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FHI 
 
 L A TIN READI 
 
 JL\f 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERIC JACOBS 
 
 FREDERIC WBLMAM DORIMf; 
 
 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 **AKf LY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN, ABTD rARTL* 
 DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES, 
 
 JOHN D. OGILBY, 
 
 mXWAL OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE ^yi, 
 
 PART FIRST. </ J 
 
 FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN ED1TJC. 
 
 FIRST NEW-YORK JpblJIQ?; 
 
 NEW-YORK; 
 
 COLLINS & HANNAY, COLLINS & CO.. AND WHlTi ■ 
 GALLAHER & WHITE, 
 
?l\1< 
 
 3 
 
 & 
 
 l* ' 
 
 Southern District of New-York, w. 
 
 HE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twelfth day of January, A. D. 1330, and iu to* 
 ifty-fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, W. E. Dean, oi 
 the said district, hath deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof 
 declaims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit : 
 
 <: The Latin Reader, by Frederic Jacobs and Frederic William Daring. With Notes 
 and Illustrations, partly translated from the German, and partly drawn from other sources 
 L>y John D. OgHby, Principal of the Grammar School of Columbia College, Is. r evr-York. 
 Part First From the Seventh German Edition. First New-York Edition." 
 
 In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An Act for the 
 rucouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the au 
 ibors and proprietors of such copies, doling the time therein mentioned}" and also to an 
 act, entitled u An act, supplementary to an act, entitled, an Act for the encouragement 
 *>f learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and pro- 
 prietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the I eneftts 
 ■hereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and elchh,g historical and other piiiii 5 . 5J 
 
 FRED. J. BETTS, 
 Clerk of the Soul/urn District qfJ\ r tn-Tn.k 
 
 W. E. DEAN, PIUNTEIt. 
 
TO 
 
 THE HONOURABLE 
 
 WILLIAM A. DUER, LL>lK 
 
 PRESIDENT OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE IN THE CITY OF KBW-yORSf 
 
 «$f* aittie aaiotft 
 
 IS INSCRIBED 
 
 AS A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT 
 
 roR 
 
 DISTINGUISHED TALENTS 
 
 ANX» 
 
 UNBLEMISHED INTEGRITY 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Latin Reader now offered to the public, forms part 
 of a work well known in Germany, under the title of 
 
 Lateinisches Elementarbuch zum offentlichen und 
 Privat Gebrauche von Friedrich Jacobs und Friedrich 
 Wilhelm Doring." The German edition consists of six 
 parts, of which the 1st and 2nd are comprised in this 
 volume. The 3rd contains extracts from Caesar, Curtius 
 Rufus, Livy, Sallust, and Tacitus ; the 4th is made up of 
 excerpts from Cicero's Epistles and Orations ; the 5th is 
 composed of selections from Ovid, Martial, and the An- 
 thologia Latina ; and the 6th embraces parts of Catullus, 
 Tibullus, Propertius, Lucretius, Virgil, and Seneca. As 
 this little book is intended merely to give the learner such 
 an acquaintance with the fundamental principles of the 
 Latin language as will enable him to enter with advan- 
 tage upon the study of the preparatory course for our 
 College, it has been deemed advisable to omit the con- 
 tents of the last four volumes. A part of them is con- 
 tained in the course for entrance, and the rest is too dif- 
 ficult for mere beginners. 
 
 It may be necessary here to state the reason for pub« 
 lishing a New- York edition, when one has already been 
 issued from the Boston press. It will be readily acknow- 
 ledged, that if the assistances of notes is necessary to the 
 learner in Germany, where the advantages in classical 
 instruction are incomparably greater than in our country, 
 they are much more requisite to the American pupil. It 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 has been the object of the editor, therefore, to supply this 
 deficiency in the previous American editions. Most of 
 the notes have been translated from the German ; others 
 have been supplied, which the superior state of instruction 
 on the Continent would render unnecessary there. 
 
 It is hoped that this little work may be found service- 
 able to those who use it, and contribute in some degree 
 to the advancement of sound elementary education* 
 
 Grammar School, Columbia College* 
 Neiv-York, Jan, 1830, 
 
CONTEMN OF PART FIRST. 
 
 tfirst Division. 
 
 Second 
 
 do. 
 
 Third 
 
 do- 
 
 Fourth 
 
 do. 
 
 Fifth 
 
 do.- 
 
 Sixth 
 
 do. 
 
 Seventh do. 
 
 Eighth 
 
 do. 
 
 Introductory Exercises. . 
 
 Fables from Aesop. 
 
 Mythological Extracts. 
 
 Anecdotes of Eminent Persons of Antiquity 
 
 Roman History 
 
 The Geography and Nations of Antiquity. 
 Notes. . . . . . 
 
 Dictionary. ..... 
 
 ] 
 
 14 
 
 . 25 
 
 . 31 
 
 . 39 
 
 . 5& 
 
 \ 7? 
 
 US 
 
FIRST DIVISION. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISER. 
 
 SUBSTAXTIVE \XD ADJECTIVE. 
 
 Decl. I. Lingua Graeca. Silva umbrosa. ilora ultima. 
 Divitiae inceriae. Tenebrae spissae. Latebrae tutae. 
 
 Poeta bonus. Agricola laboriosus. Auriga peritus. CoL 
 iegae optimi. 
 
 Boreas violentus. Pyrites durfcs. Co'metes rotflus. Pia- 
 tt (~tae vagi. 
 
 Crambe recocta. Epitome accurata, brevis. 
 
 Dccl. II. Amicus cams. Servus infidus. Liber bonus. 
 Vir generosus. Ager fructuosus. Silentium altum. Vincu- 
 lum firmum. Verba vera. 
 
 Humus humida. Dialect as Attica. Diphthongus longa* 
 Periodus concinna. Methodus optima. 
 
 Decl. III. Sermo Latinus. Sermones prudentissirni. Pa- 
 vo pictus. Pavones splendidi. Pugio cruentus. Pudor in- 
 oenuus. llos cadacus. Ros matutinus. Mores antiqui. Pes 
 claudus. Pedes graciles. Frater germanus. Anser tardus. 
 Mus parvus. Mures albi. Lepus timldus. Lepores pavidia 
 Paries proximus. Parietes picti* 
 
 Origo incerta. Consuetudo optima. Gens barbara. Gen- 
 res remotae. 
 
 Ordo primus. Ordines densi. Cardo ferreus. Marmor 
 candidum. Marmora maculosa. Iter longum. Itinera Ion- 
 ginqua. Rus amoenum. Rura jucundissima. Crus dex- 
 trum. Papaver rubrum. Ver jucundum. 
 
 Seges laeta. Merces larga. Quies exoptata. Lex divi- 
 na. Leges severae. Faex sordida. 
 
 Aestas calida. Aetas aurea. Laus jucunda. Fraus impr3- 
 ba. Turris alta. Vulpes astuta. Fames dira. Mors cita. 
 Nox longa. Noctes gelidae. Plebs inf ima. 
 
 Amnis bmpidus. Axis ferreus. Cinis temdus. Cxinis 
 6 
 
% INTRODUCTORY EXEHCISES, 
 
 flavus. Crines rutlli. Finis optatus* Ignis lucidus. Lapis 
 durus. Lapides asperi. Mensis ultimus. Piscis mutus. Vec- 
 tis robustus. 
 
 Grex magnus. Apex summus. Rex potentissimus. 
 
 Mons altissimus. Fons clarus. Fontes frigidi. Pons ligne- 
 us. Dens acutus. Denies validi. Rudens crassus. 
 
 Mare vastum. Maria alta. Poema longum. Aenlgma 
 inexplicabile. Nomen. Nomina illustria. Caput crassum. 
 Capita carea. Corpus obesum. Corpora formosa. Vas au- 
 reura. 
 
 Senectus morosa. Salus insperata. Palus profunda. Pa- 
 Hides vastae. Incus dura. Incudes ferreae. Virtus eximia. 
 
 Decl. IV. Gradus tardus. Casus insolitus, Sensus acerri- 
 mus. Fructus maturus* 
 
 Cornu rigidurn. Cornua alta. Tonitru raucum. Gelu 
 saevum. 
 
 Manns sinistra. Manus validae. Porticus spatiosa. Mag- 
 nificae porticus. Acus acuta. Domus ampla. 
 
 Decl. V. Res magna. Spes certa. Species venusta." 
 Glacies lubrica. Dies serena. Dies longissimi. 
 
 A Substantive depending upon another Substantive. 
 
 Coruscum lumen stellarum. Motus continuus siderum. 
 Magna vis consuetudinis. Suavis recordatio praeteriti tern- 
 poris. Scientia utilissimarum rerum. Hostilium armorum 
 strepitus. Summa altissimorum montium cacumina. Altae 
 procerarum arborum radices. Acutissimus dentium mola- 
 rium dolor. Fabrica vasorum fictilium. Romulus primus 
 Romanorum rex. Antiquissimae dccemvirorum leges. Acer- 
 rimum litter arum studium. 
 
 A Substantive depending upon an Adjective. 
 
 Dux belli peritissimus. Gens artium rudis. Puer prae 
 ceptorum immemor. Regio fecunda pecorum. Ingenium 
 summarum rerum capax.. Cista librorum plena. Homines 
 laboris patientes. 
 
 Canis similis lupo. Lex omnibus utilis. Medicina corpori 
 salutaris. Disciplina pueris necessaria. Terra apta vitibus. 
 Labor accommodatus viribus. Sermo omnibus auditoribus 
 gratus. Patria mihi gratissima. Verba honestati contraria. 
 Domus nostrae domui proxima. Mors omnibus communis. 
 Vita periculis obnoxia. 
 
L EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 
 
 SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 Subject and Predicate.* 
 
 Terra est rotunda. Vera amicitia est sempiterna. Euro- 
 pa est peninsula. Fames et siiis sunt molestae. Plurimae 
 stellae soles sunt. Ebrietas est vitanda. 1 Nemo semper fe- 
 lix est. Non crnnes milites sunt fortes. Maximum animaj 
 terrestre est elephas. 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus fiiit ultimus rex Romanorum. Roma 
 aliquamdiu fuit caput orbis terrarum. Athenae 2 olim illustres 
 f uerunt. Avarus nunquam erit contentus. Ubi fuisti, cessa^ 
 tor ? quare nee 3 tu nee frater adfsistis pompae ? Estote at. 
 tenth tranquilli, diligentes. 
 
 Bonus laudatur, improbus vituperatur. Oves non ubique 
 fondentur. In India gignuntur maxima animalia. Hyaenae 
 plurimae gignuntur in Africa. In Africa nee cervi, nee apri. 
 nee ursi inveniuntur. In Syria nigri leones reperiuntur. 
 Apud Romanes mortur 1 plerumque cremabantur. Fortes 
 laudabuntur, ignavi vituperabuntur. Litterae 5 a Phoenicibus 
 mrontao ount. Carthago, Corinthus, Numantia, et multae 
 aliae urbes a Romanis eversae sunt. 
 
 Innocentia mea me consolabitur. Multa polliceris, nihil ex~ 
 sequeris. Aliter psittacus loquitur, alitor homo. Omnesmo- 
 riemur ; alii citius, alii 6 serius. Oculi saepe mentiuntur. 
 
 Usage of Prepositions. 
 
 JPropero ad finem. Nulla habemus aima contra mortem* 
 Nulla est firma amicitia inter males. Galli 7 habitant trans 
 Rhenum. Vir generosus mitis est erga victos. Cometae ob ra- 
 
 * Three things are required to constitute a proposition, i. e. the subject, the 
 predicate, w\i\ the copula. 
 
 The suhject is that concerning which any thing ia affirmed or denied: so in 
 (he proposition, Terra est rotunda. Terra is the subject. 
 
 T^e predicate (prsedico, aie.) is that which is affirmed or denied of the sub- 
 ject : so rotunda is the predicate of the above-mentioned proposition, since it is 
 declared or affirmed of the earth tbat itjs round. 
 
 The copula is the form of a proposition ; it represents the act of the mind af- 
 firming, or denying, and accordingly joins or disjoins the terms or ideas which 
 constitute the proposition, or, in other words, the subject and predicate: so, ic 
 the phrase quoted, est is the copula, since it joins the subject, terra, with the 
 predicate, rotunda, in the phrase, Vera amicitia est sempiterna, vera amici- 
 tia is the subject, sempiterna the predicate, and est the copula, filaximum ani~ 
 mal terrestre est tkphas ; elephas is the subject, maximum animal terrestrty the 
 predicate, aadcitf the copula, 
 
4 EXERCISES IN SDIPLE SEXTKJN'CES. 
 
 ritatem ct spceiem sunt mirabiles. Servi parent propier me 
 turn, boni 'propter oflicium. Navigational litus saepe est per- 
 riculosa. 
 
 Imperium populoritm estjiencs reges ef magistratus. Pisces 
 extra aquam exspirant. Res praeter opinionem cecidit. 1 
 
 Aquilae nidificant in rupibus et arbcribus. Coccyx semper 
 park in alienis nidis. In senectute hebescunt sensus ; visus. 
 auditus debilitatur. Quidam homines nati sunt cum clentibus. 
 Xerxes cum paucissimis militibus ex Graccia aufiigit. Ij. 
 Metellus* primus elephantos ex primo Funjco bello cluxit in 
 triumpho. Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. Sidera ah 
 ortu ad occasum commeant. Britannia a Phoenicibus 3 in- 
 venta est. Apes sine rege esse non possunt, In fans nihil sine 
 aliena ope potest. Dulce est pro patria mori. Vencnum ali- 
 quando pro remedio fuit. 
 
 The Acusative governed by Verbs. 
 
 Crocodilus ova parit. Elephantus odit 4 murem et suem. 
 Cameli diu shim tolerant. Accipitres non edunt corda avium. 
 Lanae nigrae nullum colorem bibunt. Senes minime sentiunf 
 morbus contagiosos. Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt. Ceres' 
 frumentum invenit ; Bacchus vinum ; Mercurius Utferas. Ca- 
 nes soli dominos suos bene novere ; 5 soli nomina su<a agnos- 
 cunt. CulTces acida? petunt, ad dulcia 1 non advolant. Hys- 
 trix aculeos longe jaculatur. Crocodilus dies in terra agit. 
 nodes in aquae 
 
 The Accusative of Measure. 
 
 Rhinoceros cornu habet in naso saepe ires pedes longum. 
 Elephas altus est duodecim vel quatuordecim pedes, Quaedam 
 bestiolae nonnisi unum diem vivunt. Quaedam animalia Mam 
 ttimtm dormiunt. Alexander Magnus tredecini annos regna- 
 vit. 
 
 The Genitive depending upon Substantives. 
 
 InFinita est multitudo morborum. Liiterarum usus est anti- 
 quissimus. Asia et Africa gregesferorum asinorvm alit. Mag- 
 na est linguarum inter homines varietas. Innumcrabilia sunt 
 mortis signa, saluiis paucissima. Cyrus omnium in exercitu 
 suo militum nomina tenebat. Canis vestigia/cran/wi diligen- 
 tfesime scrutatur et persequitur. Nemo non* benignus esl 
 sui jtidex. Leo?iu?n animi index Cauda. 
 
EXERCISES TS SIMPLE SENTENCES. 
 
 The Genitive depending upon Adjectives. 
 
 Mens criminis conscia tranquilla esse non potest. Inter ve- 
 neres belli duces Caesar rei militaris peritissimus fuit. Ger. 
 mamafrugum et vini fertilissima est. Non semper veriiatiz 
 satis amantes sumus. Veteres Romani gloriae fuerunt cupi- 
 dissimi. 
 
 The Genitive depending upon Verbs, and answering to the 
 question, where ? 
 
 In omni officio maxim? aestimatur dantis voluntas. 
 Pergami* quot annis publicum spectaculum gallorum pugnan-- 
 tium edebaiur. 
 
 Pausanias, rex Spartae, prcditionis accusabatur. Cur turn 
 probum virum insimulas jfur^ ? Alcibiades absens capitis est 
 damnatus. Nemo se tinwris prorsus absoivere poterit. 
 
 The Dative answering to the question, to whom ? and to what 7 
 
 Antiquissi mis hominibvs specus erant 3 prodomibus. NulH 
 animali memona major est quam cani. Gallinacei leoni^ 
 bus terrori sunt. 4 Homini pluriwn. ex homine fiunt mala. Ava- 
 ro omnia desunt, inopi pauca, sapienii nihil. Ira insaniae est 
 simillima. 
 
 The Dative answering to the quest ion, for what ? 
 
 Non nobis' tantum vivimus, sed patriae eaam et amicis. 
 Prospicite patriae^ consulite atnicis, parcite hosiibus. Horn*? 
 furiosus ne liberis quidem 6 parcit suis. Nee sacris nee prof a- 
 nis 1 milites pepercerunt. 8 Deus relus humanis consult. Yu 
 sapiens etprcbus invidet 9 nemini. 
 
 The Ablative answering to the question, l>j what means? 
 wherewith ? 
 
 Apri in morbis sibi medentur 10 hedera. Pyrrhus iextcc'a 
 pollicis in dextro pede lienosis medebatur. Cleo insecia ex- 
 animantur. Ferae domantur fame atque verceribu-s. Ana- 
 creon poeta acino uvae passae exstinctus est. Crecodilus pelle 
 durissima contra cranes ictus munitur. In Africa elephanti 
 c a piuniur ybm's. Elephanti spirant, bibunt, -cdorantur probos- 
 ctde. Populi quidam vescuntirr 11 locustis* Dentes -asu atte- 
 runtui% sed igne non cremantur. Mures alpini birAs pedibus 
 gradiuntur, prionbus : ,a ut manibus, utuntur. 13 
 
 b2 
 
6 EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCfcfc 
 
 The Ablative answering to the question, wherein ? 
 
 Leaenae juba carent. 1 Leones facile per triduum cibo ca* 
 rent. Elephanti maxime amnibus gaudent. Apes tinniiu 
 aeris gaudent, eoque convocantur. 
 
 The Ablative of time answering to the question, when ? 
 
 Quibusdam in locis anseres bis anno velluntur. Color lusci- 
 niarurn autumno mutatur. Hieme ursi in antris dormiunt. Ne- 
 mo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. Primores dentes septimo 
 mense gignimtur ; septimo anno iidem decidunt. Antipater Si- 
 donius, poeta ; quotannis, die naiali suo, febre corripiebatur. 
 
 The Ablative of Quality, 
 
 Reperiuritur interdum cervi candldo colore. Hippopota- 
 mus in Nilo habitat, magna bellua, ungulis binis, dorso, juba. 
 hinnitu, ut equus, rostro reslmo, cauda et denlibus, nt aper. 
 Halcyon est colore cyaneo, collo gracili et proclro. Genus 
 quoddam earum magnitudlne distinguitur et cariu. 
 
 The Ablative of price answering to the question, for what ? 
 
 Isocrates orator imam orationem viginti talentls vendidit. 
 Luscinia Candida sex sesleriiis 1 Romae renit. 2 Multo ple- 
 rumque sanguine constat victoria. Vicli saepe pacem in- 
 genii pecunia emunt. Tranquillitas animi neque auro neque 
 gemmis est venalis. 
 
 The Ablative of names of towns answering to the question, 
 where ? 
 
 Carlhagine? interdum pueri diis immolabantur ; Sparta* 
 pueri ad aram Dianae loris caedebantur. Aullde Iphigenia, 
 Agamemnonis filia, Dianae caesa est. Alexander Babylone 
 inortuus est. Aihenis eloquentia et philosophia nata est. 
 Thebis Pindarus floruit, Syracusis Theocritus. Sardibus 
 regnavit Croesus. Gadibns in Ilispania antiquissimis tern- 
 £>oribus Phoenices habitabant. 
 
 The Infinitive as the subject. 
 
 Errare est humanum. Turpe est, beneficium repetere.* 
 Beneficiis gratiam non referre etiam turpius est. Parenies 
 non amare est impium. Laus est, bonis placere. Melius 
 est ? sero discere quam nunquam. 
 
I i'.TlSKS UN SIMPLE S£XTE2?C£S« 7 
 
 The Infinitive as the complement of the Predicates. 
 
 Malo tacere quam toraere lequi. Non poenae metus, seri 
 virtutis amor nos ab injuria prohibcrc debet. Et prodesse l 
 volunt et delectare poetae. Yir prudens nihil soltt temere 
 neque dicere ncqwc fa cere. 
 
 The Infinitive as an Accusative governed by a Verb, 
 
 Equo vehi 2 Bellerophon invenit ; ex cquo pugnare 1 Thes- 
 *ali. Aurum vestibus intexere, invenit rex Attalus. Roma^ 
 elephantes docebantur per funes incedere. 
 
 The Nominative of the Gerund, or ihe Gerund of necessity. 
 
 Semper pugnandum est contra cupiditates et lubidinem. 
 Juveni 4 parandum est, seni utendum. Apud Pythagoram 
 discipulis per quinque annos iacendum erat. Senibus quoque 
 discendum est. 
 
 The Genitive of the Gerund. 
 
 Honestissima est contentio beneficia benefices tincendlJ 
 Parsimonia est scientia vitandi sumtus supervacuos, et re fa- 
 miliari recie utendi 6 Justitia est constaris et perpetua vo- 
 luntas suum cuique tribuendi. 
 
 Homo natura 7 est cupidus nova 8 semper videndi et audi- 
 rndi. Ut equus 9 equitandi imperito, ita libri sunt inutiles ig- 
 naro legendi. 
 
 The Dative of the Gerund* 
 
 Glim calamus adhibebatur scribendo, hodie pennae 10 anse- 
 rum. Aqua marina inutilis est bibendo. Culex habet telum 
 et 11 fodiendo et sorlendo idoneum. 
 
 The Accusative of the Gerund. 
 
 Non omnes aequaliter ad discendum propensi sumus. Ut 
 equus ad cursum, bos ad arandum, canis ad indagandam, sic 
 homo natus est ad inieUigendum et ad agendum. Puerorum 
 ingenium primum se inter ludendum aperit. 
 
 The Ablative of ihe Gerund. 
 
 Funem abrumpes nimium tendendo. Docendo discimus. 
 Mens alitur discerdo et cogitando* Lacedaemonii exerce- 
 
18 the Combining several propositions. 
 
 bant juvenes venando, currendo, esuriendo, sitiendo, algendo. 
 aesLuando. 
 
 In jocando adhibenda est moderatio. Virtus ceraitur in 
 agendo. Poenis mali a peccando absterrentur. In legendo 
 apum prudentiam imitari debemus. 
 
 Exercises upon the Verbs, Miscellaneous Sentences. 
 
 Festina lente. Ne temere jnfato. Sapere aude. Pueri 
 parento majoribus. Nosce te ipsum. Ne repellite saiubria 
 consilia. Fatere si quid 1 peccavisti. Loquere rarius. 
 Imitare bonos, Obsequere prudentibus. Ne quasvis inju- 
 rias ulciscimini. 
 
 Si probitatem arnabis, et ipse 2 a probis amaberis. Mox 
 nabis sine cortice. In quibus sedibus habitabimus post mor- 
 tem? Sequere me, nee errabis. Qui se ipsum non eoercet, 
 carcere et vineulis coercebitur. Virtus neque incendio, 
 neque nardragio amittetur. Tempus ruit, et cito ultima hora 
 superveniet. Improbum et scelesium mala conscientia nun- 
 quam non comitabitur et cruciabit. Bonus bonos imitabitur, 
 eorumque vestigia sequetur. 
 
 Surdum et stapidum doeendo operam perdiclisti. Recte ju- 
 dicas, et, ut veteres loquuntur, rem acu tetigisti. Stultos ar- 
 tibus tuls fefellisti, prudentes non fallen. Romani antiquissU 
 mis temporibus foedera cum Carthaginiensibus pepigerunc. 
 Res male cecidit, non vestra culpa, sed fortunae casu. 
 
 Catillna ausus est consulatum vi et armis petere. Alexan- 
 der mmquam non fortunae et fortitudini suae confisus est, 
 Frustra inimici caede gavisus es. Captivi apud Romanes 
 sub basta 3 venierunt. Pueri non morigeri vapulant. Gi- 
 gantes coelum armis petere ausi sunt. 
 
 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 By Comparison. 
 
 Canes Indici grandiores sunt, quam caeteri. Nullum ma- 
 lum est vehementius et importunius quam invidia. Praestat. 
 mori quam servire. In montibus aer purior est et tenuior 
 quam in vallibus. Aestate dies sunt longiores quam hieme. 
 Margaritarum Indicarum color est purior, quam reliquarum 
 omnium. 
 
 Abridged comparison. 
 
 -Nihil est dementia* dividius. Aimim gravius estar*€nfa. 
 
TEE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 Adamas durior est ferro ; ferrum durius caelerls metcrtlis. 
 J T t animus cot pore est nobilior, ita virtus praestantior est 
 robore et externa specie. Quanto honesta mors turpi vita est 
 potior ! 
 
 Apposition. 
 
 Carthago atque Corinthus, cpulentissimae mires 1 , eodeni 
 anno a Romanis -eversae sunt. Quam brevi tempore populi 
 Romani, omnium gentium victoris, libertas fracta est ! La- 
 ced aemonios, fortissimos mortalium, non ferrum sed aurum 
 vicit. Athenas, artium olim et litterarum donaicilium, philo- 
 sophiae et eloquentiae altrices, 2 barbari everterunt. Pj^ha- 
 goras discipulis suis nullam aliam rem magis commendabat 
 quam frugalitatem, caeterarum virtutum genitricem. The- 
 bae, 3 Boeotiae caput, sub monte Cithaerone sitae sunt. 
 
 Sentences subjoined by means of the relative Pronoun. 
 
 Non omnis ager, qui seritur, fert fruges. Psittacus, quern 
 India mittit, reddit verba, quae accepit. Achilles, cujus res 
 gestas Homeri carmina celebrant, ad Hellespontum sepultus 
 est. MyrraecTdes quidam quadrlgam fecit ex ebore, quam 
 musca alis integebat. Qui bonis non recte utitur, 4 ei bona 
 mala fiunt. Qui non facit, quod' spopondit, mendax vocatm 
 et perfidus. 
 
 Agur, quum plures annos quievit, uberiores fructus erTerrf- 
 solet. Gaudemus, quum res videmus insolitas, quas antea 
 non videramus. Nunquam non doleo, quando horam inani 
 sermone perdidi. Ceres frumenta invenit, quum antea ho- 
 mines glandibus vescerentur. Nave primus in Graeciam 
 Danaus advenit, quum antea ratibus navigaretur. Alexan- 
 der, rex Macedoniae, quum Thebas cepisset, Pindari vatis 
 familiae pepercit. 6 Magna debemus suscipere, dum vires 
 suppetunt. Cervi, quamdiu cornibus carent, 7 noctu ad pabu- 
 la procedunt. 
 
 By Conjunctions denoting a cause or reason. 
 
 Frustra tibi vires elephanti optas, -quum ratione sis praedi- 
 tus, qua vel 3 elephantus domatur. Quum sit in hominibus 
 ratio et prudentia, deus haec 9 procul dubio etiam majora ha- 
 bet. Plato Socratis sermones litteris mandavit, quum ipse 
 Socrates litteram reliquisset nullam. 
 
10 THE C03IS1NIXG SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 By Conjunctions denoting a purpose and a cojzsequence. 
 
 Tanta est in India ubertas soli, ui sub una ficu turmat 
 equitum condantur. 1 Ursi per hiemem tarn gravi somno pre- 
 m.mtur, ui ne vulneribus quidem 2 excitentur. Delphini tanta 
 interduni vi e raari exsiliunt, ut vela navium trans volent. In 
 India serpente3 ad tantam magnitudinem adolescunt, ut inte- 
 gros hauriant cervos taarosque. Fae, ut homines animuni 
 tuum pluris faciant, quam omnia, quae 3 illia tribuere possis. 
 Unde factum est, ut tantas divitias tarn cito amiseris 1 Nemo 
 unquam tarn potens fuit, ut nuilius auxilio egeret. 
 
 Note. — The relative pronoun is also used in the 
 following manner, as a substitute for uU Nulla terra 
 tarn fertilis est, quae omnia largiatur. Nulla gens 
 tam fera est, tamque barbara, quae non habeat sen- 
 sum religionis. Bestiis deus motum et sensum dedih 
 quo vitam tuerentur ; hominibus rationem addidit, qua 
 regerentur appetltus. 
 
 Alexander edixit, ne quis 4 ipsum praeter Apellem pinge* 
 ret. Pythagoreis interdictum fuit, ne fabis veseerentur. 
 Oculi palpebris sunt muniti, ne quid lncldat. Nihil fere tam 
 ifooonriitum est. auin 3 quaerendo inveniri possit. Nunquani 
 tam mane egredier, neque tam vespeii <3nrrmm revertor, 
 quin d te in fundo consplcer fodere, aut arare, a,ut aliquid 
 jacere. Xerxes non dubitabat, quin 1 eopiis suis Graecos fa 
 ■cile superaturus esset* 
 
 By Inierrogatwes* 
 
 Quaeritur, unus>ie° sit mundus, an plures. Disputabani 
 veteres philosophi, casiwe factus sit mundus, an mente divi- 
 na. x\ugustus cum amicis suis consultabat, utrum imperium 
 servaret, an deponeret. Quis numerare potest, quoties per 
 totam vitam laerimas fuderit; aut quot morbis homo sit ob« 
 noxius ? 
 
 Fortunae munera, honores, divitiae, forma, quamdiu nobis 
 adfutura sint, nullo modo sciri potest, Moriendum cert? 
 est; sed quo te loco mors exspectet, incertum. Gentes, 
 quae ignorant, qua de caussa, 9 Sol Luhaque deficiat, defe? 
 turn horumluminum pro malo omme habent. 
 
THE COMBINING SEVERAL PEOrOSITXGNS. li 
 
 By the Accusative with the Infinitive. 
 
 Aiistoteles tradit, in Latmo,Cariae monte, hospiles a seor- 
 pionibus non laedi, indigenas interfmi. M. Varro nafrat, a 
 'Hiniculis suffossum 1 in Hispania oppidum, a talpis in Thessa- 
 lia ; ab ranis incolas urbis in Gallia pulsos, ab locustis in 
 Africa ; ex Gyaro insula incolas a muribu3 fugatos y in Italia 
 Amyclas a serpentibus deleias esse. 
 
 Homerus Pygmaecs, populum ad Oceanum, a gruibus in- 
 festari prodidit; Aristoteles eosdem in cavernis vivere ; nar- 
 r at. Virgilius per testamentum jusserat carmina sua cremari ; 2 
 id Augustus fieri vetuit. Aristippus philosophus, quum per de- 
 serta Libyae iter faceret, servos, qui pecuniam aegre porta- 
 bant, earn abjicere jussit. Pythagoras discipulos jubebaf, 
 u num que in que diem precibus ad deos incipere. Darius rex 
 NitocrTdis reginae sepulcrurn cpcriri jusserat, quod spera- 
 verat, se multum ibi auri invenivrvm esse. 
 
 Sertorius cervam alebat eandidam, quam 3 Hispaniae gentc -s 
 fatidicam esse credebant. UJustre est inter philosophos nomen 
 Anaxagdrac, quern veteres nunquam in vita risisse ferunt. No- 
 li 4 facere quidquam, quod dubites juslumne sit, an iniquum. 
 
 . Note. — Some passive verbs are accompanied by a 
 nominative with the infinitive. Perperam Homerus 5 a 
 quibusdarn Lycurgi temporibus vixisse iradiiur. Th ri- 
 les Milesius primus defectionem Solis praedixissefer- 
 lur. Romulus ad deos transiisse dicitur. Noli mirari, 
 sapientes stultis stultos videri. Multa, quae stulti ad- 
 mirantur, sapientibus absurda esse videnlur. Contem- 
 nere videmini, quae nobis laude videntur dignissxma. 
 
 Use of Participles. 
 
 Exempla fortunae variantis sunt innumera. Galli gallina- 
 cei diem venientem cantu nuntiant. Cecrops urbem a se con- 
 ditam appellabat Cecropiam. Augustus primus Romae tigrin 
 ostendit mansuefactam. 
 
 The union of several Propositions by Participles. 
 
 Gymnosophistae in India totos dies 6 ferventi bus arenis insis- 
 tunt, Solem intuentes. Epimenides puer, aestu etitinerejfes- 
 susS septem et quinquaginta annos in specu dormivisse dicitur. 
 Julius Caesar simui dictare, et legentem? audire solebat. Leo 
 prostratis parcit. 
 
 Avesaduncos ungues habentes'* carne vescuntur, nee unquam 
 
12 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 congregantur. Canis venaticus venatorem comitantem loro 
 ad ferarum lustra trahit Beneficium non in eo consistit, quod 
 datur, sed in ipso dantis animo. Siruthiocameli Africi alti- 
 tudinem equitis equo insidentis exeedunt. Interdum delphim 
 conspecti sunt, defunctum delphinum portantcs, et quasi funus 
 agentes. 
 
 Multa, quae de in-fantibus ferarum lacte nutritis produntur, 
 fabulosa videntur. Homo quidam, lapide ictus, oblitus est lit - 
 teras ; alius ex praealto tecto lapsus, matris et affinium nc- 
 miria dicere non potuit. L. Siccius Dentatus, centies vicies 
 proeliaius, 1 quinquaginta quinque cicatrices advcrso corpore 2 
 habebat, nullam in tergo. 
 
 Leones satiaiV innoxii sunt. Elephantes amnem IransiiurP 
 minimos praemittunt. Pavo lav dot us gemmatam pandit cau- 
 dam. Gallus, ab adversario rictus, occultatur silens et ser- 
 vitium patitur. Leo vulncratus percussorem intelligit, et in 
 quantalibet multitudine appetit. Olores iterfacientes colla im- 
 ponunt praecedentibus, fessos duces ad terga recipient.* Tes- 
 tudines in rr.ari degentes conchjdiis vivunt; in terrain egrcssae, 
 herbis. Sarmatae longinqua itinei afacturi, -media pridie prae- 
 parant equos, potum exiguum impertientes, atque ita longissi- 
 mam viam continue cursu conficiunt. Elephanti, equitatu 
 circumventi, infirmos aut fessos aut vulneratos in medium ag- 
 men recipiunt. Multos morientes cura sepulturae angit. 
 
 Danaus ex Aegypto in Graeciam advcctus, rex Argivorum 
 factus est. Alexander Bucephalo equo defuncto duxit exse- 
 quias, urbemque Bucephalon appellatam ejus tumulo circum- 
 dedit. 6 P. Catienus Plotinus patronum 7 adeo dilexit, ut, 
 heres omnibus ejus bonis instifulns,* in rogum ejus se conjice- 
 ret et concremaretur. Erinacei volutati super poma, humi 
 jacentia, ilia spinis ajfixa in cavas arbores portant. 
 
 Beneficia non in vulgus effundenda sunt. Indicum mare 
 iestudines tantae magnitudinis 9 alit, ut singulae tugurio tegen- 
 do 10 sufficiant. Leones, senes facti, appetunt homines, quo- 
 niam ad perscquendas feras vires non suppetunt. Struthioca* 
 melis ungulae sunt cervlnis simiks, comprehendendis lapidi. 
 Idus utiles, quos in fuga contra sequentes jaculantur. 
 
 Ablative absolute. « 
 
 Seneseente Luna, ostrea tabescere dicuntur, crescente eadem 
 gliscunt. Caepe contra, Luna deficienie, revirescere, adoles- 
 cente, inarescere dicitur. Geryone interemto, Hercules in Ita- 
 lian* venit Sabinis debellatis, TarquiniustriumphansRomaru 
 rediit. Jasone Lijcio interfecto, canis, quern habebat, cibum. 
 
THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS.. IS 
 
 capere noluit, inediaque confectus est. Regis Lysimachi 
 canis, corpore domini accensae pyrae imposito, in flammas se 
 conjecit. JSicomede rege interfecto, equus ejus vitam finivit 
 inedia. Chilo, unus e septem sapientibus,^Zio victore 1 Olym- 
 piae, prae gaudio expiravit. Apes, aculco amisso, statim em6~ 
 ri existimantur. Eaedem, rege interfecto aut morbo consum- 
 to, fame luctuque moriuntur. Pavo, cauda amissa, pudibun- 
 dus ac moerens quaerit latebram. Erinacei, ubi sensere vc 
 nantem, contracto ore pedibusque convolvuntur 2 in formam 
 pilae, ne quid comprehendi possit praeter aculeos. Anaxa* 
 goram nuntiata morte filii dixisse ferunt : sciebam me genuine 
 mortalem. 
 
 C 
 
14 
 
 II. FABLES FROM JEBOP. 
 
 1 • Accipiter et Columbae. 
 
 Columbae milvii metu 1 accipitrem rogaverunt, ut eas de- 
 fenderet. Ille annuit. At in columbare receptus, 2 uno die 
 majorem stragem edidit, quam milviuslongo tempore potuissefc 
 edere. — Fabula docet, malorum patrocinium vitandum esse. 
 
 2. Mus et Mihius. 
 
 Milvius laqueis irretitus musculum exoravit, 3 ut eum corro- 
 sis plagis 4 liberaret. Quo facto, 5 milvius liberatus murem arri- 
 puit et devoravit. — Haec fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali 
 pro beneficiis reddere soleant, 6 
 
 3. Hoedus et Lupus* 
 
 Hoedus stans in tecto domus lupo praetereunti 7 maledixit, 
 Cui 8 lupus, non tu, inquit, sed tectummihi malediciU 9 — Saepe lo- 
 cus et tempus homines timidos audaces reddit. 
 
 4. Grus et Pavo. 
 
 Pavo coram grue pennas suas explicans, quanta est, inquit, 
 formositas mea et tua deformitas! At grus evolans,^ quanta est. 
 inquit, levitas mea et tua tarditas / — Monet haec fabula, ne ob 
 aliquod bonum, quod nobis natura tribuit, alios contemnamus. 
 quibus natura alia et fortasse majora dedit. 
 
 5. Pavo. 
 
 Pavograviter conquerebatur apud Junonem, 10 dominam su- 
 am, quod 11 vocis suavitas sibi negata esset, 12 dum luscinia, avis 
 tarn parum decora, cantu excellat. 12 Cui Juno, et merito, in- 
 quit ; non enim 13 omnia bona in unum confer ri oportuit. 
 
 6. Anseres et Grues. 
 
 In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grues. Ad- 
 veniente domino prati, 14 grues facile avolabant ; sed anseres, im^ 
 
II. FABLES FROM ^ESOP. 15 
 
 pediti corporis gravitate, deprehensi et mactati sunt.— Sic sae- 
 pe pauperes cum potentioribus in eodem crimine deprehensi, 
 soli dant poenam, dum illi salvi evadunt. 
 
 7. Capra et Lupus. 
 
 Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus, cur non, 
 inquit, relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia teca, et hue descendis in her* 
 bidos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum offerunt ? Cui 1 respond it 
 capra : mihi non est in animof dulcia tutis 3 praeponere* 
 
 8. Venter et Membra, 
 
 Membra quondam dicebant ventri : nosne* te semper ministe* 
 rio nostro alemus, dum ipsesummo otio frueris ? 3 Non faciemus. 
 Dum igitur ventri cibum subducunt, corpus debilitatur, et 
 membra sero invidiae suae poenituit. 6 
 
 9. Cants et Boves. 
 
 Canis jacebat in praesepi bovesque latrando 7 a pabulo arce- 
 bat. Cui unus bourn, quanta ista, inquit, invidia est, quod* non 
 pateris, ut eo cibo vescamur, 9 quern tu ipse capere nee velis nee 
 possisf 10 — Haec fabula invidiae indolem declarat. 
 
 10. Vulpes et Leo. 
 
 Vulpes, quae nunquam leoncm viderat, quum ei forte occur- 
 risset leo, ita est perterrita, ut paene moreretur formidine. 
 Eundem 11 conspicata 12 iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquamut 
 antea. Tertio illi obviam facta, 12 ausa est 13 etiam propius acce- 
 dere, eumque alloqui. 
 
 11. Cancri. 
 
 Cancer dicebat filio : mifdi, ne sic obliquis semper gressibus 
 incede, sed recta via li perge. Cui 15 ille, mi pater, respondit, lu 
 bent£r tuis praeceptis ohsgquar, si teprius idemfacientem 16 vide~ 
 ro. 11 — Docet haec fabula, adolescentiam nulla re magis, quam 
 exemplis, instrui. 
 
 12. Boves. 
 
 In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima Concor- 
 dia, et sic 18 ab omni ferarum f incursione tuti erant. Sed dissi- 
 dio inter illos orto. 19 singuli a feris petitiet laniati sunt.— -Fabu- 
 la docet, quantum boni 20 sit 21 in concordia. 
 
16 II, FABLES FROM ^SS01\ 
 
 13. Asinus. 
 
 Asinus, pelle leonis indutus, territabat homines et bestias, 
 tanquam leo esset. 1 Sed forte, dum se celerius movet, aures 
 eminebant : unde agnitus, 2 in pistrinum abductus est, ubi poe- 
 nas petulantiae dedit. — Haec fabula stolidos notat, qui imme- 
 ritis honoribus superbiunt. 
 
 14. Mulier et Gallina. 
 
 Mulier quaedam habebat gallinam, quae ei quotidie ovum 
 pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari coepit, illam 3 auri massam 
 intus celare, et gallinam occidit. Sed nihil in ea reperit, 
 nisi quod in aliis gallinis reperiri solet. Itaque dum majori- 
 bus divitiis inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. 
 
 15. Viatores et Asinus. 
 
 Duo qui una 4 iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in solitudine 
 eonspicati, accurrunt laeti, 5 et uterque eum sibi vindicare coe- 
 pit, quod eum prior 5 conspexisset. 6 Dum vero contendunt 7 et 
 rixantur, nee a verberibus abstinent, asinus aufugit, et neuter 
 eo potitur. 
 
 16. Corvus et Lupi. 
 
 Corvus partem praedae petebat a lupis, quod eos totum di- 
 em comitatus esset. 8 Cuiilli, non tu nos, inquiunt, sedpraedam 
 seetatus es, idque g eo animo, ut ne nostris quidem corporibus™ 
 parceres, si exanimarentur. 
 
 Merito in actionibus non spectatur, quid fiat, 11 sed quo ani« 
 mo fiat, 
 
 17. Pastores et Lupus, 
 
 Pastores caesa ove convivium celebrabant. Quod quum- 2 
 lupus cerneret, ego, inquit, si agnum rapuissem, quarius himuh 
 tusjieret ! At isti impune ovem comedunt ! Turn unus illo- 
 rum, nos enim 13 inquit, nostra, non aliena ove epulamur. 
 
 18. Carbonarius et Fullo. 
 
 Carbonarius, qui spatiosam habebat domum, invitarit fullo- 
 nem, ut ad se commigraret. Ille respondit : quaenam inter 
 nos esse possit soeietas 1 quum tu vestes, quas ego nitidas u red- 
 
II. TABLES JFROM iESOP. 17 
 
 didisscm, l fuligine et maculis inquinaturus esses. — Haec fabula 
 docet, dissimilia non debere conjungi. 
 
 19. Tubicen. 
 
 Tubi'cen ab hostibus captus, ne me, inquit, interficite ; 2 nam 
 inermis sum, neque quidquam habeo praeter hanc tubam. At 
 hostes, propter hoc ipsum, 3 inquiunt, te interimemus ; quod, 
 quum ipse pugnandi sis imperitusf alios ad pugnam incitare so- 
 les. — Fabula docet, non solum maleficos esse puniendos, sed. 
 etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendum irritent. 5 
 
 20. Accipitres et Columbac. 
 
 Accipitres quondam acerrime inter se belligerabant. Hos 
 columbae in gratiam reducere conatae efFecerunt, ut illi pa- 
 cem inter se facerent. Qua firmata, accipitres vim suam.in 
 ipsas columbas converterunt. — Haec fabula docet, potentio- 
 rum discordias imbecillioribus saepe prodesse. 
 
 21 . Midler et Gallina* 
 
 Muiier vidua gallisam habebat, quae ei quotidie unum ovum 
 pariebat. Ilia existimabat, si gallinam diligentius saginaret, 
 fore, ut ilia bina aut tenia 6 ova quotidie pareret. 7 Quum 
 autem cibo superfiuo gallina pinguis esset facta 5 plane ova pa- 
 rere desiit. — Haec fabula docet, avaritiam saepe damnosam 
 esse. 
 
