%v Wr&W fe o^ftim aa* 3ra /v^ 'ftw HA • r\ : /^' /^ -A' LIBRARY OF CONGRESS .( | I - ' ^ ^7~ t [J UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, f I ''- nm, Afift IA A A aa^ f\ A- "MBmm "\AaaAa OCrswm OaaA/ Kr\rWTP A'aAAa'av; - ■ THE Latin Subjunctive. by K. F. PENNELL. o^o 5 BOSTON: JOHN ALLYN. 18T5. n ?4 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by K. F. PENNELL, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Cambridge: Press of yohn Wilson and SotK PREFACE. I have written this manual because I felt the need of a book that contained, in clear and concise language, the outlines of the Latin Subjunctive for preparatory schools. If a boy, under a competent teacher, learns thor- oughly the principles herein laid down, he will have enough insight into the subject to read intelligently any Latin author he will meet with before his Sophomore year in college. I think, too, under proper teaching, he will be able to write a grammatically correct Latin sentence. I wish here to say a word about writing Latin. Far too little attention is given to it in our preparatory schools ; and, worse than that, the student is generally tied down to some composition book, where meaningless sentences are heaped together, tiresome alike to both teacher and pupil. Let the student learn the Latin tongue as the Romans themselves used it, and from the pages which he is reading. A book of Ca3sar, studied with care, and memorized if time allows, will advance the beginner more than any manual for writing Latin. IV PREFACE. A word, too, about reading Latin at sight. If a teacher will only practise it with his classes, he will be surprised at their rapid improvement. It gives the student confidence in himself, and obviates the evils arising from the use of a translation. The examples given below are taken mostly from those authors generally read by students preparing for college. I have translated only such as 1 thought ought to be committed to memory by the learner. The others are simply for reference; an index to them will be found at the end of the book. I have consulted "freely Madvig, Zumpt, Key and Roby's Latin Grammars, and wish here to express my obligation to them. R. F. Pennell. The Phillips Exeter Academy, April, 1875. THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. In a Conditional sentence, the Condition is called the Protasis, the Conclusion is called the Apodosis. The Protasis is regularly introduced by si, nisi, and sin. Conditions may be divided into three classes, present, past, and future, I. Present Conditions may be subdivided into two classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) those which require the Subjunctive. a. Conditions referring to present time, without neces- sarily expressing any opinion as to their truth or fal- sity, take the Present Indicative, in both Protasis and Apodosis. Si vales, gaudeo. If you are well, I am glad ; i.e., 1 do not know whether you are well or not, but, if you are, I am glad. Quae si manet, salvi etiam nunc esse possumus. (Cic. Rose. Am. LI. 150.) Sin haec mala fixa sunt, ego vero te quam primum, mea vita, cupio vi&ere. (Cic. Fam. XIV. 4, 1.) Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat. (Cic. Arch. 23.) 1 2 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. b. Conditions referring to present time, and con- trary to fact, take the Imperfect Subjunctive, in both Protasis and Apodosis. Si valeres, gauderem. If you were well (to-day), I should rejoice (to-day) ; i.e., you are not well, therefore J do not rejoice. Si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen hano aninii a&versionem humanissimam ac liberalis- simam judicaretis. (Cic. Arch. 16.) Si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum, . . . nee tantis se laborious frangeret, . . . nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. (Id. 29.) Quae si videres, lacrimas non teneres. (Cic. Fara. VII. 30, 2.) II. JPast Conditions may be subdivided into two classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) those which require the Subjunctive. a. Conditions referring to past time, without neces- sarily expressing any opinion as to their truth or falsity, take some past tense of the Indicative, in both Pro- tasis and Apodosis. Si Romam iit, regem vidit. If he went to Rome, he saw the king ; i.e., 1 do not know whether he went to Home or not, but, if he did, he saw the king. Si Apronium absolutum iri putabat, nihil erat quod ullum praejudicium vereretur. (Cic. Ver. Act. II., Lib. III. 153.) Si quicquam caelati aspexerat, manus abstinere non poterat. (Ver. Act. II., Lib. IV. 48.) Si qua in parte nostri laborare aut gravius premi videbantur, eo signa inferri Caesar aciemque constitui jubebat. (Cses. B. G. VII. 67.) b. Conditions referring to past time, and contrary CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 3 to fact, take the Pluperfect Subjunctive, in both Pro- tasis and Apoclosis. Si Romam iisset, regem vidisset. If he had gone to Rome, he would have seen the king; i.e., he did not go to Some, and therefore did not see the king. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus ejus contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. (Cic. Arch. 24.) Quae si commemorari noluisset, non tanto in con- ventu dixisset. (Cic. Ver. Act. I. 18.) III. Future Conditions may be subdivided into two classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) those Avhich require the Subjunctive. a. Conditions referring to future time, without neces- sarily expressing any opinion as to their truth or fal- sity, take the Future Indicative in both Protasis and Apodosis ; but, when the Condition is conceived of as completed before the Conclusion begins, the Protasis takes the Future Perfect Indicative. Si quid habebit, dabit. If he has (shall have) any thing, he will give it ; i.e., I do not knoto lohether he will have any thing or not / but, if he does, he will give it. Dabunt, si voletis. (Cic. Ver. Act. II. Lib. III. 199.) Si quid liberius dixero, occultum esse poterit. (Cic. Rose. Am. I. 3.) De quo si vos vere ac religiose judicaveritis, aucto- ritas ea, quae in vobis remanere debet, haerebit. (Cic. Ver. Act* I. 3.) Remark. — We sometimes find the Future Perfect Indic- ative in both Protasis and Apodosis. Quae omnia si in patronum suum voluerit conferre, nihil egerit. (Cic. Rose. Am. 130.) 4 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Pergratum miki feceris, si de amicitia disputaris. (Cic. Lael. 16.) b. Conditions referring to future time, still possible, though with a shade of improbability as to their fulfil- ment, take the Present /Subjunctive in both Protasis and Apodosis ; but, when the Condition is conceived of as completed before the Conclusion begins, the Pro- tasis takes the Perfect Subjunctive. Si quid habeat, det. If he were to have any thing, he would give it. Ego si abs te summa officia desiderem, minim neinini videri debeat. (Cic. Fam. V. 5, 2.) Ego si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem, men- tiar. (Cic. Lael. 10.) Id si acciderit, simus armati. (Cic. Tusc. I. 32, 78.) Remark. — The Perfect Subjunctive is rarely found in the Apodosis. Qucs, ni mea cura resistat, jam flammae tulerint. (Verg. A. II. 600.) IV. # The flexibility of the Latin tongue allowed a writer to vary from the formulas given above. a. Present Conditions (subdivision a) may take, in the Apodosis, the Present Imperative. Quod si ea ignoratis, respicite G-alliam. (Ca3S. B. G. VII. 77.) Hanc vero nisi a vobis reicitis, videte quem in locum rem publicam perventuram putetis. (Cic. Rose. Am. 153.) Dubitate etiam nunc, judices, si potestis. (Id. 73.) b. Present Conditions (subdivision a) may also take, * Sections IV., V., VI., and VII., should be omitted by the student until he has learned thoroughly the simple conditions, with the first example under each, and can apply them wherever he sees them. CONDITIONAL * SENTENCES. 5 in the Apodosis, the Present Subjunctive of exhor- tation, or command. Si quid in nobis animi est, hos latrones interflcia- mus. (C»s. B. G. VII. 33.) Bi nemo est, ipse agat. (Ovid, Metam. II. 390.) Qui homines primum, si stare non possunt, conruant. (Cic. Cat. II. 21.) c. Present Conditions (subdivision a) may also take, in the Apodosis, the Future Indicative. Here the Pro- tasis denotes instantaneous action. Perficietur bellum autem, si urgemus obsessos. (Li v. V. [4], 8.) Bi vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt. (Sail. Cat. 58.) d. Present Conditions (subdivision b) frequently take, in the Apodosis, the Pluperfect Subjunctive. Nee tu, si Atheniensis esses, clarus unquam fuisses. (Cic. C. M. 8.) Quae nisi essent in senibus, non summum con- silium majores nostri appellassent senatum. (Id. 19.) Bi hoc optimum factu judicarem, unius usuram, horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. (Cic. Cat. I. 29; cf. Cic. Rose. Am. 72, also Ver. Act. 1.5.) Remark. — As the verb of the Protasis is subordinate to that of the Apodosis, its time may not be absolutely present, past, or future, but so only in reference to the leading verb ; i.e., the verb of the Apodosis. Hence, in conditions of the class just given, the Imperfect Subjunctive often denotes rela- tive present time, and must be translated by the English plu- perfect. Sometimes, also, the Imperfect Subjunctive in these con- ditions denotes past time brought down to the present. In a few cases it seems to be used in the sense of the PZw- perfect. 6 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. e. Past Conditions (subdivision a) may take, in the Apodosis, the Present Indicative. Si quid venale habuit Heius, N desino quaerere cur emeris. (Cic. Ver. Act. II. Lib. IV. 10.) f Past Conditions (subdivision a) may also take the Future Indicative in the Apodosis. