me." The cflFect was electric. Immediately upon his leaving the house he beheld, to bis utter astonishment, the whole multitude at his heels. — ^ger's Hid. Orange 0'.,p. 036. 8 There are 7 churches in town ; 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Prot. E., Presb., and Covenanter. The Ref. Prot. D. church, near Montgomery, has connected with it a farm of 75 acres, valuwi at $7,000, find a parsonage. 9 Mr. Finch was a soldier in the French War, and amiuute-niao during the Revolution. 10 2 Presb., 2 M. K., Cong., and Bap. " Until 1763, the present towns of Newburgh and New Wind eor were included iu the "Precinct of the Highlands.'* During that year this precinct was dividi-d into the javcincts of .New- burgh and New Windsor, and continued as such until they were organized as towns iul78S. ORANGE COUNTY. 509 above tlie river. A series of bluffs 100 to 300 ft. in height extends along the river. The greater part of the hilly region is arable. The principal stream is Quassaic Creek/ forming a part of the boundary of New Windsor. It receives from the n. Fostertown and Gidneys Creeks and Orange Lake Outlet. Orange Lake,^ in the w. part, covers an area of about 400 acres. Along its inlet is considerable marshy land. The soil is principally a clay and sandy loam. IVewburg^li, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, near the s. e. corner of the town, was incorp. March 25, 1800. It lies upon a steep slope which rises from the river to the height of about 150 ft. and thence spreads out into a rolling region. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 14 churches,' 5 banks, and several pi*ivate schools and academies.* It is largely engaged in the manufacture of printed cotton cloths, castings, beer, and a variety of other articles.* The commercial interests of the place are also large and import- ant.^ The village is supplied with water brought from Little Pond, 3 mi. s.w., by the Newbnrgh Waterworks Co. These works were erected in 1853, at a cost of $96,000. In the lower part of the village the water has a head of 230 ft. A steam ferry connects this place with Fishkill Land- ing. Pop. 9,256. Overlooking the Hudson, in the s. part of the village, stands an old stone man- sion known as "Washington's Head Quarters." It is surrounded by a fine lawn of several acres; and the whole premises are owned and kept in order by the State.' Savil is a p. o., about 5 mi. N. w. of Newburgh. Middle Hope, (p-"^-') ^^ t^^^ n. e. part of the town, contains 1 church and 12 houses ; Fostertown, 4 mi. n. w. of Newburgh, a church and 10 houses ; and Gard- nertovrn, e. of Orange Lake, a church and 14 houses. Coldenbam is a p. o., in the w. part. Baluiville, 2 mi. n. of Newburgh, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made on the present site of the village of Newburgh, by Palatinates, in 1708.^ The first church (St, George's Prot. E.) was formed about 1728 ; and the first minister was Rev. Mr. Charlton, sent out by the *' London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel."^ An almshouse, for the support of the town poor, is situated upon a farm of 75 acres on the s. w. line of the village corporation of Newburgh. The ))uildings are of brick ; and the cost of the whole establishment was about $30,000.^** IVEW ■Wi:^'DSOU"— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Hamptonburgh was taken off in 1830. It lies upon the Hudson, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly up- land. The slopes and the sunlmits of the hills are usually smooth and arable. Snake Hill is a rough, rocky eminence in the n.e. part, 500 to 600 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Mur- derers Creek, flowing through the s. e. corner. Tin Brook flows n. along the w, border. Little Pond, in the n. e. part, supplies the Newburgh Waterworks. It is 230 ft. above tide. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. IVew Windsor, upon the Hudson, 2 mi. s. of Newburgh, contains 2 churches and about 75 dwellings. It is a steamboat landing, and the center of a large brick 1 Named from a tribe of Indians who formerly lived in this Ticinity. Sometimes called ' Chumbers Creek." * Formerly called *' Moose Pond." It was afterward called ^'- Mac hi lis Pond" from Capt. Macliin, who erected upon its outlet a manufactory of copper coin. s 4 Presb., 3 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Asso. Ref., Ref. Prot. D., Prot. E., and R. 0. * The Highland Academy, a private boarding school, was com- menced Sept. 1, 1851S. iSee p. Tol.) The Newburgh Collegiate In- stitute was commeuced May 1, 1857. Tb«re aie several other select schouls in the village. 5 Amony; the manufacturing efitablishmente are 3 founderiea, giving employment to 117 men. and turning out work to the amount of $11S.IH>0 annually ; the Newburgh iSteam Printing ('loth Manufictory, employing 325 hands, and producing $,2'>ri,00il worth of goods per annum ; a brewery, employing 35 men. and producing 35,000 bbls, of beer; and an agricultural implenu-nt factory, a car factory, a car wheel factory, a piano forte fiictory. a 8oap factory, a machine shop, boiler works, and a barrel manufactory, — in the aggregate giving employment to 2IMJ hands, and producing anouully goods to the amount of $240,000. 6 Shipping to the amount of about 4,000 tons burden ip owned at this place. The receipts of lumber brought by the R. R. to this place in 1858 amounted to about 21,000,000 ft., and 20,000 bunches of shingles. 7 The main body of this house was erected by Jonathan Tlas- brouck in 1750, and from this circumstance it was formerly known as '-The i.Hd Haahrouck House." The kitchen on the s. was addi.-d in 1760, making it a loug. narrow building. In 1770 au addition was made upon the whole length of the w. side, and a new roof was thrown over the whole. There are 8 rooms OQ the fir»t floor, and from the principal room 8 doors npen loading to every part of the house, including the chambers and cellar. This building was used by Washingtnn for his head- quarters while the American army occupied this position upon the Hudson. It was purchaaed by the State in 1860, and is kept as nearly as possible in ita original condition. The rooms aad the grouuda are tilled with relics of the Revolution and mementos of the War of 1812 and the Mexican War. The walla of the bedroom occupied by Washington are covered by original letters of Waahin'j;tnn, La Fayette, and other distinguished men of the Revolution, framed and glazed. Among the curiosities are the tables used by Washington and La Fayette, links from the chain which was stretched across the Hudson, and a great variety of warlike implements. Near the n. e. corner of the house is the grave of Uzal Knapp, the last of Washington's Life Guards; he di>/d in Jan. 1850. 8 The " Newburgh Patent'' was granted to George Larkstead, Michael Wiegard, Heman Shoreman, Christian Uenreich. Cockertnl, Burgher Myndus, Jacob Webber, Johannes Fisher, and Andreas Valch. — all from Palatine, on the Rhine. They made a settlement, designated a site for a village, and called it New- burgh. How long they remained is not known : but previous to 1752 they sold out their grant, as at that date the patent was renewed by Gov. Clinton to Alexander Golden. Richard Albert- son. Edmund Conklin, jr.. William Ward, Thomas Ward, Nathan Truman. Jacob Wandell. Johannes Wandell, Daniel Thurston, James Denton, Cahless Leveridge, Michael Demott, Wm. Smith, Henry Smith. Duncan Alexander, and William Mitchell. It is 8uppo.sed that those last named were from Kngland. ::-ome of the early settlors were of Dutch descent; and a few were Hugue- nots originally from France. Of this last class were the Has- broucks, Demotts, Slutta, Devines. Devolls. Degroves, Duhoises, Hardenburghs, Snydera, Terwilligers. and Benscotens. The Hasbroucks came as early as 1750. The old Glebe School House was erected in 17.^2. Jonathan Ha.sbrouck erected the first mill, in 1753. A tract of 500 acres, called the -'Glebe." near the N. line of Newburgh Village, was originally granted for the support of the gospel and schools. * Outside of Newburgh Village there are 3 churches in town : all M. K. ^^ This building will accommodate 200 inmates. It is amply supplied with bath rooms and water, and is one of the best fiip* nished and man.igi-d inntituticins of its kind in the country. A school is maintJiincd throughout the year. u The Precinct of New Windsor was formed from the " JW cinct oftht HightaTids," in 1763. 510 ORANGE COUNTY. manufacture. Moodna' (p. o.) contains a cotton factory, paper mill, and 10 dwellings. Mor- tonvllle, (p. o.,) in the s. e. part contains 1 church, a gristmill, and 6 dwellings. Little Britain, near the center, is a p. o. The first settlements were made in 1731, by several emi- grants from Ireland, prominent among whom was Col. Charles Clinton, grandfather of De Witt Clinton.* The first church (Asso. Ref.) was formed at Little Britain, in 1760; Rev. Robert Aunan was the fir.st pastor.' 'tVALLKIL.l. — was formed March 7, 1788. Part of " Calhoun," now Mount Hope, was taken olF in 1825, and a part of Ilamptonburgh in 1830. It lies upon the N. w. border of the co., N. E. of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. The principal streams are Shawangunk River, forming the n. w. boundary, and Wall Kil, forming a part of the s. E. boundary. Monhagan Creek and several other streams are tributaries of these two. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Middletown, (p. v.,) in the s. part, was incorp. Feb. 10, 1848. Next to Newburgh, it is the largest village in the co. It contains 7 churches, the Wallkill Academy, several private seminaries, 2 banks, 2 newspaper ofiices, and several manufacturing establishments.* It is an important freight and milk station upon the Erie R. R.^ Pop. 1,873. Circleville, (p. v.,) 5 mi. N. of Middletown, contains 2 churches and 16 dwellings. Scotcll Town, (p. v.,) 4 mi. N. E. of Middletown, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. Hovrells Depot, (p. v.,) a station upon the R. R., 4 mi. N. w. of Middletown, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Meclianic ToTFn, 2 mi. E. of Middletown, contains a woolen factory and 20 dwellings. Pliilipiliburgll and Rockville are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Wm. and Thomas Bull, sons of Wm. Bull, of Goshen, who located upon Wall Kil in 1767.* There are 12 churches in town.' ■WARWICK— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Chester was taken off in 1845. It lies upon the line of N. J., in the extreme s. angle of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and E. and broken and hilly in the n. and w. The principal mountain ranges are the Sterling, Rough, and Warwick Mts. in the s. E., and the Bellvale Mts. in the e.' They are high, steep, and rocfty, and have all the characteristics peculiar to a wild, mountain region. In the extreme w. part is a nearly level region, occupied by the Drowned Lands.' Several eminences in the midst of these lands are denominated islands.'" The principal streams are Wall Kil, forming the w. boundary, Quaker Creek, forming the N. w. boundary, and the Wawayanda, or Warwick, and Pochuck Creeks. Greenwood Lake, upon the s. line, extends about 4 mi. into this town. The other prin- cipal bodies of water are Sterling, Wickhams, and Thompsons Ponds, near the e. border. The soil is light and unproductive upon the hills, and a gravelly and sandy loam in the valleys. War^riclt, (p. v.,) on Wawayanda Creek, near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, the Warwick Institute, and 358 inhabitants. Florida, {p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 3 churches, the S. S. Seward Seminary," and 45 dwellings ; Amity, (p. v.,) in the w. part, 1 church and 3fl dwellings; Edenville, (p. v.,) 2 mi. n. e. of Amity, a church and 24 dwellings; Kew niilford, (p. v.,) in the s. part, a church and 26 dwellings; Bellvale, (p. v.,) in the e., a church and 192 inhabitants ; and Dutcll OollOW, 2 mi. s. e. of Bellvale, a church and 15 dwellings. Sterlings Worfcs, in the extreme s. part, is a hamlet." The precise date of the first settlement is unknovrn. Daniel Burt, from Conn., came into town in 1746." The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1764, and the second (Bap.) in 1766.'* Hon. Wm. H. Seward was born at the village of Florida. 1 Name derived from Murderers Creek, and bestowed by N. P. Willis. Formerly knnwTi as (traii'„'eville. 2 In 1732 or '3:S, families named AIsup, Ellison. Cbamhers. and Lawrence settled upon the present site of New Windsor Village. The headquarters of the American army were at this place at one time during the Kevolution. 8 There are b churcbea in town; 3 M. E., Presb., Prot. E.. and Asso. Ilef. * The principal establishments are a carpet bag factory, lile Cictury, grain cradle factory. h:it factoi-y. 2 sa.'^h and blind fac- tories, and a foundery and machine shop. In the aggregate these f ictories employ about 300 hands, and manulacture goods to the amiiunt of ^50,000 annually. * L*,.^00 gall, of milk are sent daily to N. Y. from the R. B. stations in this town. 6 Among the other early settlers were families named McCord, IMcN'eal, Borlind, Rogers, Butterfield. Wisuer. Murray, McCarter. McVey. McWhorter, McDeunis, McLauglilin. Campbell, Wat- kins, and Faulkner, the most of wliom were Scotch emigrsints. I I I'resb., 3 Bap., 2 Cong., 2 M. E,, and K. C. ' The piincijjal elevations in town are Hogback, Decker, One Pine, and Hulls Hills, in the E. ; Bill .and Coxci>mb Hills, in the center; Lo&^. Cedai-. Poud, and Bill Wliites Uills, in the s. £.; Round. Rocky, and Chucks Hills, in the a.; Ponchuck Mt. and Green and .\dneys Hills, in thew.; and Mts. Adiim and Eve, and Round Hill, in the x. w. • These lands have mostly been drained and converted into the most valuable meadows. to .^mong these eoiinences are Pine, Merritt, Gardners. Black Walnut, Cranberry, and Fox Islands. it This seminary w.is founded about 1S4.'J, by .Judge S. S. Seward, father of Wm. H. Seward, who endowed it with a fund of $2>','H10. 12 Sterling Works receives its name frum the ir n W' rks located upon the outlet of Sterling Pond. The manufacture of iron has been carried on at this place for 100 years "r more. Gen. W m. Alexander. Lenton. Itichard Car- pent'-r, l>^aar Dulson.and Daniel and David C^ioley. Isaac DolBon bmlt a blockhouse Aa a protL'Ction against the Indians, ia 1750. ORLEANS COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee, Nov. 11, 1824; Shelby wan annexed from Genesee April 5, 1825. It lies on Lake Ontario, between Monroe and Niagara cos., centrally distant 232 mi. from Albany, and contains 405 sq. mi. Its surface is level or undu- lating, and, except in the extreme s. part, it has a gradual inclina- tion toward tlie lake. It is divided into three distinct plateaus by the lake and mountain ridges,' which extend e. and w. through the CO. nearly parallel to the lake shore. The lower plateau slopes slightly and uniformly upward from the lake shore to the lake ridge, a distance of 6 to 8 mi., where it attains an elevation of about 165 feet. This ridge is composed of sand and gravel, and its sea- ward side is covered with coarse gravel and water-worn pebbles, resembling the present lake beach.^ It is elevated 20 to 30 feet above the lower plateau, to which it descends with a gentle inclination uniform in its whole extent. There is generally a similar slope upon its inland .side; but in many places the level of the country is nearly and sometimes quite as high as that of the ridge. The ridge is 100 to 300 feet wide at the top, and nearly level. From the earliest settlement of the co. its summit has been used for a road. The second plateau is gently undulating, and 4 to 6 mi. wide, attaining an altitude of about 300 feet at the base of the mountain ridge. This ridge, entering from Niagara CO., runs nearly E. through the towns of Shelby and Barre, and s. and E. through Clarendon. It preserves the character of a steep declivity in Clarendon and Shelby, but in Barre its ascent is gradual. The upper plateau is undulating, and from the mountain ridge southerly it gently rises for about 2 mi. to the culminating ridge, which is the highest land in the co. and nearly 450 feet above the lake. For about 2 mi. further the surface is quite level; and thence it gradually descends to the Tonawanda Swamp, on the s. border of the CO. The principal streams are Oak Orchard,' Johnsons,* and Sandy Creeks, which take their rise in or near the Tonawanda Swamp and flow n. and e. to the lake. Their channels are deeply excavated ; and upon them are numerous waterfalls and rapids. The underlying rock of the N. part is the Medina sandstone ; while the upper plateau rests upon a base of Niagara limestone. Along the ridge in Clarendon and on the banks of Oak Orchard Creek in Shelby are outcrops of this limestone. Hydraulic limestone has been obtained from both these localities, and quicklime is burned at various places along the ridge. The upper layers of the Medina sandstone afford an excellent material for building and flagging purposes, and several quarries have been opened at Medina and other places on the line of the canal. Elsewhere in the CO. this rock is friable, and readily disintegrates upon exposure to the atmosphere. It separates at first into small, angular fragments, and then decomposes into a dark red, loamy clay. Nume- rous salt springs originate in this formation, from which salt was manufactured until, by the completion of the Erie Canal, they were brought into competition with the salines of Onondaga.' The soil in the N. part of the co. is generally sandy ; but it is everywhere modified by the under- lying formation ; and near the lake are several tracts in which clay predominates. In the s. it is a mixture of clay, sand, and lime, and the whole is well adapted to grain raising. The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuits. Barley, oats, corn, beans, and potatoes are the principal crops,' and considerable quantities of apples and other fruits are raised. A limited amount of manufactures is carried on within the co. The county seat is located at Albion,' on the Erie Canal, in the central part of the co. The 1 The lake ridge has been at some time the lake shore; the mountain ritlge is a continuation of the mountain ridge of Niapara CO., and is formed by the outcropping of the Niagara limestone. - The primitive cliaracter of this slope has become somewhat obliterated by cultivation. 3 So named from a fine grove of oaks formerly at its mouth. ♦ Named after Sir Wm. Johnson, who. with his forces, en- camped at its mouth one night when on his way to Fort Niagara ill 1759. ■» Salt works were erected at a spring near Oak Orchard Creek, about H mi. N. of Medina, at HoUey, and at Oak Orchard: and salt was made by the early settlers in nearly every town N. of the canal. A boring of 140 feet at Oak Orchard resulted in Rliglitty increasing the strength of the brine, but not ltd quan- 612 tity; and at other places, by blasting and boring, the springs were destroyed. * Whejit was formerly the principal crop of this CO. : but of late the ravages of the midge have been so extensive that its cultivation has been nearly abandoned. I Previous to the erection of the co. buildings at Albion, the courts were held at the house of Selah Bronson, in the village of Gaines. The commissioners appointed by the Legislature to locate the county seat were Philetus Swift, of Phelps, Ontario CO.. Victory Birdseye, of Onondaga Co., and J. Hathaway, of Cortland CO. The site of the Co. buildings was deeded to the supervisors by Nehemiah Ingersoll; and the courthouse was built in 1827. Gilbert Howell, of Kidgeway, Elihu Mather, of Gaines, and Calvin Smith, of Bari«, were the commissioners ORLEANS COUNTY. 513 courthouse is a fine buildiug, situated in the midst of a park, near the center of the village. It is built of brick, and is surmounted by a dome 110 feet above the ground. It contains the court, jury, supervisors', and surrogate's rooms.* The jail, situated just e. of the courthouse, is a com- modious edifice, built of Medina sandstone. The county clerk's office is a small, one story brick building, adjoining the courthouse. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 107 acres in the town of Barre, 3 mi. s. of Albion. Its average number of inmates is 50, supported at a weekly cost of 80 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of about $700. The works of internal improvement in the co. are the Erie Canal, extending through near the center; the Tonawanda Swamp Feeder, conducting the waters of the swamp into Oak Orchard Creek and the canal ; and the Rochester & Niagara Falls R. R., a branch of the N. Y. Central.^ Three weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ Long before the advent of the whites this co. was the hunting ground and probable residence of the Iroquois; and there are traces of an occupation long anterior to them and by an entirely distinct race.* The 3 eastern towns of the co. belonged to the Conn. Tract and the Pulteney Estate, and the remaining part of the co. to the Holland Purchase. There is a tradition that a Canadian, with his family, settled at the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek as early as 1702-93 ; but his stay was of short duration, and by some he is now regarded as a myth. The first permanent settlers were James and Wm. AValsworth, two brothers, who came from Canada by the way of the lake, and who located respectively at the mouths of Oak Orchard and Johnsons Creeks^ in the present town of Carlton. A few settlers came in each year until 1809, when the great natural thoroughfare, the ridge road, was opened, inducing a much more rapid influx of settlers. Immi- grants continued to pour in rapidly and settle near the ridge road, until settlement was checked by the War of 1812. Upon the capture of Fort Niagara by the British, in 1813, many of the people fled from their homes, but soon retui*ned.^ After the return of peace, the tide of immigration again set in toward this region, and continued to flow steadily and uninterruptedly for several years. The settlers generally chose locations in the immediate vicinity of the ridge road, and continued to do so until the completion of the Erie Canal, when thei regions further s. began rapidly to fill up. Since that time steady progress has been made in every element of material prosperity, until the CO. has taken front rank among the best agricultural regions of the State. BARRE^ — was formed from Gaines, March 6, 1818. It is the most southerly of the middle tier of towns, and is the largest town in the co. Its surface is undulating, and its soil a rich loam underlaid by the Niagara limestone. The Tonawanda Swamp occupies the s. part. Albion^^ appointed to Puperintend its erection. The first officers of the CO. wore Elijah Foot, First Judge; S. M. Moody, Cyrus Harwood. Eldridge Farwell, and William Penuiraan. Judges; Wiliiam Lewis, Sheriff; and Orson Nicholson, Co. Clerk. 1 The courthouse waa erected in ISST-ftS, at a coat of $20,000. The courtroom is a large and spacious apartment, 56 feet lung by 55 feet wide, and 2fi feet hitih. s The Medina & Darien R. R. Co. was organized in 1835, and the road waa opened as far as Akron. Stages drawn by horses were put upon the road ; but the whole was abandoned in 2 or 3 years. 8 The Gazette., the first paper published in the co., was started at Gaines in IS'Z'Z by Seymour Tracy, and was continued 4 years. The Ifewport Patriot was started at '* Newport," now Albion, Feb. 9, 1824, by Franklin Cowdrey. In Feb. 1825, Timo- thy C. Strong became proprietor, and changed it to The Orleans Advocate. In Feb. 1828, in the midst of the excite^ ment following the abduction of Morgan, Mr. Strong changed it to The Orleans Advocate and Anti Masonic Telegraph; and in Feb. 1S29, it took the name of The Orleans Anti Masonic TeUgraph. In June of the same year it was changed to The Orleans Telegraph ; and soon after to The Amenran Standard. It was issued 2 yeara by J. Kemp- shall, when it passed back into the hands of Mr. Strong, who chanced it to The Orleans American. In April, 1844, it passed into the bands of ^. & J. H. Denio. and was continued by them until 185.3, when it was bought byS. A. Andrews, by whom it is now published. The Orleans Republican was commenced at Albion in Oct. 1829, by C. S. McConnell. It was published by him until 1S41; by H. W. Dupuy a few months; by an association until 1845; by H. E. Purdy until 1S46 ; and by C. S. McConnell until 1848. when it was sold to Wil- son & Beach, its present publishers. The Albion Times was established Oct. 23. 1853, by J. 0. Nicker- Bon. Jan. 11, 1855, it was changed to It In The Spirit of Sevent;/-Six, and continued until May 27, 1858. The Orhafis Whig was commenced at Gaines in July, 1827, by John Fisk, and continued several years. The Medina Herald was issued in 1832 by Daniel P. Adams, and continued 2 or 3 years. The Medina Sentinel was started in Ang. 1837, by J. & J. FI. Denio. The following year it was changed to The Orleans Sfnfind, and continued until May. 1842. The Bucldail was commenced in 1840 by S. M. Burrougtio. was subsequently changed to The Medina Democrat, and continued 2 or 3 years. The Medina Citizen was started in 1850 by H. A. Smith 1852 it was changed to The Medina Tribune, Hud in 1859 sold to Sam'l 11. Clark. The People's Journjil was published at Medina a short time in 1858 by J. W. Swan. * About li mi. w. of Shelby Center are the remains of an an- cient fortification, nearly circular in form, enclosing an area of about 3 acres. A broad ditch encircled the whole. Flint arrow heads, stone axes, several piles of small atones, and pieces of earthenware have been found within the enclosure. Trees uf 400 years' growth stand upon the embankment. Larse numbers of human skeletons, many of them of giant size, have been ex- humed near the fort. Many of these seem to have been thrown promiscuously into one common grave; and it is generally supn posed that this has been the scene of a great battle. 6 As soon as the news of the capture of Fort Niagara reached the village of Gaines, Capt. Eleazur McCourty, with a company of volunteers, started for the Niagara frontier. On their way they surprised and captured, after a short conflict, a body of marauding British and Indians at Muleneux's tavern, in the town of Cambria. Niagara co. They subsequently captured another party near Youngstown, and compelled them to carry back their booty to " Hardscrable," (DicktTsonville.) They re- mained upon the lines about 20 days, until the arrival of the militia drafted fiom Cayuga and the adjoining cos. 8 Named from Barre, Mass. 7 Originally called ''^ Newport,'" but changed at the time of it« incorporation. 33 514 ORLEANS COUNTY. (p. V.,) the county seat, was incorp. April 21, 1828. It is situated on the Erie Canal, in the k. part of the town, and is the principal station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. between Rochester and Lockport. It contains 5 churches, the Phipps Union Female Seminary,^ the Albion Academy, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and several manufactories.^ Pop. 3,776. Bar re Center, (p. o.,) 4 mi. s. of Albion, contains 30 dwellings. £ag'le Harbor lies partly in this town. Soutli Barre (p. 0.) and JacU§ons Corners (West Barre p. 0.) are hamleta. Ricli's Corners ia in the n. e, part. Settlement was commenced by Wm. McAllister, in 1811.' The first church (Cong.) was organized Nov. 5, 181G, by Revs. Eleazur Fairbanks and Comfort Williams.* CARCTOJV — was formed from Gaines and Ridgeway, April 13, 1822, as '^Oak Orchard.'^ Its name was changed in 1825. It lies on the lake shore, between Kendall and Yates, and is crossed in a N. E. direction by Oak Orchard and Johnsons Creeks. The surface is level, and the soil generally sandy. Salt water has been discovered near West Carlton.^ Carlton/ (p. o.,) East Carlton, (p.o,,) "West Carlton, (p. o.,)^Vaterport, (po.,) Henyonville, Oak Orchard Harbor, and Bald vrin Corners are hamlets. Settlement was commenced in 1803, by two brothers, Jas. andWm. Walsworth, — the former at the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek, the latter on Johnsons Creek. Matthew Dunham and his sons Matthew, Jas., and Charles, from N. Y. City, settled near Johnsons Creek in the fall of 1803.' The first church (M. E.) was organized at West Carlton, about 1816.^ CLAREIVDOJV — was formed from Sweden, Monroe co,, Feb. 23, 1821. It is the s.e. corner town of the CO. The e. branch of Sandy Creek rises in the Tonawanda Swamp and flows n. Upon this stream are two waterfalls, — one at the village of Clarendon and the other in the n. part of the town. Along the line of the mountain ridge the surface is broken, and elsewhere it is gently rolling or level. The soil is a sandy loam; in the n. stony. Limestone for building purposes and hydraulic limestone have been obtained at Clarendon. Clarendon^ (p-v.) contains 2 churches, a limited number of manufactories,^*' and about 30 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1811, at the village of Clarendon, by Eldridge Farwell." There are now 3 churches in town.^^ GAIIVES^' — was formed from Ridgeway, Feb. 14, 1816. Barre was taken off in 1818, and a part of Carlton in 1822. It is the central town in the co. It is crossed by Otter and Marsh Creeks, branches of the Oak Orchard, and by the w. branch of Sandy Creek. The lake ridge extends e. and w. through the center. The surface is level and the soil sandy. Eagle Harbor, (P-^v) on the Erie Canal, contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, and a large stave factory and cooperage. Pop. 639, — 509 in Gaines and 130 in Barre. Gaines" (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 342 inhabitants. £ast Gaines and West Gaines are p. offices ; and Gaines Basin, on the canal, and Fairliaven, are hamlets. The first settlement was made prior to 1809, by Gilbert. Noah Burgess, Samuel Crippen, Elliott, and Elijah Downer came in 1809.'5 The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1816.i« 1 The Phipps Union Female Seminary was eatablished in 1833. The main buMding was erected in 1836, and additions have been since made, until the whole outlays have reached $20,000. The average number of pupils is about 250. * Flouring mills, furnaces, a woolen factory, a tannery, a cabinet ware manufactory, and a planing mill. 8 McAllister settled on the present nite of the Phipps Female Seminary, near the courthouse. Among the earliest settlera were Joseph Stoddart, Reuben Clark, Joseph Hart, and Elgah Darrow, who located in the n. part of the town in 1812. The first death, that of Mrs. McAllister, occurred in Sept. 1811. The first sawmill was built by Wm. White in 1^16, on Sandy Creek, a little E. of Albion ; the first gristmill, in 1S19. by Wm. Bradner, near the same place; and the first tavern was kept by Abraham Mattison, in 1815, at Bentons Corners, about 2 mi. s. of Albion. The first school was taught by Mrs. Cyrus Ilentou. * There are 7 churches in town; Presb., Bap., Prot. E., M. E., and R. C. at Albion, Cong, at Barre Center, and M. E. at Jack- Bons Corners. 6 Lyman Fuller, in digging a well, bored through a stratum of rock, and obtained salt water of such strength that 2 galls, yielded a pint of fialt. The hole through the rock was plugged op, and fresh water came in from above. 6 Locally known as "Two Bridges." ^ In 1804, Elijah Hunt, Henry Lovell, Moses Root, Ehjah Brown, and Job Shipman settled in this town. The first death in town, unless it was that of a member of the Canadian family mentioned on page , was that of a deserter from Fort Nia- gara, who was drowned in attempting to cross Johnsons Creek, about 1800. The first death of an actual settler was that of Elijah Brown, May 7, 1805. The first births were those of a pair of twins, children of James Walsworth, in 1806; and the first marriage, that of Wm. Carter and Amy Hunt, in 1804. The first crlstmill was built on Johnsons Creek, by Matthew Dunham, in TfiOOj and the first etore waa opened in 1816, at West Carlton, by Geo. Kuck. The first school waa taught by Peleg Helms, in the winter of 1810-11. 8 There are now 5 churches in town; Bap. and Preeb. at Carlton. M. E. at West Carlton, Bap. at East Carlton, and M. E. at Kenyonvilte. The first religious services in town were con- ducted by '■ Old Mr. Steele.*' a M. E. preacher from Canada, some time prior to 1810. ^ Formerly known as ** I'^Tivdls AIUls." 10 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and a furnace. 11 Benj. Thomas, Benajah Worden. Klisha Huntly, John Cone, John Stephens, David Church, and Chauncey Kobinson were among the earliest settlers. Eldridge Farwell built the first sawmill, on Sandy Creek, in 1811, and the first gristmill, in 1813. The first store was kept by Hiram Frisbee, in 1821; and the first school was taught by Mrs. Amanda Bills. 12 M. E. and Univ. at Clarendon, and a Christian church about 1^ mi. w. of Clarendon. 1' Named in honor of Gen. E. P. Galnea, through the instra- mentality of Wm. J. Babbitt. 1* Incorp. by the Legistatare in 1832, but never organized under the act. 16 Among the early settlers were Reuben Rowley, Harry Wil- cox, Joseph and Aaron Adams, Robert and Cotton Leach, New- bury Chafey. Dyer Sprague, Samuel Rosier, Wm. Burlingame, Walter Fairfield, Lansing Bailey, John Proctor, and Jamea Mather. The first death was that of Gilbert, who died in or before 1809. His wife and niece. Amy Scott, remained, and vrintered a yoke of osen and several cows upon bn^iwse cut by themselves. The first birth was that of Samuel Crippen, jr.. in 1810; andthefirst marriage, that of CjTus Daniels and Elizabeth Freeman, July 4. 1812. The first inn was kept by Wm. Sibley, in 1811; and the first store, by Wm. Perry, in 1815. OrinGleason tiught the first school, in the winter of 1813-14. Henry Drake built the first sawmill, in 1813 ; and the fii-st gristmill was built by Jonathan Gates, io 1822. u There are 6 cburchea in town; M.E. and Wee. Math, at ORLEANS COUNTY. 515 RE]VDAIj1<^ — was taken from Murray, April 7, 1837. It lies on the lake shore,* in the e. part of the co., and is crossed by Bald Eagle Creek near the center, and Sandy Creek in the s. part. Its surface is level; and the soil, with the exception of a belt of clay across the s. part, is a sandy loam. There are several small salt springs in the town. Kendall (p. v.) contains 4 churches and about 25 dwellings. "West Kendall (p. o.) and Kendall Mills (p.o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1812, by Samuel Bates, from (liittenden co., Vt.' The first religious service, conducted by Elder Stephen Randall, was held in the spring of 1816.* MURRAY — was formed from ''Northampton" (nowGates, Monroe co.,) April 8, 1808. Sweden was taken ofi" in 1813, Clarkson in 1819, and Kendall in 1837. It lies on the e. border of the co., between Clarendon and Kendall, and is crossed by Sandy Creek, the two branches of which unite at Murray, in the n. part of the town. This stream has worn a deep channel ; at Holley it is about 75 feet below the level of the land. The embankment over which the N. Y. C. R. R. crosses the gulf is one of the largest on the line of that road. The surface is generally level, except in the s. w. part, where it is rolling. The soil is mostly a sandy loam; in some parts, however, it is clayey. Near Holley are two sulphur and several salt springs, at the latter of which salt was manu- factured previous to the opening of the canal. The Medina sandstone approaches near the sur- face ; and quarries have been opened in the neighborhood of Hulberton.^ Holley/ (p. v.,) incorp. Sept. 3, 1850, a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., is situated in the s. part of the town, on the Erie Canal. It contains 2 churches, the Holley Academy, and several manufacturing establishments."' Pop. 614. Uulberton (p. v.) contains 278 inhabitants; and Hindsburgli (p. v.) 167. Murray^ (p-o-) and Brockvllle are hamlets. Murray Depot is a r. r. station. The first settlement was made by Kpaphras Mattison, prior to 1809.® The first church (Cong.) was formed Jan. 5, 1819, by Rev. John F. BUss.^o RIDGE"WAY" — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) June 8, 1812. Gaines was taken off in 1816, Shelby in 1818, and Yates and a part of Carlton in 1822. It lies on the w, border of the CO., between Shelby and Yates, and is crossed by Johnsons and Oak Orchard Creeks. Upon the latter, at Medina, is a waterfall about 30 feet high ; and at Jeddo and Oak Orchard, where ihe streams cross the lake ridge, are low waterfalls. The surface is generally level, and the soil a eandy loam. Some of the most important of the salt springs of this co. are in this town." Within and near the village of Medina are extensive quarries; and large quantities of building, flagging, and paving stone are sent to Rochester, Buffalo, and other places on the canal.'' Me- dina, (p-v-0 incorp. March 30, 1832, lies on the Erie Canal, mostly within this town. It is an important station on the N. Y. C. R. R., and is connected with Ridgeway on the n. and Shelby Center on the s. by the Medina & Alabama Plank Road. It contains 5 churches, an academy," a newspaper office, and several manufactories.*^ Pop. in 1855, 2,104, — in Ridgeway 1,915, in Shelby 189. Rnowlesville,'^ (P-v-,) a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., situated in the e. part of the town, on the Erie Canal, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.^' Pop. 400. Oak Or- chard^^ (p-"^-) lias a pop. of 136; Jeddo (p. v.) of 124; and Rldg-ei^'aj^ (p-^O of 64. IVortb Rld^enray is a p. o. The first settlement was made by Ezra D. Barnes, from De Ruyter, Eagle Harbor. Cong, and Presb. at Gaines, Cniv. at Fairhaven, and Free Will Bap. at East Gaines. 1 Named in honor of Amos Kendall. P. M. Gen. 2 Near the mouth of Bald Eagle Creek the lake makes rapid encroachmeute upon the land, and whole fields have been swept away. 8 Among the early settlers were Amos RaBdall, David Jones, Benj. Morse, and Nathaniel Brown, who came in 1815. The first birth was that of Bartlett Morse, in 1816; the first mar- riage, that of James Aiken and Esther A. Bates. March 2, 1817; and the first death, that of a son of Geo. Balcom, in 1816. The first store was kept by Iliram Thompson, in 1823; the first inn, by Lyman Spicer, in 1823; and the first sawmill was built by Amnion Auger & Kbenezer Boyden, in 1819. The first school was tiught by Gerdon Balcom, in 1S19. * There are 5 churches in town ; Univ., Bap., Presb., and M. E. at Kendall, and M. K. at West Kendall. 6 St. Paul's Church in Buffalo is built of material obtained at one of these quarries. * Named io honor of Myron Holley, one of the first canal commissioners. ' A gristmill, a tannery, a furnace and plow factory, and a cabinet ware manufactory. 8 Locally known aa "Sandy Creek." 9 Among the early settlers were Daniel Wait, Joshua Rock- wood, and Peleg Sisson. The first birth in town wis that of Betsey Mattison, in iMll ; the first mrtrriage, that of Zimri Per- rigo and Lucetta Spafford, Jan. 17, 1S15; and the first death, that of Mrs. D-miel Reed, in 1S14. The first inn was kept by Epaphras Mattison, in 1809; the first store, by Isaac Leach, in 1S15; and the first gristmill was built by Perry & Luce, in 1816, Fftnny Furguson taught the first school, in the summer nf 1814. i<* There are 4 churches in town ; Bap. and Presb. at Holley, M. K. at Hulberton, and Bap. in w. part of town. 'I So named from the ridge way or road formed by the lake ridge running E, and w. through the town. •2 Salt works were erected at a spring N. of Medina by the Hol- land Land Co. as early as 1805, and thrown open for the use of the settlers. Two roads opened by the Co. :^t the same time — one from the works a. to the "Old Buffalo Road," and the other E. to the " Oak Orchard Road"— were widely known as the ^-SaU Works Roads."' 18 The principal quarries are owned by Isaac Hathaway and John Ryan. The upper layers cleave ofl" in smooth slabs from 2 to 6 inches thick. The succeeding layers are thicker, — Rome of the lower ones several feet. Besides what has been sent to the larger places for buildiOR. flagging, and pavine, large quanti- ties have been quarried for building bridge abutments and canal walla. 1* The Medina Academy wafi incorp. in 1849, and is both an academy and a common school, particijjating in both the litnra- ture and common school funds. The average number of pupiU is 400. ^ 5 flouring and grist miWn, with an aggregate of 22 run of stone, 2 oil mills, 2 iron founderies, 2 sa»h and blind factories, a tannery, and a machine shop. i*" Named after Dea. Knowles, one of the earliejrt settlers IT A steam sawmill, stejun gristmill, tannery, and plaflter mill 18 At Oak Orchard is a distillery. 516 ORLEANS COUNTY. Madison co., N. Y., in 1809.' The first church (Presb.) was formed at Oak Orchard in 1817, by Rev. Jedediah Fairbanks.^ SIIELiBT^ — was formed from Ridgeway, March 6, 1818. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO. Johnsons Creek and a branch of the Oak Orchard take their rise in this town, and the Oak Orchard crosses it through the center. Upon the latter stream, at Shelby Center, is a fall, affording a valuable water-power. The surface is undulating ; and the soil a mixture of sand, clay, ar d lime. The Tonawanda Swamp occupies the s. part. SUelby* (Shelby Center p. o.) contains 1 church and several manufactories ;* l>lillville (p. v.) contains 3 churches, the MiUville Academy, and about 45 dwellings. East Shelby (p. o.) and Slielby Basin (p. o.) are hamlets; and IFest Shelby is a p. oiEce. Medina is partly in this town. The remains of Indian fortifications have been discovered in this town. The first settlement was made by Alex. Coon, from Rensselaer CO., in 1810.« The first church (Bap.) was formed July 25, 1818.' TAXES' — was formed from Ridgeway, April 17, 1822, as "Northton;" its name was changed the following year. It is the most westerly town upon the lake shore. It is crossed by Johnsons Creek and two smaller streams. Marsh Creek and Four Mile Creek have their whole course in the town. The surface is level, except along Johnsons Creek, where it is undulating; the soil in the s. is a sandy loam, and along the lake clayey. Eyndonville (p. v.) contains 3 churches and several manufactories. Pop. 242. Tates Center (Yates p. o.) contains 1 church and the Yates Academy. Pop. 191. County Eine (p.o.) is on the w. line of the town. George Houseman, from Adams, Jefi"erson co., settled in this town in 1809, and John Eaton, from Penn., in 1810.' There are now 6 churches in town.'" Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Orleans County. Namis op Towns. Barre Carlton Clarendon. . Gaines Eeadall Murray Ridgeway... Shelby. Yates Total.. AcKES OF Land. 34,76l)i 21,330 IS.OSOJ 14,082 16,297 16,387 24,3S6 20,673J 19,052 181,94Si 13.893 5.623i 11,350 3,845 4.940 4,7865 6,798J 6,913 4,177 62,326} Valuation of 1858. >2,417,118 888,673 711,961 741,834 661,947 740.509 1,641.397 1,043,007 729,387 9,466,823 II 0.0. $2,727,811 916,393 809,620 819,134 622,234 930,300 1.842,937 1,114,907 808,98' 3.428 1,233 918 1,339 976 1,470 2,793 1,693 1,023 10,592,223 14,772 13,603 3,369 1,090 S31 1,193 909 1,406 2,433 1,463 973 8 =1 _i_ 1,223 460 336 461 376 619 933 693 399 6,299 E g 1,142 466 350 493 381 652 977 206 427 4,993 364 268 322 306 391 779 396 55 26 17 10 12 10 12 18 15 13 4,026 132 10,514 .Vames op Towns. Barre Carlton Clarendon.. Games Kendall Murray Ridgeway. . Shelby Yates Total.. Lite Stock. 1,937 1,063 870 639 798 807 l,ii38 1,058 930 POO 2,655 1,673 1,172 1,119 1,633 1,318 1,923 1,483 1,515 1,845 907 872 638 871 731 1,246 96; 844 9,640 '14,491 8,921 91,286 '15,692 16,579 12,462 4,806 6,842 10,577 5,703 11,402 10,M8 12J27' Agricultural Products. BasH. OF Grain. g 6,696} 3.632J 2.926 3,2705 3.391 3.1765 4,879 3,79S5 2,9495 379,726 763,642J 34,620^ 171,867 66.000 31.092 26,966 29,372 16,216 19,697 32,417 40,8244 20,197 DaIBY PBOCUCT0. S 3 O.CI 184.996 93.261 86,251 90.317 77 .035 66,851 115,124 112.,570 86,608 31,116 8,730 10,68' 6,555 6,376 8,942 17,719 11,404 9,770 281,7814' 912,013 110,298 6,324 1,1424 1,1074 383 79 886 786 2705 8234 846 1 Eli More, Israel Douglas, Dyer Sprapue, Otis Turner, Dr. Wm. White, David Hooker, and S. B. Murdock were among the first settlers. The first sawmill was built by the Holland Land Co.. as early as 1805, to encourage settlement. The first prist- mill was built by Otis Turner and Dr. White, in 1812: and the first tavern was opened in 1810, by Eli More. Lucy Judson taught the fir^t school. 2 There are now 9 churches in town ; Prot. E., Bap., M. E., Presb., and R. C. at Medina, Preeb., M. E., and Bap. at Knowles- ville, and Univ. at Ridgeway. 8 Named in hunor of Gov. Shelby. * Generally known aa ''Shelby Center,"' and at an early day called ^Barriegat." ^ 2 flouring and grist mills, 1 paper mill, 1 tannery, 1 carding mill, and 2 sawmills. Eleazur Frary, Ilenry and Robert Garter, David Demara, Joseph Ellicott, and Wm. Bennett were among the eiirliest set- tlers. The first birth was that of Asa Coon, i'eb. 14, 1811; and the first death, that of Wm. Bennett, Oct. 4, 1812. The first sawmill was built by Joseph Ellicott, on Oak Orchard Creek, in 1812, and the first gristmill, in 1S13. The first inn was kept by David Timmcrman. in 1816: and the first store, by Christian Groff, in 1818. C^irnelius Ashton taught the first school, in th« winter of 1815-16. 'There are 9 churches in town; 4 M.E., 1 Presb., 1 Quaker, 1 Clirlstian, 1 Bap., and 1 F. W. Bap. 8 Named in honor of Gov. Yates. 8 The first marriage in town was that of Geo. Houseman, jr. and Sally Covert, in 1817 : and the first death, that of Mrs. Geo. Housem-TH, sr., in Dec. 1813. The first inn was kept by Samnel Tappen, at Yates Center, in 1825; and the first store, by Moore & Hough, in 1824. The first school was taught by Josiah Perry, in 1819. 10 Preftb., M. E., and Christian at Lyndonville, Bap. at Yatea Center, Wes. Meth. on E. town line, and M. E. on co. line. OSWEGO COUNTY. This county was formed from Oneida and Onondaga, March 1, 1816.' It is situated upon the s. E. extremity of Lake Ontario, centrally distant 135 mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 1,038 sq. mi. Its surface is generally level or gently undulating. A series of bluffs 20 to 40 feet high border immediately upon the lake ; and from their tops the land stretches out in long and gradual slopes, occasionally broken by the valleys of the river courses. The general inclination is northerly, as indicated by the drainage, though the summits of the ridges within half a mi. of the lake have about the same altitude as those upon the s. border of the co. A low ridge extending in an easterly and westerly direction, from 3 to 5 mi. N. of Oneida Lake, forms the watershed between Lakes Ontario and Oneida In the e. part of the co. this ridge turns northward and unites with the system of highlands which separates Lake Ontario and the valley of Black River. The highest point of this range, in the town of Rcdfield, is 1,200 to 1,500 feet above tide. The rocks of this co. consist of the Lorraine shales, in the extreme N. part, on the lake; the gray sandstone,'' extending from the N. e. corner to near the center, its southern limits being marked by a line drawn due E. from Oswego River about 1 mi. from its mouth ; the Medina or red sand- stone, bordering on the last, and comprising more than one-third of the area of the co. ; and the Clinton group of shales, slate, and sandstone, occupying the extreme s. border. These rocks are exposed only in the N. E. part and along the river courses, being generally covered with a thick mass of drift and alluvial deposits, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay. The gray sandstone is hard and compact, and is little affected by the action of the elements ; hence the disintegration is slight, and the soil upon it is thin and poor. The Lorraine shales are easily disintegrated, and form the basis of the strongest and richest soils in the co. The red sandstone crops out on the banks of all the streams which flow through the region which it occupies. It is extensively quarried for building stone, though it is more easily acted upon by the elements than the gray sandstone. Weak brine springs are found associated with this red sandstone throughout the co. The Clinton group, occupying the entire s. border, consists of parallel layers or beds of shale and red and gray sandstone. This is the same geological formation in which is found the principal iron ore beds of Penn. and Oneida co. ; and throughout the formation in this co. iron ore is found. The drainage of the w. and s. parts of the co. is principally through Oswego River, and of the N. and. E. portions through Salmon River and a great number of smaller streams that flow directly into the lake. Oswego River is formed by the junction of Seneca and Oneida Rivers at Three River Point. It is 23 mi. in length, and falls 128 feet in its course, in several distinct falls, each of which furnishes an excellent water-power. Oneida River, forming the outlet of Oneida Lake, is 18 mi. in length, and falls about 12J feet in its course. Salmon River and other streams flowing into the E. extremity of the lake all have successions of rapids and cascades, which furnish to that portion of the CO. an abundance of water-power. The principal bodies of water are Lakes Ontario and Oneida. The former, constituting the N. w. boundary, presents an almost unbroken coast line for a distance of 40 mi. within the limits of the co. Little Sandy Pond, in the town of Sandy Creek, is the only considerable indentation. The mouth of Oswego River furnishes a valuable harbor, the only one of importance in the co. Oneida Lake, constituting a portion of the s. boundary, is 141i feet above Lake Ontario.' It is one link in the chain of the internal water communication of the State. A considerable portion of the land in its immediate vicinity is marshy. Iron ore beds and a fine quartz sand, used in the manufacture of glass, are found upon its N. shores. The soil found in the shale and sandstone region has already been noticed. The drift and alluvial deposits which cover the greater portion of the co. furnish a great variety of soil. The sandy portions are light and weak, while the clayey portions are hard, tough, and unyielding in many places. Where these are mixed, a rich, deep soil is the result. Alcjng the e. border of the co. are great quantities of limestone boulders, which essen- 1 Itp name wafl derived from the Tnrtian On-ti-ah-nn-tiqiio. ITio early French explorers called it ^^fhrmaqtc^n." The portion lyinc E. of Oswego River wiiH taken Ironi Oiieiila, find that lyin;; w. i'roni Onondaga. TbeOnondjl^ portinn end -raced the towh'^liip'if ilan- nibal and 33 lots of Lysander, belonging to tho Military Ti'act. 2 Thia gray Handstone has been used for grindstones. 8 Ttiia height is that given by the State Geologists, Joseph E. liloiinifield. Civil Engineer of Oswego CO., who has made several surveys through this region, makes the height of Oneidu La&a 124 feet above Lake Outiu-io. 617 518 OSWEGO COUNTY, tially modify the soil of that region. The marshes are generally composed of beds of black muck and other vegetable matter, and form the richest kind of natural meadow when drained and cultivated. Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce about equally engage the attention of the people. Stock raising and dairying are the principal branches of agriculture ; spring grains and wool are also extensively produced.^ The commerce is mostly concentrated at Oswego City, and is carried on by means of the lake, the Oswego Canal, and the r. r. The manufactures consist of flour, lumber, barrels,^ starch, and a variety of other articles. The amount of flour annually manufactured is greater than in any other co. in the State, The principal mills are at Oswego City, Fulton, and vicinity. The Oswego Canal, connecting Lake Ontario with the Erie Canal at Syracuse, is 38 mi. long, and for most of the distance is formed by the slackwater navigation of Oswego River. Oneida Lake and River also form a part of the internal navigable waters of the State, connecting with the Oswego Canal at Tliree River Point and with the Erie Canal at Higginsville. The Oswego & Syracuse R. R. con- nects with the New York Central R. R. at Syracuse. The AVatertown & Rome R. R. enters the CO. in the N. e. corner, and passes through WilHamstown, Albion, Richland, and Sandy Creek. This CO. is divided into two jury districts,' the courts being held respectively at Pulaski Village and Oswego City.* At the former place a brick building, including a courthouse and jail, was erected in 1820, and at the latter a wood courthouse about the same time.* A stone jail was erected in the city in 1850, and a fireproof co. clerk's office in 1851,® The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 60 acres in the town of Mexico. It is an old building, and is poorly adapted to its purpose. The average number of inmates is about 50. An asylum for insane paupers is in process of erection adjacent to the poorhouse. The Oswego Orphan Asylum, located at Oswego City, is in part a co. institution. All the children of the inmates of the poorhouse between the ages of 4 and 6 years are supported at the Orphan Asylum at the co. expense.'^ Two daily and 5 weekly papers are published in the co.® 1 The first settlers of the co. were principally engaged in the manufacture of lumber and potash. Wheat waa once a staple prodtiction; but since the commencement of the ravages of the midfie it lias given place to the coarser grains. 3 Barrels to the amount of 1,500,000 are annually manufac- tured for the Oswego flour mills and the Syracuse salt works. 3 The eastern district comprises the towns of Albion, Amboy, Constantia, Hastings, Mexico, New Haven, Orwell, Parish, Red- field. Richland. Sandy Creek, West Monroe, and Williamstown; and the western, the towns of Granby, Hannibal, Oswego, Pa- lermo, Pchroeppd. Scriltn, Volney, and the city of Oswego. * Perley Keyea and Ethel Bronson, of Jefferson co., and Ste- phen Bates, of Ontario, were appointed commissioners to locate the county seats and select the sites for the county buildings. The first co. officers, appointed by the Governor and council, were Barnet Mooney, First Jitdgf ; Henry Williams, Smith Dun- lap, Peter D. Hugunin. David Easton, and Daniel Hawks, jr., Juhqe-^ and Juatices: Edmund Hawks, Judgp.; Elias Brewster, SiiTTngote; James Adams, Co. Clerk; and John S. Davis, SItcrijf. The first courts were held in echoolhousos from the first organ- ization of the CO., in 1S16, to the completion of the courthouses, in lR'20-21. 6 The city soon outgrew the first courthouse, and the courts for many years were held in the city hall. They are now held In Mead's Hall, on E. Bridge St. The old courthouse for several years was used as a schoolhonse ; but recently it has been re- moved, and converted into a Sunday school chapel for the Church of the Evangelists, where 500 children receive religious instnic- lion. At their last annual meeting the Board of Supervisors authorized the raising and appropriated $30,000 for the erection jf a newcourthou.se in the city, on the e. public square; and the building is now being constructed of Onondaga limestone. * Previous to this time the clerk's office was kept alternately in private houses at each of the shire towns for periods of 3 years, the books being carried back and forth at the end of each period. "^ See page 524. 8 The American Partner, the first newspaper of the co., was issued at Oswego some time before 1807. The Oswego Gaztttp w.is started at Oswego in 1S17 by A. Bnckin- ham. and continued 2 years. The Oswego PaJ J ad i inn was commenced by John H. Lord and Doreplnis Abbey in 1S19. It subsequently passed into the hands of Mr. Lord, and waa continued by him until 1S30. John Carpenter then became the proprietor, and changed its name to The Oswego Pulladuim and Republican Chronicle, and continued it until 1845, when it was sold to B. Brockway, who again changed it to rile Oswego Palladium. In 1S51 he transferred it to a company, by whom it was sold in 1853 to Dudley Farlins. the present editor, who sold his interest, in July. 185t. to T. P. Ottowav, the present publisher. The Oswego Dally Palladium has been issued in connection with the weekly sinro 1850. T^ie Osuv^/o Repiihlican waa established March 22. 1825, by Wni. W. Abbey. In 1827 it passed into the hands of Samuel Osgood, and was issued a short time as The Oswego Gazette arid AdreHiser. In 1828 it was sold toWm. C. Shope, who published it as TJie Oswego Advertiser until lfi2Q. It then passed into thehanda of the late Dr. Burdell, of Cunningham notoriety, who changed its name to The Preeman's Herald, and continued it 1 year. It waa thei* suspended for 2 years, and revived in 1832 by John Q> Adams, by whom it was published as The National Bepiiblican 1 year, and waa then discontinued. The Oswego Democratic Ginett-: waa published a short time in 1830 by James Cochran. The OsweQo Fre^ Press was published by Richard Oliphant from 1830 until 1834. and by Geo. G. Foster as The Oswego Democrat until 1835, when it was discontinued. The Oswego Observer was st.irted in Feb 1835, by Bailey & Hawks, and continued until the latter part of 1836. The Commercial Herald was published at Oswego by Hull & Henry from 1837 to 1843. Tfie Oswego Patriot was published at Oswego during the Patriot War of 1838-39 by John Bonner and John Cochrane, member of the 35th and 36th Congress firom the 6th district. (City of New York.) The Oswego County Whig was founded in 1838 by Richard Oli- phant, and sold to Daniel Ayer in 1844. In 1847 C. D. Brigham became proprietor, and changed its name to The Oswego Commercial Times. In Nov. 1848, James N. Brown became the publisher; and in Feb. 1854. he was suc- ceeded by Winchester A Fergerson, by whom the Os- wego Journal was purchased and united with it, and the combined paper was issued as The WeeJdi/ Times and Journal. In 1857 it waa changed to The Osfvego Times, under which name it is still pub- lished by J. Tarbell. The Oswego Daily Advertiser, the first daily in the co^ was issued in 1845 in connection with The Whig, and was continued until 1847, when its name was changed to The Oswego Daily Commercial Times. It was publL-^hed in con- nection with The Commercial Times until IS54, when it was changed to The Oswego Times and Journal. In 1S57 it was changed again to The Os-vrego Dally Times, and is still issued by J. Tarbell. The Pcople''s Journal was started at Oswego in March. 1849, by O'Loary & Dean, and the next year it was sold to L. A. Winchester. In 1851 it passed into the hands of Sum- ner & Poucher, who started The Oswego Daily News in connection with it. The following year L. A. Winchester again became proprietor, and changed the name of the daily to The Oswego Doily Journal. In 1854 the two papers were united with the Daily and Weekly Times. T?ie Pulaski Banner was commenced in April, 1830. at Pulaski, and pnbli,«hed by Nathan Randall until 1832; by A. A. Mathewson and 6. G. Foster until 1833; and by Jamea Gedd until 1834, when it was suspended. In 1836 it again appeared, as OSWEGO COUNTY. 519 The portion of the co. of Oswego lying near the mouth of the river was discovered in 1654 by- French Jesuits, who established missions here for the conversion of the Iroquois.' The French had previously explored the St. Lawrence; and in 1615 Champlain, in an expedition against the Onon- dagas, passed through the e. part of the co. In 1700 the English explored the country occupied by the Five Nations as far w. as Oswego; and in 1722 a trading house was built here under the direc- tion of the N. Y. colonial government. From that period considerable trade was carried on by the English between Oswego and Albany through Oswego River, Oneida River and Lake, Wood Creek, and the Mohawk.^ In 1727 the English built a fort on the w. bank of the river, near its mouth.* The French, claiming this whole territory, remonstrated against the action of the English, and several times planned expeditions to destroy the fortifications, but did not carry them into eifect. Upon the commencement of the "Old French War" of 1753, Fort Ontario was erected on the E. bank of the river; and another fort was built upon the summit of the w. ridge in 1755.* In the summer of 1756, 5,000 French under Montcalm, with a heavy train of artillery, consisting of 30 guns of large caliber, crossed the lake from Fort Frontenac (now Kingston) and appeared before this place. The forts were invested Aug. 11, and, after 3 days' hard fighting, they were surrendered on the 14th.^ The victors demolished the forts, burned the English vessels, and retired. In 1758, Col. Bradstreet, with 3,350 men, crossed the lake from this place and reduced Fort Fronte- nac, After destroying the fortifications and securing the military stores and vessels, he returned to Oswego and rebuilt the forts there. Fort Ontario was greatly enlarged, and built in the most sub- stantial manner. In the summer of 17G0, the powerful army of Lord Amherst embarked here oa an expedition down the St. Lawrence. From this time Oswego became the most important military station upon the western frontier. During the Revolution it was strongly garrisoned, and formed the headquarters of many of the marauding parties that desolated the frontier settlements. It continued in possession of the British until 1796, when it was surrendered under the provisions of Jay's treaty. In 1790, George Scriba, a merchant of N. Y. City, and a German by birth, purchased 500,000 acres of land lying between Lakes Oneida and Ontario, for the sum of !^80,000.^ This purchase, known as " Scriba's Patent," was bounded on the E. by Fish Creek and on the w. by Oswego River, and embraced 14 towns in Oswego co. and 4 in Oneida. In 1794, Mr. Scriba caused a settlement ixj be made and a sawmill built on the shore of Oneida Lake, to which he gave the name of ^^Rot- terdam,*' — now Constantia. In 1795 he built a gristmill — the first in the co. — and several other buildings at the same place. During the same year his patent was surveyed and divided into townships and subdivided into lots.' About the same time he commenced a settlement at the mouth of Little Salmon Creek, on the shore of Lake Ontario, 12 mi. n. e. of Oswego, which he called The PuIasJn Advocafe^and was published by Daniel Ayer until 18SS. It waa then sold to Dickinson and united with the port Ontario Aurora, the united papers taking the name of The Advocate and Aurora. The name, Aurora, was dropped in 1840, when the Advocate again passed into the hands of Daniel Ayer, and was discontinued in 1842. The Pulaski Conrifr waa started in 1843 by W. Winans. In 1B47 it passed into the hands of A. A. Mathewaon, and was changed to The Kichlmui Omrier. In 1850 it was sold to Joseph Hatch, who chanpod its title to The Pulaski Democrat. In 1S56 it passed into the hands of Miller, its present publisher. The Fulton Chronicle was started in Nov. 1837, by Thomas Johnson. In 1840 it was sold to Isaac S. Clark and Edwin Thompson, who gave it the name of the Ben Franklin. It was discontinued the following year, and suc- ceeded by The WtrlJy Dfspatch, published by E. C. Hatten about 1 year. The Fulton Sun waa started in 1S41 by N. B. Northrop. In 1S42 it was united with the Mirror. The Fultnn Mirr(rr was established Aug. 20, 1842, by Daniel Ayer. It waa soon after united with the Sun and issued as The Fulton Sun and Mirror. In Sept. 1S44, it was sold to Spencer Munroe, and soon after discontinued. It was succeeded bv The Pulton Patriot. M. C. Hough. John A. Place, and T. S. Brigham were successively interested in its publi- cation. The latter was succeeded by R. K. Sandford, its present publisher. Tfie Oswgn Counti/ Gazette, commenced at Fulton in 1853 by Geo. E. Williams, was merged in The Fulton Patriot in 18ft8. The I^rt Ontario Aurora wn» published by Van Cleve and subsequently by Dickinson from 1837 to 1839, when it w.ia united with The Pulaski Advocate. T?ie Osweffo CouJilr/ Demncrai was started at Mexico in 1838 by Thomas Messenger. It was aftenvard styled T&< Messenger, and was discontinued in 1839. The Phcenix Gazette, started at Phoenix in 1851, was publiphed by Jerome Duke, and afterward by Geo. E, WiUiams until 1853, when it was removed to Fulton. The Phcenix Democrat was established in 1852 by an nssociatinn. In 1854 it was sold to James H. Field, and the nest year ho gave it the name of The PheBuix Banner. In 1855 it was published a short time as The American Banner and Oawego County Times. It waa sufr pended in 1855, and in 1856 it was revived by Mary Frances Tucker, and called The American Banner and Literary Gem. Eight months after- ward it was sold to Levi Murrill, by whom it was pul> lished as T?ie American Banner tintil 1857. After being suspended two months, it was revived, under the title of The Phcenix Reporter, by Joshua Williams, by whom it is still published. 1 There is a tradition that the French established a military post here at a very early period; but research anioog the papers of that period does not corroborate the statement. 2 There were several portages on this route, — around the falls in the streams, and across from Wood Creek to the Mohawk. ' Not a single trace of this fortification now remains. ** This fort stood at the junction of West 6th and Van Buren Sts. 6 The French landed 50 mi. e. of Oswego, and marched along the lake shore under cover of their naval force. The English gaiTison numbered 2,000 strong. Col. Mercer, the English com- mander, was killed by a cannon shot on the 2d day of the siege * In this grant the State made reservations of the territory at the mouth of the river, within the limit.s of the city of Oswego, and also at the falls in the village of Fulton. Most of these reser\'ations were disposed of at public sale in 1827. At an earlier date, considerable tracts iu Scriba's Patent, on Oswego Kiver, were jointly purchased by Gen. Alexander Hamilton, Johu Laurence, and John B. Church. Several other grants were also made along the river. Other tracts of connidfrabje magni- tude were purchased by Schroeppel, Kosevelt. and others. ' This Bun'ey and subdivision was made by Benjamin Wright, who in 1793-94 ran the base line from Itome to Fort OntArio, 00 which the towns of Scriba's Patent were laid out. The town- 520 OSWEGO COUNTY. " Vera Criiz/*^ (now Texas.) He here built a saw and grist mill, store, and other buildings, and commenced an active trade on the lake; and for some years the place bid fair to become a formid- able rival of Oswego, and the most important commercial station upon the lake. A few other settlements were made at other points in the co., principally under the auspices of Mr. Scriba, pre- vious to 1800; but immigration did not begin to flow in rapidly until a few years later. The lands of Mr. Scriba were divided and sold to a great number of different parties; and while his exertions and expenditures were of great service to the first settlers, they proved extremely unprofitable to him- eelf.^ In common with all the frontier settlements, the growth of this region was seriously retarded by the War of 1812. Oswego Village became the theater of stirring military events ; and on the 5th of May, 18 14, it was taken by the British.^ At the return of peace, immigration again flowed in, and the subsequent history has been one of steady and continuous progress. The opening of the Erie and Oswego Canals, in this State, and of the Welland Canal, in Canada, greatly increased the commercial importance of the city and stimulated the manufacturing interests throughout the co. AIjBIOIV — was taken from Richland, March 24, 1825. It is an interior town, lying e. of the center of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. The summits of the ridges are 50 to 100 feet above the valleys, and the highest point in town is 392 feet above Lake Ontario. The low- lands are wet and in some places marshy. Salmon River flows through the n. part.* In the n.e. part are 2 or 3 small ponds. Thesoilconsistsof deposits of sand and gravel, and is of medium quality. Drift deposits cover the whole surface, except along the river courses, where the underlying rocks crop out. Much of the s. part of the town is yet unsettled. Considerable manufacturing is carried on.^ Sand Bank., (P-"^-') on Salmon River, is a station on theWatertown & Rome R. R., midway between the two places. It contains 1 church, a hotel, 4 stores, 2 tanneries, 5 sawmills, and a flour- ing mill. Pop. 313. Pineville, (Salmon River p.o.,) a station on the W. & R. R. R., situated on Salmon River, contains 1 church, an inn, a store, a sawmill, and a large tannery. Pop, 144. IVe^W Centerville, (p. o.,) a station on the W. & R. R. R., Dug- "Way, (p. o.,) and Soufb Albion (p. 0.) are hamlets. Settlement was commenced in 18L2, by Gary Burdic, of Williams- town, on Lot 29, and Peter Henderson, at Sand Bank.^ There are 4 churches in town.' AMBOY — was formed from AVilliamstown, March 25, 1830. It lies upon the e. border of the CO., s. of the center. The surface is rolling and has a general southerly inclination. Its highest point is about 450 feet above Lake Ontario. It is drained principally by Fish Creek and other small tributaries of Oneida Lake. In the s. and w. parts are numerous small lakes and ponds, the principal of which are Painter Lake, North and South Ponds. The n. half of the town is in the region of the gray sandstone, and the s, half in that of tlie red or Medina sandstone. The soil ig principally a sandy or gravelly loam. Aniboy Center (p. v.) contains 13 houses; West ehipa of Scriba's Patent, like tbose of Manomb'a Purcbasp, re- ceived names from the proprietors that are known only in deeds ; viz.,— 1. Fulda Ava, Lee. and Annsville. 2. Munden Lee and Rome. 3. Sulingen Anusvillo 4. Florence Florence. 5. Franklin Williamstown. 6. Middleburgh Amboy. 7. Linley Camden. 8. Bloomfield Lee and Annsville. 9. Embden Vienna. 10. Edam Vienna. 11. Rotterdam Ctmstantia. 12. Delft West Monroe. 13. Breda. Hasting^s. 14. BmgeiL. Palermo. 15. Mentz Volney. 16. Georgia Schroeppel. 17. Fredericksburgh Scriba and Oswego City. 18. Oswego. Scriba and Oswego. 19. Vera Cruz New Haven. 20. Mexico Mexico. 21. Richland Richland. 22. Alkmaer Albion 23. Strasburgh Parish. 24. Erlang Schroeppel. The townships of the Boylston Tract in this co. are, — 6. Campania Boylston. y 7. Arcadia Redfield, (once Greeuboro'.) 10. Pacbland Sandy Creek and Richland. 11. Longinus Orwell. 12. Redfield Redfield. Richland appears to be ancertain, or this name has been ft|iplied to two Burveya, 1 Vera Cruz was laid out into city lots by Mr. Wright, who was an agent of Scriba, and considerable improvements were made, A 4 rod highway was cut from Rotterdam to Vera Cnjz, a distance of 20 mi., from lake to lake. In 1798 a schooner waa built there by Mr. Scriba's agent, which was engaged in Hie trade between Vera Cruz and the Canadian port of Kingston. It is said that in 1804 more merchandise was sold there than at Oswego or Utica; and in the imagioation of many persons Vera Cruz was destined to command the trade of Canada and the West. But, by a series of disasters on the lake, a large portion of the male residents were lost to the infant settlement ; and the restrictive p<"iUcy of Mr. Jefferson's administration, followed by the War of 1812. extinguished the tiattering prospects of Vera Cruz. The events and the action of half a century have nearly obliterated all traces of the once promising city. 2 At the time of the purchase Mr. Scriba's fortune wa3 esti- mated at $1,500,000; but the whole of it became swullowed up in bis efforts to promote the interests of the infant settlements; and he died Aug. 14, 1836, at the age of 84. a poor man. ^ See page 625. * Before the dams were bnilt npon this river, great numbers of salmon were annually taken. 6 Large quantities of lumber, leather, and barrels are manu- factured, the latter for the Onondaga salt and Oswego flour markets. There are 38 sawmills, 3 tanneries, and 2 gristmills in town. 6 In 1813 David, Luther, and Benj. Lilly and Allen McClam settled in the town. The first birth was that of a son of Luther Lilly, in 1813 : the first marriage, that of Heniy Baker and I.ncy Burdic, in 1819; nni\ the first death, th.it of a son of Luther Lilly, in 1813. The first inn was kept by Dr. Brace, at Sand Bank, in 1814; and the first store, by Ammi Hinkley. in 1828. The Lilly brothers built the first sawmill, in 1813. and Ezekiel Smith tlie first gristmill, in 1818. The first school was taught by Sylvia Breed, in the summer of 1817. ' 2 Union, Bap., M. E, OSWEGO COUNTY. 521 Aniboy (p. v.) 20; and Carterville (p. v.) 12. Joseph Perkins, from Conn,, was the first settler, in 1805.^ There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Bap., both located at Amboy Center. BOYI^STO^^— was formed from Orwell, Feb. 7, 1828. It lies upon the n. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is rolling in the center and e., and moderately hilly in the w. It haa a westerly inclination, and its highest points are 700 to 800 feet above tide. The soil in the n. and w. parts is a productive, gravelly loam, the underlying rock being the Lorraine shale. The s.e. corner of the town extends into the gray limestone region, and the soil is light and thin. Boylston (p.o.) is in the n. w. part. The first settlement was made in 1810, on Lots 2 and 3, by John Wort and Michael Sweetman, both from Canajoharie.' Meetings for religious worship are held in the tovm by the Episcopal Methodists and the Wesleyan Methodists. CO^STAKTIA*— was formed from Mexico, April 8, 1808. Hastings was taken off in 1825, and West Monroe in 1839. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Lake, in the s.e. corner of the co. The surface is nearly level, and is slightly inclined toward the s. The principal streams are Scriba and Black Creeks, flowing into Oneida Lake. Iron ore is found in the Clinton group of rocks, which extend through the s. part. The soil consists of clay, gravel, sand, and vegetable mold, and in general is fertile. Most of the interior is yet unsettled. Frenchmans Island, in Oneida Lake, about 4 mi. from Constantia, belongs to this town ; it contains about 28 acres.^ Lumber, leather, glass, and iron are extensively manufactured.^ Cleveland,' (p. v.,) incorp. April 15, 1857, is located on Oneida Lake, in the e. part of the town. It contains 2 churches, 2 glass factories, and several other manufactories. Pop. 1,005. Constaulia, (p. v..) in the w. part, on Oneida Lake, contains 2 churches and has a pop, of 600. Bernhards Bay, (p. v.,) on the lake, contains 2 churches, a glass factory, and 360 inhabitants. Constantia Center is a p. o. Soon after the purchase of Scriba's Patent, in 1790, Mr. Scriba commenced the first settlement of his lands at Con- stantia, and established agents and laborers there in 1793.^ There are 7 churches in town.® GRAIVBT — was formed from Hannibal, April 20, 1818. A part of Oswego was taken off in 1836. It lies on the w. bank of Oswego River, in the s. w. part of the co. The surface is gently rolling, with a slight inclination to the n.e. Oswego River flows through a valley from 30 to 60 feet below the general level of the town ; within this town it has a fall of 40 feet. Lake Nea-tah-wan-ta, near the center of the e. part, is about 1 mi. in diameter. It lies about 25 feet above the river at the head of the fails. The streams are Os Creek, Six Mile Creek, and the outlet of Nea-tah-wan-ta Lake. The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Bradstreets^^ or Battle Island is in Oswego River, about 4 mi. below the Oswego Falls. Starch, leather, lumber, and the products of wood are extensively manufactured.^^ Os'vreg'O Falls^ (p. v.,) incorp. Oct. 12, 1853, a station on the S. & 0. R. R., ia situated on Oswego River, opposite the village of Fulton. Pop. 703. Oranby Center and South Oranby are p. offices. The first settlement was made at the falls, in 1792, by Laurence Van Valkinberg, from Rensselaer co., N.Y.^^ There are now 2 churches in town.'^ 521 1 Among the early settlers were David ?mith, in 1815; Wm. and Teaac Chixton and John Drought, in 1818 ; and Ssifje Park, in 18:^1 . Tlie first inn wne kept by Joseph Perkins, in 1S05 ; the first sawniill was built by Joseph Murphy, in 1822. and the first gristmill by Page Park, in 1828. The first school was taught by Cynthia Stoddard, in the summer of 11^23. 2 Named from Thos. Boylston, who held, for a few hours, the title of a tract since known as the Boylaton Purchase. He never owned the tract; the conveyance wassimplya trust, and quickly passed into other hands. 'Among the first settlers were David Webb, in 1810; R. Streeter, in 1814; and Peter and gamuel Wells, in 1815. The first birth was that of Phebe Ann Wood; the first marriage, that of Samuel Wells and Elizabeth Gordon ; and the first death, that of an infant child of Mr. Ward. Reuben Snyder built the first sawmill, in 1822. The first school was tauglit by Polly Allport, in 1817. * Named by the proprietor. Geo. Scriba. 6 "During the French Revolution of 1793. when the French nobility were compelled to seek safety in flight, and the trains of exiles to this country were crowded with dukes and princes of the blood, the Count St. Hilary, a ynung Frenchman, and his beautiful and accomplished wife, a daughter of the nnble house of Clermont, landed upon our shores. Following tho trail of emigration westward, they reached Oneida Lake, then on the great thoroughfare of travel; and, attracted by the beautiful Island and its primitive forests, they landed upon it, and con- cluded to make it their future home. Here, in the deep soli- tude of nature, they enjoyed for mauy monthu ptfi feci pence and uutr-ludc. Thcii plftcc of rcrfdoncc xvae at length discovered by Chancellor Lirinirston, who had formerly enjoyed the elegant hospitalities of the hidy's family at Paris. He visited them in their rural home, and, after spending some time with them, he prevailed upon them to return with him to bis mansion upon the Hudson. There they continued to reside until Bonaparto had put an end to the reign of terror and restored much of the confiscated property to the exiles of the Revolution, when tlicy returned to France. Several years after, as Livingston stood upon the bank of the Seine, amidst a crowd of distingiiished Parisians, to witness the first experiment of Robert Fulton in steam navigation, he was recognized by tho Count, who at once took him tohisresidence, and treated him during his stay at Paris as a generous benefactorand an honored guest. Livingston's man- sion upon the Hudson and the first steamlDoat of Fulton and Living- ston were both named, in honor of the lady's family, ' Clermont."* * There are 34 sawmills, 2 flouring mills, 3 glass factories, 2 tanneries, an iron foundery, and other manufacturing establish- ments in town. 7 Named from James CJevel.ind. who settled here in 1828. 8 Solomon Waring. Joshua Lynch, and Dr. Tandercamp settled in town in 1793; and John Bernhard in 1795. The first hirth was that of George Waring. April 11, 1796. The first store was opened in 1793, by Mr. Scriba. and the first inn the same year, by Major Solomon Waring. In 1794-96, Mr. Scriba erected in this town the first sawmill and gristmill built in the co. The first school was opened in 1797, at Constantia. • Presb., Prot. E., M.E., Asso. Presb., Friends. Ref. Prot. D.. B.C. W So named from the circumstance of a battle having been fought upon it between the Knglish, under Col. Bradstreet, and the French, with their Indian allies, in 175fi- u There are 15 sawmills, 1 gristmill, 2 tanneries, and a starch factory in town. 12 Henry Bush settled in t^wn in 1793; ■ Penoyer in 1704* Pet^r Hiipninin in ls03: Barnet Mooney in 1804 ; and John Hut> chinson in 1808. The first store was cpened in 1792. by an liidlau trader by the name of Fowler; and the first inn w;is kept by.!, din J. Walrad. in 1807. The first sawmill was built by .^. lun.k A TFilson. in 1814, and the first gristmill in 1S22. Beiij. Kohinnor taught the first school, in 1812. " Prot. Kpibc. and M. K b22 OSWEGO COUNTY. IIAWlVIBAIi — ^was formed from Lysander, as a part of Onondaga co., Feb. 28, 1806, and em- braced all that part of Oswego co. lying w. of the river. Oswego and Granby were taken ofiF ia 1818. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is gently undulating, the ridges being 30 to 50 feet above the valleys. In the e. part are several swamps, one of which covers 500 acres. The soil is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam. A salt spring, from which salt has been manufactured, is found in the N. w. corner. Springs of brine, characteristic of the Medina sandstone strata, have been discovered in several other localities, but none of sufficient strength to render their working profitable. The principal manufacturing establishments are those uf leather, lumber, and the pro- ducts of wood.' Ilannibal, (p. v.,) on Nine Mile Creek, a little w. of the center of the town, contains 3 churches and about 60 houses; Hannibal Center (p. v.) contains 20 houses; and Hulls Corners (South Hannibal p.o.) 18. Wlieelers Corners is a hamlet in the x. part, and HJnneys Four Corners is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 1802, by Thomas Sprague and his sons, from Milton, Saratoga co.' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1815.* HASTIIVGS — was formed from Constantia, April 20, 1825. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Eiver, in the s. part of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating, its northern boundary being about 75 feet above Oneida Lake. The soil is clay, sand, and gravelly loam. In some parta of the town it is difficult to find fresh water by digging. Brine springs are found in several parts in the red Medina sandstone formation. In the n.e. part is a tamarack swamp, of about 5 acres, in the center of which is an immense spring 10 feet in diameter. This spring is on a level with tho surrounding summit ; and it is surrounded by a deep, loose muck which extends downward to an unknown depth. There are 18 sawmills, several gristmills, and 2 tanneries in town. Central Sqnare (p. v.) contains about 50 houses; Hastings, (p. v.,) in thcN. part, 30; Cauglidenoy, (Cod-e-noy,) (p. v.,) on Oneida River, in the s. w. part, 30 ; and Hastings Center (p. v.) 15. Smiths Mills and Fort Bre'tTerton are villages of about 20 houses each. The latter ia situated at the foot of Oneida Lake, on the site of old Fort Brewerton.* The first settlement was made at Fort Brewerton, by Oliver Stevens, in 1789.* There are 4 churches in town. MEXICO — was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792, as part of Herkimer co. Parts of Richland and New Haven were annexed May 9, 1830. It included the northerly towns of Oneida CO., nearly all of Lewis and Jefiferson cos. w. of Black River, and all of Oswego co. E. of Oswego River. Camden was taken oflT in 1799, Champion, Redfield, Turin, Watertown, and Lowville in 1800, Adams in 1802, Lorraine and Williamstown in 1804, Volney in 1806, Constantia in 1808, New Haven in 1813, and Parish in 1828. Its surface is gently rolling. It is well watered by numerous small streams, the principal of which are Little Salmon and Sage Creeks. There is scarcely a foot of waste or broken land in the town. The underlying rock is gray sandstone, covered deep with alluvial deposits. The soil consists of clay, sand, and gravelly loam, and is very productive. Considerable attention is given to stock raising and dairying; the manufacture of lumber, barrels, and leather is carried on to some extent.* Mexico, (p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. Jan. 15, 1851, and con- tains 3 churches, an academy,' 12 stores, 2 banks, 3 hotels, 3 flouring and grist mills, a sawmill, a furnace and machine shop, 3 coach factories, 4 carriage shops, and 3 cabinet shops. Pop. 948. Colosse, (p.v.,) in the s.e. part, contains 1 church, 2 inns, a store, 2 sawmills, and 2 gristmills. Pop. 119. Texas,' (p.v.,) located near the mouth of Little Salmon Creek, contains 30 houses; Union Square, (p. o.) in the E.,is a hamlet. The names of the earliest settlers within the pre- sent limits of this town are lost. There were about 25 who had already located in 1798 ; Jonathan Parkhurst and Nathaniel Rood, from Oneida co., came that year.' By the upsetting of a boat upon the lake, in 1799, Capt. Geerman and others were lost, and in 1804, by a similar disaster, 9 others, 1 Tliere are 19 Bawmills, a Btave factory, 2 gi-istmills, and 2 tanneries in to\vn. * Watson Earle, Samuel Baron, Joseph Weed, Sterling Moore, David Wilson, and Israel Messetij;;er settled at Hannibal Center In 1S06. The first birth was that of Carr SpraRue, in 1806 ; tho first marriage, that of Daniel Thomas and Prndence Sprague, in 1S03; and the first death, that of a daughter of Thomas Sprague, in 1806. The first gristmill was built by Earl & Colton, in 1S05; and the first sawmill, by Silaa CrandeU, in ISll. The first inn was kept by Ilenry Jennings, in 1S08; the first store, by Bepj. Plielps, in 1815 ; and the fil-st school was taught in 1810. * The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Bap., Cong- and M, E. * A little E. of tho fort grouod ia a BaodhnDli, in which bones are found belonging to men over 7 feet high. A mound at the E. extrL'iuity of the hank is full of human bones, indicating the place of sepulture for thousands. — Ciark^s Onondaga, tW. 2. p. 182. ^ Among the early settlers were Timothy Tickery, Chester Loomis, Solomon Allen, and Jacob Rice. The first birth was that of John L. Stevens, in 1802 ; the first marriage, that of Silas Bellows and Betsey Tickery, in 1808; and the first death, that of Horatio Stevens, in 1792. Chester Loomis kept the first inn, in 1816; and Hustings Curtis, the first store, in 1820. The first school was taught by I'Htrick Tickery, at Caoghdenoy. * There are 19 sawmills, 5 gristmills, a fulling and cloth dres*. ing mill, a woolen factory, and 3 tanneries. * The Mexico Academy was organized in 1826. as the " If^nssel- aer Onvt^go Academy.'^ Its name was changed May 19, 1846. 8 Formerly called 'Tpra Cruz," See p..')20. 8 Phineas Davis and Calvin TifTany, from Conn., settled in 1799 ; John Morton and Asa Davis in 1.801 ; Peleg Brown. Daniel Eames, and T.eonnrd Ames in 18tt4; and Solomon Peck in 1806. The first birth was that of Trnman Tlr,.^A, Aug. 10, 1799; and the first marriage, that of Richard Gafford and ^Irs. Rood, widow of N. Kood. The first grist and saw mill were built by Mr. Scriba's agent ; and the first store was kept by Benj. Wright. The first school was taught by Sanford Douglass, at Colosse, in 1806. OSWEGO COUNTY. 523 leaving but 1 male adult inhabitant in the settlement.' There are 10 religious societies and 9 church edifices in town.'' KEW HAVEHf— was formed from Mexico, April 2, 1813. A part was annexed to Mexico May 9, 1836. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, w. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling and generally smooth. It is watered by Spring Brook, Catfish and Butterfly Creeks, 3 small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. There is quite an extensive marsh near the mouth of Butterfly Creek, in the n.e. part of the town, and another in the s.w. part. The underlying rock is gray sandstone, and the soil is principally a sandy and gravelly loam. Stock raising receives more atten tion in this than in the other towns of the co., and a limited amount of manufacturing is done.' New Haven, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, on Catfish Creek, contains 2 churches, 2 inns, a store, a sawmill, a gristmill, and about 50 houses. Butterfly is a p. o. near the e. line of the town. The first settlement was made by Rood and Doolittle, at New Haven, in 1798.* The first church (Cong.) was organized at New Haven Village, in 1817 ; and Rev. AVilliam Williams was the first minister. There are now 2 churches in town ; Cong, and M. E. ORWEM.— was formed from Richland, Feb. 28, 1817, and Boylston was taken off in 1828. A part of Richland was annexed March 27, 1844. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the CO. The surface has a s. w. inclination, its e. border being elevated 300 to 500 feet above its w. and 700 to 1,000 feet above Lake Ontario. It is moderately hilly, and is considerably broken in places by the deep ravines of the streams. Upon Salmon River is a fall worthy of note. The stream flows over a rocky bed in a series of rapids for 2 mi. and then falls over a precipice 110 feet perpendicular. The banks of the stream below the fall are 200 feet high. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. The E. half of the town is yet uncultivated. Lumber and other products of wood form the leading articles manufactured ; and considerable attention is given to stock raising and dairying.^ Or^vell Corners, (Orwell p.o.,) in the w. part, contains 1 church, 3 stores, an inn, a sawmill, a gristmill, a tannery, a steam cabinet factory, and about 40 houses. Slaline is a hamlet in the s. part. The first settlers were Nathaniel Bennett and his son Nathaniel, from Rensselaer co., N. Y., on Lots 82 and 83, and Capt. Noyes, on Lot 29, in 1800." There are 3 religious societies in town.' OS"WEGO CITY— formed from Oswego and Scriba, was incorp. as a village March 14, 1828, and was enlarged and organized as a city March 24, 1848.' It is situated on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Oswego River,' that stream dividing the city into two nearly equal parts. The river is bordered upon each side by a ridge, which rises in gradual slopes to a height of about 100 feet, and ends in bluffs on the lake shore 40 to 60 feet high. The summits of these ridges are about 1 mi. apart, and descend from the river in the same gradual slopes as toward it. One mi. w. is a valley opening through the ridge into the river above the falls, through which the Oswego must have once flowed into the lake. The s. border of the city is skirted by u bluff or escarpment about 160 feet above the lake, indicating an ancient lake or sea beach. Hero commences the deep ravine excavated by the river through strata of red sandstone of the Medina group and underlying shale. From this the geological induction is made that, at the last great physical change which elevated the country from the bed of an ancient ocean and brought tho river into existence, it fell directly into Lake Ontario, at the escarpment, by a fall of moderate 1 Capt. Geerman, Nathaniel Rood, Spencer and eon, ■Wlie,iton, Clark, and Di Hjlittle were those who were lust by the first acci'lent. HenJ. Winch was the male survivor. » 2 i)»p., 2 M. E., Cong., Presb., Free and Union Uethels, K. C, Prot. Fren.. and Union. The Union Society holds its meetings in the Town Ilall at Mexico. * There are 9 sawmills, 2 gristmills, and other manufacturing estaliiishmenta in town. * Mr. Wriglit settled in the town in 1798; Solomon Smith in 1800 ; C. Drake and Capt. Gardner in 1804 ; David Enos, Joseph Bailev. and .lames Jerret in 1805: and Warner Drake in 1808. The lirst birtli was that of John D. Smith, in Feb. 1806. The flr^t sawmill was erected by Ira Foot, in 1805, and tlie first gristmill by Wuldo Prayton, in 1809. Harriet Eason biught the first schotjl, in the summer of 1806. 6 There are 16 sawmills, 16 shingle mills, a gristmill, and a tannery in t4»wn- ^ Among the early settlers were Benj. Reynolds. Joshua Hol- lis, Alden, Gilbert, and Timothy Balch. The first marriage was that of Robert Wooley and a daughter of Nathaniol Bennett, sen., in 1807; and the first death, that of the mother of Timothy Balch, in 1810. The first school was tanght by Jesse Aiken, in 1810. Joseph Watson built the first sawmill, in ISIO, and Jonah Thompson the first gristmill, in 1816. 7 M. E.. Presb., end Bap. A Union church at Orwell Corners is occupied by the Presb. and Bap. societies. 8 At tho first village meeting, held May 13. 1828, Hon. Alvan Bronson was elected President, and Daniel nugnnin, jr., George Fisher, Nathaniel Vilas, jr., David P. Brewster, Theopliilns 8. Morgan, Joseph Turner, and Orlo Steele, Trustees. The first city officers, elected in April, 1818, were as follows : Mai/or^ James Platt; Aldermf.n, Hunter Crane. Gilbert Mollisou, i*te- |)hen H. Lathrop, Robert Oliver, Geo. S. Alvord. John Boigi-ol, Samuel S. Taylor, and William S. Malcolm. The council a[>. I pointed J. M. Casey CiOj Ci*rk. » By the river and canal it is 38 mi., by B, n. 36 mi., N. N. w. of Syracuse; by the Oswego and Erie Canals 208 mi., by the Oswe^ and Central line of r.e. 183 mi., and by the surveyed route of tho Oswego & Troy K, B. 170 mi., w. H. w. of Albany. 524 OSWEGO COUNTY. height, the upward movement being gradual and intermittent. The pauses by which it was inter- rupted are marked by ancient beach lines, ridges, and terraces found at different heights above the lakes. The Oswego Falls are now 11 feet high; and, as they have receded s. 12 mi., to the village of Fulton, with an ascending average grade of about 9 feet per mi. in the excavated bed of the river, they must have diminished in height and grandeur from age to age during the whole period of re- cession. This hypothesis is sustained by geographical and geological analogy with the Falls of the Genesee and the Niagara. The aggregate fall of the river within the 12 mi. is 110 feet, of which 34 feet are within the limits of the city; and the whole fall is so distributed by G successive dams, built by the State for canal and slackwater navigation, that the water of the river may be used by raceways nearly the whole distance, affording one of the finest water-powers in the world. The river forms the outlet to the 11 lakes which cluster in the basin of Central New York, and drains a wide extent of teri-itory. These lakes form natural reservoirs wliieh prevent floods or undue ex- haustion, the extreme elevation and depression of the river not exceeding 3 feet, so that destructive freshets, so common to great water-power rivers, never occur. The mouth of the river admits vessels of the largest class navigating the lakes ; and the erection of piers and a lighthouse by the U. S. Government renders it one of the safest and most accessible harbors on the lakes, susceptible of inde- finite enlargement, and combining canal and R. R. transportation with the advantages of position as the nearest lake port to tidewater. A hydraulic canal extending along both sides of the river is studded with mills, elevating warehouses, and other manufacturing establishments. The city is handsomely laid out, with streets 100 feet wide, intersecting each other at right angles. The E. and w. banks of the river are connected by two bridges, built by the city, — the lower one, an iron bridge with a draw for the passage of vessels, on Bridge St., the upper on Utica St., at the terminus of the Oswego & Syracuse R. R. The principal public buildings are an edifice recently erected by the TJ. S. Government, containing a custom house, post-office, and U. S. courtroom,' a city hall,^ jail, orphan asylum, city hospital, city library, and 12 churches.' The Orphan Asylum is situated upon the elevated ground in the southern part of the city, com- manding a fine view of the city, harbor, and lake. It was founded in 1853, mainly through the influence of the ladies of Oswego, and continues to be principally supported by them. Orphans and children of destitute parents, from earliest infancy to 8 years of age, are admitted and cared for and afterward placed out in respectable families. A primary and Sabbath school are connected with the institution. The number of inmates ranges from .50 to 100. The Citri Library was founded by a donation of $25,000 from Hon. Gerrett Smith. The edifice is finely located upon the E. side of the river; and the library at present contains 9,000 volumes.* The Public Schools are graded and free ; they are under the care of a Board of Education and Superintendent. The system embraces the primary, junior, senior, and high school departments ; and pupils can receive instruction from the primary branches to an extended academic course. In 1857 there were in the city 23 school districts, in which were employed 47 teachers, — 8 males and 39 females. The number of children between 4 and 21 was 5,516, of which 4,175, or 75 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total receipts and expenses during the year was S26,341 14; the number of volumes in the district libraries, about 3,000. The commerce of Oswego is very extensive, and is increasing much more rapidly than the popu- lation.' Being situated near the foot of lake navigation, and nearer to N. Y. than any other lake port, it has commercial facilities superior to those of most of the Western cities. A considerable share of the produce of the West flows through this port on its way to the seaboard markets ; and it is the principal entrep5t of the agricultural products of Canada West. The salt of Onondaga is mostly disti'ibuted through the Great West from this place ; and vast quantities of the manufactured goods of the East are sent through the same channel. The official report of the value of the lake and canal trade, derived from the Custom House and Canal Collector's Office, for 1845, was §7,951,409, and for 1856 was $50,612,603, showing an annual average increase of nearly 20 per cent. The amount of registered tonnage in 1846 was 15,513 tons, and in 1856 it was 46,467 tons.^ The manufacturing interests of the city have attained to considerable magnitude, although the vast water-power of Oswego River is occupied but to a limited extent. Flour made from the wheat J This edifice is constructed of Cleveland sandstone and iron, and is entirely fireproof. Its cost was about $120,000. s This buildini; contains the rooms of the Common Council and Board of Kilucation, and the offices of the City Clerk, Re- corder, and other city officers. » 2 Prot. E., 2 Presb., 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 R. C, Univ., and Af. Meth. * This edifice, erected in 1856, is built of brick, and is 92 by 62 feet, with a vestibule 15 by 16 feet, a basement 9 feet high, with 2 stories above, having an aggregate height of wall of 36 feet above the basement. 6 Pop. in 1S5.'). 15.S16. Estimated in 1858, 18,000. 8 The operation of the late Reciprocity Treaty with England has proved, as was anticipated, most favorable to Oswego. The importation of (Train at the port in 1856 was 13.504.074 Iiushels ; and the peculiar manufacturing and commercial advantages of the place have made it the great flour and grii.'j market of Cen- tral New York and Northern New England, OSWEGO COUNTY. 525 of Canada and the Western States forms the leading article manufactured. The Oswego mills, 18 in number, with an aggregate of 100 run of stone, are capable of grinding and packing 10,000 barrels of flour per day, — a greater amount than is manufactured at any other place on the continent.* Shipyards and 2 marine railways rank among the important manufacturing establishments of the city, and give large employment to labor. The Oswego Starch Factory, erected in 1848, upon the hydraulic canal, on the w. bank of the river, is one of the most prosperous and extensive esta- blishments of the kind in the world.^ Lumber is extensively dressed in the city for the Western markets, from Canadian sawed lumber entered free under the Reciprocity Treaty. The Oswego Cotton Mills is a well managed and productive establishment, operating 83 looms, 2,664 spindles, and giving employment to 65 operators. A little above, on the same canal, is an exten- sive tannery. The Ontario Foundery, Steam Engine and Machine Works, is one of the most extensi;e and prosperous establishments of the kind in the State. Many other branches of manu- factures are carried on in the city. The early history of Oswego has already been noticed in the general history of the co.' Its distinctive and modern history dates from its surrender by the British in 1796. The withdrawal of the British garrison took away from the place all that had ever been established of civilized society, and left it as new as though man had never resided there. During the year following the evacuation, Neil McMullin, a merchant of Kingston, moved thither, bringing with him a house framed at Kingston.* In 1802 but 2 or 3 vessels were owned on the American side of the lake, trade being principally carried on by vessels belonging to the Northwest Fur Company. During this year Benaj ah Boyington built a warehouse on the w. side of the river, and Arch. Fairfield liecame a forwarding merchant. Salt from the Onondaga Springs was at that time the most important item in the commerce of Oswego. In 1803, Matthew McNair engaged in the forwarding business and purchased a schooner. In 1804 he built anotlier, and, in connection with other gentlemen, purchased a number of Canadian vessels.* From this period shipbuilding was carried on briskly, and it formed a leading interest until the breaking out of the War of 1812. The war put an end to commercial transactions ; but the place became the scene of stirring mili- tary events. The fort was garrisoned and commanded by Col. Mitchell. On the 5th of May, 1814, the British fleet under Sir James Yeo appeared oif the harbor and opened a heavy fire upon the place. The fire was returned by the 4 small guns which constituted the only armament of Fort Ontario, and by a small battery on the w. side of the river. The next morning the British took position still nearer the shore, and under the cover of a heavy fire 2 columns of the enemy eflfected a landing. After a gallant but vain defense. Col. Mitchell retreated, leaving the fort and town in possession of the enemy.* The principal object of the attack was to secure the naval stores destined for the new vessels building at Sackets Harbor ; but a large share of tliese were at Oswego Falls, 12 mi. above, and were not taken. Several cannon and other heavy articles lying upon the wharf were sunk in the river, at the command of Col. Mitchell ; these were afterward recovered. On the morning of the 7th the British retired, and the fleet proceeded N. to blockade Sackets Harbor. Lieut. Woolsey, who had charge of the stores, immediately dropped down the river, and, with 19 boats laden with stores, set out on the lake under cover of night, and supported by a body of riflemen and Indians, under Maj. Appling, on shore. The boats were pursued, and took refuge in Sandy Creek, where an action took place, resulting in the capture of the entire attacking party.' Oswego recovered slowly from the efiects of the war, and its commercial transactions were com- paratively unimportant until the opening of the Oswego and Welland Canals.' In the mean time 1 Five of these mills are located on the harbor, and elevate their grain from lake vessels and discharge flour and grain into canal boats. Six grain warehouses on the harbor elevate and discharge in the same way. The other mills, located above, elevate from and discharge into canal boats. The elevating capacity on the harbor is 37.500 bushels per hour, and the storage room over 2,000,000 bushels of grain, — rendering Oswego the best receiving port on the lakes. 8 This factory was founded by a stock company, with a capital of $50,000; and, under the supervision of Thns. kingsford & Sons, its capital has been increased to ^50,000. and its main block of buildings have grown to the enormous dimensions of 510 feet front by 250 feet deep, with numerous det^iched buildings and an extensive box factory. Th« main establishment works up 500,01)0 bushels of grain (mostly corn) and makes 12,000.000 pounds of st.areh per annum. Large quantities of the article Bre sold and used in London, Liverpool, and the principal cities on the continent of Europe. It gives employment to 200 men. ' See page 619. * When Mr. McMullin and his family landed at Oswego they found two American*resident3,^Tohn Love and Zil»a Phillips. They were traders, and left soon after. Capt. Edward O'Conner, of the Eevolutionary Army, came in during the same year. Matthew McNair and Bradner Burt and his father came in 1802; Henry Eagle in ISOS; Alvin Bronsou in ISIO; and Wm. Dollo- way in 1811. In ISIO the population numbered 300. Rankin McMullin, son of Neil McMullin, born in 1800, was the first child born within the present limits of the city. 6 In 1804 all commercial transactions were carried on with unrestricted freedom. No ship papers, licenses, reports, oroatha were required, the keen-scented custom house officers not having yet smelt out the commerce of the lakes. « The British loss in the action was about 200. and the Ame- rican 00. The Briti.sh carried off several of the prominent citi- zens, and kept them prisoners until they were duly discharged. Among the prisoners were Alvan Bronson, Abraham Uugunin, and Eli Stevens. I See page 358. 6 In 1818, 10 years before the Oswego Canal wag completed, 36.000 b;u-rels of Onondaga salt were received at Oswego, of which 26.000 barrels went to Western States by the portage* round Niagara Falls. At that perioti the price of salt at Oswego was $2.50 per barrel, and the coat of transportation from Salina, by Oswego, to Black Rock $1.41 per barrel. In IS.^iO there were received at Oswego 700,000 barrels, of which over 600,000 went to upper lake ports through the Welland Canal, at a cost of S26 OSWEGO COUNTY. shipbuilding became a leading pursuit of the people. In 1816, steam navigation was first intro- duced on Lake Ontario, and its great progress since has been of immense importance to Oswego. In 1829-30, Alvin Bronson and T. S. Morgan erected the first flouring mill. In 1828 the Oswego Canal was finished, and in 1830 the Welland Canal was opened, giving a new impulse to trade and opening to the place an almost boundless commerce in the future. With the advantages of natural position and the stimulus of the lines of internal improvement, both the commerce and manufactures of Oswego have increased in an almost unprecedented manner ; and there is every reason to believe that this increase is to continue for many years to come. OSWEGO (town) — was formed from Hannibal, April 20, 1818. A part of Granby was annexed May 20, 1836. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, on the w. side of the river. Its surface is generally rolling, ending in a blufi" shore upon the lake. The streams are the Eight Mile, Rice, Snake, and Minetto Creeks. A fall in Oswego River within the limits of this town affords an abundance of water-power. The underlying rock is principally red sandstone, and the soil a gravelly loam. Boulders and water-worn pebbles are scattered over the surface, making it very stony in places. Minetto,' (p. v.,) situated on Oswego River, 4 mi. from the city, contains 150 inhabitants. .South West Oswego is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1797, by Asa Rice, from Conn. Reuben Pixley came in 1800, and Daniel Burt in 1802.^ There are now in the town 2 churches ; M. E.andBap. PAliERKIO — was formed from Volney, April 4, 1832. It is an interior town, lying just s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating. The large swamp in the E. part of the town is 57 feet above Oneida Lake, and the ridges are about 25 feet above the swamp. The streams are Scotts and Fish Creeks. The soil is generally a sandy loam. Lumber and the products of wood are the principal manufactured products of the town.' Palermo, (p. v.,) situated near ths center of the town, and Terniillion (p.v.) each contains 1 church and about 15 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1806, by David Jennings, Simeon Crandall, and Sylvanus Hop- kins.* The first settled preacher was Rev. Asaph Graves. There are now 4 churches in town.' PARISH" — was formed from Mexico, March 20, 1828. It is an interior town, a little s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, but considerably broken by ravines, and in some parts rough and stony. The streams are Salmon Creek and its branches. The valley in the w. part is 246 feet above Lake Ontario, and the E. summits are 25 to 50 feet higher. The soil con- sists of clay, sand, and gravel, and is moderately fertile. Less than half of the town is under culti- vation. There are 12 sawmills, 4 shingle fiictories, and other manufacturing establishments in town. Parisbville, (Parish p.o.,) on Salmon Creek, in the w. part, contains 1 church and 34 houses. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Thomas Nutting, Eliada Orton, Jonathan Bedell, Amos Williams, and Rev. Gamaliel Barnes.' There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Bap. REDFIElrflke, Eli Strong, Benj. Austin, Samnel Brooks, Eliakim Si- mouds. Nathan Cook. Ebcnezer Chatnbprlain, David Harmon. ftnd Elihu Insraham. The tirst birth was that of Ezra L. H. Cham- berlain; and tlic first death, that of an infant son of Dr. Alden. in 1801. The first saw and grist mills were built in 1801; and the first inn was opened the same year, by David Bntler. The first school was tanpht in 1802. by Rev. .Toshua .Tnhnson. 1 At the month of Salmon River is a harbor admitting vessels of lipht dmught. ' There are 19 sawmills, 8 shingle mills, 6 flonrinp: and rist mills. 2 paper mills, a tool factory, and several other manutao- turing estal'lislim'ints in the town. * The Pulaski Academy was organized .Tune 4, 1853. * 2 paper mills. 4 flouring and grist mills, 3 sawmills, 3 tan- Deries, and a f.iundery and machine shop. * Among the early settlers were Hugh Montgomery, in 1801 ; John Ingersoll, Benj. Bull. Israel .Tnnes. .John Farnham, and Johnson, in 1804 ; Jeremiah Matthcwson. in 1807 : and Ephraim and Justns Fox, in 1808. The first birth was that of Benj. Ingersoll, Aug. 28, 1804; the first marriage, that of Saml. Orippen and Ruth Tuttle, the same year; and the first death, that of a child of Nathan Tuttle. The first inn was kept by Benj. Winch, in 1806 ; and the first store, by John Meacham, in 1810. The first sawmill was built by John Hoar, in 1806; and the first gristmill, by Jeremiah Matthewson. in 1808. Milly Ellis taught the first school, in the summer of 1808. « 3 Bap., 2 M. E.. Cong., and Prot. B. ' There are 11 sawmills, 2 shingle mills, 2 gristmills, and 2 tanneries in town. 8 In 1805 Asel Hurd and 5 families front Vt., by the name of Meacham. settled in town. The first sawmill was built by Wm. Skinner and Joseph Hurd, in 1804; and the first gristmill, by James Hinman, in 1806. Simeon Meacham kept the first store and tavern, in 1806 ; and the first school was taught at the house of George Harding, by his daughter, in 1807-08. The first birth was that of Laura Hurd; the first marriage, that of Henry Patterson and Lucy Meacham, in 1806 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Elias Howe, in 1807. • Presb.. M. E., and Bap, — all at Washingtonville. l*> Pronounced scni'ple ; named from Henry W. Schroeppel. His father. Geo. C. .'^rhroepprl, purchased the whole of Township 24 and a large part of 16, of (ieorge Scriba. Uenr^* W. settled in the town in 1810. and is still a resident. u Named in honor of Alex. Phoenix. 528 OSWEGO COUNTY. (p.v.,) near the center, 15. Settlement was commenced by Abram Paddock, in 1800.^ The first church I'M. E.) was organized in 1826. There are now 5 churches in town.^ SCRIOA^ — wastakenfrom ^'Frederickshurgh" (nowVolney) as part of Oneida co., April5,1811. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario and the e. bank of Oswego River. Its surface is rolling, the ridges extending n. and s., and elevated 100 to 180 feet above the lake. It is drained by Black Creek, flowing s., and Nine Mile, Four Mile, and Wine Creeks, flowing n. Upon several of these streams are valuable mill privileges. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, stony in places, and only moderately fertile. Scriba Corners, (Scriba p. o.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and about 40 houses. IVorth Scriba, is a p. o. The first settlement was made by Henry Everts, in 1798.* There are 3 churches in town.^ VOIjIVEY^ — was formed — by the name of ^'Fredericksburgh" — from Mexico as part of Oneida CO., March 21, 1806. Its name was changed April 5, 1811. Scriba was taken ofi* in ISll, and Schroeppel and Palermo in 1832. It lies upon the e. bank of Oswego River, s. w. of the center of the CO. Its surface is undulating, with high, steep banks bordering upon the river. The ridges are 50 to 100 feet above the valleys and 100 to 200 feet above Oswego River. The red sandstone crops out on the bank of the river and is extensively quarried for building stone. The falls upon the river furnish an immense water-power.' The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Fulton,^ (P'"^-*) on Oswego River, at the Oswego Falls,*was incorp. April 29, 1835. It contains 6 churches, the Falley Seminary,^** a newspaper office, and a large number of manufacturing establishments. Pop. 3,192. Seneca, Hill, (p*v.,) on Oswego River, in the n. w. corner of the town, contains 50 dwellings and the largest flouring establishment in the State." Tolney Cor- ners^ (Volney p.o.,) near the center, contains 18 houses. The present village of Fulton became the seat of a floating population in the early part of the eighteenth century ; but permanent settle- ment was not commenced until 1793.^^ The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1814; and the Rev. Mr. Leavitt was the first settled minister. There are 9 churches in town.*^ "WEST MOIVROE— was formed from Constantia, March 21, 1839. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Lake, s. e. of the center of the co. The surface is level and marshy in the s., and rolling, broken, and stony in the N, A marsh on the bank of the lake covers an area of more than 1,000 acres, and a considerable portion of it produces cranberries. In the valleys between the ridges, in the n. part of the town, are several smaller marshes. Red sandstone, the underlying rock, crops out in this town and furnishes a plentiful supply of valuable building stone. Bog iron ore is found in the n. part; and it is said that traces of lead and silver have also been found. The soil is a medium quality of clay, sandy and gravelly loam. West J>Ionroe and Union Settle- ment are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1806, by Martin Owens, Abel and Joseph B. Ames, Ebenezer Loomis, and Sylvanus AUen.^* The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1843.** 'WII.L.IAMSTOWX— was formed from Mexico, as part of Oneida co., March 24, 1804. Richland was taken ofi" in 1807, and Amboy in 1830. It lies near the center of the e. border of the CO. The surface is undulating in the s., but broken and stony in the w., and moderately hilly in the e. It is drained by Fish Creek, flowing into Oneida Lake, and the head branches of Salmon 1 Thomas Vicfcery and La Hommedieu settled in 1807; and Wm. Miles in ISOS. Tbe first birth was that of Joseph Vickery. Sept. 11, 1^07; and the first marriage, that of John Lemanier and Sally Winter. The first sawmill was erected by H. W. Schroeppel, in 1819; and the first frristmill, by A. & H. Gilbert, the same year. The first store was kept by Andrus Gilbert, in 1821; and the first inn, by Alex. Pho>nix, in 1828. Horatio Sweet taught the first school, at Three River Point, in 1813. 2 2 M. E., Cong., Bap., and F. W. Bap. 8 Named in honor of George Scriba, the original proprietor of this and several of the adjoining towns. * Asahel Bush and Samuel Tiffany settled in town in 1801; Wm. Burt and Hiel Stone in ISO.S; and Dr. Deodatus Clark in 1807. The first birth was that of Henry Everts, jr. ; the first marriage, that of John Masters ami Eliza Baldwin, in 1806; and the first death, that of a child of Hiram Warner. The first inn internal water communication between Schenectady and the ports upon Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, after the construction of the c^nal connecting Wood Creek with the Mo- hawk River, by the Western Navigation Co., in 179(5. 10 The Fulton Female Seminary was incorp. in 1S36, and in 1842 it was changed to the Fulton Academy. In 1849 it received a donation of $.3,000 from Mrs. M. E. Falley and assumed the name of the Falley Seminary. At the same time it came under the charge of the Black River Conference of the M. E. Church. It is a prosperous institution. n This flouring mill has 15 mn of stone, with a separate wheel to each run, and a capacity of grinding and packing 1,200 bar- rels of flour per day. 13 Daniel Masters settled at Oswego Falls in 1793; Laurence Tan Valkenburph. below the falls. JQ 179.^; and John Tan Buren in 1796. John Waterhouse settled in the town in 1797; and was kept by Hiel Stone, in 1806; and the flr.st store, by Orrin I Ebenezer Wright in 1800. The first birth after the permanent Stone and Aaron Parkhurst, in 1819. Benj. Robinson, from Manlius, taught the first school, in 1804. 5 Bap.. M. E.. and a Bethel Free and Union. 6 Named in honor of Tolney, the French author, who visited tbe town in 1808, while on a tonr through the U. S. ' There are 7 flouring mills in town, havicg an aggregate of 42 run of stone; also a large number of sawmills and other manufacturing establishments. 8 Named in honor of Robert Fulton. It was originally called '*Osu'figo Falls." • The portage at this place was the only interruption In the settlement was in 1795 ; and the first death, that of John Water- house, in Aug. 1799. Daniel Masters kept the first inn, at the falls, in 1794; and he and Goodell erected the first sawmill, in 1796. Miss A. Waterhouse taught the first school, in 1800. 18 2 M. E., Presb., Prot. E., Cong., Bap., Prot. Meth., Wea. Meth., and Union. 1* Deacon Smith, from Maae., settled in the town in ISOS, and Hiram Nickerson in 1810. The first birth was that of Azariah Ames. The first inn was kept by Deacon Smith, in 1812; and the first school was taught by Caroline Barnes, in 1810. IS The census reports 2 churches; Presb. and F. W. Bap. o en DC < o o o OSWEGO COUNTY. 529 River. The surface of Fish Creek at Williamstown Mills, in the s. e. part, is 354 feet above Lake Ontario, and the hills in the n. e. are 200 to 300 feet higher. The greater part of the town is yet unsettled. The soil is a moderately fertile sandy or gravelly loam. Lumber and leather are the principal manufactured products. 'Willianisto^vn, (p. v.,) on Fish Creek, in the s. part, is a station on the W. & R. R. R. Pop. 240. Kasoag, (p. v.,) a little w. of the center, is a station on the W. & R. R. R. and contains about 25 houses. The first settlement was made in 1801, by Gilbert Taylor, Solomon Goodwin, Ichabod Comstock, Dennis Orton, Henry Williams, and Henry Filkins.' The first church (Cong.) was founded in 1805, by Rev. Wm. Stone.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dicellings, families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Oswego County. Nau£S op Towns. Albion Amboy Boylston CoDStantia. Granby Hannibal Hastings Mexico. New Haven.... Orwell Oswego City... Oswego-TowB. Palermo Parish. Redfleld. Richland Sandy Creek... Schroeppe! Scriba. Volney West Monroe.. Williamstown Total AoRxs op Land. .S 9.196} 6.327 i .'>.4S6 6,161 16,4.58 16,094 J 13,252i 20,206i ll,410i 8,.'i37S 2,042 12.242i 12,238i 9,010J 6,9885 19,632 16.738 13,0.55i 14,39SJ 16,141 6,237 i 5,271J 244,126 16,109 lS,070i 17,379 28,660 13,574} 12,035 14,010 8,011 7,603 17,345 783i 7.4941 12,777 16,921 61,835 11,869 6,5691 11,619 8,936 12.621i 14,6631 20,281 i Valuation op 1858. $262,340 105,160 70,117 324,299 608,863 410,170 045,900 633,030 283,880 170,581 4,262,,372 669,736 347,670 241,014 181,547 709,161 410,995 603,290 1,417,675 674,963 120.390 140,161 328,047J 12,983,314 Ml, $7,750 6,650 1,300 16,100 20,270 13,650 44,300 95,400 41,195 7,000 1,401,410 26,900 18,100 16.975 7,455 881,950 34,300 24,100 30,800 44,250 6,700 3,100 $270,090 110,710 71.417 339,399 629,133 423,820 690,200 628.430 325,075 177.581 5,663,782 686,636 366,770 257,989 189,002 791,111 445,295 627,390 1,448,475 619,213 126,000 143,261 Population. 1 is 5 Q •s- •& ^ 1,065 ^ ^ 1,147 413 435 636 636 216 222 424 301 144 146 1,691 1,764 692 632 1,963 1,784 694 767 1,566 1,473 690 639 1,610 1,459 681 608 2,016 2,007 782 831 1,011 1,001 396 433 669 689 241 260 8,022 7,794 2,618 2,962 1,428 1,332 623 546 1,048 976 424 457 875 800 323 337 432 346 144 168 2,079 1,933 735 677 1,176 1,098 41 S 488 1.937 1,810 686 766 1,539 1,419 658 687 3,365 3,111 1,166 1,343 631 686 224 241 490 463 182 187 135.662 33.736 12,649 13,711 376 190 1.15 442 468 611 605 743 344 S32 1,7V ■ 293 277 295 139 620 337 443 632 865 204 170 Schools. VS 9,781 926 446 278 1,306 1,620 1,117 1,399 1,375 730 517 6,987 1,1.54 784 7.52 393 1,660 1,019 1,459 1.293 2,310 613 312 Names of Towns. Albion Amboy Boylston» Constantia Granby HannibaL Hastings Mexico New Haven...., Orwell Oswego City... Oswego -Town. Palermo.. Parish Redfleld. Richland Sandy Creek... Schroeppel Scriba. Volney West Monroe- Williams town Total Lite Stock. 429 220 169 392 903 1,097 669 1,007 631 278 696 748 591 403 162 866 657 760 691 904 249 176 III 813 622 314 640 1.391 1,490 1,180 1,656 1,250 580 53 884 1,146 835 420 1,678 1,134 1,275 931 1,096 619 769 464 670 4.57 1,120 1,317 956 2,290 1,048 909 594 936 1,006 822 757 2,244 1,583 1,054 1,174 1,124 465 325 12,398 20,189 21,983 36,088 21,836 3- 1,296 854 460 996 3,025 2,215 2,692 3,170 1,878 682 194 1.934 2,331 1,263 451 3,042 2,126 2,768 1.302 2,186 907 417 eo 705 404 308 654 1,600 1,887 1.243 1,994 886 470 1,204 1,060 1,074 900 176 1.613 1,139 1,166 1.080 1,606 465 313 AQRICDLTtJRAL PRODUCTS. BcsH. OF Gbain. g 4,349 1,251 881 2,767 2.900J 3,2S9J 6,238 4,714J l,55Si 3,572 292i 1,720 5,037J 2,264 180 2,259 5,786 2,243 2,727 1,686 1,1 83i 1,234 58,153J 1,158,647 1,7.55J l,273i 1,063 1,208 3,409 3,570 2,527J 6,376 2,665S 1,766 492 4,054 2,8745 l,SI)Si 2.352 5,077 3,3465 3,3135 4,7565 4,367 1,403} 689} 68,138 *5 ^ So iq», 20,454 7,184 6,871 9,000 36,796 31,255 18,041 61,244 18,716 9,631 1,9101 19,928 24,640 14,350 5,786 30,962 14,370 14,689 21,6.52 23,235 7,142 5,057 DuRT Products. 10,5.50 1,314 70,622 l,050i 3,201 1 13,756] 6,641 130,916 15,804 122,780 3,530 12,050 15,100 161,900 123,970 107„575 44,555 11,490 58,451 8,357 2,950 391,912} 426,916 2,038,174 973,461 1,821 1.432 1,264 837 1,893 1,2955 2,649 2,070} 1,027 1,062 363 1,444 2,242 284 1,931 2,220 1.0.87 906 1,.361 916 632 28,617 1 The first marriage was that of Joel Rathbm-n and Miss P. 1 gristmill, in 1804. The first store was opened in 1806, by Danl. Alden, in Sept. 1802: and the first death, that of Mrs. S.irah Furman. The first school was taught by Philander Alden, io Orton, in the spring of 1804, Isaac Alden opened the fii-st inn. 1803. in 1803, boilt the first sawmill, the same year, and the first | ^ There are now 2 churches in town ; Cong, and M. £. S4 OTSEGO COUNTY. .'^f\a^^^ This county was erected from Montgomery, Feb. 16, 1791, and em- braced the 2 original towns of Otsego and Cherry Valley. A part of Schoharie was taken off in 1795, and a part of Delaware in 1797. It lies upon the highlands at the head of Susquehanna River, s. E. of the center of the State. It is centrally distant 66 miles from Albany, and contains 1,038 sq.mi. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several ridges separated by deep, broad valleys. The declivities are generally gradual ; and the highest summits are 400 to 700 ft. above the valleys and 1,700 to 2,000 ft. above tide. The ridges have a general n. e. and s. w. direction. A high and rocky upland extends into the s. E. corner from Delaware, terminating upon Schenevas Creek in an abrupt and wall-like declivity 300 to 500 ft. high. The other ridges of the co. have a nearly uniform elevation, and generally terminate in steep declivities upon the valleys of the streams. The principal streams are Unadilla River, forming the w. boundary, Wharton and Butternut, Oak, and Otego Creeks, Susquehanna River, Cherry Valley and Schenevas Creeks. Charlotte River forms a small portion of the s. boundary. Besides these, there are a large number of smaller creeks and brooks, tributaries to the above. A few small streams rise in the n. e. corner and flow into the Mohawk. Otsego Lake, in the n. e. part, is a fine sheet of water 8 mi. long and about 1 mi. broad. It is 1,193 ft. above tide, and is sur- rounded by hills 400 to 500 ft. high. Its outlet forms the principal head branch of the Susque- hanna. Schuyler Lake, n. w. of Otsego, is a similar sheet of water, 3J mi. long. The other bodies of water in the co. are small ponds. The rocks in the n.e. corner consist of the limestones of the Helderbergh division. The hills in the s. part are composed of the shales of the Hamilton group and the shales and sandstones of the Portage and Chemung groups. The summits iu the extreme s. part and s. E. corner are crowned by the red sandstone and shales of the Catskill group. Al- most all the valuable quarries of the co. are found in the limestone region of the n. e. The soil in the N. E. is a good quality of gravelly and calcareous loam ; but further south it is a clay and shaly loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys. The uplands are best adapted to grazing ; and the river intervales are well adapted to the cultivation of grain. The people are principally engaged in stock raising and dairying. More than three-sevenths of all the hops pro- duced in the State are grown in this co. The manufacturing interests are limited, though the available water-power is very great. The county seat is located at Cooperstown, in the town of Otsego, at the foot of Otsego Lake.' The courthouse is a brick edifice in the w. part of the village.' The jail, near by, is built of stone, but has few of the modern improvements or conveniences. The average number of inmates ia 8, supported at a weekly cost of $3.00 each. The clerk's oflice is a fireproof brick build- ing, contiguous to the courthouse. The co. poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 153 acres in Middlefield, 4 mi. s. of Cooperstown. Its average number of inmates is 90. The children attend the district school. The farm yields a revenue of $1,400. The general arrangement and manage- ment of this institution are far better than the average. The only work of internal improvement in the CO. is the Albany & Susquehanna II. R., now in process of construction. It extends along Susquehanna River and Schenevas Creek, through Unadilla Otego, Oneonta, Milford, Maryland, and Worcester. Five weekly newspapers are published in the co.' 1 Tliomas Farrington. of Tioga, Alvin Bronson, of Oswego, and ArchibiiUl CaniitbeU, of Dutcheea, were the commiHsioners appointed to locate the CO. seat. * The first county officers were Wm. Cooper, First Judge ; Jacob Morris, Countrj CUrk; Richard B. Smith, .SAcnjf; and James Cannon, Surrogate. • The Ots' go Herald and Wv'Sfem j4rft"Th>*T,thefir8tpaperpub- liflhi'd in the Co., and the second in the Stite w. of ( Albany, was commenced at Cooperstown, April 3, 1795, by l^libu Pbinney. a native of Conn. Mr. Phinney con- tiiuK'd its pulilication until 18U3. when he died. It was then [uibli-lied by his sons, E. & H. phinney, until 1S21, when it was discontinued. The Impartial Observer was establihhed at Cooperstown in 1S08 630 by William Andrews. It soon after p.HSsed to John H. Prentiss, who changed its name to The Coopsryt"Vjn Federalist, under which title it was published until \h'2'<, when the name was ajain changed to Tlie Preenian^s Journal. In 1850 it passed into the hands of Samuel M. Shaw, by whom it is now pub. lished. The Otsego If'pubHcan w.as published at Cherry Talley in 1812 by Cl;irk Si Crandal. The Waii'htowrr was established at Cherry Valley in 1813. In 1814 it was removed to Co()perstoW(i. where it was published by Israel W. Clark until May. 1S17. when Kdward B. Crandal became proprietor, and continued the publication until 1831. OTSEGO COUNTY. 531 The first settlement in this co. was made at Cherry Valley, in 1740, by John Lindesay, who, with 3 others, held a patent for a tract of 8,000 acres lying in that town.* Mr. Lindesay was a Scotch gentleman of some fortune and distinction, and, by his influence, induced a settlement on his lands of several families, comprising about 30 persons, originally from Scotland and Ireland. A few years later, small settlements were made in the present towns of Springfield, Middlefield, Laurens, Otego, and at other points in the valley of the Susquehanna. These settlements then formed the extreme outposts in the advance of civilization west. They increased very slowly, in consequence of the fear of Indian hostilities. In 1765, 25 years after the first settlement, but 40 families had located at Cherry Valley. At the commencement of the Revolution it was still a frontier settle- ment. On the 11th of Oct. 1778, it was attacked by the tories and Indians, under the lead of Butler and Brant, and a horrible massacre ensued. The family of Robert Wells, father of the late John Wells of New York, consisting of 12 persons, were brutally murdered ; and one of the tones boasted that he killed Mr. Wells while at prayer. John Wells, the only member of the family who escaped, was at school in Schenectady at the time. The wife and daughter of Mr. Dunlop, Mrs. Dickson, and the wife and 4 children of Mr. Mitchell were murdered in cold blood. Thirty-two of the inhabitants, mostly women and children, and 16 Continental officers and soldiers, were killed; the residue of the inhabitants were taken prisoners and carried off, and all the buildings in the place were burned. All the frontier settlements were ravaged, and nearly evei'y building, except those belonging to tories, was burned. These horrible outrages aroused the whole country, and in 1779 Gen. Sullivan, at the head of a large body of troops, was sent against the AVestern tribes. In Feb. Gen. Clinton, with a force of 1,200 men, marched up the Mohawk, and thence opened a road to Otsego Lake, a distance of 20 mi. At the foot of the lake he halted and built a dam across the outlet, and prepared boats to descend the stream. AVhen the lake was sufliciently high, the boats were launched, the dam was broken down, and the army descended the river on the flood thus pro- duced. The Indians upon the banks, witnessing the extraordinary rise of the river at midsummer without any apparent cause, were struck with superstitious dread, and in the very outset were disheartened at the apparent interposition of the Great Spirit in favor of their foes. Gen. Clinton's forces joined Sullivan on the Chemung. At the close of the war, settlements progressed with great rapidity ; and much of the best land in the co. was taken up before the fertile lands in the western part of the State were opened to immigration. BITRI.IXGTOIV— was formed from Otsego, April 10, 1792. Pittsfield was taken off in 1797, and Edmeston in 1808. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into 3 general ridges extending N. and s. These ridges are about 400 ft. above the valleys, and are arable to their summits. The streams are Butternut Creek, flowing s. through the center, and Wharton Creek, flowing s. w. through the w. part. The soil upon the hills is a slaty loam, in many places underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam Th€ Thcsni was eBtablished at Cooperstown in June, ]8"29, by Uuttcn & Hews, and was published by them until 1831, when it took the name of The Ols'Oo It'.pnhh'-can. It was issued by Button & Hopkins for about 1 year; by Ikipkins alone. 1 year; Hopkins & Clark, a year; hy A. W. Clark, about I year; and by Amlrew M. Barber. 4 or 5 years. In 1845 it was issued by I. K. W illi.ims & Co. Soon after it again came Into the posHessiori of A. M. Barber, and was continued by hi-u until his death, in Aug. 1S55. In Oct. 1S55, the paper was united with The Otsego Democrat, and issued ns Tbe Republican and Democrat, nnder which title it IS now (ulili hed by James 1. Ileudrix. The Oljieao* Democrat was commenced at Cooperstown in 1846 by James I. Hendrix and was published by him until it was nier-^c-d with the Republican in I'-fto. The Otsego JCxnyniTwr was commenced at Cooperstown in 1854 by Itobt. Shankland. wlio soon after withdrew, and the puhlii'ation was continued by B. W. Burdilt until 1857. TfU dierry Valley Gazelle was .-tarted in Oct. 1S18. by Wni. Mc- Lean, who continued its publication until 1832. It Ihcn passed into the handn ofchae. McLean, who continued it until Jan. 1, 1847, when A. S. Bottsford became pro- prietor and continued it until \yt\. It then reverted to Charles McLean; and in If-'SS it was sold to John B. Kin;r, who publislied it 1 year under tlie name of TTie Amerion lianmr, wlun lie sold it to A. S. Bottsford, who changed the name back to Tbc Cherry Valley Gazette, under which title it is Btdl pubbslit-d. Th" Otsrgo thriU'T was published atChprry Valley in 1841. The Otsego Count!/ Courier was commenced at the village of Louisville, in the town of Morris, by Wm. H. 8. Wy- nans. in 1845. This paper was succeeded by The Village Advrdser. commenced at the same place in 1851. It was a quarterly publication, conducted, in 1S65, by TI. 8. Av.ry. Tlie Oneonta Herald was commenced Feb. 9, 1853. at Ono. onta Village, hy L. P. Carpenter, the present publisher. The Susquehanna Nexus was commenced at Unadilla in Sopt. 1840. by Edward A. Graves. In 1841 or '42 it was cliHUged to the UnadiUa JVfw.<, Geo. H. Noble, publisher, and was soon after BUBpended. The Weekh/ Courier waacnmmenced at Unadilla in March, 1843, by Edson S. Jennings. The Unadilla Wcekh/ Herald was commenced in March, 1845, by Wm. S. Ilawley. It was soon after changed to The Otsrgo County I{eraJd.a.nd was removed to Delhi, IVIawar© CO., the Bame year, and its name changed to Voice of the Ppopli-. The Unadilla Times was commenced in June. 1856, by John Brown, who sold it in the fall of ihe same ycnr to E. S. Watson. In June, 1857. it passed into the hands of Geo. B. Fellows, its present publisher. 