 22. Vulpes et Uva. 
 
 Vulpes uvam in wile conspicata, ad illam subsiliit omnium vl- 
 rium suarum contentione, si earn forte attingere posset. Tan- 
 dem defatigata inani labore, discedens dixit : cf nunc eliam 9 
 aeerbae sunt, nee eas in via repertas tollerem.— Haec fabula 
 docet, multos ea contemnere, quae 10 se assequi posse despe- 
 rent. 11 
 
 23. Vulpes et Leaena. 
 
 Vulpes leaenae exprobrabat, quod non nisi unum catulum 
 pareret. Huic dicitur respondisse, 73 unum, sed leonem. — Haec 
 fabula, non copiam, sed bonitatem rerum aestimandam esse, 
 docet- 
 
 c2 
 
18 II. FABLES FROM JESOIH 
 
 24. Mures. 
 
 Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quomodo a fele ca* 
 verent. 1 Multis aiiis propositis, 2 omnibus placuit, ut ei tintinna- 
 bulum annecteretur : sic enim ipsos, 3 sonitu admonitos, earn fu- 
 gere posse, Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, qui fell 
 tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est. — Fabula docet 
 in suadendo plurimos esse audaces, sed in ipso periculo timi 
 dos. 
 
 25. Cants mordax. 
 
 Cani mordaci paterfamilias jussit tintinnabulum ex acre ap- 
 pendi, 4 ut omnes eum cavere possent. Ille vero aeris tinnitu 
 gaudebat, et quasi virtutis suae praemium esset, 5 alios canes 
 prae se contemnere coepit. Cui unus senior, o te stolidum, 6 in- 
 quit, qui ignorare videris? isto tinnitu pravitatem morxim tvo~ 
 rum indicari! — Haec fabula scripta est in eos, qui sibi insig> 
 nibus flagitiorum suorum placent. 8 
 
 26. Canis et Lupus. 
 
 Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, quanta est, inquit, /e- 
 licitas tuaj Tu, ut videtur, laute vivis, at ego fame enecor. Turn 
 canis, licet, inquit, mecum in urbera venias et eadem felicitate 
 f maris. 9 Lupus conditonem accepit. Bum una eunt, animad- 
 vertit lupus in collo canis attritos pilos. Quid hoc est ? inquit. 
 Num jugum sustines ? cervix enim tua tola est glabra. Nihil 
 est, canis respondit. Sed interdiu me alligant, ut noctu sim vi- 
 gilantior ; atque haec sunt vestigia collaris, quod cervtci cir- 
 cumdari solet. Turn lupus, vale, inquit, amice / nihil moror w fe*> 
 licitatem servitute emiam ! — Haec fabula docet, liberis nullum 
 commodum tanti esse, 11 quod servitutis calamitatem compen- 
 sare possit. 12 
 
 27. Lupus et Grits. 
 
 Infaucibus lupi os inbaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit 13 
 gruem, qui illud extrabat. 14 Hoc grus longitudine colli facile 
 efiecit. Quum autem mercedem postularet, subrldens lupus 
 et dentibus infrendens, num tibi, inquit, parva merces videtur f 
 quod caput incolume ex lupifaucibus extraxisti ? 
 
II. FABLES FROM .ES0l\ 19 
 
 28. Agricola et Anguis. 
 
 Agricola anguem reperit, frigore paene exstinctum. Mise- 
 licordia motus, 1 eum fovit sinu et subter alas recondidit. Mox 
 anguis recreatus vires recepit, et agricolae, pro beneficio, le- 
 tale vulnus inflixit. — Haec fabula docet, qualem mercedem 
 mali pro benefices reddere soleant. 2 
 
 29. Annus et Equus. 
 
 Asinus equum beatum praedicabat, qui tarn copiose pasce- 
 retur, 3 quum sibi post molestissimos labores ne paleae qui- 
 dem satis 4 praeberetur. Forte autem bello exorto, equus in proe- 
 lium agitur, et circumventus ab hostibus, post incredibiles la- 
 bores tandem, multis vulneribus cTonfossus, 5 collabitur. Haec 
 omnia asinus conspicatus, o me stolidumf inquit, qui beatitudi- 
 nem ex praesentis temporis fortuna aestimaverim H 
 
 30. Agricola et Filii. 
 
 Agricola senex, quum mortem sibi appropinquare sentiref* 
 filios convocavit, quos, ut fieri solet, interdum discordare no- 
 verat, 8 etfascemvirgularumafTerrijubet. 9 Quibusallatis, 10 filios 
 hortabatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent. Quod quum 11 facere 
 non possent, distribuit singulis singul as virgas, iisque celeriter 
 fractis, docuit illos, quam firma res esset concordia, quam- 
 que imbecillis discordia. 
 
 31. Equus et Asinus. 
 
 Asinus, cnustus sarcTnis, equum rogavit, ut aliqua parte 12 one- 
 ris se levaret, 1 ' si se vivum videre vellet. Sed ille asini preces 
 repudiavit. Paulo post igitur asinus labore consumtus in via 
 corruit et efHavit animam. Turn agitator omnes sarcinas, 
 quas asinus portaverat, atque insuper etiam pellem asino 
 detractam, in equum imposuit. Ibi ille sero priorem super- 
 biam deplorans, o me miserum, u inquit, qui parvulum onus in 
 me recipere noluerim, 13 quum nunc cogar tantas sarcinas ferre. 
 una cum pelle comitis met, cujus preces tarn fuperbe contemse- 
 ram. 
 
 32. Mulier et Ancillae. 
 
 Mulier vidua, quae texendo l6 vitamsustentabat, solebat ancil* 
 las sua? denocte lT excitare ad opus, 18 quum primum gallic antum 
 
20 II. FABLES FROM MSOV. 
 
 audivisset. At illae, diuturno labore fatigatae, statuerunt gal- 
 lum interficere. Quo facto, 1 deteriore conditione 2 quam prius 
 esse coeperunt. Nam domina, de hora noctis incerta, 3 nunc 
 famulas saepe jam prima nocte 4 excitabat. 
 
 S3, Tesfudo et Aquila. 
 
 Testudo aquilam. magnopere orabat, ut sese 5 volare 6 do- 
 ceret. Aquila ei ostendebat quidem, earn rem petere natu- 
 rae suae contrariam : sed ilia nihilo minus instabat, et ob- 
 secrabat aquilam, ut se volucrem facere vellet. Itaque un- 
 gulis arreptam aquila sustulit 7 in sublime, et demisit illam, 
 ut per aerem ferretur. Turn in saxa incidens comminuta in- 
 teriit. 8 — Haec fabula docet, multos cnpiditatibus suis oc- 
 coecatos, consilia prudentiorum respuere, et in exitium mere 
 fstultitia sua. 
 
 34. Luscinia et Accipiter. 
 
 Accipiter esuriens rapuit lusciniam. Quae quum 9 intel- 
 ligeret, sibi mortem impendere, ad preces conversa, orat ac- 
 cipitrem, ne se° perdat sine causa, Se enim avidissimum 
 ventrem illius non posse explere, et suadere adeo> ut grandiores 
 aliquas volucres venctur. 11 Cui accipiter, 12 insanirem, inquit, 
 si partam pracdam™ amittere, et incerta pro certis sedan veh 
 km. 
 
 35. Senex et Mors. 
 
 Senex in silva ligna ceciderat, usque sublatis' 4 domum 15 
 redire coepit. Quum aliquantum viae 16 progressus esset, et 
 onere et 17 via defatigatus, 18 fascem deposuit, et secum aetatis 
 et inopiae mala contemplatus, Mortem clara voce invocat, 
 quae ipsum ab omnibus his mails liberet. 19 Turn Mors, se- 
 nis precibus auditis, subito adstitit, et quid vellet, percuncta- 
 tur. At Senex, quern jam votorum suorum poenitebat, 20 nihil, 
 inquit, sed requiro y 21 qui onus pendulum allevet 22 dum ego rur- 
 sus subeo. 
 
 36. Inimici. 
 
 In eadam navi vehebantur duo, qui inter se capitalia odia 
 exercebant. Unus eorum in prora, alter in puppi residebat. 
 Orta tempestate ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent, 
 interrogat is, qui in puppi sedebat, gubernatorem, atrampar- 
 
U. FABLES TBOM MSOT. 21 
 
 iem navis prius submermm iri 1 existimaret. 2 Cui guberna- 
 tor, proram, respondit. Turn ille, jam mors mihi non molesta 
 est, quum inimici mei mortem adspecturus sim. 
 
 37. Hinnuleus et Cervus. 
 
 Hinnuleus quondam patrem suum his verbis interrogasse 
 dicitur : Mi pater, quum multo sis major canibus 1 et tarn ar- 
 dua cornua habeas, quibus a te vim propulsare possis,* qui 
 fit, 5 ut canes tantopere metuas 1 Ibi cervus ridens, mi naie, 
 inquit, vera memoras ; mihi tamen, nescio quo pacto, semper 
 accidit, ut, audita canum voce, infugam stalim convertar. - — 
 Haec fabula docet, natura formidolosos 6 nullis rationibus 
 fortes reddi posse. 
 
 38. Hoedus et Lupus. 
 
 Quum hoedus evasisset lupum et confugisset in caulam 
 ovium, quid tu, stulte, inquit ille, 7 hie te salvum futurum z 
 speras, ubi 3 quotidie pecudes rapi et diis mactari videas ? 
 Non euro, inquit hoedus ; nam si moriendum sit, 10 quanto prae- 
 clarius mihi erit, meo cruore aspergi u aras deorum immorta- 
 Hum, quam irrigari siccas lupi fauces. — Haec fabula docet ? 
 bonos mortem, quae omnibus imminet. non timere, si cum 
 lionestate et laude conjuncta sit. 
 
 39. Corvus et Vidpes. 
 
 Corvus alicunde caseum rapuerat, et cum illo in altam 
 arborem subvolarat. Vulpecula, ilium caseum appetens. 
 corvum blandis verbis adoritur ; quumque primum formam 
 ejus pennarumque nitorem laudasset, pol, 12 inquit, te avium 
 regem esse dicerem, si cantus pulchriiudini tuae rcspondcrei 
 Turn ille, laudibus vulpis inflatus, etiam cantu se valere de- 
 monstrare voluit. Ita vero e rostro aperto caseus delapsus 
 est, quern vulpes arreptum devoravit. 1 ^ — Haec fabula docet, 
 vitandas esse adulatorum voces, qui blanditiis suis nobis insi-- 
 diantur. 
 
 40. Leo. 
 
 Societatem junxerant Leo, Juvenca, Capra, Ovis. Prae« 
 da autem, quam ceperant, in quatuor partes aequales divisa, 14 
 leo, prima, ait, mea est ; debetur enim haec praestantiae 
 meae. Tollam et secundam, quam meretur robur meum, 
 
:l% II. FABLES FROM .ESOF. 
 
 Tertiam vindicat sibi egregius labor meus. 1 Quartam qui 
 sibi arrogare voluerit, 2 is sciat, se habiturum me inimicum 
 .sibi. Quid facerent imbecilles bestiae, aut quae 3 sibi leo- 
 nem infestum habere vellet ? 
 
 41. Mus et Rusticus. 
 
 Mus a Rustico in caricarum acervo deprehensus, tan> acri 
 morsu ejus digitos vuineravit, ut ille eum dimitteret, dixtens x 
 nihil, mehercule, lam pusillum est, quod de salute desperare 
 debeat, 4 modo 5 se defendere et vim depulsare velit. 
 
 42. Vultur et Aviculae. 
 
 Vultur aliquando aviculas invitavit ad convivium, quod il- 
 lis daturus esset 6 die natali suo. Quae 7 quum ad tempus 
 adessent, eas carpere et occidere, epulasque sibi de invita- 
 tis instruere coepit. 
 
 43. Ranae. 
 
 Ranae laetabantur, quum nuntiatum esset, Solem uxorem 
 duxisse. Sed una eaeteris 8 prudentior, O vos stolidos / 8 in- 
 quit ; nonne meministis, quantopere vos saepe unius Soils aes- 
 tus excruciet ? 10 Quid igiturfiet, quum liheros etiam procrea- 
 verit ? 
 
 44. Ranae et Jupiter. 
 
 Ranae aliquando rcgem sibi a Jove petivisse dicuntur. 11 
 Quarum 12 ille precibus exoratus trabem ingentem in lacum 
 dejecit. Ranae sonitu perterritae primum refugere, deinde 
 vero, trabem in aqua natantem conspicatae, magno cum 
 contemtu in ea consederunt aliumque sibi novis clamoribus 
 regem expetiverunt. Turn Jupiter, earum stultitiam puni- 
 turus, 13 hydrum illis misit, a quo 14 quum plurimae captae pe- 
 rirent, sero eas stolidarum precum poenituit. 15 
 
 45. Lupi et Pastores. 
 
 Quum Philippus, rex Maeedoniae, cum Atheniensibus foe- 
 dus initurus esset, ea conditione, ut oratores suos 16 ipsi tra- 
 derent, Demosthenes 17 populo narravit fabulam, qua 18 iis cal- 
 lidum regis consilium ante oculos poneret. Dixit enim, lu. 
 pos quondam cum pastoribus pactos esse, se nunquam in 
 posterum greges esse impugnaturos, si canes ipsis dederen* 
 
II. FABLES FBOM JESOV. 23 
 
 tur. Placuissc stultis pastoribus conditionem ; sed quum 
 lupi caulas excubiis nudatas vidissent, eos impetu facto 1 om- 
 nem gregem dilaniasse. 
 
 48. Puer mendax. 
 
 Puer oves pascens crebro per lusum magnis clamoribuv 
 opem rusticorum inploraverat, lupos gregem suum aggresses 
 esse fingens. Saepe autem frustratus 2 eos, qui auxilium la- 
 turi advenerant, tandem lupo revera irruente 3 multis cum la- 
 crymis vicinos orare coepit,* ut sibi et gregi subvenirenf. 
 At illi eum pariter ut antea ludere existimantes, preces ejus 
 et lacrymas neglexerunt, ita ut lupus libere in oves grassa- 
 retur, plurimasque e.arum dilaniaret. 
 
 47. Corvus. 
 
 Corvus, qui caseum forte repererat, gaudium alta voce 
 significavit. Quo sono 5 allecti 6 plures corvi famelici advola- 
 verunt, impetuque in ilium facto, 7 opimam ei dapem eripue- 
 runt. 
 
 48. Comix et Columba. 
 
 Comix columbae gratulabatur foecunditatem, quod singu- 
 lis mensibus pullos excluderet. At ilia, ne mei, inquit, do- 
 loris causam commemores. Nam quos pullos educo, eos n 
 dominus raptos aut ipse comedit, aut aliis comedendos 9 ven- 
 dit. Ita mihi mea foecunditas novum semper luctum parit* . 
 
 49. Lea, Asinus et Vulpes. 
 
 .Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum 10 iverant. Ampla praeda 
 facta, leo asinum illam partiri jubet. Qui quum singulis 
 singulas partes poneret aequales, leo eum correptum 11 dila- 
 niavit, et vulpeculae partiendi negotium 12 tribuit. Ilia astu- 
 tior, 13 leoni partem maximam apposuit, sibi vix minimam re- 
 servans particulam. Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam 
 laudare, lJ et unde hoc didicerit, 15 interrogare coepit. Et vul- 
 pes, Hujus 16 me, inquit, calamitas docuit, quid minores poten- 
 tioribus debeant. 
 
24 II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 
 
 50. Muscae. 
 
 Effusa mellis copia est : Muscae advSlant : 
 Pascuntur. At mox impeditis cruribus 
 Revolare nequeunt. Heu miseram, inquiunt, vicem ! x 
 Cibus iste blandus, qui pellexit suaviter, 
 Nunc fraudulentus 2 quam crudeliter necat ! 
 Perfida voluptas 3 fabula hac depingitur* 
 
 51. Cancer. 
 
 Mare cancer olim deseruit, in littore 
 Pascendi eupidus. 4 Vulpes hunc simul 5 adspicit 
 Jejuna, simuP accurrit, et praedam capit. 
 Nae, dixit ille, jure plector, qui, 6 salo 7 
 Quum fuerim natus, voluerim solo 7 ingredi ! 
 
 Suus unicuique praefinitus est locus, 
 Quern praeterire sine periclo non licet. 
 
 52. Culex et Taurus* 
 
 In cornu tauri parvulus quondam culex 
 Consedit ; seque 8 dixit, mole si sua 
 Eum gravaret, avolaturum illico. 
 At ille : 9 nee 10 te considentem 11 senserai% 
 
25 
 
 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 
 
 1. Cadmus, Agenoris filius, quod draconem, 1 Martis fill - 
 urn, fontis cujusdam in Boeotia custodem, occiderat, omnem 
 suam prolem 2 interemtam vidit, et ipse cum Harmonla, ux- 
 ore sua, in Ulyriam 3 fugit, ubi ambo in dracones conversi 
 sunt. 
 
 2. Amycus, Neptuni filius, rex Bebryciae, 4 omnes, qui in 
 ejus regna venissent, cogebat caestibus secum contendere, 
 et victos occidebat. Hie quum Argonautas 5 ad certamen 
 provocasset, Pollux 6 cum eo contendit et eum interfecit. 
 
 3. Otos et Ephialtes, Aloei' filii, mira magnitudine 7 fuisse 
 dicuntur. Nam singulis mensibus novem digitis 8 crescebant. 
 Itaque quum essent annorum 9 novem, in coelum ascendere 
 sunt conati. Hue sibi aditum sic facie bant, ut montem Os- 
 sam super Pelion 10 ponerent, aliosque praeterea montes exstru- 
 erent. Sed Apollinis sagittis interemti sunt. 
 
 4. Daedalus, Euphemi filius, artifex peritissimus, ob cae- 
 dem Athenis 11 commissam, in Cretam abiit ad regem Mindem. 
 Ibi labyrintbum 12 exstruxit. A Minoe aliquando in custodiam 
 conjectus, sibi et Ica.ro filio alas cera aptavit, et cum eo avola- 
 vit. Dum Icarus altius evolabat, cera solis calore liquefacta, 
 in mare decidit, quod ex eolcarium pelagus 13 est appellatum : 
 Daedalus autem in Siciliam pervenit. 
 
 5. Aesculapius, Apollinis filius, medicus praestantissimus, 
 Hippolyto, Thesei filio, vitam reddidisse dicitur. Ob id faci- 
 nus Jupiter eum fulmine percussit. Turn Apollo, quod filii 
 mortem in Jove ulcisci non poterat, Cyclopes, 11 qui fulmina fe- 
 cerant, interemit. Ob hoc factum, Apollinem Jupiter Adme- 
 to, regi Thessaliae, 15 in servitutem dedit. 
 
 6. Alcestim, Peliae filiam, quum multi in matrimonium pe- 
 terent, Peiias promisit, se filiam ei esse daturum, qui feras cur- 
 rui junxisset. Admetus, qui earn perdite amabat, Apollinem 
 rogavit, ut se in hoc negotio adjuvaret. Is quum ab Admeto, 
 dum ei serviebat, liberaiiter esset tractatus, aprum ei et leo- 
 nemcurrui junxit, quibus ille Alcestim avexit. Idem gravi mor- 
 bo implicitus/ 6 munus ab Apolline accepit, ut praesens peri- 
 
 D 
 
26 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 
 
 eulum effugeret, si quis 1 sponte pro eo moreretur. Jam quuro 
 neque pater, neque mater Admeti pro eo mori voluissent, uxor 
 se Alcestis morti obtulit, quam Hercules, 2 forte adveniens, Or- 
 ci 3 manibus eripuit et Admeto reddidit. 
 
 7. Cassiope 4 filiae suae Andromedae formam Nereidum 5 
 formae anteposuit. Ob hoc crimen illae a Neptuno postulave- 
 runt, ut Andromeda ceto immani, quod oras populabatur, ob- 
 jiceretur. Quae quum ad saxum alligata esset, Perseus 6 ex 
 Libya, ubi Medusam 7 occiderat, advolavit, et, bellua devicta 
 et interemta, Andromedam liberavit. 
 
 8. Quam quum abducere vellet victor, 8 Agenor, cui antea 
 desponsata fuerat, Perseo insidias struxit, ut eum interficeret^ 
 sponsamque eriperet. Ille, re cognita, 9 caput Medusae insidi- 
 antibus ostendit, quo viso, 10 omnes in saxa mutati sunt. Perse- 
 us autem cum Andromeda in patriam 11 rediit. 
 
 9. Ceyx, Hesperi Alius, quum in naufragio periisset, Alcy- 
 one, conjugis morte audita, se in mare praecipitavit. Turn 
 deorum misericordia ambo in aves sunt mutati, quae Alcyones 
 appellantur. Hae aves pariunt hiberno tempore. Per illos 
 dies mare tranquillum esse dicitur ; unde nautae tranquillos 
 et serenos dies Alcyonios appellare solent. 
 
 10. Tantalus, Jovis filius, tarn carus fuit Diis, ut Jupiter ei 
 consilia sua concrederet eumque ad epulas Deorum admitte- 
 ret. At ille, quae apud Jovem audiverat, cum mortalibus 
 communicabat. Ob id crimen dicitur apud inferos in aqua 
 collocatus esse, semperque sitire. Nam quoties haustum 
 aquae sumturus est, aquarecedit. TunVetiam poma ei super 
 caput pendent ; sed quoties ea decerpere conatur, rami vento 
 moti 12 recedunt. Alii saxum ejus capiti impendere dicunt, cu- 
 ius ruinam timens, perpetuo metu oruciatur. 
 
 11. In nuptiis Pelei 13 et Thetidis 14 omnes Dii invitati erant 
 praeter Discordiam. Haec ira commota malum 15 misit 16 in me- 
 dium, 17 cui inscripta erant verba : Pulcherrima mehabeto. Turn 
 Juno, Venus et Minerva illud simul appetebant ; magnaque 
 inter eas discordia exorta, Jupiter Mercurio 18 imperat, ut Deas 
 ad Paridem, 19 Priami filium, duceret, qui in monte Ida 20 greges 
 pascebat ; hunc earum litem diremturum esse. 21 Huic Juno, 
 si se pulcherrimam judicasset, omnium terrarum regnum est 
 pollicita ; Minerva ei splendidam inter homines famam pro- 
 misit ; Venus autem Helenam, Ledae et Jovis filiam, se ei in 
 conjugium dare spopondit. 22 Paris, hoc dono prioribus ante- 
 posito, 2 * Venerem pulcherrimam esse judicavit. Postea, Ve- 
 neris hortatu, Lacedaemonem profectus, Helenam conjugi suo 
 Menelao 24 eripuit. Hinc bellum Trojanum originem cepit, ad 
 
III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 27 
 
 quod tola fere Graecia, duce Agamemnone, Menelai fratre^ 
 profecta est. 
 
 12. Thetis, Pelei conjux, quum sciret, Achillem, filium su« 
 urn, cito periturum esse, 1 si Graecorum exercitum ad Trojam 
 sequeretur, eum misit in insulam Scyron 2 regique Lycomedi 
 commendavit. Ille eum muhebri habilu inter filias suas ser- 
 vabat. Graeci autem quum audivissent, Achillem ibi occul* 
 tari, Ulysses, rex Ithacae, 3 in regio vestibulo munera feminea 
 in calathiscis ponebat, simulque clypeum et hastam, mulieres- 
 que advocari 4 jussit. Quae dum omnia contemplabantur, su- 
 bito tubicen cecinit ; quo sono audito, Achilles arma arripuit. 
 Unde 5 eum virum esse intellectum est. 
 
 13. Quum totus Graecorum exercitus Aulide 6 convenisset 
 adversa tempestas eos ob iram Dianae retinebat. Agamem- 
 non 7 enim, dux illius expeditionis, cervam Deae sacram vul- 
 neraverat, superbiusque 8 in Dianam loquutus erat. Is quum 
 haruspices convocasset, hi responderunt, iram Deae expiari 
 non posse, nisi filiam suam Iphigenlam ei immolasset. Hanc 
 ob causam Ulysses Argos profectus, mentitur, Agamemnonem 
 filiam Achilli in matrimonium promisisse. Sic earn Aulidem 
 abduxit. 9 Ubi quum pater earn immolare vellet, Diana, virgi- 
 aem miserata, cervam ei supposuit. Iphigeniam ipsam per 
 nubes in terram Tauricam 10 detulit, ibique templi sui sacerdo- 
 tem fecit. 
 
 14. Troja e versa quum Graeci domum redire vellent, ex 
 Achillis 11 tumulo vox dicitur fuisse audita, quae Graecos mo- 
 nebat, ne fortissimum virum sine honore relinquerent. Quare 
 Graeci Polyxenam, Priami filiam quae virgo fuit formosissi- 
 ma, ad sepulcrum ejus immolaverunt. 
 
 15. Prometheus, Japeti filius, primus homines ex luto 
 finxit, iisque ignem e coelo in ferula attulit, monstravitque, 
 quomodo cinere obrutum servarent. Ob hanc rem Vulcanus 
 eum in monte Caucaso 18 Jovis jussu clavis ferreis alligavit 
 ad saxum ; aquila ei apposita, quae 13 cor exederet. Quan- 
 tum vero interdiu exederat, tantum nocte crescebat. Hanc 
 aquilam insequenti tempore Hercules transfixit sagittis, Pro- 
 metheumque liberavit. 
 
 16. Pluto, 14 inferorum Deus, a Jove fratre petebat, ut sibi 
 Proserpinam, Jovis et Cereris filiam, in matrimonium daret. 
 Jupiter negavit 15 quidem, Cererem passuram esse, ut filia in 
 tenebris Tartari moraretur ; sed fratri permisit, ut earn, si 
 posset, raperet. Quare Proserpinam, in nemore Ennae in 
 Sicilia flores legentem, Pluto, quadrigis ex terrae hiatu pro* 
 VenieriSj rapuit. 
 
38 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 
 
 17. Ceres quum nesciret, ubi filia esset, earn per totum 
 orbem terrarum quaesivit. In quo itinere ad Celeum venit ? 
 regem Eleusiniorum, 1 cujus uxor Metanira puerum Tripto- 
 lemum pepererat, rogavitque, ut se tanquam nutricem in do- 
 inum reciperent. Quo facto, quum Ceres aiumnum siium 
 immortalem reddere vellet, eum interdiu lacte divino alebat* 
 noctu clam igne obruebat. 2 Itaque mirum in modum cres- 
 cebat. Quod quum mirarentuf parentes, earn observaverunt* 
 Qui quum viderent, Cererem puerum in ignem mittere, pa- 
 ter exclamavit. Turn Dea Celeum exanimavit ; Triptolemo 
 autem currum draconibus junctum tribuit, frugesque manda* 
 vit, quas j per orbem terrarum vectus disseminaret. 
 
 18. Althaea, Thestii filia, ex Oeneo peperit Meleagrum. 
 Ei Parcae 4 ardentem titionem dederunt, praefantes, Melea- 
 grum tarn diu vieturum, 5 quam diu is titio foret incolumis, 
 Hunc itaque Althaea diligenter in area clausum servavit. 
 Interim Diana, Oeneo irata, quia ei sacra annua non fece- 
 rat, aprum mira magnitudine misit, qui agrum Calydonium 6 
 vastaret. Quern Meleager cum juvenibus ex omni Graecia 
 delectis interfecit, pellemque ejus Atalantae 7 donavit. Cui 
 quum Althaeae fratres earn eripere vellent, ilia Meleagri 
 auxilium imploravit, qui avunculos occidit* Turn Althaea* 
 gravi ira in filium commota, titionem ilium fatalem in ignem* 
 conjecit. Sic Meleager periit. At sorores ejus, dum fra* 
 trem insolabiliter lugent, in aves 3 mutatae sunt. 
 
 19. Europam, Agenoris filiam, Sidoniam, Jupiter, in tau- 
 rum mutatus, Sidone 9 Cretam 10 transvexit, et ex ea procrea- 
 vit Minoem, Sarpedonem et Rhadamanthum. Hanc ut re- 
 ducerent, Agenor filios suos misit, conditione addita, 11 ut nee 
 ipsi redirent, nisi sororem invenissent. Horum unus, Cad- 
 mus 12 nomine, quum erraret, Delphos 13 venit, ibique respon. 
 sum accepit, bovem praecedentem sequereiur ; 14 ubi ille de^ 
 cubuisset, ibi urbem conderet. Quod quum faceret, in Boeo- 
 tiam 15 venit. Ibi aquam quaerens, ad fontem Castalium dra- 
 Cdnem 16 invenit, Martis filium, qui aquam custodiebat. Hunc 
 Cadmus interfecit, dentesque ejus sparsit et aravit. 17 Unde 
 Sparti 18 enati sunt. Pugna inter illos exorta, quinque super* 
 fuerunt, ex quibus quinque nobiles Thebanorum 19 stirpes ori. 
 ginem duxerunt. 
 
 20. Quum Bacchus, Jovis ex Semele filius, exereitum in 
 Indiam duceret, Silenus 20 ab agmine aberravit. Quern Mi- 
 das, rex Mygdoniae, 21 hospitio liberaliter accepit, eique du- 
 cem dedit, qui eum ad Bacchum reduceret Ob hoc bene, 
 iicium Bacchus Midae optionem dedit, ut ? quidquid vellet a 
 
III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 29 
 
 se peteret. Ille petiit, ut quidquid tetigisset, 1 aurum fieret. 
 Quod quum impetrasset, quidquid tetigerat, aurum fiebat. 
 Primo gavisus est hac virtute sua ; mox intellexit, nihil ipsi 
 hoc munere perniciosius esse. Nam etiam cibus et potio in 
 aurum mutabatur. Quum jam fame cruciaretur, petit a Bac- 
 cho,. ut donum suum revocaret. Quern 2 Bacchus jussit in 
 flumine Pactolo se abluere, quumque aquam tetigisset, facta 
 est colore aureo. 3 
 
 21. Schoeneus 4 Atalantam filiam formosissimam dicitui 
 habuisse, quae cursu viros superabat. Haec quum a pluri- 
 bus in conjugium peteretur, pater ejus conditionem propo* 
 suit, ut, qui earn ducere vellet, prius cursu cum ea contende- 
 ret ; si victus esset, occideretur. Multos quum superasset 
 et interfecisset, tandem ab Hippomene victa est. Hie enim 
 a Venere tria mala aurea acceperat. Dum currebant, ho- 
 rum J unum post alterum projecit, iisque Atalantae cursum 
 tardavit. Nam dum mala colligit, Hippomenes ad metam 
 pervenit. Huic itaque Schoeneus filiam uxorem dedit. 
 Quam quum in patriam duceret, oblitus Veneris beneficio se 
 vicisse, grates ei non egit. Hanc ob causam Hippomenes 
 xnutatus est in leonem, Atalanta in leaenam. 
 
 22. Nisus, rex Megarensium, in capite crinem purpureum 
 habuisse dicitur, eique praedictum fuit, tarn diu eum regna- 
 iurum, quam diu eum crinem custodisset. Hunc Minos, rex 
 Cretensium, bello aggressus est. Qui quum urbem Mega- 
 ram 6 oppugnaret, Scylla, Nisi rilia, amore ejus correpta est, 
 et, ut ei victoriam pararet, patri dormienti fatalem crinem 
 praecidit. Ita Nisus a Minoe victus et occisus est. Quum 
 autem Minos in Cretam rediret, Scylla eum rogavit, ut earn 
 secum aveheret. Sed ille negavit, 7 Cretam tantum scelus" 
 esse recepturam. Turn ilia se in mare praecipitat, 9 navem. 
 que persequitur. Nisus in aquilam marinam conversus est. 
 Scylla in piscem, quern Cirim vocant. Hodieque, si quando 
 ilia avis hunc piscem conspexerit, mittit se in aquam rap- 
 tumqu ; unguibus dilaniat. 
 
 23. Amphion, Jovis et Antiopes filius, qui Thebas maris 
 cinxit, 10 Nioben, Tantali filiam, in matrimonium duxit. Ex qua 
 procreavit filios septem, totidemque filias. Quern partum 11 Nio- 
 be Latonae liberis anteposuit, superbiusque 12 loquuta est in 
 Apollinem et Dianam Ob id Apollo filios ejus venantes sagittis 
 interfecit, Diana autem filias. Niobe, liberis orbata, in saxum 
 mutata esse dicitur, 13 ejusque lacrymae hodieque manare nar- 
 rantur. 13 Amphion autem, quum templum Apollinis expugaare 
 vellet, ab Apolline sagittis est interfectus, 
 
 d2 
 
30 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTKACTS. 
 
 24. Phineus, Agenoris filius, ab Apolline futurarum rerum 
 scientiam acceperat. Quum vero hominibus deorum consilia 
 enuntiaret, Jupiter eum excoecavit, et immisit ei Harpyias/ 
 quae Jovis canes 2 esse dicuntur, ut cibum ab ore ei auferrent. 
 Ad quem quum Argonautae 3 venissent, ut eum iter rogarent, 4 
 dixit, se illis iter demonstraturum esse, si eum poena libe- 
 rarent. Turn Zetes et Calais, Aquilonis fiiii, qui pennasin 
 capite et in pedibus habuisse dicuntur, Harpyias fugaverunf 
 in insulas Strophadas, 5 et Phineum poena liberarunt." 
 
31 
 
 IV. ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS OF 
 ANTIQUITY. 
 
 1 . Thales interrogates, an facta hominum deos laterent, 1 re- 
 pondit, ne cogitata quidem. 
 
 2. Solon, qui Atheniensibus leges scripsit, dicebat, ne- 
 minem, dum viveret, 2 beatum haberi posse, quod omnes ad 
 ultimum usque diem ancipiti 3 fortunae obnoxii essent. 
 
 3. Pythagorae philosophi tanta fuit apud discipulos suos 
 auctoritas, ut, quae ab eo ; audivissent, ea in dubitationem ad- 
 tlucere non auderent. Rogati autem, ut causam redderent eo- 
 rum, quae dixissent, respondebant, Ipsum dixisse. Ipse autem 
 erat Pythagoras. 
 
 4. Bias, umis ex septem Sapientibus, quum patriam Prie- 
 nen 5 ab hostibus expugnitam et eversam fugeret, interroga- 
 tus, cur nihil ex bonis suis secum ferret, ego vero, 6 respondit, 
 bona mea mecum porto omnia. 
 
 5. Democrltus, cui pater ingentes divitias reliquerat, omne 
 fere patrimonium suum civibus donavit, ne domesticarum re- 
 rum cura a pliilosophiae studio avocaretur. 
 
 6. Etiam Crates Thebanus bona sua inter Thebanos di vi- 
 sit, nihil sibi servans praeter peram et baculum. Haec enini 
 Cynicorum 7 instrumenta erant. A quo consilio quum amici 
 et propinqui eum avocare studerent, eos correpto baculo fu- 
 gavit, nihil pulchrius esse arbitrates, quam ab omnibus curis 
 vacuum uni philosophiae operam dare. 9 
 
 7. Anaxagoras quum a longinqua peregrinatione, seientiae 
 xxugendae causa suscepta, in patriam rediisset, agrosque suos 
 neglectos et desertos videret, 8 non cssem, inquit, salens, nisi 
 ista periissent. 9 
 
 8. Carneades usque ad extremam senectara nunquam ces- 
 savit a philosophiae studio. Saepe ei accidit, ut, quum cibi 
 capiendi causa accuhuisset, 10 cogitationibus inhaerens, 11 ma- 
 nura ad cibos appositos porrigere oblivisceretur. 
 
 9. Idem adversus Zenonem Stoicum scripturus, caput hei- 
 leboro purgabal, ne corrupti humores sollertiam et acumen 
 mentis impedirent. 
 
32 IV. ANECDOTES. 
 
 10. Anaxagoras philosophus, morte filii audita, vultu nihil 
 immutato dixit : Sciebam me mortalem genuisse. 
 
 11. Archytas Tarentinus, 1 quum ab itinere reversus, agros 
 suos villici 2 socordia neglectos videret, graviter te castiga- 
 rem, inquit, nisi iratus essem. 
 
 12. Plato quoque quum in servum vehementius 3 exarsisset, 4 
 veritus, 5 ne vindictae modum excederet, Speusippo adstanti 
 mandavit, ut de illius poena statueret. 
 
 13. Idem, discendi 5 cupiditate ductus, 6 Aegyptum peragra- 
 vit, et a sacerdotibus illius regionis geometriam et astrono- 
 miam didicit. Idem in Italiam trajecit, ut ibi Pythagorae 7 
 philosophiam et instituta disceret. 
 
 14. Athenienses Socratem damnaverunt, quod novos deos 
 introducere videbatur. Protagoram quoque philosophum. 
 qui ausus fuerat scribere, se ignorare, an dii essent, Atheni- 
 enses ex urbe pepulerunt. 
 
 15. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fuisse fer- 
 tur. 8 Quam ejus indolem quum perspexisset Alcibiades, So- 
 cratem interrogavit, quid esset, quod 9 mulierem tarn acerbam 
 et jurgiosarn non exigeret domo. Turn ille, quoniam, inquit, 
 dura illam domi perpetio?*, insuesco, ut ceterorum quoque f oris 
 petulantiam et injurias facilius feram. 
 
 16. Xenocrates philosophus quum maledicorum quorundam 
 sermoni interesset, 10 neque quidquam ipse loqueretur, interro- 
 gatus, cur solus taceret, respondit : quia dixisse me aliquando 
 poenituit, 11 tacuisse nunquam. 
 
 17. Hegesias philosophus in disputationibus suis mala et 
 cruciatus vitae tarn yividis coloribus repraesentabat, ut multi, 
 qui eum audiverant, sponte se occiderent. Quare a Ptole- 
 maeo 12 rege ulterius his de rebus disserere est prohibitus. 
 
 18. Gorgiae Leontino, 13 qui eloquentia et eruditione om- 
 nes suae aetatis homines superare existimabatur, 14 universa 
 Graecia in templo Apollinis Delphici 15 staluam auream collo- 
 cavit. 
 
 19. Idem quum annum centesimum septimum ageret, in- 
 terrogatus, quapropter tarn diu vellet in vita remanere ? res- 
 pondit : quia nihil habeo, quod vc senectutem meam accusem. 
 
 20. Illustrissimi saepe viri humili loco nati fuerunt. So- 
 crates, quern oraculum Apollinis sapientissimum omnium ho- 
 minum judicavit, obstetricis filiusfuit. Euripides, poeta, 
 tragicus, matrem habuit, quae olera venditabat ; et Demos- 
 thenis, oratoris eloquentissimi, patrem cultellos vendidisse 
 narrant. 
 
 21. Homerus, princeps poetarum Graecorum, dolore ab- 
 
IV. ANECDOTES. 33 
 
 sumtus esse creditur, 1 quod quaestionem 2 a piscatoribus ipsi 
 propositam solvere non posset. 
 
 22. Simonides, poeta praestantissimus, gloriatur in quo- 
 dam poemate, se octoginta annos natum 3 in certamen musi* 
 cum 4 descendisse, et victoriam inde retulisse. Idem ali- 
 quamdiu vixit apud Hipparchum, Pisistrati filiura, Athenarum 
 tyrannum. Inde Syracusas se contulit ad Hierdnem regem. 
 cum quo familiariter vixisse dicitur. Primus carmina statu- 
 te pretio scripsit ; quare eum Musam venalem reddidisse di« 
 cunt. 5 
 
 23. Quum Aeschylus Atheniensis, qui parens tragoediae 
 dicitur, in Siciha versaretur, ibique in loco aprico sederet^ 
 aquila testudinem glabro eiu's capiti immisit, quod pro saxe 
 habuit. Quo ictu ille exstinctus est. 
 
 24. Euripides, qui et ipse 6 magnum inter poetas tragicos 
 nomen habet, a coena domum rediens 7 a canibus laceratus 
 est. 
 
 25. Athenienses quondam ab Euripide postulabant, ut ex 
 tragoedia sententiam 8 quandam tolleret. Ille autem in see* 
 nam progressus dixit : se fabulas componere solere, ut popu* 
 lum doceret, non ut a populo disceret. 
 
 26. Philippides, comoediarum scriptor, quum in poetarum 
 certamine praeter spem vicisset, et ilia victoria impense gau- 
 deret, eo ipso gaudio repente exstinctus est. 
 
 27. Pindarus, poeta Thebanus, Apollini gratissimus fuisse 
 dicitur. Quare saepe a sacerdotibus in templum Delphicunii 
 ad coenam vocabatur, parsque ei tribuebatur donorum, quae 
 sacrificantes deo obtulerant. Ferunt etiam Pana 9 Pindari 
 hymnis tantopere fuisse laetatum, ut eos in montibus et sil. 
 vis caneret. Quum Alexander, rex Macedoniae, Thebas 
 diriperet, unius Pindari domo et familiae pepercit. 10 
 
 28. Diogenes Cynicus Myndum 11 profectus, quum videret 
 magnificas portas et urbem exiguam, Myndios monuit, ut 
 portas claude rent, ne urbs egrederetur. 
 
 29. Demosthenes, Atheniensis, incredibili studio et labore 
 eo pervenit, ut, quum 12 multi eum ingenio parum valere ex- 
 istimarent, omnes aetatis suae oratores superaret eloquentia. 
 Nunquam tamen ex tempore dicebat, neque in concione vo* 
 lebat assurgere, nisi rem, de qua ageretur, 13 accurate antea 
 meditatus esset. Unde plerique eum timidum esse existima* 
 bant. Sed in hac re Periclis 14 consuetudinem imitabatur, 
 qui non facile de quaque re dicere, nee existimationem suam 
 fortunae committere solebat. 
 
 30. Pericles in concionem iturus, 15 quum animo perpende- 
 ret 5 quantum periculi inconsiderate dicta hominibus afFer- 
 
34 IV, ANECDOTES 
 
 rent, solebat precari a diis, ne quod 1 ipsi verbum imprudeii 
 ti excideret, quod reipublicae officere posset. 
 
 31. Minos, Cretensium rex, saepe se in speluncam quan 
 dam conferebat, ibique se cum Jove colloqui legesque ab eo 
 accipere dicebat. Etiam Lycurgus 2 Lacedaemoniis per- 
 suasit, 3 se leges suas ab Apolline didicisse. 
 
 32. Quum Lycurgus, Lacedaemoniorum legislator, Del- 
 phis in templum Apollinis intrasset, ut a Deo oraculum pete- 
 ret, Pythia 4 eum his verbis allocuta est : nescio, utrum Deus 
 an homo appellandus sis ; sed deus potius videris esse. 
 
 33. Leonldas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, quum Persae 5 di- 
 cerentur sagittarum multitudine solem obscuraturi, 6 respon- 
 disse fertur : melius itaque in umbra pugnabimus. 
 
 34. Cyrus 7 omnium suorum militum nomina memoria te- 
 nebat. Mithridates autem, rex Ponti, 8 duarum et viginti 
 gentium, quae sub regno ejus erant, linguas ita didicerat, ut 
 cum omnibus, quibus imperabat, sine interprete loqui posset. 
 
 85. Themistocles interroganti, utrum Achilles 9 esse mal- 
 let, an Homerus, respondit : Tu vero mallesne te in Olympi- 
 co certamine 10 victorem renuntiari, an praeco esse, qui vie- 
 torum nomina proclamat ? 
 
 36. Epaminondas, 11 Thebanorum imperator, in bello ad- 
 versus Lacedaemonios, animos suorum religione excitandos 
 ratus, arma in templis affixa 12 nocte detraxit, persuasitque 
 militibus, quum ilia abesse viderent, deos iter suum sequi, ut 
 ipsis proeliantibus adessent. 
 
 37. Idem in pugna ad Mantineam 13 graviter vulneratus 
 est. Quum animam recepisset, interrogavit circumstantes 
 amicos, an clypeus u salvus esset ? deinde, an hostes fusi es- 
 sent? llli utrumque affirmaverunt. Turn demum hastam 
 e corpore educi jussit. Quo facto statim exspiravit. 
 
 38. Epaminondas tanta fuit abstinentia 15 et integritate, ut 
 post plurima bella, quibus Thebanorum potentiam incredibi- 
 liter auxerat, nihil in supellectili haberet praeter ahenum et 
 veru. 
 