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omiiis acerbitates perferreni, feram. (Cic. Cat. IV. 1.) g. Past Conditions (subdivision b) frequently take, in the Apodosis, the Imperfect Subjunctive. Num igitur, si ad centesimum annum vixisset, senec- tutis eum suae poeniteret ? (Cic. C. M. 19.) Si quis horum dixisset, multo plura dixisse quam dixisset putaretur. (Cic. Rose. Am. 2.) Quas inimicitias si cavere potuisset, viveret. (Cic. Rose. Am. 17; cf. Ver. Act. I. 9.) h. Future Conditions (subdivision a) may take, in the Apodosis, the Future Imperative or the Subjunc- tive of Command. Expeditus facito ut sis, si inclamaro, ut accurras. (Cic. Att. II. 20, 5.) Id nisi perspicuum res ipsa fecerit, nunc adiinem culpae judicatote. (Cic. Rose. Am. 18.) %. Future Conditions (subdivision a) may take, in the Apodosis, the Perfect Indicative. Nisi res manifesta erit ita adlata, vicimus. (Cic. Ver. Act. II. Lib. III. 145.) V. a. The Imperfect Indicative of debere, decere, oportere, posse, and esse (with a gerundive or neuter adjective) is often found in the Apodosis of Present Conditions (subdivision b). Quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnis bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat. (Sail. J. 85.) CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 7 Quod si Homae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus. (Cic. Imp. Cn. P. 50.) Omnibus eum contumeliis onerasti, quern patris loco, si ulla in te pietas esset, colere debebas. (Cic. Phil. II. 99 ; cf. also Verg. G. II. 133, where erat is so used without a gerundive or neuter adjective.) b. The Perfect Indicative of the above-mentioned verbs may be used in the Apodosis of Past Conditions (subdivision b). Si ita Milo putasset, optabilius ei fuit dare. (Cic. Mil. 11 ; cf. Arch. 25.) c. Verbs denoting duty, necessity, possibility, pro- priety, wish, and also the active and passive periphras- tic conjugations, imply futurity in themselves. Hence the Present Indicative of such verbs may stand in the Protasis or Apodosis of Future Conditions. Si haec perturbare volumus, vitam periculosam reddemus. (Cic. Ver. Act. Lib. I. 38.) Neque enim bonitas nee liberalitas esse potest, si non per se expetantur. (Cic. de Offic. III. 118.) Tametsi meo jure possum, si quid in hac parte mihi non placeat, vituperare. (Cic. Rose. Am. 135 ; compare also Rose. Am. 72, where censes posse = potes.) Sudabunt, si Di volunt. (Ver. Act. II. Lib. III. 157.) Remark. — In conditions of this class, the Imperfect Sub- junctive may be used, standing for the Present, to conform to the rule for u Sequence of Tenses." Neque mnnitiones Caesaris prohibere poterat, nisi proelio decertare vellet. (Caes. B. C. III. 44.) Pompey's direct thoughts were non possum . . . nisi velim. 8 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. VI. a. The Protasis is sometimes implied in a word or phrase, or entirely omitted. Sulla hunc petentem repudiasset. (Cic. Arch. 25.) Here petentem = si petiisset. Is omni tempore nobilitatis f antor fuisset. (Cic. Rose. Am. 16.) Here the Protasis is implied in omni tempore. Et tibi, quod in alia causa non concederem, in hac concedam. (Id. 73.) The Protasis of concede- rem is implied in "in alia causa" z= si aliam causam dicerem. Ne istius quidem laudis ita sim cupidus. (Id. 2.) Here the Protasis is entirely omitted. Ut non omnem frugem neque arborem in omni agro reperire possis. (Id. 75.) Here, also, the Protasis is omitted. b. Under this head may also be placed the forms vellem, J should have wished, and mallem, I should have preferred, expressing a possibility now past ; also velim, I should wish, and malim, 1 should prefer, ex- pressing a present possibility. Utrum igitur has corporis an Pythagorae tibi malis vires ingeni dari ? (Cic. C. M. 33.) Ego vero me minus diu senem esse mallem quam esse senem ante quam essem. (Id. 32.) Vellem equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus. (id.) Quod autem in senatu dixi, in eo velim fidem meam liberes. (Cic. Fam. XII. 7, 2.) c. The so-called "Dubitative" Subjunctive may also be mentioned here. Quid igitur timeam? Why, then, should I fear? (Cic. C. M. 67.) CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 9 Quam te memorem, virgo ! (Verg. A. I. 327.) Cur etiam secundo proelio aliquos ex suis amitteret ! (Os. B. C. I. 72.) Caesar said directly, cur aliquos es meis amittam! (Present Subjunctive.) d. The "Potential" Subjunctive is really an Apod- osis to a suppressed Protasis. e. The conclusion of an omitted condition is often expressed by the Indicative of convenit, debet, decet, licet, oportet, potest, or est (with a gerundive or neuter adjective implying propriety and the like). The Im- perfect of these verbs denotes present time, implying what ought to be, but is not; the Pluperfect denotes past time, implying tohat ought to have been, but icas not. Longum est dicere. It toould be tedious, t&c. Melius fuit. It would have been better. VII. General Conditions. a. We occasionally find the second person singular of the Subjunctive in the Protasis, and the Present Indicative in the Apodosis. Here the Conclusion denotes a universal truth, and the subject of the verb in the Condition is indefinite ; i.e., you = any one. At memoria minuitur, nisi earn eserceas. Hut the memory is always impaired, unless one exercises it. (Cic. C. M. 21.) In these clauses, denoting a general truth, the subor- dinate verb is not necessarily-introduced by a condi- tional particle. 10 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Recte in senectute vivitur quoad muuus offici exse- qui possis. (Id. 72.) Nam et priusquam incipias, consulto, et ubi con- sulueris mature facto opus est. (Sail. Cat. 1.) Ubi de magna virtute et gloria bonorum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo animo accipit. (Id. 3.) Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet. (Id. 51.) Ubi seccrdiae te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequid- quam deos implores. (Id. 52.) Here implores is in the Subjunctive rather than the Indicative, as it is the Conclusion of a suppressed Con- dition. Cf. VI. a. b. Sentences denoting a customary or repeated action take the Imperfect Indicative in the leading clause, and the Pluperfect Indicative, with cum, ubi, si, ut (when- ever), &c, in the subordinate clause. Cum in eum locum, unde erant egressi, reverti coeperant, ab iis, qui proximi steterant, circumvenie- bantur. (Cses. B. G. V. 35.) As often as they began to return to the place from which they had set out, they were cdioays surrounded by the men icho had stood nearest them. Cf. Caas. B. G. IV. 26, ubi . . . conspexerant, . . . adoriebantur. Caesar, in the " Gallic War," V. 35, seems to use sin with the Imperfect Subjunctive in the same sense. Bin autem locum tenere vellent, nee virtuti locus relinquebatur, neque ab tanta multitudine conjecta tela conferti vitare poterant. Whenever^ on the other hand, they wanted to hold their ground, no opportunity was left for displaying valor ; nor could they, crowded together as they were, dodge the darts hurled by so vast a multitude. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 11 Remark. — This use of the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive is common in Livy and Tacitus. VIII. Subordinate and Leading Verbs. A subordinate verb is one introduced by a (a) causal, (b) concessive, (c) conditional, (d) consecutive, (e) final, (f) interrogative, (g) relative, or (Ji) temporal particle, or j^ronoun. a. Cum (since), quando (whilst), quandoquidem (since), quia, quod (because), quoniam, quippe (foras- much as). b. Cum (although), etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, licet (al- though), quamquam, quamvis. c. Si, sin, nisi, ni, dummodo, modo, dum (provided only). d. Ut, quin, quominus. e. Ut, ne. f. Si (whether), cur, — ne, qualis, quamobrem, quan- do, quantus, quapropter, quare, quis, quot, quoties, ubi, unde, ut (how). g. Qui, quantus, qualis, quot, quoties, ubi, unde. h. Antequam, cum (when), donee, dum, postquam, priusquam, quamdiu, quoad, ubi (as soon as), ut (as soon as). A leading verb is one not introduced by any of the above-mentioned words. IX. Sequence of Tenses. Primary tenses follow Primary tenses. Secondary tenses follow Secondary tenses. 12 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Primary tenses of the Indicative, Primary tenses of the Subjunctive, Secondary tenses of the Indicative, N Secondary tenses of the Subjunctive, Legatis imperat, Legatis imperabit, Legatis imperavit, Legatis imperaverit, Legatis impera He orders, He will order, He has ordered, He will have ordered, Order Rogat, Ho gab at, Rogavit, Rogaverat He asks (historical), He was asking, He asked, He had asked Present, Two Futures, Perfect Definite (with have), also Imperative. ) Present (Incomplete action), ) Perfect (Complete action). Present Historical, Imperfect, Perfect Indefinite (without have), Pluperfect. Imperfect (Incomplete action), Pluperfect (Complete action). Y ut Romam eant. the ambassadors to go to Rome. 1 ut curaret. > him to attend. FINAL CLAUSES. 