1 During the first winter the snow fell to so groat a d^plh that it wjia impossible for Mr. Lindesiiy to go to the nearest settlement, which whs 15 mi. distant. His provisions gave nut, and liis family were in danger of perishing by stnrvation. in this extremity they were visited by mi Indian, who came on sni'W shoes, and who. on leiirning their situation, undertook to snppty thom witli find. He went to the Mohawk, and returned With a loa settlement of the town. During the Kevolution, the hired men of Mr. Carr were killed while at work, his barn was burned, his property d<-«troyed. and himself and f.imily were takeir prisoners by the British and In- dians and detained to the close of the war. Abel I)e Forest and (lideoD De Forest were among the early settlers on tliel'nadilla; Aden Deming and James Ketiada, at Edmeston; and Stephen Taylor, on Taylor Uill, where the first school was taught. KufuB Graves kept the first inn; and James Kcnada erected the first gristmill, both at Edmeston Center. * The census reports 5 churches; 2 Bap., 7th da. Bap., M. E., and Univ. 6 About the same time, or Boon after, Asahel Williams and Ilagur Curtis settled in the s. piirt of the town; Joshua and Caleb Angel, on Angel Uill; Seth Tubbs and Bethel Martin, at West Kxeter; T. Brooks and M. Cushman, on the Kockdunga, Jolin Tunnicliff kept the first store and tavern. John Ilurt4- horne erected the first gristmill, on Herkimer Creek. • The census reports 6 churches ; 2 QI. E., Cong., Bap., Prot. E., and Union. ' Named from Clurisian John Hartwick, the patentee of the Ilartwick Patent. 6 This institution, established in T^l,5, wa.s originally endowed by .John I luiMC.plier Ilartwick with a fond of JSO,OoO. The Iniwo f'litlon Factory w:is erected in 1809, and burned down and rebuilt in 18-18, it gives employment to about 40 hands. "J The Clinton Factory, erected in 1847, gives employment to .35 hands, and turns out 024,000 yards of printed cottons par annum. 534 OTSEGO COUNTY. Kevolution.' The first church (Bap.) was formed Aug. 19, 1795; Rev. John Bostwick was the first settled preacher.* li.irREIVS — was formed from Otsego, April 2, 1810. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. With the exception of the broad valley of Otego Creek, the surface is high and hilly. It is drained s. by Otego Creek and several tributaries, among which are Uarrisons and Camps Creeks. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, in some parts slaty, and generally produc- tive. One and a half mi. n. of Laurens is a sulphur spring. Lsiureus, (p. v.,) on Otego Creek, in the e. part, was incorp. April 22, 1834, It contains 3 churches, 1 flouring mill, the Otsego Cotton Mills,^ an iron foundery, sawmill, and tannery. Pop. 726. Jacksonville^ (Mount Vision p. 0.,) in the n. e. corner, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, and about 30 houses. West Laureiis (p. v.) contains about 15 houses. Settlements were made in this town prior to the llevolution, by Joseph Mayall and Richard Smith, a little n. of Laurens Village; by John Sleeper, at the village ; and by William Ferguson, a little s. of it.* The first religious association was formed by the Friends, who erected a meetinghouse in 1800.' M ARYI^AWD — was formed from "Worcester, March 25, 1808. It lies on the s. line of the Co., E. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Sche- nevas Creek flows s. w. through near the center and receives several tributaries from the n. South Hill, a steep, unbroken ridge 350 to 500 ft. above the valleys, extends along the s. bank of the creek through the town; and from its summit the surface spreads out into a rocky and broken upland, extending into the s. border. The soil is principally a sandy loam, and is best adapted to grazing. JUaryland, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains a church and 20 houses ; Scbenevus, (p. v.,) near the e. border, a church, tannery, and 383 inhabitants. Cbaseville is a p. 0. Thomas Thompson and his son John, from Columbia co., settled in 1793.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed at an early period; Rev. Mr. Ralph was the first preacher.^ MlDDLiEFIELiD — was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center Cff the co. The surface is a hilly upland, abruptly descending to Otsego Lake and Outlet, which form its w. boundary. The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys. Cherry Valley Creek flows s. w. through the E. part of the town. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam. Mtddlefield Center, (p. v.,) in the n. part of the town, contains a church, last factory, and 15 dwellings. Clarksville,® (Middlefield p. o.,) on Cherry Valley Creek, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 260 inhabitants. The first settlement was made about 1755, by emigrants originally from Ireland and Scotland.^ The first religious association (Presb.) was formed by Rev. Andrew Oliver, in 1805; the first church edifice was erected in 1808.^'* MILFORD— was formed from Unadilla, Feb. 5, 1796, as "Suffrage." Its name was changed April S, 1800. A part of Otego was taken ofi* in 1830. It is an interior town, s. of the center of the CO. The Susquehanna flows s. w. through the town, in a deep valley bordered by steep hillsides, and divides the surface into two distinct ridges. Crumhorn Mt., on the E. border, is 500 to 600 ft. above the valleys ; and the w. hills are 300 to 400 ft. high. Crumhorn Lake, a body of water 3 mi. in circumference, lies upon the summitof Crumhorn Mt. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Milford Center (Milford p. o.) contains 2 churches; pop. 250.^^ CoIIierville is a p. o. 1 Lot Crosby and Stephen Skiff were among the first aettlers at llartwick Villa,'e, and EIij:ih and Kufus Ilu.wk-in.'i and N. Lyon in the n. e. part of the town. Jamea Butter fie Id kept the first inn. and Daniel Laurens the first store, at what is called and cloth dressing mill. The first death was that of John Rice, killed by the tall of a tree. 1 The census reports i churches ; 3 M. E., and Bap. 8 About 2 mi. n. of Clarksville is a rock called by the Indians White House. Th« first mill was erected by Samuel Mudge, at Nis-ka-vu-na. (probably meaning Council Rock.) wh»re various Hartwick Village, 2 The census reports 6 churches; 2 Christian, Bap., Luth., Presb.. and iM. E. 8 This factory was erected in 1846, by aninvestnient of *;40,000. It employs 40 persons, and oiakes sheetings exclusively, to the value of $oO,000 per annum. < Griffin Crafts kept the first inn, about 1S]2; and Erastns and .John Cully, the first store. John Sleeper erected tlie first gristmill, and BaniL-l Johnson the first factory. The first birth was that of Nehemiah Sleeper; the first mariiage, that of Thos. Ferguson and Polly Myers ; and the first death, that of Hannah Sleeper. John llardgrove taught the first school. fi The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., Friends, Bap., Chris- tian, and Presb. 6 In 1794, Josiah Ch.iso, Col. J. Houghton, Ezekiel Kice. and Caleb llvington, from Vt.. and Daniel Houghton and Wilder Rice, settled near Schenevus, Daniel Stever, from Mass., settled at Schenevus. and .Joseph Hmve on KMc Creek. Th.- first prist- luill wiis built by lsr;iel Spencer, and the fi^st sawmill by Jotham tribes from the s. were accustomed to meet the Mohawks in council. In former day-s the ro^-k was covered with hierogly- phics, but from its shaly nature all are now obliterated. 8 Among those who settled prior to the Rpvolutionary Wat went Wm. Cook, Daniel, Bei^amin. and Reuben McColIum, Samuel and Andrew Wilson, Andrew Cochran, Andrew Cameron, and Hall, all in the N. part of the town. They came from the N. of Ireland, but were mostly of Scotch descent. Among those who settled near the close of and after the war were Ben- jamin Gilbert, in the N. part, in 1780; ReOben Beals. in the s. part, inlTSti; Wm. Compton, Bernard Temple, "Wm. Rice. Step'a and Thomas Pratt, Whitney Jenel. and Moses Rich, all from Mass., and William Cook, from England, in 1797; Obadiah Dun- ham, Wm. Temple, and Daniel Moore, from New England, in the 8. part of the town, soon after. Hannah Hubbell taught the first school, about 1790. Alexander McCollum and Andrew Cannon kepT, :he first inns, and Benjamin Johnson the first store, in 17'>0 Mr. McCollum also built the first sawmill, before the war; and Mosea Rich the first gristmill, in 1795. Houghton, in 1795, on Schenevus Crenk. Josiih Ch;is() kept the | lo The census reports 4 churches; 2 Bap., Presb., and M.E. first iua, near RoaeviUe; and Stephen G. Viigtl the ftr.st fulling , ii Milford contains 2 tanneries and several manufactories. 1 OTSEGO COUNTY. 535 Portlaiidville (p. v.) contains a tannery, other factories, and 2 churches, milford (p. v.) contains 2 churclios, 2 tanneries, and other factories. Pop. 250. The first settlement was made on the Susqnehanna. about 1770, bj a squatter named Carr. As the settlements made at that period were broken up by the border wars which followed, little or no progress was made until the close of the Revolution.* The first religious services (Cong.) were held near Milford Village, in 1793, by Rev. Reed, the first preacher. The census reports 6 churches.'^ MORRIS — was formed from Butternuts, April 6, 1849. A part of Pittsfield was annexed in 1859. It lies upon the w, border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two principal ridges by Butternut Creek, which flows s. w. through near the center. The w. ridge terminates in a series of steep bluffs bordering upon Unadilla River, which forms the w. boundary of the town. The soil upon the uplands is composed of clay, gravel, and disintegrated slate, and in the valleys of gravelly loam. Louliliville, (Morris p. o.,)on Butternut Creek, contains 4 churches, a cotton factory, 2 tanneries, a gristmill, and several other manufacturing establishments.* Pop. about 500, Iflaple Grove is a p. o. The first settlement was made about 1770, by Andre Renouard, at Elm Grove.* The first church (Bap.) was organized Aug. 28, 1793 ; Rev, John Lawton was the first preacher.* WEW MSBOjV— was formed from Pittsfield, April 7, 1806, as *' Lisbon." Its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several ridges by the deep ravines of the streams. The highest sum- mits are 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Butternut Creek, flowing s. through the w. part, and Otego Creek, in the e. Gilberts Lake is a small sheet of water on the s. border. The soil upon the uplands is a clay and slaty loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Crarrattsville^ (p. v.,) on Butternut Creek, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and tannery. Pop, 192. IVoblesville (New Lisbon p. o.) contains a church, gristmill, and 25 dwellings. IVew I^isbon Center and Stetsonville are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1775, by William Lull and Increase Thurston.* The first church (Bap.) was formed on West Otego Creek, in 1804, by Elder Micah French. A Cong, church was formed near Noblesville, April 21, 1805, by Rev. Wm. Stone.' OUTEO^TA — was formed from Milford, Otego, and Huntsville. Its name was changed April 17, 1830. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of the Susquehanna, which extends n. e. and s. w. through the s. part. Otego Creek and several small streams flow into the Susquehanna from the n. A range of hilU 500 ft. high extends along the s.e. bank of the Susquehanna. The center and n. part are hilly, and broken by narrow and irregular valleys. The summits are 150 to 300 ft. above the valleys. The soil is gravel, slate, and clay on the uplands, and gravelly loam and alluvium upon the river bottoms. Oueonta, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on the Susquehanna, was incorp.Oct. 14, 1848. It con- tains 4 churchee, a newspaper office, carriage factory, 2 iron founderies, a tannery, gristmill and saw- mill. Pop. G78. West Oneonta (p.v,) contains an iron foundery and 15 dwellings; Oneonta Plains, (p. v.,) 2 churches, a distillery, and 12 houses. Henry Scramling andJohnYoungs settled in town previous to the Revolution.^ The first religious association (Presb.) was formed at Oneonta Village, in 1786; Rev. Alex. Conkeywas the first settled preacher; the church was built in 1810.^ 1 Matthew Cully, from Cherry Valley, and George Mumfortl eettled near Milford Center in 1783. Abraham and Jacob Boala, and a family named Kurd, all from Mass.. settled at and near Milford Villiigo in 17S4. Henry Scott, from htland. settled a little N. of the Tillage in 1786. The first child born was David Beal-s, in Sept. 1786; the first marriage, tiiat of .Tamos Hrown and Rhoda Marvin, in 17S8; and the first death, that of Mra. Beals, abowt the same time. Increase Niles taught the first school. In I'W. IMatthew Cully and Isaac Collier kept the first 6 Among the othpr early settlers were S. W. Park, MoneB Thurston, Ilughey Marks. 0. Park, William Pierce. Bnxik, John Johnson, William and John Garratt, all in the vicinity of Garrattsville. Klnnthan Nobles was among the first settlers at Noblesville ; from him the place derives its name. Jo.seph Balcom and John Stewart were among the first sfttlers at Stetaonville. In 1778 the first Fettlers wore driven off by the Indiana and tories. Their buildiD'zs were burned and their crops destroyed. After the close of the war, nil th.' fiist Hettlers inn. below Milford Village, and Isaac Edson tln^ first store, at the returned to their improvements. Sally Thui-:^t(in wils the first village in 1794. The first gristmill was erected by Daviil Cully, child bom in town; James McCollum tau;;:ht the first school; ia 178S. and tlie first sawmill by Matthew Cully, in 1792-it3, 2 2 M. K.. I'resb.. Bap., Christian, and Friends. ' The Butternuts Cotton and Woolen Factory was erected at the village of Luuisville in 1812. It employs constantly over 50 hands. * Benjamin, Joseph, Caleb, Benjamin, jr.. and Nathan Lull and Jonathan Moore, from Dutchess CO., settled in town in 1773. Kbenezer Knapp. Jacob Morris, and Andrew Cathcart were n\m among tlu' early settlers. The first marriiige was that of Josejih Lull and Martha Knapp, in 1776. The first inn was kept by Sturgess Brav.,) upon the stream of the same name, contains 3 churches, several manufactories,' and 30 houses. Oaksville, (p-v.,) s. of the center, contains a church, factory, and 15 houses. Otsego liake is a p. 0. Toddsville (p. v.) ia on the line of Ilartwick. Settlements were made at Cooperstown and Fly Creek, in 1784-88, by Judge Wm. Cooper, Wm. Jarvis, William Ellison, Israel Guild, John Howard, Elihu Phinney, John Miller, Widow Johnson, Wm. Abbott, and Jas. Averell. The first religious association (Presb. and Cong.) was formed Dec. 29, 1798 : Rev. Isaac Lewis was the first preacher.^ PITTSFIEI.D— was formed from Burlington, March 24, 1797. New Lisbon was taken off in 1800, and a part of Morris in 1859. It is centrally situated upon the w. line of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, terminating in abrupt declivities upon Unadilla River, which forms its w. boundary. Wharton Creek flows across the n. w. corner, and several small tributaries of But- ternut Creek flow through the s. part. The soil is generally a slaty and gravelly loam. Pitts- field, (p. o.,) on Wharton Creek, contains 10 houses. Aaron Nobles, Hubbard Goodrich, and Matthew Bennett settled in the valley of the Unadilla, about 1793.*° The first church now in town was organized in the e. part in 1849." A part of Morris was annexed in 1859. 1 Ransom Hunt, Abraham Blakesley, John Birdsall. Benjamin j implements and machinery, employing a capital of $25,000; and Cummings, Jacob Yates, Josi'ph Pierce, mid Bamitrd Overhu^ser, 1 a luniulery and machiue shop, employing 25 men. were among the fii-st settlers at Otego Village and along tlie I 8 The first child born was William Jarvis, at Fly Creek, in river. Phiueas Cook settled on the e. branch of the Otsdawa ! 1787. The firs.t deaths in town were those of two deserting in 1800, and built there the first cloth dressin mill, in ItiUl. ' " ' " ' " " " * Ransom Hunt kept the first inn, and Neh. Sleeper erected the first gristmill in tnuii. Smith &, Morey opened the first store. 2 The census reports 6 churches ; Presb., Prot. E., Bap., F. W. Bap., Christian, and M. E. 3 The first academy was formed in 1705, and the building burned down March 31. 1809. and has not been rebuilt. A classical school has been sustained, and bus prospered for most of the time, for half a century. 4 This institution was established and opened in 1S54, and extensive and commodious buildings were erected at a cost of $30,000. It started with J. L. G. McKown as I'rincipal. It suspended operations in 1857, was purchased by R. C. Hack in to serve as a bridge. Judge Cooper removed hie family from" 1859, and the school is again in operation, with indications of | N. J. in 1790. permanent prosperity. See p. 749. j d fbe census reports 10 churcheB: 3 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 Univ soldiers, who were shot by order of Gen, Clinton, in 1779. before the settlements were commenced. The first school was taught at Cooperstown, by Joshua Dewey, in 1788. Wjllinm Ellison opened the first inn. in 1786; and Judge Wm. Cooper the first store, in 17Sfl-90. The first mill was erected by Samuel Tubbs, at Toddtiville. in 1790. In 1779, General Clinton, on his way to join Sullivan's expedition, built a dam across the outlet of the lake to raise the waters eufticiently to float down the Susque- hanna the boat, containing his men and military stores. Tho remains of this dam are still visible. In 1784. Gen. Wa.'*hin<^ ton, on a juurney of observation, visited the foot of Otse^.-o Lake. In 1766. John Miller felled a large tree across the outlet & The Hope Cotton Factory, erected in 1813. with an aggregate capital of about $100,000, has through a long series of years given employment to 80 persons. After undergoing various .changes in construction, machinery, and proprietorship, the eatablishment is still continued, with reduced operations. * J. Fenimore Cooper, the novelist, resided heie; and his man- sion and grounds wore near the centre of the village. ' At this place is a fork factory, with a capital of $75,000, em- ploying 30 men ; a pail factory J a maaufactury of agricultural Prot. E.. Bap , and R. C. 10 Sell) Harrington and BenJ. Eddy settled in the e. part of th« town soon aller the settlements "on the Unadilla. The first school was taught by Benjamin Pendleton, at I'ittsfield P. O. Matthew Bennett kept the first inn, in 1797. and Henry Randall the first st'-re. in l>lu. at the 1'. (1. Benj. Atwcll built the first mill, and the Ark Wright Manufacturing Company the first cotton factory, both on the Unadilla. n Iheie are 2 Union churches in town. OTSEGO COUNTY. 537 PLiAIXFIEliD — was formed from Richfield, March 25, 1799. It is the n. w. corner town of the CO. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. Unadilla River, forming the w. boundary, is bordered by steep blufis rising to the height of 400 to 600 ft. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. Unadilla Forks, (p. v.,) at the junction of the e. and w. branches of Unadilla River, con- tains 2 olmrohes, a hoe factory, flouring mill, sawmill, and machine shop. Pop. 253. Plain- field Center contains a church and 15 houses ; Spooners Corners is a p. o. ; lieon- ardsvllle, (p.v.,) on the Unadilla, in the s. part, is mostly in Madison co. The first settlement was made at and near Plainfield Center, in 1793, by Ruggles Spooner, Elias Wright, and John Kilbourne.' The first church (Bap.) was formed and the church erected in 1800; Rev. John Wait the first preacher.' RICtlFIELiD — was formed from Otsego, April 10, 1792. Exeter and Plainfield were taken ofi" in 1799. It is the extreme northern town of the co. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly, with a mean elevation of 150 to 200 ft. above Schuyler Lake, — Pray and Nine Hills, on either side of the head of the lake, rising about 200 ft. higher. Schuyler Lake, in the s. E. corner, occu- pies a deep valley ; and into it flow several small streams from the N. and w. The soil is of a diver- Bified character, consisting of gravel, slate, clay, and sandy loam, well cultivated and productive. About 500,000 pounds of cheese are made in the town annually, — being more than double that made in any other town in the co. Ricllfield Springes, (p.v.,) near the head of Schuyler Lake, in the N. E. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a flouring mill, and 500 inhabitants.' Monti- cello, (Richfield p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 200 inhabitants. Bri^liton contains a church and about 15 houses. Settlements were made prior to the Revolution; but they were broken up during the war. The first settlers after the war were Seth Allen, Richard and William Pray, John Beardsley, Joseph Coats, and John Kimball, in 1787.* The first church (Prot. E.) was formed at Monticello, May 20, 1799; Rev. Daniel Nash was the first pastor.' ROSEBOOM'— was formed from Cherry Valley, Nov. 23, 1854. It lies on the E. border of the CO., N. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of several streams. The hills are generally rounded, and their summits elevated 300 to 350 ft. above Schoharie Kil. The soil is a gravelly loam. RosebooiU, (p.v.,) in the n. w. part, on the line of Middlefield, contains a church and 111 inhabitants; and Soutll Valley, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, 2 churches and 175 inhabitants. Pleasant Brook (p. o.) is a hamlet.' The settlements in this town were commenced about 1800. There are 5 churches in town.' SPRIi\GFIELiD— was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. It lies upon the N. line of the CO., E. of the center. The surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, the hills gene- rally rising about 200 ft. above the valleys. Mt. Wellington, e. of the head of Otsego Lake, in the S. part of the town, is 300 to 400 ft. high. Summit Lake, in the N. part, in high water discharges its waters both N. and s. The streams are small brooks. In the N. part is a deep sink, called " The Chyle," into which a considerable stream of water runs and flows through a subterranean passage to Braman's Factory, where it again appears on the surface. The sink is tunnel-shaped, 240 feet in circumference and 15 ft. deep. After heavy rains it is .sometimes filled with water, which, while discharging through the orifice below, often moves round in rapid gyrations. The soil is a black and yellow loam, resting upon limestone and slate. More hops are grown in this town than in any other town in the co. Sprin^iield Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 15 1 SamM Williams settled on the Unadilla. in the n. part, and Benj. and Abel Clark, at the Forks, about the same time. The first school was taught at Spooners Corners, by .las. HobinsoD, in 1797-98. Wm. Lincoln kept the first inn. at Lloydville, and Luce & Woodward the first store. Capt. Caleb Brown built the first mill, in 1805, on the Unadilla. 2 The census reports 4 churches ; 2 F. W. Bap.. Presb., Bap. * Richfield Springs — frum which the villat^e derives its name- are celebrated for their medicinal properties in the cure of cuta- neous disorders, liver complaint, scroiula, and similar diseases, and larice numbers of invalids are annually attracted here. Prof, iteid haft given the following as the result of an analysis of tt wine-gallon of the water of these springs : — Grnlne. Bicarbonate of nm^nesia 20 Bicarbonate of lime 10 Chloride of sodium and magnesia 1-06 Sulphate of magnesia 30 Uydrosulphate of magnesia and lime 2 Sulphate of lime 20 Solid matter 153.05 236.10 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 26.9 inches. * Wm. Tunnicliff. Dan'l Hawka. John Hatch, Ebenezer Eaton, and Jos. Rockwell settled at or near Richfield Springs in 1789; Obadiah Beardsley and his son Obadiah, jr., the lather and grandfather of the late Levi Beardsley, and Hon. Samuel Beardsley, of Utica, settled in this county in 17i'u. Tlie first birth was that of Orange Allen; and the first marriage, that of Ebenezer Russell and Miss More. James S. Palmer taught the first school, at Richfield Springs ; Israel Itawson kept the first inn, and Cyrus Robinson the first store, at the Springs : William TunniclifT erected the first mill, at the same place. ' The census reports 7 churohes; 3 M. E., 2 Prot. E., Presb., and Univ. * Named from Abram Roseboom, who was one of the earliest settlers. T Abram Roseboom erected tne first sawmill and carding and fulling mill, in 1806. at Lodi; Dan'l Antisdale kept the first inn anil the first store, at tliesame place in 18;i2. The first gristmill was erected at Ludi, by Brice A P.ru.. in 1790. 8 The census reportsti cliurcuea ; ~ il. K., Evan. Luth.. thris tian, and Bup. 538 OTSEGO COUNTY. houses; and East Springfield (p. v.) a cimrch and 20 houses. Springfield is a p. o. near the fenter. The first settlements were made in 1762, by John Kelly, Richard Ferguson, and James Young, from Ireland, at East Springfield ; and Gustavua Klumph and Jacob Tygart, at the head of Otsego Lake. Most of these settlers were driven ofl' during the war.' The first church (Bap.) was formed at an early period ; K.ev. Fairman was the first preacher.' UIV ADIliLiA — was formed from Otsego, April 10, 1792. Butternuts, " Suffrage," (now Mil- ford,) and " Otego" (now Oneonta) were taken oif in 1796, a part of " Hunlsville" (now Otego) in 1822, and a part of Butternuts in 1857. It lies at the junction of Unadilla and Susquehanna Rivers, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is a rolling and hilly upland, the highest sum- raits being 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Unadilla River, forming the w. boundary, Susque- hanna River, the E., and Sandy Hill Creek, in the E. part, are the principal streams. The soil on the river bottoms is an alluvial loam, and on the uplands a slaty and gravelly loam. Unadilla, (p. V.,) on the Susquehanna, was incorp. April 2, 1827. It contains 4 churches, the Unadilla Aca- demy, a bank, newspaper ofBce, woolen factory, furnace, 2 tanneries, a flouring mill, sawmill, paper mill, and various other manufactories. Pop. 795. ITnadilla Center (p. v.) contains a church and 15 houses ; Sand Hill, on Sand Hill Creek, in the E. part, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and a dozen houses. Settlements were made at Unadilla, along the valley of the Susquehanna, prior to the Revolution ; of the precise date, and by whom, no records or tradition inform us. A conference took place between Gen. Herkimer and Brant, the Indian warrior, at Unadilla, in July, 1777. The first church (Prot. E.) was formed Nov. 1, 1809 ; Rev. RusseU Wheeler was the first pastor.* WESTFORD— was formed from 'Woroester, March 25, 1808. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly, the highest summits being 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys. It is drained s. by Elk Creek and w. by tributaries of Cherry Valley Creek. The soil is a sandy loam of good quality. fVestford, (p. v.,) a little E. of the center of the tovm, contains 4 churches and 40 houses. Westville, (p. v.,) in the w., on the line of Middlefield, contains 2 churches and 15 houses. The first settlements were made about 1790, in the s. e. part, by Thomas Sawyer, Benjamin Chase, Oliver Salisbury, Alpheus Earl and father, Artemas, Moses, and David Howe, and Ephraim Smith, — all from Yt.° The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1791.' ■WORCESTER — was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. Decatur, Maryland, and Westford were taken oflT in 1808. It is the s.E. corner town in the co. The surface is a hilly and broken upland. The highlands which occupy the s. part of the town descend toward the N. by an abrupt declivity 350 to 400 ft. high. This declivity forms a continuous ridge extending n. e. find s. w. through near the center of the town. The principal streams are Charlotte River and its tributaries and Schenevas Creek. The soil is a sandy loam. Worcester, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part, contains 2 churches, 2 gristmills, a tannery, and 40 dwellings; East Worcester (p. V.) 2 churches, a gristmill and sawmill, and 25 dwellings ; and Soutll Worcester, (p. v.,) on Charlotte River, a church, a bank, and 20 dwellings. The first settlements were made on Charlotte River, in 1740, by Christopher Servis and Jacob Becker. The first church (Presb.) was formed at an early period ;' Rev. Bushnell was the first preacher.' 1 Mr. TvKart had two sons, John nnd Jacoli, who were taken I ' Among the other early setllei-e were Luther Sparer and prisoners and carried to Canada during the war. Soon alter Samuel nalicock. from Mass.; the latter in March. 1V93. Wm. the war. Klisha Dodge, Col. Uerrick, and .iaron lligelow, from I Chase was the first child born in town. Nath'l OiigRs kept the Conn., and Kli Parsons, Ejiakim Sheldon, and Isaac White, from Mass., settled in the central part of the town. The first inu was kept by Eli Parsons, at P'.ast Sprinpfield. and the first store by Thomas and Stacy Horner. Garrat SUiats erected the first gristmill and sawmill, before the war. 2 The census reports 4 churches; Bap., M. E., Presb., and Afiso. Presb. 3 Among the early settlers were Dan'l Bissell, Abijuh Beach. and Solomon Martin, at UnadiUa,Uen. D.Bates, Morefield, and Peter Rogers, at Unadilla Center, Abel De Forest and Wm. Buckley, in thi- e. part of the town. Solomon Martin kept the first store, in 1*^00. and Sampson Crooker the first gristmill. * The census reports 7 churches; 3 M. E., 2 Bsip.. Prot. E., and Presb. 6 Westford also contains a sash aud blind factory and flax mill. first inn. at Weslf-ird Village, in 1V95; he also commenced the first store, about the same time. Capt. Artemus Howe built the first gristmill, in 1794, and also erected the fiiet sawmill. 7 The census reports 5 churches; 2 M.E., Cong., Prot. E., and Prot. .Meth. 8 Among the early settlers were Silas Crippon and Henry Stever, from Columbia CO., Solomon Ilart^fll. lii.ili lligelow, and Nath'l Todd, troin Mass., and Clwis. Wilihr anil Jns. Tainter. from Vt. Philip Crippen. son of Silas Crippeu, was the first child born in town. The first school was taught by Joseph Tainter, In 1798. ls.Tac Pofler kept the first inn. in 1793; and Aaron Kinney, the first store, in 179S. Jacob Becker built the first gristmill, in 1740. and the first sawmill, about the same time. The first clolhing and carding woiks were erected by Kufus Draper. 8 The census reports 6 churches; 3 Bap., M. E., and Evan. Luth. OTSEGO COUNTY. 539 Acres of Land, Yalualion, Population, Dioellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Ayricidtural Products, and Domestic llainc/actures, of Otsego Couiiljj. Naates op Towns. Burlingfon .... Butternuts Cherry Valley Decatur Kdmeston Exeter Hartwick Laurens. Maryland Widdlefield .... Milford Morris New Lisbon..., Ooeonta Otego Otsego Pittsfleld I'lainfield Ricbfleld Rosebooni Springfield Unadilla Westford Worcester Totain;^ Acres of Land. 20,61.H 21,173 18,012 9,SB5 18.09 li 14,135 19,848 19,9144 18,819 26,062 18.773J 17,312 20,025 16,238 19,3931 20.374} 13,201} 12,857} 15.6S1 13.366} 22.23Bi 20,543 14,831} 19,862 7,2-29i 8,7i6 6.097 i 3,617 8,232 4,916 6,583 6,974 13,541 i 11,4214 9.466} 6,766 6,481 7,303 8,164 9.619 7,072 4.103 4,213 6.7.30 7.1144 10.7074 5,S04 9.6884 428,932i 179,5a9i Valuation of 1868. $339,808 632.240 461,930 185,566 419,478 295,615 434,464 420,820 371,350 612,195 484,830 382,295 3S7.966 373,107 373,705 790,649 297,720 264,780 407,365 204,353 636,045 482,337 298,000 406,245 CO. $41,400 110.625 292.886 1.3,200 68,830 39,116 71.931 60,600 39,900 98,348 122,418 77,650 39,026 46,668 36,650 663,270 27,860 21,366 84.236 62.921 161,776 136,906 30,650 43,900 9,731,741 2,281,812 $381,208 642,765 764,816 168,766 478,308 334,731 606,386 481,320 411,260 710,643 607.248 459,946 420.990 419.676 410,365 1,353,819 326,!)70 286,130 491,591 207,274 697,821 619,243 32S,650 449.145 12.013.553 896 1,006 1,367 475 888 767 1,038 1,029 1,102 1,658 1,166 1,001 882 1,105 914 2,116 806 641 791 949 1,233 1,393 678 1,055 912 1.023 1,173 438 896 7,'i3 1,182 1,077 1,075 1,613 1,173 1,037 910 1,062 936 2,219 851 640 752 938 1,228 1,329 603 1,060 24,K36 24,.S99 =1 342 427 427 168 368 2S4 449 412 39S 661 449 375 339 407 388 738 317 294 252 346 426 616 275 387 'I •s. 370 435 2S5 181 384 305 601 446 432 671 483 434 373 440 394 825 346 280 312 373 611 533 314 411 292 262 332 169 2'Jl 238 245 346 339 446 372 312 300 327 336 629 268 230 259 295 361 453 293 322 7,897 sl 668 695 1,042 346 601 622 947 692 835 1,158 689 837 695 875 667 1,382 814 496 849 714 865 927 415 797 18,131 Names of Towns. Burlington.... Butternuts Cherry Valley. llecatur EdniestoD ICtcter Hartwick Laurens Maryland MiddleHeld Milford Moms New Lisbon... Oneonta...^... Otogo .".... Otsego Pittsfleld Plainfleld liichflfld Koseboom •Springfield.... Unadilhi, Westford Worcester Total l!] 566 605 820 338 664 478 886 681 599 933 662 614 845 612 594 1,009 438 410 4S7 528 1.019 658 634 6r3 1.829 2,003 1,250 865 1,618 1,167 1.256 1,757 1.168 1,844 1,414 1,531 1,379 1,335 1,591 1,854 1,160 1,223 1,745 1,107 1,073 1,650 1,118 1,587 114,652 29,086 34,713 1,163 1,658 1,200 766 1,407 906 1,086 1,163 1,413 1,667 1,138 1,459 1,132 884 1,68.S 1,395 1,13^ 535 81' 1,005 1,26S 2,064 909 1,355 6,704 5,733 2.480 2,651 6,356 8,239 3,728 6.007 4,105 3,430 3,242 3,719 7,035 3,956 8,4.53 8,220 4,576 3,347 2,414 1,875 3,425 7,867 3,703 2,773 109,937 « 840 1,152 968 710 1,028 619 850 1.108 799 1,284 967 669 758 850 1,026 1,469 730 605 660 776 1,083 1,212 880 1,265 22,368 AaRicin.TuiiAL Products. Bosh, or Gbaut. 238 1,3264 1,298 1,0644 587 190 9254 847 3,869 4,736 3,1384 9374 64 2,6374 3,5944 9014 1,218 196 138 1,268 580 3,911} 2,044 4,239 39,8964 t^ 63,6194 60,320 101.398 39,236} 54,6574 81,2494 81,4854 66,501 77,198 116,9944 75,389} 43.125 51,178 32,3094 67,920 86,7094 43,5344 41.3664 41,353, 77,6824 119,8434 69.880} 57.864 66,9194 1,486,6324108,069} 412,7034 ttl-^ 38,896 46,420 21,107 12.3+4 33,133 30.911 26.946 30.460 16,899 36,608 20,823 27.252 26,779 19.990 24,822 36,860 11,780 19,756 26,176 11,236 23.292 23.741 18,310 1 13.965 DaISV PaODUCTS. 6.05 122.572 173.046 105,160 81.985 106,826 85,235 108,280 195,763 122,045 163,130 148,017 134.468 144,600 140.935 179,195 134,801 104.705 87,755 70,376 118,160 167,430 143.1S4 109,780 183,759 0.3 123,086 100.S97 22.21S 12.435 157,640 166.366 22,390 10,530 3.150 96,415 12,820 63,625 21.022 6,720 14,840 94.807 22 600 25.710 451.700 4,010 173,479 31,749 19,660 1,925 601,196 '3,078,206 1,638,493 a.S 1,6784 792 1,1764 8824 3.146} 9824 8114 1,798 1,755 725 23 682 7574 1,110 2,671} 1.411 6.30 6904 239 994 6,2374 1,099 662 3,034 32,779J PUTNAM COUNTY. This countj^ was formed from Dutchess, June 12, 1812* It lies upon the Hudson, between Dutchess and Westchester cos., and extends e. to the Conn. line. It ia centrally distant 85 mi. from Albany, and contains 234 sq. mi. It embraces nearly all of The Highlands e. of the Hudson. The mountains consist of several steep, rocky ranges, extending in a n. e, and s. w. direction and separated by deep, narrow valleys, the principal of which are Peekskill Hollow, and Canopus and Pleasant A^'alleys. The co, is watered by the upper branches of Croton River and several smaller streams. Among the mountain valleys are numerous picturesque lakes, the largest of which are Lakes Mahopac,^ Cano- pus,^ and Gleneida.* In the valleys the soil is a productive, sandy loam, but the mountains are bare and rocky, and only valuable for their mines^ and quarries.* Iron ore abounds; and serpentine, magnesian limestone, and several other minerals are also found.' The rocks belong chiefly to the primitive and lower sedimentary or metamorphic series, consisting of granite, gneiss, granular quartz, talcose slate, metamorphic limestone, serpentine, greenstone, and hornblende. Peat and marl are fonnd in various localities.^ In the farming districts the people are principally engaged in dairying and furnishing milk for the New York market. Manufacturing is extensively carried on at Cold Spring. The principal works of internal improvement are the Hud- son River R. R., extending through Philipstown, and the Harlem R. R., through Patterson and South- east. The county seat is located at Carmel.^ The co. buildings consist of a courthouse,^" jail," and CO. clerk's office.^^ The poorhouse is located on a farm of 196 acres in Kent, about 2i mi. from Carmel." Two newspapers are published in the co." A strip 580 rods wide along the e. border of the co. constitutes a part of the " Oblong'^ Tract, and was patented by Thomas Hawley and his associates, June 8, 1731.^^ The remaining part of the co., and a small part of Dutchess, are included in the great Highland Patent of Adolph Philipse. At the time of the Revolution this patent was owned by Philip Philipse, and INlary and Susannah, wives of Col. Roger Morris and Beverly Robinson, of the British army. Morris and Robinson, together with their wives, were attainted, and their property was confiscated and sold by the Commissioners of Forfeiture. It was subsequently shown in court that one-third of the patent was vested in the children of Col. Morris and his wife, and was not reached by the bill of attainder. The State was therefore obliged to 1 Named from Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam, who was stationed In the CO. a part of the time during the Revolutionary War. In the act of Dec. 16, 1737, the co. was styled ^^ SoiUh Precinct;" Harcfa 24, 1772. it was subdivided into " Southeast." " Fredericks- burgh," and '•' Philips" Precincts. The first of these precincts included the present towns of Southeast and Patterson, the Becond Carmel and Kent, and the third Putnam Valley and Philipsburgh. 2 On Sauthier's map of 1779 this word is written " Macnokpacl:" * This lake was formerly called '■ Hnrtons Puyid." It is now fre- quently called " Oskaivano" from an Indian chief said to have resided in this locality. * Formerly called Shaw's Lake. 6 Magnetic oxyd of iron is the most important of the ores found, although limonite and other varieties are obtained. A bed of magnetic ore was opened several years since on Break- neck Mt.; but it has not been extensively worked. Another bed has been opened on Constitution Island, opposite West Point Foundery. The Simewogvein was formerly worked at the Town- send Mine on Simewog Hill. The Philips vein has been traced at shon, intervals a distance of 8 mi., and several mines have been opened along its course. The Stewart Mine is the principal of these. Large quantities of ore obtained from theDenny Mine, in the N. part of Putnam Valley, were formerly used at the Cold Spring Furnace. Coal Grove and Gouverneur Mines are in the neighborhood of the Denny Mine. The " Harvey Steel and Iron Co." have opened several mines in Southeaat, from which an ex- cellent quality of ore for the manufacture of steel was obtained ; but they are not now worked. * Blunt's Quarry, on the s. side of Breakneck Point, near the line of Dutchess co., affords a bluish gray granite, which has been extensively used for the Delaware Breakwater, Fort Cal- houn, and Fortri?ss Monroe. The Highland Granite Co.*8 quarry, principally owned by Howard & Holdaue, is near the Hudson River, a short distance from Blunt's Quarry. It is elevated about 200 ft. above the river. Stony Point Quarry, on a rocky penin- 610 Bula extending into the Hudson, Philip.s Quarry, on an estate of the same name, and other quarries in the co., have been worked. Marble is found in the n. part of Patterson. 7 Among the minerals of the co. are arsenical and common iron pyrites, arsenite and chromate of iron, pyroxene, tremolite, arragonite. graphite, kerolite, brucite. actynolite hornblende, albite. laurounite Btilbite, chabasite, epidote mica, zircon, sphene, and diallage. 8 The principal localities where peat is found are near Patter- son and on the E. side of Lake Mahopac. 8 The first courts were held at the Baptist Oiurch. The first CO. officers were Stephen Barnum, First Judge; John Jewett, Co. Cl^rk ; Wni. H. Johnston. Sheriff'; and Joel Frost, Surrogate. W The courthouse is a wooden building, erected in 1S1.3. at a cost of $2,500. Joseph Crane, Stephen Barnum, Joel Frost, Jona- than Fenis, and John Jewett were appointed to superintend its erection. 11 The jail is a stone building, erected in 1844. It adjoins the courthouse on the B. 12 The clerk's office is a stone fireproof building, located a few rods s. of the courthouse. 13 The average number of inmates in the poorhouse is 52. sup- ported at a weekly cost of 43 cts. each. The income from the farm is $600 per aunum. A school is taught throughout the year, 1* The Putnam Ch. Omrier was established at Carmel in 1S14. It was successively issued as The Putnam Republican, published by Thos. Smith; and The Putnam Democrat, published by W. H. Sloat, and after- ward by Elijah Yerks. James D. Little succeeded Yerks, and changed the paper to The Democratic Courier ; and again, in 1852, to Tlie Putnam Co. Courier. By this name it is now published. The Putnam Free Press was commenced at Carmel, June 12. 1858, by Wm. J. Blake, by whom It is still published, i^ See page 18 PUTNAM COUNTY. 541 protect the purchasers by settling the claims of these children.* During the Revolution the passes through the mountains in this co. were carefully guarded, and at different times large bodies of troops were stationed there. It was the principal scene of the consummation of Arnold's treason, and of many events of minor interest, though no battle took place within its limits. Gen. Putnam had command of the army stationed here most of the time. CARMEIj — was formed from *^ Fredericksiown" March 17, 1795. It lies upon the s. border of the CO., between Putnam Valley and Southeast. Its surface is rolling and hilly, with inter- vening valleys extending in a n. and s. direction. Peekskill Hollow Range and Big Hill are the highest summits.^ The w. branch of Croton River and Michaels Brook flow through the e. part of the town, and Peekskill Hollow Creek through the n. w. In the town are several beautiful lakes and ponds, the principal of which are Lakes Mahopac,^ Gleneida,* and Gilead, and Kirk and Long Ponds. The soil is a light, sandy and gravelly loam intermixed in some places with clay. Carinel, (p. v,,) the co. seat, is situated on Lake Gleneida. It is the seat of the Raymond Col- legiate Institute,^ and contains 3 churches, a bank, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 391. Ma.- bopac (p. V.) contains 1 church, and about 40 houses; and Red Mills,® (p. v.,) con- tains 2 churches and about 20 houses. Settlement was commenced about 1740."^ Enoch Crosby, the *' Harvey BircW^ of Cooper's Spy, lived in this town till after the Revolution, when he removed to Southeast. A church was organized, and an edifice erected near Gilead Lake, a short time before the commencement of the Revolution. There are now 7 churches in town.® K.EWT'— was formed as ^^Frederickstown," March 7, 1788. Its name was changed to "Frede* rick^' March 17, 1795, and to Kent April 15, 1817. Carmel and a part of Patterson were taken off in 1795. It is the central town on the n. border of the co. Its surface in tlie e. part is broken by hills, and in the w. by steep, rocky mountain peaks separated by deep ravines. Smally Hill is the highest peak. The w. and middle branches of Croton River, and Horse Pound and Pine Pond Brooks, are the principal streams. In the town are several ponds and small lakes, the principal of which are White and Pine Ponds.^** Farmers Mills (p-v.) contains 1 church and several manufacturing establishments.^^ Coles Mills (Kent p. o.) and I^udiiig- tonville (p-o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made about 1750, by Zachariah Mer- ritt.*'^ The census reports 3 churches in town, — 2 Bap, and 1 Union. P ATTERSO]^^^— was formed from " Frederickst(ywn" and Southeast, as " Franklin," March 17, 1795, and its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is the N, e. comer tovrn of the oo. Its surface 1 The Philipse Patent was g:rantcd June 17, 1697, to Adolph Philipse, a merchant of New York, who died, in 1749, without issue, leaving his estate to his nephew, Frederick Philipse. The latter had & children, — Frederick, Philip, Susannah, Mary, and Margaret. By his will, dated June 6, 1751, Frederick was dis- inherited, and, Margaret dying young, the property was equally divided among the remaining three. Philip left a widow, who married one Ogilvie; Susannah married Beverly Robineon, and Mary mairied Col. Roger Morris. On the 7th of Feb. 1754, the patent was divided into 9 lots : 3, each 4 mi. square, bordering upon the Hudson and denominated " water lota ;'* 3, each 4 mi- wide by 12 long, extending N. and S. across the patent, and de- noraioatetl " long lots ;'* and 3, each 4 mi. sq., upon the e. border, denominated "back lots." Philip, Susannah, and Mary Philipse each owned one of each kind of lots. On the 14th of Jan., 1758, previous to the marriage of Mary, a deed of marriage settlement was executed, by which her estate was vested in such children as might be born under the marriage, reserving only to herself and husband a life interest in the property. When Robinson and Morris and their wivea were attaiiitpd, their property was sold, chiefly to the former tenants. In 1809.Joho Jacob Astor bought the interest of the heirs of Morris in this property for £20,000. The State, to' protect those who held title from the Commis- sioners of Forfeiture, passed a law, April 16, 1827, directing 6 8Uts to be prosecuted to judgment in the Circuit Court of the S. Dist. of N. Y., and presented by writs of error to the .Supreme Conrt of the U. S. for review and final decision. If against the defendants, the State a^eed to pay $450,000 in 5 per cent, stock, redeemable at pleasure; and if the decision included the im- provement'i that had been made by occupants, $250,000 more. Three suits were tri''d, each resulting in favor of Astor; upon which the Comptroller was, by act of April 5, 1832, directed to lesue stock for the full amount, with costs. The amount issued waa $561,500. Few suits have been tried in the State involving larger interests to greater numbers, or which were argued with more ability, than tbis. In the suit against James Carver the coanBel for the plaintiff were Messrs. Oakley, J. 0. Iloffman, Em- met, Ptalt, and Ogden ; and for the defendant, Talcott, (Attorney Qeo.) Webster, Vao Baren, Ogden Hoffman, and Cowlea. See Jteport of Trial, by E. V. SparhawJc; Lepis. Doc. 1830, r.,347; &n. Doc. 1S31, 7/.,24, 28; Assfm. Doc. 1832, 149, 205; Futen' Reports U. S. Supreme Court, I F., I. - Among the principal peaks in town are Round, Tnrkey, and Comus Mts., and Goose, Barrett. Burned, sitod Prospect Hills, in the N. part; Pisgah, Watts, Pond, and Drew Hills, in the e.; Ball, Watermelon, ludian. and Round Hills, in the s. ; Austin. Golden Root, and Hemlock Hills, in thew.; and Rattle and Hazens Hills, and Adams Kidgo. in the central part. 3 Lake Mahopac is 9 mi. in circumference, and in it are 3 beau- tiful islands, — Big, Petre, and Goose Islands. Around the lake are several large hotels and boarding houses, which are thronged during the summer season by visitors from New York and Brot^c- lyn. A number of beautiful summer residences have been erected on the surrounding heights. * Lake Gleneida covers an area of 170 acres, and is 130 feet deep. 6 The Raymond Collegiate Institute was built in 1851, at a cost of about $40,000, by Jamofl RajTnond. It is now owned by the Presbyterian Synod. A gristmill at this place was filled with Government grain at one time during the Revolution, and soldiers were stationed to guard it. Wlien on his way to West Point, Andrfi lodged one night at the house of Jas. Cox at this p\ax:e. ' George HughtJon settled near Lake Mahopac, and Wm. and Uriah Hill at Bed Mills. The first mill w{i.»» erected at the latter place. 8 3 M. E., 2 Bap., and 2 Presb. 9 ^'^ Frederickstoum Precinct" was formed March 24. 1772, and was named from Frederick Philipse. The town received ita present name from the Kent family, who were early settlers. 10 The other ponds and lakes are Barretts, China Forge, and Drews Ponds, and Lake Sagamore. n A fulling mill, sawmill, gristmill, and tannery. 13 Families named Boyd, Wixon, Farrington, Burton, Carter, Barrett, Ludington, and others, from Mass. and Westchester, were early settlers. " The town was first named in honor of Dr. Franklin. Ito present name wae derived from a family of early settlers, 542 PUTNAM COUNTY. is hilly; but, with a few exceptions, the hills are arable to their summits. The principal streams are the e. branch of Croton River and its tributaries, Quaker, Birch, and Muddy Brooks. Croton Lake is in the w. and Little Pond in the e. part. " The Great Swaynp" extends along the e. branch of Croton River.^ The soil is a sandy loam. Patterson, (p. v.,) a station on the Ilarlcm R. R., contains 2 churches and 37 houses. Towners Station (Towners p. o.) and Ilaviland Uollo^' (p. 0.) are hamlets. The Prot. E. Church at Patterson -was built in 1770. There are 4 churches in town.^ PHILIPSTOWH*'— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Fishkill (Dutchess co.) was taken off in 1800, and Putnam Valley in 1839. It is the most westerly town of the co,, and extends about 10 mi. along the Hudson. Its surface is broken by numerous steep and rocky mountain ridges separated by deep and narrow valleys.* These mountains constitute the most elevated portion of The Highlands.^ The ranges have a general n. and s. or n. e. and 8. w. direction. Clove Creek flows through the n. part of the town, and Canopus Creek through the n. e. corner. Foundry, Breakneck, Andreas, Indian, and other brooks flow through narrow valleys and rocky ravines into the Hudson. The greater part of the surface is unfit for agricultural purposes. Constitution Island^ is a promontory opposite West Point, connected with the mainland by a marshy meadow. The "Sunk Lot" is a tract of 1300 acres of low and apparently sunken ground. Several mines of magnetic iron ore had been opened in town; but none are now wrought. Granite is extensively quarried, and brick are made at several points along the river. The soil is a gravelly, sandy, and clayey loam. Coldspring*, (p. v.,) situated on the Hudson, was incorp. April 22, 1846, and includes the suburban villages of Nelsonville and Marysville. ,It is a station on the Hudson River R. R., and contains 6 churches and an extensive foundery.' Pop. 2,237. Break- neck, and Oriffins Corners contain each about a dozen houses. Davenport Corners contains 1 church and 10 houses. Continental Village^ has 1 church and about 12 houses, Garrisons^ (p. o.,) on the Hudson, is a station on the Hudson River R. R. The first settlement ■was made about 1715, by Thos. Davenport.^ This town was principally settled under Col. Beverly Robinson,*** who acquired title by marriage with Susannah, daughter of Frederick Phllipse. Undercliff, the residence of Gen. Geo. P. Morris, is situated on a high bluff in the n. part of Cold Spring. The census reports 9 churches in town." PlITTVAUI VAI.I.ET— was formed from Philipstown, as " Qtdncy,'' March 14, 1839. It« > Pine Island is a rocky ledge 200 ft. high, containing about SO acres, in the middle of Great Swamp. 5 Prot. E., Bap., Friends, and Presb. « Named from Adolph Philipse, patentee of the Philipse Manor. The Philips Precinct was formed March 24. 1772. 4 " Martkiers Rack" or the Martyrs Reach, was a short stretch of the Hudson just above West Point, where early navigators were often retarded by baflaing winds. There were 13 racks, or reaches, on the Hudson, known to sailors as "Hrn-sf," " &iil- makers," *' Cboks" " High^*' " Fox" " Bookers" ^'■John Pleasures" "ffarts," ^^ Stiirgetms," ^* Fishers," "Fast," ** Martlaprs," and " Long" Reaches, the last named extending from PoUepels Island to Krom Elleboogh. — Bensoji's Memoir, p. 42. 6 Among the peaks of The Highlands in this town are An- thonys Nose, Siisar Loaf, Breakneck Mt., and Bull, IIog-Back, Vinegar, Cot. Pine, and Fort Hills. Anthonys Nose is 122S feet above the Hudson, and Sugar Loaf 800 ft. *This promontory was called " J/aW?aoanesbur§rta, Foggingtown, and Dykemans Station (Dykemans p. o.) are hamlets. This was one of the first settled towns in the CO.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Elisha Kent, grandfather of the late Chancellor, about the year 1730.* Acres of Land, Valuation, Peculation, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Putnam County. NiuEs or T0TII9. Carmel Kent PattereoD Philips town Putnam Valley... Southeast Total.. 1 Acres OF Land. Valuation op 1858. Population. s 1 > 1 o SCB Improved. Unimproved. Seat Estate. Personal Property. Total. 1 i 19,300 6,271i 941.8B4 362,690 1,304,654 1.169 1,237 470 483 345 11 16,241} 6,617 426,020 161,175 676,196 756 784 275 308 226 s 1.3,7S9i 6,623 609,825 100,6.50 710,476 702 720 266 302 204 9 11.605 15,236 761,793 131,300 893,093 2,427 2,382 722 932 433 14 16,313 7,637 366,440 88,500 463,940 826 747 298 312 2li4 7 18.056J 3,163i 990,179 227,286 1,217,464 6,165,7211 1,091 1,094 374 2,405 409 268 10 69 94,205} 44,44-» 4,094,121 1,061,600 6,970 6,964 2,746 1,739 St Ss Names op Towns. Carmel , Kent Patterson , Philipstown Putnam Valley.. Southeast Total.. Live Stock. 208 268 357 313 334 1,120 1,168 2,179 1,145 1,081 2,113 1,493 853 936 2.457 1,938 7,656 7,861 6,804 1,847 766 971 1,194 1,144 1,076 6,997 Agricultural Products. Bd8h. op Grain. fe 6,326 .3,886} 3.148 J 6,39:lJ 4,606 4,181J 67.941J 26,2S8J 22,2.51J 23,7.53 28.072 40,511} 6,040 4,261 4,060J 3.370 3.443 6,5S2S tqn. 14,088 6,866 9,854 6,976 17,649 10,071 26,441i 197,818^ 27,756} 64,504 27,168 493, 8,616 4,091 3,321 S,S90 5.159 2,081 DjLisr PaoDtrcTa. 0,0) 121.479 76.866 61,400 65,691 73.070 90,300 3,376 100 3,475 ci.£ 560 646 26 1 Canopus Lake Is 2 mi. long by 1 wide. Clear, Muddy, Pel- tons, Sal peu, Owens. Cranberry. Bargers, and Wickopee Ponds are amailer bodies of water in the town. * On the farm of Harry Gillet are the ruins of the Hempstead Huts, built in 1780 by a det'ichment of the Mass. Line, and one or two companies from Hempstead, L. I. — Blake^s Hist. ■ ^■S'mthea^ttoion^^ was formed as a precinct Dec. 17, 1737, and confirmed March 24, 1772. The word *' toum" in the name was dropped March 17, 1795. * Tonetta and Kishewana Lakes, and CoTils and Peach Ponds. 6 Among the early settlers were faniiiies nanieil Crane, Crosby, Hall, Howes, Paddock. Haines, Howe, Cnrpemer, and Dickin. eon, from Mass. and Conn. .Toseph Ciano built tbo first mill, at Milltnwn. about 1730. Chancellor Kent was burn in this town. July 31, 1703. • The census reports 4 churches in town ; M. E., P.'-ejfb., Union, and Friends. QUEENS COUNTY. This county was organized Nov. 1, 1683,* having previously been included in the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire.^ Its original bounds have not been changed. It lies upon Long Island, near the w. extremity, is centrally distant 133 mi. from Albany, and con- tains 410 sq. mi. It extends across the island, bordering both upon Long Island Sound and the ocean. Its coasts are deeply indented by irregular inlets, bays, and harbors. The principal of these upon the sound are Oyster Bay, Cold Spring and Oyster Harbors, Mill Neck Creek, Hempstead Harbor, Manhasset Bay, Little Neck Bay, Little Bay, Powells Cove, Flushing Bay, and Buwery Bay. Upon the East River are Ilalletts Cove and the narrow passage of Hell Gate, and upon the s. shore, Jamaica, Hempstead, and South Oyster Bays. Along these bays and the creeks that flow into them are wide salt meadows, the most ex- tensive being upon the s. shore. Outside of the bays on the ocean side is a series of beaches and shifting sand-ridges, affording a complete protection from the storms of the ocean. These beaches are divided into distinct parts by several inlets opening into the bays.® Inclosed in the bays within the beaches is a great number of low, marshy islands separated by narrow tidal streams and covered with sedges.* A wide strip bordering immediately upon the bays is of the same marshy character. Along the deep bays upon the n. coast are small patches of salt meadow ; but the greater part of the land upon the capes, necks, and promontories is of a most excellent character.^ A range of hills 100 to 300 feet high extends in a general e. and w. direction through the co., a little n, of the center, and irregular spurs extend northward to the sound. From the base of the ridge a wide, unbroken plain extends to the s. to the salt marshes which surround the bays.® The streams of the co. are mostly small, and afford but a limited amount of water-power. At the mouth of several of the creeks on both the n. and s. shores the ebbing tide is used for hydraulic purposes. At the head of several of the streams are little, fresh water ponds,^ the principal of which is Success Pond,^ near the top of the high ridge in the s.e. corner of Flushing. The soQ upon the n. side is a productive, sandy loam, in some places mixed with clay. The plains have a coarse, sandy soil, which is rendered productive only at considerable cost. Along the borders of the salt meadows is a strip of light, sandy soil, easily cultivated and of moderate fertility.® The people are principally engaged in agriculture and market gardening. Fishing and the taking of oysters afford occupation to a large number of people. An extensive coasting trade is carried on, and the co. each year furnishes a large quota of sailors. Manufactures are extensive and various, and are confined principally to the n. shore. The CO. courthouse is situated upon the plains of North Hempstead, a little N.w.of Mineola sta- tion and p.o., and near the geographical center of the co.*** I Named in compliment to the wife of Charles II. 3 By a convention held at Hempstead in 1665, Long Island, Staten Island, and a part of Westchester co. were erected into a Bhire called " I'orkshire,'^ for the purpose of holding courts and administering justice. This was subdivided into "Ridinga," known as " East Ruling" (Suffolk co.;) " R^i Riding,^'' (Kings CO., Staten Island, and Newtown;) and ^^ North Riding" (Queens co. except Newtown.) — Thompson's Hist. L. Z, JJ. 137. * The principal of the inlets are Ilog Island, New and Gilgo Inlets, and the entrance into Jamaica Bay; and the principal lifiicheB are Jones, Long, and Kockaway Beaches. The last named is a favorite resort for summer residences and sea-bathing. * These islands are mostly the common property of the towns, and are valued chiefly for their hunting and fishing grounds. Immense numbers of waterfowl fruiiuent them ; and a consider- jvble number of persons gain a livelihood by fishing here in summer and hunting in winter. The U.S. Government has erected 5 lifeboat stations upon the 8. shore, and the Governor appoints 1'2 wreck masters for the co. 6 A considerable portion of this coast ia high, affording beau- tiful sites for country residences. 6 The R. R. at Jamaica is 45 feet above sea level. The ascent from Jamaica to Hempstead Junction is 59 feet, and from thence to the Syosset Branch 50 feet, making the latter 154 feet, which is the highest point on the road. The descent of these plains southward is so gradual as scarcely to be apparent. 544 The Hempstead Branch of the R.R. descends 40 feet in 2^ mi., and the Syosset Branch rises 66 feet in less than 4 mi. The highest point on the island is Harbor Hill, at the head of Hempstead Harbor. 319 feet above tide. 7 Several of these ponds have recently been parchased to supply the Brooklyn Waterworks. 8 Called by the Indians " SacuV from which the present name is supposed to be derived. The water is clear and cold, with an average depth of 40 feet. The pond is about 500 rods in circumference, is surrounded by a high bank, and has an outlet, but does not usually overflow. It is said to be 100 to 150 feet above tide. — Prime''s Hist. L. /., Jp. 27 ; Thompson's L. /., II, V. 60. 9 Extensive tracts in the southern section are devoted to gar- dening for the city m;irket8. The n. side, originally covered with a heavy growth of timber, is under fine cultivation, and is largely devoted to the raising of fruit. Flushing excels in nurseries of fruit and ornamental trees, for which this co. is second only to Monroe. Locust-timber is raised along the n. shore eastward from Little Neck, in considerable quantities, for treenails and posts. In Oyster Bay large quantities of asparagus are raised for market; and the soil appears to be finely adapted to this crop. Milk is sent to market in large quantities by R. R., especially from near Jericho, Weatbury, and Hempste^. 10 The court of sessions of the ^'North Riding of TorJcshire" was located at Jamaica in 1683 ; and a building called the "- Count/ QUEENS COUNTY. 545 The jail occupies a portion of the courthouse building.* The county records are kept in a spacious brick building in the village of Jamaica ; and in the same building are oflBces for the Surrogate and Board of Supervisors.^ The co. has no poorhouse ; but each tovrn provides for the accommodation of its own paupers. The Brooklyn and Jamaica R. R., extending w. from Jamaica to the co. line, is leased by tlie Long Island R. R., -which extends e. from Jamaica through Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay. The Flushing R. R. extends w. from Flushing Village through Newtown to the mouth of Newtown Creek. The Syosset Branch R. R. connects Ilicksville, upon the L. I. R. R., with the village of Syosset, 3J mi. n. There are 7 newspapers published in the co.; 2 at Jamaica, 2 at Hempstead, 2 at Flushing, and 1 at Glen Cove.' The CO. was mostly settled by English immigrants, under the authority of the Dutch Govern- ment during the last 20 years of its existence. The e. extremity of Long Island was claimed by the English colonies of New England ; and the boundary line was the subject of a long and angry dispute, which was never entirely settled until the final subjugation of New York by the British in 1664.* The whole of this co. was under the Dutch, except Oyster Bay, which was a disputed terri- tory. The first planters came on in considerable numbers, and were associated in the purchase of the lands from the Indians. They were mostly united by a common religious faith; and they were invested with certain civil rights, which were afterward confirmed by the English Govern- ment of New York, and some of which continue to the present time. The people chose a dupli- cate set of magistrates and municipal officers, from which the Dutch Governor selected such as he pleased. The people employed their ovm minister, and enjoyed comparative religious freedom. The Dutch, however, did not faithfully carry out the agreement which they had entered into with the settlers, and, in 1653, delegates were sent to the city to remonstrate against certain abuses. This was not heeded, and when the people again met for a like purpose they were ordered to disperse. The inhabitants rejoiced when the Dutch rule was finally broken and they came under the pro- tection of the English. Gov. Nicoll, the first English Governor, convened deputies from the several towns upon Long Island, who met at Hempstead in the spring of 1665. A code of laws and ordi- nances was adopted, a shire was erected, the names of towns were changed, boundaries were settled, and afiairs were regulated to meet the views of the new government. From this time no land could be taken without purchase from the Indians and patent from the Governor. During the Revolution considerable numbers of the people joined the loyalists, and the co. was mostly in quiet possession of the enemy. Robberies were common, especially along the n. shore. Presbyterian churches were everywhere used for military purposes. A petty warfare was carried on in whaleboats, and daring exploits were performed by partisans of both sides. Hall" waa erected in 1684. From 1700 to 1708 the courts were held in the Preab. church, when a new co. haU was built, which continued in use until the Revolution, when it was burned. By an act of March 1, 1785, the sum of £.2,000 waa raised to erect new buildings on the present location under the direction of the CO. judge. The building is a half lui. N. of the r. r., and trains 8top opposite when courts are in eession. Efforts have been made to remove the site to Jamaica, but thus far without suc- cess, although most persons will admit that the present site is inconvenient to a majority of the inhabitants. 1 In tbo absence of sufficient accommodations in tho vicinity, this building is also used as a hotel during the session of the court. The Bheriff, who lives upon tho premises, usually makes provision for dining a large number, and for furnishing lodgings to ft limited extent. 2 The surrogate's and clerk's offices were kept at the houses of the incumbents until 1833. when they were located at Ja- maica. The present clerk's office was erected in 1857. 3 The Lon^ Island. Farmer was commenced at Ja- maica in ISIO by Ift-nry C. Sleight. It is nowpublished by Charles Welling. T!i>: Uninn IhiU. fiazette, semi-mo., was published at Jamaica in is;r2 by li. Booth. The LiOJig Island Democrat was established at Ja- maica May 1, 1835, by Jas. J. Brcnton. present publisher. The Journal and Messenger was published about 1843, by S. V. Berry. Thf Long I.tland Telegraph and General Advertiser was Htarted at Hempstead in M.tv. 18.30, by Wm. nutcliinson and O. F. Le Fevre. In Nov. 1831 it was changed to The Hempstead Inquirer. It is now published by Mtirris SnedekT. The Queens County Sentinel was established at nemp^-tead in May, 1858, by John H. Hentz, its present publisher. 3j The Church Record was started at Flushing: in 1840, and con* tinned SJ years. It was edited by Rev. Dr. F. L. Hawks, and published by C. U. Lincoln. The Flushing Journal was commenced March 19,1842, by Chas. R. Lincoln, its present publisher. The Flushing Pomologist Wiia published In 1848, by William R. Prince. The Public Voici was started at Flushing in 1852 ; and in 1855 it was changed to The lioug Island Times. It is now published by W. R. Burling. The North Hempstead Gazette was started in Dec. 1S46, at Man- hasset Valley. In 1850 it was removed to Roslyn and changed to Tlu Plain Dealer. It waa subsequently removed to Glen Cove, and waa continued until 1855; Jas. L. Crowley was its last publisher. The Glen O-jve Sentinel was published a short time in 1854 by Bright & Perry. The Gleii Cove Gazette was started in May, 1857, by E. M. Lincoln, its present publisher. The Wivxlhaven Advertiser waa published a short time in 1853. Tfie Astoria Gazette was started in 1853 by Wm. L. S. Harrison, and continued about 18 months. The Journal of the Imtitute was published at FlushiDg for about 3 years. * Commissioners were appointed to settle these claims in 1650. They were Simon Bradstreet and Thos. Prince on the part of the NewKupland colonies, and Thos. WilU-tt ao'l Geo. B;i.xter on the j)iirt of the Dutch. The boundary was fixed along the W. line of Oyster Bay; but the States General did not ratify tho agree- ment, and the Dutch Governor neglected to carry it into effect The Dutch subsequently planted a colony at BrookviUe,(Wolver Hollow,) E. of the line, to assert their claims. 546 QUEENS COUNTY. FLIaratbou, at the head of Little Neck Bay, is a small, straggling village ■with one church. Several of the neighborhoods in this town are known by distinct local names.^* Wilkins Point has recently been purchased by the U. S. Government for the site of a fort.'^ There are now 13 churches in town.^^ The first settlements were made by English, who probably had first settled in Holland. They arrived at ** Kcio Amsterdam" in 1G45. They were Non-conform- ists in religion, and settled on the Dutch dominions under the promise of entire religious free- dom.^' But the Dutch soon commenced a series of persecutions that continued until the time of the British conquest in 1604. Several French Protestant families found their way into this town after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; but few of their descendants are now found. The fruits introduced by these people are said to have given tJie first direction to the nursery business for which this town is so celebrated. During the Revolution a British force was sta- tioned here. HE:»IPSTEAD— was granted by Gov. Keift to several English families, Nov. 14, 1644. This patent was confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, March 6, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, April 17, 1685.'^ 1 NRmed by the Dutch •'F/iVsfn.vfn." from a place in Holland. - The first pjiteutees were Thos. Fai'rington, John Liiwrence, John Hicks, Juhn Tow scud, Tbos. fcftiles, Hubert Field. Thos. i^aul. John Marston. Thos. Applegate, La'\nence Dutch, Wni. Lawieuce, Henry Sawtc-U, Wm. Thurne. Michael Willard, Kobt. Firman, and Wm. Widgeon, for tliem-'^elves and associates. 3 The piitentees numed in the patent of Got. Nicoll were John Lawrence, (alderman of New York City.) Kichard Corn- well. Chius. liridges, Wm. Lawrence, Kobert ferry, Wm. Noble, John Forbu^h, LUas Doughty, Robt. Field, Philip Udall. Thoe. Stiles, Benj. Field, Wm. Pidgeon, John Adams, John Hinchman. Nicholas Parcell, Tobias Feaks, aud John Bowue; and those in the patent of Gov. Doogan were Elias Doughty, Thoe. Willett, John Bowne, Matthias Harvey, Thos. Hicks, Kichard Cornwell, John Hinchman, Jonathan Wright, and Sam'l llo\t— Patents. I, frl, V, •2-22, 325. Sec. Office. * These lands have since been mostly taken up by individuals, though the ti-ustees are still elected to take charge of the re- mainder. The town records were burned, Oct. 31, 1797, by a eervaut girl, who was afterward hung for the deed. By the General Act, establishing towns. 6 A chalybeate spring was discovered near the head of this marsh in 1S16. It was named '•Cheltenham Spri7igs," and for a time attracted much attention. J Tlie principal fruit grown are cherries, of which large quan- tities are annually sent to the New York market. 8 Flushing has a wide reputation for its nurseries, of which there are six, occupying 246 acres and valued at $124,000. The first nursery was commenced about 1750. They now furnish every species of fruit tree, ornamental shrub, and esotic plant cultivated In the country. 9 The principal of these schools are the Flushing Institute, the Flushing Female College, and the Linnean Hill Seminary. I'J The principal manuiactoriea are the Excelsior Emery and Fand Paper Manufactory, a steam planing and saw mill, and a tide gristmill. n This placewas formerly known as "X^iHT^nccsiVect." Seve- ral farms have been laid out into village plats, each one taking a distinct name. An Episcopal college was incorp. here in 1S40 : but it has since been abandoned. The location of this in- stitution gave the name to the vill;ige. 1- Named from a large boulder ne.ir the landing. The place was first called ^'Cbokie HiW and afterward "Clintonvillcy 13 This establishment gives emplojTnent to 430 hands. » Bay Side— the seat of A. G. Mickle, Ex-Mayor of New York — and Sprlngville are near Little Neck Bay. Fre§h Meadows, Ireland, and Springs HUl are locdities e.E.of Flushing Viilage. Rocky Hill and Union Place are farming neighborhoods. Spring Hill was the residence of Cadwallader Colden, who died here Sept. 20, 1776. His son espoused the cause of the Eoyalists, and his estate was con.- fiscated.— Ow?€rrfOTi^-'5 Rev. Inc. 15 When fortified, this point will completely command the channel on the n., and render the approach of ships of war toward New York impossible from that direction. IG Of these there are at Flushing, 2 Friends. Prot. E., M. E., Ref. Prot. D.. R. C, Cong., aud Bap. ; at Coll-^ge Point, R. 0. and Lnth. ; at Whitestone. Prot. E. and M. E.; and at Marathon, a Prot. E. " The religious faith of these people was much the same .aa that afterward professed by the Quakers, who had not become at that period a distinct sect in England. Their first religions teacher was Francis Doughty, from Taunton. Mass., a Baptist, who became a Quaker in 1657, as did many of the inhal'itant*. The celebrated Geo. Fox visited America in 1672 and preached in this town. He was entertained at the house of John Bowne. who had particularly suflFered from the persecutions of the Dutch ; but, his dwelling not being sufficiently large to accom- modate the audience, his hearers assembled under the shade of the venerable oats, one of which is still standing. The Bowne House stands in Parsons & Co."s Commercial Garden and Nursery, and is in a fine state of preservation. 18 The grantees named in the firat patent were Robert Ford- QUEENS COUNTY. 547 Upon the erection of North Hempstead, in 1784, its name was changed to South Hempstead ; and its present name was re-adopted Feb. 5, 1796. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the s. side of the island, extending 20 mi. along the ocean, and embracing about 100 eq. mi. The shore is bordered by a line of beaches and sand hills ; and within them are Hempstead and South Oyster Bays, inclosing a large number of low, sedgy islands. West of the bay a long, narrow sandbar, known as Rockaway Beach,^ extends to the s. w., forming the E. boundary of Jamaica Bay. Wide salt meadows border upon the bays, and from them the land spreads out into an almost perfectly level plain.^ The soil along the borders of the marshes is moderately fertile, and upon the plain it consists of sand and fine gravel, which is naturally barren, although it may be made productive by the proper application of manures. A considerable portion of the marshes and plain belongs to the town and is used as common property.' The people are largely engaged in market gardening. There is no poorhouse ; but the paupers are annually put up at auction and struck off to the lowest bidder. Hempstead, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, was incorp. June 20, 1853. It contains 3 churches, the Hempstead Seminary,* and 1,486 inhabitants. Along the s. shore are several villages, generally scattered and extended over a large territory. They are mostly surrounded by gardens and orchards. Jerussileiu South, (p. V.,) in the s. E. corner, contains a gristmill and Friends' meetinghouse; next w. are respectively Bridge Haven, containing a gristmill and church, Merrick.,^ (p-O.,) and Oreenivicb Poiut, two farming neighborhoods; Freeport,^ (p-"^-') a fishing village, containing 2 churches; Iflilburii, Baldwinville, and Christian Hook, hamlets; Rockville Center, (p. v.,) containing 1 church; Xear Rockairay, a hamlet, and Far Rocka-ivay, (Rockaway p.o.,) a noted seabathing place.' Valley Stream and Fosters MeadoiT are two scattered settlements along the e. border, ^ew Bridge, (formerly ''Little Neck") Washin^on Square, and Brookfield are farming neighborhoods. The first settlements were made in 1643, by a colony of English, who had previously settled at "Weathersfield and Stamford, in Conn. They founded the first English settlement within the co.^ The town early acquired a prominent rank, and its records (preserved at North Hemp- stead) contain a large amount of valuable historical information. Horse races were established here by the Governor in 1G90. The first church (Presb.) was started in 1G48. There are 18 churches in town.® JAJUAICA^** — was first granted for settlement by Gov. Stuveysant, March 21, 1656 ; and a more ample patent was granted in 1660. The rights of the town were confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, Feb. 15, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, March 17, 1G8C." It was recognized as a town March 7, bam, John Strickland, Jobn Ogden, John Karman, John Law- rence, and Jonas Wood: those in the second patent were John Hicks, J. P., Capt. John Seaman. Hichard Gildersleeve, Robert Jackson. John Karman, John Smith, sr. and jr.; and those in the third were Capt. John Seaman. Simon Searing. John Jackson, James Pine, er., Richard Gildeisleeve, sr., and Xath'l Pearsall. ^Tho7tipsotV$.Hist. L.I., II, 14 ; PoientSy IV, 55. V. 182 ; Sec. Office. 1 The CO. seal presents a view of Bea and shore from this beach. The name is of Indian origin. This point was formerly inclosed by a fence from Hempstead to Jamaica Bays, and was used for pasturing cattle, horees, and sheep. 2 This plain is 15 mi. Ions and 4 broad. When first known to the Europeans, it was destitute of timber and covered with grass. The annual burning of this grass was prohibited by statute in 1726. It is mostly uninclcsed. and used as pasture, 8 About 16.000 acres of the plain and the salt meadows are common property. The time for cutting the hay is fised at the annual town meetings, and the first one on the ground has the choice of location. This leads the farmers to the meadows at an early hour on the appointed day. and snuietimes during the night previous, where they stand 8c>-thc in hand, ready at the first glance of sunrise to strike into the grass before them and mow iirouBd as large a piece as they may be able. Several hundred men are often thus employed . Kacli inhabitant may hire as many laborers as he chooses, and may cut for sale. Nortli Hempstead formerly enjoyed the right of cutting grass upon these meadows, but has been practically deprived of it for many years. See page 545. * This is a private seminary, owned by a joint stock company. 6 On old dociiments variously spelled" "J/cn'c," "Marokc," and "JA'r(7.'o/'e." The name was derived from a tribe of Indians that lived in the vicinity. 6 First settled by Edward Raynor, and formerly known as *'Rai/noftoion" 7 This place contains the Pavilion, — an immense hotel, — and several large summer boarding houses. 8 Among the early settlors were Uev. Richard Denton, Jonas Wood, Wm. Raynof. Robert Ccm>, Richard Gilderplecve, Robert Jackson, John Ogden, John Karman, Capt. John Underbill, Andrew Ward, Thurston and Robt. Raynor, Matthew Mitchell, and Robert Fordham. In 1647 the first eight, with Itobt. Ash- man. Jeremy, Kdmmid, and Terry Mood, lienj. and John Coe, Sam'l Strickland, John Topping. John Fordbam. Wm. and John Lawi-ence, Henry Hudson, Thomas Ireland, Richard Valentine, Wm. Thickstone, ^'ichoIa3 Tanner. Wm., John. sr. and jr., Jae., and Alvin Smith, Richard, jr., Sam'l. Dan'l. and Nath'l Denton, Thos. Armitage, Simon Searing. Ibomas Wilson, Henry Piers m. Jos. and Wm. Scott, Henry Wbiston, Richard and John Lewis, Thos. Stevenson, John Storge, John and Robert Williams, Wm. Rogers, Richard Ogden. John Foucks, Wm. Waehbnrne. Thos. Sherman, Francis Yates, John Ellison. Wm. Shadding. Thomas and Chas. Foster. Roger Lines, Sam'l Clark, John Hndrl, Thos. Pope, Daniel \\ hitehead, Edward Kaynor. John Smith, ?amnel Baccns.and .Tolm Strickland were freeholders, and shiiredin the division of the lands. A part of the above location^i are now included in North Hempstead. The first child born of white parents in town was Caleb Karman. son of John Karman, Jan. 9, 1645. An order was made at their General Court, Sept. 16, 16-00, requiring all persons to " repaire to the puMir|iio Meotings and AssemblieB on the Lords daycs, and on piiMiijue daycs of fastings and thanksgivings, appointed by pii'iliijue imtbority, bothe on the f trfuoons and afternoons," under n iwMiJilty of 5 guilders fi>r the first, 10 for the second, and 2*' fiT llie third of- fense. The Kev. Richard Denton, a prominent founder. wu.s their first pastor. He returned to England in 1650. His eldest son, Daniel Denton, wrote the first historical account of New York ever published. It was printed in Lonilon in ICTC. * 10 M. E., 3 Prot. E.. 2 Presb.. 2 R. C. and one Friends. Near the M.E. Church in South Hempstead is a monument, erected to the memory of i:;^t English and Irish immigrants who peri-Jhed on the ships Bristol and M«xico, wrecked Nov. 21, 1836, and Jan. 2. 1837. 10 It was first proposed to name this place "OtjJftr'?.*.'!*';." Many of the first settlers preferred the name of''Crnirfor>!r and the Dutch named it " Rusdorp," signifying "county town." The present name is by some considered as from the Indian ^-Jamtco." 11 The fir?t patent of confirmation cont-iined the names of Daniel Denton, J.P., Robt. Coe, Capt. Brj-an Nwwton. Wm. Hal- let, Andrew Me.«8enger, and Nathaniel Denton : and the second named 24 persons.— /^i/eji(*, I, 66, M, T, 433; Sec. Office, 548 QUEENS COUNTY. 1788. It is the s.w. corner town of the co. A range of low wooded hills forms its n. boundary; but the remainder of the town consists of an extensive sand plain, and a series of wide salt marshes along the shore. Jamaica Bay, forming its s. boundary, incloses a large number of low, marshy islands. Several small streams take their rise in springs and small ponds among the hills and flow s. to the bay.^ The soil is light and sandy. A considerable tract immediately bordering upon the marshes is kept in a high state of fertility by artificial means, and is devoted to market gardening. This town has long been celebrated for its race courses.^ The town poor are annually let to the lowest bidder.^ Jamaica, (p. v.,) near the n. border of the town, was incorp. April 14, 1814, It contains 7 churches, the Union Hall Academy,* several private semi- naries, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, and several manufactories.^ Pop. 2,817. "Wood- havcn was organized in 1850 by a number of capitalists for the manufacture of shoes. Cypress Avenue is a r. r. station near the line in Kings co. The country in the immediate vicinity is laid out in a village plat, and named Unioiiville, from the Union Race Course ; Clarenceville is a village plat on the r.r.,w. of Jamaica; Centerville, a plat adjacent to the trotting course; Hopedale and Jaiuaica lleig'lils, two prospective villages in the N. part; "^Villcw Tree, a r. r. station, e, of Jamaica; Queens/ (p. o.,) a r. r. station near the e. line, and Springfield, a vicinage 3 mi. long, in the e. part, extending to the bay. The first settlement was made about 1656, by people from Hempstead, who in that year obtained leave of the Dutch Government to purchase lands and erect a town, *' according unto their place limited, named Canarise, about midway from Hempstead." In 1702 the civil officers of government removed to this place, on account of prevailing sickness. An attempt was made soon after to appropriate the church to the use of the Episcopalians, — which was resisted, and a controversy commenced, which was not settled until 1728. In 1753 the General Assembly again convened at this place. During the Revolution the town was occupied by the Britisli, and, especially in winter, large bodies of troops were stationed here. The Dutch Church was used as a storehouse. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1663. The Ref. Prot. D. Church was formed in 1702; and the first Pi-ot. E. services were held during the same year. The Chapel of the Sisters — a neat edifice, built of hewn granite — was erected in the Presb. Cemetery, by Nicholas Ludlum, of New York.^ IVEWTOW]^* — was first conveyed by patent, by Gov, Stuyvesant, in 1652. The grant wag confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, March 6, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, Nov. 25, 1683.® It was recog- nized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the East River and Long Island Sound, in the n.w. corner of the co., and includes North and South Brother, Rikers, and Berrieus Islands.*** A range of hills extends along the s. border; but the remaining part of its surface is level or moderately uneven. Flushing Creek forms a portion of the e. boundary, and Newtown Creek a portion of the w. boundary. Extensive salt meadows border upon these creeks and the bays. Hell Gate is a nar- row, tortuous passage between Wards Island and Hallets Point, near the n. extremity of the town." The soil is a fine quality of sandy loam. Market gardening and the cultivation of flowers are the most important business. The town poor ai*e let out by contract. Astoria,^- (p*^-)) upon East River, near Hell Gate, was incorp. April 12, 1836. It contains 5 churches, a female seminary, union school, and several extensive manufactories.*^ It is particularly distinguished for its floral gardens I Several of theae ponds have been purchased by the Brookljii Water Works Conipany. The remains of a mastodon were found in excavatiog at Baisloys Vond. in tbia town, March 27, 1858. They consisted of six molar teeth and some tsmall fragments of bones, blackened, but not mineralized. " A course was laid ont, in colonial times, around the border of Beaver I'ond, — a sheet of water adjacent to the village, since drained. Union Course was laid out soon after thv passage of the act of 1S21. and continued under that of 1834. It is now owned by thfj "Union Association." formed under general act, Aug. 2, 1S58, with a capital of $100,000. It is a few feet over a mile in circuit. There is a trotting course s. e. of the former. 3 The town electa trustees annually to manage its property. It has a fund— given by Henry Tuwnsend nearly two centuries since — *' for the relief of poor widows and children, persons blind, lamed, or aged, and Buch as should be uuable to got a living, or any that should suffer by fire and whose necessities might call for relief" * This institution was incorp. Feb. 29, 1792. 6 Three Citrriage factories and the repair shops of the L.I. R.R. 6 Formerly called "ifruMvi'Ue." The name was changed at a public meeting, .Ian. 1, 1857. I There are now 8 churches in town; 2 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., Presb., Prot. E., Af. Meth., and B.C. s Named "Middlehurg" under the Dutch. The first deed of confirmation contained the names of Capt. Richard Betta, J. P., Capt. Thoa. Lawrence, Capt. John Coe, John Burroughs, Ralph Hunt, Dan'MVhitehead, and Joost Burger: and the second the names of 108 freeholders. The annual quit- rent was 3£ is. — Patents, II, 78 ; Sec. OJjice: Thompson's Hist. L. /.. II, 142. 10 These islands are cultivated as gardens. Berriana. near Lawrence Point, has an area of 12 acres. Bikers is the largest and most valuable, and was formerly called "Hewletts hiatid,** from its having been tlie residence of Geo. Hewlett. It is 1 mi. from the mainland, and contains over 50 acres. It wiis con- firmed to Guisbert Kiker by Stuyvesant, Dec. 24, 1667, and is still owned by the family. — Thompsfn's Hist., II, 154. 11 This name was probably derived from the Dutch *'Hellig," angry, and "Gaf a gate. It is often softened down to "^url Gate." From the earliest time this has been a diflBcult strait to navigate, owing to sunken rocks and the strong current of the tide. In 1852 the rocks were mostly removed by a system of submarine blasting and the navigation greatly improved. 12 This place was formerly known as -'Hallets Orve," and was settled by Stephen A. and John C. Halsey. At the time of its incorporation it was proposed to call it "-Sunswick" from the Indian name of a stream near by; but the name Astoria was adopted, in hope of securing a gratuity from John Jacob Astor. In this, however, the people were disappointed, as he gave only $100 to the seminary. " The principal manufactoriea are the, chemical works for QUEENS COUNTY. 549 and greenhouses.* It ie connected with New York by ferries, and is inhabited by many persons doing business in the city. Pop. about 3,200. Ravenswood, (p. v.,) upon the East River, is a suburban village, and the houses consist mostly of costly residences. The poorhouse farms of New York City were located at this place previous to tlie purchase of the islands in the river for that purpose.^ A rifle cartrid;j;e factory exploded here about 1850, occasioning a great destruction of life. Uun- ters Poinl^ is a newly surveyed and thinly settled village, immediately n. of the mouth uf New- town Creek. It has several manufactories,* and is rapidly increasing in business and population. l^eirtoim, (p. v.,) near the center, and Penny Bridge are stations upon the Flushing R. R.; and Vf' insfield and West Flushing are village plats upon the same roads. Maspetli^ (p. o.) lies near the head of Newtowu Creek ; and MelVJna, ColumbusviUe, and TVinants- Tille are village plats in the same vicinity. I^aw^renceville, n. w. of AVinfield, and Mid- dletown, s. e. of Astoria, are village plats. l.ocust Grove, Linden Hills, IVew^ As- toria, Middle Villag"e, and 8outli Williamsburg'li are localities and prospective villages. Dutch Kills is a gardening neighborhood. St. Ronans Well, a wooded island near the head of Flushing Bay, contains 7 acres, and is a favorite resort for picnic parties. Cal- vary Cemetery, on the Laurel Hills, n. of Newtown Creek, contains 59 acres, and is owned by the R. C. denomination. The Cemetery of the Everg^reens, in the s. w. corner, is partly in Brooklyn and partly in New Lots, Kings co. It is beautifully situated upon the Cypress Hills, and contains 115 acres, with the privilege of extending its area to 500 acres. Cypress Hills Cemetery, e. of the latter, is also situated upon the highlands, and contains 400 acres.® Mount Olivet Cemetery lies near Maspeth, and the liutheran Cemetery near Middle Village. The National Race Course, incorp. May 31, 1854, is located near the Flushing R. R.'^ The first settlements were made in 1651, by English immigrants, who had first located in New England. The first grant of privileges obtained from the Dutch in 1652 was followed by another more liberal in its character in 1665. The early records of the town were lost duimg the British occupation in the Revolution. A blockhouse was built at Hell Gate during the Revolu- tion, and a water-battery, named Fort Stevens,® during the War of 1812, The first church edifice (Presb.) of which there is any record was erected, in 1670, at Newtown Village; and the first preacher was Rev. John Moore, who was employed from the first settlement until his death, in 1661. The census reports 15 churches in town.^ IVORTH HEMPSTEAD^**— was formed from Hempstead, April 6, 1784. It lies upon Long Island Sound, between Hempstead Harbor and Little Neck Bay, and on the s. extends to near the center of Hempstead Plains. A range of hills extends e. and w. through near the center ; and from them spurs extend to the Sound, giving to the n. part a moderately hilly character. Ilemp- Btead Harbor and Manhasset Bay are irregular bays extending far inland, dividing the coast into ''necks" and points, — the principal of which are Cow and Great Necks, Motts, Prospect, Sande, making dry alkaliea, the U. S. Vulcanized Gutta Pc rcba Belting and Packing Works, and an extensive carpet factniy. 1 Grant Thorburu, the celebrated seedsman and Jiorist, had a nursery here from 1832 to IS5I. There aro now 6 tloral estab- lishments for supplying the city market, besides many gentle- men's greenhouses, graperies, &c. 2 About 1834-05, the corporation of New York City erected ex- tensive buildings, about 1^ mi. a. from Astoria, for a pauper establishment, which were sold at public auction, April l.i,lS47, upon the removal of these institutions tothe islands in the river. Three largo buildings— called the "Btiys' Nursery,"' '-School House,"' and '' Infant Nursery," the property of W'm. W. Miles — were leased (May 25) to the Commissioners of Emigration for a ship fever hospital, and other purposes. A public meeting was held immediately after at Astoria, to express indignation at the application of the property to these uses aud to remonstrate against it. The people failing to obtain their object, the pre- mises were assailed and destroyed on the night of May :2ti-27, 1847, by a largo mob in disguise. An attempt was made to fasten the expense of these losses upon the town: and. after repeated efforts, the owner recovered $3,000 from the ?t.ite by act of -March 17, 1855.— yl.fsem. Doc. 1848, Nos. 19. 161, 1&4, 186; Smafe line. 1S49, No. 31, aud 1850, Nos. 62 and 82. 8 Originally called "A»Hmi>.t Hook." The place was after- ward owned by Geo. Hunter, who died before 1826. It is desig- nated in deeds as •• Long Island City." Much of the property given to Union College by Rev. Dr. Nott as an endowment is located here, aud consists of graded lots. * The princip.il manofactnrif « ;ire a flint glass f ictory. chemical works, paint aud varnish factory, founderyfor the manufacture of iron pipes, and an oil ami locomotive grease factory. Con- siderable ship-building is ilso done here. 6 Sometimes written " Mt^spat " ^^ML'^pat,'" &c. It was settled by English, and often designated ''£nfflish KUlSj" to distinguish it from Dutch Kills. De Witt Clinton formerly resided beie. A foundery for casting metallic burial cases was established hero several years since. The general act forbids cemeteries to hold more than 250 acres in one co.; and hence this was located in two. A special act allows this cemetery to hold 100 acres more iu Queeua co. The highest point is 219 ft. above tide. 7 The company that owns this course is incorp., with a capital of S25O,OO0. 8 Named from Maj. Gen. Ebenezer Stevens, who in b-is youth was a member of the " Boston Tea Party" and subsequently an officer in the Revolution and the War of 1812. 4 Prot. E., 3 Ref. Prot. D., 3 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 R. C, and 1 Bap. The Ref. Prot. D. Church at Newtown was formed in 1704, and a Prot. E. church at the same place iu 1731. A M. E. church was erected near Middle Village in 1836. chiefly through the liberality of Jos. Ilarper, father of the Harper Brothers, pub- lishers in New York. w Under the act of organization each town was to enjoy the right of oystering, clamming, and fishing in the other: and both continued to cut grass upon the South Meadows until 1815. ThfV each assumed the sole care of the common lauds that fell within their several bounds. At the town meeting in Hemp- stead, April, 1797, a resolution was p;issed. givhig to the people of that town 10 days' precedence of right in cutting grass. A suit was instituted, and was appealed to the Court of Errors, which decided, in Dec. 182S, that Nnrth Hempstead had no power to interfere in the regulations of Hempstead. — Opinion of Chan- cellor Kent, Johnson's, II. 320-3:i8 : of Chancellor Sauford./f^p- k-ins, I. 289-300; Decision of Court of Ert'ors, WerulrM, II, 109- 137. The public lands of the town were sold under an act passed March 25, 1S30. Obadiah Townsend. Singleton Mitchell, Beiy. Albertson, and Jos. Dodge were appointed commissioner* fur this purpose. f'-SO QUEENS COUNTY. Barker, and Ilewletts Points, and Plum Beach.* The soil upon the plains is light and sandy, and in the n. part a sandy and clayey loam, very productive. The town poor are supported by the Jones Fund,- at an institution situated at B^ook^'ille, in the tuwn of Oyster Bay; and 2 trus- tees are annually elected to the board having this fund in charge. 3Ianlia$set/ (p. v.,) near the center, a straggling village, contains 4 churches. The neck of land extending eastward of Manhasset Bay is called Manhasset.* RosByn, (p-"^-*) at the head of Hempstead Harbor, 2 mi. above the steamboat landing, contains 2 churches and several manufactories.^ Pop. 592. ^'orth Hempstead (p. o.) is 2 mi. e. of the courthouse; Mineola (p. v.) is a scattered villaga at the junction of the L. I. & Hempstead Branch R. Koads ; Flo^ver SIlll is a farming neigh- borhood near the center of Manhasset Neck ; !^Iontrose^ a village plat near the country seafc of Wm. C. Bryant. Westbury^ is a farming neighborhood, extending from near the courthouse to the E. line of the town. Carl Place, near We^^tbury, and ClO'Wesville, near Mineola, are village plat^. Hyde Park,' near the r. r., Liakeville^^ near the line of Flushing, and Farmers Village, on the edge of the plains, are farming localities. Port TTasliiugloii (p. 0.) is a small village on the w. side of Manhasset Bay. The first settlement was made in the spring of 1G40, by a small company of English immigrants from Lynn, Mass., under the lead of Capt. Daniel Howe, who took possession of the head of Cow Bay, under the authority of Farrett, agent of the Earl of Stirling. The Dutch sent a party of soldiers, who captured several of the in- truders; but they were released upon promising to quit the place. These persons afterward made the fh-st settlement at Southampton. The necks of land of this town were first used for pasturage in com- mons. During the Revolution marauding parties committed various depredations upon the people of this town, rendering both property and life insecure. The census reports 9 churches in town.* OYSTER BAi:^°— was patented by Gov. Nicoll, Nov. 29, 1667, and confirmed by Gov. Andross, Sept. 29, 167 It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It occupies the E. ex- tremity of the CO., and extends across the island from the sound to the ocean. The n. shore is deeply indented by irregular bays, the principal of which are Oyster Bay, Cold Spring, and Oyster Bay Harbors, Mill Neck Creek, and Mosquito Cove. Cove Neck, Center Island,*^ and Mosquito Neck are long peninsulas formed by these bays;*^ Lloyds Neck is a peninsula extending e. of Cold Spring Harbor. The great indentation of South Oyster Bay, separated from the ocean by Jones Beach, forms the s. boundary. This bay is bordered by salt meadows, and incloses several marshy islands belonging to the town. A range of hills extends through the n. part; and the remainder of the surface is level. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam, and with proper care is very pro- ductive. The town poor are supported by the Jones Fund.^* Oyster fiay, (p-^-,) on Oyster Bay Harbor, contains 6 churches and 900 inhabitants;^^ Gleu Cove,^® (p. v.,) near Hempstead Harbor, in the n. w. part, contains 3 churches, a printing office, fire insurance office, and a large starch factory.^^ Soutli Oyster Bay (p.o.) is a scattered village on the s. shore. Farm- ingdale (p.o.) is a hamlet and r. r. station near the E. line; Hich-SVille^^ (P-O.) is a r. r. station near the w. line. Syosset'^ (p. o.) is t^ie present terminus of a r. r. extending n. e. from 1 A lighthouse has been erected upon Sands Point, and a life- boat station is maintained here. 2 See note 14. ^ Formerly called '^Sead of Cow JN'ecA-." * Formerly called " Chtv Neck" and by the Indians 'KSint jSYnAr." It was originally inclosed from Hempstead Harbor to the ci'eek by a fence separatiug it from Great Neck; aud every I>erson was entitled to put as many cattle upon it as he built standing gates or panels of fence. When afterward distributed, in 1674. these rights were called gate-rights. The number of con- tributors in 1658 was 60. and the number of panels offence 526. 6 Formerly called ^'■Hnnpstcdd Harbor" Harbor Hill, in the rear of the village, is 319 feet high. The first paper mill in the State is said to have been built here inl773,byHendrickOnder- douk. (grandfather of two bishops of this name,) Hugh Gaiue, and Henry Rcnisen. There are 2 paper mills, 2 gristmills, and a sawmill at this place. 6 The people in this vicinity are chiefly employed in furnishing milk for the New Vork market. T Upr.n the open grounds s. of this place, anciently called '^SdUshury PlainSy" a race course was established by Gov. NicoU In 1665. It was called •'JVeiv Markd," and continued devoted to the sports of tho turf more than one hundred years. 8 Formerly called 'sS'wccess." from Success Pond in the vicinity. The name was changed to Lakeville in 1835. The towns of Flushing and Hempstead gave 618 acres, between the lake and Hyde Park, to Gov. Dongan. who had a country residence here. 9 3 Friends. 2 M. E.,Af Meth., Prot. E., Ref Prot. D., and R.C. 10 The lands and commons of this town are under the charge of the supervisor. The South Meadows are sold annually at ttuction. for about ?1.2i)0. Townsmen only have the right of fish- ing and oysteriiig in the waters of the town. n Henry Townsend, sr., Nicholas and Gideon Wright, Richard Harrison, Joseph Carpenter, and Joslah Latting were named in both patents.— Pa(''?(^^ 1, 104, 162: Sec. Office. 12 Formerly called ^•Ilog Island.'* It is connected with the main island by a beach, includes 600 acres of excellent soil, and has a brickyard, with steam power, that makes 3,000,000 bricfca annually. 13 The principal capes or points upon the N. shore are Olivers, Sopers. Moses, Plum, Center Lsland, Old Neck, Fox Island, Pea- cock. Matinecock, and Red Spring Points. 1* In 1IS36. Sam'] Jones gave $30,000 — known ns the "Jones Fund" — for the sujiport of the poor of this town and North Hemp- stead ; and if the income of this fund was more than sufficient for this purpose, the overplus waste belongto Flushing. Alarm was purchased at Brookville, upon which suitable buildings have been erected for the support of the poor. Walter K. Jones, the distinguished financier, also a citizen of this town, gave $5,000 more for the same purpose. The fund is managed by 3 trustees, chosen by this town, aud 2 by North Hempstead. The institu- tion is known as the " Jones Institute ;" and it supports 60 to 70 indigent persons annually. 15 P. 0. changed to ^'Syossei'" Jan. 20. 1846, and old name re- stored one week after. Jas.ColwelJ, appointed P. M. by Jeffer- son, held the ofBce till hie death, in 1854, when his granddaughter was appointed. i^ Formerly called ^'3fosquito Cave." " Glen Cove Starch Manufac'g Com., under the supervision of Messrs. Duryea. Incorp. Nov. 13, 1855; capital, $100,000. Pro- duces 20 tons per day. Works destroyed by fire Feb. 9, 1S5S : rebuill same year, covering over 2 acres, and capital increased to $200;000. i« Named from EHas Hicks, the Quaker reformer. i^J Formerly known as *'-£ast IVoodsJ" QUEENS COUNTY. 551 HioksTille, projected to Cold Spring. IVortvich (East Norwich p. o.) is a farming settle- ment 3 mi. s.E. of Oyster Bay.' Cedar Swaiup, (p. o.,) s. E. of Glen Cove, and L.ocust Valley,- n. e. of the same place, are farming settlements. JericIlO (p. o.) is a settlement, N. of llicksville ;' Woodbury (p. o.) is a small village, near the e. border; Lloydiii IVeck is a farming vicinage, in the extreme N. e. part;' Betlipliage is a farming locality, and Brook.- vllle is a hamlet* Fort IVecU was named from tvro ancient Indian forts.^ Dosoris,' liattlngtOTrn, and Slatinicock^ are localities n. e. of Glen Cove. An attempt was made by a party of English to make a settlement in this town in 1640 ; but the settlers were driven off by the Dutch. In 1G42 other English parties, who had purchased lands of the Indians, were also driven off. The question of jurisdiction was a matter of debate until 1C50, when commissioners were appointed on both sides to settle Jt. The w. boundary of Oyster Bay was fixed upon as the line of separation of the two colonies ; and in 1053 the first permanent English settlement was made, upon land previously purchased of the Indians.' In 1GG2 the town formed a close alliance with Conn. De Lancey's corps of royalists built a small fort on the hill, s. of the village of Oyster Bay, in 1776 ; and it was occupied by Simcoe's Queen's Kangers in 1778 and '79. The census reports 16 churches in town.'" Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricrdtural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Queens County. Names of Towns. Flushing Hempstead Jnm:tic:i Newtown Nortti Hempatead. Oyster Bay Total AcRss OF Land. 11,083 25,4(W 14.0421 10,2881 23,160J 35.522 119,649 3,813 14,888 5,555 2,009 7,089 22,960 67.204 Valcation of 1858. $3,184, 2,650, 2,180, 3,146, 2,.034, 3.36S, $267,110 349,667 190,166 253,290 2.88,760 420,769 17,071,845 1,765,742 18.837.587 $3,442,070 3,000,427 2,382.686 3.399,890 2,823.160 3,789,404 3.969 6.264 2.796 2,331 4,683 4,109 23.142 4,011 6,213 2.836 2,363 4,763 3.938 s.iai •J. _i_ 1,113 2,022 866 1,518 867 1.510 667 1.409 640 434 914 994 ea J_ 1,500 2.051 1.006 904 1,766 1,466 8,682 6.048 74 117,366 Schools, 2,953 4,068 2,216 1,733 3.190 31187 Nau£S of Towns. Flushing Hempstead :. Jamaica Newtown North Hempstead. Oyster Bay Total Live Stock. AOBICULTOKAL PROBUCTS. Ij 1 Ill <2 878 2,642 852 1,163 1,611 2,194 9,240 s 1 B0SU. OP Oaii.v. 1 CQO, II Daiby Products. , ■1 18,386 45,844 23,103 7,422 28,670j 49,7624 173,1S8J &) 1^ ft. =5 ■a « 11 a.3 989 1,651 797 1,397 1,230 1,884 554 1,383 326 169 889 1,776 862 648 2,777 6,527 \sr2i 2,919 926 1,209 2,997 4,263 06.771 146,050J 60,516 86,677 111,309 167,64SJ 616,971 7,105 0,179 7,060 2,656i 11,101-1 14,294 36,489 63,082 64,494 63,983 34,433 38,649 965 100 61 448 1,205 687 42,793 1.55,048 46,285 17.416 61 .494 S 118,947 240 625 7,964 6,080 9,714 14,228 51,396 291,136 3,346 441,9834 766 ^■S 1 The town records are usually kept at this place, 2 The p.o. at this place was called ^'Buckravi," until recently. 5 Klias Hicks formerly resided here. The first settlement was made by Kobert Williams, in 1650; called by tho Indians '•Lusum.''^ * Thi.s neck, containing 2.S49 acres, is eeparated from the re- mainder of the tuwn by Cold Spring Harbor. It is connected with Huntington, Suffolk co., bya narrow isthmus. It is j.rinci- pally devoted to the raising of stock. Tho Indians called it ^•Cauiii-setty" and it is called '■'■Horse-Neclc^' on old documents. It was patented, in 1G85, to Jaa. Lloyd, of Boston, and erected Into a manor. The British maintained a post hero during the Revolution ; and one of tht< officers stationed there was the Dnke of Clarence, afterward AVilliam IV. Daily steitmers touch at Lloyd's Dock, on the w. side of the neck. 6 This place waa settled by the Dutch, to assert tbcir claim to lands claimed by the English. The Jones Institute is located here. 8 In 1775, Daniel Jones, of this place, gave £300 sterling for a charity sichool at Oyster Bay. 7 Sometimes written Desoris. It is an abbreviation of dos iij:oris, or "dowry of a wife," — the property having come to the first settler, Coles, by his wife. 8 A Friends" meetinghouse was erected here in 1GS2. Peter Wrig)it, \Vm. Leveridge, Samuel Mayo, Wm. and John Washburue. Tbow. Armitage, Anthony Wright, Kobt. Williams, and Kichard Huldbrook were joint purchasers. Hfnry Town- send obtained a grant for a mill Sept. 1601. and erected the firet mill, in 1CG3. There were 53 freeholders in town. w 4 M. E., 4 Prot. E., 4 Friends, Bap., Kef. Prot. D., Presb., and Af. Meth. RENSSELAER COUNTY. Tuis county vras formed from Albany, Feb. 7, 1701, and named from the Rensselaer family.^ It is centrally distant 12 mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 690 sq. mi. Its surface is very broken and hilly. T\YO distinct ranges of mountains extend through it M. and s., known as the Taghkanick and Petersburgh Mts. The Taghkauick Range occupies the extreme E. borders of the co., and is divided from the Petersburgh Mts. by the long, deep valley through which flow Kinderhook Creek and Little Iloosick and Hoosick Rivers. These mountains are wild, rugged, and rocky, rising to a height of 1000 to 2000 feet above tide, and affording wild and picturesque scenery. Their declivities are usually precipitous, and their summits are crowned with forests or masses of naked rocks. These mountains are composed of the slate, quartz, sandstone, and limestone which constitute the Taconic rocks of Prof. Emmons. The quartz exists in the form of injected veins, and in many places the slate has been decomposed and washed away, leaving the quartz veins in the form of sharp pointed rocks, or of isolated masses. Upon the summits and sides of the mountains the soil is thin and poor ; but in the valleys it consists of gravelly loam, and is moderately fertile. The Petersburgh Mts. occupy the whole central part of the co. They are wild, irregular, and broken mountain masses, with precipitous sides on the e., but with more gradual declivities on the w. In some places the summits spread out over a wide surface, constituting a high, sterile plateau broken by hills and rocks. They are composed of the graywacke slates and limestone belonging to the Hudson River group. An extensive tract among these mountains, comprising a portion of Stephen- town, Berlin, Sand Lake, and Poestenkill, is still covered with forests. The soil is generally hard and sterile, consisting of a stiff clay and disintegrated slate, largely underlaid by a retentive hardpan. Hudson River is on the w. boundary of the co. ; and along its bank extends an intervale varying from a few rods to a half mile in width, and bounded by a series of bluffs 100 to 200 feet in height. From the summits of the bluffs to the foot of Petersburgh Mts. the country assumes the character of a broken, hilly upland. This region is composed of the drift deposits mixed with disintegrated slates, in some places the clay, and in others the sand, predominating. The valley of Kinderhook Creek, Little Hoosick and Iloosick Rivers extends through the e. part of the CO. The summit level in this valley at S. Berlin, between the waters flowing s. and those flowing N., is 600 feet above tide. The numerous streams that flow from the Petersburgh Mts. westward to the Hudson have worn deep ravines through the clay bluffs, forming lateral valleys, which extend eastward from the valley of the Hudson. Among the wild and rocky regions of the Petersburgh Mts. are numerous small lakes and ponds, forming a peculiar and beautiful feature of the landscape. Several interesting mineral springs are found within the county. The narrow intervales, and a large portion of the uplands, are adapted to grain, and produce liberal crops, chiefly of corn, oats, spring wheat, potatoes, and flax ; but the soil is generally best adapted to grazing and dairying, especially along the E. towns, where these occupations form the leading pursuits. Manufactures are extensively carried on at Troy and in the Iloosick Valley, and commerce has received much attention at Troy, and, at an earlier day, at Lansingburgh. The principal works of internal improvement in the co. are the Troy & Greenbush R. R., a con- tinuation of the Hudson River R. R. to Troy ; the Albany & West Stockbridge R. R., extending from Greenbush in a s. e. direction, through East Greenbush and Schodaek, to the s. bounds of the CO , 7 mi. from the river; the Troy & Boston R. R., extending from Troy n. e. through Lansing- Iiurgh, Schaghticoke, Pittstown, Hoosick, and a corner of Petersburgh, to the Tt. line ; the Troy & Bennington R. R., forming a branch (S/i/j mi. long) of the Troy & Boston R. R., from Hoosick Fall Junction to the State Line toward Bennington, Vt. ; and the Albany, Vt. & Canada R. R., extending through Schaghticoke across the n. w. corner of the co., terminating at Eagle Bridge, where it connects with the Vt. roads. Besides these lines, which are within the co., several others communicate with Troy from the w. side of the river. Among these are the A. V. & 1 This CO. incluiied a large share of the Rensselaer Manor E. of the i-iver, and the present towns of Hoosick, Pittstown, fchach- ticoke, and a part of Lansingborgh. 562 RENSSELAER COUNTY. 553 C. R. R., which sends a branch to West Troy; a branch of the N. Y. Central R. R., extending to Schenectady;^ and the Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R., extending from Troy to Saratoga. The Northern and Erie Canals also both connect with the Hudson at Troy, and there is an uninter- rupted steamboat navigation to New York.^ The first newspaper in the county was established at Lansingburgh, in 1787.' The county seat is the city of Troy, situated at the head of sloop navigation on the Hudson.* The courthouse — built at the joint expense of city and co., and containing the courtroom and co. and city offices^ — is situated on the corner of Congress and Second Sts.^ The jail is on Ferry, corner of Fifth St. A house of industry, for the support of paupers, located on a farm of 140 acres 2 mi. s. E. of the city, was founded in 1821, on the plan of Cuunt Runiford. In 1857 the co. poor- house was reported as being located upon a farm of 152 acres. The co. poor were let, by contract, at $1 per week, the contractor having free use of the farm, and the services of the paupers as far as they were able to labor.^ The greater part of the co. was included in the patent of Killian Van Rensselaer, in 1630; and the first settlement was made by tenants under him the same year.^ The lands were held by the same tenure as those in Albany co., and similar difficulties have frequently occurred in endeavoring to enforce the collection of rents. Upon the death of the late Stephen Van Rensselaer the manor was divided, the portion e. of the river passing into the hands of his eon William P. ; and since that time a considerable portion of the leased land has been conveyed .n fee.^ During 1 A R. B. bridge 1600 feet long, upun this road, crossea the Hudson at Troy. Connected with it is a common road bridge. 2 These ample facilities for travel are in striking contrast to the condition of things 60 years ago. By an act of March 30, 179S, Alexander J. Turner and Adonijah Skinner, for a period of 5 years, obtained the exclusive right of running a stage wagon, drawn by at least two good horses, at intervals of one week, (unless prevented by badness of roads,) from Troy to Hampton, on the border of Vermont. They were allowed to charge 6 cts. per mi. for passengers, and a like sum for every 150 lbs. of baggage over 14 lbs. 8 Tkc Northern (knfind and Lansingbtirgh Advertiser was started at Lansingburgh, May 15, 1787, by Claxton & Babcnck; it was subsequently removed to Albauy. The Iiansli»s'*"'*S'*^C»azette, started in 1798, was sub- sequL'Utly I'lT uKuiy years published as TM Rensselaer (.'j (^iztit-^., but it is now published under its first title by Alexander Kirkpatrick. The Farmer!^ RegUtcr was stai-ted in 1798 at Lansingburgh by Francis Adancourt ; it was removed to Troy a few yetirs after, where it was published until 1832. Tbe Lanslngbnrgh. Democrat was commenced in Dec. 1S3S, by Wm. J. Lamb, by whom it is still published. The Golden Ride, was established at Lansingburgh in 1841 by the Rev. It. W. Smith, and was published several years. The Juvenile Pearl, of the same place, was started Sept. 1, 1845, by Rev. J. A. Pitman. The Farmers' Oracle, started at Troy by Luther Pratt in 1796, was of short duration. The Nortliern Budget was started at Troy in 1798 by Robert Moftitt and Col. Welts, and has been con- tinued to the present time, with slight changes of name. It is now issued as a daily and weekly by F. L. Hagadorn. The Troy Gazette was founded in 1802 by Thomas Collier, and was discontinued before 1818. Tht Troy Pi>st was commenced Sept. 1, 1812, by Parker & Bliss, and was changed July 15, 1823, to The 2Voy &7ili>"'7, semi-w., and continued until Jan. 1, 1833. From May 1, 1830, to Aug. 1831, a daily edition was issued. Tfie Evangelical Restorationist, aemi-mo., was commenced in 1825 by Adolphus Skinner. The Troy Review, or Religious and Musical Repository, began Jan. 4, 1826, and continued 2 years. The Evangelical RrposUmy (Univ.) was puUlished in 1828. The Troy Republican (Anti-Masonic) was started in 1828 by Austin & Wellington, and was continued about a year. The Northfrn Witrhman (Anti-Masonic) was commenced in 18:U by E. Wellington. In 1832 it was stylod Tlie Troy Watchman, and was continued one or two years. Tlte Gospel Anchor, (Univ.,) started in 1831, was published by John M. Austin, and afterward by H. J. Green; it was continued until 1S34. Tlie Troy Press was started in 1832 by Wm. Yates and Steth Richards, and was continued until July 1, 1834. From 1833 a daily edition was issued. The Troy "Whig, da. and w., was founded in July, 1834, by James M. Stevenson, and is still continued. The weekly since Sept. l^.io, has been published as The Troy American, by George Abbott. The Troy .Statesmari wiis commenced in 1834, by T. J. Suther- land. The Botanic Advocate was published in 1834 by Russell Bnckley. The Trojan, da., was started in 1835, and continued a few months. The State Journal vfas issued in 1886 by Richards & Mastin, and continued 1 year. The I^eto Tork State Journal was published in 1837 by T. Has- tun. The Troy Daily Mail was started in 1837 by Wellington & Nafew, and was continued until 1841. T?te Troy Daily Bulletin was started in Dec. 1841, by R. Thomp- son. The Troy Daily Herald was published in 1843 by Isaac D. Ayrea. The Troy Temperance Mirror was issued in 1S43 by Bardwell & Kneeland. The Family Jour^ial was started in 1844 by Fisk & Co. In Sept. 1848, it ap]ieared as The New Yorh Family Jonrnalf and it is still continued. The Troy Post was commenced by Alexander McCall, and in 1S45 it was superseded by The Troy Traveler, d.i. and w. Fisk & Avery were the pub- lishers, and Wm. L. Avery editor. The Trojan was started in 1845, and continued severa] years. T/ie Rensselaer Omnty Temperance Advocate was begun in 184(5 by S. Spicer. The DaUy Telegraph was published at Troy in 1846. The Journal of Temperance was stai-ted in 1846 by Wm. Hagei. The Natioiial 'Watchman was commemed in 1847 by Alien & Garnet, and is still published. The Troy Dally Times was fouuiled in 1851 by J. M. Francis, by whom it is still published. La Ruclie Qinadienne was established at Troy in 1851 by Do- rLin & Mathiot. The Nassau Gazette was started in Dec. 1850 by J. M Geer. The Lutheran ILrald, semi-mo., was started at West Sand Lake by It. L. Dox, in 18W. The Greenijusli, Guardian was commenced in Ang. 1850 by A. J. Goodrich. It is now published by J. D. Comstock. * By an act of Jan. 11,1793, the sum of £600 was appropriated for the erection of a courthouse and jail, to be built under (he direction of Cornelius Lansing, Jacob C. Schermerhorn, Abraham Ten Eyck, Mahlon Taylor, and Jacob Tanderheyden. who, with others, had pledged £1000 for that purpose. In 1794 a tiirther sum of £800 was granted ; in 1797, $5500 ; and in 1798. $,^00. 6 The first co. officers were Anthony Ten Eyck, Judge; Mops Kent, Surrogate; Nicholas Schuyler, Clerk; and Albert Paw- ling, Sheriff. « This building was begun in 1828 and finished in 1831. It is in the Grecian style, modeled from the temple of Theseus at Athens, omitting the side columns, and is built of Sing Sing marble. The first building was of brick, on the present court- house site. I Senate. Doc.No.S, 1857. The committee making this report were very severe in their censure of tho manner in which this establishment was kept, the inadequacy of its arrange- ments, and the treatment of its inmates. 8 See page 167. * The proportion of leased land in the several towns in 1858 is stated by the agents as follows :— In Stepbentowii nearly all leased ; inGrafton, Nassau, Schodack, E.Greenbush, N. Greenbush, and Brunswick, each about two-thirds leased ; Berlin and Petcrs- biirgh, each about one-half leased; Poesteiikill. nearly all free* h'lld ; and Sand Lake, om^third originally deeded, and one-third of the remainder now leiUwU. 554 RENSSELAER COUNTY. the French, wars, the n. border of the co. was repeatedly ravaged by the enemy and the settlements were broken up. Upon the approach of Burgoyne's army, in 1777, the American families hastily fled with such property as could be easily removed, leaving the houses and farms to be plundered by the enemy. Scouting parties of the British penetrated as far s. as Lansing- burgh. The battle of Bennington was fought within the limits of the CO., Aug. 16, 1777 ;' and from that moment the American cause daily grew brighter.- The proprietor of the manor extended every possible assistance to the distressed families flying before the invaders, proving to them a sincere friend in their hour of need. BERI>I!V — was formed from Petersburgh, Schodaek, and Stephentown, March 21, 1806. A portion of Sand Lake was taken off in 1812. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. Its surface consists of 2 ranges of mountains separated by a narrow valley extending N. and s. The hilly region is wild and broken, and the declivities are generally precipitous. The principal streams are Kinderhook Creek, flowing s., and Little Iloosick River, flowing n. The head- ■waters of these streams are but a few rods apart, near S. Berlin. The w. part of the town is covered with forest, in which are several fine lakes. The soil in the valley is a gravelly loam, but among the mountains it is a hard sterile clay intermixed or covered with fragments of rock. Berlin, (p. v.,) containing326 inhabitants, 8outIi Berlin (p.r.) and Center Berlin, (p. v.,) are all situated in the valley of the Little Hoosick. West Berlin is a p. o. Godfrey I5rim- mer located near N. Berlin in 1765.' The first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was formed at N. Berlin, in Dec. 1780 ; Wm. Coon was the first preacher.* BRl'jVSWICK. — was formed from Troy, March 20, 1807. A part of the town was reannesed to Troy, April 15, 1814. It lies a little n. w. of the center of the co., upon the hilly region w. of the summits of the Petersburgh Mts. The most elevated portions of the town, in the extreme e. and in the n. w. parts, are 800 to 1000 feet above tide. The principal streams are Poesten Kil, its tributary Quacken Kil, and Tomhannoek Creek. The soil upon the summits of the hills is hard and sterile, but in the valleys and lowlands it consists of a fertile, gravelly loam intermixed with clay. The people are largely engaged in furnishing milk, vegetables, and hay to the Troy market. Brunstrick Center, £ast Brunstvlck,^ Alillvllle, (Eagle Mills p. 0.,) and Cropses'Tille" (p.o.) are small villages. The first settlement was made about 1700, by a company of Germans.' This town suifered greatly upon the approach of Burgoyne in 1777, and after the battle of Saratoga many families of royalists withdrew to Canada, and but few returned. There are 4 chiB-ches in town.' EAST GREEIVBUSH— was formed from Greenbush, as " Clinton," Feb. 23, 1855, and its name was changed April 14, 1858. It lies on the bank of the Hudson, s.w. of the center of the CO. The bluffs which border upon the river rise from the edge of the water to an elevation of 100 to 300 feet. The principal one of these, opposite Albany, is known as Pon-o-kose Hill.' From the summits of these bluffs the surface spreads out into a rolling upland, rising toward the E. The chief streams are Tierken Kil,'" or Mill Creek, in the central, and Moordeners Creek in the s.w. part of tlie town. The soil consists of sand, gravel, and clay, and is very fertile. There are several sulphur springs in town, the principal of which is opposite Albany and is known as "Harrowgate." A large island called Papskanee" lies in the river, and belongs to this town. East Greenbiisll (p.o.) is the only village. It contains the Greenbush and Schodaek Aca- demy'- and about a dozen houses. Settlements are supposed to have commenced here as early as 1 Soe p. 556. 2 From this time the timij were emboldeDed, the secretly Jis- Batisfied overawed, and great numbers before undecided now committed their fortunes to tlie cause of freedom. s Among tlie other early settlers were Reuben Bonesteel and a family named Richer, who came in soon after Mr. Brimmer. In 1769, Peter Simmons and Jacob O. Cropsey lived at the Hollow, and in the sume year Daniel Hull and Joseph Green came into town. Col. lientley settled near N. Berlin, and Thos. Sweet, a blacksmith, at S. Berlin. Jas. Green, a son of Joseph G., died in 1S5T, a^ed 100 years. Daniel Hull kejit the first tavern before the Revolution, and Hezekiah Hull opened an inn soon after the war. Caleb Bentley built the first grist mill, and .\mo3 Sweet the first s:iw-mill, in 1780. Dr. John Forbes, the first physici.in, located at S. Berlin in 1775. Soon after the battle of Lexington, two companies were formed in this and the adjacent town?, a part of whom were stationed at D. Hull's fur local pro- jfction ; the others were engaged elsewhere in active service. « The census reports 3 churches; 2 Bap. and Christian. 6 This village is the seat of a cotton batting and a sash and bliud factory. * A woolen factory and tannery are located here. ' Among the early settlers were David Coons, and families named Ilardwick, Braunschweiger, Springer, Borck. Haj'ner, Outhont, Van Arnam, Hogg, Fisher. Benn, Watson, Fret, Quackenboss, Mullet, Goeway, and Clum. A man named File kept the first inn. near the Lutheran Church, in 1790. and Henry Clum the first store at Crop3e.>'ville. The first factory was erected by a company at "Albi-a," now a part of Troy. The first mill was built by Cross, in 1792, with no tools but an ax. saw, and auger. 8 2 M. ¥,., Kv. Luth., and Prcsb. 8 Name as given by an aged Stockbridge Indian. JO Signifying "blustering or noisy creek." n Sometimes written " Poepskenekoes" and " Papakenea." 12 This academy is now nearly extinct. RENSSELAER COUNTY. 555 IGbO.^ During the war of 1812, extensive barracks were erected on the hills e. of Greenbush Village; and for several years the place was the center of active military preparation, and the rendezvous of large bodies of troops." Edmund C, Genet, Minister of the French Republic to the U. S., was long a resident of this town, and died here July 14, 1834. There is but 1 church (Ref. Prot. D.) in town. ORAFTOJV— was formed from Troy and Petersburgh, March 20, 1807. It lies n. of the center of the co., upon the summits of the Petersburgh Mts. Its surface is very rocky and broken, and a large part of it is yet covered witli forests. The summits of the hills are 800 to 1200 feet above tide, and many of them are covered with huge and jagged masses of graywacke. Among the hills are 25 ponds, several of which cover an area of several hundred acres each.^ The Quacken Kil is the principal stream. The soil is chiefly clay, underlaid by hardpan, and is wet, cold, and hard of cultivation. Mineral paint is made from the red argillite at Quackenkill. Con- Biderabie quantities of wood, tan bark, and charcoal are sent from this town to Troy. Grafton^ (p. v.) contains 14 houses, £ast Orafton (p. v.) 12, and Quackeukill (p.o.) 10. The first settlements were made by tenants under Van Rensselaer; they paid an average annual rent of 10 bushels of wheat per 100 acres.^ The census reports 2 churches; Bap. and M. E. GREE^BIj ^U^ — was formed from "Ecnsselaerwi/cl'" April 10, 1792. Another act of incor- poration is dated March 17, 1795, A part of Sand Lake was set off in 1812, and " Clinton" (now E, Greenbush) and N. Greenbush in 1855, leaving but the corporate bounds of the village as delined by the act of April 0, 1852. Its surface consists of the flat intervale on the river and a portion of the adjacent hillsides. The soil is clay mixed with sand and alluvial deposits. Greenbush (p.v.) was incorp. April 14, 1815.^ Pop. about 3303. The upper part of the village, locally known as "East Albany," contains the dep5ts, freight houses, and machine shops of the several railroads which terminate opposite Albany, and is a place of considerable business.^ The first settlement was made previous to 1631.^ A ferry was established at the mouth of Beaver Creek in 1642, and was first kept by Hendrick Albertsen. The country around ^^ Bevericich" was thrown into alarm by the news of the Indian massacre at Esopus in June, 1G63, and the settlers took refuge in Fort Cralo, on the patroon's farm, and a night watch was established.^^ There are 4 churches in the village.^^ UOOSICK."~was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. It lies in the n.e. corner of the co. Its surface consists of the narrow valley of Hoosick River, and the wild, rocky regions of the Taghkanick and Petersburgh Mts., rising respectively on the E. and w. The two highest peaks are Fondas Hill in the s.e. and Potters Hill in the s.w, each about 900 feet above tide. The valleys are very narrow, and are bordered by steep hillsides. A belt of dark slate, which is quarried for roofing, extends along the e. bank of the river. East of the river, the rocks consist of a slaty shale and limestone, the latter furnishing lime. The principal streams are Hoosick and "Walloomsac** Rivers, Punch Kil, "White Creek, and Shaw Brook. The soil among the mountains is hard and oterile, but in the valleys it is principally clay, mixed Tvith disintegrated slate. In the s. e. corner pxe 3 springs, from which issue nitrogen gas.^* Flax *B very extensively cultivated.^^ Considerallo attention is also paid to manufactures. Hoosick 1 Among the early settlers were the names of Van B»>_rtn. Tan llegcn. Staats, Bris, Vandenburgh, Witbeck, Cujier, and Van Wesipe. " The cantonments contained accommodations for 4000 troops. There were also hospital accommodations for 100. 'iliis elevated position, sometimes called "Mount Madison," waa supposed to be a very healthy locality; but during the first j ear of its occu- patitjn much sichnesa occurred, in consequence of the unavoid- able exposures of the camp. — See ^fann'9 Vedical ff'krJchcs. Several military executions for desertion took place here during the wai. Tlie old barracks have nearly duajipeared. » Tluse pt'nds are noted for the wild' bep-nty of their locality, ftiitl they ar'^ favorite resorts of sportemen. < Often colled " Orafton Center," and formerly ^'Hiirofms MiUs." 6 Anmnp the first settlers were fAmlliea named Coon, Dim- mons, and Owens. Stephen McClie^ney kept the first store and inn, in 1800. A grist mill was built at an early day by the pa- troon at the Center. « It waa n»med Grctve Bos*^ ^y the Dutch, from the pino woods which originally covered the flats. Called by the Indian names of rc-tuiiua-ijoen and Tus-cum-ca^tick in early docu- lients. A part of Sand Lake was annexed in 1843. < Tho village was purchased and laid out in 1806, and for pevtTid years after its growth was quite rapid. During the War of 1812 it contained from 50 to 70 houses. fi See pjigo 652. In that year it is mentioned that Gerrit Teum'spen de Reus occupied a well stocked farm. Cornelius Maessen Van Buren, an early settler on the river below, died in 164S. Evert Pcla Van Steltyn lived on Mill Creek at an early day. !*> The following names of persons constituting this watch have been preserved. Chief OflBcer, Cornelius Van Ness ; Cornelius Stephenson Mullen, Adam Dingermaus, Gerrit Van Ness, Jan. Juriaensen, Jan.Van Ness, Jacobus Jansen, Tyman Ilendricksen, Wni. Bout. (Corporal,) Jan. Outhout. Hendrick Van Nes, Hen- drick Maessen, (Van Buren.) Gerret Teunisson, Hans Jacobseu, Hendrick Williamson, and Claes Claessen. U Presb., R.C., (St. Johns,) Prot. E.. and M.E. 12 Variously spelled Hoosack, Hosack, Hoosick, Ac. By Fomo it is said to be an Indian name, and by others to be derived fi-oni Alexander Hosack, an early settler. 13 In early maps and documents variously spelled "Wallom- sock," "Wallamsock," " Wallomschock," " Walmscock." *'Wal- lampchock," " Wallamsac," *' Walmseec," '* Walloomscoick," ami *' Wulmsook." 1* This gas is not combined vrith the water, but seems to coma from the gravel beds beneath. By pressing upon a surface equal to 4 or 5 inches square, a quart of gas can be collected in 10 seconds.— £f icon's Gml. Survey, Jims. Cb.,p.29; Btck's Mineral ogy of N. K, p. 134. « in 1S64 the product of the flax crop woa over 250,000 Itw. of lint and 8300 bush, of seed. 556 RENSSELAER COUNTY. Falls (p.v.) was incorp. April 14, 1827. Pop. 1200. It contains Ball's Seminary, 2 foundries, 2 cotton factories, 2 reaping and mowing machine factories, and 1 establishment for the manufacture of machinery for cotton and woolen factories. Xorth Uooslck^ (p-^O contains 175 inhabi- tants, and Buskirks Brldg'e (p.v.) 125; lloosick Corners (Iloosick p.o.) contains 30 houses, Eagle Bridge (p.v.) 14, TTallooiusac^ 12, "West flioosick (p. o.) 10, and Potter Ilill (p.o.) 7. This town was included in the Iloosick Patent,^ granted June 3, 1688, and the Walloomsac Patent,* granted June 15, 1739, The first settlements were made upon the Hoosick Patent by several Dutch families.^ A Dutch church was founded, and known as the *' Tyoshoke Church," at San Coick, near the n. border of the town. The settlement at Iloosick was entirely broken up by a party of French and Indians on the 28th of Aug, 1754. Two persons were killed, and the houses, barns, and crops were destroyed.^ The nest day the settlement of San Coick, s. of Hoosick, was also destroyed. The battle of Bennington was fought in this town, Aug. 16, 1777.*^ The census reports 6 churches in town.^ I^AWSIIVCJUURGH^— was formed from Troy and Petersburgh, March 20, 1807. A tract was annexed from Schaghticoke in 1819. A part of Troy was taken off in 1836, and a part of Bruns- wick in 1839. It is a narrow strip of land extending along the Hudson. In the s. part the river intervale is one-fourth of a mile in width ; but in the n. the bluffs rise directly from the water. In the N. E. is a high, rocky hill, 400 to 600 feet above the river. The high bluff e. of the village is called Diamond Rock. The streams are Deepi Kil and Koola Kil. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. The people are largely engaged in the manufacture of brushes, oilcloths, flax cordage, and malt liquors. A lock at Troy admits the passage of sloops up to tliis place.^** Liaiisiiig'l>ur§^ll^^ (p.v.) contains extensive brush, oilcloth, and other manufactories, the Lansingburgh Academy,^^ a Female Seminary,^^ 6 churches, 2 printing offices, and about 4000 inhabitants. A covered bridge 1 On some maps called " McNamaraaville." It is the eeat of ' a paper mill and machine shop. * This village contains a paper mill. 8 This patent was granted to Maria Van Rensselaer, Hendrick Van Ness, Jacobus Van Cortlandt. and Gerrit Finpise. The patent extended from the Schaghticoke Tract, a distance of 2 mi. each side of the river, up to a "certain (all, called Que- quick ; and from said falls, up the creek, to a place called Nach- a-quick-quack." * This patent contained 12,000 acres, on both sides of Walloom- eac Kiver, and lying partly in Washington co. and Vt. : it was granted to Edward CoUiDs. James De Lancy, Gerardus Stuy- Vfsant. Stephen Van Keasselaer, Charles Williams, and Frede- rick Morris. 