 39. Lysander, 16 dux Lacedaemoniorum, militem quendam, 
 via egressum, castigabat. Cui dicenti, ad nullius rei rapinam 
 se ab agmine recessisse, respondit : ne speciem quidem rap- 
 turi praebeas volo. 11 
 
 40. Iphicrates, dux Atheniensium, quum praesidio tene- 
 ret Corinthum, et sub adventum hostium ipse vigilias circum* 
 iret, vigilem, quern dormientem invenerat, hasta transfixit, 
 Quod factum 18 quibusdam ei, ut saevum, exprobrantibus, qua- 
 Tern invent, inquit, talem rellqui. 
 
 41. Quum quidamThrasybulo, 19 qui civitatem Atheniensium 
 
IV. ANECDOTES. 35 
 
 a tyrannorum dominatione liberavit, dixisset : quantas tibigra- 
 Has Athenae debent ! ille respondit : Diifaciant, ut quantas 1 
 ipse patriae debeo gratias, tantas ei videar retulisse. 2 
 
 42. Philippus, rex Macedonum, monentibus eum quibus- 
 dam, ut Pythiam quendam caveret, fortem militem, sed ipsi 
 alienatum, quod tres filias aegre aleret, nee a rege adjuvare- 
 tur, dixisse fertur : Quid 1 si partem corporis haberem aegram, 
 abscinderem 3 potius an curarem ? Deinde Pythiam ad se voca- 
 tum, 4 accepta difficultate rei domesticae, pecunia instruxit. 
 Quo facto, nullum rex militem Pythia 5 fideliorem habuit. 
 
 43. Mulier quaedam ab eodem Philippo, quum a convivio 
 temulentus recederet, damnata, 6 a Philippo, inquit, temulento 
 ad Philippum sobrium provoco. 
 
 44. Philippus, rex Macedoniae, praedicare solebat, se ora- 
 toribus Atheniensium maximam gratiam habere. Nam con- 
 viciis suis, inquit, efficiunt, ut quotidie melior evadam, dum eos 
 dictis factisque mendacii arguere conor. 
 
 45. Ejusdem regis epistola fertur scripta ad Aristotelem 
 philosophum, qua filium 7 sibi natum esse nuntiavit. Erat il- 
 ia epistola verbis concepta fere his : Filium mihi genitum esse 
 scito. Quod 3 equidem diis habeo gratiam : non tarn quod na- 
 tus est, quam quod ei contigit nasci temporibus vitae tuae. Spe* 
 ro enimfore, ut 9 a te educatus et eruditus dignus evadat et nobis 
 et rebus, 10 quas ipsi relicturi sumus. 
 
 46. Alexander, Macedo, Philippi Alius, quum puer a prae- 
 ceptore suo audivisset, innumerabiles mundos esse, heu me 
 miserum, inquit, qui ne uno quidem adhuc potitus sum f 
 
 47. Quum Alexander quondam Macedonum quorundam be - 
 nevolentiam largitionibus sibi conciliare conatus esset, Philip- 
 pus eum his verbis increpuit : Sperasne 11 eos 12 tibi Jideles esse 
 futuros, quos pecunia tibi conciliaveris ? Scito, amorem non auro 
 emi, sed virtutibus. 
 
 48. Alexandro Macedoni, Asia debellata, 13 Corinthii per 
 legatos gratulati sunt, regemque civitate sua 14 donaverunt. 
 Quod officii 15 genus quum Alexander risisset, unus ex legatis, 
 nulli unquam, inquit, civitatem dedimus alii, quam tibi et Her- 
 culi. Quo audito Alexander honorem sibi delatum lubentis- 
 sime 16 accepit. 
 
 49. Quum Alexander Graeeiae populis imperasset, ut di= 
 vinos ipsi honores decernerent, Lacedaemonii his verbis ute- 
 bantur : 17 quoniam Alexander deus esse voluit, esto deus ; La- 
 conica brevitate 13 regis notantes vecordiam. 
 
 50. Lysimachus, 19 rex Thraciae, Theodorum Cyrenaeum, 28 
 virum libertatis amantissimum et regiae dominationi infestum, 
 oruci affigi jussit. Cui ille, hujusmodi minis, inquit, purpu* 
 
36 IV. ANECDOTES. 
 
 ratos tuos terreas. Mea quidem nihil interest, 1 humine 2 an sub 
 lime 3 putrescam. 
 
 51. Mausolus, rex Cariae, 4 Artemisiam habuit conjugem. 
 Haec, Mausolo defuncto, ossa cineremque mariti contusa et 
 odoribus mixta cum aqua potabat. Exstruxit quoque, ad 
 eonservandam ejus memoriam, sepulcrum 5 illud nobilissimum, 
 ab ejus nomine appellatum, quod inter septem orbis terrarum 
 miracula 6 numeratur. Quod quum Mausoli manibus 7 dicaret, 
 certamen instituit, praemiis amplissimis ei propositis, 8 qui 
 defunctum regem optime laudasset. 
 
 52. Dionysius, 9 qui a patre Syracusarum et paene totius 
 Siciiiae tyrannidem acceperat, senex, patria pulsus, Corinthi 
 pueros litteras docuit. 
 
 53. Mithridates, rex Ponti, saepe venenum hauserat, ut 
 sibi a clandestinis caveret insidiis. Hinc factum est, ut, quum 
 a Pompejo superatus mortem sibi consciscere vellet, ne velo- 
 cissima quidem venena ei nocerent. 
 
 54. Quum Gyges, rex Lydiae 10 ditissimus, oraculum Apol- 
 linis interrogaret, an quisquam mortalium se esset felicior, 11 
 deus Aglaum quendam Psophidium 12 feliciorem praedicavit. 
 Is autem erat Arcadum pauperrimus, parvuli agelli possessor, 
 cujus termmos, quamvis senex, nunquam excesserat, fructi- 
 bus et voluptatibus angu^ti ruris contentus. 
 
 55. Pyrrhus, 13 rex Epiri, quum in Italia esset, audivit, Ta- 
 rentinos quosdam javenes in convivio parum honorifice de se 
 loquutos esse. Eos igitur ad se arcessitos percunctatus est, 
 an dixissent ea, quae ad aures suas pervenissent. Turn unus 
 ex his, nisi, inquit, vinum nobis defecisset, multo etiam plura 
 et graviora inie loquuiuri eramus. li Haec criminis excusatio 
 iram regis in risum convertit. t 
 
 56. Marsyas, frater Antigoni, 15 regis Macedoniae, quum 
 eausam haberet cum privato quodam, fratrem rogavit, ut de 
 ea domi cognosceret. At ille, inforo potius, 16 inquit. Nam 
 si culpa vacas, innocentia tua ibi melius apparebit ; sin dam- 
 nandus es, nostra jnstitia. 
 
 57. Clara sunt apud Catanenses 17 nomina fratrum Anapi et 
 Amphinomi, qui patrem et matrem humeris per medios ignes 
 Aetnae portarunt, eosque cum vitae suae periculo e flammis 
 eripuerunt. 
 
 58. Spartanus quidam quum rideretur, quod claudus in pug- 
 nam iret, at 13 mihi, inquit, pugnare, nonfngere est prtpositum. 
 
 59. Spartanus quidam in magistratus petitione ab aemulis 
 victus, maximae sibi laetitiae esse^ dixit, quod pairia sua se 
 meliores 20 ewes haberet. 
 
 60. Quum homo quidam, qui diu in uno pede stare didice- 
 
IV. ANECDOTES. 37 
 
 rat, Lacedaemonio cuidam dixisset, se non arbitrari, Lace* 
 daemoniorum quemquam tamdiu idem facere posse, ille respon- 
 dit ; at anseres 1 te diutius. 
 
 61. Diagoras Rhodius, 3 quum tres ejus filii in ludis Olym* 
 picis 3 victores renuntiati essent, tanto affectus est gaudio, 
 ut in ipso stadio, inspectante populo, 4 in filiorum manibus ani* 
 mam redderet. 
 
 62. Scipio Africanus 5 nunquara ad negotia publica accede* 
 bat, ante quam in templo Jovis precatus esset. 
 
 63. Scipio dicere solebat, hosti non solum dandam esse 
 viam fugiendi, sedetiam muniendam. Similiter Pyrrhus, rex 
 Epjri, 6 fugienti hosti pertinaciter instandum esse negabat ; T 
 non solum, ne fortius 3 ex necessitate 9 resisteret, sed ut postea 
 quoque facilius acie cederet, ratus, victores fugientibus non 
 usque ad perniciem instaturos esse. 
 
 64. Metellus Pius, in Hispania bellum gerens, interrogates, 
 quid postero die facturus esset ? tunicam meant, inquit,.si id 
 eloqui posset, comburerem. 
 
 65. L. Mummius, qui, Corintho 10 capta, totam Italiam ta« 
 bulis statuisque exornavit, ex tantis manubiis nihil in suum 
 usum convertit, ita ut, eo defuncto, non esset unde 11 ejus filia 
 dotem acciperet. Quare senatus ei ex publico dotem decre- 
 vit. 
 
 66. Scipio Africanus major 12 Ennii poetae imaginem in se- 
 pulcro gentis Corneliae 1 5 collocari jussit, quod Scipionum res 
 gestas carminibus suis illustraverat. 
 
 67. M. Cato, Catonis Censorii filius, in acie, cadente 
 equo prolapsus, quum se recollegisset, animadvertissetque 
 gladium excidisse vagina, rediit in hostem : acceptisque ali- 
 quot vulneribus, recuperato demum gladio 14 ad suos reversus 
 est. 
 
 68. Q. Metellus Macedonicus in Hispania quinque cohor- 
 tes, quae hostibus cesserant, testamentum facere jussas, ad 
 locum 15 recuperandum misit ; minatus, eos 16 non nisi postvic« 
 toriam receptum iri. 
 
 69. Publius Decius consul, quum in bello contra Latinos' 
 Romanorum aciem cedentem videret, 1 " capite pro reipubli* 
 cae salute devoto, 18 in medium h ostium agmen irruit, et mag- 
 na strage edita plurimis telis obrutus cecidit. Haec ejus 
 mors Romanorum aciem restituit iisque victoriam paravit. 
 
 70. L. Junius Brutus, qui Romarn a regibus liberavit, 19 fi- 
 lms suos, qui Tarquinium regem expuisum restituere conati 
 erant, ipse capitis damnavit, eosque virgis caesos 20 secure 
 percuti jussit. 
 
 71. Q. Marcius Rex, consul, quum fiiium imicum, iuve« 
 
 E 
 
£8 IV. ANECDOTES. 
 
 nem summae pietatis et magnae spei, morte amisisset, dolo 
 rein suum ita coercuit, ut a rogo adolescentis protenus curi- 
 am peteret, ibique muneris sui negotia strenue obiret. 
 
 72. In bello Romanorum cum Perseo, 1 ultimo Macedo- 
 niae rege, accidit, ut serena nocte subito luna deficeret. 
 Haec res ingentem apud milites terrorem excitavit, qui ex- 
 istimabant, hoc ©mine 2 futuram cladem portendi. Turn vero 
 Sulpicius Gallus, qui erat in eo exercitu, in condone mi- 
 litum causam hujus rei tarn diserte exposuit, ut postero die 
 omnes intrepido animo pugnam committerent. 
 
 73. L. Siccius Dentatus ob insignem fortitudinem appel- 
 latus est Achilles Romanus. Pugnasse is dicitur centum et 
 viginti proeliis ; cicatricem aversam 3 nullam, adversas quin- 
 que et quadraginta tulisse ; coronis 4 esse^ donatus aureis 
 duodeviginti, obsidionali una, muralibus tribus, civicis quatu- 
 ardecim, torquibus tribus et octoginta, armillis plus centum 
 sexaginta, hastis duodeviginti. Phaleris idem donatus est 
 quinquies viciesque. Triumphavit cum imperatoribus suis 
 triumphos novem. 
 
 74. Hannibalem in Italiam proficiscentem tria millia Car- 
 petanorum 5 reliquerunt. Quorum exemplum ne caeteri quo- 
 que barbari 6 sequerentur, edixit, eos a se esse dimissos, et 
 insuper in fidem ejus rei 7 alios etiam, quorum fides ipsi sus* 
 pecta erat, domum remisit. 
 
 75. Hannibal quum elephantos compellere non posset, ut 
 praealtum flumen transirent, neque rates haberet, quibus eos 
 trajiceret, 8 jussit ferocissimum elephantorum sub aure vul- 
 nerari* 9 et eum, qui vulnerasset, se in flumen conjicere illud- 
 que tranare. Turn elephantus exasperatus ad persequendum 
 doloris sui auctorem tranavit amnern, et reliqui quoque eum 
 i*ecuti sunt. 
 
39 
 
 SECOND DIVISION 
 
 AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY, FROM THE 
 
 EARLIEST AGES TO THE TIME OF THE 
 
 EMPERORS. 
 
 UBER PRIMUS. 
 
 1. Antiquissimis temporibus Saturnus in Italiam venisst 
 dicitur. Ibi haud procul a Janiculo 1 arcem condidit, eamque 
 Saturniara appellavit. Hicltak>s primus agriculturamdocuit. 
 
 2. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc 
 rege Troja 2 in Asia e versa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae 
 filius, cum multis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Graecorum peper* 
 cerat, 3 aufugit, et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei be- 
 nigne recepto fiiiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aene* 
 as urbem condidit, quam in honorem conjugis Laviniam ap- 
 pellavit. 
 
 3. Post Aeneae mortem, Ascanius, Aeneae filius, reg« 
 num accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, 
 urbemque condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam longam 4 
 nuncupavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae 
 mortem a Lavinia genitus erat. Ejus posteri omnes, usque 
 ad Romam conditam, Albae regnaverunt. 
 
 4. Unus horum regum, Romulus Silvius, se Jove majorem 
 esse dicebat, et, quum tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut clypeos 
 hastis percuterent, dicebatque, hunc sonum multo clariorem 
 esse quam tonitru. Fulmine ictus et in Albanum lacum 
 praecipitatus est. 
 
 5. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, 
 Numitorem et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri 
 optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae 
 pater reliquisset. Numitor paterna bona praetuUt ; Amulius 
 regnum obtinuit. 
 
W V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 6. Amuiius, ut regnum firmissime possideret, Numitoris 
 filium per insidias interemit, et filiam fratris, Rheam Silvi- 
 am, Vestalem virginem fecit. Nam his Vestae sacerdotibus 1 
 non licet viro nubere. 2 Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, 
 Romulum et Remum, peperit. Hoc quum Amuiius compe- 
 risset, matrem in vincula conjecit, pueros autem in Tiberim 
 abjici jussit. 
 
 7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam 3 se effuderat, et quum 
 pueri in vado essent positi, aqua refluens eos in sicco reli- 
 quit. Ad eorum vagitum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus sots 
 aluit. Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis.. 
 pueros sustulit, et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos 4 dedit. 
 
 8. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transe- 
 gerunt. Quum adolevissent, et forte comperissent, quis ipso- 
 
 rum avus, quae mater fuisset, Amulium interfecerunt, 
 Chr. et Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem con- 
 ^54. # diderunt in monte Aventino, quam Romulus a sub no- 
 mine Romam vocavit. Haec quum moenibus circum- 
 daretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moehia 
 transiliebat. 
 
 9. Romulus, ut civium numerum augerct, asylum 5 pate- 
 fecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi 6 accurrerunt. Sed 
 novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Festum itaque Nep- 
 tuni et ludos instituit. Ad hos quum multi ex finitimis pbpu- 
 lis cum mulieribuset liberis venissent,Romani, inter ipsos lu- 
 dos, spectantes virgines rapuerunt. 
 
 10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum ad^ 
 versus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae appropinqua- 
 rent, forte in Tarpejam virginem inciderunt, quae in arce 7 sa- 
 cra procurab at. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstra- 
 ret, eique permiserunt, ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit, ut 
 sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, annulos au- 
 reos et armillas significans. At hostes, in arcem ab ea per. 
 ducti, scutis, Tarpejam obruerunt ; nam et haec in sinistris 
 manibus gerebant. 
 
 11. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpejum tene- 
 bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum 
 est. In media caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres, hinc 
 conjuges et soceros complectebantur et rogabant, ut caedis 
 finem facerent. Utrique his precibus commoti sunt. Romu- 
 lus foedus icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit. 8 
 
 12. Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit, 
 eosque cum ob aetatem, turn ob reverentiam iis debitam, Pa- 
 tres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easque 
 
LIBER I. 41 
 
 raptarum nominibus nuncupavit. Anno regui tricesi- ~ 
 mo septimo, quum exercitum lustraret, 1 inter tempesta- q' ^ 
 tern ortam, repente oculis hominum subductus est. Hinc 
 alii eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum 2 
 esse existimaverunt. 
 
 13. Post Romuli mortem unius anni interregnum fuit. 
 Quo elapso Numa Pompilius, Curibus, urbe in agro SaJ>ino- 
 rum, natus, rex creatusest. Hie virbellumquidem nullum ges- 
 sit ; nee minus tamen civitati profuit. Nam et leges dedit, et 
 sacra plurima instituit, ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores 
 molliret. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae. 
 conjugis suae, jussu facere dicebat. Morbo, decessit, quad- 
 ragesimo tertio imperii anno. 
 
 14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se A. V, 
 in bello adversus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum 8 1 • 
 praestiterat. Rex creatus bellum Albanis indixit, idque trige- 
 minorum, Horatiorum et Curiatiorum, certamine finivit. Al- 
 bam propter perfidiam Metii FufFetii 3 diruit. Quum triginta 
 duobus annis regnasset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit. 
 
 15* Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia nepos, 
 suscepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione avo jj 4 ' 
 similis, Latinos bello domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova 
 ei moenia circumdedit. 4 Carcerem primus aedificavit. Ad 
 Tiberis ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo 
 quarto anno imperii morbo obiit. 
 
 16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus ac- a. V. 
 cepit, Damarati filius, qui tyrannos patriae Corinthi 5 fu- 137. 
 giens in Etruriam 6 venerat. Ijjse Tarquinius, qui no- 
 men ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Romam profec* 
 tus erat. Advenienti aquila pileum abstulit, et postquam alte 
 evolaverat, reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mulier auguri- 
 orum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit. 
 
 17. Quum Romae commoraretur, Anci regis familiarita- 
 tern consequutus est, qui eum filiorum suorum tutorem reli- 
 quit. Sed is pupiliis regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos 
 Romulus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gen- 
 tium 7 sunt appellaii. Plura belJa feliciter gessit, nee paucos 
 agros, hostibus ademtos, 8 urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus 
 triumphans urbem intravit. Gloacas fecit ; Capitoliurn 9 in- 
 choavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii anno per Anci filios, qui- 
 bus regnum eripuerat, oecisus «st. 
 
 18. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, a. V. 
 genitus ex nobili femina, captiva tamen et famula. l?6, 
 Quum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, flamma ia 
 
 ejus capite visa est. Hoc prodigio Tanaquil ei summam 
 
 e2 
 
42 V, ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 dignitatem portendi intellexit, et conjugi persuasit, ut eum 
 sicuti liberos suos educaret. Quum adolevisset, rex ei filiam 
 in matfimonium dedit. 
 
 19. Quum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil de 
 superiore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens : regem 
 grave quideni, sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; eum petere. 
 utr^opulus, dum convaluisset, Servio Tullio obediret. Sic 
 Servius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. 
 Montes tres tirbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum 1 ordi- 
 ftavit. Sub eo Roma habuit capitum octoginta tria millia 
 eivium Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 
 
 20. Hie rex interfectus' est scelere filiae Tulliae et 
 22o V Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui Servius succes- 
 serat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradibus Curiae 2 
 dejectus, quum domum fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in 
 forum properavit et prima conjugem regem salutavit. Quum 
 domum rediret, aurigam super patris corpus, in via jacens, 
 carpentum 3 agere jussit, 
 
 21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. 
 Bello tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum vicit- 
 Templum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ar- 
 deam oppugnabat, urbem Etruriae, imperium perdidit. Nam 
 quum filius ejus Lucretiae, nobilissimae feminae, conjugi 
 Tarquinii Collating vim fecisset, haec se ipsa occidit in con- 
 spectu mariti, patris et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata 
 fuerat, ut hanc injuriam 4 ulciscerentur. 
 
 A -- 22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, aliique 
 243. nonnulli in exitium rfegis conjurarunt, populoque per- 
 suaserunt, ut ei portas Urbis clauderet. Exercitus 
 quoque, qui civitatem Ardeam cum rege oppugnabat, eum 
 reliquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita Romae 
 regnatum est per septem reges, annos ducentos quadraginta 
 tres. 
 
 23. Hinc consules coepere pro uno rege duo creari, ut, 
 si unus malus esset, alter eum coerceret. Annuum iis im- 
 perium tributum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolen- 
 tiores redderentur. Fuerunt igitur anno primo, expulsis re- 
 gibus, consules L. Junius Brutus, acerrimus libertatis vin- 
 dex, et Tarquinius Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed Col- 
 latino paulo post dignitas sublata est. Placuerat enim, ne 
 quis ex Tarquiniorum familia Romae maneret. Ergo cum 
 omni patrimonio suo ex urbe migravit, et in ejus locum Va- 
 lerius Publicola consul factus est. 
 
 24. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima 
 pugna Brutus, consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii filius, sese invi- 
 
 
LIBER I. 43 
 
 cem occiderunt. Romani tamen ex ea pugna victores reces- 
 serunt. Bruturn Romanae matronae, quasi coramunera pa- 
 trem, per annum luxerunt. 1 Valerius Publicola Sp. Lucre- 
 tium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit ; qui quum morbo 
 exstinctus esset, Horatium Pulvilium sibi collegam sumsit. 
 Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit. 
 
 25. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius bellum . , 
 Romanis intulit, Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxilium ei ^45, 
 ferente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus Pontem 
 ligneum 2 defendit et hostes cohibuit, donee pons a tergo 
 ruptus esset. Turn se cum armis in Tiberim conjecit et ad 
 suos transnavit, 
 
 26. Dum Porsena urbem obsidebat, Qu. Mucius Scaevo- 
 la, juvenis fortis animi, in castra hostis se contulit, eo con- 
 silio, ut regem occideret. At ibi scribam regis pro ipso rege 
 interfecit. Turn a regiis satellitibus comprehensus et ad 
 regem deductus, quum Porsena eum ignibus allatis 3 terreret, 
 dextram arae accensae imposuit, donee flammis consumta 
 esset. Hoc facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit incolumem. 
 Turn hie, quasi beneficium referens, ait, trecentos alios ju- 
 venes in eum conjurasse. Hac re territus Porsena pacem 
 cum Romanis fecit, Tarquinius autem Tusculum se contulit, 
 ibique privatus cum uxore consenuit. 
 
 27. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos, populus . v 
 Romae seditionem fecit, questus, quod tributis et mili- 059 
 tia a senatu exhauriretur. Magna pars plebis urbem 
 reliquit et in montem trans Anienem 1 amnem secessit. Turn 
 patres turbati Meneniurn Agrippam miserunt ad plebem, qui 
 earn senatui conciliaret. 5 Hie iis inter alia fabulam 6 nar- 
 ravit de ventre et membris humani corporis ; qua populus 
 commotus est, ut in urbem rediret. Turn primum tribuni 
 plebis 7 creati sunt, qui plebem adversum nobilitatis superbi- 
 am defenderent. 8 
 
 28. Octavo decimo anno post exactos reges, Qu. A y 
 Marcius, Coriolanus dictus ab urbe Volscorum 9 Corio- 26I. 
 li, quam bello ceperat, plebi invisus fieri coepit. Quare 
 urbe expulsus ad Volscos, acerrimos Romanorum hostes, 
 contendit, et ab iis dux exercitus factus Romanos saepe vi- 
 cit. Jam usque ad quintum milliarium 10 Urbis accesserat, 
 nee ullis civium suorum legationibus fiecti poterat, ut patriae 
 parceret. Denique Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe 
 ad eum venerunt ; quarum fletu et precibus commotus est, 
 ut exercitum removeret. Quo facto a Yolscis ut proditor oc- 
 cisus esse dicitur. 
 
 29. Romani quum adversum Vejentes 11 bellum gererent, 
 
44 V» KOMAN HISTOBV. 
 
 famiiia Fabiorum sola hoc bellum suscepit. Profecti " sunt 
 
 v trecenti sex nobilissimi homines, duce Fabio consule. 
 
 274. Q uum saepe hostes vicissent, apud Cremeram 1 fluviuni 
 
 castra posuerunt. Ibi Vejentes, dolo usi, eos in insi- 
 dias pellexerunt. In prcelio ibi exorto omnes perierunt. 
 Unus superfuit ex tanta famiiia, qui propter aetatem puerilem 
 duel non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Qu. 
 Fabium Maximum, ilium, qui Hannibalem 2 prudenti cuncta- 
 tione debilitavit. 3 
 
 30 Anno trecentesimo et altero ab Urbe condita 
 oa Decemviri 4 creati sunt, qui civitati leges scriberent. 
 
 Hi primo anno bene egerunt; secundo autem domina- 
 tionem exercere coeperunt. Sed quum unus eorum Appius 
 Claudius virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, Virginii centurionis 
 filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater earn occldit. Turn ad milites 
 profugit, eosque ad sedition em commovit. Sublata est de- 
 cern viris potestas, ipsique omnes aut morte aut exilio puniti 
 sunt. 
 
 31. In bello contra Vejentanos Furius Camillus ur- 
 orq bem Falerios 5 obsidebat. In qua obsidione quum ludi 
 
 literarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hos- 
 tium duxisset, Camillus hoc donum non accepit, sed sceles- 
 tum hominem, manibus post tergum vinctis, pueris Falerios 
 reducendum tradidit f virgasque iis dedit, quibus proditorem 
 in urbem agerent. 
 
 32. Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci urbem Ro- 
 manis tradiderunt. Camillo autem apud Romanes crimini 
 datum est, quod albis equis 7 triumphasset> et praedam inique 
 divisisset ; damnatusque ob earn causam et civitate expulsus 
 
 est. Paulo post Galli Senones 3 ad Urbem venerunt, 
 o^| V * Romanos apud flumea Alliam 9 vicerunt, et Urbem etiam 
 
 occuparunt. Jam nihil praeter Capitolium defendi po- 
 tuit. Et jam praesidium fame laborabat, et in eo erant, 10 ut 
 pacem a Gallis auro emerent, quum Camillus cum manu mi* 
 litum superveniens hostes magno proelio superaret. 
 
 LIBER SECUNDUM 
 
 1, Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto post Ur- 
 ^' V " bem conditam Galli iterum ad Urbem accedebant, et 
 quarto milliario trans Anienem" (luvium consederant. 
 Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Callus quidam, exi. 
 mia corporis magnitudine, fortissimum Romanorum ad cer- 
 iamen singulare provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilissimus juve- 
 sis, provocationem accepit, Galium occldit. eumque torque 
 
LIBER It. 45 
 
 aureo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc et ipse et posteri 
 ejus Torquati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. 
 
 2. Novo bello cum Gallis exorto, anno Urbis quad- 
 ringentesimo sexto, iterum Gallus processit, robore at- 4* * 
 que armis insignis, et provocavit unum ex Romanis, ut 
 secum armis decerneret. Turn se M. Valerius, tribunus mi- 
 litum, 1 obtulit ; et quum processisset armatus, corvus ei su- 
 pra dextrum brachium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna, hie 
 corvus alis et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit. Ita factum 
 est, ut Gallus facili negotio a Valerio interficeretur, qui hinc 
 Corvini nomen accepit. 
 
 3. Postea Romani bellum gesserunt cum Samniti- 
 bus, 2 ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictato- -fyY' 
 ris J profectus est. Qui, quum negotii cujusdam causa 
 Romam ivisset, praecepit Q. Fabio Rulliano, magistro equi- 
 tum, quern apud exercitum reliquit, ne pugnam cum hoste 
 committeret. Sed ille, occasionem nactus, felicissime dimi- 
 cavit et Samnites delevit. Ob hanc rem a dictatore capitis 
 damnatus est. At ille in Urbem confugit, et ingenti favore 
 militum et populi liberatus est ; in Papirium autem tanta ex- 
 orta est seditio, ut paene ipse interficeretur. 
 
 4. Duobus annis post T. Veturius et Spurius Postumius 
 consules bellum adversum Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio 
 Thelesino, duce hostium, in insidias inducti sunt. Nam ad 
 Furculas Caudinas 4 Romanos pellexit in angustias, 
 unde sese expedire non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem 433^ 
 suum Herennium rogavit, quid faciendum putaret. Ille 
 
 ait, aut bmnes occidendos esse, ut Romanorum vires frange* 
 rentur, aut omnes diniittendos, ut beneficio obligarentur* 
 Pontius utrumque consilium improbavit, omnesque sub ju- 
 gum 5 misit. Samnites denique post bellum undequinquagin- 
 ta annorum superati sunt. 
 
 5. Devictis Samnitibus, Tarentinis 6 bellum indictum 
 est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. Hi \*% 
 Pyrrhum, Epiri 7 regem, contra Romanos auxilio po- 
 poscerunt. 8 Is mox in Italiam venit, tumque primum Roma- 
 ni cum transmarino hoste pugnaverunt. Missus est contra 
 eum consul P. Valerius Laevinus. Hie, quum exploratores 
 Pyrrhi cepisset, jussit eos per castra duci, ostendi omnem 
 exercitum, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, quaecun- 
 que a Romanis agerentur. 
 
 6. Pugna commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio elephantprum 9 vicit. 
 Nox proelio finem dedit. Laevinus tamen per noctem fugit. 
 Pyrrhus Romanos mille octingentos cepit, eosque summo ho- 
 nore tract a vit. Quum eos, qui in proelio interfecti fuerant. 
 
46 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 omnes adversis vulneribus 1 et truci vultu etiam mortuos ja 
 cere videret, tulisse ad coelum manus dicitur, cum hac voce : 
 Ego cum talibus viris brevi 2 orbem terrarum subigerem. 
 
 7. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit ; omnia ferro igneque 
 vastavit"; Campaniam 3 depopulatusest, atque adPraeneste 4 ve- 
 nit, milliario ab Urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore exercitus, 
 qui cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati, 
 ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis missi, honorifice ab eo sus* 
 cepti sunt ; captivos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis 5 
 Fabricium, sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui 
 promitteret, si ad se transiret ; sed a Fabricio contemtus est. 
 
 8. Quum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Romanorum admiratione 
 teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissimum virum, qui 
 pacem peteret, ea conditione, ut Pyrrhus earn partem Iialiae, 
 quam armis occupaverat, obtineret. Romani responderunt, 
 eum cum Romanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia re* 
 cessisset. Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho, eum interrogans 
 qualis ipsi Roma visa esset ; respondit, se regum patriam vu 
 disse. 
 
 9. In altero proelio cum rege Epiri com mis so, 5 Pyrrhus vul- 
 neratus est, elephanti interfecti, yiginti millia hostium caesa 
 sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Interjecto anno Fabricius 
 contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medicus Pyrrhi nocte venit, 
 promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum, si munus sibi da- 
 retur. Huac Fabricius vinctum reduci jussit ad dominum 
 Tunc rex, generosum viri animum admiratus, dixisse fertur ; 
 lite est Fabricius, qui dijlcilius ab honestate, quam sol a cursu 
 A v suo averti potest. Paulo post Pyrrhus, tertio etiam proe- 
 481. uo msus > a Tarento recessit, et, quum in Graeciam re- 
 diisset, apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. 
 
 10. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post Urbem 
 ^' v * conditam Romanorum exercitus primum in Siciliam tra- 
 
 jecerunt, regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenos- 
 que, qui multas civitates in ea insula occupaverant, su- 
 ^ " peraverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poe- 
 nos gerebatur, primum Romani, C. Duillio et Cn. Cor- 
 nelio Asina Coss., in mari dimicaverunt. Duillius Carthagi- 
 nienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quatuordecim mer- 
 sit, septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occldit. Nulla 
 victoria Romanis gratior fuit. Duillio concessum est, ut, quum 
 a coena rediret, pueri funalia gestantes et tibicen eum comi- 
 tarentur. 6 
 
 11. Paucis annis interjectis bellum in Africam trans- 
 4 p9 ' latum est. Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pugna 
 
 navali superatur ; nam perditis sexaginta quatuor navi- 
 
 
LIBER HI. 47 
 
 bus, se recepit ; Romani viginti duas amiserunt. Quum in 
 Africam venissent, Poenos in pluribus proeliis vicerunt, mag- 
 nam vim hominum ceperunt, septuaginta quatuor civitates in 
 {Idem acceperunt. Turn victi Carthaginienses pacem a Ro- 
 manis petierunt. Quam quum M. Atilius Regulus, Romano- 
 rum dux, dare nollet nisi durissimis conditionibus, Cartha- 
 ginienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemoniis. Hi Xanthip- 
 pum miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio vicit, 
 Regulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 
 
 12. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus favit. 
 Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Regulum rogaverunt, ut 
 Romam proficisceretur, et pacem captivor unique permuta- 
 tionem a Romanis obtineret. Ille quum Romam venisset, 
 inductus in senatum, dixit, se desiisse 1 Romanum esse ex ilia 
 die, qua in potestatem Poenorum venisset. Turn Romanis sua- 
 sit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facerent ; illos enim 
 tot casibus fractos, spem nulla m nisi in pace habere : tanti 
 non esse, ut tot millia 2 captivorum propter se unum et paiu 
 cos, qui ex Romanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sen- 
 tentia obtinuit. Regressus igitur in Africam crudelissimis 
 suppliciis exstinctus est. 
 
 13. Tandem C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio Coss., 
 anno belli Punici vicesimo tertio, magnum proelium 5J3 
 navale commissum est contra Lilybaeum, 3 promonto- 
 rium Siciliae. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Carthaginien- 
 sium naves captae, centum viginti quinque demersae, trigin- 
 ta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occisa sunt. 
 Statim Carthaginienses pacem petierunt, eisque pax tributa 
 est. Captivi Romanorum, qui tenebantur a Carthaginiensi- 
 bus, redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia, Sardinia et ceteris insulis, 
 quae intra Italiam Africamque jacent, decesserunt, omnem. 
 que Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum 4 est, Romanis permise- 
 runt. 
 
 LIBER TERTIUS. 
 
 A. v. 
 
 1 . Anno quingentesimo undetricesimo ingentes Gal- 
 iorum copiae Alpes transierunt. Sed pro Romanis to- 5 29 
 ta Italia consensit : traditumque est, octingenta millia 
 hominum ad id bellum parata fuisse. Res prospere gesta 
 est apud Clusium : 5 quadraginta millia hominum interfecta 
 sunt. Aliquot annis post pugnatum est contra Gallos in agro 
 Insubrum, 6 finitumque est bellum M. Claudio Marcello, Cn. 
 Cornelio Scipione Coss. Turn Marcellus regem Gallorum, 
 
48 V. KOMAN HISTOHY. 
 
 Viridomarum, manu sua occidit et triumphans spolia 1 GalH. 
 stipiti imposita, humeris suis vexit. 
 
 2i Paulo post Punicum bellum renovatum est per Hanni- 
 balem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar, no - 
 . v vem annos natum, aris admoverat, ut odium perehne in 
 53* 6; •" Romanos juraret. Hie annum agens vieesimum ae- 
 tatis, Saguntum, 3 Hispaniae civitatem, Romanis ami- 
 cam, oppugn are aggressus est. Huic Romani per legatos 
 denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Qui quum legatos ad- 
 mittere nollet, Romani Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretur 3 
 Hannibali, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. 
 Dura responsa a Carthaginiensibus reddita. Saguntinis in- 
 terea fame victis, Romani Carthaginiensibus bellum indixe- 
 runt. 
 
 3. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, Pyre- 
 naeum et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Italiam oetoginta millia 
 peditum, et viginti millia equitum, septem et triginta ele- 
 phantos adduxisse. Interea multi Ligures 4 et Galli Hanni- 
 bali se conjunxerunt. Primus ei occurrit P. Cornelius Sci- 
 pio, qui proelio ad Ticinum 5 commisso, superatus est, et, vul- 
 nere accepto, in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus 
 conflixit ad Trebiam 6 amnem. Is quoque vincitur. Multi 
 populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Tusciam 7 progres- 
 sus Flaminium Cos. ad Trasimenum 8 lacum supefat. Ipse 
 Flaminius interemtus, Romanorum viginti quinque millia 
 caesa sunt. 
 
 4. Quingentesimo et quadragesimo anno post Urbem 
 40^ con ditam L. Aemilius Paulus et P. Terentius Varro 
 contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Quamquam intellectum 
 erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse, quam mora, 9 Varro 
 tamen, morae impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, 
 in Apulia 10 pugnavit ; ambo consules victi, Paulus interemtus 
 est. In ea pugna consulares aut praetorii viginti, senatores 
 triginta capti aut occisi, militum qu&draginta millia, equitum 
 tria millia et quingenti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo 
 tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod 
 nunquam ante factum, manumissi et milites facti sunt. 
 
 5. Post earn pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Roma- 
 nis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Hannibal 
 Romanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent ; responsumque est 
 a senatu, eos cives non esse necessarios, qui armati 11 capi po- 
 tuissent. Hos omnes ille postea variis suppliciis interfecit, 
 et tres modios aureorum annulorum 12 Carthaginem misit, quos 
 manibus equitum Romanorum, senatorum et miiitum detrax- 
 erat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis Hasdrubal, qui 
 
LIBER III. 40 
 
 ibi remanserat cum magno exercitu, a duobus Scipionibus 1 
 vincitur, perditque in pugna triginta quinque millia hominum. 
 
 6. Anno quarto post quam Hannibal in Italiam venerat. 
 M. Claudius Marcellus Cos. apud Nolam, 2 civitatem Cam- 
 paniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit. Illo tempore 
 Philippus, Demetrii filius, rex Macedoniae, ad Hannibalem 
 legatos mittit, eique auxilia contra Romanos pollicetur. Qui 
 legati quum a Romanis capti essent, M. Valerius Laevinus 
 cum navibus missus est, qui regem impediret, quo miuus co 
 pias in Italiam trajiceret. 3 Idem in Macedoniam penetrans 
 regem Philippum vicit. 
 
 7. In Sicilia quoque res prospere gesta est. Marcellus 
 magnam bujus insulae partem cepit, quam Poeni 4 occupa- 
 verant ; Syracusas, 5 nobilissimam urbem, expugnavit, et in- 
 gentem inde praedam Romam misit. Laevinus- in Macedo- 
 nia cum Philippo et multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit : 
 et in Sicilian! profectus, Hannonem, Poenorum ducem, apud 
 Agrigentum cepit ; quadraginta civitates in deditionem acce- 
 pit, viginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sicilia recepta cum 
 ingenti gloria Romam regressus est. 
 
 8. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones 6 ab Hasdru* 
 bale interfecti erant, missus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir Ro« 
 manorum omnium fere primus. Hie puer duodeviginti anno- 
 rum in pugna ad Ticinum 7 patrem singulari virtute servavit* 
 Deinde post cladem Cannensem multos nobilissimorum ju 
 venum, Italiam deserere cupientium, 8 auctoritate sua ab hoc 
 consilio deterruit. Viginti quatuor annorum juvenis in His- 
 paniam missus, die, qua venit, Carthaginem novam 9 cepit, in 
 qua omne aurum et argentum et belli apparatum Poeni ha- 
 bebant, nobilissimos quoque obsides, quos ab Hispanis acce- 
 perant. Hos obsides parentibus suis reddidit. Quare omaes 
 fere Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno animo transierunt. 
 
 9. Ab eo inde tempore res Romanorum in dies laetiores 
 factae sunt. Hasdrubal a fratre ex Hispania in Italiam evo- 
 catus, apud Senam, 10 Piceni 11 Givitatem, in insidias incidh\ et 
 strenue pugnans occisus est. Plurimae autem civitates, quae 
 in Bruttiis 12 ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis se tradide- 
 runt. 
 
 10. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Han- 
 nibal venerat, Scipio consul creatus et in Africam mis- f^ A 
 sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginien- 
 sium, prospere pugnat totumque ejus exercitum delet. Se- 
 cundo proelio undecim millia hominum occidit, et castra ce- 
 pit cum quatuor millibus et quingentis militibus. Syphacem, 
 Numidiae 13 regem, qui se cum Poenis conjunxerat, cepit, 
 
 F 
 
50 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 eumque cum nobilissimis Mumidis et infinitis spoliis Romam 
 misit* Qua re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibalem dese- 
 
 rit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus in Africam redire jube- 
 kkq tur. Ita anno decimo septimo Italia ab Hannibale li- 
 
 berata est. 
 11. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel lustra tenta- 
 tarn, pugna ad Zamam 1 committitur, in qua peritissimi duces 
 copias suas ad bellum educcbant. Scipio victor recedit ; 
 Hannibal cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax 
 cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam re- 
 diisset, ingenti gloria triumphavit, atque Africanus appellatus 
 est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post an- 
 num undevicesimum quam coeperat. 2 
 
 LIBER QUARTUS. 
 
 1. Finito Punico bello, secutum est Macedonicura 
 $' v# contra Philippum 3 regem. Superatus est rex a T. 
 
 Quinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas, 4 paxque ei da* 
 ta est his legibus : ne Graeciae civitatibus, quas Romani con- 
 tra eum defender ant, helium inferret ; ut captivos et transfugas 
 redderet ; quinquaginta solum naves haberet ; reliquas Roma* 
 nis daret ; mille talenta praestaret, et obsidem daret Jllium De~ 
 metrium. T. Quinctius etiam Lacedaemoniis intulit bellum, 
 et due em eorum Nabidem 5 vicit. 
 
 2. Finito bello Macedonico, secutum est bellum Syria- 
 ™ j cum 6 contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hannibal se 
 
 junxerat. Missus est contra eum L. Cornelius Scipio 
 Cos., cui frater ejus Scipio Africanus legatus 7 est additus. 
 Hannibal navali proelio victus, Antiochus autem ad Magne- 
 siam, 8 Asiae civitatem, a Cornelio Scipione Cos. ingenti 
 proelio fusus est. Turn rex Antiochus pacem petit. Data 
 est ei hac lege, ut ex Europa et Asia 9 recederet, atque intra 
 Taurum 10 se contineret, decern millia talentorum et viginti ob~ 
 sides praeberet, Hannibalem, concitorem belli, dederet. Scipio 
 Romam rediit et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse 
 ad imitationem fratris Asiatici accepit. 
 
 3. Philippo, rege M acedoniae, mortuo, filius ejus Perseus 
 rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Romanorum, P. 
 Licinius Cos. contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus 
 est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Romani earn prae- 
 stare noluerunt, nisi his conditionibus, ut se et suos Rcmanis 
 
 dederet. Mox Aemilius Paulus Cos. regem ad Pyd- 
 -Qg ' nam 11 superavit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occi- 
 
 dit. Equitatus cum rege fugit. IJrbes Macedonian 
 
LIBER IV- 
 
 5i 
 
 omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt. Ipse 
 Perseus ab amicis desertus in Pauli potestatem venit. Hie, 
 multis etiam aliis rebus gestis, cum ingenti pompa Romam 
 rediit in nave Persei, inusitatae magnitudinis ; nam sedecim 
 remorum ordines 1 habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnifi- 
 centissime in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere adstan- 
 tibus. Ante currum inter captivos duo regis filii et ipse Per- 
 seus ducti sunt. 
 
 4. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem sus- A v 
 ceptumest,sexcentesimo et altero anno ab Urbe condi- ^02. 
 ta, anno quinquagesimo primo, postquam secundum bel- 
 lum Punicum transactum erat. L. Manlius Censorinus et M, 
 Manilius Coss. in Africam trajecerunt et oppugnaverunt Car- 
 thaginem. Multa ibi praeciare gesta sunt per Scipionem, 
 Scipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus 2 in Africa militabat, 
 Hujus apud omnes ingens metus et reverentia erat, neque 
 quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam con- 
 tra earn proelium committere. 
 
 5. Quum jam magnum esset Scipionis nomen, tertio anno 
 postquam Romani in Africam trajecerant, consul est creatus 
 et contra Carthaginem missus. Is hanc urbem, a civi- 
 
 bus acerrime defensam, cepit ac diruit. Ingens ibi 60g 
 praeda facta, pluriinaque" inventa sunt, quae multarum 
 civitatum excidiis Carthago collegerat. Haec omnia Scipio 
 civitatibus Italiae, Siciliae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recog- 
 noscebant. Ita Carthago, septingentesimo anno postquam 
 condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen Africani jumoris ac- 
 cepit. 
 