13 Exc. a. In Consecutive clauses the Perfect Subjunc- tive is regularly used after Secondary tenses instead of the Pluperfect. Dixerunt tantum esse eoruni omnium furorem, ut ne Snessiones quidem deterrere potuerint. (Caesar, B. G. II. 3.) Tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et ad judices venerit. (Cic. Arch. 9.) Exc. b. In Present and Past conditions (subdivision b) the verb of the Protasis always remains the same after both Primary and Secondary tenses. Dicit se, si valeres, gavisurum esse. Dicit se, si valuisses, gavisurum fuisse. He says that he would be happy if you were well. He says that he would have been liappy if you had been well. Exc. c. The Perfect Definite is frequently followed by a Secondary tense. Quae me igitur res praeter ceteros impulit, ut causam Sexti Rosci reciperem ? (Cic. Rose. Am. 2.) X, Final Clauses. Final Clauses, i.e., clauses denoting the purpose of an action, introduced by ut (uti), qui, ubi, and unde, or negatively by ut ne and ne, take the Subjunctive. Final Clauses may be divided for convenience into three classes : (a) pure clauses of purpose, (b) substcm- tive clauses of purpose, (c) relative clauses of purpose. a. Pure clauses of purpose denote the simple pur- pose or design of an action, and answer the question why. Romam ibo ut regein videam. I shall go to Rome 14 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. to see the king; i.e., the purpose of my going to Rome is to see the king. Hue magno cursu contenderunt, ut quam minimum spatii ad se colligendos armandosque Romanis daretur. (Caesar, B. G. III. 19.) Remark. — A pure clause of purpose is introduced nega- tively by ne (ut ne) and not ut non. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me hoc uti genere dicendi, quaeso a vobis. . . . (Cic. Arch. 3.) Remark. — Instead of ut, we often find quo (= ut eo) in pure clauses of purpose, especially when there is a com- parative in the sentence. Atque eo fecisse, quo inter se fidi magis forent. (Sail. Cat. XXII.) b. Substantive clauses of purpose may be treated like a neuter noun, and be put in the nominative or accusative, and sometimes other cases, as the construc- tion of the sentence may require. (1) Substantive clauses of purpose are used as the object of verbs signifying to admonish, advise, beg, command, compel, decree, exhort, permit, persuade, strive, wish. Caninius me admonuit ut. scriberem ad te. (Cic. Fam. IX. 6, 1.) Monet ut omnes suspiciones vitet, (Ca3S. B. G. I. 20.) Orat atque obsecrat ut sibi parcafc. (Ca3S. B. C. I. 22.) Deinde reliquae legiones cum tribunis militum egerunt uti Caesari satisfacerent. (Id. B. G. I. 41.) Cum egerunt == urged upon / i.e., begged. Hortatur eos, ne animo deficiant. (Id. B. C. I. 19.) FINAL CLAUSES. 15 Suis imperavit ne quod omnino teiuni in hostes reice- rent. (Caes. B. G. I. 46.) Persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis esirent (Id. I. 2.) Nee me solum ratio ac disputatio impulit ut ita cre- derem. (Cic. C. M. 77.) Sequanisque permitteret, ut, quos illi haberent, volun- tate ejus reddere illis liceret. (Cass. B. G. I. 35.) Omnis homines niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant. (Sail. Cat. 1.) Contendit ut earn partem insulae caperet. (Caes. B. G. V. 8.) Senatus censuisset uti Aeduos defenderet. (Id. I. 35.) Exc. a. Jubeo, veto, patior, and cogo usually take an Infinitive with its subject accusative, instead of a subjunctive clause. Omnem senatum ad se convenire jussit. (Caes. B. G. II. 5.) Ab legionibus legatos discedere vetuerat. (Id. 20.) Reliquos ne in locis quidem superioribus consistere patiuntur. (Id. III. 6.) Qua me uti res publica coegit. (Cic. Rose. Am. 143.) Remark. — Cogo and patior take an ut clause occasion- ally. (Cf. Cass. B. G. I. 6, also 45.) Exc. b. Nitor and contendo often take a comple- mentary Infinitive. ' Summa vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur. (Sail. J. 25.) Milites summa vi transcendere in nostrum naves ccn- tendebant. (Caes. B. G. III. 15.) Exc. c. Verbs of wishing, as volo, cupio, etc., also take the simple Infinitive (with or without a subject 16 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. accusative), especially if the subject of both the Infin- itive and its verb is the same. Eorum alter iter per Biciliam facere voluit. (Cic. Ver. IV. 61.) Cupio me esse clementem. (Cic. Cat. I. 4.) (2) Substantive clauses of purpose are used as the object of verbs signifying to fear. Here ut is used when the object is desired, and is to be translated by "that not;" ne is used when the object is not desired and is to be translated by " that? or " lest? Instead of ut, we occasionally find ne non. Nam ne ejus snppllcio Divitiaci animum offenderet verebatur. (Cses. B. G. I. 19.) For he feared that his punishment would offend the feelings of Divitiacus; i.e., he did not wish to offend Divitiacus. Bed ilia duo vereor ut tibi possim concedere. (Cic. Orat. I. 35.) But I fear that I cannot grant those two things to you; i.e., I wish I could grant them. (3) Substantive clauses of purpose are used with ne and quoniinus after verbs and phrases denoting hin- drance, resistance, or reason against a thing; e.g., caveo, deterreo, impedio, interdico, intercede, obsisto, obsto, officio, prohibeo, recuso, repugno, retineo, stare per, tempero, teneo (to withhold). Cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatnr. (Cic. Rose. Am. 153.) Hos multitudinem deterrere ne'frumentum conferant. (Id. 17.) Multitudo ne circumvenire queat, prohibent angus- tiae loci. (Sail. Cat. 58.) Neque illis superbia obstabat quominus aliena insti- tuta imitarentur. (Id. 51 ; cf., in the same chapter, hanc causam quominus = " a reason against" a course. FINAL CLAUSES. 17 Caesar ubi cognovit per Afranium stare quoniinus proelio dimicaretur. (Caes. B. C. I. 41.) Quae tenebantur, quominus in eundem portum venire possent. (Id. B. G. IV. 22.) Per eos, ne causam di^eret, se eripuit. (Id. I. 4.) Retineri non poterant quin conicerent. (Id. 47.) Remark I. — Prohibeo frequently takes the Infinitive. Ipsi nostros intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. (Caes. B. G. V. 9; cf. Id. II. 4.) Remark II. — Deterreo, impedio, and recuso occasion- ally take the Infinitive. Conimemorare deterreor. (Cic. Ver. Act. I. 14.) Me enim impedit pudor haec exquirere. (Id. Or. I. 163.) Neque apertus est quisquam, qui rnori recusaret. (Caes. B. G. III. 22.) Remark III. — Notice that -when the verbs named under (1) are in the passive voice, the substantive clause becomes their subject, and is, of course, in the ]Sio initiative. A ceteris forsitan petitum sit ut dicerent. (Cic. Rose. Am. 4.) (4) Substantive clauses of purpose are used with quin, after verbs and phrases of doubting, neglecting, opposing, refraining, when there is a negative expressed or implied. Non dubitare quin de omnibus obsidibus gravissimum, supplicium sumat. (Cses. B. G. I. 31.) Neque abest suspicio quin ipse sibi mortem con- sciverit. (Caes. B. G. I. 4.) Neque dubitare quin una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint erepturi. (Id. I. 17.) 2 18 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Non esse dubium, quin totius Galliae plurimum Hel- vetii possent. (Cass. B. G. I. 3.) Silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin utriusque naturam aperirem. (Sail. Cat. 53.) Silentio praeterire quin = " refrain from? Non fuit recusandum quin res publica multa per- deret. (Cic. Marc. I. 24.) Neque illis diutius ea uti licuisset quin . . . estorqueret. (Sail. C*t. 39.) Remark I. — Non dubitare = " not to hesitate ," takes a complementary Infinitive. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt. (Caas. B. G. II. 23.) With this meaning it rarely takes a clause with quin. Qua re nolite dubitare quin huic uni credatis omnia. (Gic. De Imp. Pomp. 68.) Remark II. — Recuso with a negative takes a clause in- troduced by quominus as well as quin. Sese neque recusaturos quominus . . . essent. (Caes. B. G. I. 31.) (5) Substantive clauses of purpose are used in appo- sition to nouns or neuter pronouns, and hence are in the same case as the noun to which they are joined. Dat negotium Benonibus uti ea, quae apud eos gerantur, cognoscant. (Cses. B. G. II. 2.) Here the clause ut . . . cognoscant is in the accusative, in apposition to negotium. Poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. (Id. 1.4.) Id est initum consilium, ut nemo relinquatur. (Cic. Cat. IV. 4.) " Here ut . . . relinquatur is in the nominative case, in apposition to consilium. FINAL CLAUSES. 19 Sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scriberet. (Cic. Arch. 25.) Here ne . . . scriberet is in the ablative case, in appo- sition to condicione. Cf. the phrase "dare operam," which also governs an object clause of purpose. Cicero legatis praecepit ut dent operam uti eos quam maxime manifestos habeant. (Sail. Cat. 41.) (6) Substantive clauses of purpose are used as the subject of necesse est or oportet. The particles, ut, ne, ut ne, are generally omitted. Ex luxuria exsistat avaritia necesse est. (Cic. Rose. Am. 75.) Ego crimen oportet diluam. (Id. 36.) Remark. — These verbs more frequently take an Infin- itive as a subject. Damnatum poenam sequi oportebat. (Caas. B. G. 1.4.) Quorum eos in vestigio poenitere necesse est. (Id. IV. 5.) c. ^Relative clauses of purpose are introduced by qui, ubi, and unde, and take their verb in the Subjunctive. Here qui = ut with a personal or demonstrative pro- noun ; ubi = ut ibi ; unde = ut inde. Legatos ad eum mittunt, qui doceant. (Caes. B. G. V.l.) Here qui = ut ii. Bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere pos- set. (Sail. Cat. 54.) d. Ut is often omitted before the Subjunctive, espe- cially after volo and its compounds, the imperative die and fac, and verbs of reminding, advising^ &c, and in the Oratio obliqua after verbs of commanding and the like. 20 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Tibi in mentem veniat facito. (Cic. Rose. Am. 74.) Hortatur ab eruptionibus caveant. (Caes. B. C. I. 21.) Huic mandat adeat. (Id. B. G. III. 11.) e. Ne is often omitted after cave. Cave ignoscas. (Cic. Lig. 16.) f. The leading clause, upon which the final clause depends, is sometimes omitted. Ne diutius teneam. (Cic. Rose. Am. 20.) Ne illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent. (Sail. Cat. 11.) g. There are eight different ways of expressing pur- pose ; e.g., " He came to Rome to ask peace" may be written: — (1) Roniam venit ut pacem peteret (pure final clause) ; (2) Romam venit qui (= ut is) pacem peteret (rela- tive clause of purpose) ; (3) Romam venit ad pacem petendum (not common) (gerund) ; (4) Romam venit ad pacem petendam (gerundive) ; (5) Romam venit pacem petendi causa (or gratia) (gerund with causa) ; (6) Romam venit pacis petendae causa (or gratia) (gerundive with causa) ; (7) Romam venit pacem petiturus (future active participle) ; (8) Romam venit pacem petitum (former supine). XI. Consecutive Clauses. Consecutive clauses, i.e., clauses denoting the result of an action, introduced by ut (uti), qui, ubi, and unde, CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 21 or negatively by ut non, qui non (quin), take the Sub- junctive. Consecutive clauses may be divided for convenience into three classes : (a) pure clauses of result, (b) sub- stantive clauses of result, (c) relative clauses of re- sult. a. Pure clauses of result denote the simple result of an action. Romam tantus terror invasit, ut Lentulus ex urbe profugeret. So great terror prevailed at Rome, that Lentulus fled from the city. (Cass. B. C. I. 14.) Quod usque eo visum est indignum, ut urbe tota fletus gemitusque fieret. (Cic. Rose. Am. 24.) Remark. — A clause of result is introduced negatively by ut non (not ne) and quin.