6 Among these early settlers were Adam Vrooman, (an Indian trader,) lieury Van Xess, Abraham Fort, Lewis and Peter Viele, John Van Biiskirk, Walter Van Vechten, Geo. B. Nichols, Jacob Odekirk, Daniel Bradt, and Reykert Borie. fl The invaders were supposed to be Schaghticoke Indians, who a little tipie before had abandoned their settlements and gnue to Canada. Tlie loss of the two settlements was estimated at £4U00. — Smith's Eist. of JV. J'., Alb. ed., p. 307 ; Trans. Ag. Soc, 1S48, p. 909; HaU's Hi&t. EasUm Vt, p. 66. 7 The Battle of Bennington was one of the most important of the military events connected with the expedition of Burgoyne in 1777. About the first of Aug. the British army reacht-d the Hudson and took possession of Fort Edward. For sevtml weeks they had been engaged in repairing the bridges and in clearing the roads from the impediments left by the retreating Ameri- cans; and, upon their arrival at the Hudson, Burgoyne con- gratulated himself that his troubles were at an end. His greatest source of embarrassment was in securing provisions for bis army and in obtaining means of transportation. With 15 days' hard labor he was only enabled to bring 10 bateaux and 4 days' provisions from Lake Geiirge. Learning tliat the Ameri- cans had collected a large quantity of military stores, cattle, and horses at Bennington, he was persuaded by Maj. Skene, against the advice of his most experienced officers, to send a party to caj)- ture them. The detachment consisted of 500 Hessians, CauatUaus, and tories, under the command of Col. Baum. They were in- Btnicted "to try the affections of the county, to mount Reidsere dragoons, to complete Peters's corps, [of loyalists,] and obtain a large supply of cattle, horses, and carriagts." This accom- plished, he was to scour the country from Rockingham to Otter Creek, go down aa far as Brattleboro, and join the main body by the great road to Albany. The detachment left the camp at Fort Edward, Aug. 13: and on the evening of the same day they surprised and captured 5 Americans at Cambridt^e. On the 14th they advanced as fixr as the mill upon Walloomsac River, in the N. E. part of Hoosick aud within 12 mi. of Ben- ning^ln. Gen. Stark, who commanded the American forces at Bennington, learning of the approach of the enemy, took imme- diate mesisures for defense. He sent an order to Col. Warner, at Manchester, to march immediately with his regiment of Green Mountain Boys; he rallied the neighboring militia, and on the 13th he sent out an advance guard of 200 men, under I.ieut.Col. Gregg, to impede the progress of the enemy. On the morning of the 14th he marched \vith his whole force to the support of Gregg, and about 5 mi. from Bennington he met Gregg in full retreat, with the enemy within 1 mi. of him. Both armies chose strong positions and threw up temporary intrenchments- Baum, alarmed at the number of Americans, sent for a reinforcement. On the l&th a heavy rain set iu; and the day was spent in skii'mishing and in preparing for the battle. Cul. Warner's regiment arrived at Bennington in the evening, and there stopped to dry themselves and recruit after their fatiguing march. Stark, fearing the enemy might receive reinforcements, resolved to attack them early on the morning of the 16th. Previous to the signal for attack be made the follow- ing laconic speech to his men : " See there, men ! there are the red-aiats. Before night they are ours, or Molly Stark will be a widow." The attack wa3 at once made simultaneously at all points. The Indians fled at the beginning of the conflict, and the tories were soon driven from their posts, leaving the Hes- sians to sustain the weight of the engagement. After 2J hours of liard fighting the enemy gave way at all points, and com- menced a disorderly retreat. While the Americans were busy in plundering the abandoned camp of the enemy, and in de- tached parties were engaged in pursuit. Col. Breyman, with a reinlorcfment of 500 men, arrived. He met the flying fugitives about 2 mi. from the scene of action, and immediately charged upon the broken ranks of the Americans. The tide of battle now turned, and Stark had the mortification of seeing his army driven helplessly from the field where they had so lately been victorious. At this moment Col. Warner's regiment arrived from Bennington and checked the advance of the British. Stark rallied his broken forces behind the fresh troops, and soon the battle again became general. At sunset the British fled toward the Hoosick and were pursued by the Americans until dark. The Americans lost about 30 killed and 40 wounded. The British loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 9.34. The result of this battle was disastrous in the extreme to But^ gnyne, and contributed more than any other event to his final surrender at Saratoga. 8 2 M. E., Bap.. Kef. Prot. D., K. C, and Union. The town was named from the village, and the latter was named from Altraham Jacob Lansing, its tViunder. w This lock was completed and opened for u^v Sept. 10, 1S23. About 1800 the State t-xpended large sums fur the iniprnvt-ment of naTig-ation to this place, and granted a lottery for that pur- pose. 11 Formerly known as "iVcio City" It was once claim^l by Vermont as within its jurisdiction. See page IS. 12 The Lansingburgh Academy, chartered Feb. 8, 1796. By an act passed Feb. 20, 1816, the trustees of this academy were authorized to subscribe 1000 shares to the Bank of I<:insiDg- burgh. A. Reed, from New Windsor, Conn., commenced school here in 1793, in a gambrel roofed building, u.sed as the first meeting house. Rev. Dr. Lee taught the languages at the same time. 18 In Oct. 1857. Rev. Salmon Hatch opened a private female seminary and boarding schooL It has about 100 pupils, and employs 9 teachers. RENSSELAER COUNTY. 557 here crosses the Hudson to Waterford. The Troy & Boston R. R. passes through the town. The village was founded by Abraham Jacob Lansing, about 1770. It Tvas first organized under the name of "Stone Arabia" in 1771.' In May, 1775, 50 of the citizens — at the head of whom was A. J. Lansing, the proprietor — signed articles of association pledging themselves to sustain the measures recorameuded by the Continental or Provincial Congress. The first act of incorporation under the State government was passed April 5, 1790, at which time the village was included in the town of " Eensselaerwyck."'^ In 1791 it was included in the town of Troy. The place rapidly increased in population, and early became an important trading and commercial village. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized in 1784; and reorganized in 1792 as a Presb. church.' Speig^IetoiTu is a village of 15 houses.* jVAS.SAlI — was formed from Petersburgh, Stephentown, and Schodack, March 31, 1806, by the name of " Philipstuwn."^ Its name was changed April 6, 1808. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. Its surface is very broken. Snake Hill, in the s. w., is about 800 feet above tide. The principal streams are Kiuderhook and Tsatsawassa* Creeks, and Valatie Kil. There are several fine lakes among the hills, the principal of which are the Tsatsawassa and the Pattawassa. The Psanticoke Swamp, w. of the center, covers several hundred acres. The soil is clay and gravel under- laid by hardpan. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in town.' IVassau, (p. v.,) incorp. Jlarch 12, 1819, is the seat of Nassau Academy. Pop. 300. East IVassau (p. v.) has 45 houses, Hoags Corner (p. v.) 25, Alps (p. v.) 24, IVortli IVassau (p. v.) 15, and Millers Cor- ners 10. Slab City* is a hamlet. Brainards (p. v.) contains a female seminary and 20 houses.' The first settler was Hugh Wilson, who located on the site of Nassau Village in 1700.'° At that time a few families of the Stockbridge Indians were living where Mr. Hoag's orchard now stands." The Indians conveyed to Jos. Primmer a tract of land N. of Hoags Pond,''^ and another tract s. of it to Hugh Wilson, May 16, 17C0." Within the last 20 years a considerable quantity of land has been allowed to produce a second crop of timber. There are 7 churches in town.'* IVORTH GREEIVBUSH— was formed from Greenbush, Feb. 23, 1855. It lies upon the Hudson, directly w. of the center of the co. The clay bluffs, 100 to 200 feet high, rise from the edge of the water, leaving little or no intervale. From the summits of the bluffs the surface spreads out into a rolling upland, broken by the deep gulleys of the streams. The principal stream is Wynants Kil, in the n. e. Aries Lake, on the E. border, is a fine sheet of water. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam interspersed with patches of clay. The people are extensively engaged in supplying the markets of Albany and Troy with garden vegetables and milk. Batll,'' opposite the upper part of Albany, contains about 12 houses, Defriestville'* (p-i'-) 12, andWynants- kill (p. V.) 15. The first settlement, made by tenants under Van Rensselaer, was among the first in the manor." There are 3 churches in town." PETERSBIJRGII"— was formed from Stephentown, March 18, 1791. Its boundary on the line of Berlin was changed, Jan. 4, 1793 ; parts of Berlin and Lansingburgh were taken ofi' in 1806, and parts of Nassau and Grafton in 1807. It lies upon the e. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface consists of two precipitous mountain ridges separated by the narrow valley of Little Iloosick River. The highest peaks are 1000 to 2000 feet above tide. The mountain regions are barren and almost inaccessible. The Iloosick River breaks through the Taghkanick Mts. in the N. E. part. The soil in the valley is a gravelly loam. Petersbur^ll, (p. v.,) formerly " Rens- 1 At the first meeting in " SUjne Arahia.'^ held Jan. 1, 1771, it waa Toted that A.J. Lansing and his heira forever should he a committee of the village, with a power equal to each of the four annually chosen by the peojile. - By an act of 1790, John Van Rensselaer, Cliarles Tillman, Elgah James, Aaron Ward, Stephen Goreham, Ezra Hickock, and Levinus Lansing, were appointed trustees, to take charge of the waste lands of the village and to perform certain munici- pal duties, their successors to be elected annually. * The census reports 8 churches; '2 M. E., 2 I'resb., Bap., Af- rican Meth., Prot. E., and It. C. * The first settlers of this village were Charles W. Douglass and John Follet. ^ Named from Philip Van Rensselaer. * Sometimes written " Tackawasick." ' There are a foundery and machine shop at Nassau Village, a paper mill at Braiuards, a carding machine and chair factory at Iloags Corner, and a hoe factory at Dutdiams Hollow. 8 Formerly *■ Unvm VilUtf/e P. 0." t* Formerly " Brainards Bridge P. O." Transylvania Institute was established here in 183T. l** Among the early settlers were Thns. ITicks, Henry Post. John McCagg. Danl. Litz. Titus Ilerastcd. .\ljram Holmes, Jas. Marks, John U. Schermerhorn, Mig. A. Brush, Keuhcn Batcman, Xath'l Gillet. David Waterburj-, McNeil, and Wiltsie. Wni. Primmer is said to have been the first child horn. The first gristmill was built on the outlet of Tsatsawassa Pond, by Mr. Schermerhorn. before the Revolution. The first ion was kept by Uicks before, and the first store by Hoag & Vail a little after, the Revolution. " They called their village On-ti-ke-ho-mawck ; and their chief was named Kesh-o-mawrk. 12 This pond was called by theearly settlers the "Nearer i>am." 13 The former of these deeds is still preserved. n 2 M. E,, 2 Presb., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., and Union. 16 Named from a mineral spring in the vicinity. It was laid out as a village by the Patroon toward the close of the last century. In 1800 the traveller Maude, in his •' Visit to Niagara" says that it is likely to soon surpass Troy and Lansingburgh in trade, and Ballstou and Saratoga as a watering place. ifi .Sonietimes called " Blooming Grove." Tlio first settlor waa Martinus Sharp. 17 Among the early settlers were John Cranol, JuriahSharpo, Roinier Van Alstyne, Marte, Davitl. and Philip Defriest, Philip Wendell, Rutger Vandenburgh, Coinelius Van Buren, John Fonda, Ed. Hogg, and Lawrence Rysdorf. IS 2 Ref, Prot. D.. Free Dutch. 10 Named from Peter .Simmons, one of the first settlers. 558 RENSSELAER COUNTY. selaer Mills/* contains 40 houses, and Petersburgli Four Corners (p. v.) 12, The first settlers were Dutch, who came in about 1750, as tenants under Van Rensselaer.^ A few years later, many families came in from Rhode Island. The census reports 3 churches.* PITTSTOWIV — was erected as a township by patent, July 23, 1761, and was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Its boundary was changed Feb. 14, 1793. It lies in the center of the n. part of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and e, and declines into a moderately hilly region in the n. The highest summits, in the s. E., are 800 to 1,000 feet above tide. The soil is principally a gravelly and slaty loam. Flax is extensively cultivated,^ and there are several manufactories in town.* Jolinsonville (p. v.) contains 35 houses, ToniliannocU (p. v.) 40, Raymertoivn (p. v.) 27, Pittsto^Tii Corners (Pittstown p. o.) 22, Boynfon 20, Pittstow^n Station (Valley Falls p. o.) 10, Xortb Pittsto^vn 20, and Cookslioroii^h (Haynerville p. o.) 10. Shermans Mills is a hamlet. Settlement was commenced about 1650.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1784; Elder Isaac Webb was the first preacher.^ POESTEXH.ILli"' — named from its principal stream — was formed from Sand Lake, March 2, 1848. It lies near the center of the co,, upon the western declivities of the Petersburgh Mts. The central and e. portions are rugged, rocky, and mountainous, and the soil is cold, sterile, and unpro- ductive. The w. pai*t is hilly, with a gravelly loam well adapted to pasturage. Snake Hill, near the center, is one of the principal elevations. Upon the Poesten Kil is a fall of about 80 feet. One mi. w. of the falls is a medicinal spring, with a local celebrity for the cure of eruptions and cutaneous diseases.^ Poestenkill (p. v.) contains 300 inhabitants, East Poestenkill (p.o.) 10 houses, and Barberville 16. A union academy was formed in this town in 1854, but it is not under the regents. The census reports 4 churches.^ SAMO EAH.E — was formed from Greenbush and Berlin, June 10, 1812. A part of Greenbush was taken ofi" in 1843, and Poestenkill in 1848. It lies a little s. of the center of the co. Its sur- face is mountainous in the e. and hilly in the w. Perigo Hill, in tlie n. e. corner, is 900 feet above tide, and Oak Hill, near the center, is but little less in height. TheE. part of the town is mostly covered with forest.^^ "Wynants Kil, flowing n.w. through the center, and Tsatsawassa Creek, in the E., are the principal streams. Along the valleys of these streams are several fine lakes, the principal of which are Sand, Glass, and Crooked Lakes, and Big Bowmans Pond. The soil among the mountains is a hard, sterile clay, but in the w. it is a good quality of gravelly loam. Three fourths of a mi. e. of W. Sand Lake is a chalybeate spring. Large quantities of cordwood, charcoal, and tan bark are carried to the Troy and Albany markets. Sand Eake (p. v.) con- tains the Sand Lake Seminary, a boarding school,*' foundery, cotton warp factory, 2 knitting mills, and 300 inhabitants. West Sand liake'- (p. v.) contains 300 inhabitants, Sliters Cor- ners 106, and Glass House 200,^^ South Sand Eake is a p.o. Settlement commenced before the Revolution.** The census reports 7 churches in town.*^ SCHAGHTICOKE*^— was fi:)rmed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. Pittstown was taken off, March 7, 1788, and a part of Lansingburgh in 1810. It lies cm the Hudson, in the n. w. corner of the co. The surface is principally a rolling upland, about 200 feet above the river. The summits of the hills in the s. are 800 feet above tide. Hoosiek Kiver, 1 Among the early settlers were Wm. Pronderga^t, John Brimmer, .Jacob and Godfrey Brimmer, John Spencer, ilans and Peter Eaclms, Johannes Ruyter, Henry Litcher, liana Lautman, Barent Ho^g, Jacob Best. Petrus Vosburg, Bastian Deel, Frans. Burn, Juriah Kreiger, Henry Young, Schoolmttster Watson, and Long Andrjeg. John Spencer built a log grietmill before the Kevolution. at S. Petersburgh: and Barber & Murray huilt a carding mill about 1800. Several of the settlers were killed or taken prisoners during the French War, — probably by the same party that destroyed the Hoosiek eettlements in 1754. 2 li M. E., Seventh Day Bap. 3 The census of 1855 reports that, in 1854, more than 250.000 lbs. of flax and 7000 bush, of fljixseed were raised, and that there were 13 flax mills in town. * There are two manufactories of cotton bags at Shermans Mills, a paper mill at Valley Falls, and manufactories of cordage and axes at Johnsonville. 5 Wm. Prendergast, Stephen Hunt, and Edmund Aiken were among the first settlers near Johnsonville ; Ludovicus Viele at Valley Falls, in 1772 ; and Christian Fiehor and Michael Vandei^ cook at Cookaborough. In 1770, Wm. Shepard {from New England) Bettled on 500 acres; in 1778-SO, Benj. Aiken (from Dutchess CO.) on 950 acres : and in 17S5, Alex. Thompson, on 500 acres. Wm. Hammond kept a school at N, Pittstown in 1785, and /lobecca Thompson at Shermans Mills in 1789. ^ The census reports 15 churches; 6M.E.,3Presb., 2Christian, Bap., Ev. Lutb., Friends, Union. 7 Pronounced "Poos-ten-till." It is a Dutch word, signifying "puffing or foaming creek." 8 A bathing establiehmrnt erected here was swept away by a freshet. ^ Bap., F. W. Bap., Disciple, and Kv. Luth. 10 This town is a favorite resort of hunting and fishing parties. '1 The Sand Lake Collegiate Institute, established ItioSby Wm. n. Schram. The village also contains 1 paper and 1 flouring mill. 12 Formerly called "CTiViesi'iVf^,*' from Bernard Uline. It coq- ains nlso a sawmill, 2 flouring mills, and 2 woolen factories. 18 This village was formerly the seat of an extensive glass fac- tory, and was called " Senssdaer Village" The company was organized in 1S05, incorp. in 1806, and discontinued in 1852. In 1813 100 men were employed by the co. 1* Among the early settlers were Abrara Frere. Nicholas Fel- lows, Andreas Barent, Fred. Shaver, Abram Bristol, Eph. Quinby, John Carmichael, Andreas Weatherwax, and Stephen Miller. Joshua Lockwood and Wm. Carpenter built the first grist mill in 1768, at W. Sand Lake. 16 2 M. E., 2 Ev. Luth., Qer. Meth., Bap., Presb. 16 Pron. " Skat-i-kook." In old documents it is variously spelled " Schetekoke," "Schactekoke," " ScahWahook," and *' Schagcoguo." It ia said to be an Algonquin word, signifying " landslide." The Stockbridge Indians called it " Pah-ha-koke." RENSSELAER COUNTY. 559 flowing through the n. part, is bordered on a portion of its course by steep banks 200 feet high. On this stream, at the mouth of Tomhannock Creek, is a beautiful circular valley, three-fourths of a mi. in circumference, and bounded on nearly every side by steep hills.^ The soil is generally a fertile, sandy or gravelly loam. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in to-wn.^ Sctiagliti- coke Point (Schaghticoke p.o.) contains a pop. of 1148. Scliagbficoke Hill contains 25 houses, Tlie Borough 8, Junction (p. v.) 17, and Old ScliaghticoUe 6. About 1670, Gov. Andros settled a remnant of the Pequots and other Eastern tribes, under the name of " Schaghticokes," in this town, on land given them by the Mohawks, as a barrier against the Northern Indian^.* By the charter of 168G the cUy of Albany was allowed to purchase of the natives 500 acres of land in this town; but, neglecting to do so, Hendrick Van Rensselaer obtained the same privilege in 1698. He sold his right to the city the next year, and in 1707 an Indian deed was obtained for a tract 6 mi. square, mostly within the limits of this town. In Oct. 1709, the city conveyed the land to actual settlers.* The early settlements suffered greatly from Indian hostilities. A fort was built in 1746 at Old Schaghticoke and garrisoned by 2 companies of soldiers. The whole settlement was abandoned on the approach of Burgoyne ; but, through the influence of the royalists, the place was not burned, though held for some time by the British and Hessian outposts.^ The Schaghticoke Seminary was incorp. May 4, 1836. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1714.^ SCHODACH^ — was formed March 17, 1795, at the time of the division of ^^Remselaerwyck;^^^ parts of Berlin and Nassau were taken off in 1806. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s.w. corner of the CO. From the river the surface rises in a series of bluffs 200 feet high, from the summits of which it spreads out into an undulating upland inclined toward the w. Bunker Hill, tho highest point, is about 500 feet above tide. The surface is intersected by numerous deep gullevi* of small streams. The principal streams are Vierdee Kil,® Moordeners Kil,^'* Vlockie Kil, Muitzest (Mitch-es) Kil, and Valatie (Vola-she) Kil." The soil in the e. is clay, and in the w. a fertile, sandy and gravelly loam. Castleton^^ (P-^-) i^ ^ fine village upon the Hudson. Pop. 431. Scliodack liauding (p. v.) contains 250 inhabitants, Muitzes Rill20houses,Schodacli Depot (p-v.) 18, East i^cbodack (p. v.) 15, and Bunker Hill 9. iScliodack Center and SoutU Schodack are p. ofl&ces. This vicinity seems to have been thickly inhabited l:>y native tribes at the time of Hudson's visit in 1609.^^ The first settlements were made by tenants under Van Rensselaer. Over 40 settlers are mentioned in Bleeker's survey of 1767.^* The census reports 7 churchos.^^ STEPMElliTO WN^^— was formed from "Bensselaerwijck," March 29, 1784. Petersburgh was taken off in 1701, and parts of Berlin and Nassau in 1806. It lies in the s. e. corner of the co. Its surface consists of 2 rocky mountain ranges separated by the valley of Kinderhook Creek. The highest summits are about 1800 feet above tide. The principal peaks ai'e Round Mt., and Whitney and Butternut Hills, e. of the valley, and Brockway Hill and Webster Mt. w. A con- 1 A small etream callod the Dwaas Kil (stream running both ways) flow? from the IIiidBon into tbe mouth of the Hoosick. When Hooeick River sudtieuly rises, the current of this stream is often changed ; and it is not uncommon to see it running N. in the morning and B.at night. — Fitch's Ag. Surv. Wash. 0>., 1S49. p. 939. * The manufactures consist of cotton and linen goods, flax, powder, plaster, and agricultural imiilements. 3 A portion of these removed to Kent. Conn., in 1728, and the remainder, numbering 400, joined the French in Canada. 4 These were Johan de Wandelaer, Jr.. John Ileermans Vischer, Corset Voeder, Daniel Kittlehuyn. Johan Knickerbacker, Louis Viele, and Derick A'an Veghten, who went there to reside, and were joined soon after by Martin de Lamont, Wouter Quacken- bosch, Peter Yates, David Schuyler, Wouter Groesbeck, Philip Ijvingatou, Ignace Kip, Cornelius Vandenberg, and many others, whose descendants still reside in the vicinity. 6 Col. John Knickerbacker, of this town, raised a reghnent fluring the Revolution. « A new church was built in 1760, and Rev. Elias Bunschooten was installed pastor. This quaint edifice was 60 by 40 feet, with low side walls and a high pitched mansard roof and turret, sur- mounted by a weathercock over the southern gable. There was no burial ground attached, and tho oldest is that of the Knicker- bocker family, on the site of an Indian cemetery. The first European burial occurred in 1715. A few rods 8. E. of this spot ifl the *' Wittenagemote," or "Council Tree," a rcmarkalily Tigorous and symmetrical oak, more than 15 feet in circum- ference. The census reports 8 churches; 2 Ev. Luth., 3 M. E., 1 Proab., 1 Ref. Prot. D., and 1 R. C. " Sometimes written "Shodac'' or "Scboddack." 8 A confirmatory act of incorporation was passed March 17,1795. * " Fourth Creek," reckoned from Albany. "^^ " Murderers Kil," from an obstinate battle fought between the settlers and a band of robbers at an early day, (tra(Utional.) n " Little Fall Creek." Another small creek in town is named Adams Killetye, (Little Cre<*k,) from Adam Moll, who was taken prisoner by the Indians while drinking of its waters. 12 Named from an ancient Indian castle on the adjacent hills It was first settled in 1792, and incorp. April 13, 1827. Formerly called '• Alorriches Hastie.^^ 15 "On the evening of the 15th he arrived opposite the moun tains which lie from the river side, where he fointd 'a very loving people and very old men.' and the day following reachi-*!, the spot hereafter to be honored by his own ilhistriuus name. One day more wafts him up between Schodac and Ca8tIpton ; and here ho landed and passed a day with the natives, greeted with all sorts of barbarous hospitality ; the land ' the finest for culti- vation he ever set foot on;' the natives so kind and gentle thai when they found he would not remain with them over nii;ht, and feared that he left them — poor children of nature I — because he wafl afraid of their weapons. — he. whose quarterde t means for tbe classification uf prisoners. r,63 1 Named from a natural son of Charles 11. ' Staten Island was so named by Hudson. The Indian name is •* Mataiiucke" " jttonocknong," or ^^Aquehonga JIanacfaw}ig.'"~~ (hll. i\'. J. Hist. Soc., J. 17 ; iS^. I". Connnon Council Manual, 1857, p. 645. a A small island at the entrance of Newark Bay. * Tbe width of the Narrows opposite Fort Ilamilton, where they are the narrowest, is about 2000 yds., and opposite tbe Quarantine it is 3700 yds. 6 The average breadth of Staten Island Sound is about one- tbird of a mile. It is not usually closed by ice, although in severe winters it has been frozen many weeks together. It is the ordin.iry route of steamers of theCamden & Amboy R.R,. Co. * This ore has a fibrous texture, and is found in botryoidal forms, often with black polished surfaces, and in the granular condition it is known as ^' shot ore." It is said to be abundant. A heavy gray ore is also found. These ores have never been em'>ltcd on the island. J The minerals of the CO., beside iron ore, are red and yellow ochre, asbestns, amianthus, marmolite, hydrate and carbonate of magnesia, sulpburet and chromate of iron, quartz, chalcedony, feldspar, and lignite. 8 This right is often leased. The average annual rent is76ct8. per ft., measured along the shore. By an act passed May 9, 1846, the tftkingof oysters from the planted grounds of another is pro- nibited, under a penalty of $.SU for each offense. 8 The principal articles manufactured are dyed stuffs, and prints, common fire brick, adamantine candles, white lead, and ivory Mack. A large amount of lager beer is made in Castleton and S4iuthfield. aud the island has of late become a Sabbath day reeort of the German popnlation of N. Y. City, thousands of whom repair every Sunday to the saloona and gardens attached h> the breweries. JO-t RICHMOND COUNTY. 1848 and enlarged in 1857. It is a 2 story brick building, and contains the supervisor's room, office for the surrogate and district attorney, and accommodations for the sheriff. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 105 acres in Northfield.' Several of the public schools of Castleton and Southfield have been organized as union schools under a special act, and are in charge of a board of education. The schools of the co. generally are in a flourishing condition.^ Richmond CO. is within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police Commissioners; but no men have hitherto been detailed for ordinary service within its limits. Two newspapers are published in the co.' Stateu Island was visited by Henry Hudson in liis celebrated voyage of discovery in 1609. It was purchased from the Indians, Aug. 10, 1030, by Michael Pauw, one of the 4 Patroons of New Netherlands, and formed a part of the tract known as "Pavonia" in the early Dutch records.' It soon reverted, however, to the West India Co. ; and in 1636 a part of the island was granted to D. P. De Vries, by whom a colony was planted upon it in Jan. 1639. The remaining part of the island was granted by the Directors of the West India Co. to Cornelius Melyn in July, 1640. The following year, Melyn with his family settled upon this grant, and in June, 1042, he obtained letters patent. In Sept. 1641, the settlement of De Vries was attacked by the Indians,' and hostilities between them and the whites ensued. A peace was concluded in 1G42 ; but in Feb. 1643, under a frivolous pretext, the Indians were attacked opposite Manhattan and at Cor- laers Hook and great numbers of them slain. This barbarous measure invoked retaliation, and the white settlements within reach were laid waste. The island was again purchased of the natives, Dec. 6, 1051, by Augustine Herman, and finally quitclaimed to Gov. Lovelace, April 13, 1670.* Possession was given on the 1st of Jlay following, and at this time the island was finally abandoned by its primitive inhabitants. A considerable number of French Huguenots, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, found their way into the English colonies, and a part of them settled upon Staten Island. The family names of these immigrants are still common in this co.' The earliest grants upon the island under the English were made to the officers of the ship Elias, immediately after the conquest.^ Two manors were subsequently granted, — one on the N. shore, styled "CassiWoion Manor," to Gov. Dongan,^ and the other in the s. part, known as " BiUop Manor." This island was first occupied by British troops in the Revolution, July 4, 1776, and it was held by them until their linal removal from the State late in 1783. On the 21st of Aug. 1777, the British posts upon the island were attacked by an American force under Gen. Sullivan. The expedition was well planned, but it failed to accomplish its main object."' During the severe winter of 1779-80, while the Americans were encamped near Morristown, (N. J.,) a second expedition was sent out, under Gen. Lord Stirling, to surprise the enemy in the interior of the island. The party, consisting of 2500 men, crossed the sound on the ice from Deharts Point, on the Jersey shore, on the morning of the 15th of Jan.; but the movement was observed in time to prepare for defense. Contrary to expectation, the passage to New York was found to be free from ice, and during the day the British were reinforced from the city. Two or three were killed on eath side, and a fe^v prisoners were taken by the Americans. While the party remained, some persons from the mainland passed over and plundered several of the inhabitants; but a strict search was made and the stolen property was recovered and restored to its owners." On the 11th of 1 The county house consists of 2 atone bnildings, each 2 sto- ries high. The Senate Com., in their report of 1S57, say that it is *' without ventilation and without any provisions for bath- ing ; and a general sur\ey of the house, with its tixtures, as you approach it. is entirely in harmony with its name." The average number of inmates is SO, who are supported at a weekly cost of $1 each. The farm yields an annual revenue of $3000. 3 In 1817, efforts were made by Gov. Tompkins and other resi- dents to establish a college upon the island. A provisional charter was obtained from the regents, under the name of ^^Washinr/ton Colkge,'* and a subscription of $10,000 for a site and $5,000 for a library was secured. The effort failed; and it was afterward proposed to unite the institution v\1th Columbia College, — but without success. An act was passed, April IS. 1S38, incorporating " Richmond Cbi/r^re" upon C4)ndition that $SO,000 be raised within 2 years; but the effort failed. 8 T/ie R-U-}nnfmd Kipuhlican was established at Tompkinsville in 1S2S by C. N. Baldwin, and continued 2 years. The Rirhiii"»'f Co. Firi^ Press was started at Richmond in 1833 by Wni,nniadom,andcontinued 3 years. Tlie Staten Islander was established at Stapleton, as a weekly journal, in 1840, by F. L. Hagadorn, and is now published semi-weekly. The Deutsche Staten Mander was commenced in ISS.") at Staple- ton by August Fries, but has since been discon- tinued. Tlie Richmond Co. Gazette, established Feb. 12, 1859 ; Gw). M. Kout, editor : W, C. Anderson, M.D., proprietor. < Oil. N. J. Hist. Soc.. 1. 17; Dunlaps Hist. N. K, I., 48. 6 N. r. Hist. CM., I. 203. » N. r. Com. Oounca Manual, 1867, p. 544. 7 Among these are Guion, Mersereau, Dissosway, Ryerss, Michean, Fontaine, Rezean, Seguine, Crocheron, La Tourrette, &c. 8 Oct. 4-10, lti84, to Capt. Wm. Uill, 500 acres ; Lt. Uuniphrey Fox, 300 ; Jas. Coleman, 250 : and 7 others, each •20 to 2i>0 persons. 8 yarned from Dr. Samuel M. Elliott, oculist. 5GC RICHMOND COUNTY. Sailors* Snug Harbor, an institution established for the support of aged and infirm mariners.* An institution for the support and education of the destitute children of seamen is situated near the Sailors' Snug Harbor.^ Kcw Brig'liton (p. v.) contains 5 churches, several manufac- tories,' 2 large family boarding houses, and the residences of many persons doing business in New York City. Touipkinsvillc* (p. v.) contains 4 churches and a number of manufactories. In this village are numerous suburban residences ; and near by was the Quarantine. Center- Tilie is a hamlet. The census reports 7 churches in town.^ IVORTIIFIELiD— was formed March 7, 1788. It is situated in the n. w. part of the co. and includes several small islands in Staten Island Sound and Newark Bay. Its surface is level in the northern and central parts and hilly in the southern. Fresh Kils form the boundary between this town and Westfield. The soil is a clayey loam, under excellent cultivation. Along the w. and s. borders are extensive salt marshes. The town is very thickly settled along the shore of Newark Bay and the Kil Van Kull. Port Riehiuoud^ (p- ^-O iii the n. e. part of the town, is a large manufacturing village,* with convenient docks fur shipping. Pop. 1,429. Oraniteville, adjacent to Port Kichmond, is a small settlement, with a pop. of 481. Granite was formerly extensively quarried at this place.' Mairliiers Harbor® (p. v.) is a thickly settled street along the shore of Newark Bay. Pop. 1,142. Old Place and JVew Spriiig- YiUe (p. 0.) are hamlets. Clielsea is a small village nearly opposite the mouth of Kahway River. Soiitlilield and Elollins SlOOk are hamlets, and LiOn^ IVecK is a p. o. near Fresh Kil. A part of Riclnniond and of Egbertsville^ are in this tuwn. St. Andrew's Church, (Prot. E.,) at Richmond, is the oldest on the island, and under the Colonial Government it was • supported by a co. tax.*° The census reports 11 churches in town." SOUTHFIEIjO — was formed March 7, 1788. It is a long, narrow town extending along New York Bay. Great Kils is a bay in the s. part.^^ Its surface is level or gently undulating, terminating in bluffs upon the e. shore. In the s. part are several small streams bordered by salt meadows. Stapleton (p. v.) is a scattered village in the n. part of the town. It con- tains 4 churches. The Seamen's Retreat^^ and the Mariners* Family Asylum^^ are located here. Clifton contains 2 churches and many beautiful residences. RlcliIUOild (p. v.) is situated 1 Tliia establishment was founded by Robert Richard Randall, of New York. By the provisioQs of his will, dated June 1, 1801, several annuities and legacies were to be paid, and the residue of his estate conveyed in trust to the State Chancellor, the Mayor and Recorder of New York, the senior minister of the Episcopal and of the Presbyterian churches of the city, the President of the Chamber of Commerce and the President and Vice-President of the Marine Society, and their successors, for the support of aged and infirm sailors. The trustees were incorp. Feb. 6, 1806. The property thus bequeathed lay near Union Square, in New York, and a protracted and expensive lawsuit prevented the trustees from fully executing the intentions of the benefactor until many years after bis death. This suit was decided in the U. S. Supreme Court, in Feb. 1830. in favor of the trustees. It was allowed to accumulate until 1830. when the present site (embracing 1G3 acres) was purchased, and preparations were made for the erection of the necessary build- ings. The cornerstone of the edifice was laid Oct. 21,1831. The buildings consist of a main edifice with two wing.«, a hospital, (erected in 1853.) a commodious dining and lodging hall, (erected in 1855.) a chapel, (erected in 1856,) the governor, physician, cliaplain, and steward's dwellings, a laundry, a gardener's house, and other buildings. The remains of the founder of the insti- tution were interred beneath a monument in front of the main building, Aug. 31, 1834. The officers of the establishment con- sist of a president, secretary, governor, treasurer, chaplain, phy- sician, assistant governor, steward, and agent, chosen annually by the trustees. Capt. John Whetten was the first governor, and Bincel845 Capt. De Peyster has held that ofiice. The total number of inmates received since 1845 has been 477; the present num- ber (Aug. 1858) is 380. Among the inmates the average number of deaths is 25 per annum. The annual Income of the institu- tion is $75,000. s " The Society for the ReJufofDfatituUi Children of Seamen" was formed in 1846 and incoip. 1S51. An annual payment of $2 constitutes a member, and a single payment of $25, alife mem- ber. It is managed and chiefly supported by ladies. The yearly expenditures are about $7,000. 8 A Bilk handkerchief printing establishment, started hero in 1843, gives employment to about 150 persons. * Named from Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, who resided herefrom 1814 till his death in 1825. 6 2 Prot. E., Hap., Moravian, Ref. Prot. D., R. C, and Unit. 6 The Damascus Steel Co. employs 50 to 60 hands in the manu- fjicture of iron from the ore. and of steel from iron. At this place are several large brickkilns. The Northfieki Brick Co. empl:»y about 30 hands, and the Richmond Co. about 45. White Ifjid is also manufactured to some extent. ' The granite obtained at this place is very tough, and consiats of hornblende and feldspar intimately blended. It was quarried by the Brick and Granite Co., (organized in May, 1848,) and was largely used in making the Russ pavement of New York City. A R.R. has been built from the quarry to the duck. 1 mi. distant. B Steamboats of N. J. C. R. R. Co. between Elizabethport and N.Y. Btop here daily. ^ Named from Jas. Egberts, a former resident. iwElias Duxbury.by will in 1768, devised a certain phintatlon as a glebe to this church. By the act of Feb. 18, 1814, the trus- tees were authorized to sell this, and the proceeds were invested for the benefit of the church. A large amount of valuable real estate ai^oiuing the Quarantine Ferry is owned by this society, and is leased for a term of 60 years. "3 Rap., 2 M. E., Evang. Lutb., Cong., Weth., Prot. E., ReC Prot. D., and R. C. 12 The waters of the bay s. of this town were selected for the anchorage of infected vessels by the commissioners for the re- moval of the quarantine, June 9, 1^57. 13 In March, 1801, a tax was imposed upon seamen and pas- sengers entering the port of New York, tbe proceeds of which were applied to the Quarantine Hospital. But the injustice of devoting a revenue derived from the hard earnings of seamen to objects having no connection with their interests or support led to the passage of a law in 1S31, by which this tax was directed to be paid to the Board of Trustees of the Seamen's Fund and Retreat in the city of New York. A surplus that had been paid into the State treasury, amounting to $12,197 68, was also placed in tlie hands of the trustees. A tract of 40 acres was bought for $10,000, temporary buildings were erected, and, on the 1st of Oct. 1831, 47 patients were admitted. The cornerstone of the present structure was laid July 4, 1S35, and the building was finished in 1837. It is built of hammered stone, is 3 stories high, and will accommodate 200 inmates. An insane hospital, houses for the superintendent and physicians, and other buildings, have been erected. The cost of the main building was $90,000, of tbe insane hospital $6,000, and the total cost has been $115,000. Up to Jan. 1, 1854, 16,764 patients had been rectiveJ, of whom 6S0 had died. By an act passed April 7, 1854, the mayor and health ofScer of New York, the presidents of the Seamen's Sav- ings Bank and the Marine Society, and 7 other persons, (4 of whom must be masters of vessels, appointed by the governor and Senate.) were constituted trustees of the establishment. The trustees must be residents of New York, Kings, Queens, or Rich- mond C-os. 14 By an act passed in 1847, the trustees of the Seamen's Re- treat were directed to provide for the support of destitute sick or infirm mothers, wives, sisters, daughters, and widows of sea- men, and $10,000 was applied for the erection of suitable build- RICHMOND COUNTY. 567 on a creek tributary to the Fresh Kils, on the line of Northfield. It ia the co. seat, and contains the CO. buildings, 1 church, and about 50 houses. Bay View is a p. o., and Egbertt'ille (New Dorp p. o.) is a small village. The census reports 5 churches in town.' WESTFIEEiD — was formed March 7, 1788. It occupies the s.w. extremity of the island. and is the largest town in the co. Its surface is generally level or gently undulating. Princes Bay is an indentation upon the s. coast, to the E. of wliich is Seguines Point.^ Fresh Kils forms the boundary between this town and Northfield. Material for fire brick is found in abundance near Staten Island Sound, and considerable quantities of it have been taken to New York for manufacture. Upon the coast, near the w. extremity of Princes Bay, is a lighthouse.' The people of this town are principally engaged in fishing and taking oysters. A limited amount of manu- factures is carried on.* Tottenville^ (Bentley p.o.) is situated on Staten Island Sound, op- posite Peith Amboy. Pop. 600. Rreisclierville,*(p. v.,) on Staten Island Sound, contains) a large firebrick manufactory, and 1 church. Pop. about 400. In the vicinity are large beds of fire chxy, paper clay, fire sand, and kaolin. Rossville' (p. v.) has a population of 300. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged, directly or indirectly, in the oyster trade. L.enion Creek (p.o.) is a hamlet, known as "Pleasant Plains," and Klarsliland is a p. o. Blooming View* and Wood Row are small villages. Ricliiuoiid Valley (p. o.) is a humlet, and Soutbside a p. o. The census reports 7 churches in town." Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schoois, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manxifactures, of Richmond County. N1HE3 OP Towns. AOBES OF LiKB. 1 Valuation op 1868. 1 POPULATIOIf. 1 1 1 .5 Schools. | 1 iS 1 1 $3,030,090 1,259,095 1,830,833 824,800 $3 1 1 1 1,447 939 1,003 607 1 1 5 3 4 7 Caatleton Northfield Southfield Westfleld 1,359 3.776i 2,762 7,185} 862} 2,932 1,483 2,325 25,000 76,000 17,500 76,000 $3,356,090 1,334,095 1,848,333 899,800 4,103 2,064 2,654 1,749 4,150 2,123 2,795 1.752 1,164 696 759 611 623 618 473 473 2,638 1,790 2,409 1,296 Total 16,0721 7,0021 $6,944,818 $492,600 1 $7,437,318 10.569 10,820 3,220 4,066 2.087 t4 8,133 Names of Towns. Live Stook. AORICDLTORAL PR0BUCT3. Ill i ■Sag; i 2 25 30 J Btraa. or GaAiN. 1 652 1,501 1,586 3,293 7,032 Il si BJft, 4.077 8,471 2,972 6,219 II 28 Daisy PBODUcra. S ti 6.64r i 16,366i 12,910 27;215J S 3 ■5 c a, S Castleton Northfield Southfield. Westfield 101 229 135 380 137 230 267 427 132 399 212 «6 1S3 396 291 856 1,019 3,193 4,970 5,284] 14,467 2.695 12,525 8,945 800 Total 846 1,061 1,189 57 1,7- 6 - 62,132} 21,739 28 24,365 ings. An asaociation of ladies, styled " Tht Mariners^ Family Industrial .S^xriXy," was incorp. April 9, 1S49, having for its object the relief of the destitute familiea of seamoo. The build- ing was completed in Dec. lSo3, opened in May, 1855. and dedi- cated June 9 of the eame year. By an act passed March 17, 1851. a board of trustees was created for its management : this board consists of certain ex-officio members and the Board of Counsel- lors of the M. F. I. Soc. Ten per cent, of the receipts by the Trustees of the Seamen's Fund and lietreat was applied to this ©etablishmont by a law passed April 1*2, 1854. 1 2 Prot. E., 2 Rof. Prot. D.. and 1 R.C. s Pronounced Se-gnine. This point was purchased by the State as a site for the quarantine. See page 565. 8 Built in 1828. * The Staten Island Oil Co. was organized in July, 1853, and incorp. as the'" 5M(«n Lland OilamlCaiidle Ok" iu Feb. 1857; 30 to 40 hands are employed in the manufacture of adaniantino candles and red oil from palm oil and animal fats. On the Fresh Kils is a manufactory of firo brick, and near Ilossville a manufactory of bone black. 6 Named from B. Krei.sclier. 6 Named from the Totten family, the members of wliich ar numerous in the locality. ' Named from William E. Ross. 8 The ''■Hu{]ii^n<'i InstititU^- was formerly located at this place. » 2 M. E., Bap., Af. Meth., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., and R. C. ROCKLAND COUNTY. rt-S^^QT^Ct^w This couuty was formed from Orange, Feb. 23, 1798. It is tri- angular in form, Hudson River, New Jersey line, and the s. bounds of Orange co. being respectively its E., s. w., and n. w. boundaries. It is centrally distant 105 mi. from Albany, and contains 208 sq. mi. The Kamapo Mts., extending along the N. w. border, are the I connecting link between the Blue Ridge of Eastern Penn. and N. J. (and the Matteawan Mts. of Putnam co., E. of the Hudson. They are separated into numerous distinct spurs, ridges, and peaks, and occupy more than one-third of the entire surface of the co. Tliey are generally steep, rocky, and barren, and the valleys between them are narrow, rocky ravines. The Palisade Range from N. J. enters the extreme s. angle of the co., and terminates abruptly s. of Piermont. A broken ridge, known as the Nyack Hills, forming a N. spur of this range, but Trithout its continuous and wall like character, extends N. along the river to the N. part of Clarks- town, where it unites with Verdrieteges Hook, an e. spur of the Ramapo Range. The surface of the central and s. w. portions of the CO., lying between these ranges, is rolling or moderately hilly. The highest summits in the N. w. part are 700 to 1,000 feet above tide. The principal streams are Hackensack River, flowing s. through Clarkstown and Orangetown, Ramapo River, in the w. angle of Ramapo, and Minisceongo Creek, Minas Fall Creek, and Spar Kil, tributaries of the Hudson. The rocks of the Ramapo Mts. are principally primitive. Granite, gneiss, and metamorphio limestone abound. The hills along the river and Verdrieteges Hook are composed of red sandstone, known to geologists as the New Red Sandstone ; and the central and w. portions of the CO. are principally underlaid by limestone. These rocks yield an abundance of most excellent building material,' and from the white limestone in the N. E. corner of the co. large quantities of lime are manufactured.^ Trap rock extends from N. J. into the s. border of the co. The people are largely engaged in fruit growing and gardening. Milk is sent from some parts of the CO. in considerable quantities to the New York market. The manufacture of lime and Ijrick and the exportation of ice are important branches of the industry of the co. Large quantities of red sandstone for building are annually quarried and exported. The manufactures of the co. are also important and various, consisting principally of shoes, wooden ware, and woolen yarn. The CO. seat is located at the village of New City, in Clarkstown. A combined courthouse and jail, built of brick, is situated upon a beautiful eminence overlooking the village.' The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building adjacent to the courthouse. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 43 acres at Mechanics^alle, in Ramapo, 7 mi. w. of the courthouse. The average number of inmates is 100, supported at a weekly expense of 75 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of $700. A school is taught during the entire year, and the house is well kept. The N. Y. & Erie R.R. extends through the w. part of Ramapo, and the Piermont Branch of the same road extends from Piermont, on the Hudson, to Sufferns, where it unites with the main track.* Two weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* This CO. was included in patents known as the Kakiate Patent, granted to Daniel Honan and Michael Hawdon, June 25, 1696; the Wawayanda Patent, granted to John Bridges, April 29, 1703 ; and the Cheesecocks Patent, granted to Ann Bridges and others, March 25, 1707. The fi/st patent recorded in the co. clerk's office is one granted to Samuel BayariJ, bearing date Sept. t6, 1 See page 570. - Tliis lime is need exclueively for agricultoral purposes. — See page 569. 8 The first courthouse after the erection of the co. was built in 1798-99. The present house was erected in 1S27. and the jail was added in 1856. The whole cost was about $16,000. The first CO. officers were John Suffem, First. Judgt ; David Pje, Co. Clerk; Jacob Wood, Sheriff; Peter Talman, Surrngate. * A R. R. extends 8. from Piermont to .Jersey City. It was finished in 1859, and is intended to continue N. to Warren. 6 Th£ Palladium was started at Warren, about 1812, by Ez6- kiel Burroughs, and was continued a short time. The Rockland Regisltr was commenced at Warren, in 1828, by Ezekiel ijurroughs ; in 1830 it was changed to The EockUnd Gazette, and in 1834 it was united with The Ad- vertiser. 568 The Rockland Advertiser was started at Warren, in 3Iay, 1.W3, by John Douglas ; and in 1834 it was united with The Gazette, under the name of The Rockland Advertiser and Family Gazette ; and in 1843 it was pul)lished as The Rockland News and General Advertiser, by .Tohn L. Burtis. The Aorth River Times was started at Warren, in 1834, by Alexander II. Wells, and was continued a short time. The Mirre>r was pulilished at Warren a short time in 1838. Tlie Rodcland County messenger was established at Warren, iu May. 1K4I>. by Kobert Marshall; in 1852 it passed into the hands of Robert Smith, by whom it is still continued. The Rocklnnd County Journal was commenced in July. l.'>50. at Nyack, by \Vm. G. Haeselbarth, and is still continued by him. EOCKLAND COUNTY. 5G9 1703.^ The old courthouse, built about 1739 for that part of Orange co. s. of the mountains, was at Tappantown, opposite the old Ref. Prot. D. church, and was burued before the Revolution. The first settlers were Dutch, who located in the s. e. part of the co. from 1690 to 1710.^ CIjARRSTOWIV — was formed from Haverstraw, March 18, 170L It lies upon the Hudson, and is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Verdrietcges Hook, a rocky ridge 500 to 800 feet above tide, extends along the n. line, and the Nyack Range occupies a considerable portion to the s. E. corner. The remaining parts of the town, comprising four-fifths of its surface, are rolling or moderately hilly. Hackensack River flows s. through near the center, and a narrow swamp extends along tlie greater part of its course. Rockland Lake, about 1 mi. from the Hudson, is a fine sheet of pure water, 3 mi. in circumference and 160 feet above the river. The soil is a reddish, sandy loam underlaid by clay. Considerable attention is given to fruit growing. Rockland I^ake,^ (p*^->) i^ *^^^ e- part of the town, and extending from the lake to the river, contains a church, a foundery and machine shop, and a ship yard. Pop. 4'.\0. An extensive business is carried on at this place in preserving and exporting ice.* IVew City, (Clarkstown p. o.,) the CO. seat, a little n. w. of the center, contains the co. buildings, a c-hurch, and 28 dwellings. Nanuet, (P-'^-O formerly "Clarksfotvn Station,^* a station upon the Piermont Branch of the Erie R. R., in the s. w. part, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. Clarksville, (Nyack Turnpike p. o.,) in the s. part, contains a church and 18 dwellings. ]>utcli Factory, a hamlet in the w, part, contains a cotton factory and 2 woolen yarn factories. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, at an early period. The first church (Ref. Prot, D.) was formed near Clarksville.^ HAVERSTRAW^— was formed March 7, 1788.*^ Clarkstown and Ramapo were taken off in 1791. It lies upon the Hudson, in the n- angle of the co. Nearly the entire surface is hilly and mountainous. The Ramapo or Blue Mts., extending through the n. w. part, are divided into numerous pr*^cipitous and rocky peaks, and spurs from the principal range extend to the banks of the Hudson.^ A^'erdrieteges Hook, a long, rocky ridge, forms a considerable portion of the N. border. The iS. e. portion is moderately hilly. The valleys separating these mountains are mostly narrow, rocky ravines. Stony Point is a small rocky peninsula on the river, near the center of the E. border of the town.' The principal streams are Minisceongo and Cedar Pond Creeks, flowing into the Hudson, and Stony Brook, a tributary of Ramapo River, a branch of tlie Passaic. The soil is a sandy loam underlaid by clay. Extensive beds of a fine quality of clay border ujjon the river above Warren, and from them are annually manufactured 150,000,000 of bricks, giving employment to over 1,000 men. Limestone crops out near Tompkins Cove, from which large quantities of Ume are manufactured. A gas spring is found 2 J mi. s. of Stony Point.^*' "Warren," (Haverstraw p. o.,) situated upon the Hudson, in the s. e. angle of the town, was incorp. in 1854. 1 This tract is described as follows: — "A certain tract of va- cant land within our county of Oninge called by the Indians ■Whorinima,Peruck, Qemakio,andNanashunck,and is in several small pieces; and also another parcel of land, befjinninf; at the sonth bonnds of lands lately granted to Daniel Honan and Michael Hawdon, beinR a small creek that runs into Pemaree's Creek to the southward of ^'ana9hunck, and runs from thence by Demaree's said creek aa it runs southerly to the lyne parting oiir said Province from the Jerseys; and soe by the said parting line westward to a small river called Saddle River, thence by the said river northward until an east line doe run to the southwest corner of the said Honaus and Hawdons land, containing by estimation two thousand acres of improvable land. &c. Ac." Another deed on record commences, " To all X Tian People," (Christian People.) .lohannes Mynne, of Haverstraw. &c. &c. to Albert Mynne, of Haverstraw, &c. Ac, and dated 1694. Witness, Thomas Luirons, Frans Wessel, and Peter Jacobus Uaiirius. 2 Among these early settlers were Capt. Cornelius Cuyper, Oapt. Cornelius Harring, Johannes Meyer, Qerhardus Clowes, Derrick Straat, Jacobus Swartwout, Jonathan Koss, Thomas Pulling, John Gaile, Cornelius Smith. Jacob King, William Kur- track, John Ellison. Rinear Kieerike, Co!. Vincent Matthews, Hendrick Ten Eyck, Gnylbert Crom, Minard Hogon Kamp, Garrit Sneideker, Daniel Denton, Petress Decker, Jonathan Sea- mons, Thos. Maybee, Daniel De Clark, William Wyant, Evert Hombeck, John Van Fliet, Johannes Blauvelt. NicliobisOmcklin, Lambert Auriancey, Tenuis Van Houten, and Tennis Talmao. 3 The landing at this village is sometimes called Slaughters Landing. • 200,000 tons of ice are annually exported. The business fnvm employment to 1000 men during the season of securing tbe ic«, and to about 100 men continually. s There are 4 churches in town; 2 M.E., Eef. Prot. D., and Sp-ceders. * Sifiuiiyliig Oat Straw. The name is said to be derived from the quantities of wild oats growing on the borders of the river when the town was first settled. ' The date of formation as a precinct was not ascertained. Tlieir distance from Tappan occasioned an act, June 24, 1719, allowing the inhabitants to elect a supervisor, a collector, 2 assessors, a constable, and 2 overseers of highways, on the Ist Tuesday of April annually. 8 The principal of these peaks are the Dunderbergh and West Mts., in the n.e.; Buclian, Barrack, Buison. Pine, and Collaberg Hills, near the center; Rock House Hill, Blackmine Ridge, and Horsepond Mts., in thew.; and Hasha Hill and Cheese Coats Hill in tbe s. 8 During the Revolution. Stony Point and Verplancks Point, on the opposite side of the Hudson, were strongly fortified, the two fortresses commanding the channel and Kings Ferry, the prin- cipal route between New England and the South. On the Ist of June. 1779, Gen. Vaughn, at the head of a considerable British force, made an attack upon these pbices and captured both. Tbe garrison at Fort La Fayette, on Verplancks Point, consisting of 70 men, were taken prisoners; and that at Stony Point, con- sisting of 40 men. evacuated the place on the approach of tho British. Gen. Clinton immediately ordered tlie works strejigth- ened. and prepared for permanent occupation. Stony Point was surrounded on 3 sid'/s by water, and on the fourth by a marsh covered at high tide, and crossed by a narrow causeway. On the night of July 10, 1779, this place was stormed and taken by an American force under Gen. Wayne. Thfc lossof the Americana was 15 killed and h.'J wounded, and of tho British, G3 killed and 54.3 prisoners. This action was one of the most daring and bril* liant that occurred during tbe war. A light was erected on the site of the fort in 1826. 10 Geol. ^st Dist.p. 107. n Loailly known as Haverstraw. Tlie large rollinc mill of tho Sampson Iron Co,, \\ mi. w. of this jjlace, usually euiployinj; 100 to 150 hands, has suspouded operatiooa. . 570 ROCKLAND COUNTY. It contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, academy,* paper mill, ship yard, foundery, and a silk manufactory. Pop, about 1,700. Toinpkius Cove^ upon the Hudson, is a village grown up around the extensive limeworks of C. Tompkins & Co. It contains a church, a private school supported by the company, and 60 dwellings.^ Garnerville, 2 mi. n. w, of Warren, contains I church, the Rockland Print Works,' and 40 dwellings. IVorth Ilaverstra'iv, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, 3 mi. n. of Warren, contains 2 churches and 28 dwellings. Tliiells Comer, 4 mi. w. of Warren, contains a needle factory, 2 gristmills, a church, and 15 dwellings, mont- Ville, Cald^vellS Lanfling-/ and Grassy Point are hamlets. Fort Clinton, the ruins of which are still visible, was situated upon the river, in the N. e. angle of the town. The house in which Arnold and Andr6 met to consummate the bargain for the delivery of West Point to the British is still standing, about halfway between Warren and North Haverstraw. There are II churches in town.^ ORA^^GETOWX — was formed March 7, 1788, and was named from Orange co., of which it then formed a part. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. angle of the co. Its surface is broken by abrupt and rocky hills in the e. ; but in the center and w. it spreads out into a rolling or moderately hilly region. The Nyack Ililis, extending along the river, are 300 to 500 feet high, with steep, rocky declivities upon the e., but more gradual slopes upon the w.^ Their summits are rocky and covered with a light growth of forest trees. Snake Hill, in the n. e, corner, upon the line of Clarks- town, is one of the principal peaks. The principal stream is Hackensack River, flowing s. through the w. part. Pascack Creek flows through the extreme w. angle, and Spar Kil is a tributary of the Hudson. Near the n. line are several bog or peat meadows, generally well drained and under cultivation. The red sandstone which crops out on the e. declivities of the hills, within a few rods of the river, between Piermont and N3^ack, is extensively quarried and exported for building Btone.' The soil is a reddish, sandy loam intermixed with clay. Fruit growing and furnishing milk for the New York market have become leading pursuits. IVyack^ (P-"^-*) upon the Hudson, in the n. e. corner of the town, contains 5 churches, 5 shoe manufactories,® a steam tub and pail factory,* the Rockland Female Institute,^** and a private academy." Pop. 1,458. Piermont,^^ (p-v.,) upon the Hudson, in the s. part, was incorp. May 21, 1850. It is the e. terminus of the Piermont Branch of the N. Y. & Erie R. R., — the one over which the freight is carried. Nearly the whole business of the place is connected with the r. r. establishment. A pier 1 mi. long has been built into the river, where the freight is transferred to and from the cars and barges in the river. Upon each end of the pier are extensive offices for the transaction of the busi- ness of the road. At this place the r. r. co. also have a large iron foundery and extensive repair shops. Pop. 2,204. Tappantown," (p-v.,) near the N.J. line, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. This place was the scene of the trial of Andr6, and for a time in 1780 was the head- quarters of Gen. Washington.'* RocRland, (Palisades p.o.,) upon the Hudson, in the s. part 1 The TTaverstraw Mountain Institute, a private institution, wa3 established in 1S53. It employs 2 teachers, and has an average of 40 pupils. 2 This company have 40 limekilns, and manufacture 100.000 bush, of lime annually, giving employment to 100 men. The lijiie is sent s. and is used for asiicultural purposes. s This establishment, incorp. in 1853, with a capital of $100,000, gives employment to 220 hands, and turns out goods to the amount of $700,000 per annum. * This place is just below the niphlanda, and opposite Peeks- kill, with which it is connected by a Ktt-iim ferry. The day line of steamers between New York and Albany land here. About 35 years since, a company was formed for raising an old wreck at this place, said to be one of the pirate Kidd's vessels laden ■with treasure I A coffer dam was built, machinery erected, and immense sums were expended in this insane project. — which, it is needless to add. resulted in nothing but a total loss to all concerned. & 4 M. K., 3 Piesb,. 2 Prot. £., Af. Metli., and R. C. * The valley of Spar Kil forms a break in these hills, through which the Piermont Branch of the Erie R. R. is con- structed. In the bill just N. of Piermont is an opening in the rocks, supposed by some to be the shaft of an ancient mine and by others to be a natural cave. It is divided into 2 passages, one extending 70 feet W. S. W. and the other 40 to 50 feet w, by N. The passage is very irregular, 4 to 6 feet in width and 3 to 9 feet high. At the extremity of the longer passage is an im- niense spring of clear, cold water. J The Slate House at Albany was built of this stone. 8 The manufacture of women's and children's shoes at this place is an extensive business. It gives employment to about 600 hands in the vicinity, and 30 sewing machines are kept in constant operation. Goods to the amount of $225,000 are anau- ally produced. 9 This factory employs 30 hands, and produces $00,000 worth if goods annually. 10 This institution is beautifully located upon a lot of 10 acres, upon the bank of the Hudson, in (he s. part of the village. It is supplied with pure spring water from the mountain, is heated with furnaces and lighted with gas. It has accommodations for 100 boarding pupils. The institution owes its origin to the late Simon V. Sickles, of Nyack, who gave $25,000 toward the erection of the building. u The Nyack Classical School and Commercial Academy, in- tended to prepare young men for college and commercial pur- suits, has recently been established. 12 Name derived from the Pter built by the b.r. company and the mmmlain in rear of the village. IS According to Heckewelder, Tappan is from the language of the Delawares, and derived from Thuphane orTuphanne, "Cold Stream." — Moiilton and I'ates's Hist. iV. T. 1* The house occupied by Gen. Washington, stCl standing, ia owned and occupied by Dr. Smith. It is a stone house, and is said to have been erected in 1700. The house in which Andre was confined during his trial is now kept as a tavern, unJer the name of "The Old '76 House." The trial was held in the old Ref. Prot. D. Church. The scene of Andre's execution and burial was upon an eminence i mi. w. of the tillage, and about 20 rods from the N.J. line. In Aug. 1831, his remains were disinterred, under the superintendence of Mr. Buchanan, British Consul at New York, and taUen to England. A small cedar trep that stood by the grave was also taken away, and a box waa afterward made from its wood, lined with gold, and sent to Rev. Mr. Demarest, of Tappantown, in acknowledgment of the ser- vices rendered by him at the disinterment. On the box was the following inscription : — "From his Koyal Highness the Duke of York to the Rev. Mr. Demare.';t." No monument now remains to mark the spot of the execution or the grave. A boulder was formerly placed to mark the spot; but this has been brL'ken up and removed. KOCKLAND COUNTY. 571 of the town, contains 3 churches and 40 d-wellings.' Orange ]>lills, Middletown, and Blaureltville, (p. o.,) a station on the N. Y. & E. R. K., are hamlets. The iirst settlement is supposed to have heen made by the Dutch, as early as 1080.^ The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed Oct. 24, 1694; and the first preacher was Rev. Guilliam Bartholf.' The first church edifice was erected in 1716. There are 16 churches in town.* RA9IAPO — was formed from Ilaverstraw, March 18, 1791, as "■New Hampstead." Its name was changed to "Hampstead" March 3, 1797, and to Ramapo in 1828. It is the most westerly town in the co. The Ramapo or Blue Mts. extend N. E. and s. w. through the w. part.^ They are steep and rocky, and the valleys between them are deep and narrow. Ranges of rounded and arable hiUs extend through the s. E. half of the town and occupy the greater part of its surface. The principal streams are Ramapo River, flowing s. through the w. corner, and its tributaries Maway River and Stony Brook. Niggar and Shepard Ponds, on the line of N. J., in the s. w. angle, are small bodies of water. The people are principally employed in raising vegetables for the New York market. Ramapo, (Ramapo AVorks p. o.,) a station on the N. Y. & E. R. R., in the w. part of the town, contains 1 church, several manufactories, and 50 dwellings.^ SufTerns, (p. V.,) near the line of N. J., in the w. part, contains a rolling mill and 20 dwellings. It lies at the junction of the two branches of the Erie R. R., and is an important station. Sloatsbui'g^ta, (p. V.,) on the Erie R. R., in the extreme w. part, contains a church, cotton twine factory,' hoe factory, and 180 inhabitants. Spring Talley, (p.v.,) on the Piermont Branch of the Erie R. R., contains a church and 18 dwellings. Mechanicsvllle, near the center of the town, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Monsey Depot (Monsey p. o.) is a hamlet. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed near the center of the town, Deo. 4, 1774; Rev. Peter Leyt was the first preacher.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Rockland County. N.VME3 OF Towns. Acres of Land. | I ViLDATIOS OP 1858. 1 POPULATIOU. 1 i •S Schools. 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 It 1! 2 1 1 1 743 1.263 1.210 644 :8 o 498 348 668 400 v| 9 13 7 12 el 1.120 2,386 2,012 1,477 Clarkatown 15,903i 7,151 9.922 13,505 i 16,742J 14,481 3,1S4 16,445 $1,147,673 819.105 1,692,158 896.417 $227,388 74,9.50 372,994 303,300 $1,375,061 894,055 2,065,152 1,199,717 1,831 3.706 2,896 1,723 1,681 3,041 2,943 1,091 543 974 986 685 Kaniapo Total 46,4SU 50,852i $4,555,353 1 $978,632 $5,633,986 10,166 9,366 3,188 3,860 1,814 41 6,995 Live Stock. Agricultubal Products. NAME3 OF Towns. 1 ■£ e =.- 850 499 350 791 1.111 1,647 73: 1,2« 4,70! i ■1 876 483 615 IJll Bush, dp Gbaih, 1 s 4,824i 2.5S5 3,213 4,2ll5i 14,828 •Is ^^ 7,966i 3,974 11,726 23,567 li 1.015 66 388 1.786 Dairy Products. S ^30,478~ 9,251 17,384 31,782i a. q 677 1.87.? 418 747 97 4 82 743 920 11.5S2 4,3874 6,066 12,521} 80,033 40,070 35,328 110,576 2,500 Ramapo Total 3,715 2 ,490 3, 1S5 34,546J 88,895i 47.22. ii 3,263 1 266,006 2,600 1 Locally knowii aa "Snedens Landing." 2 Araoug the early settlers were families named Auriancey, llarinp;, Blauvelt, Van Hoiiten, and Talman. These names ftlip<.';ir upon the records of the church :n 1694. The first bap- ti>iiu on record was that of Derick, (Richard.) son of Cornelius Cooper and Elsie Robert, bis wife, O'-t. 13, 1096; and the first nmrriage, that of >Iarinus William Flousse Crom and Gertrude Femusse Van Ilouten, in 1699. The first echool was tausiht by Ileruianus Van Uuyser., from Hf-ll-mti, soon afier the first or- Hiiiiization of the church. The first inn is oelieved to hive been kept by CiiPparus Maybee. in the '• Old 76 House," now t-ccupied for the same purpose. Abram Msiybee built the first mill: his m>n, Cornelius Ma.vbeo, owned it during the Revolution, but, espi'using the cause of the British, his property was fonfiscated. •' A tract of 55 acres was originally donated to this church ; but at diflferent times all but 1-t or 15 acrea have been sold. The records of the church during the Revolution, kept la a small hook by the paator, Rev. Mr. Verbryck, for convenience in carrying when obliged to move from place to place, have been lOfit. < Ref. Prot. D., Presb., M. E., Af. Meth., and Bap. at Nyack ; Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., M.E., Bap., and R. C. at Piermont; Ref. Prot. I), and M. E. at Tappantown ; Bap. at Middletowu ; and 3 M.E. at Rockland. 6 Cedar Hill and Table Rock, in th» w., Horsepond Mts. and Pine Hill, in the n. w., and High Mt.. on the line of N. J., are the highest points, and are 500 to 700 feet above tide. • These establishments, consisting of a cotton factory, file fac- tory, steel works, and car works, are all idle, and only 10 dwell- ings are occupied. The whole village is rapidly going to det-ay. ' This factory, incorp. in 1854, with a capital of $100,000, gives employment to 150 hands. 8 There are 7 churches in town ; 4 M. E, and 3 Ref. Prot. D. ST. LAWREi^CE COUNTY. This county was formed from Clinton and parts of Montgomery and Herkimer, March 3, 180Q.' It contains an area of 2,880 sq. mi., and is the largest co. in the State. It is centrally distant 140 mi. from Albany. The surface is broken by a series of parallel ridges I extending in a N. E. and s. w. direction, and gradually declining in Iheight from the summits, about 1000 ft. above tide, on the s. jborder, to the level of thebanksof the St. Lawrence. The highest 'summits, in the s. E., are about 2000 ft. above tide. The declivities of the ridges are usually gradual slopes, giving to tlie surface a rolling character, changing from gentle undulations along the river to a hilly and almost mountainous character in the s. e. The principal streams are the Indian, Oswegatchie, Gra&se, Racket, St. Regis, and Deer Rivers.^ These streams all have their rise upon the highlands, which occupy the center of the great northern wilderness, flow for a considerable distance in a N. w. direction, and most of them gradually bend toward the N. E. and iinally traverse the greater part of the co. nearly parallel to the St. Lawrence. They all are frequently interrupted by rapids and cascades in their upper and middle course, but as they approach the St. Lawrence they become sluggish ; a&d most of them are navigable for short distances from their mouths.' The southern and central parts of the co. are thus abundantly supplied with water-power. In the s. part are numerous small lakes, the principal of which is Cranberry Lake. Black Lake, the largest body of water in the CO., lies along the course of Indian River, near its junction with the Oswegatchie. The geological formation of the co. is very simple. The whole central and southern portions arft underlaid by the primitive formation, consisting of gneiss and white limestone.* The northern ex- tremity of this formation may be readily traced, by a line commencing upon the border of Jeffer- son CO., about 2 mi. w. of the Ox Bow, thence extending northerly to near the center of the s. shore of Black Lake, thence bending toward the e., and extending to the E. border of the co. on the N. line of Ilopkinton. A belt of country 5 to 10 mi. wide, n. of the primitive region and parallel to it, is underlaid by Potsdam sandstone ; and the remainder of the co., comprising a belt 3 to 20 mi. wide bordering upon the St. Lawrence, is underlaid by the calciferous sandrock. The primitive portion of the co. is generally elevated and considerably broken. Its soil is light and sandy ; and in some parts are extensive sand plains, entirely unfit for agricultural purposes. A considerable portion of the co. is covered with drift deposits, which go far to neutralize the effect of the underlying rock upon the character of the soil. In this region the intervales along the streams are usually fertile ; but the whole is best adapted to grazing. Magnetic iron ores abound in the s. part; but they have never been examined or worked to any considerable extent, owing to their remoteness from settlements.' In Rossie rich veins of lead have been found and extensively worked ;' and the rich specular iron ore found along the w. border of the co. and in the adja- cent portions of Jefferson, lies between the gneiss and sandstone.' The sandstone region is level or gently undulating, broken in some places by disrupted masses of the underlying rock. In this region are numerous quarries, from which are obtained sheets of sandstone of 2 inches to a foot in thickness and of almost any desirable size. This stone acquires hardness by exposure and is indestructible by atmospheric agencies. The soil in this region is usually thin, but fertile, and is derived principally from drift. The calciferous sandstone region commences as a narrow strip on the St. Lawrence, in the n. part of Hammond, and continually widens to the E. border of the co. The soil, consisting of drift and marine clay, is usually very productive. 1 This CO. included the " Ten Tinvns ;" and Great Tracts Nos. n and IIT of Maconilt's Purchase were provisionally annexed, and now form part of the co. s These streams are linown to the St. Reps Indians by the following names: — Indian. O-tsi-liwa-ke, "wliere the ash tree grows with knobs :" Oswegatchie, a Huron word, said to signify "black water;" Grass, Ni-ken^si.a-ke, "full of large fishes;" Racket, Xi-ha-na-wa-te, " racket, ornoisy river;"' St. Regis. Ak- wis-sas-ne, "where the p.artridge drums;" Deer, Oie-ka-rout-ne, *' Trout River." 8 In severe cold weather the tributaries of the St. Lawrence 672 are liable to a sudden reversal of their currents near their mouths, from the damming up of that stream by ice: the streams in consequence overflow the lowlands, making the maintenance of fences and bridges impossible. * This region is remarkable for the variety and beauty of its minerals, of which 00 species are found. — Hmujh^it Hist. St. Xaw- rence and Franklin Cos.. p. 6S4. 6 The Clifton Mine in Pierrepont has furnished 1,600 tone of iron. 8 gee p. 5S2. ' In the town of Pierrepont a substance used for red paint haa been found in the same relative geological position. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 573 Dairying and stock raising are the branches of agriculture most extensively pursued.' Grain is also cultivated to some extent.''' Fruits are not extensively cultivated. Manufactures, consisting of iron,^ castings, lead,* lumber,^ and articles of "wood,^ are carried on. Commerce to some extent is carried on by mejins of the St, Lawrence and the various railways. The ?hief works of internal improvement in the co. are the Ogdensburgh R. R., extending from Ogdensburgh to Rouses Point, on Lake Champlaiu :' the Potsdam & AVatertown R. R.,^ forming a connection with the 0. R. R. on the n. and with the W. & R. R. R. and N. Y. Central on the s. Improvements have been made by the State in the navigation of several of the rivers, for the pur pose of floating down logs from the s. forests.® Daily lines of steamboats connect Ogdensburgl. ' and other points on the river with Montreal and with the various ports on Lake Ontario. The county seat is located at the village of Canton,*'' on the P. & "W. R. R., 18 mi. s. e. of Ogdens- burgh. The courthouse, jail,*' and clerk's office are in separate buildings, situated adjacent to each other. The co. poorhouse is situated on a farm of 130 acres 1 mi. w. of Canton Village.*^ Six newspapers are now published iu the co. ; 3 at Ogdensburgh, 2 at Potsdam, and 1 at Canton.*^ 1 This CO. stands first ia the State in the value of its stock, amount of pnsturnge and meadow, and among the first in the amount annually produced of spring wheat, potatoes, peas, and maple sugar. * The m;irino clay deposits produce fine crops of winter whent. 3 Furcaces are or have recently been in operation at Rossie, Wegatchie. Fiillersville, and Brasher lion Worka. The supply of ore is inexhaustible, and large quantities of iron are annually mild.-. * The Rossie Lead Mines are now worted by an English com- pany. Lead has also been found in several other localities iu the co. ^ The principal lumber operations are carried on on the Racket River. Since 1851, 10 gang sawmills have been built within 17 mi. In 1855 it was estimated that 120,000 logs were worked up. 6 Consisting of shingles, staves, lath, heaiUng, boxes, doors, sash and blinds. ' Opened to Ogdensburgh Oct. 1, 1850. 8 Opened through the co. Aug. 23, 1855. * These improvements have been made on the Indian, Oawe- gatchie. Racket, and Grass Rivers. 10 The county seat was first located at Ogdensburgh, but was removed to Canton in 1828. The first courts were held in the stone barracks, w. of the Oswegatchie; and a bomb-proof maga- Biue a'^jacent was used for a jail. The first courthouse stood on the site recently purchased by Government fur a customhouse. The first co. officers were Nathan Ford. First Jtidge ; Alex. Turner and Joseph Edsali, Judges: StUlman Frwite and John Tibbetts, Assist. Justices; Thos. J. Davies, Sheriff; Lewis Hasbrouck, Co. CUrrk : and Matthew Perkins. Surrogate. The present court- house waa located by Joseph Grant, Geo. Brayton, and John E. Hiuman, commissioners from Oneida co. ; and the buildings were erected under the supervision of Ansel Bailey, David C. Judson, and Asa Sprague, jr. The records of the supervisors previous to 1814 were lost in a fire at Ogdousburgh in is;J9. u The jail is a miserable building, poorly adapted to the pur- poses for which it was erected. 12 This institution yields an annua! revenue of about $1,000. The average number of inmates is about 150. The supplies are furnished by contract. The poorhonse is deficient in necessary conveniences for the health and comfort of its inmates. IS At Ogdon-iburgh the fl')Uowing papers have been published; The Paltadiitm-wtks begun iu 1810 by Kip & Strong, sold inlH12 to John P. Shi'ldon, and continued to 1814. The St. Lattrretice Oazctte waa begun in 1816 by D. R. Strachan and P. B. Fairchild. Tn 1830 it was bought by Preston King, and united with Tlie St. I*aivreuce liepnbllcan, removed to this place from Canton, and continued by him till 1833. It was afterward published by Uit.hcock,Tillotaon & Still- well, and is now published by James & Hopkins. The Northern Light waa begun July 7. 1S31, by W. B. Rogers, as an anti-masonic organ. In 1834 A. U. James became its publisher, and changed it to The Times: and at the end of the 4th volume it was enlarged, and called The Ogdensburgh Times. Tn 1S:^7 Dr. A. Tyler became associated with James, and the title was cliaiiged to The Times and Advertisiir. In March, 1844, it was transferred to U. G. Foote and S. B. Seeley, and changed to The Frontier Sentinel* In June, 1847, Mr. Foote changed it to The Ogdtiishurgh Scntind, undnT ■which name it was published by Stillman Foote until 1S58, when it was merged in the Tiaily Jouraai. Tfw, Meteor oh igical Register was commenced, and a few numbers issued, in 1839; edited by Jas. 11. Coffin, now Vlc©-Pres. of Lafayette Coll., Eaetou. Penn. The Ogdensburgh pymini was begun April 24, 1848, by A. Tyler, and discontinued in 1851. The Daily .S^mtind was sUirted April 14, 1848, by S. Foote, and publieihod for 6 months. The St. Lawrtu'-e Budgd, a small semi-mo. advertising sheet, waa iflsned from The Sentinel office iu 1850-51. TTie Daily Morning News waa begun in March, 1852, by Wm. N Oswcll, publisher, and Fayette Robinson, editor. The Weeli'/ News was issued from tlie pame office in Sept. 1852. Both were discontinued in the Dec. following. The St. Lafvrcnce American waa begun March 1, 1855. by Wm. Yeaton and E. M. llolbrooU, and continued 3 years. The Boys' Daily Journal wm begun May 1, lS55,by II. R.James, J. W. Hopkins, and C. Foster. As lads belonging to the Ogdensburgh Academy, they had previously issued the Morning Glory and Young America. In 1S57 Foster withdrew, and the name was changed to TUe Dally Journal; the paper is still issued. The Weekli/ Journal is made up from the daily. Neither of the publishers is of age (1858.) The St. Lawrence Democrat waa commenced at Can- ton In the fall of lS-'5 by H. C. Simpson ; and waa after- ward continued at that place by John F. Ames. It is published by Abbott & O'Brien. At Potsdam the following have been issued : — The Potsdam Gazette was begun Jan. 13, 1816, by F. C. Powell, and continued till April, 1823. The Potsdam American was commenced by F. C. Powell iu Jan. 1824, from the old Gazette press, and was continued by Powell k Reddington till April, 1S29. In May of tbo same year it was revived as The Herald^ and published as an anti-masonic organ till Aug, The St. Lawrence Republican was begun in 1826 by W. H. Wynian, and removed to Canton in 1827. The Day Star was published 6 months in 1S27 by Jonathan Wallace. The Patriot was commenced in April, 183-, by Wm. Hughes, and published one year. Tlie Northern Cabinet was removed from Canton in 1845; and from the same office was issued The Sfpoffitory in 1840, semi-juo.. made up of the literarj- matter of The Cabinet. This hitter was sold to Wm. L. Knowlee, and changed to The St. Lawrence Mercury in 1S4S. W. H. Wallace became pnv prietor in 1850; and U. C. Fay in 1851, who changed it to The fit. Lawrence Journal. It wa.s continued till July, 1S52. when it was united with The Courier. The Potsdam Courier wn)^ begun in 1851 by V. Harrington, and continued till July. 1852, when it was united with The Journal, and issued as The Potsdam Courier and Journal was removed Uj Ciiiiton in 1869, aud is now publialied by U. 0. Fav & Brother. Tlie Philomat/uan was begun in 1852, and a few numbers were issued by students of the St. Lawience AcHtb^ny. The Eleiiicut>try Ktpublicun was begun in 1S52, and a few num- bers issued from The Journal office. The Nortliern Freeman, removed froniGouverneur in 185ti,is still published by Doty & Baker. The K-v-augelical Herald, mo., was begun in 1856 by Jos. A. Livingston. Printed part of tlie time at North- field, Vt. Now published at Boston and Potsdam. At Canton the following have been published : — The Canton Advertiser and St. Lawrence Ii>'fiublican, removed from Potsdam in 1827, w;ui published beie by Preston King till 1S30, when it was removed to Ogdensburgh. The Northern Tdegraph was begun in l«:t2 by 0. C. Bill. It was soon t>oId to Orlando S«iuire8. and changed to The Cant-m Democrat-, and continued a short time. The Luminary of the North, begun in July, 1834, was published a short time. The St. Lawrence Democrat waa begun in Sept. 18.10, by E. A. Barber, and continued 2 years. The Northern Cabinet and XiVfrary Repository, senii-mo.. was begun Jan. 2, 1843, by Chaa. Boynton," and iu 1845 ro- moved to Potsdam. The Engintxr was issued in 1S44 by Cbas. Bovutoa. 574 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. The first white settlement in this co. "was made by Francis Pioquet, a French Sulpitian, who estalv lished an Indian mission at the mouth of the Oswegatchie in 1749 and styled it " La Prescnta' iion."^ In 1759 the first island below Ogdensburgh, 3 mi. down the St. Lawrence, was taken jjos- session of by the French and strongly fortified.'^ It was named Fort Levi ; and here the last French resistance was made against the English, in 1700. During the Revolution it was the rendezvous of scalping parties of tories and Indians, who harassed the frontier settlements on the Mohawk and Hudson. Two expeditions were fitted out against this place during the Revolution ; but the English held possession of the fort at Oswegatchie until 1790, when it was surrendered under the provisions of Jay's Treaty.^ The Oswegatchies collected by Picquet were removed, in 1793, from the vicinity of Johnstown, U. C, to a point opposite, on the s. shore, known sm Indian Point. In 1807 they removed to St. Regis and elsewhere.* The CO, includes the tract known as the " Te7i Tow7is/'^ Tract No. 11,^ of Macomb's Pur- chase, containing 821,879 acres, Tract No. Ill,' of the same purchase, containing 040,000 acres,^ a email portion located by Revolutionary land warrants,® and the islands in the St. Lawrence. ^° The first settlement under State authority was made at Ogdensburgh, in 1790, by Nathan Ford, agent of Samuel Ogden. Before 1800, small beginnings had been made at Lisbon, Madrid, and Massena. The " Te7i Towns'' were opened for settlement, under the original purchasers, within the next 5 years, and the adjacent parts of the Macomb Purchase soon after. At the commence- ment of the "War of 1812 there were about 8,000 inhabitants in the co., thinly scattered over nearly the whole territory now settled. Great alarm was felt along the whole frontier, and many families left the river towns. It soon became the theater of stirring military events, and various expeditions were planned and attacks made on both sides of the border," At the close of the war the co. rapidly filled up with an immigration chiefly from Vt. and the other New England States. The completion of the Erie Canal checked the growth of the co. by opening to emigration the more fertile lands of the AVest. The price of wild lands greatly fell, and many visions of immense wealth were blighted. For the last twenty years a steady and healthy improvement has been going on, which has been greatly increased by the lines of rail- road completed through it.^^ In 1837-40 the whole frontier was greatly excited by the ''Patriot The Inqttirer and Tari^ Advocate, a campaigrn paper, was issued from The Cabinet press in 1844 by Chas. Boynton. The (Xniton We»:kli/ Citizen was bc-guu Jan. 1, 1862, "by J. S. Sar- geaut, aud continued 4 weeks. Tfie Canton Independent was removed from Madrid in 1853, aud publir^lied by O. L. Kay. It wad soon dincontinued. Tlie St. Lawrence Plain Dealer was begun in 1855 by Goodrich & Remington ; it is now published by S. 1'. Itemington. Toung America is now published by C. "W. Ames. The other papers in the co. have been — The Northern New Yorker, begun April 2, 1849, at Gouverneur, by Wni. Goodrich and M. F. Wilson ; aud issued a little more than one year. • The St. Lawrence Advirtiser was bogun in lf*50, at Gouverneur, and a lew numbers issued. The Laborer was commenced in .Tuly. 1^52, at Gouverneur, by M. Mitchel. It was succeeded by The St. Lawrence Free Press, lel aud schools. 6 The original townships in this tract were named as follows : — 1. Sherwood: 2. Oakham; 3. Mortlake; 4. Ilarewood; 5. Janee- town; 6. Pierrefield; 7. Granshuck: S. Hollywood; 9. Kildare; 10. Matildavale; 11. Wick; 12. Kiversdale; 13. C^wkham; 14. Catharineville; 15. Islington; 16. Chesterfield; 17. Grange; 18. Crumack. 7 The original townships of this tract were named as follows: — 3. Hammond; 2. Somerville; 3. I)e Witt; 4. V\\z William; 5. Ballybeen; 6. Clare; 7. Killarnev; 8. Edwards; 9. Parahsburgh ; 10. Clifton; 11. Portaferry; 12. Scriba; 13.Chaumont; 14.Bloom- deld; 15. Emilyville. 8 These tracts were conveyed to Dan'l McCormack by patent in 1795-9S. 9 The town of Massena comprises this portion of the co. 10 The islands were sold in 1823. 11 A regiment of militia was stationed at Ogdensburgh during the summer of 1S12. In July. 1812. a fleet of 6 schooners — caught at Ogdensburgh by the war — attempted to reach the lake, but were intercepted : 2 were burned, and the rest hastened back. On tho last day of July a bloodless engagement took place between the American schooner, Julia, and the British vessels. Earl of Moira and Duke of Gloucester. In Sept. an attack was made upon a number of bateaux at Toussaint Island, opposite Lisbon, in which the Americans lost one and the British several men. On the 2d of Oct. the British made a show of attacking Ogdensburgh, and on the 4th made a real attack, but were re- pulsed, with tho loss of a gunboat and 2 men killed. In Jan. the Americans surprised and captured Brockville, liberated several prisoners, paroled 50 of the citizens, and took a quantity of stores. On the 22d of Feb. the British, in retaliation, captured Ogdens- burgh. carried away the cannon and stores, and paroled a large number of citizens, who were afterward exchanged for those of Brockville. Late in 1813 Gen. Wilkinson's expedition passed down the St. Lawrence, and suffered a disiistroue defeat at Crys- lera Field, opposite Ijouisville. The British followed tho retreat- ing Americans and landed at Hamilton, (Waddington.) — Hough's Hij^t. St. Law. d- Prank. Ow. 12 The lands in the co. have doubled in value by the completion of the railroads. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 575 TTar." The battle of AVindnnll Point, the most memorable event of that ill-concerted moTement, was fought within sight of Ogdensburgh, in Nov. 1838.* The U. S. Collection Dist. of Oswcgatchie was established March 2, 1811, and embraces the whole co. Its chief office is at Ogdensburgh, with subordinate offices at each of the river towns. BRASHER^ — was formed from Massena, April 21, 1825, A part of Lawrence was taken off in 1828. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Its suiface is generally level, with gentle undulations in the e. part. The principal streams are St. Regis and Deer Rivers and Trout Brook. The soil in the w. part is stony and in parts sandy ; in the s. e. it is light and sandy ; and in the n. it is a clay loam and very productive. Bog iron ore is obtained abundantly in the E. part, in the range where the sand rests upon the clay deposits, Braslier Falls^ (p. v. ) is a manufacturing village upon the St. Regis, in the s. w. corner of the town, 1 mi. bolow the r. r. Station. Pop. 257. Helena* (p. v.) is situated at the mouth of Deer River, and has a limited amount of water-power. Pop. 100. Braslier Iron Works^ (p-o.,) 2J mi. above Helena, on Deer River, is the seat of an important fuinace. Braslier Center is a hamlet on the St. Regis River. The first improvement in town (at Helena) was under the agency of Russell Al> water, in 1817. Stillman Fuller built the furnace at Brasher Iron Works in 1825.^ The first settlement at Brasher Falls was made in 1826. In 1830 C. T. Ilulburd purchased 600 acres, including the village site of Brasher Falls, and in 1841 made the first considerable improvement. On the 26th of May, 1857, a fire in the woods ravaged this town, and destroyed the furnace and nearly the whole village at the '^^Iron Works.'^^ The census reports 7 churches in town.' CA^^TOIV^ — was formed from Lisbon, March 28, 1805. It occupies a nearly central position in the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. Grass River, flowing through the center, and the Oswegatchie, flowing through the n. w. corner, are the principal streams.^ It is underlaid by white limestone and gneiss in the s., and by Potsdam sandstone in the central and n. parts. The soil is a deep, fertile, gravelly loam. Iron pyrites, from which copperas (sulphate of iron) has been manufactured, is found in abundance near High Falls, on Grass River.'° Cantoii^^^ (P-'^-O the county seat, is pleasantly situated on Grass River, a little e. of the center of the town. It is an important station on the P. & W. R. R. It has a number of manufactures,^-' and is the seat of the Canton Academy, founded in 1831, and of the St, Lawrence University,^* an institution founded under the auspices of the Universalist denomination in 1856. Pop. 1,029. Morley^* (p. v.) is on Grass River, near the n. border of the town. Pop. 350. Rensselaer Falls^* (p. V.) is a small village on the Oswejiatchie, in the n. w. corner of the town. It was formerly the seat of an iron forge. Crarys Iflslls (p. o.) is a hamlet on the line of Potsdam. South Canton is in the e. part. Daniel Harrington settled on the site of the Agricultural Fair Grounds in Canton A^llage in 1800. The first permanent settler was Stillman Foote, who bought a mile square where the village now stands, and removed thither in 1801, accompanied by sevefal men. In 1802 he built a mill, and the town began to be rapidly settled.*® Religious meetings were held as early as 1804. The first church (Presb.) was formed under the Rev. Amos Pettingill, in 1807." 1 The leaders in this movement dared not risk their own Uvea in the battle, and left the few, consisting mostly of young men and biiya, to engage the greatly superior numbers of the British. Tlie battle was short and bloody. Of tho 159 patriots taken prisuners, 18 were released without trial. 3 were acquitted, and 129 were sentenced to be hung. Of the last number. 10 were hung. 60 transported to Van Diemens Land, 66 pardoned, 2 sen- tenced to a 7 years' term in the penitentiary, and '2 died of their wounds. — HouglCs Hist. St. Law. <£ Frarik. Cos. s Named from Philip Brasher, of Brooklyn, part owner. It fmbracca the townships of " Grange'''' and •' C^-umack," or Nos. 37 and 18 of Great Tract No. II, Macomb's Purchase. * Mills, a fork and hoe factory, and an agricultural implement factory, are located here. * Named from Helen, daughter of Joseph Pitcairn, of New York, former owner of a large part of the town. ^ In 1>>27 tho furnace was purchased by Isaac W. Skinner and R. W. BuBh. In 1)^30 the latter was succeeded by W. H. Alex- .inder, and tho business waa continued by Alexander & Skinner until the vilbtge waa destroyed by flro in 1857. The works are about bein);; rebuilt. * The fire desoliited nearly tho whole town, and for a time threatened Braslier Falls. The country around was also deso- lated by running firis in 1849. ' 2 Presb. and M. K, at Brasher Falls, Presb. at Helena, M. E. at " Maple Ridge" w. part of the town, R.C. near Brasher Fulls, »nd F.W. Bap. * It embraces No. 6 of the " Ten Tmons,"' and is 10 mi. sq. ' A natural canal connects the channels of the two streams. This canal waa formerly 3 to 20 rods wide, and was navigable for small boats in high water. It flowed toward the w., and over- flowed an filluvial flj^t of 4500 acres. To reclaim this, bolh ends of the canal have been closed, and a drain dug along the Osw^ gatcliieto below Rensselaer Falls. 10 Fruitless explorations for copper Lave here been made at great expense. " Incoi-p. May 14, 1845. 12 Consisting of lumber, shingles, sash, wagons, flour, and leather. 13 Ad elet^ant brick building was erected here in 1857 ; aird in 1858 a theological school was organized by K.Fisher. Tho col- legiate departniont has not yet been organized. 1* Formerly " Ltmg liapids." Named Morley from a relative of the Uarriaon family. It contains several sawmills, a sash factory, and tannery. 16 A forge was Tho first party of settlers came through the wilderness from the bead of Lake George, guided by a oumpass. They were seven days on the journey. Among the settlers in 1S06 wore Pardon Babcock, Willard Smith, Eleazar Nichols, and Isaac Austin, who all occupied a small shanty in common. In 1810 there were 50 families in town. A blockhouse was built in 1S12. near wben> the store of HaiTey P. Smith now stands. Miss E. S. Sackett taught the first pchool, in the firstshanty; Israel Porter kept tho first inn, and John Brown the first store, in 1808. The fir.^t reli- gious servires were held in ISOG, by missionaries. The first chilil born was Allen Smith; the first marriage, that of Modad Coin and Miss Patter.son; and the first death, that of Emily Porter. H There are 5 churches in town; 2 Cong., Univ., Bap., and M.E.; the last hold their meetings in the chapel of the academy. J2 Named from Abijah Hammond, of New York, proprietor. It embraces the greater part of No. 1 of Great Tract No. Ill, M* comb's Purchase. 1* Cross-ove^^Island Lighthouse was built just above this plac« in 1847. 1* The first of these were John and David Gregor, John Band, John and James Hill, and Peter Alien. James Scott taught th* first school, in 1818-19. » Presb., 51. E., F. W. Bap., and Prot R 578 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. HERjVIOK' — was furuied from Edwards and De Kalb, April 17, 1830, and named " Depau." The name wa.s changed Feb. 28, 1834, and a part was annexed to Edwards in 1850. It lies in (he primitive regiun, s. w. of the center of tlie co. The surface is generally rolling, but broken and hilly in the s. part. Elm and Carter Creeks are the principal streams. Trout and Clear Lakes lie near the s. border, and Gardners Pond near the center of the town. The soil is generally a sandy loam interspersed with tracts of sand, and is best adapted to grazing. IleruiOll (p. v.) is situated on Elni Creek, in the N. e. corner of the town. Pop. 346. niarslivillc is a hamlet. 1 mi. s. of Hermon. The first settlement was made by Jas. Taylor, and a few others who came soon after him, previous to 1812.^ The town did not begin to be settled rapidly until 1822-25. Rev Mr. Wright was the first preacher.' HOPH.IIVTOJV*— was formed from Massena, March 2, 1805. Russell was taken ofi' in 18()7. ParishvfUe in 1818, and a part of Lawrence in 1828. It lies along the E. border of the CO., and i" the second largest town in the State. Its surface is level in the N., but broken and hilly in the s. I' is crossed by the St. Regis and Racket Rivers ; and in the central and s. parts are several extensive lakes, the principal of which is Tupjiers Lake, on the line of Franklin co. The whole town is a wilderness, except the extreme n. part and a small tract upon Tuppers Lake. The soil is a fertile loam in the N. part. IlopUinton (p. v.) contains about 20 houses. ]VicllOlviIle is a small village on the line of Lawrence and mostly in the latter town. Fort JackSOn, in the n. part, on the St. Regis, is a hamlet of a dozen houses. The first settlement in town was made by Roswell Hopkins, in 1802.° In 1814 a party of British, consisting of 30 men, under Maj. P. W. De Haven, visited this town and captured a large amount of flour belonging to the U. S., which was here stored in a barn.' In the spring of 1858 a company consisting of 13 families located in the vicinity of Tuppers Lake, with the design of forming an agricultural settlement.' The township of Mortlake, or No. 3 of Tract II, has been called " Athcrion," but it has yet no legal organization. There are 4 religious societies in town.' IiAWRElVCE'— was formed from Ilopkinton and Brasher, April 21, 1828. It lies on the e. border of the CO., N. of the center. The surface is very level, and the soil is a fertile, sandy loam underlaid by Potsdam sandstone. It is drained by St. Regis and Deer R-ivers. Lawrence- viHe (p.v.) and Kortli Lawrence (p. v.) are villages upon Deer River, each with a pop. of about 220. The latter is a station on the Northern R. R. XicIlOlville,'" (p. v..) on the line of Hopkinton, contains about 200 inhabitants. The first settlement began in 1806." Since the completion of the R. B. this town has rapidly increased in population. The Quakers held the first meeting in 1808. There are 7 churches in town.'^ liISBON — was formed JIarch 6, 1801." Madrid and Oswegatchie were taken oflT in 1802, and Canton in 1805. It lies upon the St. Lawrence, N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. It is drained by Great and Little Sucker Brooks, and several .smaller streams. Its soil is a light Init fertile loam underlaid by calciferous sandstone. The town includes Gallop" Island in the river. Liisbon Center (p. o.) is a station on the Ogdensburghll.R., and contains about a dozen houses. Flackville'* (P-o.) is a hamlet, on the Ogdensburgh & Canton Road. Red Mills'* (Lisbon p. o.) is a hamlet, on the river, opposite Gallop Island. This town was the first one organized in the co. The first settlement was made by Wm. O'Neal, in 1799. Alex. J. Turner came in as agent in Feb. 1800." He was from Salem, N. Y., and induced many families 1 Named from Scripture. It embraces "Fifj Tri77tam,"or No. | bom, of Nashu.i, N. H.. Elbridge G. Read and Wm. D. Beason, 4 of Great Tract No. Ill, Macomb's Turchase, and parts of other of Chelsea, Mass., and Moses A. Herrick, of Boston, for its Inm- townsbips. ber. The settlement was made under the auspices of this Com- 2 Among tbo early settlers were Geo. Davis, Philemon Stuart, pany. Jas. Farr, Ariel Innian, and Rufus Hopkins. William D. Moore taught the first school, in 1817. The first death was that of ThoK. Farr. 2 There are S churches in town ; M. E., Bap., and Christian. * NiUued from Uoswell Hopkins, the first settler. It embraces the townships of "Ot/A'/iam," ■' M'trtlake," ^^ Janestown,^^ " Pierix- /JxM," '* IhiUywood" " KiMitn" " Riversdale,'" and '^ Islington^* s Cong., Bap., M. E., and F. W. B.Hp. 9 Named from Wm. Lawrence, of New York, propriiitor. It embr.aces " C'te^ter/idd,*' or No. 10 of Great Tract No. II, Mii- conib'a Purchase. 10 Natned from E. S. Nichols, an agent of the proprietors. n Mr. Brewer, a sub-aRcnt. came in as early as ISOl ; .1. and S. Tyler, A. Sauud.'rs, A. Chandler. .7. Allen, and J. and J. Piercf cally known as "3/(//*T.vi'i7/f." from Rev. I^vi Miller, of Turin, who came here as a^eut of Mc Vickar, tlie proprietor, in IS'J3. * Among the early settlers were John Wilson, Lyuum Rost- wick, Elisha W. BarbtM-. and Oriffln Place. The flrHt child born was a son of Nahiwn Wilson ; and the first death, that of I'hilo R.irber. Klinba Ijarber taught the firat school, and N. Wilson kept tho first inn. ft Named from Alex. Macomb, the great land speculator. * Among thi'se are lead, mica, copper pyrites, and blende. Stock companies have been engaged quite exteasivoly in lead mining at Mineral Point, on Black Lake, and elsewhere. ' Among the first settlers wore Sam"l Bristol, Kufus Wash- burn, Sam'l and K. Wils()n, and S.un'l Peck. " It embraces Xo. 4 of tlie " T--n TotvnSj" and is about 10 mi. sq. ® Named from Joshua Waddington, proprietor. Formerly called " IJamiilon."' Incorp. April 26, 1839. A furnace, Bujiplied with bog ore, was ostablidbed here in iS34; but it was abandoned : in 1840. A tract of 1,135 acres on the shore opposite tho island, together with the islan(^and water-power, were conveyed in 1811 to .loHbua Waddington and Thos. L. and David A. Ogdcii. 10 In 1808-11-15. acts were passed to improve the navigation at this place, and a lock was built for the passage of small IwatH. n Among the early eettler.s were John Sharpe, Barton Kdaall. John Tuttle, Benj. Bartlett, Godfrey Ulyera, JJenj. Canipl'ell. and E. Dimick. Porothy Fields taught tbi- first school; Seth Rtjbeit:. built the first mills, at Colundjia Vilbige, in 1803. Mills wen- built the first mill.s. at Columbia VilliiKe, lulso.'J. Mills were built at Waddington, in 1803-04. The tuwu was divided in 11^59 by a line through the middle of the town parallel to tho river. The river town is named Waddington. 12 2 Cong., 2 M. K., Univ., Rap., Prot. E., Asso Ref.,and R.C. 13 NaiiU'd from Marshal MaBsemL, uf the French army. 1* This stream near its mouth is liable to a sudden rcver.'^al of its current by the damming up cf the St. Lawrence by ice in severe cold weather. Tbese back currents have been felt at Massena Village; and no bridges have been made to stand beluw the lower mills. The water has b(--cn known to rise 15 ft. in .i» many minutes, and to attain a maximum height of 25 ft. The lower dam is built to resist thf current both ways. 1^ Tbc»e springs are-saline and sulphurous. Capt. John PoUj buiit the first public house hero, in 1822. A spacious brick hotel was erected in 184S to accommodate those who resort here. 580 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. lies upon the Racket, about one mi. distant from Massena. Pop. 120. It is a favorite summer resort. Massena Center (p. v.) contains about 25 houses, and Racket River (p. v.) about 20. By the treaty of 1796, a mile square at the mouth of Grass River was reserved by the St. Regis Indians; and most of the other lauds in the town were located on Revolutionary land warrants before the sale of the rest of the co. Before the treaty the Indians issued unauthorized leases to different parties; and hence arose much annoyance from conflicting claims.^ The first im- provements were made on Grass River, on land leased of the Indians, in 1702. The first settlements on Revolutionary grants were made in 1798, by Amos Lay and others.^ In 1812 the U. S. Government erected barracks here, which were occupied 3 months by militia. In Sept. 1813, a party of Cana- dians burned the barracks and carried away several prisoners. There are 5 churches in town.' MORRIvSTOWlV*— was formed from Oswegatchie, March 27, 1821. A part of Hammond was taken off in 1827, and a part of Macomb in 1841. It lies between the lower end of Black Lake and the St. Lawrence. Its surface is gently undulating, rising from either side toward the center. Chip- pewa Creek, flowing though the center, is the principal stream. The soil is a gravelly loam and gener- ally fertile. Morristovrn (p. v.) is situated upon the St. Lawrence. Pop. 254. £d^¥ards- ville'' (p. 0.) is a small village on Black Lake, at which point a ferry has been established. Brier Hill (p. 0.) is a hamlet. David Ford — as agent of Gouverneur Morris, the proprietor — made the first settlement on the site of the village, in 1799.^ John K. Thurbur and Henry Ellenwood made the first improvement in the vicinity of Edwardsville, in 1810. In 1817-18 several English families located at a place still known as the " English Settlement." There are 7 churches in town,*^ IVORFOIjH. — was formed from Louisville and Stockholm, April 9, 1823. A part was annexed to Louisville in 1844. Its surface is moderately uneven. Racket River, the principal stream, flows diagonally through near the center of the town, and affords a large amount of water-power, partially improved.^ The soil is generally fertile, resting upon drift deposits of gravel and marine clay, and all underlaid by calciferous sandstone. The e. part is sandy; and a swamp lies between the Racket and Grasse Rivers. JVorfolk (p. v.) is situated upon Racket River. Pop. about 200. It has manufactories of lumber, shingles, and articles of wood. Rayuiondville^ (p. 0.) is a small village on the Racket, below Norfolk. The first settlement was made by Erastus Hall, in 1809, at Raymondville.^° The Racket was formerly navigated, to some extent, as far as this place. There are 4 churches in town." OSlf'EGATCHIEi^— was formed from Lisbon, March 3, 1802. De Kalb was taken off in 1806, Gouverneur in 1810, Morristown in 1821, and a part of De Peyster in 1825. The surface is level or gently undulating. Oswegatchie River, the principal stream, affords water-power at Heuvelton and at Ogdensburgh, which is available most of the year. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam, and is under a good state of cultivation. Og'densbur^li^^^ (p-'^-O situated upon the St. Lawrence, is one of the largest and most important villages in Northern New York. It is the w. terminus of the Ogdensburgh R. R., and stands at the foot of sloop navigation upon the great lakes and St. Lawrence River, giving to it important commercial advantages. A limited amount of manufacturing is also carried on, chiefly on the w. side of the Oswegatchie. It contains the depots and buildings of the Ogdensburgh R. R., — among the finest in the co., — au academy," a townhall,*^ U. S. customhouse,^^ and an armory." Pop. Jan. 1858, 7,308. Heuvel- 1 M'lst of tho valuable timber was stolen before settlement. 2 AuKing the first settlers were Mamri Victory, Calviu Plum- ley. Bliss Hoisington, Klijah Biiiley, David Lyttle, !^elh Read, ami Leonard Uerrick. Gilbert Read taught tlie first school, in 1803. Amabel Foucher was a lessee of the first mill, under the Indians. » 2 Cong., Bap., M. E.. and R. C. * Named from Gouverneur Morris, principal proprietor. It originally embraced the township of '■* Hague" or ^'o. 9 of the " Ten Ti/wns.'* 6 Locally known as the "iVanows." Named from Jonathan S. Edwards, the first postmaster. On e-arly maps it was marked * Arnold Smith and Thomas Hill were first settlers on the river, and H. Harrison, Ephraim Story, and Benj. Tubba on the lake. Smith kept the first inn, and Ford built the first house. ^ 2 M. K., Presb., Cong.. Prot. K., Evang. Luth., and Union. 8 There is a dam 1 mi. from the R. R. station, near the s. w. corner nf the town, another at Norfolk, and another at Ray- inondvilie. * Named from Benj. Raymond, the first agent for this town and Potsdam. First named " Racketon." ^'^ Among the early settlers, who came in about ISIO, were Ebon Judson, Martin Barney. J. W. Osborn, C. G. Stowo, and Milo Brewer. The fiiet death was that of E. Judson, in 1813. The first clearing at Norfolk Village was made for 1* Raj', in 1811 ; and the first settlement wjia beguD by Russell Atwater, in 1816, A furnace was built at the villagu in 1825, and supplied with bog ore. It was burned in 1S44. u M. E., Prot. E., and Presb., at Norfolk, and Presb at Ray- mondville. 12 Pronounced Os-we-gotch'ee ; named from the river. It em- braces most of No. 8 of the *' 'fen Ihivns." 18 Named from Sam'I Ogden. the first proprietor. Incorp. in 1817. The unsold lauds in and about the village were bought by David Parish in 1808, the owner of large tracts in the co. He built an extensive warehouse and several vessels, and laid plans for a large business, which the war prevented him from realizing. n This academy now forms an incorporate part of the public educational system of the WUage. The schools are all graded, and the pupils are advanced, according to attainment, fmin the primary schools to the complete academic course. The academy receives the income from the ferry at this place. In ISO" there were 7 schoolhouses and IS teachers. The average uuniber of pupils on the rolls was 1328, and average daily attendance 755. i& By special act of 1858 a town hall was erected, at an expense of Slu,000, on the corner of Washington and Frankhn S*ts. 16 The cornerstone of the old i'rencL Mission house is placed over one of its entrances. 17 An appropriation of $110,000 was made in 1857 for a custom- house, p. o., and U. S. oiurtroom. It is to be erected on the site of the old courthouse, corner of State and K nox Sts. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 581 ton' (p. V.) lies upon the Oswegatchie, 7 mi. above Ogdensburgh. It has a limited amount of manu- facture.s. Pop. 300. Black L.ake is a p. o., in the s. w. part of the town. The early history of the town has already been noticed." The first improvement, after Ogdensburgh was aban- doned by the British, was made in 179C, by Nathan Ford,' and it soon became a place of com- mercial importance. The war checked the jirosjierity of the place, and after the return of peace business revived slowly. The opening of the Wclland Canal and completion of the Ogdensburgh R. R. greatly increased the trade and added to the population of Ogdensburgh.* The completion of the Grand Trunk Railway tlirough Canada has in some measure checked its growth, by divert- ing business into other channels. The first religious meetings were held while it was a French, and afterward a British, post. The census reports 11 churches.' PARISlIVILiliE* — was formed from Hopkinton, April 15, 1818. Colton was taken off in 1843, and another part of Parishville annexed to it in 1851. It lies upon St. Regis River, s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is level in the N. and considerably broken in the s. The soil is a deep loam in the N., but in the s. is light and sandy. A large portion of the town is yet a wilderness. Parishville (p. v.) is situated upon the w. branch of St. Regis River. Pop. 236. It has a limited amount of manufactures.' ParisllvlUe Center, in the N. part, is a hamlet. Daniel Hoard settled in 1810, as agent for the proprietors.^ During the war the settlement was greatly increased by immigrants from the frontier towns. The census reports 4 churches.' PIERREPOH'T'" — was formed from Russell, April 15, 1818. A part of Fine was taken off in 1844. It occupies a long, narrow strip s. of the center of the co. The surface is quite broken. The three branches of Grass River, e. branch of the Oswegatchie, and Racket River are the principal streams. The soil in the N. is well adapted to grazing, and that in the s. is light and sandy. Settlements are confined to the N. part. Magnetic iron ore and other valuable minerals are found in large quantities. Pierrepont (p. o.) is a small village upon the hills, near the center of No. 3. East Pierrepont" {p. V.) is situated on Racket River. Pop. about 100. Flavins Curtis settled upon the line of Canton in 1806-07. The principal settlement commenced upon the completion of the St. Lawrence Turnpike, in 1811-12.'" There are 2 churches ; M. E. and F. W. Bap. PITCAIRM"— was formed from Fowler, March 29, 1836. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is much broken by ridges, separated by swamps, lakes, and fertile intervales. The soil is light and sandy, with a few alluvial flats along the streams. Iron ore, marble, and lead are found in town. The Jay Iron Ore Bed has been worked ; and unprofitable attempts have been made to work some lead mines. Tiie town is thinly settled. Pitcairn and East Pitcairn are p. offices. Settlement was begun in 1824 by immigrants from Potsdam." There is no church in town. POTSDAM'*— was formed from Madrid, Feb. 21, 1806. It lies on Racket River, n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling ; and its soil is a deep, rich loam. The streams are Racket River, affording a large amount of water-power, and Grass River, with a limited amount. Lumbei and articles of wood are largely manufactured. There are extensive quarries of sandstone above tlie village.'* This is the leading agricultural town in the CO., and every part is under improve- ment. Potsrtam" (p. v.) is located upon Racket River, E. of the center of the town. The river is here divided by islands and broken by rapids, and furnishes an extensive water-pcwer. Pop. in 1st and 4th election districts, 2,123. It has a considerable amount of manufactures and 1 Named from .Tacob Van Ileuvel. who invested a large sum in a niinous attempt to establieh business liere. 2 See p. 674. * Among the first settlers were Ezra Fitz Randolph, lliomas Lee, John Lyon, John King, Louis Hasbrouck, S^tephen Slooasen, and Powell Davis. The first school was taught by Richard Hub- bard, in 1S09. * A ni.irine railway, constructed herein 1853, has been of great service to the interests of navigation. 6 3 M. Ji., 2 Presb., Univ., Unitarian, Bap.. Cong., Prot. E,, and K. C. « Named from David and Geo. Parish, proprietors of No, 13. I: embraces the most of " CatharimiritU^' and " iricA-," or Nos. 1+ and 11 of Great Tract No. II of Macomb's Purchase. J The river here descends 125 ft. within a mi., furnishing an abundance of water-power. "J Among the early settlers were Luke Brown. Isaac Tower. II. Shattuck, and Levi Sawyer, who came in about ISll. During this and the succeeding year the proprietors caused a road to be opened to Carthage, and mills, a distillery, hotel, and forge to be built. The first birth was in the family of Luke Brown, in 1812. Uarriet Brouson taught the first school, in the barn of Mr. Hoard. » Cong.. M. E., Wes. Meth., and Bap. 10 Named from Hezekiah B. Pierrepont. of Brooklyn. piO- prietor. It embraces the townships of "ChaumonW " Ciiflfm^ " C/are," and a part of " /)c ITzW," or Nos. 13, 10, 6, and 3 of Great Tract No. Ill of Macomb's Purchase. u Sometimes called " Coxti ittVs," from Gardner Coxe, wh<* settled here and built mills in 1817-22. It has a large gan? sawmill and a starch factory. 13 Among the early settlers were David Denton, Pet. R. Leonard, Jos. Matthews, and Ebenezer Tupper. 13 Named from Joseph Pitcairn. proprietor. It embraces the township of ^^ Partaferry" or No. 11 of Great Tract No. Ill, Ma comb's Purchase. n Among the early settlers were Nafh'l Dickinson and sons. Levi Gleason, Nathan C. Scovil, and James Streetor. Caroline Dickinson taught the first school. The first birth was in the family of N. C. Scovil ; the first marriage, that of Anson Bing- ham and Caroline Dickinson. l& It embraces No. 3 of the " Ten Tmvns." w From these quarries the city of Ilauiilton, C. W.. is supplied with flagging. The stone also is an excellent building mato* lial. '1 Incorp. March 3, 1831. 582 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. in the seat of an academy.^ It also contains a bank and 2 printing offices. Racketville (North Potsdam p. o.) lies on Racket River, in the n. corner of the town. Pup. about 150, It has an extensive water-power, and is the Potsdam Junction station on the Ogdcnsburgh R. R. Bucks Bridge- is a hamlet upon Grass River, in the w. part of the town. West Potsdam (p. o.) i.s a small village in the midst of au agricultural region. The hr.st settlcmcut commenced in 1803, under Benj. Raymond, agent fur the proprietor, and the town rapidly fiilcd up by immigrants from Vt.^ In Nov. Itt04, Vim. BuUard took up 2,-i27 acres of land, and formed an association, styled " The Union," holding the laud in common. The association broke up in 2 or 3 years. There are 10 churches in town.^ ROSSI E*^ — was formed from Russell, Jan. 27, 1813. A part of Fowler was taken off in 1816, and a part of Hammond in 1827. A part of Hammond was annexed in 1844. It lies on the s. w. border of the co. Its surface is level in the e., and broken by ledges of gneiss, limestone, and sandstone in the remaining parts. It is drained by Oswegatchie and Indian Rivers. Its soil is like that of the adjoining towns. Between the gneiss and limestone, near Indian River, are extensive and valuable mines of lead and iron,' and a great variety of valuable minerals.* Rossie (p. V.) is situated on Indian River, at the head of the Black Lake navigation. Pop. 214. It owes its importance to its iron manufacture, commenced here in 1813. CliurcllS Mills,^ (Wegatchie p. o.,) situated on the Oswegatchie, is the seat of a furnace. Pop. about 170. Sonier- viile (p. v.) contiiins 20 houses. Slftillgle Creelt is a p. o., in the s.e. corner. The first settle- ment was made in 1807.^° A number of Scotch families came in about 1810. A blockhouse was built near Somerville in 1812. There are 2 churches in town; Univ. and M.E. RUSSEIjK*^^ — was formed from Ilopkintou, March 27, 1807. Rossie was taken off in 1813, a part of Fowler in 1816, Pierrepont in 1818, and a part of Fine in 1844. It lies upon Grass River, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is much broken, and its s. part is still a wilderness. Its soil is light and sandy, but fertile in the valleys. Russell (p. o.) is a small village, upon Grass River, in the central part of the town ; Wortli Russell is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1804, under the agency of R. Atwater.^- A State arsenal was built in the village in 1809 ;^^ and the St. Lawrence Turnpike was opened the same year. The principal growth of the village was received in 1811 and 1812. A forgo was built in 1846, and supplied with bog and magnetic ores. There are 2 churches in town; Bap. and M. E.: the Presb. and Prot. E. each have societies formed. STOCKHOLM"— was formed from Massena, Feb. 21, 1806. A part of Norfolk was taken off in 1823. It lies in the northeasterly part of the co. Its surface is rolling. Its soil is a light, sandy loam, generally productive. It is watered by the two branches of St. Regis River. It is strictly an agricultural town, and one of the most wealthy in the co. Stockliolni Uepot (p.o.) is a small village upon the r. r., in the e. part of the town. East Stockboliu (Stock- holm p. o.) and Sanfordville are hamlets of a dozen houses each. "West Stocklioilli (p.o.) is a small manufacturing village upon St. Regis River. Knapps Station (North Stockholm p. o.) is a r. r. station on the n. w, border of the town ; and SoutliTllle is a p. o. Sklnnea'ville is a hamlet ou the w. branch of the St. Regis. The first settlement was begun in 1802, by Ebenezer Ilulburd and Dr. Luman Pettibone, agents.^^ The census reports 5 churches.^® 1 The St. Lawrence Academy waa commenced, through the ex- ertions of Benj. Raymond, in 1812. It has long maintained a high reputation amon;; the schools of Northern New York. 2 Named from [saac Buck, who settled here in 1^07. 3 Among the early settlers were Wm. and Gurdon .Smith. Benj. Stewart, John Delauce, David Freuch, Chester Dewey, Joseph Bailey, Bester Pierce, Koswell Parkhurst, Wm. Bullard, lieuben Field, and Abner Royce. The first birth was a daughter of Wm. Smith ; and the first death, that of Jaa. Cbadwick. Mills were built by liaymond. * The members were not professedly united in religious or politirHl views. SpafFord, in his Gazetteer, erroneously calls them *' Moravians." — HnuglCs Hist. St. L. and Frank. Cos., p. 435. 6 3 M. E., Presb., Univ.. Prot. E., (Trinity.) Bap., Ref. Presb., B.C., and Catholic Apostolic. 6 Pronounced Kos-se6. Named from a sister of Dovid Parish, the proprietor. It embraces " SomerviUe," or No. 2 of Great Tract No. III. Macomb's Purchase. " The first lead mining operations in this town were unskillfully performed and attended with ruinous results, whicli led to their abandonment. After 20 years' suspension, the mines were re- opened by an English company, (The KosHie & Canada Lead Com- pany.) formed uu'ler special act, and working iip\vneii \-v Parish, have yielded an immense quantity of ore. which has j/> >6tiy beeu worked at Rossie Iron Works. 8 Among these minerals are marble, graphite, heavy spax, phosphate of lime, copper pyrites, calcite, pearl spar, apatite, zircon, tremolite, satin spar, celestino, carbonate of iron, chou- drodite, aud spinelle. 9 Formerly called ■' Caledonia^" and " Howards 3IiilSf'" from Jas. Howard, former proprietor. 10 Among the first settlers were Jos. Teall, Reuben Streeter, A. Simmons, O. Malterner, A. Keeuey, jr.. S. Bonfy, S. Waters, and J. Stearns. The first child born was Wm. Rossie Williams. Reuben Streeter built the first mill. 11 Named from Russell Atwater, first settler. 12 Among the early settlers were Nathan, Loren, and David Knox. Heman Morgan, Elias Ilayden, Reuben Ashman. Jesse Bunnell, Elihu Morgan, and Joel Clarke, who came in 1S0.5. The first child born was a son of Reuben Ashman, in ISuG; the first marriage, that of Calvin Hill aud Harriet Knox: and the firsi death, that of Curtis. RoUin Smith taught the first school, aud Atwater built the first mills. IS Sold for a school building, in 18&0. I'l It originally comprised No. 2 of the "Ten Toivm," and is nearly 10 mi. aq. 15 Among the early settlers were Benj. Wright, Isaac Kelsey, Abiam Sheldon, and John and Robt. Bisbee. S. Reynolds built the first mill, in 1804. Mrs. Sheldon was the first woman who came into town. 10 2 Cong., M. E.. Bap., W. Metb.; the Christians and F. W. Bap. have also societies in town. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 583 Acres of Land, Valuation, Poimlalion, Dwelliuys, Families, Freeholders, ScJwols, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of St. Lawrence County. Namss of Towns. BrnaJier Canton Culton DeKnlb Do Peyster... Edwards Fine Fowler Gouverneur.. Hammond... Hermon Hopkiuton .. Lawrence Lisbon Louisville.... Macomb Madrid". Massena Morristown . Norfolk t)8wegatchie, Parisliville .. Pierrepout... Pilcairn Potsdam RoBsic RusshII Stockholm .. Total.... Acres of Land. 18.2R0 34.101 3,460 22.ass 12,334 7,834 1,824 1S.732 26,111 15,701 12,637 12,641 17,338 30,969 15,.?67 10,435 32,788 19,620 l',l,407 ]2,2,S0 26,669 20.62S 10,339 3,900 40,297 6,482 12,080 30,840 14119,554 8f5,.531 40.726 29.593 127.293 26.616 13.706 19,285 93,932 12,687 12,167 1S.S23 12,268 36,427 7,905 24.491 23,881 29,766 28,661 9,037 24,691 9,459 12,496 42,602 116,121 20,767 20.521 12,911 38,008 21,703 Valuation op 1856, $446,100 1,343,810 lfi(i.90S 473,SD» 327.990 170,213 66,197 296,498 763.24S 3.30,875 264.693 4S0.803 421,800 825,780 320,216 192,060 1,119,22: 889,574 372,170 359,320 2,416,555 367,230 274,845 79,960 1,528,406 270,419 806,111 706,691 16,066,061 2,011,860 ' 17,077,921 !3 1,614 2,497 646 1,360 699 625 172 814 1,406 970 864 775 1,226 2,622 1,0S7 749 2,435 1,341 1,049 882 6,033 1,064 906 269 3,328 7.02 1,116 1,954 1,454 2,498 494 1,316 6&1 566 144 806 1,450 905 794 779 1,139 2,487 1,0.33 717 2,427 1,360 1,062 922 6,027 1,000 928 262' 3,303 728 993 1,S3U 487 874 209 482 196 208 67 292 498 814 289 293 467 907 345 2C0 844 459 899 341 1,058 306 348 106 1,126 262 399 697 37.934 37,043 13,191 13,177 10,690' 377 212 811 196 210 67 303 612 320 305 267 473 905 356 124 877 468 399 350 1,474 396 347 106 1,191 314 392 726 435 806 140 319 153 211 66 241 399 112 244 241 407 761 338 221 736 341 281 310 1,096 404 309 89 1,016 163 262 610! Vc 1,248 2,005 492 1,068 602 689 162 688 1,146 706 663 861 987 2,348 917 663 1,884 1,227 889 768 4,609 760 781 215 2.238 760 760 1.619 10,997 Nasies op Towns. Briisber Canton Colton DeKolb De Pcyster..., Edwards Fine Fowler Gouverneur . Hammond... Hermon Hopkinton .. Lawrence Lisbon Louisville ... . Macomb Madrid'* , Massena Mori-istown. Norfolk Oswi'jrtttchie Pnrisliville .. Picrrepont. .. Pitcairn Potsdam Hossie Russell Stockholm... Total.. 664 1,906 135 698 490 320 32 629 079 770 406 450 690 1,71' 724 367 1,461 901 1,032 4'- 1,409 735 399 134 1,.506 382 358 1,082 lal 1,746 2,991 218 1,961 836 914 1.56 1,228 1.486 1,266 1,524 l.O.ll 1.666 3,057 1,861 979 2,806 2,658 1,43; 807 2,265 1,693 797 2.'!9 2,864 771 1,800 3.303 1,633 3,927 369 2,426 1,442 1,017 109 2,072 2,924 1,421 1,753 948 1,621 3,607 1,611 981 3,69: 1,817 1,860 1,066 2,616 1,056 978 300 4,! 1,086 1,.518 2,823 20,261 44,247 '52,161 Agricultural Products, Bush, op Gbajn. 1,669 1,848 4.59 1,020 738 l,530i 352 1,091 1,633 1,702 164 3,266 1,496 1.618 1„566 1,5.67 2,060 1,997 4,164 456 6.826 3,979 2.100 146 1.833 893 343 6,140 :4,080 '60,6054 hi 4,440 11.192 2.603 6,050 2,666 2,206 304 4,363 6.170 3,666 3,621 2,786 4,776 10,681 4,686 2,636 9,454 6,601 6,133 8.738 7,704 4,584 2,466 6.54 13,39' 2,065 3,912 8,378 Daisy Psoducts. 31,460 61.525 8,221 41,927J 28,311 17.877 3,776 32,324 66,062 67,006 26,214 19,387 29,106 .50.888 46.228 18.225 86.43S 60.802 62.792S 20.631 76.067i 46.110 20.106 11,726 01,419 26,3064 30,918 50,6214 1,068,3444 139,400 604,023 90,497 ' 4,268,809 1,672,999 16,653 6,.676 8,067 24,046 60.286 52,804 18,063 10,083 46,066 20,642 9.811 16.968 24.380 29,110 12.328 8.314 50,108 8,054 11.670 68.667 165 410 2,342 832 3.566 1,107 9,C93 4.067 194 8,711 4,920 7.3.35 5.798 8,789 4.377 2,141 14,553 46 2,10s 4,416 136,320 30,840 10,340 206,370 136,950 92,909 10,900 159,870 278,023 112,821 136.616 82.627 140.525 349,863, 148.730; 96,860 3.39,082 148,670 190,289 87,970 191.901 168,890 80,643 3.270 4.62,116 110.119 104.170 2.57,2:16 ■?■? Q.E 3,368 4,614 256 3,889 1,032 2.666 461 927 1.876! 2.607 2,133 1,274' 1,823 12,811 4,461 2,379 9,974 2,169 6,392 2,268 6.314 3,178 1,846 699 4.443 1,172 2.976 3,667 89.863 « Waddington was formed from Madrid in 1869. Tho latter I St. Lawrence, tne HveKown receiving the name Waddington, town was divided through the middle by a lino parallel to the | and the other retaining tho original name. SARATOGA COUNTY. This county' was formed from Albany, Feb. 7, 1791. It lies in the N. angle formed by the junction of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, centrally distant 31 miles from Albany, and contains »62 sq. mi. Its surface is hilly or undulating in the s. and mountainous in the N. Two ranges of mountains traverse the co. from n. e. to i s. w. The Palmertown or Luzerne Mts., the most eastern of these j ranges, extend from Warren co., through the w. part of Moreau and Milton and the e. part of Corinth, into Greenfield, where they termi- nate in a series of low, irregular hills. Hudson River breaks through this range on the N. border of the co. in a deep ravine 3 mi. in extent. The mountains rise abruptly from the water's edge to a height of 800 feet. Their declivities are generally rocky and pre- cipitous, and their summits spread out into a broad, rocky upland covered with forests. The Kayaderosseras Range extend through the n. part of the co. and occupy the greater part of Corinth, Edinburgh, Day, and Hadley. The declivities of these mountains are generally precipitous, and their summits spread out into broad, rocky uplands broken by ledges and craggy peaks. A group of isolated hills, 450 feet high, with rounded summits and terraced declivities, extend through the w. part of Stillwater and Saratoga. A broad intervale extends along the Hudson, bordered by a range of clay bluifs 40 to 200 feet in height. From the summits of these bluffs an extensive sand plain extends westward to the foot of the mountains, covering the greater part of Moreau, Wilton, Northumberland, Saratoga Springs, Malta, and Clifton Park. The s. w. portion of the co. is rolling or moderately hilly. Hudson River flows nearly 70 mi. along the e. border of the co. It is interrupted by falls and is crossed by several dams and bridges.^ The Mohawk forms a portion of the s. boundary. The Sacandaga, forming the outlet of the principal lakes in the s. part of Hamilton co., flows in a tortuous channel through Edinburgh, Day, and Hadley. It is navigable for boats and steamboats of light draught from Fish House, on the border of Fulton co., to Conklingville Falls, in Hadley, a distance of 20 mi. Below the falls it flows between high, rocky hills in a series of rapids to the Hudson. Kayaderosseras River drains the central part of the co. and flows into Saratoga Lake. The outlet of the lake takes the name of Fish Creek. The other principal streams are Snook Kil, Anthonys Kil, and Kayawese Creek. Saratoga Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 6J mi. long and 2 broad, situated about 4 mi. s. e. of Saratoga Springs. Ballston, Round, and Owl Lakes are small sheets of water in the s. part of the co. Among the mountains and forests in the n. are numerous other small lakes but little known. The Kayaderosseras and Luzerne Mts. are both principally composed of primary rocks. A stratum of crystalline limestone extends along the foot of the mountains ; and this is succeeded by Pots- dam sandstone. In these formations iron ore has been obtained ; but the beds have been imper- fectly explored.' The rocks in the s. half of the co. belong to the shales and slates of the Hudson River group. A large part of the co. is covered with drift deposits, consisting of sand and clay. The soil among the mountains is a light, sandy or gravelly loam, and is best adapted to grazing ; upon the intervales along the rivers it is a deep, fertile, clayey loam and alluvium ; and in the s. w. part it is a heavy, clayey loam. A strip of light sand occupies the greater part of the two eastern tiers of towns. The people are chiefly engaged in grain and stock raising. Lumbering and tanning are extensively carried on in the n. part of the co. Considerable attention is also paid to the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods and paper.* The county seat is located at the village of Ballston Spa, in the town of Milton.^ The courthouse, a 1 The origin of the word Saratoga is uncertain. The termina- tion " oga." or " aga," is said to signify " place." The first part of the word has been thought to imply " hillside" by some, and " place of salt springs" by others, — ■' soragh" in some Indian dialects being the name for salt. 2 See descriptions of Warren and Washington cos. 3 Among the other mineriils are agate, chalcedony, chryso- beryl, garnet, tourmalin, phosphate of lime, graphite, iron pyrites, and tufa. A full catalogue of minerals is given by Dr. Joba H. Steele in his geological 6ur\-ey of the co. 684 ^ Important manufactures have for many years been carried on in Milton, Moreau. Mechanicsville, Schuylerville. and Water- ford. The manufacture of lumber is chiefly limited to Glens Falls and Jessups Landing, on the Hudson. ^ The first courthouse wjis located 2 mi. 8. w. of Ballston Spn, By act of March "26, 1794, the sum of £1500 was appropriated to build a courthouse and jail; and in each of the following two years £G00 was added to the amount. John Bradstreet Schuyler, Richard Davis, jr., John Ball, John McClelland, and Jas. Emott, were appointed commissioners to superintend the erection of the SARATOGA COUNTY. 585 plain brick building, contains the usual rooms and offices and the jail. The co. clerk's office is a small building situated on Main Street. The co. poorhousc is situated on a farm of 112 acres Ih mi. N. w. of Ballston Spa. The average number of inmates is about 100 ; and the institution yields an annual revenue of §900.* The Champlain Canal extends along the Iludsou from AVaterford to the s. border of North- umberland, at vrhich point it crosses the river into AVashington co.^ The Saratoga & Schenec- tady li. K. extends from Saratoga Springs through Milton, Ballston, and Clifton Park to Schenec- tady.'* The Saratoga & Whitehall R. R. extends from Saratoga Springs n. through Wilton and Northumberland to Moreau, where it crosses the Hudson to Fort Edward. The Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R. crosses the Mohawk at AV^iterford, and passes through that town, Half Moon, Clifton Park, Malta, and Ballston to Ballston Spa. The Albany, Vermont & Canada R. R., cross- ing the Mohawk at Cohoes, intersects theR. & S. R. R. at Saratoga Junction, and crosses the Hudson at Deepikill into Rensselaer co. The Lake Ontario & Hudson River R. R.