 6. Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus 1 arma 
 movit, et P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad internecio- 
 nem vicit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metellus dux a Romanis 
 contra Pseudophilippum missus est, et viginti quioque milli- 
 bus ex militibus ejus occisis, Macedoniam recepit ; ipsum 
 etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Corin- 
 thiis 3 quoque bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Graeciae c'u 
 vitati, propter injuriam 3 Romanis legatis illatam. Hanc 
 Mummius consul cepit ac diruit. Tres igitur Romae ^T 
 simul celeberrimi triumphi fuerunt : Scipionis ex Africa, 
 ante cujus currum ductus est Hasdrubal ; Metelli ex Macedo- 
 nia, cujus currum praecessit Andriscus, qui et Pseudophilip. 
 pus dicitur ; Mummii ex Corintho, ante quern signa aenea et 
 pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimae ornamenta praelata 
 sunt. 
 
 7. Anno sexcentesimo decimo post Urbem conditam ^. V 
 Yiriathus in Lusitania 7 bellum contra Romanos exci- 610- 
 
52 V. ROMAS HISTORY, 
 
 tavit. Pastor primo fait, mox latronum dux ; poslremtr tan 
 tos ad bellum populos concitavit, ut vindex libertatis Hispania* 
 existimaretur. Denique a suis interfectus est. Quum in- 
 terfectores ejus praemium a Caepione Cos. peterent, respon- 
 sum est, nunquam Romanis placuissc, imperatorem a militx- 
 bus suis interfici. 
 
 8. Deinde bellum exortum est cum Numantiais, 1 civitate 
 Hispaniae. Victus ab his Qu. Pompejus, et post eum C. 
 Hostilius Mancinus Cos,, qui pacem cum iis fecit infamem- 
 quam populus et senatus jussit infringi, atque ipsum Manci- 
 num hostibus tradi. 2 Turn P. Scipio Africanus in Hispaniam 
 missus est. Is primum militem ignavum et corruptum correx- 
 . v it : 3 turn multas Hispaniae civitates partim bello cepit> 
 621. partim in deditionem accepit. Postremo ipsam Nu- 
 
 mantiam fame ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit ; 
 reliquam provinciam in fidem accepit. 
 
 9. P. Sciptone Nasica et L. Calpurnio Bestia Coss. Ju~ 
 gurthae, Numidarum regi, bellum illatum est, quod Adher 
 balem ct Hiempsalem, Micipsae filios, patrueles suos, intere^ 
 misset. Missus adversus eum Cos. Calpurnius Bestia, cor- 
 ruptus regis pecunia, pacem cum eo flagitiosissifnam fecit, 
 quae a senatu improbata est. Denique Qu. Caecilius Me- 
 tellus Cos. Jugurtham variis proeliis vicir, elephantos ejus 
 t>eeidit vel cepit, multas civitates ipsius in deditionem accepit. 
 
 Ei successit C. Mafius, qui bello terminum posuit, ip- 
 ^g V sumque Jugurtham cepit. Ante currum triumphantis 
 
 Marii Jugurtha cum duobus filiis ductus est vinctus, 4 et 
 mox jussu consulis in earcere strangulatus. 
 
 LIBER QUINTUS. 
 
 1. Dum bellum in Numidia contra Jugurtham geritui \.. 
 Cimbri et TeutSnes 5 aliaeque Germanoium et Gallorum gen- 
 tes Italiae minabantur, pluresque Romanorum exercitus fu~ 
 derunt. Xngens fuit Romae timor, ne iterum 6 Galli Urbem 
 occuparent. Ergo Marius Cos. creatus, eique bellum contra 
 Cimbros et Teutones 7 decretum est ; belloque protracto, 8 ter- 
 tius ei et quartus consulate delatus est. In duobus proeliis 
 cum Cimbris ducenta millia hostium cecidit, octoginta millia 
 cepit, eorumque regem Theutobochum ; propter quod men-, 
 turn absens quinto consul creatus est. Interea Cimbri et 
 Teutones, quorum copia adhuc infinita erat, in Italiam 
 ^ 5 *3 transierunt. Iterum a C. Mario et Qu. Catulo contra 
 eos dimicatum est ad Veronam, Centum et quadra 
 
xrBER v. 53 
 
 ginta millia aut in pugna aut in fuga caesa sunt ; sexaginta 
 millia capta. Tria et triginta Cimbris signa sublata sunt. 
 
 2. Sexcentesimo quinquagesimo nono anno ab Urbe 
 condita in Italia gravissimum bellum 1 exarsit. Nam 6 ' 59 
 Picentes, Marsi Pelignique, qui multos annos populo 
 Romano obedierant, aequa cum illis jura 2 sibi dari postula- 
 bant. Perniciosum admodum hoc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius 
 Cos. in eo occisus est ; plures exercitus fusi fugatique. 
 Tandem L. Cornelius Sulla cum alia egregie gessit, turn 
 Cluentium, hostium ducem, cum magnis copiis fudit. Per 
 quadriennium cum gravi utriusque partis calamitate hoc bel- 
 lum tractum est. Quinto demum anno L. Cornelius Sulla 
 ei imposuit finem. Roman i tamen, id quod prius negave- 
 rant, jus civitatis, 3 bello finito sociis tribuerunt. 
 
 3. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo sextG 
 primum Romae bellum civile exortum est ; eodem an- 
 
 no etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C, Ma- ^ 
 rius dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum adversus Mithri. 
 datem, regem Ponti, 4 decretum esset, Marius ei hunc hono- 
 rem eripere conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui adhuc cum legioni- 
 bus suis in Italia morabatur, cum exercitu Romam venit, 
 et adversarios cum interfecit, turn fugavit. Turn rebus Ro- 
 mae utcunque compositis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribus- 
 que proeliis Mithridatem coegit, ut pacem a Rom an is peteret, 
 et Asia, quam invaserat, relicta, regni sui finibus contentus 
 esset. 
 
 4. Sed dum. Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mithridatem vincit, 
 Marius, qui fugatus fuerat, 5 et Cornelius Cinna, unus ex eon- 
 ^ulibus, bellum in Italia repararunt ; et ingressi Romam, no- 
 bilissimos ex senatu, et consu lares viros interfecerunt ; mul- 
 tos proscripserunf ; s ipsius Sullae domo eversa, filios et ux- 
 orem ad fugam compulerunt. Universus reliquus senatu«, 
 ex Urbe fugiens;, ad Sullam in Graeciam venit, orans, ut 
 patriae subveniret. Sulla in Italiam trajecit, hostium ex- 
 ercitus vicit, mox etiam Urbem ingressus est, quam caede 
 et sanguine civium repievit. Quatuor millia inermium, qui 
 se dediderant, interfici jussit ; duo millia equitum et senato. 
 rum proscripsit. Turn de Mithridate triumphavit. Duo 
 haec bella funestissima, Italicum, quod et Sociale 7 dictum 
 est, et Civile, consumserunt ultra centum et quinquaginta 
 millia hominum, viros consulares viginti quatuor, praetorios 
 septem, aedilitios sexaginta, senatores fere ducentos, 
 
 £2 
 
13 V. ROHAN jiXSTOKY> 
 
 LIBER SEXTUS. 
 
 3 , Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo septuagesimc 
 \vX' sexto, L. Licinio Lucullo et M. Aurelio Cotta Coss 
 mortuus est Nicomedes, rex Bithyniae, et testamento 
 populum Romanum fecit heredem. Mithridates, pace rupta. 
 Asiam rursus voluit invadere. Adversus eum ambo consules 
 missi variam habuere fortunam. Cotta apud Chalcedonem 1 
 victus proelio, a rege etiam intra oppidum obsessus est. Sed 
 quum se inde Mithridates CyzTcum 2 transtulisset, ut hac urbe 
 capta totam Asiam invaderet, Lucullus ei alter consul occur- 
 rit, ac dum Mithridates in obsidione Cyzici commoratur, ipse 
 eum a tergo obsedit, fameque consumtum multis proeliis vi- 
 cit. Postremo Byzantium 3 fugavit; navali quoque proelio 
 ejus duces oppressit. Ita una hieme et aestate a. Lucullo 
 Amentum fere millia militum regis exstincta sunt. 
 
 2. Anno Urbis sexcentesimo septuagesimp octavo 
 678. n ^ T um in Italia bellum 4 commotum est. Septuaginta 
 enim quatuor gladiatores, 5 ducibus Spartaco, Crixo et 
 Oenomao, e ludo gladiatorio, qui Capuae erat, efFugerunt, et 
 per Italiam vagantes paene non levins bellum, quam Hanni- 
 bal, moverunt. Nam contraxerunt exercitum fere sexaginta 
 millium armatorum, multosque duces et duos Romanes con« 
 sules vicerunt. Ipsi victi sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso 
 proconsule, et post multas calamitates Italiae, tertio anno 
 huic bello finis est impositus. 
 
 3. Interim L. Lucullus bellum Mithridaticurn persequu- 
 ins, regnum Mithridatis invasit, ipsumque regem apud Ca- 
 bira 6 civitatem, quo ingentes copias ex omni regno adduxe- 
 rat MithridateSj ingenti proelio superatum fugavit, et castra 
 ejus diripuit. Armenia quoque minor, quam tenebat, eidem 
 erepta est. Suseeptus est Mithridates a Tigrane, Armeniae 
 rege, qui turn ingenti gloria imperabat ; sed hujus quoque 
 regnum Lucullus est ingressus ; Tigranocerta, nobilissimam 
 Armeniae civitatem, cepit ; ipsum regem, cum magno exer- 
 citu venientem, ita vicit, ut robur militum Armeniorum dele- 
 ret. Sed quum Lucullus finem bello imponere pararet, suc- 
 cessor 7 ei missus est. 
 
 4. Per ilia tempora piratae 8 omnia maria infestabant ita, 
 ut Romanis, toto orbe terrarum victoribus, sola navigatio tuta 
 
 non esset. Quare id bellum Cn. Pompejo decretum 
 
 ~«JC* est, quod intra paucos menses incredibili felicitate et 
 
 ' celeritate confecit. Mox ci delatum bellum contra re- 
 
LIBER VI. 55 
 
 gem Mithridatem et Tigranem. Quo suscepto, Mithridatem 
 in Armenia minore nocturno proelio vicit, castra diripuit, et 
 quadraginta millibus ejus occisis, viginti tantum de exercitu 
 suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithridates fugit cum ux- 
 ore et duobus comitibus, neque multo post, Pharnacis filii sui 
 seditione coactus, venenum hausit. 1 Hunc vitae iinem ha- 
 buit Mithridates, vir ingentis industriae atque consilii. Reg 
 navit annis sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus : contra Ro« 
 manos bellum habuit annis quadraginta. 
 
 5. Tigrani deinde Pompejus bellum intuiit. Ille se ei de- 
 didit, et in castra Pompeji venit, ac diadema suum in ejus ma- 
 nibus collocavit, quod ei Pompejus reposuit. Parte regm 
 eum multavit et grand i pecunia. Turn alios etiam reges et 
 populos superavit. Armeniam minorem Dejotaro, Galatiae ? 
 regi, donavit, quia auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat. Se- 
 leuciam, vicinam Antiochlae civitatem, libertate donavit, 
 quod regem Tigranem non recepisset. 3 Inde in Judaeam* 
 transgressus, Hierosolymam, caput gentis, tertio mense ce« 
 pit, duodecim millibus Judaeorum occisis, ceteris in fidem re« 
 ceptis. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante 
 triumphantis currum ducti sunt filii Mithridatis, filius Tigra- 
 nis, et Aristobulus, rex Judaeorum. Praelata ingens pecu- 
 nia, auri atque argenti infinitum. 5 Hoc tempore nullum per 
 orbem terrarum grave bellum erat. 
 
 £. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio Coss. 
 anno ab Urbe condita sexcentesimo undenonagesimo ^g 
 L. Sergius Catilina, 6 nobilissimi generis vir, sed inge- 
 nii pravissimi, ad delendam patriam conjuravit cum quibus^ 
 dam, claris quidem, sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe 
 expulsus est, socii ejus deprehensi et in carcere strangulate 
 sunt. Ab Antonio, aitero console, Catilina ipse proelio vie- 
 tus est et interfectus. 
 
 7. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo 
 tertio C. Julius Caesar cum L. Bibulo consul estfactus. *~«* 
 Quum ei Gallia decreta esset, semper vineendo usque 
 
 ad Oceanum Britannicum processit. Domuit autem annis 
 novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, flume n Rho- 
 danum, Rhenum et Oceanum est. Britannis mox bellum in- 
 tuiit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cogni- 
 turn erat ; Germanos quoque trans Rhenum aggressus, ingen- 
 tibus proeliis vicit. 
 
 8. Circa eadem tempora M. Licinius Crassus contra Par« 
 thos 7 missus est. Et quum circa Carras 3 contra omi- 
 
 na et auspicia^ proelium commisisset, a Surena, Oro- ^ V 
 dis regis duce, victus et mterfectus est cum filio, claris* 
 
56 V, ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 simo et praestantissimo juvene. Reliquiae exercitus per C. 
 Gassium quaestorem servatae sunt. 
 
 9. Hinc jam bellum civile successit, quo Romani 
 ^* v * nominis 1 fortuna mutata est. Caesar enim victor e 
 Gallia rediens, absens 2 coepit poscere alterum consu- 
 latum ; quern quum aliqui sine dubitatione deferrent, contra - 
 dictum est a Pompejo et aliis, jussusque est, dimissis exerciti- 
 bus, in urbem redire. Propter hanc injuriam ab Arimino, 5 
 ubimilites congregates habebat, infesto exercitu Romam con- 
 tendit. Consules cum Pompejo, senatusque omnis atque uni- 
 versa nobilitas ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit ; et, dum 
 senatus bellum contra Caesarem parabat, hie, vacuam urbem 
 ingressus, dictatorem ' se fecit. 
 
 10. Inde Hispanias 5 petit, ibique Pompeji legiones supe- 
 ravit ; turn in Graecia adversum Pompejum ipsum dimicavit. 
 Primo proelio 6 victus est et fugatus ; evasit tamen, quia nocte 
 kiterveniente Pompejus sequi noluit ; dixitque Caesar, nee 
 Pompejum scire vincere, et illo tantum die se potuisse supe- 
 rari. Deinde in Thessalia apud Pharsalum 7 ingentibus utrin- 
 que copiis commissis dimicaverunt. Nunquam adbuc Roma- 
 nae copiae majores, neque melioribus ducibus convenerant. 
 Pugnatum est ingenti contentione, victusque ad postremum 
 Pompejus, et castra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexan- 
 driam 8 petiit, ut a rege Aegypti, 9 cui tutor a senatu datus 
 fuerat, acciperet auxilia. At hie fortunam magis, quam ami- 
 citiam, secutus, occidit Pompejum, caput ejus et annulum 
 Caesari misit. Quo conspecto, Caesar lacrimas fudisse dici- 
 tur, tanti viri intuens caput, et generi 10 quondam sui. 
 
 11 . Quum ad Alexandriam venisset Caesar, Ptolemaeus ei 
 msidias parare voluit ; qua de causa regi bellum illatum est. 
 Rex victus in Nilo periit, inventumque est corpus ejus cum 
 lorica aurea. Caesar Alexandria potitus, regnum Cleopa- 
 trae 11 dedit. Turn inde profectus Pompejanarum partium re- 
 iiquias est persequutus, bellisque civilians toto terrarum orbe 
 compositis, Romam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius 13 agere coe- 
 pisset, conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senato- 
 ribus, equitibusque Romanis. Praecipui fuerunt inter con- 
 juratos Bruti duo, 13 ex genere illius Bruti, qui, regibus expul- 
 
 sis, primus Romae consul fuerat, C. Cassius et Servi- 
 ^ • • lius Casca. Ergo Caesar, quum in curiam venisset, vi- 
 ginti tribus vulneribus confossus est. 
 
 12. Interfecto Caesare, anno Urbis septingentesimo nono, 
 bella civilia reparata sunt. Senatus favebat Caesaris percus- 
 soribus, Antonius Cos. a Caesaris partibus stabat. Ergo 
 turbata republica. Antonius, multis sceleribus commissis, a se* 
 
llBEft VI. 57 
 
 ftatu hostis judicatus est. Fusus 1 fiigatusque Antonius, amis- 
 so excrcitu, confugit ad Lepidum, 2 qui Caesari magistei 
 equitum fuerat, et turn grandes copias militum habebat ; a 
 quo susceptus est. Mox Octavianus 3 cum Antonio pacem 
 fecit, et quasi vindicaturus patris sui 4 mortem* a quo per tes- 
 tamentum fuerat adoptatus, Romam cum exercitu profectus 
 extorsit, ut sibi juveni viginti annorum consulates daretur. 
 Turn junctus cum Antonio et Lepido rempublicam armis te- 
 nere coepit, senatumque proscripsit. 5 Per hos etiam Cicero 
 orator occisus est multique alii nobiles. 
 
 13. Interea Brutus et Cassius, 6 interfectores Caesaris, in- 
 gens bellum moverunt. Profecti contra eos Caesar Octa- 
 vianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et M. An- 
 
 712^ tonms > apud Philippos, 7 Macedoniae urbem, contra 
 cos pugnaverunt. Primo proelio victi sunt Antonius et 
 Caesar ; periit tamen dux nobilitatis Cassius ; sec undo Bru- 
 turn et infinitam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum suscepe- 
 rat, victam interfecerunt. Turn victores rempublicam ita in- 
 ter se diviserunt, ut Octavianus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias/ 
 Italiam teneret ; Antonius Orientem, Lepidus 9 Africam ac- 
 ciperet. 
 
 14. Paulo post Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris Octa* 
 viani, Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac 
 incitatus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleopatra cupiditatc 
 muliebri optat Romae regnare. Victus est ab Augusto 10 na* 
 vali pugna clara et illustri apud Actium, 11 qui locus in 
 Epiro est. Hinc fugit in Aegyptum, et desperatis re- ^^ * 
 bus, quum omnes ad Augustum transirent, se ipse inter- 
 emit. Cleopatra quoque aspidem 12 sibi admisit, €t veneno 
 ^jus exstincta est. Ita bellis toto orbe confectis, Octavianus 
 Augustus Romam rediit anno duodecimo quam consul fuerat* 
 Ex eo inde tempore rempublicam per quadraginta etxjuatuor 
 annos solus obtinuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum An. 
 lonio et Lepido tenuerat. Ita ab initio principatus ejus us- 
 que ad fincm quinquaginta sex anni fuere. 
 
oS 
 
 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE NATIONS 
 OF ANTIQUITY, 
 
 1. Universus terrarum orbis in tres partes dividitur, Eu. 
 ropam, Asiam, Africam. Europa ab Africa sejungitur frete 
 Gaditano, 1 in cujus utraque parte montes sunt altissimij 
 Abyla in Africa, in Europa Calpe, qui montes 2 Herculis co- 
 himnae 3 appellantur. Per idem fretum mare internum, quod 
 littoribus Europae, Asiae et Africae includitur, jungitur cum 
 Oceano. 
 
 2. Europa terminos habet ab oriente Tahaim 4 fluvium^ 
 Pontum Euxinum 5 et paludem Maeotida ; 6 a meridie, mare 
 internum; ab Occident e, mare Atlantkmm sive Oceanuiri; a 
 septentrione, mare Britannicum. 7 Mare internum tres max- 
 imos sinus habet. Quorum is, qui Asiam a Graecia sejungit, 
 Aegaeum 8 mare vocatur ; secundus, qui est inter Graeciam 
 et Italiam, Ionium ; tertius denique, qui occidentales Italiae 
 oras alluit, a Romanis Tuscum, a Graecis Tyrrhenum 9 mare 
 appellator. 
 
 3. In ea Europae parte, quae ad occasum vergit, prima 
 terrarum est Hispania, quae a tribus lateribus mari cireum- 
 data, per Pyrenaeos montes cum Gallia cohaeret. Quum 
 universa Hispania dives sit et fecunda, ea tamen regio, quae 
 a flumine Baeti 10 Baetica vocatur, ceteras fertilitate ante- 
 cellit. Ibi Gades sitae, insula cum urbe a Tyriis condita, 11 
 quae freto Gaditano nomen dedit. Tota ilia regio viris, equis, 
 ferro, plumbo, aere, argento, auroque abundat, et ubi penu- 
 ria aquarum minus est fertilis, linum tamen aut spartum alit 
 Marmoris quoque lapicidinas habet. In Baetica minium re. 
 peritur. 
 
 4. Gallia posita est inter Pyrenaeos montes et Rhenum ; 
 orientalem oram Tuscum mare alluit, occidentalem Ocea- 
 nus. Ejus pars ilia, quae Italiae est opposita et Narbonen- 
 sis 12 vocatur^ omnium est laetissima. In ea ora sita est Mas- 
 
OF THE GEOGRAPHY, &C. 50 
 
 silia, 1 urbs a Phocaeis condita, qui, patria a Persis devicta, 
 quum servitutem ferre non possent, Asia relicta, novas in 
 Europa sedes quaesiverant. Ibidem est campus laprdeus, 
 ubi Hercules dicitur contra Neptuni liberos dimicasse. 2 
 Quum tela defecissent, Jupiter filium imbre lapidum adjuvit. 
 Credas pluisse ; 3 adeo multi passim jacent. 
 
 5. Rhodanus fluvius, 4 haud longe a Rheni fontibus ortus, 
 lacu Lemano 5 excipitur, servatque impetum, ita ut per me- 
 dium lacum integer fluat, tantusque, quantus venit, egredia- 
 tur. Inde ad occasum versus, Gallias aliquamdiu dirimit ; f 
 donee, cursu in meridiem flexo, aliorum amnium accessu 
 auctus in mare effunditur. 
 
 6. Ea pars Galliae, quae ad Rhenum porrigitur, 7 frumen- 
 ti pabulique feracissima est, coelum salubre : noxia anima- 
 lium genera pauca alit. Incolae superbi et superstitiosi, 
 ita ut deos humanis victirnis gaudere existiment. Ma- 
 gistri religionum et sapientiae sunt Druidae, 8 qui, quae se 
 scire profitentur, 9 in antris abditisque silvis docent. Animas 
 aeternas esse credunt, vitamque alteram post mortem inci- 
 pere. Hanc ob causam cum defunctis arma cremant aut 
 defodiunt, eamque doctrinam homines ad bellum alacriores 
 facere existimant. 
 
 7. Universa Gallia divisa est inter tres magnos populos, 
 qui fluviis terminantur. A Pyrenaeo monte usque ad Ga- 
 rumnam 10 Aquitani 11 habitant ; inde ad Sequanam 12 Celtae : r 
 Belgae 14 denique usque ad Rhenum pertinent. 15 
 
 8. Garumna amnis ex Pyrenaeo monte delapsus, din va- 
 dosus est et vix navigabilis. Quanto magis procedit, tanto 
 fit latior ; ad postremum magni freti similis, non solum ma- 
 jora navigia tolerat, verum etiam more maris exsurgit, na» 
 vigantesque atrociter jactat. 
 
 9. Sequana ex Alpibus ortus in septentrionem pergit. 
 Post qu am se haud procul Lutetia 16 cum Matr&na conjunxit, 
 Oceano infunditur. Haec flumina opportunissima sunt mer- 
 cibus permutandis et ex mari interno in Oceanum transve- 
 hendis. 
 
 10. Rhenus itidem ex Alpibus ortus, haud procul ab ori* 
 gine lacum efHcit Venetum, 17 qui etiam Brigantiae appella- 
 tur. Deinde longo spatio per fines Helvetiorum, Medio- 
 matricorum 18 et Trevirorum 19 continuo alveo fertur, aut mo- 
 dicas insulas circumfluens ; in agro Batavo autem, ubi Ocea- 
 no appropinquavit, inplures amnes dividitur ; nee jam amnis, 
 sed ripis longe recedentibus, ingens lacus. Flevo 20 appellatur. 
 ejusdemque nominis insulam amplexus, fit iterum arctior, et 
 fluvius iterum 21 in mare emittitur. 
 
60 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 11 . Trans Rhenum Germani habitant usque ad Vistulam 1 
 quae finis est Germaniae ad orientem. Ad meridiem term** 
 natur Alpibus, ad septentrionem mari Britannico et Baltico. 
 Incolae corporum proceritate excellunt, Animos bellando, 
 corpora laboribus exercent. Hanc ob causam crebro bella 
 gerunt cum finitimis, non tarn finium prolatandorum causa, 
 aut imperii cupiditate, sed ob belli amorem. Mites tamen 
 sunt erga supplices et boni hospitibus. 2 Urbes moenibus 
 oinctas, aut fossis aggeribusque munitas non habent. Ipsas 
 domos ad breve tempus struunt, non lapidibusaut lateribus coc- 
 tis, sed lignis, quae frondibus tegunt. Nam diu eodem in lo- 
 co morari periculosum arbitrantur libertati. 
 
 12. Agriculturae Germani non admodum student, nee qttis- 
 quam agri modum certum aut fines proprios habet. Lacte 
 vescuntur et easeo et carne. Ubi fons, campus nemusve 
 lis placuerit, ibi domos figunt, mox alio transituri 3 cum con- 
 jugibus et liberis. Interdum etiam hiemem in subterraneis 
 specubus dicuntur transigere. 
 
 13. Germania altis montibus, silvis paludibusque invia red- 
 ditur. Inter silvas maxima est Hercynia, 4 cujus latitudinem 
 Caesar novem dierum iter pate re narrat. 5 Insequenti tem- 
 pore magna pars ejus excisa est. Flumina sunt in Germa- 
 nia multa et magna. Inter haec clarissimum nomen Rheni, 
 de quo supra diximus, et Danubii. 6 Clari quoque amnes, Moe- 
 nus, 7 Visurgis, 8 Albis. 9 Danubius, omnium Europae fluvio- 
 rum maximus, apud Rhaetos 10 oritur, flexoque ad ortum solis 
 cursu, receptisque sexaginta amnibus, in Pontum Euxinumsex 
 vastis ostiis effunditur. 
 
 14. Britanniam insuiam Phoenicibus innotuisse, eosque 
 stannum inde et plumbum pellesque petivisse, probabile est. 
 Romanis earn Julius Caesar primus aperuit ; u neque tamen 
 prius cognita esse coepit, quam Claudio imperante. 12 Hadri- 
 anus earn, muro 13 ab Oceano Germanico ad Hibernicum mare 
 ducto, in duas partes divisit, ut inferiorem insulae partem, quae 
 Romanis parebat, a barbarorum populorum, qui in Scotia ha- 
 bitabant, incursionibus tueretur. 
 
 15. Maxima insulae pars campestris, collibus passim sil~ 
 visque distincta. Incolae Gallos proceritate corporum vin- 
 cunt, ceterum ingenio Gallis similes, simpliciores tamen illis 
 magisque barbari. Nemora habitant pro urbibus. Ibi tu- 
 guria exstruunt et stabula pecori, sed plerumque ad breve 
 tempus. Humanitate ceteris praestant ii, qui Cantium 14 in- 
 colunt. Tota haec regio est maritima. Qui interiorem in- 
 sulae partem habitant, frumenta non serunt ; lacte et carne 
 vivunt. Pro vestibus induti sunt pcllibus. 
 
NATIONS OP ANTIQUITY. 61 
 
 16. Italia ab Alpibus usque ad fretum Siculum porrigitur 
 inter mare Tuscum et Adriaticum. Multo longior est quam 
 iatior. 1 In medio se attollit Apenninus mons, qui, postquam 
 eontinenti jugo progressus est usque ad Apuliam, in duos 
 quasi ramos 2 dividitur. Nobilissima regio ob fertilitatem soli, 
 coelique salubritatem. Quum longe in mare procurrat, plu- 
 rimos habet portus, populorum inter se patentes commercio. 
 Neque ulla facile est regio, quae tot tamque pulcras urbes 
 habeat, inter quas Roma et magnitudine et nominis fama 
 eminet. 
 
 17. Haec urbs, orbis terrarum caput, septem montes 
 complectitur. Initio quatuor portas habebat ; Augusti aevo 
 triginta septem. Urbis magnificentiam augebant fora, tern- 
 pla, porticus, aquaeductus, theatra, arcus triumphales, horti 
 denique, et id genus 3 alia, ad quae vel lecta 4 animus stupet. 
 Quare recte de ea praedicare videntur, qui nullius urbis in 
 toto orbe terrsrum magnificentiam ei comparari posse dixe- 
 runt. 
 
 18. Felicissima in Italia regio est Campania. Multi ibi . 
 vitiferi colles, ubi nobilissima vina gignuntur, Setinum, Cae- 
 ciibum, Falernum, Massicum. Calidi ibidem fontes saluber- 
 rimi. 3 Nusquam generosior olea. Conchylio quoque et 
 pisce nobili maria vicina scatent. 
 
 19. Clarissimi amnes Italiae sunt Padus 6 et Tiberis. Et 
 Padus quidem in superiore parte, quae Gallia Cisalpina 7 vo« 
 catur, ab imis radicibus Vesuli 3 montis exoritur ; primum 
 exilis, deinde aliis amnibus ita alitur, ut se per septem ostia 
 in mare effundat. Tiberis, qui antiquissimis temporibus Al- 
 bulae nomen habebat, ex Apennino oritur ; deinde duobus et 
 quadraginta fluminibus auctus, fit navigabilis. Plurimas in 
 utraque ripa villas adspicit, praecipue autem urbis Roma- 
 nae magnificentiam. 9 Placidissimus amnium raro ripas 
 egreditur. 
 
 20. In inferiore parte Italiae clara quondam urbs Taren* 
 turn, 10 quae maris sinui, cui adjacet, nomen dedit. Soli ferti- 
 litas coelique jucunda temperies in causa fuisse videtur, ut in- 
 colae luxuria et deliciis enervarentur. Quumque aliquamdiu 
 potentia florerent copiasque haud contemnendas alerent, pe- 
 regrinis tamen plerumque ducibus in bellis utebantur, ut Pyr- 
 rho, rege Epiri, quo superato, 11 urbs in Romanorum potesta- 
 tern venit. 
 
 21. Proxima Italiae est Sicilia, insula omnium maris inter- 
 ni maxima. Antiquissimis temporibus earn cum Italia cohae« 
 sjsse, marisque impetu, aut terrae motu inde divulsam esse # 
 verisimile est. Forma triangularis, ita ut litterae, qua*& 
 
 G 
 
02 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 Grneci AsXra vocant, imaginem referat. A tribus promon- 
 toriis vocatur Trinacria. 1 Nobilissimus ibi mons Aetnae, 
 qui urbi Catanae imminet, turn ob altitudinem, turn etiam ob 
 ignes, quos effundit ; quare Cyclopum 2 in illo monte officinam 
 esse poetae dicunt. Cineres e crateribus egesti 3 agrum cir- 
 Cumjacentem fecundum et feracem reddere existimantur. 
 Sunt ibi Piorum campi, qui nomen habent a duobus juvenibus 
 Catanensibus, qui, jflammis quondam repente ingruentibus, 
 parentes senectute confectos, humeris sublatos 4 flammae 
 eripuisse feruntur. Nomina fratrum Amphinomus et Anapus 
 fuerunt. 
 
 22. Inter urbes Siciliae nulla est illustrior Syracusis, Co* 
 rinthiorum colonia, ex quinque urbibus conflata. Ab Athe- 
 niensibus bello petita, 5 maximas hostium copias delevit ; Car- 
 thaginienses etiam magnis interdum cladibus affecit. Se- 
 cundo bello Punieo 6 per triennium oppugnata, Archimedis 7 
 potissimum ingenio et arte defensa, a M. Marcello capta est. 
 Vicinus buic urbi fons Arethusae Nymphae sacer, ad quam 
 Alpbeus amnis ex Peloponneso per mare Ionium lapsus co- 
 missari dicitur ; nam si quid ad Olympiam 3 in ilium amnem 
 jactum fuerit, id in Arethusae fonte reddi. 9 De ilia fabula 
 quid statuendum sit, sponte apparet. 
 
 23. In mari Ligustico insula est Corsica, quam Graeci 
 Cyrnum vocant. Terra aspera multisque locis invia, coe- 
 lum grave, mare circa importunum. Incolae latrociniis de- 
 diti, feri sunt et horridi. Mella quoque illius insulae amara 
 esse dicuntur corporibusque nocere. Proxima ei est Sar- 
 dinia, quae a Graecis mercatoribus Ichnusa vocatur, quia 
 fbrmam humani vestigii 10 habet. Solum quam coelum me« 
 lius. IUud fertile, hoc grave ac noxium. Noxia quoque 
 animalia herbasque venenatas gignit. Multum inde frumenti 
 Romum mittitur ; unde haec insula et Sicilia nutrices Urbis 
 vocantur. 
 
 24. Graecia nominis celebritate omnes fere alias orbis ter* 
 rarurn regiones superavit. Nulla enim magnorum ingenio- 
 rum fuit feracior ; neque ulla belli pacisque artes majore stu- 
 dio excoluit. Plurimas eadem colonias in omnes terrae par- 
 tes deduxit. Multum itaque terra marique valuit, et gravis- 
 sir-oa belia magna cum gloria gessit. 
 
 25. Graecia inter Ionium et Aegaeum mare porrigitur. 
 In plurimas regiones divisa est, quarum amplissimae sunt 
 Macedonia et Epirus 11 — quamquam hae a nonnullis a Grae- 
 ci a sejunguntur 2 — turn Thessalia. Macedoniam Philippi et 
 A\e\?;.ndri regnum illustravit ; quorum ille Graeciam subegit, 
 hie Asiam latissime domuit. ereptumque Persis imperium in 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. ^ 63 
 
 Macedones transtulit. 1 Centum ejus rcgionis et quinquagin- 
 ta urbes numerantur ; quarum septuaginta duas, Perseo, 
 ultimo Macedoniae rege, superato, 2 Paulus Aemilius diri- 
 puit. 
 
 2b\ Epirus, quae ab Acrocerauniis incipit montibus, 2 de- 
 sluit in Acheloo fiumine. Plures earn populi incolunt. II- 
 lustris ibi Dodona in Molossorum fmibus, vetustissimo Jovis 
 oraculo inclyta. Columbae ibi ex arboribus oracula dedisse 
 narrantur ; quercusque ipsas et iebetes aeneos inde suspen- 
 sos deorum voluntatem tinnltu significasse 1 fama est. 
 
 27. Aeheloi fluvii ostiis insulae aliquot objacent, quarum 
 maxima est Cephallenia. 5 Multae praeterea iusulae littori 
 Epiri adjacent, interque eas Corcyra, 6 quam Homerus Sche* 
 riam appellasse existimatur. In nac Phaencas posuit ille et 
 hortos Alcinoi. ColonTam hue deduxerunt Corinthii, quo 
 tempore 7 Numa Pompilius 8 Romae regnavit. Vicina ei Itha« 
 ca, 9 Ulyssis patria, aspera montibus, sed Homeri carminibus 
 adeo nobilitata, ut ne fertilissimis quidem regionibus cedat. 
 
 28. Thessalia late palet inter Macedonian! et Epirum, fe- 
 cunda regio, generosis praecipue equis excellens, uude Thes» 
 saloruni equitatus celeberrin;u»« Monies ibi memorabile£ 
 Olympus, in quo Deorum sedes esse existimatur, Pellon et 
 Ossa, per quos 10 Gig^ntes coelum petivisse dicuntur ; Oeta 
 denique, in cujus vertice Hercules, rogo conscenso, se ipsum 
 cremavit. Inter Ossam et Olympum Peneus, 11 limpidissimus 
 amnis, delabitur, vallem amoenissimam, Tempe 12 vocatam^ 
 irrigans. 
 
 29. Inter reliquas Graeciae regiones nominis claritate 
 eminet Attica, quae etiam Atthis vocatur. Ibi Athenae, 13 de 
 qua urbe deos 14 inter se certasse fama est. Certius est, nul* 
 lam unquam urbem tot poetas tulisse, tot oratores, tot philo- 
 sophos, totque in omni virtutis genere claros viros. Res au- 
 tern bello eas 15 gessit, ut huic soli gioiiae studere videretur : 
 pacisque artes ita excoluit, ut hac laude magis etiam quam 
 belli gloria splenderet. Arx ibi sive Acropolis, urbi immi. 
 nens, unde latus in mare prospectus patei. Per propylaea l€ 
 ad earn adscenditur, splendidum Periclis opus. Cum ipsa 
 urbe per longos muros 17 conjunctus est portus Piraeeus, post 
 bellum Persicum secundum a Themistocle munitus. Tutissi- 
 ma ibi statio navium. 
 
 30. Atticam attingii Boeotia, fertilissima regio. Incolat 
 magis corporibus valent, quam ingeniis. Urbs celeberrima 
 Thebae, quas Amphion, musices ope, 18 moenibus cinxisse di* 
 citur, Illustravit earn Pindari poetae ingenium, Epaminon* 
 
64 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND ^HE 
 
 dae virtus. 1 Mons ibi Helicon, Musarum sedes, et Cithae; 
 ron, plurimis poetarum fabulis celebratus. 
 
 31. Boeotiae Phocis finitima, ubi Delphi urbs clarissima. 
 In qua urbe oraculum Apollinis quatitam apud omnes gente? 
 auctoritatem habuerit, quot quamque praeclara munera ex 
 omni fere terrarum orbe Delphos missa fuerint, nemo igno- 
 rat. 2 Imminet urbi Parnassus mons, in cujus verticibus Mil- 
 sae habitare dicuntur, unde aqua fontis Castalii poetarum in- 
 genia infiammare exisrimalur. 
 
 32. Cum ea parte Graeciae, quam hactenus descripsimus. 
 cohaeret ingens peninsula, quae Peloponnesus 3 vocatur, plal 
 tani folio simillima. Angustus ille trames inter Aegaeum 
 mare et Ionium, per quem cum Megaride cohaeret, Isthmus* 
 appellatur. In eo templum Neptuni est, ad quod ludi cele* 
 brantur Isthmici. 5 Ibidem in ipso Peloponnesi aditu, Corin- 
 thus sita est, urbs antiquissima, ex cujus summa arce (Aero- 
 corinthon appellant) utrumque mare conspicitur. Quum opi* 
 bus floreret, maritimisque valeret copiis, gravia bella gessit. 
 In hello Achaico, 6 quod Romani cum Graecis gesserunt, puK 
 cherrima urbs, quam Cicero Graeciae lumen appellat, a L, 
 Mummio expugnata funditusque deleta est. Restituit earn 
 Julius Caesar, colonosque eo milites veteranos misit. 
 
 33. Nobilis est in Peloponneso urbs Olympia, templo Jovis 
 Olympii ac statua illustris. Statua ex ebore facta, Phidiae 
 summi artificis opus praestantissimum. Prope illud templum 
 ad Alphei fluminis ripas ludi celebrantur Olympici, ad quo? 
 videndos ex tota Graecia concurritur. Ab his ludis Graeca 
 gens res gestas suas numerat. 7 
 
 34. Nee Sparta praetereunda est, urbs nobilissima, quam 
 Lycurgi leges, 8 civiumque virtus et patientia illustravit. 
 Nulla fere gens bellica laude magis floruit, pluresque viro& 
 fortes constantesque genuit. Urbi imminet mons Taygetus, 6 
 qui usque ad Arcadiam procurrit. Proximo urbem Eurotas 
 fluvius delabitur, ad cujus ripas Spartani se exercere solebant* 
 In Sinum Laconicum effunditur. Haud procul inde abest 
 promontorium Taenarum, ubi altissimi specus, per quos Or* 
 pheum 10 ad inferos descendisse narrant. 
 
 35. Mare Aegaeum, inter Graeciam Asiamque patens, 
 plurimis insulis distinguitur. Illustres inter eas sunt Cy- 
 clases, 11 sic appellatae, quia in orbem jacent. Media earum 
 est Delus, 12 quae repente e mari enata esse dicitur. In ea 
 insula Latona Apollincm et Dianam peperit, quae numina ibi 
 una cum matre summa religione coluntur. Urbi imminet 
 Cynthus, mons excelsus et arduus. Inopus amnis pariter 
 cum Nilo decrescere et augeri dicitur. Mercatus in Delo 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 65 
 
 celeberrimus, quod ob portos commoditatem templique reli- 
 gionem mercatores ex toto orbe terrarum eo confluebant 
 Eandem ob causam civitates Graeciae, post secundum Persia 
 cum bellum, tributa ad belli usum in earn insulam, tamquarn 
 in commune totius Graeciae aerarium, conferebant ; quam 
 pecuniam insequenti tempore Athenienses in suam urbem 
 transtuterunt. 1 
 
 36. Euboea 2 insula littori Boeotiae et Atticae praetendi- 
 tur, angusto freto a continenti distans. Terrae motu a Boe- 
 otia avulsa esse creditur ; saepius earn concussam esse con- 
 stat. Fretum, quo a Graecia sejungitur, vocatur Eurlpus, sae- 
 vum et aestuosum mare, quod continuo motu agitatur. Non- 
 nulli dicunt, septies quovis die, statis temporibus, fluctus alter- 
 no motu agitari ; alii hoc negaat, dicentes, mare temere," 
 in venti modum, hue illuc moveri. Sunt, qui narrent, Aristo- 
 telem philosophum, quia hujus miraculi causas investigare 
 non posset, aegritudine confectum esse. 
 
 B7. Jam ad boreales regiones pergamus. Supra Macedo* 
 niam Thracia porrigitur a Ponto Euxino usque ad Illyriam, 
 Regio frigida et in iis tantum partibus fecundior, quae propio- 
 res sunt mari. Pomi ferae arbores rarae : frequentiores vi- 
 tes ; sed uvae non maturescunt, nisi frigus studiose arcetur. 
 Sola Thasus, insula littori Thraciae adjacens, vino excellit, 
 Amnes sunt eeleberrimi Hehrus, ad quern Orpheus a Mae^ 
 aadibus discerptus esse clicitur ; Nesrus et Strymon. Mon- 
 ies altissimi, Ilaemus, ex cujus vertice Pontus et Adria ccn« 
 spicitur ; R hod ope et Orbe] us. 
 
 38. Plures Thraciam gentes incolunt, et nominibus diver- 
 sae et rnorihus. Inter has Getae omnium sunt ferocissimi et 
 ad mortem paratissimi. Animas enim post mortem reditura* 
 existimant. Recens iiaii apud ecs deflentur ; funera axatem 
 cantu lusuque celebrantur. Piures singuli uxores habenu 4 
 Hae cmnes, viro defunct o, mactari simulque cum eo sepeliri 
 cupiunt, .inagnoque id certamine a judicibus 5 contendim!* 
 Virgines non a parentibi>3 tracuntur viris, sed aut publice 
 ducendae 3 locantur, aut vsneunt. Pormosae in prelic tnrA^ 
 ceterae maritos mercede data invenkmt. 7 
 
 £9. Inter urbes Thraciae memorabile est Byzantium,* ad 
 Bosporum Thraciuna/ uxbs natura munita et arte, q^ae ciun 
 ob soli fertUitatem, turn ob vicinitatem maris omnium rerun;-, 
 quaa vita requirit. eopia abundat. Nee Sestos praevereunda 
 est silentio, urbs ad Keliespontum 1C; pesita, quam amor Hems 
 et Leandri 11 memorabi'em reddidit ; nee Cynoss^ma, 12 tumu. 
 !us Kecubae, 13 ubi ilia, post Trojam ciriuam, in casern mu- 
 et sepulta esse dicitur. Ncmcn ctiam habet in iisdern 
 
W VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY ANJ& THE 
 
 regionibus urbs Aenos, ab Aenea, 1 e patria profugo, condita $ 
 Zone, ubi nemora Orpheum canentem secuta esse narrantur f 
 Abdera denique, ubi Diomedes rex advenas equis suis devo- 
 i'andos 2 objiciebat, donee ipse ab Hercule iisdem objectus est^ 
 Quae urbs quum ran arum muriumque multitudine infestare- 
 fur, incolae, relicto patriae solo, novas sedes quaesiverunt 
 Hos Cassander, 3 rex Macedoniae, in societatem accepisse.. 
 agrosque in extrema Macedonia 4 assignasse 5 dicitur. 
 
 40. Jam de Scythis pauca dicenda sunt. Terminatur 
 Scythia 6 ab uno latere Pento Euxino, ab altero montibiis 
 Rhipaeis, a tergo, Asia et Phaside flumine. Vasta regio mil- 
 lis fere mtus finibus dividitur. Scythae enim nee agrum ex« 
 ercent, nee certas sedes habent, sed armenta et pecora pas- 
 centes, per incultas solitudines errare solent. Uxores libe- 
 rosque secum in plaustrvehis unt. Lacet et melle vescuntur ; 
 aurum et argentum cujus nullus apud eos usus est, aspernan* 
 tur. Corpora pellibus vestiunt. 
 