* Reliquos ita perterritos egerunt ut non fuga desis- terent. (Cass. B. G. 4, 12.) b. Substantive clauses of result may be treated like a neuter noun, and be put in the nominative or accusa- tive case, as the construction of the sentence requires. (1) Substantive clauses of result are used with ut and ut non as the object of facio, efficio, perficio, and verbs of like meaning. Fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. (Cass. B. G. II. 11.) Quae res, ut oomrneatus sine periculo ad eum por- tari possent, efrlciebat. (Id. 5.) Ipse diligentia perfecit ut Sex. Rosci vita sententiis judicum permitteretur. (Cic. Rose. Am. 149.) Remark. — When the above verbs are in the passive voice, the clause that would have been their object in the active now becomes their subject. * For quin vfithjinal clauses, see X. b. (4). 22 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Ita fit ut adsint. Thus it happens that they are here. (Cic. Rose. Am. 1.) Ut adsint is the subject of fit. His rebus fiebat ut minus late vagarentur. (Cses. B. G. I. 2.) (2) Substantive clauses of result are used with ut and ut non, as the subject of accidit, contingit, placet (sometimes), reliquum est, relinquitur, restat, sequitur, longe abest, tantum abest, and esse (with or without a predicate noun or adjective). Casu accidit, ut id primus nuntiaret. (Cic. Rose. Am. 96.) Utinam Caesari contigisset ut esset senatui carissi- mus. (Cic. Phill. V. 49.) Placuit ei ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret. (Caes. B. G. I. 34.) Reliquum est ut egomet mihi consulam. (Nep. Att. 21, 5.) Relinquebatur ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur. (Cses. B. G. V. 19.) Restat igitur ut motus astrorum sit voluntarius. (Cic. N. D. II. 44.) Sequitur ut hoc subiciatur. (Quint. III. 8, 23.) For longe abest and tantum abest, consult Latin Lexicon, under absum. Jus est belli ut, qui vicerint, imperent. (Cses. B. G. I. 36.) Fore uti pertinacia desisteret. (Id. 42.) Eemark I. — In Cses. B. G. II. 10, we find optimum esse with both an Infinitive and ut clause as its subjeet ; i.e., reverti and (ut) convenirent are both the subject of esse. Remark II. — Contingit is sometimes followed by the Infinitive. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 23 Celeriter antecellere omnibus ingeni gloria contigit. (Cic. Arch. 4.) Remark III. — Accedit (add to this) is more commonly followed by a clause introduced by quod, but sometimes by an ut clause. Hue accedebat quod L. Sulla exercitum lusuriose nimisque liberaliter habuerat. (Sail. Cat. XL) Accedebat etiam ut caecus esset. (Cic. C. M. 16.) Remark IY. — Placet usually takes an Infinitive with the dative. Parti placuit oastra defendere. (Caes. B. G. III. 3.) Remark Y. — In substantive clauses of result, ut non is regularly used instead of ne (ut ne) ; but we occasionally find the latter. Fecit populus Romanus ut ne de honore deicerer. (Cic. Ver. I. 25.) Id ne fieri posset, obsidione atque oppidi circum- munitione fiebat. (Caes. B. C. I. 19.) c. Relative clauses of result, introduced by qui, ubi, unde, or cum (at a time when), take their verb in the Subjunctive: — (1) When qui = ut with a personal or demonstra- tive pronoun. Is sum qui illud faciam. Jam the man to do that. Quis potest esse tam aversus a vero qui neget. (Cic. Cat. III. 21.) (2) When qui = ejusmodi ut. Sunt qui putent. There are some who think. Fuere qui crederent. (Sail. Cat. 17.) Erat nemo in quern ea suspitio conveniret. (Cic. Rose. Am. 65.) Nihil est cujus partem ullam reliquerint. (Id. 71.) 24 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Quis enini erat, qui non videret. (Id. 136.) Habes ubi ostentes. (Cic. Cat. I. 26.) Hoc tunmltu proximo cum omnium nobilium digni- tas in discrimen veniret. (Cic. Rose. Am. 16.) Here cum = quo tempore. Fuit antea tenipus, cum Germanos Galli virtute superarent. (Cses. B. G. VI. 24.) Remark. — After general negatives or interrogative ex- pressions implying a negative answer, instead of qui non, we may use quin. Vestrum nemo est quin intellegat. (Cic. Rose. Am. 154.) (3) When qui is preceded by dignus, indignus, ido- neus, and aptus. Dignus est qui imperet. lie is worthy to rule. Digna enim fuit ilia natura, quae meliora vellet. (Quint. X. 1, 131.) Idoneus non est qui impetret. (Cic. De Imp. Pomp^ 57.) Nulla videbatur aptior persona quae de ilia aetat^ loqueretur. (Cic. Lael. 4.) Remark. — Ut is rarely used instead of qui, while tl poets often use the Infinitive instead of a relative clause. (4) When qui is preceded by unus, solus, primus, and in restrictive clauses. Non electus unus, qui possem dicere. (Cic. Roi Am. 4.) Solus es cujus in victoria ceciderit nemo nisi armatus. (Cic. Deiot. 34.) Quod sciam = quantum scio. So far as I JcnOio. (Cic. Rose. Am. 17.) Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit OTHER USES OF QUI WITH SUBJUNCTIVE. 25 servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat. (Cic. Cat. IV. 16.) Here qui ... sit is a restrictive clause = " at least in any tolerable condition of slavery ; " but qui . . . per- horrescat is a simple result clause, where qui = ejus- modi ut. (5) When qui is preceded by a comparative with quam. Non longius hostes aberant, quam quo telum adici posset. The enemy were no further off than a dart's throw. (Cses. B. G. II. 21.) " Remark. — Qui, in this construction, can be used with the Indicative. Cum neque nostri longius, quam quern ad finem por- recta loca aperta pertinebant, cedentes insequi auderent (Id. 19.) I XII. Other Uses of Qui with the Subjunctive. a. Qui, when equivalent to cum (since), with a per- gonal or demonstrative pronoun, may take the Sub- junctive. Qui in sua re fuisset egentissimus, erat insolens in aliena. (Cic. Rose. Am. 23.) Hie vehementer errat, qui Volteium corrumpi pecu- ia putet posse. (Id. Ver. II. in. 156.) O fortunate adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum graeconem inveneris. (Id. Arch. 24.) Remark. — Frequently qui is strengthened by ut, utpote, praesertim, or quippe (though the Indicative is found with the last two). Cf. Cass. B. G. IV. 23, ut quae celerem, etc. b. Qui, when equivalent to cum (although), w T ith a 26 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. personal or demonstrative pronoun, requires the Sub- junctive. Qui nondum etiam omnia paterno funeri justa sol- visset, nudum eicit. Though he had not yet, <&c. (Cic. Rose. Am. 23.) c. Qui, when equivalent to si, with a personal or demonstrative pronoun, takes the Subjunctive under the same conditions as si. Nihil autem molestum quod non desideres. Noth- ing would give a man any trouble, if he were not to feel the want of it. (Cic. C. M. 47.) Non caret is qui non desiderat. If a man does not want any thing, he is not icithout it. (Id.) d. Qui requires the Subjunctive when introducing a clause in the Oratio obliqua (see Indirect Discourse). XIII. Temporal Clauses. For the most common temporal particles, see VIII. h. a. Cum (temporal) takes in narration the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, if there is any relation of cause or effect between the two clauses w T hich it con- nects. The clause with cum usually precedes the leading clause. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. (Caes. B. G. II. 2.) Cum ad oppidum accessisset, pueri pacem petierunt. (Id. 13.) Remark. — Cum, with the Imperfect Subjunctive, is best translated by *' while" or u as;" with the Pluperfect, by " after " or " having " — as cum venisset, after he had come, or having come. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 27 b. Cum (temporal), denoting simple time, takes the Indicative. This use is not common, as some idea of cause or effect is almost always present. Sulla, cum Damasippum jugulari jussit, quis non factum ejus laudabat. (Sail. Cat. 51.) Remark. — Cum, "whenever," takes the "completed" tenses of the Indicative, generally after the corresponding incomplete tenses. Cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, plerumque de- vovent. (Cass. B. G. VI. 17.) Cum autem ver esse coeperat, dabat se labori. (Cic. Ver. V. 27.) c. Antequam and priusquam are generally joined with the Subjunctive, when the writer wishes to imply that the action did not take place. But, if the action did take place, the Indicative is used. Sic omne prius est perfectum, quam intellegeretur ab Afranio castra muniri. (Caas. B. C. I. 41.) Non prius Viridovicem reliquosque dimittunt quam ab his sit concessum arma uti capiant. (Id. B. G. III. 18.) Inde ante discessit, quam ilium venisse audissem. Cic. Att. XIV. 20, 2.) Neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen per- venerunt. (CaBS. B. G. I. 53.) Hunc celeriter, priusquam ab adversariis sentiatur, communit. (Id. B. C. I. 54.) d. Dum, when signifying " until? and implying pur- pose, requires the Present or Imperfect Subjunctive. Dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam novam in ancoris exspectavit. He waited at anchor until the ninth hour, for the rest of the ships to assemble 28 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. there (lit., until the ships should, &c). (Caes. B. G. V. 23.) Multa bello passus, dum conderet urbem. (Verg. A. I. 5.) Remark I. — Donee and quoad are occasionally used in the same manner. Remark II. — Dum, dummodo, and modo (negatively dum lie, &c.), meaning "provided," " if only," require the Present or Imperfect Subjunctive. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. (Cic. Cat. I. 10.) Neque id quibus modis adsequeretur, dum sibi regnum pararet, quicquam pensi habebat. (Sail. Cat. 5.) Modo in quocumque fuerit actu probetur. (Cic. C. M. 70.) e. Dum (while = u in the time that") generally takes the Present Indicative, giving it the force of the Imperfect. Dum haec in Venetis geruntur. (Cses. B. G. III. 17.) Haec dum inter eos aguntur. (Id. B. C. I. 36.) Dum haec parat. (Id. 37.) f. Dum, donee, quamdiu, and quoad (while = " all the time that" u so long as ") take the Indicative, gen- erally in the same tense as the leading verb. Dum longius ab munitione aberant Galii, plus multitu- dine telorum proficiebant. (Caes. B. G. VII. 82.) Donee eram sospes, tituli tangebar amore. (Ov. Trist. I. 1, 53.) Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives. (Cic. Cat. I. 6.) Quoad licebat latiore uti spatio, remos transcurrentes detergere contendebant. (Cses. B. C. I. 58.) # CAUSAL CLAUSES. 29 g. Dum, donee, and quoad, meaning tf until" and not implying purpose, require the Indicative (cf. d. above). Mansit in condicione usque ad eum finem dum judices rejecti sunt. (Cic. Ver. I. 16.) Tamen usque eo timui, donee ad reiciundos judices venimus. (Id. Act. II. I. 17.) Milo autem cum in senatu fuisset eo die, quoad sena- tus est dimissus. (Id. Mil. 28.) Remark. — Notice that Csesar always uses dum (until) with the Subjunctive. h. Postquam, posteaquam, simul, simulac, simulatque, ubi, ut (ivhen or as), are followed by the Indicative. Nam postquam isti intellexerunt. (Cic. Rose. Am. 28.) Posteaquam victoria constituta est. (Id. 16.) Caralitani, simul ad se Valerium mitti audierunt, Cottam ex oppido eiciunt. (Caes. B. C. I. 30.) Jam primum juventus, simulac belli patiens erat, mili- tiam discebat. (Sail. Cat. 7.) Sulmonenses, simulatque signa nostra viderunt, portas aperuerunt. (CaBS. B. C. I. 18.) Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt. (Id. B. G. I. 7.) Sed Pompeius, ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit. (Id. B. C. III. 94.) Remark. — The Perfect Indicative after the above par- ticles is to be translated generally like the Pluperfect. XIV. Causal Clauses. a. Cum, "since" or "whereas" is followed by the Subjunctive. 80 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. (Cic. Cat. I. 10.) Cum pater hujusce nullo negotio sit occisus, perfacile hie homo de medio tolli potest. (Id. Rose. Am. 20.) Remark. — Cum, " in that" takes the Indicative, usually the same tense as that of the leading verb. De luxuria purgavit Erucius, cum dixit hunc ne in convivio quidem ullo fere interfuisse. (Id. 39.) b. Quod, quia, quoniam, take the Judicative when introducing the reason as given by the writer or speaker, otherwise the Subjunctive. Ita fit ut adsint propterea, quod officium sequuntur. (id. i.) Sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu. (Ov. Metam. III. 87.) Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, in vestra tecta discedite. (Cic. Cat. III. 29.) Qui ejus consilii principes fuissent, quod intellegerent, quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. (Caes. B. G. II. 14.) Remark I. — Quando is used by poets and later writers (after Cicero and Caesar) in the same manner. Totum igitur excutiamus locum, quando universam institutionem aggressi sumus. (Quint. V. 7, 6.) Remark II. — Ubi, "inasmuch as," requires the Indica- tive. Neque mirum : ubi vos separatim sibi quisque con- silium capitis. (Sail. Cat. 52.) Remark III. — Ut, "inasmuch as," "for" requires the Indicative. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. 31 Aiunt hominem, ut erat f uriosus, respondisse. (Cic. Rose. Am. 33.) c. For qui, when used with a causal force, see XII. XV. Concessive Clauses. a. Cum, " although" requires the Subjunctive. Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne noctur- num quidem sibi tempus ad quietem reliuquebat. (Caes. B. G. V. 40.) b. Etsi, tametsi, quamquam, "although" used to " restrict or correct a preceding proposition," take the Indicative. Nam etsi sine ullo periculo proelium fore videbat, tamen committendum non putabat. (Caes. B. G. I. 46.) Ea tametsi vos parvi pendebatis, tamen res publica firma erat. (Sail. Cat. 52.) Romani quamquam proelio fessi erant, tamen quod Metellus morabatur, ins true ti obviam procedunt. (Sail. J. 53.) Quamquam hoc victore esse non possumus. (Cic. Lig. 18.) Remark I. — Csesar and Sallust seem to prefer the Im- perfect Indicative after these particles. Remark II. — Quamquam is followed by the Subjunctive in later writers and poets, and rarely in Cicero. Cf . Zumpt, § 574 ; Roby, § 1697. Remark III. — Etsi, etiamsi, used as conditional rather than concessive particles, have the same construction as si (cf. Conditional Sentences) ; i.e., they take the Indica- tive when the truth or falsity of the statement is not implied, and the Subjunctive when the statement is not true. c. Quamvis, " although" " as much as you please" takes the Subjunctive. 32 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Quamvis ille felix sit. (Cic. Rose. Am. 22.) Quamvis sit nocens. (Cic. Ver. I. 1.) d. Ut (negatively ut non), "supposing that? "even if? takes the Subjunctive. Ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, hoc certe praecipuum Tuberonis, quod juste cum imperio in provinciam suam venerat. (Cic. Lig. 27.) • e. Licet, "although? takes the Subjunctive. Licet Caecilium veteres laudibus ferant. (Quint. X. 1. 99.) Licet igitur paeona sequatur Ephorus. (Id. IX. 4, 87.) Eemark. — Licet is properly a verb, meaning "it is allowable ," and ut is understood after it. f. For qui, with a concessive force, see XII. g. The Subjunctive is used also independently (as a leading verb) to denote concession. Fuerint cupidi, fuerint irati, f uerint pertinaces, "grant that they were? c&c. (Cic. Lig. 18.) XVI. Clauses of Comparison. a. Tamquam, tamquamsi, quasi, acsi, utsi, velut, veluti, velutsi, ceu (in poetry), "as if? are used to express what is assumed merely for the sake of comparison, and take the Present and Perfect Subjunctive, except after secondary tenses. Quasi res dubia sit. As if the matter were doubtful. Plurimi enim mentiuntur, et, tamquam non doceant causam, sed agant, loquuntur. (Quint. XII. 8, 9.) De D olabella, quod scripsi, suadeo videas, tamquam si tua res agatur. (Cic. Fam. II. 16, 7.) Negabat ullam vocem inimiciorem amicitiae potuisse CLAUSES OF COMPARISON. 33 reperiri quam ejus qui dixisset, ita amare oportere ut si aliquando esset orsurus. (Cic. Lael. 59.) Quasi vero nescias hunc et ali et vestiri a Caeciiia. (Id. Rose. Am. 147.) Neque vero idem profici longo itineris spatio, ac si coram de omnibus condicionibus disceptetur. (Caes. B. C. I. 24.) Samnitium exercitus, velut haud ulla mora pugnae futura esset, aciem instruit. (Liv. VII. 37, 5.) Inque sinus caros, veluti cognosceret, ibat. (Ov. Metam. IV. 596.) Quae, velut si aliter facere fas non sit, quidam sequun- tur. (Quint. II. 13, 1.) Ceu cetera nusquam bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe. (Verg. A. II. 438-9.) Eemaek. — Sicuti is used in the sense of quasi in Sail. Cat. 38, "Sicuti populi jura defenderet;" also in § 31, "Sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret." b. Clauses of eomparison take the Indicative when introduced by ac, atque, preceded by an adjective or adverb denoting identity, similarity, and the opposite. Cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus. (Xep. Milt. VII. 4.) Nam primum debeo sperare omnis deos pro eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam. (Cic. Cat. IV. 3.) Sed aliter atque ostenderam facio. (Cic. Fara. II. 3,2.) c. Ut, " as? denoting a comparison takes the Indica- tive. Ut sementem feceris, ita metes. (Cic. Or. II. 261.) 3 34 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. XVII. Interrogative Clauses. Questions may be asked directly or indirectly. a. All direct questions require the Indicative. Ubi eos convenit ? Where did he meet them ? (Cic. Rose. Am. 74.) b. All Indirect questions require the Subjunctive. Quaero quo modo occiderit. I ask in what way he hilled him. (Id. 73.) c. In asking a direct question we may use one of three particles : — -Ne (the enclitic) asks for information. Valesne ? Are you well ? Nonne expects the answer yes. Nonne vales ? You are well, ar'n't you ? Num expects the answer no. Num vales ? Tbu are not well, are you ? Remark I. — Nonne and num introduce the sentence ; -ne is attached to the verb, or, if particular emphasis is to be given to any one word, it is appended to that. Meministine me dicere in senatu ? (Cic. Cat. I. 7.) Nonne his vestigiis ad caput malefici perveniri solet ? (Id. Rose. Am. 74.) Num me f ef ellit res tanta ? (Id. Cat. I. 7.) Remark II. — In indirect questions num does not imply a negative answer. Qua re videte num dubitandum vobis sit. (Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19.) d. Direct questions may be introduced by any inter- rogative pronoun or adverb. Denique, quid reliqui habemus, praeter miseram ani- mam? (Sail. Cat. 20.) INTERROGATIVE CLAUSES. 35 Quae quousque tandem patiemini?