* has been laid out and partly worked from Saratoga Springs through Greenfield, Corinth, and Hadley. Eight weekly and 4 daily papers are published in the co.^ The greater part of this co. is embraced within the "Half Moon," "Clifton Park" or "Shan- nondhoi," "Saratoga," "Appel," and " Kayaderosseras" or " Queensborough'* Patents.® The last named patent includes the greater part of the co. The purchase of the tract was confirmed by the Mohawks, July 2G, 1G83. The bounds were so loosely defined that disputes arose between the buildings. By an act passed March 14, 1817, Jas. Merrill, Elisha Powell, Isaac Gere, John Gibson, and Gilbert Warring were jip- pointeti cuinmissioners to superinteBd the erection of new build- ings iu the place of the old ones, which had been burned. 1 The house is reported as old, ill constructed, and badly out of repair, but generally well kept. — Report of Si'nat^' Com., 1857. 2 The towing path of the canal is constructed across the river on the Fort Miller Bridge. 3 This was the second R. R. built in the U. S. It is leased and ysod by the Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R. * Formerly the Saratoga & Sackets Harbor R. R. 6 The }Vat€r/ord Gazette, the first paper published in the co., was established at Waterford about 1801, by Horace L. Wadsworth, and was continued until after 1S16. The Waterfiird Biporter was published in 1S22 by Wm. L. Fisk. The Anti Masonic Recorder was published at Waterford in 1830 by J. C. Johnson. The Waterf'/rd Atlas was started Dec. 1, 1832, by Wm. Holland & Co. In ISai it waa changed to The Waterford Aflas and Manufacturers, MecJutnics^ and Far- m*:r.s"' Journal. It was soon after discontinued. The Democratic Champion was published at Waterford in 1840 by H. Wilber. Tlie Waterford Sentinel was started by Andrew Uoffmaii. and is now published by J. H. Masten. The Sarat-.ga Advertiser vias established at Ballston in 1S04 by Samuel B. Brown. It was changed soon after to The .4«r"r(i Bnrealis and Saratoga Advertiser, and published by Brown & Miller. About ISIO it again passed into the hands of Mr. Brown, and was changed to The Advertiser, and continued some years. The Independent American was started Sept. 27, 1808, by Wm. Child. In May, 1818, it appeai'ed as r/te Peopb's }Vaich Tower, published by Jaa. Comstock ; and in lS20a8 The Saratoga Farm>rr. published by H. G. Spaflford. In 1821 it was changed to The Ballston Spa Gazette and Saratoga Farmer, and in 1822 to The Ballston .*ipa Gazette, published by J. Comstock. April 20, is47, it appeared as The Ballston Democratic Whig Journal^ edited by J. 0. Nodyne. Tn 1848 it W!ig changed to Tl&e Ballston Journal ; and it is now published by Al- bert A. Moore. The Sarat-'xja Courier was published at Ballston in 1818 by Ulysses F. Doubleday. The Saratoga Journal was published at Ballston by Josiah Bunce, in . The Saratoga Recorder and Anti Masonic Democrat waa pub- lished in 1831 by D. Tehao. Tlte New Tork I^Uadium was published in 1831 by Ansel Warren. T^e Schenedady and Saratoga Standard was published at Balls- tou In 1832-33 by Israel Sackett. The BaUston Democrat waa started in 1843 by Newell Hine. In 1 8.'(3 it was united with the Northern Mirror as The Ballsto}} Democrat and Mirror. It is now published as TUe Ballston Atlas, by Sej'mour Chase. Tlie Northern Mirror was started by S. Chase, and in 1853 it was unitod with the Ballston Democrat. The Saratoga Gazrtte was published at Saratoga Springs in 1^10. The Saratoga Patriot was etarted by Samuel R. Browu, and in 1812 it waa removed to Albany. The SaraUtga Sentinel was commenced in 1819 by G. M. David- son, and in 1845 it was merged in The Republican. The Saratoga Whiq was started in 1839 by Ruling & Watts. Sold to G. W. Spooner in 1840, and afterward to E. G. Ilnling. In 1S61 it was changed to Tlie Saratoga County Press. A daily edition, started in 1S44. was issued in 1S55 as The Saratoga Daily News, Huling &. Morehouse, pub- lishers. The Datlg Si'n/inel was started at Saratoga Springs in 1842 by Wilbur & Palmer. From 1855 to 18&7 it was issued as Tlie Daily I'ost, and then changed back to The Sentinel. Jan. 1. 1859, it was merged with The Republican. Tlie Republican, da. and w., was started in 1844 by John A. Corey, and in 1853 it passed into the hands of Thos. G, Young. Jan. 1, 1S59, it was united with The Sentinel, under the title of Tlie Republican <& Sentinel^ da. and w., Thos. G. Young, publisher. The Old Sctthr was pub. at Saratoga in 1849 by A. H. Allen. T^e Advent Revievj and Sabhath Herald, semi-mo., was published in 1850 by Jas. White. The Tempera7ice Helper was started in Jan. 1853, by the Sara- toga Co. Temperance Alliance. In 1855 it was bought by Potter & Judson, and in 1856 it was chaniicd to The Saratogian. A daily edition is published during the summer season. The Saratoga Sentinel waa etarted in 1^54 by Allen Corey, and sold in May, 1855, to Clark & Thayer. The &hiii/lfrviVe Herald was published at Scbuylerville in 1844 by J. L. Cramer. Old Saratoga was started in 1S4S at Schuylcrville by J. L. Cra- mer, and continued until 1852. Battle Ground Herald was published at Scbuylerville fiom Aug. IsrA till July. 1857. by K. N. Atwell & Co. The Saratoga Connty American, started in Dec. 1857, id now published at Schuylcrville by J. R. Rock- well. The Stillwatrr Gazette was commenced at Stillwater in 1845 by Isaac A. Pitman, and wns published about 3 year^. The Cbld Water Batte.rij was pubhshed at Stillwater "in 1845 by Isa;ic A. ritnian. 77i^ Hudson River Chronicle waa published at Mechanicsville from Oct. 1866, to March, 185S, by Samuel Heron. The Crescent Eagle was published in 1H52 by C. Ackerman. TIte Morning Star was published at Mechanicsville in 1854-56, by C. Smith & Co. 8 The "Half Moon" Patent, including Waterford and part of Half Moon, was granted to Anthony Van Schaick. The •■ Sara- toga Patent," inrhiding the present towns of Kaston, Saratoga, and Stillwater, was granted, Xov. 4. 1684, to Cornelius Van Dyck, Jan Jans Bleecker, Peter Phillips Schuyler. Johanne.** Wendell. Dirk Wessels, David Schuyler, and Robt. Livingston. The " Clifton I'ark Patent," embracing the e. part of the pnt^ent town of Clifton Park and the w. part of Half Moon, was granted Sept. 23, 1708. The "Appel Patent." in the w. part of the pro- sent town of Cliflon Park, was about ^ mi. wide on the Mohawk and cxt«>ndcd back nearly 4i mi. The '■ Kayaderosseras I'atent"' was grunted Nov. 2, 1708, to Manning Hermanse, Johannes Ile-k- man. Rip Van Dam, Ann Bridges, May Bcckley, Peter Faur.,n- neer, Adrian Hogelandt, Johannes Fisher, John Tuder. Joviii Hogclandt. John Stevens. John Totham, and Samson Broughton. This pati-nt contained 400,000 acres, and embraced nearly ail ol Saratoga co. N. of the small patents already described, and por- tions of Montgomery, Fulton, and Warren cos. The portion ut the CO. N. of this patent waa embraced in the "Palmer'' an) "Glen" purchaeeB. 586 SARATOGA COUNTY. proprietors and the owners of the Schenectady, Clifton Park, and Half Moon Patents, which were not settled until after the Revolution. The first eettlemeuts iu tlie co. were made by the Dutch, within a few years after their iirst colo- nization of the country about Alljanj-. These settlements commenced near Waterford, on the Mohawk, and gradually extended up the valley of the Hudson. Lying in the great thoroughfare between the English settlements at Albany and the French posts on Lake Champlain, the continual passing of military parties checked the progress of settlement and exposed the few hardy pioneers to all the dangers and anxieties of border warfare. Immediately after the conquest of Canada, in 1760, settlements rapidly extended along the river valleys and to some distance into the interior. During the Revolution, some of the most important events of the war transpired within the limits of this CO. Upon the approach of Burgoyne in 1777, Gen. Schuyler retreated from Fort Edward and made a stand first at Saratoga, then at Stillwater, and finally at the mouths of the Mohawk.' This last stand he considered tlie best position for checking the advance of the enemy, which he was expecting both from the n. and w. The inhabitants of the co. above fled in consternation to Albany, leaving tlieir homes and fields of grain to be destroyed by the advancing foe. The islands at the mouth of the Mohawk were fortified about the 1st of August, and Burgoyne took possession of Fort Edward at nearly the same time. While the armies lay in this position, two events took place which served greatly to embarrass Burgoyne and to render sure his final defeat. The first of these was the defeat of Baum at Bennington, and the second the retreat of St. Leger from the siege of Fort Schuyler.^ The American army iu the mean time, under Gen. Gates, who had superseded Gen. Schuyler, advanced toward the enemy, and about the 1st of September took possession of and fortified the high bluffs known as Beniis Heights, upon the river, in the N. part of Stillwater.^ Greatly perplexed and embarrassed, Burgoyne finally concluded to continue his march toward Albany. On the 14th of September he crossed the Hudson, above the mouth of the Batten Kil, into the n. part of Sara- toga, and continued his march southward. On the 19th the first battle of Stillwater was fought, in front of the American intrenchments at Bemis Heights. The American loss was 315 and the British 500, the former returning to their camp and the latter retaining possession of the battle field. On the 7th of October another severe battle was fought, in which the British lost 700 and the Americans 150. During the succeeding night the British abandoned their camp and retreated northward, and finally took position upon the heights of Saratoga, just w. of the present village of Schuylerville. Here Burgoyne found himself completely hemmed in. A victorious and houidy increasing army was in front; a strong detachment was posted on the E. bank of the river to pre- vent his crossing that stream; Fort Edward, in his rear, had been taken by the Americans; his bravest officers had fallen in battle ; Lord Howe had failed to afford the promised support from New York ;* and his army was reduced to the last extremity for want of provisions. Under these circumstances, the British commander reluctantly yielded to an imperative necessity, and on the 16th of October signed articles of capitulation. On the 17th the whole British army laid down their arms and were marched eastward to Mass." The close of this campaign left the co. stripped of nearly every evidence of civilized occupation. The fear of continued Indian hostilities prevented the immediate re-occupation of the abandoned lands ; but after the close of the war settlements rapidly spread. Since this period few incidents of general interest have occurred, and the history is but the record of the everyday events connected with the conversion of a wilderness into fruitful fields and happy homes. BAliIiSTOlX* — was formed from Saratoga as a district, April 1, 1775, and was organized as a town, INIarch 7, 1788. Charlton, Galway, and IMilton were taken off in 1792, and the line of Charl- 1 This retreat was occa.<r a term of yt-ars to pay for their passage. 3 Mr. Ball was induced to settle by a donation of 500 acres of l:iiid from the proprietors of the "Five Mile Square." He was thi' piistor of the lirst religious society formed in town. Ilia father and Gen. Washington's mother (Mary Ball) were first cousins. Tlia son, John, was a lieutenant in the army during and took 24 prisoners. After crossing the Kayaderosseras, Maj. Munro addressed his men. stating his expectation that they would be pursued, and directing that in case of an attack everV prisoner should at once be killed. For this brutal order he w:w ca-'^hiered on his arrival at Jlontreal. Three aged or infirm prisoners were allowed to return, and the rest reached Kulwjig-j;y Bay on the eighth day, whence tbey passed into Caiiiida. Tbe notorious Joe Bettys, with about 30 refugees, in Mav. 17S1, captured 5 jirisoners; and at the same time Judge White and 4 others were taken on the e. side of Long Lake, h\ anothei the Uevoliition. i gang, and marched off to Canada, cxc-'jiting one. w!ir» cscripcd, Among theseearlvsettlerswpre Judge Beriah Palmer, (after' ward :M. C.) Judge Kpenetus ^yhite, Edward A. Watrous. Capt. Stephen AVhitfl. Paul Pierson, Capt. Tyrannus Collins, Ilez. Middlebrook. Elisba Benedict. John Higby, Edmund Jenm'ngs, Saml. Nash, and Joseph Bettys and his son *-Joe,"' (who was afterward hung as a tory spy.) all from New England; Capt. Kenneth Gordon, and McCrea. from N. J.; families named Shearer, ^IcDermids, and Frazers. from Scotland; and Gen. Jas. Gordon. George Scott. Francis Hunter, and 3 brothers Kennedy, from the north of Ireland. The Scotch families settled in '■ ficotch Bush" and " Paisley Street." Gen. Gordon was a colonel in the army during the Revolution, and afterward a prominent Col. Gordon and several others afterward escapeil from Ibe Isle of Orleans, and with great hardship made their w-.^y thr.nmh the ^vilderness to the St.Johnf», antl thence to the^ettlepneiits iii Maine. Tbey there learned of the peace, and returned bonu; by way of Halifax and Boston. « 2 Christian. Bap.. Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. 7 Pronounced All-l'Ioss, and .tiunifjes "eel-pJace." 8 Among the ofbnr early settlers w.-ie David MaxwelL .Toscpb La Rue, John McKnight, John Taylor, and Jesso Conde. who came in 1776. Dovi.s &. Bostwick kept the fir^it store; Har- mons the first inn, John Rogers built the first sawmill, and John Holmes the first gristmill citizen in the town and co. The first death recorded by toml>- 1 ^ The census reports 4 churclies ; 2 Presb.. Prot E., and M. K. stone in town wasthat ofGen. Gordon's mother, whodied in 1776. 1 '^ EHtablisbed in 1841. by Roscitis R.Kennedy. It is undei S On the 16th of Oct. 1780. a party of 410 regulars and Indians the pntrnnage of the Troy (M. E.) Conference, from Canada, under Maj. Munro, a tory from Schenectady, made : " At this place the canal crosses the river on a fine stono their apjinarance iu the Ballston settlement. They designed to aqueduct. attack Schenectady; but, after remaining encamped several] '2 xhe patentees were John and .Tohannes Fort, Gerret and days, they returned without effecting this object. They i)il- , Maaa Ryckse, John and Ryerse (iuackenbass, and Dcrick Bratt, laL'ed and burnod several houses at Ballston, killed one man, most of whom were earli' settlers. 588 SARATOGA COUNTY. Mohawk Valley, previous to 1700. The names of the first settlers and the precise date of their settlement are unknown. The first chureli (B;ip.) was organized Sept. 3, 1794; Rev. Abijah Peck was the founder and first pastor.' CORINTH — was formed from Hadley, April 20, 1818. A part of Moreau was annexed Jan. 28, 1848. It lies upon the Hudson, in the n.e. part of the co. The Kayaderosseras Mt. Range occupies the central and N. parts, and the Palmertown Mts. the s. E. coi-ner. The declivities of these mountains are steep, rough, and broken, and their summits are rocky and mostly covered with forests. A valley 4 mi. wide separates the two ranges. The principal streams are the Ilndson, forming the n.e. border, and Colo Brook, flowing along the s. foot of the mountains. The Great Falls, in the Hudson, are on the border of this town.'^ Among the mountains in the n. part are several fine lakes, the principal of which are Efnor, Hunt, Jenny, and Black Lakes. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Lumbering is extensively carried on, the Hudson River and small streams from the hills furnishing an abundance of water-power. Jessups Liillitlin^, (Corinth p.o.,) on the Hudson, contains 3 churches and 88 dwellings; and South Corintli (p. v.) 1 church and 30 dwellings. The first settlement was made near S. Corinth, in 1790, by Fred. Parkraan, AVashington Chapman, Jeremiah Eddy, Jephtha Clark, and Jonathan Dewel.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized June 1, 1822.* DAY — was formed from Edinburgh and Hadley, as " Concord," April 17, 1810. Its name was changed Dec. 3, 1827. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is principally occupied by several spurs of the Kayaderosseras Mts. Oak and Bald Mts., the principal peaks, near the center of the town, are 900 feet above the river. The whole mountain region is wild, rugged, and rocky, and scarcely susceptible of cultivation. The Sacandaga River flows in a narrow valley through tlie s. part. Its course is tortuous, and it is navigable through the town. Paul, Glass House, and Aliens Creeks are the other principal streams. Livingston, Sand, and Mud Lakes are small bodies of water in the n. part. The soil is a moderately fertile, sandy and clayey loam. Lumbering is extensively carried on. Iluutsville (West Day p.o.) is a hamlet in the s. w. part. Day is a p.o. The first permanent settlers were Phineas Austin, James Thomas, and Dyer Perry, and families named Clay and Bond. The first religious meetings were held in the barn of Peter Van Vleck, in 1801-02. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1809. The census reports 2 churches; Christian and Ref Prot. D. EDINBURGH— was formed from Providence, March 13, 1801, as "Mrthjield," and its. name was changed April G, 1808. A part of Day was taken off in 1819. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is principally occupied by two high mountain ridges separated by the valley of the Sacandaga River. The mountain regions are rocky and broken, with a thin, sandy or gravelly soil, and are covered with forests. Beechers Creek is a small mill stream w. of the river. The soil on the river flats is a good quality of clayey and gravelly loam. Lumbering is the chief occupation of the people. Dafrhelerville, (p. v.,) on the e. bank of the Sacondaga, contains 30 houses ; and Beechers Hollow, (Edinburgh p. o.,) on the w. side of the river, 12. The first settlers came in about 1790 and located in the valley below "Fish House."* The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1798, by Rev. Jlr. Munroe, from Galway.' Traces of an ancient Indian burial place are visible on the s. bank of the Sacandaga, near the border of Day.' GAliWAY' — was formed from Ballston, March 7, 1792. Providence was taken off in 1796. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its n. half is occupied by a group of rounded hills forming the southern continuation of the Kayaderosseras Mts. The surface of the s. half is gently undulating. The principal streams are head branches of Feegowesee and Calderwood Creeks and the Mourning Kil. The soil is generally a heavy clay, intermixed in places with sand and gravel. Galway, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, was incorp. April 18, 1838. It contains 3 churches, a female seminary,' and about 45 houses; fVest Galway, (p. v.,) on the border of Fulton CO., contains 1 church and 20 houses. Yorks Corners, (E. Galway p.o.,) in the n.e. 1 The census reports 6 churclies : 4 M. E., Bap., Ref. Prot. D. 2 See description of Warren CO., page 670. 8 AmoTip: the early settlers were Daniel Boardnian and Ste- phen and Wm. Bray tun, at Jessnps Landing: Klial Lindsay, at Great Falls: and Ambrose Clothier, in the s. E. part of the town, in 179fi. Stephen Ashley kept the tirst inn. about ISOO: and Daniel Boardman kept the tirst store and built the first grist- niiU. about 1793. * There are 3 churches in town : Bap., Presb., M. E. *> In 1791 the following persons were livins: in the valley, viz.: Moees Crane, Jacobus Filldus, Daniel Washburn, John Sumner, Obadiah Perry, and Saml. Rngers. Daniel Abbott, from Conn., taupht the first school, in 1794 : Chatfield kept the firet store, in 179fi: Isa.ac Deming built the first gristmill, in 1793; and Palmer Munroe. the first woolen factory, in 1808. 6 The census reports 3 churches: 2 M. E., Presb. ' Tradition says that a band of Canadian Tndi.ins in canoes, on an expedition against the Mohawks, at this place fell into an ambiiscade and were all slain. Bullets are frequently cut out of the trees in this vicinity. 8 Named from the native place of the first Scotch settlers. 9 The Galway Academy. SARATOGA COUNTY. 589 part, 9l08hcrviIIc, (p.o.,) near the N. border, Whiteside Corners, (p.o.,) in the n.w., Soutb Galtvay (p.o.) and Wortll Galwaj' (p.o.) are hamlets. The first settlers, from Galway, Scotland, located in town in 1774.' Rev. Simeon Smith, from Canterhook, came in town in 1778, and located near Yorka Corners.'' He formed the first religious society (Bap.) during the following year." GREEMFIELiO— was formed from Saratoga and Milton, March 12, 1793. A part of ITadley was taken oft' in 1801. It occupies a position a little N.w. of the center of the co. The Palmertown Mountain Range extends along the E. border, and the Kayaderosseras Range occupies the w. pait of the town. A valley 6 mi. wide separates these ranges. The principal streams are the Kaya- derosseras and its branches. The soil is generally a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Sections of the surface are very stony. Iron ore has been found in the e. part. Greenfield Center (p.v.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 85. Janiesville, (Middle Grove p.o.,) on the s. border, con- tains 1 church, 2 paper mills, and 31 houses; Mount Pleasant, (p.v..) in the n.w. corner, a glass factory and 140 inhabitants: and Porters Corners, (p.v.,) near the center of the town, 2 churches and 20 houses. West Greenfield, (p.o.,) IVortli Greenfield, (p.o.,) and Pages Corners are hamlets. Rev. Elias Gilbert was the first preacher, in 1792. Hag- gerty and Root located near Ilaggerty Hill in 1784.* The census reports 9 churches in town.' HADLiET — was formed from Greenfield and Northumberland, Feb. 27, 1801. Its boundaries were amended Feb. 28, 1808. Corinth was taken oiF in 1818, and a part of Day in 1819. It lies upon the Hudson, in the N. E. corner of the co. A large share of its surface is occupied by the peaks and ridges of the Kayaderosseras Mts. Mt. Anthony is an isolated peak in the s. e. part.' Sacandaga River flows through the s. part. Its valley is narrow; and below Conklingville its current is rapid and frequently interrupted by falls. The soil generally is a coarse, yellowish, un- productive sand and gravel. Lumbering and tanning are extensively carried on. ConKling- ville, (West Iladley p.o.,) on the Sacandaga, in the w. part of the town, contains 1 church, a large tannery,' and 39 houses. Hadley (p. o.) is a hamlet at the junction of Sacandaga and Hudson Rivers. Richard Hilton commenced the first settlement, just after the close of the Revolu tion, on the Hudson.' The census reports 2 churches in town ; a F. W. Bap. and a Wes. Meth. HAL.F MOOW— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. Its name was changed to " Orange" April 17, 1816, and the original name was restored Jan. 16, ■ 1820. Waterford was taken ofi' in 1816, and Clifton Park in 1828. Its surface is undulating and broken by the narrow ravines of small streams. Hudson River forms the E. boundary, and the Mohawk a portion of tlie s. The river intervales are about J mi. wide, and are bordered by a line of steep, clay bluffs 60 to 100 feet high. The other streams are Anthonys, Dwaas, and Steena Kils. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam upland, and a fine quality of alluvium in the intervales. Crescent'" (p.v.) is a canal \-illage near the center of the s. border of the town. Pop. 593. IMiddleto'R'n, (Half Moon p. o.,) \l mi. e. of Crescent, has a pop. of 230; nieelianirsville, (p. V.,) at the mouth of Anthonys Kil, lies mostly in Stillwater. Pop. in Half IMoon, 495. Clif- ton Park (p. V.) is on the w. line. IVcwtoT^'n, Sniitbton-n, and Grays Corners are hamlets. The first settlements are supposed to have been made between 1080 and '90, by Germans, on the Mohawk Flats." The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized jn 1800." ^ Among the oarlv settlers were John and James Major, John McClelland. Wm,, Roht., and Alex. Kelse.v, and John Slollarg, who all came over in the same ship, in 1774. The first death was that of James Major, killed hy the fall of a tree. Sept. 11. 1776; John McClelland or Prcnderfcast kept the tirat store, in 17S0; Daniel Campbell built the first gristmill. 2 Mr. Smith was accompanied by his parents and ."5 brothers- in-law, Simeon IJabcock, Reuben Mattison, and Joseph Rawn. 3 The census reports 6 churches in town ; 2 Bap., Christian, Friends, M. E., and Presb. * Among the other eiuly settlers were Brewster, Wm. Scott, a boldier of the Kcvolutiou, who came in 1785; Isaac liemmon, John Benedict. Nath'l Seymour, and Benj. Ingham, in 17S7 ; Jas. Vail andCbas. Mirick, in 178'J; Isaac and l)arius .Stephens. Reynolds and his suns, in 1790; EBeckTurletot,in 179;j; and Miner, soon after. Scribner taught the first school, in 1792 ; Joel Reynolds kept the first inn, in 1789; Gershum Morehouse luiilt the tiist saw and grist mill, at Middle Grove, the same year. Beiy. Clinch kept the fiVst store, at Porters Corners, in 1787. 5 3 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 Friends, Cong., and tJniT. * Iron ore was formerly obtained on the w. side of this moun- tain, to supply the furnace at Luzerne. T Tins tannery consumes 5,000 cords of bark and manufactures .50,000 aides ofleather per annum. e Alex. Stewart settled on the IXudson in 17SS; Elijah Ellis, on the 8. Bide of the Sacondaga, Ricard, on the N., and Henry Walker, at Hadley, in 1790. Wilson taught the first SLhool, in 1791-92. Delano k Hazard built the first sawmill, in 1791 : and -41ex. Stewart, the first gristmill, in 1^03. Jonathan Flan, ders kept the first inn, and Jeremy Rockwell the first store, in 1807. Col. Gordon Conkling built the tannery at Conklingville and placed the first steam tug on the river. " Named from the crescent shape of the land between the Hudson and the Mohawk. 10 The canal crosses the Mohawk at this place on a stone aque duct 1,150 feet long and supported by 26 stone piers. u In 1689 it was resolved by the authorities of Albany to lo- move the fort about the house and barn of Ilarmo Lievese, at Half Moon, to a more convenient place, — from which it is in ferred that a considerable settlement existed at that time. In 1714 the precinct of Half Moon contained 101 inhabitaiHs. Among the early settlers were Oldert Onderkirk, on the flats, Fort, on the Judge Leiand farm, and Taylor, at Mo- chanicsville, before 1763. The ancient stone house on the Dana- bach place, in the 8. w. comer of the town, was built in 1718, by Killian Van Den Bergh. There was a sawmill on Steena Kil, near Crescent, in 1762. Wm. Bradshaw built a gristmill on Dwaas Kil at the close of the Revolution. A bridge was erected across the Mohawk in 1794, at a coat of $12,000. 12 The census reports 7 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Bap., Wee. Meth., Fresh., and Friends. 590 SARATOGA COUNTY. MALTA — was formed from Stillwater, March 3, 1802, and a part of Saratoga was annexed March 28, 1805. It lies upon the w. bank of Saratoga Lake; s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is chiefly an undulating upland, 60 to 80 feet above Saratoga Lake, and broken by the deep gullies of small streams. The streams are Kayadcrosseras Creek, forming the n. boundary, Balls- ton Outlet Creek, an inlet, and Anthonys Kil, the outlet of Round Lake, and Drummonds Brook, flowing into Saratoga Lake. Round Lake, in the s. e., is nearly circular, and 1 mi. in diameter. A swampy region covering an area of several hundred acres lies in the n. e. part of the town, at the mouth of the Kayaderosseras. The soil is principally a light, sandy loam, with clay and muck in the lowlands. I>uiiuiis§r Street, (Malta p. o.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 17 houses. MaltaviHe, (p. o.,) in the s. part, IVIalta Ridg'e^ in the n, and Hall§ Corners, are hamlets. The first settlers were two men named Drummond and McKelpin, whc came bcfDre the Revolution and located w. of the lake.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.^ MIliTO^^ — was formed from Ballston, March 7, 1792, and a part of Greenfield was taken off in 1793. It lies a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly in the n., and undulating in the s., with a slight inclination toward Kayadcrosseras Creek, which flows s.e. through the center of the town. This stream has a rapid fall and furnishes a valuable water- power. Kayawese Creek, from the w., is its principal tributary. In the n. part are limestone ridges, extensively quarried for building stone and lime. The Saratoga mineral spring region extends through the s.e. part. The soil is generally a sandy loam. JBallston 8l>a, (Ballston p. 0.,) the CO. seat, was incorp. March 21, 1807. It is situated on Kayadcrosseras Creek, in the S.E. corner of the town. It contains the co. buildings, 2 seminaries,^ 5 churches, 2 printing oflBces, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 2,285, of which 1,941 are in this town. This village has long been celebrated for its mineral springs.^ Rocli. City Mills (p- v.) contains 3 paper mills and 34 houses ; West Milton (p. v.) a church, a paper mill, a shingle mill, a hoe fac- tory, and 40 houses ; SSloodville a scythe, edge tuol, and knitting factories, and 40 houses ; and Factory Villag'e 2 paper mills and 22 houses. Milton Center and Cranes Village are hamlets. The first settlement in town was made by David Wood and his sons Stephen, Benj., Elijah, Nathan, and Enoch, who purchased 600 acres and moved into town before the Revolu- tion.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized Jan. 22, 1703.' MOREAl'^ — was taken from Northumberland, March 28, 1805. A part was annexed to Corinth in 1848. It lies in the great bend of the Hudson, in the n.e. corner of the co. The w. part of the town is occupied by the rocky and precipitous peaks of the Palmertown Mt. Range. The central and e. portions are undulating and broken by the narrow ravines of small streams. The Hudson River forms the n., the e., and a part of the w. boundary of the town. Upon its course are numerous rapids and waterfalls.^ The Snook Kil and its tributaries drain the s. part of the town. The soil is generally a light, yellow, sandy loam, but in the s. and w. are tracts of clay and gravel, Soutli Oleus Falls, (P-^'-j) ^^ ^^^^ Hudson, opposite Glens Falls, contains several manufacturing establishments;^'* pop.513. Fortsville, (p. v.,) in the central part, contains 25 houses. Clarks Corners, Reynolds Corners, and State Dam are hamlets. Moreau Station is a p. o., situated on the R. & "NV. R. R. Settlements are said to have been made before the Revolution ; but their history is only a vague tradition.'^ The first church (Bap.) was built in 1795.*' 1 Tliese men were puspected of toryism and were driven from the CO. Michaol Dunninp;. with 6 sons and 3 daufrliters, from Conn., rame into town in 1777-78. John Rhoades and Timothy Sliipmau were the first settlors on Malta Ridge: Itobt. and John Hunter and Jehiel Parks located at Maltaville about the commencement of the Revolntion. water is similar to that of the Sarato<:a Springs, only less strong. Gas is copiously discharged with these waters. 8 Benajah Douglas, grandfather of lion. Stephen A. Douglas, built a log honsy near tho spring, for the accommodation of visitors, in 1702. Silas Adams and ElijaU TValbridge located in tho N. part of the town in 1784-85. In 1792 Nicholas Low * 2 M. E., Cong., Prot. A[eth., and Presb. i built a tavern close by the spring; and in 1S04 he erected the * The Ballston Sn;i Institute, for bova. waH PBt,ibIished in 1846. *- Sans Souci Hotel." * The Ballston Spa Institute, fur boys, waa eetablished in 1846. ! *■ Pans Souci Hotel. The Ballston Spa Academy was opened in 1855. * In the village are a cotton, oilcloth, edge tool, 2 seamless ba.g. and 2 knitting factories, a tanntry, and 2 gristmills. A mfg. CO. was incorp. here 5Iarch 10, 1810. 6 Thesn springs were first discovered in tho survey of the Kayaderosscras Patent in 1769. They are situated on the mar- gin of a small stream that flows into Kayadcrosseras Creek. 'I'he OJd SpHti/j, formerly much nsed, was greatly impaired by the opening of La Fayette Spring, within 30 feet, in 1825. \Vashi7i(f(cm ■'^ring was obtained in 1S27, by boring 237 feet in the slate. The Saline, or Unltefl States Spring, is considerably impregnated with salt. Besides these are tlie Fulton and Frtmk- tin Spri/ig.': and the Xoio Well. In 1817, 4 springs were dis- rovcred within 20 feet of each other in the bed of the stream. Tlieir properties were unlike, and afler a little time they be- rame fresh. These springs are generally clear, cool, and spark- ling. Their average temperature is about 50°. Tlie mineral properties are diflJarent in different Kprings: but generally the 7 The census reports S churches id town; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. 8 N amed from M arshal Moreau, who visited the U. S. in 1804-05. 9 See page 690. 10 In this village are 2 sasU and blind factories, a tub and spoke factory, planing mill, broom handle factory, an extensive sawmill, and marble factory. Cheney Sc Arne's sawmills employ 75 men, run 150 to 190 eaws, and manufacture more than 10,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. The marble manufactured is a black variety obtained from the Chaay limestone in the immediate vicinity. 11 A man named Marvin was the fii-st settler at Fortsville, about 1795 ; Edward and Elgah Durham and Holly St. John were the first settlers at Clarks Corners ; Hamilton built tho first gristmill, about 1800. Abel Craiidall kept the first inn, in 1798. 12 The cen3u.s reports 5 charches ; Bap., Cong., M. E., Union, and Ii'riends. SARATOGA COUNTY. 591 I«ORTHri»IBERl,..lI«»— was formed from Saratoga, March 16, 1798. A p;irt of Iladley wa« taken off in 1801, Moreau in 1805, and "Wilton in 1818. It lies upon the Hudson, N. of the center of the co Its surface is IcTcl or undulating and broken hy deep ravines. A line of clay and slate bluffs, 30 to 100 feet high, extends along the river. Snook Kil and its tributary, Beaver Dam Creek, are the principal streams. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam. This town shares with Fort Edward the Fort Miller Falls.' GanseTOOrt,^ (P'-V.,) on Snook Kil, in the N. part of the town, contains 2 churches and a pop. of 1G2. It is a station on the S. & W. R. R. Bacon Hill' (p.o.) and nrortliiinibei'land, (p.o.,) in the s.e. part of the town, are hamlets. Fort Miller was built in this town in 1755, under the direction of Col. Miller. It was located upon the flat, above the rapids, and was enclosed on three sides by the river. A blockhouse was built on the heights that commanded the position on the w. The first settlers probably came in before the Revolution. Among them was a man named Munroe,* who built the first sawmill, at Gansevoort.' There are 4 churches in town.* PROTIDEIVCE — was formed from Galway, Feb. 5, 1796, and Edinburgh was taken off in 1801. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the N. e. and broken and hilly in the s. w. The high regions along the N. and E. borders are mostly covered with forests. Hagadorns, Hans, Cadmans, and Frenchmans Creeks, small mill streams rising in the mountains and flowing s. w. into Fulton co., are the principal watercourses. The soil is chiefly a coarse, yellow sand or gravel of poor quality. Large tracts are stony and rocky. Wooden ware, leather, and lumber are extensively manufactured. BarUersvIlle (p.o.) and Ila^adorn IIollOTT are hamlets. Providence and ff . Providence are p. offices. The first settle- ment was made previous to the Revolution, but the settlers were driven off during the war. Among the first settlers after the war were Nathaniel Wells and Seth Kellogg.' There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Christian, and M. E. SARATOGA'— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. Easton (Washington co.) was taken off in 1789, a part of Greenfield in 1793, Northumberland in 1798, a part of Malta in 1805, and Saratoga Springs in 1819. It lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the E. border of the co. A range of high, rounded, and sometimes terraced hills extends N. and s. through the central and w. parts. These hills rise 450 feet above the Hudson and slope in every direction. Narrow alluvial flats bordered by high clay bluffs extend along the Hudson. Saratoga I,;ike forms a portion of the w. boundary. Fish Creek, the outlet of the lake, flowing through the n. part of the towTi, is the principal stream : and upon it are several fine mill sites. The other streams are small brooks. The soil n. of Fish Creek is light and sandy, and in the remaining parts of the town it is a gravelly and clayey loam. Three mineral springs, known as "Quaker Springs," issue from the Hudson River slate, in a ravine a little s.e. of the center of the town.' Scliuylerville,'" (p. v.,) incorp. April 16, 1831, is situated on the river, at the mouth of Fish Creek. It contains 4 churches, the Schuylerville Academy, a newspaper office, a bank, cotton factory, and foundery; pop. 1,184. Victory Mills, (p. v.,) situated on Fish Creek, con- tains 1 church, a machine shop, and an extensive cotton factory;" pop. 729. Quaker Springs, (p. V.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 22 houses. Grang'er- ville, (p. 0.,) on Fish Creek, is a hamlet. Deans Corners (p.o.) and Coveville are hamlets. Settlement was begun in the early part of the last century, upon the Hudson.'^ The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed before the Revolution." The census reports 7 churches in town." SARATOGA SPRINGS— was formed from Saratoga, April 9, 1819. It occupies a nearly central position in the co. Its surface is rolling or moderately hilly. Kayaderosseras Creek > S«> p. 682. « Named from Col. Poter Gansevoort, who located here eoon after the war. 3 Niimed from Ebenezer Bacon, who camo from Conn, in 1791, and opened the first framed tavern the same year. The place has been called *^ Fiddletown^* and "Popes Corner^* at different timep- * Munroe was a tory, and fled to Canada, and his property was confiscated. 6 Gansevoort discovered the irons of Munroe's mill and erected ft new sawmill. lie soon after Imilt a gristmill. Fort Miller bridge was first erected by a company incorp. March 16, 1S0:J. The present brid See page 698. i» t!y the U-rins of the act making Schenectady the co. ■eat. the courthouse was to be built at the expense of the city. The first county officers were Qcrrit S. Veeder. First Jwig^ ; Peter v. Veeder, Clerk ; Ja«. V. S. Riley, Sheriff; and Wm. J. Teller. Surrogate. u The first courts were held in tlie City Hall, and afterward In the West College. " The following is a nearly complete list of the newspapers in the CO. : — The Wfj^tem SpectMftr was iflfmed prior to 1807. The Si:henectadn Cabinft waH commenced in .Ian. 1S09, by Isaac Kit^p^s. In ISfiO it passed into the hands of S. S. Kiggs, who continued it until 1^57. The Western Budget was issued a short time in 1809. Tfif. Mohawk Advertiser was I'ub. in 1810 liy R. Scbermorhorn. T%e FlorCad, 8vo, mo., was publLsht^^ in ISll. The Schenectady Gazette waa published in 1812, by Ryer 8cher^ merhorn. The Schever.Uidjt CYiunty Whig waa issued in 18.10, by C. 0. and A. Paliner. and wa.t continnt-d until 18;'4. The Schenectrvtu Slitndard was pnlilished in 1831, by T. J, Sulhrincipal streams are Corrys Brook, Chuctenunda Creek, and Bozen Kil. Maria Pond and Featherstons Lake are 2 small bodies of water in the n. e. part, about 250 feet above the canal. The soil is principally a stifi", clay loam, with a slight intermixture of gravel. It is best adapted to pasturage, Duanesburgh (p. v.) contains about a dozen houses, Quaker Street*' (p.v.) 30, lUariaville" (p. v.) 20, and Branians Corners (p. v.) 18. Eatous Cor- ners is a hamlet. Large tracts in this town were purchased by different parties between 1736 and 1770,*^ but no active measures of settlement were taken till about the time of its itrganization in 1765. During that year Duane, who had become an extensive proprietor, con- r/i« Schenectady Morning Star, started Feb. 24. 1854. by W. M. Colboriie anuane»- burgh and Schoharie." It was made a separate district. March 24, 1772. Mr. I>uan« took an active part in public affairs during the Revolution and the earlier years of the State Government, and was a liberal benefactor of the town. 10 Boots and shoes, wagons, and sash and blinds, are manu- factured here. II Named from a daughter of James Duane. 12 Among the purchasers were Tlio.s. Freeman, in 173fi, Tim<»- thy Bagley. in 1737, A. P. and William Cosby, in 1738. Walter Butler, in 1739. and Jonathan Brewer, in 1770. Wm. Nr.rth. an officer of the Revolution, married a daughter of Duane and re- sided several years in this town. SCHENECTADY COUNTY. 597 tracted with 20 Germans from Penn., of whom 16 came on and made a permanent settlement.' The first church (Christs Ch., Prot. E.) was formed Aug. 3, 1795, and the church edifice was erected by Judge Duane. Rev. David Belden was the first rector.^ GEiElWIliElE' — was formed from Schenectady, April 14, 1820. It is the only tovrn in the CO. N. of the Mohawk. The central and w. parts are occupied by rugged and wooded hills abruptly rising from the valley of the river to a height of 300 feet. The E. part is nearly level. The streams are Crabbs Kil, Chaugh-ta-noon-da, Aalplaats,* and Jan Wemps Creeks, and Verf Kil. The soil among the hills is a stiflf clay, underlaid by hardpan, with an occasional out- crop of slate ; and in the E. part it is a sandy and gravelly loam. The Mohawk intervales are very fertile, and are chiefly devoted to the culture of broomcorn. GlenvlIIe (p. v.) contains 2 churchea and 20 houses, Scotia^ (p. v.) 2 churches and 266 inhabitants, Reesville 12 houses and a broom factory, and High Mills 13 houses, 1 grist and 2 saw mills, and woolen factory. Hoffuians Ferry' (p. o.) is a hamlet and r. r. station. East Glenville and Town Center are p. offices. Bridges connect this town with Schenectady and Niskayuna. Settlements were made about 1665, and were among the earliest in the co.' The Sanders House, in this town, was spared by the enemy when Schenectady was destroyed.' There are 5 churches in town.* 597 IVISKAYriVA"'— was formed from Watervliet, (Albany co.,) March 7, 1809. A part of Schenectady was annexed in 1853. It lies upon the Mohawk, in the E. part of the co. Its surface is mostly upland, terminating in steep bluifs upon the river valley. The intervales are very rich and productive. A strip of laud about 1 mi. wide, extending back from the summits of the blufiB, has a hard, clay soil, and a considerable portion of it is swampy and unfit for cultivation. Further s. the soil is sandy. Watervliet Center (p. o) is within the limits of this town. Kisl&a- yuna is a hamlet in the s. E. corner. The first settlements were made about 1640." The canal crosses the Mohawk into this town upon a magnificent stone aqueduct.'^ There is 1 church (Ref. Prot. D.) in town. PRIIVCETOWIV"— was formed from Schenectady, March 26, 1798. It lies a little w. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a broken upland, gently descending toward the s. e. The streams are Normans Kil in the s. and Zantzee Kil in the n." The soil is a heavy clay loam, underlaid by hardpan, and is best adapted to grazing. Princetovrn (p. o.) is a hamlet. The town was chiefly conveyed to Geo. Ingoldsby and Aaron Bradt, in 1737. Wm. Corry afterward became owner, and formed a settlement, which was long known as " Corrijshvsh." The town wa-s thinly settled at the time of the Revolution. The Princetown Academy, a Presb. institution, wa.i opened here, on an extensive scale, in 1853, and was discontinued in 1856. There are a Presb. and a Ref Prot. D. church in town. ROTTERDAM— was formed from Schenectady, April 14, 1820. A part of the city was annexed in 1853. It lies near the center of the Co., upon the s. bank of the Mohawk. The surface consists of a broken, hilly region in the N. w., a level intervale extending from the center toward the s., and a high plain in the E. The soil upon the w. hills is a tough clay, underlaid by shale, which frequently crops out. The central valley or plain, 5 mi. in extent, was called by the Dutch the " Jlonwlandf." The soil is a deep alluvium. The E. plateau is sandy and barren. Rotter- dam, Dlobawkville, and Factory ville are hamlets." Settlements were first made alxiut 1661.'* The first church was organized Aug. 29, 1800 ; Rev. Thos. Romeyn was the first pastor." 1 The tract embraced about 60,000 acres, and the lands were rented at the rate of $15 per 100 acres, on long leases. The agents of Sir Wnl. Johnson excited a prejudice against these lands which retarded their settlement. * There are in town 5 other churehes: Cameronian, Bap., Univ., Presb.. and Quaker. * Named from the original patentee. * •• Eel Place." 6 Locally pronounced " Sco^chy." * Harmanus Vedder established a ferry here about 1790. and it was called Vedders Ferry until 1885, when it waa bought by John Ib'ITman and the name was changed. 7 In Itjfio the country around Scotia was granted to Sanders Lendertsen Glen, a native of Scotland, who removed to Holland in 1645 on account of religious persecutions. After several years there spent in mercantile pursiiits, he migrated to " Krw N'-tkn-lun'h.'^ Van Slvcks Island was granted to Jacques Van Sl.yck, Nov. 13, 1662.— fiarfwr's Hut. On. 8 On a former occasion a party cf French, sent against the Mohawks, became reduced to the extremity of want, and were to Said to he a corruption of Nis ti-gioo-ne. or Co-nis-ti-gio.nL.. by which it is known on the old maps. The name is said to sig nify " extensive corn flats." The term was also api)lied to por- tions of Water\iiet and Half Moon, Upon the advent of the whites this place was occupied by a tribe of Indians known aa the ■' Omistviitme."— Barber rf- Howe's Hist. Cbll. iV. r„ p. 50S. " Among the early settlers were Clutes, Vedders, VanVrankens, Groots, Tymesons, IVarces, Jansens, and Van Bockhoovens, 12 By an act of 1805, Alexander Alexander was authorized to build a dam at this place. 13 Named from John Prince, a member of the Assembly from Albany co, at the time of the formation of the town, H Upon this stream, on the farm of Elien'r Dougall, is a cas- cade 60 feet high, and from this point to the Mohawk are numt^ rous rapids and ct^Ciides, 16 Among the early settlers were Wilhelmus Van Otto Vau Curawa, (a native of the island of Cura^oa.) Kyer .Schermerhoro, and Simon Veeder. The house of Van Otto 6too.000 for 9 professorships, with a salary of $1500 each. giiO.OOO for 6 assistant professorships, at $60U each. $|JO,000 for an astrouomical observatory. $20,000 for 60 auxiliary scholarships, of $10 and $12 per term. $60,000 for GOprizy scholarships foruiidergmdH;ites,or$15ond $18 per term; in cirtain cases to be increased to $24. $45,000 for 9 scholarships for graduates or fellows, of $300 each. $20,000 for a cemetery. $10,000 for apparatus. $5,000 for textbo«'ks. $30,000 for an eclectic library. $5,000 for a geological and mineralogical cabinet. $5,000 for a historical cabinet. $10.0<10 for a lecture fund. The miscellaneous fund was left discretionari' with t)ie trusteea to fill deficiencies and extend the operation ofan.vof tlie foregoing objects. .\t the timeof this gift the greater pfirt of the fnndd were iiivr,'4tiil in real cstateiuGreenpoint village, opposite N.York City. 8 This building, formerly known m "West Collrfff," wus sold to thf city, and, with an adjoining building, accommodates the 10 departments of the public schools of the city. 8 Other buildings have since been erected, for library, cabinet, and lectm-e riHjnis. The corner atone of the Central Ch.ipel waa laid July 28, 1S58. 10 Total receipt3.$l 4.423 06 ; total espenses, $14,423 06. Volumes in district libraries, 3045. n See page 596. SCHENECTADY COUNTY. 509 was in form of an oblong rectangle, -with gates at the ends. The people, however, felt so secure that the gates were habitually left open, and no guard was kept ; and hence it was easily entered by the enemy on the memorable 9th of Feb. 1090, N. S. The lives of 60 old persons and children were spared from tlie massacre. The settlement recovered slowly from the disaster, and not until the close of King William's War did it receive any considerable accessions. A new fort was built in May, 1090, which ■was garrisoned for many years. Another fort was built in 1735, and another in 1780.' The old fort stood at the intersection of Ferry and Front Sts. The first church (Ref Prot. D.) was organized in 1084, and the building was erected on the s. end of Church St. in 1685. It was burned in 1090 ;' and a new building was erected, about 1702, on the site of the present church, corner of Union and Church Sts.' St. George's Church (Prot.E.) was organized, in 1735, by Rev. H. Barclay, incorp. in 1766, and an edifice erected in 1768.* The first mail was brought to the town April 3, 1763.' The first English school was opened, under the care of Rev. Henry Barclay, in 1710.' The Vale Cemetery Association was formed Feb. 25, 1858.' The population of the city has slowly and steadily increased, although, from the setting off of portions of its territory, the census reports for some periods show an apparent decrease.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Schenectady County. Names of Towns. Acres of Land. 1 Valuation op 1858. POPCLATIOK. 1 1 4 1 i i 396 417 118 120 293 610 1 Schools. 1 i S 1 i $974,272 1.285,993 359,900 228,670 874,7.-!4 1,254.160 •si- il $120,700 71.663 24.060 9.500 30.250 466.829 717.992 1 1.656 1,606 584 496 1,537 4,012 9,861 1 j 4-| 22 13 4 13 9 ~68 Sa 1.231 1 1,173 366 397 1,427 3,060 "7^7 Doaneshurgh Gk-nville 33,911i 22,341i 7,922 12,029 16,729i 616 10,827 7,169i 2,649 3,421 7,693 34 $1,094,972 1.3-57.666 3S3.960 238,170 910,984 1,709,979 6.695.711 1,663 1,487 636 460 1,298 4,377 9,721 642 666 201 166 440 1.200 3,105 696 700 217 172 492 1,608 3,783 Rottt-rdam Schenectady Total 93,44,1i 31,683i 4.977.719 1.953 NAKRa OP Towns. LiVB Stock. | AOMCULTDEAL PKODOCTS. ]| 11.: l§ III 5 a 1,941 1,48-. 38S 67: 1,06; 21S i 1 B08U. OF G&AIM. e e 6.233 3.718 1.716 2,163 2,328 27i l£ 10,82 41,83 18,39- 1,76 30,44 1,86 Daibt Pboducw. ■§ ^ a, « ■? ,; DuHnesburgh Glonville 1,319 1,033 341 404 731 391 1,872 1,306 271 629 720 48 5.541 2.644 625 1,123 826 2,097 2,205 657 784 1,660 424 2.47 n 16.324i 3.706 7,291 20.445 680 149.507J 135.942J 32,168 61.100 0.5.049 2.291 440,117} ) 26,40 40.62 1 8,301 ) 11,82 19.04 ) '341 2 106,66 1 194.691 < 127,599 Jl 34,621 S 53.181 2 105,770 5 28,684 6.235! 14.600ij 1,2301 820 13,800 666 1 9,800 ! 746 Schenectady Total 4,219 4,846 5,76 10,759 7,727 49,918 16,1864 105,13 1 616,6621 72,019|| 3,462* 1 By an act of 1780, all the people living within a half mile of the Dutch church were assessed, in labor aod materials, fur the erection of defensive works—the work to be done under the (lirertion of the field ofBoers and magistrates. 2 Kcv. Peter Tasscheniaker, the paator and first teacher, was killed, and all his papers were destroyed. « On the 27th of Oct. 1701, the Governor granted a special license for the inhabitants, or their Bgents. " to gather, collect, and receive the free and voluntary offerings and contributions of all and singular his liege subjects, inhabitants of this pi-o- Tince. at any time from the day of the date hereof for and during the term of six months then ensuing." The funds raised were restricted to the rebuilding of the church; and all justices of the peace, high sheriffs, and all other? his m.-ijesty's friends, with all Protestant ministers, were exhorted to use each their utmost diligence to excite and stir up the charities of the inhabit- ants,— .»f.W .SfC. O/Bre. * Beaides these, the oensue reports 10 churches; 2 Eef. Prot. D., 2 Meth. E., Univ., R. C, Presb., Bap., Af. Meth., and a Jewish Synagogue. ^ Letter of Sir }Vm. JiJitfSfm. 6 \ Laneasterian school was incorp. Nov. 12. 1816, and was taught 26 years. It was superseded by the prBsent system of public schools. 7 The Vale Cemetery, containing 50 acres, is located in a beautiful vale about one-fourth of a mi. from the city. It is covered with pines, and is finelv laid out and ornamented. ' In 1699, 70 men took the test oath. In 1710 there were 16 English and 100 Dutch families. In 1714 the census reported 591 persons. In 1790 there were s. of the Mohawk(in Schenectady. Pnnny town. Rotterdam, and a part of Niskayuna) 3472 persons. The fol lowing table shows the progress of population since 1820: — 1820 3939 1 1840 6784 1825 4068 1S46 6555 1830 4268 1850 8921 1835 62?2 1865 8388 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. This county was formed from Albany and Otsego, April 6, 1795.' A small part of Greene was annexed in 1836. It is an interior CO., lying s. e. of the center of the State, is centrally distant 35 mi. from Albany, and contains 075 gq. mi. Its surface is an upland, broken by mountains in the s. and by hills in the center and N. A northerly branch of the Catskill Mts. lies along the s. border, the highest summits of which are 3,000 ft. above tide. From them irregular spurs extend northward, occupying the greater part of the co. Many of the summits along the e. and w. borders are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys and about 2,000 ft. above tide. In the N. the hills are generally rounded and are arable to their summits ; but in the center and s. the declivities are steep and in many places precipitous. The high ridge along the E. border, and extending into Albany co., is known as the Ilellebark Mts. The hills derive their general features from the rocks that underlie them. The extreme n. part of the CO. is terraced like the limestone region farther w. Toward the s. the hills become more steep ; and in the shaly region they are broken by deep, irregular ravines. In many places the hills bordering upon the streams are 1,000 ft. high and in places very steep. Schoharie Creek flows N. E. through the co., a little e. of the center. It receives as tributaries Foxes Creek, Stony Brook, Little Schoharie Creek, Keysers, Platter, and Manor Kils from the E., and Cripplebush, Cobles, Line, Panther, West, and Mine Kils from the w. West and Punch Kils are tributaries of Cobles Kil. Charlotte River, a branch of the Susquehanna, takes its rise in the w. part, and Catskill Creek in the s. e. part, having its source in a marsh called the Vlaie. Utsyanthia' and Summit Lakes, two small ponds, are the only bodies of water in the co. The former is 1,900 ft, and the latter 2,150 ft. above tide. The rocks in the co., commencing upon the n. border and appearing successively toward the s., are those belonging to the Hudson River group, Clinton group, Onondaga salt group, Ilelderbergh series, Hamilton group. Portage and Chemung group, and the Catskill group. The limestones are cavernous; and the minerals which they afford are particularly interesting to mineralogists.' Drift is scattered over the co. to a limited extent. Waterlime is found, but is not now manufactured. The soils are principally derived from the disintegration of the underlying rocks. In the N. the soil is a pruductive, clay loam, and in the center and s. it is a clay and sandy loam, the latter pre- dominating upon the s. hills. The alluvial fiats along Schoharie Creek are unusually fertile. The CO. is eminently an agricultural region. Spring grains are largely produced. Hops are cultivated in the w. part, and broomcorn upon the Schoharie Flats. Dairying is the principal business in the s. part. A'ery little manufacturing is done, except such as is customary in an agricultural region. The county seat is located at the village of Schoharie.* The courthouse is a fine edifice built of blue limestone, located near the center of the village. The jail is a stone building, situated in rear of the courthouse. The clerk's ofiice is a small, fireproof building, upon the courthouse lot, nearly in front. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 100 acres in Middleburgh, 5 mi. s. w. of the courtr house. The average number of inmates is 60, sujipurted at a weekly cost of 75 cents each. This institution seems to be well managed and much above the average of similar institutions in the State. The Albany & Susquehanna R. R. is located along the valleys of Schoharie Creek and Cobles 1 Schoharie is said to Bignify *■ drift wood." At a place i mi. above Middlehurph Itridge the Line Kil and Little Scho- harie flow into Schoharie Creeli frnm opposite sides; and hiTe drift wood is eaid to have accumulated in large quantities, furming a natural hridge, — Bri'Wri\<: Ilist. iSc/io/mne. The original Indian- name wan To-woa-scho'her ; and it haa been written Shoary. Skohary, Schughhorre, &c. 2 Utsyanlhia waethe N. E. corner of the Ilardenburgh Patent, aod a distinguished landmark in early records. 8 Among the more interesting are stalactites of pure white, translucent aud soliii, sulphate of barytes. calcite, .satin spar, tufa, agaric mineral, bog ore. black oxid of manganese, sulphate and carliouale of strontia, fluor spar, calstronbaryle, carbonate of iron, and arragonile. The co. afTurds an unusual variety of fossils peculiar to the respective geological formations. 600 * The first courts were held in a wagon house of Johannis Ingold, and prisoners were at first sent to the Alt-any jail. The flist meeting of the Judges, .Justices, and Supervisors was held Dec. 16, 1795, and it was decided to fix the site for co. buildings 2 mi. w. of their present location. The location was changed before the buildings were erected. The first buildings were erected soon after, and were burned in 1847. T he first court- house was buUt under the direction of Joost fiorst. jr., Jacob Lawyer, Peter Snyder, Johu H. Shafer, and Wm. Phrall, com- missioners. Abraham A. Post, of Ontario, Alexander H. Buel, of Herkimer, and Wm. Dner. of Oswego, were appointed to locate the present site. The first Co. officers were Wm. Beek- man, J^iV5( ./urffire, (reappointed constantly till 1S38;) Joachim G. Staats, Clerk ; Jacob Lawyer, jr,, Slierijf; aud Stephen A, Becker, Surrogate. SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 601 R.I, through Esperance, Schoharie, Cobleskill, and Richmondville.* Several turnpikes and lines of plauk road extend across the co.^ About thirty years previous to the advent of the whites, a number of Indiana belonging to the Mohawks, Mohicans, Delawares, Tuscaroras, and Oneidas united together, formed the Schoharie tribe, and took up their abode along Schoharie Creek.* Their principal chief was Ka-righ-on- don-tee, who had been a prisoner of the French in Canada and had married a Mohawk woman. This tribe was subordinate to the Six Nations. Tliey could bring into the field abou^t 600 warriors, and in the wars that ensued they steadily espoused the cause of the British. At an early period, with the aid of the Colonial Government, they erected several strongholds to protect themselves from the attacks of the Canada Indians. A band of 200 Indians remained in the valley, at peace with the settlers, until the commencement of the Revolution. Efforts were made to induce them to remain neutral during the war ; but the offers of the British were so tempting that at last they took up arms against their neighbors. Previous to this a pestilence had swept off the greater part of the tribe, though the whites were not in the least affected by it. The first white settlement was made by a colony of German Palatinates, in I71I. These people had previously settled at East and West Camp, on the Hudson, Their number is estimated at 600 to 700. They settled in 7 clusters, or villages, each under a leader or head man, from whom the dorf, or village, was usually named,* The Dutch soon after began a settlement at '* Vroomaiisland,** on the w. side of the creek, 2 or 3 mi. above the German settlement.* The Palatinates at firgt did not secure a patent for the lands they occupied, and a short time after their settlement Nichola** Bayard appeared as agent of the British Government, and offered to give the settlers deeds for their lands; but he was assailed by a mob and was obliged to flee for his life. Upon reaching' Schenectady he sent back word that for an ear of corn each he would give a clear title to the land? occupied by each ; but this offer was rejected. He returned to Albany and sold the tract to 5 persons at that place,^ A sheriff, named Adams, was sent to arrest some of the trespassers ; but no sooner was his business known than he was assailed by a mob and ridden upon a rail. For a considerable time after this outrage none of the German settlers dared visit Albany ; but after a time they ventured to do so, and were at once arrested and thrown into jail. They were at length released' on making a written acknowledgment of the outrage they had perpetrated.' The settlers at length sent an embassy, consisting of Conrad AVeiser, Casselman, and another, to England to petition the king for redress. The ship that took them out carried also a statement of the out rao-es, and tlie ambassadors were at once imprisoned ; but after a time they were set at liberty and permitted to return. Weiser was so chagrined at the result of the controversy that soon after, with about 60 families, he emigrated to Tulpehocton, Berks co., Penn, Other families removed to German Flats and others to Stone Arabia.^ Peter Vrooman, with several Dutch families,^ perma- 1 The elevation of this roiid, where it enters the co. on the e., \n 700 ft. above tide; at Prhobarie Creek it is 550 ft.; at CoMeskill. 900ft.; at Kichmon(ivi|lr, 1,175 ft.; andat the w. co. line, 1,470 ft. 2 Th<' priDi:ipul turnjukfS in the co. in early times were the Great Wt'sttTii. extending to Cherry Valley, built in 1H02; and the CharlottM River Turnpike, built in ls09. The latter formed the great tli 'trough fa re to the settlements in Delaware co. and adjacent re^^ioiia. The plank road project was pretty thoroughly tried, and has been abandoned after a sacrifice of nearly all the capitiil invested. 3 The Mohicans principally settled near the mouth of the Little Schoharie; and the largest settlement of the others was at "r/-oo)((!i».s?(/7ir?," in the present town of Fulton. * Six of these leaders were Conrad Weiser, Hartman Winte- ker, John Hendrick Kneiskern. Elijia Garlock, Johannes George Smidt, and William Fox; and John Lawyer, who came soon after, is supposed to have been the seventh. ^^Wkistrs Dorf" occupied the present site of Middlebur^h Village, and had some 40 dwellings, like the others, built rudely of logs and eaith and covered with bark and grass. ^'Hartmavs Dnrf* was 2 mi. below, and had 65 dwellings. '■'•Bruns Dorf^" or ''Brunen Dorf,'* or ^''Fountain Toivn" was near the courthouse. ^'Smiths Dnrf" WHS a uii. farther N. '■'Fvxs Dorf* waa still farther down, about a mi. from Smiths. "Giirlocks Dorf" wa.a 2 mi. below; and "-Krifiskems Dorf 2 or 3 mi. still farther N. Among these early settlers, besides those above named, were familie.s named Keyser. Bnuek, Richard, Richtmeyer, Warner, Weaver, Zimmer. Mattici', Zeh. Rellinger, Borst, Schoolcraft, Crysler, CaBselnian, Newkirk. Kiirhart, Brown, Settle, Merckley, Snyder. Ball, Wt'iduian. Ik-itz. Mann. Sternberg, Stubrach, Enderse. Sidney, B(?rgh, and lionck. Within aweekafter theirarrival, Catharine UTatticf, Elizabeth Lawyer, Wilhelnius Ilnuck, and Johannes Earhart were born. The first wheat was !^>wn by Sternberg, in 177;i; and the first skipple planted like corn yielded 8'J fidd. ^ Adam Vrooman, from Schenectady, obtained a patent for 1,100 acres. Aug. 26, 1714. His tract was afterward found to ooutain 1.400 acres. It embraced the flats along the creek in the present to'wn of Fulton, except Wilder Rook, at which place waa an Indian castle and settlement. Uis son Peter, for whom it was bought, built a house, planted corn, and the first winter left the premi.ses in charge of a man named Truax. and a negro man and his wife. Truax was murdered, and the negro and his wife were arrested, tried at Albany, and burned alive; but years after, one Moore, a resident of ''■Wiiscrs Dorf con- fesseil that he and the negro man committed the deed, and that the wonuin was innocent. — Siinms''s .^hoharie, p. 56. 8 The purchasers were Myndert Schuyler, Peter Van Rrutjh, Robert Livingston, jr., John Schuyler, and Henry Wielinaii. They received a patent. Nov. 3, 1714, for 10.000 acres, which wax designed to include the flats from " Vrnomansland''' to >ioutgoniPi-y CO. line ; but on being surveyed by Lewis Morris, j r.. and A ndrus Coeyman, it was found that the flats on Fox Creek and at the month of Cobles Kil were not included, and these lands were secured by the surveyors. In a short time Morris and Coeyman joined interest with the five proprietors, and the company became known as the ''Seven Partners." Final suits for parti- tion and settlement were adjusted in 181?*, '25. 'Srt. '28. and '2!>. 7 After this time a large number of settlers took lea.ses of the proprietors, thus abandoning their claims to the lands. 8 Among those who removed to the Mohawk was Elins Oar- lock, the tirst and long the only magistrate in Schoharie. » Among these were families named Swartz.Ecker. ITagaflorn, Feeck. and Becker. Lawrence Schoolcraft made the first cider in the Schoharie settlements; Brown. in 1752, was the first wagon maker. John Mattice Junk t^inght the first German sclu'iil at the Camps, about 1740; and schools were taught in Schoharie siMm after. Dutch scb-^ols were tanght at "Vrnnman-f- }and'"' »t an early period; andabout 1760. English was first taught in schoiiN in this region. John Ecker was the firnt blacksmith. The settlers of the valley re.sorted to Schenectady to mill, or used stump nmrtars. until many years after, when a mill wh» built on Mill Cre«-k, near Fox Creek, by Simeon Laraway. Bolting clutliH were first used in ihU co. about 1700. Joho I^awyer was the firiit merchant among the Germans. 602 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. nently located upon hia patent in 1727. The German and Dutch racea long remained distinct. The Dutch were generally wealthier than the more hardy and laborious Germans, and preferred to contract marriages with those of their own class in the older Dutch settlements. They often kept slaves, while the Germans seldom had further assistance than such as their own households, of both sexes, might afford. The Germans, by intermarriage, became a '* family of cousins;" and they were united by many ties of common interest. Industry and frugality gradually brouglit them to a level, and long acquaintance has almost entirely obliterated these hereditary distinctions of society. Upon the approach of the Revolution, a part of the people espoused the cause of the British; but the majority were ardent patriots. lu many cases members of the same family were engaged on opposite sides, and the struggle assumed all the horrors of a civil war, aggravated by Imlian barbarities. A Council of Safety was organized in 1774, of which Johannes Ball was chairman. During the war several conflicts took place within the limits of the co., and the people were continually exposed to the attacks of small scalping parties of the Indians.^ At the close of the war a large number of families removed to Canada, and their property was confiscated.^ Several tories and Indians who had been active during the war returned at its close and were waylaid and shot. Others, warned by these examples, fled the country.^ Since that period little of especial interest has occurred in the history of the co. In 1845 and '46, in common with the surrounding regions, this co. partook largely in the anti-rent excitement, — though no actual violence took place within its limits.* Within the last ten years, a mania for building large seminaries, far beyond the wants of the people, has spread through the co. The speculation has proved a ruinous one, and the entire amount of capital invested in the enterprises has been sunk.® Three weekly newspapers are now published in the co.® ^ The principal events of the Kerolution in Schoharie co. were ae follows : — 1774. Council of Safefy formed. 1776. Coi. JaQie8 llustou enlisted tories at Loonen- bergh. 1777. Scholiarie militia called into service under Captain Ha^^er. Col. Huston and '2Q others were arrested, and Huston wiis hung. " Aug. 10. — Kniiagement between fin American force under Col. John Harper and the tories under Capt. McDonald at Itrt-akabeen. The toriea were defeated and fl.'d. Capt. Geo. Mann, one of their number, remained secreted iu the vicinity until the succeeding spring, when be delivered himself up to Ihe authorities. He never afterward joiued the enemy, and his property was not confiscated. ** In the autumn of this year the middlefort was built, and the upper and lower forta were bi'gun. The lower fort is the old stone church, lately changed to an arsenal. 1778, May 8.— Battle of Cobles Kil, in which Captain Patrick and 22 men were killed. *' July. — Lieut. Col. Wm. Butler, with 3 companies of Morgan's Riflemen, was stationed at Scho- harie. Several tories recruiting for the British were shot. 1779, Aug. — Col. Butler joined Sullivan's expedition against the Western Indians. 1780, Aug. 9. — A party of 73 Indiana and 3 tories made an attack upon the settlements at Vroomans- land. killed 5. and took 30 prisoners. ** Oct. 16.— Sir John Johnson, with 500 troops and a large body of tories and Indians, invaded the Schoharie settlements trom the 8. The upper fort was garrisoned by 100 men, under Capts. Jacob Hager and Joseph Harper ; the middle fort by 35u men, under Maj. WoolSey; and the lower fort by 150 men, under Maj. Becker. The middle fort was attacked, and the com- mander. .Major Woolsey, being an arrant coward, wished to surrender it ; but a soldier, named Mmphy, fired upon the flag which was Bent with a summons to surrender; and. after an ineffectual attack. Sir John abandoned the attempt. The dwellings, barns, stacks, and all the property of the inhabitants were destroyed, though but few persons lost their lives. 1781. Early in the year bIf.Kkhouses were built at " kneiskerns Dorfy" "■Hartmans Dor/," and Cobleskill. 1781, July 9. — An engagement tnok place in Sharon, 2 mi. E. of the springs, between a party of tories and Indians under Doxtader. and an American force under Col.Willett.in which the former were defeated, with a loss of 40 killed. 1781, July. — Several personB at Middleburgh were surprised and taken prisoners while harvesting. One escaped, and the others were carried prisoners to Canada. " Oct. — Three men at Christian Myndert's house, tn Sharon, were taken prisoners by a small party of Indians, and Cn-irricd to Canada. " Oct. 24. — A party of 60 or 70 Indian.i, under Brant, en- tered Vroomanaland and commenced their woik of plunder. Isaac Vrooman was mur- dered. A party of Americans, under ('apt. Hager. rallied to their assistance, and tho Indians retreated. A sharp skirmish took place at Utsyanthia Lake; but a part of the American force, under Capt. Hale fli-d at the commencement, and the reiiiainder were obliged to retreat. Hale was arretted in his retreat by the threat of being shot; but the enemy hnd escaped. 1782, July 26. — Several tories and 22 Indians made an incur- sion into Foxes Creek Valley for the purpose of capturing Maj. Becker; but the M;g. snd family defended the house with euch vigor that the Indians retreated. Several jiersocs were murdered by the Indians, and several of the latter were shot. 1784, Dec. 16. — Many per.'sona who ha'l been taken to Canada were released on Lake Champiain, and re- turned to their homes. 2 In Canada, opposite St. Lawrence co., are many families who claim relationship to inhabitants of this co. They were refugees to whom grants of land were made by the BritiBh Government. 8 Among these was one Beacraft, who boasted of his feats of villainy. Soon after his return he waa surprised by about a dozen whige, near Blenheim Bridge, led into a grove, stripped, bound, and punished with fifty lashes with hickory gads, the executioners at every ten telling biro for what particular offen.se they were applied. He was then unbuuud and allowed a very short time to disappear. * In this CO. George Clark had then considerable tracts, leased for 3 lives at a rent of 6 pence sterling pi'r acre. Scott's Patent of 66.000 acres waa then chiefly owned by the heirs of John Livingston, and leased for 2 lives at a rent of $14 per 100 acres. The Blenheim Patent was also in part leased. ^ Of 9 academies built in this CO., 3 have been burned, 3 are "to let," and 3 are f-till open. Tfie American Ihrald. the first paper published in the co. was commenced at Schoharie iu June. 1809, by Derick Van Vephten. In 1S12 its name was changed to The Schoharie Herald, and the paper was soon after discon- tinued. Tfu Trut American waa commenced at Schoharie in Dec. 1809, by T. M. Tillman. It was discontinued in 1812 or 1813. The Schoharie Budget was commenced in June. 1S17, by Derick Yan Veghteu. In 1820 its name was changed to SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 603 BLiEIVllEIIfl^ — was formed from St^hoharie, March 17, 1707. Jefferson w;is taken off in 1803, and a part of Gilboain 1848. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Schoharie Creek flows n, through the E.part, receiving West Kil and several smaller streams from the w. A wide alluvial flat extends along its course. Tlic streams generally are bordered by steep hills rising to a height of 300 to 500 ft. The soil is principally a clayey loam. Patcliin IloIlO^V,^ (North Blenheim p. o.,) upon Schoharie Creek, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 44 houses. The tirst settlements were made by Dutch and Palatinates, before 1761 ; but the settlers were driven out during the Revolution, The present race of settlers came mostly from New England, soon after the close of the war. Rev. Stephen Fenn was the first preacher.^ BROOME^ — was formed March 17, 1797, as ^^Bristol.'* Its name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Conesville was taken off in 1836, a part of Gilboa in 1848, and parts of Middle- burgh were annexed Feb. 9 and Oct. 5, 1849. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The highest summits are 350 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Catskill Creek takes its rise in the n. part, and several branches of Schoharie Creek drain the n. and w. portions.^ The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Ijivlng'StoU'Ville^ (p-v.,) iu the E. part, s. of the center, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, and sash factory. Pop. 150.* Franklinton, (p. v.,) in the N. part, con- tains a church and 100 inhabitants. Smitbton is a hamiet, near the s. line. The first settle- ments were made before the Revolution.'^ There are 6 churches in town.® CARLISIjE — was formed from Cobleskill and Sharon, March 31, 1807.' It is the central town upon the N. border of the co. Its surface consists principally of an immense ridge lying between the valleys of the Mohawk and Cobles Kil, the summit of which is 800 to 1,000 ft. above the foriner stream.*" This ridge descends to the n, by a series of terraces formed by the different geological strata, and on the s. by gradual slopes following the general dip of the rocks. The streams are small brooks. The soil is principally a clay loam. Hops are extensively cultivated. The Sclioliarie Repulillcaii. It soon after pa.ssed into the hands i>f Feter Keyspr. Lemuel Cuthbert. A. A. Keyset, Wm. H. Underwood, Wm. II. Gallup. I'. 1). I^awyer. and Rossiter have since been interested in its publication. It is now published bj J. li. Hall. T?ie Obseri^er was commenced at Schoharie in Oct. ISIS. In ISllt it passed into the hands of Solomon Uaker, iu 1820 to Uaker & Fish, and in 1822 it wjis again in the hands of Mr. Baker, and was soon alter discontinued. The EvangeMcal LumiTiary was commenced at Schoharie Jan. 1. 1824. by Kev. Geo. A. Lintner and L. Cuthberl. It was continued about 1 year. Ttte Luthrati Mlinlu'd a short time by Chas. Cleveland, and by MadhSins & Kni^tern, and was soon atler purchased by J. B. Mall, who merged it with the Schoharie Republican. The CharUittfviUe Journal was commenced at Chariot tevi lie in 1854 by Kurman & Brown. In 1855 John Itrown becani« Mile proprietor, and removed it to Cobleskill and changed the name to The (hhUsldU Journal. It has since been discontinued. 7%e Oasis, semi-mo., was commeiired at Schoharie by the Eiudetitsof the academy in 1855. It waa doon discon- tiuueU The Schoharie County Jeffersonian was com- menced at Cobleskill in 1859 by Matthew Freeman, and is still published. 1 Named from the liK-nheim Patent, a portion of which lies in the N. part of this town. 2 Hendrick Mattice, the pioneer, built a mill on West Kil. at Patchin Hollow. He became a loyalist and went to Canada, Henry Ivfiiier. Lambert Sternberg, Wm. Freeck. Isaac Smith, Banks Mon-house. George Martin, and Henry llagir Were early settlers. Freegift Patchin settled in 179t>, built the second mill, and gave name to the village. Gen. Patchin had been taken prisoner by the Indians, and suffered extremely at their h;'.nd^. Th« first inn was kept by II. Kflfner; the first store, by Tobias Cuyler, in 18U3; and the first tnnnery was built in 1825, by Jones &■ Lathrop. Jacob Sutherland, afterward Judge of tho U.S. Supreme Court, resided several years at North Blenheim. 3 There are 4 churches in town ; 3 M. K., and Kef I'rot. I). ♦ \am«d from John Broome, Lieut. Gov. of the State at tho time of the formation of the town. Scott's Patent of 37,S40 acres, granted Jan. 2, 1770, and a part of Isaiic Le Hoy's Patent, are within the limits of this town. 6 On the summit level of the Catskill & Cannjoharie R. R. line, between two immense hills, was a *"vlaie," or black ash swamp, from which streams is-Hued in opposite directions It waa about a mile long and covered many acres. Dams were formerly erected and mills built at each end ; and fish placed in the pond thus formed multiplied greatly. It ia now drained. 6 Daniel Shays, the leader of the insurrection in Mass. that bears his name, .retried in this town alter the dis)Krsii)n of his forces. David Williams, one of the captors of Andie. removed to this village from South Salem in 1805, bought a farm of Geii. Shays, and resided upon it until his death, Aug. 2. 1831. He left a widow. 4 sons, and 3 daughters. He was tho object of much regard, from the interesting historicitl event with which his name is associated; and the year before his death he becamo the gufst of New Yurk City. — S/mmst Schnhnrie, chap.xxi 7 Derick Van Dyck settled belbre the Kevolntion. John I!i,b bins. Guillem, a half-breed. Allen Leet. .Joshua and Asa Bushnell, Geo. and Ih-zekiah \\at.-ion. Kbenezer Wiekliam. Geo. Burtwick. Timothy Ki Isey. .losi-ph (Jillct, and K/r.i (liapnian settled previous to 1796. The tiist known birth was tli;tt nf Francis Kelsey, in April, 1704 ; and the fir-nt deiith, that of 1 ziu Chapman, Aug. 1704. Griswold, Garden & Wells began the en-ctioii of a sawmill in 1794. iind a gristmill tho next season. 8 :l M. K., Meth. Prot., Bap., and I'resb. * This town embraces portions of New Dorlach, Becker, Livingston's, Van Rensselaer's, Machin's, and tho Stone Heap Patents. i*j A conirrtl elevation near tho s. line, early known nsO-waere- Bouere. is one of the highest points in tho co., and may be seen from Hamilton co., 50 mi. h. 60-1 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. Several caves are found in the limestone regions in various parts of the town.' ArgiiSTille,' (p. V.,) in the N. w. corner, upon the line of Sharon, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 35 houses. Carlisle^ (p. v.,) upon the Western Turnpike, in the n, part, contains a church, boarding school,' and foundery. Pop. 107. Grovenors Corners, (p. o.,) in the s. E. corner, contains a church and 10 houses. The first settlement was made in the s. w. part, about 1760.* The first church was formed by Dr. Simon Hosack, of Johnstown, in 1803 or '04.* COBLESRIIjI^^ — was formed from Schoharie, March 17, 1797. The line of Sharon was changed March 15, 1799. A part of Carlisle was taken off in 1807, a part of Summit in 1819, and Kichmondville in 1845. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surface is principally a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of Cobles Kil, which extends e. and w. through the center. The highest points, on the n. and s. borders, are 600 to 900 ft. above the valley. The soil upon the hills is a sandy loam, and in the valley an alluvium. CoblesKill, (p. V.,) in the w. part, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, planing mill, and tannery. Pop, 364. Coblesklll Center (p. v.) contains a church, sawmill, and 20 dwellings. I^aw^yers- . vllBe,' (p. V.,) in the n. w. corner, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, and 25 dwellings. East Cobleskill,^ (p. v.,) in the s. e. corner, contains 2 churches and 21 dwellings. Barnervllle, (p. V.,) near the center, contains a church, gristmill, clothing works, and 16 dwellings. The first settlement was made about 1750.^ The first land grants were made about 1730. During the Revolution the people mostly espoused the cause of the colonists, and in consequence were sub- jected to constant incursions from the Indians. A regular engagement took place between a company of militia and a large Indian force under Brant, May 31, 1778. The Americans were defeated, and about one-half of their number were killed.'"' Howe's Cave, near the e. line, is a place of considerable interest.^^ The census reports 7 churches in town.^^ COMESVILLiE" — was formed from Broome and Durham, (Greene co.,) March 3, 1836. It is the s. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is generally a hilly upland, mountainous along the E. border. The highest summits are 1,600 to 2,000 ft. above the valleys. Schoharie Creek forme a small portion of the w. boundary ; and Manor Kil flows w. through near the center. Upon the latter stream, near its mouth, is a cascade of 60 ft. The valleys of these streams are bordered by high and often nearly precipitous hills. StryRersville, (WestConesvillep. o.,) upon Manor Kil near its mouth, contains a church, tannery, and 20 houses ; and Stone Bridge, (Conesville p. o.,) near the center, a church and 10 houses. Manorkill (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made by Ury Riohtmeyer, in 1764." There are 3 churches in town ; 2M. E. and Ref, Prot. D. ESPERA!VCE^^ — was formed from Schoharie, April 4, 1846. A small portion was re- annexed to Schoharie in 1850. It is the e. town on the n. border of the co. Its surface consists of two ridges, extending e. and w. across the town, separated by the valley of Schoharie Creek. The 1 The principjil cf tlit'se caves are known as Young's and Sel- , ing in the flames. The delay occasicmed by the resistance made kirk's caves. Near Carlisle Village is a t^mall cavern, in wliich at this house gave the remainder of the fugitives and the in- it is supprsed that Indians found slielter during the Revolution, habitants time to escape. The whole numlter of Americans Fibrous sulphate of barytes, filirous carbonate of lime, and killed was '.^2; and it is supposed that the Indians lost almut an arragooite are found near Grovenors Corners. equal number. Fort Du Buis, a strong blockhouse, stood in this 2 Named from the Albany Argus, at the time the principal town during the war. paper taken in tuwn. Foruerly known as '•Molicht> Milh." " This cave was discovered in May, 1S42, by Lester Howe, the 'TheCarlisle Seminary was built by a stock company in 1853. owner. Its entrance is about 60 ft. above Cobles Kil. After at a cost of $24,000. Itisbeantifnily situateii iuagrovea little 3. passing several sjiacious rooms, one of which is named *'The of the center lift he villan;e. It was opened in Nov. 1853. and closed Chapol," the visitir comes to a crawling place 200 ft. long, beyond in March, 1855. It has accommodation for about 300 boarders, i which is a limpid shett of water 30 ft. long. 20 wide, and 10 deep. * Andrew Loucks, Coenradt Engle. Philip Hooker, and Peter ! Beyond this the cavern extends a great distance, much of the Youn-; were anmug the first that located in town. The late ; way along a brook, and the total length of the passages moiism'ea Judge Brown, author of a small local history, settled at an early period. John C. McNeill, W'm. Caldwell. John Swe-tman. Aaron Howard, Tennis Van Camp, Mathias Cass, and Lodowyck Primer were also early settlers. 6 There are now 5 churches in town ; Bap., Evan. Luth., Presb., Univ., and rnion. 5 Named from Cohel, who built a mill near Central Bridge at an early period. Cobles Kil was called by the Indians Uts- ga-ra-gee. ' Named from Lawrence Lawyer, said to have been the first settler in town. 6 Locally known as" Punchkill." 9 Among the early settlers were familifs named .Shafer, Bouck, Keyser, Warner, Fremyre, Borst.and Brown, — nmstly fioni Scho- harie. Capt. Jas. Dana, an early settb-r. distinguisheany en, in nolo* uial times. It ia the source of the w. branch of the Delaware. GOG SCUOHARIE COUNTY. N, part, is a p. o. The first settlements were made, in different parts of the town, in 1794.^ The first preaclier was Rev. Stephen Fenn.^ miDDI^EBURGII— was formed from Schoharie, March 17, 1797, as "Middleiown.'' Its name was changed in 1801. A part was re-annexed to Schoharie March 26, 1798. Fulton was taken oif in 1828, and parts were annexed to Broome in 1849. It is the central town upon the e, border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two ridges by the valley of Schoharie Oreek, which extends n. and s. through the town. The highest summits are 600 to 800 ft. above the valley.^ Schoharie Creek receives Little Schoharie Creek from the JC. and Line Kil from the w. The hills bordering upon the streams are usually steep and in many places precipitous. The soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a sandy loam in the valleys. Hops and broomcorn are extensively cultivated. JMiddleburgh^ (p. v.,) upon Schoharie Creek, contains 4 churches, a private seminary, 2 steam paper mills, a steam gristmill, a foundery, and 110 dwellings. Hunters Ijand, (p. V.,) "near the s. e. corner, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, foundery, and 101 inhabitants. Mill Valley, on the line of Fulton, contains 2 lar^e tanneries, a gristmill, and 25 dwellings. The first settlements were made by Palatinates, in 1711.* The middle fort of Scho- harie stood a little below the present site of Middleburgh Village during the Revolution, The census reports 5 churches in town.^ KIClIillOlVDVILLE— was formed from Cobleskill, April 11, 1845. It lies upon the w. border of the co., a little s. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, separated into two distinct parts by the valley of Cobles Kil, which extends e. and w. thV^ugh the center. The highest summits are 500 to 700 ft. above the valley. The soil is generally a clayey loam. Hops are extensively cultivated. Ricliniondvtlle,^ (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a foundery, sawmill, gristmill, and 370 inhabitants. WarnervHle,' (p. v.,) upon Cobles Kil, at the mouth of AVest Kil, contains 2 churches, a boarding seminary,^ 2 tanneries, and 44 dwellings. "West RIclitnondvltle is a p. o. The first settlement was made before the Revolution, by George Warner and his sons Nicholas, George, and Daniel, from Schoharie.' The census reports 5 churches in town.*" SCHOHARIE— was formed as a district March 24, 1772, and as a town March 7, 1788. Sharon, Cobleskill, Middleburgh, and Blenheim were taken ofi" in 1797, and Esperance and Wright in 1846. A part of Middleburgh was re-annexed in 1798, and a part of Esperance in 1850. It lies in the n. e. part of the co., its n. e. corner bordering on Schenectady co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, and their summits are 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys." Schoharie Creek flows n. through near the center, receiving Foxes Creek from the e. and Cobles Kil from the w. In the limestone region in this town are numerous caverns.*^ The soil upon the hills is a clayey loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Hops and broom corn are largely cultivated. Scliotaarie, (p. v.,) the county seat, is situated upon Schoharie Creek, s. of the center of the town. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 3 churches, the Schoharie Academy, 2 newspaper offices, an arsenal, and a bank. Pop. 806. Central Brid^e^ (p. v.,) at the mouth of Cobles Kil, contains a church, sawmill, gristmill, machine shop, and 12 dwellings. Barton UlII is a p. o., near the N. E. corner. The first settlement was made in 1711, by a colony of German Palati- * Amos and Caleb Northrop settled in the B. part : Samuel and Noah Judson, near Utayanthia Lake; Henry :^helnierdlne and James McKen/.ie, on West Kil ; Ptephnn Marvin, Krastus .Tudd. and Aaron Jones, near the village. These were mostly from New England, The first marri.ige was that of Marvin Judd and Lois (iibbs. Aug. 1800; and th*> first deatlv that of Klsie Judd, in June, 1799. Ileman Ilicknk taught the first Fch"oI, in 1799. Cant eld Coe kept the fli>t inn. in 1794; und Rodman Lewis the firnt store, in 1800. >tephen Jndd built (he first savr- mitl, in IT'.iti; and Ileman Ilickok the first grUtmill, in 1799. Eli Jones built the fir.st tanm-ry. in 1810. s The roiieus reports 6 churches: 4 M. E. and 2 Bap. s A hill opposite Middl(bnrt;h Aillaj;e wjis named On-f*an-g^ no, "Mountain of Snakes." A mountain jiist above Middle- burgh, on the w. side, was cilhd o-nista-gia-wa; the one next v., Towok-nou-ra, or "Spring Hill ;" and the one B. E. of Middle- bur^'h. Mo->ie-_'ou-ter. * Thia Sown comprises parts of Scholmrie Patent, Lawyer's & Zimmer's 1st Allotment, 'Ih 'S. Kck'Tson's, Becker & EcKerson's. ThdS. it Cornelius Kcltersnn's, CInk's, Depeyster'a, Vrooman's, John Butler's, Bouck'a, Lawrence Lawyer's, Nicholas Mattice's, Kiid tlie Vlaie i'atents. 6 2 M. K . I van. Lnth.. Ref. Prot. D.. and True Dutch. * Uiclimondville Union Seminary and Female fVilIepiate In- stitute was built by a joint stuck comp.inv in 18.S2. at a cost of $'24.iH.)0. including grounds, bnildinj:^. and furniture. It wa*! burned Dec. 1."^. lS5:j, and was iuimi'diately rebuilt at a cost of $34,000, but was agaiu burm-d June 30, It^ ' Named from Capt. Oeo. Warner, the first sottb-r. 8 Warnerville Seuiinary was built in 1S51. at a cnst of aboat $25,000, grounds and furniture being *3 0t gii-ftmil! by David Lawyer, on Cobles Kil. "I he liwn is comprined in the Mtinu'-r and porfiona of the Franklin. Jnjin F. Bouck.nnd IS. 'Ibi/icr Piiti-nls. Bonck's Patient, ofy,60'»acr.a, was granted March 111, 17.^4. and Glazler'a. of 3,(K10 acres, July 2S, 1772. I" 2 M. K., Bap., Fvan. Lnth., nnd Christian. 1' The gnide of the Albany & SuBciuehai;na R. K., upon tba N. line of this town, is 0511 ft. above tide. 12 Ball's Cave, ntherwiae call.d Gebhard's Cave, 4 mi. E of the rourthouse. was firct explured in Sept. 1S31. It dtscnds about ion ft. below tbosurfice. A sttKiin I'f water, with small cabCJideB, flows thrnugh it, and aboat is kept fir the u^eof visit-ns About ISibS. it was purthased by W. H. Kmtepfel. of N. Y., with the design of niabtn-j: it a pnpnlar place of resort. When fij st ex- plored, it abounded in mag;iiflcent stalactites, of the puiest white, translucent and fibi-uu-* Nehtaway's Cave. 2 mi. s, k, of the courthouse, was explored in lS3rt, by John Gcbhard, jr . and John Bonny. A fi'W fine specimens of color* d rbombohedraJ spar were found lu it. SCHOHARIE COUNTY. GOT nates, who had previously located upon the Hudson." The first church (German) was established soon after the first settlement ;^ Rev. Peter Nicholas Sommer was the first clergyman. SEWARD' — was formed from Sharon, Feb. 11, 1840. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, the highest summits being 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys.* West Kil, the principal stream, flows s. e. through the center. The soil is a clayey loam. Hops are largely cultivated. Ilyndsville, (p. v.,) upon West Kil, in the s. part, contains a sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 143 inhabitants. Setvsird Tlllley," (Seward p. o.,) in the n. w. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, and IG houses. Gardlierville (p. v.) contains a church and 84 inhabitants. ClOVC is a hamlet. The first settlements were made in the N. part of the town, by a colony of Germans, in 1754.' Their settlement was known as "New Dorlach." The census reports 8 churches in town.' SIIAROW" — was formed from Schoharie, March 17, 1797. A part of Carlisle was taken off in 1807. Seward was taken off in 1840. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland. The highest summits, in the s. w. corner, are about 500 feet above the valleys. West Kil, flowing s. through the w. part, is the principal stream. The soil is a gravelly loam. In the underlying limestone are numerous caves. Hops are largely produced. Sharon Springs, (p. v..) a little n. w. of the center, is celebrated for its sulphur and chaly- beate springs.' It contains 5 large hotels for the accommodation of the visitors to the springs, and 2 churches. Pop. 230. Rockville, upon the turnpike, about a quarter of a mi. above the springs, contains 3 churches and 20 dwellings. Sbaron Center (p. v.) contains 20 dwellings. Sbaron Hill, (Sharon p. o.,) in the s. e. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, ibunilery, and 20 dwellings ; Leesvlile, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part, 2 clmrchcs and 20 dwellings. Eugellville, (p. 0.,) near the w.4ine, and Beekinans Corners, near the s. line, are hamlets. Col. Calvin Rich, from New England, is said to have been the first settler.'" July 9, 1781, the tory Doxtader, with a party of 300 Indians, made a descent upon Currytown, Montgomery co. ; and on his return, with his plunder and prisoners, he was overtaken by an American force, under Col. Willett. An engagement ensued, in which about 40 Indians were killed, and the remainder fled. The battle ground is about 2 mi. e. of Sharon Springs. The census reports 5 churches in town." SlfMBIIT — was formed from Jefferson and Cobleskill, April 13, 1819. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO., lying principally on the w. border. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. The central ridge forms a portion of the watershed between Susquehanna and Mohawk Rivers, th« highest summits being 2,000 to 2,300 ft. above tide. Charlotte River, the principal stream flows B. w. through the w. part. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Summit, (p. v.,) upon the ridge, near the center, contains 2 churches and 28 dwellings. It is 2,200 ft. above tide. Char- lotteville, (p. v.,) upon Charlotte River, in the s. w. part, contains a church, the N. Y. C(jnfer- ence Seminary and Collegiate Institute,'^ 2 sawmills, a gristmill and clothing works, and about 40 1 This town innliides parts of the Schohfirie. Morris & Coeyman's. Lawyer & licrgh's, and the 2d Allotment of Lawyer k Zinimcr'e Patents. For particulars of early settlement, see page 601. * A lot of 14 acres in Huntersfifhl w;vs conveyed. J:in. 3. 1737, by Johannes Shuffer, Hendrick Conradf. and .lohannes Infrnld. to Jonas Le Hoy and Peter Speis. for the support of theMiddlelmrgh and Schoharie high and low Dutch chnrehes By an act of Feb. 8. 179'.t. the two eon^re-'alions were empowered to divide and mutu- ally release thl.* lot. Tho census report^ 4 chnrehos; 2 Evan. Luth., M. E., and Kef. Prot. D. 3 \anird in honor of Gov. Seward. * Upon the 8. E. border of the town is a hill, called by the Indians Gogny-ta-nee ; and n. of Seward Valley is another, called Onp-en-ta-dashe. & UiGilly known as " Neeleys Hollow." * The first settlers were Selmstiao France. Micliael Merokley, Henry Hynds.and Ernest Fretz. Among theother early settlers were Caleb Crospot. Win. Ernest .Spornhyer. and Conrad Brown, who located near the Lnth. church : and Wni. Kipsom ih. Henry France, Henry Haiu^s.Ueronimus Chrysler, and -John, I'eter. and Martin, sons of Itev. Peter Nicliol.as Stmiin r, the first Schoharie pastor. The first German school w.ls taught by Phnu;2:hwer ; the tlrst ion was kept byThos. Aliny : the fir-t store by Wm. E. Spornhyer. Wni. llynds built the first sawmill and Henry Hanos the first gristmilL 'i'he first birth was that I'f a son of — — Frauce. I 3 Evan. Luth., 3 M. E.. Kef. I'rot. 0., and Uap. * Named from Sharon. Conn. * These sprini^ have a high reputstion for the cure of cutaneous disorders, anil are a place of resort ilui in r t he summer. As ana lyzed by Di. Chi ton. a pint of the water is found to contain, — Sulphite of uiagneaia 'J.ti5 gruiod. Sulpliaie of lini) 698 " Clilorid ■ of fiogy of N. 1'., p. 143; Simms's Schoharie^ p. 643. 10 Col. R. w;ia afterward at Sackets Harbor aa aCoI. of drafted militia in Gen. Ki'hard Dodge'a brigade. Calvin Tike. AVilliara Vanderwerkor. Conrad Fritche. Abraham and John Meroness. .Tnhii Malick. and IVter Cournient were early aettlera. and were obli;;ed to flee to Schoharie or Fort Hunter for safety during the war. Wm. Beekman kept the first store; John Hutt built the fir^t Bawmill, (hneo I,a.:rangp the first Kriatinill. John Hutt the first clothing wmks, and Fn-derick & Crouck the first timnery. The town compri«es a part of Frederick Young's I'atent of 'J0.0(>0 ncre.'i, grantt^d Oct. 11, 1752; a tract granted to Bmdt & Living- Bton. of 8.000 a<:re8; a i»art of Johan D. Gross' Tract; a tract grantetl to Joliannea Lawyer, jr.. Jacob Boist, and others, of 7.000 acres. Aug. 14, 17B1 ; and a small part of the New Dorlach Patent. The first owners of New Durlach Tatent were Mieh;iel, Ji'liaiinea. Johannes Jost, and Jacob B. Buist, Johan Braun. Wm. Bauch, Michael Htltzinger, Henrick Hjiues. Johannes Shaffer, Johannes and .Tacob Lawyer. Christian Zeh, Mathias Baumann, Lambert Sternberg. BMrent Key.ser. and I'eter Nicholas Smnmer. The patent provided that any difiereucea that might arise Wt duDttt. G08 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. dwiellings. LiUfberanville, (p. o.,) in the >r. w. part, contains a church and 10 dwellings; and EluiBieuce, (p. v.,) on the line of Blenheim, 2 churches and 15 dwellings. The first settle- ment was made in 1794, by Frederick Prosper, from Dutchess co.' Rev. M. Sherman was the first preacher. The census reports 7 churches in town.'^ WRIGHT' — was formed from Schoharie, April 4, 1846. It is the N. town on the e. border of the CO. Its surface is a hilly upland. The highest summits, along the s. line, are 60U to 800 ft. above the valleys. The piincipal stream is Foxes Creek, flowing n. w. through the center. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Gallupville, (p. v.,) near the center, contains .3 churches, a sawmill, tannery, carding machine, and 40 houses. 8liutter8 Corners, (p. o.,) in the w. part, contains a sawmill, gristmill, and 10 houses. Waldensville is a p. o., near the E. line. The tewn comprises the whole of several patents and parts of several others, principally granted from 1760 to 1770. The first settlement was made by Jacob Zimmer, near Gallupville, several years prior to the Revolution.* A stone house built by Johannes Becker, an early settler, was used as a fort during the war.' There are 5 churches in town.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, DwelUn(js, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Schoharie County. Names op Towns. Blenheim Broome.^ Carlisle Cobleskill CoDesville Ksperance FultoD Qilboa .Jefferson Middleburgh RichmoDdville— Schoharie Seward Sbai-oD Summit Wright Total Acres op Land. 9,864 18,623 14,612 11,742 12,907 7,679i 17.120i 23,139 15,00-4 14,240f 14,207J 9,401 14.381 19,297 13,027 12,699 227,904} 16.102 8,375 6,243 6,296 8,552 2,716i 17.192 13,39,Si 8,045i 11,609 5.475 0,429 6.420 4,878 6,040 6,276 132.0461 Valuation op 1858. Popdlation, $18,990 60,884 42.410 66,175 27,606 71.622 68,550 66,960 30,478 63.850 32.760 222.6.i0 28.920 100,162 45,065 62.265 959,2.37 $206,667 255.230 436.5S1 404,101 256.966 309,637 622.900 3=9.258 308.618 486.195 407,359 74.J.241 417,048 662,360 365,800 400,972 6.632,S13 1,071 873 1,096 700 643 1,450 1,306 620 1.621 1,028 1,429 962 1,360 940 843 665 1,067 860 1.112 707 727 1,367 1,351 868 1.454 999 1.440 963 1,356 960 815 16,828 16,691 =1 225 421 311 373 262 239 609 478 292 480 S45 498 316 460 884 283 245 427 326 401 292 262 ,530 626 321 547 378 495 336 489 374 310 186 270 276 335 215 177 402 322 262 863 291 810 247 424 268 236 Schools. 1-= 601 1.034 760 776 629 606 1,182 1,105 683 1,179 840 1,068 706 1,066 687 13,808 Names op Towns. Blenheim Broome Carlisle Cobleskill , Ctinesville E.'^perance Fulton Oilboa Jefferson Middleburgh... Hichmondville. Sclioharie Seward Sharon Summit Wrighfc Total m 262 608 638 741 443 379 707 697 452 838 601 768 683 1.001 606 678 915 1,686 1,.338 1.228 1,238 801 1,867 1,903 1.477 1,498 1,120 1.244 1.072 1,.?49 1,115 807 9,682 20,658 18,213 873 1,117 1,078 986 868 540 1,492 1,927 1,763 760 1,009 1,006 1,260 1,201 1.630 823 1,3S8 6,438 3348 2,930 3,460 1.165 3.520 3.3S6 2,241 3,268 2,182 2,241 2,001 3,923 2,030 3,0; to 618 9621 1,1371 1.463' 916| 618'; l,4.'i4i 1.229, 791i 1,749, 1,093 I.SO4I 1.444 1,3841 9411 1.171 Aqricultural Products. Bush, of Grain. j£ _ 3,V68 6,469 2,278 6.964 2,991 2.272 10,005i 4.244S 2.28Si 14,499 6.044S 19.558 6.009i 4.C38 2,151 13.660 16,109 52,362i 61,044} 63,671 17,185} 49,561 70,860} 33.427 i 33,261 i 77,306 62.354 73.568 73,2961 129.765 61,884 67,00U 46,696 18,804 106.237i 922,644i 1,940 3,316 2.705 2.745 3,130 1,869J 3,436i 6.0364 4,369 2,819} 3,122 2,1 59i 3.213 2.881 4.297 1,737 =)-' 6,746 10,481 12,992 14,093 10,686 7,132 11,847 13,440 9,472 11,108 15,261 10,372 18,006 47,182 12,210 11,164 Daibv Pboddcis. 86,230 92,146 116,686 93,725 95,550 63,745 140.939 207,205 183,n77 9.3,970 98,680 72,060 136,4.30 124,965 160,815 86,374 608 2.605 6.379 6,716 2,640 3,026 869 3,090 600 1,883 200 40,661 2.240 200 400 48,774} 190,432J 222.182 1,832,2571 71,010 si ci-E l,800i 2.092 2,165 2,7171 848i 1,139 4.969) 2,660 2,.593 1,331 2,863 1,284 2.066i 1.976 3,142 1.398 34,915 ^ Clement Davis, Samuel Allen, Martin Van Buren, Morris Kiff. Robert and Abrah.am Van Duser, A. M. Frydenbur;,'h, Joseph L. Barnet, Amos Baldwin. Jon.ithan Hughes, B^iltus Prosper, and James Brown were earl.v settlers. The first birth w;is that of Frydenburgh, and the first marriage that of Clement Davis and Lovina Allen, in 1797. Daniel Harris tiught the first school, in 1798. Benj Rider kept the first inn, James Burns the first store, and Van Buren the first sawmill. The town comprises a part of the Straasliurgh, Charlotte Kiver, Ptepben .skinner, and Walter Frtmklin Patents. « 2 Bap., 2 M. H., lief. Prot. D., Ev. Luth., and Christian. s Named in honor of Gov. Silas VTright. * Among the early settlers were Johannes Becker. Shaffer, Frederick Dening. J< hn Narhold, Frederick Beller. Christopher Shoefelt, and John Hilsley. Jacob Zimmer kept the fii-st inn, John and Henry Becker tlie first store; Jacob Zimmer built the first gristmill, and Zimmer. Becker & Shafier the first sawmill s On the moi niug of .luly 26. 1782. a hand of lories and Indians appeared in the valley of Foxes Creek, murdered several person.s, took some prisoners, and attempted to dislodge the inmates of the stone house, but failed. This house is still standing. • 2 M. E., Ev. Luth., Ref. Prot. D, and Christian. SCHUYLER COUNTY. This county' was formed from Steuben, Chemung, and Tompkins, April 17, 1854. It lies upon both sides of the s. extremity of Seneca Lake ; is centrally distant 160 mi. from Albany, and con- tains 352 sq. mi. Its surface is mostly an undulating and hilly upland, divided into two distinct ridges by the deep valley of Seneca I Lake and its inlet. The highest summits are 600 to 1,000 ft. above Seneca Lake and 1,200 to 1,600 ft. above tide. A bluff 100 to 300 ft. high extends along the shoresof the lake, too steepfor profitable culti- vation ; but farther inland the hills are bordered by long and gradual slopes and are generally arable to their very summits. The extreme s. part of the oo. assumes a more hilly and broken character. Catha- rines Creek, flowing into the head of Seneca Lake, is the principal stream. Its course is through a deep, narrow, and winding valley bordered by steep hillsides 400 to COO ft. high. Upon it are numerous falls, affording abundance of water-power; and near its mouth is a marshy region of considerable extent. Meads Run, a tributary of Chemung River, drains the s. w. corner, and Cayuta Creek the s. E. corner. The other streams are small creeks and brooks, mostly discharging their waters into Seneca Lake. A few streams take their rise along the N. E. border and flow into Cayuga Lake. Little and Mud Lakes, two smaller sheets of water along the w. border, discharge their waters through Mud Creek into Conhocton River. Cayuta Lake is a fine sheet of water, in the E. part of the co. Hector Falls, upon a small stream flowing into Seneca Lake from the E., is one of the finest cascades in the State. The rocks of this co. mostly belong to the Portage and Chemung groups, — the former occupying the n. and the latter the s. part of the co. In the deep valley along the shore of Seneca Lake, in the extreme N. part of the co., are found outcrops of Genesee slate. The only good building stone in the co. is the thin-bedded sandstone separating the thick beds of shale. In many places these rocks are covered deeply with drift deposits. The soil upon the highlands is clayey and gravelly, principally derived from the dis- integration of the shales ; and in many places this is underlaid by hardpan. In the valleys the soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with alluvmm. Agriculture forms the leading and almost the sole occupation of the people. Spring grains are extensively grown, and stock and wool growing and dairying are largely carried on. The climate and soil are both better adapted to pasturage than to tillage. Fruit is becoming an important article of culture, and all kinds adapted to the climate succeed well. A limited amount of manufacturing is carried on at Watkins and Havana. In 1854, commissioners appointed to locate the co. buildings fixed upon Havana as the cuuutv seat.' The action of the commissioners was resisted by the Board of Supervisors, and by them the county seat was located at Watkins, at the head of Seneca Lake. A courthouse was erected at each village ; subsequently the courts decided against the action of the comtfiissioners, and, April 13, 1857, an act was passed by the legislature confirming the location of the county seat at Havana. At their annual meetings in the fall of 1857 and 1858 the Board of Supervisors passed resolutions changing the location to Watkins, and at this place the co. offices are at present located. The buildings erected at each place for a courthouse, and for a clerk's office and jail at Havana, are fine build- ings, embodying nearly all modern improvements. The buildings at Havana were erected at a cost of $15,000. No poorhouse has yet been established. The public works in the co. are the Chemung Canal, extending from the head of Seneca Lake s. through the valley of Catharines Creek, uniting with Chemung River at Elmira; the Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua R. R., extending along the w. shore of Seneca Lake to Watkins ; and the Chemung R. R., extending s. from Watkins along Catharines Creek to Elmira. These roads are both leased to the N. Y. & E. R. R. Co. In 1779, Sullivan's army marched through the defiles along Catharines Creek, closely pursuing the Indians, who were flying from the fatal battle of " Neiciovm," (now Elmira.) So great was the terror of the Indians that they neglected to defend the passes, and the American army J Named from Gen. Philip Schuyler. * Theee commissioDers were Deloe De Wolf, of Oswego, Edward Dodd, of Washington, and Tinu W. Smith, of Onondaga. W 609 610 SCHUYLER COUNTY. inarched unmolested through the only place where successful resistance was practicable. Upon the conclusion of peace, many of the soldiers belonging to the army returned to this region and located upon land which had been first brought to their notice during their march against the Indians. The first settlements in the co. were made on Catharines Creek, near the present site of Havana, in 1788, and on the shores of Seneca Lake, in 1790. The town of Hector belonged to the Military Tract; the towns of Catharines, Dix, and Reading, to the Watkins and Flint Pur- chase; and Tyrone and Orange, to the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. Two weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* CATHARIIVES^ — was formed from *' Newtoicn" (now Elmira, Chemung co.,) March 15, 1798. Catlin and A^eteran (Chemung co.) were taken off in 1823. A part of Newfield (Tompkins CO.) was annexed June 4, 1853, and a part was added to Cayuta, April 17, 1854, It lies upon the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Catharines Creek, along the w. border, flows in a deep ravine 300 to 700 feet below the summits of the hills. Cayuta Lake lies in the N. E. part ; and its outlet, Cayuta Creek, flows s. into the Susquehanna. The soil is principally a gravelly loam mixed with clay. Havana, (p. v.,) upon Catharines Creek, on the line of Dix, 3 mi. from Seneca Lake, was incorp. May 13, 1836. It contains a courthouse, jail, clerk's office, the People^s College,' 3 churches, a newspaper office, 3 flouring mills, and several manufacturing establishments.* It is a canal village and a station upon the Chemung R. R. Pop. 1,290. Odessa, (p-^-O near the center of the town, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, several sawmills, and 40 dwellings; and Catba- rines, (p. v.,) in the s. part, 2 churches and 25 dwellings. Alpine, (p. v.,) on the s. e. border, aud Cayutaville, (p. o.,) on the n. e. border, are partly in this town. Silas Wolcott and Wilson settled at Havana in 1788.^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of Mr. P. Bowers, by a Presbyterian minister, in 1794.' (For the new town of Montour, see p. 612.) CAYUTA — was formed from Spencer, (Tioga co.,) March 20, 1824. Parts of Catharines and Erin (Chemung co.) were annexed in 1854. The town was transferred from Tioga to Tompkins co. March 22, 1822. It is the s. e. corner town in the co. Its surface is a hilly upland. Cayuta Creek flows s. e. through the town, in a narrow valley bordered by steep hillsides 300 to 600 ft. high. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Cayuta ("West Cayuta p, o.) contains 15 dwellings; Alpine, (p. v.,) on the n. line of the town, a flouring mill, sawmill, chair factory, and 25 dwellings The first settlement was made in the valley of the Cayuta, near West Cayuta, in 1801, by Capt. Gabriel Ogden, Rev. David Janes, and Jos. Thomas, — the first two from Tioga co., and the last from Athens, Penn,^ The first religious services were held by Rev. Mr. Janes, (Bap.,) at his own house, in 1802. No churches are reported, I and 4 aDd all of Tpa. 2 and 3of .Tohu W. Watkins'a Tract, 8 Thi8 institHtion wag incorp. April 13. 1854. and was locAt^d at Havana Jan. 8, 1867. The college edifice — the erection of which has been commenced — is to be 320 by 52 IV*f t, 4 storied high, with a basement. At either end ia a wing, 206 by 52 ft., 4 Btories high : and a wing will project rearward from the center, 68 by 64 ft., 3 stories high. Above the basement the walls are to be erected of brick ; the whole at an estimated cost of $1"6.000. The institution is to afford instruction in some departments of mechanics and manufactures, and students are tu be paid for their services. The trustees have resolved to eatablish 19 pro- fessorships. * 2 plaster mills, 2 sawmills, a planing mill, woolen factory, iron foundery, and tannery. 6 Geo. Mills, Vtm. McClure, Phineas Bowers, John King, and 2 families by the name of Stevens, settled in the valley at and near Havana in 17S9-90. Anthony JSroderick kept the first school, in a house owned by Phineas Bowers, in 1792-93. Silas Wolcott kept the first inn, soon after his settlement, and Isaac Baldwin and George Mills the first store, in 1805. at Havana. Phineas Bowers erected the first grist and saw mills, at or near the village, 6 The census reports 7 churches; 2 Prot. E., 2 Presb., 2 M. E-, and Bap. I Hermon Wbite.B*iy. Chambers, andjeremiah Taylor settled in the same vicinity in 1803 ; Moses Brown, Langstaff Compton, and others in 1804. The first birth was that of Roaetta, daugh- ter of Jonathan Thomas, in Jan. 1804; the first marriage, that of Ebenezer PMwards and Sarah Ogden, in 1804; and the first death, that of Joseph Thomaa, in July. 1802. Robert Lockerby taught the first school, in a house belonging to Elder Janes, ia the winter of 1805. Capt. Gabriel Ogden kept the fir.st inn. at West Cayuta, in 1806, and Jesse White the first store, in 1808. John \rhite prected the first sawmill on the E. branch of the Cavuta, in 1816, and John Knnis the first gristmill, 2 mi. l>elow West Cayota, in 1817. 1 The Tinga Patriot waa started at Havana in June, 1828, by L. B. and S. Butler, and was continued a short time. Tht Havana Observer was started in 1830 by F. W. Ritter, and was soon discontinued. The Savana Bepuhliran was commenced in 1835 by Nelson ColgTOve. It was issued successively by Q. Barlrw Nye, T. 1. Taylor, and W, H. Ougly until 1&49, when it was changed to Lift tn The Comitry and Haxana Eepubliatn. It was discon- tinued in 1850. Tht Chemung Democrat was removed Crom Horseheada to Havana in 1840, and to '■"Jefferson^'' (now Watkins) in 1842. Its name was ?>'mith, ShiTiff; and Jared l^andf'tni. Surrofjnfp.. 8 The average number of inmates is Ciii, fjupiiorti-d at a weekly cost of S^ ■'10 each. A school is taupht 4 iiioutlia in the year. The e8talili>'hnnMit aecma to be pretty wellarraTiged and mauaged. * The Seneca Patriot, the first paper published in the co., was started at Ovid in 1815 by Geo. Lewis. In 1816 it was changed to The Ovid Gazette. Upon the change of the co. seat in 1817, it was removed to Waterloo and changed tn The Waterlon Guseitr, and was continued several years by the original proprietor. The Senecxi Farmer was started at Waterloo in 1822 by Wm. Child. In 1832 it was removed to geneca Falls and united with the Seneca Falls Journal. The Waterloo Republican was issued a short time in 1822. The WaUHon OhsfTver was started in 1824 by Charles Sentell. It was siH)n after issued ii shnrt time as Thf Ob^ni'er and Unvm. and was subsequently changed to The Seneca Observer, under which title it ia still issued b.v till* uiiginul pmpi'ietor. The Wri'iillt ami Ludifa' Literary Hepnsit^yri/ was Issued from tbe ob-ierver office in 1831. The Seneca Hi'puhlican was established at Ovid in 1827 by Mi- chael Hayes. In 1830 it was changed to The Ovid CMzeftp ami Seneca County Itrgister, and was issued a Bh neca Falls in 1837 by Isaixc Fuller & Co. It was success ively published by Fuller Sl Bloomer, Mills &. Bloomer, Milh k Davis. John J. Davis, N. J. Milliken, Milliken k Fuller, Milliken & Mumford, Foster & Judd. Fuller & Jndd. until 1850. when it passed into the hands of Isaac Fullf^r, its present publisher. The Ovid Bee was started in 1838 by David Fairchild k Son. At the end of one year it passed into the hands of the son, Corydon Fairchild, its present publisher. The Seneca Falls Democrat was commenced in 1839 by Joeiah T. Miller, and was continued 10 years. The Se7ieca Democrat, semi-w., was issued a short time from the same office. The Seneca Falls Refjiater waa commenced in 1S33 by J. K. Brown, and was continued 3 years. The MemoHal was commenced at Seneca Fall-* in 1840 by Ansel Bascom. and was continued until 1S46. The Water Huclet waa published at Seneca Falls by an associa- tion of Washingtnnians in 1841. The Fne-Snl Union was commenced at Seneca Falls in Aug. 1S48, by N. J. Milliken, and continued about 1 year. The Lily was ciinimenced at Seneca Falls in 1849 by Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, and waa continued until 1854, when it was removed to Ohio. The American Reveille was commenced at Seneca Falls in .liiii. lsr.,"i, by Wilcoxen, Sherman & Baker. In lSr)tMt wiisimicliasedby U.WiIcoxen,and was continued by him until Jan. 1859. when it passed into the hands of Holly &. Stowell, the preseut publishers. 6 The first locks on this river were made by the Seneca Rivor Navigation Company, in 1815. * ^Ir. Van Clief was one of the 100 men dispatched by Sullivan under Col. Qausevoort, directly e. from the head of Seoeca Lake, SENECA COUNTY. 615 were speedily occupied. In 1791 the State Road, known as the " Geneva Road," was built from Whitestown to Geneva ; and this soon became the great highway for immigration. This co. formed the extreme w. portion of the Military Tract ; and many of the early settlers were old soldiers who had diawn their portion of public land here. COVERT— was formed from Ovid, April 7, 1817. Lodi was taken off in 1826. It lies upon the w. shore of Cayuga Lake, in the s. E. corner of the co. Its surface is an upland descending from its w. border and terminating in a steep and almost precipit cross Seneca Lake to find a justice authorized to perform the ceremony. Benj. Monger taught the first .sch-xil. in 1795 ; John McMath kept the first store, in 1797, and the first inn, in ISnO; and B. Boardman erected the first mill, in 1793. on Lot 2. 6 There are now in town 7 churches ; 2 Presb., 2 M. E., Ref. Prof. D., Bap., and K, C. * This institution was incorporated in 1853; and Ihe buildings are now in process of erection. They were designed by S. >:. Hewes, of .\lhany. and consist of a main building 90 ft. front and 132 deep, having a wing on eiich side 84^ by 60, and transverse wings 58 by 128. It is designed to accommodate alwut 400 stu- dents. The farm contains (JOO acres. ^ On Lot 29, within i mi. of the S. line of the town, and ex- actly on the dividing ridge between the two lakes, once exis[eil a mound or fortification of an irregular, elliptical form, in- closing about 3 acres, and surrounded by an embankment of earth, which in 1801 was about 3 feet in height, with a base 5 to 8 feet in width. The present proprietor, (ieorge Bo Dine, with his father, removed here in 1802, and built a liou.se within the inclosed space, where he haa since resided until within a few SENECA COUNTY. 617 SEjVCCA FAL.L.S— was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It lies upon the w, hank of Cayuga Lake, n. of the center of the co. The surface is nearly flat, and it is elevated 30 to 50 ft. above Cayuga Lake. The shores of the lake are low and shelving, and the n. portion is swampy. Seneca River flows e. and n. through the center of the town, its valley dividing the town into two distinct parts. The river flows over a series of ledges into a deep chasm apparently worn by its waters. Just E. and s. w. of the village are extensive gypsum quarries. The soil is a stiff, hard clay in the s. and E., asandy loamin theN.w., aud a heavy vegetable muck in the n.e. Seneca Falls, (p.v.,)^ upon Seneca Kiver, near the center of the town, was incorp. April 22, 1831. It is a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. and the Seneca Canal. The total fall is 51 feet, and furnishes an abundance of water-power, which is largely improved. It contains 7 churches, the Seneca Falls Academy, a union school, 2 news- paper ofiBces, extensive manufactories of fire engines, pumps, machinery, iron, and woolen goods, and a great variety of other articles.^ Pop. about 4,000. The first settlement was made by Job Smith, from Ulster CO., upon the present site of the village in 1787 ; he left in 1793. The first permanent settler was Lawrence Van Clief, in 1789.^ The first religious services were held by M. E. missionaries, about 1797 ; and the first regular minister was Rev. Matthew Stewart, (Presb.,) in 1804.* TYRE— was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. The E. half is a swamp, being the s. termination of the Montezuma Marshes. The w. half is occupied by peculiar drift ridges similar to those already described in Junius. These ridges arc 30 to 50 feet high, and generally have very steep declivities upon all sides except the s. One of the longest of these, in the w. part of the town, extends nearly two-thirds of the distance from the s. line to the N. Its summit is nearly level ; and the road which is located upon it appears as though built upon an artificial embankment. The soil is clay and muck in the e. and a gravelly loam in the w. Tyre City, (Tyre p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. Ci;uso is a p. 0. on the n. line. The first settlement was made by Ezekiel Crane, from N. J., who came in 1794.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1805. Elder Don Ralph was the first preachci'.^ TARICK — was formed from Romulus, Feb. 6, 1830. It extends from Seneca to Cayuga Lake, across the center of the co. Its surface is slightly inclined toward the n. The slopes of the ridges are yeare. The work was evidently of great antiquity, — the timber on the inside being of the same size and apparent age of that in the surrounding forest. Upon the bank and in the ditch large oak trees — the growth of centuries — were standing. In the embankment were several openings a few feet in width, which were once probably used for gates or entrancea. In making an excavation for a cellar, on the e. Bide, 6 skeletons were found at the depth of about 2 feet. This was in 1857. Several had been found previously ; and, though all the softer parts of the bones bad long since disappeared, the teeth and a few of the larger bones still remained. Inside of the embankment may still be found pieces of a coarse kind of pottery, ornamental pipes, &c. T>e Witt Clinton visited this place in 1810 ; and his theory ifi that this was one of a number of similar works of defense found occupying the most commanding positions in Western New York, and in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, erected by a race more civilized than the Indians, and that they preceded the latter in the occupation of this country: their origin and end are alike a mystery ; their annals defy the ken of human re- search, and their history will remain a sealed book perhaps for- ever. Tlie Indians were never able to give any account of this fortiflcatiiin, as it was older than their traditions. I Named from the falls in the river, the Indian name, "Sha- Be-o«nse." signifying rolling water. 8 Downs & Co.'s manufacturing estaliHshment, commenced in 1840, has a capital, including real estate and machinery, of about $200,000. They are largely engaged in the manufacture of pumps and a great variety of other articles, use annually 3.800 tt^tns of irnn, I, .^00 tons of conl. and employ 230 hands. Their yearly eab'S amount to about $400,000. They also manufacture Goffe's Patent Knitting Machine, and are largely eng:(ged in the manu- facture of hose, turning out 800 pairs per day ; 70 persons are empli'yed in this department. The Island Works of Silsby, Mynderse & Co., commenced in 1S48. is eng;aged in the manu- faotare of steam firo engines, portable steam engines, and a variety of other machinery. It employs 150 persona, and turns out work to the amount of $200,000 per year. Cowing & Co.'s works commenced about 1840. They are engaged in the manu- facture of file engines, pumpa, and various other articles, — emjdoy 140 men, and turn out work yearly to the amount of $125,000. The Fhcenix Woolen Mills givt-s employment to 90 persons, and manufiictures goods to the amount of S1'''0.*'00 per annum. Besides these, there are in the place several flouring mills, h.iving in the aggicgate 32 runs of stone, 2 distilleries, a br.'wery, 2 planing mills, 5 founderie.s and machine shops, a scythe and fork factory, a woolen factory, and several minor niai.ufactories. About 50 tons of iron are used daily in the B.veial manufactories. — American Rex'eilh, Srneca fhlls, 1^59. 1 Mr. Smith was the first white settler upon the Military Tract. Mr. Van Cliof was a Revolutionary soldier, having been in the battles of White Plains, with Washington at Valley Forge and with Sullivan in his campaign against the Indians. Ho settled on the river, and engaged in piloting boats over tho rapids until the lucks were built in 1S15. Among the other early settlers were James Bennett, Col. John Harris, and Parker. The fir.st child born was a daughter of Lawrence Van Clief, Nov. 29. 1790; the first marriage, that of . Ely and Pamela Parkhurst. in 1796; and the first death, that of Mrs. Job S'mith, in 1702, The first school was taught by — Leonanl, in 1797. Lawrence Van Clief kept the first inn, ia 17^4; and Col. Wilhelmus Mynderse kept the first store, in 1795, and built the first saw and grist mill, about the same time. In 1794, P.obert Trout, Kichohvs Gonverneur, Stephen N. Bayard, and Klkannb Watson, under the title of the Bayard Company, bought of the State 100 acres of land on the N. side of the river, embracing the greater part of the water-power upon that side. In 179S they purchased 250 acres on the s. side, and in 1809, C50 acres more on the same side, th" two purchases embracing nil the water-power upon that side of the river. In 1816 they bonght 450 acres more on the n. side. Completing the purchase of the water-power. In 1795 the company sold a one- fifth intei"Ost in their purchase to Col. Mynderse, and constituted hiiii their agent. In 1795 the " Upper lied Mills*' were erected under his direction; and in 1807 the "Lower ited Mills" were erected. The Co. refused to sell th?ir land, neglected to improve the immense water-power that they owned, and in 1S25 broke down, and the property was sold for about one-fifth of its cost. In 1829-30 the manufacturing interests of tho place began t*t increase. About that time a paper mill was erected by Chauncey M.re built, in 1815, tho most important business of the place was that of transporting goods and boats around the rapids. The " dress reform" movement w;is commenced in this town by Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, who adopted the dress known as the Bloomer Dress in 1849. < The censns reports 7 churches in town; Bap., M. E., Wes. Meth., Prot. K., Presb., Ref. Prot. D., and R. C. 6 Asher Ilalsey, from N. J., came in 1798. Among the other early settlers were Stephen Crane, Peter and Ezra Degarm-), Kobert Gould, Thos. Susson, Lewis Winans, and Thos. W. linfkf velt. The first child born was Danl. Crane; the first marriage, that of James Cook and Betsey Woodworth ; and the firf t flfvtth, that of Ezekiel Crane. Nancy Osman taught tho first school, in 1804. Stephen Crane kept the first inn. in 1809; Nicholas Traver built the first sawmill, in 1807, and Noah Davis the first gristmill, in 1817. fl There are 4 churches in town; Disciples, Bap., M.E., and Ref. Prot. D. 618 SENECA COUNTY. 80 gradual that nearly every part is arable. The streams are all small. I^ear the center of the town is a cranberry swamp, occupying about 800 acres. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Bearytown, (Fayette p. o.,) upon the line of Fayette, in the n.e. part, contains 3 churches, a steam sawmill, stave factory, and 128 inhabitants, of whom 51 are in this town. Romulus (p. V.) lies on the s. border. East Varlck (p. o.) is a landing upon Cayuga Lake. MeDuffie Town is a hamlet in the s. E. corner. Varick. is a p. o. The first settlement was made by James McKuight, in 1789.' There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and M. E. "WATERLOO— was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It lies on the n. bank of Seneca Kiver, n. w. of the center of the co. The surface is almost one unbroken flat. A marsh extends e. and w. through the town s. of the center, and another occupies the N. E. corner.' The bed of Seneca River, on the s. boundary, is almost level with the general surface. The soil is muck and clay in the n. and e., gravel along the n. border, and a sandy loam in the center and w. Waterloo, (p. v.,) on Seneca River, near the e. border of the town, was inoorp. April 9, 1824. It is a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. and upon the Seneca Canal. A fall of 24} feet in Seneca River furnishes an excellent water-power, which is mostly improved. It is a half-shire of the co., and contains the courthouse, 6 churches, the Waterloo Union School, a bank, a large shawl factory,' 3 distilleries, 2 malt houses, 3 flouring mills, 5 sawmills, 2 founderies and machine shops, 2 oil mills, and nume- rous other manufactories.* Seneca Rivtr above the falls, being seldom frozen, is navigable through- out the year. This village is an important depot of lumber from the s. w. cos., and of coal from the Susquehanna and Blossburg Mines. Pop. 3,050. Soutll Waterloo, formerly called "Schoyes," is on the opposite side of Seneca River, in Fayette. Settlement was commenced by John Greene, from R. I., in 1789.' The first religious services were held about 181G.° Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellinys, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricidtural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Seneca County. Names of Towns. Acres op Land. 1 j VAIC4TI0N OF 1858. Population. 1 1 s 1 Schools. 1 1 1 1 816,199 ,437,614 706.478 696,511 916,147 793,589 ,479,6.50 402.243 761,261 ,029,876 it II 160,016 100,616 34,2.50 67,770 201.393 148,000 481,315 18,li» 62,376 359,750 "e 5 1 S "o 1 3 16 8 9 9 12 10 7 11 7 il 894 1,165 690 424 1,022 856 1,905 648 725 l.,574 16.646} 27.106i 13.172} 17.112 14.251 17,977J 11.78U 10.1)02} 15.606J 8.093i 3,274J 6,425 3,304 4,4S3 3,812}: 6.600 1 2,316 1 8,4:!8| 4.468 3.815 976,214 1,538,129 740,728 7cU,2Sl 1,117,.540 941.689 1,960.866 420.343 813.626 1.389.625 1.146 1.7US 713 1,016 1,098 979 2,5U 717 858 1,964 12,710 1,0.S4 1,662 702 1,002 1,176 900 2,473 702 865 2,082 418 613 269 401 424 342 8.36 279 340 747 432 653 2'.I6 402 439 360 956 283 343 781 351 491 228 298 374 251 619 212 271 626 Fayette Ovid Tyre Varick Waterloo Total 151,949} 46.936} "9.039,357 1,623,.683 10,662,940 12,648 4.669 4.944 3,621 I 102 9,802 Names of Towns. Live Stock. Aqeicdltural Proddcts. 1 •il o.S 160 CS5 471 101 282 462i 99 747S 217 .5 i 3 i Bu3H. or OauN. 1 > II ■s- It ^^ 2o.*>+8 21,623 11,295 17,734 26,718 20.024 12,966 20,690 12,809 10,766 Dairy Pro DDCTO, 1 o> lb "1 « Citvert 679 1,390 731 763 683 862 660 677 756 492 1,207 1,689 889 1,183 983 933 631 854 717 874 73'- 1,311 727 731 8oa 75S 69f 62f 381 46£ 3.576 8,290 6.623 3.4.50 3,9ia 0.134 4,042 4,016 4,276 3,559 47,634 1,117 3,272 1.410 i.on 1,167 1.261 4.245 1,019 1,350 1,080 16.990 36.082 17.870 13.611 16,129 10.682J 12,7.53S 13.5.33 14,653 7,379 115.334 194.820 97.287 101.248 101,851 143.746i 67.435} 80.960} 112.246 68,097i 1,551 4,146 2,049 1,9S.S 1.711i 2.160} 2,029i 2,0431 1,5705 1,631 3.197 6.206 13.718 4.612 3.549 1.989 4.769 10.023 1.706 23,886 70,239 140.312 83..500 68.295 60,068 09,136 63,095 72,346 62,467 36,126 1,650 400 6,290 414 700 700 1,676 1,793 70 1,320 Lodi Rotnulua Tntrtl 7,497 9 860' 7,13t 17,632 159,6.83 l,b83.12 U 20,879}! 72.644 175,'. 78 706, 574 13,812 3,216 3 Tlip fir^t child born was a son of James McKnight. in 1790. 4 The waters of Black Brook which flow through the ceutral Bwampy n^gion are impregnated with earthy ami vegetable niatter, which gives to them the peculiar quality of clearing the inside of steam boilers of the incruntations ot sulphate and car- honate of lime resulting from the use of havd water. ^ The Waterlou Woolen Manufacturini; Co. was organized in 1836, with a c.ipital of $150.000 : iiOO to '^^0 hands are employed ; 300.000 lbs. of wool are used, and 40.0(.iO long shawls are annu- ally manufactured. This is. next to the Bay State Mills, the largest shawl factory in America. Among these establishments is a pliwter mill, boatyiird, and drydock. 4 copper, tin. and sheet iron factories, a fanning mill, uid washboard factory, and 2 cabinet and furniture ehops. ' Ajnong the other early settlers were Jabez Oorham, from Ballston, (Saratoga co.,) who located upon the present site of the village. Salmon Bisbrow, from Saratoga co,, came in about the same time. The first child born was John Smith, in 1S08; the first marriage, that of Job Smith and Miriam Gorham. in 1799; and the first deaths, those of John Gregory and Jaraen Hull, two Revolutionary soldiers, who drew luts in Ihis town, settled upon them, and both died about 180S. Isaac Gorham taught the first school, in 1810; Jabrz Gorham kept the firs! inn, about 179:'); Charles Swift, the first store, in ISlo; and James Bear built the first mill, in 1794. 