 41. Div r ersae sunt Scytharum gentes diversique mores, 
 Sunt, qui funera parentum festis sacrificiis celebrent, eorum- 
 que capitibus afFabre expolitis auroque vinctis pro poculis 
 utantur. Agathyrsi ora et corpora pingunt, idque tanto ma* 
 gis-, quanto quis illustrioribus gaudet majoribus. 7 li, qui 
 Tauricam Chersonesum 3 incolunt, antiquissimis temporibu^ 
 advenas Dianae mactabant. Interius habitantes ceteris ru* 
 diores sunt. Bella amant, et quo quis plures hostes intere- 
 merit, eo majore existimatione apud suos habetur. Ne foe- 
 dera quidem incruenta sunt. Sauciant se qui paciscuntun 
 sanguinemque permistum degustant. Id fidei pignus certis- 
 simum esse putant. 
 
 42. Maxima fluminum Scythicorum sunt Ister, qui et Da~ 
 nubius vocatur, et Borysthenes. 9 De Istro supra dictum est. 
 Borysthenes, ex ignotis fontibus ortus, liquidissimas aquas tra- 
 hit et potatu jucundas. Placidus idem laetissima pabula alit, 
 Magno spatio navigabilis juxta urbem Borysthenida in Pon~ 
 turn effunditur. 
 
 43. Ultra Rhipaeos montes et Aquilonem gens habitare 
 existimatur felicissima ; Hype^boreos 10 appellant. Regio 
 aprlca, felix coeli temperies omnique afflatu noxio carens. 
 Semel in anno sol iis oritur solstitio, bruma semel occldit. 11 
 Incolae in nemoribus et lucis habitant ; sine omni 12 discordia 
 et aegritudine vivunt. Quum vitae eos taedet, 13 epulis sum- 
 tis ex rupe se in mare praecipitant. Hoc enim sepulturae 
 genus beatissimum esse existimant. 
 
 44. Asia ceteris terrae partibus est amplior. Oceanus 
 earn alluit, ut locis, ita nominibus differens ; Eous ab oriente* 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY &} 
 
 a meridie Indicus, a septentrione Scythicus. Asiae nomine 1 
 appellatur etiam peninsula, quae a mari Aegaeo usque ad 
 Armeniam patet. In hac parte est Bithynia ad Propontidem 
 sita, ubi Granicus in mare efFunditur, ad quern amnem 2 Alex- 
 ander, rex Macedoniae, primam victoriara de Persis reporta- 
 vit. 3 Trans ilium amnem sita est Cyzicus in cervice penin- 
 sulae, 4 urbs nobilissima, a Cyzico appellata, qui in iilis re- 
 gionibus ab Argonautis pugna occisus est. 5 Haud procui 
 ab ilia urbe Rhyndacus in mare efFunditur, circa quern an* 
 gues nascuntur, non solum ob magnitudinem mirabiles, sed 
 etiam ob id, quod, quum ex aqua emergunt et hiant, supervo- 
 lantes aves absorbent. 6 
 
 45. Propontis cum Ponto jungitur per Bosporum, quod fre- 
 turn quinque stadia latum, Europam ab Asia separat. Ipsis 
 in faucibus Bospori oppidum est Chalcedon, ab Archia, Me- 
 garensium principe, et templum Jovis, ab Jasone 7 conditum, 
 Pontus ipse ingens est maris sinus, non molli neque arenoso 
 circumdatus littore, tempestatibus obnoxius, raris stationibus. 
 Olim ob saevitatem populorum, qui circa habitant, Axenus* 
 appeliatus fuisse dicitur ; postea, mollitis illorum moribus, 
 dictus est Euxinus. 9 
 
 46. In littore Ponti, in Mariandynorum agro, urbs est He- 
 raclea, ab Hercule, ut fertur, condita. Juxta earn spelunca 
 est Acherusia, quam ad Manes perviam esse existimant 
 Hinc Cerberus ab Hercule extractus fuisse dicitur. Ultra 
 fluvium Thermodonta 10 Mossyni habitant. Hi totum corpus 
 distinguunt notis. 11 Reges suffragio eligunt ; eosdem in 
 turre lignea inclusos arctissime custodiunt, et si quid perpe- 
 ram imperitaverint, inedia totius diei afficiunt. Extremum 
 Ponti angulum Colchi tenent ad Phasidem ; quae loca fabula 
 de vellere aureo et Argonautarum expeditio illustravit. 
 
 47. Inter provincias Asiae proprie dictae 12 illustris est 
 Ionia, in duodecim civitates divisa. Inter eas est Miletus, 
 belli pacisque artibus inclyta ; eique vicinum Panionium, sa- 
 cra regio, quo omnes Ionum civitates statis temporibus lega- 
 tossolebant mittere. Nulla facile urbs plures colonias misit, 13 
 quam Miletus. Ephesi, quam urbem Amazones 14 condidisse 
 traduntur, templum est Dianae, quod septem mundi miraculis 
 annumerari solet. Totius templi longitudo est quadringen- 
 torum viginti quinque pedum, latitudo ducentorum viginti ; 
 columnae centum viginti septem numero, sexaginta pedum 
 altitudine ; ex iis triginta sex caelatae. Operi praefuit 
 Chersiphron architectus. 
 
 48. Aeolis olim Mysia appellata, et ubi Hellespontum at* 
 tingit, Troas. Ibi Ilium 15 fuit situm ad radices montis Idae t 
 urbs bello, quod per decern annos cum universa Graecia ges- 
 
68 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AXD THE 
 
 sit, clarissima. Ab Idaeo rnonte Scamander defluit el Bi 
 mois, amnes fama quam natura majores. 1 Ipsum montem 
 certamen Dearum Paridisque judicium illustrem reddidit. 2 
 In littore clarae sunt urbes Rhoeteum et Dardania ; sed se- 
 pulcrum Ajacis, 3 qui ibi post certamen cum Ulysse gladio 
 incubuit, utraque clarius. 
 
 49. lonibus Cares sunt fmitimi, popuiu3 armorum bellique 
 adeo amans, ut aliena etiam beila mercede accepta 4 gere- 
 ret. Princeps Cariae urbs Halicarnassus, Argivorum colo- 
 nia, regum sedes olim. Unus eorum Mausolus fuit. Qui 
 quum vita defunctus esset, Artemisia conjux, desiderio mariti 
 flagrans, ossa ejus cineresque contusa 5 cum aqua miscuit ebi- 
 bitque, splendidumque praeterea sspulcrum 6 exstruxit, quod 
 inter septem orbis terrarum miracula censetur. 
 
 50. Cilicia sita est in intinio recessu maris, ubi Asia pro- 
 prie sic dicta cum Syria conjungitur. Sinus ille ab urbe 
 Isso Issici nomen habet. Fluvius ibi Cydnus, aqua limpidis- 
 sima et frigidissima, in quo Alexander Macedo quum lava- 
 ret, 7 parum abfuit, quin frigore enecaretur. Antrum Cory- 
 cium in iisdem regionibus ob singularem naturam memora- 
 bile est. Ingenti illud hiatu patet in monte arduo, alteque 
 demissum undique viret lucis 3 pendentibus. Ubi ad ima 
 pcrventum est, rursus aliud antrum aperitur. Ibi sonitus 
 cymbalorum ingredientes terrere dicitur. 9 Totus bic spe~ 
 cus augustus est et vere sacer, et a Diis habitari existimatur. 
 
 51. E Cilicia egresses Syria excipit, cujus pars est Phoe- 
 nice in littore maris interni posita. Hanc regionem sellers 
 hominum genus colli. Phoenices enim iitterarum formas a 
 se inventas aliis populis tradiderunt ; alias etiam artes, quae 
 ad navigationem et mercaturam spectant, studiose coJuerunt, 
 Ceterum fertilis regio crebrisque fluminibus rigata, quorum 
 ope terrae marisque opes facili negotio inter se permutan- 
 tur. . Nobiiissimae Phoenices urbes Sidon, antequam a Per- 
 sis capsretur, maritimarum urbium maxima, et Tyrus, ag- 
 gere cum terra conjuncta. 10 Purpura hujus urbis omnium 
 pretiosissima. Confrcitur ille color ex succo in conchis, quae 
 etiam purpurae voca&tur, latente. 
 
 52. Ex Syria deseenditur in Arabiam, peninsulam inter 
 duo maria. Rubrum et Persicum, porrectam. Hujus ea pars, 
 quae ab urbe Petra Petraeae nomen accepit, plane est ste- 
 riiis ; banc excipit ea, quae ob vastas soiitudines deserta vo- 
 catur. His partibus adhaeret Arabia felix, regio angusta, 
 sed cinnami, thuris alioruinque odorum feracissima. Multae 
 ibi gentes sum, quae fixas sedes non habeant, Nomades a 
 Graecis appellutae. Lacte et carne ferina vescuatur. Mul- 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 69 
 
 ti etiam Arabum populi latrociniis vivunt. 1 Primus e Ro* 
 manis Aelius Gallus in hanc terrain cum exercitu penetravhv 
 
 53. Camelos inter armenta pascit Oriens. Duo harum 
 sunt genera, Bactrianae et Arabiae. 3 Illae bina habent in 
 dorso tubera, hae singula; unum autem sub pectore, cui in- 
 cumbant. Dentium ordine superiore carent. Sitim quatri- 
 duo tolerant ; aquam antequam bibant, pedibus turbant. Vir 
 vunt quinquagenis annis ; quaedam etiam centenis. 
 
 54. Ex Arabia pervenitur in Babyloniam, cui Babylon no- 
 men dedit, Chaldaicarum gentium caput, urbs et magnitudine 
 et divitiis clara. Semiramis earn condiderat, vel, ut multi 
 crediderunt, Belus, cujus regia ostenditur. Murus exstructus 
 laterculo coctili, triginta et duos pedes est latus, ita ut quad- 
 rigae inter se occurrentes sine periculo commeare dicantur ; 
 altitudo ducentorum pedum ; turres autem denis pedibus quam 
 murus altiores sunt. Totius operis ambitus sexaginta millia 
 passuum complectitur. Mediam urbem permeat Euphrates. 
 Arcem habet viginti stadiorum ambitu ; 4 super ea pensiles 
 horti conspiciuntur, tantaeque sunt moles 5 tamque firmae, ut 
 onera nemorum sine detrimento ferant. 
 
 55. Amplissima Asiae regio India primum patefaeta est 
 armis Alexandri Magni, regis Macedoniae, cujus exemplum 
 successores 6 secuti in interiora Indiae penetraverunt. In eo 
 tractu, quern Alexander subegit, quinque millia oppidorum 
 fuisse, gentesque novem, Indiamque tertiam partem esse ter- 
 rarum omnium, ejus comites scripserunt. Ingentes ifoi sunt 
 amnes, Indus et In do major Ganges. Indus in Paropamiso 7 
 ortus undeviginti amnes recipit, totidem Ganges, interque eos 
 plures navigabiles. 
 
 56. Maxima in India gignuntur animalia. Canes ibi gran* 
 diores ceteris. Arbores tantae proceritatis esse traduntur, 
 ut sagittis superjaci nequeant. Hoc efficit ubertas soli, tern- 
 peries coeli, aquarum abundantia. Immanes quoque serpen - 
 tes alit, qui elephantos morsu et ambitu corporis 3 conficiunt. 
 Solum tarn pingue et ferax, ut mella frondibus defluant, syl- 
 vae lanas ferant, 9 arundinum internodia fissa cymbarum usum 
 praebeant, binosque, quaedam etiam ternos homines, vehant. 
 
 57. Incolarum habitus moresque diversi. Lino alii ves- 
 tiuntur et lanis arborum, alii ferarum aviumque pellibus, pars 
 nudi incedunt. Quidam animalia occidere eorumque carni- 
 bus vesci nefas putant ; alii piscibus tantum aluntur. Qui- 
 dam parentes et propinquos, prius quam annis et macie con- 
 ficiantur, velut hostias caedunt eorumque visceribus epulan- 
 tur ; ubi senectus eos morbusve invadit, mortem in solitudine 
 aequo animo cxspectant. Ii, qui sapientiani profitentur, ab 
 
tO VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 ortu solis ad occasum stare solent> solem immobilibus oculis 
 intuentes ; ferventibas arenis toto die alternis pedibus insis* 
 tunt. 1 Mortem non exspectant, sed sponte arcessunt, in ro» 
 gos incensos se praecipitantes. 2 
 
 58. Maximos India elephantos gignit, adeoque feroces, uf 
 Afri elephanti illos paveant, nee contueri audeant. Hoe ani- 
 mal cetera omnia doeilitate superat. Discimt arma jacere. 
 gladiatorum more congredi, saltare et per funes incedere.. 
 Plinius* narrat, Romae unum segnioris ingenii saepius cas 
 tigatum esse verberibus, quia tardius aceipiebat, quae trade- 
 bantur ; eundem repertum esse noctu eadem meditantem. 4 
 Elephanti gregatim semper ingrediuntur. Ducit agmen maxi 
 mus natu, cogit is, qui aetate ei est proximus. Amnem trans- 
 ituri minimos praemittunt. Capiuntur foveis. In has ubi 
 elephas deciderit, ceteri ramos congerunt, aggeres con- 
 struunt, omnique vi conantur extrahere. Domantur fame et 
 verberibus. Domiti militant et turres armatorum in hostes 
 ferunt, magnaque ex parte 5 Orientis bella conficiunt. Totas 
 acies prosternunt, armatos proterunt. Ingens dentibus pre- 
 tium. In Graecia ebur ad deorum simulacra tamquam pre* 
 iiosissima materia adhibetur ; 6 in extremis Africae postium 
 vicem in domiciliis praebet, sepesque in pecorum stabulis 
 elephantorum dentibus fiunt. Inter omnia animalia maxime 
 oderunt murem. Infestus elephanto etiam rhinoceros, qui no- 
 men habet a cornu, quod in naso gerit. In pugna maxime ad- 
 versarii alvum petit, quam scit esse molliorem. Longitudine 
 elephantum fere exaequat ; crura multo breviora ; color bux- 
 
 £US. 
 
 59. Etiam psktacos India mittit. Haec avis humanas voces 
 optime reddit. Quum loqui discit, ferreo radio verberatur, ali- 
 ter enim noa sentit ictus. Capiti ejus eadem est duritia, quae 
 rostro. Quum devolat, rostro se excipit, 7 eique innititur. 
 
 CO. Testudines tantae magnitudinis Indicum mare emittif, 
 ut singularum testis casas integant. Insulas rubri praecipue 
 maris his navigant cymbis. 8 Capiuntur obdormiscentes in 
 summa aqua, id quod proditur stertentium sonitu. Turn ter. 
 ni 9 adnatant, a duobus in dorsum vertitur, a tertio laqueus 
 injicitur, atque ita a pluribus in littore stantibus trahitur. In 
 mari testudines conchyliis vivunt ; tanta enim oris est duri* 
 tia, ut lapides cojnrainuant ; in terram egressae, herbis. Pa* 
 riunt ova, ovis avium similia, ad centena 10 numero ; eaque 
 extra aquam defossa terra cooperiunt. 
 
 61. Margaritae Indici Oceani omnium maxime laudantur. 
 Inveniuntur in conchis, scopulis adhaerentibus. Maxima laus 
 est in candore, magnitudine, lacvore, pondere. Raro duae 
 
NATIONS OF AKTIQITITV. 71 
 
 inveniuntur, quae sibi ex omni parte sint similes. Has au- 
 ribus suspendere, femiaarum est gloria. 1 Duos maximc? 
 nniones Cleopatra, Aegypti regina, habuisse dicitur. Horum 
 unum, ut Antonium 3 magnificentia superaret, in coena aceto 
 solvit, solutum hausit. 
 
 62. Aegyptus, inter Catabathmum 3 et Arabas posita, a 
 plurimis ad Asiam refertur ; alii Asiam Arabico sinu termi- 
 nal existimant. Haec regio, quamquam expers est imbri- 
 ura, mire tamen est fertilis. Hoc Nilus eflicit, omnium flu- 
 viorum, qui in mare internum efTunduntur, maximus. Hie in 
 desertis Africae oritur, turn ex Aethiopia descendit in Aegyp- 
 fum, ubi de altis rupibus praecipitatus 4 usque ad Elephaati- 
 dem urbem fervens adhuc decurrit. Turn demum fit placi- 
 dior. Juxta Cercasorum oppidum in plures amnes dividitur. 
 et tandem per septem ora 5 efTunditur in mare. 
 
 63. Nilus, nivibus in Aetbiopiae mentions soiutis, crescere 
 incipit Luna nova post solstitium per quinquaginta fere dies ; 
 totidem diebus minuitur. Justum incrementum est cubito- 
 rum sedecim. Si minores sunt aquae, non omnia rigant, 
 Maximum incrementum fuit cubitorum duodeyiginti ; mini- 
 mum quinque. Quum stetere aquae, aggeres aperiuntur, 6 
 et arte aqua in agros immittitur. Quum omnis recesserit, 
 agri irrigati et limo obducti seruntur. 
 
 64. Nilus crocodilum alit, belluam quadrupedem, in terra 
 non minus quam in flumine hominibus infestam. Unum hoc 
 animal terrestre linguae usu caret ; dentium plures habet 
 ordines ; maxilla interior est immobilis. Magnitudine ex- 
 cedit plerumque duodeviginti cubita. Parit ova anserinis 
 non majora. Unguibus etiam armatus est, et cute contra 
 omnes ictus invicta. Dies in terra agit, noctes in aqua. 
 Quum satur est et in littore somnum capit, ore biante, trochl- 
 lus, parva avis, dentes ei faucesque purgat. Sed hiantem 
 conspicatus ichneumon, per easdem fauces, ut telum aliquod 
 immissus, erodit alvum. Hebetes oculos dicitur habere in 
 aqua, extra aquam acerrimos. Tentyritae in insula Nili 7 
 habitantes, dirae huic belluae obviam ire audent, eamque in- 
 credibili audacia expugnant. 
 
 65 Aliam etiam belluam Nilus alit, hippopotamum ; un- 
 gulis binis, dorso equi et juba et hinnitu ; rostro reslmo, cau» 
 da et dentibus aprorum. Cutis impenetrabilis, praeterquam 
 si bumore madeat. Primus hippopotamum et quinque cro- 
 codiles M. Scaurus aedilitatis suae ludis Romae ostendit. 3 
 
 66. Multa in Aegypto mira sunt et artis et naturae opera. 
 Inter ea, quae manibus hominum facta sunt, eminent pyra- 
 
?2 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 mides, quarum maximae sunt et celeberrimae in monte ste- 
 ■rili inter Memphin oppidum et earn partem Aegypti, quae 
 Delta vocatur. Amplissimam earum trecenta sexaginta sex 
 hominum millia annis viginti exstruxisse traduntur. Haec 
 octo jugera soli occupat ; unumquodque latus octingentos 
 Gctoginta tres pedes longum est; altitudo a cacumine, pedum 
 quindecim millium. Intus in ea est puteus octoginta sex cu- 
 bitorum. Ante has pyramides Sphinx est posita mirae mag- 
 nitudinis. Capitis ambitus centum duos pedes habet ; lon- 
 gitudo est pedum centum quadraginta trium ; altitudo a ven- 
 tre usque ad summum capitis apicem sexaginta duorum. 
 
 67. Inter miracula Aegypti commemoratur etiam Moeris 1 
 lacus, quingenta millia passuum in circuitu patens ; Laby- 
 rinthus, 2 ter mille domos et regias duodecim uno pariete am- 
 plexus, totus marmorc exstructus tectusque ; turris denique 
 in insula Pharo, a Ptolemaeo, Lagi filio, 3 condita. Usus 
 ejus navibus noctu ignes ostendere ad praenuntianda vada 
 portusque introitum. 
 
 68. In palustribus Aegypti regionibus papyrum nascitur. 
 Radicibus incolae pro ligno utuntur ; ex ipso autem papyro 
 navigia texunt, e libro vela, tegetes, vestem ac fanes. Succi 
 causa etiam mandunt modo crudum, modo decoctum. Prae- 
 parantur ex eo etiam chartae. Chartae ex papyro usus post 
 Alexandri demurri victorias repertus est. Primo enim scrip, 
 turn in palmarum foliis, deinde in libris quarundam arborum ; 
 postea publica monimenta plumbeis tabulis confici, aut mar. 
 moribus mandari coepta sunt. Tandem aemulatio regum 
 Ptolemaei et Eumenis in bibliothecis condendis occasionem 
 dedit membranas Pergami inveniendi. Ab eo inde tempore 
 libri modo in charta ex papyro facta, modo in membranis 
 scripti sunt. 
 
 69. Mores incolarum Aegypti ab aliorum populorura mo- 
 ribus vehementer discrepant. Pilortuos nee cremant, nee 
 sepeliunt ; verum arte medicatos, 5 intra penetralia collocant. 
 Negotia extra domos feminae, viri domos et res domesticas 
 curant ; onera illae humeris, hi capitibus gerurit. Colunt 
 effigies multorum animalium et ipsa animalia. Haec inter- 
 fecisse capitale est ; morbo exstincta lugent et sepeliunt. 
 
 70. Apis omnium Aegypti populorum numen est ; bos ni- 
 ger cum Candida in dextro latere macula : nodus sub lingua 
 quern cantharum appellant. Non fas est eum certos vitae 
 annos excedere. Ad hunc vitae terminum quum perveneritj. 
 mersum in fonte enecant. Necatum lugent, aliumque quae- 
 Tunt, quern ei substituant ; nee tamen unquam diu quaentui\ fl 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 78 
 
 Delubra ei sunt gemina, quae thalamos vocant, ubi populus 
 auguria captat. Alterum intrasse laetum est ; in altero dira 
 portendit. Pro bono etiam habetur signo, si e manibus con. 
 sulentium cibum capit. In publicum procedentem grex pue- 
 rorurri comitatur, carmenque in ejus honorem canunt, idque 
 videtur intelligere. 
 
 71. Ultra Aegyptum Aethiopes habitant. Horum populi 
 quidam Macrobii 1 vocantur, quia paulo quam nos diutius vi- 
 vunt. Plus auri apud eos reperitur, quam aeris ; hanc ob 
 causam aes illis videtur pretiosius. Aere se exornant, vin- 
 cula auro fabricant. Lacus est apud eos, cujus aqua tarn est 
 liquida atque levis, ut nihil eorum, quae immittuntur, susti- 
 nere queat ; quare arborum quoque folia non innatant aquae 5 
 sed pessum aguntur. 
 
 72. Africa ab oriente terminatur Nilo ; 2 a ceteris parti- 
 bus mari. Regiones ad mare positae eximie sunt fertiles t 
 interiores incultae et arenis sterilibus tectae, et ob nimium ca- 
 lorem desertae. Prima pars ab occidente est Mauritania. 
 Ibi mons praealtus Abyla, Calpae monti in Hispania oppo- 
 situs. Hi montes columnae Herculis appellantur. 4 Fama 
 est, ante Herculem mare internum terris inclusum fuisse, 
 nee exitum habuisse in Oceanum ; Herculem autem junctos 
 montes diremisse et mare junxisse cum Oceano. Ceterum 
 regio ilia est ignobilis et Darvis tantum oppidis habitatur, 
 
 Solum l?^»?$ Vg*~- ^ c01a f; ' - T1 . . 
 
 as. Numidia 5 magis culta et opulentior. Ibi satis longo 
 
 a littore intervallo saxa cernuntur attrita fluctibus, spinae 
 
 piscium, ostreorumque fragmenta, ancorae etiam cautibus 
 
 infixae, et alia ejusmodi signa maris olim usque ad ea loca ef~ 
 
 fusi. Finitima regio, a promontorio Metagonio ad aras Phi- 
 
 laenorum, proprie vocatur Africa. 6 Urbes in ea celeberri- 
 
 mae Utica et Carthago, ambae a Phoenicibus conditae. 
 
 Carthaginem divitiae, mercatura imprimis comparatae, turn 
 
 bella cum Romanis 7 gesta, excidium denique illustravit. 
 
 74. De aris Philaenorum haec narrantur. 8 Pertinacis- 
 
 sima fuerat contentio inter Carthaginem et Cyrenas de fini» 
 
 bus. Tandem placuit, utrknque eodem tempore juvenes mitti 3 
 
 et locum, quo convenissent, pro fmibus haberi. Carthagi- 
 
 niensium legati, Philaeni fratres, paulo ante tempus constitu- 
 
 turn egressi esse dicuntur. Quod quum Cyrenensium legati 
 
 intellexissent, magnaque exortaesset contentio, tandem Cyre« 
 
 nenses dixerunt, se turn demum hunc locum pro finibus ha- 
 
 bituros esse, si Philaeni se ibi vivos obruipassi essent. Uli 
 
 conditionem acceperunt. Carthaginienses autem animosis 
 
 juvenibus in illis ipsis locis. ubi vivi sepnlti sunt, aras cousin 
 
7£ VI. OF !ME GEOGRAPHY, AND THE 
 
 craverunt, eorumque virtutem aeternis honoribus prosecute 
 
 sunt. 
 
 75. Inde ad Catabathmum 1 Cyrenaica 2 porrigitur, ubi Am- 
 monis oracttlum et fons quidam, quern Solis 3 esse dicunt. Hie 
 fons media nocte fervet, turn paulatim tepescit ; soleoriente 
 fit frigidus ; per meridiem maxime riget. Catabathmus val- 
 lis est devexa versus Aegyptum. Ibi finitur Africa. Proxi- 
 mi his* populi urbes non habent, sed in tuguriis vivunt, quae 
 mapalia vocantur. Vulgus pecudum vestitur pellibus. Po- 
 tus est lac succusque baccarum ; cibus caro. Interiores etiam 
 incultius vivunt. Sequuntur greges sues, utque hi pabulo du- 
 cuntur, ita illi tuguria sua promovent. 5 Leges nullas ha- 
 bent, nee in commune consultant. Inter hos Troglodytae in 
 specubus habitant, serpentibusque aluntur. 
 
 76. Ferarum Africa feracissima. Pardos, pantheras, Ieo- 
 nes gignit, quod belluarum genus Europa ignorat. Leoni 
 praecipua generositas. 6 Prostratis 7 parcere dicitur ; in in- 
 fantes nonnisi summa fame saevit. Animi ejus index cauda, 
 quam, dum placidus est, immotam servat ; du'm irascitur, ter- 
 rain et se ipsum ea flagellat. Vis summa in pectore. Si 
 fugere cogitur, contemtim cedit, quam diu spectari potest : 
 in silvis acerrimo cursu fertur. Vulneratus percussorem 
 novit, et in quantalibet multitudine appetit. 8 Hoc tarn sae- 
 Vum animal gallinacei cantus terret. Domatur etiam ab ho- 
 minibus, nanno roenus primus n^^ man suefactum os- 
 tendisse dicitur. Marcus autem Antonrus, triumvir, pnn^ 
 post pugnam in campis Philippicis, 9 Romae leones ad curmm 
 junxit. 
 
 77. Struthiocameli Africi altitudinem equitis equo insiden- 
 tis exaequant, celeritatem vincunt. Pennae ad hoc demum 
 videntur datae, ut currentes adjuvent ; nam a terra tolli non 
 possunt. Ungulae cervinis sunt similes. His in fuga com- 
 prehendunt lapides, eosque contra sequentes jaculantur. Om- 
 nia concoquunt. Ceterum magna iis stoliditas, ita ut, quum 
 caput et colium frutice occultaverint, se latere existiment. 
 Pennae eorum quaeruntur ad ornatum. 
 
 78. Africa serpentes generat vicenorum cubitorum ; nee 
 minores India. Certe Megasthenes scribit, serpentes ibi in 
 tantem magnitudinem adolescere, ut solidos hauriant cervos 
 taurosque. In primo Punico bello ad flumen Bagradam 10 ser- 
 pens centum viginti pedum a Regulo, imperatore Romano, 11 
 ballistis et tormentis expugnata esse fertur. Pellis ejus et 
 maxillae diu Romae in templo quodam asservatae sunt. In 
 India serpentes perpetuum bellum cum elephantis gerunt. Ex 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 75 
 
 arboribus se in praetereuntes praecipitant gressusque liganl 
 nodis. Hos nodos elephanti manu 1 resolvunt. At dracones 
 in ipsas elephantorum nares caput condunt spiritumque prae- 
 cludunt. Plerumque in ilia dimicatione utrique commoriun- 
 tur> dura victus elephas cbrruens serpentem pondere suo eh- 
 dit. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCE'S. 
 
 Page- 
 
 1. Est vitanda, " is to be avoided." 3 
 
 2. Alhenae, arum, used only in the plural. The plural form was 
 adopted in consequence of the union, by Theseus, into one city, 
 of the boroughs into which Attica was subdivided. In comme- 
 moration of this union, a festival, called Zwotiaa, or MsroiKta, was 
 annually celebrated on the sixteenth day of the month Hecatom- 
 baeon. Athenae is derived from 'Afl^, the Greek name for Mi- 
 nerva, who was the" tutelar goddess of the whole country. 
 
 3. Nee — nee. " Neither — nor." 
 
 4. Mortui, (from morior,) " the dead." 
 
 5. Lilterae, the letters of the alphabet, (it is also used in the plu- 
 ral to signify an epistle.) According to tradition, Cadm»5 intro- 
 duced the alphabet into Greece from Phoenicia. 
 
 0. Alii — <dii. H Some-— -others." 
 
 7. Galli, " the Gauls." The word Galli is merely the native 
 term Gael latinized. 
 
 1. Cecidit, from cado. ^ 
 
 2. The more noble Romans had commonly three names, the 
 Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen. The Praenomen was put first, 
 and marked the individual. It was commonly written with one 
 letter; as, T. for Titus, M. Marcus, C. Caius, P. Publius ; some- 
 times with two letters ; as, Ti. for Tiberius, Cn. Cneius, Sp. Spu- 
 rius ; sometimes with three ; as, Ser. for Servius, Sex. Sextus. 
 The Nomen was put after the Praenomen, and marked the gens or 
 clan. The Cognomen was put last, and marked the familia. 
 
 3. The Phoenicians were particularly distinguished among the 
 nations of the ancient world for extensive navigation, commerce, 
 and manufactures. 
 
 4. Odit, a preterite with the signification of a present. 
 
 5. Noviyisse. See n. 4. 
 
 6. Adda, " acids." The neuter plural of adjectives often has 
 the force of a substantive. 
 
 7. Dulcia, " sweets." See n. 6. 
 
 8. Nemo non, " every one." This phrase, when resolved, is equi 
 valent to nemo est qui non. The Greek phrase, oUeig (iarlv) Horn 
 ov, has the same signification. 
 
 9. Connect thus: cauda {est) index animi leonum* 
 
 1. Maximi, the genitive of valuing, which is generally render- 5 
 ed by adverbs. 
 
 2. Pergami. The names of towns, of the first and second etc- 
 clension, and of the singular number, are put in the genitive* when 
 answering to the question ubi, where 1 Pergamvs, now Bwgamo, 
 
 h2 
 
78 NOTES* 
 
 5* S a town of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on the Calcus, the capital of a 
 kingdom which the Romans enlarged in favour of Eumenes, after- 
 the defeat of Antlochus, king of Syria, and which was left to the 
 Roman people by Attalus, the last king, B. C. 133, A. U. C. 621. 
 Here Eumenes founded a famous library, in opposition to that of 
 Ptolemy at Alexandria, who, from motives of jealousy, forbad 
 the exportation of Egyptian papyrus, in consequence of which 
 Eumenes invented parchment, called hence Pergamena (chartaA 
 Antony and Cleopatra transported this library, containing 200,000 
 volumes, to Alexandria. 
 
 3. Esse, when it admits of being translated by have> and denotes 
 possession, governs the dative. 
 
 4. Terrori sunt, " are a terror to, terrify." 
 
 5. Nobis. The dative sometimes indicates the object for which . 
 and on account of which, something takes place. 
 
 6. JVe quidem, " not even." These words are always separated 
 by the word on which the emphasis falls. 
 
 7. Sacra, prof ana, as substantives. See note 6, p. 4. 
 
 8. Parcere, signifies properly, " to show forbearance," as, 
 
 9. Inviders, " to feel envy." 
 
 10. Mederi, signifying " to give relief," " to cure," governs the 
 dative of the person. 
 
 11. Vend, " to feed upon," governs the ablative. 
 
 12. Prioribus, (pedibus), " the fore feet." 
 
 13. Uti aliquo re, " to make use of a thing." 
 
 i) 1. Car&re, " to be without, want, be in want of;" it is followed 
 
 by an ablative of the thing wanted. 
 
 2. Sex sestertiis Romae renit. A seslertium (the name of a sum, 
 not of a coin) was equivalent to 1000 sestertii. A sestertius was 
 equal to 3| cents, and 1000 sestertii or a sestertium, to $37 50 : six 
 sesterlia therefore were equal to $225. Veneo, venire, u to be sold, 
 to be exposed to sale;" it must be distinguished from venio, venire 
 " to come." 
 
 3. Carlhagine. Names of towns of the 3d declension, and also 
 plurals of the 1st and 2d, are put in the ablative when answering 
 to the question, where 1 
 
 4. Beneficium repetere. The accusative depending upon the in- 
 finitive, and that again which depends upon it, like adverbs with 
 the infinitive, form, in conjunction with it, the subject. 
 
 7 1. Prodesse from prosum. 
 
 2. Equo vehi is equivalent to cquitationem* 
 
 3. Pugnare equivalent to pugnam. 
 
 4. Juveni. The person, on whom a necessity of doing some 
 thing lies, is put in the dative, as here, juveni and seni, and in the 
 following sentences, discipulls and senibus. 
 
 5. Vincendi. The gerund is nothing else than the four oblique 
 cases (genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative) of the neuter of 
 the participle passive in dus. In respect to signification it sup- 
 plies the place of a declinable infinitive of the present active, 
 since it expresses the action or state of the verb, as a verbal sub- 
 stantive. It is governed, as a substantive, by other substantives 
 and adjectives, and also governs the case of its verb. Thus, 
 
 Q. Utendi governs re in the ablative, because its verb utor govern* 
 that case. 
 7. Naturd, "by nature, naturally;" the ablative of the cause- 
 8* {Nova negolia), the neuter plural. See note 6, p. 4, 
 
NOTES, 79 
 
 Page 
 
 9. With equus, inutilis est must be Understood 7 
 
 10. Pennae, i. e. adhibentur. 
 Jl. Et — et, " as well — as also." 
 
 1. Quid for aliquid. Q 
 
 2. Et ipse, " thou too," " thou thyself also." 
 
 3. Sub hasta, " at auction, at public sale." At first a spear was 
 set up only when spoils taken in war were to be sold. Afterwards 
 at all auctions. Hence hasta is put for a public sale, and sub has- 
 ta venire, to be publicly sold. 
 
 4. Clementid instead of quam dementia. The ablative may be 
 put after the comparative, if the comparative particle be omitted, 
 instead of the nominative of the subject, and, in the construction 
 of the accusative with the infinitive, instead of the accusative of 
 the subject. 
 
 1. Opulentissimae urbes. The words, which form an apposi- q 
 tion, -agree with those, which they accompany, in case, and, for 
 
 the most part, when circumstances permit, in gender and number, 
 
 2. Why not altores ? 
 
 3. Thebae, a plural only. 
 
 4 Utor with an ablative of the thing used. 
 
 5. Quod. When the relative pronoun refers to is, ea, id, and 
 agrees with it in case, the demonstrative is often left out, 
 
 6. Par cere with the dative of the thing spared. 
 
 7. Carerealiquare. 
 
 8. Vel, even. 
 
 9. Haecy as a neuter plural, to be referred to the preceding sub- 
 stantives. 
 
 1. Ut — condantur. It is to be observed, as a general rule, that 1 () 
 when the verb preceding ut is in the present or future tense, the 
 verb following ut must be put in the present subjunctive ; and 
 that, when the preceding verb is in any of the preterite tenses, the 
 verb following must be in the imperfect, or perfect subjunctive. 
 
 2. Ne vulncribus quidem. See above, note d, p. 5. 
 
 3. Omnia, quae, " all, that." 
 
 4. Ne quis (aliquis) equivalent to : ut nemo — Apelles, the great- 
 est painter of that time. 
 
 5. Quin, equivalent to quod non* 
 
 6. Quin conspicer, " that I cannot see," or "without seeing you. " 
 
 7. Quin after non dubito signifies " that." 
 
 8. Unusne. The enclitic ne (distinguished by its quantity from 
 the conjunction ne) is equivalent to num. 
 
 9. Qua de caussa. This is .the usual position of the words ; as 
 in quam ob rem, the preposition is placed after the relative pro- 
 noun. 
 
 1. Suffossum, scil. esse. So also in the following sentences, ;raZ- J ] 
 sos and fugatos must be connected with esse, which stands at the 
 end of the sentence. In Thessalia, supply aliud oppidum. 
 
 2. Jusserat cremari. The infinitive active is used with juberc, 
 when the person is expressed to whom the commission is given; 
 otherwise, the infinitive passive. 
 
 3. Quam Hispaniae gentes. The relative is here used as the ac- 
 cusative of the subject. Hispania was separated from Gaul by 
 the Pyrenees, and from Africa by the Fretum Herculeum, now 
 the Straits of Gibraltar ; on the east it was bounded by the Medi- 
 terranean, and on the west by the Atlantic, 
 
80 iSOTES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 4. JVbZi, wiih the infinitive,* often forms a periphrasis, instead of 
 ne with the imperative or subjunctive. 
 
 ^.Homerus tradiiur. Instead of quidam tradunt, Homerunivix- 
 isse, &c. 
 
 0. TvlvS dies. The accusative, expressing duration of time. 
 
 7. Fessus has a participial form and signification ; there is, how- 
 ever, no theme from which it can be derived* It is commonly 
 assigned to fotiscor. 
 
 8. Legentem, i. e. afopicrn qui legebat : " a read^. : ' 
 
 9. Habentes, The participles in this and some of the following 
 sentences, can be rendered by the relative pronoun, for which 
 sometimes (as in dantis) the demonstrative must be taken. 
 
 J2 !• Proelialus, equivalent to qui centum et vigiuti proeliis interfile- 
 rat. 
 
 2. Adverso corpora. " On the breast." 
 
 3. Satiati. This and the following participles may be readered 
 by ¥ when.'' 
 
 4. Iransituri. The future participle active is used to express 
 an action which one is about to perform. 
 
 5. Duces ad terga rccipiimt. Those, which have preceded for a 
 time, when tired, take the hindmost place. 
 
 6. Ejus tumulo circumdedit, equivalent to tumulum ejus circumde- 
 dit urbe, Bucephalon appellata. 
 
 7. Patronum, scil. suum. The possessive pronoun is in every 
 instance omitted, where it can be understood from the context. 
 
 S. Heres insi'dutus, " although appointed heir." 
 
 9. Tantae magnitudinis. The genitive of quality. 
 
 10; Tepertdo, " for covering." The future participle passive can 
 often be translated by a substantive. 
 1 o 1. Filio victoie. The adjective victor is here used exactly after 
 the manner of a participle. The phrase is equivalent to postquam 
 jilius vicerat Oiiimpiae (in the solemn games there celebrated). 
 
 2. Convolvujitiir, " are rolled together ; roll themselves toge 
 ther." 
 
 ^ESOFS FABLES. 
 
 |4 1. Milvii melu, or milvium melucntes. That shows more defi- 
 nitely the efficient cause. 
 
 2. Receptus, i. e. postquam receptu.jfuit. 
 
 3. Orare, " to pray * r " erorare, "to move by prayer, to obtain 
 by praying, to prevail upon." 
 
 4. Corrosisplagis. The ablative absolute; whereby the origi- 
 nal force of this mode of speaking shows itself; "by means of the 
 nets being gnawed through," i. e. << by means of its gnawing the 
 nets." By this form the sentences are "more intimately connected 
 than if the form, ut plagas corroderet eurnque liberaret, were used. 
 
 5. Qmo facto, instead of quum hoc factum tsset. The relative 
 noun often stands instead of the demonstrative at the beginning 
 of a sentence, to connect it more closely with that which pre- 
 cedes. 
 
 6. Soleant. When the subject of the verb i? expressed chiefly 
 by the clause following it, wiiether there be, or be not, an antece- 
 dent word, receiving the action of the verb, the pronoun is to be 
 considered as indefinite, and joined with the subjunctive mood. 
 
NOTES- 81 
 
 Page. 
 
 It has been observed, that this mood has two different names, as | 4 
 it has two distinct uses, potential and subjunctive. When the 
 meaning is contingent, that is, when the sense requires this form, 
 the mood is strictly potential, as Doceam, " I may teach." Here 
 the verb is not affected, as to its mood, by any antecedent word, 
 But, if we say, Quod doceam, " Because I teach," the verb is un- 
 der the government of the conjunction quod, and were it not for 
 this conjunction, the English being indicative, the verb would be 
 put in the indicative mood. In this example, therefore, the verb 
 is strictly in the subjunctive mood, this form being used, not be- 
 cause the sense requires it, for the English is indicative, but be- 
 cause it is subjoined to the conjunction quod. Crombie's Gymna 
 sium, vol. 1, p. 64,3d ed. 
 
 7. Praetereunti, from praetereo (praeteriens). 
 
 8. Cut, instead of huic. 
 
 9. Maledicere, properly "to speak ill of one." 
 
 10. Apud Junonem. The peacock is sacred to Juno, the eagle 
 to' Jupiter, the raven to Apollo, and the wolf to Mars. 
 
 11. Quod denotes the cause of the action of the verb on which 
 it depends, (conquerebatur) ; while ut expresses -the consequence 
 of the action. 
 
 12. Negata esset—exceltat. When a proposition, containing the 
 statement of a fact, and therefore being in the indicative mood 
 bps another dependent upon it, connected by a causal conjunc- 
 tion or relative, in which something is alleged as the sentiment or 
 language of another, and not of the writer, the dependent propo* 
 «ition will be in the subjunctive mood. In the present case, the 
 dependent clause, connected to the preceding by the conjunction 
 quod, does not express an opinion of the author, but the complaint 
 of the peacock. The sentence, from quod vocis to caniu excetlat, 
 is equivalent, therefore, to Quod dixit, vocis suavitatem sibi negatam 
 esse, dum lusciniam, avem tarn parum decoram, cantv, excettere* 
 Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 4, 3d ed. Zumpt's Lat. Gram, 
 Kenrick's translation, 2d ed. p. 341. 
 
 13. Non enim. Combine oportuit non conferri omnia, "one 
 ought not to heap up." 
 
 14. Adveniente domino prati t instead of quum dominus prati ad* 
 veniret. 
 
 1. Cui instead of huic. See page 14th, note 5th. | g 
 
 2. Non est in animo instead of non libet. 
 
 3. Didcia, " the agreeable ;" tula, " the safe, safety." The neu- 
 ters of adjectives are often used in this manner as substantives; 
 particularly in the plural. 
 
 4. Nosne, instead of num nos. 
 
 5. Frueris, with the ablative of the thing. 
 
 6. The impersonal verbs, pudet, piget, pxnitet, iadet, miseret, re- 
 quire the person who is the subject of the feeling to be in the ac- 
 cusative case, and the object which excites it to be in the geni- 
 tive. 
 
 7. Latrando. The ablative of the gerund. • 
 
 8. Quod denotes the cause of the preceding. 
 in V £ c " mur ~ With the ablative of the thing. 
 
 10. Velis-- -possis. The subjunctive stands after qui, quae, quod, 
 when it refers to an indefinite object, expressed by w, aliqttis, or 
 
 11. Eundem, scil. leoncm> 
 
bS 
 
 KOTES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 15 12. Conspkata and obviam /achaean be resolved by qwmwftk 
 the pluperfect. 
 
 13* Ausa est. Why not audebat ? 
 
 14. Recta via, "straight forward." . 
 
 15. Cut. See above, note 1st. 
 
 16. Facienttm. The participle depends upon vitfere, and sup- 
 plies the place of the infinitive. 
 
 17. Videro. In what relation does the future past stand here .?, 
 
 18. Sic. By this concord. 
 
 19. Dissidio orlo, equivalent to post dissidium ortum, ov,posiquam 
 dissidium ortum erat. 
 
 20. Quantum boni. The genitive depends upon quantum. The. 
 nominatives and accusatives neuter of some pronouns, and of 
 some adjectives which are used as pronouns, take a genitive, 
 either because they are virtually become substantives, or because 
 they denote a part. 
 