- (Id.) e. Direct questions are occasionally asked without any interrogative particle or pronoun. Tanti malefici crimen probare te censes posse ? (Cic. Rose. Am. 72.) Clodius insidias fecit Miloni ? (Id. Mil. 60.) Patsre tua consilia non sentis ? (Id. Cat. I. 1.) f. In answering a question, " yes " is expressed vari- ously ; e.g.) etiam, factum, ita, ita est, sane, sane quidem, vero, verum. " No " is expressed by minime vero, non minime, or strongly by immo or immo vero. Also the verb can be repeated. As, in the sentences given above, fecit and sentio, u he did? and " / do? non fecit and non sentio, "Ae did not? " I do not? are respectively the affirmative and negative answers of the questions. g. Double or alternative questions may be divided into four classes : — (1) Those which have utrum in the first part of the clause, and an in the second. Utrum pacem an bellum nobis datis ? Do you give us peace or war? Neve interesse quidquam putent utrum Trallis an Formias venerint. (Cic. Q. F. 17.) (2) Those which have -ne in the first part of the clause, and an in the second. Egone ero an tu ? Shall it be you or I? Sed diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine corporis an virtute animi, res militaris magis procederet. (Sail. Cat. 1.) Repetatne domum* an lateat silvis ? (Ov. Metam. III. 204-5.) 36 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. (3) Those which have no interrogative particle in the first part, but an (sometimes anne) in the second. Ferro an fame acrius urgear incertus sum. 1 am not sure whether I am pressed the harder by the sword or by hunger. (Sail. J. 24.) Postremo, fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto erat. (Id. 38.) (4) In indirect double questions we often find no particle in the first part of the clause, and -ne in the second part. Nihil interest, valeamus aegrine simus. It makes no difference whether we are well or sick. Ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent. (Liv. V. 28, 4.) Remark I. — In poetry we sometimes find -ne in both clauses. Sola Jovis conjunx non tarn culpetne probetne eloquitur. (Ov. Metam. III. 256.) Qui teneant, hominesne feraene, quaerere constituit. (Verg. A. I. 308.) Remark II. — The words u or not" are best translated in direct double questions by annon ; in indirect, by necne. Rexne Caesar futurus est, annon? Will Cozsar be king or not ? Incertus est utrum res: Caesar futurus sit, necne. He is uncertain whether Cazsar vrill be king or not. Remark III. — Notice that aut and vel are not used for "or" in double questions. " In double questions an and ne, Not aut or vel, the word must be." CLAUSES OF WISH, 37 h. Si is occasionally used in the sense of "whether? and takes the Subjunctive of Indirect question. Hanc si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant. (Cses. B. G. II. 9.) Circumfunduntur ex reliquis hostes partibus, si quern adituin reperire possint. (Id. VI. 37.) i. The first part of a double question is often omitted, the second part being introduced by an. A supposed objection that may be used by an opponent is often thus met. Quo ilia oratio pertinuit ? an, uti vos infestos con- jurationi faceret? (Sail. Cat. 51.) j. Forsitan (fors sit an), "it is a chance whether" "possibly? takes the Subjunctive of Indirect question. Quod a ceteris forsitan ita petitum sit. (Cic. Rose. Am. 4.) Remark. — Forsitan is occasionally followed by the In- dicative, especially in poetry. Forsitan, infelix, ventos undasque timebas. (Ov. Fast. II. 97.) XVIII. Clauses of Wish. a. A wish is expressed by the Subjunctive, often preceded by the particles uti, utinam, or O si. b. The Present Subjunctive is used when the wish may be fulfilled. Connciam tua consilia. I hope I may accomplish your designs. Ad quam utinam perveniatis. (Cic. C. M. 86.) c. The Imperfect Subjunctive is used when the w T ish cannot be fulfilled at the present time. 38 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Utinam exstarent ilia carmina. I wish those songs were extant. Di facerent, sine patre forem. (Ov. Metam. VIII. 72.) d. The Perfect Subjunctive is rarely used, except by early writers. e. The Pluperfect Subjunctive, when the wish was not fulfilled in the past. Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset. I wish he had led forth with him all his confederates. Quod utinam minus vitae cupidi fuissemus. (Cic. Fam. XIV. 4, 1.) XIX. Clauses of Exhortation, Command, and^ Prohibition. a. An exhortation is expressed by the first person plural of the present Subjunctive. Imitemur maj ores nostros. Let us imitate our ances- tors. Hos latrones interficiamus. (Cass. B. G. VII. 38.) b. A command is expressed by the second person (rarely the third) of the Imperative, or mildly by the Present Subjunctive (and occasionally the Perfect). Mitte Marcum ad me. Send Marcus to me. Det pignus amoris. Let him give a pledge of love. (Ov. Metam. III. 283.) Hanc tollite crudelitatem ex civitate. (Cic. Rose. Am. 154.) Sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis. (Sail. Cat. 52.) Stygii quoque conscia sunto Numina. (Ov. Metam. III. 290.) SUBJUNCTIVE OF ESSENTIAL PART. 39 Remark. — Fac and cura with the Subjunctive also express a command. Fac venias. Be sure and come. Cura ut valeas. Take care of your health. Fac ut amorem nostrum tanti aestimes. (Cic. Att. I. 18, 8.) Cura ut te quam primum videamus. (Id.) c. A prohibition (negative command) is expressed : — (1) By ne, with the third person of the Present or Perfect Subjunctive. (2) By ne, with the second person singular of the Perfect Subjunctive. (3) By noli, with the Present Infinitive. (4) By cave, with the Present or Perfect Subjunc- tive. Nequid rei tibi sit cum Saguntinis. Save nothing to do with the Saguntines. (Liv. XXI. 44, 5.) Ne transieris. Do not cross. (Id.) Noli tarn esse injustus. JBe not unjust. Cave hoc facias. Do not do this. Ne sint in senectute vires. (Cic. C. M. 34.) Hanc pati nolite diutius. (Id. Rose. Am. 154.) Cavete nequid acrius factum videretur. (Id. 153.) XX. Subjunctive of Essential Part. Any subordinate clause takes the Subjunctive when it is so closely connected with a Subjunctive clause, or an Infinitive, as to become an essential part of them. Petit, ut quae imperaverit audiat. He asks him to hear his commands. Here quae imperaverit is in the Subjunctive, because it is so closely connected with audiat. 40 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Non dubitat quiii, si ipse Verrem convenisset, auctori- tate sua commovere homineni posset. (Cic. Yer. II. I. 126.) Res hue erat deducta, ut, si priores montes attigissent, ipsi periculum vitarent. (Caes. B. C. I. 70.) Sic se quisque hostem ferire, murum adscendere, con- spici, dum tale f acinus faceret, properabat. (Sail. Cat. 7.) Ut, qui eum necasset, unde ipse natus esset, carer et eis rebus omnibus, ex quibus omnia nata esse dicuntur. (Cic. Rose. Am. 71.) XXL The Infinitive. a. The Infinitive expresses the action or state of the verb, and is used like a neuter noun, generally in the Nominative or Accusative case. b. The Infinitive, with or without a subject-accusa- tive, is used as the subject or predicate of esse and many impersonal verbs. Erat iniqua condicio postulare. It was an unjust proposal to demand. (Caes. B. C. I. 11.) Docuit majores nostros, quam praeclarum esset exteris gentibus imperare. (Cic. Ver. II. n. 2.) c. "The Infinitive, without a subject-accusative, is used after verbs denoting ability, obligation, intention, or endeavor ; after verbs signifying to begin, continue, cease, abstain, dare, determine, fear, hesitate, or be loont" This Infinitive is often called the "complementary" or " prolative " Infinitive. Venire non possum. I cannot come. Nemo tarn improbus inveniri poterit. (Cic. Cat. I. 5.) THE INFINITIVE. 41 Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci. (Cses. B. G. I. 7.) d. The Infinitive is used with a subject-accusative after verbs of saying, thinking, hearing, feeling, know- ing, hoping, promising, <$bc. This Infinitive may be called the Infinitive of the Oratio obliqua. Audivit zios venire. He heard that ice were coming. Memini Catonem mecum disserere. (Cic. Lael. 11.) Certior fiebat omnes Belgas conjurare. (Ca3s. B. G. ii. i.) (1) When the above verbs are changed to the %) as - sive, the subject of the Infinitive is changed to the nominative, and becomes their own subject. Alexander habuisse dicitur. (Cic. Arch. 24.) Remark I. — The Infinitive of 0. 0. sometimes omits its subject (when depending upon a verb in the active voice) , if it can be readily supplied from the context. Re nuntiata ad suos, quae imperarentur, facere dix- erunt. (Cass. B. G. II. 32.) Remark II. — When the subject of the Infinitive is omitted, a predicate noun or adjective is put in the same case as the subject of the verb on which the Infinitive depends. Fieri studebam doctior. I desired to become more learned. e. "Verbs which express the emotions of the mind may be followed by an Infinitive with a subject-accusa- tive to express the cause of the emotion." Haec perfecta esse gaudeo. I am delighted because these matters are settled. Quae perfecta esse et suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo. (Cic. Rose. Am. 136.) 