8 The census reports 6 churches in town; Presb., Prot. E., Kef. Prot. D., M. E., Disciples, and Friends. STEUBEN^ COUNTY. This county was formed from Ontario, March 18, 1796, and named in honor of Baron Steuben. The 7th Range of Townships was annexed to Allegany co. March 11, 1808, the part in the fork of Crooked Lake to Ontario co. Feb. 25, 1814, a part of Dansville to Livingston co. Feb. 15, 1822, a part of Reading to Yates co. in 1824, and a part to Schuyler co. April 17, 1854. It lies upon the s. border i]f the State, considerably w. of the center, is centrally distant 188 mi. from Albany, and C(-)ntains 1,425 sq. mi. Its surface mostly con- sists of ridges and high, rolling uplands, forming the northern con- tinuation of the Allegany Mts. The watershed between Lake On- tario and Susquehanna River extends from Allegany co. eastward across the N. part of the co. The deep valley of Crooked Lake breaks the continuity of the highlands and extends 17 mi. s. w. from the head of the lake, connecting with the Conhocton Valley at Bath, and forming one of the numerous natural passes between the southern valleys and the basin of Lake Ontario. The highlands occupying the s. w. corner of the CO. also form a portion of the watershed, being drained by branches of Canisteo River on the E. and of Genesee River on the w. The highest summits in the co. are about 2,500 feet above tide.' The upland region has nearly a uniform elevation, with a slight inclination toward the N. It is intersected by numerous deep valleys, which have evidently been excavated by the action of water." The formation of the steep hillsicj^s which border upon these valleys is such as to prove conclusively that they were once united, and that a wide, rolling plateau spread over the region now so irre- gular and broken. The principal of these valleys are those of Canisteo and Conhocton Rivers, ex- tending nearly n. w. and s. E. through the co. From these valleys numerous others diverge at nearly right angles and branch off into countless deep, crooked ravines, intersecting the plateau in every direction. The hills that bo'rder upon these valleys are usually steep and 300 to GOO feet high Conhocton River ilow.s s.e. through near the center of the co. In high water it was once navigable for arks 14 mi. above Bath. It receives from the s. w. Neils, Bennetts, Campbells, Stockton, Jlichigan, and Stevens Creeks, and from the n. E. Twelve Mile, Ten Mile, Five Mile, (or Kauona,) Mud,' and Pleads Creeks. Canisteo River flows through a valleys, w.of the Conhocton and nearly parallel to it. In freshets it rises 6 to 8 feet, and is then navigable for boats and arks about 40 mi. Its chief tributaries are Canacadea, Crosby, Purdy, Bennetts, Col. Bills, and Tusoarora Creeks, all from the s. w. Tioga River rises in Penn., flows N. through a deep, wild mountain val- ley, and unites with the Canisteo at Erwin, and with the Conhocton at Painted Post, from the latter place the combined stream taking the name of Chemung River.* Canaseraga Creek, flowing N., drains the N. w. corner of the co. ; and several small streams rising in the s. w. corner form branches of Genesee River. Crooked Lake lies along the n. e. border, in a deep valley nearly surrounded by steep hills 500 to 800 feet high. Little Lake lies in a shallow valley along the e border of the town of Waj-ne. It discharges its waters s. into Mud Lake, and through Mud Creek into Conhocton River. Loon Lake, in Wayland, lies in a valley which is the southern continuation of the valley of Hemlock Lake in Livingston co. Still further s., in the same valley, is Mud Lake, a small sheet of water, the outlet of which flows s. and empties into the Conhocton. The shales and sandstones of the Portage group outcrop in all the deep ravines in the n. part of the CO. and in the w. bank of Crooked Lake. Elsewhere, the Chemung group composes most of the surface rocks. Near the State Line the highest hills are capped with a coarse, silicious conglome- rate, which forms the floor of the coal measures." A feeble brine spring is found at La Grange, 1 Tho following elevations have been determined, principally by aetuftl siirvevs: Crooked I.ake, 718 feet; Corning, 925; Vil- lage of Hath, 1,090; IIornellsTille. 1,160; Arkport, 1,19-1; sum- mit iK'tween Mud Lake and Bath, 1.579; summit between Batli and Arkport, 1,S4*3: summit between Arkport and Angelica, 2,062: Troupsburgh Hills, 2,600. 2 These valleys must have been excavated by more powerful currents of water than now flow through them ; and their for- mation l>elongs to the drift period of geology. * Mud Creek is the outlet of Mud Lake, in Schuyler co. At the first settlement of the co. this stream was navigable, and arks were floated from Mud Lake down the creek and the Con- hocton to the Susquehanna, and thence to the Baltimore market. Since the clearing of the foresta, this stream has entirely failed for purposes of navigation, and now, in summer, it is almost dry. * These streams were all much larger before the destniction of the forests. In time of high water the early settlers describe them as being "full from hill to hill," 6 The rocks of this CO. are generally of a shaly nature ana not fit for use. There are a few e,xrfplions. however, ()ne mi. N. of Bath is a stratum, '-i feet tliiek. of a tough, argill*>-calca. reons rock, forming an excellent building stone. In Woodlinll, Canist'Ki, and Jasper the sandstone ledges furnish an exc-Ii-nt quality of grindstones. At Arkport, in Dansville, and Troups- burgh are marl beds, from which lime is manufactured. — Geiji, ith Dist., pp. isa, m. fil9 G20 STEUBEN COUNTY. and sulphur springs in Campbell, Jasper, and Urbana. The soil in general is composed of detritus of the adjacent rocks, and is better adapted to grazing than tillage. Upon the intervales along the larger streams the soil is a fertile alluvium. The extensive fiats upon the Chemung are among the finest agricultural lands in the State. Agriculture forms the chief occupation of the people. Grain is largely produced on the alluvial lands, and stock is extensively raised on the uplands. Stock and wool growing and dairying are the principal branches of agriculture pursued. Lumber- ing is still extensively carried on, — though it is gradually decreasing. The manufactures are prin- cipally confined to lumber, articles of wood, and the heavier and coarser products necessary to an agricultural region. The CO. is divided into the northern and southern Jury Districts, the co. buildings being respect- ively situated at Bath and Corning.^ The courthouse at Bath is a commodious brick building, erected in 1828.^ The jail is built of wood and closely surrounded by other buildings. The cells for prisoners are in the basement, and are not provided with any means of ventilation. Its arrange- ments show a culpable neglect and an entire disregard of the general sentiments of the co. and of the age. The co. clerk's office is permanently located at Bath. The courthouse at Corning is a fine brick edifice, erected in 1853-54 at a cost of $14,000. The jail at Corning was erected at the same time. The courts are held alternately at Bath and Corning. The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 214 acres about 2 mi. n. e. <»f Bath Village.' The average number of inmates is 75 ; and they are supported at an average weekly cost of §1.00 each. The farm yields a revenue of about S2,000. No instruction is afforded; but the children of proper age are bound out. The New York & Erie R. R. enters the co. from Chemung and extends along the valleys of the Chemung, Tioga, and Canisteo Rivers to Hornellsville, and the Canacadea to the w. border of the CO. It passes through Corning, Erwiu, Addison, Rathbone, Cameron, Canisteo, and Hornellsville.* The Buff'alo, N, Y. & E. R. R. extends n. w. from Corning up the Conhocton A^'alley, through Erwin, Campbell, Bath, Avoca, Cohocton, and Wayland, to the i^ border of the co. This road in- tersects the Genesee Valley R. R. at Avon, the N. Y. Central at Batavia, the Buff'alo & New York City at Attica, and the N. Y. & Erie at Corning. The Hornellsville Division of the Buffalo, New York & Erie R. R. extends n. w. up the valley of the Canisteo from Hornellsville, passing through that town and the s, w. corner of Dansville. The Blossburg & Corning R. R. extends from Corn- ing, through Erwin and Lindley, s. along the Tioga Valley to the Blossburg coal region. Crooked Lake is navigated by steam and canal boats, and forms a link in the chain of the internal water communication of the State. It is united with the Erie Canal at Montezuma by Crooked Lake Canal, Seneca Lake, and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals, The Chemung Canal navigable feeder extends from Corning e. to Horseheads, in Chemung co. Considerable lumber is floated down the rivers and finds a market at Philadelphia and Baltimore. These various works of internal im- provement afford ample facilities for the transportation of goods and passengers, and bring the farm products of the co. into close proximity to the Eastern markets. Seven newspapers are published in the co.^ 5 upon the orRanization of the Co.. in 1796. the co. building;s were located at Bath. A wood courthouse, one and a half stories hi.Lih. with two wings, was erected the same year. It was removed in ls2S and the present hrick courthouse erected. About the time of the erection of the first conrthoiise, a jail was built of hewn logs, wliich was snpersi^d*?il liy the erection of the present jail in lE>45. By an act of the Lej^islature, passed July 19, 1853. the co. was divided into two jury districts, and the co. buildings for the soufhyni district were located at Coruinj^. - Tho first CO. officers were William Kersey. Fird Judge; Abraham Bradley and Eleazur Lindley, Associa/^ Judges ; Geo. D. Cooper, Co. Clerk; William Dunn, Sheriff; and Steplien Ross. Surrngate. 3Tliis establishment consisted of 3 buildintra.— one of brick and two of wocd. — containing altogether 31 rooms. Iti Sept. 1S59, the two frnme buildings were burned, and 6 persona, in- mates of the establisliment, perished in the flames. * This road was opened to Corning, .Ian. 1, 1850, and to Hor- nellsville. Sept. 3 of the same year. 6 Tlie Jialh Ga:ette and Genesee JdvTtiser, the first paper published in Western New York, was established at Bath by Wm. Kersey and .lamus Eddie in 1796, and was continued several years. In 6 months from its first issue its circulation had reached luoo copies. The Steuben and AUfguny Patriot was started at Hath in 1S15 by Benj. Smcjid, and was continued until 1S22. It was then chani^ed to Iht Farmer!^ Advocate and Steuben Advert isfir. In 1849 it passed into the hands of William C. Ulaiades. Hiid in 1S57 into those of P. S. Donahe, by whom it is uuw published as THe Steuben Pariuers' Advocate. Tfie I'hrmers* Gazette was commenced at Bath in 1816 by David Kumsey. The Steulien Afcssenger was started at Bath. April 17, 182«. by David Kuinsey, and was published by him, Saml. M. Eddie, Wm. P. Agnel, and Chas. Adams successively until 1S34, when its name was changed to The Const tludonalLit, and its publication was continued success- ively by R. L. Underhill, Whitmore & Van Valken- burtih, and Dowe & Richards, and by the last named firm as The St'tdn'n Democrat, until 1844. The paper was then gus- pt^nded. In 1S4S it was renewed by L. J. Beach, and in 1^41.1 it was transferred bo Geo. 11. Bidewell, by whom the publication wius continued until 1852. The Steulhn Whig w;i3 publishe^l at Bath during the political caTiipaign of 1S2S, liy William M. Swain. TUe Steuben Courier was established at Bath In 1S43 by Hull & Whitteiuore. It is now published bv H. IJ. I lull. The Tempernnce G^m was published at Bath in 1854, by Jenny and Caroline Rumsey. The Addi.wn Rpxord was published in Addison bv Isaac D. Booth from 1S40 to 1842, and in 1S4',1 by Drvden &. Peck. The Addhon Advocate was published by H. D". Dyer in 1S48-49. r/ic Voice nfthe Nation was commenced at Addison hy II. Den- ton in 1852. In 1855 the paper passed to Anthony L. Underhill, by whom it was published until 1^56, when it was removed to Bath and its name changed to The Steuben American, and its publication continued until May, 1867. The Canistiio Express was published at Addison In 1850 by T. Messenger. STEUBEN COUNTY. 621 Steuben co. was all Included in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. It was sold by Phelps and Gurham to Robert Morris, who conveyed it to Sir Wm. Pulteney and others, in London. The terri- tory was surveyed into townships and lots by Wm. Bull, for the Pulteney estate, in 1792-93. Sales were made by townships, at 18 and 20 cts. per acre. The first settlements were made in 1787-90, by immigrants from "Wyoming, Penn., who located upon Chemung River, in the s. e. part of the co. These early settlers were originally from Conn. About 1790, settlements commenced in the w. part, adjoining Yates co. In 1792-93, Capt. Chas. Williamson,^ agent of the Pulteney estate, commenced a settlement at Bath. He was accompanied by a large number of Scotch and German immigrants; and under his energetic and liberal policy the settlement progressed with great rapidity. The greater patt of the early settlers came from Penn. by way of Susquehanna and Chemung Rivers. Subsequently large numbers came from Eastern New York, New England, and New Jersey.^ The co. was divided by the Court of General Sessions, in 1796, into 6 towns, viz.: Bath, Canisteo, Dansville, Frederickstown, Middletown, and Painted Post, comprising the terri- tory now forming 31 towns of this co. and parts of Allegany, Yates, Livingston, and Schuyler cos. In 1790 the population was 168 ; in 1800 it was 1,788; and in 1855, 62,965. In extent of territory and in agricultural wealth it now ranks among the first cos. in the State.^ ADDISOIV^ — was formed, as '* Middletown " in March, 1796. Its name was changed April 0, 1808. A part of Troupsburgh was taken off in 1808, Cameron in 1822, a part of Woodhull in 1828, and a part of Rathbone in 1856. It lies upon the s. border of the co., just e. of the center. The surface is mostly a hilly upland, broken by the valley of the" Canisteo and its branches. The principal valley is about IJ mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides 300 to 400 feet high. The principal streams are Canisteo River, and the Tuscarora, Elks Lick, and Goodhue Creeks. Goodhue Lake, covering an area of about 500 acres, lies in the n. w. corner of the town. The soil is princi- pally a clay loam, with strips of gravel and alluvium upon the streams. Addison, {p. v.,) situated on Canisteo River, contains 3 churches, a bank, several mills and manufacturing establishments. Pop. about 1,300. South Addison (p. v.] contains 18 dwellings. Addison Dill is ap.o. The Addisrm Journal was started in 1R51 by R. Denton, and was removed to Allegany co. in 1S52. The AdtJixnn Democrat was commenced by Chas. L. Phelps in lRf.:i. and was merged in The Voice of the Nation in 1864. The Addison Advertiser, established in 1858 by E. M. Johnson & Henry Baldwin, is still published. Th^ C'lrniiig iiwl Bloashurg Adi'ocatewRS commenced at Com- ing in 1S40 by Chas. Adama. In 1841 it passed into the hands of Henry H. Hnll, by whom it was merged, in 1843. in the Steuben Courier, at Bath. The Corning Jonrnal was commenced by Thomas Mes- R»-ng«TiuMay,1847. In 1851 it passed to A. W. McDow- ell and G. W". Pratt, and in 1852 to Dr. Pratt, its pre- sent publisher. The Ckn-nivg Sun was started in 1853 by M. M. Pomeroy and P. C. Van Gelder. In 1854 Rev. Ira Brown became the publisher, and changed its name to The Elmira S-nithern Tier Fanner and Coming Sun, and con- tinued it until 1856. The Uniifd .SYa/cs Farmer was published at Corning in the spring ons5(). The Corning Democrat was established in 1857 by Chas. T. Huston. It is now pnblished by Prank B. Brown. The. Painted I^st Gazette was started by Fairchild in 1846, and continued 1 year. The Painted Post Herald was published by Hawley & Bennett from 18+8 to isr)0. The Hornellsville Tribune was commenced In Not. 1851, by Edwin Hough. It is now published by E, Hough k Son. The Natifmal Amprican was established at nornellaville in 1856 by C. M. Harmon. In Nov. 1858, it was sold to Chas. A. Kinney, and its name changed to the Canisteo Valley Journal* A paper was published for a time at Hammondsport, on Crooked Lake. * Capt. Williamson was a Scotchman, and an officer in the British 24th regiment of infantry during the period of the Revo- lution ; but lie did not ser^'o in the war. in consequence of having boon made a prisoner by the French while crossing the Atlantic, * " A large proportion of the first settlers upon the Canisteo were from Penn., and had within them a goodly infusion of that boistHrous spirit and love of rough play for which the free and manly sons of the backwoods are everywhere famous. On the Susquehannft frontier, before the Kevolution, had arisen an Bthletic, scuffling, wrestling race, lovers of hard blows, sharp shooters, and runners, who delighted in nothing more than in those ancient sports by which the backs and limbs of all etont hearted youths have been tested since the days of Hercules. The eating of bears, the drinking of grog, the devouring of ho- miny, venison, and all the invigorating diet of the frontiers, the hewing down of forests, the paddling of canoes, the fighting of savages, all combined to form a generation of yeomen and foresters daring, rude, and free. Canisteo was a sprout from this stout stock, and on the generous river flats flourished with amazing vigor. Kvery thing that could eat, drink, and wrestle was welcome, — Turk or Tuscarora, Anak or Anthropophagus, Blue Beard or Blnnderbore. A 'back hold' with a Ghoul Mould not have been declined, nor a drinking match with a Beraerkir. Since the Centaurs never has there been better specimen of a 'half horse' tribe. To many of the settlers in other parts of tho country, who emigrated from the decorous civihzation of the East and South, these boisterous foreigners were objects of asto- nishment. When ' Canesteer' went abroad, the public soon found it out. On the Conhocton they were known to some as the Six Nations, and, to the amusement and wonder of yonng Europeans, would sometimes visit at Bath, being of a social dispo.sition, and sit all day, ' singing, telling stories, and drink- ing grog, and never get drunk, nayther.' To the staid and de- vout they were Arabs, — cannibals. Intercourse between the scattered settlements of the colony was, of course, limited mainly to vinits of necessity ; but rumor took the fair fame of Canisteo in hand, and gave the settlement a notoriety throngh all the land which few ' rising villages,' even of the present day, enjoy. It was pretty well understood over all the country that beyond the mountains of Steuben, in the midst of the most rugged dis- trict of the wilderness, lay a corn growing valley, which had been taken possession of by some vociferous tribe, whether of Mamelukes or Tartars no one could precisely say, whose whoop- ing and obstreperous laughter was heard far and wide, surprising the Bolitudee." — McMasters's Bist. Steuben co., pp. 66-7-8. 8 This CO. sympathized to some extent in the hostile feeling that prevailed throughout the Holland Land Company's Pur- chase toward its European proprietors a few years since; but in no instance were the processes of the courts seriously impeded or effeetually resisted, and juries have never refused to render for the proprietors as the facts warranted. There was doubtless little interest felt by the foreign owners in this estate beyond that of realizing the greatest Rim possible from their lands ; and the heavy burdens of debts, interest, assignments, and back pay- ments, perhaps not always borne with patience, have been gradually discharged, until but a comparatively small amount remains. * Named in honor of Joseph Addison, the English author. Called " TWcarora" by the early settlers. C22 STEUBEN COUNTY. The first settlement was made by Samuel Rice, in 1791.' The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1827, at East Hill.^ AVOCA* — was formed from Bath, Cohocton, Howard, and Wheeler, April 12, 1843. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mostly a broken upland, divided into two ridges by the valley of the Conhocton. The declivities of the hills are steep, and their summits are about 400 feet above the river. The streams are Conhocton River and its tributaries Twelve Mile and Ten Mile Creeks from the n., and Bennetts and Neils Creeks from the s, w. The valley of the river is about 1^ mile wide. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Avoca, (p'V.,) situated in the valley of the Conhocton, is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. It contains 2 churches, an iron foundery, and a flouring mill. Pop. 301. Wallace (p. o.) is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Michael Buchanan.* There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. BATH^ — was formed March 18, 1796. Pulteney was taken off in 1808, a part of Howard and Cohocton in 1812, a part of Wheeler in 1820, Urbana in 1822, a part of Avoca in 1843, and a part of Cohocton in 1852. A part of Urbana was annexed April 26, 1839. It lies a little n. e. of the center of the CO. Its surface is broken and hilly. The Conhocton Valley, extending s. e, through the center, divides the town into two nearly equal parts. The s. half is a hilly upland, and the n. half con- sists of a series of wide valleys broken by several steep and isolated hills. The streams are Con- hocton River and its tributaries Five Mile and Mud Creeks from the n., and Campbells and Stocktons Creeks from the s. The Crooked Lake Valley extends n. w., and opens into the Conhoc- ton Valley at the village of Bath, 340 feet above the lake. The soil is chiefly a gravelly and clayey loam, with a deep alluvium in the valleys. Batb, (p. v.,) incorp. April 12, 1816, is situated upon the N. bank of the Conhocton. It is a half-shire of the co. It commands the trade of a rich agri- cultural district and has a manufacturing business of considerable importance. It contains the CO. buildings, 6 churches, 2 banks, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 2,012. Kanona,^ (p-^.,) N.w. of Bath, a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R., contains 2 churches and 40 houses; and Savona,^ (P-"^-)) s. e. of Bath, a station on the same r. r., contains 2 churches and 232 inhabit- ants; Sonora (p. v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses. Unionville is a hamlet in thes. part. The first settlement was made at Bath Village, in 1793, by Charles AVilliamson, land agent for the Pulteney estate, with 15 families, mostly Scotch and Germans.^ The first settled minister waa Ri'v. -Jiibn Niles, who mOved to the town in 1807.* BRADFORD^^— was formed from ''Jersey,'' (now Orange, Schuyler co.,) April 20, 1836. A part was annexed to Orange, April 17, 1854. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of Mud Creek. Mud Lake, near the e. border, in Schuyler co., is 1,100 feet above tide, and the summits of the hills are about 600 feet above the lake. The soil is generally a gravelly and clayey loam and best adapted to pasturage. Brad- ford, (p.v.,) on the outlet of Mud Lake, in the n. e. part of the town, contains 1 church and a gristmill and has a pop. of 260. I^iith Bradford (p.v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses. 1 Among tbe first settlers were Elisha Gilbert, Sanil. and Reuben Searls, John and Isaac Martin, Wm. Wonibaugh, Wm. B. Jones, Israel Chauncey, Jesse Rowley, Amos Cam. and Amos Towsley. The first birth was that of Stephen Rice ; the first marriage, that of Brown Gillespie and Mies Gilbert ; and the first death, that of James Martin. Wm. Womban^h built the first gawmiU. in 1805, and the first gristmill, in 1806. The first store was kept by Samuel Smith, and the first inn by Reuben Searls. 2 The census reports 8 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Bap., F. W. Bap.. Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. * Probably named from Tom Moore's "Sweet Vale of Avoca." The early settlers called the place '^'^ Buchanan,^' or the '* Eight Alile Tree." ♦ James Moore, Joel Collier, Asa Phillips, James McWhorter, Finley McCIure, Daniel McKenzie. Abi-aham Towner, Jonathan Tilton. James Babcock, John Donahe, Richard and John Van Buskirk. Eleazur Tucker, Mtxidy, Henry and Allen Smith, James Davis, and Samuel W. Burnham were amon-.; the first scttK'n«. Michael Buchanan 2d was bnrn in 1809; Michael Bu- rlianan died in 1811; and James McWhorter and wi Among the first settlers were John Hemiup. Saml. S. Camp, Abrara Rosenbnrg, Henry Switzer, John Schrinner, Thomas Rolls, Michael Scott, Daniel Bartholomew, Henry Axtelle, Eze- kiel Siw kett. and Smith. The first birth was that of a daughter of John Hervey, in 1799 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Thos. Rolls, in Aug. 1S03. Frederick Bartles built the first saw and grist mill, about 1795; and Frederick and Charles Bar- ties opened the first store, about 1800, and the first inn, m 1806 The first school wa-s taught by Smith, in 1810. < Named from Dugald Cameron, an agent of the Pulteney es- tate. — McXtaM'Ts^s HisL Steubeity p. 116. " Joseph Butler, John Sauter, and John Jlollet were early settlers. The first gristmill was built by Saml. Baker; the first inn was kept by John Hollet, and the first store, by Andrew G. Erwin. < 3 M, E., Presb., and Christian. fr Named from the Campbell family, who were early and pro- minent settlers. « The first settlers were Samuel Calkins, Ellas WilHams, Jo- se;»h Wolcott, Rev. Robert Campbell and his son Archibald. The first birth was that of Bradford Campbell ; the first mar- riage, that of Asa Milliken and Rachel Campbell ; and the first death, that of Frederick Stewart, in 1806. Campbell & Stephens built the first sawmill, and Campbell & Knox the first grisi- mill. Robert Campbell kept the first inn, and Frederick Stew- art the first store. T Col. John Stevens, Bery. Crosby, Arthur Erwin, Solomon Bennett, Joel Thomas, Uriah Stevens, jr., Jedediah Stephens, Wm. Baker. James Hadley, Joshua Stephens, W. S. Thomas, Isaac and Israel Jones, and Asa Downs were among the early settlers. The first birth was that of Oliver Stephens; the first marriage, that of Richard Crosby and Hannah Baker ; and the first death, that of Henry Stephens. Solomon Bennett built the first gnslmill and kept the first store; and Jedediah Stephens kept the fir.«t inn. » Presb., M. E., and F. W. Bap. 9 Stephen and Simeon Hurd settled in the town in 1821 ; Solo, nion Tarbox in IS'22; and E. P. Bahcock, Edward Robbtns, and Henry Miner in 1823. The first birth was that of Shepard Hurd; the first marriage, that of Oliver Woodworth and Eliza- beth Hurd ; and the first death, that of a child of John Rowe. Bennett Bruce built the first gristmill; Samuel Wormly kept the first inn. and W. D. Gilbert the first store; and Edward Rob- bins taught the first school. 10 The Cuusufl reports 3 chorchefl; Fresh., Bap., aad M. L 624 STEUBEN COUNTY. COIIOCTO^f — was formed from Bath andDansville, JunelS, 1812. A part of Avoeawas taken off in 1843, and a part of Wayland in 1848 ; a part of Bath was annexed in 1S52. It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center. The sarface is separated into ridges by deep and narrow valleys. The principal streams are Conhocton River, flowing southerly through the center, and its tributaries. The soil is generally a slaty and gravelly loam. Liberty, (Cohocton p.o.,) on the Conhocton, is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. and contains 2 churches. Pop. 200, ]Vortb Cobocton (p. V.) contains 1 church and 30 houses. Bloods,^ a hamlet, is a station on the r.r., 1 mi. from North Cohocton. The first settlement was made in 1796, by Richard Hooker and Joseph Bivin.* Rev. Elisha Brownson, (Bap.,) the first settled minister, removed to the town in 1811, The census reports 4 churches in town ; 3 M. E. and Presb. CORJVIXC — was formed, as "Painted Post,''* March 18, 1796. Its name was changed March 31, 1852, Erwin and Hornby were taken off in 1826, and " JVormly" (now Caton) in 1839. A part was annexed to Erwin in 1856. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. The wide valley of Chemung River, extending n. w. and s. e. through the center of the town, and several lateral valleys, divide the uplands into rounded hills and narrow ridges. Its streams are Borden, Post, Narrows, Clump Foot, and Winsfield Creeks, tributaries of Chemung River. The soil upon the hills is a heavy, slaty loam, and in the valleys a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam, occa- sionally intermixed with clay. Corning', (P-"^-') incorp. Sept. 6, 1848, is situated on the s. bank of Chemung River, in the w. part of the town. It is a half-shire of the co. The Chemung Canal, the Blossburg & Corning R. R., and the B., N, Y. & E. R. R. terminate here; and the village is au important station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. It contains 5 churches, 2 newspaper establishments, 2 banks, a State arsenal, and several mills and manufacturing establishments, and commands an extensive and constantly increasing trade.^ Pop. 3,626. Knoxville,^ opposite Corning, con- tains 2 churches and a pop. of 628, Gibson lies on the n. bank of the Chemung, 1 mi. e. of Corning. Pop. 428. Centerville contains 25 houses. East Painted Post is a p.o. The first settlement was made near the village of Corning, in 1788, by Frederick Calkins and Benj, Eaton.'' The first religious services were conducted by John Warren, in 1793. There are 7 churches in town.^ OAWTSVIIjIjE' — was formed in March, 1796. Parts of Cohocton and Howard were taken off in 1812, a part of Wayland in 1848, and of Fremont in 1854. A part was annexed to Sparta in 1822, and a part of Cohocton was re-annexed April 26, 1834. It is the n. town upon the w. border of the CO. The surface is mostly an upland, divided into ridges by the narrow valleys of small streams. The declivities of the hills are steep and tlieir summits are 300 to 400 feet above the valleys. The streams are head branches of Canaseraga Creek, flowing n., and of Canisteo River, flowing s. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam in the e. and n., and gravel underlaid by hardpan in the s. w. 1 Named from Calvin Blood. This is rendered an important station npon the r. r. from its connection with the Cannnd«ipiia fjake Route. A daily line of stages runs to Naples, at the bead of the lake, and a steamer plies daily between the latter place and Canandaipua. 2 James and Anina Woodward settled in the town not long after; .Toseph Chamberlain, in 1S05; and Sanil. Cbtimberlain, Capt. Jonas Cleland. Joseph Shattuek. Horace Fowler, and Kddy, in ISOfi, Timothy Sherman, James Barnard. Sanil. Rhoadef. Jesse Atwood. Isaac Morehouse, and Chas. Burlinghame were also early settlei-a. The first marriage was that of Jos. Bivin and Sarah Honker, in 1798; and the first birth, th^t of Bethiali Hooker, their child, in 1800. The first death was that of Richard Hooker. Feb. 10. ISOl. Jonas Cleland built the first saw and grist mills, in 1S08; and Jos. Phattuck kept the first inn, in 1809. Sophia Trumbull taught the first school, in 1810. s Named from Hon. Erastus Coming, of Albany. * In the summer of 1779. a party of tories and Indians, under the command of a loyalist named McDonald, returned from an incursion into the Susquehanna settlements, bringing with them many of their number wounded. At the confluence of Tioga and Conhocton Rivers, Captain Montour, son of the famous Queen Oatharine, a chief of great promise, died of his wounds. '■ His comrades buried him by the riverside, and planted above his prave a post on which were painted various symbols and rwde devices. This monument was known throughout the Genesee Forests as ' The Painted Post.'' It was a landmark well known to all the Six Nations, and was often visited by their braves and chieftains." This account of the origin of the Painted Post was given to Benj. P.^tter9on, the hunter, by a man namoi Taggart, who was carried to Fort Niagara a prisoner by McDonald's party, and was a witness of the burial of Capt. Montour, or at least was In the encampment at the mouth of the Tioga at the time of his death. Col. Harper, of narpersfleld, the well known officer of the frontier militia of New Tork in the Revolution, Informed Judge Knox, of Knoxville. in this co., that the Painted Post was erected over the grave of a chief who was wounded at the battle of the " Hog-Back" and brought in a canoe to the head of the Chemung, where he died. It was well understood by the early settlers that this monument was erected in memory of some distinguished warrior who had been wounded in one of the border battles of the Revolution and afterward died at this place. The post stood for many years after the settlement of the co. ; and the story goes that it rotted down at the butt, and was pre- served in the bar-room of a tavern till about the year 1810 and then mysteriously disappeared. It is also said to have been swept away in a freshet. — McMasters's Hist, of Steuben. Simms's Hist. Schoharie, p. 333. 6 In 1852. 40.000 tons of Blossburg coal, brought by the Bloss- burg & Coming R. R., were transhipped at this place, and 50,000,000 feet of lumber were exported. * Named from Judge John Knox, of this town. ' Benj. and Peleg Gorton, jr.. Epbraim Patterson and bis pons Irhabod and Stephen. Bradford Eggleston. Justus Wolcott. Eliaa, William, and Henry McCormick, Hezekinh Thnrber. Jonathan Cook, Samuel Colgrove. and Eli and Eldad Mead settled in the town in 1790-91-92; Jonathan and Warren Rowley in 1794; James Turner and Caleb Wolcott in 1795; George McCnlloch and Benj. Patterson in 1796; and Nehemiah Hubbell in 179R. The first birth was that of James Calkins, Nov. 24. 1790; the first marriage, that of Benj. Gorton and Rachel Wolcott, in 1704 ; and the first death, that of Ichabod Patterson, in Aug. 1794. Icbabod Patterson built the first sawmill, and Jas. Henderson the first gristmill, both in 1793 ; Bepj. Eaton kept the first stove, in 1791, and Benj. Patterson the first inn. in 1798. Tlie first school was taught bv Samuel Colgrove, in 1793. B 2 Bap.. 2 m; E., Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. 8 Named from Daniel P. Faulkner, an early and spirited citi- zen, known as " Captain Dan." — JUcMasters's Hist. Steuben Co., p. 300. STEUBEN COUNTY. 625 Ro§rersiviIle (South Dansville p. o.) contains 2 churches, an academy,' and a female seminary.* Pop. 200. Burns, a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R., has about 15 house.s. Dotys Cor- ners is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Isaac Sterling and Samuel Gibson.' The census reports 6 churches.* ERWIM*— was formed from "Painted Post," Jan. 27, 1826. Lindley was taken off in 1837 and a part of Corning was annexed in 1856. It lies w. of Corning, in the s.E. part of the co. Its surface is about equally divided between high, rolling uplands and the low valleys of streams. The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. Tioga and Canisteo Rivers unite ' in the s. e. part of the town, and Tioga and Conhocton Rivers in the N. E., forming the Chemung River. The valleys of these streams are 1 to 2 mi. wide. The soil upon the hills is a shaly and clayey loam, and in the valleys it is a fine quality of alluvium. Nearly three-fourths of the sur- face is yet covered with forests. The lumber trade is extensively pursued. Painted Post, (p. V.,) situated at the junction of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers, is a station on the Erie R. R. and the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. It contains 2 churches, a bank, an iron foundery and machine shop, a tannery, and a flouring mill.' Pop. 777. Coopers Plains (p. v.) is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. and coutains 1 church. Pop. 293. Wm. Harris, an Indian trader, settled at Painted Post in 1787.' The census reports 4 churches.' FREMOKT' — ^was formed fiom Hornellsville, Dansville, Wayland, and Howard, Nov. 17, 1854. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, forming a part of the dividing ridge between Canisteo and Conhocton Rivers. Its streams are small brooks. The soil is chiefly a shaly loam, derived from the disintegration of the surface rocks. Fremont Center (Stephens Mills p. o.) and Hasliinville (p. o.) are hamlets; and Big CreeR is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1812, by Job B. Rathbun, Amos Baldwin, and Sylvester Buck.'" The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Mr. Ford, in 1814. There is but 1 church (M. E.) in town. GREENWOOD— was formed from Troupsburgh and Canisteo, Jan. 24, 1827. West Union was taken off in 1845, and a part of Jasper was annexed in 1848. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is mostly a rolling upland. Bennetts Creek flows northerly through the E. part of the town, in a valley 400 to 600 feet below the summits of the hills. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. GreenfTOOd, (p. v.,) on Bennetts Creek, con tains 1 church and 35 houses; and Rougli and Ready (p. v.) 12 houses. West Green- wood is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1820, by Christian Cobey and John H., Ezra, and Phineas Stephens." The census reports 3 churches.'^ HARTSVIliliE— was formed from Hornellsville, Feb. 7, 1844. It lies on the w. border of the CO., s. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by several deep valleys. Purdv Creek flows e. through the N. part, and the valley of Bennetts Creek extends along the E. border. These creeks are bordered by steep hillsides 400 to 600 feet high. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam. Hartsville Center, (Purdy Creek p. o.,) on Purdy Creek, near the center of the town, contains 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1809, by Benj. Brookins." There is no church in town. 1 The Rogersville Academy was organized in 1849, and the buildings were erected in 1852. ^ The Rogersville Union Seminary. ' Among the first eettlera were .Tames, .Tohn. and Major Jones, Frederick Fry, William Ganong, Thos. and Nathaniel Brayton, Tisdale Haskin, Thos. and .Tohn Root, .Toshna Healey, Charles Oliver, Joseph Phelps. Elisha Rohinson, William C. Rogers, and Jesse liridges. Robert Fuller built the first saw- mill, in 1820, and Handy & Miller the first gristmill, in 1825. Isaac Sterling kept the first inn, in 1806. Tlie first school was taught by James .Tones, in 1811. < 2 Bap., and 1 each Preab., M. E., Univ., and K. C. • Named from Col. Arthur Erwin, of IJucks CO., Penn., an officer in the Revolutionary War, by whom the township was purchased of Phelps and Gorham. 8 One mi. w. of Painted Post is a saw. shingle, and planing mill, that gives employment to 75 men, and turns out 8,000,000 to 11.000,000 feet of lumber per annum. T David Fuller, Eli Mead, and Van Nye settled in the town in 1791-92 ; and Samuel. Frank, and Arthur Erwin, Capt. Howell Bull, and John E. Evans, in lSOO-41-02. Samuel Erwin built the first sawmill, in 1820, and the first gristmill, in 1823; and David Fuller kept the first inn. in 1792. The first school was taught bv John E. Evans, in 1812. • 2 Bap.. Presb., and .M. E. « Named in honor of Col. John C. Fremont. 40 1° John A. Buck, Joel Everett, and Danl. Atherton settled in the town in 1813-14; Taylor and Francis Drake, in 1815; and Solomon and Levi Gates, Robert Eilburg, Danl. Upson, Saml. Sharp, Nehemiah Luther. Lemuel Harding, Stephen Hol- den, and Edward Markham, in 1816. The first marriage was that of John A. Buck and Rebecca Baldwin, Aug. 24. 1815; the first birth, that of Charles E. Buck, Nov. 12, 181G; and the first death, that of Mrs. Amos Baldwin, Dec. 21, 1815. Danl. Upson built the first sawmill, in 1816, and the first gristmill, in 1819. Tlie first school was taught by Lydia Everett, in 1819. u Eleazar Woodward, John J. Hoyt. IL Carr. and Lewis Ord- way settled in town in 1822. The first birth was that of Charles C. Stephens; the first marriage, that of Iliram Putnam and Lu- cinda Stephens; and the first death, that of Ezra Cobey. The first gristmill was built by Col. John Stephens; and the first inn and store were kept by Levi Davis. Sarah Carr taught the first school. >2 Presb., Univ., and R.C. 15 Joseph Purdy settled in the town in 1810; Blake in 1815; Thos. Williams, Satterlee. Joshua Davis, and Neff in 1818; William D. Burdick and Perry Potter in 1819; Daniel P. Carpenter, Frost Powell, Joseph Thompson, John and Robert G. Martin, and Hudson in 1822; and Casper Vau Buskirk and Wm. Elli.ion in 1S23. The first birth was that of Sarah A. Cai-jtenter; the first marriage, ttiat of Robert G. Mar- tin and Mary A. Gleason ; and the flrat death, that of an infant G26 STEUBEN COUNTY. HORMBY'— was formed from "Painted Post," (now Corning,) Jan. 27, 1826. Campbell was taken off in 18.31, and a part was annexed to Orange (Schuyler co.) April 11, 1842. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co., and its surface is mostly a high, rolling upland. The streams are Dry Run in the N. w., and Post and Borden Creeks in the s., all flowing in deep, narrow valleys. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam of good quality. Hornby Forks (Hornby p. o.) contains 2 churches, several manufactories, and 21 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1814, by Asa and Uriah Nash, from Otsego co.^ There are 4 churches in town.' HORRIEL,L,SVIL,L,E'— was formed from Canisteo, April 1, 1820. Hartsville was taken off in 1844, and a part of Fremont in 1854. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. The surface is mostly a rolling upland, divided into two nearly equal parts by the Canisteo Valley. This valley is 1 to 2 mi. wide and is bordered by steep hills 400 to 500 feet high. Canaoadoa and Crosby Creeks, flowing through deep valleys from the w., are tributaries of the Canisteo. The soil is generally a clayey and gravelly loam. Hornellsvllle, (p. v.,) situated at the junction of Canisteo River and Canacadea Creek, is an important station on the Erie R. R. and is the southern terminus of the B. & N. Y. C. R. R. It has 4 churches, 2 newspaper ofBces, a bank, and 2 flouring mills. Pop. 1,519. Arkport, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. C. R. R., contains 1 church and about 50 houses. Almond is partly in this town.' The first settlement was made by Benj. Crosby, in 1792.° The census reports 6 churches.' OOWARD — was formed from Bath and Dansville, June 18, 1812. A part of Avoca was taken off in 1843, and a part of Fremont in 1854. It is an interior town, lying a little N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a rolling upland, forming a part of the dividing ridge be- tween Conhocton and Canisteo Rivers. The streams are all small. In the n. E. part are 2 small ponds. The soil is generally a heavy clay loam. Howard (p. v.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 143. Toiivlesville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 15 houses. Buena Tista (p. o.) and Goffs Mills (p. 0.) are hamlets, and Soutli Howard is a p.o. The first settlement was made in 180G, by Abraham Johnson.' There are 5 churches in town.' JASPERS" — was formed from Troupsburgh and Canisteo, Jan. 24, 1827, and a part was an- nexed to Greenwood in 1848. It is situated near the s. w. corner of the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, the highest summits being nearly 2,000 feet above tide. The streams are small brooks. The soil is a slaty, gravelly, and clayey loam. Jasper Four Corners (Jasper p.o.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 222. Jasper Five Corners contains 15 houses. West Jasper and Soutll Hill are p. offices. Settlement was commenced in 1807, by Nicholas Botz- man, Ebenezer Spencer, and William Wooley." The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1827; and the Rev. Geo. Howell was the first preacher. The census reports 5 churches.'^ liUVDliEY" — was formed from Erwin, May 12, 1837. It lies upon the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of Tioga River, which extends centrally through the town. The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valley, and most of them are covered with forests. The valley is about 1 mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides. The soil upon the hills is a heavy, shaly loam, and in the valleys a rich alluvium. Three-fourths of the surface is still covered with forests. Lumbering is extensively pursued. Undleytown, (p. v.,) on Tioga River, is a station on the B. & C. R. R. and contains 15 dwell- obild of Ebenezer Mather, — nil in 1823. Daniel P. Carpenter openfd the first etnre. in 1825, and bnilt the first sawmill, in 182R; anil Henry Frisbee kept the first tayern, in 1849. The first Brhool was taught by Miss Z. A. Puniy. in 1826. 1 Named from .lohn Hornby, an English landholder to a large extent In this and other western cos. * Jesse Piatt. John Robbins. and Edward Stnbbs settled in the town in 1815 : John St. John, Amasa Stantrin. James S. and Hiram Gardner. Chester Knowlton, and Aden Palmer in 181,^- 16; Henj. Gardner, Is.iac Gondell, Aaron Harwood. and John Bayer in IRIS. The first birth was that of Oeorne Stanton ; the first marriage, that of John Ridler and Miss Piatt, in 1816; and the first death, that of John Stanton. Ezra Shaw kept the first inn: Hon. A. B. Dickinson, the first store; and La Fevre bnilt the first mill, .lames C. l.each taught the first school. ^ liap.. Christian, Presb., and Wes. Meth. * Named from Hon. Geo. Uornell, one of the early settlers. 6 See page 170. * Eliaa Stephens and Geo. Horr.elt settled in the town in 1793 ; Elijah Stephens in 1794: Christopher HurUiut and Nathan Cary in 1795; John and Hugh Carney in 1790; Reuben Crosby m 1797 ; and James Jones in 1800. the first birth was that of William Stephens, in Dec. 1792; the firat marriage, that of Ren- brt- Crosby and Jenoy UcQneen, in 1799 ; and the first death. that of a child of Judge Homell. Judge Hornell built the first saw and grist mills, and kept the first store and inn. The first school was taught by Abigail Hurlbut, in 1796. ' 2 Presb., Prot. E.. Bap.. M. E., and R. C. 6 Reuben and Abraham Smith, Abel Bullftrd. Jacob and Tboe. Bennett, Charles McConnell. Simeon McMurty. and Col- grove settled in the town in 1808 ; Samuel Baker, .Toel Bullard, Benj. Bennett, Ephraim Rumsey. Wm. Allen, Daniel N. Bennett. .Tonas and Seth Rice, and Nathan Cory in 1810-11 : and Simeon Bacon, Wm, GofT, Israel Baldwin, and Rufus Halsey in 1812. Arethusa Bullard was born in 1809, and Mrs. Rowley died the same year. — the first birth and death in town. Henry Kennedy built the first sawmill, in 1809; .Tames Vaughn, the first grist- mill, in 1810: and Benj. Bennett kept the first inn. in 1816. » 2 Bap., and 1 each Presb.. M. E., and Ref. Presb. 10 Named from Sergeant Jasper, noted for his courage at the battle of Port Mnultrie, S, C, June 28, 1776. u Adam Botzman and Andrew Craig were also early settlers. The first birth was that of Sally Botzman : and the ^rst mar- riage, that of Samuel Gray and Polly Simpson. Wctoits Botz- man was the first innkeeper, Amanda Smith ta.v*.' t tb« first school. " Bap., Presb., Christian, M. E., and Wes, Moth IB Named in honor of Col. Eleaznr Liudley. STEUBEN COUNTY. 627 ings. Er^vin Center is a r. r. station and hamlet upon the river, near the n. border of the town. The first settlement was made in 1790, by Col. Eleazur Lindley, from N. J., the original proprietor of the town, who located upon the Tioga Flats.* PRATTSBCRGH'— was formed from Pulteney, April 12, 1813, and a part of Wheeler w;.:? taken off in 1820. It is centrally situated upon the n, border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of several small streams flowing in a general s. w. direction. The principal streams are Five Mile, Ten Mile, and Twelve Mile Creeks. The valley at Prattsburpcli Village is 1,400 feet above tide, and the hills are 300 to 400 feet higher. The soil is a gravelly and clay loam. Prattsbur^h (p. v.) was incorp. Dec. 7, 1848. It contains the Franklin Academy,' 2 churches, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop, about 600. Riker!< Hollow (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settler was Jared Pratt, who came in 1801 and for 21 years was the only inhabitant.^ The first religious services were held at the house of Jared Pratt, by Rev. John Niles, in the fall of 1803.« PUI.TE]VEY^— was formed from Bath, Feb. 12, 1808. Prattsburgh was taken off in 1813. and a part of Urbana in 1848. It lies upon the w. shore of Crooked Lake, and is the n.e. corner town of the co. The surfaee is a rolling upland, 700 to 900 feet above the level of the lake. The declivities along the lake shore are broken by numerous narrow ravines formed by small streamn. The soil is chiefly a shaly and gravelly loam, and in some parts near the lake it is clayey. Harmony ville (Pulteney p.o.) contains 2 churches and 20 houses; and BluflTport (South Pulteney p.o.) 20 houses. Peltonville (p.o.) is a hamlet. OulicksTille, a landing on the lake, has a storehouse and 8 houses. Settlement commenced in 1802.^ Rev. Ephraim Eggles- ton, the first settled preacher, removed to the town in 1805. The census reports 6 churches.* RATH BOIVE'^— was formed from Addison, Cameron, and Woodhull, March 28, 1856. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a high, rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Canisteo River and a branch of Tuscarora Creek. The upland is 300 to 400 feet above the valleys. Naked and precipitous ledges of rock crop out on the hillsides along the valleys. The soil is a clayey and shaly loam, and in the valleys alluvium. Ratbt>onc- Tille, (p-v-O on Canisteo River, is a station on the Erie R. R. and contains 1 church, a flouring mill, and 33 houses. "West Addtson (p. o.) and Cameron Mills (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlements were made in 1793-95.^* There are 2 M. E. churches in town. THURSTOUT" — was formed from Cameron, Feb. 28, 1844. It is an interior town, lying just s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a high, broken upland, forming a portion of the dividing ridge between Conhocton and Canisteo Rivers. The summits of the liills are 500 to 60f) feet above the river valleys. The streams are Stockton Creek, in the n. w., and Michigan Creek, in the s., flowing in deep, narrow ravines bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is a shaly and gravelly loam. Merchantville, in the e.. Bonny Hill., (p.o.,) in the n.e., and Rising" Tille, (p.o.,) in the w., are hamlets. Thurston and South Thurston are p.ofl5ces. The first settlers were William Smith, Luke Bonny, and Anderson Carpenter, at Bonny Hill, in 1 Col. Lindley servod with the Jersey Bines duriDg the ReTo- Intionary War. In his migration to his new home he was ac- cnmpanied by hia two sons Sanil. and Eleazur, hie 5on-in-law £zekiol Mulford and John Seeley,and a man named David Cook. Tlie first child born was Eliza Mulford, Aug. 10, 1792; the first marriage, that of David Cook, jr. and Elizabeth Cady ; and the fifpt death, that of Col. Eleazur Lindley. in June, 1794. Joseph Miller taught the first school, near the Penn. line, in 1793; the widow of Col. Lindley kept the first inn, on the w. bank of the river; and John P. Kyers. the first store. The first sawmill was erected by Col. Lindley. There is no church, no hotel, nor place where liquor is Rold in the town. * Named from Capt. Joe! Pratt, one of the first settlers. 8 For many years this academy has enjoyed a deservedly high reputation. ' A. fonndery, a tannery and a flouring mill. 6 Rev. John Niles. David Buell. Saml. Tuthill, and Capt. Joel Pratt came into town in 1H03; William P.Curtis. Pomeroy Hull, and Salisbury Burton in 1804; Noah Niles, Cyril Ward, Aaron Bull, EntKjh Niles, Harmon Fowler, Rufus Blodgett, and Stephen Hall, in 1^05. They were all originally from New England. The first child born was Mariette Pratt, in 18U2 ; the first dt-ath, ft daughter of Wm. P. Curtis, drowned, in 1R04; and the first marriage, that of Isaac Pardee and Patty Waldo, in 1806. The first school was tau^rht in a church by Horace Bull, in 1806-07 ; the first inn wns kept by Aaron Bull, the same year: the first mill waa erecteil on Five Mile Creek, by Robert Porter. Capt. Joel Pratt was a large proprietor of the town ; and the first set- tlement was conducted wholly under his encouragement, adrice, and direction. • The census reports 6 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E , Cong., an.l Christian. ' Named from Sir Wm. Pulteney, former owner i,f the Pulte- ney Tract, 8 The first settlers were Saml. Miller, John Van Camp. Q. V. Fitzsimnions. and John Block. James and Georpe Simnin, Henry Hoffman, Abraham Bennett, and Shadrach Norris settleon6, who settled in the town in 1842. " James Hadley and Wm. Benhnm wore the first setibTB Among the early settlers were Isaac and Jonathan Trnry, Mar tin Young. Wni. Morey, Moses Powers, Zephauiah Townsend TlioB. Maybury. and Snml. Colgrove. Isaac Tracy built the first sawmill, in 1^06; I^emuel Benham kept the first inn, in 1S04. and Gen. Rathbone the first store, in 1842. IS Named from Wm. K. Thnrston, a landholder reeiding lu N. Y. or vicinity. 628 STEUBEN COUNTY. 1813.* The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1814; Rev. Parker Buell was the first preacher.'' TROlJPSBrRGII^— wafl formed from '' Middletown" (now Addison) and Canisteo, Feb. 12, 1808. Parts of Greenwood and Jasper were taken off in 1827, and a part of Woodhull in 1828. A part of Canisteo was annexed April 4, 1818. It lies on the s. border of the eo., w. of the center. Its surface is principally a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of small streams. The highest summits are 2,500 feet above tide and are the highest points in the co. Troups Creek, flowing s., is the principal stream. The soil is a slaty and clayey loam. Troupsburg'b Center, (Troups- burgh p. 0.,) on Troups Creek, near the center of the town, contains an academy* and 20 dwellings ; South Troupsburgta (p. v.) contains 16 dwellings. East Troupsbur§^b, (p.o.,) West Troupsburg-b, (p.o.,) and Youngs Hickory (p.o.) are hamlets. The pioneer settler was Samuel B. Rice, from Conn., who located e. of the center of the town in 1805.^ The first religious association (M.E.) was formed at the house of Samuel Cady, by Rev, Parker Buell, first preacher. The census reports 5 churches.* URB AlVA — was formed from Bath, April 17, 1822. A part was annexed to Bath in 1839 ; a part of Wheeler was annexed May 3, 1839, and a part of Pulteney April 12, 1848. It lies at the head of Crooked Lake, n.e. of the center of the co. Its surface is divided by Pleasant Valley (a continuation of Crooked Lake Valley) into two series of highlands, rising 800 to 1,000 feet above the lake. Cold Spring Creek takes its rise in this valley and flows n.e. to the lake. The soil in the valleys is alluvial, and on the hilltops a heavy, gravelly loam. From their sheltered situation, the slopes of the hills descending to the s. and e. are finely adapted to the culture of the grape.^ The town is noted for the production of a superior quality of fine wool. Uamiuondsport, (Urbana p.o.,) at the head of Crooked Lake, was incorp. June 16, 1856. It contains 2 churches and several manufacturing establishments. A daily line of steamboats plies between this place and Penn Yan. Pop. 560. IVortb Urbana, (p* ^-0 in tl^c n.e. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 20 houses. Cold Spring is a hamlet; and INCount IFasbington, in the s. E., isap. 0. William Aulls and his son Ephraim, from Penn., settled at Pleasant Valley in 1793.^ Elder Ephraim Sanford (Bap.) preached the first sermon, at the house of Mr. Baker, in 1795,' ^f^AYLAHTD^*'— was formed from Cohocton and Dansville, April 12, 1848. A part of Fremont was taken ofli in 1854. It is the most western town upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is an upland, rolling in the n. and moderately hilly in the s. It forms a portion of the watershed be- tween Susquehanna River and Lake Ontario ; and its highest summits are 1,600 to 1,800 feet above tide. The streams are small creeks and brooks. Loon and Mud Lakes are situated in a valley in the s. part of the town, and their waters flow in opposite directions. The outlet of the former is subterranean for half a mi. ; and where it comes to the surface it is in sufl&cient volume to form a valuable mill stream. The soil in the n. is gravel and muck, and in the s. a shaly loam. Way- land, (Wayland Dep6t p.o.,) in the n.e, part of the town, contains 40 dwellings. It is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. Perkinsville, 2 mi. s. w. of Wayland, contains 2 churches and liO dwellings. Patcbins Mills is a hamlet. I^oon I^ake is a p.o. The first settlement was made in 1806-07, by Thos. Bowles and John H. Miller.^^ The census reports 3 churches.^^ 1 Amos DickinHon settled iu 1814; and Joseph Fluent at Bonny Hill in 1817. The first settlers at Aldrich settlement were William Jack, Samuel Fisk, and Thomas Aldrich. in 1823. The first child born was Irena Smith, in 1813; the first mar- riage, that of Joseph Fluent and Fanny Dickinson, in 1818 ; and the first death, that of Anderson Carpenter, killed hy the falling of a tree, in 1817. The first school was taught at Bonny Uill, by Caroline Vinan, in 1818; the first store waa kept by Harlow Sears, at MerchantviUe. No tavern was ever kept in the town, Mid no license was ever granted to seil liquor. 2 The census reports 4 churches ; 2 M. E., Bap., and Christian. * Named from Robert Trnup, of N. Y., general agent of the Pulteney estate. — Tur/ier's Phelps and Gorham Purchase, p. 279. * This institution has an average attendance of about 60 pupils. 5 Peter Young and Peter Dalaun, from Addison, settled near Mr. Rice, in 1S06; Lieut. Reynolds and Jonathan Rogers settled at the same place in 1809, Geo. Martin in 1810, and James Works in 1811. The first child born was Polly Young ; the first mar- riage, that of Zebulon Tubbs and Sarah Rice; and the first death, that of Jeremiah Martin. Abner Thomas taught the first school, a little B. of Troupsburgh Village; Lieut. Reynolds kept the first ion, 4 mi. from the Center, and Ichabod C. Leach the first store, 2 mi. from the Center. Geo. Martin erected the first gristmill, at Troupsburgh Village. « 2 Bap., 2 M. E., and F. W. Bap. T In 1857, 30 acres were devoted to vineyards; and the success of the experiment was so great that the number of acres was doubled in 185S. There are about 2,OoO acres in town with the 9. and z. inoLinatioQ adapted to this purpouo. 8 Samuel Bakor, Eli Read, and William Barney settled is Pleasant Valley in 1794; and Capt. Amos Stone, Capt. John Shether, James Shether, and Richard Daniels in 1795. These settlers were from New England, most of them from Conn. They had served through the Revolutionary "War, some of them with distinction as officers ; and all were inured to the privations and dangers incident to pioneer settlement. The first child bora Was Saml. Baker, jr. ; the first marriage, that of Jonathan Bar- ney and Polly Aulls, in 1794; and the first death, that of John Phillips, in Sept. of the same year. Eliphalet Norris taught the first school, in 1795, at Pleasant Valley; Caleb Chapman kept the first inn, at N. Urbana; Henry A. townsend the first store, at Cold Spring, in 1S15. John Shether built the first sawmill, in Pleasant Valley, in 1795 ; and Gen. Geo. McClure. the first gristmill, at Cold Spring, in 1802. » The census reports 6 churches; 2 Bap., and 1 each Presb., M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. 10 Named from Rev. Dr. Francis Wayland. of R. I. 11 Among the early settlers were Adam Zimmerman, David Brown, Kaizier. Stephen Hicks, Thos. Begole, Solomon, James, and Elisha Brownsou, Isajic Willie, Walter and Dr. War- ren Patchin, Dennis Hess, Benj. Perkins, and Samuel Draper. The first sawmill was built by Benj. Perkins; and the first gristmill, by Dugald Cameron and Abijah Fowler, in 181 fi. Saml. Taggart kept the first inn. in 1S27 ; and James L. Monier. tho first store, in 1830. The first school was taught by Thos. Wil- bur, in ISll. IS Evang. Luth., Union, and B.C. STEUBEN COUNTY. 629 WAYNE' — named in honor of Gen. Anthony Wayne — was formed, as ^^FredericJcstown,'" March 18, 17%, Its name was changed April 6, 1808. Reading (Schuyler co.) was taken off in 1806, Orange (Schuyler co.) in 1813, and Barrington (Yates co.) and Tyrone (Schuyler co.) in 1822. A part was annexed to Tyrone April 17, 1854. It is situated upon Crooked Lake, on the e. border of the CO. Its surface is a rolling upland, 400 to 600 feet high, descending abruptly to the lake. Little Lake is a beautiful sheet of water lying along the e. border. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam underlaid by hardpan. Wayne,^ (p-^-*) on the line of Tyrone, (Schuyler co.,) contains 3 churches and 40 houses. Wayne Four Corners is a p. o. Keuka is a steamboat landing in the n. part. Zephaniah Hoff, Henry Mapes, Widow Jennings, and Solomon Wisson settled in town in 1791.* Rev. Ephraim Sanford (Bap.) was one of the first settlers, and for many years the only clergyman in town. There are two churches in town ; M. E. and Union. WEST FMIOIV — was formed from Greenwood, April 25. 1845. It is the s.w. corner town oi the CO. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland, the highest summits being 2,000 to 2,400 feet above tide, A large part of the town is yet covered with forests. Bennetts Creek is the principal stream. The soil is a heavy, slaty loam. Lumbering is extensively pursued. Rexville (p. o.) and Wileysville (p.o.) are hamlets. West Union is a p. o. The first settler was Abraham V. Olmsted, who located at Rexville in 1822.* The first church (M.E.) was formed at Rexville in 1831. There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. WHEEI^ER^— was formed from Bath and Prattsburgh, Feb. 25, 1820. A part of Avoca was taken off in 1843, and a part of Urbana in 1839. It is an interior town, lying n.e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a high, rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Five Mile and Ten Mile Creeks and of several small lateral streams. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam, well adapted to both grazing and tillage. Mitctaellville (p. v.) contains 20 houses ; and Wheeler Center (Wheeler p.o.) 1 church and 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1799, by Capt. Silas Wheeler, from Albany co.® Rev. Ephraim Eggleston (Bap.) conducted the first reli- gious services, in 1802. There are 2 churches in town; Presb. and M. E. WOODHUIil.^— was formed from Troupsburgh and Addison, Feb. 18, 1828. A part of Rathbone was taken off in 1856. It is the central town upon the s, border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, a considerable portion of which is yet covered with forests. Tuscarora Creek, flowing E. through the northerly part of the town, is the principal stream. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Lumbering is carried on to some extent. Hfew^ville, (Woodhull p.o..) on Tus- carora Creek, contains 3 churches and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 215. Hedges- Ville contains 10 houses. The first settlement was made in 1805, by Stephen Dolson, Daniel Johnson, Patrick Breakhill, Bethuel Tubbs, and Samuel B. Rice.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1830 ; and the Rev. Mr. Pomeroy was the first pastor. There are 4 churches in town.' 1 Its former name waa from Frederick Bartles. — McMasters's Hist. StetiJjen n>., p. 181. 2 Locally known as " Wayne Hotel." 8 Enofl, Joseph, and James Silsbee, Abraham Hendricks. Joshua Smith, John Holdridge, Elijah Reynolds, and Kphraim Tyler were among the early settlers. The first birth was that of Elizabeth Wixson, Nov. 6, 1793; and the first marriage, that of Ephraim Sanford, jr. and Julia HofT. Jas. Silsbee kfpt the first store, and Enos Silsheo the first inn. The first school was taught by Nathaniel Frisbee. in 1797. * The late settlemen*. of this town was owing to the fact that a large share of the land was owned in England and by heirs under age. Among the first settlers were Fred. Hauber, Wm. Burger, and Wra. Bray, from Delaware co., who came in 1823 and located near Rexville. John Wilev, Wm. Fisher, and Benj. Wilks settled at Wileysville in 1S49. Uriah Stevens taught the first school; Chas. Rexford kept the first inn. and Walter B. Olmsted the first store, at Rexville. John Wiley built the first saw and grist mill, in 1849-50. " Named from Capt. Silas Wheeler, the first settler. Capt. Whcvler served during the Revolutionary War, and was at the attack on Quebec and stood near Montgomery when he fell. He was 4 timee taken prisoner during the war. He died in 1S2S, at the age of 7 8. * Nathan Rose. Wm. Holmes, and Turner Gardner settled in town in 1709; Col. Jonathan Barney and Thos. Aulls in 1800; Philip Murtle in 1802; and Otto F. Marshall, and others, named Bear, Ferval, and Rifle, in 1S03. William, son of Jonathan Bar- ney, was born Nov. 1, ISOl, and died Dec. 1, 1802,— the first birth knd death in town. Hon. Qrattan H. Wheeler was a party to the first marriage. Capt. Wheeler built the first sawmill, in 1S02; and Geo. W. Taylor the first gristmill, in 1803-04. John Beala kept the first inn, in 1820; and Cornehus Younglove, the first store, in 1835. The first school was taught by Uriel Chapin. '' Capt. Wheeler's first trip to mill is worthy of record. There were, at the time when he had occasion to 'go to mill,' tbre«i institutions in the neigh bo rhwid where grinding was done, — at the Friends' settlement, at Bath, and at Naples. The millstoneB of Bath had suspended operations. — there being nothing there to grind, aa was reported. Capt. Wheeler made a cart, of which the wheels were sawn from the end of a log of curly maple : (he box was of corresponding architecture. He started for Naples with two oxen attached to this vehicle. Two young men went before the oxen with axes and chopped a road, and the clumsy chariot came floanderiug through the bushes behind, bouncing over the logs and snubbing the stumps, like a ship working through an Ice field. The first day they reached a point a little beyond the present village of Prattsburgh. a distance of six miles from their starting point, and the second moored triumpb- antlv at the mtU at Naples." — McMaster^s Hist. Steuben Cb., pp. 195-196. ' Named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Woodhull, of the Revoln tiou. 8 Caleb Smith settled in the town in 1808. The first birth was that of Polly Smith: the first marriage, that of Levi Rice and Cynthia Tubbs; and the first death, that of Benj. Tubbs. Caleb Smith built the first gristmill, in 1805; Ichabod S. Leach kept the first inn, and Josi»b Tubbs the first store. The first school waa taught by Abner Thomas. « 2 Bap., Presb., and R.C. 630 STEUBEN COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Steuben County. Names of Towns. AddJBon Avociu Bath Bradford CaniiTon Campbtill , Canieteo Caton Cohocton..... Coming , Dansville. £rwiD... Fremout. Greenwood... HartaviUe Hornby Hornellsville. Howard , Jasper Lindiey.... Prattsbui'gh., Pulteney Rathboneo.... Thurston Troupsburgh, Urbana Waylaud Wayoi-. West Union.. Wheeler- Woodhull Total Acres op Land. 9,376 13,011 30,775 7,2M 10,871 8,242 9,1S4 7,712 11,580 7,803 20,031 4,097 10.733 10,065 7,1S9 13,151 S,745i 20,634i 13,227 3,729 23,136 16,730 6,4081 16,646} 17,126 I2,921i 9,S13 7,265 14,334 11,861J 361.460 I I, 26,832 8,661 24,319 5.798 10,798 16,297 22,300 14,453 14.441 20,482 12,881 18,,674 7,745 11,660 I3,a32 13,177 9,21 6i 17.657 15,853 19,874 11,858 4,878i 1.6,083 17,947 8.656 11,364S 3,606 14,268 14,246 18,894 438,260J Vamjation of 1858, $ 428,955 433,627 1,653,478 214,087 219,740 329,030 393,381 296,406 4.53,101 1,308,282 601,936 636,668 247,611 176,046 158,025 264,783 865,650 410,648 230,172 274,701 666,801 449.787 269,491 233,276 184.531 636,978 210,394 234.142 88,276 299,709 240,932 $ 92,270 82,073 579,191 23 543 63,257 6,900 41.671 21,655 64.792 113,689 58,414 74,250 78,624 94,231 37.143 40,266 45,788 120,476 75,741 6,300 102,270 39,318 28,934 12.918 132,210 30,009 1,200 34,681 11,028 69,196 114,785 12,689,070 2.286,423 14,975,493 e $521,225 515,700 2,132,667 237,630 282.997 336,630 435,052 318,060 617,893 1,421,971 660,330 609,918 326,135 270,276 195,168 295,049 911,468 631,024 305.913 280,001 659,071 489,105 298,425 246,194 316,741 665,987 211,694 268,823 99,904 3.58,905 355,717 1,602 926 3,027 642 918 816 1,058 837 1,126 3,276 1,077 944 671 622 684 756 1.960 1,366 881 369 1,301 762 1,042 966 1,344 467 617 717 1,159 32,189 1,654 S60 3,004 643 919 726 927 74S 1,116 3,059 1,083 875 648 602 826 654 1,893 1,304 887 335 1,281 808 445 937 972 1,307 401 697 859 1,046 30,776 518 331 1,068 238 336 287 362 274 444 1,037 401 334 221 237 195 262 689 602 341 142 609 305 171 361 361 376 174 214 253 420 11,351 666 359 984 245 343 292 372 291 444 1,160 413 339 233 237 212 274 744 612 344 143 636 309 177 373 363 482 183 233 266 426 11,823 236 286 860 189 288 226 271 267 297 614 287 174 210 233 177 239 477 458 299 69 440 275 167 322 288 332 143 218 197 294 8,710 I 354 25,817 1,228 8U8 2,306 655 690 618 852 626 875 2,162 791 741 457 667 467 666 1,522 1,083 787 313 1,072 828 628 440 967 822 1,060 311 630 632 825 Names of Towns, Addison. Avoca Bath Bradford CameroiL Campbell , Canisteo Caton Cohocton Coming Dansvilie Erwin Fremont Greenwood.... HiLTtsviUe , Hornby Hornellsville. Howard Jasper Liodley Prattsburgh.. Pnlteney Rathbone* Thurston Troupsburgh. Urbana Wayland Wayne West Union,, Wheeler Woodhull,,.. Total... 332 600 1,368 330 418 326 377 341 636 396 763 216 502 300 229 382 369 810 496 121 886 694 170 457 680 604 367 179 496 406 13,899 III 937 1,074 2,578 630 1,023 94' 1,192 1,072 995 670 1,24' 433 683 1,197 686 1,064 890 1,626 1,463 619 1,391 1,272 449 1,984 1,117 1,031 683 929 839 1,788 32,199 532 8,54 2,042 501 639 616 690 627 621 678 980 3S5 601 788 427 cia 630 1,1.37 802 327 929 766 295 14 671 780 472 499 618 911 20,284 =0 2,448 6,530 12,169 3,493 2,847 2,036 1,914 2,344 3.255 S2S 6,469 1,495 1,715 1,701 3.007 3,365 2.,522 8,998 3,385 987 8,093 4,968 1.354 6.340 9,946 1,805 3,663 1,206 6,220 2,330 _5_ 767 1,087 2.360 731 619 630 816 610 807 901 1,368 653 549 420 382 574 646 1,338 726 386 1,02: 1,073 331 7.50 1,051 1,005 764 369 832 817 24,154 AORICtTLTURAL PRODUCTS. Bosh, oh Grain. 6,979 12,695 26,477 4,908, 4,229 6,499 13,912J 3,563 13,757 8,440 24..509 4,766 4,172 1,866 3,712 3,248 10,478 6,596 2.814 1,326 10„3194 9,975 2.921 i 2,51 9i 11,145 12.252 3,3.54 1,242 7,377 5,849i 229,802 2,037 2.044 6,931J 1,354 1,952} 2,241 l,884i 2.242 1,466} 1,684 2,064 943 1,022 1,049 1,010 4.203 1.786 2,47 6J 2,011 948 2,953} 2,050 ,231 ,621} ,2.62 ,567} ,008 721 ,440 :,466 6S,749i 12,004 6,444 14,379 6,726 3,864 6,420 6,964 20,607 7,631 10,.309 13,445 7,185 8,985 5,480 3,.506 22,465 5,311 13,,539 7,262 6,933 8.748 6,268 3.055 8,170 4,826 11,604 4.711 7,878 4,515 10,026 256,938 0)1 11,235 23,412 25,271 8,042 4.644 11,898 9,893 6,048 17,095 8,828 14,294 3.746 14,210 3,978 6,525 14,201 6,217 at.461 4,298 6,905 14.790 8,347 3,368 8.618 12,335 4,470 8.485 610 10,024 3,174 !97,2S9 Daibt Pboductb, 35.53 0, OS 66,.550 77,063 118,421 37,130 69,703 60,166 62,040 81,166 67,246 26,316 93,541 29,906 60,075 79,900 37,046 69,885 60,150 129,746 93,188 20,962 104,620 88,971 32,590 103,775 82,350 65.200 55.346 41.980 60.693 112,445 I'S-S 3,640 43,446 13,630 460 2,100 1,976 500 3,664 6,2311 800' 18,539' 6,000! 6,775 1,100| 3,290 1,915 1,204 13,690 3,335 100 7,717 6,419 665 2,816 3,070 23,500 1,816 17,700 4,806 4,745! 1,34: 773} 3,069 978 1,186 778 1,676 736 691 106 1,603 62 1,063 889 1,461 794 2,689} 2,436 37 1,188 758 1,148 3,699} 846 1,288 '28 1,689} 700 1,144 203,329! ,34,936 a Formed since 1855, SUFFOLK COUNTY. This county' was organized Nov. 1, 1083. It occupies the e. part of Long Island, embracing about two-thirds of its area, and includes several smaller islands off the E. and N. coasts. It is centrally distant 138 mi. from Albany, and contains 1,200 sq. mi. The E. extremity of the island is divided by Great and Little Peconic and Gardiners Bays into two narrow, unequal branches, between which are Gardinei-s, Shelter, and Robins Islands. A chain of islands extends from the n. branch nearly to the Conn, shore.' A beach com- posed of alluvial sand and shingle, broken only by occasional inlets, skirts the s. shore of the island, enclosing several large, irregular bays, the principal of which are Great South, Moriches, Shinnecock, and Mecox Bays. " This great beach is a line of spits and islands. One of the islands is about 25 mi. long, with a breadth of a few hundred yards. They are all narrow and long ; and when above the reach of the surf they are covered by a labyrinth of hillocks of drifted sand, imitating almost all the variety of form which snow drifts possess after a storm." The action of the waves and winds is gradually extending this beach. Off tht s. coast the sea is very shallow ; 50 mi. from the shore its depth nowhere exceeds 40 fathoms ; and sandbars at a considerable distance from the beach approach so near the surface as to break the waves into a surf. The traveler along the beach is seldom out of sight of a wreck.' Irregular branches project inland from Long Island Sound, in the w. part of the co., and from the bays upon the s. and e. The peninsulas and points thus formed are locally known as "necks." Upon the s. side of the island these necks generally take the name of the stream e. of them. An irregulai range of hilla extends e. and w. through the co., a little n. of the center. A second range, commencing in Brookhaven, extends into the s. branch of the island, terminating at Canoe Place and reappear- ing farther e. as the Shinnecock Hills. Along the N. border of the co. the surface is somewhat broken ; but in the s. it is very level. In the E. part are several fresh water lakes, and a few in the central and w. parts, the principal of which is Lake Ronkonkoma, on the w border of Brookhaven. The principal streams are Peconic River, in the E., and the Connecticut, in the central part. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam, moderately fertile along the coasts ; but in some parts the surface consists of almost sterile plains or barren sandhills. The interior of the island, from near the foot of the hills to within one or two mi. of South Bay, is occupied by the " brush plains," which are sparsely inhabited and hardly susceptible of cultivation. Thousands of acres of these plains were burned over in 1844 and '45 ; and a thin growth of scrub oak, 3 to 4 feet high, has since sprung up on the burned tract.* Along the coast are extensive salt marshes. No native rock is found within this co. ; and the whole island, except a few rocks near Hellgate, appears to belong to the drift formation or to have been formed as a strand of the sea. The waters of the sea are slowly encroaching upon the land of the E. and n. parts. The various branches of agriculture form the leading industrial pursuits.' Successful hus- bandry in this CO. involves a large expenditure for fertilizers,' which to considerable extent are obtained from the neighboring seas. Immense quantities of bony fish' are caught for this pur- 1 Named from a co. in England. From 1665 to 1683 this co. formed the ^^East Riding of Torkshire" 2 These islauda appear to have been separated from the main- land and from each ottier by tidal currentfi, wliirh flow between them with great force. — A^ K GeoJnqical .^j/nvv.— Mather. s From Nov. 1, 1S64, to June 28, 1867, 6 ships, 9 barlis, 16 brigs, 25 schooners, and 9 sloops were wrecked, or in distress, off this coaat. The Government has established 26 lifeboat stations upon the s. shore, (of which 19 are within this co.,) 1 on Fishers Island, 1 at Orient Point, and 2 upon the Sound. Each station is furnished with boats, lifeI. They are usually strewn n\tt'n the surface as a top dressing or plowed under, but are eonit* times rotted with earth, s.-nweed, and other articles in compost heaps. The stench of tbfse decaying fi.th is extremel) un- pleasant and almost ovcrpuwering to strangers. 631 632 SUFFOLK COUNTY. pose, and are used either alone or in connection with seaweed, stable manure, compost, guano, ashes, and other fertilizers. Oysters and clams abound in the bays and seas around the island ; and the taking of these, and fishing, form the principal occupations of the inhabitants along the shore. From the first settlement of the co. considerable attention has been given to whaling. This business was originally carried on in open boats from the shore ;^ but large vessels are now Bent upon long voyages to the Polar Seas.^ The preparation of ** fish guano,*' and oil from bunkers,^ shipbuilding, and brickmaking are the principal manufacturing interests of the co.* At Fire Island, Green port, and Orient, and at most of the villages along South Country Road are ex- tensive hotels, especially fitted for the accommodation of families from New York City, great numbers of whom spend the summer months at these public houses or in private families. The county seat is located at Riverhead.^ The courthouse is a fine two story brick building, situated near the depGt, and contains the usual county offices, and accommodations for the sheriff's family.® The jail, situated in rear of the courthouse, is a two story stone octagonal building. The county clerk's office is a fireproof brick building. The co. has no poorhouse.*' The first regulation concerning public roads was adopted under authority of an act of General Assembly passed in 1724, and was kept alive by repeated enactments. Commissioners ap- pointed by this authority about 1733 laid out 3 principal roads from w. to e. These were called the North, Middle, and South Country Roads, and upon them the principal villages and settle- ments are located. The project of opening a navigable communication between the bays upon the 3i shore of the island was recommended by Gov. Clinton in 1825, and was subsequently authorized by law, but was never carried into efi'ect.® The Long Island R. R. affi>rds the princi- pal avenue of business through the island.* Short stage routes connect the several villages along the N. and s. shores with the r. r. Seven newspapers are published in the co. ; 2 at Greenport, 2 at Huntington, 1 at Sag Harbor, 1 at Patchogue, and 1 at Riverhead.** When Long Island first became known, it was inhabited by 13 tribes of Indians, of which all but two resided wholly or in part in this co.^' Of these the Montauks were the most numerous 1 At present 3 whaleboats at Mastic Point, 2 at Shinne- cock, 6 at Soiitbanipton, and several at Bridgehampton, East Hampton, and Amaganeet, are kept in CDOstant readiness for use upon the beach. They are mounted, buttom upward, upon a staging, and are well supplied with oars, lances, harpoons, and other necessary tackle. During the winter and spring months j a lookout is kept, and when a whale appears a signal rallies tbe neighborhood to the chase. A year seldom passes without one prize ; and some years half a dozen are captured. 2 The whaling interests of this co. received a severe check upon the discovery of gold in California. Many whaleships were fitted out for the trade with that region, and upon the reaction that followed were sold. The number of whaleships now belonging to the CO. is 33; and the greatest number at any one time (in 1845^7) was S8. 8 The manufactories of fish guano and oil are in Southold and upon Shelter Island, and on Napeague Reach. Tbe fish are heated by ete;ini. and the oil is extracted by hydrostatic presses. The residue is dried and ground for guano. Forty tons of fish yield 9 tons of guann and 840gals. of oil. It Is claimed by many that this mauufactured article possesses all tbe valuable pro- perties of the Peruvian guano. * Salt was formerly made from seawater at Sag Harbor. An extensive business was formerly carried on in cutting wood and shipping it to the New York market. Spafford, in his Gazetteer of 1823, .s^ys that a great portion of the fuel consumed in the city was furnished by the pine plains, and Wiat 100.01*0 cords were annually sent from Brookhaven. Since the fires of 18-44 and '46 but little wood has been exported. 6 A small two story frame building, erected in 1725, served for both a courthouse and jail. The first court of Oyer and Ter- miner under the State Government was held Sept. 4. 17S7. fi This building was erected in 1854 and '55, at a cost of $17,800. The ctimmittee appointed to superintend its erection were Sarn'l B. NicoU, Wm. R. Pnst, and Sylvester Miller, By an act passed April 9, 1813, the clerk of this co. was authorized to establish his office in two places, and to appoint a deputy to have charge of one. The records migrated between Islip and Southold, and ^ere kept many years at Smithtowu. The records of wills in this CO. extend back to 1669. The records of the court of General Sessions and Common Pleas have been separately recorded since 1723. ' Most of the towns have poorhonses, at which co. paupers are provided for at tbe co. expense. 8 The Long Island Canal Company, chartered April S. 184S, was authorized to etTect what in substance wiis embraced in De Witt Clinton's plan. viz. : communication between Grave.«eud. Jamaica, Great South, Southampton, and Mecox Bays, and across Canoe Place. * The rnad was opened to Farmingtnn Oct. 15, 1841, to Yap- hank June 2*;, lt4J, and to Greenport July 29, 1844. W FrothinffftanVs Lovg Island Efvald was established at Sag Harbor May 10, 1791, by David Fn-thingliam. In lt02 it was sold to Sellick Osborn, and changed to The Suffolk (hunty Herald. It was sold in Feb. 1S04, to Alden Spooner. and its name was changed to The Suffilk Gazette, and in Feb. 1811, it was discontinued. The Suffolk Co Recorder was established at Sag Harbor Oct 19, 1816, by Sam'I. A. Seabury. In 1817 it was changed to The American Eagle; 2 years afterward it was discontinued. The Corrector was st:irted at Sag Harbor Aug. 3, 1S22, b.y H. W. Hunt, and is now published by Alex. Hunt. The Reimblican AVatchman was conunenced at Sag llai l«ir in Sept. 1826. by Sam'I Phillips. In Sept.lS44, it was removed to Greenport, where it is now published by S. Phillips & Son. The Suflfblk. Times was started at Greenport in Aug. 1^57, by John J. Kiddell. its present publisher. The American Eagle was establiphed at Huntington in 1S21 by Sam'I A. Seabury. In May, 1825. it was changed to The Long Island Journal of Philosophy and Cabinet of Variety, (mo.,) pub. by Sam. Fleet. In 1827 it was changed to The Portico, and was discontinued in 1829. The Long Islander was started at Huntington in July, 183s, by Walter Whitman, and is now published by G.-n H. Shepard. The SuflTolk Democrat was start^-d Feb. 17, 1847. at Huntington, and is now published by Edward Strahan. The Suffolk 0'a::cUe was commenced at Hiverhead in Aug. 1849. After IS months it was removed to Sag Harbor. In Dec. 1854, it was brought back to Itiverhead, and was eonn after discontinued. The Swffolh Herald was established at Patchngno Aug. 14. is.^s. hv A'an Zandt & Co., its present publishers. The Siiffolfe Union w;ia started at Kiverhead In 1S59 by I "Wasbin^ton Tan Zandt. :The Sag Harbor Express was commenced in 1859, u These tribes were the '* Canarsees,^^ occupying Kings co. and a part of Jamaica: the " Bockaways" the country about Rock- away and parts of Jamaica and \ewtriwn: the '■^Afattinecnrks" I the w. side of the island, from Flushing to the E. line of Hunting- ton; the"A>.ts«juij/5." the country fmni the e. line of Hunting- ton to Stony Brook; the " Setaul.ets,"' that from Stony Brook to 1 Wading lUver; the ^' Cor clingv-es," all tbe N. branch of the island I E. of Wading Uiver: the '^ Sferecnkes^* and ^^ Murenpeques." thi- conw I try upon the s. side of the islands w. of Suffolk co.; the- Lecatogues,^* ! the country fram the w, line of the co. to tbe E. part of Islip; ' the "IWchngues" from the e. line of Islip tot hew. partof Sonth 'ampton; the "■Sltinnecncks" the country around Canoe Place, land thence E. to East Hampton; the "J/onto"A:.s," that are now ' included in the tnwn of East Hampton; atul the "Monhassets,^' uccupying Shelter Island. Of all these tribes there now remain SUFFOLK COUNTY. 633 and powerful ; and the consent of Wyandance,' their grand sachem, was necessary to the validity of all Indian grants of that date upon the island. The earliest settlement within the co. was made in 1639, on Gardiners Island, under title derived from James Farrett, agent of the Earl of Stirling, to whom a grant of the whole of Long Island had been made by the Plymouth Com- pany.'' Southold and Southampton were settled in 1640, Easthampton in 1648, Shelter Island in 1652, Huntington in 1653, Brookhaven in 1655, and Smithtown in 1668, by English immigrants from New England. These settlers were strongly imbued with Puritan doctrines and zealously devoted to their strict observance.' They naturally sought alliance with the adjacent New England colonies, to whom they were warmly attached,' and with whom they were closely united until they were brought under the government of New York. Among the first measures taken by the colonists was the establishment of religious worship and schools, which in most of the towns date from the first or second year of settlement. These were commonly supported by tax, often levied in kind, and sometimes coupled with privileges and grants that are still recognized. The patents granted by the New York governors created corporations, with municipal powers and privileges which were liberal for that period. These have never been changed, and are still valid. The rights were of two classes,— one belonging to all who might gain a residence and citizenship within the town,, and the other pertaining only to the persons named in the patents and their heirs at law. During the Revolution most of the inhabitants of the co. warmly espoused the cause of the colonists ; but after the battle of Long Island the British ascendency was com- plete, and few opportunities occurred for assisting in the popular movement. Several bold and successful incursions were made by partisan corps ; but the armed occupation of the island was at no time interrupted.* During the latter part of the War of 1812 an English fleet was stationed off the eastern coast ; but few depredations were committed. The history of the co. fi-om that day to the present is only the record of the industrial pursuits of a thriving people. BROOKHAVEN — was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Nicoll, March 13, 1666, with the usual privileges of a township f and Dec. 27, 1686, the patent was confirmed by Gov. Dongan, and ex- tended privileges were granted.® It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It occupies the entire width of Long Island, near the center of the co. E. and w. It has 20 mi. of coast on Long Island Sound, 21 on South Bay, and above 30 on Fire Island, which skirts the whole s. coast. Patchogue and Bell- port Bays, upon the s. coast, are branches of Great South Bay ; and Old Mans Harbor and Port -Jeffer- 8on, Conscience, Setauket, and Flax Pond Bays, are indentations upon the n. coast from L. I. Sound. The principal capes upon the N. coast are Cranes Neck, Old Field Point,' Little Neck,* Dj-ers Neck,' Mount Misery, and Rocky Point. A range of low hills extends across the n. part of the town ; but elsewhere the surface is level. The principal streams are Peconic River, in the E. part, and the Con- necticut, in the central. There are several fresh water ponds of great depth and purity in the town, many of which have no outlet. The soil along the coast, both upon Long Island Sound and South Bay, is a moderately fertile, light, sandy loam, and in the interior it is generally unproductive. Along the streams near their mouths are numerous salt meadows. Port JefiTersoil'" (p. v.) is situated at the head of Port Jefferson Bay, on the N. coast. It has a good harbor, and shipbuilding is largely carried on.'^i Pop. 1,247. Setauket, (p. v.,) on the bay of the same name, contains 2 churches and 4 shipyards and has a pop. of 1,136. Stony Brook,'^ (p-'f-.) near the line of Smithtown, contains 1 church and has a pup. (in this town) of 542. Mt. Sinai,'' (p. v.,) on Old Mans Harbor, has a pop. of 276. Millers Place,'* (p.o.,) Rocky Point, and S'lvezys but a few indivi-w'(w- seW by the Indians. " Tht?re are 5 shipyards upon the E. side of the harbor, and 3 upon the w. 12 Called by the Indians " Wftpf/wag." The great quantities of shells found near the banks indicate that this waa a favorite residence of the natives. n Called by the Indians •^yt/n-o-wau-iud:.*' Old Mans Harbor IS also called .Mt. Sinai Iliirbur. 1* Named from Andrew, sou of John Millcr,onc of the pioneers of Kast Hampton. 634 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Ijandin^ are hamlets on the coast of Long Island Sound. Patdiogue' (p. v.) is situated on Patchogue Bay, in the s. w. part of the town. It contains 4 churches, an academy, and manufac- tories of twine, paper, cotton, ropes, and flour. Pop. 1,562. Bellport, {p. v.,) on the w. side of Belleport Bay, contains I church and an academy. Shipbuilding is carried on to a considerable extent. Pop. 383. Blue Point,^ (p. o.,) in the s. w. part, is a hamlet. Fire Place, (p. v.,) on Belleport Bay, contains 1 church and about 35 houses; Moriclies/4 churches and 50 houses ; £ast Moricbes, (p. v.,) 40 houses; and West Moriches (Moriches p. o.) and Seafuck^ hamlets, are situated near the coast of East Bay. Yaptaank^^ (p. v.,) a station on the Long Island R. R., containing 3 churches and 35 houses, and Soutti Haven, (p. v.,) containing 1 church and 20 houses, are situated on Connecticut River. Mastic^ is a hamlet on Mastic River. Ifliddle Island, (p. o.,) containing 2 churches, Selden, (p. o.,) 1 church, IVeiv Tilla§rc, (p. 0.,) 1 church, and Coram,* (Cor-um,) (p. o..) are hamlets in the central part; and Wanip- missic,^ containing 1 church, and Manorville,^ (p. o..) are hamlets in the e. part. Center Moriches is a p. o. Waverly, and Medford, are hamlets and r. e. stations. The town poorhouse is located near Coram, upon a small farm purchased in 1817 at a cost of $900. The lighthouse on Old Field Point was built in 1823 ; and another on Fire Island, near Fire Island Inlet, was built in 1858.® The first settlement was made at Setauket,^^ in 1655, by a colony of im- migrants from near Boston, Mass.^* The land was bought from the Setauket Indians, and the sale confirmed by a release from Wyandance, Sachem of Montauk. This settlement was received under the government of Conn, in 1661, and Richard Woodhull and Thos. Pierce were appointed magis- trates by the General Court. The tract of land between Islip and Bellport, extending to the cent^er of the island, was purchased of the natives by John Winthrop in 1666, and the title confirmed March 29, 1680.^^ Col. Wra. Smith purchased Little Neck, Oct. 22, 1686, and an extensive tract E. of Connecticut River, extending northward to the center of the co., in May, 1691." Fort St. George, a strongly fortified British post on South Bay, was surprised and taken by a party of 80 men, under Maj. Tallmadge, Nov. 21, 1780. They crossed Long Island Sound from Conn., landing at Old Mans Harbor, marched to Coram, where they destroyed a large amount of forage, and then to Fort St. George, which they captured without the loss of a man. Over 50 men were made prison- ers, and a large amount of property was destroyed," Gen. Woodhull,^^ Pres. of the Second and Third Provincial Congresses, Gen, Wm. Floyd, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, Col. Richard Floyd,*^ and Maj. Wm. 11. Smith, were residents, and Maj. Benj. Tallmadge was a native, of this town. In the infancy of the settlement a building was erected at Setauket, which served the double purpose of a townhall and church." There are now 26 churches in town.*® EAST OAMPTOIV— was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Nicoll, March 13, 1666," and con- firmed by Gov. Dongan, Dec. 9, 1686. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies at the e. extremity of Long Island, s. of Gardners Bay and Lung Island Sound, and includes Gardiners Island, lying N. of the mainland. The e, part consists of a narrow peninsula, to which the name, Muntauk, is applied. Upon the n. coast are several large bays, some of them nearly landlocked. The princi- pal of these are Northwest, Three Mile, Acabonac, and Napeague Harbors, and Fort Pond Bay. In the central and w. parts the surface is mostly level or gently undulating ; but along the coast 1 Named from the "Fb-chough" Indians, who inhabited this I Woolley, Akerly, Combs, "Waring, Mapes, Thorp, Eburne, Brew- region, stor, Poole, Sharpe, Burnet, Uelnio, Garlick, Moger, Pierce, and 2 Called by the Indians '' Manow-tusx-quott," an important Ware. Many of these names are still common on the island, oyster bed in Great South Bay. in this vicinity. By a vote of the inhabitants, taken July 13, 16S7, the trustees 8 An Indian name, pronounced Mo-rich-es. Great quantities of tlie town were directed to establish a school, and Francis of fish and wild fowl are sent from this vicinity to the New Williamson was empkiyed as a t-eacher, at a salary of £30 per York market. annum. The first mill was erected at Stony Brook, in 1690. — * Yaphauk is the Indian name of a small tributary of the Thompson's Hist. Long Island, 2d Ed., J, 4l.t8. Connecticut. The place was originally called "J/(Wri7te," and afterward '' Brnokfield." 6 This name is applied to a considerable tract of land w. of the river, formerly occupied by the Puos-pa-tuck Indians, a tribe subject to the Pochoughs. Parts (if this tract were known aa '• Sa-ba-nock," " Ne^ttg,'* and *' 3fat-ie-moy." Named from an Indian chief. 7 This name was given by the Indians to a swamp in the vicinity. 8 Formerly called "5/. Gecrrgn^s Manrrr." 9 This lighthouse is 15U ft. high and 166 ft. above the sea, and i^ furnished with a French dashing lens apparatus of superior quality. >o Then called *' Cromwll Bay'* 11 The family names of those settlers wore Woodhull, Haw- kins, WbJtehaire, Jenner, Perring, Gihb. Satterlee, Biggs, 'J'ooker, Rogers, Fancy, Longbotham, Lane, Floyd, Muucy. Seward, ^Vadc. Payler, Smith, Avery, Dayton, liiivis. Frost, T omas, Baylis, Thumson, Ward, Koe, Budd, Brooks, Williams, ^ A great part of this tract waa divided into 36 prizes, and disposed of by lottery for £12,000 in June, 1758, J8 These purchases were confirmed Oct. 9, 1693, under the title of the '' Manor of St. George" which included all the town as then founded E. of the Connecticut. A large proportion of this tract is still owned by the descendants of Col. Smith. 1' Washington's Writings, VII; Journal of Congress, Dec. 6, 1780; Thompson* s Hist. Long Island. 15 Gen. WtK)dhull fell in the battle of Long Island^ Sept. 1776, and was buried in this town. — Onderdoiik's Rev. Inc. 18 The lands of Col. Richard Floyd located in this town were confiscated by the British. " The early pastors of the church at Setauket were Revs. Na- thaniel Brewster, in 16.^5, Geo. Phillips, in 1697, David Younge, iu 1745, Benj. Tallmadge, in 1754, Noah Wetmore, in 1786, and Zachariah Greene, in 1797. 18 9 M. E.. 8 Presb., 4 Cong., 2 Prot E., 2 Af. M. E.. B;tp. 1* The trustees named in the patent were John Mulfoid. Tlioa. Baker, Thomas Chatfield. Jeremiah Concklvn. Stepht-n Uedges, Thos. Osborne, sr,, and John OsboiuQ.^I^tents, /, 81, Sec. Office SUFFOLK COUNTY. 635 upon the s. is a belt of low, shifting sand ridges; and the e. part is broken by low, irregular hills, some of which attain an elevation of 100 ft. above the sea. Near the coast in the s. part of the town and upon the peninsula are several fresh water ponds. The principal of these are Gi'eat,' Fort,'' Oyster, Hook, and Georgica Ponds ; and their outlets have been closed by sandbars or a beach. Upon the main portion of the peninsula of Montauk the soil is fertile, but its neck is a barren, sandy waste. In the w. part the soil is a light, sandy loam and is kept highly fertile by the use of manures. Stock raising forms the leading occupation ; and to that pursuit Gardners Island' and Montauk Point are exclusively devoted. A tract of al)out 9000 acres, embracing the entire k, portion of the town, is devoted wholly to pasturage. It is owned by a company, incorp. as tenants in common, whose affairs are managed by a board of 7 trustees elected annually.* Twelve trustees are chosen annually, to whom are committed the management of the town commons, the meadow beaches, and the waters within the bays, the privileges of which are enjoyed by all citizens. A town poor- house is located on a small farm about 2 mi. w. of East Hampton Village. Lighthouses are located upon Cedar Island, at the entrance of Sag Harbor,^ at the n. extremity of Gardinei's Island, and upon Montauk Point.* East llamptou, (p. v.,) about 1 mi. from the beach, in the s. w. part of the town, has 2 churches,' an academy,** 2 windmills, and about 70 houses. Aniagaii>*€lt, (p. v.,) a scattered village about 2 mi. e. of East Hampton, contains 1 church. Pop. 270. Sprln^N, (p.o.,) near Acabonac Harbor, and Wainscott, in the s. w. coruerof the town, are hamlets. Sag Har* boi'^ (p- V.) is partly in this town. The tirst settlement in this town, and the first English settlement in the State, was made on Gardiners Island in 1639, by Lyon Gardiner.'^ Settlement in the w. part of the town was commenced in 1648, upon lands purchased of the Montauk Indians, liy a company of English families from Lynn, Mass.'^ The government of the colony was purely democratic. The people met in ** General Court," and enacted laws, appointed civil and ministerial officers, and acted upon appeals fi*om the decisions of their magistrates. Three magistrates,^^ a recorder, a secretary, and a constable were annually elected. Lands were allotted to individuals, and could not be alienated without the approval of the General Court. In Dec. 1053, they adopted the laws of Conn. ; and from 1657 to 1667 they were united with that colony.^^ The inhabitants sided with the colonists in the disputes which led to the Revolution. In June, 1775, an ''Association" favoring the measures of the Continental Congress was formed, and its articles were signed by every male inhabitant capable of bearing arms." Rev. Thomas James, the first pastor in the town, settled in 1051.** There are now 4 churches in town.^® mTlVTI]VGTO]%'— was incorp. by patent, under Gov, Nicoll, Nov. 30, 1666." The patent was renewed Aug. 2, 1688, and again Oct. 5, 1094. It was r.3cognized as a town March 7, 1788, at which time Batons Neck and Crab Meadow were annexed. The w. line was established Feb. 17, 1 Ciill-r'd by the lodiaos " Quaw-no-ti-wock.'* This pond con- tains 500 acres. 8 The Indian name of this p-jnd is ^'- Konk-hong-a-nok." It lies 8. of Fort Pond Bay, and nr-tiiiy divides the isthmus. 8 Called by the Indians " Mtm-cfio-nock,' or *'■ 3ta-s/if the trustees of this insti- tution suggested to the leginlature the propriety of a general iratem of auperrision, aod led to tbu enactment of the law orguu- izing the Board of Regents of the University. This academy and Krasnius Hall, in Fiatl>nsli, were incorp. the snuie day, and are the oldest legally organized academic institutions in the State. 9 See page 638. 10 This island was purchased from Jas. Ffirrett, agent of tho Earl of Stirling, March 10, 1639. Elizabeth Gardner — born upon the island, Sept. 14. 1641 — was the first child of Knglish parents born within the present limits of this State. The pirate, Kidd, visited the island in 1699 and buried a qinntity of gold, silver, and jewels, wliich were afterward recovered by commissioners sent from Boston for that purpose. A piece of cloth of gold pre- sented by Capt. Kidd to Mrs. Gardiner is still [ireserved. 11 Tliis purchase was made by the Governors of Conn, and New Haven for the colonists, and was conveyed to them the following year. The.tract embraced an area of about 30,000 acres ; and tho value of the articles given in exchange for it was £.'iu 4.^. 8f/. The Indinns reserved the right of fishing, hunting, aud of taking shells for wampum upon the lands sold, and the right to the fins and tails of drift whah'S. 1- The first magistratea were John Mulford, Roht. Bond, and Thos. Baker. 13 The lii-st school was taught by Chaa. Barnes, who rcwive.1 a sniiry of £30 per annum. He was succeeded in 1663 by Peter Bi-nsoii. n.Inhn Chatfield. Co]. Abram Gardiner. Burnet Miller, Rev. Sam'l Bu.'ll. Thonms Wickbam, and 248 vtherf>.~~ Hedge's 20mh Annirtrsari/ Address. In Jan. 1777, the enemy, having armed oc- cupation uf the island, n-qnired the inhabitants to sign a counter declar.ition.fts the condition of their reniniriing in quiet occupa- tion of their hou.ies. Thin dei laralion wa.* si^rned by llO. of whom 117 had signed the former paper. — 31SS. .SV«^ hilrrary. '* Tho succe^'ding pastors nf ihe same churth were Nathaniel Iluntting, in 1699.SHm'l Hnell, in 1746, Lyman Bcorher, in 179'J, ami Ehi-nezer Phillips, in ISIO. le 2 M. E., Presb., and Af. M. E. II The trustees n.iuied in the patent were Jonaa Wood. Wni. Leverige, Kobl. Seeley,John Keteham. Thos. Skidmore, Isasm I'latt, Thos. Jones, and Thus. ys"\<:ka.—i\iUni$, /, 63, Seo. Offica. 636 SUFFOLK COUNTY. 1787, and Lloyds Neck was set off to Oyster Bay in 1788. This is the w. town of the co. It extends across the island, and has 10 mi. of coast on Long Island Sound and 6 on Great South Bay. It also includes about half of Oak Island Beach, and Cedar and several smaller islands in Great South Bay. The n. shore is deeply indented by Huntington Bay, from which Lloyds Harbor extends to the w., Huntington Harbor to the s., and Northport Bay to the E. Centerport and Northport Harbors branch off upon the s. of the latter bay, and two smaller arms upon the N. w. Great, Little, and Batons' Necks are peninsulas formed by these bays and harbors. Groups of low hills extend through the center, and the surface 2 to 3 mi. from the Sound is broken ; but elsewhere it is comparatively level. The soil in the N. and s. is fertile; but in the interior it is unproductive. The industrial pursuits are various ; whaling, fishing, and taking oysters and clams are some of the leading occupations. Shipbuilding and manufactures receive considerable attention. At the annual election 7 trustees are chosen, to whose care the management of the town property is committed.' The town poorhouse is located near Huntington Village. A lighthouse was built upon the point of Eatgns Neck in 1798.' Huntington, (p. v.,) near the head of Huntington Harbor, contains 5 churches, a flourishing union school,* 2 printing offices, and a limited number of manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 1,328. Cold Spring/ (Cold Spring Harbor p.o.,) on the e. side of Cold Spring Harbor, contains 3 churches, 2 shipyards, a woolen factory, and other manufactories. Con- siderable whaling business is carried on from this port.' Pop. 602. IVortliport" (p. v.) is on the E. side of Northport Harbor. Shipbuilding is here largely carried on. Pop. 430. Centerport' (p. V.) contains 1 church and 142 inhabitants; and Ternon Valley"' (p. v.) 1 church and 100 inhabitants. Babylon, (p. v.,) near Great South Bay, contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 470. This is a favorite resort for hunting and fishing parties. Amity ville," (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 1 church and has a pop. of 304 ; Deer Park, (p. v., ) a station on the Long Island R. R., contains 12 houses ; Melville,'^ in the w. part,l church and 108 inhabitants ; and Comac, (Com- mack p. o.,) in the E. part, 2 churches and 121 inhabitants. West Ilills, (p. o.,) containing 1 church, and Dix Ilills, (p. o.,) are hamlets on the Smithtown turnpike. Settlement began near the N. coast, in 1053, by a company from Sandwich, Mass.'' In 16G0 the settlement was received under the government of Conn. ; and in 10G3 deputies were elected to the General Court at Hart- ford. Upon the English conquest, in 1064, the town came reluctantly under the government of New York. During the Revolution, companies of tories were stationed here, and many outrages were committed upon those friendly to the independence of the colonies. There are 22 churches in town.'* IS1.IP'* — was first recognized as a town by the Colonial Government, Nov. 25, 1710, and by the State Legislature March 7, 1788." It lies w. of the center of the co., and extends from the s. coast to the middle of the island ; it has a coast of about 18 mi. on Great South Bay, and includes Cap Tree, Oak, and several other islands off the s. coast. Numerous narrow inlets from Great South Bay divide the coast into distinct " necks," of which there are 35 within the limits of the town. The Connetquot River, and Sam-pa-wams or Thompsons Creek, are the principal streams. The surface is level, except in the N. part, where it is hilly. The brush plains occupy all the central portion ; and near the coast are extensive salt meadows. Upon a tract extending along the bay, and varying in width from one to three miles, the soil is fertile. This part of the town is thickly settled ; but the re- mainder is almost uninhabited. The keeping of the town poor is let to the lowest bidders. Pena- taquit," (p. V.,) near the coast, contains 1 church and has a pop. of 292 ; Islip, (p. v.,) 2 mi. E. of Penataquit, contains 3 churches andabout 70 houses. Midroadville, containing 40 houses, and Say ville, (p. v.,) containing 2 churches and 822 inhabitants, are in the s. E. part, liake- 1 Named from Gov. Eaton, of New Haven, by whom it was purchased of the Indians in 1646. The names "Eatons Manof a.nd**Gardiiiers Keck-" have been applied to it. 2 The ferry from this town to Norwalk. Conn., which has been maintained from an early period, is under the control of these trustees. Under their patent — which is still in force — the inhabit- ants claim the exclusive right of taking oysters and clams in the waters within the jurisdiction of the town. Most of the public lands were sold in 1853, and the proceeds invested, to meet the ordinary expensejs of the town. About 3,000 acres were sold, at $5.40 per acre. » This lighthouse is 66 ft. high and 138 ft. above tide. It waa built at a cost of $9,500. * This school haa an endowment of $7,400, bequeathed by Na- thaniel Potter. 6 E. C. Prime established a thimble factory at this place in 1837. Ten or 12 men are constantly employed, and 5 to 6 gross of gold and silver thimbles are made daily. There is a wind sawmill in this place, erected in 182.^, • Called by the natives '* Nach-a-qita-tucl^" I Belonging to this port are 5 whaling vessels, with an aggre- gate of 2,129 tons. 8 Formerly called "f?rea? C TlieBe were Dan'l and Josiah Howe, Thos. Goldsmith, John Oldflelds, Siiml Dayton, Tbo8. Burnet, John and Edward Howell, Tho8. and Job Say re, Tho8. Topping, John Woodruff. Henry and Abruham Fierson, Richard Post, Obadiali Kogera, John Kord- ham. Samuel (isman. John Rose, James Herrick, Chria. Foster, Jos. llaynor, Ellis Cook. Edward Net'dbam. Sam'l James. John Ooflnian. John Bishop, John White, VVm. Payne. John Jewsup, llenry Walton, Wni. Harker, Allen Breed, Edmund Partington, Isaac Hillnian. John Copper. Geo. Woods. John Jagger. Richard Smith, Tbos. Hildreth, John Hampton, Jo^h. Barnes. John Jen- nings, Benj. Ilaynes. Geo. Wells, W'm. Odell. and John Luni. * The deputies were John Howell, from 1644 to '61; John Ckwrnore, from 1661 to '55; Thomaa Topping, from 1655 to '58; Alex. Knowles, from 1658 to '59; Thomaa Topping, from 1659 to '63; and Edward Howell, from 1^163 to '64. « Col. Meigs, with 234 men, crossed from Guildford (Conn.) to Soothuld, in 13 whaleboats. on the '23d of May, and transported the biiats across the peninsula, reaching the a. shore 4 mi. from Sag Harbor at midnight. In the attack the British bad 6 men killed and 90 were taken prisoners. The party arrived at Guildford on their return in 25 houi-s fi-om the time tbey left. Congress expressed its approbation of this enterprise by pre- senting Col. Meigs with a sword; and Gen. Washington, in a letter to Gen. Parsons, (by whose command Col. Meigs had undertaken the expedition,) congratulated him upon its suc- cessful achievement. — Onderdonk's Hev. Inc. * This fleet lay here through the war, making forced levie?; upon the inhivbitants of the adjacent shores, but usually paying for the property taken. A descent waa made upon Sag Ilaibor in June, 1813; but an alarm was raised, and the invaders were repelkd without their doing serious injury. . * The piistitors of the society have been Rev. Abraham Pierson, In 1640; Robt. Fordham. in'l649; Jos. Taylor, in 1680; Joseph Whiting, in 16S0; Sam'l Gelstou. in 1716; Sylvanus White, in 1727; Josh. Wiliiame, in 1786; Harmon Daggett, in 1792; David 8. Boiart. in 17yH; John B. Babbitt, in liSlT; I'e'er H. Shaw, in 1821; Dan'l Beers, in 1830; and Hugh N. Wilson, in ISW, * Kev. Ebtnez-r White, in 1690, Jos. Brown, in 1756, Aaron WvM>lworth, in 17H7. and vVmzi Francis, in 1823, have been the pastora of this church. ' 6 M. E., 6 Presb., Bap., CoDg., Meth. Prot., Prot. E., K, C, and Union. 8 That part of the town E. of Cutchogue was called by the Ib- dians *'i'e«-7it-ci(itf Jiui^rs ; John ConkUn, Jabez Wakoman. and Daiid Hammond, A/anstant Justices ; James S. Dunning, Surro- ffote : Uriah Lockwood, Sheriff; and John P. Jonee, CUrlc. * The Delaware & Hudson Canal Oi. was incorp. April 23, 1823. The work was commenced in July, 1826, and completed ID Oct. 1S2S. It was of great importance to the early set- tlors of the CO., as it opened an easy and cheap avenue to market. * This R, R. enters the co. in the town of Tusten from Penn. It having been found diflScult to construct the road on the N. Y. aide of the river, the right of way for a short distance was soli- cited from Penn. The petition was granted, and for the sub- stantial benefit which the R. R. conferred upon that State, the company was subjected to an annual tax of $10,000. This road forms a direct and epeedy communication with N. Y., and ban been of grejit value to the co. in stimulating its settlement and developing its resources. 6 The Suniran Cminty Whig waa started at Bloomingbnrgh in 1S21, by John J. Tappan. It was removed to Monti- cello in 182S, and its name changed to Ttie Republican 'Watctiman. Frederick A. Deroe and James E. Winelow were successively its editoni, and since 1843 it baa been published by J. E. Quinlan. The Sidhvan County Herald was commenced at Monticello in 1S33. and published by M. Smith, S. Phelps, and othets, about 4 years. The SuUivan County Whig was published at Bloominghnrgh in 1844, by J. S. Brown, and subsequently by John Waller, Jr. In 1855 it was changed to the Sulll'van County Democratic Republican, under which title it is now published by Waller. The Union Democrat waa established at Monticello in 1854, by F. A. Devoe, and was afterward united with The Whig. • See Eager's Hist. Orange Co., p. 50, where will be found a letter from Samuel Preston giving the eubstance of the tradi- tion. It la from Hazard's Regifitor. SULLIVAN COUNTY. 643 After firing most of the houses and bams of the settlement, the marauders retired, leaving behind them a melancholy scene of havoc and desolation at the verge of an inclement winter. The dis- tress thus occasioned was very great. Major Pliillips arrived soon after the incursion with a com- pany of militia ; but the enemy had fled beyond reach. In 1777 or '78, Capt. Graham, with a party of 18 men, went to Chestnut Brook in pursuit of some Indians who had been committing depredations upon the settlements at Pine Bush. Having stopped to drink, Capt. Graham saw an Indian in the path, and the party fired a volley without effect. Upon this the Indians on the opposite banks returned the fire with fatal effect, and but 3 of the party escaped to tell the dismal tale. To deprive the enemy of sustenance and the means for further annoyance, the Legislature, in 1779,' enacted a law directing the Governor to cause the destruction of such grain and crops in the w. frontiers of Orange and Ulster cos. as could not be removed to a place of safety. In 1783- the precinct of " Mamacotting" and the township of Rochester (the district of the regiment of Col. A. Hawke Hay, and that part of the Goshen regiment on the w. side of the Minisink Mts.) were exempted from a levy then made for the defense of the n. and w. frontiers.' Several traces of Indian occupation were found in the first settlement of the co. About 4 mi. from the Delaware, on the Flat, was found a brass or copper tomahawk, with a steel edge, and u handle perforated for smoking. Stone axes, flint arrows, &c. were frequently found. In 1793, an Indian living in Rockland, at a place called " Pocatocton," (meaning a river almost spent,) removed to Niagara. He is supposed to have been the last of his race that inhabited the co. Indian trails were found along the Delaware, the Beaver Kil, and in other sections. The part of tliis co. s. of the s. bounds of Callicoon and Bethel is comprised in the Neversmk Patent, conveyed to Matthew Ling and others Aug. 28, 1704 ; and the remainder of the co. in the great tract granted to Johannes Hardenbergh and others April 20, 1708, and known as the "Hardenbergh Patent."* The Newburgh and Cochecton Turnpike (incorp. March 20, 1801) was opened across the co. in 1808, and gave the first impulse to its prosperity by making it accessible to settlers. This section continued to receive emigrants from New England and the older portions of the State until its growth was checked by the completion of the Erie Canal to the Genesee country and the great lakes, by which emigration was diverted to the new and fertile lands of the AVest. Real estate in consequence declined materially in value, and many of the early settlers aban- doned their locations and joined the westward current. In 1819 or '20 the Orange Branch Turnpike was made, from Montgomery, (Orange co.,) crossing the Shawangunk Mt. at Roses Gap, and extend- ing across the barrens through Wakemans Settlement to the Neversink Falls, and thence to Liberty. The charter of this road was long since given up, but the route is maintained as a district road. BETJIEl. — was formed from Lumberland, March 27, 1809. Cochecton was taken oft in 1828 It.lies upon the high ridges which form the watershed between Delaware and Mongaup Rivers, a little s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, and many of the declivities are steep and rocky. It is watered by a large number of small streams, mostly tributary to Mon- gaup River ; and it has many small lakes, which form a beautiful and romantic feature of the land- scape. White Lake, near the center, — ^named from its white sandy shores and bottom, — is noted for the beauty of its scenery.' The other principal lakes are Birch Ridge Pond in the n. w.. Horse Shoe and Pleasant Ponds in the n., Mallory Pond in the w., Indian Field Pond in the s., Big and Wells Ponds on the s. line, and Chestnut Ridge Pond and Black Lake and Lake Superior near the center. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, intermixed in places with clay. The settlement* are comparatively new, and the people are chiefly engaged in the raising of neat cattle, dairying, lumbering, and tanning.' Itloni^aup Valley (p. v.) contains 35 houses, and Bettael 15. Bushvllle and Wbite Lake axe p. ofiices. John Fuller waa the first settler in the " Fuller Settlement," in 1806-07.' The first preacher (Presb.) was the Rev. Mr. Green." ' October 17. ' February 21. * Incidents connected with these eventa. and the details of the memorable battle of Minisink in July, 177d, are given in our account of the towns in which they occurred. * Portions of the llardenberffh Patent were settled upon leases of long term; and durini; the anti rent excitement, a few years since, the clamor a^nst this tenure prevailed extensively, but without acts of open violence. The refQ8.il to pay rents, which this feeling occasioned, led to a great amount of litigation. Although the excitement ba« subsided, the question is not fully settled. * This lake is noticed in one of tha poexos of Alfred B. Street, by the name of " Kon-ne-on-ga." ' A tannery at Mongaup Valley in 1856 manufactured 60,000 Bides of leather, valued at $187,000. It consumed about 600« cords of hemlock bark, and employed 70 men, at a cost of $12,000. There are about 102,000 sides of leather manufactured annually at diflerent t.inneries in this town. ' ti. and C. Uurd were the first settlers at the Hurd settle, ment ; Adam and Eve Pentler near Bethel ; and Potter aud Mattison near White Lake. The first school at Mongaup was tantiht by G. P. Price, and at Bethel hy Dr. Copeland. Uillespi« k Ibxik kept the ilrst store at Whit« Lake, and J. K. Boenian built the first saw and grist mill, on White lAke outlet. Th« first birth was that of Catharine Fuller, in 1807, and the first death that of a child of Stephen Northrup. "The census reports i churchee; 2 31. E., Presb., and BitL Presb. 6« SULLIVAN COUNTY. CAl.L,ICOOW— was formed from Liberty, March 30, 1842. Fremont was taken off in 1851. It lies in the w. part of the co., about the sources of the n. branch of Callicoon Creek. It is watered by numerous streams flowing into the Delaware, the valleys being mostly narrow ravines, and the hills rising in steep declivities 200 to 600 feet above them. In the N. E. are Shandler and Sand Ponds, the latter affording a pure white sand, formerly used in making glass. The soil is mostly a sandy loam, and the hillsides and summits are generally capable of a good degree of cultivation. The settlement is recent, and the people are about equally engaged in lumbering, fai-ming, and tanning.^ JeflTei'SOnvllle, (p. v.,) on the line of Cochecton, has population of 433, of whom 305 are in this town. Youngsville, (p. v.,) IVortll Brancll, (p.v.,) and Callicoon Center (Callicoon p.o.) have each about 30 houses. The first settlers were Wm. Wood and his sons, Gerrett, Edward, and David, who arrived in town May 19, 1814, and lived 15 years in the wilderness.' Rev. 31r. McCIary, pastor of the Asso. Kef. church of Bethel, was the first preacher.* COCHECTOSf^ -was formed from Bethel, March 25, 1828. It is situated upon the bank of the Delaware, in the w. part of the co. Ridges of hills, with narrow valleys between, cover the entire surface of the town. The principal streams are the Callicoon and its branches, and several small tributaries of the Delaware. The mouth of the Callicoon is 777 feet above tide. Pike Pond in the E., Perry Pond in the s., and Mitchells Pond and Lake Huntington in the center, are the principal sheets of water. A large part of the surface is still covered with forests. The soil is mostly a gravelly loam, and best adapted to pasturage. Lumbering and tanning form the leading objects of industry. Cocliecton (p.v.) contains 209 inhabitants, Pilie Pond (p.v.) 188, Callicoon Depot (p. v.) 207, and Stevensburgli (Cochecton p. o.) 209. Beecli Wood and Fosterdale are p. offices. Settlements were begun on the Delaware before the Revolution, but were broken up. The pioneer settler was N. Mitchell, who located near Cochecton Village.' The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1839, and the Rev. Mr. Cummings was the first pastor.' FAL.L,SBIIRGII— was formed from Thompson and Neversink, JIarch 9, 1826. It derives its name from the falls in Neversink River at Fallsburgh Village. Its surface is hilly and rolling. It is drained by the Neversink and its branches. Sheldrake Pond, (named from the wild ducks that formerly frequented its waters,) Smith, Hill, and Browns Ponds in the w., and East Pond, in the E., are the principal lakes. The soil is a gravelly loam. The people are chiefly engaged in lumbering, dairying, and tanning.' Woodbourne (p.v.) contains 30 houses, JVeversinll Falls (Fallsburgh p.o.) 25, Hasbrouck (p.v.) 25, Lt.ng., Wes. Meth., R. C and Union. 6 Among the early settlers were Evan Harris. Samuel Smith, Samuel Gleason, Nathaniel .Tohnson. Stevens. Jeremiah Campliell. Beriah Wells. Caleb and .Tesse Gleason., Ezekiel Itich, and William Dunham, — many of them from the adjoining town of Berkshire. ' This village was the co. seat of Tioga co., then including Chemung, from 1812 to 1821. 8 Among the early settlers at Spencer Village were Joshua Ferris. Henry Miller, Edmund and Rodney Ilobart, from Conn., Andrew Purdy.Thos. Mosher. from Westchester co.. and George Fisher. The first birth was thjit of Deborah, daughter of Ben- jamin Drake; the first m.arriage. that of John B. Underwood and Polly Spaulding; and the first death, that of Prescott Hobart. The first school was taught by Joseph Barker, in hia own house, at Spencer Village; the first inn was kept by Andrew Purdy; the first store by Samuel Doolittle; and the first gristraili was built by Benj. Drake. 9 The cepsus reports 3 churches in town ; Cong., Bap., and M. E. TIOGA COUNTY. 653 The soil is a fine, dark loam in the valleys and a gravelly loam upon the hills. Slost of the sum- mits are still covered with forests. Tioga Center, (p. v.,) at the mouth of Pipe Creek, con- tains a church, several mills, and 60 dwellings. It is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. SmitUsboro, (p. v.,) on the N. Y & E. R. R., contains 230 inhabitants. Ualsey Talley (d. 0.) is a hamlet, in the N.w. corner of the town, on the line of Barton. Straights Cor- ners is a p. 0. on the n. border. The lirst settlement was made on Pipe Creek, in 17^5, liy Samuel and AVilliam Ransom, Primmer, and Andrew Alden, from Wyoming, Penn. Col. David Pixley, from Mass., and Abner Turner, from N.II., made the first settlement on the river, in 1791.' There are 2 churches in town : M. E. and Union. Acres of Land, Valuation, Popidation, DiceUings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Tioga County. Names of Towns. Barton Berkshire- Candor Newark Nichols — Owego Richford... Spencer Tioga Total.. Acres of Land. 16,629i 9,283 30,709 13,038 12,050 33,801J 8.898 13,445 16,980J 154,894i 15.8764 9,613 27,521 16,182 7,3634 26.0464 6,947 12.367 16,608 138.4234 Valuation of 1858. $713,367 145.990 690.945 311,688 321,025 1,680,121 166.016 247,830 648,234 4,816,114 o-a. $134,460 3,665 37,760 25,675 29,900 618,440 11,600 16,925 21,360 799,745 $847,817 149,6)5 728,695 337.261 360,926 2,198,661 167,616 264,765 669,584 1.876 633 1,997 983 945 4,223 69S 911 1,660 6,614,859 13,616 13,346 1,966 636 1,897 962 926 4,10.'i 684 894 1,477 •& _i_ 770 203 744 387 319 1,467 231 367 671 6,049 775 219 787 403 347 1,376 242 879 679 5.107 653 213 624 365 170 1,115 189 328 369 3,926 22 6 26 13 13 39 9 12 20 159 10,875 Names of Towns. Barton Berkshire.. Candor Newark Nichols Owego Richford... Spencer Tioga Total.. Lite Stock. Agricultural Products. 1 1 11 . 161 £55 O i 1.414 Bush. ov Grain. « oja, Daikv Pboddcts. ■| 1 664 1,850 1,621 3,266 9,43S4 102.11074 4,093 9.907 14,400 167,686 1,610 293 1,165 949 2,230 614 426} 34,334 2,7094 8,795 17,586 126,340 14,209 1,125 2,905 2,303 7,258 2,019 6,9154 160.266 6,7684 27,519 23.681 287,692 16,996 683 1,558 1,386 3,645 907 775 61.7894 4,108 17,191 16,445 145,189 6,210 384 1,372 1,026 2,776 1,202 6,1274 83.848J 2.9074 12.116 16,896 102,186 1.800 1,383 3,680 2,813 8.176 2,837 12,353 185.384} 8,404 46,52.84 29,694 235,444 4,644 284 783 788 2,143 445 775 42,208 2,047 6.009 10,927 84,021 1.626 426 1,608 913 3.061 673 2,658 68,140 3,0784 9,021 14,197 90,803 2,200 636 1,789 1,155 3.698 1.137 6.770 91.827 4,296 13,432 160,5184 25.467 120.424 2,303 6,678 16.710 12,954 36,162 11,248 45,2394 828.8054 38.401} 169,183 1,366.783 60,367 •^■3 99U 699 4,275 1,238 2.396 3.1754 W4 962 2,012 16,3901 1 Among the early settlers were Joel Farnham, Jeremiah White, Abel Stafford, Eii/.ur Wrigiit, Samuel Giles. Ilnt,'h E. Fiddis; John Hill, from Ma.«s. ; William Taylor, from Saratoga CO, : Nathaniel Catlin, Cornelius Taylor, Beriiih Muudy, John Smith, James Schnunover, Taylor, and Hnugerford, from Wyoming, Penn, , Daniel Morsoreau, from Staten Island; ] FrancisGragg, Nath'l Onodspeed, Jesse. Ziba, and Amos Miller, Enos Cantield, Lodowyck Li;:ht, Lyou.and Ezra Smith. IVum Westchester CO.. N.Y.: Geo. Horton. M'.liean, \. Brink, Dr. Tink- ham, 0. Leach, K. Curtis, Wm. S. Jones, T. Madison, C. Schuou- over, and James Brooks with 5 sous. TOMPKINS COUNTY. This county was formed from Cayuga and Seneca, April 17, 1817. Three towns were annexed from Tioga, March 22, 1822, and a part of Schuyler co. was taken oif in 1854. It lies around the head of Cayuga Lake, s. w. of the center of the State, is centrally distant 141 mi. from Albany, and contains 506 sq. mi. Its surface consists principally of an upland, broken by a series of ridges extending N. ' and s. The watershed between Cayuga Lake and Tioughnioga River occupies the E. border of the co., and that between the same lake and Susquehanna River the s. border. The deep valley of Cayuga Lake, 700 ft. below the summits of the ridges, separates the N. portions of the co. into two distinct parts. The E. portion, declining toward the n., gradually loses its hilly character and spreads out into the beautifully rolling lands so common in Central N. Y. West of the lake the land does not lessen in height within the limits of the co. ; but the rough, broken hills change into smooth ridges, with long, gradual slopes. The deep valley of Cayuga Lake affords a fine opportunity to examine the geological structure of this region. Upon the shore in the extreme N. part are found the Hamilton shales, the lowest rock in the co. Next above them on the shore appear the TuUy limestone, Genesee slate, and Portage or Ithaca shales and sandstones.' The summits of all the hills are formed of the rocks belonging to the Chemung group, usually covered deep with drift deposits. The streams, in their course from the table lands to the lake, have worn deep channels into the rocks, and waterfalls which once were, probably, at the face of the bluffs, have receded one to two miles, forming below deep, rocky chasms bordered by perpendicular walls. As the rocks are composed of strata of different degrees of hardness, the water has worn them irregiilarly, — the soft and yielding shales generally forming a declining surface, while the hard and compact limestone retains its perpen- dicular forms.^ The streams are Salmon, Fall, Cascadilla, Six Mile, and Taughanick Creeks and Cayuga Inlet and their branches, flowing into the lake, and several branches of Owego Creek and other small streams, flowing s. The cascades upon these streams form one of the most peculiar and interesting features of the landscape. The soil in the n. part is generally a gravelly or clayey loam, formed by the drift deposits ; and that in the s. is a gravelly or slaty loam, derived from disintegration. It is all best adapted to grazing. In the n. part the people are generally engaged in grain raising, wheat forming the staple production. In the s. towns the principal branches of agriculture pursued are stock raising and dairying. Considerable manufacturing is carried on at Ithaca and other places. The CO. seat is located at the village of Ithaca. The courthouse is a brick edifice, built upon a fine lot near the center of the village.' The jail, contiguous to the courthouse, is a well built stone edifice, with ample accommodations for the health of the prisoners. The cells are clean and well ventilated. The co. clerk's office is a fireproof building, fronting upon Tioga St. The poor- house is situated upon a farm of 100 acres in Ulysses, 6 mi. n. w. of Ithaca. The average number of inmates is 63, and the revenue derived from the farm is about $1,500. No school is provided for the children, and they are not admitted to the public schools. The house is pleasantly situated, and will compare favorably with other poor-houses throughout the State. The Cayuga & Susquehanna R. R. extends from Ithaca to Owego, connecting with the Erie R. R. at the latter place. Cayuga Lake is navigable and connects with the Erie Canal at Monte- zuma. A daily line of steamers plies between Ithaca and Cayuga Bridge, on the N. Y. C. R. R., 1 The Tully linieBtone furniahes an aViundance of lime ; buf e fragments of tliis rock are found Gcattercd over the land severiil hundred feet above the regular veins of the rock, ehowing that Borne great force had been in operation here at some former period. The CJenesee slate is about 100 ft. thick, and the Portage group 300 ft, 2 The Taughanick Falls, below Trumansburgh, have receded Bomethirg more than a mile from the lake. "In its passage, the stream first produced a series of f;ills and rapids, but flually receded so as to form but a single fall. This is caused hy the nigher strata being bo much harder than those below that a firm table la formed of these, while those below are under- uiiD*^d." About 1 mi. N. of these lulls is a cascade. wber«, from 654 j the absence of a resisting stratum at the surface, the rock has I been worn down in a continuous slope. — Geo/. IV. IHst., n 378. I 379. •!■ f 3 The act of incorporation fix^d the courthouse at Ithaca, tho exact locality to be designated by the Surveyor General, or, if ho neglected to do it. by the judges of the co. court. Unless a 8it« was conveyed to the Supervisors and $7,000 secured to be psid, the CO. wad to be reannexed to the cos. from whence it waa taken. Luther Gere, Wm. R. Collins, and Daniel Bates were appointed to superintend the erection of the co. buildings. The first CO. officers were Oliver C. Comstock, First Judge. ; Archer Green, Cterk; Henry Bloom, Sherif; aild Andrew D, W, Bmyn, Surrvffate. TOMPKINS COUNTY. 655 touching at all the landings on the lake. The railroad and canal and lake constitute one of the principal routes for supplying the West with the anthracite coal of E. Penn. Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* The three s. towns of this co. were included in the Watkins and Flint's Purchase, and the re- mainder in the Military Tract. A public road was built from Oxford, on Chenango River, directly through to Ithaca, by Joseph Chaplin, in 1791-92-93, and this became the great highway for immi- gration in the s. part of the State for many years. As a consequence, the co. immediately bor- dering upon the road was rapidly settled. The first immigrants were mostly from New England. At the place where Ithaca now stands were found cleared fields which had previously been culti- vated by the Indians ; and these lands were among the first occupied in the co. The next settle- ments were made in Ulysses, on the w. bank of the lake, and along Chaplin's road in Dryden. The opening of the rich lands of the Genesee country to settlers diverted immigration from this region, and the co. for many years did not increase in population with the same rapidity as the regions further w. The growth of the co., however, has been gradual and continuous ; and now in every element of real prosperity it is fully on an average with the other cos. in tlie State, CAROLiIjVE — was formed from Spencer, (Tioga co.,) Feb. 22, 1811, and was transferred to this CO, March 22, 1822. A part was annexed to Danby in 1839. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is an upland, broken by a series of ridges extending n. w. and s.e. 500 to 700 ft. above the valleys and 1,500 to 1,700 ft. above tide. The summits of the hills are usually rounded and rolling and their declivities steep. The streams are Owego Creek, forming the e. boundary, and Six Mile Creek and their branches. These streams flow in deep, narrow valleys bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and is well adapted to grazing. Caroline Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 14 houses; Motts Corners, (p. v.,) on Six Mile Creek, in the n. w. corner of the town, 1 church, several manufacturing establishments,^ and 40 houses-, Speedsville, (p. v.,) upon Boycr Creek, in the s. e, corner, contains 3 churches and 30 houses ; and Slaterville, (p. v.,) near the n. border, 1 church and 30 houses. Caroline Depot (p. 0.) is a station on the C. & S. K. R. Caroline (p. o.) is a hamlet in the n. e. corner of the town. Ra^TSOn Ilollow, on the e. line, is a p. o. The first settlement was begun by Capt. ' The Seneca Eepuhlicav. tbe first paper publishod in the co., was stHrt'-il at Itliaca, July 4, 1815, by JoDuthan Inger- soU. In ISU) it was changed to The Rhaca JmimuL and in 1S17 Mack & Shepherd became pro- prietors. It xvas successively issued by Mack k Searing. Ebenezer Mack, and Mack & Morgnn, until 18"J4, when \Vm. Andnls became partner, and the paper w.is IpeuL'd by Mack & Andrua. In 1827 the name was cbangf'd to Ithaca Journal, Literary Gazette, and General Jdverti^er, and about H year afterward a portion of the title was dropped, Hml it w.is iseued as Tbe Itliaca Journal and Advertiser* Tn Dec. 1833. Mack & Andrua sold to Nathau Itandall; in 1837 Randall Bold to Mattison & Barnaby ; and in 1S>39 A. E. Barnabv became 8ole proprietor. In 1841 Barnaby Bold to Alfred Wells, and snon after Welle sold to J. H. SelkreK, the present puldi-her. The Republican Cfironi'.k was started at Ithaca in June. 1820, by Spencer A Stockton. Tn 1^*2.3 David D. Spencer became Siile proprietor. In 1826 S- S. Chatterton bonffht an interest, and in 182S he became sole pro- prietor, and soon nfter changed the name to The. Ithaca Republican. In 1831 or '32 he again changed the name to The Tompkins American, and in 1834 the paper wae discon- tinued. 7%e Western MessengT was started at Ithara in 1S26 by A. P. Searing, and was continued about 2 years. The rhilanihrofiit, <\ Unirersali^^t paper, was started at Ithaca in 1S31 by O. A. Brownson, and wjis continued abont 1 year. The Ithaca Chronicle was started by D. D. k A. Spencer in Feb. 1828, and was continued by thenj jmtil 18S3. when Anson Spencer became sole proprietor. In 1805 it was changed to Tike American Citizen, publistied by A. E. Barnaby k Co. It is now published by An -on Spencer, who has ben one of the proprietors from the commencement of the pipLT in 1S2S. The Lake Li;iht was stnrted at Trumanshurgh in 1S27 by Wm. W. i'lielp*!, and w.'m continui'd about 2 years. The Truman^f"ir'/h Advertiser was published a short time In 1833 by h. FairrliiM. T/ie Jeffersoni'in and 7)nnpK-ins Times was slartcd in 1836 by C. Bobbins. He soon after fluid to G. G. Freer, who changed the name to The Ithaca Herald. In 1837 Nathan Randall became proprietor. and merged the paper in the Ith;ica Journal and Ad- vertiser. The Christian Doctrinal Advocate and Spiritual M^nftfir v::]n started at Motfs fVjrnera in 18;i7, under the Jinsjiices of the 7th Day Baptist denomination, and was continued several years. The Tompkins Volunteer was started at Ttha'-a by IT. C. God- win in 1840. Hb soon after sold to J. Hunt. jr. In 1841 the title was changed to The Anti-Masonic Sentiud, started at Trumansbiirgh Feb. 1S29, K. St. Jidin. etlitor, enntinued only a few weeks. T/ie Trumamhvrgh Sim, started Dec. 1840, John Gray, editor, was published about 3 years. T/ie Truman.sburffh Ilrald, started March, 1846, S. M. Day, editor, w«ji published about 1 vear. Trumanshurgh Weelbj /»(/''/«wif?i(, started 1851, was publiehed but a short time. The Trum'insbiirfth Gazette was published a short time in 1840 by J. H. Ilawes. 