 21. Sit. Compare note 6th, page 14. 
 
 16 1- Tanquam-esset. The subjunctive serves to express that which 
 exists only in the conception of another. 
 
 2. Unde agnitu$. Unde, instead of et indc, connects in the same, 
 manner as the relative pronoun. 
 
 3. Ilfam, scil. ^allinam, as the accusative of the subject, while 
 myssam, which depends on celare, is the accusative of the object. 
 
 4 Una, An adverb. 
 
 5. Laetb—ptiior. The adjective is often added to the verb, in>, 
 steadcftUe, adverb, to denote the manner, or situation, in, which 
 the actioi* is performed 
 
 6. Conspaxisset. Compare note 1st above. 
 
 7. Contmdwd, etc. Observe thf use of the present in animat- 
 ed narration instead of the imperfect, just as below aufugit and 
 patotwr instead of the perfect 
 
 &. Comtiatus esset. See above, note 1st. 
 9» Idque» equivalent to el quidem, 
 
 10. Ne noslris quidem corporibus. The particles ne, quidem, are 
 separated-by the word on which the emphasis lies. In what ease 
 is corporibus 1 
 
 11. Quid fiat. Interrogatives, when preceded by such words as 
 scio, nescio, quaero, dubito, are said to be taken indefinitely, and 
 are joined to the subjunctive mood. 
 
 12. Quod quum. See above, note 5, p. 14. 
 
 13. Enim suffers us to add in thought a sentence from the pre* 
 ceding. 
 
 14. Nitidas, i e. Candidas, The ancients wore garments of wool, 
 which was cleansed and made white by Fullers. 
 
 }7 1- Reddidissem. The subjunctive of the pluperfect takes the 
 place of the future past, and denotes an action as possible in the 
 future, and as accomplished in relation to a future action. 
 
 2. Ne me interfieite. Ne is used instead of w>«, with the impe* 
 rative mood, and also with the present subjunctive. 
 
 3. Propter hoc ipsum, " for the same reason." These words are 
 explained by the following sentence. 
 
 4. Pugnandi imperitus is used in the same manner as peritus, im- 
 peritus, litterarum. 
 
 6. Em, qui irritent. See note 10, p. 15. 
 
 6. Bina out terna. The cardinal numerals, unus, duo t &c. im- 
 ply, that the number spoken of belongs to all collectively, and is 
 
^fOTES. 83 
 
 Page 
 
 tfoe Whole amount. The distributive, singuli, bini, icrni, denote ] 7 
 thai the number specified belongs to each individual, and is there- 
 fore only a part of the whole. Thus, Eutropius, speaking of the 
 government of the senators after the death of Romulus, says, 
 11 Regnaverunt per quinos dies;" not, " they reigned five days," but 
 "five days each." Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1, p. 38, 3d ed. 
 
 7. Fore, ut pareret. A periphrasis for Mam parituram esse. 
 
 8. At denotes an objection which we make to the intention or 
 thought. 
 
 9. Edam, "yet too/ 7 with reference to the trouble it costs to 
 obtain them, to which afterwards the w r ords, in via repertas, (of 
 things, which one can get without any exertion) are opposed. 
 
 10. Quae is the accusative governed by assequi ; se the accusa- 
 tive of the subject. The phrase may be rendered, "which they 
 despair of being able to attain." 
 
 11. Desperent. See note 10, p- 15. 
 
 12. Dicitur respondisse, instead of rcspondit, id dicitur. 
 
 1. Caverent. The past tenso is here used, because kabuerunt, j*-» 
 the leading verb, is in the past. Even, however, though the lead- 
 ing verb were present (habent), caverent would still be used, if it 
 were requisite to denote a continued action : " how they might 
 protect themselves for the time to come." 
 
 2. Multis aliis propositis, u after many ciker propositions." 
 
 3. Ipsos is equivalent to se, but lays more stress ou the pronoun 
 
 4. Jussit appendi. See note 2, p. II. 
 
 5. Quasi esset. See note 1, p. 16. 
 
 6. O tesiolidum. The accusative is i?sed in exclamations with 
 or without an interjection. Me miserum ?- mc fclicem ! 
 
 7. Qui ignordre videris. This clause gives the reason for the 
 preceding remark. ■ . -„ , 
 
 8. Sibiplacere, appl« od to & vain person, who is filled with con- 
 ceit on ar>.-o.,r,* J oi something. 
 
 y. Licet venias,f maris. The subjunctive depends upon ?tf un- 
 derstood. 
 
 10. Nihil moror. More forcible than non euro. 
 
 11. Tanti esse. The genitive of valuing. 
 
 12. Quod possit. The relative pronoun contains, in relation to 
 tanti, the meaning of a consequence, and may be expressed ^V 
 ut id. 
 
 13. Conducit. Concerning the present in a narration. See p 
 16, note 7. 
 
 14. Quicztrahat. When the proposition introduced by the re- 
 lative expresses the end and motive of the action mentioned in 
 the preceding proposition, so that ul might be substituted for it, 
 the verb must be in the subjunctive mood. This applies also to 
 relative adverbs. Compare Crombie's Gvmnasium, vol. 2, p. 23, 
 and Zumpt's L. G., Kenrick's Transl. p. 348. 
 
 1. Misericordia motus. We often add to the expression of pas- 
 sion a participle which designates its origin. Thus, incensus ira, 1 9 
 inflammatus amore, percussus terrore. 
 
 2. Qualem soleant. See page 14, note 6. 
 
 3. Qui pasceretur. The relative pronoun includes the designa- 
 tion of a reason, and is then, in signification, equivalent to quod 
 Concerning the subjunctive, see note 12, p. 14. 
 
 4. Bello exorto, (exorior). The ablative absolute. 
 
 K Vulneribus confossus, collabitur, (collabor). Properly ielh 
 
S4 -SOTES. 
 
 ?age. 
 
 j g should be used. But the consequence is often used instead of tie 
 cause. 
 
 6. O me stolidum. See note 6, p. 18. 
 
 7. Qui aestimaverim. As just above, qui pascerelur. 
 
 8. Quosnoverat. The relative pronoun includes the accusative 
 of the subject, which depends upon noverat. u Whom be knew 
 to," 
 
 9. Afftrrijubel. See note 2, page 11. 
 
 10. Quibus allatis. The phrase may be resolved into quae quum 
 allatae essent. For the use of the relative, see note 5, p. 14. 
 
 11. Quod quum, instead of quum hoc. 
 
 12. Aliqua parte. The ablative of measure, as in the sentence, 
 Sol midtis portions major est, quam terra. 
 
 13. Se levaret. The whole clause is equivalent to ut aliquam 
 partem otieris reciperet. 
 
 14. O me miserum. See note 6, p. 18. 
 
 15. Qui noluerim. See above, note 3. 
 
 16. Texendo. The ablative answering to the question, by what ? 
 
 17. De node, " during the night*' 
 
 18. Ad opus. To spinning and weaving. 
 20 *• Quo facto. See note 5, p. 14 
 
 2. Deteriore condilione. The ablative of quality. 
 
 3. Incerta. To be joined with domina, and to be explained as 
 a participle. 
 
 4. Prima node, instead of initio, or, prima parte noctis. The 
 adjectives primus, medius, idtimus, and the like, are often used in 
 this manner for the sake of abbreviating the expression. Thus, 
 in media urbe, in ultimo carmine, in summo monte. 
 
 5. Sese, Sui, sibi, is a reflective pronoun, i. e. denotes an agent, 
 who is the subject of the proposition, and whose act reverts upon 
 himself; and therefore, this pronoun exists only in the oblique 
 cases. It continues to be used in a sentence, thmngh successive 
 propositions, as long as no other subject is introduced, li a sc 
 cond subject be introduced, se refers strictly to that subject, and 
 is should be used of the first. But se often continues, if no ambi- 
 guity h produced, to be used of the original subject, especially if 
 the second proposition expresses a thought or purpose of the sub- 
 ject of the first. Thus, in the present instance, sese is used, be- 
 cause the second proposition, ut sese volare doceret, expresses a wish 
 of the testudo, the subject of the first. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. p. 241. 
 
 6. Volare supplies the place of the accusative of the thing {do- 
 cere aliquem aliquid). 
 
 7. Arreptam sustulit. Instead of arripuit et sustulit t (arripio, toh 
 lo). 
 
 8. Comminuta interiit. Instead of comminuta est et interiiU 
 
 9. Quae quum. See note 11, p. 19. 
 
 10. Se for ipsam. See above, note 5. 
 
 11. Veneiur. The present is used, because the leading verb is 
 in the present. 
 
 12. Cut accipiter. See note 5, p. 14. 
 
 13. Par lam praedam 9 (pario). Partus applies properly to that, 
 which has been earned or acquired by one's self ; then to that 
 which is held in possession. So porta praeda here signifies M the 
 booty which is secure." 
 
 14. Iisque sublatis ; equivalent to quae postquam sustulerat. 
 
 15. Domiim» Domus and rus, like names of towns, are used 
 
NOTES. Si) 
 
 Page 
 
 with verbs of motion, without prepositions, domum, (or domos, of on 
 more than one) " home ;" rus, " into the country ;" dome and rure, 
 " from home, from the country ;" domi and ruri (which is more 
 common than rure,) " at home, in the country." 
 
 16. Aliquantum via, " a considerable distance." See p. 15, note 
 
 17. Et— et, " both— and." 
 
 18. Defatigatus. The participle is used to denote the cause of 
 what follows. 
 
 19. Qua — liberet. See p. 18, note 14. 
 
 20. Panitebat. See page 15, note 6. 
 
 21. Requiro, qui. Supply aliquem, which is often understood, 
 before the relative pronoun. 
 
 22. Qui allevet. See page 18, note 14. 
 
 b 1. Submersum iri. In what is called the infinitive future pas- o* 
 sive, (amatum, monitum iri, he), iri is really the infinitive of the 
 passive impersonal itur, " things tend." Audio turn monitum iri, 
 is therefore literally, " I hear that things tend to advising him ;" 
 i. e. "that be is about to be advised." Hence the supine is un- 
 changed, whatever be the gender or number of the substantive 
 Zumpt's Lat. Gram. p. 310. 
 
 2. Existimaret. Concerning the subjunctive, see page 14, note 
 6. and page 16, note 11. 
 
 3. Major canibus. See page 8, note 4. 
 
 4. Quibus possis. Compare note 12, p. 18. 
 
 5. Qui Jit. Instead of quomodc, undejit. 
 
 6. Naturaformidolosos, i. e. eos, qui natura formidolosi sunt. 
 
 7. Inquit Me, i. e. lupus. 
 
 8. Futurum, scil. esse; equivalent to fore. 
 
 9. Ubi. For quum ibi, expressing the cause of the assertion 
 contained in the question. 
 
 10. Si moriendum sit. The subjunctive designates a case only 
 thought possible ; si moriendum est, a positive and expected case 
 So also, at the end of the fable, si conjunctasit. 
 
 11. Aspergi. Aspergere, (adspergere), might be used here to ex 
 press a voluntary action. 
 
 12. Pol. An expression of asseveration ; considered an abbre- 
 viation of Pollux. 
 
 13. Arreptum devoravit. Instead of arripuit et devoravit. 
 
 14. Praeda dirisa. These ablatives maybe resolved by post- 
 qaam. 
 
 1. Vindicat sibi labor meus. Instead of mihi vindico ob laborem 22 
 tgregium meum. 
 
 2. Qui voluerit. Instead of si quis voluerit, " should any body 
 wish." 
 
 3. Aut quae, scil. earum. 
 
 4. Quod debeut. See page 18, note 12. 
 
 5. Modo and dummodo, " provided only;" require the subjunc- 
 tive after them, because they always denote something supposed, 
 as distinguished from something real. 
 
 6. Quod daturus esset. The subjunctive represents these words 
 as a part of the invitation ; if the expression were, quod daturus 
 erat, they would be an explanatory addition of the narrator. Com- 
 pare note 12, p. 14. 
 
 7. Quae quum. Qui is frequently employed in Latin? to intro- 
 
 I 
 
$6 tfOTES* 
 
 Page. 
 
 22 °*uce a sentence or clause, where in English we use the demon* 
 w strative pronouns simply. 
 
 8. Caetetis. See note 4, p. 8. 
 
 9. O vos stolidos. See note 6, p. 18. 
 
 10. Quantopere excruciet. See p. 21, note 2. 
 
 11. Petivisse dicuntur. For peliverunt, ut dicitur. 
 
 12. Quarum. See above, note 7. 
 
 13. Puniturus. The future participle serves to express an in 
 tention. 
 
 14. A quo. The relative pronoun includes the copula and the 
 demonstrative, or, in other words, qui is frequently used for et ille f 
 et hie. 
 
 15. Poenituit. See note 6, p. 15, 
 
 16. Suos refers to Athenienses, ipsi to Philippus. 
 
 17. Demosthenes, the greatest orator of Athens, and a stre- 
 nuous opponent of Philip. 
 
 18. Qua denotes a purpose, and consequently has the subjunc 
 tive. It is equivalent to ut ea. Compare note 14, p. 18. 
 
 23 1- Tmpetu facto. Instead of impeturn fecisse (in caulas) et grt- 
 gem dilaniasse. 
 
 2. Frustrates, i. e. quum decepisset. Frustfari conveys the idea 
 of pains taken in Vain (frustra). 
 
 3. Lupo irruente. Instead of et lupus tandem rtvera irrueret. 
 
 4. Coepit forms with orare a periphrasis for the finite verb (pra- 
 vit), to denote the commencement of the action. 
 
 5. Quo sono. See note 7, p. 22. 
 
 6. Allecti, from allicere, originally " to allure by bait. 7 ' 
 
 7. Impetu facto. See above, note 1. 
 
 8. Quos pullos, eos. In the usual transposition of sentence 5 ; 
 where the relative precedes the demonstrative, the former attracts 
 to itself the substantive to which it refers. 
 
 9. Comedendos. The future passive participle denotes the pur- 
 pose and destination : ut ah Us comedantur, (" tor eating.") 
 
 10. Venatum. In signification equivalent to venaturi. The su- 
 pine is frequently used with ire, venire ; thus, eo dormitum ; ibimus 
 auditum oratores ; spectatum veniunt. 
 
 11. Correptum dilaniavit. Instead of corripuitet dilaniavit. 
 
 12. Partiendi negotium. The gerund supplies the place of a 
 declinable infinitive of the present active. See note 5, p. 7. 
 
 13. Jlstutior, scil. quam asinus. 
 
 14. Laudare coepit. See note 4, above. 
 
 15. Unde didicerit. In a direct question the expression would 
 be, unde didicisti ? 
 
 16. Hujus. Alluding to the ass, which had been killed by him. 
 '24- 1* Heu miseram vicem ! See note 6, p. 18. 
 
 2. Fraudulentus. Opposed to blandus. 
 
 3. Perfida voluptas. According to the context perfidia volupta- 
 Us would have been more appropriate. 
 
 4. Cupidus pascendi. See note 5, p. 7. 
 
 5. Simul — simul. The repetition of the adverb denotes the 
 quick succession of the actions. It might be said, though with 
 less animation, simul atque hunc adspicit, accurrit. 
 
 6. Jure plector, qui. The relative pronoun includes the signifi- 
 cation of cause. See note 3, p. 19. 
 
 7. Salo — solo. An intentional play upon words similar in form. 
 
 8. Seque. Combine: et dixit, scavolalurum esse, si eumgravaret, 
 
NOTES. ©/ 
 
 Page. 
 
 i>. At ille, scii. respondii. 24 
 
 10. Nee, " not even." 
 
 11. Considentem. Instead of the infinitive as denoting an ac- 
 tion of the accusative of the subject. This change takes place 
 generally with the verbs sentire, videre, audire, and the like. 
 
 1. Draconem. Dragons, in consequence of their acute sight, 25 
 were often considered the guardians of holy places and treasures. 
 
 2. Prolem, Seraele and Ino, and his grand-children Pentheus 
 and Actaeon. 
 
 3. lllyriam, a country bordering on the Adriatic, opposite Ita- 
 ly. It lies in a northerly direction from Macedonia. It answers 
 now, in a great degree, to modern Albania. 
 
 4. Bebrycia, an ancient name of Bithynia, which extends 
 along the Propontis and Euxine. 
 
 5. Argonautas. The Grecian heroes, who went to Colchis in 
 the ship Argo, under the command of Jason, to take forcible pos- 
 session of the golden fleece. 
 
 6. Pollux and Costnr, sons of Leda and Jupiter, were worship- 
 ped under the name of Dioscuri, (Aiocxovpoi), " sons of Jupiter." 
 
 7. Mira magnitudine. The ablative of quality. 
 
 8. Novem digitis. The ablative of measure. 
 
 9. Annorum. The genitive of quality. 
 
 10. Ossa and Pelion, mountains in Thessaly. 
 
 11. Athenis. The names of towns of the 3d declension, or of 
 the plural number, are put in the ablative, when answering to the 
 question, where ? 
 
 12. Labyrinthus. a building full of intricate windings. 
 
 13. Icarium pelagus % a part of the Aegaean, off the western 
 ^oast of Asia Minor. 
 
 14. Cyclopes, the assistants of Vulcan* 
 
 15. Thessalia, a country in the north of Greece. 
 
 16. Morbo implicitus. Equivalent to correpius. 
 
 1. Si quis. Instead of altquis. Of) 
 
 2. Hercules. The guest of Admetus. 
 
 3. Orcus generally stands for the infernal regions ; here it is the 
 4ivinity, that conducts men to the world below, by the Greek 
 poets called Qdvarog, (Mors). 
 
 4. Cassiope, wife of Cepheus, king of Aethiopia. 
 
 5. Nereides, daughters of Nereus, a god of the sea. 
 
 6. Perseus, son of Jupiter and Danae, who received from Mer- 
 cury winged sandals, with which he flew over the sea ; whence 
 here advolavit. 
 
 7. Medusa, one of the Gorgons, who petrified all by her terrific 
 appearance. 
 
 8. Victor, as victor, after having proved victorious. 
 
 9. Re cognita, i. e. quum insidias sibi parari cognovissct. 
 
 10. Quo viso. Equivalent to cujus adspectu. 
 
 11. Jnpatriam. To Argos, in Greece. 
 
 12. Vento moti. Instead of rami (cum pomis) vento moventur ct 
 rceedunt. 
 
 13. Peleus, a king of Thessaly, one of the Argonauts. 
 
 14. Thetis, a daughter of Nereus. 
 
 15. Malum, (to be distinguished from malum), 
 
 16. Misit, Instead of conjecit. 
 
 17. In medium. Among the guests. 
 
 18,. Mercurius, the messenger of the gods. 
 
38 NOTES* 
 
 Page* 
 
 gj£ 19. Paris, also called Alexander, son of Priam, king of Troy 
 
 20. Ida, a mountain of Mysia, east of Troy. 
 
 21. Diremturum esse. The infinitive depends upon dixit, which 
 according to the signification, is included in imperat. 
 
 22. SpopondiL Spondeo is one of the four verbs of the second 
 conjugation, which receive the reduplication in the perfect, after 
 the manner of the Greek. 
 
 23. Anteposito. Translate as if it were expressed in the active ; 
 hoc domum prior ibus anteposuit, et 
 
 24. Menelaus, king of Lacedaemon, and son of Atreus. 
 
 27 *• Cito periturum esse. The Pa+cae had fixed it as his destiny 
 to enjoy, either a long, but inglorious life, or great glory, and a 
 short life. 
 
 2. Scyros, an island in the Aegaean sea. 
 
 3. Ithaca, an island on the western side of Greece ; Ulysses, 
 ('Odvaaevg), was distinguished for his prudence. 
 
 4. Advocari. Why not advocare ? 
 
 5. Unde. See note 2, p. 16. 
 
 6. Aulis, a town in Greece, on the Eurlpus, which separate? 
 Euboea from the continent. 
 
 7. Agamemnon, king of Argos, and brother of Menelaus. 
 
 8. Superbiusquc. He bad preferred himself to the goddess in 
 the art of shooting with the bow. Scil. supetbius, quampar trat. 
 
 9. Abduxit. On this pretence (sic) he allured her from her 
 home to Aulis. 
 
 10. Terrain Tauricam. The Taurica Chersone"sus was a large 
 peninsula of Europe, at the south-west of the Palus Masotis, now 
 called the Crimea. It was joined by an isthmus to Scythia. The 
 inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. 
 
 11. Achilles was desirous of marrying Polyxena, and was killed 
 at an interview with her in the temple of Apollo, according to 
 some, by the god, who favoured the Trojans, according to others, 
 by Paris. 
 
 12. Caucasus, a. range of mountains between the Euxine and 
 the Caspian sea. The length of this chain is 400 miles, and its 
 breadth from 60 to 200 miles. 
 
 13. Quae, with the signification of purpose. See n. 14, p. 18. 
 
 14. Pluto, Jupiter, and Neptune, sons of Saturn, divided the 
 world among themselves by lot in such a manner, that Jupiter ob- 
 tained the heaven, (Olympus), with the sovereignty of the whole, 
 Neptune the sea, and Pluto the infernal regions (Hades), and the 
 realms of the dead. 
 
 15. Negavit,i. e. dixit, Cererem non esse passuram. 
 
 23 1- Eleusis, a town in Attica, famous for the Eleusinian Myste- 
 ries, which commemorated the arrival of the goddess in this re 
 gion. 
 
 2. lgne obruebat. In order to purify him by fire of that which 
 was terrestrial. 
 
 3. Qttas disseminaret. Quas is equivalent to ut eas. See n. 13, 
 p. 27. 
 
 4. Parcac. The three goddesses of destiny, Clotho, Lachesis. 
 and Atropos. 
 
 5. Viclurum, scil. esse. 
 
 6. Calydon t a town in Aetolia in Greece. 
 
 7. Atalanta, daughter of Jasion, who ruled over a part of Area 
 
XOTES. 
 
 89 
 
 Page, 
 uia ; she was brought up in the woods, and devoted herself to the 28 
 chase. 
 
 8. In aves, Meleagrides, M guinea-hens." 
 
 9. Sidon, onis, (do in these names is long, Ei&Sv, Givos ; in the de- 
 rivative Sidonius it is usually short, Zifovtos.) A town in Phoeni- 
 cia, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 10. Creta, a large island in the same sea, south-east of Greece ; 
 famous for its 100 cities and the laws of Minos. It is now called 
 Candia. 
 
 11. Condilione addita. Instead of hac conditione, since he had 
 added the condition to their message. 
 
 12. Cadmus. Seep. 25. $ 1. 
 
 13. Delphos. To the oracle of Apollo in Phocis. We must 
 suppose that he had questioned the oracle respecting his future 
 lot ; hence below responsum. 
 
 14. Sequeretur. The idea of an order is contained in the words 
 responsum accepit ; hence sequeretur instead of ut sequeretur. 
 
 15. In Bueotiam. A country of Greece, north of Attica. It is 
 now called Livadia. 
 
 16. Dmcouem. See p. 25, § 1. . 
 
 17. Aravit. He ploughed them over, as a sower the scattered 
 seed. 
 
 18. Sparti, called Sraproi from cTrtipew, " to sow." Here the 
 name is derived from spargere. 
 
 19. Thebae, arum* the capital of Boeotia. Its citadel was 
 built by Cadmus, hence called Cadmea. 
 
 20. Silenus, the instructor and companion of the young Bac= 
 chus. 
 
 21. Mygdonia, a country of Lydia in Asia Minor. 
 
 1. Quidquid t-tigisset. Here the action is expressed in the plu- O^ 
 perfect, because it is . ast in relation to the following, aurumjieret, 
 
 and it is expressed by the subjunctive, because it is an historical 
 narration of the language of another 
 
 2. Quern. The relative pronoun includes, besides the demon- 
 strative, a conjunction, as et, vero, igilur, tamen, etc. Quern is 
 here the accusative of the subject depending upon jussit. 
 
 3. Colore aureo. The ablative of quality ; instead of aqua tine- 
 td tst colore aureo. 
 
 4. Sc/toeneus. He was born in Boeotia, but became naturalized 
 in Arcadia. 
 
 5. Horum, scil. malofum. 
 
 6. Megara. A town in Greece, the capital of a country called 
 Megaris. It was at an equal distance from Athens and Corinth, 
 on the Sinus Saronicus. 
 
 7. Negamt, i.e. dixit, Cretam non esse recepluram, &c. 
 
 8. Tanium scelus, a strong expression for mulierem tarn scelcs- 
 iam. 
 
 9. Praecipitat. The present instead of the perfect. See note 
 7, p. 16. 
 
 10. Muris cinxit. Since he collected the stones by the melody 
 of his lyre. 
 
 11. Quern partum % i. e. hos liberos suos. 
 
 12. Superbius. See note 8, p. 27. 
 
 13. Dicitur, narrantur. Observe the construction of Vfie verbs 
 did and narrari with the nominative and infinitive. 
 
 i2 
 
90 
 
 NOTES, 
 
 Page. 
 
 30 !• HarpyiaSj fledged, ravenous monsters. The name is derived 
 
 from apird&iv. 
 
 2. Canes The ancient poetic language called dogs, " beings 
 subservient to the gods." 
 
 3. Jlrgonamae. See note 5, p. 25. 
 
 4. Iter rogarent. Rogare aliquem aliquid, " to ask one for some- 
 thing." 
 
 5. Sirophades, two islands off the western coast of Greece. The 
 name is derived from drptyeiv, " to turn," because here the sons of 
 Aquilo or Boreas turned from their pursuit of the Harpyiae. 
 
 6. Libtrarunt. Instead of liberaverunt. 
 
 31 1. Latere aliquem. Complete the following sentence by eos la- 
 tent, 
 
 2. Dum vivertt. The subjunctive stands in the dependent sen- 
 tence, because it is an historical narration of the thoughts and 
 words of another, and is not an assertion of the author. 
 
 3. Ancipiti, i. e. dubiae el ambiguae. 
 
 4. Quae ab eo. The order of translation is, ut non audereid ad- 
 ducere in dubitationem ea, quae audivisstnt ab eo. 
 
 5. Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount 
 Mycale. It was one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia, and 
 owed its foundation to the Athenians. 
 
 6» Ego vero. The conjunctions Antem, Enim, Vero, Quoque, 
 Quidem, are always placed after the introductory word of the 
 clause, generally in the second place, and sometimes in the third 
 —as Jlle autem, Ego enim, Qui vero — not Autem Hie, Enim ego, Ve- 
 ro qui. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 46. 
 
 7. Cynicorum. The Cynics (from kvw) endeavoured to attain 
 the highest freedom by denying themselves every superfluity, al- 
 lowing only the necessaries of nature. Like travellers, without 
 a home upon earth, they always went with knapsack and staff, 
 engaged in a constant war against vice and the vicious. 
 
 8. Videret, with a participle. See n. 11, p. 24. 
 
 9. Nisi islaperiissent. He considered the knowledge, which ht 
 had acquired during his absence, of so much greater value than 
 extensive possessions. 
 
 10. Accubuisset. The ancients took their meals reclining (ac* 
 oumbent^s), not sitting. 
 
 11 Cogitaiionibus inhaerens, " lost in thought." 
 
 32 ; I- Tarentinus, of Tarentu^ now Tarento, a town of Calabria, 
 in Magua Graeda o? Lower Italy, situated on the Tarentinus Si~ 
 nus, near the mouth of the river Galesus. The luxurious habits 
 of the Tarentines were proverbial. 
 
 2. Villicus, a superior skve in the country, who took charge oi 
 the villa or country-seat of his master. Slaves only were liable 
 to corporal punishment, 
 
 3. Vehementius, scil. quam par erat. 
 
 4. Exarsisset, scil. ird; since anger, like every violent passion 
 is usually compared with flame. 
 
 5. Veritus, ll through fear," For the genitive discendi. see n 
 12, p. 23. 
 
 6. Cupiditate ductus. See n. 1, p. 19. 
 
 7. Pythagoras had established a flourishing school of philoso- 
 phy in Magna Graecia, in the sixth century, A. C. 
 
 8. Fuisse fertur. See n. 13, p. 29, 
 
NOTES, 91 
 
 9. Quid esset, quod. A more expressive form of interrogation, 39 
 instead of quare ? 
 
 10. InteresseU i. e. pratsens esset, audire't sermones. 
 
 11. Poenituit. The infinitive here expresses the object of the 
 repentance, which, when designated by nouns, is put in the geni- 
 tive. 
 
 12. Ptohmaeus, one of the kings of Egypt, after Alexander, in 
 whose reign Hegesias taught in Alexandria, the capital of the 
 country. 
 
 13. Leontino, of Ltontium in Sicily. 
 
 14. Qui existimabatur. See no t e 13, p. 29. 
 
 15. Delphici. At Delphi, the eonimon oracle of Greece, 
 
 16. Nihil habeo quod, " 1 have no reason to." 
 
 1. Humerus creditur. See n. 13, p. 29. 33 
 
 2. Quaestionem. The question was a riddle. 
 
 3. Octoginta annos natum, ll when eighty years old." Old, ap- 
 plied to the years of human life, is rendered Latin by natus, with 
 an accusative of the time. 
 
 4. In certamen muricum. On solemn occasions, choirs, headed 
 by poets, contended for the prize. 
 
 5. Dicunt, scil. homines. 
 
 6. Et ipse, " also." 
 
 7. Reditns, " while returning." 
 
 8. Sententiam. A verse which contained a sentiment displeasing 
 to them. 
 
 9. Pan, the protector of herds, whom Pindar worshipped in a 
 chapel near his house, but who ranged over the woods and moun- 
 tains, his usual abode. 
 
 10. Pepercit, with the dative of the object. 
 
 11. Myndus,a. maritime town of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
 nassus. 
 
 12. Quum, <* though.'' 
 
 13. De qua ageretur. The conjunction denotes an indefinite ob- 
 ject, conceived only as possible. 
 
 14. Pericles, a celebrated orator and general of Athens, who by 
 his great abilities maintained an absolute sovereignty over the re- 
 public for 15 years, and shared it with others for 25 years. He 
 died about 429 years, B. C, in the 3d year of the Peloponnesian 
 war. 
 
 15. Iturus. The future participle active expresses an action, 
 which one intends or is about to perform. 
 
 1. Ne quod, instead of ne verbum aliquod. 3^ 
 
 2. Lyeurgus, a celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eu- 
 nomus, and brother of Polydectes. The reform, which he effect- 
 ed, happened 384 R. C. His laws continued in full force for 700 
 years. 
 
 3. Persuasit, with the dative of the object. 
 
 4. Pylhia. This was the title of the priestess, who delivered 
 the oracles at Delphi from the sacred tripod. 
 
 5. Persae. In the second Persian war, before the contest at 
 Thermopylae. 
 
 6. Obscuraturi, scil. esse. Respecting the use of did, narrari, 
 Jerri, videH, existimari. See n. 13, p. 29. 
 
 7. Cyrus, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astya- 
 ges, king of Media. He was the founder of the Persian monar 
 eh v. 
 
$2 NOTES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 34 8. Pontus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by 
 the Euxine, on the east by Armenia, on the south by Cappadocia. 
 and on the west by Galatia and Paphlagonia. 
 
 9. Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, the bravest of all the 
 Greeks in the Trojan war. . He is the hero of the Iliad of Homer, 
 
 10. In Olympico cerlamine. Olympia, a town in Elis, a country 
 of the Peloponnesus, situated on the southern bank of the Alphe- 
 us, now Alfeo. This was the celebrated region in which the Olym* 
 pic games were held in honour of Jupiter OXymplua- They were 
 of very ancient foundation, and revived, by Coroebus, B. C. 776 r 
 and serve as the epoch of Grecian chronology. They were ce- 
 lebrated at the conclusion of every fourth year, or rather every 
 forty-ninth month, and were held for five successive days. The 
 Roman lustrum was a period of Jive years. 
 
 11. Epaminondas, a famous Theban, who aided his friend Pelo- 
 pidas in freeing their city from the yoke of Lacedaemon, and in 
 maintaining its freedom and independence. 
 
 12. Jiffixa. The ancients, after a contest, hung up, in the tem- 
 ples of the gods, the arms taken from the enemy, or, at the close 
 of the war, their own. 
 
 13. Mantinea, a town of Arcadia, near the borders of ArgoliSo 
 From the death of Epaminondas, Thebes lost its power and con- 
 sequence among the Grecian states. 
 
 £4. Clypeus. It was considered most disgraceful to a soldier, 
 to abandon his shield in the fight. 
 
 15. Tanfa afrst. et integr. Ablatives of quality. 
 
 16*. Lysander, a celebrated Spartan, who terminated the Pelo 
 ponnesian war, by taking Athens and appointing 30 tyrants over 
 it, B. C. 404. 
 
 17. Volo praebeas. Understand ut. 
 
 18. Quod factum. The accusative depending upon cxpfcbranti- 
 bus. 
 
 39. Thrasybulus, who freed his country from the 30 tyrants, B. 
 C.401. 
 
 35 1- Quanlas — antas. Concerning the position of the sentences? 
 and the attraction of the substantive by the relative, see n. 8, p. 23. 
 
 2. Ut videar retulisse. is a more modest expression than ut retule- 
 rim would be, since it leaves it to others to decide as to the merit 
 of his action. 
 
 3. Absciwerem. Understand num or ne; abscinderemne. 
 
 4. Py'hiam ad se vocaum. Translate as if it were Pythiam ad 
 sc vocnrit, qi Uh que ab eo, (" from his mouth ;"') accepissct (audivis- 
 set) diffivultatem rei n'om. (" the deranged state of his private af- 
 fairs, ' ' ) eum pecunia inst ruxit. 
 
 5. Pylhia. The abiai ive in the abridged comparison. 
 
 6. Damnata, who, in a cause decided by the king, had received 
 an unfavourable; sentence. 
 
 7. Filium, Alexander. 
 
 8. Quod, instead of quam ub rem. 
 
 9. Spero fore ut. A common periphrasis for spero with the infini- 
 tive of the future. 
 
 10. Et nobis et rebus. The ablatives depend upon dignus. 
 
 11. Sperasne. Instead of num operas. 
 
 12. Eos, quos. tl That such as." Concerning the subjunctive 
 following the relative, when it refers to talis, emsmodi. is, see n. 
 10, p, 15, 
 
NOTES. 93 
 
 Page. 
 
 13. Asia debellaia. Debellare means properly, " to end the war, 35 
 to weaken the enemy so as to disable him from continuing the 
 contest;" hence simply " to conquer." 
 
 14. Civitate sua, " with the freedom of their city." 
 
 15. Officium, an action by which we think to please, or confer 
 a favour upon one. 
 
 16. Lubentissime. Alexander now considered the compliment 
 by which he was made equal to Hercules as a favourable omen oi 
 future greatness. 
 
 17. His verbis utebantur. Understand, " in the resolution taken 
 upon it." 
 
 18. Brevitate. The Lacedaemonians took great pains to con- 
 vey the most expressive meaning in the fewest words ; whence 
 such mode of expression has been proverbially called Laconic. 
 
 19. Lysimachus, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, 
 who, at the partition of the empire, received for his share Thrace, 
 the Chersonese, and the countries adjacent to the Euxine. 
 
 20. Cyrenaeum, " of Cyrene," now Curin, the capital of Cyre- 
 naica, a country of northern Africa, east of the Syrtis Major and 
 west of Marmarica. It corresponds with the modern Barca. 
 
 1. Mea nihil interest. Interest and refert are joined with a ge- o/-. 
 nitive of the person whose interest is concerned, or with the neu- 
 ters mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, instead of met, tui, etc. The de- 
 gree of importance is expressed by adverbs, or by the neuters of 
 adjectives, or by their genitives. The thing in which any one's 
 interest is involved is not expressed by a substantive, but by an 
 accusative with an infinitive, or by ut with a subjunctive and the 
 interrogative particles. 
 
 2. Humine, instead of utrum humi. 
 
 3. Sublime, instead of in sublimi. 
 
 4. Carta. A province in the south-west of Asia Minor, 
 
 5. Sepulcrum. The Mausoleum, one of the wonders of the 
 world. 
 
 6. Septem miracula. Of these the principal were the temple of 
 Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus, or brazen image of Apollo at 
 Rhodes, the Pyramids of Egypt, &c. 
 
 7. Manibus. Not from manus, but from manes. 
 
 8. Fraemiis prop>>sitis, Translate as if it were, et in hoc certa 
 mine praania amplissima proposuit ei, qui 
 
 9. Dionysius, surnamed the younger, was finally expelled by 
 Timoleon, B. C. 343. 
 
 10. Lydia, a province in the western part of Asia Minor, on the 
 Aegaean. 
 
 11. Sefelicior. Instead of quamipse. 
 
 12. Psophidium. Of Psophis, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 13. Pyrrhus crossed to Italy for the express purpose of aiding 
 the Tarentines in the war which they had undertaken against the 
 Romans, B. C.280. 
 
 14. Loquuturi eramus. The conditional sentence, nisi defecisset, 
 seems to require essemus, and this would convey the same mean- 
 ing ; but eramus expresses the conditional as positive and not to be 
 doubted, so that the boldness of the speaker is more forcibly dis- 
 played by the indicative. 
 
 15. Antigonus, surnamed Gonaias, son of Demetrius, and grand 
 son of Antigonus, who was one of Alexander's general?, 
 
 10, Inforopotius, scil. cognoscam 
 
94 NOTES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 3(5 1? • Catana, now Catania, a town at the foot of Aetna in Sicily 
 
 18. At permits us to understand a sentence from the preceding ; 
 " you would justly laugh, if I intended to fly before the enemy ; 
 hut I go to war to fight firmly, without abandoning my post." 
 
 19. Sihi laetiliae esse. With the verbs esse, proftcisci, dare, and 
 venire, verto,fio, and others of the same meaning, besides the da- 
 tive of the person, another is used to express the purpose, effect, 
 and destination. Zumpt's L. G. ; Kenrick's Transl. 
 
 20. Semeliores. Instead of quam ipsum. 
 37 *• & anseres. See n. 18, p. 36. 
 
 2. Rhodius, of the island Rhodus, which lies opposite Caria, in 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 3. In ludis Olympicis. See n. 10, p. 34. 
 
 4. Inspectante populo. " In the sight of the assembled people.'' 
 
 5. Africanus. So called from his victory over Hannibal in 
 Africa. 
 
 6. Epirus, a country in the western part of Greece, forming a 
 part of modern Albania. 
 
 7. Instandum esse negabat. The neuter of the participle passive 
 in dus is used m the nominative, or the accusative before the in- 
 finitive, with esse, in the sense of propriety or necessity. Accord- 
 ingly the words above may be translated, u said that one ought 
 not to urge." 
 
 8. Fortius, scil. quam alias fecisset. 
 
 9. Ex necessitate, i.e. necessitate ccacius. 
 
 10. Corimhus, now Corito, a famous commercial city, situated 
 on the Isthmus of Corinth, now Hexamili, which connects the Pe- 
 loponnesus with Hellas, or Greece properly so called. Corinth, 
 was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general,~B. C. 146. 
 
 11. Non esset unde. Instead of non esset aliquid, ex quo i 
 
 12. Major. The conqueror of Hannibal in the battle of Zama,. 
 to be distinguished from the Younger, who destroyed Carthage. 
 
 13. Gentis Corneliae. The family of the Scipiones was a branch 
 of the gens Cornelia. The full name of this Scipio was P. Corne- 
 lius Scipio African us. Concerning the names of the Romans, see 
 n. 2, p. 4. Sometimes, as in the present instance, a fourth name, 
 called the Agnomen, was given, added from some illustrious ac- 
 tion or remarkable event. 
 
 14. Recuperato demumgladio, i. e. non prius ad suos revcrms est, 
 quam gladium recuperauerat. 
 
 15. Locum. The place from which they had retreated during 
 the fight. A soldier could name his heir in the presence of 3 or 
 4 comrades, before he went to battle, and this, without any other 
 ceremonies, was considered a complete testament. It was called 
 teslamentum militare } ve\. inprocinctu,\. e. a made while he was 
 girding himself, or preparing for battle." 
 
 16. Eos is to be referred to milites, which is contained in co~ 
 hortes. 
 
 17. Cedent em videret. See n. 11, p. 24. 
 
 18. Capite devoto. He suffered himself to be devoted to death 
 by certain ceremonies, as if it were an atoning sacrifice for the 
 whole army. 
 
 19. Liberavit. Brutus expelled Tarquinius Superbus, B. C. 509 
 The consular authority was established, which continued inde- 
 pendent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia. 
 
 20. Virgis caesos. Boman citizens, who were condemned to 
 
oTOTES. 95 
 
 Page 
 
 death, were beaten with rods previous to their execution, in order 37 
 to place them on a level with the slaves. 
 
 1. Perseus was conquered by Paulus Aemylius, son of the Aemy- 33 
 iius who fell at Cannae. The decisive battle was fought at Pyd- 
 
 na, B. C. 168. The province Macedonia, under the Romans, in- 
 cluded Thessaly and Epirus, and extended from sea to sea. It is 
 now Roumelia. 
 
 2. Hoc omine. All unusual phenomena, particularly in the hea- 
 vens, were considered by the ancients as signs of future things. 
 
 3. Cicatricem aversam, i. e. in parte corporis, Jiostibus aversa, i. e, 
 intergo; on the contrary, adversa vulnera are "wounds in the 
 breast." 
 
 4. Coronis. Crowns were given by the ancients to free citi- 
 zens as tokens of merit and valour. They were different accord- 
 ing to the circumstances : Obsidionalis, for freeing an army from 
 a blockade ; Vallaris vel Castrensis, to the first who mounted the 
 rampart, or entered the camp of the enemy ; Muralis, to him who 
 first scaled the walls of a city in an assault; Navalis, to him who 
 first boarded the ship of an enemy ; Civica, to him who had saved 
 the life of a citizen. There were smaller rewards of various 
 kinds; as, a banner, (VexUlum) ; trappings, (Phalerae) ; golden 
 chains, (Aurea Torques) ; bracelets, (Armillae). 
 
 5. Carpetani. The territories of this people were in the centre 
 of Spain, in what is now New Castile. Their principal city was 
 Toletum, now Toledo. 
 
 6. Barbari. Hispani et Galli, who were in the Carthaginian ar- 
 my. The Romans, like the Greeks, called every nation barbarian, 
 which was not of their own race. 
 
 7. In /idem ejus ret. " In order to give credit to this pretence." 
 
 8. Quibus trajiceret. Respecting the subjunctive, see n. 14, p. 
 18. 
 
 9. Vulnerari. See n. 2, p. 11. 
 
 AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 1. Janiculum. A hill on the Tiber, by some considered as one QC| 
 of the seven hills on which Rome was built ; while others say that 
 
 it was not included within the city. It was fortified by Ancus 
 Mar this. 
 
 2. Troja eversa. Troja, the capital of Troas, a district on the 
 Aegaean coast of Mysia in Asia Minor. After a war of 10 years, 
 undertaken in consequence of the rape of Helen by Paris, Troy 
 was taken and completely destroyed by the allied army of the 
 Greeks, B. C. 1184. This city has been celebrated by the poems 
 of Homer and Virgil ; the former gives an account of the war, 
 and the latter relates the wanderings of Aeneas, after the fall of 
 his native city, and his final settlement in Italy. See p. 26, § 11. 
 
 3. Quibus pepercerat, (par cere alicui). 
 
 4. Alba longa. Called longa, because it extended along the hill 
 Albanus, and Alba from the circumstance of Aeneas having found 
 on the spot a white sow with 30 young ones, according to the pro- 
 phecy of Heienus. 
 
 1. Vestae sacerdotibus. The Vestal virgins devoted themselves 4.Q 
 to the service of the goddess Vesta, and kept the perpetual fire up- 
 on her altar. They took upon themselves the vow of chastity, 
 and a violation of it was punished with death. 
 
96 Ml*fc& 
 
 Page. 
 
 \Q 2. Viro nubere. Ducere, " to take in marriage," is used when 8 
 man is the subject of discourse ; Nubere, " to be veiled," or dud, 
 " to be led," is used, when a woman is the subject. 
 