42 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. Remark. — A causal clause is more frequently expressed by quod (or some other causal particle), with a finite verb. See Causal Clauses. f. In animated narration the Present Infinitive is used independently with the force of the Imperfect Indicative, and has its subject in the nominative. This is called the Historical Infinitive. Igitur reges populique fmitumi bello temptare ; pauci ex amicis auxilio esse. (Sail. Cat. VI.) g. The Infinitive with a subject-accusative is used independently to denote indignation or surprise. Mene incepto desistere victam? What/ I, baffled, give up my purpose? (Verg. A. I. 37.) h. The Infinitive is used to denote purpose in poetry. Non populare penatis venimus. We have come not to lay waste your homes. (Verg. A. I. 527.) L Sometimes the Infinitive is used by poets, depend- ing upon adjectives. Soli cantare periti Arcades. "None but Arcadians know how to sing." (Verg. B. X. 32.) Tu (bonus) ealamos inflare levis, ego dicere versus. (Id. V. 2 ; cf. Bryce's note on this passage.) j. In XXI. 5, it was said that the Infinitive could be the subject of Impersonal verbs. The following take an Infinitive witb the dative after: (certum est, necesse est), libet, licet, placet. The following take an Infinitive with the accusa- tive : constat, decet, oportet. For impersonal s that govern a clause with ut, see Consecutive Clauses. Remark. — After a secondary tense of oportere, debere, posse, and verbs of necessity, propriety, possibility, and the like, the present Infinitive is often best translated by the perfect in English. INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 43 Videbatur oninino mori non debuisse. (Cic. Arch. 17.) XXII. Indirect Discourse. a. A direct quotation {Oratio recta) is one in which the speaker or writer uses the exact words of another. b. An indirect quotation ( Oratio obliqud) is one in which the exact words of the original speaker are made to depend upon some verb of saying, or equivalent phrase. Romam eras ibo. I sJiall go to Home to-morrow. (Oratio recta.) Dixit se Romam eras iturum esse. JSe said that he should go to Rome to-morrow. ( Oratio obliqua.) c. In changing from the Oratio recta to the Oratio obliqua, observe the following rules : — d. All leading verbs are to be changed to the In- finitive. (1) The Present and Imperfect (3) The Perfect and Pluperfect (2) The Future and Future Perfect ) (5) The Present, Imperfect, and Perfect >• Indicative y Indicative >- Indicative > Subjunctive < Subjunctive are changed to the are changed to the are changed to the are changed to the is changed to the Present Infinitive. Perfect Infinitive. Future Infinitive. Future Infinitive. Future Active. Participle with fuisse. 44 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. are Present changed or to the Imperfect are Perfect changed or to the Pluperfect (7) Exc. The Imperative and the Subjunctive (of command) of the Oratio recta are expressed by the Present or Imperfect Subjunctive in the Oratio ob- it qua. e. All subordinate verbs are usually changed- to, or retained in the Subjunctive, their tense depending upon the rule for sequence of tenses. (1) The Present, "] Imperfect, Indie- , , Subiunc- x > changed or V and ative , ,f T „ , tive. (2) Future (3) The Perfect, ] Pluperfect, \ Indie- , , Subiunc- 1 1 > ,. changed or y A . and I ative ^ J\ ™ P A i tive. (4) Future Perfect j (8) Exc. Questions, which in the Oratio recta were asked in the first or third persons, are expressed in the Oratio obliqua by the Accusative with the Infinitive. (1) Si domi es, bene est. If you are at home, it is well. (1) Dicit, si domi sis, bene esse. He says that, if you are at home, it is well. (1) Dixit, si domi esses, bene esse. He said that, if you were at home, it was well. (2) Si domum ibis, bene erit. If you go home, it will be icell. (2) Dicit, si domum eas, bene fore. He says that, if you go home, it will be loell. (2) Dixit, si domum ires, bene fore. He said that, if you went home, it icould be well. (3) Si regem vidisti, hominem nobilem vidisti. If you saio the king, you saw a renowned person. (3) Dicit te, si regem videris, hominem nobilem INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 45 vidisse. He says that you saw a renowned man, if you saw the king. (3) Dixit te, si regem vidisses, hominem nobilem vidisse. He said that you saw a renowned man, if you saw the king. (4) Si Caesari nupseris, bene erit. If you marry Ccesar, it will be icell. (4) Dicit, si Caesari nupseris, bene fore. He says that, if you marry Ccesar, it will be icell. (4) Dixit, si Caesari nupsisses; bene fore. He said that, if you married Ccesar, it would be well. (5) Si quid habeas, des. If you icere to have any thing, you would give it. (5) Dixit te, si quid haberes, daturum esse. Me said that, if you were to have any thing, you would give it. (6) Si valuisses, gavisus esses. If you had been well, you would have rejoiced. (6) Dixit te, si valuisses, gavisurum fuisse. He said that you would have rejoiced, if you had been well. (7) Si quidquam invenies me mentitum esse, occi- dito. If you find that I have told any falsehood, kill me. (7) Dixit, si quidquam inveiiires se mentitum esse, occideres. He said that, if you found that he had told any falsehood, you should kill him. (8) Si veteris contumeliae oblivisci volo, num etiam recentium injuriarum memoriam deponere possum? (8) Respondit, si . . . vellet, num . . . posse ? f The above rules will be illustrated by the follow- ing: — 46 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 0. JR. Mihi semper prima rei- publicae fuit dignitas vita- que potior. Dolui quod populi Romani beneficium mihi per contumeliam ab inimicis extorquetur, erep- toque semenstri imperio in urbem retrahor, cujus absentis rationem haberi proximis comitiis populus jussit; tamen hanc jactu- ram honoris mei reipub- licae causa aequo animo tuli. Magis consuetudine mea quam merito vestro civita- tem conservabo, si prius, quam murum aries attigerit, vos dedideritis : sed dedi- tionis nulla est condicio, nisi armis traditis. Id, quod in Nerviis feci, faciam, finiti- misque imperabo, ne quam dediticiis populi Romani injuriam inferant. Unum petimus ac depre- camur : si forte pro tua cle- msntia ac mansuetudine, quam ipsi ab aliis audimus, statueris Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne nos ar- mis despoliaveris. o. o. Sibi semper primam rei- publicae fuisse dignitatem vitaque potiorem. Dolu- isse se, quod populi Ro- mani beneficium sibi per contumeliam ab inimicis extorqueretur, ereptoque semenstri imperio in urbem retraheretur, cujus absentis rationem haberi proximis comitiis populus jussisset; tamen hanc jacturam hono- ris sui reipublicae causa aequo animo tulisse. (Cces. B. C. I. 9.) Se magis consuetudine sua quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum si prius, quam murum aries attigisset, se dedidissent : sed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis tra- ditis. Se id, quod in Ner- viis fecisset, facturum fini- timisque imperaturum, ne quam dediticiis populi Ro- mani injuriam inferrent. (Id. B. G. II. 32.) Unum petere ac depre- cari: si forte pro sua de- mentia ac mansuetudine, quam ipsi ab aliis audirent, statuisset Aduatucos esse conservandos, ne se armis despoliaret. (Id. 31.) INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 47 Remark. — Notice that these subordinate sentences, which are introduced by a relative equivalent to et with the corre- sponding demonstrative, have occasionally their verb in the Infinitive in the O.O. Cujus rei magnam partem laudis atque existima- tionis ad Libonem perventuram. (CaBS. B. C. I. 26.) Cujus = et ejus. INDEX TO THE EXAMPLES. Caesar, B. G. Page Book I. §2 15 2 22 3 18 4 17 4 17 4 18 4 19 6 15 7 29 7 41 17 17 19 16 20 14 31 17 31 18 34 22 35 15 35 15 36 22 41 14 42 22 45 15 46 15 46 31 47 17 53 27 Book II. §1 41 2 18 2 26 3 13 4 17 5 15 5 21 9 37 10 22 11 21 13 26 14 30 19 25 20 15 21 25 23 18 31 46 32 41 32 46 Caesar, B. G. Page' Book III. §3 23 6 15 11 20 15 15 17 28 18 27 19 14 22 17 Book IV. §5 19 12 21 22 17 23 25 26 10 Book V. §1 19 8 15 9 17 19 22 23 28 35 10 35 10 40 31 Book YI. §17 27 24 24 37 37 Book VH. §38 5 38 38 67 2 77 4 82 28 C&esar, B. C. Book I. §9 46 11 40 14 21 18 29 Book I. 19 19 21 22 24 26 30 36 37 41 41 54 58 70 72 Book III. §44 94 Cicero, Cat. I. § i 5 6 7 7 10 10 26 29 Cat. II. §21 Cat. HI. §21 29 Cat. IV. 'I 4 Page 14 23 20 14 33 47 29 28 23 17 27 27 28 40 9 Cicero, Page Cat. IV. 16 25 Arch. §3 14 4 23 9 13 16 2 17 43 23 1 24 3 24 25 24 41 25 7 25 8 25 19 29 2 Hose. Am. §1 22 1 30 2 6 2 8 2 13 3 3 4 17 4 24 4 37 16 8 16 24 16 29 17 6 17 16 17 24 18 6 20 20 20 30 22 32 23 25 23 26 24 21 28 29 33 31 36 19 39 30 65 23 71 23 50 INDEX TO THE EXAMPLES. Cicero, Page Rose. Am. 71 40 72 5 72 7 72 35 73 4 73 8 73 34 74 20 74 34 74 34 75 8 75 19 96 22 130 3 135 7 136 24 136 41 143 15 147 33 149 21 150 1 153 4 153 16 153 39 154 24 154 38 154 39 Ver. I. §1 32 3 3 5 5 9 6 14 17 16 29 18 3 25 23 Ver. II. I §17 29 38 7 126 40 Ver. II. II. §2 40 Ver. II. in. §145 6 153 2 156 25 157 7 199 3 Ver. II. iv. § 10 6 48 2 61 16 Ver. II. v. §27 27 Milo. §11 7 Cicero, Page Milo. 28 29 60 35 Marc. §24 18 Lig. §16 20 18 31 18 32 27 32 De Imp. §19 34 50 7 57 24 68 18 Deiot. §34 24 C. M. §8 5 16 23 19 5 19 6 21 9 32 8 32 8 33 8 34 39 47 26 47 26 67 8 70 28 72 10 77 15 86 37 153 39 Lael. §4 24 10 4 11 41 16 4 59 33 Att. I. 18, 8 39 II. 20, 5 6 XIV. 20, 2 27 Fam. II. 16, 7 32 II. 3, 2 33 V. 5, 2 4 VII. 30, 2 2 IX. 6, 1 14 XII. 7, 2 8 XIV. 4, 1 1 Id. 38 Cicero, DeOif. III. 118 De Orat. 1.35 I. 163 II. 261 N D. 11.44. Phil. 11.99 V. 49 Q. F. §17 Tusc. I. 32, 78 Sallust, Cat. § { 1 3 5 6 7 7 11 11 17 20 20 22 31 38 39 41 51 51 51 . 51 52 52 52 52 53 54 58 58 Jug. §24 25 38 53 85 Page 7 22 35 Livy. V.4, 8 V. 28, 4 VII. 37, 5 XXI. 44, 5 Nepos, Att. §21,5 Milt. § 7,4 Ovid, Met. II. 390 III. 87 „ 204 „ 256 „ 283 „ 290 IV. 596 VIII. 72 Fast. 11.97 Trist. I. I. 53 Quintilian. II. 13, 1 III. 8, 23 V. 7, 6 IX. 4, 87 X. 1, 99 „ ,,131 XII. 8, 9 Virgil, .aSneid. 