65,5 The Flag of the Union was started at Ithaca in 1848 by J. B. Gosman. In 1860 it was merged in the Ithaca Journal and Advertiser. The Templar and Watchman was started at Ithaca in 1853 by Orlando Lund. It afterward passed into the hands of Myron S. Barnes, and was continued a short time, Rumsey^s Companion was started at Dryden in 3Sd6 by H. D. Bumsey. It was soon after changed to The Firr.ride Oanpaninn, and again in a few months to The Dryden N'-wn. In 1857 it was sold to G. Z. House and chan^ied to The New Toric (hnfederacyy and was soon after discontinued. In 1*^58 it was rosuscitatt-d. as The Dryden Ne%v8, by Asabel Clapp, by whom it is still pul)lishi-d. The Tompkins C«unty Democrat was started at Itha-.a inSept.l85tJ, by Timothy Malony, by whom it ia still publi^h.'d. a Two flouring mills, two sawmills, a tannery, and woolen fac- tory. One mile below the village is the extensive gun barrel manufaetury of J. k B. I/oscy, and, with one exception, the only one in the State. This establishment was started 50 years ago, by Abiel J^sey, father of the present proprietors, at Otsego; thence it was removed to Fall Creek, near Ithuca; thence to Owego; and thence to its present location. C56 TOMPKINS COUNTY. David Rich, who came from Tt. in 1795 and located near Willoiv Bridge ; Widow Earsley, with five sons and five daughters, from N. J., came in the next year ; and for several years these were the only families in town.' The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at an early period; the first pastor was Rev. Garrit Mandeville. The census reports 10 churches in town.' DAIVBY — was formed from Spencer, (Tioga co.,) Feb. 22, 1811, and was transferred to this CO. March 22, 1822. Part of Caroline was annexed April 29, 1839, and a part was annexed to Caroline in 1856. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. Its surface is broken by range of hills extending N. and s. 300 to 400 ft. above the valleys. Their sunuaits are rounded and thei declivities generally steep. The valleys are mere ravines. The principal streams are Cayuga Inlet, flowing N., and numerous small streams, the latter being tributaries either to this or to Owego Creek. The soil is a mixed gravelly and shaly loam, with occasional patches of clay, and is well adapted to grazing. Danbf , (p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 3 churches and 50 houses ; Beers Settlement, (South Danby p. o.,) near the center, about a dozen houses. West Danby is a p. o., near the w. border. The first settlers were J. D. Yaple, Dr. Lewis Beers, Jabez Beers, and Joseph Judson, who located at Beers Settlement in 1797.' The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1807 ; Rev. Daniel Loring was the first pastor. There are 8 churches in town.* DRYDEK' — was first erected as a separate town on Feb. 22, 1803. It is a large town, occupying the central portion of the E. border of the eo. The surface of the n. half is rolling or moderately hilly, and that of the s. half hilly and broken. The E. border forms the water- shed between Tioughnioga River and Cayuga Lake. The highest ridge, in the s. E. part, is 1,700 to 1,800 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Fall Creek, flowing s. w. through near the center of the town, on its course affording several millsites. Several small streams, tributaries to Owego Creek, take their rise in the s. part. Dryden Lake is a small sheet of water 1 mi. long and about J mi. wide, lying in an elevated valley near the E. border and 1,500 ft. above tide. A mineral spring, strongly impregnated with sulphur, magnesia, and iron, is situated one mi. w. of Dryden Village, and has a local notoriety for medicinal virtues. In the m. e. part are two Bwamps, each covering an area of several hundred acres. Dryden, (p. v.,) on the s. branch of Fall Creek, in the E. part of the town, is a flourishing inland village. It contains 2 churches, a large gristmill, and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 522. Etna, (p. v.,) on Fall Creek, near the center, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, an iron foundery, and machine shop. Pop. 230. West Dryden, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, contains 93 inhabitants ; Varna, (p. v..) on Fall Creek, near the w. border, 170 inhabitants; Malloryvllle, Freeville, and California are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced in 1797, by Amos Sweet, on the present site of Dryden Village." Joseph Chaplin built a road from Oxford, Chenango CO., to Ithaca, passing through this town, in 1791-92-93. There are 9 churches in town.' EXFIEIiD'— was formed from Ulysses, March 16, 1821. It lies upon the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is rolling, and it has a mean elevation of 500 to 700 ft. above Cayuga Lake. The principal streams are Ten Mile Creek and the s. branch of Taughanick Creek. Upon the former, in the s. E. part of the tovra, is one of the finest of the beautiful cascades so common in tliis CO. It is in a deep gorge, and has a total fall of 230 ft. The soil is principally a gravelly loam. Enfield Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 dwellings; Enfield (p. v.) 25 dwellings. Enfield Falls is a hamlet. Among the first settlers were Geltner, John Whitlock, Jas. Rumsey, Lewis Owen, and Isaac and John Beech.' There are 5 churches in town." 1 Among other early settlers were T. Tracy, S. Yatee, A. Boyer, and M. Keed, from Mass. : .Joseph Chambers. Kichard Bush, and Ilartmore Earnest. from Ulster co.. in 1798 ; Levi Slater, (formerly of Slaterville.lChas. and John Miilk8,.John Cantine. (flrst settler at Motts Corners.) and James Bishop, all from Ulster, and John KonnceTille. from Mass., in 1801. The first child born was Har- riet Rounceville. The first school was taught by John Robinson. Richard Bush kept the first inn. Isaac Miller the first store, and Gen. Cantine built the first gristmill, in,lSOO. s 4 M. E., Prot. E., Cong., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., F. W. Bap., and Vmv. 3 The first settlers of W. Danby were Ph. Ppanlding.Wm. HuEp:, and M. Barker. Tlie first death was an infant son of Lewis Beanls- ley. Joseph Judson taught the first school, Dr. Bp.-rs kept the first inn and store, and Peter Yaple built the tirst gristmill. < 3 M. E., 2 Bap., Cong.. Prot. E., and Swedenborgian. & Named in honor of John Dryderj, the English poet. •i The nest settlers were Ezckiel Sandford, David Foot, and Ebenezer Chausen. who located at Willow Glen in 1708. A single yoke of oxen, at one load, brought these three families, consisting of 14 persons, and all their household goods, from the Chenango River. Capt. Geo. Robertson fsometimes called the " father of the town"') came in the same year, and settled on Lot 53. Among the other earlv settlers were Lyman Hurd. from Vt., Dr. Sheldon. Dr. Wolf, Irona Peat. Wra. Daley. Joel Hull, and Jas. Wood. The first child born was Robert Robertson ; and the first death was that of the mother of Amos Sweet. Daniel Lasey taught the first school, in 1804. Amos Lewis kept the first "inn. Joel Hull the first store, and Col. Hopkins, from Homer, built the flrst mill, in 1800. I 6 M. E., 2 Presb.. 2 Eap,, and R, C. 8 Named from Enfield. Ct. John Apjilegate kept thefirst inn, Samuel lugerBoU the flrst store, and Benj. Ferris built the first mill. 10 2 M, E,, Christian, Bap., and Presb. TOMPKINS COUNTY. 657 CrROTOIV' — wa8 formed from Loclce, (Cayuga co.,) as ^'Division,^* April 7, 1817, and its name was changed March 13, 1818. It is the n. e. corner town in the co. Its surface is rolling or moderately hilly. From the valleys the land rises by long and gradual elopes to a height of 100 to 300 ft. The highest point in town is about 1,500 ft. above tide. The principal streams are Owasoo Inlet and Fall Creek. Bear Swamp, in the w. part, contains an area of several hundred acres. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam, underlaid by slate. Gi'Oton, {p. v.,) on Owasco Inlet, near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, the Groton Academy, and several manu- facturing establishments.* Pop. 587. McLeo,!!, (p. v.,) on Fall Creek, in the s. e., contains 5 churches, several factories,* and 40 houses. PeruTille^ (p-"^-*) near the s. border, contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, pail factory, and 30 houses. Groton City, (p. v.,) in the n. e. cnrner, and West Groton, (P^'^^m) ^^ the n. w., contain about 11 houses each. Bensons Corners is a hamlet, in the s. w. corner. Among the first settlers were Saml. Hogg, at West Groton ; Ichabod Brown, John Guthrie, and — ■ — Perrin, at Groton ; and J. Williams, J. Houghtal- ing, and W. S. Clark, at East Groton. The census reports 11 churches.* ITHACA^ — was formed from Ulysses, March 16, 1821, It is the central town in the co., lying at the head of Cayuga Lake. A tract of land 2 mi. long and IJ broad, low and nearly level, extends s. from the lake shore ; and from this the valley of Cayuga Inlet opens to the s. w. and that of Six Mile Creek to the s. e. Ridges 400 to 700 ft. high, with steep declivities, separate these valleys and surround the low land and the head of the lake. From the summits the surface spreads out into a rolling upland. A marsh ^ mi. wide borders immediately on the lake. The streams are Fall, Cascadilla, Six Mile, Buttermilk, and Ten Mile Creeks, and Cayuga Inlet. In their course from the uplands each of these streams plunges down the wall-like precipices which surround the lake, forming series of cascades which for beauty and variety are scarcely equaled elsewhere.® The soil is a fertile, gravelly loam upon the uplands, and a deep, rich alluvium in the valleys. Ittiaca, (p. v.,) 1^ mi. s. of the head of Cayuga Lake, is the co. seat, and the com- mercial center of the co. It is beautifully situated upon a fine alluvial plain, bordered on 3 aidea by lofty hills, and on the fourth by the lake, with which it is connected by a navigable inlet. It con- tains the Ithaca Academy,' 9 churches,* 2 banks, 4 printing offices, and a large number of manu- facturing establishments.* The commercial interests of the place are extensive and important. A daily line of steamboats on the lake running between this place and Cayuga Bridge, in connection with the C. & S. R. R., serves to connect the Erie R. R. on the s. with the N. Y. Central on the n.*° The lake is also a link in the great chain of the internal water navigation of the State, and upon it a large amount of canal commerce, centering at Ithaca, is carried on. The transhipment of Scranton and Lackawanna coal brought by the C. & S. R. R. forms an important and constantly growing branch of business. A large proportion of the anthracite coal for the Northern and Western markets is supplied through this avenue.*^ The public schools erf the village are graded, and are in a flourishing condition. The annual attendance is about 1,200.^^* The village was incorp, April 2, 1821. Pop. 4,908. The first settlement of the town was made by Jacob Yaple, Isaac 1 Named from Groton, Ct. ' Three carriage shops, a foundery, machine shop, and tbrash- ine machine factory. 8 Thrashing machine factory, pail factory, two fnrnacea, flour- ing mills, and 2 sawmilla. * 2 Bap., 3 M. E., 3 Con;.. Wes. Meth., Prot. E., and TTniT. 6 Name applied by Simeon De Witt, and borrowed from one of the Ionian Isles, the home of Clyseea. It was originally called " The Flats," and its name was brought into use by being placed upon a tavern sign. — Kind's Early Hist, of Iihaca. Mr. be Witt, who for more than 50 years held the office of Surveyor Oeneral, became the owner of the site of Ithaca and the sur- rounding country about the time, or soon after, the first settle- ment. He died at this place Dec. 3, 1834; hia remains have since been removed to the Albany Rural Cemetery, • Upon Fa\l Cre^k. witb'n the space of 1 mi., are ing in height from 44 to 12.^ ft. The deep gorge through which the stream flows is bordered by perpendicular cliffs. A tvinnel 2'.>0 ft. long. 10 to 12 ft. wide, and 13 ft. high was excavated through the rock for hydraulic purposes in 1831-32, by J. S. Beebo. Upon Cascadilla, Six Mile, and Buttermilk Creeks are also successions of fine cascades, within the limits of the town. At Buttermilk Falls the water rushes down at an angle of about 45 degrees, in a sheet of perfectly white foam, the appearance of the water furnishing a name to both the cascades and the stream. T In J822 the Genesee Conference of the M. E. Church applied for the Incoiporation of a college, to be located at Ithaca, and cotiaidorablo sums were pledged for this object; but the project {oiled of accomplishment. ? 2 M. E., Bap., Preab., Cong., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., Af. Meth., ftttd R. C. * The manufactories are as follows:-^ flouring mills, 3 paper mills, 5 plaster railla, 1 oil mill, 1 oilcloth factory, 1 brewery, 1 lead pipe factory, 1 rake factory, 4 carriage shops, 2 tanneries, 2 sewing silk factories, 4 furnaces and machine shops, 2 saw- mills, 1 manufactory of collars, bosoms, and neckties, and 8 boat- yards: 25 to 30 boats are annually built, at an aggregate cost of $50,000 to $60,000. The silk manufiictoriea employ ItK) persous, and produce 600 lbs. of sewing silk per week. 10 The Ithaca A Owego R. R. — the second R. R. chartered in the State— was incorp. in 1828, and opened in the spring of 18,i4. It was 29 mi. long, and had 2 inclined pl.-ines ascending from Ithaca, The first was 1,73^1 ft. long, with 405 ft. rise, and the second 2.225 ft. lone;, with a rise of 1 ft. in 21. The total elevation In 8 mi. was 602 fl.,— which was 602 ft. above its 8. terminus at u^., ^.v.^.. ......... ^.. .^, v..-^ ..^^..^j ..1^.^. ^. J. Ithaca. Horse-power was at first used throughout the entire • Upon Fa\l Crcpk. within the space of 1 mi., are 5 falls, vary- ' length of the road. In the first 6 months it transported * " " ' '■ ' * ■ ' 12.n00 tons of freight and 3,300 passengers. The State having a lien upon the road, the Comptrollt^r sold it at auction on the 20th of May. 1842, for $1,500, to Archibald McTntyre and others. For $13,500 it was put in operation, under the name of the Cayuga k Susquehanna R. R. The inclined plane was sub- sequently changed to a circuitous grade roiid. and horses were superseded by locomotives. This road is now leased to the Del;'- ware, Lackawanna k Western R. K., and it is extensively used for the transportation of coal. 11 During the past few years the coal trade has averaged 90.000 tons per annum. This trade will probably largely iajreaao with the increased facilities for moving the coal forward. 12 A Lancasterian school was early established here, and was continued to within a few years, when it was supersedeil by tb« present system of pabhc scboob. 42 658 TOMPKINS COUNTY. Dumond, and Peter Ilinepaw, who located on the present site of Ithaca Village in 1789. The land that they occupied had previously been partially cultivated by the Indisns.' The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1804-05, with seven members. IiAmSIlVG — was formed from Genoa, (Cayuga co.,) April 7, 1817. It lies upon the E. bank of Cayuga Lake, in the N. part of the co. The surface is principally a rolling upland, 500 ft. above the lake, bordered by steep declivities. Salmon Creek, the principal stream, flows s. through near the center of the town. Its valley is narrow and bordered by steep hillsides. Gulf, Townly, and Iledden Creeks are its principal tributaries. The soil is generally a fertile, gravelly loam. lylldlowville, (p. V.,) on Salmon Creek, about 1 mi. from its mouth, contains 2 churches, several factories,^ and about 50 dwellings. I^ansiug^ville, (p. v.,) on the ridge w. of Salmon Creek, in the n. part of the town, contains 1 church and 25 dwellings. IVortll Lansing, (p. o.,) in the N. E. corner, Lake Ridge, (p. o.,) on the bluff above the lake, in the N. w. corner, and Iilbertyville (South Lansing p. o.) are hamlets of about a dozeu houses each. East l sonville, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 50 houses. Water- . burgta, near the w. border, contains 1 church, mills, and 40 dwellings. Ilalseyville' is a hamlet. The first settlements were commenced by Samuel Weyburn, at the mouth of Taughanick Creek, and by Abner and Philip Tremaine, on the site of Trumansburgh, in 1792.'° The first church (Presb.) was formed by Jedediah Chapman, in 1803. There are now 6 churches in town." ^ Amonf* the otherearly settlors were families named McPowel, imvenport. Hloon), Kins- Patcliin, Star, Conrad, iM.^rIde, Sayers, and Blink. The ftret child born waaa daui;hter of John Dumond, Sept. 1789. The first death wa« that of Rachel Allen, in 1790. A man named Liphtfoot brout;ht a boat laod of goods up the lake in 1792, and he continued a kind of itinerating trade for tKiYerai yejirs. David Qiiii?;^ opened the first regular ptoro: Hartshorn kept the first inn ; and .la-'ob Yaple built the first mill, in 179t). Dr. Friebee was the first physician, and — .— Howe the first teacher. The first families were a montli in getting from Kinfrston (Ulster co.) to Owego, ipid 19 days from thODce to their destination. 8 Grist and saw mills and an ax helve factory. 3 Amonj the early settlers were Wra. Goodwin, Silas Ludlow, Abram Bloom, and families nrimed Beardsley, Depny. Miaier, Allen, Atwater, and Bowker, who came in 1791; .Sam'lGibbs and Holmes, in 1792; and .\bram Van Wapner, in 1797. The first m.arri.age was that of Henry BlopiiS," and the corporate town above named as ''Klein Supusi' or Little Sopua. The word is of Indian origin. The Esopua Indians— who lived in this region when first linown to the whites — were of the Algonquin stock, and were allied to the Mohepan and the other river tribes. 6 Along the bluffs that overlor>k the Hudson are several fine country residences. Two Ughtliouses are built in the rivei op- posite this town. Named from .Tohn Ewen, President of the Penn. Coal Com- pany. The village was laid out in 1S51: nearly all of the in- habitants are more or iess interested in the coal trade. t .lohannes Louw was born in 1681 ; Baltus Terpening and Tryntje A'an Vliet were married in 1682. These, so far as ia known, were the first birth and marriage in town. Wui. Hin- man taught a school, at the Ilook. in 1763. A mill was built on Black Creek prior to ISOO. A cotton taetory was built at D.oshville in 182$, and the one now at Amoldton in 1830; th« former is standing idle. » There are 6 churches in town ; 3 F>ef. Prot. D., M. E., Prot. E, and Friends. « Named in honor of Addison Gardiner, formerly Lieut. Gov. ULSTER COUNTY. 663 center and w. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the w. border.* The Wall Kil flows x. e. through near the center and receives Shawangunk Kil from the s. w. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, with clay and alluvium along the streams. Lumber and leather are manufactured to some extent. Tuthillto^vn^ (Tuthill p. o.,) upon Shawangunk Kil, near its mouth, contains 20 dwellings.' Eiibertyville, (p. o,,) on the n. line, and Jcnklnstown are hamlets. The first settlement was made at an early period, by a colony of French Huguenots. The first church was formed in 1833 ; Rev. Wm. Brush was the first preacher. nARDEIVBtJRGD^— was formed from Denning and Shandaken, April 15, 1859. It lies in the extreme w. corner of the co. Its surface is a broken and mountainous upland, the highest suKimits being 2,000 ft. above tide. It occupies a portion of the watershed between the Hudson and Delaware. Beaver Kil, Mill Brook, and Dry Brook take their rise in the town. I>ry Brook (West Shandaken p. o.) is a hamlet. UrRl^EY*— was granted by patent Oct. 19, 1708.^ A part of the Uardenburgh Patent was released by Margaret Livingston, and was annexed March 3, 1789 ; and a part of New Paltz was taken off in 1809, a part of Esopus in 1818, a part of Olive in 1823, a part of Rosendale in 1844, and a part of Woodstock in 1853. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, the highest summits being about 700 ft. above tide. Esopus Creek flows n. e. through the s. part. Along its course are extensive fertile flats. The soil is a sandy loam, a considerable portion lying n, of the creek being unfit for cultivation. Stone quarrying is extensively carried on.^ Blurley, (p. v.,) on Esopus Creek, contains a church and 160 inhabitants;' and West Hurley, (p-v-O in the n. part, 2 churches and 25 dwellings. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, about 1680.® This town became the refuge of the inhabitants of Kingston when the latter place was taken by the British in 1777. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1800 ; Rev. Thos. G. Smith was the first pastor.* KIIVGISTO^ — was incorp. by patent May 19, 1667, and was recognized as a town May 1, 1702.^*' Fox Hall Patent was annexed March 12, 1787.^^ Esopus and Saugerties were taken off in 1811; a part of Esopus was annexed in 1818, and a part was annexed to Saugerties in 1832. It lies upon the Hudson, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, the highest summit being Kuykuyt or Lookout Mt,, hbout 600 ft. above tide. Esopus Creek flows n. e, through near the center, receiving Saw Kil from the w, as tributary. Rondout Creek forms the s. boundary. The soil is principally a clayey loam. A large business in coal, ice, and stone is carried on by the canal and river. Kiugston, (p. v.,) upon Esopus Creek, 2 mi. w. of the Hudson, was incorp. April 6, 1805. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 8 churches, the Kingston Academy, several private seminaries, ^^ 3 banks, 1 savings bank, 4 newspaper offices, and several small manufactories.^* Pop. 3,971. Rondout,^^ (P-v.,) upon the Hudson, at the mouth of Rondout Creek, was incorp. April 4, 1849. It is the center of an extensive trade upon the river and canal.'* 1 "■The Traps" is a deep pass or gully, 650 ft. wide, extending through these mountains. * A woolen factory \v:is built at tliis place at an early period. 8 Named in honor of Johannes Haidenburgh, the patentee of an immense tract in this and adjoining cos. This town has been formed since the etatistics for this work were ubtained. ♦ Namt-d from Geo. Lovelaces family, who were Uarons Hurley in Ireland. — Benson's Memt/ir, p. 49. In early times it was called "HurUy t^mmo7i." 6 The patentees of this tract were Cornelius Kool. Adrien Gar- retsie, Matthew Ten Eyck, Jacobus Bu Bois, Johannes Schep- moes, Roeloff Swartwout, Cornelius Lammerse, Petor Petersies, lrfiwrenceOsterh(iudt.and Jauneiie Newkirk. The successors of the original truateea afterward bought 300 acres for the benefit of the corporatinn. An at:! of April -i, 18015, appointed John A. De Witt. Levi Johnston, and a third person, to be named by the freeholders, to sell these lands and make a partition among the owners. « The stone obtained from these quarries is used for building and flagging. The business gives employment to several hun- dred men. ' Some of the buildings at this place are nearly 200 years old. A wij-e Buspensiou bridge 160 ft. long here crosses the Esopus. 8 Among the early settlers were families named Crispell, Du Bois, Cole, Newkiik. Schepmoes, Ten Eyck, Wynkoop, Klmeu- dorf, Roosa, Constable, Louw, Delamater. and others, — mostly from lli'Uand and lSel;:ium. In 1719 the following peisons held theoflice of trustees of thecorporHtien: — Cornelius Kool, Adrien Garretaie, Jacob Du Hois. Barnabas Swartwout, Jacub Rutse, Nicolaes Rooea, and Charles Wyle. The firMt inn of which there is definite knowledge was kept about ITtiO, by Charles he Witt, at Hurley Village. Two gristmills were erected soon after the first settlement. » There are 3 churches in town; 2 Ref. I'rot. D., and M.E. 10 Called by the Indians "Alkanlarten," — paid to signify smooth land. It was more commonly called Esopus, from a tribe of In- dians that inhabited it. Guv. Stuyvesant granted it a charter. May 16, 1601, under the nauie of VViltwyck, (Indian Town.) and relieved it from dependence upon Fort Orange. Its affairs were to be managed by a sheriff and 3 schepeus. Roeloff Swart- wout was appointed first sheriff, and Evert Pels, Corneliu.-i Barentsen Sleight, and Elbert Heymans Roosa, the first Bchepens. Appeals from their decisions might be made to the Director General and Council in New Netherlands. The sheriff and commissioners were to hold a court every fortnight, except in harvest time, unless occaslbn or necessity might other- wise require. All criminal cases were to be referred directly to the Director General and Council, except the lesser crimes, — as quarrels, injuries, scolding, kicking, beating, threaten ings, simply drawing a knife or sword, without assault or bluodjshed, — which might be prosecuted in the lower court. 11 Fox Hall Patent was issued to Thomas Chambers, May 21, 1667, with manorial privileges. Chambers first settled ou tha tract now occupied by Troy, as a tenant under Van Rensselaer He removed in 16,'>2 to Esopus, acquired a large estate by trade, and rendered efficient service in the war against the Indians. He died in 1698. The district still bears the name of •* Fox Hall." 1^ The Golden Hill Seminary and the Brookside Female Semi nary, two private boarding schools, are located at this place. 13 The Newark Lime and Cement Manufaituring Co., organized in 1848, has 2 manufactories at Newark. N. J., and one at Kou dout, N.Y., producing in the aggregate 750,000 barrels annually 1* The principal trade is that of stone, obtaiued fl.cu the neigh boring quarries. 15 Formerly named "The Strand'' and ^^Kinffxtrm Landing!* When the canal was located, it was named "li'ilirm," from Uia then president of the canal company ; but it^ present name waa adopted soon after. It ib the l>utch name for redout. It waa, 664 ULSTER COUNTY. It contains 8 churches, a bank, and newspaper office. The people are principally engaged in the coal trade ; aad a large number of steamers, barges, and sailing vessels are constantly engaged in freighting coal, stone, and cement from thia place.^ The Newark Lime and Cement Manufac- turing Co. manufacture a larger amount of waterlime and cement annually than is produced at any similar establishment in the country. Pop. 5,978. Eddyville, upon Rondout Creek, 2J mi. from its mouth, contains a cement factory^ and about 50 dwellings. It is the n. terminus of the D. & H. Canal. Wilbur^ (p. v.,) on the Rondout, below Eddyville, contains ai)out 100 houses. It is the center of an immense trade in flagging atones.^ Fly ]>IOunt£iin is a p. o. Dutcb Settlement is a hamlet in the n. part. Flatbusb contains a cement factory.' The Dutch built a trading and military post here as early as 1614; but every thing was swept away in the wars of 16 11 15. Another settlement was commenced in 1652, and abandoned in 1655. The first permanent settlers came in soon after, but suffered much from Indian hos- tilities for several years.^ Feb. 19, 1777, the first State Convention adjourned from Fishkill to Kingston. On the 9th of September following, the State Legislature convened here, but dispersed upon the approach of a British force under Sir Henry Clinton on the 7th of Oct. At that time the public records were hastily removed to the back settlements, and the place was burned.^ The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed May 30, 1658. There are IS churches in town.' EiLOYD — was formed from New Paltz, April 15, 1845. It lies upon the Hudson, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a rolling and hilly upland, terminating in a bluff upon the river; and the average height of the surface above tide is about 200 ft. Swarte Kil flows n. along its w. boundary and Black Brook n. through the center. The soil is generally a clay and gravelly loam. The bluffs along the river are principally occupied by fine country seats. H^eiV Paltz I^anding*, (p-'^-») upon the river, contains 2 churches and 50 houses;^ Centerville (Lloyd p. 0.) a cliurch and 17 houses. Levi^isbur^b is a hamlet on the river, s. of New Paltz Landing. I(i vcrside is a p. o. in the n. e. part. The date of first settlement in this town is quite ancient ; but most of the details of the first years are lost. It was originally named " Paltz." The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1787. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and Presb. M4RBL, lfi77, and sof^n after thi-y settled iu their new homes. In 172S, the owners of the pitent intrusted its care to 12 trustees, known as "The Twelve Men." These trustees were elected annually, until the organization of the town under the Strito Government. The Twelve Men iu 17S.S were Simon Du Bois. Jacobus Haabrouck. .Tohannis Fn-er. .lacob Hasbrouck, jr., Abraham Donaldson. Abraham Eltinge. Petris Hasbrouck, Bamutd Revii-r, Benjamin Deyoi*. Isaac Le Fever, Matthew I>e Fever, and Abraham Eiu. By act of March 31, 1785, the allot- ments made by the Twelve Men were confirmed. Their "Com- mon Book" was to be retained by the Surveyor General until a convenient time, and then it was to be deposited with the co. clerk of Ulster co., to be forever preserved. Its records are deemed authentic evidence in court. 7 The towns of Olive. Rochester, and Denning, corner on a hill which is about 2,700 feet above tide. Shokan Point ia about 3.100 feet high; and the average elevation of the low- lands is 800 feet above tide. 8 There are 4 extensive tanneries in town, one of which, owned by Pratt & Samson, is the largest oak tannery in the co. It produces 70,000 sides of sole leather annually. 8 Pronounced Sho-kan'. "* Named from Gen. Henry A. Samson. " Geo. Middagh settled in 1740; Samuel Cox, in 1742; William Nottingham, in 1745. — all near Olive Bridge; John Crispell, in 1747, a little E. of Shokan; Hendrick Crispell, at Shokan, in 1760; John Coons, in 1775; and Thos. Bush, in 1755. a. of Olive City. The first inn was kept at Olive Bridge, by Conrad Du Bois; and the first store, sawmill, and gristniill. by Lemuel Winchell, at Winchella Fails. Three sons of Frederick llnsh were carried off by the In'Iians in 1781. Two were killed, and the third returned. The early history of this town is bleuded witii that of Marbb'town. 12 The census reports 4 churches; 2 Ref. Prnt.D., Pap„ M.E. 1* Pronounced Piaw-ta-kill, and signifles "Flat Brook." 666 ULSTER COUNTY. the commencement of the last century. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was fonned in 1770; Rev. Stephen Goetschius was the first pastor.' ROCHESTER^ — was incorp. by patent June 25, 1703,' and organized as a town March 7, 1788. A part of Middietown (Delaware co.) was taken off in 1789, Neversink (Sullivan co.) in 1798, Wawarsing in 1806, and a part of Gardiner in 1853. A part of Wawarsing was annexed March 21, 1823. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. of the center of the co. Ranges of mountains extend along the E. and w. borders, and a rolling upland occupies the central portions. Rouduut Creek flows N. E. through the s. part, and receives as tributaries Sander Kil, Peters Ki!, and several other streams. Vernooy Creek flows s. through the w. part. The soil upon the up- lands is a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a sandy loam mixed with clay. The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends along the valley of Rondout Creek. Esopus millstones are largely quar- ried in this town. An extensive cave near Kyserike has been explored about half a mile. Alligervllle and Port Jackson are small villages upon the canal. Accord and Ky- serike are p. offices. The first settlements were made about 1700, by the Dutch.* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed soon after the first settlement. There are now 2 churches in town ; Ref. Prot. D. and M. E. ROSEKDAEE— was formed from Marbletown, New Paltz, and Hurley, April 26, 1844. It is an interior town, lying e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and broken upland, the highest summits being 200 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Rondout Creek flows n. e. through near the center, and receives Coxing Kil from the s. and Kottie Kil from the N. The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends along the valley of the Rondout. The soil is principally a sandy loam. The manufacture of cement has become one of the most important branches of business.' There are SIX cement manufactories in town. Rosendale, (p. v.,) upon the creek and canal, contains 2 churches and 450 inhabitants ; Eawrenceville, 1 mi. w., 40 houses; Bruceville, (High Falls p. 0.,) upon the line of Marbletown, about 30 houses. Creek Eocks, a canal village, on the E. border, and Wlliteport, in the n. part, each contains about 20 houses. The first settle- ments were made by the Dutch, about 1700." The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1797 ; Rev. Thos. G. Smith was the first preacher.' SAUGERTIES' — was formed from Kingston, April 5, 1811. An error in the boundary was corrected June 8, 1812, and a part of Kingston was annexed April 2, 1832. It lies upon the Hudson, in the N. E. corner of the co. The surface is rolling in the E. and hilly in the center and w. The hills upon the river and extending 2 mi. back are underlaid by limestone, from which quicklime and cement are manufactured. Farther w. are quarries of fine flagging stone. Platte Kil flows through the town in a tortuous course and forms the principal drainage. Kaaters Kil flows along the N. border. The soil along the river is a clayey loam, and upon the uplands a sandy and gravelly loam. Quarrying is extensively carried on.' Sau^erties, ( p. v., ) upon the Hudson, at the mouth of Esopus Kil, was incorp. April 26, 1831, as " Ulster." Its name was changed April 10, 1855. It contains the Saugerties Academy, 7 churches, a newspaper office, and several extensive manufactories. Pop. 3,334. Maiden, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, 2 mi. N. of Sauger- ties, is the seat of an extensive stone trade. Pop. 350. Glasco, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, 3 mi. s. of Saugerties, is the seat of an extensive brick manufactory and stone trade. Pop. 8 Thi3 name is said to be derived from the Dutch " Zagger," a sawyer, from a sawmill built by Robert Livingston on Saw Kil. Ebenezer Wooster first used the name in 1749, when enrvejing the bounds of the Hardenburgh Patent. In 1826. Henry Barclay, of N. Y., purchased the present site of the village, and the water-power. Ue built a dam^aud con- structed a race which made a fall of 47 feet. Ue soon after built a rolling mill, paper mill, and cotton factory. The laet named has since been changed to a white lead factory. The Ulster Iron Works employs 300 hands night and day, and manufactures 6.000 tons of bar and hoop iron annuslly. The paper mill em- ploys 125 hands, and turns out GOO tons of paper annually. The White Lead Works employs 40 men, and manufactures 1,500 tons of paint annually. A steam mill for dressing stone turns out IJ tons daily. The village is also largely engaged in com- merce. About 30 Bail-vessels are employed in e-vporting stone and brick. A steam ferry plies between this place and Tivoli station on the Hudson River R. R., and a daily steamer runs to New York. * It is estimated that 2.000 persons are employed in quarry- ing, dressing, drawing, and shipping stone from this town. The varieties are chiefly flagging and curb stone; but cut stone for many uses is also sold. About a half million of doUain' worth of stone is shipped annually from Saugerties, Maiden, and Qluaco. 1 There are7 churches in town; 3 M.E.,Wes.Meth., Ref. Prot. D., Presb.. and Friends. s Named in honor of the Earl of Rochester. The Indian name is said to be Mom-bac-cus. 3 The first trustees under the patent were Col. Henry Beek- Jnan, Joachim Schoonmaker. and Mosys Du Puy. * In 170.3 the following persons resided in town : — Van Gerritse Decker. Lodewyck llornbeck. Leendart Kool.ar., Anthony Ilorn- beck, Wm. De La Montaigne, Tennis Oosterhont, Jan Cartwright, Gysbert Van Garde, Andries Davies. and David Dn Bois. Tennis Oosterhont had a "corne mill" on MomhLiccus Kil. in 1743. '» More than one-half of the cement made in the co. is manu- factured in tiiis town. The water-limestone quarries may be said to constitute the wealth of the town. The cement manu- factories are as follows : — Barrels. Niwark and RnsmdaJe Lime avd Cement Cb., at White- port, manuftctures annually 125,000 LawrencevilU M'ln'g C\nunt fh., annually 50.000 Jt'fSendaU Omnit 0>., Rosendale, manufact's annually 40.000 Clmrwatrr ct Martin, " " " 40.000 David S. Ogden, " " " 28,000 Luther Huffman, " " " 8,000 An inn was kept at the old "Rosendale Farm" in 1711. 7 There are 5 churches in town; 2 Ret Prot. D., Bap., Friends, and K. C. ULSTER COUNTY. C67 about 300. West Camp, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, in the n. part, contains a church and 1-5 houses. Quarry ville, (p. v.,) in the n. part, and Unionville, near the center, each con- tains about 300 inliabitants, who are mostly eugaged in getting out stone from the neighboring quarries. Olenerle, upon the s. line, Tan Akens Mills, near the center, and Asll- bary, are small villages. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, at an early period ; but the largest immigration was that of the German Palatinates,' a colony of whom located at West Camp in 1710. The first church (Luth.) was organized at West Camp, in 1711. There are now 15 churches in town.^ SIIARfDAKEW — was formed from Woodstock, April 9, 1804. A part was annexed from Neversink (Sullivan co.) in 1809. A part of Olive was taken off in 1823, Denning in 1849, and a part of Hardenburgh in 1859. It ia the K. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is mostly a mountainous upland, broken by deep ravines. The declivities are steep and rocky, and a largo share of the surface is too rough for profitable cultivation. The town is not inhabited except along the valleys, the mountain region being left to wild beasts and hunters. The soil in the valleys is a clay and sandy loam. The principal branches of business pursued are lumbering, shingle making, and tanning. Sbandaken,* (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains a church, a large tannery, a sawmill, gristmill, and 20 houses; Pine Hill, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part, a sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 15 houses. liadeivs Corners, (The Corner p. o.,) in the extreme E. angle of the town ; Pboenlcia, (p. o.,) in the n. e. corner ; and Woodland, (p. o.,) s. B. of the center, are hamlets. At each of these places, and at several other points in town, are exten- sive tanneries.' The first settlements were made before the Revolution.' There are 2 churches in town ; Ref Prot. D. and M.E. SHAW AUfGUlVK'— was formed as a precinct Dec. 17, 1743, and as a town March 7, 1788. A part of Gardiner was taken off in 1853, a part was annexed to Plattekill in 1846 and restored in 1848. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. The surface is a hilly and broken up- land. The Shawangunk Mts., extending along the w. border, are about 2,000 ft. above tide. The Shawangunk River forms about i of the s. boundary, and flows N. E. through near the center, re- ceiving Dwaars KiF from the w. AVall Kil flows n. e. through the e. part, receiving Muddy Kil from the E. and Dwaars Kil from the w. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. Sba^rangunk, (p. V.,) in the s. e. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, spoke factory, and 20 hou'ses ; lllsterville, (p.o.,) in the s. w. part, 10 houses; and Galeville Mills, (p.o.,) on Wall Kil, a chuich, sawmill, gristmill, and 10 houses. Dwraarskill, near the center, is a p. o. Bruynstvick, (p.o.,) on the N. line, contains a church and 10 houses ; Jamesburg^ta, (p. v.,) near the extreme w. angle, a church and 12 houses. ISe^w Hurley (p. o.) is a hamlet, on the line of Plattekill. The first settlements were made along the valley of Shawangunk River, by the Dutch, between 1680 and 1700.' New Fort is a locality where two Indian battles were fought in 1663. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed Oct. 10, 1753 ; Rev. V. Vrooman was the first pastor.'" WAWARSING" — was formed from Rochester, March 14, 1806. A part was re-annexed to Ro.'hester in 1823. It is the s. w. corner town in the co. Its surface is mostly a mountainous upland, broken by several deep valleys. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the e. border; and spurs of the Catskills occupy the central and w. parts. The highest peaks are 2,000 to 3,000 ft. above tide. The mountainous portions in the e. and s. w. corners are rocky and precipitous and 1 Christ'n Myers and brotht^ra settled at a place called " Church- land," just w. of Sau^erties Village. Martin Snyder settled at the same place, and G. W, Dedrick at West Camp. Aaron \ew- kirk and Felte Fiero in the same vicinity, — all in 1700, Dedrick Marrtesstock settled at " Kmitshiin" in 172S. Peter Winne, Edward Woods, Myndert Mynderse. B. Barhanl, Jacobus Pearsen, Myndert Schutt. Godfrey Denolfen, and others, were early eclth-rs. On the 18th of May, 1711. there were 14 Palatinates at *'Elizabethtown," 111 at '-Georgetown," and 321 at •'^ew Vil- lage." in this town. The settlers afterward mostly removed to the valleys of the Schoharie and Mohawk. - 4 Ilef. Prot. D., 4 M. E., Germ. Moth., Bap., Cong., Prot. E., R. C, Luth., and Pre.sb. 3 Said to signify '* Rapid Water." * The road from Shandaken to Lexington is constructed through a pass 4 mi. long and in some places scarcely 500 feet wide, and abounding in picturesque scenery. It ia through the watershed between Ksopus and Schoharie Creeks. ^ 200,000 sides of leather are annually manufactured in this town. " John Longyear, Cornelius Furlough, Jacob Brink, Coooradt Wisner. and Frederick Markle, all settled before the war. Witherspoon taught school at The Corner at an early period. ^ Pronounced Shawn-gum, and said to mean " white rocks." The kil or creek receives this name from large white rocks at its junction with Wall Kil ; and it was applied from the stream to the mountain and town. Another version is that it ia named from the Shaw.in, a southern tribe, and gunk, a mountain, or, The mountain that extends toward the south. 8 The Dutch applied the term Dwjmr to streams that flowed sometimes in one direction and sometimes in another. This phenomenon is true of waters at the mouth only of the stream, •.Among the early settlers were Jacol'us Bmyn, Cornelius Schoonmaker, Abram Schutt, Zachariah Hoffman, Bei^amia Smedes, Jacob Decker, John Terwilliger, and Johannes Decker. Along Wall Kil, Robert Kain, Robert Grahitm, David Davis, Daniel Wintield, Hendrick Van Wegen, and James Penneck settled from 1710 to '30. A school waa taught near Bruyns- wick p. o.. between 1730 and "40. The first mill was probably at the junction of Wall and Dwaars Kils, 1 mi. below Shawang- unk Village, ^^ There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Kef, Prot. D, and 2 M, E. u Usually abbreviated to '' War-sink." It is an Indian word, an 1 said to signify " black bird's nest." 668 ULSTER COUNTY. too rough for cultivation: The s. w. portion is a hilly upland. Rondout Creek flows m a deep valley from the w. border s. E. to near the center ; thence it turns at nearly right angles ajia flows N. E. to the E. border. It receives from the s. Sandburgh Creek, a stream which drains the w. declivi- ties of the Shawangunk Mts., Beer Creek, and the outlet of Cape Pond, which flows thjough near the center and empties into Sandburgh Creek. The Delaware &, Hudson Canal extttids along the valleys of Rondout and Sandburgh Creeks, at the w. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. The soil in the valleys is principally a sandy loam. Lumber,' leather, glass, earthenware, iron, and axes are extensively manufactured in different parts of the town. Elleni'ille, (p. v.,) upon Sand- burgh Creek, at the mouth of Beer Kil, was incorp. in Sept. 1858. It is an important canal village, and contains several churches, a high school,' newspaper office, and an extensive glass factory.' Pop. 1,700. IVapanock, (p. v.,) upon the Rondout, above its junction with the Sand- burgh, contains several churches and manufactories,* and a population of about 700. flomo- fvack, (p. V.,) a canal village, upon the lino of Sullivan co., contains a church, glass factory, woolen factory, and 20 houses. Kerlionkson, (p. v.,) a canal village, on the line of Rochester, contains a church and 30 houses. Lackan'ack, (p. v.,) upon the Rondout, in the w. part, con- tains 2 churches, extensive tannery, and about 40 houses. Greenfield, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, tannery, and about 25 houses. 'Wawarsing, (p. v.,^ in the n. e., contains a gristmill, sawmill, tannery, and about 25 houses. Port Benjamin, a canal village, south of Wawarsing, contains about 25 houses. Port Klxon, a village upon Rondout Creek and the canal, in the n. e. part, contains a church and about 25 houses. The first settlements were made about the commencement of the last century, principally by the Dutch.' During the Revolution the inhabitants were killed, captured, or driven off by the tories and Indians.* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1745 ; Rev. J. Fryenmoet was the first preacher.' WOODSTOCK— was formed April 11, 1787, from the settlements of Great and Little Shandaken, which had been attached to Hurley. A part of Middletown (Delaware co.) was taken off in 1789, Windham (Greene co.) in 1798, and Shandaken in 1804. A part of Olive was taken off, and parts of Olive and Hurley were annexed, Nov. 25, 1853. It lies upon the n. border of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface is mostly a mountainous upland, too rough for profitable cultivation. Several fine valleys extend through the town, separating the upland into several dis- tinct ridges and peaks. Overlook Mt., in the n. e. corner, is 3,500 ft. above tide. Near its sum- mit is Shues Lake, a beautiful sheet of clear water. The scenery in this vicinity is among the finest in Eastern N. Y. Saw Kil and Beaver Kil are the principal streams. The soil is a clay and slaty loam upon the uplands and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Woodstock, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 20 houses ; Bearsville, (p. o.,) 2 rai..w. of Wood- stock, is a hamlet; Liake Ilill is a p. o., near the center. The first settlements were made just before the commencement of the Revolution.* The first church (Luth.) was formed in 180G.' " About 10,000,000 ft. of lumber are sent from this town annually. 2 The Ellenville High School, establiBhed in 1S53. It is a boarding and day school. 3 The EllenviUe Iron ^Vork« — Wm. TT. Blonmfr, proprietor — msnnfactures bark mills, leather rollers, and mill gearing. It employs 2o men. ♦ The Napanock Ax Factory employs about 100 men, and manufactures 150.000 axes annually. The Napanock Iron Works employs 50 or 60 men, and manufactures pig and wrought iron and R. a. car axles. 6 The first settlers were Abram BeTier. John Bevler, from New Paltz, in 1708, Egbert De Witt, Peter Kernoony, and Andries De Witt. An inn was kept by Johannes Bevier before the Revolution. The first store at Wawarsing was kept by Abram Vernooy; the first gristmill was built by Cornelius Vernooy. * On the 12th of Aug. 1781, a large party of tories and Indians, nnder one Caldwell, appeared in this town. They had formed the design of falling upon Napanock, but, being informed that ♦hat place was defended by a cannon, they came to Wawarsing jefore the inhabitants were up in the morning. At this place was a stone fort on the site of B. C. Hornbeck's 1 ouse. Two men and a young woman discovered the enemy before they reached the fort, and the young woman succeeded in closing the door just in time to prevent it from being burst open by the savages. The latter, finding further nttjick dangerous, dispersed for burning and plundering the out settlements. Some 5 or 6 dwellings, 7 barns, and a gristmill were burned, and on the next day the enemy withdrew, laden with spoils. .Several lives were lost on both sides, and much property was destroyed. — The Imtians ; tyr Narratives of Massacres and Itepre- datietns on the Frontiers of Wawarsink and Vicinity, p. 21. 7 The census reports 11 churches in town; 4 M. E., 3 Ref. Prot. D.. 2 R. C, Bap., and Friends. 8 Philip Bonesteel, first innkiK-per, settled in 1770; Edward Short, in 1776; Peter Short, in 17S4; Jacobus Du Boia. Ephraim Van Keuren, Philip Shultis. and Henry Shultis. sen., in 178S ; Jno. Hutchens. in 1790; Wm. Elling. in 1786 ; Mathew Keip, in 1787 ; and Ja^ob Montrose at an early day. Robert Livingston built the first sawmill, and J. Montrose the first gristmill. These settlements were much harassed by the Indians during the war. 9 There are 6 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Luth., B^P-, luid Friends. ULSTER COUNTY. 665 Acres of Land, Vahtaiton, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Sehools, Live Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Ulster County. NuiEs OF Towns. Acres OF Land. || VilOATlOM OF 1858. 1 POPULATIOS. 1 1 1 1 1 Schools. ^ 1 1 1 ■3S 5 1 « 5 m .J a ■& •s- Vn si 1 s 1 ft.lt 1 ^ 1 4 ,0 1 5 el 327 Denoiog 910 76,9134 $71,195 $450 $71,645 385 307 132 131 86 Esopus 13,0+1, 8,439 82o,45( 72,636 898,085 2,252 2,035 6V9 837 605 16 1,562 18,697 662,979 73,800 630,779 964 969 ;m 354 249 9 822 Hardeuburgh".. Hurley 7,268) 9,858 399,254 15,440 414.694 1,094 1,021 3S0 395 181 8 766 KiDgaton 8,622 16,812 3,066,701 1.260,918 4,316,625 7,162 6,822 1,829 1 ,(73 746 15 4,838 Llovd 12,018 6,613J 483,685 87,350 671,03.5 1,106 1,086 379 42S 269 8 905 Marbletown 17,946- 1- 14,787 954,631 66,700 1,011,230 1,887 1,840 620 699 639 13 1,M6 Marlborough.... 13,103 2,874J 368,S1S 68,650 427,369 1,302 1.366 426 514 255 10 981 New Paltz. 14,428 6,497i 614,881 166.600 680,481 1,009 1,012 317 326 252 6 698 14,663 15,342 18,087 - 22,474 4.190i 25,966i 339,120 642.644 800.611 23,780 45,200 34,483 302.870 687,844 836,099 1,496 981 1,768 1,428 951 1,707 516 348 617 691 369 Ml 367 265 391 14 9 13 1,347 713 1,301 Rocheater- Rosendale... 7,877 3,371 694,460 40,200 634.660 1,333 1,239 3Vo 491 163 b 890 Saugerties 17,816 \ 14,931} 1,468,940 372,660 1,841,690 4.R12 4,506 l,4.s7 1,788 1,020 22 3,280 Shaudaken 12,7&i 79,891 260,87: 7,600 268,471 1,298 1,164 461 454 266 20 1,060 Shawangunk.... 21,360 r 8,097 742.588 77,145 819,734 1,293 1,338 478 484 316 12 1,140 Wawarsing 17,974- - 48,052 871,68i 71,656 943,237 3,729 3,498 1,391 1,436 716 30 2,783 Woodatock 8,828 } 24,253 239,881 28,488 2,482,619 268,369 906 900 306 340 218 6 608 Total 240,6395 '378.202J 13,207,29? 15,689.817 34,767 133,179 11,068 13,051 6,894 222 25,566 Names of Towns. Live Stock. 1 Agricultural Products. 1 1 c'S Bush, of Gbain. 1 ■g. . Daisy Products. 187} 1 153 s e 1 1 I 4,3964 1 643 11 05 a, 2,1-0 la 24 1^1 31 314 14i 206 72 629 16,160 Eaopus 649 628 59i 463 1,981 13,122 36,195 S 3,282 11,662 72,130 63,287 727 604 818 1,66£ 4,449 2,948 15,462 38,8201 4,428 3,850 6,692 156,649 459 llardeuburgh".. Hurley 351 666 47'. 387 913 7,648 22,589 2,006 8,324 3,315 39,081 267} Kingston 1,018 442 691 3,260 2.977 12.335i 32.296 2,8.il 12,442 4,460 28,752 100 469 Lloyd 636 554 W^ 682 1,783 19,709 27,358J 3,86S 3,564 4,864 84,634 208 718 v.m 1,43 ! 1,662 2,850 23,4745 53,080 4,649 I 12,916 18,390 110,870 2,778} Marlborough. ... 386 658 89 i 739 1,821 20,306J 30,065J 3,835 , 2,940 4,782 99,925 .30 New Paltz 448 99 J 1,991 2,066 19,809 38,215 4,419 3,759 8,070 95,7 S5 659 Olive 437 1,304 94- , 1,147 1,019 11,158} 26,293i 3,727 i 7,469 208,996 84,966 3,068 Plattokill . ... 518 664 767 1,436 1,30 1,29 1 1.632 5 2,056 2,678 2,230 21,004 22,610 36,434 49,618} 4,974 178 i 8,559 I 8,943 10,024 3,051 119,695 110.773 90 1,4.51} 317 382 53 \ 262 969 8,252i 17,772 1,806 6,251 6,465 32,715 447 Saugerties 1.211 1,071 1,72 I 1,210 2,664 14,649J 41,656i 6,759 1,162} 11.253 131,887 1,605} Shandaken 366 1,262 81 1,678 519 2,089 17,070 .1,369 8,000 10,616 63,290 2,048 Sbawaugunk.... 618 1.294 1,02 7 4,599 3,671 20,143 46,182 4,979 6,116 11,936 235,000 321 Wawarfliiig 797 2,129 1,48 7 2,265 1.840 13,623 69.286i 6,422 20,523 11,613 152,846 S!0 369 Woodstock 334 1,181 16,808 ■;v 1,368 1,034 8,849 16,455 692,785} 2,698 64.795 6,889 3,084 64,527 190 1,291 16,446} Total 9.893 17,33 2 29.841 34,025! 1264,764{ 134,639} 397,764 1,669,631 520 / o Formed since 1S55. WARREN COUNTY. This county was formed from Washington, March 12, 1813, and ■was named in honor of Gen. Joseph Warren, of the Revohition. It lies s. and w. of Lake George, near the e. border of the State. It is centrally distant 65 miles from Albany, and contains 968 sq. mi. The surface is very broken and mountainous, less than one- half being susceptible of cultivation. The mountain ranges are continuations of the great mountain masses which culminate in Essex CO. The characteristic features of Essex are somewhat softr ened and subdued in this co. The mountains are broader, less pointed, and generally less precipitous ; the valleys are wider and more connected ; and there are larger expanses of comparatively level land. With all these modifications, however, a great part of the surface is wild and rugged. High, serrated ridges traverse the entire extent of the co., often rising thousands of feet above the valleys. These mountains, being principally composed of primary rocks, which strongly resist the action of the elements, have a steepness of declivity and sharpness of outline in marked contrast with the gradual slopes and beautifully rounded summits of the highlands of the slate and limestone regions. The soil formed by the exceedingly slow process of disintegration is either washed directly into the valleys, or in the course of ages it collects in thin layers upon the hillsides, giving nutrition to a scanty vegetation. Three of the five moun- tain ranges n. of the Mohawk Valley extend through this co. The Palmertown Range enters the extreme E. part of Queensbury from Washington co. French Mt., a spur of this range, at the s. E. extremity of Lake George, rises almost precipitously from the lake and attains an eleva- tion of 2,500 to 3,000 ft. above tide. Another spur of this range forms the Luzerne Mts., which extend through the s. part of Luzerne and the e. part of Caldwell, — a n. branch extending n. and forming the whole series of high blufiFs which border the w. shore of Lake George. The second or Kayaderosseras Range extends N. E. through Stony Creek, Th*rman, Chester, and Ho- ricon, sending spurs both N. and s. Crane Mt., in the s. e. corner of Johnsburgh, the highest peak of this range, has an elevation of 3,000 ft. above the surrounding valleys. The third or Scbroon Range occupies the central and northerly part of Johnsburgh and the n. w. angle of Chester. It consists of a great number of rocky peaks rising to a height of 2,500 to 3,000 ft. above tide ; most of these have never yet been named. The rocks that compose these great mountain masses are principally gneiss. Granite, white crystalline, limestone, and serpentine are found in considerable quantities in the fbrm of injected veins. A belt of this limestone extends along the course of the Kayaderosseras Mts., and from it a good quality of lime is manufactured. In the valleys and in the s. part of the co. are found layers of Potsdam sandstone, black marble of the Black River limestone strata, Trenton limestone, and Dtica slate. Many of these rocks are useful for building materials ; and the limestone furnishes an abundance of excellent lime. At the foot of a granito ledge upon Crane Mt. is found a bed of very pure porcelain clay, supposed to have been formed by the slow disintegration of the feldspathic rock. Graphite and magnetic iron ore have also been discovered, but not in sufficient quantities to be profitably worked. The drainage of the co. is mostly through the Hudson River. This stream enters the co. from Essex, in two branches about 10 mi. apart, and these, after flowing through nearly parallel valleys for about 30 mi., unite in one stream. The E. branch is the outlet of Schroon Lake, and the w. forms the drainage of the Adirondack Mts.' This river has a very rapid course; and upon it are several rapids and falls, two of which are worthy of especial note.' Lake George' is * The w. branch of the Hudson was called by the Indians Tfro-hoken ; the e. br-inch, At-a-teTta. • Tlie Ilif^h Falls are situated ju^t below the great easterly bend of the river in the s. w. corner of Luzerne. The water flows in a series of rapids for three-fourths of a mi. over a declining rocky bottom, and is then compressed into a narrow gorge for 80 roils, at the bottom of which it shoots down a nearly perpen- dicular descent of 60 ft. The gneiss ledge over which it falls 19 convex inform. and the w.ater is broken into perfect sheets of snow- white foam. A few rods above the last leapof the water, and where it is rushing with the greatest velocity, the river is spanned by a single plunk 13 ft. in length. At Glens Falls the 670 river flows over a shelving rock with a trtal descent of 60 fl. The fall is broken into three channels by natural piers of black limestone standing upon the brow of tlie precipice over which the water flows. s Called by the Indians Can-i-a-de'ri-oit, the tail of the lake. Tho name "Horicon" has been applied by some modern writers to Lake George, and it is said to he an Indian word meaning "7 fie Lak-e of Silver Waters However poetic and appropriate this designation may appear, or however euphonious it may sound, it may be qnestioned whether a term suggested by fancy alone, and never used by the aborigines, will ever find place among the geographical aajues of the State as one of Indias orijiln. WARREN COUNTY. 671 situated npon the e. border, and receives the drainage of the e. part of the co. It is 3G mi. long and 1 to 3 mi. wide.* The soil of this co. is mostly a thin, sandy loam. The level lands n. of Glens Falls are very sandy, and are known as '*pine plains.'* The declivities of the mountains have a very thin soil, and usually a scanty vegetation. In the valleys is some clay mixed with the sand and disinte- grated primitive rocks, forming a deep and excellent soil. Farming and the manufacture of lumber and leather fbrm the leading pursuits of the people. Farming is mostly confined to stock raising and dairying. Immense quantities of logs are floated down the Hudson and manufactured into lumber, shingles, hoops, staves, and heading, at Glens Falls and other places. Black marble is quarried at Glens Falls, and feldspar and kaolin for the manufacture of porcelain, graphite and serpentine are also found in different places. Peat exists in abundance; but it has never been extensively used, Caldwell, at the head of Lake George, is the county seat.^ The courthouse was built in 1816-17, with the jail in the basement. The poorhouse is located on a farm of 200 acres in "Warrensburgh.* The works of internal improvement are the Glens Falls Navigable Feeder, 7 mi. in length, feeding the summit level of the Champlain Canal, and the improvement in the log navigation of the Hudson. There is no r. r. in the co.* Three newspapers are now published in the co.* This CO. was the scene of some of the sanguinary battles between the French and English long anterior to its settlement. In 1755, a provincial army of 5,000 men, under Sir. "Wm. Johnson, designed to act against the French posts on Lake Champlain, assembled at Albany early in June, and were there joined by a large number of Mohawks under King Ilendrick. Forts Lyman (afterward Fort Edward) and Miller were built, and a road was opened to Lake George. The news of Braddock's defeat was received before this army left Albany. The expedition set out on the 8th of Aug., by way of Lake George, for Ticonderoga, with the design of erecting a fort there. Learning that the French had anticipated them and had already fortified Ticonderoga, they en- camped near the head of Lake George. About the 1st of Sept., Baron Dieskau, the French com^ mander, with a force of 200 grenadiers, 800 Canadian militia, and 300 Indians, passed up South Bay and across the rocky peninsula, with a view of falling upon the rear of the English and of cutting off their supplies from Fort Lyman. On the 8th, a force of 1000 troops under Col. Ephraim Williams, and of 200 Indians under King Hendrick, were sent out to meet them ; but, falling into an ambuscade, the greater part of the troops and the two commanders were killed. The survivors fled, and were immediately followed by the French. The firing alarmed the camp, and a breastwork of logs was immediately thrown up, and 300 men, under Col. Cole, were despatched to cover the retreat of the flying fugitives of the first party. Flushed with victory, the French assailed the English camp with great fury, and a sanguinary conflict ensued, which lasted 1 This lake has long hpen celebrated for itfS wild and pictn- re«fine beauty. It ia almost completely surrounded by pr©- cipitouB and rocky mountainB, and is studded with little, green islHnds. Us winding course ia marked by a panorama of heauti- ful and distinct views. At some points high rocky bluffs rise precipitously from the very edge of the water, and at others a little basin seems scooped out among the hills. Most of the mountain declivities are covered with verdure; but a few of them are masses of naked rocks. This whole region is full of hinturic interest. Each mountain, precipice, and cape has its own tales and reminiscences of the olden time. Some of the fiprcest conflicts of the last long wars between the French and English colonists took place upon its shores, and the pure and peaceful waters of this besntiful lake were often ensanguined with the blood of fierce combatants. Again during the Revolu- tion war held hii;h carnival here: but eince that period its visi- tors have been principally the lovers of the wild and beautiful in nature. Sabbath-Day Point and Lord Howes Point are two low beaches upon the w. shore, near the foot of the lake; and Rngers Slide Jaa pn-cipic© upon the W. shore, 200 feet hich. rising at an angle of nbout 25 degrees. Tongue Mt., forming a pro- montory upon the w. shore. Anthonys Nose, upon the b. shore, and French Mt., n^itr the head of the lake, have each an eleva- tion of mnre than 2,000 feet. * The first courts worn hi-ld at the '^Ldke Hforge Coffee nnuse." Thw clerk's office was located !»y law within 1 mi. of this place; and this was made the point fmm which the eherifT'sniilfnge was reckoned. By an act passed March 31, 1>!15, three commission- ers were to be appointed by th"* governor to locate the site of the e^iurthouse and jaii and to superintend its erection. The first CO. officers were Wm. Kobards, First Jitftpf ; Ilonry Pjiencer, S'tfriff: John Beebe, f^lirl: ; Robert Wilkinson, Surrnrjatfi ; Ar- chibald McMurphy, Wm. Stover. Richard Cameron, and Jirah Skinner, CorcmTs. Thom:i8 Archibald, the present co. clerk, has held the office without interruption since Feb. 1S21. 8 The poorhouse is a tw* story wooden building. ItisflOyears old and in a very dilapidated condition. Tlie annual revenue ftwn the farm \% about {'JOO. The average number of himates is 54, who are supported at a weekly expense of 90 cts. each. * The Lake Ontario en Pniitli, Eleazer Goodman, Daniel Nims, Frederick Miller, Boyd, Wright, and Thomas McGee. The first birth was that of Lydia Ware ; and the first death, that of Mrs. John Pierce. Sally Boyd t^iught the first school. * Named from Gen. James Caldwell, a merchant of Albsny. who became a patentee of 1,595 acres, in 4 pai-cels by gr.uivn dated Sept. 18--J9, 1787, ' Among the early settlers were Danlol Shaw, Bononi Burtch« 674 WARREN COUNTY. CHESTER— was formed from Thurman, March 25, 1799. It lies upon the n. border of the CO., between Hudson and Schroon Rivers. The surface is broken. The Kayaderosseras Mts. extend through the s. part, and the Schroon Range occupies the n. w. portion. A continuation of the valley of Schroon Lake, extending in a s. w. direction to the w. branch of the Hudson and sepa- rating the mountain ranges, contains a chain of small lakes. Loon Lake is the principal one in this valley; and s. of it, among the hills, is another sheet of water, called Friends Lake. Schroon Luke is about 1,000 feet above tide, and the hills that surround it are 500 to 800 feet above its surface. The soil is generally light and sandy. A cave in Mt. Moxon is quite a curiosity, and has some local notoriety. Near the N. border of the town, upon Stone Bridge Creek, is a natural bridge.' Feldspar has been quarried to a considerable extent and exported for the manufacture i)f pnrcel.'iin. Cbestertown (p. v.) contains the Chester Academy and 246 inhabitants; sind PottersviHe (p. v.) 126. The .settlement of this town commenced toward the close of the lost century.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1796; and the Rev. Jehiel Fox was the first pasbir. There are now 6 churches in town.* HAGUE — was formed from Bolton, Feb. 28, 1807, as " Rochester." Its name was changed April 6, 1808, and a part of Horicon was taken off in 1838. It lies upon the shore of Lake George, in the n.k. corner of the co. The surface is very mountainous, not above one-fourth being suscep- tible of cultivation. The mountains along the lake generally descend abruptly to the very edge of the water. The narrow valleys of Trout and North West Bay Brooks form the line of separation between the two mountain ranges. Ash Grove Hill, upon the w. border, is 2,000 to 2,500 feet above tide; and upon the shore of the lake, in the N. e. corner, is another mountain peak of nearly the same elevation. Rogers Rock is on the lake shore, in the n. e. corner. It rises from the water's edge at an angle of about 45° and attains an elevation of 300 feet.* Sabbath-Day Point is a head- land projecting into the lake near the s. border.^ The soil is a light, sandy loam. Iron ore has been found near Seventh Pond; and mines have been worked to some extent, but they are now abandoned. The beauty of the lake and the solitary grandeur of the mountain scenery of this town render it a favorite resort for hunting and fishing parties and the lovers of the beautiful in nature.' Hague, (p.o.,) on McDonalds Bay, and Wardboro (p.o.) are hamlets. The prin- cipal improvements are along the lake. The first settlement was made about 1796.' There is a union church in the town. HORICOIV — was formed from Bolton and Hague, March 29, 1838. It lies upon the N. border of the CO., E. of Schroon Lake. The greater part of its surface is occupied by the two branches of the Kayaderosseras Mts., which are here divided by the valley of Brant Lake. In the n. and E. these ranges rise, in numerous sharp, rocky peaks, 1,600 to 2,000 feet above tide; but in the s. and w. they sink into a hilly plateau region. About one-half of the surface is arable. Among tho hills are great numbers of small lakes, laving with their cryfstal waters the base of the huge, rocky ma.8ses which tower above them. Brant Lake, the principal of them, is 10 mi. long and is every- where surrounded by precipitous hills. The soil is a sandy loam. Horicon, (p. v.,) situated on Schroon River, in the s. w. part of the town, contains about 20 houses; and IHill Brook, (p. V.,) on Schroon Lake, 15 houses. Aaron Harris, Joseph Gregory, Bishop Carpenter, and Timo- thy Bennett were some of the earliest settlers.' The first church (Wes. Meth.) was formed in 1820 ; Nathaniel Streeter was the first minister. There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Bap., M. E., and Wes. Meth. JOH]«SBIJRC}H°— was formed from Thurman, April 6, 1805. It lies upon the bank of the — Tierce, Andrew Edmonfis, Reed Wilbnr, Obadiah TTTint, Thaddeus Bradley, Eliaa Proaaer, Nathan Burdick, Geo. Van Deusen. Butler, and Christopher Potter. The first inn and gristmill wore erected by Gen. Caldwell. 1 The stream, after falling into a basin, enters a passage in two branches under a natural arch 40 feet hish and about 80 broad, and emerges in a single stream from under a precipice 54 feet high. 247 feet from it.y entrance. This bridge is described in Morse's Oeogi-aphy (1796) as follows: — "In the county of Montgomery is a small, rapid stream emptying into Schroon Lake, west of Lake George : it runs under a hill, the base of which is 60 or 70 yards in diameter, fbrming a most curious and beauti- ful arch in tb>' rock, as white as snow. The fury of the water and the roughness of the bottom, added to the terrific noise within, have hitherto prevented any person from passing through the chasm." — Am. Univ. Ge/y.y 503. 8 The first settlers were Titus, Jabez, Levi, Gideon, Enos, Jona- than. Daniel, and Caleb Mead, Beman, Isaac Bennett. .Tolin Haskins, Obadiah and Benj. Rnapp, Noel Wightman. James Ptorbuck, Steward, and D. and J. Punderson. The first birth was that of a son oi' Caleb Mead ; and the first death, that pf Martin Wightman. • 3 M. E., Bap., Preab., and ProL B. * This rock, sometimes called Rogers Slide, receives its name from an incident traditionally related of the escape of Maj, Robert Rogers at this place in the winter of 175S, He was surprised at the top of the rock by a band of Indians, and most of his party were cut off; but he escaped by sliding down the rock to the frozen surface of the lake. ^ It is generally supposed that this name was derived from the fact that Gen, Amherst and his suite, while passing down the lake on their way to Ticonderoga in the summer of 1759, stopped here to refresh themselves upon the Sabbatii ; but this deriva- tion of the name is doubtful, for it is mentioned in Rogers's Jour- nal, June 28, 1768, — the season before. 8 On the 20th of July. 1S56, the steamer John Jay. while on her way up the lake, was burned near Garflelds. Six persons jumped overboard and wore drowned ; but the rest wore rescued by boats from the shore. ^ Among the first settlers wore Abel Rising, .\bner Briggs, Elijah Bailey, Samuel Cook, Ellis Denton, Samuel Patchin, John Holman, Isaac and Urial Balcom. and Uri Waiste. 6 Howard Waters, Nathan, Benj.. and James Hayes, Benj. Hayes 2d, John Bobbins. .lames Frazier, and Benj. Wright we!« also early settlers, Hannah I'.eynolds taught the first schooL * Named from John Thurman, an early settlor. WARREN COUNTY. 675 Hudson, and is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is very broken and mountainous. The Schroon Range occupies the n. and central parts; and a spur of the Kayaderosseras Range extends into the s. Crane Mt.,' the highest peak of the latter, is about 3,500 feet above tide. Tlie greater part of the town is too rough and broken for cultivation. The arable land is confined to the narrow valleys. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Kaolin, serpentine iron ore, and otlicr minerals are found. There are 3 large tanneries in town. Jobnsburg'b, (p. v.,) on Mill Creek, contains 20 houses; Kobles Corners, on the same stream, 25 ; IVortb Creek, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, at the mouth of North Creek, 15; and The Glen, (p. o.,) on the Hudson, in the s. E. corner of the town, 7. The first settlement was made soon after the close of the Revolutionary War, by John Thurman, the proprietor of extensive tracts in this part of the State.'' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1793. There are 4 churches in town.' IjUZERME — was formed from Queensbury, April 10, 1792, as " Fairjidd." Its name was changed April 6, 1808. A strip of territory 1 mi. wide was set ofi" to Queensbury, March 30, 1802. It lies upon the e. bank of Hudson River, in the s. extremity of the co. Two branches of the Luzerne Mts. extend through the town, respectively occupying the N. and s. portions. They are separated by the valley which extends s. w. from the s. end of Lake George. A chain of small lakes lies along its course ; and in them two streams take rise, one of which flows to Lake George and the other to the Hudson.* About one-half of the surface bordering upon the river is a high, hilly region, but arable. Kettle Bottom, in the s. part, and several peaks of the ridge which extends along the e. border, are 2,000 to 2,500 feet above tide. The soil is a light, smdy loam. liUZerne (p. v.) is situated on the Hudson, above its confluence with Sacandaga Rifcr. Pop. 280. The first settlements were made about 1770, along the Hudson. Most of the early settlers occupied lands leased from Ebenezer Jessup, the patentee. There are 3 churches ir. town.' CJUEESfSBUIlY — was incorporated by patent' as a township, May 20, 1762, and recognized as a town, March 13, 1786. Luzerne was taken o8" in 1792, and a part of Caldwell in 1810. A strip of territory 1 mi. wide was taken from Luzerne and added to this town in 1802. It lies between Lake George and the Hudson, and is the s.E. corner tovm of the co. The w part is occu- pied by the Luzerne Mts., and the extreme N. part by French Mt., a high, rocky bluff which rises precipitously from the surface of Lake George to a height of 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The central and s. parts are rolling, gradually declining toward the s. The soil is a light, sandy loam in the interior, and a deep, tough clay upon the river. The fall in the Hudson at Glens Falls is about 50 feet high, and affords valuable mill privileges. Below the fall is a small island, through which is a cave extending from one channel to the other. The manufacture of lumber is largely- carried on.' Glens Falls,* (p. v.,) incorp. April 12, 1839, is situated on the Hudson, in the s. part. It contains 9 churches, the Glens Falls Academy, 3 newspaper oflices, 2 banks, and several manufactories.' Pop. 3,420. West Glens Falls, on the Hudson, contains 25 houses; and Queensbury, (p. v.,) in the e. part 20. Freucb Mountain (p. o.) is a hamlet. The summit level of the Champlain Canal is fed through the Glens Falls navigable feeder vrith water taken from the Ilud.son above the falls. The settlement was commenced in 1766 ; but its progress was very slow until after the close of the Revolution.'" The first house of worship was erected by the Society of Friends, in 1786. There are now 11 churches in town." STOIVY CREEK— was formed from "Atho?.,"" Nov. 3, 1852. It lies upon the w bank of Hudson River, and is the s. w. corner town of the co. Nearly the whole town is still a wilderness. Through the center of the town extend mountain ranges, several peaks of which attain an eleva- tion of more than 2,000 feet. The valleys of E. and w. Stony Creeks are narrow ravines, forming a natural pass between the valleys of the Hudson and Saeandaga. The soil is a light, sandy loemi. * This patent embraced 2,300 acres. ^ An itumenw number of lojrs ip annually fixated down frx/m the pine forests of the Upper Hudson to Oiens Falls and Foit Edward. At one mill upon the State dam at the former place are 12 gates and 250 saws. 8 The Indian name of this place is said to liave been Kay-au- do-ros-sa. It was called '' Glftiiilh'^ for some time. * This place contJiina 4 sawmills, a flouring mill, and an eal**- blishment fur sawing marble. 10 Among the first settlers were .Abraham Wing, Feed Fen in, Asajih and Benajah Putnam. Jeffrey Cooper, Icliabod Merritt, and Caleb Dowell. Immediately after the war. Benj. Wing. Neho- miah Seelice. Phineas Babcock, Wni. Roland, David Bennett, James Ilougbson, Silas Brown, and Jeremiah Briggs .sultK.d iu town. 11 2 Friends, 2 R. C. Bap., M. E, Presh., Pnit. E, Ol. of Mes- eiali, Asso. Presb., and Univ. 1* See Thuruian. J There is a small pond near the summit of the mountain which is much frequented by cranes; and from this circum- Btanoe it derives its name. Seen from Warrensburgh, 11 mi. distant, the mountain presenta a striking reFembtance to the profile of the human face. 2 Among t! e early settlers wore Robt. Woddell, Geo. Hodgson. John Wilkinson, Reuben and Calvin Washliurn. and Samuel Bonierrille. The first birth was that of Polly Woddell: the first marriage, thai of Calvin Washburn and Betsey Woddell; and the first death, that of Enos Grover. The first mills were erected in 1789 or '90, by Mr. Thurman. He opened a store and built a distillery; and in 1795 he erected a woolen factory. This was Boon after changed to a cotton factory ; and as early as 1797 he erected calico printing works, the first, it ia believed, in America. > Bap., M. E., Free Will Bap., and Wes. Meth. * Hadley and Jessup Falls, upon the Hudson, are within this town. See page 688. ^ Bap., M, E., and Union. 676 "WARREN COUNTY. Creek Center (p. o.) and Stony Creefe, (p.o.,) both upon Stony Creek, are hamlets. The first .settlement Tras made about 179.5.' The iirst preacher was Jonathan Paul, a Christian Indian. The first church (Presb.) was formed about 1800.^ THURMAW— was formed April 10, 1792. Bolton and Chester were taken off in 1799, Johns- burgh in 1805, and a part of Caldwell in 1810. The town was divided into "Athol" and Warren.s- burgh Feb. 12, 1813 ; and '• Athol" was divided into Thurman and Stony Creek, Nov. 3, 18.52. It lies upon the w. bank of the Hudson, s. w. of the center of the co. The w. part is a high, broken upland, almost unknown except to hunters. The e. portion, along the Hudson, is a hilly plateau, with several peaks rising 1,000 feet above the valley. Among the hills are numerous small lakes. The soil is a light, sandy loam. AtllOl (p. o.) and Ttaurman, (p.o.,) both in the E. part, are hamlets. Settlement was commenced in the latter part of the last century.* A Bap. church was tir,st formfed ; Elder Jehiel Fox was the first preacher. There are now 4 churches in town.' WAKREIVSBURGH— was formed from Thurman, Feb. 12, 1813. It lies between the two branches of the Hudson, near the center of the co., and upon the ridges s. of the junction. The peninsular portion is a rolling plateau 600 to 1,000 feet above the river. The s. w. part is occupied by an immense mountain mass with several summits 2,400 to 3,000 feet above tide. Nearly two- thirds of the land in town is arable. The soil is a light, sandy loam among the hills, and upon the river it is nearly the same, mixed with some clay. 'Warrensburgb (p. v.) is on Schroon River, 3 mi. from its junction with the Hudson. Pop. 700. Across the Hudson, below the mouth of Schroon River, is a long bridge connecting tliis town with Thurman. The first settlement was made a few years after the close of the Revolution.* A M. E. church, the first in town, was organ- ized in 1796; and the Rev. Henry Ryan was the first minister. There are 4 churches in town.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Warren Coxmty. Names op Towns. Acres of Lato). 1 Valuation op 1858. | Population. | i s .1 ScHOOia. ^ 1 11, l£ 5 c 1 e § 1 oi 449 1 0. 1 1 i 2 4 o 4l 10 Bolton 9.5S3J 21,868 113,972 6,050 120,022 625 542 216 232 196 CaldwelL 4,891J 9,081 75,628 16..326 91,963 452 428 164 170 138 6 378 Chester 16,498 20,428 198,333 13,250 211,683 993 943 359 385 363 20 957 Ila^ue 6.154i 29,6561 69,449 6.259 64.708 309 806 96 110 67 7 277 7,492 28,655 101,580 17,275 118,866 678 568 226 335 176 12 651 Johnsburgh 12.954J 80,846} 209,463 6,102 214.665 1,059 924 356 396 293 14 800 Luzerne 10.281J n,187i 91,418 9.350 100,768 666 620 265 265 208 13 622 21,288J 16,674i 1,002,430 344,300 1,316.730 3,237 3,201 1,182 1,294 848 24 2,273 Stonv Creek 3,618 8,695 10,845 45,113 41,922 20,010 65.492 63,400 172,485 1,450 600 13,160 66,942 64,000 186,636 491 687 987 422 672 969 178 238 3.34 180 247 365 12.3 168 238 7 7 11 131 3.59 424 722 7,812 Warrenaburgh Total 111,202J 331,341 2443,650 432,111 2,576,761 10,184 9,485 3.614 1 3,979 1 2,807 Lite Stock. j Ageictltokai Pkoducts. 1 6C9H. OF GbUW. 1 V ■ ■g. DAiRr Prodcctb. 1| l,629i i5 1 i 1 I 1 ^1 ma. 11 5 6.592 O 3 0,(13 fcS Bolton. 277 1,000 58 B 2.065 454 706 10,721 2,445 12,41 4S,606 11,171 Caldwell 171 288 29 3 856 .347 872 10,683 767 7,18 - 4,211 27.632 1,294 460 1.121 70 3 2,270 694 811 31,855 2,778 26,14 9 6,705 43,030 4.425 1,406 Hague 132 665 26 9 601 aw 648 9,601 i 1.123 8.10 5 6,292 27,300 1.290 161 180 358 728 1.064 36 91 6 1,094 3 2.034 385 7.'M 638 858 20,7874 , 32.246 1,768 2.962 13.31 ' 457} 44,200 63.606 1,290 6.940 1,291J 2,023 Johnsburgh Luterne 28.175 6.150 282 777 48 I 9.30 4.1-4 686 20,362, l,492j 9.a55 3,473 40.600 1,800 61 6i 960 i 1.039 143 336 128 600 260 703 1,36 26 30 60 3 3,164 9 601 8 1.148 4 1.819 1,452 222 220 603 6,173 189 330 352 85,90SJ i 10,165 13,075, 16,483i 3,720- 998 2.074 1.961 36,40 9.43 11.84 12.93 5 20,744 7 635 ■ 3.511 102.982 21,470 26..575 36,886 30,920 658 4.700 2,440 1,505 698 247 674 11,434J Warrenaburgh 5 2,10 2 ToUl 3,341 8 121 6,16 i 16,472 5,703 12.164 \ 270,889 22.088}'173,328'68,77 a 482,7 86 64,634 » The first settlers were James Ferguson, James. John, and (le<>. Donald, Wm. Riley. Wm. and Alex. Murray, Hugh McMiller. and John and Jae. E. Cameron. The first birth was that of Annjt Murray. 2 Tho census reports 4 churches ; Bap., M. E., Presb., VI ^. Meth. * Nanieti in honor of John Thurman. * AniODg the early settlers were Thurston Kingston, Wm. ■ohoson, Zebadiah Burdick, Elisha Kendall, Oliver Brooks, Richardson Moore. Benajah Wells, Amoa Bowen, Abiel Frost, and John King. The first marria;;e was thnt of Duncan Mcfiuen and Miss Cameron; and the first death, that of John Roynoldfi. 6 Bap., M.E.. Prot. Meth.. and Wes. Meth. 6 Wm. Bond, Joseph Hutchinson, Wm. Lee. .Tnsiah Wood- ward, Varnum. Richard.'^on Thurman. and Wni. Jnlmson were some of the first settlers. The first death was that i)f Wm- Johnson. ' 2 M.E., Wea. Meth., and Presb. WASHINGTON COUNTY. This countj' was formed from Albany as " Charlotte County,^''' March 12, 1772. Its name was changed April 2, 1784; Clinton CO. was taken off in 1788 ; the E. portion was ceded to Vermont in 1790 ;' a strip along its s. border was annexed from Albany Feb. 7. [1791; and Warren co. was taken off in 1813. It lies on the E. 1 border of the State, is centrally distant from Albany 45 ijiiles, and I contains an area of 850 sq. mi. The surface consists principally of |r 'ii^-_ ---T ' ' jc' 'S3 a series of ridges extending n. e. and s. w., and tlie valleys between \ / them. The remarkable depression which extends southerly from the s. extremity of Lake Champlain divides these ridges into two distinct groups, — the N. belonging to the Palmertown Mt. Range, and the s. constituting one of the connecting links between the high- lands of Southern New York and those of Western Vermont. The s. group is subdivided into three principal ranges, which are all related and of the same general character. The most southerly of these ranges is a northerly continuation of the Taghkanick Range of Rensselaer co., occupying the greater part of White Creek and the e. part of Jackson. The declivities are usually steep, and the summits broad, broken, and rocky. The second — sometimes described as a continuation of the Petersburgh Mts. of Rensselaer — constitutes the highlands of Cambridge, Jackson, Salem, and the E. part of Hebron and Granville. In Salem it spreads out like a fan between the streams. The third comprises the highlands of Easton, Greenwich, Argyle, Hartford, Granville, Hampton, and the E. part of Whitehall. It might with propriety be called Cossayuna Range, from the principal lake which it incloses. The declivities of these ranges are usually steep, and, except where broken by ledges, are arable to their summits. They gradually rise toward the E., reaching thoir culmi- nating point near the E. border of the co. The highest summits are 1000 to 1200 feet above tide. These three ranges belong to one general group and are of the same geological formation. They are composed of slate rock, ledges of which crop out along their whole extent. Many of these ledges in Granville and Hebron are quarried, and furnish stone much valued for roofing, building, and ornamental purposes. Among the slate quarries are found numerous veins of injected quartz, intersecting the slate strata in every direction, varying from the thickness of paper tu several inches. They often present cavities and surfaces beautifully studded with transparent crystals of quartz. The edges of the slate are sometimes bent and distorted by the quartz dikes, showing the extreme heat and great force of the injected veins. The soil in this system of highlands consists chiefly of disintegrated slate, and is very fertile. The second group of highlands, belonging to the Palmertown Mt. Range, occupy the towns ot Fort Ann, Dresden, Putnam, and the e. part of Whitehall. They belong to the primary format tion, their rocks consisting principally of gneiss, granite, sandstone, and impure limestone. Their sides are very precipitous and broken, and their summits are wild irregular masses of naked, barren rocks. The valleys between them are narrow and rocky, often bordered by precipices many hundred feet in height. The soil is cold and unproductive, like that of all regions of a similar geological formation. A narrow valley extending s. w. from the s. extremity of South Bay divides the group into two ranges. Saddle Mt., overlooking South Bay and 1000 ft. above tide, is the highest peak in the s. range ; and Black Mt., 2878 ft. above tide, is the highest peak in the N. range. Diameter Rock, on the N. shore of South Bay, is 1300 ft. above tide.* ' The oriirinal bounds of thisco. were as follows: — All that part of the State N. of the present co. of Saratopa, and of a line ex- tending; from the mouth of Stony Creek 510 chains E. ; thence 8. to the Batten Kil. and alontr that stream to the 8. line of Princetowu. and thence to ^^Oumhf.rhtntf^ co. Its w. line was the present w. line of Sarato^ra co. continued to Canada, and its E. line the w. lines of '•Cu»i/yfr/«0(/" and '*(??oMCe5(.T" coa. These limits embraced the w. h.Tlf of Vermont. N. of the Batten Kil, and the present cos. of Warren, Essex, Clinton, and a part of Fmnklin. 3 Named from Princess Charlotte, eldest daughter of Geo. III. 8 The act of cession, by commissioners appointed for the pur- pose, WM dated Oct. 7, 1790. and the line was finally settled by commisiiioaers frol»> both States in 1812. The N.Y. commis- sioners were Smith Thompson, Simeon He Witt and Geo. Tib- bitts. See Notes to N. Y. .Session Laws. April 15. 1814. * The following^ table of elevations is mostly from Dr. Fitch's Survey of Washington co. ; — FRBT. Black Mountain, in Dresden, the highest peak 2,87S Wiiiards Mountain. Easton 1,605 Bald .Mt.. Greenwich 9V^ Summit between Hudson and Champlain Valleys.- 891 Mt Defiance (Spafford's Gazetteer) 720 Pinnacle, North Granville 694 Batten Kil, Vt. Line (Sargeant's Canal Survey) 502 Summit between Lake and Hudson River 469 Eagle Bridge E. It. level, above Troy (S. M. Johnson 1 401 677 678 WASHINGTON COUNTY. The Hudson River forms the s. half of the w. border of the co. A rich intervale, from half a mi. to a mi. in width, bordered by a series of clay bluifs 20 to 60 ft. high, extends along its course. Most of the other streams of the co. are tributaries of the Hudson, and among them are the Hoosick, Batten Kil, Moses and Fort Edward Creeks, and many smaller streams. Wood Creek^ is a deep, sluggish stream, flowing into Lake Champlain and draining the valley, which here extends from the lake to the Hudson. The soil along the valley is mostly a hard, stiff clay. The Metto- woe, or Pawlet, and the Poultney Rivers, from Vt., are tributaries of Wood Creek. In the co. are several other streams important as mill streams.^ Lake Champlain s. of Ticonderoga is scarcely more than a ship canal through a reedy marsh bordered by rocky cliffs. Lake George lies along the N. w. border of the co. Among the hills in the interior are several small lakes, the principal of which is Cossayuna Lake, in Argyle.^ The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuits of the people. The principal grains raised are rye, spring wheat, oats, buckwheat, and corn. Peas, beans, flax, and potatoes are also extensively cultivated. Stock raising, dairying, and wool growing are also extensively pursued. The manufactures of the co. are principally along the Hudson and Batten Kil. The county offices are divided among several towns. The courts are held alternately at Salem and Sandy Hill, and the clerk's office and co. poorhouse are located at Argyle.* The jail is connected with the courthouse at Salem, and all prisoners sentenced for more than two months are sent to the penitentiary at Albany. The principal public works in the co. are the Champlain Canal,^ extending in and along Wood Creek and the Hudson to Greenwich ; the Saratoga & Whitehall R. R., extending through Fort Edward, Kingsbury, Fort Ann, and Whitehall, with a branch to Lake Station and another to Castleton, Vt. ; and the Rutland & Washington R. R., extending from Eagle Bridge, through White Creek, Jackson, and Salem, to the State line. The first newspaper in this co. was established at Salem, in 1788.® Upon the advent of the whites, few Indians were found within the limits of this co. ; but Indian Sandy Hill Center, green and street (W. T. Baker) 2S0 Glens Falls Feeder, summit level *' 229 Champlain Canal " (Spafford) 140 Iludson River, Ft. Edward to Ft. Miller *■ 110 '' above Saratoga Dam " 92 Lake Champlain (various authorities) 86to93 Lowest point on Hudson in Easton 75 Fort Edward (R. R. Survey) 143 Fort Ann " 121 Comstocks Landing " 114 Whitehall Junction " 121 Lake Champlain " « 88.2 fcitateLine " 328 1 i?. du Chicnt. or *' River of Logs" of the French. 2 At Sandy Hill a dam 8 to 10 ft. high and 1200 ft. long crosses the Uudson, the water setting back to the foot of the rapids below Glens Falls. At Fort Edward a dam 27 ft. hiuh and 900 feet long was built by the State in 1821, as a fee42 hf was succeeded by Joseph Holmes, by whom it was styled The Democratic Chawpion. aud continued until 1846. TA^ WTi.'!/lI>J'?^'?^^'^. .^'''i'"''/ Wits puMif^hcd at Union Villageinl840. The AV.Co. People's Journal wa^ i-.niid-d in 1843 by John W. Curtis, by whom it is still (ml'lisbed. The Champion was st^Artedat Union A'illise in 1n4 I y -i Hi^lniea. The Eagle was started by J. L.Cramer in 1845. Inls4tiit became The Union Vdlaoe Eagle, and was published about 2yeai-8 by McCall & Bailey. The Union Vdlage Democratic Standard v/aB published in 1849 by Wm"; A. McCall. The Wash'ingfon Tdrgraph was established in 1849, aud is n>*w pulilish'-d by C. M. Haven, as The Granville Register. The J*itbhr LMqer, started at Fort Edward in ISM by H. F. ISlnnchard. is n ■«■ c:illi' L.y W m. A. Ilolley. uud is atill publi.-hed. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 679 trails and implements of Indian art frequently found show that it had been inhabited at a former period. The n. portion of the co,, lying in the natural channel of communication between Hudson Kiver and Lake Champlaln/ became the great highway of hostile parties passing between the Five Nations and the Canada Indians, and at a later day by the more formidable armies of disci- plined troops in the sti'uggles which ended in the conquest of Canada. The French made incur- sions upon the English and Five Nations in 16G5, 1688, and 1093 ; and these were returned by attacks upon the French and Indians in Canada in 1091 and 1692. For several years after, the passage of small hostile parties was of frequent occurrence. In 1709, Forts Ann and Nicholsuu were erected by the English and garrisoned for the protection of the northern frontier; but upon the return of peace they were abandoned.^ Frequent incursions of small parties were made in the AVar of 1748, and many persons were murdered, — though no regular engagement took place. Again, during the French War of 1755, forts were built at Ft. Ann, Ft. Edw^ard, and the whole region around the head of Lakes George and Champlain became the theater of stirring military events. The armies that attacked Ticonderoga, and those that finally effected the conquest of all the French posts upon the lakes, marched through this region ; and it formed a portion of the great battle-ground between the armies of two nations contending for the sovereignty of a continent. In the summer and fall of 1777, upon the advance of Burgoyne, war again, for a brief space, spread terror and desolation over the whole region ** Skcneshorough^* was burned and abandoned on the 7th of July, Fort Ann was taken on the 8th, Fort Edward on the 28th, and the country was over- run by the enemy soon after. On the 13th and 14th of Sept. the British army crossed the Hudson into Saratoga co. ; and about the 10th of Oct. Fort Edward was re-taken by the Americans, thus effectually cutting off the retreat of the army, already disheartened by their defeat at Bemis Heights. The surrender of Burgoyne put an end to the war in this section ; and the subsequent history of the co. is but the record of the continued and progressive triumphs of peaceful industry. ARGYLE^ — was granted by patent, March 13, 1764,* and formed as a town, March 23, 1786. Greenwich was taken off in 1803, and Fort Edward in 1818, It lies near the center of the co. Its surface is rolling in the n. and w. and broken and hilly in the s. and e. The highlands are divided into broad ridges with abrupt declivities. In the n. part Tamerack Swamp covers several hundred acres. The principal stream is the Moses Kil,^ which flows in a s. w. direction through near the center of the town. The other streams are small brooks, which flow into the Hudson, Batten Kil, and Wood Creek. Cossayuna Lake® is a beautiful sheet of water, 3 mi. long, situated in a narrow valley in the s. e. part of the town. It is everywhere surrounded by steep hill slopes, and contains several beautiful green islands. To the n. e. of this lake, high up among the hills, is Argyle Lake,' a small sheet of water, half a mile in circumference. The soil of the town is generally a pro- ductive, slaty or gravelly loam. A mineral spring, 1 mi. n. w. from South Argyle, is said to re- semble those at Saratoga. Ar^Ie (p. v.) was incorp. March 27, 1838. It is the seat of the Argyle Academy. Pop. 375. ]\orf li Argyle and Soutb Arg"yle (p. offices'! each contains about 20 houses, and TUe Hook. 10. Argyle was conveyed to 83 families, and in 1765 the first settlement commenced.® The family of John Allen, a tory living on Lot 25, was murdered by Indians belonging to Burgoyne's army, July 26, 1777,^ The first church (Asso. Ref. Presb.) was formed in 1793 ;^° Rev. Geo. Mairs was the first preacher. 1 There were three distinct routes, — one from Fort Edward, down Wood Creek, with a portage of 6 to 10 mi., one from Fort Ann to the bead of South Bay, and one from Giens Falls to Lake George. 2 goe page 682. 3 Named in honor of the Scottish Duke of Argyle. * This patent was granted to Scotch immi^'rantfl (who came over under Laughlin Campbell in 1738-40) and to their descend- ants. It embraced 47.450 acres, and granted township privileges. Duncan Read. Neal Shaw, Alexander McNachten. (McNauph- ton.) and Neal Gillespie were appointed trustees. A stately avenue, called " The Sfrftt," 7 mi. in lenpth and 24 rods in width, was laid out (on paper) and surveyed E. and w. through the center of the township, and lots were laid out on each side. In the rear farm lots were laid out, thus affording accommoda- tions for proprietors and tenants. In the summer of 17ft4 this tract was surveyed and divided into 141 lots, in accordance with this plan, by Arch. Campbell, of N. J., and Chris. Yates, of Sche- nectady. The natural impediments in the way, however, pre- cluded the possibility of building the street or in any way real- izing the plan. * Formerly "^^Moss Kil,'" probably from Capt. Moss, who settled opiHMite its mouth. * Called at different times^JWi^," ''Legbrauts,^' ".VcEochrons." "Cowans," and "i^?^ Lal'e." The name given on the uiapand in the text, after having gone out of use. was restored by Dr. Fitch in his survey. Cossayuna is said by the St. Fran^nis Indians to signify '* The Lake at our pines" and is highly expressive of its original scenery. J Summit Lake is a picturesque sheet of water in the co., upon the vei-y summit of the central range of hills. Two sawmills are supplied by its outlet. 8 Alex. McNaiighton, Arch. Livingston, Duncan Campbell, and Koger Read settled on the Bj^tten Kil; and .James Gilles. Duncan Taylor, and George Kilmer, near the center of thu town. Many of the lots were never visited or claimed by theii- proprietors, and they were taken up by squatters. The first death was that of Mrs. Arch, Drown. ^This family had been assured of protection by Burgoyne. Their murder, together with that of .lane McCrea, had the ten dency to convert many persons who had hitherto been torie» into active partisans in the Anterican cause. w The census reports 5 churches; 2 Aaso. Presb., M. E., Ref. Presb. or Cong., and I'rot. E. 680 WASHINGTON COUNTY. CAI^BRIDGE — was incorp. by patent,^ July 21, 1701. It was formed as a town^ in Al- bany CO. Mareh 7, 1788, and annexed to Washington co. Feb. 7, 1791. White Creek and Jackson were taken off in 1815. The surface of the town is hilly in the n. and rolling in the s. The summits of the hills are 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys. The e. part embraces a portion of the valley of Owl Kil, which is celebrated for the beauty of its scenery. Upon the w. of this valley are high undulating hills, the broad sweeps of which show alternate patches of green wood- land and cultivated farms ; and upon the E. rise the Taghkanick Mts., rough and broken, while the valley itself is very smooth and level. The other streams are Wampecack Creek, Whiteside Brook, and several other small brooks. The soil is generally a gravelly and sandy loam. Flax is extensively cultivated. Cambridge (p. v.) contains 100 houses and the Cambridge Washingtl.e,'' and by them a fii.-ld of 12 acres had been cleared there for corn. Other early settlers on the Hoosick Patent were Col. Lewis Van Wort and John Quackenbush. « The census reports 4 churches ; 3 M. E., 1 Asso. Presh. ' Black Mt.. the highest, is 2.879 ft. above tide. 8 Willards Mt. is said to have derived its name from a Mr. Willard. who from its summit, with a spyglass, reconnoiterod the position of Burgoyne's army at Saratoga. » Judge Benson, in his work upon the names of places, states that this Ptream was named from the Christian name of Bar- tholomew Van Uogeboora, first settler above Stillwater. Bart, is the abbreviation of Bartholomew, and hence Btirts Kily or Batten Kil. 10 A term used to denote a marsh overgrown with bog moss and low bushes. n Pronounced Di-on-f-n-dah'o-wa. On amapofSaratogaPatent published in 1709 it is written Di-on-on-de-ho-we. of Conn., and Jacob Lansing, founder of Lansingburgh. The other three owners — Alex. Colden, Wm. Smith, and Geo. Banyar — were connected with the Colonial Government. * The town included a portion of the Iloosick Patent. 3 Named from Martin Van Buskirk, who built the first bridge. * The patent was conditional to the settlement of. 30 fiimilies within 3 years; and to meet this requirement tlie most inviting portion was surveyed, and 100 acres offered as a gift to each family that would remove thither. These lots lay in a double row, on both sides of Owl Kil, from below the '* Checkered Housf" into the present town of Jackson. They embrace the several village precincts from Davis Corners to near Stephen- sons C<'rnei-s. Among the settlers were Jas. and Kubt., sons of Kphraim C^^iwan, Jas. and John Cowden, John McClung. Samuel Bell. Col. Blair. Geo. Gilmore, Geo. Duncan, David Harrow. Wra. Clark. John Scott, and Tlios. Morrison. A son of tlie last was the first child born of civilized parents in town. Hugh Kelso, a son of Col. Blair, was the first person who died in town. It is recorded that of these 30 families (who were fur a time the most thrifty in town) all but two lost their property and died in poverty, mainly from intemperance. They were mostly from folerain, Conn. & William Whiteside acquired the title to 3 lots, of 400 acres rich, of the finest land, and settled hia sons (John, Peter, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 681 Batten Kil, below Galesvdlle, are GO ft. high, and well worthy of note. The soil ie an excellent quality of eaody and gravelly loam. Limestone of an excellent quality abounds in this town. Machinery, agricultural implements, and woolen goods are manufactured at Galesville. E^siston Corners (North Easton p. o,) contains 30 houses; Easton (p. v.) 17; Soutli Hastou (p.v.) 15; and Crandalls Corners 8. Parts of Union Village and GaBesville^ are in this town. The date of the first settlement is unknown, but it was probably several years after the Saratoga Patent- was issued. In 1709 a fort^ was built on the hill top, 1 mi. s. of Gales- ville, and a few families settled under its shelter; but the dread of Indian hostilities prevented tlie settlement from spreading. On the 30th of Nov. 1745, the enemy made a descent upon the place, killed 30 persons, and took 60 prisoners, including a portion of the garrison, who were decoyed from the fort by the Indians feign*, ig to be wounded. The remaining part of the garrison burned the fort and unfinished blockliouses and withdrew, leaving the frontier unprotected. Settlers did not return until 1760.* At Schuylerville is a bridge across the Hudson 800 ft. long. The first religious meeting (Quaker) was held in 1778. A Ref. Prot. D. church was formed in 1805; Rev, Philip Duryea was the first preacher.^ FORT A]V]V— was formed, as " Wesifield," March 23, 1786. Hartford was taken off in 1793, and Putnam in 1806. It received its present name, April 6, 1808, from the old fort erected here in 1709. It lies s. of the southern extremity of Lake Champlain, and s. e. of Lake George. Its central and w, parts are occupied by the high and rocky peaks of the Palmertown^ Mts., here divided into three distinct ranges, — Palmertown Mt., in the w. part, Mt. Putnam, in the center, and Fort Ann Mts., in the e. The extreme e. edge of the town is occupied by uplands belonging to the Cossayuna Range. Diameter Rock and Buck Mt., on the line of Dresden, are the highest peaks, and are 1300 to 2500 ft, above tide. The valle^^s separating the ranges of the Palmertown Mts. are known a& " I^urnace'^ and *^ Welchs Hollow." The principal streams are Wood Creek, Halfway Creek, Furnace Hollow Creek, and Podunk Brook. The principal bodies of water are Orebed, Sly, Cupe- land, Hadlock, and Trout Ponds. The soil in the mountain region is hard and sterile, scarcely strong enough to support the natural growth of forest trees ; but in the valleys it is a gravelly loam alternating with a stiff clay.'^ Iron® and woolen goods are manufactured to some extent, Fort Ann^ (p. V.) has 608 inhabitants ; Oriswolds Jflills (p. v.) about 14 houses. West Fort Ann, (p.o.,) Soutli Bay, Canes Falls, and Conistocks I^anding (p.o.) are small villages. Fort Ann was one of a chain of military works erected in 1709, to facilitate the exten- sive operations then in progress against Canada.*** It stood upon the w. side of "Wood Creek, about half a mile from the present village of Fort Ann, the Champlain Canal passing partly across the spot which it enclosed. It was built at the joint expense of England and the Colonies. Artillery Patent, covering the e. part of this town, was granted Oct. 24, 1764, to Jos. Walton and 23 other Provincial officers, in equal shares, irrespective of grade. Settlement was not generally begun until after the Revolution. An engagement occurred here, July 8, 1777, between the rear guard of the retreating American army, under Col. Long, and the advanced guard of the British, under Col. Hill." In Oct. 1780, a blockhouse in this town was burned by the enemy. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1780;*^ Rev. Sherman Babcock was the fii'st pastor. FORT EDWARD— was formed from Argyle, April 10, 1818. It lies upon the e. bank of the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the co. A wide intervale extends along the 1 Formerly called "Arkansaw." The present name is derived from John Gale, former proprietor of the villape site. See p. 68.1. 2 This patent was granted Nov. 4. 1GS4. and renewed Oct, 9, 1708. The part E. of the Hudson was 12 mi. long; and 6 mi, broad. * This fort WHS built of thick posts driven into the ground close to each other, in the manner of palisades, forming a square, "the lenjiith of whose sidea waa within the reach of a musket shot." At each corner were houses for officers; and within the palisades were barracks of timbers. — Kalm's Travels. * Among the first settlers of aboutthis period were Pet. Becker, Elijah Freeman, Thos. and Mishal Beadle. William Thompson. Nathan Totter. John Swain, and William Coffin. A school was taught near Union Village as early aa 17S7. Gerrit Lansingh kept the first store, iu 1794; and John Gale built the firt't mill, nt Galesville, in 1810. The first woolen factory waa built ia the summer of 184t5, by Gale, Rodgers & Iteynolds, 6 There are 5 churches in town ; 2 M. E., 2 Kef. Prot. D., and 1 Friends. 6 &iid to be named from a small remnant of Indians, who were driven from Conn, and settled here. I Near Wood Creek, 50 feet above the present surface of the 5 tons of pig iron daily, A forge was bnilt at West Fort Ann in 1S2S. for making anchora and chain cables. 9 lucorp. March 7, 1S20. 10 While this fort was in process of erection, a force of 1500 French and Indians were sent to destroy it; but, learning that Col. r^icholson was posted here with a superior furce, they r** turned. 'While the English were awaiting at this place th lie was the first State Senator from this co. Among the first settlers were Noah Payne, from Warren co.. Conn., in 1766, Timothy Bucl, and the Crocker families. Nath'l Gage was living at Ft. Miller when these families arrived. The Durkee, Saun- ders, and Bell families settled in the upper part of the town. The first one of these consisted of a father and 5 sons, from R. I. These settlers first to*ik out titles under Lydius, but, finding them invalid, they bought of the Schuyler pioprieters. There is no tradition of loss to the settlers from this cause, — whence it is inferred that Col. Lydius refunded whatever he may have re- ceived. Hugh Monroe, (owner of Monroes Island.) Patrick Smith, and Dr. Jas. Smith settled at Fort Edward about 1764. The house of Patrick Smith — still standing, y mi. s, of Canal Aqueduct — was the headquarters of Burgoyne and Gen. Schuy- ler at different times during the Revolution; and it was the co. courthouse. 8 2 M. E.. 2 Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., Presb. » Tlie laborers engaged in this business are mostly Welsh. Jones &. Co. have an extensive factory for cutting and dressing this for a variety of ornamental and useful purposes. 10 This stream, rising among the Dorset Mts., is subject to sudden and severe freshets, which render the maintenance of bridges difficult and expensive. U At Granville Village are a paper mill and woolen factory. 12 Incorp. in 1S49; formerly called *' Bishnps Corm-r/;:' 13 These grants became known by the names of the patentees, as ^'Grants N'yrth and South Patent," ^ Lakes Pate Jit,'' •■Hutchiit- sons PaUnt" " Kelleys PaUnt," ''Dupersons Patent," &c. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 683 State afterward bought off his claim, for $12,000.' The firet carding machine used in the State was erected at Middle Granville, in 1808.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed Aprill6, 1782; the fir.st pastor. Rev. Oliver Hitchcock, was settled in 1786 ; and the church was erected in 1790.^ ttREEWWIC'H— was formed from Argyle, March 4, 1803. It lies on the w. border of the CO., in the n. angle formed by the junction of tlie Hudson and Batten Kil. Ranges of hill.s, 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys, extend through the central and eastern parts of the town. Bald Mt., near Batten Kil, is the principal peak. The declivities of the hills are so gradual that the surface appears to be rolling rather than hilly. Upon Batten Kil are two considerable falls, one of whicli is 75 ft. iu height. The other principal streams are the Cossayuna, Rogers, and Stony Creeks and Livingston Brook. Cossayuna Lake extends into the N. E. corner of the town. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam interspersed with patches of clay. The town is more extensively engaged in manufactures than any other iu the co.* Union Tillage/ (Greenwich p. o.,) on the line of Easton, contains an academy and 1,173 inhabitants, 888 of whom are in Greenwich; Bald Mountain^ (p. v.) 225 inhabitants; East Greenwicli (p. v.) and Center Falls each about 100 houses; and IVortli Greeuwicli (p. v.) 70. Galesville (p. v.) is a manufac- turing village of about 40 houses, on the line of Easton. Battenville, (p. v.,) iu the s. e. corner, contains about 200 inhabitants, liakeville (Lake p. o.) is a hamlet. It is sup- posed that the first settlement was made by the Dutch, previous to the French War, a few families of them remaining at the time of the Revolution.' About 1733 a large number of Scotch emigrants had come over under the promise of grants of land from Government, — which promise was not fulfilled. Jan. 5, 1763, three of these emigrants — Duncan, George, and Jas. Campbell, sons of Laughliu Campbell — petitioned for 100,000 acres; and on the 11th of Nov. following a patent of 10,000 acres was issued to the 3 brothers, their 3 sisters, (Rose Graham, Margaret Eustace, and Lily Murray,) and 4 other persons. This grant embraced about one-third of the town of Greenwich. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1774; Rev. Leonard Bowers was the first preacher.' HAMPTOW — was formed March 3, 1786. It lies upon the e. border of the co., N. of the center. A range of hills, about 500 ft. above the valleys and for the most part covered with forests, extends through the central and eastern parts of the town. Poultney River, separating the town from Vt., is the principal stream. Along its course is a wide intervale of fine land. The soil is a gravelly loam interspersed with clay. The intervale is alike fertilized and desolated by the frequent overflows of the stream. Hampton Corners (Hampton p. o.) contains 20 houses, and I.01V Hampton^ (P-o.) 5. The greater part of this town was included in patents granted to Provincial oflicers. The N. part embraces about 2000 acres of Skene's Little Patent."" The first settlement was made some little time before the Revolution," by Capt. Brooks, Col. Gideon Warren, and Webster. The first church (Prot. E.) was built at a very early date;''' Rev. Stephen Jeweth, from N. J., was the first preacher. HARTFORO — was formed from " Westfield," (now Fort Ann,) March 12, 1793. It lies neai the center of the co. The s. e. section is broken and hilly, and the center and N. w. level or gently undulating. The summits of the highest hills are 500 to 700 ft. above the level of the Champlain Canal. The principal streams are East Creek and its branches. Slate and limestone of an excellent quality are found among the hills." The soil in the s. e. is a rich, slaty loam, and that in the N. w. a heavy clay. There are several chalybeate springs, the principal of which is 1 Capt. Dan'l Curtis, frnm Now Lebanon. N. Y., came into town about 1780 ; Capt. Ebenezer Oould. from Kiliingly, Conn.. Nath'l Sprint;, Asapli Coulc. Tim. Allen. F. S. Ilojge, Ebenezer Wall«er, and David Boane. settled before or about tlie time of the Revo- lution. Beni. Ilaker kept an inn at Nortli Granville, about 1790, and Jos.Jeiiks kept a store as early as 1795. Nath'l Spring: erected a gristmill at Granville. abnutl"S7. A school was taught by Jas. Richards, in 1783. at South Granville. * It is said that this carding machine was obtained secretly from England and for some time wa>* worked in private. 8 The census reports 10 church buildings ; 2 Friends, 2 Presb., Bap.. Cong., M. E.. Meth. Plot., Wes. Meth., and Prot. E. 4 Batten Kil is improved by a dam of 8 ft. fall at East Green- wich, one of 9 ft. at B.attenville, a dam and falls of 25 ft. at Center Falls, ad,am of 8 ft.at Union Village, a fall of 40 ft. at Galesvllle, and a dam near the mouth of the stream. The Dion.on-dah^)-wa Falls are not improved. There are awwlen factory, a grist, saw. and plaster mill, at East Greenwich, a manufactory of seamless bags at Battenville, a woolen factory, grist, saw. and plaster mill, at Center Falls, and mills near the mouth of the stream. 6 The first settlement in this village was made in 1781, by .lob Whipple, and it was first called " Wltipple Cify." It was incorp. March 29. 1809. The first cotton factory in the .State was erected here in 1804, by Wm. Mowry, wtio bad received his in- Btructioa at the pioneer establishment of Sam'l Slater at Paw- ttlcket, R. I. In this village are several mills and machine shops and a large carriage factory. 8 This village is entirely dependent upon the manufacture of lime widely known aa the Bald Mt. lime. At the kilns of K. W. LowberlOO,OOObushels are annually manufaetun^d. T .\mong the first settlers at Lakeville were Alexander Reid, John McKachron. and Robt. McNaughtou: at East Greenwich, Archibald Livingston; at Carters Pond. Asa Carter; near Gales- viUo. Abraham Lansingh, Gale, White, TelTt ; and at Center Falls, Thos. McLean, Jas. Conoly, Nathan Rogers, and Smith Barber. 8 The census reports 9 churches ; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., Cong,, Ref. Prot. D., and Aseo. Presb. 8 \ paper mill here manufacturea annually 240,000 lbs. of wrapping paper. 10 This patent of 0000 acres was granted July 6. 1771. u Among the early settlers were SanVl Beman. Peter P. French, Hyde, Benj. liice. Ilufus Hotchkiss, and Jason Kellog;^ French & Beraan kept the first store, and the former the tirsl inn. Itev. Wm. Miller, originator of the belief that the second advent of Christ would take place in 184:1, residi'd in this town. 12 The first religious society formed was M.E. The census re- ports 4 churches; Bap., M. K.. Prot. E., and Sec. Advent. 18 Lime for local use was made in this part of the town. 084 WASHINGTON COUNTY. upon the farm of Alvin Briggs, near the center. Among the limestone ridges in the n. part are several small eaves. IVortll Hartford (Hartford p.o.) contains about 300 inhabitants; Soutll Uartrord (p. v.) 150 ; and l,og Tillage 50. This town embraces the Provincial Patent, granted, May 2, 1764, to 26 commissioned officers of the N. Y. Infantry.' Settlement was not com- menced until after the Revolution.' The first church (Bap.) was built in 1789.' IIEBR03J*— was formed March 23, 1786, and named from Hebron, Conn. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. A broad mountain range extends through the center, occupying nearly one-half of its entire surface, and a series of high hills extends through the E. and w. sections. The summits of the highlands are 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys and are mostly crowned with forests. The ranges of hills are separated by the valleys of Bhick Creeli and its principal w. branch. The soil is a sandy and slaty loam, of a light, porous nature, easy of culti- vation, and well adapted to resist the extremes of wet and drouth. In the hilly regions is con- siderable rocky waste land. In the N. and E. are extensive and valuable quarries of slate. Mortll Ilebron^ (p. v.) contains the North Hebron Institute and 12 houses ; East llebron (Hebron p.o.) 12 houses; TVest Hebron (p. v.) the West Hebron Classical School and 40 houses; Helclier" (p. v.) 20 houses; and Slateville (p.o.) 8. This to^vn was embraced in patents granted to officers and privates who had served in the French War, — mostly to Scotch Highlanders belonging to the 77th Regt. of Foot. These grants were made so long after the war that those who were entitled to them never appeared to claim them. The first settlements appear to have been made before the Revolution. There are two academic institutions in town. The first church (Asso. Ref. Presb.) was organized in 1780 ;' Rev. Dr. Gray was the first pastor. JACKSOIV — was formed from Cambridge, April 17, 1815. It lies on the E. border of the co., s. of the center. The N. branch of the Taghkanick Range occupies the e. portion of the town, and several parallel ranges extend through the central and w. portions, rendering the entire surface very hilly. The summits of the hills are 300 to 800 ft. above the valleys and are generally crowned with forests. The declivities are often steep and rocky. The principal streams are Batten Kil and a branch of Owl Creek. In the valley between the hills that border immediately upon Batten Kil and those farther w. are several small lakes, known as Long, Big, Dead, and Little Ponds. These lakes are beautiful sheets of water, surrounded by hills, forests, and fine cultivated farms. The soil is a slaty loam and very productive. Jackson Center (Jackson p. o.) contains 16 houses ; Coila, (p. V.,) on the line of Cambridge, about 30 houses; and Anaquassacook 12. Por- tions of this town and White Creek wore embraced in the Anaquassacook Patent of 10,000 acres, granted May 11, 1762.' The first settlers were James Irvine, Peter Magill, and John Miller, all of whom located in the s. part of the town.' The only church (Ref. Prot. D.) in town was organized Dec. 31, 1833 ; Rev. Jas. W. Stewart was the first pastor. Geo. Law, one of the projectors and pro- prietors of the California line of steamships, was a native of this town. H-IHICrSBURY — was incorp. by patent May 18, 1762, and recognized as a town by the State Government March 23, 1786. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Nearly all of its surface is level or gently undulating. A range of hills, rising about 150 ft. above the valleys, occupies the extreme B. edge of the to-mi. The principal streams aro the Hudson, in the s. w. corner ; Wood Creek, upon the e. border ; Halfway Brook, in the N. w. corner, and Moss Brook. At Bakers Falls,'" upon the Hudson, the river shoots down a steep descent of ledges, in all 76 ft. in 60 rods, forming a scene of great beauty, and affording an extensive water-power. The soil along the valley of Wood Creek is a hard, stiff' clay ; in the other parts of the town, a sandy or gravelly loam. There are extensive quarries of limestone in town, furnishing an excellent building material; from these quarries was obtained the stone for the locks on the Champlain & Hudson 1 This patent contained 26,000 acrea, each officer receiving 1,1100 acres. 2 Col. John Bucli, Manning Bull. Stephen and Asa Bump. John and Edward Ing.-ills, and Nathan and Sani'l Taylor were among the first settlers. Aaron and Eber Ingoldsbee. from Boylstun. Mass., came in 1782, and Timothy Stocking. Klienezer Smith, and John Paine in 17S4. A school was tauiiht in 1700. at North Uartford, by Thos. Paine, from Conn. A gristmill was built of logs at an early date. 8 The census reports 4 churches in town; M. E. Bap., Cong., and Union. * During the Ke^olution,andforsome time after, the place was kD"wn 03 " Black Greek" ^ Locally known as " Miinros Meadows" 8 Locally known as " Bedlam." t The census reports 7 churches ; 2 M. E., 2 Sec. Advent, Bap., Asso. Presb., and Asso. P.ef. Presb. 6 This patent was granted to Ryer, Jacob, Freeman, and W. M. Scheruierhorn. .Johannes. Nicholas, and Peter Quackenboss, Thos. and John Smith, and Joseph Jansen, all of Schenectiidy, 9 .'Vmong the settlers on the Anaquassacook were Hugh Thompson and Ebenezer Billings, and near the ponds John McLean and Jonathan Conger. A schoolhouse was built in 1780. a little w. of Peter HUPs residence. An inn was kept by Isaac Murray alwut 1790. John McQiU built a store of logs, in 1781, on the site of the present residence of Peter Hill. 10 Named from Albert Baker, the second settler in town. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 685 Canal. Manufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent.^ Sandy Hill^ (p-'^O li^s ^ popu- lation of 1,260. Moss Street contains 25 houses; Hingsbury (p. v.) 25; Pattens Mills (p.v.)20; Dunhams Basin 10; Vaug^lins Corners 12; Adamsville (p.o.) 12; I^an^dons Corners 5 ; and Smitlis Stasin (p.o.) 8. Kingsbury Patent, containing 26,000 acres, was granted to Jas. Bradshaw and 22 others, from Conn., May 18, 1702. The lirst settlera were James Bradshaw, Albert Baker, and his sons Albert and Charles, from New York City.* A sawmill was built at Bakers Falls before the Revolution, and a gristmill in 1807. The town was the scene of many an adventure during the French War,* and the settlement was entirely broken up daring the Revolution. Traces of a road cut by Burgoyne*8 army are still visible near Kings- bury. The first minister was Francis Baylor, a Moravian, about 1776. Meetings were held by the Prot. E. and the Bap. in ITOS." Several noted men have been residents of this town.® PUTIVAM'— was formed from "Westfield," (now Fort Ann,) Feb. 28, 1806. Dresden was set off in 1822. This town lies in the extreme n. end of the co., upon the mountainous peninsula between Lakes George and Champlain. The mountains are divided into two separate ranges by the valleys of Mill and Charter Brooks. The w. range of mountains rises abruptly from the surface of Lake George, and in the s. part of the town attains an elevation of 900 to 1,000 ft. above the surface of the lake. The greater part of the surface is rocky, broken, and unfit for cultivation ; but sections of arable land extend along the valleys of the small streams and the borders of Lake Champlain. The soil is generally a hard, gravelly loam. Graphite of a fine quality is found in abundance. A small pond lies among the mountains, on the w. side of the town, 300 feet above Lake George. Putnam Corners, (Putnam p.o.,) containing about 10 houses, is the only village. The tilla- ble lands were mostly granted to privates of the N. Y. Provincial regiments, and feeble settle- ments had probably commenced before the Revolution.^ The first church (Asso. Presb.) was built in 1801 ;* Rev. James Miller, from Scotland, was the first pastor. A private academy at Putnam Corners was established in 1854. SAIjEM — was formed by patent Aug. 7, 1764, and was recognized by statute March 23, 1786. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface consists of moderately elevated ridges, separated by narrow valleys, all extending in a n. e. and s. w. direction. The hills are usuallv bordered by gradual slopes and their summits are crowned with forests. There is very little waste land in town. Batten Kill, forming the s. boimdary, and Black, White, and Trout Creeks, are the principal streams. Lytles Pond, in the n. part, is a beautiful sh«et of water lying in a ba-in among the hills and surrounded by forests. The soil is a rich, slaty or gravelly loam. Salem, (p. v.,) incorp. April 4, 1803, has 832 inhabitants ; Sbushan (p. v.) has 2 churches, 4 mills, and about 50 houses; and Eag^levllle, (East Salem p.o.,) Clapps Mills, and Fitches Point have each 40 to 50 inhabitants. James Turner and Joshua Conkey, from Pelham, Mass., settled in 1761. They were joined, the next year, by Hamilton McCollister. In 1704 a patent *)f 25,000 acres was obtained,^ne-half owned by a company of New England settlers and the other by Oliver De Lancey and Peter Du Bois, two Government officials.^** These last sold their share to Rev. Thos. Clark and his company of Irish and Scotch immigrants at a perpetual rent of one shilling per acre.^^ The Camden Tract, on the e. part of the town, was granted to captains 1 The dam at Saody Hill, across the Hadaon, 1.200 ft. long and 10 ft. high, furnishes water-power for several mills and a woolen factory. At Bakers Falls there are a paper mill and 2 gristmills. The lumber business of the town is very extensive and im- portant, the sawmilla being supplied with logs floated down from the Upper Iludson. There are also in townestabliehments for the manufacture of pianos, steam engines, portable saw- milU, &c. s This village has been a half*8hire town since 1807. It was incorp. March 9, 1810. * Among the other first settlers were Mirhae! Hoffnagle, Solo- mon King, Oliver Colvin,and Nehemiah Seely. * At one time IT soldiers were taken prisoners by the Indians and carried to the present site of Sandy Ilill Village. They wore seated on a log. in a row, when their CMptors deUberately began to tomahawk them, taking them in order from one end of the log. When all were killed but one, (John Qnackenbose, of Albany.) a squaw claimed him, and his life was spared. He returned after a few years of captivity, and resided near Boo- Hick, in Cambridge. In Aug. 1758, Majs. Putnam and Rogers encountered a party of French and Indiana in this town, during which eugagement Putnam was made prisoner. The enemy were finally compelled to withdraw, with a loss of 90 men. 6 The census reports 9 churches; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., Presb., Prot. K., and R. C. * Gov. Wright received his legal education at the office of Henry C. Martindale, of Sandy Hill. I^ieat. Gov. Pitcher, for some time Acting Governor, was a citizen of this town, Hon. Wm. P. Lee, late Chief Justice and Chancellor of the Sandwich Island.^, was a native of Sandy Hill. ' Named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam, who in this vicinity, as miijor in the colonial service, performed some of his moat daring exploits. 8 Tlie fii-st sawmill waa erected by Eobt. Cnmmings, in 1802, on .Mill Creek, 1 mi. from Lake Champlain. The first child bom was James Jennings, in 1803; the first death was that of Anne Thompson, in 1804. Robt. Patterson kept the first school, in 1804. Many of the first settlers were Scotch, and among them were Obadiah Blake, Robt. Cnmmings, John Blair, Wm. Button, George Easton, Pelatiah Bugbee, John Butterfleld, and Josiah Clark. • There are 2 churches; Asso. Presb., and F. W. Bap. W This patent waa surveyed into 308 lots, and a large pine lot was reserved for the common benefit, and cut up into small lota for division ; 3 lots near the center of the town were set apart to support the minister and schoolmaster. n The New England and Scotch Bottlers were mixed together in their settlements, and often on alternate farms; and, in con- sequence of the rivalry between the two parties of proprietors, the town wae speedily settled. The New Englandera wished to call the town " WJiite Creek," and the Scotch "■'■JVcw Fcrth;" and each name was strongly inaisted on. 686 WASHINGTON COUNTY. and lieutenants in the Provincial army. Rev. Thomas Clark was the first minister.^ The Salem "Washington Academy was incorp. Feb. 15, 1791.^ WHITE CREEK.^— was formed from Cambridge, April 17, 1815. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. The surface of the s. portion is gently rolling, and the central and n. portions are occupied by the Taghkanick Mts. The siumnits of these mountains are rocky and broken and covered with forests, and their sides are bounded by abrupt declivities and perpendicular ledges. The principal streams are Hoosick Kiver, Owl Kil, Pumpkin Ilook,* Center, White, and Little White Creeks. The upper course of Owl Kil is through a deep and narrow valley abounding with pictur- esque views. A small vein of lead has been discovered three-fourths of a mi. E. of Posts Corners. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam. More sheep are raised in this town than in any other in the CO. Garden seeds and flax are largely cultivated, ^ortli White Creek, (p. v.) adjoins Cam- bridge. White CreeK, (p. o.,) Posts Corners, Center White Creeh, (p. o.,) Ash Grove, Dorrs Corners, Pumpliin Uooli, and JUartindale Corners are hamlets. The Walloomsac Patent, lying partly in this town, on the s., was settled by the Dutch. Among the other grants were the Bain, Embury, Grant and Campbell, and Lake and Van Cuyler, Patents. A colony of Irish Methodists settled near Ash Grove about 1770 ; and here was organized the second M. E. church in America,* by Thos. Ashton (from whom the locality was named) and Rev. Philip Embury. James and Thos. Morrison made the first settlement, near AVhite Creek.^ WOITEUALL^ — was incorp, by patent March 31 , 1765, as *' Shenesborough.''^ Its name was changed March 23, 1786. It lies at the s. extremity of Lake Champlain. Its surface is moun- tainous in the w. and level and undulating in the center and e. Saddle Mt., upon the w:-^ border, is nearly 900 ft. above the surface of the lake. The principal streams are AVood Creek, Mettowee (or Pawlet) and Poultney Rivers. Upon Wood Creek, near its mouth, is a fall which furnishes a valuable water-power. The soil of the greater part of the town is a hard, stiff clay and is best adapted to grazing. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in town.* W^hitehall (p. v.) is situated near the mouth of Wood Creek, on Lake Champlain. The r. r., canal, and lake trade give this place commercial importance. The Whitehall Academy is in the e. part of the village. Pop. 3,225. This town was the scene of stirring military events during the French War.'° The first settler was Maj. Skene, who located here, with 30 families, in 1761. Nominally associating 24 others with himself, he obtained a patent of 25,000 acres, March 31, 1765; and a patent of 9,000 acres in the town of Hampton and Whitehall, July 6, 1771, known as Skene's Little Patent. About 1770 he built a massive stone house and barn, a forge, and one or two sawmills. He also built a sloop upon the lake, and a road, known as ^^ Skenes Road,^^ 30 mi. through the wilderness toward Salem. He appears to have been a man of great energy of character, and he endeavored to secure solid and permanent advantages to the infant settlement." Upon the approach of the Revolution, Maj. Skene espoused the royalist cause, and his house was taken by the Americans in May, 1775.^^ In 1776 an American garrison was stationed here, and a small fleet was fitted 1 Rev. Thos. Clark (Asso. Presb.) was the first minister; and his church, formed iu Ireland, was tran spin n ted without re- organization. In 1769 a l*resb. society was formed, Kev. John Harford first pastor. Their church, then unfinished, was forti- fied by Capt. Jos. McCracken in 17 77. and soon after was burned by the enemy. There are now 7 churches in town; 2 M.E., Asso. Presb., Asso. Ref. Presb., F. W. Bap., I'resb., and Morav. 2 For a threat number of years this school was one of the most noted ia Ea.'^tern New York. Among the distinguished persons who have received a portion of their education here were Hon. Samuel Nelson, of the U. S. Supreme Court. Hon. Jolin Savage, formerly CbiefJustice of N.Y., and Kev.Dr.Bethune. of Brooklyn. 3 The creek from wliich the town was named received its name from tlie white quartz pebbles that form its bed. < Said to be a corruption of the Indian I'om-pa-nuck, the name of a tribe of Indians who removed hither from Conn. B Embury preached the first Met h. sermon in N. Y.. 3or4year8 btffure. The census reports 8 churches in town; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Friends, Presb., R.C.,and Asso. Ref. Presb. * Among the other early settlers were Buel Beebe, Maj. John Porter, Lphraini, James, and Roht. Cowan. David tlarrow. Sani'l Clark. John McClung. Oeo. Duncan, Robt. and George Clilmore, Wm. Kager, Wui. Selfrage, Sam'l Ball, and John ?cott. The early settlers in the E. part of the town were Thomas Ashton. Edmund Wells, John and Ebenuzer Allen, Bavid Sprague, Seth Chase, John Ilarroun, Thos. McCool, John Woods, Simeon Fowler, John Young, Jopiah Dfwey, and John Corey. John Rhodes built the first clothing work?;, at I'unipkin Hook. ' Called by the Indians " Kah-cho-quah-na," the place where dip JUh. * Named from Maj. Philip Skene, a British half-pay officer, it8 fouurier and patentee. 8 The manufactures consist of lumber, machinery, vessels, boats, carpets, and sash and blinds. An extensive lumber trado is carried on with Canada and with ports on the Uudson, through Lake Champlain and the Champlain Canal. 10 Maj. Israel Patusim was stationed here in the summer of 1758, with 35 ran^rers, to watch the motions of the enemy and prevent the passage of small parties. A point — ntw known as Puts Rock — three-fourths of a mi. N. of the village, overhxiking South Bay. and completely commanding the past-age of Wood Creek, was ch<'sen, and a etont- breastwork was buiit and con- cealed by bushes. Soon after the work was finished, a party of 500 French. Ud by tlie partisan Molang. upon a secret expedi- tion, attempted to p.ngg up the creek in the nii;ht. They were received by a most destructive fire, and before they rould re- cover from their surprise, one-half of their number were killed. Finding that the enemy bad lauded below and that be was in danger of being surroundt-d, Putmun quietly withdrew, with no loss, and but two men wounded. n Maj. Skene became acquainted with this place while accom- panying the expedition under Gen. Amherst, in 1755. f-onnHfter be planted his first settlement, of 30 families, lie was ol liged to goto the West Indies; and upon his return in 1763 he lound but 15 families remaining. He brought a number of slaves from the ^\est Indies, and employed them and a large number of discharged soldiers upon his works. His house was 3it by 40 ft. on the ground, and '2^ .^^tories hij;h ; and his barn was 130 ft. long, with massive stone w.ills pierced with portholes. The other bui!dinc;6 in bis settlement weie a few frail houses belonging to his tenants. 12 llo was very popular with the settlers, and henco he i\t.9 an object of both fear and dishke to the patriots. His place was captured ty a party of volunteers under Capt. Henick, and WASHINGTON COUNTY. 