 3. Ultra ripam. The Tiber having flat banks, the overflowing 
 of the river is a common occurrence. 
 
 4. Nutriendos. Instead of ut eos nutriret. 
 
 5. Asylum, Gr. a<rv\ov, a consecrated place, which afforded safe- 
 ty from violence. 
 
 6. Pulsi. Understand such as during the civil commotions had 
 been expelled by the opposite faction, or were obliged to leave 
 their country on account of a murder, which, in the badly orga- 
 nized state of civil society, was a common occurrence. 
 
 7. In arce. The Capitol was a citadel and temple on the Tar- 
 peian rock, which formed a part of the Capitotine hill. 
 
 8. In urbem recepit. On condition that Tatius, king of the Sa- 
 bines, should share the sovereignty with him. 
 
 11 1. Lustraret. At the end of every five years a review (census) 
 of the people was made. After the census was finished, an expia- 
 tory or purifying ^sacrifice, (sacrificium lustralt), was made; and 
 thus the people were said to be purified, (lustraji). Because this 
 was done at the end of every fifth year, hence Lustrum is put for 
 the space of five years. 
 
 2. Ad deos sublatum, (tottere). Romulus was afterwards wor- 
 shipped by the Romans as a god, under the name of Quirinus. 
 
 3. Mstius Fuffetius. The general of the Albans. After a trea- 
 ty of peace had'been made, he sided with the Romans in a battle 
 between them and the Veientes, and, deserting during the fight, 
 exposed his allies to great danger. 
 
 4. Ei moenia circumdcdit. Equivalent to novis earn mo embus cir- 
 eumdedit 
 
 5. Corinthus. See n. 10, p. 37. 
 
 6. Etruria, otherwise called Tuscia, a celebrated country of Ila- 
 Jy, lying to the west of the Tiber. It is now called Tuscany. 
 
 7. Minorum gentium. Those elected by Romulus were called 
 Palres Majorum gentium, and those enrolled by Tullus HostiSius. 
 Tarquinius Priscus, and Brutus, were denominated Patres mino- 
 rum gentium. This at least is the opinion of some critics. Others 
 maintain, that all those, who were enrolled before the time of 
 Brutus, were named Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled 
 by him, Patres minorum gentium. See Crombie's Gymnasium . 
 vol. 2, p. 315. 
 
 8. Ademtos, i. e. quos hostibus ademerat. 
 
 9. Capitolium. See n. 7, p. 40. 
 
 12 1- Censum. The census was instituted by Servius Tullius, and 
 properly consisted in taking an account of the property and fami - 
 ly of each citizen, and in imposing taxes in proportion to their ef- 
 fects. Servius at the same time divided the people into six class- 
 es, and these again into centuries. The census was at first taken 
 by the kings, and afterwards by the consuls ; but, after the year 
 of the city 310, by a proper officer, called Censor. 
 
 2. Curia. The place at which the senate usually met was the 
 Curia Hostilia, built by Tullus Hostilius at the foot of the Pala- 
 tine hill, so that there was an easy ascent to it from the Forum by 
 means of steps, (gradibus). 
 
 3. Carpentum, a vehicle with two wheels, and an arched cover- 
 
NfiTKS. 97 
 
 Page. 
 
 iog, sometimes without the covering, and generally drawn by <J2 
 uiules. It was used by the Roman matrons in the city, 
 4. Hanc injuriam. The outrage offered her by the king's son. 
 
 1. Lur.crunl. Lugere means not only " to lament, to bewail," 4«* 
 but also " to wear mourning for." 
 
 2. Pons ligneiis. A bridge over the Tiber, called also pons siib- . 
 licius, (from sublicae, " stakes.") As it was entirely of wood, it 
 was easily taken asunder, (rumpi). 
 
 3. Ignibus allalis. He threatened him with torture, in which 
 fire also was used. 
 
 4. Anienem. From the obsolete nominative Anien, for w T hich 
 Anio is used. The Anio is a river of Latium, which rises in the 
 Apennines, and empties into the Tiber near Antemnae. 
 
 5. Qui conciliaret. See n. 14, p. 18. 
 
 6. Fabulam. See this fable, II. 8. 
 
 7. Tribuni plebis. Two tribunes were at first created; but A. U. 
 ■^97, ten tribunes were created, which number continued ever after 
 
 8. Qui defenderent, i. e. ea de causa, tit. 
 
 9. Volscorum. The Volsci were situated in the southern part 
 of Latium. 
 
 10. MUliarium. The public ways (Publicae Viae) of the Ro- 
 mans were furnished with mile-stones, which were distant from 
 one another 1000 paces or 5000 Roman feet. The pace (Passus) 
 included a double step, (gradus vel gressus), or the space from the 
 place where the foot is taken up to that where it is set down. 
 
 1 1. Velentes. The inhabitants of the city Veii (orum) in Etruria. 
 
 1. Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, which empties into the 44 
 Tiber above Rome. 
 
 2. Qui Hannibalem. In the second Punic war. . 
 
 3. Debilitavit, i. e. vires imminuit. 
 
 4. Decemviri. A college of ten men. Bodies charged with & 
 particular office were generally designated by the number of their 
 members, to which was still given an explanatory epithet. Thus 
 here the above-mentioned Decemvirate is distinguished from other 
 decern viTal bodies by the addition of legibus scribendis. 
 
 5. Falerii, a city in Etruria. The inhabitants were called Falisci 
 
 6. Reducendum tradidii. As above, c. 7, pueros uxori nutriendos 
 Jedit. 
 
 7. Albis equis, i. e. curru invectus albis equisjuncto. The use of 
 white horses, in their opinion, was confined to the gods,. and espe- 
 cially to Jupiter and the Sun. 
 
 8. Galli Ssnones, a nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their na- 
 tive possessions on the banks of the Seine (Sequana) and Marne 
 (Malrona), and, under the conduct of Brennus, pillaged Rome, 
 They settled on the coast of Urabria in Italy. 
 
 .9. Allia, a little river of Italy, in the territories of the Sabines, 
 which empties into the Tiber. 
 
 10. In to erant. A collective noun or noun of multitude, e. gr, 
 nraesidium, turbo, multiludo, txerciius, nobilitas, may be the subject 
 of a plural verb. It is common when a noun of this class conti- 
 nues the subject of successive propositions, to join a singular verb* 
 with it in one and a plural in another; thus, in the present in° 
 stance, praesidium is connected, in the first proposition, with the 
 lingular verb laborabat, in the second, with the plural erant. 
 
 11. Trans Anienem. See n. 4, p. 43. j^ 
 1. Tribunus mitilum. One of the highest military officers. I* *^ 
 
 K 
 
9$ ^OTES. 
 
 is the earliest times there were three to each legion, and as the Fe 
 gion at that time consisted of 3000 men, each tribune commanded 
 1000; hence they were called by the Greeks chiliarchi (x^apx 01 )- 
 In later times there were six in each legion, who commanded un 
 der the consuls. 
 
 2. Samnites, a people of Italy, whose territory was called Sam 
 mum. Their country lay between Apulia on the east, Latium and 
 Campania on the west, Lucania on the south, and the confines of 
 the Marsi on the north. 
 
 3. Dictator, a magistrate at Rome, invested with absolute autho- 
 rity. He was appointed only in extraordinary cases, when the 
 circumstances of the state required prompt and efficient manage- 
 ment. His power continued only for the space of six months. 
 The dictator, as soon as elected, ehose a subordinate officer, called 
 his master of horse, magister equitum. 
 
 4. Furculae Caudinae, a narrow pass in the vicinity of Caudium, 
 a town of the Samnites. 
 
 5. Sub jugum. When enemies were vanquished, they were 
 stripped of their arms and made to pass under the yoke, (jugum). 
 This consisted of two spears planted in the ground, which were 
 crossed at the top by a third, so low, however, that the captives 
 were obliged to bend in passing under. 
 
 6. Tar&ntinis. Tarentum was a Grecian colony in lower Italy, 
 still called Tarento. 
 
 7. Epirus, a country on the western coast of Greece. 
 
 8. AuxUio poppscerunl. The more usual construction is, pascere 
 mxilium ab aliquo, or, with a double accusative, poscere aliquem 
 auxUium. 
 
 9. Elephantdrwn. As the Romans first saw the elephant in the 
 army of Pyrrhus in Lucania, and were ignorant of its proper 
 name, they called it bos Lucas. 
 
 46 *• ddversis rulneribus. See note 3, p. 38. 
 
 2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 
 
 3. Campania, a country of Middle Italy on the Inferum vel 
 Tyrrhenum Mare. 
 
 4. Praeneste, a town in Latium. 
 
 5. Praelio commisso. In the consulship of P. Sulpicius Saver- 
 rio and P. Decius Mus. 
 
 6. Pmficomitarentur, This distinction was usually allowed to 
 triumphant generals, and only on the day of their triumph. It 
 was granted to Duilius for his lifetime. 
 
 i*i 1. Se desiisse. Soldiers, who were taken prisoners in war, lost 
 thereby their right of citizenship. 
 
 2. Tot millia. The Carthaginians had proposed an exchange 
 in the lump, although the number of Carthaginian prisoners was 
 by far the greater. 
 
 3. Lilybaeum, the western promontory of Sicily. 
 
 4. Citra Jberum. The Jberus (now the Ebro) flowed through 
 Spain from north-west to south-east, almost parallel to the Pyre- 
 nees. The country south of this river remained subject to the 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 5. Clusium, (now Chiusi), a town in Etturia. 
 
 6. Insubres, a powerful Gallic tribe in Upper Italy, in what is 
 now the government of Milan, in Austrian Italy. 
 
 48 1 - Spolia. The spoils which a general took from the general 
 of the enemy were called spolia optma. They were dedicated an d 
 
NOTES* 
 
 99 
 
 Page 
 vaspended in the temple of Jupiter Feretrlus. These spoils were 48 
 obtained only thrice before the fall of the republic. The first by 
 Homulus, who slew Acron king of the Caeninenses ; the next by 
 A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lar Tolumnius, king of the Vei= 
 entes, A. U. C. 318; and the third by M. Claudius Marcellus, who 
 slew Viridomarus, a king of the Gauls, A. U. C. 530. ^ 
 
 2. Saguntum, a city on the eastern coast of Spain, in Hispanla 
 Tarraconensis. 
 
 3. Ut mandaretur. Understand before it qui poslularent, the 
 idea of which is contained in miserunt. 
 
 4. Liguria, a country of Upper Italy, bounded on the south by 
 the Sinus Ligusticus, or Gulf of Genoa, on the north by the Pa- 
 dus, now the Po, on the east by the river Macra, and on the west 
 by the Varus. It answers to Genoa and part of Piedmont. 
 
 5. Ticiniis, now Tessino, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, which rises 
 in the Alps, and, having traversed in its course the Lacus Verba* 
 nus, (now Lago Maggiore), empties into the Padus near Ticinum. 
 
 6. Trebia, a river of the same country, which rises in Liguria 
 and flowing in a northerly direction, empties into the Padus near 
 Placentia. 
 
 7. Tuscia, or Etruria. From the former the present name Tus 
 cany is derived. 
 
 8. Trasimenus, a lake of Etruria, near Perusia, (now Perugia),, 
 from which it takes its present name, lake of Perugia. 
 
 9. Quam mora, i. e. cunclando et helium differendo. This FftbiS? 
 had shown, who, when appointed dictator, weakened the enemy 
 by avoiding an engagement and continually harassing his army 
 
 1>y countermarches and ambuscades. Hence he received the gar 
 name of Cunctator. 
 
 10. Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
 lying along the Adriatic, from the river Frento in the north-wesi 
 to the promontory Japygium. 
 
 11. Armaii, " with their arms in their hands. ' ? 
 
 12. Aureorum cnnulorum. The senators and knights enjoyed 
 the privilege of wearing golden rings. 
 
 1. A duobus Scipionibus. Publius and Cnaeus. The ibrmer 49 
 was the father of the elder Scipio Africanus. 
 
 2. Nola, a town of Campania. Bells were invented there, in 
 the beginning of the 5th century, by St. Paulinus, the bishop of 
 the place. Hence they have been called in Latin Nolae, or Cam* 
 panae. 
 
 3. Quo minus trajicerel. After verbs meaning " to hinder, to 
 prevent," quo minus is used in the signification of ne. 
 
 4. Poem, a name given to the Carthaginians. It seems to be a 
 corruption of Phoeni or Phoenices, as the Carthaginians were of 
 Phoenician origin. 
 
 5. Syracusae, a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 B 
 C. by Archias a Corinthian. 
 
 6. Duo Scipiones inlerfectL Both were slain within the space 
 of one month, in the eighth year of their generalship in Spain, iR 
 unfortunate battles against the Carthaginians. 
 
 7. Ad Ticinum. See above, c. 3. 
 
 8. Ital. deser. cupient. Since they thought that the state was 
 mined beyond all hope of recover}'. 
 
 9. Carthago noza, now Carthagena, on the southern coast Of 
 Hispania Tarraconensis, 
 
100 
 
 :xgtes. 
 
 Page. 
 
 49 *0» Sena, or Sena GaUica, now Senigaglia) a town on the Adria- 
 tic built by the Senones, A. U. C. 396. 
 
 11. Picenim, a country of Italy on the Adriatic., east of the Ap- 
 en nines ; now called the-' March of Ancvna. 
 
 12. Bruttii, a people who inhabited the most southern part of 
 Italy. 
 
 13. Numidia, an extensive kingdom in the northern part of Afri- 
 ca, west of Africa Propria. It was bounded on the west by Mau 
 retania, and on the south by Gaetulia. It forms the present king 
 dom of Algiers. 
 
 qQ 1. Zama, a town of Numidia, now Zdmora, 300 miles south 
 west of Carthage. 
 
 2. Quam coeperat, i. e. anno undeviccsimo postquam coeperal. 
 
 3. Philippus, the son of Demetrius. See above, p. 49, § (5. 
 
 4. Cynoscephalae, eminences in Thessaly, south-east of Pharsa- 
 lus, so called from their resemblance to the heads of dogs, (jkihnoi 
 xe$a\ai.) 
 
 5. Nobis, a tyrant of Sparta, celebrated for his cruelty. He 
 was slain B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 14 years. 
 
 6. Syriacum, " a Syrian." Syria, a country of Asia, on the Me 
 "diterranean, between Arabia and Cilieia in Asia Minor. 
 
 7. Legatus, the name of the odicer chosen by a proconsul or 
 propraetor to accompany him to his province, and assist him in 
 the discharge of his duties. Sometimes the governor remained 
 €t home, and merely sent out the legatus to the province ; and at 
 other times the senate sent out a legatus, without naming any pro- 
 consul or propraetor. 
 
 8. Magnesia, a town in the northern part of L,ydia, near the 
 junction of the Hermus and Hyllus, and in the vicinity of mount 
 Sipylus. 
 
 9. Jisia, i. e. Asia Minor, in which Antiochus had many posses- 
 sions. 
 
 10. Taurus, the largest range of mountains in Asia as to extent. 
 Intra Taurum, a on the southern side of the range. 1 ' 
 
 11. Pydna, a town in the southern part of Macedonia, situate 
 oil the shore of the Sinus Thermaicus. It was originally called 
 Citron. 
 
 Q J 1. Sedecim remorum ordines. The ships of war were variously 
 named from their rows or ranks of oars. Those which had two 
 rows or tires were called Biremes; three, triremes ; four, quadri- 
 remes ; five, quinqueremes vel penteres ; those of six or seven, by a 
 Greek name, Hexercs, Hepieres, and above that by a circumlocu- 
 tion, as in the present instance. The rowers were placed above 
 one another in different stages or benches {in iranslris vel jugis) 
 on the side of the ship. . 
 
 2. Tribunus, as tribunus m'ditum. 
 
 3. Plurima, works of art, and images of the gods, taken from 
 the temples of conquered towns. 
 
 ■4. Pseudophilippus, VevSoQi'Xnnros, who had falsely assumed the 
 Kame of Philippus. A certain Andriscus pretended to be the son 
 of Perseus, that he might lay claim to the kingdom of Macedonia. 
 and formed a large party among the Macedonians, who were op- 
 |M-essed under the sovereignty of the Romans. 
 
 5. Corinthiis. Corinth, (see p. 37, § 65 ; ) the principal cily of 
 the Achaean league, a famous confederacy which was formed B 
 C 284, and continued formidable upw r ards of 130 years. 
 
ItOTES. 10 J 
 
 6. Propter injur tarn. The Roman ambassadors Lad been treat- 5] 
 ed vyith violence and insult, at the meeting of the confederacy at 
 Corinth, on account of the extravagance and severity of their de* 
 mauds; in consequence of which war was declared against the 
 confederacy. 
 
 7. Lusitania, a part of ancient Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, 
 answering nearly to the modern kingdom of Portugal. Portugal 
 k in its length larger than Lusitania, but from west to east much 
 smaller. 
 
 1. Numaniia, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis near the source! £2 
 of the river Durius. 
 
 2. Hostibus tradi. The Numantines did not accept this expe- 
 dient for evading the fulfilment of the contract, and did not offer 
 violence to the consul, who was offered to them as a victim. 
 
 3. Correxii. He began by reforming the abuses which had 
 crept into the military discipline. 
 
 4. Vinctus, " in chains." The history of the war with Jugurtha 
 has been given by Sallust in a work styled Bellum Jugurthinum. 
 
 5. Cimbriet Teutones, northern tribes, who left their ancient 
 abodes, and went in search of new settlements. Other Gallic 
 tribes, through whose territory they passed, joined them. 
 
 6. Ne iterum. See above, p. 44, § 32. 
 
 7. Teutones. Marias met the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, now 
 Aix, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. He left 20,000 dead on the 
 field of battle, and took 90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. 
 
 8. Belloque protracto. See n. 5, p. 14. 
 
 1. Gravissiraum bellum. The war of these allied nations (sub- 53 
 jects of Rome) was called bellum sociale, or, because the Marsi, a 
 people of Middle Italy, were the leading nation engaged in it, htU 
 turn Marsicum; a\so+hellum I'alicutn. 
 
 2. Aequajv.ra, the rights of Roman citizens, jura civitatu. 
 
 3. Jus ciiitatis. The freedom of the city was conferred in dif- 
 ferent degrees, according to the different merits of the allies to- 
 wards the republic. To some the right of voting ( jus suffragii) 
 was given, and to others not. After the social war it was commu- 
 nicated, with the right of voting, to all the Italians south of the 
 river Rubicon on the upper sea, and of the city Luca on the low- 
 er sea. Afterwards the same right was granted to Cisalpine Gaul 
 which hence began to be called Gallia To^ata. 
 
 4. Pontus, a kingdom in the north of Asia Minor on the Pontus 
 Euxinus; Mithridates had greatly enlarged it by his conquests. 
 
 5. Fugalus fuerat. He had taken refuge in Africa, but return- 
 ed upon hearing that Cinna had embraced his cause. 
 
 6. Proscripstrunt. Proscribe™, properly " to post up in writing, 
 to publish any thing to be sold," especially in reference to auc- 
 tions; also, <r to confiscate one's property, sequester or seize one's 
 estate ;" from the time of Sylia, " to proscribe, or outlaw one ; to 
 doom to death and confiscation of property." Syila introduced the 
 custom of proscription, after having conquered the party of Manus, 
 He ordered lists {tabulae proscriptions), of the names 01 those 
 whom he doomed to die, to be placed in the public places of the 
 city, with the promise of a reward (duo talenta) for the head of 
 each person so proscribed. He divided the lands and fortunes of 
 the slain among hi3 friends, and declared their children incapable 
 of honours. 
 
 7. Satiate, See above, n= 1. 
 
102 KOTES* 
 
 r;4 " 1. Chalcedony now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bitbynia, op 
 posite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, B. C 685, some 
 years before the founding of Byzantium. 
 
 2. Cyzicus, anciently a very flourishing city, situate on the is 
 land of Cyzicus in the Propontis, which is now a peninsula, and 
 preserves its name. 
 
 3. Byzantium, a city situate on the Thracian Bospborus, found- 
 ed by a colony from Argos and Megara, B. C. 658. Constantine 
 the Great made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A. IX 
 ^28, and called it Constantinopolis. 
 
 4. Novum bellufii, the war of the slaves. 
 
 5. Gladiatores. Gladiators were for some time exhibited only 
 at funerals, but afterwards also by the magistrates, to entertain the 
 people. They were kept and trained in schools (in ludis) by per- 
 aons called Lanistae. The whole number under one Lanista was 
 called Familia. Gladiators were at first composed of captives, 
 slaves, or condemned malefactors. Afterwards also free-born ci- 
 tizens fought, some even of noble birtb. Gladiators were exhibit 
 Ed sometimes at the funeral pile, often in the Forum, but usually 
 in an Amphitheatre, so called, because it was seated all around, 
 like two theatres joined. The place where the gladiators fought 
 was called Arena, because it was covered with saw-dust or sand, 
 to prevent fne gladiators from sliding, and to absorb the blood; 
 and the persons who fought, Arenarii. — The slaves of Capua were 
 quickly joined by an immense multitude of their fellow-sufferers, 
 with whom rtajy was filled. 
 
 6. Cabira, a fortified town of Armenia Minor, near the confines 
 of Pontus, afterwards called Sebaste. 
 
 V. Successor, M. Acilius Glabrio, who was shortly after suc- 
 ceeded by Pompey. 
 
 8. Piratae, chiefly the inhabitants of the coast of Asia Minor,, 
 especially the Cilicians, who rendered the Mediterranean unsafe 
 .w by their piracies. 
 OO 1. Venenum hausit. According to others he stabbed himself, 
 since the poison had no effect on him, in consequence of the an- 
 tidotes which he was in the habit of taking to render ineffectual 
 the attempts of his enemies to poison him. 
 
 -2, Galdtia, a country of Asia Minor, lying west of Pontus. It 
 derived its name of Galatia from the Gauls or Celtae, who invad- 
 ed and settled the country. From the Greeks who subsequently 
 ^ became intermingled with them, the country was also called Gal 
 Lo-Graecia. 
 
 -3. Quod non recepisset. See n. 12, p. 14. 
 
 4. Judaea,'& province of Palestine, forming the southern divi- 
 sion, and lying north of Arabia. Hierosolyma (Jerusalem) was 
 the capital. 
 
 6. Argenlimfinitum, i. e. infinitum pondns, infihita summa* 
 
 6. Catalina. In order to repair his ruined fortune, he attempt- 
 ed to effect a political revolution, and to murder the Senate and 
 opulent citizens, with the intention of confiscating their proper 
 ty for the benefit of himself and his followers. 
 
 7. Parthi, a people of Asia, successively tributary to the empire 
 of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, and almost unknown un- 
 til about 240 B. C, when they suddenly emerged from their ob- 
 scurity under Arsaces, who laid the foundation of the Parthian 
 
 empire. This empire was bounded on the east by the Indus, on 
 
the south by the Mare Erythraeum, on the west by the Tigris, and ££ 
 on the north by Caucasus. 
 
 8. Carrae, a town of Mesopotamia, south-east of Edessa. 
 
 9. Contra auspicia. notwithstanding the unlucky omens, which 
 occurred before the battle. 
 
 1. Nominis, i. e. populi. ng 
 
 2. Absens. Candidates were bound according to iaw to be pre- 
 sent at Rome, and when they commanded an army, to discharge 
 it before soliciting an office. But Caesar continued with his ar- 
 my in Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 3. Ariminum, now Rimini, a town in Italy on the Adriatic, be^ 
 yond the limits of Caesar's province ; wherefore the taking pos- 
 session of this town was to be considered as a declaration of war 
 
 4. Dictatorem. See n. 3, p. 45. 
 
 5. Hispanias. The plural comprehends the three principal di- 
 visions of the peninsula, Lusitania, Tarraconensis, and Baetica. 
 
 6. Primo praelio. This battle was fought near Dyrrachium, now 
 Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea 
 
 7. Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thessaly, south-west of La- 
 rissa, on the river Enipeus. In its neighbourhood is a large plain 
 called Pka-rsalia, in which the battle was fought. 
 
 8. Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great, B. C. 
 332, situate at the mouth of the ISile. It was famous for its com- 
 mercial advantages, commanding the trade of the east until the 
 discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. It was also celebrated for 
 its schools, and its library of 700,000 volumes. 
 
 9. A rege Aegypli, the last of the Ptolemies, and the brother of 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 10. Generi quondam, i. e. qui quondam gener Caesar is fuerat. Pom= 
 pey had formed a league with Caesar and Crassus, A. U. 694, and 
 bad married Juiia, the daughter of Caesar. She died in the year 
 703. and with her death the last bond of union between the two 
 -statesmen was severed. 
 
 11. Cleopatra, the sister of Ptolemy ; she had a short time before 
 laid claim to the throne. 
 
 12. Insolentius. He made himself perpetual Dictator, Impera- 
 tor, &c. and it was suspected that he intended to declare hiraseli 
 king. 
 
 13. Bruii duo, Marcus and Decimus. 
 
 1. Funis. Antony besieged D. Brutus in Mutina, a town of £j? 
 Gallia Cispadana, now Mcdena, but was defeated by the consuls 
 Pansa and Hirtius. 
 
 2. Lepidum, who was in Gaul with an army. 
 
 3. Octavianus, the son of C. Octavius and Atia, a niece of Julius 
 Caesar, by whom Octavianus was adopted as a son. But sons, 
 who entered a family by adoption, added to the name of their 
 pater adoplivus, which they assumed, the name of their real father 
 -with an addition; so that Aemilius became Aemilianus, and Octa 
 vius, Octavianus. Octavianus had first waged war with the senate 
 (Optimates) against Antony. 
 
 5. Proscripsit. See n. 6, p. 53. 
 
 6. Cassius. After the first battle Cassius caused one of his freed-- 
 men to kill him ; Brutug.fell on his. own sword after the second* 
 
 7. Philippic a town of Macedonia, east of Araphipolis. 
 
 8c Gallias, (as Hispanias, seen- 5, p. 56), comprehends all coun- 
 
f 04 mvm* 
 
 Pa^e. 
 
 rff tries under the name of Gallia, both on this side and the other side 
 of the Alps. 
 
 9. Lepidus. A short time after the division, Lepidus was strip 
 ped of his portion by Oetavianus, and made to retire to a private 
 station, because he made higher pretensions than he ought. 
 
 10. Augustus, a title of honour, which Oetavianus received in 
 the year 726, when he proposed to abdicate the imperatorial dig- 
 nity, and which conveyed the idea of holiness, since Auguslut 
 was especially applied to places, which were devoted to religiotu 
 purposes. 
 
 11. slctium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus. 
 
 12. Jspis, a poisonous serpent of Egypt and Libya, whose bite 
 occasions inevitable death, but without pain. 
 
 r jQ 1. Fretum Gaditanum, from Gadcrs,^ Phoenician colony, now 
 Cadiz, 
 
 2. Qui monies. Not, as in English, montes— qui, which 
 
 position of the relative, when accompanied by an apposition, the 
 Latin did not admit. 
 
 3. Herculis columnae, as marks of the limit which nature had 
 put to the wanderings of Hercules. According to some he had 
 erected columns on these mountains, after he had separated them 
 by force and thereby connected the Mediterranean (marc inter- 
 num) with the Ocean (mare Jlilanticum). 
 
 4. Tanais, now the Don. 
 
 5. Pontus Euxinus, now the Black Sea. 
 
 6. Palus Macoiis, now the Sea of Azoph or Zabacli, 
 
 7. Mare Brii. now the North Sea. 
 
 8. Aegatum, now the Archipelago. 
 
 9. Tyrrhenum, so called from the ancient inhabitants of Middle 
 Italy, who named the land which they inhabited Tyrrhenia ; by 
 ihe Romans it was called Tuscia. 
 
 10. Baetis, now the Guadalquivir, 
 
 11. Condita. The island, on which Gades was built, was con- 
 nected to the main land by a mole. 
 
 12. Narbonemis, so called from the city Narbo (Narbonne) ; be 
 fore the reign of Augustus it was called Provincia Rtmana (Pro 
 vence), as being the first country subdued by the Romans in 
 Transalpine Gaul. 
 
 ,g 1. Massilia, now Marseilles. Respecting the foundation of this 
 city by the Phocaeans, see Part II. Li. 
 
 2. Campus lapidem or campi lapidei, a plain of several miles in 
 extent, covered with round stones, situate in the vicinity of the 
 Rhodanus, (Rhone), not far from the sea. The natural soil of 
 this region is the same as described by the ancients. 
 
 3. Pluisse, scil. lapidibus. 
 
 4. Bhodanus, now the Rhone. 
 
 5. Lacus Lemanus, now the Lake of Geneva. They distinguish 
 -ed the water of the Rhine at a considerable distance, whence the 
 
 opinion arose, that the river flowed unmixed through the lake. 
 
 6. Dirimit. The Rhone flows between Gallia Narbonensis and 
 Lugdunensis, and empties into the Mediterranean by several 
 mouths between Narbo and Massilia. 
 
 7. Porrigilur. The ancient Gallia comprehended the whole 
 country west of the Rhine as far as the North sea, including the 
 
 nodem kingdom of the Netherlands. 
 
 8. Druidaa. Britain ; according to Caesar* was the great school 
 
IS'DtES. 105 
 
 ftge 
 6t the Druids, and their chief settlement was in the island called 59 
 Mona by Tacitus, now Anglesey. The common derivation is from 
 tyus, "an oak," or from the old British word dru, or drew t "an 
 oak," because they taught in forests, or, as Pliny states, never sa- 
 crificed but under an oak. 
 
 9. Quae se scire profilentur. The knowledge in which they 
 boast, which they assert that they possess. 
 
 10. Garumna, now the Garonne. 
 
 11. Aquitania comprehends the modern Gascony, and a part of 
 Guienne. The Aouitani were a powerful people of Iberian ori 
 gin, who divided themselves into many tribes. 
 
 12. Sequana, now the Seine. 
 
 13. Celtae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which lay 
 between the Sequana and Garumna, extending eastwardly from 
 the ocean to the Rhine. Augustus, however, B. C. 27, extended 
 Aquitania into Celtica as far as the Ligeris, now the Loire, and 
 further diminished Celtica by comprehending under Belgica that 
 part which lay near the Rhine. 
 
 14. Belgae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which 
 lay north of the Sequana and the territories of the Celtae, between 
 the ocean and the Rhine. 
 
 15. Usque ad Rhenum pertinent. To that part of the Rhenus 
 now called the Lower Rhine. 
 
 16. Lutetia, now Paris. 
 
 17. Lacus Venetus, or Brigantiae, from the town Brigantia on 
 its eastern bank, now Bregenlz in Tyrol. It was also anciently 
 called Bodamicus. It is now called Boden Sea, or Lake Constance, 
 from a town of that name on its western border. 
 
 18. Mediomatrici, a people of Belgic Gaul, who were situated 
 along the Mosella or Moselle. Their capital was Divodurum, now 
 ATe/ar. 
 
 19. Trcviri, a nation of Gallia Belgica, between the Mosella and 
 Mosa, now the Meuse. Their capital was Augusta Trevirorum, 
 now Treves, on the Moselle. 
 
 20. Flero, a branch of the Rhine, which expanded to such a de- 
 gree as to form a considerable lake. This lake, having been in 
 process of time much increased by the sea, assumed the name ol 
 Zuyder Zee, or the Southern Sea. 
 
 21. Itcrum. After forming the lake it was contracted again in- 
 to a narrower bed, and re-assumed the appearance of a river. It 
 is not now a river, but is a part of the Zuyder Zee. 
 
 1. Vistula. This river falls into the Baltic, and still retains its 60 
 ancient name. 
 
 2. Boni hospitibus, i. e. erga hospilcs. 
 
 3. Alio transituri. Non ut ibi ^naneant, sed ad tempus, et mox 
 alio Iransitari, i. e. eo consilio, ut in allum locum transeant. 
 
 4. Silva Htrcynia, This was an immense forest of Germany, 
 considered by some writers as covering nearly the w T hole of that 
 extensive territory. Parts of it only remain at the present day, 
 which go under particular names, as the Black Forest, which sepa- 
 rates Alsace from Swabia ; the Bohemerald, which encompasses 
 Bohemia, and was in the middle ages called Hercynia sylva ; the 
 Hartz forest in Lunenburgh, he. 
 
 5. Patere narrat. Its breadth, according to Caesar, was nine 
 days' journey, while its length exceeded sixty, 
 
106 KOTfcS. 
 
 g() 6. Vanillins, the Danube, called by the Greeks Islcr, whicb 
 name the Romans also applied to the eastern part of the stream 
 
 7. Moenus, now Mayne, which falls into the Rhine by Mentz, 
 
 8. Visurgis, now the JVeser, falling into the German ocean. 
 
 9. Albis, now the Elbe. 
 
 10. Rkaetia, bounded on the north by Vindelicia, east by Nor! 
 cum, south by Italy, and west by Helvetia. 
 
 11. AperuiL Julius Caesar made two voyages from Gaul to 
 Britain, and thus opened the way to the Romans. 
 
 12. Claudio imperante. In the" reign of Claudius, A. D. 42, th^ 
 Romans first established themselves in Britain, under the com* 
 mand of Aulus Plautius. 
 
 13. Muro. This wail, which was intended to protect Roman 
 Britain from the incursions of the Picts and Scots, extended from 
 the Tyhe to the Esk» The succeeding Caesars built other rain- 
 parts and walls for the same purpose. 
 
 14. Can'ium, now Kent. 
 
 gi I. Longior quarn latior. When two predicates are joined to & 
 noun, and one is to be expressed in a higher degree than the other, 
 both are used in Latin in the comparative. 
 
 2. Ramos. One of these branches of the Appennines terminate* 
 in the promontory of Japygium, the other in that of Leucopetra 
 
 3. Id genus, equivalent to hujus generis. 
 
 4. Lecta, i. e. when one merely reads about them, 
 
 5. Fanies salubenimi, the warm baths of Baiae, 
 
 6. Padus, now the Po. 
 
 7. Gallia Cisalpina, or Togata, the northern part of Italy on 
 (his side of the Alps, iii«lum»g tlis iUliar, Tyrol, extending as f&i 
 south as the Ruble o. 
 
 8. Vesulus, in Liguria, a mountain of the Alpes Coltiae. 
 
 9. Urbis Romanae jnagnificentiam, instead of Romam urbem mag: 
 mjlcentissimam. 
 
 10. Tarentum, now Taranto. 
 
 11. Superato. In the war with the Romans. See Roman Hist. 
 Lib. II. 5—9. 
 
 t>2 *• Trinacria, compounded oi rpus, "three," and axpa, " a pro - 
 montory." 
 
 2. Cyclopes, giants with one eye in their forehead, who forgec' 
 the thunderbolts of Jupiter in the workshop of Vulcan. 
 
 3. Egesti, from egcro. 
 
 A. Mum&ris sublatus fiammae erip., equivalent to humeris suslidis* 
 se ctfi. eripitisse* 
 
 5. Bellopdila. For an account of this war, see part II. C 
 39—21. 
 
 6. Bello Vunico. See Roman Hist. Lib. III. 2—11. 
 
 7. Archimedes, a famous mathematician, who defended the town 
 for a lung time by the machines of war which he constructed. 
 He was made captive and slain by a Roman soldier. 
 
 8. Olyrnpia. See p. 34, n. 10. 
 
 9. Reddi depends upon dicilur in the preceding sentence. 
 
 10. Vestigii. The name Ichnusa is derived from <xvoj, vestigium 
 
 11. Epirus, a country of Greece, to the west of Thessaly, iyirii; 
 along the Adriatic, and now forming a part of modern Albania. 
 
 12. Scjunguniur. Macedonia and Epirus, which were govern 
 ed by kings, were by many considered as not belonging to Greece 
 which consisted only of free states, 
 
SGTE3. 10* 
 
 1. Transtulit. For the history of Philip and Alexander, see £'> 
 part II. E. V,J 
 
 2. Pefseo superato. See Roman Hist. L. IV. 3. 
 
 3. Acroceraunii mantes. A range of mountains in the vicinity 
 of the sea, which terminated in the promontory Acroceraunium. 
 
 4. Tinnilu significasse. The ancients supposed that the oaks 
 ftf Dodona possessed human voices and prophesied. The priests 
 drew their predictions from the rustling of the leaves, and the 
 clattering din of large kettles, which were suspended in the air 
 near a hrazen statue ; when this was agitated, it struck against one 
 of the kettles, which communicated the motion to the rest. 
 
 5. Cephallenia, now Cefalonia. 
 
 6. Corcyra, now Corfu, the land of the Phaeacians, over which 
 (according to the Odyssey) Alcinous reigned in the time of Ulys- 
 >es. The gardens of Alcinous bloomed and bore fruit constantly. 
 
 7. Quo tempore. Not tempore quo. See p. 58, n. 2. 
 
 8. Numa Pompilius. See Roman Hist. Lib. I. 13. 
 
 9. Ithaca, now Teaki. The fame given by the Odyszey of Ho- 
 rner to this barren island, has placed it in as high o? even a higher 
 rank than that occupied by the most fruitful region of the earth. 
 
 10. Per quos, scil. monies They placed 1hese mountains one 
 upon the other, intending by means of them to climb to the hah! 
 ration of the gods. See Hf. 3. 
 
 11. Peneus, now Salempria, 2«Xty»rpia, (pronounced Sahbrla ) 
 one of the finest and clearest rivers of Greece. 
 
 12. Tempe, t& rjufaf, 
 
 13. Athenae. Understand sunt, or sitae sunt. 
 
 14. Deos, Neptune (rio<ra3wv), and Minerva ('a-Sj/vj?). From the 
 *ast the town received its name. 
 
 15. Eas, instead ©f tales, tarn praeclaras. 
 
 16. Propylaea, ra Trpo-v\aia, a gateway, ornamented with rows of 
 colmnns, one of the most magnificent structures in Athens. 
 
 17. Longos muros, ra patcou Ttiv->h also called tfkiXq. 
 
 18. Musices ope. See above, III. 23. 
 
 1. Epaminondae virtus. See Part If. D. $. 8. 9. 10. A I 
 
 2. Nemo ignorat. Combine thus, nemo ignoral, quantam auclo- 
 ritatem oraculum Apollinis in hac urbe hahucrit. Respecting the re* 
 Native in the beginning of a sentence, see n. 5, p. 14. 
 
 3. Peloponnesus, (" the island of Felops,") now the Morea. 
 
 4. Isthmus, Gr. lafyds; the Isthmus of Corinth is now HexamilL 
 
 5. Ludi Isthmici. The Isthmian games were instituted, B. C. 
 1326, in honour of Melicerta or Palaemon, but having been inter- 
 rupted after some years, they were re-instituted by Theseus in 
 honour of Neptune. 
 
 6. Bell-urn Achaicum. Respecting this war, see Roman Hist, 
 Lib. IV. 6. and Part II. E § 75, 76. 
 
 7. Res geslas numerat. As the Olympiads were celebrated after 
 an interval of 4 years, the Greeks called that space of time an 
 Olympiad. They counted the Olympiads from the year 776, B. C, 
 They reckon (numerant), or date their actions and exploits {res 
 gestas) from the years of the Olympic games. See p. 34, n. 10. 
 
 8. Lycurgi leges, See Part II I). $ 1. 2. 
 
 9. Taygetus, a chain of mountains, which extending from Arca- 
 dia divide into two branches, of which one terminates in the Tae- 
 narium Promontoriura, the other in the Malea fr. These pro- 
 montories form the Sinus Laconicus, now G. of Cohkythia, 
 
t>5 
 
 108 NOTES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 (54 10. Orpheus', as is said, descended by a cave at Taenarus to the 
 infernal regions, for the purpose of procuring from Pluto the res- 
 toration of his wife Eurydlce to life. 
 
 11. Cyclades, from KVK\og, "a circle." 
 
 12. Delus, (derived from Srfrog) now Sedili. 
 
 1. Transtulerunt. The allied states of Greece, in order that 
 they might always be prepared to carry on war with the Persians, 
 made a proportional contribution, which they deposited in the 
 temple of Delos, as a common treasury of Greece, but subsequent- 
 ly the Athenians, having become most powerful by sea,, convey- 
 ed the treasures to Athens, and applied them to their own use. 
 
 2. Euboea, now Negropont. 
 
 3. Temere, " without stated intervals." 
 
 4. Plures (zixores) singvli (viri) habent. 
 
 5. A judicibus. In these disputes judges decided who was 
 most worthy of following her husband. 
 
 6. Ducendae. The participle denotes the purpose. 
 
 7. lnvcniunt, etc. instead of maritos pccunia data (mercede) 
 emunt. 
 
 8. Byzantium, called Constantinople from Constantine the 
 Great. The Turks call it Istamboul or StambouL 
 
 9. Bosporus Thracius, (so called to distinguish it from the Bos- 
 porus Cimmerius), a strait connecting the Propontis (Sea of Mar* 
 mora) with the Pontus Euxinus {Bl tck Sea). 
 
 10. Hdlespontus, now the Dardanelles, leadingfrom the Aegaean 
 to the Propontis. • 
 
 11. Amor Herns ct Leandri, the love of Leander of Abydus (on 
 the Asiatic coast) for Hero, (genit. Herus, f Hpw, ovg), a priestess of 
 Venus at Sestos, to whom he used to swim by night across the 
 Hellespont. ^Me was at length drowned, in consequence of the 
 torch, which Hero held to direct his course, being extinguished 
 during a storm. 
 
 12. Cynossema, Kvvbg c-ij/za, " a dog's tomb." 
 
 13. Hecuba, wife of Priam, king of Troy. 
 
 i»a 1. Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, who, after the destruc- 
 tion of Troy, went in quest of new habitations, accompanied bv 
 a band of his countrymen. 
 
 2 Devorandus, " to be devoured." 
 
 3. Cassander, son of Antipater; he made himself master of Ma 
 cedonia after his father's death. 
 
 4. In extrema Macedonia, i. e. in extremis Macedonian partibus. 
 
 5. A ssignasse, scil. iis. 
 
 6. Scyihia, a country between the Ister and the Maeotis Pal us 
 ©r the Phasis, which also extended into unknown regions of the 
 north and east. The name of Riphaei Montes is applied to any 
 cold mountains in a northern country ; it would appear that the 
 ancients intended to denote by them the northern and western 
 limits of the earth. 
 
 7. Majoribus, etc. i. e. quant o quis (allquis) iilustriores majores 
 habet. 
 
 8. Taurica Cliersonesus, (to distinguish it from the Chersoncsus 
 Thracia), a peninsula in the Black Sea, now Crimea. 
 
 9. Borysihenes, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine, 
 now the Dnieper. 
 
 10. Hyperborei, vTr$p(36puoi ; the word signifies " people/who in- 
 habit beyond the wind Boreas." Thrace was the residence of 
 
NOTES. 
 
 109 
 
 Page, 
 
 Boreas, according to the ancients, and it appears that the Greeks g(> 
 called the Tbracians Boreans ; it is probable, therefore, that they 
 called the people beyond these Hyperboreans, perhaps the inha- 
 bitants of Russia and part of Siberia. Virgil places them under 
 the north pole. 
 
 11. Oceidit. It was also during one half of the year day, and 
 during the other night. 
 
 12. Omni, equivalent to ulla. 
 
 13. Taedet (like piget, poeniiet) is used with an accusative of the 
 person and a genitive of the thing, see n. 6, p. 15. 
 
 1. Asiae nomine. Asia Minor is here meant, which is now call- Q'j 
 cd Natalia, Anatolia, or rather Anadoli, from avaro^fj, oriens. 
 
 2. Ad quern amnem. Respecting the arrangement of the words, 
 3ee p. 63, n. 7. 
 
 3. Victoriam reportavit. For an account of this battle, see Part 
 II. E. } 18. 
 
 4. Peninsulae. Cyzicus was originally an island. From the 
 time of Alexander, who joined it to the continent by a mole, it 
 has been called a peninsula. 
 
 6. Ab Argonautis occisus est, on their expedition in quest of the 
 golden fleece. 
 
 6. jives absorbent, by fascination, as it would seem, or by the ef- 
 fect of their breath. Something similar is told of rattle-snakes. 
 
 7. Ab Jasone. On the expedition to Colchis. 
 
 8. Axenus, from a%evos, " inhospitable." 
 
 9. Euxinus, from tvfavos, " hospitable." It bore the name of 
 Axenus, until the establishment of numerous Greek colonies along 
 its coasts ensured to voyagers a safe and friendly reception. 
 