1.5 „37 ,,308 ,,327 ,,527 II. 438 „ 600 Georgics. II. 133 Bucolics. V. 2 X. 32 GENERAL INDEX. [The numbers not bracketed refer to the page.] Accidit, 22 (2). An, 35, g. Antequam, 27, c. Apodosis, 1. Causa, with genitive, 20, g (5) and (6). Causal particles, 11 (a); clauses, 29, XIV. Cave, 20, e. Certum est, with infinitive, 42,/. Cogo, 15, Exc. a, and Remark.' Commands, 38, b ; negative, 39, c ; indirect, 44 (7). Comparison, clauses of, 32, XVI. Complementary infinitive, 40, c. Complete action, tenses of, 12. Conditional particles, 11, c; sen- tences, 1-11. Conditions, present, 1 ; past, 2 ; future, 3 ; general, 9-10 ; im- plied, 8, a. Consecutive clauses, 20. Constat, with infinitive, 42, j. Contendo, 15, Exc. b. Contingit, 22 (2). Cum (temporal), 26, a ; 27, b; (causal), 29, a; (whenever), 27, Remark ; (in that), 30, Remark. Decet, with infinitive, 42, /. Deterreo, 16 (3). Donee, 28, Remark I. Dura, until, 27, d; provided, 28, Remark II; while, 28, e and/. Dummodo, 28, Remark II. Efficio, 21 (1). Etsi, 31, 6, and Remark III. Facio ut, 21, b (1). Fearing, verbs of, 16 (2). Final clauses, 13, X. Forsitan, 37, j. General conditions, 9, VII. Gerund, gerundive, 20 (3), (4), (5), and (6). Gratia, with genitive, 20 (5) and (6). Hindrance, verbs and phrases of, 16 (3). Idoneus, with qui and the subjunc- tive, 24 (3). Impedio, 16 (3). Imperative, in present conditions, 4, a; in future conditions, 6, h; of command, 38, b. Imperfect subjunctive in present conditions, 2, b; indicative in clauses denoting customary ac- tion, 10, b. Impersonals, 22 (2), 40, b, 42,/. Indicative, in conditional clauses, 1, «, 2, fl, 3, a ; in apodosis, 6, ", 7, b; in causal clauses, 30, b; in temporal clauses, 27, b and c. Indignus, with qui and the subjunc- tive, 24 (3). Indirect discourse, 43. Infinitive, 40 ; after jubeo, etc., 15, Exc. a; after verbs of wishing, 15, Exc. c. 52 GENERAL INDEX. Interdico, 16 (3). Intercedo, 16 (3). Interrogative particles, 11 (f) ; sen- tences, 34-37. Jubeo, 15, Exc. a. Libet, with infinitive, 42,/. Licet, with infinitive, 42, j. Longe abest, 22 (2). Modo, with subjunctive, 28, Re- mark II. Ne, with subjunctive, 13, X.; in prohibitions, 39, c. -N~e, in interrogative clauses, 34, c. Necesse est, with infinitive, 42, j ; with subjunctive, 19 (6). Nisi, 1. Nitor, 15, Exc. b. Nonne, in interrogative clauses, 34, c. Kum, in interrogative clauses, 34, c, and Remarks I. and II. Obsisto, 16 (3). Obsto, 16 (3). Officio, 16 (3). Oportct, with infinitive, 42, j; with subjunctive, 19 (6). O si, in clauses of wish, 37, a. Oratio obliqua, 43-47. Particles, enumeration of different, 11, VIII. Patior, 15, Exc. a and Remark. Perficio, 21 (1). Placet, 22 (2), 42,,/. Postquam, 29, h. Present indicative with force of future, 7, c. Priusquam, 27, c. Prohibeo, 16 (3). Prohibitions, 39, c. Pure final clauses, 13, a. Purpose, ways of expressing, 20, g. Quamquam, 31, b. Quamvis, 31, c. Questions, direct, 34, a; indirect, 34, b. Qui, uses of, 25, XII. Quia, 30, b. Quin, in final clauses, 17 (4) ; in consecutive clauses, 24, Remark. Quippe qui, 25, Remark. Quo, in final clauses, 14, Remark. Quoad, 28, Remark I., 29, g. Quominus, 16 (3). Quoniam, 30, b. Recuso, 16 (3). Relative clauses of purpose, 19, c; of result, 23, c; other relative clauses, 25, XII. Relinquitur, 22 (2). Reliquum est, 22 (2). Repugno, 16 (3). Restat, 22 (2). Result, clauses of, 20, XI. Retineo, 16 (3). Sequitur, 22 (2). Si, introduces the protasis, 1 ; whether, 37, h, Simulac, 29, h. Sin, introduces the protasis, 1. Stare per, 16 (3). Subordinate verbs, 11, VIII. Supine, former, 20, g (8;. Tantum abest, 22 (2). Tempero, 16 (3). Temporal particles, 11, h; clauses, 26. Teneo, 16 (3). Ubi, inasmuch as, 30, Remark II. Ubi, in clauses denoting customary action, 10, b. Ut, as final particle, 13, X. ; as con- secutive particle, 20, XT.; inas- much as, 30, Remark III.; as, 33, c; with verbs of fearing, 16 (2). Uti, 13, X., 37, a. Utinam, 37, a. Utrum, 35, g. Veluti, velut si, 32, a. Veto, 15, Exc. a. Volo, 15, Exc. c. Wish, clauses of, 37. TEE ELEOTRA OF SOPHOCLES, with Notes by R. C. Jebb. Revised and Edited, with additional Notes, by R. II. Mather, Professor of Greek and German in Amherst College. lGmo. Cloth. $1.50. From Professor W. W. Goodwin, Harvard College. 44 It is rare to find an edition of a classic author so admirably adapted to the wants of students as Mr. Jebb's 'Electra.' I I hope this new edition will aid in making it better known in our colleges; and I am glad to see how much Professor Mather has done to that good end." From Professor W. S. Tyler, Amherst College. 44 It is a handsome volume and a good text-book. I am sure scholars will agree with me that it is greatly improved by Pro- fessor Mather's revision, and teachers and pupils will find it to be what they want in the study of this favorite play of the prince of tragic poets." From Professor O. Howes, Hamilton College. "The changes introduced by Professor Mather in Jebb's ' Electra ' are, in my opinion, substantial improvements; and I shall in future use this in preference to any other edition." SELECTIONS FEOM HEK0D0TUS AND THU- CYDIDES; with Notes by R. H. Mather, Professor of Greek and German in Amherst College. 16mo. Cloth. SI. 00. From Professor N. L. Andrews, Madison University. 44 4 Mather's Selections from Herodotus and Thucydides ' is a most admirable text-book. The other works of a similar nature are almost invariably too voluminous to allow of adequate notes, while this can easily be read by a class in a limited time. 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The text, which now stands by itself, is preceded by an Introduction, containing a concise statement of the history of the Oration and an Analysis of the Argument, which may aid the student in understanding the skilful arrange- ment of the orator, and possessing himself of his masterly reasoning. In the notes, which are placed at the end of the book, many of the citations from Greek authors, and the super- fluous notes of the English editor, have been omitted, and their place filled by references to American grammars, and exact yet idiomatic translations of difficult passages. From Professor Taylor Lewis, Union College. 11 Professor Tyler's edition of Demosthenes's Oration on the Crown is a great improvement on the English one, both in its additions and its omissions. I know of nothing so well adapted to giving a student the fullest and clearest knowledge of this masterpiece of Greek literature." From Professor J. R. Boise, University of Chicago. 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JUVENAL (Thirteen Satires), with Notes, by LIao- leane, abridged, with Additions, by Professor Samuel Hart, Trinity College, Hartford. 16mo. Cloth. SI. 50. " Macleane's Commentary has been well known and highly valued among scholars, but its price has heretofore, for the most part, kept it out of the reach of our undergraduates. Professor Hart's abridgment has now put into their hands all that would be of use to them in the larger book, the parts omitted being such as would be of service only to scholars of more leisure and greater proficiency. This, however, is not all that the editor has done in preparing this book. He has studied the editions of Heinrich, of Mayor, and of other commentators, and has incorporated much that is useful from their notes; and, in addition, he has inserted notes and comments of his own, including many explanations of peculiar construction, and a considerable body of grammatical references. 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It seems to me excellently fitted for class use." From Professor W. F. Bascom, Harvard University. " For use as a college text-book, I know of no edition equal to Professor Hart's." JOHN ALLYU, PUBLISHER BOSTON, MAE DE TOCQUEVILLE'S DEMOCRACY IN AMEEICA. Translated by Reeve. Revised and Edited, with Notes, by Francis Bo wen, Professor of Moral Philosophy in Harvard University. Fifth Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. Cloth. $5.00. A cheaper edition of Vol. I., with especial reference to its use as a Text-Book, is also issued, under the title of AMERICAN" INSTITUTIONS, in 12mo, cloth. Price $1.75. From the Washington Globe. By the common consent of all critics, this is the best work on Democracy in ancient or modern literature. It has had the universal good fortune to please men of all shades of political opinion, for the simple reason that, being the work of a man who strove to attain the just medium in all his opinions, who was a sincere seeker after truth, and whose chief aim in life was the good of mankind, it bears throughout strong marks of impartiality, sincerity, and honesty. From the N. Y. Tribune. The more it is studied, the more reason one will find to admire the philosophical spirit which pervades every part, with- out being anywhere offensively obtruded; its luminous method; the accurate knowledge of our institutions w T hich it reveals alike in their spirit and in their details; and the accuracy, clear- ness, and grace of the style. . . . Professor Bowen has sub- jected Reeve's version to a careful supervision, and has almost rewritten it. He has made it more correct and more compact by lopping off its redundancy and tightening its structure, so that it not only better represents De Tocqueville, but it is better English. From the National Quarterly Review. De Tocqueville has become a classic in every literature in Christendom. His " Democracy in America" is everywhere recognized as a standard authority. True, he wrote this work thirty years ago: at least a score have been written on the same subject since; but his is worth five score. Yet it is a remark- able fact that the one now before us is the only edition in English of " Democracy in America" which is at all worthy of the author, or of the subject which he handles with such mas- terly skill. JOHN ALLYN, PUBLISHER, BOSTON, MASS. THE Latin SUBJUNCTIVE. ■•"/ ; •■,.'' ^'-' - '*■ •■■ " BY R. F. PENNELL. _~^- BOSTON: JOHN ALLYN. 1875. HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREECE, from the-Eariiest Times down to the Death of Alexander. Compiled by R. F. 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