687 out in the harbor and put under the command of Benedict Arnold. Upon the approach of Bur- goyne's army, in 1777, the fort was blown up and the houses, mills, &c. were all burned.' During the War of 1812 this place became an important dep6t of military stores. The first steamboat on the lake was launched here, in 1809. The Champlain Canal was constructed to this point from Fort Edward in 1819, and finished to Troy in 1824.* In 1806 Gen. Williams made arrangements for building a church, but died before he could carry them into effect. His son (Col. John Wil- liams) and his widow carried out the design, and presented the building to the Asso. Presb. Soc. It was rebuilt in 1826.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Washington County. NA.MES OP TOTHB. Argylo Cambridge.... Dresden Easton Port Ann Fort Edward. Granville Greenwich ... Hampton Hartford Ilebron Jacltson Kingsbury.... Putnam Salem White Creek.. Whitehall Total Acres of Land. g & 27,186 18,013i 6,600J 30,994i 22,619J 12,791i 2-.611i 20,864J 8,725 21,978 25,616 17,981 18,440 7,883 26,1044 22,688} 19,240 I I 8.350J 4,206 21.943J 6,936i 27,966J 2,006 6,632 6,349 3,939 4,S62J 7,138 4,880 4,324i 12,423 7,976 8,616 9,015 333,030} 143,[i.'i4} 12.766,947 VALtJATlON OF 1858. $1.002,,')07 902,490 92,810 1,366,90; 657.072 800.950 87.3,565 1.204,115 231.751 738,967 779,302 768,170 786,406 144,680 830,3,S5 868,265 1,022,650 $209,232 181,804 4,000 223,330 56.137 492,150 146,260 489,625 30,845 82,484 93,390 66,580 106,786 19,854 308.314 333,762 396,740 $1,211,739 1,054,294 96,810 1,690,29: 713,209 993,100 1.018,816 1,693,740 262,690 818,451 872,692 834,720 891,161 104,434 1,138,699 1,202,027 1,419,390 3,209,222 15,976,169 22,539 21,866 1,613 1,132 387 1,482 1,846 1,630 1,710 1,959 429 1,132 1,283 906 1,736 378 1,461 1,267 2,299 1,631 1,172 348 1,630 1,699 1,434 1,653 1,929 417 1.064 1,266 864 1,628 346 1,464 1,182 2,239 •s- i_ 666 415 146 689 613 460 695 746 101 396 605 S'23 652 122 606 462 749 603 459 160 614 695 52S 660 790 161 416 830 335 626 129 861 886 893 484 286 100 397 327 360 469 473 106 345 379 242 464 101 410 326 472 g| 1,078 990 318 976 1,310 1,112 1,236 1.442 282 807 831 587 1,329 302 1,016 90S 1.769 16,292 Names of Towns. Argyle Cambridge ... Dresden Easton Fort Ann Foit Edward Granville Greenwich Hampton Hartford Hebron Ja*-'kBon Kingsbury ... Putnam Salem White Creek.. Whitehall Total Live Stock. m 1,196 737 160 1,030 797 443 855 913 168 697 884 634 634 240 888 669 882 £55 2.090 1,086 6.192 1.668 1,652 947 1,604 1,478 602 1,229 1,612 1,062 1,067 944 1,606 951 1,682 1.838 1,071 300 1,677 965 667 2,023 1,345 616 1,061 1,66- 1,049 971 468 1,322 800 1,163 EC 4,667 9.716 1.613 13,426 5.196 2.266 4,736 4,370 4,432 12,008 6,186 6,817 5.931 3,098 8.654 18.905 7.656 4,058 2,897 212 3,028 1,127 933 1,581 2,690 330 1,479 2,351 2.816 1,184 214 2.963 1,638 804 Aqricdltural Products. Bosh, of GaAm. 18,138 14,767 802} 26,848 l,628i 2.287 J 6,988 18,928 i 1,602 4.284 4.976 14,281 1,230 1,113 6,208 3,566* 2,739i 11,707 21,721118,689 118,533 '30,305 130,.354 1,4.84,742^69.881 767.285 fS 164,446 9S.2S3i 13,876} 183,367 63,907 J j 71,673 80,021 140,079 22,960 79,686 121,047 112,9S7i 63.337 18,607 134,890i 68,403 47,380} 4,790{ 4,281 1,528 6,813} 5,626 2,700 6,428} 3,639 2,169 4,326} 4,796 3,316 4,717} 2,037 4,842} 4,891 6,409 72,928 38,211 6,096 46,905 27.481 11,262 107,972 46.914 10,966 87,867 109,647 69,570 38,619 4,964 61,934 25,994 14,009 •5S 11 29,861 11,126 2,872 14,601 6,812 1.625 24,697 14.808 6,844 21.422 12,877 8,621 7,076 4,662 10,678 6.666 6,476 Daibt Peoddcts. S-3 ft.cq 163,321 109,204 23.323 137,864 91,843 6.5,014 106,160 129,495 36,210 104,564 129,987 106,071 94,385 47,490 143,020 67,351 79,846 3 S 2,875 7,420 3,105 42,176 44.824 2.368 334,707 17,100 35.633 18,109 26,115 630 30,642 440 4,636 36,160 27,713 189,103 1,626,138 634,491 6,298} I'? 216 1,238} 403 1,835 631 40 416 212 269 72 278 246 681 45 66 92 Maj. Skene the younger, 60 tenants, and 12 negroes were taken prisoners. The sloop -was sent down the lake to Col, Ethan Allen at Shoreham, Vt. In the cellar of the house was found the body of the wife of the elder Skene, which had been pre- served many years to secure to the husband an annuity devised to her " while she remained above ground." The Americans buried the body in the rear of the house. ^ When Ticonderoga was abandoned to Burgoyne, the public stores were embarked in 200 bateaux and sent rip to this p. and was published by Russell from 1840 to 1853, when it was sold to Wm.Van Camp, and in 1855 or 'oti it was merged in The Wayne Democratic I're^s, iT/ic Palmyra Freeman was commenced 5larch 11, 182S, by D. D. Stephenson. It soon aftf-^r passed into the hands of J. A. Hadley, who removed the press to Lyons and changed the name to Thi Ojuntrymnn. Myron Holley became connected with it as associate editor. In 1831 it was suspended for a time, and afterward resumed as Tkt Lynns American, by Myron Holley. In 1835 it was pub- lished by Wm. H. Childs. In 1S36 it was removed to Clyde and published as The Clyde Gazeiie. by Dennis Cord, until T838. TliP. Rtjlf'ctnr, mo., was commenced at Palmvra in 1828 by 0. Dogberry, jr. It was discontinued in 1H30. The Newark Republican was commenced at Newark in Nov. 1829. by Jeremiah 0. Balcli. It was discontinued in 1831. The Clyde Standard was published about 6 mo. in 1830 by E. P. Moon. T)ve Western Spejctator and Wayne Ad^^ertiser was commenced at Palmyra Jan. 9, 1830. by Luther Howard and Erastus Shepai'd. In 1831 its name was changed to Tti^ Spectator and Anti-^^asonic Star. It w.i8 removed to Rofhester the same year and merged in The Anti- Miisnnic Enquirer. The Palmyra Whig was commenced in Feb. 1838, by Wm. N. and Sam'l Cole. It was removed to Lyons by Wm. N. Cole, and its name changed to The Wa>/n'^ County Whig, In the fall of 1S50 it i)nssed into the hands of Williams & Gavitt. In the spring of 1862 they sold it to Silas A. Andrews, who continued it a few mouths and eold it to Wm. Van Marter; and iu 44 Nov. of the same year it passed into the hands of Rodney L. Adams. In Sept. 1806, its name was changed to The Iiyons Republican j and April 30. 1851*. Mr. Adami sold itto W.T. Tinsley & Co.. its prfjsent publishers. The Wayne Standard was commenced at Newark in June, 1838, by David M. Keeler. In Aug. 1839, it whs s.dd to Gen. Barney T. Partridge, J. P. Bartle, and S. Culver, who changed its name to The Ncio .^is. Stephen Culver, editor. In Jan. 1840 it was sold to — — Norton, and discontinued in May following. In July following it was revived as The Wayne Standard, by D. M. Keeler. and published uutil 184,3. when it i)a3sed into the hands o*" H. L. Winants, and in about 1 yc-u- was discontinued It was revived soon after, as The Newark Courier, by David Fairfield. It was successively published by Wm. K. Creague and B. F. Jonen as The Neivark Journal ; aud in 1854 by G. D. A. Bridgman, who changed its name to The Neivark Whig. In Sept. 18-56, it passM into the hands of C. F. White, who changed its name to The Newark Weeltly Courier, and still continues its publication. The Palmyra Ontricr was commenced May 28, 1843. by Frederic Morlfy. It passed into the hands of J.C. Bennett, who changed its name to Tlie Palmyra Democrat. It was published again as The Palmyra Oyiirier, by Benedict, from about 1851 to 'M. Mr. Benedict sold it to Beebe, and in a shurt ttm« afterward it passed into the hands of A. E. AveriIl,who changed its name to The Pabnt/ra Amin-iraji, and subsequently .again to The Palmyra Courier, under wliich name Mr. Averill still continues its publication. Tfu Clyde E/jgle was commenced in 1844 by B. Frazee. It was successively published by Dryer. Stephen Salis- bury, and in 1847 by Rev. Chaa. O. Acly and William Tompkins, who changed its name to The Clyde Telegraph. It atterward passed into the hands of Rev. W. W. Storiker, and soon after to Wm. R. Fowle, and in a short time it was discontinued. The Clyde Induxtn'al Times was commenced in Feb. 1850, by Payn & Smith. It soon passed into the hands of Job. A. Payn. Its name was changed in 1851 to The Clyde Weekly Times, under which title it is now- published, by Joseph A. Payu. The Northern M'thodist Protestant was published by an asso- ciation at Clyde in 1849; Rev. W. W. Storiker, editor. The Wayne Banner w&M published at Woloott in 1850 by John Mclntyre, and was removed to Clyde, and merged in The Industrial Times on the first issue of the latter paper. The Farming Mirror was commenced at Lyons in July. 1853. by R. L. Adams & Co., and w;is published 1 year. The "Wayne Democratic Pt-css was commenced at Palmyra in 1855. It was removed to Lyons the samo year, and is now published by Wm. Van Camp. 3 The enlargL'd canal crosses Seneca River on the e. Ixirder of the CO., on an aquctluct built upon 31 arches of 22 ft.-i-t span each. It crosses Mud Cronk, a Utile w. of Lyons. upi>ri an ava.rR, (p. v.,) including Arcadia, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on the canal, was incorp. July 21, 1853, as Newark. It contains 7 churches, a bank, flouring mill, tannery, 3 furnaces, and several manufactories. It is a flourishing canal village and a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. Pop. 2,042. Pairville, (p. v.,) about 5 mi. n., contains 1 church, a tannery, a limited amount of manufactures, and 159 inhabitants. lUarblctown, near the s. E. corner, contains a church and 10 houses. Jessups Corners and Uydeville are hamlets. Settlement was com- menced in 1791, by Joseph Winters and B. Franklin.' The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1805. Roger Benton was the first settled minister, in 1806.' A family named Fox, residing at Uydeville, in Arcadia, first heard the mysterious sounds known as the " rappings" on the night of March 31, 1849. Investigations were made in regard to the origin of the raps, but nothing definite was settled upon. The family soon after removed to Rochester, the "raps" accom- panying them; and hence the name "Rochester Rappings." A series of investigations was insti- tuted, and the matter became public, some claiming for it a spiritual origin, but the great majority pronouncing it a humbug or delusion. From this source modern spiritualism originated. BUTlrER — was formed from Wolcott, Feb. 26, 1826. It is the center town on the e. border of the CO. Its surface is diversified, level in the s. E. and rising into ridges in the N. w. The highest point is Armstrong Ilill. The principal stream is Wolcott Creek, which rises in the N. E. and, flowing in a circuitous course, leaves the town near the n. w. corner. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam, and on the hills it is generally clay, with a tenacious subsoil. Lime is manu- factured in the n. part to a limited extent. Soutb Butler, (p. v.,) on the s. line, contains 5 churches, a classical school, several manufactories, and about 400 inhabitants. West Butler (p. o.) contains 10 houses ; Westbury, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, partly in the town of Victory, ^ In 1827, a charter waa obtained for bnildinp a ship canal from the Erie Canal, at Montezuma, to Great Sodus Bay. Sur- Toya were made, but no work waa ever done. A new charter was obtained by John Greig, of Canandait.'U.i, in 1836; and an- other by Gen. Wm. II. Adams, in 1851. The route mimed in the list charter is from Sodus Bay to the Erie Canal, a little w. of Clyde. Some work has been done on parts of this route. * The Sodus Point & Southern R. R. was incorp. in April, 1852. The road was to extend from Sodus Bay to Newark. The route hM been f^urveyed, but no work has been done. A survey haa also been made for a R. R. from Cl.vde to Sodus Bay. 8 Mr. Williamson built roads from Palmyra and Lyons to Sodus Point; upon these the early settlers mostly located. He alao laid out a city upon ?odua Bay, which has not yet been built. 4 The Maryland settlers brouglit with them eovoral slaves ; but it waa Boon found that slave labor was unprofitable. 6 See p. 693. • See Arcadia. 'Gilbert Howell and Paul Reese came in in 1795: Samuel Soverliill in 1798; Humphrey Sherman, Reuben Starks, and John Miller, from Long Island, in 1800; and Ebenezer Smith soon after. The Lusks came in from Columbia co, in 1806. Jacob, Philip, and Isaac Lusk purchased 1 sq. mi., which is now occupied by the village of Newark. Caleb Tibbitta, Stephen Aldridge, Henry Cronice, and Cooper Culver settled in 1807 ; and Dr. A. Hyde, in 1810. The first death was that of a child of B. Franklin, in 1792; the fir.ct marriage, that of Hess and Amy Tibbitts, in 1798. Stephen Aldridge kept the first inn, and .1. P. Bartlet the first store. 8 There are 10 churches in town; 2 Meth. Prot.. M. E., Preeb,, Prot. E., Union, Ref. Prot. D., Bap., R. C, and Christiiin. WAYNE COUNTY. C91 (Cayuga co.,) 1 church and 20 houses. Butler Center is a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced in 1802.' The first settled minister was Mills.' Rev. Antoinette L. Brown, the first woman ever regularly ordained in the State, was settled for several years over the Cong. Church at South Butler. GAliEW— was formed from Junius, (Seneca co.,) Feb. 14, 1812. Savannah was taken off In 1824. It lies on the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly in the E., but more level in the w. In the s. w. is a large tract of swamp land. Clyde River' flows through the town from w. to E. in a circuitous course. The soil is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam. Clyde,* (p. v.,) near the center, on Clyde River, was incorp. May 2, 1805. The canal passes through the village ; it is also a station on the N. Y. C. R. R. It contains 6 churches, a high school," 2 banks, a news- paper office, a glass factory, and several other manufactories.' Pop. 1,85G. Klarengo, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains a church and 20 houses; liOCk Berlin, (p. v..) in the w. part, on the canal, a church and 30 houses. Angells Corners, in the s. e., and Meadville, in the e., are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced by Loammi Bedell, in 1800.* The fiut church (Presb.) was organized July 8, 1814.' Borings for salt water in the vicinity of Clyde have been made, but without success. One of the wells emitted inflammable gas : the well was soon filled np. HUROBf— was formed from Wolcott, as " Port Bay," Feb. 25, 1826. Its name was changed March 17, 1834. It lies on Lake Ontario, E. of the center of the co. A part of Great Sodus Bay lies in the N. w. corner. East Bay, in the N., and a part of Port Bay, in the N. E., extend into the town. Its surface is rolling, with a general northern inclination. In the w. and N. w., near Great Sodus Bay, are several tracts of swamp lands. The lake shore rises in a series of bluffs, the highest of which — Chimney Bluff— is 175 ft. above the lake, and Bay Bluff 120 ft. Several small streams flow N. through the town, the principal of which is Mudge Creek, which empties into East Bay. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, intermixed with clay in the s. Worth Huron (p.v.) contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, and 40 houses; South Huron (Huron p. o.) 1 church, a townhouse, and 20 houses. Port Cilas^OfV (p. o.) is a hamlet, at the head of sloop navigation on Great Sodus Bay. The first settlement was commenced by Pere- grine Fitzhugh and Wm. Helmus, and some other families from Md., in 1796.'" The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1813." IiYORfS — was formed from Sodus, March 1, 1811. Arcadia was taken off in 1826. It lies on the s. border of the co., a little e. of the center. Its surface is a moderately rolling region, broken by sand ridges. The Canandaigua Outlet from the s., and Mud Creek from the w., join in the s. part and form Clyde River. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, with marl upon the creek bottom lands. Lyons, (p.v.,) on the canal, at the junction of Canandaigua Outlet and Mud Creek, was incorp. April 18, 1854. It contains the co. buildings, 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 news- paper offices, a union school," and several manufactories ;" and it is an important R. R. station. Pop. 3,221. Alloway, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on Canandaigua Outlet, contains a church, a grist- mill, and 30 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1789, by Nicholas and Wm. Stansell and John Featherly." They settled, with their families, (12 persons in all,) a half mile s. of the 1 John Granby and Wellman settled near the center, as early as 1803; Erastus Uubl.ard and Abijab Moore, in 1805; Capt. Willis, Wm. Hallett, Henry Bunnel, Aaron Iloppin, Mrs. Bunco, and Morris Craw, previous to 1807; and Setli Craw and Koger Olmsted, in 18U8. The first birth was that of Winans ; the first death was that of Jedediah Wheeler, in April, 18U. Vieles built the first sawmill, at the center. 2 There are 7 churches in town ; 2 M. E., 2 Christian, Bap., Cong,, and 2d Adv. * This was Township No. 27 of the Military Tract, and received its name from having been appropriated to the Mndical Department. < Named by Wm. McXah, agent of the Hornby Estate. Geneva. 6 This location was originally called *'Blork House" from a blockhouse built here by Indian trjiders at an early day. It was used during the Revolution by tories as a ''station" in emUL'gling gcds from Canada ria Sodus Bay. It wns burned previous to 1800. The viHase was first called "L<(HrfJw7/c." from Henrietta lAura, Countess of Rath, dauKh'er and heiress of Sir Wm. fulteney. Its name was chan;-'ed to Clyde in 181K. « It is a union school, formed from Districts 14 and 17. Incorp. April 24, 18*4, with special privile;;e8. This was one of the earliest union schools in Western New York. The school employs 6 teachers. ' 2 large tlifttilleries, 2 steam flouring mills, 2 steam sawmills, 2 furnaces and shops for manufacturing agricultural iTuplements, a large cooperage. 1 brewery, 2 malt houses, and a tannery. •* Among the other early settlera were Nicholas King, David Godfrey, and Isaac Mills, with their families, fnm Orange co.. N. v., on I/)t 70, in the a. w. p.irt of the town, in 18(11 ; Creacher, from Md., Eliaa Austin, Payne, and Capt. John Sherman, in 1804. The first birth was that of Isjuic Godfrey, in Fell, 1S02; the first death, that of David Godfrey, acci■ . ■g. Daisy Pao lucTS. S Ip s f £ i ^ 6, 41 |J ^sS Ki IB 1,453 1,735 S 6 4 2,788 £ * e Si: 23,870 S-? 3S.4at 0, « ^ 2 1,493 10,821 44,032 180,099 4,580 140,0.54 6.331 981 1,766 1,024 4,898 1,647 16.462 140,631 2,6.57 17,906 51.981 97.671 16.112 1,373 1,961 1,649 8,814 4.198 31.178 199,092J 3,806 19,646 49,888 140.558 16.278 712 1,091 675 3,716 1,438 10.3.57 113,036 1,910 15,895 20,361 69,860 4,844 1,320 1,322 1.610 7,722 2,406 27.367 134.752J 3,430 17,473 61.626 89,472 4.128 909 1,329 963 10,288 1,924 26,787 110.8994 3,163 16.777 27,949 77,662 9.900 846 1,084 974 3.763 1.632 12,473 108.744S 2,6S3J 16.740 34,036 96,5.50 18,763 886 1,201 923 4,020 1,286 9,610 83.609i 2.6854 15.272 17.431 88,376 17,400 869 1,303 1,193 7.954 1,900 31,073 112.236 3.713 16,701 33.113 106,711 14.816 764 1,286 871 3,727 1,241 9,778 94,200 1.7244 13,240 28,636 66,330 7,076 676 1,348 761 4,947 1,335 15,925 113,8.53i 1,904 14.376 14.907 69,216 2.290 1,616 2,516 1,846 15,625 3,149 26.396i 207.538} 6.0724 30,847 70,448 177,259 9.7654 877 1,148 878 6,,S45 1,644 12.600 113.704J 3,386 19.066 21,170 68.464 6.444 994 1,278 1,037 7.609 1.519 8,803 93.427 2,943 13.8.35 82,702 91.822 30.175 673 14,928 1.327 21,696 882 4.296 1,692 9,103 289.734i 112.7604 1.918,672i 1.713J 46,2714 10.854 17.466 79.186 2.452 16,769 104,846 29,799 261,403 509,620 1,446,0,S0 163,7634 803 1,7.50 1.271 1,310 360 32 592 1,669 268 846 1,366 779 335 845 8394 13.0644 1 Named from the sandbar which stretches across its mouth from the w. shore. 8 The Leavenworth Institute, incorp. in 1859; named from Isaac Leavenworth, who contributed one-lialf tbo total cost * Wolcott Furnace manufactures about 450 tons of pig iron per annum fmm ore dug in the n. e. part of the town. * Among the other early settlers were Adonijab Church, from Uass., ill 1806, Osgood Church and family, in 1807, Dea. Enapp and Lambert Woodruff, in the vicinity of Bed Creek, Noadiah Child, in 1811, and .Tacob Snyder, with bis familvof 10 children, in 1813. The first death was that of a son of George Salmon. Obadiah Adams kept the first inn, and Noadiah Child built tl>a first saw and grist mill, in 1814. 5 There are 8 churches in town; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Prosb. F. W. Bap., and Meth. Prot. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. --^g-^?— :;^^ This countv, constitutinfr one of the original divisions of the State >g^^Uiy! '■ ■ ' " under the Englisli rule, soon after the first conquest, was organized j^^^^p: '■■ A Nov. 1, 1683, with its present limits. It lies upon the E. banls of fiff^ ' .^^K 'li6 Hudson, in the s. e. part of the State, and is bounded on the e. Iffi: ,, , fiA by Conn, and on the s. by Long Island Sound. It is centrally [xj^ P ^!Bl distant 105 mi. from Albany, and contains 525 sq. mi. The sur- 1^-^ I I ' 'Bj face consists of several ridges of hills parallel to the river and y H ;/ ^J separated by wide valleys. The hills are in two general ranges, \^ ':^l : ^/ the first extending along the river and the second along the Conn. \^ , \ / line. They are subdivided into a great number of minor ridges ^■^^jIjI^^^^^ and hills, all extending n. and s. The highest summits are 600 to 1,000 ft. above tide. The valleys, extending n. and s., are continu- ous, affording ample opportunity for the construction of roads and railroads ; and they are generally bordered by gradually sloping hillsides.' In some localities the hills are abrupt and rocky. The principal streams are Peekskill Creek, Furnace Brook, Croton, Pocantico, and Neperhan Rivers, and Tibbetts Brook, tributaries of the Hudson ; Bronx River, Westchester and Ilutchinsons Creeks, Mamaroneck and Byram Rivers, flowing into Long Island Sound ; Maharness and Stamford Mill Rivers, flowing e. into Conn. ; and Muscoot Creek, Plum Brook, and Titicus, Cross, and Kisko Rivers, tributaries of the Croton. The lakes are small bodies of water scattered through the hilly portions. The s. E. portion of the co., along the Sound, is deeply indented with bays and estuaries, which in some places are bordered by extensive marshes. Most of the streams which flow into the Sound afford, by the reflux of the tide, an intermitting hydraulic power, which is employed in several places. The rocks of the co. consist principally of granite and gneiss, of many dissimilar varieties, and of white crystalline limestone. These rocks crop out upon the declivities and summits of most of the hills, aff'ording an abundance of the best kind of building stone. The marble quarries at Sing Sing and other places are extensively wrought, their products affording one of the most valuable exports of the co. Traces of various kinds of ore have been discovered ; but all search for profitable metallic veins has proved unsuccessful. Several mineral springs are found in differ- ent sections, the principal of which is the Chappaqua Spring, 3 mi. e. of Sing Sing. It emits sulphuretted hydrogen and is said to possess useful medicinal properties. The soil, derived prin- cipally from the disintegration of the primitive rocks, is light, sandy, and, naturally, only mode- rately productive ; but, by a continued process of scientific culture, it has been rendered very fertile. Upon the Hudson and the Sound and in various other localities are drift deposits and alluvium, furnishing a much more productive soil. The people are principally engaged in gar- dening and fruit raising, fattening cattle, and supplying milk for the New York market. Bricks in immense quantities are manufactured along the Hudson for exportation. Other manufactures are largely carried on in the villages adjacent to New York. This CO. is distinguished for beautiful and picturesque scenery, noticeable in nearly every part. The highlands that border upon the Hudson afford an extended view of that river, the Palisades, and of the hilly country of Rockland and Orange. Along the s. E. border fine views are obtained of the Sound, the numerous green islands along the coast, and the adjacent shores of Long Island. In the interior the landscape is agreeably diversified by hills, dales, and clear, running streams. Many wealthy inhabitants of New York have erected beautiful villas and country residences upon tlie finest sites ; and the hills of the co. are now studded with these splendid specimens of archi- tectural art. In the vicinity of New York are numerous small villages inhabited by mechanics and working men doing business in the city. These people go back and forth daily on the lines of railroad, or by steamboat, living in the country for the sake of economy. A considerable amount of manu- factures is carried on at these suljurban villages. A large transient population, mostly from New York, make this co. their residence during tlie summer months. 1 The roads that cross the co. E. and w. are a constant succession of ascents and descents, while those extending N. and 3 Oimugh the valleys are nearly level. 696 WESTCHESTER COUXTY. 697 The CO. is a half-shirc, the co. buildings being located respectively at Bedford and White Plains,* The courthouse at Bedford is a wooden structure ; and attached to it is a jail for the temporary confinement of prisoners. The co. buildings at White Plains are of granite, and are the most commodious and costly buildings of the kind in the State.'* The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 173 acres in Mount Pleasant, 5 mi. n. of White Plains. The average number of inmates is 225, supported at a -weekly cost of 68.V cts. each. The farm yichls a-ttivenue of $2,500. A school is kept throughout the year. The buildings are of stone; and the whole establishment seems to be well arranged. The Hudson River R. R. extends along the river banks through Yonkers, Greenburgh, Mount Pleasant, Ossining, and Cortlandt. The Harlem R. R. extends n. through the central part of the CO., extending through Morrisania, AVest Farms, Yonkers, East Chester, Scarsdale, Greenburgh, White Plains, Mount Pleasant, New Castle, Bedford, Lewisboro, and North Salem. The New York & New Haven R. R. extends from the Harlem R. R. at East Chester e. through Pelham, New Rochelle, Mamaroneck, Harrison, and Rye. A branch road extends from the Harlem R. R, at Morrisania s. e. about 2 mi. to Port Morris. The other principal public work in the co. is the Croton dam and the great aqueduct which supplies the city of New York with water. Lines of steamers ply between New York and the various ports along the Hudson and East Rivers, aflbrding cheap and easy means of communication with the great city. Five newspapers are now published in the co.^ When first known to the whites, this co. was occupied by the Mohegaus, who were divided into several bands or clans with distinctive names.* They paid tribute to the Five Nations, and were known in early documents as " River Indians." 1 At the organization of the co. in 1683, the courts were esta- blished at Westchester, and were continued there uutil 1759. A court of sessions w;i3 held at East Ohester for some time. By act of Dec. 16. 1758. the justices and supervisors were directed to select a rn-w site for a courthouse, wliich was loc:ited at White Plains; and in that year, 1700, and 1762, £'2,000 were voted to erect and ftuisli it. It was used until 1776. when it was hurned. By an act of May 1. 1786. £l.SOO were appropriated for the erec- tion of a courthouse at Whito Plains and another at Bedford, under the superintendence of Stephen Wnrd, Elienezer Lock- wood, Jonathan Q. Tompkins, Ebenezer Piirdy. Thog. Thomas, Richard Ilatfteld, and Hichard Sacket. jr. Prisoners had pre- Tiously been confined in the Now York jail; and courts had for a time been held in the Presbyterian church of Bedford. Both buildings thus erected are still standing, and owned by the co. A clerk's office was built at White Phiins, in 1830. adjacent to the courthouse, in the old part of the village. The Provincial Convention held its sessions a few days in July. 1776, at the courthoufle in White Plains; and in front of it tlie Declai-ation of Independence was publicly read upon its receipt by that body, Tbi- buildiu'^, an 1 wh:it remiiined of the villaije, were wantonly burned by a New England major on the night of Nov. 5, 1776. 2 An act passed March 30, 1855, authorized the county trea- surer to loan $.35,000 for the erection of a ni-w conithouse. jail, clerk's office, and surro^^ate's office, upon a site in Wliitn Plains, to be selected by the supervisors, and under a committee to be appointed by them. The present buildin-rs were erected in 1856-67, under the superintendence of Abnihara I latfi.ld. States Barton. Wm. Marshall, jr., David Hunt, aU'l Geo. C. Finch, at a cost of $l'2o.OOO. Tliey are built of granite quirried near the village, and form 3 buildings connected by corridors. The front part is devoted to the records of the cleik and surrogate, is fire- proof throughout, and its spacious rooms are furnit-hed with iron cases for books and p.»per8. The reixirds have been re- cently bound, and put in complete order for preservation. The middle portion is devoted to court and jury rooms, sheriff's office and residence; and the rear building is the jsil. connected with the court room only by a verandali. Prisoners may bo brought into court witlnnit liability to rescue by a crowd. The cells, 36 in number, are built in '2 tiers in a central block. By an act of April 16. 185S, the offi e of Uegi-fter of Deeds w.Hfl created, to be filled by election trienuially. The act took effect Jan. 1, 1859. > The Somers Museum was published by Milton F. Gushing in 1810. The Westchester Gazpft-e was published at Peekskill by Robert Crombia about ISIO. It was afterward changed to The Weslchesttir and Putnam Qiz-'tt''. Severn! changes of pro- prietors and perhaps of name, occurred when in 1332 it became Tlie Westcliester and Putnam Sentinel, and was published a short time by Dr. Brewer. It was aff-rward pub- lished ab'^ut 2 years !)y Samuel Ib-u.-itis. sv* The S"nti7ipl. It then psissed into the hands of Samuel Marks, who coutinvi d it as The Wtstchfsfer ami Putnam Repuhliran. In 1^44 it was sold to Wm. Richards who cliange,d its name to Th£ Peekskill Rrpul'liow. In 1852 Joseph J.Chambers became proprietor, and in 1857 the paper was removed to Sing Sine, where it is now published aa Tlie Republican, by J. H. Piatt; J. J. Chambers, editor. The We^tchestn- Palrint was published at West I'arms a short time in 1812 by Lopez, The Wesicltester H'-rald and Putnam Gazette was published at Sing Sing in 1(^17. It wag subsequently published as The Wnstcheiter tinrahi, by Cideb Roscoc. The oJRcewas burned in 1856, and tlie publication has not been reauniod. The Westcheiiter Spy was eommenc< d at White Plains in 1832 by Harpending. It was contiuued by William B. Lamphear, S. U. Arn.dd. John ^V'. Bell, and others, until ls4S. when it w;ts disci-intiimed. The Hudsou River Chronicle was commenced at Sing Sing in 1S37 by A, 11. Wells. It is now published by Wm. C. Howe. The ProUrtnr, a campaign paper, was pnblJHhed in 18^4. The. Pi-t Chegt^ir Ba?ina- was pub. by Wm. A. McMillan in 1845. The Elastem State Journal was commenced at AVhito Plains in 1^45 by Edmund U. Southerlaud, its present publisher. The Westchexter and Putnam Democrat was commenced at Peekskill in IS— by Bailey & M.irks, It was con- tinued by Siimuel Marks, and was for a time discon- tinued. It was revived by G. K. Lyman, and soon after it passed into the hands of J. Arnold, who con- tinued it until 1851. when Ezra J. Horton became pro- prietor, and changed its name to The Highland Etu/le. In 1855, J. W. Spaight became the pub- lisher, and in 1N58 the paper passed into the hands of Dr. Feiielim Hiisbrouck, who changed its name to The Highland Democrat, and still publishes it. 'The WcsfchrMer (iazi'ttc was commepced at Morrisania in 1849. i^tf'pben Angel was for some time editor. It was discon- tinu'-d aljout 185f-. The "Westchester County Journal was commenced at Morri8;inia in 1850 by James E^tillmau, its present publisher. The Plain Dealer was removed from Roslyn, and afterward to Glen Cove. The Westchester Gazetteer was commenced at West Farms in 1849, by II. Coggshell; it was removed to Mott Haven July 14. 1851. and discontinue^ in 1852. The Yonkers Herald was commenced in 1852 by Thos. Smith, its present publisher. The Westchester A'ews wjis commenced at New Rochelle in 1S53 liy Thos. Tiiwndrow. It was removed to Yonkers In 1S54, and published until Jan. 1856, whim it was pur- chased by M. F. IJnwe; and in Fi-b. following u new paper w;is is-^ued in its place, called The Yonkers KxHmiiier, which is still published by M. F. Kowe. The Mount Vernon Gazette was commenced in 1R54 by Egbert A. S. Msnuing. It w;i3 discontinued in 1857. * The Siwannyx (Keup\ed the shores of the sniind from Ni>r- walk to near Hellgate: the M^tnlmttrun held the island of \.-w York, and as far n. as o[ pnsito Tappan; the iV.r./na/7'dham Pahmt was granted in 1671 to John Archer, and in- cluded 1.253 acres in the present town of West Farms. Scarsdale }\itent was granted March 21, 1701, to Caleb Ileath- cote, subject to an annual quitrent of £5. It included the present towns of Scarsdale, New Castle, North Castle, and a part of White Plains. 2 Two classes of brigands, equally destitute of principle, but professing attachment to opposite interests, infested the co., committing atrocious crimes without punishment, and often preying upon their nomiual friends with as little mercy as upon their avowed eneniies. Of these, the "Cowboys" pn> fessed tory sentiments, while the "Skinners"' were ostensibly attached to the American cause. The two parties often ope- rated in concert, the Cowboys bringing contraband goods from New York to exchange for the property plundered by the Skin- ners; and. when a pretext was necessary, a skirmish would occur, and the goods from the enemy would be openly borne away, as if lawfully cjiptured. — BnUfni's Westc/iester. I, p. 211. * Named from Itedfordsbire, England, whence many of the early settlers came. It formed part of the territory known as Kippowams. Privilege of plantation was granted under the present n.ime by a court of election held at iiartford. Conn., Slay 11, 16S2. In 1697 a patent was granted by Conn, to the town. In 1700 the royal approval vox obtained to the survey of 16S3 and '84, by which Bedford and Kye were included in New York; and in April, 1704, a patent with town privileges was granted by that colony. In 1690 there were 31 proprietors residing in town. * County courts ore held alternately here and at White Plains. The village was burned in the Kevolution by a party of Uriti.'^h light horse, on their route to Fairfield, Conn. Py an act piissed April 11, 1785, courts were ordered to be held in the frewb. church until the courthouse should be rebuilt, or till the fur- ther order of the Lejj;islature. 6 The title to 5,115 acres of land in this town became invested in Jacobus Van Cortbmdt at iin early period. This estate was divided in 174.3. Frederick Van Cortlandt receiving 1.424, Abram De Peyster 1,110, John Chambers l,2.s2, nnd Pet'T Jay 1,299 acres. Gov. John Jay, a son of Peter Jay, became invested with a large portion of the last raeotiuned allotment. The estate is still owned by his descendants. On a tract known as "the Hop (Jrounds" are still living many families of the same name as the first purchasers. Amon^r these are families named Green, Miller, Holme. Koberts, Ambler. Clark, Ayers, Westcott, Simpkin, Mead, Webb, Cla.son, and Iliggius. Tradition locates in this town the scene of a bloody engagement fought in Feb. 1644, between the Dutch and Indians, in which 500 of the latter perished. « 3 M. E., 2 Prot E., 2 Preab.. and Bap. T Named from the original patentee. 8 Named fmm Antoine De Hooge, Sec. of Rensselaerwyck. — Bensoiis Memoirs, p. 40. 9 Among these minerals are epidote, . is a small firebrick manufactory at Peekskill, using clay fc-oni N. .T. 1 Named from Jan Peek. — Benson^s Mem. p. 36 ; Bourn's West Chester. I. 62. The vicinity was called Sachus, or Sackhoes, by the natives, and the stream. Magrigaries. 8 Among the manufactories are 6 iron founderies, chiefly en- gaged in the manufacture of stoves and plows, and giving em- ployment to 300 men: 2 macliine shops, 2 tobacco factories, a pistol and Li^un factory, tannery, and gin ilistillery. 8 Named from the family of Verplanclia, former owners. This point lies opposite Stony Point; and upon it Fort La Fayette was erected during the ReTolution. King's Ferry, a part of an important military route, was between the two p lints. The fort was captun-d by the enemy, under Sir Henry Clinton in person, June 1, 1779. hut was abandoned Oct. 21 of that year. Col. Livingston held command of this place in 1780, at the time of Arnold's treason; and the headquarters of Oen. "Washington were located here for some time. Tliis lncality was called by thelniHan8"Meim;igh,"anii wag sold toSfeplianus Van Cortlandt inl6S3, with the lands e. called "App;imrighpogli." A small creek N. was called '• Tammoesis." The purchase was confirmed by patent, with a quitrent of 2 bushels of wheat. About 1734 it was h^-ld by John Lent, at an annual rent of one pepper-corn. — Bolt-yn^s H>.Uabe.rg Landing." S Named from Col. John P. Cruger, whose estate, including Oscawana Island, is adjacent. '■^Biiscnhel'" (the original name) was th.nd long known as ^'■TeUers JPoint," from Wm. Teller and Sarah his wife, first owners. The ship Vulture anchored opposite thia point Sept. 21, 1780. with Andr6's mission. 8 Tlie first store was built by Daniel Birdsall. in the vicinity of the Middle Dock. Capt. Swim is said to have 8.ailed the first slonp from Pemart's Dock, in 1773. — BnUon's ^Vkstrhest€r, I, 62. Many stirring events of the Revolution occurred in thia vici- nity, and the country suffered much from the enemy's incur- sions. In March, 1777, Col. Bird landed with 500 men, and the few Americtins stationed here fired the storfhou^es and retired. In Sept. 1777, the whole village was sacked and burned. Ed- mund t'alnifr, a tory spy. was hanged on Gallows Hill, 2 mi. N. of the village; and Daniel Strang, anotlier spy from the enemy, wan executed on a pear tree near the presi-nt academy. John Paulding, one of the captors of Andr6, was a native of thia vil- lage, and received from the State a farm in this town. HiM remains repose in the Episcopal graveyard, 2 mi. >'. of the vil- lage, where a neat monument was erected, at the expense of thi corporation of New York, in 1827 ; and the work waa completed with impoaing ceremonies Nov. 22 of that year. Gen. Pierre Van Cortlandt fornipfly resided 2 mi. n. of Peekskill ; and at this phice Gen. McDougal posted his advanced guard when the enemy took i>03session of Peekakill in March. 1777. East of the Van Cortlandt mansion stands St. Peli-r's Church, an old, di- lapidated building, erected in 1767. The united parishes of St. Peter's and St. Philip's were endowed by Oil. Beverly Robinsou, and the title was confirmed Mar. 27, 1794. The property ima been sold by order of the court of Chancery, and the avails equally divided between the two churches. 9 4 Friends, 4 M. K., 3 Prot. E., 2 Presb., Bap., Wes. Moth., Prot. Meth.. Ref. Prot. D., and R.C. '0 Anciently called '^ ffutchinsons" and afterward " T?if! T'-n Fitrms.'* Its present name waa used as early as 1666. — Bolton's Welam fir'O-neck. The latter ia more generally used, and is often contracted to " Mor- neck" or " Mar-neck," in common speech. It has been variously written Momoronack, Mamarinck, Mennack, and Momoronuck. It has been by some supposed to signify '' the place of rolling stones."— Boiton's Wfstchesttr, I, 282. There was an Indian chief of this name, who resided upon the Croton. 8 Formerly called ^' Mamaronfx^k PinnW *' Great Neck " and "iJe Lancet/s Neck." The eastern part of this neck is called Seamans Point, from Giles Seaman, former owner. The natives called it Waumainuck. The moflern name " Edgewater^' has been applied to this place. The western part is called "Long Beach Point." 10 Near this place is a rocking atone, estimated to weigh 150 tons, which may be mt^ved by the hand. 11 A town of tins name w.as formed March 7,1783. and annexed to Westchester Feb. 22, 1791. It was named in honor of Gou- verneur Morris, whoso estate was situated iu the town. 12 Named from Jordan L. Mott, principal founder of the works. Steel works have been erected near tlie rail road bridge. By act of March 31. 1790. Lewis Morris was allowed to build a toil bridge at this place across Harlem Kiver. lie assigned! his right to John B. Coles, who was nlluwed. March 24, 179.i, to build a dam in Harlem River, with locks, and liability for damages. 702 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. churches, an extensive iron foundery, and 843 inhabitants. Port Morris,' upon the Sound, has a harbor of 60 ft. depth ; and it is proposed to land vessels here that draw too much water to enter New York Harbor. A branch of the Harlem R. R. 2| mi. long connects this place with Melrose. Wilton, Old Morrisania, East Itlorrisania, Tf'est Morrlsania, South Mel- rose, East Melrose, Eltona, Woodstock, Clareniont, and High Brld^evllle, are suburban village plats. A tract kndwn as Broncks Land," granted by Gov. Nicoll to Jonas Broncks, was sold to Richard Morris in 1G08; and on May 9, 1697, Lewis Morris obtained a patent for the township or Manor of Morrisania, with a quitrent of 6 shillings. Prior to the Revolution it formed one of the precincts of Westchester parish. Early in the war a division of the American army was stationed here ; but after the disasters of Long Island it retired northward, and British troops were posted there, but not without annoyance from partisan corps. The dwellings at Mor- risania were burned the same day as was the courthouse at White Plains. MOriVT PL,EASAHfT— was formed March 7, 1788. Ossining was taken off in 1845. It lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is broken by high ridges, the principal of which are Buttermilk and Chappaqua Hills. Bronx River forms the E. boundary ; and Neperhan and Pocantico Rivers flow obliquely across the town. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam, well adapted to cultivation. There are several marble quarries in town.' Pleasantville,' (p. v.,) near the n. line, contains 2 churches and 358 inhabitants. Ifnion- ville, (Neperhan p. o.,) a station upon the Harlem R. R. contains 97 inhabitants. Beek- mantown, on Pocantico River, in the s. w. partof the town, is a suburb of Tarrytown. It con- tains 5 churches, the Irving ami Tarrytown Institutes, and about 1,500 inhabitants. Sleepy Holloi'T,'' Upper Cross Roads, and Lower Cross Roads are hamlets. This town was included in the Manor of Philipsburgh, granted to Frederick Philipse; and by his will, dated Dec. 9, 1702, he granted to his son Adolph the portion of the manor n. of Dobbs Ferry, including this town. The title descended to his son Frederick, and was forfeited by the attainder of a son of the latter of the same name in 1779. One of the principal grantees under the State was Gerard G. Beeckman. Many Revolutionary associations are connected with this town; and several encounters took place within its limits. The census reports 6 churches in town.' MEW CASTEE'— was formed from North Castle, March 18, 1791. A part of Somers was annexed May 12, 1846. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surface is much broken by hills having a general course a little E. of n., the principal of which are Mount Prospect and the Chappaqua Hills, terminating in Mount Kisko. The Neperhan, Bronx, and Po- cantico Rivers rise in this town. Upon the borders are Chappaqua, Wampas,' and Kirby Ponds, and Croton Lake. Chappaqua Sulpluir Springs, 4 mi. N. E. from Sing Sing, have acquired a local notoriety. The soil is a gravelly clay and sandy loam. Mount Kisko (p. o.) is a small village and R. R. station, on the line of Bedford. 'Kew Castle (p. o.) is a small scattered village, upon Kirby Pond, near the line of Bedford. Chappaqua^ (p-O-) is a r. r. station, near the s. line. Sarlesville is a hamlet, uear the center of the town ; and here the town business is generally transacted. This town w.as included within Richbell's purchase of 1660, and, with other lands, was sold to Caleb Heathoote, and was patented to him and 10 associates'" Feb. 14, 1701. It was afterward known as the "West Patent of Northcastle," or simply "West Patent." Settle- ment began about 1720, or a little earlier. At the time of the Revolution it formed one of the precincts of Rye parish. It was greatly annoyed by sudden incursions of plundering parties ; and St. George's church was for a long time occupied as a guardhouse and hospital by the Continental troops. The census reports 5 churches in town." MEW ROCOEEEE — was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Sound, in the s. part of the co., and extends northward in a long, narrow strip. The surface is moderately The bridge at Ilarlom leading to Mott Haven is liuw free, the charter ot its firmer owners liavinfj expired in 185S. The bridge formerly known us Macomb's Bridge is removed, and is about being relmilt. I Sometimea called " Morrisport." Named from Ocuverneur Morris, the principal owner. 2Called by the natives Itaoachque. a Tlie New (irieans Custom House was built of marble from a qUJtrry in the n. e. part of this town. * Formerly called " darks Comers.*' 6 Sleepy lloliow is noted tor being the scene of oneof Irving's celebrated legends. The Dutch church at this place was formed in 1697, and the edifice erected in 1699. The communion table and service plate, originally given by the first lord of the manor, are still preserved. • 2 Bef. Prot. D, M. E., Prim. Meth., Prot. E., and R. C. 'Called by the Indians Shappaqua, said to signify "a vegetable tooV— Bolton's H'ustc'teslfr, I, 361. 8 Named from the sachem, chief proprietor of these lands in 1696, whose residence is said to have been near. 3 Pronounced SbAp-pa^uaw. It is sometimes written Chape- qua, 10 These patentees were Bobt, Walters. Leigh Atwood, Corne- lius Depeyster. Caleb lleathcote, Matthew Clark.son, John Cald- well, Kichard Slater, Lancaster Simes, Bobt. Lusting, and Barne Ojsens. It WHS settled by families named Ward, Concklin, Hyatt, Underhilt, yaight. Carpenter, Green, Kirby. Davenport, Van Tassel, Gnffen, Tompkins. Kipp. Secor, Brady, Reynolds, Quinly, and Merrith, u 2 M. E., 2 Friends, and Prot. E. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 703 uneven and in some parts stony. Davenports Neck,* a peninsula containing 200 acres, and several fine islands in the Sound, belong to this tmvn.^ Crystal Lake, e. of the village, is chiefly cele- brated for its ice, large quantities of which are annually "harvested." The soil is fertile and peculiarly adapted to fruit raising.^ IVeiV Roclielle, (p. v.,) upon an estuary from the Sound, in the e. part of the town, was incorp. Oct. 5, 1857. It contains 6 churches, several private schools, and about 2,000 inhabitants. A portion of the village and the lands surrounding it are occupied by elegant villas and country residences of persons doing business in New York. The steamboat landing is a half mile s. w. of the village, on a small island connected with the main land by a stone causeway. The village is a station on the N. Y. & N. 11. R. R. Beechwood Cemetery, incorp. Jan. 30, 1854, lies a mile w. of the village. West IVew Rochelle, Petersville,* and l^pper IVe'W Roclielle are scattered villages, mostly inhabited by Germans. This town was embraced in the Manor of Pelham, and was sold by John Pell, Sept. 20, 1G89, to Jacob Leisler, for the settlement of a company of French Huguenots. These people are said to have been brought over in one of the king's ships, and to have landed on the n, e. part of Davenports Neck, then called ''Bavffets" or ''Bounfoys PoinV^ They mostly purchased under Leisler in 1690. There were 23 freeholders in town in 1708. The town records commence Nov. 1, 1699, and until 1735 were kept partly in French. They were suspended from April 2, 1776, to June 24, 1783. A French church was organized in 1089, and in 1709 most of the members conformed to the Epis- copal faith; and this denomination are now owners of pi'operty given by Pell. The Presbyterians also claim succession from the tirst French church, a part of the members of which did not conform.^ IVORTII CASTliE^— was formed March 7, 1788. New Castle was taken off in 1791. It occupies a long, narrow strip on the e. border of the co., adjoining Stamford and Greenwich, Conn. Its surface is much broken by hills,^ particularly in the w. part. It is drained by Maharness, Byram, and Bronx Rivers and their branches. Rye Pond lies on the s. border; Byram Pond on the line of Bedford ; and Wampus Pond on the line of New Castle. Cobamong Pond, a mile e. of Byram Pond, has no inlet and is very deep. The soil is clay and sandy loam, ^ortli Castle (p.v.) contains a church and a few houses. Ariuonk,^ (p-"^-*) near the center, contains 3 churches, a woolen factory, and 20 houses. Kensico,"^ (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains several manufactories and 103 inhabitants. Qua.rter Station is on the N. H. R. R., in the extreme s. part. The first settlements commenced at a very early period." The census reports 7 churches in town.'^ IVORTH SAl-EM^'— was formed March 7,1788. A part was annexed to Lewisboro in 1844. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly, the summits rising 100 to 300 ft. above the valleys. Croton River forms the w. boundary. Titicus'* River, a principal branch of the Cro- ton, flows w. from Conn, through near the center. The valley of this stream varies in width from i mi. to IJ mi., and is bordered by steep hills. Peach Pond, on the n. border, covers 400 acres. 1 Formerly "Laj/Jfrs'^ (" Leslies") and "L^our^.t" Neck. Bought in nS6 by Newberry Davenport, and since owned by the Daven- port family. * Davids or Hewletts Island. Named from Thaddeus Davids, the owner. It contains about 100 acres, and is fitted up for pic- nic and pleasure parties. Steamboat excursions are occa-sinnally made thither from the city. Goat, Marketts, Whortleberry, Locust, and Van Cleeae Islands also belone; to this town. Bur- dens Point, on Davenport Neck, is also a place of resort, 8 From 12 to 20 acres are devoted to raising blackberries, — chiefly the variety known as the " New Rochelle or Lawtou blackberry," orlt-'inally a eeedling from the fields, which has proved of much value. There are also extensive nurseries in town. * Formerly called "New Jerusalem." 6 The purchase included 6.000 acres, to which Pell added 100 acres for the use of the French church. Among the refugees were Francis Le Count, David De Bonrepas, Alexis Allaire, Har- vey Beipnon, Esaye V.ineau, Andrew Thaunet. David Bonnefoy, Ijouis Guion, Pierre Das. Pierni Palcot, Andrew Naudin and Bons Andrew and Louis, Theophile and Chas. Fourrestier, Am- broise t*ycard and sons Ambroise, Daniel, and Jacques, Ouil- laume Liiudrie, G. Latteneau, Isivaq Caillard. Marie Cothon- neau and her son Guillaume. j€tfin Newfuillo, Est'.'i-!>ie LaviEne, and Jean Constant. Tbos. Paine, author of "Common Sense." died in this town in 1^09, and his remains were taken to Kng- land by Cobbett in 1819. His admirers have erected a monu- ment over the spot where he was interred. 6 Thei-e are now 8 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Prot. E., Preeb., Bap., Af. Meth., and R. 0. ' Formerly " Whitfi Fields," and afterward deaignated the ^'Liberty of North Castle.'' 8 Mt. Misery, in the 8. e. angle. 200 to 300 ft. above the valley, is named from the fact that a large party of Indians were cut off here by the Huguenots, in retaliation for a descent npon New Rocln:nordering on Stamford and New Canaan, Conn. Its surface is hilly and much broken. The Stony Hills occupy the N. part and extend 3 or 4 mi. in a N. E. direction, with steep, craggy sides and rocky summits. Cross River flows through the extreme n. corner, Stamford Mill River flows s. through the E. part, and Maharness River forms a part of the s. w. boundary. Cross Pond is on the E. line. The soil is a gravelly loam. Poiindridg^e, (p. o.,) near the center, is a small settlement with 2 churches. Boutonto^'n is a hamlet, in the N. corner. The first settlement commenced near the center of the town, in 1744, by Capt. Joseph Lockwood and associates, from Stamford, Conn. There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., Prot. Meth., and Presb. RYE * — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on the e. border of the s. part of the co. It is a narrow, irregular strip, bordering on the Sound and Greenwich, Conn. Its surface is broken and rocky. Byram River* forms a small part of the E. boundary, and Blind Brook a part of the w. The soil is chiefly clay. There are quarries of hard, blue granite in town. Along the coast are several small islands.* The mirage is frequently seen upon the coast, bringing to view the shore of Long Island with great distinctness. Rye, (p. v.,) a station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R.. contains 3 churches, a private seminary, and 300 inhabitants. Milton, in the s. part, is a hamlet, with 1 church. Ryebeacli is a place of resort during the hot season. Port Chester, (p. v.,) a station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R., contains 5 churches, several private seminaries, extensive manufactories,' and 1,695 inhabitants. Kingstreet is a fine agricul- tural district, extending nearly 7 miles n. of Port Chester. The first settlement was commenced on Manursing Island.* The census reports 9 churches in town.' SdiRSDAliE'" — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies in the interior of the s. part of the co. Its surface is broken by ridges and hills. Bronx River forms the w. boundary, and the e. angle borders on tiie Mamaroneck. Hutchinson and Sheldrake Creeks rise in this town. The soil is a olayey and sandy loam. It has no villages, and is the least populous town in the co. Scars- dale, (p. 0.,) in the w. part, contains a church and a few houses. Scarsdale Station, on the Harlem R. R., is on the w. border of the town. In the s. corner of the town is a Friends meeting house, on a site used for that purpose long before the Revolution. Gov. Tompkins was a native of this town; and Chief Justice Morris and Maj. Wm. Popham — for many years clerk of the Court of Exchequer — resided here. The census reports 2 churches in town , Prot. E. and Friends. SOIHERS" — was formed March 7, 1788, as " Steplientown." Its name was changed April C. 1808. A part was annexed to New Castle in 1846. It lies on the n. border of the co., near the 1 Upon these 'premises is a rocking stone weighing about 20 ton^. « This settlement was soon after broken up by the Indians, who killed IS persons, including the founder. » Named from the ancient Indian pound, or deer trap, which formerly stood at the foot of a high ridge 5. of the present vil- lage.— M(OJi's WMlchest/ir, II, p. 1. This town was embraced in Turner's Purchase of 1640, and once formed part of Stamford. Conn. The Patent of Stamford, granted May 26. 16S.5, included a portion of this town. In the settlement of boundaries in 1731, four miles were taken from Conn. A grant was made March 2, 1701. to Robert Walters, .lohn CholwcU, Leigh Atwood, Corne- lius De Pcyster, Richard Slater, Barne Cosens, Lancaster Symes, Matthew Clarkson, Robert Lurting. Peter Matthews, and Caleb Heathcote. This grant was subsequently known as the "East Patent." It was sold Aug. 7, 1766, under " an act for the more effectual collecting of his Majesty's quitrcnts." Families named Lockwood, Ambler, Forsher, Bishop, Ferris, Hoyt, Holley, Brown, Sillick, and Scofield were purchasers under this sale. Until 1775 the town formed one of the precincts of Rye. In 1S21. 900 acres were sold to satisfy the State claim to quitrents in the East Patent. * Called by the Indians " Poningoe.'* 6 Called by the Indians " Armonck." The meadows bordering it were called " Hascco" and *' Miosehassaky." •Manursing, called by the Indians "Minnewies," or Pine, Ilonhawk, Great, Middle, and Little Captains Islands. 7 These consist of a foundery, edge tool, bolt, sirew, and rod factory, tide gristmill, and a last and shoe factory. 8 This island was bought by the Dutch W. I. Company, who sold it .lune 29, ICOO, to John Coe, Peter Disbrow. and Tboe. Studwell. The proprietors proposed to name the place Hastings, and i.ssued a declaration of allegiance to the Iting, to which was annexed a description of their proposed town, embracing the country between Byram River and Blind Brook. Upon the final annexation to New York it was formed intn a market town, with the privilege of holding a fair of four days, begin- ning on the 2d day of October. Courts of special se.s'iions were also held here. Tlie Dutch made the first Indian purch!i.so in this region, in 1640 : and numerous conveyances were afterward made. By the agreement of 1660, this town was included in Conn. In 1683 it was assigned to New York. In 1696 it was again claimed by Conn.; and the present line was fully settled May 14. 17.'^0. The charter of Rye was granted Aug. 12. 1720. « 3 M. E., 2 Prot. E., 2 Presb., Af Meth.. and R. C. ic Named from Scarsdale, in England, whence the Heath- cote family came. In colonial times this town formed part of the manor of Scarsdale. n Named from Capt. Richard Pomers,the intrepid and gallant hero of the Tripolitan War, '* Stfphentoyim'' was named from Stephen Van Cortlandt. Prior to 17HS, it formed part of tim ti>wn8hip of Hanover, within Cortbindt Manor : and under tbo natives it formed part of the territory of Amapogh, or Amma- walk.— Soiton'j Watchtster, II, f. 131. 46 706 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. center. Its surface is broken by ridges in the s. ; in other parts it spreads out into level plains. Croton River forms the s. E. boundary. Musooot River' and Plum Brook flow s. through the town into Croton River. Croton Lake, the fountain head of the Croton Water Works, lies in the s. If. corner, extending into Yorktown. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Somers, (p. v.,) in the Jf. E. part, contains 2 churches, a bank, and 20 houses.* Croton Falls, (p. v.,) in the N. E. corner, on the line of North Salem, is a small village and station on the Harlem R. R. It has a good Water-power. 'West Soniers (p. o.) is a hamlet. This town, in the allotment of the manor in 1734, fell to the share of Mrs. Margaret Bayard, Philip and Stephen Van Cortlandt, Andrew Johnston, Miller, Stephen De Lancey, and Mrs. Susannah Warren. The census reports 5 churches in tovpn.' WESTCHESTER'— was organized as a town, Nov. 7, 1788. West Farms was taken off in 18-lG. It lies on the Sound, in the extreme s. part of the co. It is bounded on the w. by Bronx River, and on the s. and e. by the Sound. Its surface is generally low and flat along the coast and rolling further inland. Several bays and estuaries extend far inland and divide the land into several peninsulas and necks. The principal of the latter are Classons Point,* between Bronx and Westchester Rivers ; Zeregors Point, next E. ; and Throggs Neck,* a long and narrow promontory extending s. e. into the Sound. About 2,500 acres along Westchester River is a salt meadow, a portion of which is held as public property and managed by 3 trustees. The people are princi- pally engaged in gardening and fruit growing. Westcliester, (p. v.,) at the head of navi- gation on Westchester Creek, is a scattered village of about 1,000 inhabitants. Bl'Onxdale, on the line of West Farms, has an extensive tape factory, a dye and bleach works, and about 400 inhabitants. Scliuylervllle, upon Throggs Neck, is a scattered village of 300 inhabitants. Integrity, near Bronxdale, has a tape factory. ConnersvlIIe, Wakefield, Center- ville, and (Inionport are modern villages. Fort Scliuyler, upon the extremity of Throggs Neck, was begun in 1833 ; and in 1851 $848,013 had been expended upon it. The estimated cost of construction and repairs was then $873,013.' The first settlement on Throggs Neck was made in 1642, by John Throckmorton and 35 associates, from New England, with the consent of the Dutch. The Indian title to the land was extinguished in 1643, by the Dutch, and a land brief was granted in that year, and another in 1052. The English began a settlement at Westchester' in 1642; but the Dutch, considering them intruders, arrested several of them, and in 1656 they surrendered themselves to the Dutch Government. The settlement was claimed by Conn, in 1063 ; but the next year it came under the government of the Duke of York. A patent was granted by Gov. NicoU, Feb. 13, 1667, and by Gov. Dongan, Jan. 6, 1686. A market was established at West- chester, May 11, 1693, to be held weekly; and the same year an annual fair was established, to meet alternately at this place and Rye. It was made a borough town April 16, 1696, with mayor, aldermen, and common council, " according to the form of the best governed towns and corpora- tions of the realm of England," and the right of holding a mayor's court, and a representation by one delegate in General Assembly. The De Lancey family, prominent officials under the Colonial Government, and loyalists of the Revolution, resided in this town. The first church (Cong.) was formed soon after the arrival of the first settlers.' WEST FARMS— was formed from Westchester, May 13, 1846. Morrisania was taken off in 1855. It lies upon the Sound and along Harlem River, in the s. part of the co. The surface is rolling, the ridges extending n. and s. Bronx River forms its E. boundary, and Sawmill Brook flows through the center. Its soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, rendered very productive by scien- tific farming. West Farms, (p. v.,) a large village at the head of navigation on Bronx River, 1 This river is said to discharge 3,628,800 gallons of water per day. 2 Hachaliah Bailey, of Somers, about 1815 imported the first elephant brought into the United States. '-Old Bet" with other animals soon after imported formed the first travel- ing menagerie in the country, with which Van Amburgh, the Lion Tamer, wtis afterward associat»>d. Thjiddoua and Gerard Crane, Lewis Titus, and John June, familiar to the public as enterprising showmen, were from this town and North Salem. 3 2 M. E.,"2 Presb., and Prot. K. * The Dutch called this region •^VreedlandC^ or the land of reace. and the village '■ 0erhan, a stream that enters the Hudsun in the lower part of Yookers Village, affords a coo- siderable amount of water-power. 708 "WESTCHESTER COUNTY. ness in New York. Yonkers, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the town, was incorp. April 12, 1855. It contains 9 churches, several private seminaries,^ 2 hanks, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1859, 6,800. It is a steamboat landing,^ and a station on the Hudson River R. R. It has several manufactories and a gi*eat number of beautiful suburban villas.* Spuyten Duyril, (p. v.,) on the creek separating the town from New York, is the seat of several large founderies, and is principally inhabited by operatives. Tucksilioe, (p.o.,) an old settlement in the e. part, is a station upon the Harlem R, R.* Near this place are several marble quarries. Kin^S Bridge (p.o.) lies upon Harlem River, and is connected with New York City by a bridge. Riverdale, below Yonkers, is a group of villas and a r. r. station. Soiitli TonkerN is a p. o. The Croton Aqueduct passes through this town from n. to s. A castellated stone mansion, built by Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, on the banks of the Hudson, a mile below Yonkera, has lately been purchased for an educational institution by the Roman Catholics.* The country now included in Yonkers, West Farms, and Morrisania, and containing about 24,000 acres, ■was granted to Adrian Van der Donck in 1640, with the right and title of Patroon. He gave to his estate the title of **Colen Donck" perfected its title by purchase from the Indians, and took measures lor its improvement.* There are 15 churches in town.' YORKTOWM8— was formed March 7, 1788. It lies upon the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is broken and hilly. The Highlands lie along the n. border; and several points are elevated 600 to 1,000 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Croton River,® flowing across the s. part. Moharsic Lake,^" near the center, Mohegan Lake, in the n. part, and Magriga- nies Lake, in the n. e. corner, are small bodies of water. Crompond, (Yorktown p. o.,) near the cfenter. Pines Bridge, (p. o.,) near the e. line, JeflTerson Valley, (p. o.,) in the n. e. corner, and Sbrub Oak, (p. o.,) near the n. line, are hamlets. A rolling mill, wire factory, gristmill, and sawmill have been erected 2 mi. w. of Croton dam. This town formed a part of Cortlandt Manor, and in the division of 1734 fell to the shares of Andrew Miller, Gertrude Beeck- man, Cornelia and John Schuyler, Gertrude A^erplanck, EJizabeth Skinner, John Watts, Philip Verplanck, and Susannah Warren. A Presb. church built at Crompond^'*about 1738 was burned July, 1779, and a committee in Congress in 1839 reported in favor of paying $3,500 for the loss, as the premises had been used as a storehouse by the Continental troops. Col. Green was surprised in this town May 13, 1781, by a party of refugees, in which affair Maj. Flag, 2 subalterns, and 27 luen were killed, and many wounded. The census reports 7 churches in town," 1 The priDCipal of these are the Yonkers Collegiate Inatitnte and G.vmnaeiam, conducted on the miUtary system, Starr's Board- iDg School, several female seminaries, and a public free school. - The steamer Henry Clay was burned not far from this place, on her down trip. July 28, 1852. Of 500 persons on board, nearly 100 perished, among whom was A.J. Downing, the editor and author. 3 The Manor Hall, near the center of the village, built about 1745. was one of the seats of the Philipee family. 4 Hodgman's Rubber Goods Manufactory, located at this place, wmploys about 75 hand?. & An edifice of fine architectural proportions and great size was erected, in 1858, in the rear of the mansion. The premises form the institution formerly located on the Central Park in New York, and are under the charge of Sisters of Charity. c Van der Donck subsequently took an active part in repre- senting in Holland the interests of the colonists against the alleged tjTanny of tlie %Vest India Company and its servants, and finally succeeded in his efforts, notwithstanding the enmity of Gov. Stuyvesant and the influence he was able to bring to oppose him. Ue died in 1655, and his estate was afterward sold in detached portions by his widow. His settlement was laid waste by the Indians. Sept. 15, 1655, and probably remained imocoupied until after the English conquest. In 1672 Frederick Flypsen or Philipse, with Thos.Delaval and Thos. Lewis, bought 8,000 acres of CoIpu Donck, nearly all in the present town of Yonkers; and subsequently the former became sole owner to Kings Bridge. For one of these thirds he paid £530. These poHscasions were extended, by fiirther purchase, to Croton and Bronx Rivers; and in June, 1693, the Lordship or Manor of Philipr^burgh was erected, with all the rights, honors, or privi- leges enjoyed by the most favored, excepting that of represen- tation in the General Assembly. He established a drawbridge at. Spuyten Duyvil Creek, built a church, still standing, in Sleepy ilollow.and made other improvements. His descendants occupied a prominent position in the colonial government; but, hiding with the royal cause, he lost every thing in the ]{evolu- tion. Col. F. Philipse, the last proprietor of this estate, was paid jC62,075 by the Britiah Government, aa an eqnivaU-nt for this loss; and his estates were sold by the State to his tenants at very moderate rates. £62,075 by the British Government, as an equivalent for this loss; and his estates were sold by the State to his tenants at very moderate rates. 7 4 Prot. E., 3 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 K.C., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., Wes. Meth., and Unila. 8 The country E. of Cortlaudtown was called by the Mohegane Appanraghpogh ; and the e. part of Yorktown is still celled ^ Amawaik," — probably an abbreviation. — Buiton's Westchester^ 21, p. 377. 9 The Croton dam, at the head of the Croton Aqueduct, is in this town. At the top it is 166 ft. above tide and 65 ft. above the bed of the river; 61 feet wide at low water level, with openings of 90 and 180 feet for the passage of the surplus waters. Between these is a partition, forming the foundation of the gatehouse and sluiceway for relieving the stnicruro from the i)res8ure of the lake, and for the discharge of water during repairs. The water flows over an ogee-curved apron of cut stone laid upon hewn timber, and is received in a pond, forme .s 1 Schools. | 1 1 1 1 1 1 I! 1 5 1 i 674 1,676 935 1,192 240 385 226 704 345 607 467 318 900 122 313 666 74 316 582 2,419 262 1,436 466 1 464 679 597 624 162 288 81 269 220 100 277 188 615 78 250 411 45 157 303 1,445 90 668 32* ^1 41 ii Bedford 21,243i 13,614) 4,5064 12,702 8,6164 12,6404 2,8314 13,3964 11,211 3,601 11,4024 10,970 6.891 1,901 8,2144 6,090 2,801} 17,2»14 6,479 3,2364 3,276 9,699 18,389J 3,473 6.9664 13,524 2,1824 1,676 4,9-24 1,051 3,1304 2,781 1.662 4.4104 2,051 1,304 1,333 3,894} 1,251 1,1324 3.110 2,5794 992 9,317 4,267 6,035 $1,326,990 2.614,150 1,216.705 4,051,067 723,550 810,786 683,595 1,768,362 1,684,766 697,388 l,360,aOU 676,133 801,427 1,404.033 533,000 345.734 1,468.967 334,592 1,046,691 1,808.915 1,865,274 771,610 4.072,128 1,069.492 $275,180 502.600 243.845 487,600 141,660 144,642 46,100 81,5,600 261,979 148.S22 429.800 119,225 202,750 416,400 213,760 78,774 628,348 86,820 319,842 422,900 364,500 170,756 816.640 176,885 $1,602,170 3,116,760 1,460,550 4,538,667 866,110 955,427 629,696 2,583,862 1,846,746 846,210 1,780,700 794.368 1,004,177 1,820,433 746,760 421.508 1,997,315 421.412 1.366,633 2,231.816 2,229,774 942,366 4,887,668 1,246,377 1,706 4,500 2,425 3,093 Oil 889 625 1,783 879 1,489 1,213 736 3,173 391 709 1,681 206 859 1,748 6,173 627 3,696 1,156 1,758 3,968 2,290 3,342 660 8S6 643 1,894 883 1,612 1,202 792 2,685 442 730 1,817 240 885 1.716 6,263 796 3,859 1,190 40,352 I 615 1,181 774 924 218 338 172 640 317 497 395 289 662 119 281 631 62 304 493 2,035 233 1,368 410 14 17 5 9 6 9 2 1 10 8 2 7 8 6 2 6 5 1 8 3 4 2 6 9 1,098 3,110 1,600 2,204 511 660 364 2,748 1,241 572 1,163 830 626 1,613 246 469 1,903 1.37 678 1.216 1,928 448 2,621 717 Greenburgh Uarrison Morri-iania" Mount Pleasant Newcastle NowRochelle. North Castle North Salem Oasiaiog Poundridge Rye Scarsdaie Somers Westchester Yonkers Yorktown Total 209,140} 81,9474 32.926.284 7,418,117 40,343.401 40,326 12.758 15,225 8,216 145 30.301 Names of Towns. Live Stock. Agricultural Products. ^.2 i a1 III 1 1 1 Bosh, or Giluk. i li Dairy Pboducts. s % 1^1 1 i D. g Bedford Cortlandt 461 725 263 466 221 319 104 389 272 166 326 2.30 338 78 157 237 116 394 376 408 167 683 638 922 940 238 832 669 781 154 827 658 282 647 6.34 427 108 607 397 162 1,147 446 241 208 603 1,2M 2,127 1,636 695 858 766 1.386 233 1,0.^8 1.074 343 898 1,266 686 126 92 430 213 1,705 676 1,296 229 661 1,728 20,078 665 302 17 1,949 176 440 30 1,357 476 88 136 417 111 472 40 261 1,69.1 48 24 246 705 1,677 1,412 1,491 684 1,449 842 913 267 1,469 763 445 1,166 606 831 125 683 684 325 1,639 567 822 483 1.26S 2.1,57 9,940 7,000 1.716 6,7504 4,2264 3,670 621 5,0734 4,5304 2,340 4.6064 2.4424 2,096 563 2.186 2,436 1,774 6,883 1,236 280 2,367 6,243 8,a)14 61,8334 36,730 15,.SS1 34,3624 20,404 36,9904 6,676 49,0984 31,2614 11.519 29.:J35} 26,440j 21.847 6,697 15,9694 16.722i 8.552 67.9704 22,836 7,842 17,533 80,1624 63,986 630,438) 8,344 6,1004 2,672 6,127 4,187 4,3904 1,121 6,7974 4,902 2.471 4,600i 4.690 3,004 9^8 2.30)1 4,093 1.225 6,676 3.174 2.786 2.502 3.327 7.237 31,43 18,94 4,47 14,40 9,38 12,20 2,98 18,98 9,11 4..34, 17,78 7.22 8.76 2.20 6,66 7,.5a 2.08 22,80< 10.00 12.96 7,94 17.73 36.37 1 3,333 1 934 1 146 ) 430 1 2,173 ) 1,876 ) 636 r 1,717 r 472 ! 156 i 1,6094 ) 1,447 2 510 ! 1.346 ! 1.731 I 493 ) 6.765 ) 108 ) 118 i 2.243 ) 29,006 3,889 76.854 85,830 19.732 48,962 44,616 62,767 16,957 60,258 34.260 19,600 92,036 77.376 22,236 7,910 66,029 24,213 17,339 101.278 20.965 8,537 21,510 37,6M 149,901 200 140 100 926 100 120 100 495 40 40 25 135 48 209 30 Greenburgh..... Mamaroneck Mount Pleasant New Rochelle North Castle North Salem Ossining Pelham Poundridge. Rye Scarsdale Somers Westchester Yorktown Total 7.332 13.074 11,321 '20.861 85.1654 90.496J'2S6,24< 60.13741,116,689 2.180 487 «FonnedsiQce the census of 1855. This town is estimated to embrace 7,000 acres, and to contain 4,000 malee and 4,150 femaleo. WYOMING COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee, May 14, 1841. Eagle, Pike, and a part of Portage were annexed from Allegany co. ia 1846. It is an interior county, in the s. w. part of the State, sepa- rated from Lake Erie by Erie co., and from the Penn. line by Cat- itaraugus and Allegany. It is centrally distant 228 miles from 3 Albany, and contains 590 sq. mi. Its surface is abroad, rolling j upland, divided into ridges and broken by ravines worn by the > Htreams. It has a slight inclination toward the n. The summits of the highest ridges are 1,200 to 1,500 ft. above Lake Erieand 1,700 to 2,000 ft. above tide. Several of the ravines in the n. are 1 ,000 ft. below the summits of the adjacent ridges. In the interior the ridges are broken, and the country begins to assume the hilly character which is more fully developed further s. Genesee River, which forms a portion of the E. boundary, is bordered by steep bluffs 200 to 400 ft, high. Near Portageville the river descends from the plateau, in a series of three falls, to a depth of more than 300 ft, within a distance of 2J mi. The water has worn a deep and irregular ravine in the shelving rocks, and the nearly per- pendicular banks at the foot of the lower falls are 380 ft, high. The deep gorge, with the rapida and falls, form one of the wildest and most picturesque scenes in "Western New York.* The other principal streams are Cayuga, Tonawanda, Little Tonawanda, Oatka, East Coy, Wis- coy, Cattaraugus, and Buffalo Creeks. The valley of Oatka Creek, from near the s. border of Warsaw to the n. line of the co., is bordered by steep hills 400 to 1,000 ft. high. Silver Lake, in Castile, (the principal body of water,) is 3 mi. long and about ^ mi. wide. The rocks of this co. consist principally of the shales and sandstones of the Portage group. The summits of the southern hills are covered with the rocks belonging to the Chemung group. Thin layers of com- pact Portage sandstone are found in many parts of the co. and are extensively quarried for flagging. Upon the ridges little rounded eminences are frequently seen, appearing like drift hills ; but upon examination they are found to be shale rock covered with a thin soil. Marl and muck are found in considerable quantities in the swamps. The waters of Silver Lake and of several of the streams are constantly depositing lime in the form of marl. The drift deposits in the co. are very extensive, and the soil in some parts is derived from disintegration. Upon the hills it is mostly a clay loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys it is a fertile, gravelly loam and alluvium. The people are principally engaged in stock and wool growing and in dairying, for which the soil upon the hills is admirably adapted. Wheat, barley, corn, and fruits are largely cultivated in the valleys. Very little attention is paid to manufactures except such as are strictly necessary to an agricultural community. The county seat is located at Warsaw,^ The courthouse is a commodious brick edifice, situated in the n. part of the village. The co. clerk's office is a fireproof building, adjacent to the court- house. The jail is a wood building, arranged so as to enable the keeper to classify the prisoners J The Upper or Horse-Shoe Falls are about three-fourthfi of a mi. belo%y Portafreville. The name ia derived from the curve in the faceof the cliff over which the water flows. For a short distance above the edt^e of the precipice the water is broken by a succes- Bion of steps in the rock, forming a series of rapids. The height of the fall, including the rapids, is about 70 ft. The Middle Falls are about one-half mi. further down the river. For 2 or 3 rods above the edge of the clift" the water is broken into rapids, and then in an unbroken sheet it pours down 110 ft. into a chasm below, bounded by perpendicular ledges. A cave, called the " Devirs Oven,'' has been worn in the rocks under the w. bank, near the bottom of the falls. In low water 100 persons can be eeated vrithinit; but when the river is high it is filled with water, and is only accessible by boata. The Lower Falls consist of a series of rapids one-half mi. in extent, with an aggregate f:iH of 150 ft. For about 2 mi. below the Middle Falls the river pursues awinding and rapid course between high, perpendicular walls: then descends in a succession of steps almost as regular as a staircase, dives under a shelving rock, shoots out in a narrow p;igg not more than 15 ft. wide, rushes down a nearly perpendicu- lar descent of 20 ft., strikes against the base of high rocks stand- ing alinost directly in its course, whirls back, and. turning at nearly right angles, falls into a deep pool overhung with shelving 710 rocks. An isolated mass of rocks. 15 ft. in diameter and 100 ft. high, known ets^' Sugar Loaf," rises from the river bed nt the bend of the stream and receives nearly the whole force of the rushing water. It is bordered on one side by the present bed of the stream, jind on the other by a deep chasm which separates it from the E. bank of the river. Within the memory of people now living, the river flowed over the precipice on the level of the rock which now forms its w. bank, and Sugar Loaf was an island. These falls are accessible only from the w. The perpendicular bank on the w. side of the river at one point is 380 ft. high. 2 The commissioners named in the net to select the location were Peter R. Reed, of Onondaga, Pavis Hurd, of Niagara, and John Thompson, of Steuben. The building commissioners were John A.McKlwaine, Paul Rich.-irds.and Jourttb.-tn Perry. Trum- bull Cai-y, Esq., of Batavia, gave to the co.an ample public square upon which to erect the public buildings. The first cnnrtswere held at a public house at East Orangeville, in June. 1841. and the first meeting of the Board of Supervisors was at the same place. The first co. oflicers were Paul Uicharda, First Jiidfje : James Sprague, Peter Patterson, Jos. Johnson, Associatf Judges : W. Riley Smith. District Aitm-nn/; N. Wolcott. Co. Clerk; W. K. Groger, Sheriff'; and Harvey Putnam, Surrogate. WYOMING COUNTY. ni according to law.^ The poorhouse is situated on a farm of 97 acres near the w. border of Orange- ville, 9 mi. w. of Warsaw. The average number of inmates is 73, supported at a cost of 75 cts. per week each. The farm yields a revenue of about ^300.^ The Buffalo, New York & Erie R. R. extends s. e. through Attica, Middlebury, Warsaw, Gainesville, Castile, and Genesee Falls, crossing the Portage Falls and connecting with the N. Y. & E. R. R. at Hornellsville. A r. r. route has been surveyed, and a road-bed graded, from Attica s. w. to the Allegany River.^ There are 5 weekly newspapers published in the co.* The eastern tier of towns in this co., with the exception of a portion of Castile, belonged to the Ogden, Silver Lake, and Cotringer tracts of the Morris Reservation, and the remaining parts of the CO. to the Holland Land Purchase. TheGardeau Tract, containing 17,927 acres on both sides of the Genesee, was reserved for Mary Jemison (the '^old white wovian") by the Seneca Nation in their treaty with Robert Morris in 1797.^ About one-half of this tract lies in the present town of Castile. Upon this tract Mary Jemison and her descendants continued to reside until 1816, when she sold all but 2 sq. mi, on the w. side of the river to Micah Brooks and Jellis Clute. The remaining 2 mi. she sold in 1831 to Henry B, Gibson and Jellis Clute, and removed to the Cattaraugus Reservation. The first white man that lived within the limits of the co. was a tory, named Ebenezer Allen, who in consequence of his crimes fled from Penn. and joined the Indians about 1780. He located upon the Genesee, and for a time lived upon the lauds of Mary Jemison. He afterward built a saw and grist mill on the present site of Rochester, removed thence to Oatka Ci*eek,^ and thence to Canada.' The first permanent white settlers were John Tolles, Jacob AVright, Nathaniel Sprout, and Stephen Crow, in 1802. The settlements increased rapidly, and in a few years most of the best lands of the co. were taken up. Most of the early settlers were from New England; but the later immigrants have principally been Gei'mans. ATTICA— was formed from Sheldon, April 4, 1811. Orangeville was taken off in 1816. It 1 The courthouse, jail, and clerk's office were erected in 1842, at a cost of $1'2.000. s The poorhouse contains '22 rooms, and the inmates are pro- vided with good, substantial food ; but the bouse does not admit of proper accommodations for the paupers, or for classification of the insane, of which there are alway*a number. 8 The Allegany Valley Kailroad. * The Getfsre Eegistrr^ the first newspaper in the co., was established at Warsaw in 1S28 by L. k W. Walker, and was continued 6 months. Th& Waraaw Sentinel was commenced by Andrew W. Young in May, 1S30, and continued until Dec. 1831. when it was merged in the Republican Advocate at Batavia. Thz AUica Hepublican was commenced by David Scott in 1833- 34. It wa3 soon after changed to The Attica Republican and Genesee Advertiser. E. A. Cooley became its publisher, and changed it to The Attica Balance, and subsequently to The Attica Democrat, and continued it until 1846. The Genesee Recorder was commenced at Perry by Geo. M. Ship- per in 1834, and continued about 2 years. The American Citizen was commenced at Warsaw in 1836 by J. A. Hadley. After 1 year, it was removed to Perry and published by Mitchell & Warren. Mr. Mitchell con- tinued the publication until Jan. 1841, when it was re- moved to Rochester, The Pike Whig was commenced by Thoa. Carrier ia 1S38. Soon after, its name was changed to The Pike GazettCy and it was continued for about a year. The Watcht« Oiiizcn, and continued it until Aug. 1847. The Wyoming Republican was commenced at Warsaw by E. L. Fuller in 1844; it wiis published until March, 1847. The Attica Telegraph was commenced by Abraham Dinsmore in Oct. 184ti, and was published about 2 years. Tfie Old Eighth Whip wns commenced at Attica, April 1. 1848, by R. W. Dibble and W. H. Civer. After about 6 nios. Mr. Dibble retired and Mr. Giver continued the paper, as Thr Spirit of the Old Eighth, until 1850. The Attica Atlas was comniencL^ Jan. 1, 1851, by Silas Folsom, by wliom it is still published. The Chrii^tian InveMigator was puMishrd iit the office of tbe Free Citizen for 1 year. Edited by Win. Gooddell. The Wyoming fn. Ay Jlr. Gillet. The Wyoming Co. Mirror was commenced at War- saw in 18+ti by A. Ilulley. In 1856 it passed into the hands of Babbitt & Lewis, in 1858 to Lewis & Merrill, and in 185!) toH. A. Dudley, by whom it is still published. The Arcade Kuterprlse was started March 31, 1869, by J. H. Gibnon, and is still published. 6 The parents of Mary Jemison emigrated from Ireland in 1743, and Mary was born during the voyage across the ocean. The family settled upon the western frontiers of Penn., where they remained in peace until the breaking out of the French War in 1754. In 1755 a party of Indians visited the settlenu-nt and took the family prisoners, and on their retreat murdered all but Mary, then a girl of 12 or 13 years. She was carried captive to an Indian settlement on tbe Ohio, and adopted by two women who had lost a brother in the war. She grew to woman- hood among the Indians, adopted their habits and customs, wna twice married, and bad 8 children. — 3 sons and 5 daughters. After the Revolution she had an opportunity to return to her white friends; but she preferred to remain with her husband and children. She was greatly beloved by the Indians, and highly respected by the whites who became acquainted with lii-r. She retained her knowledge of the Knglish language, and to the last remembered the early instructions of her mother, and the last counsel which that mother gave when they were taken captive and the designs of the Indians to niui-d'or the father and mother became manifest. She died at the Cattaraugus Reservation, Sept. 19. 1833, aged 90 or 91 years. • This creek is still locally known as .\liens Creek. 7 Few characters mentioned in either histnry or fiction have approached so near the idea of total depravity as this bl(vid- thirsty monster. He was an openpolyganiist. — murdered sevend persons while professing the greatest friindsbip for them, — and while upon the war-trail with the Indians amused himself by dashing out tbe brains of Infants. 712 WYOMING COUNTY. lies upon the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the ravines of the streams. In the e. part are several considerable hills with long gradual slopes. Tonawanda Creek, the principal stream, flows through the N. w. corner, and receives numerous branches from the E., the largest of which is Crow Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Attica, (p. V.,) upon Tonawanda Creek, in the n. w. part of the town, was incorp. May 2, 1837. It contains a flourishing union school, a bank, a newspaper office, a flouring mill, and 5 churches. Pup. 1,184. Attica Center (p. o.) and Vernal are hamlets. The first settle- ment was made in 1802, by Zera Phelps.' The first religious services were held Sept. 21, 1809, by Rev. Royal Phelps, at which time the first church (Cong.) was formed, with 5 members.' BEIVIVIIVGTOIV— was formed from Sheldon, March 6, 1818. It is the N. w. corner town of the CO. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the ravines of small streams. Cayuga Creek and its branches drain the central, and Murder Creek the n. part of the town. Tonawanda Creek flows through the s. e. corner. The soil is a clayey, gravelly and sandy loam. Bennington Center (Bennington p. o.) contains 3 churches and 30 dwellings; and CowlesvIIIe, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part of the town, 2 churches and 206 inhabitants. Folsonidale (p. o.) is a hamlet, on Cayuga Creek, and has a valuable water-power. The first settlement was made near the center of the town, in 1802, by John Tolles, Jacob AVright, and William Barber, from Vt.' The first re- ligious services were conducted by Rev. Peter B. Root, in 1805. The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1807.* CASTILiE (Cas-tlle)— was formed from Perry, Feb. 27, 1821. It is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling and terraced upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Genesee River, forming a portion of the e. boundary, is bordered by steep banks 300 to 350 ft. above the water. In some places the faces of the bluffs are perpendicular ledges 200 ft. high. Numerous small tributaries of the river have worn deep lateral channels in these bluffs. The valley of Silver Lake occupies a wide and shallow basin in the n. part of the town.' Its outlet is toward the N. Wolf Creek rises in a swamp near the head of the lake and flows s. A wide, level valley, bordered by low terraces, extends from the e. shore of the lake and opens into the valley of Wolf Creek at Castile Village. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Castile (p. V.) lies on Wolf Creek, in the s. w. part of the town. It is a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R. Pop. 682. St. Helena, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, in the s. e. corner of the town, contains 20 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 18D8, by Robert Whalley, from R. I., 1 mi. e. of Castile Village.* The first religious services (Bap.) were held near the s. end of Silver Lake, in 1816, by Elder Benj. Luther.' COIIVA — was formed from Sheldon, March 6, 1818. Java was taken off in 1832. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling or hilly upland, broken by valleys. Catta- raugus Creek flows s. w. through near the center of the town, and receives several tributaries, the principal of which is Clear Creek, from the s. From the valleys the town spreads out into a rolling region, with long gradual slopes arable to their summits. The highest point is the ridge in the N. E., which is 1,100 ft. above Lake Erie, as determined by actual survey. The soil of the upland is a clayey and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Arcade (China p. o.) is situated at the junction of Cattaraugus and Clear Creeks, in the s. w. part of the town. It has a fine 1 Among the other early settlers were Deacon Porter, Nath'l Sprout, and Maj. P. Adams. The first child born was Harriet Phelps, July 25. 1803 ; the first marriage, that of Stephen Crow and Lucy Elwell; and the first death, that of Thomas Mather, in the winter of 1803. Sophia Williams taught the first school, in 1807 ; Daniel Stanton kept the first inn, in 1809 ; Fitch, the first store; and Zera Phelps built the first mill, in 1806. 2 The census reports 6 churches; Cong., Presb., F. W. Bap., Bap., M. E.. and R. C. » Amonff the other early settlers were Chauncey, Justin, and George Loomia. Pcletiah Case. .Joseph Farnham, George Hoskins, David Tolles, .\aron Clapp, and Ezra Ludden, The first marriage wafl that iif Aaron Whitney and Rachel Truesdale, in 1807 ; and the first death in town, that of a child of Wm. Barber, in 1803. The first school w.os taught by Rachel Truesdale. in 1807 ; the first inn was kept by Joseph Farnham, in 1817. Chauncey Looniis erected the first sawmill, in 1808; he also kept the first store. Quartns Clapp built the first gristmill, at CowlesviUe. A son of David Tolles, 8 or 9 years old, was lost in the woods in 1806 and was never found. * The census reports 5 chnrches ; Bap., F. W. Bap., Presb., M.E., and Univ. * Mary Jemison, the '* old white woman," with her family, hid in the alders at the foot of this lake while Gen. Sullivan was laying w.aste the Indian villages upon the Genesee. In the summer of 1855 it was reported that an immense serpent, 100 ft. long, had been seen in this lake. So well was the story apparently authenticated that thousands of visitors came from all parts of the country to obtain a sight of his snakeship. A burlesque account of the capture of the sei-pent, which appeared in the Btijfaln Itipuhlic, raised the excitement to the highest pitch ; and immediately afterward the whole humbug collapsed. 6 Soon after, a settlement was made at the fo<5t of the lake, in the w. part of the town, called the " Tallnian S'^ttl'-mf.nt." Ziba Hurd and Jonathan Gilbert, from Vt., were the first settlers at Castile Villa'^e. in 1816. The first child bom was Jane McRay, in 1813; and the first death was that of Laura Wilcox, in 1815. The first school was taught in 1816, by Anna Benn^'tt. from vt. Robert Whalley kept the first inn, and erected the first sawmill, on Wolf Creek, below Castile Village, in 1811. John Card and Sylvester Lathrop built the first gristmill, on Lot 40, in 1820; the first store was kept by Lemuel Eldridge and M. Frost, in 1816. ' The census reports 4 churches; Cong., Bap., M. E., and Christian. WYOMING COUNTY. ■13 water power, and contains a woolen factory, flouring mill, and 3 churches. Pop. G37. East C'btna is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1808, on Lot 28, by Silas Meech, from New England.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, at Arcade, in 1812. The first church (Cong.) was formed at Arcade, by Jno. Spencer, July 24, 1813.' COVIXGTO^ — named from Gen. Leonard Covington — was formed from Le Roy (Genesee CO.) and Perry, Jan. 31, 1817. A part was annexed to York (Livingston co.) in 1823. Pavilion (Genesee co.) was taken off in 1841. It is the N. e. corner town of the co. The surface is a moderately hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Oatka Creek flows through the N. w. corner, and receives as tributary Pearl Creek, which flows N. w. through near the center. Wide, fertile alluvial flats extend along Oatka Creek. The soil of the uplands is generally a gravelly loam. Covington Center, (Covington p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 20 dwellings; Pearl Creefe, (p. v.,) in the n. w., contains 15 dwellings; La Grange, (p. v.,) near the s. line, a church and 20 dwellings; and Peoria, (p. v.,) near the E. line, 15 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1807, in the iv. part, by Jairus Cruttenden, AVilliam Miller, and John and William Sprague, all from New England.' The first religious services were held at the house of David Norris, in 1814, by Rev. Mark Norris, from Vt.* EAGIiE — was formed from Pike, Jan. 21, 1823. It occupies a central position on the s. bordei; of the CO. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Nearly the whole drainage is through Wisooy Creek and its branches. Cold Creek takes its rise in the s. E. part of the town. The hills bordering upon the streams are very steep, and their summits are 400 to 700 ft. above the valleys. Eagle Lake, a small body of water in the s. w. part, has no visible outlet. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Eagle Tillage, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part of the town, contains a church and 20 dwellings. Eagle, (p.o.,) in the N. e. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in town iu 1808, on Lot 8, by Silas and Wm. Hodges, from Cayuga co.* There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., F. W. Bap., and Christian. CrAIlVESVIEEE — named from Gen. E. P. Gaines — was formed from Warsaw, as " Hehe," Feb. 25, 1814. Its name was changed April 17, 1816. It is an interior tow-n, lying s. E. of the center of the co. The surface is an upland, slightly undulating and broken by the valleys of the streams. Oatka Creek flows through the N. e. part, and East Coy Creek through the s. w. The soil on the hills is a thin, dark loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a fertile, gravelly loam. A good quality of building stone is quarried in the N. part of the town. Gaines- ville Creeli, (Gainesville p.o.,) on East Coy Creek, near the center of the town, contains a female seminary,' 3 churches, and about 300 inhabitants. East Gainesville, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R., contains 20 houses. Gainesville Center and IVewburgh are hamlets. The first settlements were made at Gainesville Creek in 1805, by Wm., Richard, and Chas. Bristol, from Columbia co., and Elnathan George, from Vt.' The first religious meeting was held in 1809. The first church (Presb.) was formed iu 1815.' GEMESEE FAIiliS — was formed from Pike and Portage, (Livingston co.,) April 1, 1846. It lies on Genesee River, in the s. E. corner of the co. A nearly perpendicular rocky bluff, 100 to 300 ft. high, borders upon the river, and from its summit the country spreads out into an undu- lating upland. The celebrated Portage Falls, in the Genesee River, are opposite this place.' The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Portageville, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, contains 5 churches and several mills. Pop. 561. The B. & N. Y. City R. R. crosses the Genesee, near the village, by a bridge 800 ft. long and 234 ft. above the bed of the river. This bridge was built at a cost of 1 Ichabod S.andera, Samuel Nichols, Silas and Leonard Parker, Jacob Jackson. Wm. Barnes, Amasa and Alfred Kilbourn — most of them from Vt. — settled in the town in 1S09. The first child born was a daughter of Jacob Jackson, and the second a son of Samuel Nichols, both in ISIO; the first marriage was that of Silas Meech and Lydia Parker; and the first death, that of Mrs. A. Kilbourn, in the spring of 1812. Uebecca Parker taught the first school, in 1811; Silas I'arker kept the first inn, in 1812, and the first store, in ISlo. Maj. Moses Smith built the first saw- mill, in ISll, and Col. Duel Kowley the first gristmill, in 1810. 2 The census reports 5 churches ; Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., and R.C. 8 The first child born was Viola, daughter of Dr. Dan'l White, in 1809: the first marriage was that of Calvin Davis and Sylvia Beardsley. in 1814 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Easty, in ISU. Wm. Miller kept the first inn, iu 1813; Dan'l Balcom, the first store, in 1812; Spaulding built the first gristmill, in IhlO ; and Sprague and Spaulding the first sawmill, in 1S12. * The census reports 3 churches; Pre8b.jAsso. Presb., and M.£, ' Alanson, son of Silas Hodges, was the first child born, Oct. 13, 1809. The first inn was kept by Dan Beach, the first store, by Elvjah Hyde, and the first sawmill was erected by Amos Huntley. • The Gainesville Female Seminary was established in 1865, by Misses Hardy and Kldridge, and other citizens of this place. The school is on the plan of the Mount Holjoko (.Mass.) school. The buildings will accommodate lUO boarding pupils and 150 day scholars. ' John Patterson and James Cravath. with others, settled in 1800. Pamela Patterson was the first child born, in 1807. Tho first school was taught in Dec. 11. by lleoj. Cole. The first inn was kept at the Center, by Kenj. Hoag, in 1815; and the first store, by Lewis Wood, iu the Yates settlement, in 1816. Whe The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., and 1 each Cong Bap., and Univ. • See page 710. 714 WYOMING COUNTY. $175,000, and is the largest wooden r. r. bridge in the world. The Genesee Valley Canal also crosses the river at this point bj an aqueduct built upon stone abutments 40 ft. high ; the struc- ture cost §70,000. The first settlements were made on the river, above Portageville, in 1804, by John, Samuel, and Seth Fields.^ The first religious meeting was held by Rev. John Griffith, (M. E.,) in 1809 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed by Rev. Joseph Case, at '' Biyelows Cor- ners;' in 1818.^ JAVA — was formed from China, April 20, 1832. It lies on the w. border of the eo., s. of the center. Its surface is an elevated region, broken by hills and the deep valleys of the streams. The highest summits are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys and 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above Lake Erie. Buffalo Creek flows through the w. part, and receives a large number of tributaries. Catta- raugus Creek takes its rise in the e. part. Cattaraugus Lake is a small sheet of water in the s. e. part, nearly surrounded by steep hills. It forms one of the sources of Cattaraugus Creek. The soil upon the hills is a thin, dark loam underlaid by hardpan; in the valleys it is principally a gravelly loam. About 1 mi. e. of Java Village is a quarry of fine building stone. Java Vil- lagre (p. V.) lies upon Buffalo Creek, in the n. w. part of the town. Pop. about 200. IVorth Java, (p- ^m) i*i the n. e. corner of the town, contains a church and about 100 inhabitants. Java Centerj (p. o.,) East Java, (p. o.,) inthes.E. part of the town, Curriers Corners, (Java p. o.,) in the s. w., and Williailisvllle, near the e. border, are hamlets. The first set- tlement was made on Lot 32, in the n. w. part of the town, in 1810, by Wm. Richardson and Timothy Kirby, from Lowell, Mass.^ The first church (R. C.) was formed in 1838.* M1DDI.E BURY— was formed from Warsaw, March 20, 1812. It lies on the n. border of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Oatka Creek flows through the s. e. corner, and Little Tonawanda Creek through the w. part. A deep ravine extends e. and w. through near the center of the town, forming a natural pass between the valleys of these two streams. The hills that border upon Oatka Creek are steep and 400 to 600 ft, high. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. TVyomiiig', (p. v.,) on Oatka Creek, near the e. border of the town, contains the Middlebury Academy,^ 3 churches, and 378 in- habitants. West Middlebury, (Dale p. o.,) a station on the B. & N. Y, City R. R., contains 20 dwellings. The first settlement was made by Jonas Sellick, (from Rutland co., Vt.,) in 1802, near Wrights Corners.® There are 5 churches in town.^ ORAMGEVIIiliE — was formed from Attica, Feb. 14, 1816. Wethersfield was taken off in 1823. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by deep ravines. The streams are Tonawanda Creek and its branches, draining the w., and small branches of Oatka and East Coy Creeks, draining the e, parts of the town. The sum- mits of the highest hills are 400 to 700 ft. above the valleys. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam underlaid by hardpan. Orangeville Center (Orangeville p. o.) contains 15 houses ; Jolinsousburgli^ (p, v.,) on Tonawanda Creek, lies partly in Sheldon. Pop. about 100. Oalls Corners (East Orangeville p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1805, by John Duncan, on Lot 13, and Elisha Doty, from Cayuga co., on Lot 12.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized by Rev, John Alexander, July 11, 1812." 1 Natban and Joseph Dixon, Joseph and Justice Bailey, and Sebetiah Ward Fettlud previous to 1807, The first death was that of Sophia Smith, in 1S17. The first school was taught by Maria Bellinger, in 1809. The first inn was kept by Lewis Wood, at Portageville, in 1824; and the first store, by Foot & Martin, the same year. The first sawmill was erected in 1^12, and the first gristmill in 1820, on the river, by Mumford, Smith, & McKay. 2 The "census reports 5 churches; Bap., M. E., Presb., Univ., and R.C. 3 In 1S12 and '14, Chas. Richardson and Paniel H. Worcester settled at Java Village, and Charles Fox at Curriers Corners. The first mill was erected by Daniel 11. Worcester, at Java Vil- lage, in 1816; the fiist inn was kept by Chas. Fox, at Cumers Corners, in 1818 ; aud the first store, by Mr. Comstock, at Java Tillage, in 1S20. 4 The census reports 4 churches; Cong., M. E., F. W. Bap., and R.C. 6 This academy was founded mainly by the efforts and libe- rality of several of the first settlers of the village. Its main building was erected by subscription, in 1817. It now has Bome endowments, and is under the charge of the Baptist de- nomination. Fur many years it was considered the first insti* tution w. of the Genesee Kiver, and still maintains a high repu- tation. 6 In 1S03 a number of immigi-anta from Vt. settled in the town, among whom were Reuben Chamberlain. Jabez Warren, f ifderick Gilbert, Sterling Sterns, and I.; 54,785 90,896 97,002 123,976 66.920 77,838 76,267 14,485 131,090 81.770 63,010 106,260 73,887 121,962 88,076 76,724 145,950 14,618 7,171 26,100 3,946 16,986 15,720 100 42.050 74,026 273.150 16,718 28,617 67,310 27.605 66,140 1,333,948 823,106 17,173 ,- 346 1,297 1,186 1,761 291 1,130 433 104 3,74' 164 946 1,945 336 1,146 466 1 It was fncorp. by the regents in 1853, and is under the management of a village board of education. * Sash and Minds, horse rakes, carriages, and waterproof oil blacking. ■ In the same year, Wm. Webster, Shubael Morris, Amos Kin- ney, Elijah Cutting, and Joseph Palmer settled in the 8. part of the town, and Josiah Uovey in the N. part. The first set- tiers were mostly from New England. The first child bom was Eliza Webster, in 1804; the first marriage was that of Silas C. Fargo and Catharine Whiting; and the first death, that of an infant son of Sterling Stearns, in 1804. The lirst death of an adult was that of Dwiglit Noble, in 1808. The first school was taught by Samuel McWhorter, in 1807. Elizur Webster kept the first inn, in 1809 ; and Absalom Green and Dan'l Shaw, the first store, in the same year. Solomon Morris built the first grislniill, in 1808. ^t Tuesday in June, 1823. The first board of bu- perrisors met at the same place. The first co. officers were Wil- 'iam 01. OliTer, First Judge ; James Taylor, Dist. AUy.; Abraham H. Bennett, Cb. Olerk; James P. Robinson, SJuriff; and Abr». ham P. Vosburgh, Surrogate. < John Sutton, of Tompkins, Geo. H. Feeter, of Herkimer, and Joseph B. Walton, of Otsego cos., were appointed commissionerfl to locate the co. buildings, and Wm. Phattnck, of Penton, Geo. Sherman and Samuel Stewart, of Milo, to erect them. Th« courts were to be held at the house of Asa Colo until the cour^ bouse was finished. 717 718 YATES COUNTY. vrith the other public buildings, near the center of the village. The co. poorhouse is located on a farm of 123 acres in the town of Jerusalem, about 5 mi. s. w. of Penn Yan.^ The average number of inmates is 86, and they are supported at a weekly cost of $1 40 each. A school is taught in the house during a portion of the year, and religious services are held occasionally. The Crooked Lake Canal extends along the outlet of Crooked Lake, and enters Seneca Lake at Dresden. It opens a direct water communication with Yates co. and the n. portion of Steuben, and affords an easy and cheap means of transportation. The Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua R. R. extends through the co., e. of the center, connecting with the N. Y. C. R. R. at the n. terminus and with the N. Y. & E. R. R. at the s. These two works of internal improvement fur- nish market facilities equal to those generally enjoyed by the interior cos. of the State. Three newspapers are published in the co.^ Tiie early history of this co. is intimately associated with the history of the "Friends" a religious sect founded by Jemima AVilkinson.* This singular woman took the name of the "Universal IViendy" and was regarded as a prophet by her followers, among whom were persons of respecta- bility, wealth, and influence. At a general meeting of the sect, in Conn., in 1786, it was resolved to emigrate to some unsettled region and found a colony where they might live in peace and in the undisturbed enjoyment of their religious opinions. Three of their number were delegated to seek out a proper location.* They proceeded to Penn., went up the Susquehanna River, and fol- lowed the route of Gen. Sullivan to Seneca Lake, where they finally determined to locate. In June, 1787, 25 "Friends" set out for the land of promise by the way of the Mohawk Valley. They settled about 1 mi. s. of tha present village of Dresden, the location being fixed upon from its close proximity to the fine waterfalls upon Crooked Lake Outlet.^ During the fall they prepared the land, and in the following season sowed it with winter wheat, which they harvested in 1789 ; and this was the first wheat crop raised in AVestern N. Y. In 1789, Wm. Potter and Thos. Hathaway, two of their number, purchased of the State 14,000 acres of land lying between Seneca Lake and the Pre-emption Line, and subsequently Thos. Hathaway and Benedict Robinson purchased the town Jerusalem of Phelps and Gorham.® In 1789, Jemima and a large number of her followers * This buildiDg, erected 25 years ago. is 100 ft. by 50. aod 3 stories high, including basement. The fami yields a revenue of $1,000. - Tht Ffnn Van IhraUl was esta.bli«beJ at I'enn Yan in May, 1818. by Abraham H. Bemu'tt. In 1820 it appeared as The Penn Van Democrat. In 1S35 it was pub. by Bennett k. Keed. iu iS-ili by Reed & Bennett, and in 1S47 by AliVed Heed. In 1850 Darius A. 0(rdon became proprietor, in 1853 Ueubeu Spicer, and in 1857 Geo. D. A. Bridgman, its present publisher. The Tates Count]} Itepublican was started Bee. If , 1824, by E. J. Fowle, and continued 10 years. He then sold it to John Remmick, who pul)liehed it fts The Penn Van Ei^quirer about 2 years, when it wag discontinued. The Wt-stern Star was pub. at Penn Yan in 1833 by H. Gilbt-rt. The. Miscdlany was pub. at Penn Yan in 1833 by ThoB. H. Baeeett. Tfie Democratic Whig was commenced iu 1S37 by Wm. Child. About 2 years after it passed into the hands of Nicholas D. Suydam. who changed its name to r/ie Tales Cffunitj Wlivj. In 1845 it passed into the hands of Rodney L. Adams. In 1852 Mr. Adams sold it to Cleve- land &. Loot. Mr. Look soon retired, and in 1856 its name was changted to The Yates County Chronicle. It is now published hy Stafford C. Cleveland. The DcTtuicratic Organ was commenced in 1844 at Penn Yaji by Harvey L. Winants, and published about 2 years. The Penn Tan Telegraph, da., was issued from the office of The Wliig. fbr 6 mos. in 1846. The Dundee Record was commenced at Dundee, Jan. 25. 1S44. by (lifford J. ISiMith. Kdward Hoa^^bmd succeeded to its editorship in 1S47, John J. Diefciidorf in 1853, and D. S. Bruner. its present puVilisher, in 1^57. 3 Jemima Wilkinson was the daughter of Jeremiah Wilkinson, a R. I. farmer. She was one of a f:imily of 12 children and had little or no advantages of education. In her 2nth year she had a eevere attack of fever ; and for some time her life wsis despaired of. Tpon her recovery she claimed that she had been raised from the de;id. — that her cam:il existence was ended and henceforth her life was to be spiritual and divine, — and that she was endowed with the power of prophecy. She soon commenced traveling and ex- horting, and succeeded in converting many persons, among whom were several eubstantial New England farmers. The follo^ving description of her person is copied from "The New Haven Gazette and Connecticut Magazine." dated March, 1787. " She is about the middle size of wom;m. not genteel in her person, rather awkward in her carriage; her complexion good, her eyes re- markably black and brUliant. her hair black and waving with beautiful ringlets upon her neck and shoulders. Her features are regular, and the whole of her face is thought bj'many to be per- ffctly beautiful. As she is not to be supposed of either sex, so Ibis neutrality is manifest in her personal appearance. She wears no cap, letting her hair bang down as has been described. She wears her neckcloth like a man ; her chemise is buttoned around the neck and wrists. Her outside garment is arobe. under which it is said she wears an expensive dress, the fashion qf which is made to correspond neither with that of man nor woman. Her understanding is not deficient, except touching her religious fa- naticism. She is very illiterate, yet her memory is very great; artful in discovering many circumstances which fall out among her discipli's. On all occasions she requires the most extra- ordinary attentions that can be bestowed upon her : one or more of her disciples usually attend upon her and perform the most menial services. Iler pronunciation is after the peculiar dialect of the most illiterate of the countrypeople of New England. Her preaching has very little connection, and is very lengthy. — at tiraee cold and languid, but occasionally lively, zealous, and animated." When she first arose from her bed of sickness, she assumed that there was once such a person as Jemima Wilkinson, but that she died and.went to heaven, after which the Divine Spirit reanimated that s;mie body and it arose from the dead ; now, this divine in- habitant is Christ Jesus our Lord, the Friend to all mankind, and gives his name to the body to which he is united, and there^ fore body and spirit conjointly is the ''rniver.ml Friend.'" Sho assumed to have two "TTfin'-ssct." corresponding in all respecta to those prophesied in Rev. chap. xj. from 3d to 13th verses These were James Parker and Sarah Richards. During her whole life she never yielded the pretensions which she at first made:and her whole career had the merit of consistency. Among the prin- cipal peculiar tenets of the sect was the strict enforcement of the Shaker doctrine of celibacy as indispensable to a pure life. The meetings were conducted after the manner of the Quakers, the whole congregation often sitting in perfect silence for an hour or more. — Sck Tarwr's His*, of The Phdps and G'rrham Piirrhase. This extraordinary woman exerted a strong influence over her followers, who gratuitously planted and hoed her corn, sowed and reaped her wheat, and cut and gathered her hay, always having care to be of no trouble or expense to the Friend upon these occasions. On one occasion she addressed, through an inter- preter, a bandof 0neid;i8 whohad encamped near her settlement on their way to a treaty, endeavoring to convince them that she was Christ. They listened with apparent attention, and, when she had finished, one of the chiefs arose and delivered a short ad- dress to his countrj-men. She requested to have it interpreted to her, — when the savage contemptuously replied, in broken Eng- lish, that if she were the character she assumed to be, she would have understood the poor Indian as well as any one. She died July 1. 1819, and her sect has long since been broken up. — Uud- soii^s Lifr nf Jonima iVilKini:nn. * Abraham Davton. Richard Smith, and Thomas Hathaway. 5 The first gristmill in Western X.Y. was built in 1789. by Hich'd Smith. James Parker,and Abraham Davton, 2| mi. from Penn Yan. fi ''It was a rule at that early period with Messrs. Phelps A YATES COUNTY. 719 came in. The first framed house in the eo. was erected for her, on a farm of 1000 acres set apart for her especial use. For a time the colony flourished ; but soon neighbors began to arrive, and jealousies were engendered, and a series of persecutions commenced, which seriously retarded the progress of the colony and embittered the last days of the "IVie7id."^ BARRIIVGTOIV— was formed from "Wayne, (Steuben co.,) April 6, 1822. It lies upon the e. bank of Crooked Lake, in the s. part of the co. Its surface consists principally of a high ridge, sloping gradually upward from Crooked Lake to a height of 600 to 800 ft. Big Stream flows through the s. E. corner, in a deep ravine bordered by steep declivities. From Crooked Lake the ascent is nearly uniform for 2 miles ; and the summit of the ridge is rolling. The soil is a slaty gravel mixed with clay, and is generally productive. Barrin^on,^ (p. v.,) near the center, contains 1 church and 25 houses. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Jacob Teeples.' The Kev. Jas. Osgood (Bap.) was the first preacher. There are two churches in town; Bap. and M. E. BESITOIV' — was formed from Jerusalem, Feb. 12, 1803, as " Vernon." Its name was changed to "SiieU" April 6, 1808, and to Benton April 2, 1810. Milo was taken off in 1818, and a part of Torrey in 1851. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling and gradually descending toward the N. and e. From Seneca Lake the land slopes upward for a mile, and to a height of about 300 ft., where it spreads out in a beautiful undulating region. The valley of Crooked Lake, 200 ft. below the summits of the table land, extends about 1 mi. into the s. part of the town. Keshong Creek passes through the n. e. corner. The soil is clay along the lake, but upon the hills it is a deep, rich, clayey and gravelly loam, well adapted to almost every branch of agriculture. Bellona, (Benton p.o.,) situated on Keshong Creek, in the N. E. part, contains 2 churches, (pop. 205;) and Benton Center (p. v.) 2 churches and 28 dwellings. Fergu- sons Corners (p. o.) is a hamlet. The village of Pcnn Yan lies partly within this town. The first settlement was made in the spring of 1789, by Levi Benton, from Catskill, Greene co.' The first religious meetings were held in the barn of Levi Benton, in 1792, and were conducted by Ezra Cole. There are now 4 churches in town.' IT AL.T — was formed from Naples, Feb. 15, 1815. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface consists of three distinct ridges, each attaining an elevation of about 1000 ft. above Canan- daigua Lake. These ridges are divided by the valley of Flint Creek — known as Italy Hollow — and West River Hollow. The valleys are generally narrow and bordered by steep and often precipitous sides. The summits of the ridges are broken uplands. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam and is best adapted to pasturage. Italy Hill (p. v.) is situated in the s.e. corner; and Italy Hollow (p. o.) on Flint Creek, s. of the center. The first settlement in the town was made by John Mower, at West Hollow, in 1793.' There are 4 churches in town.' JERUSAIiEM — was organized Jan. 1789, and Benton was taken off in 1803. A small part of Steuben co., in the forks of the lake, was annexed Feb. 25, 1814. It lies on the w. bank of Crooked Lake and is the central town in the co. Its surface is divided into two distinct ridges by the w. branch of the lake and its inlet. The E. ridge terminates on the s. in Bluff Point, a promontory, 8 mi. in extent, lying between the two branches of Crooked Lake ; and it extends on the N. into the town of Benton. It is about 400 ft. high and IJ to 2 mi. wide, and is bordered by steep declivities. The continuity of this ridge is broken by a remarkable depression extending Gorham, in selling a picked towiiBhip, to require the purchaser to draw for another township at the same price. Robinson and Hathaway, after purchasing Jerusalem, drew what is now the town of Geneseo, Livingston co. The Friend objected to her people ' trading and buying property at a distance,' and, fearing lier displeasure, they prevailed upon Mr. Phelps to release them from the bargain, which he waa quite willing to do. ixa he had ascertained the value of the township." — Turner's Hist. 1 She w.aa several times prosecuted for lilasphemy, and was harassed by lawsuits, which were chiefly instigated by those who had once been her followers and friends. — Turner's Uiit. of The PItelps and Gorham Purchase. 2 i^ometimes called " Warsaw." 8 The next settlers were Thomas Broneon, from Conn. ; Wm. Coolljaugh, from N. J. ; Jonathan Davis, Williiun Ovenshire, Oliver Parker, .Matthew Knapp, Joseph Fenton, John Kriss. and Henry Spry. The first school was taught byA.C. West, in ISIO. Jacob Taet^les keptthe first tavern, in 1^04, on the Bath Koad ; and Elijah Towiisend, the first store. John Carr erected the first gristmill, and Wm. Cummins the first sawniiU. < Named from Levi Benton, the first settler. * T. Spencer settled at Bellona in 1790; George Wheeler, Ro- bert Chisson, Jas. Scofleld, Otis Barden, and Daniel Brown in 1791 ; and Ezra Cole, Eliphalet Hull, and Samuel and Cyrus Bnell, with their families, in 1792. The first birth was that of Matilda Buell. in Sept. 1792 ; the first marriage, that of Thos. Barden and Olive Benton, in 1791; and the first deaths, those of Ephraira and Samuel Wheeler, who both died in the fall of 1792. The first sawmill was built by Dr. Caleb Benton, in 1790. at Bellona. The first store was kept by Luther Benton and James Stoddard, in 1799, and the first inn by Ezra Cole, in ISOO. John Coates taught the first school, at Benton Center, in the winter of 1794. The first town meeting was held at the house of Daiuel Brown. • Two M. E., Bap., and Fresh. ' Josiah Bradish, Seth Sprague, Fisher and Isaac Wliitney, William Dunton, Edward Low, William Clark, Archibald Ann- strong, Card Knowles, John Armstrong, Morris and Ha.'Jtings, settled in 1794 and '95, and Nathan Scott and Andrew Rolison in ISuy. The first birth w.as that of Polly Mower, in Oct. 1795 ; and a child of Mr. Mower wns the first that died. The first marriage was that of Jabez Metcalf and Nancy Torrey. Nancy Torrey taught the first school, in 1811.3, at West Hollow. Elias Lee kept the first tavern, at the same place, in 1S06; Abraham Maxfield the first store, at Italy Hollow; Asahel Stone, jr., ertrted the first saw and grist mill, at the same place, at an early date. e Two Bap., M. E., and Presb. 720 YATES COUNTY. from the head of the w. branch of Crooked Lak^ e. to the E. branch. The highest point in this vallev is about 70 ft. above the lake. The ridge on the w. rises gradually for 3 or 4 mi. and attains a height of about 700 ft. above the lake, where the surface spreads out into a rolling upland. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, and is vrell adapted to both pasturage and tillage. Branch- port, (p. V.,) situated at the head of the w. branch of Crooked Lake, contains 3 churches and about 55 houses. Kinney§ Corners (BluflF Point p. o.) is situated in the e. part of the town; Sbermans Hollow and Yatesvllle are p. offices. The first settlement was made by Jemima Wilkinson, in 1789.' In that year crops of wheat were harvested in the town, and a mill was erected that made flour the same season. The first, and for a long time the only, religious ser- vices in town were conducted by Jemima, at her own house. There are 4 churches in town.^ MIDDLiESEX — was formed in 1789, as " Auyusia." Its name was changed April 6, 1808. Potter was taken off in 1832, and a part was annexed to Potter in 1856. It is the ^f. «•. corner town, lying upon the E. bank of Canandaigua Lake. Its surface consists chiefly of high ridges separated by narrow valleys. The summits are 500 to 600 ft. above the lake. The valley of West River divides the ridges, and the valley of a small stream known as Boat Brook divides the w. ridge into two peaks, the N. of which is known as " Bare Hill." The soil is clayey on the summits of the hills, and gradually changes to a deep gravelly loam in the valleys. Near Federal Hollow, a mile from Rushville, is an inflammable spring.' Middlesex Center (Middlesex p.o.) con- tains 3 churches and 20 dwellings. Orerackers Corners is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1789. Judge Potter, one of the surveyors of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, was the original purchaser of the town, and took an active part in its first settlement.* Many of the first settlers were adherents of Jemima Wilkinson ; and for a considerable time there was no other religious association in the town. There are now 4 churches.' MIliO — was formed from Benton, March 6, 1818. A part of Torrey was taken off in 1851. It lies on the e. border of the co., between Seneca and Crooked Lakes. Its surfoce rises from iSeneca Lake in a gentle and gradual slope for 2 mi., where it attains an elevation of about 400 to 500 ft. From this summit the land spreads out into an undulating region, gradually declining on the w. to the valley of Crooked Lake. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, with some clay in the vicinity of Penn Yan and on the shore of Seneca Lake. Penn Yan,° (p. v.,) the county seat, was incorp. April 27, 1833. It is situated at the foot of Crooked Lake, and is an important station on the Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua R. R. A daily steamer connects it with Ham- raondsport, at the head of Crooked Lake. It conta,ins 6 churches, a high school,' 2 newspaper establishments, and a bank. Pop. 2,277, — 2,114 in Milo, 103 in Benton. ]>IiIo Center (p. v.) contains 150 inhabitants ; and Ilinirods Corners (Milo p. v.) 78. The first settlement was commenced in the N. part, by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson, from R. I., in 1787.* The first religious services were conducted by Jemima Wilkinson. There are now 10 churches in town.' POTTER'" — was formed from Middlesex, April 26, 1832, and part of Middlesex was annexed Deo. 18, 1856. It lies near the center of the N. border of the co. Its surface is hilly in the s. w., and rolling in the center and N. Flint Creek, the principal stream, flows northerly through near the center of the town. A swamp of 1 to IJ mi. wide extends along its course for 8 mi. n. of Potter Center. The soil is a slaty loam in the s. w., and a gravelly and sandy loam, with an intermixture of clay, in the remaining parts. Kushvllle (p. v.) is partly in Gorham, Ontario co., but princi- pally in the N. w. part of this town. Pop. 583, — 408 in Potter, 175 in Gorham. Potter Center (Potter p. 0.) contains 20 houses. Toak is a p. o. on the line of Benton. Settlement was begun in 1788, by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson. The most prominent among them were William 1 Tlie first Rcttlers were Thomas Hathaway and Daniel Brown. In 1789, .Temima, "TAi? Univerml Frn-nd." m eho was called, entered the town with a large retlnne. among whom were Sarah Richards and Rachael Malin, her two " Witne-^se^s,'^ Isaac Kinney, Solomon Ingraham, Samuel Doolittle. and Wm. Sandford. as part of her family, all from Rhode Island. They all lived with .Jemima in the h.^use previously erected for her, — the first frame house built in Western N. Y. The first gristmill was built by Richard Smith, James Parker, and Abraham Dayton, 2^ mi. from Penn Yan. David Wagener opened the first public house, at the same place: Daniel Rrown built the first sawmill, north of Brancbport; and John Noycs taught the first school, in 1794. 2 Bap.. M. E.. Presb., Univ. * Bfc^^ Mmfr>ilogy N. T., p. 166. * Among the first settlers were Michael Pierce. John Walford, .Taliez French. .John Blair, James Lewis, and John IMcNear, all from R.I. William Bassett taught the first scho,>l,in 1796; Jesse Gilbert kept the first tavern, near Rusb\ine. and Nelson Wilder tho first store. John Walford. jr.. built the first sawmill. The firat death was that of Mrs. Lucy Walford, iu 1791. ' Two M. E., Bap., and Free Will Bap. * Among the early settlers of the village were a Pennsylvanian and a Yankee, each of whom wished to name tho place. The matter wa^ finally compromised by uniting the first syllable of their respective designations, — Penn and Yan. ' The I*enn Yan High School was incorporated as an academy in 1S.')7. Tlie building is now in process of erection. 8 The first settlers were Abraham Dayton, Richard Smith, Jas, Parker, ,Tohn Lawrence, Stephen Card, Samuel llartwell. Heze- kiah Townsend, David and Peleg Brigg. John Supptee, Elijah and Micajah Brown, David Wagener, and Adam Hunt and his sons, Abel and Silas. The first death was that of Mrs. Jedediiih Holmes, in 1788. As Jemima Wilkinson's creed was the dominant reli- gion of the town at that period and for some time after, there were no marriages, and of course no known births. It was an era in which people died and none were legitimately born. He- eekiah Townsend kept the first inn, a little E. of Penn Yan, and Jame« Hill the first store. » .3 Bap., 2 M. E., Cnng., Wes. Meth., Presb_ Prot. T... and R. C. w Named from Arnold Potter, an original proprietor and the first settler in town. YATES COUNTY. 721 Potter and his sons William, Arnold, Simeon, and Edward, who had purchased the whole town- ship.' Rev. Mr. Haskill was the first settled preacher, in 1796. There are 11 churches in town.' STARKEY' — was formed from Reading, (Schuyler co.,) April 6, 1824. It is the 8. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is a gradual slope from the bluffs which border upon Seneca Lake to the w. border of the town, where it attains an elevation of about 700 ft. The bluffs upon the lake in the s. half of the town are 100 to 200 ft. high and nearly perpendicular. In the s. part, a ridge breaks the uniformity of the slope near the center. Big Stream and Rock Stream flow into Seneca Lake, falling several hundred ft. in their course. The soil is clay along the lake, a sandy loam in the s. part, and a gravelly loam in the N. Dundee, (p. v.,) incorp. June 26, 1848, situated on Big Stream, in the w. part, contains 4 churches, the Dundee Academy, a bank, and a newspaper office. Pop. 732. Eddytown (p. v.) contains a church and the Starkey Seminary.* Pop. 123. Rock Stream (p. v.) contains 25 houses, and Starkey Corners (Starkey p. o.)20. Big Stream I'oint (p. o.) and Sbaunons Corners are hamlets. Settlement began in 1800.* Rev. Mr. Clark conducted the first religious services, in 1808. There are 8 churches in town.* TORREY' — was formed from Benton and Milo, Nov. 14, 1851. It lies upon the E. border of the CO., on the shore of Seneca Lake. Its surface consists of a slope rising from the lake to the w. border, to an elevation of 400 to 500 ft. Crooked Lake Outlet flows through a deep, narrow, and rocky valley. Its whole fall from Crooked to Seneca Lake is 271 ft. The soil on the lake shore is clayey, and in the center and w. a sandy and gravelly loam. "West Dresden^ (p- v-) is located on Seneca Lake, at the terminus of Crooked Lake Canal. It is a landing for the Seneca Lake steamers. Pop. 365. The town was settled by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson, mostly from New England, in 1787.' Jemima was the first preacher. There are now 2 churches in town ; Presb. and M. E. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Froducts, and Domestic Manufactures, of Yates County. Names of Towns, AcKES OF Land. 1 TALnATIOS OP 1868. Population. i i 306 487 276 652 268 846 402 601 247 > 216 604 289 652 263 610 402 627 258 1 Schools. 1 1 1 1 1 1 .a 1 1? ■3 5 760 1,279 783 1,439 642 2,076 1,083 1,191 647 1 1 223 355 250 456 223 630 346 316 186 ^1 16,8S8i 19,496 16.3123 26,3944 16,4724 18,0264 16,6124 15,8584 11,481 6,227 5.0094 10,1564 8,3734 6,172} 4.716 6.599i 4,0624 2.817 $478,775 988,909 298,168 944,497 442,816 1,421,549 652,673 1,060,643 540,822 $12,900 162,678 46,666 69,554 23,670 209,750 88,666 178,650 53,400 $491,675 1,141,587 340,814 1,014.051 466,485 1,631,299 741,338 1,239,093 694,222 744 1,221 723 1,358 663 2,228 1,065 1,237 673 13 12 12 16 9 14 13 11 7 593 797 697 1,019 467 1,674 893 914 492 Italy Middlesex Milo Torrey Total 166,6424 51,134 16,825,741 $834,823 $7,660,564 9,900 9,912 3,873 3,621 2,884 107 7,636 Names of Towns. Lite Stock. Agricultural PRODucia. 1 •II 1 ?1 III 780 1,11s 622 1,10S 69S 97C 681: 88£ 477 & § c 1 1,110 2.026 789 1,832 1,141 1,792 1,344 1,607 1,046 Bdsh, or GaAiw. n 11 05 ■? Daiby Pboddci«. 1 12,726 27,183 6,0014 33,554 22.5824 27.348 21,1474 22,181 19.703 1v| a, oj 651 824 682 1,035 620 969 750 775 477 1,024 1,249 855 1,639 880 1,008 1,186 1,061 627 6,351 12,381 3,848 9,047 5,91S 5,394 12,203 4.999 4,686 60,147 117,582 20.306} C1,57S4 24,0884 53.2464 64,0634 86.0Mi 64,908 631,032} 1,378 2,4364 1,827 2,801 1,522 1,392 2,0464 1,4224 1.026 6,889 8,300 5,311 7.879 3.115 6,963 3,970 11,5854 3,840 11,609 34,626 6,903 14,814 7,066 15,425 21,139 23,927 9,364 73,995 113,173 65,540 106,673 65,885 92,7061 63.423 91,299 44,666 1,623 6,987 23,470 8,055 8.062 2,010 6,147 4,123 596 230 441 9254 264 412 301 1,163 67 Italy Middlesex » jlilo Torrey Total 6,773 9,639 7,26C 64,827 12,686 193,4861 15,8504 '67,9124 143,773 717,2S 94 59 972 1 3,793! 1 R0U4C Perry, and Benj., Jesse and Joshua Brown came with tbf I'ottors nnd eettled in the E. part of the town. Tbt-y wire followed by Elisia Gilbert, Jabez French, Abram, Isaac, and Jacob l*ino, Francis and I'eleg Brifrge, jr., Edward Craft, Amaziub Koyes, M. Sheffield, David Southerland, Nathan and Calvin I/iomis, Abial Thomas, and George Green. The first birth was tluit of JofihuaBriggs; the first marriage, that of Amaziah Ktyes and a daughter of Major C. Craft, in 1795 ; and the first death, that of Janu'H Lewis, in 1796. Arnold Potter built the first saw and gHst mill, in 1792. The first public house was opened in 1792, by Eliaa Gilbert, and the first store in 1801, by John Griffin. « 4 M. E., 3 Bap., Cong., Ev. Luth., Univ., and R. C. 8 Named from John Starkey, one of the first settlers. * The seminary building ia a 4 story brick edifice. The school Is under the control of the Cliristian denominatiun. * William Eddy, Archibald Ellis, Jacobs, Matthew Roy ce, CiDstin. Abaer Hurd, and his mn Gen. Timothy Hnrd were among the first settlers. Andrew Harrison kept the first inn, at EddytoWD. in 180S ; and Hervey Smith the first store, at the same place, in IS09. The first sawmill waa built by Timothy Uurd, in 1S07. Rhoda Royce taught the first school, iq 1809. * 3 Presb,, 2 51. E., Bap., and 2 Chri9ti;tn. ' Named from Henry Torrey. * Usually called "Dresden." * The first settlers were Asabel Stone, Abel. Elnathan and Ji^ natliaii Itutsf )rd, ISenedict Robinson, Thoa. Hathaway. .lededi^fh Holnirs. Klisbii Luther, David Fish. James Browu, Kohert Buck- ley, ami Kliphaiet Norris. The first marriage was that of Bcnt- dict Kobiiison and Susannah Brown, Sept. 1, 17u2; anil tlie first death, that of Mrs, Jedediah Uolnies, in 178S. Thomas Hatliaway kept the first inn, in 1790; and Eliphalet Norris the firct sti'i-c, m 1792. The first mills were built by Charles Williumsuu, in 1795 49 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Abbrevia«0X3.-!«. bay; fcr. brook; en. county; cr. creek; h. bill; islt, island; la. lake: lo. locality or bamlet; m(. moun- ABBItEViATlOKS.-oa. y,^_^_ ^ j^^^, . ^ „ j,^gt oj,^^ . ^ „. post Village ; r.river; (.town; r. village. PAOE Aalplaats cr. 687, 597 Aanmsburgh lo. '.235 Abbotsfbrd.. lo. 700 Abbotts Corners V. 291 Acabonac Harbor 634 Academy p.o. 495 Academy Hill lo. 587 Accord p. o. 666 Acra P- 0- 331 Adam mt. 510 Adams P- v. 365 Adams t- 355 Adams Basin p. v. 400 Adams Center p. v. 355 Adams Kidgo h. 541 Adarasville lo. 163 AdamsTille P- o. 377 Addison p. v- 621 Addison t. 621 Addison HUl p. o. 621 A• 168 Allegany Jnts. 19, li8, 649 Allegany p- "- 188 Allegany r. 21, 23, 1S6, 187, Allegany t. 187 Allen po. 170 Allen t. 170 Allen Center p.o. 170 Aliens cr. 688 Aliens Hill p.o. 498 AliigerTille v. 666 Alloway p.v. 691 Allyns cr. 401 Alma p. T. 170 Alma t- "» Almond p. T. 170 Almond t. 170 Alpina lo. 376 Alpine p. v. 610 Alps P- T- 567 Altay P-f- 612 Alton P- V. 694 Altona t. 235 Amaiianset p. v. 6-35 Amber p.v. 486 Aniboy t. 520 Ambov f- *81 Amboy Center. p. v. 530 Amenia t- 269 Amenia Union. p. T. 270 Ameniaville. p. T. 270 American Falls 450 Ames P-"- «2 Amesville P- o. 662 Amberst t- 282 Amity p. T. 510 Amity t.l70 Amity v. 687 P.KOE Amityrille p.v. 636 Amsterdam p.v. 411 Amsterdam t. 411 Anaquassacook v. 684 .\ncram p.v. 243 Ancram t. 242 Ancram Lead Mines. ..p.o. 243 Andersonville p.o. 309 Andes p.v. 259 Andes t. 269 Andover p. v. 171 Andover t. 170 .\ndreas br. 642 AndruBville p. o. 309 Angel Cliff h. 633 Angelica cr. 168 Angelica p. V. 171 Angelica t. 171 Angells Corners lo. 691 Angelville lo. 238 Angola p.v. 290 Annsberg lo. 246 Annsville t. 461 AnnsviUe 699 Ant b. 505 Anthony mt. 689 Anthonys Kil cr. 589 Anthonys Nose mt. 19, 642, 698 Antwerp p. v. 365 Antwerp t. 366 Apakchin cr. 649, 651 Apalachin ™ p. v. 652 Appling p. o. 356 Apulia p. T. 483 Arcade v. 712 Arcadia p.v. 690 Arcadia t. 690 Argusville p. v. 604 Argyle la. 679 Argyle p. v. 679 Argyle t. 679 Aries la. 557 Arietta t. 337 Arkport p. v. 626 Arkville lo. 263 Arkwright p. o. 210 Arkwriilht t. 210 Arkwright Summit... .p.o. 210 Armonk p.v. 703 Armstrong h. 690 Arnoldton p. v. 662 Arthursburgh p.o. 272 Ashbel br. 223, 227 Ashbury v. 667 Ashlord lo. 700 Ashford p. v. 188 Ashford t. 188 Ash Grove v. 686 Ash Grove Hill h. 674 Ashland p. T. 281 Ashland t. 231 Ash Park p.o. 189 Ashville V. 213 Aspetong b. 698 Astoria p. V. 648 Atkarton lo. 662 Athens p. v. 331 Athens t. 331 Attica p.v. 712 Attica t. 711 Attica Center p. o. 712 Attlebury p. o. 277 Auburn City 199 Augur p. 300 Augusta p. V. 462 Augusta t. 462 Aurelius p. v. 200 Aurelius t. 200 Auries cr. 407, 413 Auriesville p. v. 413 Aurora p. v. 202 Aurora t. 283 Au Sable....jnt8. 232, 296, 302, 305, 307, 336 An Sable....r. 21, 232, 235, 236, 238, 296, 300, 302, 303 An Sable t. 235 Au Sable Forks.. .p. v. 236, 302 PAGE Austerlitz p. v. 243 Austerlitz t. 243 Austin h. 641 Ava p.o. 462 Ava t. 462 Ava Corners v. 462 Avalanche la. 22, 303 Avoca p. V. 582 Avoca t. 582 Avon p. V. 382 Avon t. 382 Avon Springs 26 Ayreshire p.o. 225 Babcock Hill p. o. 463 Babylon p. v. 636 Bacon Hill po. 691 Bayleys br. 261 Baker cr. 170, 222 Bakers Bridge v. 169 Bakers Falls 684 Bakers Falls lo. 684 Bakers Mills p.o. 248 BainbridsB p. v. 225 Bainbridge t. 2'25 Baines Station v. 245 Bald mt. 295, 688, 677 Dald Eagle cr. 615 Bald Mountain p. v. 683 Baldwin cr. 220, 222 Baldwin p. v. 221 Baldwin t. 220 Baldwinvillo lo. 647 Baldwinsville p.v. 483,490 Ball h. 188,641 Ball p. 607 Ball Hill h. 188 Balls Cave lo. 606 Ballston la. 587 Ballston p. 0. 590 Ballston p.v. 687 Ballston t. .686 Ballston Center p. o. 687 Ballston Outlet cr. 590 Ballston Spa v. 590 Ballston Spring 590 Balmville lo. 609 Baltimore v. 254 Bangall p. v. 277 Bangor t. 308 Baptist Hill v. 495 Baquet mts. 336 Barberville v. 568 Barbourville p. o. 266 Barcelona p. v. 216 Bare Hill h. 720 Bargers p. 543 Barker p. o. 181 Barker t. 181 Barker Point lo. 660 Barkersville p. o. 691 Barnerville p.v. 604 Barnes h. 274 Barnes Corners p.o. 379 Barnum cr. 616 Barrack h. 669 Barre t. 513 Barre Center p.o. 514 Barrett h. 541 Barretts p. 641 Barrington p. v. 719 Barrington. t. 719 Barrytown p. v. 276 Barryville p. v. 646 Barton p. v. 660 Barton t. 650 Barton Hill p. o. 608 Basher.s Kil cr. 606, 641, 646 Bashville p.o. 643 Basic cr. 166, 3.32 Basket cr. M5 Basket.. lo. 545 Basket p. 645 Basket Pond br. 261 Bassitt mt. 302 Bata\'ia p.v. 324 Batavia t. 824 Batavia Kil ...283, 264, 331, 3»4 Batavia Kill lo. 264 PAGE Batchelerville p. v. 688 Bath isle 450 Bath .....p.v 622 Biith t 6-22 Bath V. 37r,857 Bating Hollow p. o. 637 Batten Kil 680, 683 Battenville p.v. 683 Baxters br. 261 Bay Bluff lo. 691 Bay Ridge v. 373 Bay Side lo. 546 Bay View p. o. 667 Beach Kidge p.o. 455 Be.HCon Hill mt. 19 Beacrotts mt. 345 Bean h. 407.413 Beanville v. 176 Bear cr. 216,688, 682 Bear la. 216 Bear mt. 19,486,505,507 Beards cr. 381, 384 Beardsley cr. 222 Bear Kil 265 Bearsville p. o. 668 Bear .*^^vamp br. 204 Bear Trap cr. 4S7 Bearvtown v. 616, 618 Beaver cr. 223, 888, 491, 497 Beaver isle 279 Beaver la. 190 Beaver p. 704 Beaver r. 375, 376 Beaver Brook p.o. 6-18 Beaver Dam cr. 164, 691 Beaver Dams p.v. 611 Beaver Kil 260, 261, 641, 647, 663 Beaver Kill p.o. 647 Beckers Corners. lo. 163 Bedford lo. 367 Bedford p. v. 698 Bedford t. 698 Bedford Station p.o. 698 Bcdloes isle 418, 419 Beechers cr. 588 Beecbers Hollow v. 588 Beechwood Cemetery.. ..lo. 703 Beech Woods p. o. 644 Beekman p. 0. 270 Beekman t. 270 Beekman Furnace Jo. 270 Beekmans Corners lo. 607 Beekmnntown p. o. 2.36 Beekmantowu t. -236 Beekniantown v. 702 Beekmanville v. 270 Beer , cr. 668 Beer Kil 668 Beers Settlemeril v. 656 Belcher p.v. 6S4 Belle Isle p. v. 481 Belfast p. V. 171 Belfast t. 171 Belfort lo. S78 Belgium v. 481 Belleville p.v. 357 Bellmnnt t. S09 Bellona v. 719 Bellows la. 317 Bellport p V. 634 Bellport Bay 63.3,634 Bellvale mts. 601, 510 Bellvalc p. v. .MO Belvidere p. v. 170 Beniis Heights p. o. 593 Benin Water. p. 507 Bennett h. 164 BennettB...cr. 225, 622, 623, 625 Bennetts p. 303 Bennettsburph p. v. 611 Bennetts CrTners p. o. 392 Bennetts Creek p.o. 623 BennettsviUc p. v. 225 Bennington p. o. 712 Bennington t. 712 Bennington Center. v. 712 Benson p.o. .388 Benson Center p.o. 338 723 724 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PAnE BensoQs Corners lo. 657 Beiitley p. o. 567 Benton p. o. 719 Benton t. 719 Benton Center p. v. 719 Bert;en p. o. 325 Bergen t. 325 Bergen Corners lo. 325 Bertiboltz .p. v. 456 BerkBhire p. v. 650 Berkshire t. 650 Borlin p. V. 554 Berlin t. 554 Bern p. o. 162 Bern t. 162 BernbanU Bay p. v. 520 Bernville 162 Berrins isle 548 Betbiiny p. o. 325 Belhiiuy t. 326 Bethany Center. lo. 325 Bethel p. y. 643 Bethel t. 643 Bethel v. 346 Bethlehem t. 163 Bethlehem t. 505 Bethlehem Center p.o. 163 Bethphage lo. 551 Betts Corners v. 484 Big isle 541 Big la. 684 Big p. 506, 647 Big Alder cr. 377 Big Bowmans p. 558 Big Brook p. 0. 471 Big Buli'alo cr. 284, 290, 293 Bii; Choconut cr. 179 Big Clear la. 311 Big Creek p. o. 625 Bigelow cr. 325, 327 Big Flats p. T. 220 Big Flats t. 220 Big h. 541 Big Hollow p. T. 335 Big Red cr. 688 Bis; Salmon cr. 202 Big Sister cr. 279. 290 Big Stream cr. 718, 721 Big Stream Point p. o. 721 Big Tree Corners p. o. 291 Big Trout cr. 261 Big Wells p. 643 Bill .h. 610 Bill Whites h. 610 Bingbamton p. v. ISO Binghamton t. 180,649 Birch br. 542 Birch cr. 579 Birch Kidge p. 643 Birdsall p.o. 172 Birdsall t. 171 Birdsall Center p. o. 172 Birmingham lo. 300 Birmingham Falls 235 Birmingham Falls Jo. 300 Birmingham Falls v. 235 Bisby la. 349 Black br. 496,497,560, 678 Black cr. 20,164,168,171, 320, 325, 32S, 347, 351, 360, 395, 398, 401, 621. 685, 688 Black la. 23, 572, 577, 680. 588,643 Black jnt. 296, 507, 677 Black p. 271 Black...r. 21, 22, 351, 352, 359, 361. 362, 376, 377, 379, 458, 462. 406, 660. Black Drook p. y. 236 Black Brook „ t. 236 Black Creek p. y. 175 Black Cup h. 507 Black Lake p- o. 681 Black Meadovy cr. 484, 605 Blackmine Ridge mt. 569 Black Riyer bay 352 Black Kiyer p. v. 361 Black River y. 359 Black Rock h. 605 Black Rock p.o. 2S4, 288 Blatk Top h. 507 Black Waluut Island...lo. 510 Blackwells isle 418, 419 Blanchsrds Settlement. lo. 376 Blauveltvillp lo. .571 Bleecker p. y. 316 Bleecker t. 316 PAOE Blenheim t. 603 Blind br. 700 Blind p. 645 Blind Sod US Bay.. 206,688, 695 Bloikville p. v. 213 Blodgeta Mills p. o. 252 Bloods lo. 624 Bloodville v. 690 Bloody p. 255 Bloody Pond p. 673 Bloomingliurgb p. y. 646 Eloomingdale lo. 419 Bloomingdale.- p. o. 304 Blooming Grove p.o. 504 Blooming Grove t. 604 Blooming ij rove v. 504 Blooming View v. 667 Bloomville p. v. 262 Bloasvale p. o. 462 Blue br. 462 Blue Point p. o. 634 Blue Ridge mts. 19 Blue .'■tore lo. 248 Bluff Point lo. 719 Bluff Point p. 0. 720 Boat br. 720 Bog Meadow br. 693 Bog Meadow cr. 505 Bog Meadow. p. 605 Boglit p. o. 166 Bolivar p. V. 172 Bolivar t. 172 Boltcm p. o. 673 Bolton t. 673 Bolts Corners lo. 204 Bombay. .,r. t. 309 Bombay Corners p. o. 809 Bonaparte la. 376 Bnne Run cr. 186 Bonny Hill p.o. 627 BoonviUe p. v. 462 Boonville t. 462 Booth p. o. 348 Boquet...mt. 295, 301, 302. 304 Boquet r. 296,301,305 Boi]Uet v. 301 Borden cr. 624, 626 Boreas p. 304 Borodino p. v. 487 Boston p. y. 283 Boston t. 283 Boston Center v. 2S3 Boston Corner p.o. 243 Bo.sworth mt. 300 lloucks Falls 605 Bouokville p. V. 392 Boutontown lo. 706 Bovina , -.p. v. 260 Bovina t. 259 Bowens cr. 324 B.jwery cr. 3.32 Bowery Bay 644 Bowling Green lo. 443 Bowmans cr. 412 Bowmansville p. v. 291 Boyer cr. 665 Boylston p. o. 521 Boylston t. 521 Boynton v. 558 Bozuu Kil cr. 164, 696 Brackel cr. 223, 229 Braddocks ba. 395 Bradford p. y. 622 Bradfoid t. 622 Bradley cr. 182 BradleyBrookRe3ervoir..la. 390 Bradstreets isle ,521 Brag Village lo. 496 BrainardB p. v. 557 Brakabeen p. y. 606 Bramans Corners p. v. 696 Bninch br. 6.37 Branchport p. y, 720 Brandon t. 309 Brandt p. v. 283 Brandt t. 283 Brandy cr. 579 Brant la. 674 Brantingham .la. 377 Brantiugham p. o. 377 Brasher t. ,575 Brasher Center lo. 575 Brasher Falls p. y. 575 Brasher Iron \S'orks...p. o, 575 Bread cr. 201 Breakneck br. 542 Breakneck mt. 19,640,642 t PAGE Breakneck v. 542 Br.esport p. y. 222 Brewertou p, y. 481 Biewsters Station p.v. 543 Brickville v. 221 Bridge Haven lo. 547 Bridgehampton p. y. 638 Bridgeport p. v. 394 Bridgeville v. 647 Bridgewater. p. v. 463 Bridgewater t. 462 Brier Hill p. o. 580 Brigham p. o. 216 Brighton p. y. 308 Brightim t. 113, 398 Brighton y. 537 Brinkerhoffville- lo. 272 Brink Street cr. 332 Bristol p. o. 495 Bristol t. 496 Bristol Center p. y. 495 Broadalbin p. o. 316 BroadalOin t. 316 Bloarihead p. 645 Brocken Straw cr. 211 Brocketts Bridge p. y. 346 Brockport p. v. 405 Brockton p. o. 215 Brock ville lo. 615 Brockway h. 559 Bronx r. 23, 696. 699. 700, 702, 703, 705, 706, 707 Bronxdale v. 706 Bronxville p. y. 699 Brookflcld lo. 647 Biotikfield p. o. 300 Brookfteld t. S90 Brookbaven t. 633 Brooklyn p. o. 367 Brooklyn City 367 Brooklyn Heights lo. 367 Brooks Grove p. v. 385 Brookville lo. 651 Brookville p. o. 324 Broome co. 178 Broome t. 603 Broome Center p. o. 605 Brown cr. 387 Browns cr. 340 Browns Hollow cr. 349 Browns Hollow v. 416 BrownviBe lo. 496 Brownville p. v. 356 Brownville t. 3.56 BruceviUe v. 664, 666 Brunswick. t. 554 Brunswick Center lo. 654 Brushs Mills p. y. 312 Brash Hollow lo. 643 Brushland p. y. 260 Brutus t 200 Bruynswick p. o. 667 Buciiaa h. 569 Buck lir. 223 Buck mt. 681 Buck p. 395 Buckhom isle 279, 449 Bucklins Corners y. 213 Bucks Bridge lo. 582 Bucktooth cr. 188 Bucktooth p. o. 188 Bucktooth t. 188 Buel p.v. 412 Buena Vista p.o. 626 Buffalo.cr. 20,22,279,293,714 Buffalo p. o. 284 Buffalo City 284 Buffalo Plains p. o. 284 Bull h. 642 Bull Hill mt. 19 Bull Pout ; p. 304 Bulls Head p.o. 270 Bullville p. V. 506 Bulson h. 669 Bunker h. 559 Bunker Hill lo. 659 Burdens Point lo. 703 Burdett p.v. 611 Burdick Settlement y. 227 Burlingham p.v. 646 Burlington p. o. 532 Burlington t. 631 Burlington Flats p. y. 532 Burlington Green v. 532 Burke p. o. 309 Burke t. 309 Burke Hollow y. 309 PAflB Burned h. 507, 641 Burns p.v. 172 Burns t. 172 Burns .v. 625 Burnt Hill p. 647 Burnt Hills p. y. 58" Burpos Corners lo. 699 Burralls br. 491, 4U8 Burrs Mills p. o. 362 Bui tonsville. p. v. 413 Bush cr. 175 Bush Kil 26.3,641 Bushnells Basin p. v. 401 Bushnellsville p.o. 331 Bushville lo. 32.5 Bush wick cr. ."(.7 Bushwick Cross Roads. ..v. 367 Bushwick Green v. 367 Buskirks Bridge-.p. v. 666,679 Busti p.o. 210 Busti t. 210 Busti Comers y. 210 Butler br. 886 Butler h. 505 Butler t. 090 Butler Center lo. 691 ButteiBy cr. 623 Butterfly p. o. 523 Butter Hill mt. 19 Buttermilk cr. 186 Buttermilk h. 702 Buttermilk p. 273, 300 Buttermilk Falls 326, 505 Buttermilk Falls lo. 326 Buttermilk Falls p. v. 505 Bntteriiut cr. 474, 481, 4S4, 630, 632, 633, 536 Butttrnnt h. 569 Butternut p. 300 Butteruuts p. o. 532 Butternuts t. 632 Butterville lo. 665 Buttonwood cr. 395 Byersville p. y. 387 Byr.im la. 698 Byram p. 703 Byram r. 23, 696, 70S Byron p.v. 325 Byron t. 325 Cabin cr. 334 Cabin Hill p.o. 269 Cadiz p. y. 190 Cadmans cr. 591 Cadosia Valley p.o. 262 Cadyville p.v. 239 Cairo p. y. 331 Cairo t. 331 Cairo Forge lo. 331 Calder cr. 387 Caldwell cr. 416 Caldwell p.v. 673 Caldwell t. 673 Caldwells Landing. lo. 377 Caledonia p.v. 3S3 Caledonia t. 383 Caledonia Spnng 383 Caledonia Springs Outlet cr. 405 California lo. 482, 656 Callanans. Corners p.v. 163 Callicoon cr. 641, 644 Callicoon p.o 644 CaBicoon t, 644 Callicoon Center v. 644 Callicoon Depot p.v. 1544 Calvary Cemetery lo. 649 Cambria p.o. 4ri.j Cambria t. 453 Cambridge p.v. t»8t> Cambridge t. 680 Camden p. v. 463 Camden t. 463 Cameron p.v. 623 Cameron l. 62."i Cameron Mills p.o. (>27 Caniillus p. y. 4,81 Camillus t. 480 Campbell t. 623 Campbell Hall lo. .=.07 Campbells cr. 622 Campbelltown p. v. t;23 Campbellville p. v. 273 Camps cr. 5.''.4 Campville .p. v. 652 Canaan p. o. 243 Canaan t. 243 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 725 PAOE Canaan Four Cornpr8..p. V. 243 Cttiiacadea cr. 619, 6*26 Canada lo. 201 Canadiiway cr. 208, 210, 214 Canadice. la. 20, 495 Canadlce t. 495 Caniidice Corners p. o. 495 Canadice Iniet. cr. 495 Can.idice Outlet cr. 491 Canajoharie cr. 407, 412 Cansyoharie p. v. 412 Canajoharie t. 412 Canal.., p. o. 490 Canandaigua la. 20, 22, 491, -17, 720 Canandaigua p. v. 495 Caii-^ndaiijua. t. 495 Canandai;;ua InleU cr. 497 Canandaigua Outlet cr. 21, 491, 497, 688, 691 Canarsio p. o. 372 Canasawacta cr. 223 Canaseraga cr. 20, 168, 381, 386, 386, 388, 394, 619 Canaseraga p. v. 172 Canaseraga v. 394 Canastota cr. 388, 394 Canaatota p. v. 392 Candor p. v. 651 Candor t. 651 Candor Center v. 661 Caneadea cr. 168, 172, 479 Caneadea p. v. 172 Caneadea. t. 172 Canes Falls T. 681 Canfield p. 647 Canfields Corners. p. o. 651 Canisteo p. v. 623 Canisteo r. 21, 23, 168, 170, 619, 623, 626, 626, 627 Canisteo t. 623 Cannonsville p. v. 265 Canoe h. 277 Canoe Place lo. 638 Canoga p. v. 615 Canopus cr. 542 Canopus 1. 640 Canopus Lake cr. 543 Canopus Valley lo. 540 Canterbury v. 504 Canton p. v. 575 Canton t. 575 Canton v. 490 Cap isle 636 Cape h. 607 Cape Vincent p. v. 356 Cape Vincent t. 356 Cap Tree isle 636 Cardiff p. v. 483 Carlisle p. v. 604 Carlisle t. 603 Carl Place lo. 660 Carlton isle 356 Carlton p.o. 614 Carlton t. 614 Carmanaville lo. 419 Carmel p. T. 641 Carmel t. 641 Caroga t. 317 Caroline p.o. 655 Caroline t. 655 Caroline Center p. v. 656 Carpenter b. 277 Carpenters p. 4S6 Carpenters Point lo. 606 Carroll t. 211 Carrolton t. 188 Carra cr. 264 Carterville p. v. 621 Cartersville v. 401 Carthage p. v. 363 Carthage Landing p. v. 272 Carytown lo. 413 Caryville lo. 327 Cascadilla cr. 654 Casper cr. 267 Cassadaga cr. 212, 213, 214, 216 Cassadaga la. 216 Cassadaga p. v. 216 Caesville p.T. 466 Castile p. ». 712 Castile t. 712 Castle br. 491, 498 CasUe cr. 179, 181 PAGE Castle isle 163 Castle Creek p. v. 181 Caalleton p. v. 659 Castleton t. 665 Castleton v. 498 Catatunk cr. 649, 651, 652 Catfish cr. 351, 623 Catharine cr. 219, 222 Catharines cr. 609, 610 Catharines p. v. 610 Catharines t. 609 Cathatachua cr. 340 Cat Head h. 673 Callin la. 303 Catlin t. 220 Catlin Center p.o. 221 Cato p.v. 201 Cato t. 201 Caton p.v. 623 Caton t. 623 CatskiU...cr. 166,165,329,331, 332, 600, 603 Cat8kill...mto. 19, 329, 331, 660 Catskill p. V. 332 Catskill t. 332 CattaraugU8...co. 101, 103, 186 Cattaraugus cr. 20, 22, 186, 187, 189, 194, 213, 279, 283, 289, 292, 712, 714 Cattaraugus la. 22, 714 Cattaraugus p.v. 193 Caughnawaga lo. 407 Caughdenoy p. v. 522 Cayadutta cr. 314, 407, 415 Cayuga br. 200 Cayuga co. Ml, 197 Cayuga cr. 451, 466, 712 Cayuga isle 449 Cayuga la. 20, 22, 197. 198, 200, 206, 614, 616 Cayuga p. v. 200 Cayuga Inlet cr. 654 Cayuga Outlet cr. 197 Ca'yuta....cr. 219, 222, 609, 610, 649, 650 Cavuta la. 609 Cayuta p. o. 222 Cayuta t. 610 Cayuta v. 610 Cayutaville p. o. 611 Cazenove cr. 283, 289, 293 Cazcnovia la. 22, 388 Cazenovia. p.v. 390 Cazenovia t. 390 Cedar cr. 678 Cedar h. 607, 610 Cedar p. 607 Cedar r. 3.39 Cedar Hill lo. 276 Cedar Hill p. o. 163 Cedar Island isle 635 Cedar Lake p. o. 346 Cedar Swamp p.o. 651 Cedarville p.v. 342 Cemetery of the Ever- greens lo. 549 Center br. 636 Center cr. 686 Center Almond p. o. 170 Center Berlin p.v. 664 Center Brook p. o. 530 Center Cambridge p. v. 680 Center Canisteo p.o. 623 Center Falls v. 683 Centerfield p. o. 495 Center Island Jo. 660 Center Lisle p. v. 182 Center Moriches p. o. 634 Center Point p.o. 607 Centerport p.v. 636 Centerport v. 203 Centerport Harbor 636 Center Sherman p. o. 215 Center Square v. 526 Center Village p. v. 181 Centerville lo. 332, 548, 666, 706 Centerville p.v. 172 Centerville. t. 172 Centerville v. 203. 216. 238. 481, 624, 661, 664 Center White Creek ...p. o. 686 Central Bridge p.v. 606 Central Morrisania lo. 707 Central Park lo. 423 Central Square p.v. 622 PAOB Ceres p.v. 174 Chain la. 303 Champion p. v. 3.57 Champion t. 367 Champion South Road..p.o. 357 Champlain...la. 21, 22, 23, 121, 232. 236, 237, 239, 296, 304 Champlain p.v. 237 Champlain r. 236 Champlain t. 236 Channingville lo. 274 ChapinviUe p.v. 496 Chappaqua h. 702 Chappaqua p. 702 Chappaqua p. o. 702 Chapp.lqua Springs 696, 702 Cliarlestou p.v. 413 Charleston t. 412 Charleston Four Corners p. V. 413 Charlotte la. 241,246 Charlotte lo. 464 Charlotte p.v. .199 CharIotte...r. 21, 257, 260, 262, 630, 600, 607 Charlotte t. 211 Charlotte Center p. v. 211 Charlotteville p.v. 607 Charlton p. v. 687 Charlton t. 687 Charter br. 685 Chases la. 316,379 Chases Mills p. o. 579 Chaseville p. o. .634 Chateaugay p.v. 310 Cliateangay r. 307, 309, 310 Cliateangay t. 310 Chateaugay Lake p. o. 309 Chath.im p. T. 244 Chatham t. 244 Chatham Center p.v. 244 Chatham Four Corners p.v. 244 Chatsworth lo. 701 Chattcrdena. p. 262 Chatterton h. 707 Chjiugh-ta-noon-da. cr. 597 Cliaumont p. v. 359 Chaumont r. 367, 360 Chaumont Bay .....124, 362, 359 Chautauqua co. 101, 208 Chautauqua cr. 211, 216 Chautauqna.....la. 22, 208, 211. 213 Chautauqua t. 211 Chautauqua Valley p.o. 174 Chazv la, 237 Chazy lo. 235, 682 Chazy p. V. 237 Chazy r. 21, 23, 237, 238 Chazy. t. 2;!7 Chazy Landing lo. 237 Cheese Coats b. 669 Chekomiko cr. 273 Chelsea V, 6f6 Chemung CO. 219 Chemung p. o. 221 Chemung r. 21, 2.1. 219. 221 , 222, 624, r'26 Chemung t. 221 Chemung Center p.o. 221 Chenango co. 101, 223 Chenango p. o. 181 Cheuango...r. 21, 23, 178, 22.3. •226, 228. 229, 230, 388, 4.18 Clienango.... t. 181 Chenango rorks..p. v. 181. 226 Cheningo cr. 260 Chemmda cr. 168. 174 Cherry Creek p.v. 211 Cherry Creek t. 211 Cheiry Hill lo. 163 Cherry Meadow br. 641 Cherry Valley cr. 6.30, 634 Cherry Valley p, v. 632 Cherry Valley t, 632 Cherubusco p. o. 237 Cheshire p.v. 495 ChesbireviUe .p. o. 229 Chester p.o. ,606 Chester t. 606, 674 Chester v. .W6 Chesterfield t. 300 Chestertown p. v. 674 Chestervllle v. 167 Chestnut Ridge h. 2,89 VKnr. Cliestnut Ridge p. 643 Chestnut Ridge p.o. 271 Chictawauga p.o. 288 Chictawauga t. 288 Chili p. V. 398 Chili t. 398 Chimney isle ,674 Chimney Bluff lo. 691 Chimney Point 377 China p. 0. 712 China t, 712 China Forge .p. 641 Chippewa ..cr. 580 Chippewa lo. 677 Chittenango.„cr. 388, 390,474, 484 Chittenango p, v. 394 Chittenango Falls p. 0. 390 Chittenango Springs 26 Chittenango Springs..., Jo. 394 Chittendens Falls T. 248 Christian Hook lo. 547 Chub .la. 349 Chucks „ h. 610 Chuctenunda cr. 314, 407, 411, 413, 696 Church Hollow p.o. 226 Chnrchs Mills v. 210 Churchtowu p.v. 244 Cburchville p. v. 401 Cicero .p. o. 481 Cicero t. 481 Cicero Corners v. 481 Cincinnati cr. 467 Cincinnatus p.v. 251 Cincinnatus t. 261 CireleviUe p. v. 610 Citizens Union Cemetery lo. 371 City isle 704 City p.o, 270 City Park lo, 369 Oapps Mills V. 685 Claremont lo, 702, 707 Clarence p, o. 289 Clarence t. 288 Clarence Center p.v. 289 Clarence Hiillow v. 289 Clareneeville lo. 54S Clarendon .p, v. 614 Clarendon t, fl4 Clark mt. 302 Clarksbnrgh p. o. 290 Clarks Corners lo. 590 Clarks Faetory p. o. 263 Claiks Mills .v. 464 Clarkson p. v. 399 Clarkson t. 898 Clarkson Center p. v. 405 Clarkstown p.o. 669 Clarkstown t. 569 Clarksville p. v, 164 Clarksville t, 17.3 Clarksvillcv. 200. 390, 634, 669 Clarksville Corners v. 173 Claryville p. v. &J7 Classons Point lo. 706 Claverack..cr. 241,244,246,247, 243 Claverack p. v. 244 Clavorack „ t. 244 Clay p. 0. 481 CI.1.V t 481 Clayhurgb v. 238 Clayton p. v. 367 Cla.vton t. 367 Clayton Center p. o. 357 Clavville p. v. 4ri6 Clear cr. 190, 212, 289, 712 Clear la. 190 Clear p. 304,643 Cleai Creek p.v. 189,212 Clearwater br. 260 Clendening Valley Jo. 418 Clermont p, v. 244 Clermont t. 244 Cleveland p. v. 621 Clifton p. v, 398 nifton V. 666 Clifton Springs p. v. 497 Clifton Par/i p, v, 687, 5S9 Clifton Park. .,t. 587 Clinton CO. 110,232 Clinton p. v. 46-1 Clinton t. 2:17 Clinton Corners p. v. 2Ji) 726 INDEX 01 GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PASE Clintondalo p. T. 666 Clinton Hollow ..p. v. 270 Clinton Point p. o. 270 CUntonville lo. 486, 633 Clintonville p. v. 235 OlockviUe p. V. 392 Clove. br. 261 Clove cr. 642 Clove lo. 607 CloTC p. o. 277 Clove KU 277 Cloveaville p. o. 263 Clowesville lo. 560 Olump Foot cr. 624 Clyde p. T. 601 Clyde r. 21, 613, 688, 691 Clymer. p. v. 211 Cl.vmer t. 211 Clymer Center p. o. 212 Cobamong p. 703 Cobles Kil 600, 606 CobleskUl p. V. 604 Cobleskill t. 604 CobleskUl Center p. v. 604 Cochecton p. V. 644 Cofhecton t. 644 Cochecton Center p. o. 644 Cockburns Gore lo. 263 Coecles Harbor ba. 637 Coeymans br. 164 Coeymans cr. 156, 163 Coeymans p. o. 163 Coeymana t. 163 Coeymans Hollow p. o. 163 Co'-vin.ins Landing. v. 163 Cohocton .p.o. 624 Cobocton t. 624 Colioes .p. V. 166 Coila p.v. 684 Colchester p. o. 260 Colchester t. 260 Cold...br. 223, 260, 253, 254, 693 Cold cr. 174, 713 Cold h. 505 Cold Brook p. v. 348 Cold Creek v. 174 Colden la. 22, 302 Colden p. v. 289 Colden t. 289 Coldenham lo. 608 Coldenham p.o. 608 Cold Spring br. 201 Cold Spring.....cr. 188, 188, 628 Cold Spring.....lo. 454, 499, 628 Cold Spring p. T. 642 Cold Spring t. 188 Cold Spring v. 636 Cold Spring Harbor. ..544, 636 Cold Spring Harbor. ..p. o. 636 Coldwater lo. 399 Cole br. 377, 588 Cok-mans Mills lo. 471 Colemans Station lo. 273 Cole" br. 260 Colesborough.. lo. 558 Coles Mills lo. 641 Coleaville p. o. 181 Cnlesvillo t. 181 CoUaberg. h. 606, 569 CoUaburgh p. o. 506 CoUamer p. o. 4S2 College Point p.v. 546 Collierville p.o. 534 Collins p. 0. 292 Collins t. 289 Collins Center p.v. 289 Collins Landing lo. 360 CoUinsville p. v. 380 Col. Bills cr. 623 Colosse p.v. 522 Colton p. V. 526 Colton t. 526 Columbia co. 101, 103, 241 Columbia p- o. 342 Columbia t. 342 Columbia Center v. 342 Columbia Springs 345 Columbia Village v. 579 Columbiaville lo. 248 Columbus p. 0, 225 Columbus t. 225 Columbus Center v. 225 Columbusville lo. 549 Comae V. 636 Comack p- o. 636 Comfort h. 606, 608 "Ajmmonaville v. 385 PAGE Comstocks Landing... p. 0. IS" Comus mt. 541 Concord t. 289 Conesus cr. 20, 381 Couesus la. 20, 381 Coneauf^ p.o. 383 Conesus t. 383 Conesus Center p. v. 383 Conesville p.o. 604 Conesville t. 604 Coney isle 372 Couhocton r. 21, 23, 386, 619, 622, 625 Conklin lo. 182 Conklin t. 181 Conklin Center p.v. 182 Conklings br. 483 Conklingville v. 589 Conklingville Falls lo. 684 Connecticut r. 631, 633 Counery p. 303 Connetquot r. 636 Connewango cr. 23, 186, 189, 208, 210, 211, 214 Connewango p. o. 189 Connewango t. 189 Conquest p. o. 201 Conquest t. 201 Conquest Center v. 201 Conscience Bay 633 Constable t. 310 Constable v. 310 ConstableviUe p. v. 380 Constantia t. 521 Constantia Center p. o. 521 Constitution isle 540, 542 Continental Village. v. 542 Cooksburgh p. o. 165 Cooks Corners p. v. 393 Cooleys Point lo. 616 Coomer p. o. 454 Coonsville lo. 497 Coopers Falls lo, 676 Coopers Plains p. v. 625 Cooperstown p.v. 536 i CoopersviUe v. 237, 386 Copake la. 241, 245 Copake p. o. 245 Copake t. 244 Copake Flats v. 245 Copake Iron Works. ..p. o. 245 Copake Station v. 246 Copeland h. 164 Copeland p. 681 Copenhagen p. v. 376 Copperas p- 305 Coram p. o. 634 Corbeau cr. 237 Corbetsville p. o. 182 Corfu p.o. 327 Corinth p. o. 218 Corinth t. 218 Corlaers Hook lo. 419 Corning p. v. 624 Corning t. 624 Cortland CO. 250 Cortland Village p. v. 262 CortlandvUle t. 252 Cortlandt t. 698 Cortright br. 204 Cornwall p. o. 505 Cornwall t. 505 Cornwall Landing v. 505 Cornwallville p. v. 332 Corrys br. 696 Coshaqua cr. 381, 385 Cossayuna cr. 683 Cossayuna la. 679 Cossayuna mts. 677 Cot h. 642 Cottage p. o. 189 Coulter br. 259 County Line p. o. 466, 516 Cove Neck lo. 550 Coventry p. v. 226 Coventry t. 225 Coventryville p.v. 226 Covert p. o. 615 Covert t. 615 Coveville lo. 691 Covils p. 643 Covington p. o. 713 Covington t. 713 Covington Center v. 713 Cowaselon cr. 388, 394 Cowaselon p. o. 392 Cow Bay 650 PAGE Cow Neck lo. 649 Cowilliga cr. 407, 413 Cowlesville p. v. 712 Ccxcomb b. 510 Coxsackie cr. 332 Coxsackie p. v. 332 Coxsackie t. 332 Coxsackie Landing lo. 332 Coxsackie Station lo. 249 Crab isle 239 Crabbs Kil 697 Craigsville p.v. 604 Grains Corners lo. 349 Cranberry cr. 23. 314, 318 Cranberry la. 22, 376, 572, 676 Cranberry .p. 395, 805, 643 Cranberry Creek p. o. 318 Cranberry Island lo. 510 Crandalls p. 262 Crandalls Corners lo. 681 Crane cr. 200 Crane, mt. 19, 610, 616 Cranes Neck lo. 633 Cranes Village lo. 590 Cranesville p. v. 412 Crarys Mills p. o. 675 Crawford t. 606 Crawford Settlement v. 611 Crescent p. v. 689 Cripplebnsh KiL cr. 600 Crittenden p. o. 282 Crocker cr. 182 Crofts Corners v. 543 Croghan p. 0. 376 Croghan t. 376 Cromlin cr. 504 Crompond lo. 708 Cronks Corners p. o. 379 Crooked cr. 326 Crooked la. 20, 22, 658, 019, 627, 717, 719, 720 Crooked Lake Outlet....cr. 717 Cropseyville p. o. 564 Crosby cr. 626 Crosbyville p. v. 623 Cross la. 201, 474, 482 Cross p. 701 Cross r. 698, 705 Cross River p.v. 701 Croton cr. 261 Croton la. 642, 702, 706 Croton p. V. 261 Croton r. 267, 273. 696, 698, 701, 703, 706, 708 Croton V. 699 Croton Falls p.v. 704, 706 Croton Landing p.o. 699 Croton Point v. 699 Grouse Store p.o. 277 Grown Point 121 Crown Point p.v. 301 Grown Point. t. 300 Crow cr. 712 Crow Nest mt. 19, 506 Crugers lo. 699 Crnm cr. 416 Crum Elbow...cr. 267, 270, 272 Gruni Elbow. p.o. 274 Crumhorn la. 534 Crumhorn mt. 634 Cruso p.o. 617 Crusoe cr. 693 Crusoe la. 693 Cryders or. 168, 174 Crystal la. 702, 703 Cuba p.v. 173 Cuba t. 173 Cuba Summit lo. 173 Cuddebackville p.v. 506 Cumberland Bay 239 Cumberland Head. lo. 239 Curriers Corners lo. 714 Currytown v. 416 Curtis Station lo. 623 Cutchogue p.v. 640 Cuyler p. v. 265 Cuyler t. 256 Cuylerville p. v. 384 Cypress h. 549 Cypress Avenue lo. 548 Cypress Hills h. 649 Cj-press Hills lo. 373 Cypress Hills Cemetery .lo. 649 Da-de-nos-ca-ra cr. 575 DaUa p. 303 Dale p. 0. 714 Danby p. v. 656 Danby t. 656 Dannemora p.v. 238 Dannemora t. 237 Dansville p. v. 385 DansviUe.... t. 624 Danube p. o. 343 Danube t. 342 Darien p. o. 326 Darien t. 326 Darien Center p.v. 326 Darien City !..lo. 32S Dashville v. 662 Davenport p. v. 260 Davenport t. 260 Davenport Center p. v. 260 Davenport Corners v. 642 Davenports Neck lo. 703 Davids isle 703 Davis cr. 688, 602 Davis p. 647 Daws Cornerslo 326,686 Day p.o. 588 Day t. 588 Dayansville v. 378 Dayton p.v. 275 Dayton t. 275 Dead cr. 682 Dead la. 684 Dead ^yater Iron Works p.o. 304 Deans Corners p.o. 591 Deansville p.v. 466 Decatur p. v. 533 Decatur t. 532 Decker '. h. 510 Deep Clove Kil cr. 334 Deepi Kil cr. 566 Deep Spring 484 Deer cr. 168, 173,627,688, 692 Deer h. 605 Deer L 339 Deer r. 307, 308, 309, 310, 376, 376, 377, 572, 675, 678 Deer Kiver p.v. 376 Deerfleld p. o. 463 Deerfleld t. 463 Deerfleld Corners v, 463 Deering Harbor 637 Deer Park p.v. 636 Deerpark t. 506 Defiance mt. 295, 304, 677 De Forest Corners lo. 543 Defriestville p. v. 557 De Kalb p. v. 676 De Kalb t. 676 DeLancey p.o. 390 Delanti v. 216 Delaware Co. 101, 267 Delaware cr. 283, 290 Delaware r. 21, 23. 178, 267, 259, 260, 263, 265, 641 Delaware Bridge .p.o. 648 Delhi p. V. 261 Delhi t. 260 Delphi p. V. 486 Delta p. V. 465 Deming h. 382 Denman Hill mt. 647 Denmark p. v. 376 Denmark t. 376 Denning p. o. 662 Denning - t. 662 Dennis h. 319 Denison p.o. 344 Denisons Corners lo. 344 Denton v. 511 Depauville p. v. 357 De Peyster p. 0. 576 De Peyster t. 576 De Peyster Corners v. 576 Deposit p. V. 183, 265 DeRuyter p.v. 390 De Ruyter t. 390 Devereaux v. 343 De Witt p.o. 482 DeWitt t. 481 Dewittsville lo. 662 De Wittville p.v. 211 Dexter P- v- 356 Dexterville lo. 212 Diameter Rock. mt. 677 Diamond Hill v. 348 Diamond Rock h. 656 Diana p.o. 376 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PAGI Diana t. 376 Diana Center p. o. 376 DickersonviUe p. o. 454 Dickinson _ p. o. 310 Dickinson t. 310 Dickinaon Center p.o. 310 Dickinson Station lo. 265 Dike cr. 168 Dionondabowft Falls 680 Discovery mt. 296, 302 Ditch cr. 605 Dil mt. 295 DL\ ..t. 611 Dix Hills p.o. 636 Di.\ Peak mt. 19,304 Doawesbnrgh lo. 543 Dobbs Ferry p. v. 700 Dodges cr. 168,173,186 Dominies Hook lo. 419 Doolittle cr. 661 Doraville p. o. 183 Dormansville p.o. 163 Dorrs Cornera lo. 686 Dosoris lo. 561 Dotys Corners p.o. 625 Dover p. o. 271 Dover t. 270 Dover Plains v. 271 Downs br. 260 Downsville p. v. 260 Dresden t. 680 Dresserville p. v. 204 Drew h. 541 Drews p. 541 Drowned Lands lo. 501 Dninimonds br. 590 Drv br. 252, 663 Dry Brook lo. 663 Dry Brook Settlement..,lo. 263 Dryden la. 666 Drvden p. T. 656 Dryden t. 656 Dry Dock p.o. 687 Dry Falls 203 Dry Run cr. 623 Duane p.o. 310 Dnane t. 310 Duanesburgh p. v. 596 Duanesbui'gh t. 596 Dublin T. 615 Duck p. 201 Duck Cedar p. 507 Dudlev cr. 182 Dug Way p.o. 520 Dampling h. 398 Dunbarton v. 479 Dundee p. v. 721 Dunderbergh mt. 569 Dunhams Baain 7. 685 Dunkirk p. v. 214, t. 217 Dunning Street v. 590 Dunnsville p. o. 164 Durham p. t. 332 Durham t. 332 Durhamville. p. v. 392,479 Durkeetown lo. 682 Dutch p. 647 Dutchess. en. 101, 103, 110, 267 Dutch Fiictory lo. 569 Dutch Hills lo. 649 Dutch Hollow br. 204 Dutch Hollow v. 610 Dutch Settlement lo. 664 Dwaars Kil 606,587, 667 Dwaars Kill p.o. 667 Dyers Neck lo. 633 DyersTille v. 256 Dyke cr. 169, 171 Dykemans p.o. 543 Dykemana Station. lo. 543 Eagle la. 713 Eagle p. 0. 713 Eagle t. 713 Eagle Bridge p. v. 556 F.agle Harbor p. v. 614 Eagle Slills p.o. 554 Eagle Tillage lo. 484 Eagle Tillage p. v. 713 Eagleville v. 165 Earlville p. v. 230, 391 East br. 636 East cr. 660, 683 Eiist r. 367, 544,548,649 Eaat Albany lo. 555 East Amherst p. o. 283 EaatAshford « p.o. 188 PAGE Eaiit Ashland lo. 331 East Aurora p. v. 283 Ea.st Bainbridge lo. 225 East Hank lo. 260 East Bay 631, 691 East Beekmantown....p. o. 236 East Bergen p. o. 325 East Berkshire p. o. 650 East Bern p.v, 162 East Bethany p.v. 325 Eaat Bloomfield p. v. 496 East Bloomfleld t. 496 East Branch cr. 451 East Branch p.v. 262 East Branch Potic cr. 334 East Brook br. 265 East Brunswick lo. 654 Ea«t Camp v. 245 East Caiiada...cr. 340, 346, 407, 416, 468 Eaat Candor p.o. 651 Eaiit Carlton p.o. 514 East Chatham p.v. 244 East Chester p. v. 699 East Chester t. 699 East Chester v. 605 East China p.o. 713 East aarkson.. p. v. 399 East Constable p.o. 310 East Coy cr. 713,714,716 East Coy p.o. 715 East Creek p.v. 346 EastDe Kalb p.o. 676 East Dickinson p.o. 310 East Durham p.v. 322 East Eden p.o. 290 East Elba p.o. 326 East Evans p.v. 290 East Farmiugton p. o. 496 East Fish la. 317 EastFishkill p.v. 271 East Fishkill t. 271 East Florence p. o. 463 East Gaines p.o. 513 East Gainesville p.v. 713 East Galway p. o. 588 East Genoa p. o. 202 East Germ.an p.o. 226 East Glcnville p.o. 597 East Grafton p.v. 555 East Greenbush p.o. 555 East Greene .p. v. 226 East Greenville lo. 333 East Greenwich p. v. 683 East Groveland p.o. 384 East Guilford p.v. 227 East Hamburgh p.v. 289 East Hamburgh t. 289 East Hamilton p.o. 392 East Hampton p.v. 635 East Hampton t. G'-H East Hebron v. 684 East Henrietta v. 399 East Hill p. 0. 386 Eaat Homer p. v. 253 East Ilounstield p.o. 358 East Java p.o. 714 East Jewett p. o. 334 East Kil 333 East Lansing p.o. 658 East Loon p.o. 191 East Line p.o. 587 East Macdoncngli p. v. 227 East Maine p.o. 182 East Marion p. v. 640 Eaat Melrose lo. 702 East Moriches p.v. 634 East Morrisanla lo. 702 East Mount Ternon v. 699 East Nassau p.v. 557 East New York p.v. 373 East Norwich p.o. 651 Easton p. V. 681 Easton' t. 680 Easton Corners v. 681 East Orangeville lo. 714 East Otto p.o. 189 East Otto t. 1S9 East Painted Post p.o. 624 East Palmyra. p.v. 693 East Pembroke p.v. 327 East Pentleld p.o. 401 East Pharsalia. p.v. 229 East Pierrepont p. v. 581 East Pike p.v. 715 Eajit Pitcairn p.o. 581 PAGE East Poestenkill .p. o. 658 Eaat Porter p.o. 456 East Randolph p. v. 195 East Red cr. 688, 692 East Rodman p. o. 361 East Rush v. 406 East Rushford. p.v. 176 East Salem p.o. 686 East Sauquoit v. 466 East Schodack.. p.v. 559 East Schuyler p.v. 348 East Scott p.o. 254 East Shelby. p.o. 516 East Smithville v. 230 East Springfield p.v. 538 East Springwater p.o. 386 East Stockholm v. 582 East Stony cr. 338, 676 East Township lo. 164 East Tioupsburgh p.o. 628 East Tarick p. o. 618 East Tenice p.o. 206 EastTictor- lo. 499 East Tirgil p.v. 255 East Warsaw p.o. 716 East Williamson v. 694 East Wilson p.o. 457 East Windham p.o. 335 East Winfleld v. 349 East Worcester p.v. 538 Eaton p. V. 391 Eaton t. 390 Eaton Reservoir p. 393 Eatons Corners lo. 696 Eatons Necks lo. 636 Eatouville p.o. 345 Eckford la. 22 Eddytown p.v. 721 Eddyville p. o. 193 EddyvUle v. 664 Eden p. V. 290 Eden t. 290 Edenton p. o. 576 Eden Talley p.v. 290 Edenville p. v. 510 Edgecomb Pond p. 673 Edinburgh p.o. 588 Edinburgh t. 588 Edmestou p.o. 533 Edmeston t. 533 Edmeston Center v. 533 Edwards p. v. 576 Edwards t. 676 Edwardsville p.o. 580 Efoor la. 588 Egbertsville v. 567 Eggertsville p. o. 283 Egypt br. 491, 498 Egypt lo. 495 Egypt p.v. 401 Eighteen Mile cr. 279, 290, 463, 456 Eight Mile cr. 165, 166, 526 Elba- p. o. 328 Elba t. 326 Elbridge p.v. 482 Elbridge t. 482 Eleven Mila*r. 279, 282, 293.326 Elgin P.O. 192 Elizabethtown p. v. 301 Elizabethtown t. 301 Elizabethtown v. 297 Elizaville p. o. 248 Elk cr. 261 Elks Lick cr. 621 Ellenburgh p.v. 238 Ellenburgh t. 238 Ellenburgh Center p. v. 238 Ellenburgh Depot...lo. 235, 238 EUenville p.v. 6S8 Ellery p. o. 212 Ellery t. 212 Ellery Center p.v. 212 Ellicott p.o. 290 Ellicott t. 212 Ellicottville p. v. 189 Ellicottville t. 189 Ellington p. v. 212 Ellington t. 212 Elliottsrtlle lo. 565 Ellisbnrgh p. o. 357 Ellisburgh t. 367 Ellis cr. 592, 650 Ellis isle 41.S, 419 Ellis. V. 357 Ellmorea Comers v. 662 Elm cr. 578 PAOB Elma p. T. 290 Elma „ t. 290 Elmira p. v. 221 Elmira t. 221, 649 Elmores Corners v. 662 Elm Talley p.o. 171 Elpia lo. 499 Elsinore lo. 239 Elton p. V. 190 Eltona lo. 702 Emersons Comers lo. 693 Eminence p.v. 608 Emmons mt. 19, 336 Empeyville v. 463 Enfleld p. v. 656 Enfield t. 656 Enfield Center p.v. 656 Enfleld Falls lo. 668 Engellville p. o. 607 English r. 232, 238 Enory HUl h. 715 Ephratah p.v. 317 Ephratah t. 317 Erie Co. 101, 279 Erie la. 20, 22, 122, 208, 215, 279, 284 Erieville p. v. 393 Erieville Reservoir p. 393 Erin p.o. 222 Erin t. 222 Erwin t. 625 Erwin Center lo. 627 Esopus cr. 660,663 Esopus p.o. 662 Esopus t. 662 Essex CO. 110, 295 Essex p.v. 301 Essex t. 301 Esperance p.v. 496, 605 Eaperance t. 604 Etna p.v. 666 Euclid p.v. 481 Eureka lo. 471 Evans p.v. 290 Evana t. i.'90 Evans Mills p.v. 3.59 Evas Kil 407, 411 Eve mt. 510 Exeter p.o. 533 Exeter. t. 633 Exeter Center v. 533 Fabius p. V. 483 Fabius t. 482 Factory br. 250,263, 254 Factory Tillage v. 590 Factorj'ville lo. 597 Factoryville p. v. 650 Factoryville v. 565 Fairfield p.v. 343 Fairfield t. 34.3 Fair Haven lo. 514 Fair Haven p.v. 204 Fairmount p.o. 481 Fairport p. v. 401 Fairview p. o. 190 Fairville p. v. 690 Falconer p.v. 214 Falkirk lo. 292 Fall br. 204. 376. 381, 496 Fall cr. 253, 267, 332. 383. 461, 491, 497, 654, 655, 65S Fall Kil 272,274 Falls h. 346 Fallsburgh t. 644 Farmer p. o. 616 Farmers Hill I. o. 27S Farmers Mills p. T. 541 Farmers Tillage l.o. 550 FarmersWlle p.v. 190 Farmersville t. 190 Farmersvillo v. 616 Fanningdalo. p.o. 550 Farmington. p.o. 496 Farmington t. 496 Faruham p.o. 283 Far Rockaway. r 547 Fayette p.o. 615, 618 Fayette t. 615 Fayetteville p.v. 484 Featberstona la. 596 Federal Hollow lo. 720 Federal Store p.o. 273 Felta Mills p.v. 361 Fenner p. o. 391 Fenner... t. 391 Feutoavillo p.o. 211 728 INDEX or GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PAGE Fergusons Corners p. o. 719 Fergusonville p. v. 260, 262 Feuribush !o. 164 Feuri-Spruyt Kil 1C3 Fields Settlement lo. 362 Fillmore p. v. 174 Finchville lo. 608 Fine p. o. 677 Fine t. 676 Fiiidleys la. 214 Findiuys Lake p. v. 214 Fire isle 633 Fire Island isle 633 i''iro Place p. v. 634 First cr. 688 Fi8h...cr. 22, 349, 375, 4.51, 4.56, 458, 461, 465, 491, 496, 626, 627, 629, 691. Fi,ih 1ft. 190 Fish Creek Landing v. 470 Fishers p. o. 439 Fishers Island isle 639 Fishliill cr. 267, 271 FishkiU mt. 271 FishkiU p. y. 272 Fishkill t. 271 Fishkill Furnaca lo. 271 Fishkill Landing p.y. 271 Fishkill Plains p.y. 271 Fitchs Point y. 686 Five Corners p. v. 202 Fiye Mile cr.l86, 622 Five Mile Meadow lo. 453 Five Mile Kun p. o. 188 Five Streams br. 226 Flanders p. v. 638 Fliit cr. 407, 416 Flat Brook p. v. 243 Flat Creek p. o. 416 Flatbush p. V. 372 Flatbu.sh t. 372 Flatlands p. o. 372 Flittlands t. 372 Flax cr. 636 Flax Pond Bay 633 Fleetvfood lo. 699 Fleming p. T. 201 Fleming. t. 201 Flint cr. 491, 498. 719 Flint V. 665 Flint Creek p.o. 498 Florence p. y. 463 Florence t. 463 Florence Hill lo. 463 Florida p. y. .610 Florida t. 413 Flower Hill lo. 550 Floyd p. o. 464 Floyd t. 463 Floyd Corners v. 464 Floyd Koad lo. 4t>5 Flushing cr. 646, 648 Flushing p. v. 546 Flushing t. 646 Flushing Bay 644, 646 Fluvanna p. y. 212 Fly br. 223 Fly cr. 166 Fly Creek p. v. 636 Fly Meadow cr. 223, 230 Fly Mountain p.o. 664 Fog^ingtown lo. 543 Folaomdale p.o. 712 Fonda ,...p. y. 415 Poudas cr. 314, 316 Fondas h. 655 Fondas Bush v. 316 Foots Corners lo. 383 Fordham p.y. 707 Fords cr. 168, 176 Pordaborough v. 414 Foreatburgh p.o. 645 Forest City p.o. 668 Forest-of-I^ean cr. 607 Forest Port p. v. 462, 466 Fortwtville p. V. 213 Forge Hollow v. 465 Forked la. 22, 337 Fort h. 642 Fort p. 635 Port Ann mts. 681 Port Ann p. v. 681 Fort Ann t. 681 Fort Brewerton v. 522 Fort Clinton lo. 570 Fort Covington p. v. 311 Fort Covington t 311 PAQE Fort Edward p. t. 682 Fort F.dward t. 681 Fort Edward Center.. .p.o. 682 Fort Hamilton p. v. 373 Fort Herkimer v. 344 Fort Hill lo. 327 Fort Hill Cemetery 200 Fort Hunter p.o. 413 Fort Jackson v. 678 Fort Miller p.y. 682 Fort Montgomery p. v. 505 Fort Neck lo. 661 Fort Niagara lo. 456 Fort Plain p. v. 414 Fort Pond ba. 634 Fort SL'huyler. lo. 706 Forts Ferry lo. 587 Fortsville p.y. 690 Fort Tompkins 419 Fort Washington lo. 419 Fosterdale p. o. 644 Fosters Meadow lo. 647 Fostertown cr. 609 Fostertown lo. 509 Fostcrville p. v. 200 Foundry br. 542 Four Corners lo. 278 Four Mile cr. 186, 395. 451. 616, 628 Four Mile Creek p.o. 288 Fowler p. o. 677 Fowler t. 577 Fowlerville v. 387 Fox cr.l66, 318, 416 Fox isle 366 Fo.xoD Kil 162 Fox's cr. 600, 608 Fox IsLand lo. 510 FrnnUfort p. v. 344 Frankfort t. 344 Frankfort Hill p. o. 344 Franklin co. 101, 307 Franklin p. v. 261 Franklin t. 261, 311 Franklin v. 464 Franklin Falls p. v. 311 Franklinton p. v. 603 Franklinville lo. 640 Franklinville p. v. 190 Fr.inklinville t. 190 Franklinville v. 637 Franks Corners lo. 255 Fredonia p. v. 214 Freedom p.o. 190 Freedom t. 190 Freedom Plains p.y. 272 Freehold p. v. 333 Freemont p. o. 645 Freemont t. 645 Frecport p. v. 547 Freerville v. 662 Freetown t. 252 Freetown Corners p. v. 252 Frceville lo. 666 Freleighs Point lo. 616 Fremont t. 626 Fremout Center lo. 625 Freemont Center p. v. 645 French, .cr. 23, 208, 215, 351, 367 French h. 708 French mt. 670, 675 French Creek p. o. 312 French Creek t. 312 Frenchmans cr. 591 Frenchnians isle 481, 521 French Mills lo. 164 French Mountain p.o. 675 Fresh Kils cr. 663, 666 Fresh Meadows lo. 546 Fresh Pond p.o. 637 Frewsburgh p. y. 211 Freysbush p. o. 414 Friends la. 674 Friends p.o. 214 Friends Cemetery lo. 371 Friendship p. v. 173 Friendship t. 173 Frontier p.o. 237 Frost Hill lo. 499 Fullnms Basin lo. 401 Fullerville lo. 677 FullervillelronWork9..p.o. 577 Fulmer cr. 344 Fulton CO. 314 Fulton p. V. 628 Fulton t. 605 Fultonham p. v. 605 PAOE Fulton Lakes (3, 4, 6) 22 Fulton Lakes (6, 7. 8) 22 Fulton Lakes 339 Fultonville p. V. 413 Furmanville lo. 571 Furnace br. 696 Furnace cr. 340^ 461 Furnace Hollow cr. 681 Furnace Village v. 692, 696 Gaines p. y. 514 Gaines t. 614 Oaines Basin lo. 514 Gainesville cr. 713 Gainesville p. o. 713 Gainesville t. 713 Gainesville Center. lo. 713 Gainesville Creek v. 713 Qiilen t. 691 G.iles p. 0. 647 GalesTille p. v. 683 GaleviUe Mills p.o, 067 Gallatin t. 245 Gallatinville ....« p. v. 246 Gallop isle 678 Gallows h. 699 Gallupyille p. v. 608 Galway p. y. 688 Galway t. 588 Gansevoort p. v. Garbuttsville v. Gardiner t. Gardners isle 631, 634, Gardners p. Gariiners Bay Gardners Corners y. Gardners Island lo. Gardnertown v. Gardnerville p. y. Gardnersville v. Garlick Falls p. o. Garnerville v. Qaroga ... cr. 314, 317, 407, Garoga la. Gjiroga. p. v. Garrattavillo p. v. Garrisons p. o. Gasport p. y. Gates p. 0. Gates t. Gates Center v. Gay Head» p. o. Gcddes p. y. Geddes t. Genegantslet. cr. 223, 227, Genegantslet la. Genegantslet p. v. Genesee co. 101, Genesee cr. Genesee r. 20, 22, 122, 170,171.174,381,383, 386.395,399,402.710, 713. Genesee t. Genesee Falls t. Genesee Val. R. R. Junc.lo. Geneseo p. v. Geneseo t. Geneva p. y. Genoa p. y. Genoa t. George la. 23, 296, 304, 670. 673. Georgetown p. v. Georgetown t. Georgica p. German p. o. German t. German Flats t. Germantown p. v. Germantown t. Gerry p. o. Gerry t. Getzville p. o. Ghent p. v. Ghent t. Giant of the Valley.. ..mt. Gibson t. Gibsonville p. y. Gidneys cr. Giers br. Gilberts la. Gilberts Mills p. o. Gilbertsville y. 627, Gilboa p. v. Gil boa t. 691 406 662 638 678 631 378 610 609 607 511 236 570 416 317 317 635 542 456 399 399 399 333 483 483 230 227 226 820 174 168, 385. 712, 173 713 405 383 383 498 202 202 21, 680 391 391 635 226 226 344 246 245 211 213 283 246 245 301 624 384 609 261 535 527 532 605 606 PAOH Oilderland p.o. 164 Gilead la 541 Gilgo Inlet.- cr. 644 Gill cr. 451 Gilman p. o. 337 Gilman t. 337 Glasco p. V. 666 Glass la. 558 Glass House cr. 588 Glass House v. 558 Glen p. o. 413 Glen t. 413 Glen Aubrey lo. 183 Glen Castle p. o. 181 Glencoe Mills p. y. 248 Glencoye p. y. 550 Glene-irie v. 667 Gleneida la. 540 Glenham p.y. 272 Glen Haven p.o. 204 Glenmark Falls v. 693 Glen Mary lo. 652 Glenmore p. v. 461 Glensdale p. o. 378 Glens Fiills lo. 674 Glens Falls p. v. 675 Olenville lo. 705 Glenville p. v. 697 Glenville t. 597 Glen Wild p.o. 647 Olenwood p. y. 289 Glovers^ille p. v. 317 Glowegee cr. 684, 690 Goat isle 450, 703 Goffs Mills p. o. 628 Golden Hill cr. 451, 466 Golden Root h. 541 Goldens Bridge p.o. 701 Goldsmiths cr. 219, 221 Goodground p.o. 638 Goodhue cr. 621 Goodhue la. 621 Goodwin mt. 303 Goo.se cr. 213 Goose h. 541 Goose isle 541 Goose la. 339 Goose Pond mt. 505 Goose Neck isle 579 Gooseville lo. 483 Gorham p. v. 496 Gorham t. 496 Goshen p. v. 506 Goshen t. 506 Gouverneur p. y, 577 Gouyerneur t. 577 Governors isle 41S. 419 Gowanda p. v. 194 Gowanus v. 367 QowanusBay .■i65, 367 Grafton p. v. 655 Grafton t. 666 Grahamsvilli' p. y. 647 Grammercy Park lo. 425 Granby t. 621 Granby Center p. o. 621 Grand isle 279, 449 Grand Island p.o. 290 Grand Island t. 290 Grand Sachem mt. 271 Granger p. o. 174 Granger t. 174 Grangerville p. o. 691 Graniteyille v. 566 Grants br. 2.59 Granville p. v. 682 Granyille t. 682 Grass y. 672, 675, 579, 681 Grasse r. 21 Grassy Point lo. 570 Grassy Swamp br. 506 Gravesend p. v. 372 Gravesend t. 372 Gravesend Bay ... 365, 373 Gravesrille p. v. 348 Gray Court cr. 505 Grays Corners lo. 589 Graysville p. v. 3-17 Great br. 223. 227 Oreat isle 705 Great p. 635 Great Bend p. v. 367 Great Black br. 236 Great Chazy..r. 232, 236, 236. 682 Great Gull isle 639 Great Hog Neck 639 Great KUs 56» INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 729 PAGE Oreal Long Pond mt. 701 Oreat Neck. lo. 649, 6Jb Great Pefonic Bay 631,637 Great Sixlus "■ 688 Great Sodus Bay...68S, 691,693 Oreal South Bay 631, 636 r.re.u Sucker ". 5i8 Great Swamp l"- "*^ ,ir,at Valley cr. 189, 190 (iiMi Valley P-o. 190 ,,,™t Valley t. WO cir.at Valley Station v. 190 Greece Greece Greece Center Orcen /SrAMn isle 673 Sr^Sv r:.. ..:...ia. m. m Green r. 243, 246 Greenborough p- o. o'-ib. Greenburgh t- '99 ..p. V. 399 t. 399 lo. 399 ....h. 510 Greenbusli Greenbush. Greene Greene Greene Greenfield.. Greenfield., P^GE ..p. 681 .cr. 6.11 691 , 412 . 645 . 331 , 674 , 674 , 677 , 333 . 2C3 , 266 ...'...li. 647 ....p. 0. 689 ....lo. ..p. V. ...p.o. t. . 377 .^76 ,n.v. 655 t. 665 CO. 329 p.T. 226 t. 226 .10. 372 p.T. 668 Greenfield t- 589 Greenfield Center p. v. 689 Green UaTen P-T- 270 Green Island p.T. 166 Green Locks t. 666 Green Point p. o. 367 Oreenport P- '■ 639 Greeoport '■ 24? Green RiTer P- v. 246 Greens Corners lo. 466 Greens Corners v. 174 Greenville lo. 700 OreenTiUe P- J- 332 Greenville t. 33-, 50* Greenville '• 607 Greenville Center v. 33J Greenwich '<>■ 419 Greenwich P-o- 683 Greenwich t "So Greenwich Point lo. 547 Greenwood i"-- 510 Greenwood P- v- 62o Greenwood ■■'• 6-o Greenwood Cemetery ...lo. 3Jl Greenwood Works p. v. 607 Gregorys !*'■ Greig P" Greig ^ ,„ Oreig^ille ''■■7; ™ Grenadier isle 356 Gridley •^■'•Eo Griffins Corners p. v. Zbi GrilBns Corners v. 64Z Griffins Mills P- »■ 283 Griffiths Corners lo. Via Griffiths Mills lo. 496 Grindstone cr. 497 Grindstone >sl« 3o7 Orippy Hill mt- 162 Griswolds Mills p. v. 681 Jrocsbeck lo- 163 Grooms Corners p. o. 687 GrosvemorsCorncr,s..p.o. 604 Groton P-V- 657 Oroton '■ 657 Groton City P- »• 657 Grove P- <>• }',* Grove ;'• }'_* Grove Center lo. Ii4 Groveland -P- <>• 384 Groveland- t. 383 Groveland Center p. o. 384 GrOTeland Corners v. 384 OroTes ". 616 Qnilderland t- JJ* Ouilderland Center p. t. 164 Guilford t- 227 Guilford Center p. v. 227 Guilford Pond cr. 227 Oulii-ksville lo. 027 Oulph Summit p. o. IW Guy Park 1<>- 412 Gypsum P- "• ^O? naannUroi8..cr.l56, 163,166, 3.34 Uackensack r. 668, 669, 670 Hadlcv '■ 589 llndlcy Falls 6'-» Hadlock Hagadorns Ilagadorns Hollow.... Ilagauians Mills llHgans Hagel Kil Hague Hague Hailesborougb Halcott Halcottsville p. o. Hales Uddy P- Half Moou Half Moon Half Mi)on t- 589 Halfway br. 181. 183 Halfway cr. 681 Half Way House lo. 687 Hall h- 507 Halletts Cove 644 Halletts Point lo. 669 Halls Corners lo. 690, 615, 700, 714 Halls Corners.. p.o. 498 Halls Port P- '• 176 Halls Station lo. 455 IWlaville P- "■ 414 Hal.«cy Valley p.o. 650,663 HalBcyville lo. 668 Hamburgh p.o. 291 Hamburgh *• 291 Hamburgh-on-tho-Lake p.o. 291 Hamden p. v. 261 Hamden '• 261 Hamilton co. 33b Hamilton p. v. 391 Hamilton *• 391 Hamilton Square lo. 423 Hamiltonville v. 164 Hamlin mt. 302 Hamlet P- °- 216 Hammerton lo. -74 Hammond p. v. 577 Hammond *• 677 Hammonds Corners v. 220, 301 Hammondsport v. 628 Hampton p. o. 683 Hampton '• "83 Hampton ■^- 471 Hamptonburgh lo. 60i Hamptonburgh t. 607 Hampton Corners v. 683 Hancock P- v. 2b-2 Hancock '• 261 Handsome br- 261 Handsome Eddy br. 2'23 Hanfords Landing p.T. 399 Hankins Station lo. 646 Hannibal P- t. 6'22 Hannibal '• "i Hannibal Center. Hanover Hanover '■ 213 HanoTer ■'• 465 HanoTer Center lo. 213 Hans -or- 591 Hardenbergh '• 663 Harford P- "■ 252 Harford t. 252 Harkness L 303 Harlem P-O. 419 Harlem r. 23, 418, W Harlemville P- ». 246 Harmony Harmony Harmonyville, Harpers Harpersfield . Harpersfield.. Harpersville.. Harrietstown •*• Harrington " Harris Harrisburgh P^OE Hart Lot P<>. 482 Harts '''"I^i lo. 7110 '.. lo. 484 .....t. 625 Harts Corners. Harts Village Hartsville Hartsville Hartsville Center T. b'-J Hartwick P-'- 533 Hartwick t- 533 Hartwick Seminary. ..p- v. 53.t Hartwood lo. 640 Hitrvard P- V. 2b_ Harvard . Hasenclever. Hasha Haskel Flat Haskel HaskinviUe Hastings Hastings Hastings Hastings Center Hastings upon ..p.' ..mts. h. PAflK Highland t. M6 Highland Mills p. v. 608 Ilialilands mts. 19, 540 High Market p.o. 377 High Market t. 377 High Peak mt. 19, 329, 333 High Point h. 497 Hillsborough p. o. 463 Hillsdale P- f- 248 Hillsdale «• 248 340 569 p. o. 191 ..cr. 186,194 p.o. 625 p.T. 622 t. 6-22 V. 700 p. V. 622 Hudson p.o. 700 h. 49- la. 390 p. o. 471 ....T. 7-2» p. T. 51-^ . 627 . 191 Hatch Hatchs Havana . Haver Island 1™ Haverstraw P- o. 669 Haverstraw t. 669 Haviland P-o. 642 Hawkins cr. 645 Hawkins Creek po. 646 HawkinsviUe p. v. 46-2 Hawks cr. 261 Hawleyton p. o. 180 Hav Island Inlet 544 Ha'ynerviUe P-O. 558 Haysburgh lo. 246 Hazard P- S"! Hazens ^- 541 Hillside Himrods Corners... Hindsburgh HinmansviUe Hinsdale , Hinsdale t. 191 Hitchcocks Corners v. 270 Hoag P- 274 Hoags Corners p. v. 6oi Hobart P-,''- 265 lloboken City lo- 429 Hodge P- 64. Hoffmans Ferry P-o. 697 17 I Hog ■!>- 272 Hogais 610 Hogansburgh.. p. 646 ..p. V. 309 SorSack'.!". i. 507, 642 Hog Hollow cr. 491, 496 Holland P- »• 291 Holland '- 291 Holland Patent p. v. 4bi Holley P-,''- 516 HoUins Hook lo. 614 Hollow •". 340 ....V. 466 ...hr. 621 228, 6-27 p. T. 253 HolmanCity... Holmes Pond.. HolmesTille.... Homer Homer Homowack, 262 p.T. 646.668 ..p.o. Hebron • , Mi , Hebron '. 684 Hecia Works p. v. 471 Hector P- °- 611 Hector *• 611 Hector Falls lo. 611 Hcdden or. 668 HeddingviUe lo. 543 Hedgesvillo v. 6-29 Helderbergh mts. 19, 156, 156, 332, 695 Helena P- T. 675 Hell Gate 644, 648 Ilellibaik mts. 19, 600 Hemb.ck cr. 381 Hemlock h. 607, 541 Hemlock la. 20, 381 Hemlock Lake p. v. 384 Hemlock Outlet cr. 491, 498 Hempstead p. v. 647 Hempstead Bay 644, 547 p. V. 6'22 I Hempstead Harbor 544, 649 lo 213 ' Hempste;ui Hook...cr. 367, 368 ' Hculiawk isle 705 Henrietta p. o. 399 Henrietta t. 399 Henderson .bay 358 Henderson la. 22, 303 Heuderson -mt. 303 Henderson P- v. 358 Henderson t. 358 Henderson Harbor lo. 358 Hetidy cr. 218, 221 Herkimer co. 101, 103, 340 684 Honcoye...cr. 20, 170, 172, 381, p.o. 213 ....t. 213 ....T. 627 ..br. 225 t. 262 p. V. 262 p. T. ISl 311 650 p. 303 p.o. 377 Harrisburgh t. 377 Harris Hill P-o- 289 Harrison P- »■ 701 Harrison -'■ 700 Harrisons cr- 5.J-4 Harrisville ». 376 Hartfleld P- »- 211 Hartford '^'l lH Hartford t. 68.1 Hartland P- o. 453 Ilartland ■■'- 463 Hartland Comers lo- 453 Herkimer Herkimer Horniitago Hermitage llermoii Hernion Hess Itoad HcssviUe Hensooville Heuvelton Hi.wletta Point Hiliernia Hickory Corners, ,..p. V. 345 t. 345 ...p.v. 716 T. MO ...p.T. 678 t. 678 ...p. o. 454 lo. 414 ...p. V. 335 ...p. V. 680 lo. 6.50 ...p. o. -270 ..p. 0. 454 Hickory Grove lo. 701 Hicksville p. o. 650 HigginsviUe P- v- 470 High isle '64 High Bridge v. 484 High Bridgeville lo. 702 High Falls 10.376,876,664, High Falls.. High Mills.. 670 p. o. 664, 666 384, 395, 404 Honeoye la. 20, 495 Honeoye P- ^- 498 Honeoye Corners lo. IT. Honeoye Falls p.v. 400 Honeoye Inlet cr. 495, 497 Honeoye Outlet cr. 491. 498 Honesville v. 606 Hook P- 636 Hooper P-o- 184 Hoopers Valley p- o- 661 Hoosick P- o- 566 Hoosick.-r- 21, 662, 655, 857, 668, 686 Hoosick t- 666 Hoosick Corners -v. 666 Hoosick Falls p.v. 666 Hope mt. 271 Hope ^- **'* Hope Center -p.o. 338 Hopedale lo. 848 Hope Falls p.o. 33S Hope Kidge mt. 402 Hopewell lo. 271, 506 Hopewell P-o. 497 Hopewell t. 496 Hopewell Center. p. v. 496 Hopkinton p. v. 678 Hopkinton t. 678 Hoppogue lo. 637 Iloricon P- V. 674 Horicon t. 674 Hornby P- »• 628 Hornby ■'• 626 Hornby Forks v. 626 Ilornellsville p-T. 626 Hornellsville t. 626 Horse cr. 172 Horsebnne Ledge 344 Horseheads p.v- 2-22 Horseheads t. 222 Horsepond -mt. 669 Horse Pound hr. 641 Horse Shoe p. 643 Horse Shoe Falls .460, '10 Hortons Point lo. 639 Hotchkiss cr. 196 Hot Ground lo. 243 Houghton Creek p. o. 172 Hounsfiold < 868 Houses cr. 378 Houaeville P- » S79 Howard P- v. 926 Howard t. I'2a Howards Bush lo- IH ; 697 Howells Depuv. p-V- SIO .30 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Hcwes Cuve Howlaiids Howlet Hill Hubbards Kun... Hubbardsville.... Hudson r. 21, 274,276,296, 652. 568, 509. 589. 590, 591, 670. 674, 676, Hudson City Hughsouville Buguenot PAGE lo. 604 isle 201 p. o. 485 cr. 220 p. V. 392 23, 155. 267, 329, 540, 542, 570, 5S4, 588, 693, 662, 665, 700. 246 p. V. 272 , D.v. 506 Hulberton p. v. 515 Hulls h. 510 Hulls Corners .v. 522 Hume p.o. 174 Hume -t. 174 Humphrey p.o. 191 Humphrey t. 191 Humphrey Center lo. 191 Humphreysville p.o. 244 Hunger Kil cr. 164 Hungry bay 351 Hunna la. 277 Hunt cr. 253 Hunt la. 218 Hunter .p. v. 333 Hunter t. 333 Hunters isle 704 Hunters Land p. v. 606 Hunters Point .v. 549 Huuterstown lo. 245 Huntington .la. 644 Huntington p. t. 636 Huntington t. 635 Huntington Bay 636 Huntington Harbor.... .ba. 636 Hunts Corners lo. 253, 384 Hunts Hullow p. V. 386 Huntsvitle lo. 588 Hurlbutville p. o. 462 Hurley p. v. 633 Hurley t. 663 Huron p. o. 691 Huron t. 691 Hussey h. 662 Hutthinsons cr. 696, 699, 704, 705 Hyatts Corners v. 616 Hyde Park lo. 550 Hyde Park p. v. 272 Hyde Park t. 272 Hydes Brook br. 265 Hydeville lo. 690 HyDdsville p. v. 607 Ida mt. 660 Ilion p. V. 344 Independence cr. 375 Independence mt. 532 Independence p.o. 174 Independence t. 174 Indian br. 542 Indian h. 541 Indian la. 273, 339, 376 Indian p. 273 Indian r. 23, 351, 352, 359, 360, 361, 362. 375. 376, 572, 582, 682 Indian Castle lo. 343 Indian Corners lo. 343 Indian Fit-Id p. 643 Indian Fields p. o. 163 Indian Lake t. 338 Indian River p. o, 376 Inghams Mills v. 346 Ingrabam p. 309 Ingraham p. o. 237 Inveraess p. o. 387 Ionia lo. 490 Ira t. 202 Ira Center p. v. 202 Ireland lo. 646 Ireland Corners p. o. 166 Irelandville v. 612 Irish .cr. 413 Irish Hill mt. 162 Irondale v. 301 Irondequoit cr. 395, 491 Iroiidequoit p. v. 400 Irondcquoit t. 400 Irondequoit Bay 395, 405 Irving p. V. 213 Irvington p. v. 700 lacliua cr. 186,190, 191, 192 PAGE iBchua p. T. 191 Ischua t. 191 Islip p. V. 636 Islip t. 636 Italy t. 719 Italy Hill p. v. 719 Italy Hollow p. o. 719 Ithaca .p. V. 657 Itbaca t. 657 Jackson p. o. 684 Jackson t. 684 Jacksonburgh v. 346 Jackson Center v. 684 Jackson Corners p. v. 245 Jackson Summit p. o. 318 Jacksons Corners lo. 514 Jacksous Corners p. v. 272 Jacksonville lo. 332, 699 Jacksonville p. v. 658 Jacksonville v. 484, 534 Jacks Reefs p.o. 482 Jamaica t. 547 Jamaica Bay 365, 644, 548 Jamaica Heights lo. 548 Jamesburgh p. v. 667 Jamesport p.o. 637 Jamesport v. 637 Jamestown p. T. 212 Jamesville v. 482, 589 Janet la. 338 Jan Tusent cr. 332 Jan Wemps cr. 597 Jasper p. o. 626 Jasper t. 626 Jasper Five Cornors v. 626 Jasper Four Corners v. 626 Java t. 714 Java p. 0. 714 Java Center. p. o. 714 Java Village p. v. 714 Jay mt. 300, 302 Jay p. V. 302 Jay t. 302 Jeddo p. T. 515 Jefferson co. 101, 103, 315 Jefferson t. 605, p. v. 332 Jefteraon Valley p. o. 70S Jefferaouville p. v. 644 Jenkins p. 647 Jenkinstown lo. 633 Jenksville p. o. 651 Jenny la. 588 Jericho p. o. 551 Jersey City lo. 429 Jerseyfield la. 339 Jerusalem lo. 345 Jerusalem t. 719 Jerusalem South p. v. 547 Jessup r. 339 Jessup Falls 674 Jessups Corners lo. 690 Jessups Landing v. 588 Jewett p. V. 333 Jewett t. 333 Jewett Center p.o. 333 Joe Gee h. 511 John Browns Tract lo. 379 John Debackers cr. 331, 332 Johnsburg lo. 457 Johnsburgh p. v. 675 Johusburgh t. 674 Jotmsonburg p. v. 714, 715 Johnsons..cr. 453, 456, 512, 616 Johnsons Creek. p. v. 453 Johnsonville p. v. 658 Johnstown p. v. 317 Johnstown t. 317 Johnstown v. 248 Johnsville p. v. 271 Jones la. 339 Jones Beach lo. 544 Jonesville p. v. 587 Jordan p. v. 482 Jordanville p. v. 349 Joy p. V. 694 Jubilee Springi 284 Juhelville v. 360 Junction lo. 482 Junction p. v. 659 Junius p. o. 615 Junius t. 615 Kaaters Ki!.. 329, 331, 332. 666 Kahseway cr. 245 Kanona p. v. 622 Karr Valley cr. 168, 170 PAGE Kasoag .p.T. 528 Katonah p. v. 698 Kattel cr. 181 KatteWille lo. 181 Kau-a-da-rauk cr. 416 Kayaderos8eras.cr.411,590, 591 KayaderosseraB....mt. 295, 300, 304. 584, 588, 589, 691, 670 Kayaderoeserae r. 584 Kecks Center .p.o. 317 Keefers Corners p.o. 163 Keene ,...p. t. 302 Keene t. 302 Keeney Settlement lo. 255 Keeseville. „.p. v. 235, 300 Kelloggs Mills. lo. 487 Kelloggsville p. v, 204 Kelloggsville !o. 701 Kellys Corners lo. 615 Kelsey br. 223 Kendall p. v. 515 Kendall t. 615 Kendall Mills p.o. 405,515 Kensico p. t. 703 Kent br. 223 Kent cr. 351, 356 Kent p.o. 541 Kent t. 541 Kenwood t. 163 KenyonviUe lo. 514 Kerhonkson p. v. 668 Keshong cr. 491, 498, 719 Ketchabonec lo. 638 Ketchanitown lo. 506 Ketchums Corners p. o. 593 Ketchumville p. v. 651 Kettle Bottom mt. 675 Keyaers Kil 600 Kiantone cr. 214 Kiantone p. t. 214 Kiantone t. 214 Kidders Ferry p.o. 616 Kidney cr. 680 Killawog p.o. 182 Killbuck p.o. 190 Kil Van Kull cr. 566 Kinderhoi.k...cr. 241. 244. 247. 248. 552, 554, 557, 559, 560 Kinderhook la. 241, 247 Kinderhook p. t. 247 Kinderhook t. 247 Kings CO. 366 Kings Bay 237 Kingsborongh. p.T. 317 Kingsbridge p. o. 708 Kingsbury p. v. 686 Kingsbury t. 684 Kings Falls !o. 376 Kings Ferry p. o. 202 Kings Garden lo. 419 Kings Settlement p. o. 228 Kingston p. v. 663 Kingston t. 663 Kingstreet lo. 705 Kinneys Corners lo. 720 KiuneysFourComers.p. 0. 522 Kirby p. 702 Kirk p. 541 Kirkland _ p.o. 464 Kirkland t. 464 Kirkville p. v. 484 Kirkwood p. v. 182, t. 185 Kishewana la. 643 Klskatora cr. 332 Kiskatom p.o. 332 Kisko r. 696 Kleina Kil 247 Knapp p. 647 Knapps Station lo. 582 Knight cr. 168 Knights cr. 203 Knowersville p.o. 164 Knowlesville p. v. 615 Knox p. 0. 164 Knox t. 164 Knox Corners p. v. 462 Knoxville v. 164, 393, 624 Koola Kil 556 Kortright p.o. 262 Kortright t. 262 Kortright Center lo. 262 Kottle Kil 666 Koxing Kil cr. 666 Kripplehuf^h p. v. 664 Kyserike p.o. 666 Kysorville p,T. 386 ,. PAOB Labrador cr. 250 Labrador p. 255, 483 Lackawack cr. 641, 647 Lackawack p. v. 668 Ladews Corners lo. 667 La Fargeville p. v. 360 La Fayette p. v. 483 La Fayette t. 483 La Fayetteville p. v. 273 La Grange p. v. 713 La Grange t. 272 La Grangeville p. v. 272 Lairdsville p. v. 471 Lake h. 211 Lake p. o. 683 Lake Hill p.o. 668 Lakeland p.T. 638 Lake Pleasant p.o. 338 Lake Pleasant t. 338 Lakeport p.o. 394 Lake Kidge p.o. 658 Lake Road p.o. 456 Lakeville lo. 550, 683 Labeville p. v. 384 Lambs Corners lo. 167 Lamsons p.o. 484 Lancaster p. v. 291 Lancaster t. 291 LandimauB cr. 267, 276 Landons la. 260 Langdons Corners lo. 685 Langford or. 222 Langford p.o. 292 Langtons Comers Jo. 326 Lansing t. 658 Lansingburgh .p. v. 656 Lausingburgh t. 556 Lansing Kil 458,462,470 Lansingville p. t. 658 Lansingville t. 261 Lapeer p.o. 253 Lapeer t. 253 Laphams Mills t. 23S Laona p. t. 215 La Salle p.o. 455 Lashers cr. 416 Lassellsville p. v. 317 Lattingtown lo. 651, 665 Laurel h. 549 Laurens p.T. 534 Laurens t. 534 Lawrence br. 312, 527 Lawrence t. 578 Lawrenceville lo. 649 Lawrenceville p. t. 578 Lawrenceville t. 666 Laws la. 190 Lawsons la. 163 Lawyers h. 505 LawyersTille p.T. 604 Lazy h. 604 Leatherville t. 416 Lebanon cr. 248 Lebanon p. 646 Lebanon p. t. 392 Lebanon Springs .t. 248 Ledj-ard p. o. 202 Ledyard t. 202 Legiers la. 376 Lemon Creek p.o. 567 Lenox p. o. 392 Lenox t. 392 Lenox Furnace lo, 392 Lee p. T. 465 Lee t. 465 Lee Center p.T. 465 Leeds p. t. 332 Leedsville p.o. 270 Leesville p. t. 607 Leicester t. 384 Leon p. T. 191 Leon t. 191 Leonardsville p. v. 390, 537 Le Ray p. t. 359 Le Ray t. 359 Le Roy p. v. 326 Le Roy t. 326 Levana p.T. 302 Levant p. o. 212 Lewis CO. 374 Lewis cr. 331 Lewis p. T. 302 Lewis t. 302. 377 Lewisboro p. o. 7ul Lewisboro t. 701 Lewisbnrgh lo. G64 LewistoD p. T. 453 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. ....... t. 334 ....p. o. 377 t. 377 V. 377 ....p. V. 045 t. 645 y. 624 p.v. B46 mt. 645 ....p. 0. 063 V. 668 .p. 648 . V. 384 ..t. 384 ,l:i. 192 P Lowiston lA-xingUrn Lt'xin^ton LeydL'U Le.vdeu Lej-den iliil.— Liberty Liberty Liberty Liberty Falls.. LibeityviUe.... Libertyville..., LibeityviUe... LUlio Lima Lima Lime Xime Lalie lo- 19^ Limericlt P-o- 36b Limestone cr. S90, 4,4, 4^ Limestone P- ■>■ 188 Linclilaeu P- '■ ^^' LincltiaeD ^- ^"^ Linden P-,»- 326 Linden Hills lo- 649 Lindenwald lo- 24i Lindley Lindleytown.... Line Kil LiuUthgo Liun Lisbon Lisbon t- »'; LishasKil po- J^b Lisle P- '• «■; T Jgjg t. JOi Lispeiiards Meadows lo. 419 Litchlield P- »• Sf? Litchfield t. 34o Lithgow P-o- 278 Little *^1** *^* Little'.! la- 612, 619, 684 Little p. 273, 399, 506 607, 609, 645 PAOE ..t^M I Little Valley cr. 186, 192 V. 334 I Little Valley '■ '■'- Littleville ^ Little Ubil« Little York Little York Little York 19; ...V. 382 ..cr. liS6 ,..la. 254 p. V. 253 ....T. 677 731 367 }=S^^!!-:;^:o:|? '^^^':"::-^^_^ LutlierauTille P- Luierno mts. 252, 295, 670 p. v. 675 LiTermores Comers. Liverpool LiTingftton. Livini;8lon. Livingston .... ,..lo. 226 p.v. 487 br. 683 101, 103, 381 la. '"" t. 626 .....p.v. 626 cr. 600 lo. 24S p. 0. 483 ..lo. 578 , 248 . 247 , 603 . 384 . 384 . 384 . 384 Livingston P- o- Livingston *■ Litingstonville P-V. Livonia P-o- Livonia '■ Livonia Center v. Livonia Station P-v, Liovd P-o- 5?* Lloyd « Lloyds Lloyds Harbor.. Lloyds Neck.... Loch Sheldrake Lock Berlin Luzerne Luzerne Lyme Lyndon Lyndon ville... Lyons Lyons Lyonsdale Lyons Falls.. Lyons Falls... Lysander Lysander Lyttles .t. 676 t. 359 t. 192 ...p.v. 516 ...p.T. 691 .... ...t. 691 ...p. 0. 377 lo. 379 ....p.o. 380 ....p.o. 484 ,.......t. 483 p. 685 Manor Kil Mauorkill .... Manorville .. Mansfield Mansfield Maiiursing ..600, 604 p.o. 604 p. o. 634 p.o. 277 t. 192 ..isle 705 Maple Grovo p. o. 480, 635 Mapleton. Mapleton.. Marathon . Mar.ithon.. Marathon.. Marl'letown Marbletown Jo. 107, 412 p.o. 455 .J.v. 253 t. 253 V. 546 lo. 690 .p. o. 664 Locke Locke Lockport Lockport Locust Locust Glen Locust Grove Locust Tree Locust Valley.... 52S;:;:::;:=::;.:....:-t-6i6 Lodi Center. P- o- 616 Lodi Falls lo- 61b Lodi Landing lo- 61b LogVUlage v. 684 Long ^- 607 Lon? la. 22, 466, 572, 684 664 h. 272 l.a. 636 lo. 660, 651 p.v. 6H ....p.v. 691 ....p. o. 203 :...t. 202 p. v. 454 ;...t. 454 isle 703 p.o. 274 , lo. 649 p.o. 450 , p. 0. 551 p. V. 616 Little Little Alder ;Cr- 3,7 Little Bay l"' ?ir Little Black br. iib Little Black or. 347 Little Britain P- o. 510 Little BrockonStraw...cr. AIS, Little Buffalo cr. 279 Little Bush Kil ■."" 259 Little Captains i»le ,05 Little Cattaraugus -Cr- 208 Little ChautauqUB..cr. 211, 216 Little Cbazy r- ^^ Little Chocouut -cr. 179 Little Connewango..cr. 189, 194 Little Delaware r. 2.59, 261 Little Falls lo- 264 Little Falls P-T-?!S Little Falls "-t- 345 Little Geneece cr. 168, 17Z Little Genesee P-V. 173 Little Gull "810 639 Little Hog Neck ..lo- 639 Little Hoteick r. 682, 564 Little Lakes -V. 349 Little Long -",■■■•■;'"„■ S Little Neck lo. 633, 636 Little Neck Bay.....544, 546, 549 Little Paughcaugnaugh- silk •.-,■,- "-1°? Little Peconic Bay 631 Little Pond P- 642 Little Red "- 688 Little Rest P- v- ^8 Litile Sable '•JSP'S Little Salmon cr. 202, m, 395, 62J ''""«^"»°'^- '-^^k Little Sandy cr. 446, 627 Little Sandy p. 617, 5-, Little Schoharie cr. B"U Little Shawaugunk......^r. 608 Little Sniike cr. 1,9,182 Little Sodus cr. 206, 206 Little S.idus Bay ..•- 205 Little Sprite cr. 3U, 318 Little Stony "• ="' Little Sucker .cr. S78 Little Touawanda..cr. 324, 714 Little Trout r. 309, 310 LitUe Utica v. 484 r.' 463 Loni p. 276, 395 605 607, 641, 645, 646 Long Beach lo. 544 Long Beach Point lo. 701 Long Eddy po-/?.* Longlsland.101,121,3.^,^, Lone Island Sound... 644, 648, 549. 633, 636, 637, 704, 706 Long Lake t- 338 Long Neck P-O. 666 Long Pond cr. 395 Long Pond mt. 302 Longs Comers lo- •'f' Lookout mt- 663 Loon la. 619,674 Mabbettsville P- o. 277 McConnelsville 10- 462 McConnelsville p-V. 470 McDuffee Town lo. 618 McEwens Comers lo. 317 McGraiwille P- v. 262 McGrawville v. Ii5 McUenry Valley ...cr. 168, 1,0 Mclntyre Jnt. 19, 296, 303 McUan P-f- 66, McMartin mt. 19, 296, 303 McNalls Corners lo. 456 McNutt Run cr. 6-3 Macannon h- =ij' Macdonough P- v. --^ M-icdonoogh t- 2." Mac^don P' T' ^o9 M.-icedon '• "9^ Macedon Center pv. 692 Machias P- T- }lf, Machias t- 1^^ Mackies Comers v. 605 Macomb -P- «- 679 Macomb ••-'- 6,9 Mad -tir- 230 Mad ■■■^■*f Madison co. 101, 388 Madison P- V. 39. Madison '- 39-- Madison Reservoir P- 39i Madison Square Jo. 42-3 Madrid P-o- 5,9 Madrid «■ 679 Magnolia P-.O- 211 Marbletown *- 664 Marcellus '• *84 MarceUus Falls P- v. «5 Marcy mt. 19, 295, 296 Marcy P- o- -165 Marcy -l-'.- ^o? Marengo Margarettville. p. v. 691 ...p. T. 263 .p. 696 ...p. v. 696 ...p. T. 435 ....p. V. 292 ...:...t. 292 V. 666 ....p. V. 692 t. 692 isle 703 Magriganies.. :.Ja. 708 MiiarnesB r. 696,698,703^ ,06 Mahopac •»- 6« ..p.o. 238 ...p.o. 628 br. 261 p. 261,647 ,...p.o. 262 ....p.o. 401 ,...p.T. 369 Looueyville Loon Lake..* lA>rd9 Lords Lordsville Lovetta Comers... Lorraine . Lorr.aine t- ??^ Lotville P-o. 318 LoudonvUle lo. 166 Louisville P-O. 6,9 Louisville t- 67 J LouisvUle V. 536 Louisville Landing.....p.o. 5,9 Lowell P- ■'• £1 Lower Black Rock 2S4 Lower Chateaugay la. 309 Lower Cincinnatns lo. 250 Lower Cross Roads lo. 702 Lower Ebenezer....- V. 293 Lower Falls v. 304 Lower Genesee Falls 402 Lower Saranac la. 22, 311 Lower Smith Clove lo. 608 Low Hampton....- p.o. 083 Lowvillo or. 3^5 Lowville P-!-ii| LowvUle *- 3,8 L.« -P-M^ Luce •>- 263 Ludingtonvilla. P-o. 6-11 Ludlow cr- 2-23 Ludlowville P- v. 668 Lumberland p.T. 645 Lumberland t- 64o Liimbervillo P- o. 263 Luna i3la450 Mahopac Maine Maine Maiden Maiden Bridge.. Maliue Mallory Malloryville MiUone. Malone Malone Malta Malta Malta Ridge Maltaville p. V. 541 ...p. T. 182 t. 182 ...p. v. 668 ...p. v. M4 lo. 623 p. 643 Jo. 656 ....p. T. 312 t. 311 V. 307 ,...p. 0. 590 t. 590 lo. 690 ....p. 0. 590 Mamakating P-o- 646 Mamakating --t- 646 Mamaroneck cr. 505, ,01 Mamaroneck p. v- 701 Mamaroneck r. 511,696,707 Mamaroneck t. 701 Mamaroneck Bay 701 Manchester lo- 274 Manchester t- «97 Manchester --v- 464 Manchester Bridge..p. 0.272, 274 Mandana P-v. 487 Manhasset P- v- 560 Manhasset Bay -644, 549 Manhasset Neck lo- 560 Manhattan isle 418, 437 Manhattan S.iuare lo. 423 Manhattanville p.o. 419 Manhoim «- 346 Manheim Center po. 34b Maria Mariaville Slarietta Marilla Marilla Mariners Harbor.. Marion Marion Marketts Marlborough mt. 665 Marlborough -p. V- 665 Marlborough -t- 664 Marrowback yli- 383 Marsh cr. 614 Marshall P- o. 465 Marshall *- «65 M.ar8hfleld p.o. 292, 667 Marsh Pond P- 673 Miirshvillo lo. 412,5,8 Martindale Corners lo. 686 Martindale Depot p.o. 244 Martins cr. 377, 378 Martinsburgh -P- v. 378 Martinsville p- o. 456 Martville P- o. 205 Marvin P- o. 213 Marv n>«- 302 Maryland p- v. 634 Maryland t- 634 Marvsville -V. 642 Masbnville p. T. 263 Masouville -t- 263 Maspeth P- 0- 640 Massena P-v. 679 Massena t. 679 Massena Center p-v. 580 Massena Springs v. 580 Masten P- 6*6 Mastic lo- 634 Mastic r. 634 Mathewson P- 227 Matinicock lo. 551 Mattasbuck Ji- 245 Matteawan mts. 267, 601 Matteawan P- v. 271 Mattituck P-v. 640 Mawav r- 671 Ma.yfleld cr. 314 Ma'yfleld P- v. 318 Mayfield .t. 318 Manlius Manlius Manlius Center.. Manlius Station.. Manns ..p. v. ...p.v. Maynard .br- 269 Mayville P-t- 2" Meads cr. 609, 611, 623 Meadville lo. 691 Meanagh cr. 699 Mechanic lo. 278 Meclianicsville lo. 327, 671 MechanicBville p. T. 693 Mechanic Town v. 610 Mockk-nburgh 4). v. 611 Mccox Bay 631 Medford lo. 634 Medina P.v. 615 Medusa p. T. 165 Mcllenville P- T. 244 Melville •▼• 636 Melvina '°- =49 Memlon p. v. «« Mendon -*• 46* Mendon Center p. t. 400 Mentz ■-»- 2ra MerchantvUlo -lo. 621 732 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PAGE Meredith p.o. 263 Mert^dith t. 263 Meredith Square v. 263 Meridian p. v. 201 Merino Point mt. 246 Merrel(^vUIe lo. 392 Merrick p. o. 547 Meriill cr. 253 Merrillsville p. o. 311 Merritt Island lo. 510 Meesena Springs 26 Mesaengerville p. o. 255 Messina Spring 482 Metauques p. 646 Mettowee r. 682 Mexico p. V. 522 Mexiw t. 522 Michaels Brook br. 541 Michigan cr. 623, 627 Middle - br. 262 Middle isle 705 Middlel-urgh p. v. 606 Mid.lU-biirgh t. 606 Mid.liebury t. 714 Middle tbenezer v. 293 Middle Falls 710 Middlefield p. o. 534 Middh-field t. 534 Middlefield Center p. v. 534 Middle Genesee Falls 402 Middle Granville p. v. 682 Middle Grove p.o. 589 Middle Hope p. v. 509 Middle Island p.o. 634 Middleport lo. 392 Middleport p. v. 456 Middlesex p. o. 720 MidtWsex t. 720 Middlesex Center v. 720 Middletown hr. 223 Middletown...lo. 549,571, 700 Middletown p. v. 510 Middletown t. 263 Middletown .v. 689 Middle Village lo. 549 Middleville p. v. 343 Midroadville v. 636 Midway p. o. 334 Milan p. o. 273 Milan t. 272 Milan .v. 203 Milanville lo. 273 Milburn lo. 547 Milfoid p.o. 534 Miltord t. 634 Milford Center. v. 534 Military p. 236, 238 Mill br. 203, 223, 296. 6(i3. 685. 715 Mill cr. 186, 211, 263, 375, 636, 554, 616, 675 Mill p. 316, 647 Mill Branch v. 283 Mill Brook... p. v. 674 Millbnrn lo. 182 Millens Bay„ p. o. 356 Millers br. 204 Millers Corners lo. 557 Millers Place p. o. 633 Miilerton lo. 273 Mill Grove p. v. 282 Mill Grove v. 194 Mill Neck cr. 644 Millport p. V. 222 Millsburgh v. 511 Mills Corners lo. 326 Mills Comers p. o. 317 Mills MiUs p. o. 174 Tllilltown p. v. 543 Mill Valley v. 606 Millville lo. 554 Millville p. T. 516 Milo t. 720 Mila Center p. v. 720 Milton lo. 705 Milton p. V. 665 Milton t. 590 Milton Center lo. 590 Mina p.o. 214 Miiia t. 214 Mina Corners v. 214 Minas Fall cr. 568 Minaville p. v. 413 Mine Kil 600, 605 Mine Kil Falls. p. o. 605 Mineola p. v. 550 .Miutrs cr. 669 PAGE Minerva p. o. 302 Minerva t. 302 Minetto or. 526 Minetto p. v. 526 Minden p. o. 414 Mindt-n t. 414 Mindenville p. v. 414 Minieceongo cr. 56S Minisiiik p. o. 507 Minieink t. 507 Misery mt. 703 Mitchflls p. 044 Mitchellville p. v. 629 Mixville v. 174 Modcna p. v. 665 Modern Times.. v. 637 Moffatts Store p. v. 248 Moffatville v. 359 Mogadore lo. 327 Mohawk p. V. 344 Mohawk r. 21. 23. 165, 165, 340.343,344,345,407.458. 462, 463, 465, 466, 584. 689, 593, 595. Mohawk t. 415 Mohawk ville lo. 597 Muhegan la. 708 Moira p. o. 312 Moira t. 312 Moira C^^rners v. 312 Molly, Mount h. 277 MongJiup la. 647 Mongaup p. o. 646 Mongaup r. 506, C41. 647 Mongaup Valley p. v. 643 Monhagan cr. 510 Monroe co. 101. 103, 395 Monroe p. v. 507 Monroe t. 507 Monroe Works p. o. 508 Munst-y p. o. 571 Mousey Depot. lo. 671 Mont;igue p. o. 378 MontHLiue t. 378 Mont^tuk Point lo. 635 Montirey lo. 277 Monter^-y v. 611 Montezuma p. v. 203 Montezuma t. 203 Montezuma Marshes 197 Montgomery...co. 101, 103, 4U7 Mont^:omcry p. 646 Monfgnmery p. v. 508 Montgomery t. 608 Monticello p. v. 647 Montic.llo v. 537 Montrose lo. 550 Montrose Point lo. 699 Montville lo. 570 MontvUle v. 203 Moodna p.o. 510 Mooers p. v. 238 Moners t. 23S Mooers Forks p. o. 238 Moon la. 576 Moordeners cr. 554 Moordeners Kil 559 Moore mt. 303 Moose cr. 304 Moose p. 303 Moose r. 375 Moravia p. v. 203 Moravia t. 203 Moreau t. 590 Moreau Station p. o. 590 Morehouse t. 3.38 Morehouseville p.o. 339 Moreland p.o. 611 Moresville p. o. 264 Morganville p. v. 328 Moriah p. V. 303 Moriah t. 302 Moriches p. t. 634 Moriugvilie p. o. 700 Morley p. v. 575 Morris p. o. 535 Morris t. 535 Morrjsania p. v. 701 Morrisania. '. t. 701 Morrisonville p. v. 240 Morristown p. v. 580 Morristown t. 5^0 Morrisville p. v. 390 Morseville p. o. 605 Moreston p. v. 647 MortODK Cornera p. v. 2v''9 MortoDville .^ .p.o. 510 PAGE Moscow .p. V. 384 MoFes Kil 679 MosherviUe p. o. 689 Mosquito Cove ba. 560 Mosquito Neck lo. 550 Moss Street v. 685 Mother cr. 416 Mntt Haven p. v. 701 Motts Corners p. t. 655 Motts Point lo. 649 Mottville p. V. 487 Mountain br. 259 Mountain Brook lo. 260 Mountain Ridge mt. 395 Mount Airv lo. 699 Mount Basha 501, 507 Mount Hope t,, p. v. 608 Mount Hope Cemetery..lo. 404 Mount Kisko p. o. 702 Mount Kisko. -..p. v. 698 Mount Misery lo. 633 Mount Morris p. v. 385 Mount Morris t. 385 Mount Morris Square ...lo. 423 MountOlivet Cemetery. -lo. 549 Mount Pleasant p. v. 589 Mount Pleasant t. 702 Mount Rascal h. 505 Mount Riga p. 273 Mount Ross lo. 274 Mount Sinai p. v. 633 Mount Tipton p. v. 227 Jluuut \''2 Nanlicoke Springs.. ..p. 0. 182 Nannct ..p. T. 6(59 Napanock . p. V. 668 Napeague Hai'bor.... G34 Naples ..p. V. 497 t. 497 Napoli ..p. T. 193 Napoli t. 193 ....cr. fi24 Narrowsburgh ..p. V. 6+8 Nashville ..p. V. 213 Nassau ..p. V. 557 t. 557 Natural Hridge ..p. V. 363 NauDiburg ..p. o. 376 Navarino ..p. ». 485 Near Kockaway ....lo. 647 Neat^hwanta la. 621 Nehtaways Cave. ....lo. 606 ....cr. 622 NelBon ..p. 0. 393 Nelson t. 393 Nelson Flats v.'393 Nelson Hill h. 701 Nelsotiville V. 542 Neperhan ...cr. 700 Neperhan ..p. o. 702 ?Aori Neperhan r. 696, 702, 707 Nevereink p. o. 647 Neversink .r. 21,501. 506. 641, 647 Neversink t. 646 Neversink Flata v. 647 New Albion p. v. 193 New Albion t 193 Newark p. v. 690 Newnrk t. 651 Newark Bay 663 Newark A'ailey p. v. f5l New Astoria lo. 6W New Baltimore p. v, 334 New Baltimore t. 334 Now Beacon mt. 26" New Berlin p. v. 22f New Berlin t. 227 New Berlin Center p. o. 22S New Boston lo. 692 New Boston p. o. 379 New Bremen p.o. 378 New Bremen t. 378 New Bridge lo. 547 New Brighton p. v. 566 New Britain p. o. 248 New Brooklyn lo. 367 Newburgh lo. 713 Newburgb p. v. 509 Newburgh t. 508 New Castle p.o. 702 New Castle t. 702 New Centerville p.o. 520 New City v. 166, 569 Newcomb la. 22 Newcomb t. 303 New Concord v. 244 New Dorp p. o. 667 New Ebenezer lo. 293 Newfane p.o. 454 Newfaue t. 464 Newfield p. T. 658 Newfield t. 658 New Forge lo 249 New Graefenberg p. o. 344 New Hackensack. p. v. 27? New Hamburgh p. v. 274 New Hampton p. v. 611 New Hartford p. v. 468 New Hartford t. 466 New Haven p. v. 623 New Haven t. 523 New Hope v, 204 New Hudson p. o. 175 New Hudson Corners v. 175 New Huiley p. o. 665, 667 New Inlet 644 New Kingston .p.o. 263 Newkirks .Mills p. t. 317 New Lebanon p. o. 248 New Lebanon t. 248 New Lebanon Ccnter..p. v. 248 New Lebanon Ppring.« 26 New Lei anon Springs-.p.o. 248 New Lisbon p, o. 635 New Lisbon t. 535 New Lisbon Center lo. 535 New London p. v. 470 New Lots t. 373 New Milford p. v. 510 New Ohio p. o. 181 New Oregon p. o. 292 New Paltz p. v. 666 New Paltz t. 665 New Paltz Landing ...p. v. £64 Newport p. V. 347 Newpnrt t. 347 New Road p. o. 265 New Rochelle p. v. 702 New Rochelle t. 702 New Russia p. v. 301 New .''alem p. v. If4 New Salem v. 4i'6 New Scotland p. v. If4 New Scotland t. 164 New Springville , p. o. 666 Newstead t. 292 New Suffolk V. 640 New Sweden p. v. 236 Newton ville..... p. o. 166 Newtown cr. 219, 221, 222, 365, 367, 548, 549 Newtown lo. 589 Newtown - p. v. 649 ^'e^^'town t. 548 New Utrecht p. v. 373 New Utrecht t. 373 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 733 PAGE 1 New Vernon v. 6US Now Village p. 0. 634 Newyille p. v. 343 NewviUe T. 629 New Windsor t. 609 New Windsor v. 509 New Woodstock -p. v. 450 New York Co. 418 Ndw York Bay 367, 437, 663, 566 New York City t. 418 New York Harbor 563 New York Mills p. o. 465 New Y'ork Mills v. 471 New Y"ork Upper Mills.., v. 465 Niagara co. 101, 449 Niagara r. 20, 22, 122, 279, 284, 449, 453, 465 Niagara t. 454 Niagara Citv T. 455 Niasiira Fal'ls 450 Niagara Falls p. v. 455 Nichols p. 0. 661 Nichols t. 661 NicholviUe p. v. 578 Niggar p. 571 Nile p. T. 173 Niles p. o. 204 Niles t. 204 Nine h. 537 Nine Corners lo. 204 Nine Mile cr. 458. 463, 465, 474. 4S0, 4S3, 485, 522, 628 Nineveh p. o. 181 Nipi)le Top mt. 19, 296, 304 Niskayuna lo. 597 Niskayuna t. 597 Nissequague lo. 638 Ni3serange p.o. 611 Omn^e t. 611 Orange Lake Ontlet cr. 509 Orange Mills lo. 671 Oriingeport p. v. 456 Orangetown t. 570 OrangeTille p. o. 714 PAGE Orangeville t. 714 Oraiigeville Center .t. 714 Orebed p. 681 Oregon p. o. 218 Oregon v. 643. 699 Orient lo. 639 Orient p. v. 640 Orienta lo. 701 Orient Harbor. C40 Oriakany cr. 393, 392, 468, 462, 464. 466, 471 Oriskany p. v. 471 Oriskany F.alla p. v. 462 Orleans CO. 103,612 Orleans p. v. 498 Orieans t. 369 Orleans FonrCorner3..p. 0. 360 Orville v. 447 Orwell p. o. 623 Orwell t. 623 Orwell Corners t. 623 Osborne cr. 616 Osborne Hollow p.o. 181 Osborns Bridge -p. o. 318 Oscawana isle 699 Osceola p. o. 379 Osceola t. 378 Ossian p. 0. 386 Ossian t. 386 Ossiau Center v. 386 Ossining t. 704 Oswago cr. 173 Oswaya cr. 173,186, 194 Oswegatchie r. 21, 23, 375, 376, 672, S76, 677, 680 Oswegatchie t. 580 Oswego CO. 617 Oswego r. 20, 22, 122, 474, 483, 617, 521, 523, 627, 628 Oswego t. 526 Oswego City t. 623 Os\vc.go Falls p. v. 521 Oswego Falls 621,524 Oswego Village p. o. 277 Otego cr. 630,533,634, 535 Otego .....p. v. f!'* Otego .-.t. 636 Otisco a. 474,486 Otisco p. T. 4S6 Otisco t. 486 Otisco Inlet .cr. 474, 699 OtisTille p. v. 608 Otsdawa cr. 536 Otsdawa p. v. 536 Otsego .CO. 101, 103, 630 Otsego la. 21, 22, 630 Otsego t. 636 Otsego Lake p. o. 536 Olselic cr. 228, 229, 338 Otselic p. V. 223 Otselic r. 178, 183, 223, 250, 251, 265 Otselic t. 228 Otsquaga cr. 348, 407, 414 Otsquene cr. 414 Otter br. 252 Otter cr. 201, 376, 601, 514 Otter la. 201, 466 Otter Kil 504, 500 Otterkill T. 60T Otterville p.o. 607 Otto p. o. 194 Otto t. 193 Otto Corners v. 189 Ouaquaga p.o. 181 Ouleout .cr. 267, 201, 264 Onleout p. v. 263 Ontlet cr. 687 OTerackers Comers lo. 720 Overlook ,mt. 668 Ovid p.T. 616 Oviil t 616 Ovid Center v. 618 Ovid Landing lo. 616 Owaaco...la. 20. 22, 197, 204, 206 Owaaco p. v. 204 Owasco t. 204 Owasco lnlet...cr. 202, 206, 657 Owasco Lake p. o. 202 Owasco Outlet cr. 199,203 Owego cr. 253. t65 Oweco h. 250, 252, 2^5 Owe.'o cr. 649, 650, 651, 662 Owego p. V. 6.52 Owego t. 649, 661 Owens p. 643 Owl Kil 679, 680 734 INDEX TO GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PAGE Owl Pond 692 Owls Ilead mt. 309 Ox cr. 621 Ox Bow p. V. 366 Oxford p. T. 229 Oxford t. 228 Oxford Depot p. 0. 505 Oyster p. 635 Oyster Bay 54-t Oyster Bay p. v. 550 Oyster Bay t. 550 Oyster Haibor 544 Padgets br. 223,377 Pages br. 223 Pages Corners lo. 589 Pages Corners p. v. 349 Paiues cr. 202 Paines Hollow p. o. 344, 346 Paint cr. 595 Painted Post p.Y. 625 Painter la. 620 Palatine p. o. 416 Palatine t. 416 Palatine Bridge p. v. 416 Palatine Church. lo. 416 Palensville p. v. 332 Palermo p. v. 526 Palirmo t. 626 Palisades p. o. 570 PaImertowll...mt. 295,684,688, 689, 677, 681 Palmyra p. v. 692 Palmyra t. 692 Paltz Point mt. 665 Pamelia t. 360 PameliaFourCorners..p. V. 360 Pamelia Village v. 360 Panama p. v. 213 Panther cr. 605 Panther Hill mt. 646 Panther Kil 600 Paradox la. 304 Paris P.O. 466 Paris t. 466 Parish p. o. 626 Parish t. 526 Paris Hill t. 466 Parishville p. v. 581 Parishville t. 681 Parishville v. 626 Parishville Center lo. 581 Parksville p. v. 645 Parker cr. 533 Parkers p. 201 Parma p.o. 400 Parma. t. 400 Parma Center p.T. 400 Parma Corners v. 400 Partridge Island lo. 262 Pascasck cr. 570 Patchin p.o. 283 Patchin Hollow v. 603 Patchins Mills lo. 628 Patchogue bay 633, 634 Patchogue p. v. 634 Patroon cr. 155 PattAwassa la. 657 Patterson .p. v. 542 Patterson t. 541 Pattens Mills p. v. 685 Panghcaughnaugh8ink..cr. 606 Paul cr. 688 Pavilion p. v. 327 Pavilion t. 327 Pavilion Center p. v. 327 Pawling p. V. 273 P.iwling t. 273 Peach p. 543, 703 Peach Orchard v. 611 Pearl cr. 713 Pearl Creek p. v. 713 Peasleville v. 238 Peiit h. 505 Pecks or. 261 Pecksville lo 271 Peconic J. 23,631,637 Peddlers h. 604 Peeks cr. 261 Peekskill Bay 699 Peekskill cr. 696 Peekskill p.T. 699 Peekskill Hollow br. 698 Peekskill Hollow cr. 641 Peekskill Hollow lo. 640 Peekskill Hollow mts. ^1 Pekiu p. V. 453 PAGE Pelham p.o. 705 Pelham t. 704 Pelham Neck 704 Pelham Priory v 705 PelharaviUc !o. 704 Peltons p. 643 Peltonville p.o. 627 Pembroke p. o. 327 Pembroke t. 327 Penataquit p. v. 636 Pendleton p.o. 455 Pendleton t. 465 Pendleton Center p.o. 465 Penfleld p. v. 401 Penfleld t. 401 Penfleld Center v. 401 Pennelville p. v. 627 Peiin Yan p. v. 720 Penny Bridge lo. 549 Peoria lo. 164 Peoria p. v. 713 Peoria v. 162 Pepacton p. o. 260 Pepacton. r. 21, 257 Perch la. 352 Perch r. 361, 356 Perch River p. o. 356 Perigo Hill h. 658 Perinton t. 401 Perkinsville v. 628 Perry p. 644 Perrv .....p. v. 715 Perry t. 716 Perry Center p. v. 715 Perry City p. v. 611 Perrysbnrgh p. v. 194 Perrysburgh t. 194 Perr'ys Mills p.o. 237 Perryville p.v. 391, 394 Persia t. 194 Peru lo. 482 Peru p.T. 238 Peru t. 2.38 Peru Landing lo. 2.38 Peruville p. v. 657 Peterboro p. v. 393 Petersburgh lo. 606 Peter6burgh...mt. 652. 555, 677 Petersburjih p. v. 657 Petersburgh t. 657 Petersbargh Four Corners p. V. 568 Peters Kil 666 Petersville. v. 703 Peth T. 190 Petre isle 541 Pharaoh la. 304 Pharaoh mt. 19, 295, 304 Pharsalia p. t. 229 Pharsalia t. 229 Phelps p. T. 498 Phelps t. 497 Philadelphia. p.T. 360 Philadelphia t. 360 Philips cr. 168, 170 Pbilipsburgh lo. 510 Philips Creek p.T. 175 Phillipsport p.o. 646 Philipstown t. 542 Philipeville p.T. 170 Philmont p. v. 244 Phtenicia p.o. 667 Phoenix p. v. 627 Pickleville t. 339 Pierce cr. 195 Piermont- p.T. 570 Pierrepont p.o. 581 Pierrepont t. 581 Pierrepont Manor p.T. 3.57 Piffard p.o. 387 Piffaidinia v. 387 Pike br. 680 Pike cr. 290, 309 Pike p. 644 Pike p. v. 715 Pike t. 716 Pike Five Corners lo. 715 Pike Pond p.v. 644 Pillar Point p.o. 356 Pinckney p. o. 379 Pinckney t. 379 Pine h. 606, 507, 642, 569 Pine isle 705 Pine la. 317 Pino p. 541 Pines Bridge p. o. 708 Pine Bush lo. 392 PAGE Pine Bush p.v. 606 Pine GroTe p.o. 612 Pine Hill lo. 326 Pine Hill p.T. 667 Pine Island 610, 542 Pine Kil 546 Pin Orchard....mt. 19, 329, 333 Pine Plains p.T. 274 Pine Plains t. 273 Pine Pond br. 641 Pine Valley p.o. 222 Pineville v. 201, 520 Pine Woods p.o. 391 Pinnacle mt. 677 Pipe cr. 649, 662 Piscawen cr. 561 Piseco lo. 337 Pisgah h. 541 Pisgah mt. 19. 269 Pitcuirn p. o. 581 Pitcairn t. 681 Pitcher p.v. 229 Pitcher t. 229 Pitcher Springs p. o. 229 Pitch Off mt. 302 Pittsfleld p. 0. 636 Pittafield t. 536 Pittsford p. V. 401 Pittaford t. 401 Pittstown .p. o. 558 Pittstown t. 5.5S Pittstown Corners t. 558 Pittstown Station t. 658 Placid la. 303 Plainfleld t. 537 Plainfleld Center t. 537 Plainsville .t. 497 Plainville p.T. 484 Plank Road .p.o. 481 Plasterville lo. 228 Platners cr. 261 Plato p.o. 189 Platte Kil 263, 331, 416, 660 Pkttekill p. T. 665 Plattekill t. 665 Platter Kil 600,605 Plattsburgh .p.T. 239 Plattsbnrgh t. 239 Pleasant br. 22.3, 230 Pleasant cr. 351, 359 Pleasant la. 22. 338, 3f.2. 679 Pleasant p. 643, 647 Pleasant Brook p. o. 637 Pleasant Plains p.o. 270 Pleasant Ridge p. o. 277 Pleasant Valley..lo. 215,471, 640 Pleasant Tallev p. t. 274 Pleasant Valley t. 274 Pleasantville p. v. 7u2 Plessis p. V. 355 Plumb br. 696 Plum br. 706 Plum cr. 170 Plum Beach lo. 660 Plum Gut 639 Plum isle 639 Plymouth h. 277 Plymouth p. v. 229 Plymouth t. 229 Pocantico r. 696, 702 Pochuck cr. 510 Podunk br. 681 Poesten Kil 654, 568, 560 Poestenkill p. t. 658 Poestenkill t. 658 Point-au-Fer lo. 237 Point-au-Roche 236 Point Orleans lo. 360 Point Peninsula p.o. 3.59 Point Rock br. 462 Poke-a-Moonshine mt. 300 Poland p. T. 348 Polnnd t. 214 Poland Center p. o. 214 Pole Hill h. 673 Polkville p.v. 4S4, 611 Pomfret t. 214 Pompey h. 19 Pompey.- p. o. 486 Pompey t. 486 Pompey Center p.o. 486 Pompey Hill p.T. 486 Ponchuck mt. 510 Pond h. 610, 641 Pond Eddy p.o. 646 Poney lloilow p. o. 658 PAGE PonK>ko8e -.h. 654 Pontiac .p.T. 290 Poolville p. T. 391 Popes Mills p.o. 579 Poplar Ridge t. 206 Poplopens p. 507 Port Bay 688, 691, 696 Portage t. 386 Portage Falls 710 Portage Station .-. lo. 386 Portageville p.v. 713 Port Benjamin v. 668 Port Byron p. v. 203 Port Chester .p. v. 705 Port Douglas lo. 300 Port Crane t. 183 Port Deposit lo. 616 Porter t. 465 Porters Corners p.v. 689 Port Ewen p.T. 662 Port Glasgow p.o. 691 Port Henry p. t. 303 Port Jackson _.lo. 238 Port Jackson p.T. 413 Port Jackson t. 666 Port Jefferson bay 633 Port Jefferson p.T. 633 Port JerTis p. t. 606 Port Kendall lo. 300 Port Kent p. t. 300 Portland p. o. 215 Portland t. 215 Portlandville f,o. 635 Port Leyden .p.v. 377 Port Morris v 702 Port Nixon v. 668 Port Ontario p.v. 627 Port Richmond p.v. 666 Portville p. V. 194 Portville t. 194 Port Washington p. o. 550 PortWoodhull lo. 466 Post cr. 219, 220, 624 Post Creek p.o. 221 Posts cr. 332 Posts Corners v. 686 Potick cr. 331, 332 Potick h. 331 Potick HUls h. 329 Potsdam p.T. 581 Potter .jj.o. 720 Potter t. 720 Potter Center t. 720 Potter Hill p. o. 566 Potters h. 566 Potters Hollow p. o. 165 Pottersville .p.T. 674 Potsdam Junction lo. 582 Potuck cr. 501 Poughkeepsie t. 274 Poughkeepsie City 274 Poughkeepsie Rural Ceme- tery. lo. 276 Poughquag p.T. 270 Poultney r. 683 Poundridge p. v. 705 Pouudridge t. 705 Powells Cove 544,546 Prairie la. 317 Pray h. 637 Prattsburgh p v. 627 Prattsburgh [. 627 Pratts Falls 486 Pratts Hollow p. v. 391 Prattsville p.v. 334 Prattsville t. 334 Preble t. 254 Preble Corners p.v. 254 Prendergast cr. 208 Preston p. 303 Preston p. o. 2;J0 Preston t. 229 Preston Corners v. 230 Preston Hollow p. v. 165 Primes Bay 515, 563, 567 Princetown p. o. 597 Princetown t. 597 Prickly Ash h. 507 Pro8pect...h. 246, 276. 369. 414. 541, 673 Prospect lo. 327, 34,8 Prospect mt. 264, 702 Prospect p. V. 46.S Prospect Hill lo. 705 Prospect Hill v. 704 Prospect Point lo. 649 Prospect Station lo. 468 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PAGE I Protection p- o. 292 ProTidence p- o. 691 Providence t. 591 Psauticoke Swamp 557 Pugsley8 Depot p. o. 655 Pulnslii P- V. 527 Pullcnev P-o 627 I'ultuui-y t. 627 Piiltoueyville p. v 694 Pulvi-is Cornorn p.o. 274 Piilvcrs St;iliou lo. 245 Pumi.kin Jlill lo. 326 Puinpliiu llnuk cr. 6S6 Pumpkic Hook lo. 686 Punch Kil 656, 600 Punsit cr. 241 Purchase lo. 703 Purdy cr. 625 Purdy Creek p.o. 625 Purdys Station p.o. 704 Purvis p. o. 647 Putnam co. 101, 540 Putnam cr. 296, 300 Putnam mt. 681 Putnam p.o. 685 Putnam t. 685 Red Hook Ked Houee fted KU Red Jacket Red Mills Red Uidgo Red Rock Redwood Reeds Coiners. Reeds Coiners Reeseville Keidsville RemBen ... P.^GE 410 cr. 186, 188 263, 264 p.o. 284 p. V. 641 h. 604 lo. 243 p. V, 355 lo. 386 p. V. 496 V. 697 ...p. V. 162 ...p. V. 466 Remsen t. 466 Rensselaer CO. 101, 103, 552 Rensselaer Falls p. v. 575 Rensselaerville p. v. 165 Rensselaerville t. 165 Rensselaerwyck Manor..... 155 Putnam Corners .v. 685 l^utnams cr. 301 Putnam Valley t. 542 Quacken Kil 654, 665 Quackenkill p.o. 555 Quaker hr. 642 Quaker cr. 506, 610 Quaker Hill lo. 273 Quaker Springs 691 Quaker Springs p. T. 691 Quaker Street -p. V. 696 Quality Hill v. 392 Quarryville p. v. 667 Quassaic cr. 609 Queechy lo. 243 Queens Co. 103, 544 Queens p. o. 548 Queensbury lo. 245 Queensbury p. v. 675 Queensbury t. 675 Quincy '■ 215 Qttogue p. 0. 638 Racket la. 22,337 Kacket r. 21,23,307, 309, 338, 572, 576, 580, 681 Racket River p. V. 580 Kacketville v. 582 Ragged la. 309 Kahway r. 666 Kail Bridge cr. 695 Kainer h. 604 Ramapo mts. 568 Ramapo r. 601, 668, 671 Ramapo t. 671 Ramapo v. 671 Ramapo Works p. o. 571 Rams Head 238 Randalls isle 418, 419 Randolph p. v. 196 Randolph t. 194 Randolph Center p. o. 1S4 Ransoma cr. 282, 288 Ransomville p. v. 466 Rapids p. o. 454 Rathbono t. 627 Rathboneville p. v. 627 Rattle h. 541 Rattlesnake h. 454 Rattlesnake isle 279 R.aven Hill h. 296 Raven Hill mt. 301 ...p. V. 549 ...p. o. 192 ...p. 0. 656 ...p. V. 668 ..p.o. 580 Reserve Reservoir Reservoir Square.... Rexford Flats ReynaloB Basin Reynolds Corners... Reyuoldsville Rhinebeck Rhinebeck Rhinebeck Kil Rhinebeck Station. Rhoda.... Ithoderic. Rice Rice Rich ,p. o. 293 la. 191 lo. 423 ..p. V. 687 ..p. V. 456 lo. 590 ...p. v. 611 ...p. V. 277 t. 276 276 ...p. V. 277 p. 241, 245 mt. 264 cr. 526 V. 191 la. P.\op. Rockland v. .570 Rockland Lake p. v. 669 Rockland Mount 19 Rocky Point lo. 633 Rock Stream cr. 721 Rock Stream p. v. 721 Rock Stream r. 721 Rockville lo. 610 Rockville p. o. 171 Rockville V. 607 Rockville Center p. v. 547 Rockwood p. ". 3" Rocky h. 507, 510 Rocky Hill lo. 646 Rocky Poiut lo. 633 Rodman p. v. 301 Rodman t. 361 Roeliff Jansens Kil... 241, 233, 244, 245, 247, 248, 267, 272 Rogers cr. 683 Ronersville v. 625 Roll Way Bluff. Rome Rome Romulus Romulus Romulus Romulus Center.... Sagcville.. 735 PAGB ..p. V. 338 Richburgh p. v. 176 Richfleld p. o. 537 Richfield t. 637 h. 346 p. T. 466 t. 406 p. V. 016 .....p.v. 618 .: t. 616 _ .0. 616 Rondout...cr. 23, 660, 662, 604, 606, 668 ..isle 549 .p. V. 685 ....t. 685 ....T. 215 .p.o. 704 .p.o. 5110 Rondout Ronkonkoma Root Root Rose br. 264 Rose h. 707 Rose P- o. 603 t. 693 ..p.v. 603 la. 631 ..p.o. 416 t. 416 Ravenswood Rawson Rawson Hollow.... Raymcrtown Raymoudville Rayville v. 244 Reading p. o. 612 Reading t. 612 Reading Center p.v. 612 Reads Corners lo. 399 Red cr. 206 Red Creek p. v. 695 Red Falls p. T. 334 Redlield p. o. 526 Redlii-ld t. 626 Kedford p. v. 340 Redhook p. V. 276 Bedhook t. 276 Richfield Springs 26 Roseboom.. Richfield Springs p. v. 637 Roseboom.. Ricbl'urd p.v. 652 Rose Hill... Hicbford t. 652 Rosendale.. Richland t. 627 Rosendale.. Richland Station lo. 527 Rose Valley.. Richmond CO. 663 Roslyn... Richmond p. v. 666 Rossie.. Richmond t. 498 Richmond Mills p. o. 498 Richmond Valley p. o. 567 RichmondviUe p. v. 606 Richmondville .t. 606 Rich's Corners lo. 614 Richville lo. 327 Richville p. v. 576 Ridge p. 303 Riders Mills v. 244 RidL'e p.v. 3S5 Ridgebiirv p. V. 611 Ridse Mills V. 466 Ridjeway .p. v. 615 Ridgeway t. 615 Rieds br. 261 Riga p.o. 401 Riga t. 401 Riga Center v. 401 Rikers isle 548 Rikers Hollow p. o. 627 RipliV h. 473 Riplev P- o- 215 Ripley t. 215 Ri.'insville p. o. 627 Riverhead p. V. 637, 638 Riverhead t. 637 River Road lo. 385 River Road Forks p. o. 385 Riveidale v. 708 Roanoke p. T. 328 Roaring br. 375, 660 Roberts Corners..., p. o. 358 Robertsonville p. o. 64.5 Robins isle 631 Robinsons p. 241, 245 Robins Reef. 419 Rochdale lo. 274 Rochester t. 666 Rochester City 402 Rockaway p. o. 647 Rockaway Beach.. ..lo. 544, 547 Rock City lo. 173 Rock City p. V. 273 Rock City Mills. p. v. 590 Rockdale p. v. 227 Rock House h. 569 Rockland CO. 101, 568 R..cUland la. 669 Rockland P.O. 647 Rockland t. 647 ...p. V. 63' t. 537 ....p.o. 615 ...p. V. 666 t. 666 V. 693 ...p. V. 650 ....p.T. 682 Rossie t. 582 RossTille p. V. 567 Rotterdam lo. 697 Rotterdam t. 697 Rough mts. 501, 610 Rough and Ready p. v. 025 Rouud h. 604, 605, 641 Round In. 3.38 Round mt. 541, 669 Round p. 223, 273, 303, 309, 399, 507, W5, 646 Round Top h. 331 Round Top mt. 19, 329, 333 Rouses Point p.v. 237 Roxbury p. v. 2M Roxbury t. 264 Rovalton p. V. 456 ■ .10.638 Sag°lIarbor p.v. 638 St. Andrews p.o. 508 St. Armand t. 304 St. Armands Bay 236 St. Helena p.v. 712 St. James p. o. 637 St. Jamesville v. 637 St. Johns Park lo. 423 St. Johnsville p.v. 416 St. Johnsville t. 416 St. Lawrence. .CO. 101, 103, 572 Saint Lawrence p. o. 356 St. Lawrence r. 20, 22, 23, 672, 679 St. Marys la. 707 St. Marys P- VOl St, Regis la. 311 St. Regi8....r. 23, 307, 309, 310, 572, 576, 678, 581 St. Regis V. 309 St. Ronans Well... Salem Salem Salem Salem Center Salina Salina t. 487 Salisbury p. o. 348 Salisbury t. 348 Salisbury Center p. v. 348 Salisburv Corners v. 348 Salisbury MiUs p.v. 504 Salmon.....cr. 22, 395, 405, 526, 664, 65S. 6S8, 694 Salmon...r. 21, 22. 23. 122.232, 307, 311, 812, 375, 517, 620, 627. Salmon River p.o. 520 Salmon River v. 239 Salmon River Falls 523 Salpeu p. 543 Salt Point cr. 270 Salt Point p.v. 274 Salt Spriiigville p.o. 532 Sammonsville p. v. 317 Sam-po-wans br. 636 Sampson -p. 236 Samsouviile p. v. 665 Sand la. 558, 588 Sand p. 646, 647 Sandanona mt. 19, 290, 303 Sand Dank p.v. 520 Sandhurgh cr. 060, 668 Sander Kil 666 Sandlbrd la. 22 Sandfordville v. 682 Sanford p. 303 Sanford t. 183, p. v. 183 Sanfords Corners p. v. 359 Sand Lake p.v. 558 Sand Lake t. 658 Rov'aiton:::::;.".!;:;;; t. 456 sand pond br. 261 „_Aj, « 07!t Snnflfl Cr. 2hl Ru'dds p. '-"3 Run cr. 334 Rural Hill p.o. 358 Rush cr. 175, 291 Rush p.o. 405 Rush t. 404 Rushford p.T. 175 Rushford t. 175 Rushville p.T. 720 Russell _ P.O. 582 Sands cr. 261 Sands Point lo. 649, 660 Sandstone cr. 627 Sandusky p. t. 190 Sandy.....cr. 122, 351, 369, 361, 306, 612, 514 Russell t. 582 Russia p. V. 348 Russia t. 347 Russia V. 240 Rutland p.o. 361 Rutland t. 361 Rutland Center v. 361 Rntledge v. 189 Rye p. 701.703 Rye p.v. 705 Rje t.705 Ryebeach lo. 705 Sabbath Day Point lo. 674 Sackets p. M7 Sackets Harbor p.v. .3.58 Sacandaga...r. 21, 23, 314, 33S, 684, 588, 580 Sacanilaga Vlaie lo. 316 Saddle mt. 677 Sagamore la- 641 Sage cr. 622 Sandy Creek.... Sandy Creek.... Sandy Hill Sandy Hill Sandy Hook.... Sangerfleld p.o. 627 t. 627 cr. 538 p.v. 685 419 p. 0. 467 Sangerfleld t. 467 Sangerfleld Center v. 467 Saranac la- 309 Saranac - P. 239 Saranac p. v. 240 Siu-anac..,...r. 21. 232, 236, 239, 240, 303, 304, 307, 3H Samnac Falls 239 Saranac Lake p.o. 303,311 Saratoga co. 101, 5S4 Saratoga la. 584, 590, 691 Saratoga t. 591 Saratoga Springs p.v. 592 Sardinia p. v. 292 Sardinia t. 292 Saiioaville lo. 702 Saugerties p. v. 666 Saug,-rtie9 t. 666 Sau.iuoit...cr. 458, 465, 466. 471 Savannah p. v. 693 Savannah t. 093 73C INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PAOE Savannah v. 693 Savil p. o. 609 Pavona p. v. 622 Saw Kil 267, 276, 663 fawMill hr. 706 Sawmill Kun cr. 188 Saw Jlill Station lo. 283 Sawyers cr. 455, 456 Sayville p. v. 636 Scajafiuady cr. 284 ScarsUale p. o. 705 Scarsdale t. 705 Scarsrtale Station lo. 705 Schaghticoke p. o. 559 Sclingbtifoke t. 558 Scliagliticoke Hill v. 569 Schagliticoke Point T. 559 Schenectady City 698 Schenectady co. 409, 595 Scheuevas er. 530, 633, 634, 53S Schcncvus p. v. 534 Sohodack t. 659 Schuditck Center p. o. 559 Schodack Depot p. v. 559 Schodack Landing p. v. 659 Schoharie. co. 101, 104, 600 Schoharie cr. 329, 333, 334, 407, 596, 696, 600, 603, 605, 606 Schoharie _ mt. 595 Schoharie p. t. 606 Schoharie t. 606 Schroeppel t. 527 .Schioon ."...la. 304, 674 Scbroon mt. 295, 301, 302, 304. 305, 336 Schroon r. 296, 304, 673, 674, 676 Schroon t. 304 Scliroon Lake p. v. 304 Schroon lliver p. o. 304 Schultzvillc p. o. 270 Schunemunk mts. 501, 507 Schuvler co. 609 Schuyler isle 300 Schuyler la. 22, 530 Schnyler t. 348 Schuyler Falls p. v. 340 Schuyler Falls. t. 340 Schuylers Lake p. v. 533 Schuylerville p. v. 591 SchuylerviUe v. 706 Scio .p. V. 175 Scio t. 175 Sciota p. T. 237 Scipio p. o. 204 Scipio t. 204 Scipio Center v. 204 Scipioville p. V. 204 Sconondoa p. v. 470 Scotch Bush p. o. 413 Scotch Town p. v. 510 Scotia p. V. 697 Scott p. o. 254 Scott t. 254 Scott Center t. 264 Scott Corners lo. 254 Scotts cr. 626 Scottsburgh p. v. 386 Seotts Corners lo. 616 Scotts Corners v. 191 Scottsville p. V. 405 Scriba cr. 521 Scriba P.O. 528 Scriba t. 628 Scriba Corners v. 528 Scrub cr. 165 Scum la. 190 Scatters isle 334 Scuttle Hole '...lo. 638 Hea Land cr. 696 Seamans Point lo. 701 Seiirsburgh p. o. 611 Searsville p. v. 506 Seatnck lo. 634 Second cr. 688 Bcely cr. 219, 222 Seely Creek p. o. 222 Segnines Point lo. 567 S Idon p. o. 634 Selkirk V. 627 Selkirks Cave Jo. 604 Sempronius p. o. 204 Senipronius t. 204 Seneca co. 613 PACE Seneca la. 20, 22. 498, 609, 613, 616, 717, 720, 721 Seneca r. 21, 22, 197,201,474,481.482, 483, 490, 613, 617, 618 Seneca t. 498 Seneca Castle p. o. 498 Seneca Falls p. v. 617 Seneca Falls t. 617 Seneca Hill p. v. 628 Seneca River p. o. 201 Sennett p. v. 204 Sennett t. 204 Sepasco la. 276 Setauket p. v. 633 Setanket B.ay 633 Seventh Pond p. 674 Seward mt. 19, 296, 307 Seward p. o. 607 Seward t. 607 Seward Valley v. 607 Seymour p. o. 173 Shaker Settlement lo. 166 Shandaken p. v. 607 Shandaken t. 667 Shannons Corners lo. 721 Sharon p. o. 607 Sharon t. 607 Sharon Center p. v. 607 Sharon Hill v. 607 Sharon Springs 26 Sharon Springs p. v. 607 Sharon Station p. o. 270 Shavertown p. o. 2.59 Shaw br. 259, 655 Shaw p. 277, 647 Shawangunk cr. 646 Shawangunk mts. 19, 601, 606, 507, 646, 660 Shawangunk p. v. 667 Shawangunk r. 501, 606, 607, 667 Shawangunk t. 667 Shawangunk Kil 641. 663 Shawler br. 226 Shawler cr. 223 Shawnee p. v. 4.^7 Sheds Corners p. o. 390 Sheeps Head Bay 366, 372 Shelby p. o. 516 Shelby t. 616 Shelby Basin p. o. 516 Shelby Center v. 616 Sheldon p. o. 716 Sheldon I. 715 Sheldrake cr. 616, 701, 705 Sheldrake p. o. 616 Sheldrake Point T. 616 Shelter isle 631 Shelter Island p. o. 6.37 Shelter Island. t. 637 Shenandoah Corners.. .p. o. 271 Shepard p. 571 Shepherd h. 292 Sherburne p. v. 230 Sherburne t. 230 Sheridan p. v. 216 Sheridan t. 215 Sheridan Center p. v. 215 Sherman cr. 693 Sherman p. v. 215 Sherman t. 215 Shermans Hollow p. o. 720 Shermans Mills p. o. 658 Sherwood p. v. 204 Shirley p. v. 292 Shin Creek p. o. 647 Shingle br. 506 Shingle cr. 331 Shingle Creek p. o. 582 Shinnecock h. 638 Shinnecock v. 638 Shinnecock Bay 631 Shohan p. v. 161 Shongo p. o. 176 Shookville lo. 273 Shooters isle 663 Short Tract p. o. 174 Shortsville p. v. 497 Shoemakers Corners !o. 171 Shrub Oak p. o. 708 Shues la. 668 Shults mt. 270 Shultzville p. o. 270 Shumla lo. 215 Shushan p. v. 685 Shutters Corners p. o. 6U8 I PAGE Sihleyville lo. 400 Sidney p. v. 264 Sidney t. 264 Sidney Center p. v. 264 Sidney Plains p. v. 264 Siloam p. o. 393 Silver cr. 208, 213 Silver la. 270, 677, 710 Silver Creek. p. v. 213 Simewog h. 540 Sincleiirville v. 211 Sing Sing cr. 219, 220 Sing Sing p. V. 704 Six Mile cr. 451, 621, 654 Sixteen Falls cr. 616 Six Town cr. 168. 172 Skanandoa cr. 462,469 Skaneateles cr. 254 Skaneateles la. 20, 22, 197, 204, 250, 474, 487 Skaneateles p. v. 487 Skaneateles t. 487 Skaneateles Outlet cr. 474, 482, 699 Skinners cr. 357, 359 Skinnervillo lo. 582 Slader cr. 172 Slate Bottom cr. 288 Slate Hill _ p.T. 511 Slate Hills h. 3S0 Slateville p. o. 684 Slaterville p.T. 655 Slatterleys cr. 504 Slaughters p. 507 Slaughters Landing lo. 669 Sleepy Hollow lo. 702 Sleightshnrg v. 662 Sliters Corners v. 558 Sloansville p. v. 605 Sloatsbnrgh p. v. 571 Slush p. 236 Sly p. 681 Smallv h. 541 Smitbfleld t. 393 Smith Mills p. v. 213 Smiths p. 533 Smiths B.asin p. o. 686 Smithsboro p. v. 653 Smiths Corners lo. 348, 716 Smiths Corners v. 507 Smiths Landing lo. 378 Smiths Mills v. 622 Smiths Valley lo. 392 Sniithton lo. 603 Smithtown lo. 689 Smithtown p. v. 637 Smithtown t. 637 Smithtown Branch p. o. 637 SmithvillB lo. 324 Smithville p.T. 356, 358 Smitliville t. 230 Smithville Flats p. v. 230 Smokes cr. 293 Smoky Hollow p. v. 244 Snook Kil 590 Smyrna p. v. 230 Smyrna t. 230 Snake cr. 182, 526 Snake h. 606, 609,657, 658, 670 Snyder p. 241, 245 Sociality lo. 189 Sodns p. V. 122, 694 Sodus t. 693 Sodus Center p.T. 694 Sodus Point p.T. 694 Solitude lo. 263 Solon p. 264 Solon « p. V. 254 Solon t. 254 Somers p.T. 422 Soniers t. 705 Somerset p. T. 456 Somerset t. 456 Somerville p.T. 582 Sonora p.T. 622 Solsville p. V. 392 South Melrose lo. 702 Sour Spring lo. 325 South h. 482, 620, 634, 701 South Addison p. v. 621 South Alabama p. o. 324 South Albion p. o. 520 South Amenia p. v. 270 Southampton p. v. 638 Southampton t. 638 PAGE South Argyle p. o. 679 South Avon p. o. 382 South Ballston p. o. 587 South Bangor p. o. 308 South Barre p. o. 514 South Bay 392,481,633, 6S0 South Bay v. 681 South Bend Mills lo. 244 South Berlin p. v. 5."i4 South Bern 11:2 South Bethlehem lo. 163 South Bird cr. 222 South Bolivar p. o. 172 South Bombay lo. 309 South Bradford p. v. 622 South Branch cr. 194 South Bristol p. o. 499 South Bristol t. 499 South Brookfield p. o. 390 South Brooklyn 3i;7 South Brother isle 64S South Butler p. V. 690 South Byron p. v. 325 South Cairo p. o. 331 South Candor v. 651 South Canton lo. 575 Southeast Center v. 543 South Chili lo. 398 South Colson P.O. 676 South Columbia p. o. 342 South Corinth p. t. 5.S8 South Cortland p. v. 252 South Danhy p. o. 656 South Da.i3ville p. o. 625 South Dickinson p. o. 310 South Dover p. v. 271 South Durham p. o. 332 South Edmeston p. v. .5.33 South Edwards p. v. 676 Southeast t. 543 South Easton p. v. 681 .«onth Erin p. o. 222 Southfield lo. 608. 666 Southfleld mts. 607 Southfield t. 566 South Galway p. o. 589 South Glens Falls p. v. 690 South Grauby p. o. 821 South Granville p.T. 682 South Oilboa p. v. 605 South Greece p. v. 399 South Hamilton p. o. 392 South Hammond. v. 577 South Hannibal p. o. 622 South Harford t. 262 South Harrisbnrg p. o. 377 South Hartford p. o. 684 South Hartwick p. t. 633 South Haven p. v. 634 South Hill p, 0. 626 South Howard p.o. 628 South Huron v. 691 South Kortright p.o. 262 South Lansing p.o. 668 South Lima p. v. 3S4 South Livonia p.T. 384 South Middle Branch. ..cr. 186, 189 South New Berlin p. t. 228 Southold p. V. 639 Southold t. 639 South Onondaga .p. v. 486 South Otselic p. v. 228 South Oxford p.o. 229 South Oyster Bay 644, 647, 660 South Pekin p.o. 463 South Pitcher p.o. 229 South Plattsburgh p.o. 239 South Plymouth p.o. 22!) Southport p. T. 222 Southport t. 222 South Richland p.o. 627 South Rondnut t. 662 South Rovalton p.o. 466 South Rutland p. o. 361 South Salem p. v. 701 South Sandy cr. 3,67 South Sand Lake p. o. 558 South Schodack p.o. 659 Soutliside p. o. 51)7 South .Sodus p.T. 694 South Stej)lientown....p. o. 560 South Stockton p.o. 216 South Thurston p.o. 627 South Trenton .p.y. 4^i7 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 737 PAOE ioQth Tronpsburgh...p. v. 628 Smith Valley p. v. 637 Eolith Talley t. 195 SouthvillG p. o. 682 South Wales p. v. 293 South Warsaw p. o. 716 South Waterloo v. 615, 618 South Weaterlo p.o. 1C7 Southwest Oswego p. o. 626 South Williamsburgh...lo. 649 South Willslioro..- p. o. 652 South Wilson p.o. 457 South Worcester. p. t. 638 South Yonkere p.o. 708 8pafford p. t. 487 Spafford , t. 487 Spaflford IIoUow p. 0. 487 Spar Kil 668 Sparta lo. 704 Sparta p. o. 386 Sparta t. 386 Sparrow Bush p.o. 606 Speigletown v. 657 Spencer p. T. 652 Spencer t. 649 Spencer t. 652 Speedsville p. v. 655 Speucerport p. v. 400 Spencerville lo. 166 Spencers Corners lo. 273 Spencers Settlement lo. 471 Spencertown p. v. 343 Speonk p. y. 638 Split Rock 295 Split Bock cr. 1S6 Split Kock lo. 485 Spooners Corners p. o. 537 Spragues Cornei-s lo. 356 Sprain r. 707 Spralters Basin p.o. 416 Spring br. 260, 627 Spring cr. 326 Springs p. o. 635 Spring Brook p.y. 290 Springfield cr. 367, 368 Springfield lo. 648 Springfield p. o. 638 Spiingfipld t. 537 Splingfieid Center. p. y, 537 Sl>ring Hill lo. 646 Spring Mills p. y. 174 Springport t. 205 Spriugtown lo. 665 Spring Valley. p.y. 571,10. 704 SpriDgville lo. 546 Springyille p. y. 289 Springwater p. y. 386 Springwater t. 386 Sprout cr. 267, 271, 272 Sprout Brook p.o. 412 Sprout Creek p.o. 272 Spruce _.. cr. 348 Spruceville lo. 263 Spuyten Duyyil cr. 418, 707 Spuyten Duyvil p.y. 708 Squaw isle 279 Stillson Hollow y. 184 Staatsburgh p. o. 272 Staoeys Basin lo. 470 Stafford p.y. 328 Stafford t. 327 Stamford p. y. 262, 265 Stamford t. 264 Stamford Mill r. 696, 705 Stanford t. 277 Stanfordyille p.y. 277 Stanleys Comers p. o. 498 Stanwix p.y. 466 Stapleton p. y. 566 Stark t. 348 Starkey p. y. 721 Starkey t. 721 Starkey Corners lo. 721 Sta-Ryille p.y. 348 Sl-irrs Hill h. 467 State Bridge lo. 256 State Bridge p. y. 470 State Dam lo. 690 State Line lo. 216 Staten Island 663, 664 Stiten Island Sound 663 State Road p.o. 222 Stoamburgh lo. 611 Stedman p. o. 213 Steels cr. 261 Steena Kil 689 Stephens cr. 623 PAGE Stephens Mills p. o. 625 Stepheusville lo. 163 Stephentown .....p. V. 660 Stepbentown ". t. 559 Stephentown Flats y. 560 Sterling cr. 340 Sterling mts. 601, 610 Sterling p. 610 Sterling p. o. 206 Sterling t. 206 Steilingburgh lo. 356 Sterlingbush. p. y. 376 Sterling Center. y. 206 Sterling Valley y. 206 Sterlingville p. y. 360 Sterling Works lo. 510 Steuben Co. 101, 619 Steuben cr. 467 Steuben p. o. 467 Steuben t. 467 Steuben Corners.- -v. 467 Stevens br. 495 Steyeusburgh _ y. 644 Steyensville p.o. 645 Stillwater cr. 214 Stillwater p.y. 593 Stillwater t. 592 Stink la. 317 Stissing mt. 273 Stissing p. 273 Stissiugville lo. 277 Stetsonville lo. 635 Stittsville p.y. 466, 468 Stockbridge. p. o. 393 Stockbridge t. 393 Stockliolm p. 0. 882 Stockholm t. 682 Stockliolm Depot p.o. 582 Stockport p.y. 248 Stockport t. 248 Stockport Springs 26 Sttx'kport Station p.o. 262 Stockton p. 0. 216 Stockton t. 216 Stocktons cr. 622, 627 Stockwell Settlement... ..y. 467 Stokes - p. o. 465 Stony br. 669, 600, 637 Stony cr. 314, 361. 355, 358, 376, 687, 683 Stone Arabi.1 p. y. 416 Stone Bridge cr. 674 Stone Bridge lo. 604 Stone Church.-- '.lo. 271 Stone Church.- p.o. 326 Stone Mills p.o. 360 Stone Ridge h. 416 Stone Ridge.— mt. 664 Stone Ridge p.y. 654 Stony Brook. p.y. 633 Stony Brook Harbor. 637 Stony Creek p. 309 Stony Creek t. 675 Stony Hills h. 706 Stony Point lo. 237, 669 Stormyille p. y. 271 Stottsyille y. 248 Stowclls Corners .p.o. 358 Stows Square lo. 378 Straights Corners p.o. 653 Strattons Falls p.o. 264 Strawberry isle 279 Stickers Bay - lo. 419 Strykersville.- p.y. 716 Strykersville y. 604 Stuyvesant p. o. 248 Stuyyesant t. 248 Stuyvesant Falls p.y. 248 Stuyyesant Landing v. 248 Stuyvesant Square lo. 423 Success p. 644 Success p. o. 639 Suflerns p. y. 671 Suffolk CO. 631 Suffolk Station p. o. 637 Sugar cr. 168, 3S6 Sugar r. 375, 377 SuL'ar Hill p.o. 6U Sugar Loaf. mt. 505, 642 Sugar lAiaf. p.y. 505 Sugar Town cr. 191 Sugar Town p. o. 191 Sullivan CO. 641 Sullivan p. o. 394 Sullivan t. 393 Sullivanville p. y. 222 Summer Ilill la. 205 47 PAGE Summer Hill p.y. 206 Summer Ilill t. 205 Summit la. 637, 600, 679 Summit p. y. 607 Summit t. 607 Summityille y. 646 Sunken Meadow isle 419 Sunk Lot lo. 642 Superior » la. 643 Suspension Bridge p.o. 465 Susquehanna r. 21,23,178, 223, 225, 257, 630, 638, 649, 661. 652. Sntherlands p. 606 Swains p. 262 Swainsville. p. o. 174 Swamp r. 267.270, 273 Sworto Kil 687, 662, 664 Swartz cr. 658 Swartoutville lo. 272 Sweden p. o. 405 Sweden t. 405 Sweden Center. v. 406 Sweets la. 376 Swezvs Landing.. Jo. 633 Switz Kil cr. 162 Syosset ...p. 0. 550 Syrocuse City 488 Taberg p. y. 461 Taghkanick cr. 249 Taghkanick mt. 241, 248, 267, 273, 652, 556, 557, 677, 686. Taghkanick p.o. 249 Taghkanick t. 249 Talcotts Corners v. 202 Talcotville y. 377 Tamorack Swamp 679 Tannersville p.o. 333 Tappan Bay 704 Tappantown .p.y. .570 Taijpan Zee 700 Tarrytown p.y. 700,702 Taughanick cr. 654, 668 Taughauick Falls (i58 Taylor Jnt. 19 Taylor t. 254 Taylors p. 236 Taylorville p.y. 264, 500 Tekabaranea Falls 632 Telards h. 707 Temple h. 383 Ten Mile cr. 165, 622, 641, 665, 666 Ten Milc.r. 267, 270, 273, 647 Tennis la. 260 Texas p. y. 622 Texas Valley p.o. 253 The Battery .lo. 423 The Borough lo. 669 The Branch y. 637 The City p.y. 270 The Corner p.o. 667 The Cove .lo. 372 The Frontiers .lo. 237 TheQIcn p.o. 675 Thetinlf 238 The nighland3...mtE. 601, 540, 642 The Hook .lo. 679 The Narrows 663 The Noses h. 19, 416 The I'ark lo. 423 Theresa p. y. 361 Theresa t. 361 The Square p. o. 204 The Union lo. 236 The Vlaio lo. 393 The Vly 680 The Wells Jo. 271 Thiella Comer y. 670 Third *r. 688 Thomas .cr. 688 Thomasville Jo. 310 Thompson t. 647 Thompsons br. 636 Thompsons la. 162 Thompsons p. 273, 510 Thompsons Station p. o. 637 TIionipHouvillo lo. 191 ThoinpHonville .p. y. Gil Thorn Hill p.o. 486 Thorntons Corners lo. 616 Thornville lo. 273 Thousand Islands 577 Three Mile Buy p. v. 369 Three Mile Harbor ba. 634 Three Falls lo. 676 Three River Point p.y. 481 Three Sisters isles 450 ThroggsNeck lo. 706 Throop t. 206 Throopsville .p.y. 206 Thurston » • p. o. 627 Thurston .t. 627 Thunder Hill mt. 647 Tibbits br. 696, 707 Tibbetts Point 122 Ticonderoga p. y. 304 Ticonderoga t. 304 Tiger Ji. 607 Tildens y. 248 Tin br. 608 Tioga CO. 101, 649 Tioga....j:. 21, 23. 619, 626, 626 Tioga p. y. 663 Tioga t. 652 Tiouglinioga cr. 253 Tioughuioga....r. 178, 182, 250, 388, 489 Tip Top Summit lo. 169 Ti Street y. 304 Titicns r. 696, 703 Titusville lo. 272. p.o. 312 Tivoli p.y. 276 Tiyoli Hollow lo. 166 ToddsyiUe p.o. 636 Toddsvllle p. v. 63.H Tom mt. 273 Tomhannock cr. 654, 669 Tonihannock p.y. 658 Tom Jones mt. 507 Tompkins co. 6.^4 Tompkins — .t. 265 Tompkins Corners lo. 543 Tompkins Cove lo. 669 Tompkins C.oye y. 570 Tompkins Square lo. 4'IS Tompkiusville p.y. 566 Toms Rocks h. 604 Tonawauda cr. 20, 22, 279, 282, 288, 320, 324, 460,466, 456, 712, 714, 710. Tonawanda isle 279,449 Tonawanda p. y. 293, 467 Tonawanda.... t. 293 Tonawanda Falls 324 Tonawauda Indian Reser- vation 324 Tonawanda Swamp... 320, 460, 613 Tonetta .la. 643 Tongue mt 296,673 Toppin jut. 19, 250, 254 Torn mt. 607 Toriey t. 721 Tottenville v. 567 Towlesville p. v. 626 Town br. 264 Town CliSf. h. 533 Towners p. o. 542 Towners StatioiL lo. 542 Town House Corners. ...lo. 166 Town Line p. o. 2'.i2 Townly .cr. 658 Townsend .p. y. 611 Townsend Hill Ji. 289 TownsendviUe p.y. 616 Townsville lo. 605 Tracy Creek p. v. 184 Trammel cr. 240 Transit lo. 326 Transit Bridge .p. o. 171 Transparent la. 349 Tree isle 636 Trembleau Point 296, 300 Tremoot lo. 707 Trcmpers Kil 259 Trempers Kill .p.o. 259 Trenton p. v. 4t57 Trenton t 4«T Trenton Falls 347 Trenton Falls p.y. 467 Triangle p. y. 183 Triangle .t. 183 Tribes h. 411 Tribes HUl. p. y. 412, 415 Troups ...cr. 628 Troiipsburgh ..p.o. 628 Troupsburgh t. 628 Troupsbui-gh Center y. 628 Trout.br. 203, 252, 264. 499, 674 Trout .cr. 1^6, 250, 685 738 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PAGE Trout Ja. 678, 673 Trout p. 645. 681 Trout J. 309, 310 Trout Creek .p. o. 265 Trout River p. o. 310 Troy City 660 Truniansbnrg cr. 615 TriimanHlmrgU p. v. 658 Trumausburg Landing p. o. 616 Trumbulls Corners ...p. v. 658 Truxton h. 250, 254, 255 Truxton p.T. 255 Truxton — .t. 25S Tsatsawassa.— cr. 557, 558 Tsatsawaesa -Ja. 557 Tubby Hook -lo. 419 Tuck.-ihoe Ji. 707 Tuckfthoe .p.o. 699,708 Tug .h. 374 Tug mt. 189 TuUy.. la. 22 Tully p. V. 489 Tully t. 489 Tully Valley p. v. 4«9 Tuna p.o. 188 Tuuegawant cr. 186, 188 Tuuessassa cr. 186, 194 Tuppers la. 22, 678 Turin p. v. 379 Turin t. 379 Turk it. 401 Turkey h. 704 Turkey mt. 541 Turkey Mountain lo. 708 Turkey Street lo. 469 Turners .p. v. 507 Turtle Bay .lo. 419 Tuscarora cr. 621, 629 Tuacarora _-.p. v. 385 Tusten .t. 647 Tuthill p. o. 663 Tuthilltown T. 663 Twelve Corners Jo. 204 Twelve Mile.. cr. 461, 622 Twenty Mile.. cr. 208, 216 Two .p. 607 Tylervjlle v. 361 Tyre — p. o. 617 Tyre t. 617 Tyre City .v. 617 Tyrone p.T. 612 Tyrone t. 612 Ulster CO. 101, 660 Ulsterville p. o. 667 Ulysses t. 668 Unadilla p. v. 538 Unadilla r. 21, 23, 223, 226, 227, 228, 388, 458, 630, 632, 636, 636, 538 Unadilla t. 638 Uuadilla Center p.T. 53S Unadilla Forks p.T. 637 Union p. T. 184 Union t. 183,405 Union Center p.T. 184 Union Church p. o. 164 Union Corners lo. 245. 327, 383 Union Corners p. t. 386 Union Palls p. o. 236 Union Mills .p.o. 317 Union Park lo. 423 Union Place lo. 546 Unionport lo. 706 Union Settlement p. o. 628 Union Society p.o. 336 Union Springs p. t. 205 Union Square p.o. 622 Union Vale t. 277 Union Valley p.T. 254 Union Village v. 683 Unionville lo. 164, 372, 648 UnionviUe p.T. 507 Unionville v. 400, 667, 702 Uuitaria p. o. 181 Upper la. 047 Upper Aquebogue p. o. 637 Upper Chateaugay la. 233 Upper Cross Roads lo. 702 Upper Elienezer v. 290 Upper Falls t. 304 Upper Hollow lo. 163 Upper Genesee Falls 402 tpper Green River lo. 243 PAGE Upper Lisle p. v. 183 Upper New Ronhelle v. 703 Upper Redhook p. v. 270 Upper Saranac la. 22 Uptons p. 277 Urbana p. o. 628 Urbana t. 628 Utica City 468 Utsyanthia la. 257, 600, 605 VaUs Mills p. T. 318 Valatie _ p. t. 247 Valatie Kil 657, 659 Valcour isle 239 Valcour p. o. 238 Valentines h. 707 Valley cr. 367, 368 Valley Falls p. o. 568 Valley Stream lo. 647 Valonia SpiingF p.o. 181 Van Aikens Mills T. 667 Van Buren p.o. 490 Van Biircn t. 490 Van Buren Center p. t. 490 Van Campens cr. 168, 170 Van Cleese isle 703 Vandemark cr. 168 Van Etten t. 222 Van Ettenvillc p. t. 222 Van Hornesville p. v. 34S Van Leuvens Corners. ..lo. 167 Van Schaicks isle 166 Vansville T. 204 Varick p. o. 618 Varick t. 617 Varna p. v. 656 Varysburgh p. t. 715 Vauerans Corners t. 686 Venice p. t. 206 Venice t. 206 Venice Center p.o. 206 Verbank p.T. 277 Verdrieteges Hook h. 668 Verf Kil 697 Verona p. T. 470 Verona t. 470 Verona Depot p. o. 470 Verona Mills p. T. 470 Verplanck p. o. 699 Verplancks Point lo. 569 Verplancks Point T. 699 Vermillion p. T. 626 Vermont p. o. 213 VermontTille p. v. 311 Vernal lo. 712 Vernon p. v. 469 Vernon t. 469 Vernon Center p. T. 469 Vernon Valley. p. v. 636 Vernooy cr. 666 Versailles p. v. 194 Vesper p. T. 489 A^estal p. V. 184 Ve8t.al t. 184 Vestal Center p. T. 184 Veteran p. o. 267 Veteran t. 222 Victor p. V. 499 Victor t. 499 Victory p. v. 206 Victory t. 206 Victory Mills p. v. 591 Vienna p. T. 470 Vienna t. 470 VierdeeKil 659 Villenova p. o. 216 VillenoTa t. 216 Vinegar h. 542 Virgil cr. 255 Virgil p. T. 255 Virgil t. 265 Vista p. 0. 701 Visschera Ferry p.o. 687 VlamansKil 163 Vlamans br. 164 Vlokie Kil 659 Vly cr. 680 Voak p. 0. 720 Volney p. o. 628 Volney t. 628 Volney Corners v. 628 Volusia p. 0. 216 Voorheesville t. 413 Waccaback la. 701 WaddingtoD. p. t. 679 PAGE Wndhams Mills p. T. 305 Wading r. 637 VTading River p. v. 6.37 Wainscott lo. 0.''5 Waits Corners lo. 216 Wakefield lo. 706 Walden p. T. 608 Waldonville p. o. 608 Wales p.T. 293 Wales t. 293 Wales Center p.T. 293 Walesville p. o. 471 Wallabout lo. 367 Wallabout Bay 365, 367 Wallace p.o. 622 Wall Kil 601. 606, 608, 660, 662, 665 Walkill t. 610 Walloomsac r. 655 Walloomsac t. 556 Walmore p. t. 457 Walnut cr. 208, 210, 213 Walnut b. 641 Walnut Hill mt. 19, 645 Walton p. T. 206 Walton t. 265 Walworth p. t. 694 Walworth t. 694 Wampus p. 702, 703 Wampocack cr. 679 Wampmissic lo. 634 WampsTille p. t. 392 Wappingcrs cr. 23,267, 271, 272, 274 Wappingers Falls p. t. 272 Ward t. 176 Wal-dboro p. o. 674 Wards isle 418, 419, 648 Wardville lo. 326 Wardwell p. o. 368 Warners Station t. 490 Warnerville p.T. 606 Warren co. 670 Warren p. o. 349 Warren t. 349 Warren t. 569 Warrensbush lo. 409 Warsaw p. T. 716 Warsaw t. 716 Warwick mts. 601, 510 Warwick p. v. 610 Warwick t. 610 Washington CO. 101, 104, 677 Washington p. 646 Washington p. o. 278 Washington ..t. 277 Washington Heiglitfl...p. o. 419 Washington Uolluw.-.p. v. 274. 278 Wa.?bington Mills p.T. 465 Washington Park lo. 369 Washington Squ:ire....Jo. 423. 647 Washingtonville lo. 701 WashingtonTille v. 604, 627, 699 Wassalc p. t. 270 Wassaic cr. 269 Waterburgh.™ t. 668 Waterford p. T. 593 Waterford t. 693 Waterloo p. T. 618 Waterloo t. 618 Waterloo Mills p. o. 607 Watermelon h. 541 Watermill lo. 638 Waterport. p. o. 514 Watertown p. t. 362 Wateitown t. 362 Watertown Center lo. 362 Waterv.alo p.T. 486 Water Valley p.T. 291 WaterTille p.T. 467 Watervliet t. 165 WaterTlietCenter..p.o. 166,597 Watkins p.T. 611 Watson p. 0. 379 Watson t. 379 Watsonville. T. 605 Watts h. 641 Waverly lo. 634 Waverly p. T. 650 Waverly T. 194, 699 Wawarsing p. v. 608 Wawarsing t. 667 Wawayanda. cr. 501 Wawayauda t. 511 PAGH . W.ayland Depot .p.o. 628 Wayne Four Corners. ..p.o. 629 Wayland t. 62S Wayland v. 628 Wayne co. 101,104, 688 Wayne p. v. 629 Wayne t. 629 Wayne Center t. 693 Weaver Hollow lo. 245 Weayers la. 349 Webbs Mills p. o. 222 Webster int. 559 Webster p. T. 4('5 Webster t. 405 Weedsport p. t. 201 Wegatchie. p.o. 582 Wellington mt. 637 Wells isle 365. 359 Wells p. 645 Wells p.o. 339 Well? t. ,339 Wellsburgh p.T. 222 Wells Corners p.o. 511 Wellsrville p.T. 176 Wellsville t. 175 Weltonville p. o. 651 Wende lo. 282 Werners la. 162 Wethersfleld p. o. 716 West br. 265,270,536 West mt. 669 West r. 720 West Addison p.o. 627 West Albanv lo. 166 West Amboy. p.T. 620 West Almond p.T. 176 West Almond t. 176 West Bainbridge p.o. 225 West Bangor p.T. 308 West B.arre p.o. 614 West Bergen .p.o. 325 West Berlin p.o. 564 West Bethany Mills ...p.o. 325 West Bloomfi'eld p.T. 499 West Bloomfleld t. 499 West Branch p.T. 465 West Brighton p.T. 398 West Brook p.o. 265 West Brookville p.o. 646 West BurUngton p.o. 532 Westbury lo. 5.50 Westbury p.T. 206, 690 West Bush p.o. 317 West Butler p.o. 690 West Cameron p.T. 623 West Camp p.T. 667 West Canada cr, 340, 343, 347, 463, 466 West Camden p.T. 463 West Carlton p.o. 614 West Carthage. T. 357 West Cayuta p.o. 610 West Charlton p.T. 687 WestChazT p.T. 237 Westchester co. 101,696 Westchester p. T. 706 Westchester- r. 706 Westchester t. 706 Westchester T. 606 WestClarkson T. 899 West Clarksville p.o. 173 West ColesTille p.o. 181 West Constable p.o. 312 West ConesTille p.o. 604 West Danby p.o. 656 West DaTenport p. T. 260 West Day p.o. 688 West Darton t. 189 West Dresden .p.T. 721 West Dn-den .p.T. 658 West Eaton p.T. 391 WestEdmeston p.T. 633 Westerlo t. 166 Westerlo p. o. 167 Western t. 470 WesternTille p.T. 470 West Exeter p. v. 533 West Falls p.T. 283 West Farmington p.o. 496 West Farms p.T. 706 ■ We.»t Farms t. 706 West Favette p.o. 615 Westfteld p. v. 216 Westfleld t. 667, 216 Westfield Flats v. 647 We.st Fish la. 317 West Flushing lo. 649 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 739 TAOE Westf.ird. p. v. 538 Westfori t. 638 West Fort Ann p. o. 6R1 West Fowler. p. o. 577 West Fulton p. v. 605 West GiiineB p. o. 514 WestGalway p. v. 688 West Gates lo. 399 West Ghent p. y. 245 We8tOilbo.i P.O. 606 West Glens Falls v. 675 West Greece p. v. 399 West Greenfield p.o. 689 West Greenwood p. o. 625 WestGroton p. y. 657 West Hadley p.o. 689 West Hebron p.y. 684 West Henrietta. p.y. 399 West Hills p.o. 636 West Hoosick p.o. 656 West Hurley p.y. 663 West Jasper p.o. 626 West Junius p.o. 615 West Kend.il p.o. 515 West Kil 334, 600, 607 West Kill p.y. 3.34 West Laurens p.y. 534 West Lexington p.o. 333 West Leyden p.y. 377 WestLowville p.o. 378 West Martinsburgb....p. y. 378 West Meredith p. o. 263 West Middlebury y. 263 West Milton p.y. 590 West Monroe p.o. 528 West Monroe t. 528 Westmoreland p.o. 471 Westmoreland t. 471 West Moriches lo. 634 West Morrisania. lo. 702 West Mount Vernon y. 699 West Nassau y. 657 West Newark p.o. 661 West Neck Harbor ba. 637 West New Rochclle y. 703 West NUes lo. 204 Weston p.y. 612 WestOneonta p.y. 636 West Onondaga p.o. 485 West Perry lo. 716 West Plattsburgh p. o. 239 West Point p.o. 505 Westport p.y. 305 Westport t. 305 West Potsdam p.o. 6S2 West Proyidence p.o. 591 West Red cr. 688,692 West Eicbford p.o. 662 West Richmondyille...p. o. 606 West Rome. lo. 466 West Rush p.y. 405 West Sand Lake p.y. 668 West Sauquoit y. 466 We.st Schuyler p.y. 348 West Seneca. p. o. 293 West Seneca t. 293 West Seneca Center.. ..p.o. 293 West Shandaken p.o. 663 West Shelby. p.o. 616 West Somera p.o. 706 West Somerset p.o. 456 WestSouthold p.o. friO West Sparta. t. 3S6 PAGE West Stephontown p.o. 560 West Stockholm p. o. 6R2 West Stony Creek cr. 675 West Suffolk p.o. 637 West Sweden y. 405 West Taghkanick p.y. 249 West Theresa p.o. .361 West Town p.T. 607 West Township p.o. 164 West Troupsburgh p.o. 62S West Trout br. 260 West Troy p.y. 165 West Turin t. 379 West Union p.o. 629 West Vienna p.y. 470 West View. p.y. 386 Westyille p.y. 638 Westyille t. 312 Westyille y. 312 West Walworth. p.o. 694 West Webster p.y. 405 West Windsor p. o. 349 West Winfleld. p.y. 349 Wcstwood p.o. 283 West Yorkshire.- p. y. 195 Wethersfleld .t. 716 Wethersfield Springs. -p. y. 716 Wlialeys p. 273 Whallonsburgh p.y. 301 Wharton cr. 630, 632, 633 Wbeatfleld t. 456 Wheatljind p.o. 406 Wheatland t. 405 Wheatland Center y. 406 Wheatville p.y. 334 Wheeler cr. 201 Wheeler p. o. 629 Wheeler t. 629 Wheeler Center y. 629 Wheeler Corners lo. 522 Whetstone cr. 375,378 Whetstone Quit lo. 378 TThito cr.l68, 347, 381, 655, 686 White la. 466 White p. 541 White r. 643 White Clay Kil 276 White Creek p. o. 686 White Creek t. 686 White Face .mt. 19. 296, 306 Whitehall p. y. 686 Whitehall t. 688 Whitehall Landing 419 White Lake p.o. 643 White Plains p. v. 707 White Plains t. 707 Whiteport y. 666 Whitesburgh p. o. 348 Whitesborough v. 471 Whites Corners p. y. 291 Whiteside br. 679 Whiteside Corners p. o. 589 Whitestone p.y. 546 White Store p. o. 228 Whitestown p.o. 471 ^^•hitestown t. 471 White Sulphur Spring. 693 Whitesyille p. y. 174 WhitesTllle y. 361 Whitings p. 241,243 Whitlockyille lo. 698 Whitney h. 659 PAOE Whitneys Crossing... ..p. o. 172 Whituevs Landing lo. 616 Whitneys Point p.y. 183 Whitney Valley.....cr. 16S, 169 Whortleberry Jale 70, 703 WiccopeePaas lo. 271 Wickhams p. 510 Wickopee p. 643 Wigwam cr. 168, 170 Wilbur p. y. 664 Wildehause Kil 164 Wilkins Point lo. 646 Willards mt. 677 Willett p. o. 266 Willett t. 266 Williams Bridge p.o. 707 Williamsliurgh p. o. 367 Williamsburgh y. 165 Williamson p. y. 694 Williivmson t. 694 Williamstown p.y. 528 Williamstown t. 528 Williamsyille lo. 714 Williiimsyille p. y. 282 Willing t. 176 Willink p. y. 283 Willow br. 166 Willow isle 334 Willow Tree lo. 648 Willow Vale y. 465 Willsborough p. o. 305 Willsborough t. 805 Willsborough Falls y. 306 Willseyyille .p. y. 651 Willwemack cr. 647 Wilmington p.y. 306 Wilmington t. 306 Wilmurt t. 349 Wilna p. 0. 363 Wilna t. 362 Wilson p. y. 457 Wilson t. 457 Wilson Creek p. o. 650 Wilton lo. 702 Wilton p.y. 593 Wilton t. 693 Wiuantsyille lo. 549 Windfall cr. 173, 183 Windham t. 334 Windham Center p. y. 335 Windsor p. y. 184 Windsor t. 184 Wine cr. 628 Winfield cr. 624 Winsfield lo. 649 Winfield p. o. 349 Winfleld t. 349 Wing Station p. o. 271 Winspear p. o. 292 Wirt p. o. 176 Wirt t. 176 Wiscoy cr. 710, 174, 713, 714, 715, 716 Wiscoy p. o. 174 Wolcott .....cr. 6SS, 690 Wolcott p. y. 695 Wolcott t. 694 Wolf .cr. 166, 168, 712 Wolf p. 647 Wolf Run cr. 623 Wood cr. 21, 23, 458, 466, 470, B78, 686 PAS! Woodbury p. o. 651 Woodbury Cloyo y. 508 Woodcock h. 504 Woodhaven y. 648 Woodhull la. 349 Woodhull p. o. 629 Woodhull t. 629 Woodland p.o 667 Woodrow y. 667 Wood Settlement lo. 363 Woodstock lo. 702 Woodstock p.y. 668 Woodstock t. 668 Woodiille lo. 387 Woodville p.y. 357 Woodsyille lo. 607 Woodwards Hollow.. ..p. o. 289 Woodworth la. 316 Worcester p. y. 538 Worcester t. 638 Wortel Kil 271 Worth t. 363 Worthyille p. o. 363 Wright t. 608 Wrights cr. 186 Wrights Corners p.o. 454 Wrightsyille !o. 237 Wurtzboro p. y. 646 Wyomanock cr. 248 Wyoming co. 101, 710 Wyoming p.y. 714 Wynants Kil 657, 568, 560 WynantskilL p.y. 557 Wyncoop br. 641 Wynkoop cr. 219, 220, 221, 222 Yankee p. 646 Yaphank p.y. 634 Yates CO. 717 Yates p. o. 516 Yates t. 616 Yates Center. y. 518 Yatesyille lo. 416 Yatosyille p. o. 720 Yellow la. 679 Yonkers p. y. 708 Yonkers t. 707 York p. 645 York p. 0. 387 York t. 387 York Center y. 387 York Corners lo. 588 Y'orkshire p. o. 195 Yorkshire t. 195 Yorkshire v. 182 Y'orkshire Center p. y. 196 Yorkshire Comers .y. 195 Yorkshire Creek. cr. 182 Yorktown p. o. 708 Yorktown t. 708 Yorkville lo. 419 Yorkville _ y, 471 Young Hickory p. o. 628 Youngs la. 349 Youngs Cave lo. 604 Youngstcwn p. y. 466 YoungsyiUe .p. y. 644 Zantzee Kil 697 Zeregors Point lo. 706 Zintmerman.- .er. 318, 416 Zoar y. 881 ADDITIONAL NAMES. Ambler Settlement lo. 228 Baldwins Corners -lo. 614 Boscobel - .p.o. 699 CortlandviUe y. 699 Faiimouut y. 707 Integrity lo. 706 Kreischerville p. y. 567 Moharsic la. 708 Montour t. 612 Oak Orchard Harbor lo. 516 Sand Hill y. b!» Pkaneateles Inlet cr. 260 Taylors ll.illow h. 289 Thirty UeiT Bidge h. 707 Wadiiington t. 679, 68S STECEOTTPED BY L. JOBV&Oy k CO. A.. S. BARl^ES - Bolutuly under the coutrol of the Faculty. Also its noble Library and Apparatus. ITS LIBERAL PROVISION" FOR THE ABLEST INSTRUCTION In each branch and department of study; three profesgors and teachers bi^ng devoted exclusively to the common EucJinh 6tudips. two each to the Mathematics and Classics, one respectively to Commercial Instruction, to Natural Science, to Modem Langua^e'^, and to Painting, while no less than four have in charge the department of Music. Rare fucilities are thus atlordvd to prep;ire for tfaching ; while desirable situations are procured for young ladies who graduate in the prescribed Course of Studivn. It is a part of the well established system of this Christian Institute, to conserve and promote the health, manners, and morals of it5 pupils. The Principal wishes it'diatinctly understood that he becomes personally responsible to parents for tho moral and social well being of their daughters while in attendance at this Institute. It provides gwd, spacious rooms, plainly but suitably furnished ; aud wholesome and sufficient Board, of a quality and vaiiely satisfactory to its patrons. „„„ ITS REMARKABLY MODERATE RATES. Tn many families the difference in the cost of maintaining a son or daughter at home or at this Instifiitp. would be pea'cr-ly appreciable. One hundred and three dollars per year, pays for Board, furnished room, fuel, washing and tuition in common Kn;i- lish. Extra branches at corresponding rates. A student may enter for a single term, or at any time in tho term aud pay for the residue only. There are three terms of fourteen weeks each. "Winter Terra opens December Ist, 1869; Spring Term opens March 23d, 18t'0 ; Fall Term opens August 16th, 1860. For circulars, or fcr rooms, apply to the Principal. Turn to the chapter in the Gazetteer descriptive of Fort Kdward, also to chapter of statistics of Academies, and notii* tho Wa.'-hington Co. Seminary. TESTIMONIALS OF EXAMINING COMMITTEES. Rev. Wm. Scott, of Montreal, Secretary. 185.^. The Committee found tho bnildings, in their crt. Kilwnrd Fnstitutf iBfirifjnal succf^xr Wliile the Institution is in all departments worthy of entire confidence, the Committee foel called npon to mention the de- partment of Mneic and that of Painting, as decidedly superior to anything we Jiave ever heard or secninany simiJar Institution. Ret. J. K. Cdesshan, of Schenectady, Secretary, July, 1857. The gastrcnnmic dtipartment, under the care of Mr. A. K. Haxtnn. the Steward, is finely managed. An abundant supply of well cooked food is provided. Kev. R. n. Robinson, Secretary, Saratoga Springs, Nov. 25. 1858. The peculiar energj- of the I'rincipnl jiervades evmy department of instruction, embracing eighteen teachers, a number sufficient to permit a subdivision of claflses. m th.it none need ho neglected. Many students havo consi'crat<'d their ycmng hearts on tho altar of Christianity, and will go forth wltJi great jwuJT, rightly directed, to bless the church and the world. Prof. C. T. Lewis, A.M., Troy University, March, ISfjO. The practical drill was admirable. Attention hiid been given to Hio Itowers of ready and neat expression, but the basis lay in a cb-ar conipri-bension of facts and principles, forwhich good tanguapo was made an ornament, not a substitute. Perhaps no feahiro of tho exercises v/an more chunning tlian their entire fairDe»-H, which was at once transparent an !^ a >^ o O t< Q H M izi ►3 M cl 749 Iiength of building, 137 feet. "Width of do. 77 feet. Play grounds, 25 acres. Gynmasium covers 1,900 feet. The building and grounds cost $75,000. POUGHKEEPSIE COLLEGIATE SCHOOL. A BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS OP ALL AGES. This school was eBtablished in 1836. From that time to this there has been but one change in the principalehip, — which occorred after the death of the late principal, Charles Bartlett. It has always enjoyed a liberal patronage, drawn from all sections. During the past year pupils have been in attendance from twelve States. The etudentB prepare their lessons in one large room, where one of the Principals presides. Are each taught by a native teacher. The principals and their families, the teachers and pupils, all reside in one building and eat at the same table. The pupils are not allowed to leave the premises without permission. Tlie building is lighted with gas, and heated with hot air furnaces. No expense has been spared to attain thorough veutilation. The pupils" rooms are furnished with a carpet, clothes-press, single beds, wash-stand with bowl and pitcher to each pupil. In short, no effort has been omitted to make this in every respect A FIBST CLASS SCHOOL. The annual expense ia two hundred and fifty dollars. Spanish and German, Music and Drawing, are the only extras. We refer to the following gentlemen, most of whom have Rev. S. H. Weston, Hudson St., New York, Hon. Gulian C. Verplan 'k. New York, Hon. James Emott, Poughkeepsie, Isaac Roosevelt, M.D., Poughkeepsie, Prof. Charles Murray Nairne, Columbia College, N. Y., Prof John Foster, Union College, Schenectady, Prof. Wm. U. Crosby, Poughkeepsie, O. R. Willis, Freehold, N. J., Prof. John Haywood, Weaterville, Ohio, Rev. H. G. Ludlow, Oswego, Rev. A. D. Traver, Poughkeepsie, Rev. S. Buel, Poughkeepsie, J. H. Oriscom, M.D., New York, F. S. Macias, 46 Beaver St., New York, been patrons of the school:— David F. Hoadly, Office Panama R. R., Wall St., New York, Hon. John Thompson. Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Solomon Jenner, 75 Henry St., N. Y., David D. Otis, Watertown, N. Y., Thomas R. Smiley, Hamilton, Ohio, R. C. Crocheron, 1 Park Place, New York, Col. G. T. M. Davis. 47 Exchange Place, New York, Hon. E. S. Doughty, Somerville, N. J., Capt. James L. Day, Norwich, Conn., Joseph A. Eddy, St. Louis, Mo., H. H. Hathorn, Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Seth Richards, Bentonsport. Iowa, J. M. Sims, M.D., N«w York. Those who may desire further information are invited to Tieit the school or to address the Principals. C. B. WARRING. A.M., ) T,,.i„„,„„,„ OTIS BISBEE. A.M., 'jPruidpala This Inatitutioii was opened for the aJmissinn of students September 9, 1858, and the collegiate department ia now fully organized, with the following; members of the Faculty of Arts: KEY. .JOHN McCLINTOCK, D.U., L^.D., JAMES STRONG, S.T.D., Presiil'iit, and Professor of Moral Science. Vice-Presidentf and Professor of Biblical Literature. MARVIN 11. VINCENT, A.M., OGDEN N. ROOD, A.M., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature. Professor of Cheinistrii. CilAKLTON T. LEWIS, A.M., ALEXANDER MAC WUORTEK, A.M., Pi-ofcssor of Pure Mathematics. Professor &f Philosovh v. HENRY n. HADLEY, A.M., Professor of the Jndo-European Lawjuages and Literature, THE COLLEGE GROUNDS Coinpi-ise a plat of thirty-sLx acres, of rare beauty and healthfuhutii^i of position; and the building is one of the most imposing and well arranged of the kind in the country, affording accommodations for about one- hundred and fifty students, includiug chap'^i, recitation-rooms, dormitories, boarding hall, and protVssord' apartments. THE PLAN OF INSTRUCTION Embraces the most approved features of the American CulU-iie eynttm, w ith all the essential advantagoa of the English and Geimau Uuivereities, giving an opportunity for the most tliorough and geneiul literary culture. THE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT PROPER Will be inaugurated by appropriate courses of lectures on the hi-h-T hrauclies of ticience, art, and literature, as soon as there ahall be grnduates prepared to enter upon it. The desiizn of the founders nf the institution is to make it a sound Christian (but not sectarian) school of the highest class, both in scholarship and practical etEciency. The course of study includes A SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT, Which differs from the classical chiefly in the omission of Latin and Greek, and in occupying only three yoara. ANNUAL EXPENSES. Tuition Fee (for those not on scholarships) $;jo OU Room Rent 16 00 Warming and use of public rooms. t 5 00 Repairs 4 00 Use of Library 2 00 Janitor's services' $2 00 Printing i 00 Good Board, per week, is provided in the college hall at 2 00 Washing, per dozen 50 PRESENT PRICES OF SCHOLARSHIPS. Free tuition for one student for forty years $100 00 t Two students pi-rpetually $500 00 Two students fifty years 300 DO Three stuiients perpetually 1,000 00 Ouo student perpetually 300 00 | Or five tnr fit ty years 1,OUO 00 TERMS AND VACATIONS. There are two terms and two vacations In the college year. The first, or short term, begins with the Thursday on or about the 8th of September, and continues fourteen weeks, followed by a vacation of three weeks. The second or long term, begins with the Thursday, on or about the 5th of January, and continues till Commencement, on the third Thursday ot June. For circul:irs and full information, address the President or Vice-President, as above. Letters on the business of the Trustees, should be addressed to Rev. Z. Phillips, Financial Agent, Troy, N. Y. WALNUT HILL SCHOOL, GENEVA, K Y. Rev. Dr. Reed's Boarding School for Boys is pleasantly situated near the village of Geneva. The numbe* Is limited to seventy. Boys are pre- pared for college, or any department of life that requires THOEOUGH EDUCATION. The course of study is full, includ- ing Ancient and Modem Languages SCIENCE, LITERATURE, AND THE FINE ARTS Terms for full English Mathemati- cal and Classical course, $250 per annum. For the Arts the charge ia extra. Circulars will be seutto those wishing information, on applying to THOMAS C. REKD, Rector and Proprietor. ROCHESTER COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, N. W. BENEDICT and L. R. SATTERLEE, Principals. COHNEK OF ATWATER AND OREGON STS., ROCHESTER. MONROE COUNTY, N.Y. To thoae desirous of being well prepared to enter COLLEGE. Or to take a high position in profeasional or commercial life, THIS INSTITUTION affords a complete course of eyato* matic study, based upon the most thorough discipline of the intel- lectual and moral powers. The euperority of its Classical instruction Is widely known. ITS MATHEMATICAL AND OTHER DEPARTMENTS Are equally eflBcient, beuig each conducted byaproft-ssionalleacher 0*" the hiehest order. The Female Department, In charge of an experienced and highly accomplished precopt- rt^ss, oflers superior advantages to young ladiee, to whom DIPLOMAS Are awarded on th<> completion of the prescribed course of study. Btudenta from Abroad Are provided with the beet ao« commodations in a boarding de- partment. undiT the supervision of the lYincipals. Cirrulars contJiinin<; more par ticular information may be oh* ta^jied by application to the prin- cipals, Kuohester, Monroe county, N.Y. YOUNG LADIES' INSTITUTE, AT TEMPLE GROVE, SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y. Open forty week?, from the second Monday in September of t-ach year. Every department supplied with expe- rienced teachers. Music taught; singly and in claeses.by competent profeseorn, on a new and highly appruvcd plan, by means of which a . MUSICAL EDUCATION Of the highest grade can be reached at leas expense than at any other place in the State. The French, German, and Spanish Languages receive special attention. Every department is under the special and peraoDal superviyiim of the Prin- cipal. Number of pupils limited to one hundred. TEEMS. From one hundred and sixty to two hundred dollars, tur board and English tuition. Music from forty to fifty dol- lars per annum. Access to the cele- brated Congress Spring daily, free of charge. This privilege alone is oftea worth the price of a year's residence at the school. Catalogues sent to any address, on application to the Principal. HIGHLAND ACADEMY, NEWBURGH, ORANGE Co., N. Y. IDEFJ^I^TIs^EnSTTS. CLASSICAL STUDIES, MODERN LANGUAGES, DRAWING and PAINTING, ENGLISH BRANCHES, VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC, PHYSICAL EDUCATION. The school year, of f:)rty-two weeks, commences the second Tuesday of September In each year. Accomplished instractorp employed in the various departments. WM. \. REID. Principal and Proprietor. Hon. John Slosson. Judge of Superior Court, N. T. City, For particulars apply to Rev. John Brown, D.T>., Newburgh, Kev. John Forsjth, D.D., Newburgh, Hon. Nathaniel Jones, Newburgh, Hon. Jno. W. Brown, Justice Supreme Court, Newburgh, AVm. E. Warren, Esq., Deputy Controller of the City of New York. 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