 10. Thermodon, a river of Pontus, falling into the Euxine. 
 
 11. Distinguunt noiis, "tattoo their body," i. e. make punctures 
 in the naked body, which are variously stained, so as to give them 
 a parti-coloured appearance. So above, $ 41. Agathyrsi ora et 
 corpora pingunt. 
 
 12. Asia proprie dicta, i. e. Asia Minor. 
 
 13. Coloniasmisit. It sent out eighty colonies. 
 
 14. Jlmazones, a fabulous nation of women, who are said to have 
 dwelt in the eastern part of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Eux- 
 ine, in the vicinity of the Thermodon. 
 
 15. Ilium, otherwise, Troja. 
 
 1. Fama quam natura majorcs % :< more celebrated than large 
 
 2. Judicium illus. redd. See p. 26, § 11. 
 
 3. Ajax, the son of Telamon, next to Achilles the bravest of 
 the Grecian heroes who fought before Troy. After the death of 
 Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of the 
 hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged, 
 that he became bereaved of his understanding, and slaughtered f< 
 flock of sheep, supposing them to be the Greeks who had given 
 the preference to Ulysses, and then stabbed himself with his 
 iword. 
 
 4. Mercede aecepla. The Greeks originally bore arms only for 
 their native land. The custom of serving foreign princes (aliena 
 bella gerere) for pay (mercede aecepla) was first introduced after the 
 Peloponnesian war. 
 
 5. Contusa, from contundo. 
 
 6. Sepulcrum. Seep. 36, § 51. 
 
 7. Lavare, properly used in a transitive signification, hvart cot 
 
110 iVOTES, 
 
 Page. 
 
 68 ^ u5 > membra, is also used in a neuter sense, instead of se lav art, ox 
 latafi. 
 
 8. Lucis, i. e. nemoribus. 
 
 9. Terrtre dicitur. The greatest part of the Cory clan cave was 
 in reality a valley between rugged rocks ; in the bottom of the 
 valley was a hole, in which the rushing of the water might pro- 
 duce the effects here mentioned. There was another Corycian 
 cave in Phocis near Parnassus. 
 
 10. Cum terra conjuncta. This connection with the main land 
 was first made by Alexander, who, when besieging the place, 
 formed a mole in order to gain access to the city, whieh was_ built 
 on an island. 
 
 1^9 1. Latrociniis vivunt. As the Bedouins at the present day. 
 
 2. JJelius G alius penetravit. In the reign of Augustus, A. U. C. 
 729. 
 
 3. Bactrianae el Arabia*, adjectives from Bactriaiius and Ara- 
 bius. The camel with one bunch or protuberance on its back 
 is called a dromedary. 
 
 4. Ambitu. The noun ambitus has the penult short, although 
 the participle ambitus has that syllable long. 
 
 5. Moles. The arches on which the gardens rested > the plan of 
 which was arranged by Semiramis. 
 
 6. Successores. Seleucus Nicator, one of the successors of Alex- 
 ander, who penetrated as far as the countries which border on 
 the Ganges. 
 
 7. Paropamisus, a mountain which separates Bactria from India. 
 
 8. Ambitu corporis, i. e. corpora elephaniorum ambientes et impli- 
 cantes. 
 
 9. Lanas ferunt. The cotton (gossypium), growing upon tree^ 
 and shrubs. 
 
 ^Q 1. Insistent. In like manner the Fakirs at the present day ac- 
 quire a character for holiness by subjecting themselves to bodily 
 tortures and mortifications. 
 
 2. In rogos se praecipitantes. This is told of the Gymnoso- 
 phistae. 
 
 3. Plinius, a learned Roman, who lived in the reigns of Clau- 
 dius, Nero, and Vespasian, and who has left an extensive work, 
 giving an account of almost every natural object. He perished 
 in an eruption of Vesuvius. 
 
 4. Meditantem, i. e. exercentem. 
 
 5. Magna ex parte. In the east the battle is principally decided 
 by the elephants. 
 
 6. Ebur adhibetur The most famous statues of Phidias, as the 
 Jupiter at Olyrapia, and the Minerva in the Parthenon at Athens, 
 were of ivory, and were covered with golden garments. 
 
 7. Excipit, equivalent to sustinet. 
 
 8. His cymbis, instead of his testis lUuntur pro cymbis, Usque na- 
 vigant. 
 
 9. Term, scil. homines. 
 
 10. Ad centena, " about a hundred every time." 
 
 7 1 1. Feminarum gloria, " is an object of pride among the women." 
 * 2. Antonius, M. Antonius, the Triumvir, who after the war with 
 the Farthians, lived in extreme luxury, at Alexandria, with Cleo- 
 patra the last princess of Egypt, whom he rivalled in extrava* 
 gance. ; 
 
 3. Catabathnws, KaraPafyds, a region constantly declining. 
 
NOTES. i 1 1 
 
 Page 
 
 4. Pratcipitalus. This waterfall (Catarracles or Cataracta) is 7] 
 ihe smallest of several, which the river forms before its entrance 
 into Egypt. 
 
 5. Septem ora. Many give it nine mouths. 
 
 6. Aggeres aperiuntur. Egypt is intersected by canals? in order 
 to extend the waters of the river through every part of the coun- 
 try. These are kept shut by sluices and dams, until the Nile has 
 attained its proper height. 
 
 7. In insula Nili. So says Pliny. According to others Tenty- 
 ra (t« Tivrvpa) is a town and district on the western side of the 
 Nile. 
 
 8. Crocodilos ostendit. The Roman Aediles took upon them- 
 selves the care of celebrating the Ludi Maximi or Romani, and 
 some other festivals, in which they often caused foreign and rare 
 animals to be exhibited to the people. 
 
 1. Moeris, a lake in Middle Egypt, now Birket Caroun. The 72 
 present extent of this lake is by no means the same as that repre- 
 sented by the ancients. 
 
 2. Labyrinthus. The labyrinth, which is said to have been built 
 by 12 Egyptian kings, lay on the southern side of lake Moeris. 
 not far from Arsinoe. 
 
 3. Ptnlemaens, Lagi filius, or Soter, the first of the Ptolemies. 
 Egypt was governed by these princes from the time of Alexander 
 until it became a Roman province. From the light-house here 
 mentioned, built upon the island of Pharos, the name Pharos is 
 applied to light-houses in general. 
 
 4. I71 bibliothecis condendis. The Alexandrian library, commenc- 
 ed by the second Ptolemy (Philadelphus), is said to have increas- 
 ed until it contained 700,000 volumes (voLumina). Respecting 
 the library at Pergamus, see p. 5, n. 2. 
 
 5. Medicatos, " embalmed," as mummies. 
 
 6. Necdiu quaeritur. The priests kept another in readiness 
 which had the required marks. 
 
 1. Macrobii, /ia/ep<5/?«ot, " long-lived.' ' 73 
 
 2. Terminatur Nilo. The Nile was considered by many as the 
 eastern limit of Africa ; others comprehended the whole of Egypt 
 in Africa. 
 
 3. Mauritania was bounded on the north by the Fretum Her- 
 culeum, now Straits of Gibraltar, on the east by Numidia, on the 
 south by Gaetulia, and on the west by the Atlantic. It is now 
 the empire of Fez and Morocco. The inhabitants were called 
 Mauri. 
 
 4. Columnae Herculis app. See p. 58, \ 1. 
 
 5. Numidia, now the kingdom of Algiers. It was bounded on 
 the north by the Mediterranean, south by Gaetulia, east by Afri- 
 ca Propria, and west by Mauritania. The inhabitants were call- 
 ed Nomades, and afterwards Numidae. 
 
 6. Africa. That part of Africa called Propria, corresponds 
 with the modern Tunis. 
 
 7. Bella cum Romanis. The three Punic wars, which terminat- 
 ed in the destruction of Carthage. See Roman Hist. Lib. II. 
 10—13. Lib. III. 3—11. Lib. 1Y. 4. 5. 
 
 8. Narranlur. A full account of this transaction is given in the 
 79th chapter of Sallust's History of the Jugurthine war. 
 
 1. Catabathmus. The declivity which separated Cyrenaica from 74 
 Egypt was called Catabathmus magnus to distinguish it from ano» 
 
U2 jS t OTES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 74 tner m tne kybian uome, called parvus. The former is called b* 
 the Arabs Akabet-Ossolom, 
 
 2. Cyrenaica, corresponding with the modern Barca, was also 
 called Pentapolis, from five principal cities which it contained, 
 viz. Berenice or Hesperis, Barce, Ptolemais, Apollonia, and Cy 
 rene the capital. 
 
 3. Solis, scil. fontem. 
 
 4. His, scil. locis, regionibus. 
 
 5. Ita prominent. As the. herds go in quest of food, so these 
 pastoral tribes wander about with their huts or tents. 
 
 6. Generositas, scii. est. Instead of leones praecipue gemrosi. 
 
 7. Prostratis, i. e. Us, qui se prosternunt. 
 
 8. Appetit, he finds him out in the greatest multitude and at 
 tacks him. 
 
 9. In campis Philippicis. After the battle in the plains of Phi- 
 lippi in Macedonia, in which Brutus and Cassius perished, and the 
 party of Octavianus and Antonius proved victorious. 
 
 10. Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Africa, which emptier 
 into the sea between Utica and Carthage. 
 
 11. Regulus, imp. Rom. Concerning Regulus, see Roman Hist, 
 
 Lib. ir. u. is. 
 
 75 1. Manu. u with its trunk/' 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 Explanation of Abbreviations and Marrs. 
 
 tt Active. 
 
 uuj Adjective. 
 
 adv. ... . . . Adverb. 
 
 al Ut alii putant 
 
 ■#. Common gender. 
 
 somp. ..... Comparative. 
 
 conj Conjunction. 
 
 contr Contraction. 
 
 dtf. . , . . . Defective. 
 
 dtf.pret. . . . Defective preteritive. 
 
 d. ..... . Deponem. 
 
 dim. ..... Diminutive. 
 
 f. Feminine. 
 
 Jreq Frequentative. 
 
 fr. . . • . . . From. 
 
 imper Imperative. 
 
 impers, .... Impersonal. 
 
 ■inc Inceptive. 
 
 inrf Indeclinable. 
 
 nt. ..... Interjection. 
 
 irr Irregular. 
 
 liu .....*.. . Masculine. 
 
 n . Neuter. 
 
 n.p Neuter pass'if 
 
 num Numeral. 
 
 card. num. Cardinal do. 
 
 ord. num. Ordinal dc. 
 
 dittr. num. Distributive do. 
 
 mult. num. Multiplicative do. 
 
 adv. num. Adverbial do. 
 
 part Participle. 
 
 pass Passive. 
 
 pp: Perfect passive. 
 
 pi Plural. 
 
 prep Preposition. 
 
 pr. cum* ace. A preposition with the ace 
 pr. cutn. abl. A preposition with the abL 
 
 pro Pronoun. 
 
 sup. ....... Superlative. 
 
 v. Vide, See. 
 
 The Arabic numbers denote the declension and conjugation. A short vowel is marked 
 thus ("), a long one (")• 
 
 a, short for ab. As E for Ex. 
 
 ab', prep, cum abl. from, by, 
 &c. fr. a«7ro, <xgr\ 
 
 Abdera, ae,f. 1. a maritime 
 town of Thrace, at the 
 mouth of the river Nestus. 
 
 nbditus, a, urn, part, fy adj. 
 {fr. abdo) hidden, remov- 
 ed, secret. 
 
 abdo, ere, Idi, Hum, a. 3. {ah 
 et do) to put away from 
 view, hide, remove. Do 
 in its compounds is often to 
 put or place., as in condo, 
 subdo. For I give or con- 
 sign to a place what I put 
 in it. 
 
 ahduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 {ah et ducd) to lead from, 
 lead or take away. 
 
 abductus, a, urn, part, pass.- 
 led from or awav. 
 
 12 
 
 abio, ire, fvi et Xi, itum, irr. n. 
 
 (ab et eo) to go from or ofL 
 
 to depart. 
 aberro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1, 
 
 {ab et erro) to stray from, 
 
 wander, lose the way. 
 abjecius, a, um, part, pass. 
 
 {ab et jactus) thrown from, 
 
 thrown away, cast off. 
 abjfcio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. 
 
 {ab et jacio) to throw from, 
 
 throw away, lay by, throw 
 
 aside. 
 abluo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (ab 
 
 et luo j to wash off, make 
 
 clean, purif}-. 
 abs, prep, cum abl. from. Fr. 
 
 ab, for softness, Al. from 
 
 a>L, back. 
 abscindo, indBre, idi, issum. 
 
 a. 3. {ab et scindo) to tear 
 
 off. cut off, part asunder. 
 
114 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 absens, tis, part, absent. Fr. 
 abs, and ens. Ens, entis, 
 from sifAi, part. sf$, svrog, 
 whence entis, ents, ens. 
 
 absolvo, olvere, olvi, lutum, a, 
 3. (ab et solvo) to loose from, 
 loose, untie, release. 
 
 absorbeo, here, bui, more fre- 
 quently than psi, ptum, a. 
 2, (ah et sorbeo) to sup or 
 suck in, absorb, swallow. 
 
 absterreo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. 
 (abs et terreo) to frighten 
 from or away, terrify, de- 
 ter. 
 
 abstinentia, ae, f. 1. an ab- 
 
 w staining from, abstinence. 
 
 abszineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 
 1. for absieneo (abs etteneo) 
 to hold off from, keep from, 
 abstain, refrain from. 
 
 absum, esse, fui, irr. n. (ab et 
 sum) to be at a distance 
 frGm a place or person, to 
 be absent. Parum abest, 
 it wants but little. Fili, and 
 the part, futurus, both come 
 from the old \erhfuo,fr. 
 (puw, to be. 
 
 absumo, ere, si or psi, turn or 
 plum, a. 3. (ab et sumo) to 
 consume, destroy, make an 
 end of. Absumi dolor e, to 
 fret one's self to death, to 
 die of grief. 
 
 absumtus vel ptus, a, urn, part, 
 pass, consumed, destroyed, 
 wasted. 
 
 absurdus, a, urn, adj. grating, 
 discordant, not agreeing 
 with the subject in hand, 
 Inconsistent, absurd. As 
 said of that (ab) from which 
 one turns away one's ears 
 "and is (surdus) deaf to it. 
 
 abundantia, ae, f. 1. abun- 
 dance, plenteousness. 
 
 abundo, are, dvi, atum, n. 1. 
 to overflow, abound. Pro- 
 perly said of (undo) water 
 rising (ab) out of its bounds. 
 So exundo is used. 
 
 ac, conj. and, as, than. Aeque 
 ac, just as much as ; non 
 secus ac, not otherwise than. 
 Soft for ate, fr. atque. 
 whence atq\ ate, as Neque 
 Neq\ Nee. 
 
 Aeca, ae,f. 1. Acca Lauren 
 tia, the wife of Faustulus* 
 shepherd of king NumitorV 
 flocks, who brought up Ro 
 mulus and Remus. 
 
 accedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. S. 
 i. e. cedo ad, to come to, 
 draw near, approach. Al- 
 so, to acquiesce in, coin- 
 cide with ; properly, I come 
 up to a proposal, ad nego* 
 tia, to enter upon business, 
 come to the subject in hand, 
 
 accendo, ere, di, sum, a. 3. to 
 light up, set on fire. Ac- 
 cendo is fr. cando, to make- 
 to shine, fr. candeo, to 
 shine ; &sfugo,fr.fugio. 
 
 accensus, a, urn, part, past, 
 lighted up, set on fire. 
 
 accessus, its, ?n. 4. a coming 
 to, an approaching or draw- 
 ing near to. 
 
 accido, ere, i, n. 3. (ad et ca- 
 do) to fall down at or be- 
 fore, accidit, it happens. 
 
 accipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. 
 (ad et capio) to take to, re- 
 ceive, comprehend, verizt, 
 to hear. 
 
 accipiter, iris, m. 3, a hawk, 
 falccn. Fr. accipio, where 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 115 
 
 capio is used in its strong- 
 er sense of seizing, from 
 its rapacity. 
 
 accommodatus, a, um, adj. ac- 
 commodated to, adjusted, 
 fit, suitable. 
 
 accumbo, mbere, but, bftum, n. 
 3. ( fr. acciiboy i. e. cubo 
 ad), to lie down or sit down 
 at table. 
 
 accurate , adv. accurately, di- 
 ligently, attentively. 
 
 accurdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. eu- 
 ro) done with care, much 
 attended to, accurate. 
 
 accurro, currere, curri, et cu- 
 curri, cur sum, n. 3. (ad ei 
 curro) to run to. 
 
 accuso, are, dvi, aium, a. 1. to 
 arraign, accuse. For ac~ 
 causo (as Exclude* for Ex- 
 claudo), fr. causa, a judi- 
 cial process. So incuso. 
 
 deer et dcris, ere, sup. ^cerri- 
 mus, adj. (fr. axy, a point), 
 sharp, keen, brisk, enter- 
 prising, valiant. 
 
 aeerbus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, 
 to be tart), bitter, tart, 
 harsh, severe. 
 
 dcerrime, adv. sup. See acru 
 ter. 
 
 dcervus, i, m. 2. a heap. For 
 agervus fr. aysgti fui. of 
 dysiPoj, to collect. V as in 
 sylva. 
 
 dcetum, i, n. 2. vinegar. Fr. 
 dceo, to be tart. 
 
 Achaicus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Achaia (which 
 name was extended by the 
 poets to all Greece) or 
 Greece, Grecian. 
 
 Achelous, i, m. 2. a river of 
 Greece, which rises in 
 
 mount Pindus in Epirus ? 
 and after dividing Acarna- 
 nia from Aetolia, falls into 
 the Ionian sea. It is now 
 called Aspro Potamo or the 
 White river. 
 
 Acherusia, ae,f. 1. a lake in 
 Campania, between- the 
 promontory of Misenuih and 
 Cumae. Now Lago della 
 Oollueia. 
 
 Achilles, is et eos, m. 8. son 
 of Peleus and Thetis, the 
 bravest of the Grecian he- 
 roes in the Trojan war. 
 
 deidus, a, um, adj. (fr. aeeo* 
 to be tart) sour, tart, harsh. 
 
 dcies, iei, f. 5. (fr. dxig, a 
 point) the sharp edge or 
 point of any thing, as of a 
 sword or spear. Hence, a 
 battalion, an army in battle 
 array. 
 
 acinus, i, m. 2. (fr. dug, a 
 point), a berry, kernel, 
 grape-stone. 
 
 dcris, ere, adj. See deer. 
 
 dcriter, crius, cerrime, adv. 
 sharply, boldly, valiantly. 
 
 Acroceraunia et i, orurn, n. et 
 m. pi. 2. (fr. oM^og, high, 
 and xspa-jvog, a thunderbolt, 
 because they were often 
 struck on account of their 
 height) very high moun- 
 tains that separate Epirus 
 from Macedonia. 
 
 Acrocorinthos, i, f. 2. 'Axgo- 
 y.o^v&og, a high hill over- 
 hanging Corinth, on which 
 "was a citadel of the same- 
 name. 
 
 Acropolis, is,f. 3. the citadel 
 of Athens. 
 
 actio, onis, f 3. ( /r. actum 
 
UG 
 
 DICTIONARY, 
 
 sup. of ago) a thing done 
 or doing, act, action ; busi- 
 ness ; action at law. 
 
 Actium, i, n. 2. now Azio, a 
 town and promontory of 
 Epirus, famous for the na- 
 val victory obtained by Au- 
 gustus over Antony and 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 actus, a, urn, part. (ago, ag- 
 tum, actum, actus) led, con- 
 ducted, driven. 
 
 aculeus, i, m. 2. (fr. actio, to 
 sharpen) a sting, a point. 
 
 acumen, inis, n. 3. (fr. acuo, 
 to sharpen) sharpness, or 
 sharp point, acuteness. 
 
 acus, us, f. 4. (fr. dxig, a 
 sharp point, or acuo) a nee- 
 dle, bodkin. 
 
 ucutus, a, um, adj. (fr. acii- 
 tum sup. of acuo) sharp- 
 edged, pointed, acute. 
 
 ad, prep, cum ace. shorten- 
 ed from apud) at, about, 
 near, a place. Also, to, 
 unto. Ad, in composition, 
 increases the force of 
 words. For, if I put any 
 thing (ad) to another, I in- 
 crease that other thing. 
 
 adtimas, antis, m. 3. (adci^ag, 
 avrog,) a diamond, adamant. 
 
 addtius, a, um,part. added. 
 
 addo, ere, tdi, Uum, a. 3. (ad 
 et do) to add. That is, to 
 place a thing (ad) near to 
 or by another. 
 
 ddduco, cere, xi, cium, a. 3. 
 (ad et duco) to lead to, con- 
 duct, bring, induce ; in <2»- 
 bitationem, to bring into 
 doubt. 
 
 udemtus or ptus, a, um, part, 
 fr. adimo, taken away. 
 
 tided, adv. (ad ed) to such a 
 degree, to such a pass, so. 
 Ad is joined to an adverb ? 
 as in adhuc. So in Eng- 
 lish, Hereto, Hitherto. 
 Therefore. 
 
 adeo, ire, ivi et ii, Uum, irr. 
 n. (ad et eo) to go to, ap- 
 proach. 
 
 adhaereo, rere, si, n. 2. (ad et 
 haereo) to stick close to ; 
 grow to, adhere. 
 
 Adherbal, alis, m. 3. a Numi- 
 dian prince, son of Micip- 
 sa, and grandson of Massi- 
 nissa. 
 
 adhlbeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. 
 to adopt, apply, employ, 
 use. That is, (habeo) J 
 hold any thing in my hand 
 (ad meos usus) for the pur- 
 pose of using it. 
 
 adhuc, adv. up to this point, 
 hitherto, as yet. See Adeo. 
 
 ddimo, imere, emi, emtum or 
 emptum,a. 3. to take away. 
 Fr. emo, I take. Emo ex 
 alio ad me, I take from ano- 
 ther to myself. 
 
 aditus, us, m. 4. (fr. aditum 
 sup. of adeo) a going to, 
 entry, access. 
 
 adjaceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (ad et 
 jaceo) to lie near, border 
 upon. 
 
 adjungo, g&re, xi, cium, a. 3. 
 (ad et jungo) to join to, an- 
 nex, unite. 
 
 adjuius, a, um, part. pass, of 
 adjilvo, helped, aided. 
 
 adjilvo, uvdre, uvi, vtum, a. 1 . 
 (ad etjilvo) to help, aid. 
 
 Admtus, i, m. 2. one of the 
 Argonauts, king of Pherae 
 in Thessalv. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 IVi 
 
 dmiaister, tri, m. 2. an as- 
 sistant, servant. 
 admlnistrOy are, art, dtum, a. 
 
 1 . (ad et ministro) to lend 
 aid, direct. 
 
 admlratio, onis, f. 3. (adml- 
 ror) admiration, wonder. 
 
 admiratus, a, um, part, of ad. 
 miror, admiring. 
 
 admirory dri, dtus sum, d. 1. 
 {ad et miror) to wonder 
 greatly, to admire. 
 
 admissuSy a, urn, part, of ad. 
 mittOy admitted. 
 
 admitto, iUere y tsi, issum, a. 
 3. (ad et mitto) to admit to 
 one's own presence, to re- 
 ceive ; to admit to one's 
 own attention or approba- 
 tion, give heed to, approve, 
 allow. 
 
 admddumy adv. just, exactly, 
 entirely. That is, ad mo- 
 dum justum, up to the just 
 and proper measure ; sim- 
 ply, up to the measure. 
 
 admoneo, ere 9 ui, Uum, a. 2. 
 (adet moneo) to put in mind, 
 warn, admonish. 
 
 admonitusy a, wm, part, ad- 
 monished. 
 
 admoveoy overe, ovi, dtum, a. 
 
 2. (ad et moveo) to put near, 
 bring near to, apply. 
 
 adnatOy are, avi, dtam, ?i. 1. 
 (ad et naiofr. no) to swim 
 to or towards. 
 
 adolescent y tis, adj. (fr. ado. 
 lesco) growing, young ; 
 subst. m. etf. one still grow- 
 ing, or still growing in 
 strength and vigour ; a 
 young man or woman. 
 
 vdolescentia, ae 9 f. 1. youth. 
 
 ndolesco, olescere, olevi, very 
 
 rarely olui, ulium, (ad ei 
 olescoyfr. oleo) n. inc. 3. to 
 grow up. grow in strength. 
 
 adcpto, tire, avi, dtum, a. 1 . 1 
 desire, choose, adopt. That 
 is, (opto) I desire to be (ad 
 me) by me. Or ad is very 
 much. 
 
 adorior, oriri, ortus sum, dep. 
 3. et 4. (ad et orior) to set 
 about, take in hand, under- 
 take ; invade, attack. 
 
 Adria, ae, et Hadria, ae, m. 
 1. The Adriatic sea. Al- 
 so f. a city between the 
 mouths of the Padus and 
 Athesis, from which the sea 
 was called. 
 
 Adriaticus, a, um, adj. (from 
 Adria:. Mare Adriaticum 
 vel Hadriaticum, the Adri- 
 atic or Hadriatic sea ; now, 
 Gulf of Venice. 
 
 adrosus, a, um, part, (from 
 adrodo, ere, osi, osum, 3.) 
 gnawed, gnawed round, 
 bitten. 
 
 adscendo vel ascendo, dere, di, 
 sum, a. 3. (ad et scando) to 
 ascend, mount, climb. 
 
 adsisto vel assisto, sistere, sit- 
 ti, (common with asto) n. 
 3. (ad et sisio) to stand by 
 the side of, assist, help. 
 
 adspergo vel aspergo, gere, sL 
 sum, a. 3. (ad ei spargo) to 
 sprinkle, besprinkle, be- 
 dew. 
 
 adspicio vel aspicio, tcere, eoci. 
 ectum, a, 3. (ad et specio) 
 to look at, behold, see. 
 
 adsto vel asto, stare, stfti, n. I , 
 (adet sto) to stand by or 
 near. 
 
 adsum, ades, adesse, adfuL 
 
118 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 irr. n. (ad et sum) to be by 
 or near another, help, at- 
 tend to. 
 
 adulator, oris, m. 3. (adulor) 
 a flatterer. 
 
 aduncus, a, um, adj. crooked, 
 curved, bent. 
 
 adveho, here, xl, dura, a. 8. 
 (ad et veho) to bear to, con- 
 duct, convey, advehor, to 
 arrive. 
 
 advena, ae, m. 1. a new com- 
 er, stranger. 
 
 advenio, enire, eni, enium, n. 
 4. (ad et venio) to come to, 
 arrive. 
 
 adventus, iis, m. 4. a coming, 
 an arrival. 
 
 adversarius, i, m. 2. (fr. ad- 
 versor) an adversary. 
 
 adversus et adversum, prep, 
 cum ace. against, opposite, 
 towards. 
 
 adversus, a, um, adj. turned 
 towards, facing or right op- 
 posite to ; adversa vulnera, 
 wounds in front ; adverso 
 corpore, on the breast. 
 
 advoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (ad et voco) to call to, call. 
 
 advolo, are, dvi, Mum, n. I. 
 (ad etvolo) to fly to or to- 
 wards. 
 
 aedifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (i. e. aedemfacio) to build 
 a house, build. 
 
 aedilitas, alis,f. 3. the office 
 of Edile. 
 
 aedllitius, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Ediles ; (vir) one 
 who has held the office of 
 Edile. 
 Aegaeus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the Aegaean. Ae- 
 gaeum mare, the Aegaean 
 
 sea (now Archipelago) a 
 part of the Mediterranean, 
 
 . dividing Greece from Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 aeger, gra, grum, adj. (sup. 
 aeger rimus) weak, infirm, 
 sick. Fr. as gybe, transp. 
 dsygog. That is, incapable 
 of work or action. 
 
 aegre, adv. (fr. aeger) hard- 
 ly, scarcely, with difficulty. 
 
 aegritudo, inis,f. 3. (aeger) 
 sorrow, grief, affliction. 
 
 Aegyptus, i, f. 2. (AlyvK<ro$) 
 Egypt. 
 
 Aelius, i, m. 2. the name of a 
 Roman family ; * abbreviat- 
 ed thus, Ael. 
 
 Aemilius, i, the name of a 
 Roman family ; Paulus 
 Aemilius, surnamed Mace* 
 donicus, was one of its 
 most illustrious members. 
 
 aemulatio, onis, f. 3. emula- 
 tion, ambition. 
 
 aemulus, a, um, adj. emulous, 
 
 aemulus, i, m. 2. a rival. 
 
 Aeneas, ae, m, 1. a Trojan 
 prince, son of Anchises 
 and the goddess Venus. 
 
 aeneiis, a, um, adj. (for aeri- 
 neus,fr. aes,aer is) brazen. 
 
 aenigma, dtis, n. 3. (ahiypoC) 
 a riddle, obscure question. 
 
 Aenos, i, f 2. now Eno, an 
 independent city of Thrace . 
 at the eastern mouth of the 
 Hebrus, confounded with 
 Aeneia, of which Aeneas 
 was founder. 
 
 Aeolis, idis, f. 3. a country 
 of Asia Minor, on the coast 
 of the Aegaean. 
 
 aequablliter, adv. (fr. aequo 
 hilts) equally, uniformly. 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 119 
 
 aequalis, c 3 adj. equal. 
 aequdliter, adv. equally. 
 aequitas, dtis, f. 3. equity, im- 
 partiality, love of justice. 
 aequus, a, um, adj. just, equal, 
 even ; aequus animus, equa- 
 nimity. 
 tier, aeris, m. 3. (ct^f) the air. 
 aerarium, i, n. 2. (aes, aeris, 
 money) the treasury. % 
 aes, aeris, n. 3. (fr. aldig, 
 
 splendour), brass. 
 Aeschylus, i, m. 2. an excel- 
 lent soldier and celebrated 
 writer of tragedies, born 
 at Athens. 
 Aesculapius, i, m. 2. son of 
 Apollo, was god of medi- 
 cine. 
 aestas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. aestus) 
 
 the summer. 
 aesilfno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. aes ; timo being a ter- 
 mination, as timus in maru 
 timus) to value, estimate. 
 nestuo, are, dvi, dtum, (fr. aes- 
 tus) to be hot, boil, rage. 
 aestuosus, a, um, adj. (aestus) 
 
 stormy. 
 aestus, its, m. 4. (fr. aifaou 
 pp. of aUo), to burn) heat. 
 aetas, dtis, f. 3. (for aeviias 
 
 fr* aevum) age. 
 aetemus, a, um, adj. (for ae- 
 viternus fr. aevum) lasting 
 for ages or all oges, eter- 
 nal. 
 iethiopia, ae,f. 1. a country 
 of Africa, divided into Su- 
 perior and Inferior. The 
 former answers to modem 
 Abyssinia, the latter to the 
 southern parts of Africa. 
 iethiops, opis, m. 3. an inha- 
 bitant of Aethiopi^ 
 
 Aetna, ae, f. 1. a volcanic 
 mountain of Sicily, now 
 Mongibello. 
 aevum, i,n. 2. (fr, aim) length 
 
 of time, an age. 
 Afer, ra, rum, adj. relating to 
 
 Africa, African. 
 affdbri, adv. skilfully, exqui- 
 sitely. Fr.faber, ri. Ad 
 modum fabri. Workman* 
 like. Or ad is, very. . 
 affectus, a, um,part. of officio, 
 affero, afferre, attiili, alldtum, 
 irr. a. (adetfero) to bring, 
 cause. 
 officio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. 
 (ad et fdcio) to affect, in- 
 fluence ; gaudio afficere, to 
 fill with joy ; hostem cladi- 
 bus afficere, to defeat an 
 enemy ; off id febri, to be 
 seized with fever. 
 affigo, gere, xi, scum, a. 3. (ad 
 etflgo) to fix or fasten to, 
 attach to ; afflgere cruci, to 
 crucify. 
 affinis, e, adj. adjoining. That 
 is, dwelling (ad fines) at or 
 by the boundaries of ano- 
 ther's estate or dwelling. 
 Affines, relations. 
 affirmo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. firmus) to make firm 
 or sure, to say firmly or po- 
 sitively, affirm. 
 affixus, a, um, part, of affigo. 
 afflatus, us, m. 4. (fr. affio) 
 a breathing upon, gust oi 
 wind ; inspiration, enthu- 
 siasm. 
 Africa, ae,f. 1. Africa. 
 Africdnus, i, m. 2. the sur- 
 name of two of the Scipios, 
 Publ. Cornelius, and Publ. 
 
120 
 
 lilCHONARV. 
 
 Aemiiianus, called Africa, 
 nus the younger. 
 Afrlcus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Africa, African. 
 Agamemnon, onis, m. 3. king 
 of Mycenae and Argos, 
 brother to Menelaus. He 
 was appointed commander- 
 in-chief of the forces sent 
 against Troy. 
 Agathyrsi, drum, m. pi. 2. an 
 effeminate nation of Scy- 
 thia, dwelling near the 
 Maeotis Palus. 
 dgellus, i, m. 2. dim. of ager, 
 a small piece of ground, a 
 little field. 
 Agenor, oris, m. 3. a king of 
 Phoenicia, was son of Nep- 
 tune and Libya, and bro- 
 ther to Belus. 
 ager, gri, m. 2. (ayf o$) a field, 
 farm, land, estate, agri, ro~ 
 rum, the country in oppo- 
 sition to the city. 
 agger, eris, m. 3. a heap, 
 
 mound, rampart. 
 aggredior, edi, essus sum, d. 
 3. {ad et grddior) I go to 
 or up to, enter upon, assail, 
 attack. 
 aggr essus, a, um, pari, of ag- 
 gredior. 
 agitator, oris, m. 3« (agilo) a 
 
 driver. 
 agito, are, dvi, alum, freq. a. 
 1. (fr. ago) to drive, sti- 
 mulate, agitate, harass, 
 think of, revolve in the 
 mind. 
 Aglaus, i, m. 2. the poorest 
 man of Arcadia, pronounc- 
 ed by the oracle more hap- 
 py than Gyges, king of Ly- 
 dia. 
 
 agmen, mis, n. 3. (for agimen 
 fr. ago) an army on march, 
 a troop, band. 
 agnltus, a, um, 'part. pass, of 
 
 agnosco. 
 agnosco, oscere, om, Xtum, a. 
 3. (ad et nosco) to know, 
 recognise, own. 
 agnus, i, m. 2. a lamb. 
 ago, agere, egi, actum, a. 3. 
 (fr. ayw) to do, act, carry 
 on, lead, drive, spend the 
 time ; funus, to perform fu- 
 neral ceremonies ; annum, 
 to be in a certain year ; 
 diem, to pass a day ; bene, 
 to be well. 
 agricola, ae, m. 1 . (ager el co 
 lo) a husbandman, farmer. 
 agricultnra, ae,f. 1. tilling of 
 
 the ground, agriculture. 
 Agrigentum, i, n. 2. now Gir~ 
 genti, a town of Sicily. 18 
 stadia from the sea. 
 dhenum, i, n. 2. a brazen ves- 
 sel, a caldron. 
 aio, is, def. to say, speak. 
 Ajax, dcis, m. 3. the name of 
 one of the most celebrated 
 Grecian heroes that fought 
 before Troy. He was so** 
 of Telamon. 
 dla,ae,f. 1. a wing, an arm- 
 pit. 
 alacer, cris, ere, adj. lively* 
 
 brisk, spirited. 
 aldtus, a, um, adj. having 
 
 wings, winged. 
 Alba, ae,f. 1. Longa v a city 
 of Latium built by Asca- 
 nius, B. C. 1152. 
 Albdnus, a, um, adj. ?nons Ah 
 banus, mount Albanus, 
 which derived its name 
 from Alba, was 16 miles 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 121 
 
 horn Rome, suhst. m. 2. 
 an inhabitant of Alba* 
 Ubis, is, m. 3. now the Elbe, 
 a river of Germany falling 
 into the German ocean. 
 Hbida, ae, m. 1. the ancient 
 
 name of the river Tiber. 
 ilbus, a, um, adj. white. 
 ilcestis, idis, f. 3. daughter 
 of Pelias, and wife of Ad- 
 metus. 
 Xlcibiddes, is, m. 3. an Athe- 
 nian general, disciple to 
 Socrates ; he was nephew 
 of Pericles, and lineally de- 
 scended from Ajax. 
 Heinous, i, m. 2. was king of 
 the Phaeacians, and is 
 praised for his love <**" ^g 1 * 1 - 
 culture. JI '=* gardens are 
 ^odutifully described by 
 Homer. 
 Alcyone or Haley one, es, f. 
 1. daughter of Aeolus, mar- 
 ried Ceyx, king of Traehi- 
 nia. They were both trans- 
 formed into birds called 
 Halcyons. 
 Alcyonius, a, um, adj. Alcyo- 
 
 nil dies, halcyon days. 
 Alexander, ri, m. 2, the 3rd, sur- 
 named the Great, was son 
 of Philip and Olympias. He 
 was born B. C. 356, 
 Alexandria, ae,f. \. a great 
 and extensive city of Egypt, 
 built B. C. 332, by Alex- 
 ander. 
 afgeo, ere, si, n. 2. to be cold, 
 
 to shudder with cold. 
 alicunde, adv. (aliquis et unde) 
 from some place. Proper- 
 ly, from some whence. 
 tliendtus, a, am, part, ofalie- 
 
 alieno, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. tc 
 make ialienum) different \ 
 estrange ; to make ano- 
 ther's, transfer. 
 alienus, a, am, adj. (fr. aliusX 
 belonging to another, deriv- 
 ed from another source, fo- 
 reign. 
 alio, adv. to another place. 
 altquamdtu, adv. for some 
 
 time. 
 aliquando, adv. {aliquis el 
 quando) at some time, some 
 times, formerly, 
 aliquantum, adv. somewhat, 
 
 a little, rather. 
 aliquis* qua, quod et quid, pro, 
 
 somebody, some one. 
 aliquot, ind. adj. some, some 
 
 certain, a few. 
 aliter, adv. in anotfier waj*, 
 
 otherwise. 
 
 alius, a, ud, gen. alius, dat 
 
 alii, adj. another, other 4 
 
 alii... alii, some... others. 
 
 alldtus, a, um, part, of affero* 
 
 allectus, a, um, part, of alii, 
 
 cio. 
 allevo, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. (ad 
 ellevo) to lift up, lighten, 
 mitigate, relieve. 
 Allia, ae,f. 1. a river of Ita^ 
 ly, flowing into the Tiber*. 
 It is now the Aia. 
 alllcio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3, 
 (ad et lacio) to allure, at, 
 tract, entice. 
 allfgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad 
 
 etltgo). 
 alloquor, qui, quutus vel ciitus 
 sum, d. 3. (ad et loquor) *' 
 speak to, address, acc^ 
 alluo, u€re, ui, utum, a 
 et lao, fr. XoJw. - 
 
 M 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 to flow hard by or near to, 
 to lave. 
 ah, Zrer, ui y ttum veltum, a. 3. 
 
 to nourish, support, feed. 
 Aheus, i, m. 2. a giant, son 
 
 of Titan and Terra. 
 
 Alpes, ium, f. pi. 3. the Alps. 
 
 Alpheus, i, m. 2. now Alfeo 
 
 or Alpkeo, a famous river 
 
 of Peloponnesus, which 
 
 rises in Arcadia, and after 
 
 passing through Elis falls 
 
 . into the sea. 
 
 Alpinus, a, um, adj. relating 
 to the Alps, Alpine. Alpi- 
 ni mures, marmots, quad- 
 rupeds about the size of the 
 rabbit, allied to the muring 
 tribe. They inhabit the 
 higher regions of the Alps 
 and Pyrenees. 
 alte, tius, tUsime, adv. high, 
 
 highly. 
 alter, era, Brum, adj. one (of 
 
 two), the other. 
 alterms, a, um, adj. one after 
 
 another, alternate. 
 Althaea, ae, f. 1. the wife of 
 Oeneus, king of Calydou, 
 and mother of Meleager. 
 altUudo, tni$,f. 3.-(/r. alius) 
 
 height. 
 altrix, ids, f. 3. {fr. ah) a 
 female nourisher, foster- 
 mother, nurse* 
 altus, a, um, adj. high, deep, 
 loud ; alia voce, with a loud 
 voice ; altum siZenftwm, pro- 
 found silence. 
 alumnus, i, m. 2. (fr. ah) 
 one who is reared up, as a 
 foster child, pupil, &c. 
 alveus,i, m. 2. the channel 
 or bed of a river : a ditch, 
 trench. 
 
 alvus, i,f. 2. the belly. 
 am mis, a, um, adj. bitter. 
 Amazon, onis, f. 3. {fr. tt< 
 non, et f*a£os, mamma) an 
 Amazon. Amazories, a na- 
 tion of female warriors? 
 who established themselves 
 in Pontus, along the coast 
 of the Euxine. 
 ambitio, onis, f. 3. ambition. 
 Fr. ambio ; properly a go- 
 ing round, canvassing for 
 posts of honour. 
 ambitus, us, m. 4. a going 
 
 round, compass, circuit. 
 ambo, ae, o, adj. pi. ("Afjwpw) 
 
 both. 
 ambxilo, are, dvi, alum, n. 1. 
 
 l< > walk, walk along. 
 amlcltia, ae, f. 1. friendship- 
 amicus, a, um, adj. {ft. « »n; 
 
 friendly. 
 amicus, i, m. 2. a friend. 
 dmitto, ittfre, Isi, issum, a. 3* 
 (a et mitto) to send away, 
 dismiss ; suffer to go, lose. 
 Ammon et Hammon, onis, m, 
 3. a name of Jupiter, wor~ 
 shipped in Libya. 
 amnis, is, m. 3. a river. 
 amo, are, dvi, dium<> a\ 1. to 
 love ; amans alicujus rei* 
 fond of any thing. 
 amoenus, a, um, adj. pleasant. 
 
 charming, delightful. 
 amor, oris, m. 3. love. 
 Amphinomus, i, m. 2. and 
 Andpus, two brothers of 
 Sicily, who, when Catana 
 and the neighbouring cities 
 were in flames by an erup- 
 tion of Aetna, saved their 
 parents on their shoulders. 
 They received divine hon- 
 ours in Sicilv after their 
 
DICTIONARY* 
 
 123 
 
 death, and the place of 
 their burial was called Cam* 
 pus piorum. 
 
 Amphion, onis, m. 3. a son of 
 Jupiter, who received from 
 Mercury the lyre, by the 
 sound of which he raised 
 the walls of Thebes. 
 
 ample, adv. amply. 
 
 ampUctor, cti,'xus sum, d. 3. 
 {am, about, et plecto) to fold 
 one's self about another, 
 embrace. 
 
 amplio, are, dvi, alum, a, 1. 
 to increase, enlarge ; i. e, 
 amplius facio. 
 
 amplius, adv. (fr. ampU) 
 more. 
 
 amplus, a, um, adj. great, ex- 
 tensive, ample. 
 
 Amulius, i, m. H. king of Al- 
 ba„ was son of Procas, and 
 younger brother to Numi- 
 tor. 
 
 Amyclae, drum? f. pi. 1. a ci* 
 ty of Laconia in Pelopon- 
 nesus, south-west of Spar- 
 ta, and in its vicinity. 
 
 A?nycus, i, m. 2. son of Nep- 
 tune, and king of the Be- 
 bryces. He was slain by 
 Pollux, one of the Argo- 
 nauts. 
 
 an, adv. whether? whether* 
 or else. 
 
 Anacreon, tis, m. 3. a famous 
 lyric poet of Teos in Ionia, 
 who flourished 532 B. C. 
 Andpus vel Anapius, i,m. 2. 
 vel Anapis, is,, 3. see Am- 
 phinomus. 
 
 Anaxagoras, ae, m. 1. a phi- 
 losopher of Clazomenae in 
 Ionia, disciple to Anaxi- 
 menes, and preceptor to 
 Euripides and Pericles? 
 
 anceps, ipitis, adj. doubtful. 
 
 Anchises, ae, m.l. son of Ca- 
 pys, and father of Aeneas. 
 
 ancilla, ae,f. 1. a maid-ser- 
 vant. 
 
 aneora, ae, f. 1. (ayxuja) an 
 anchor. 
 
 Ancus, i, m. 2. Martius, the 
 4th king of Rome, was 
 grandson to Numa, by his 
 daughter. 
 
 Andriscus, i, m. 2. a worth* 
 less person, called also 
 Pseudophilippus, who incit- 
 ed the Macedonians to re* 
 volt against Rome. 
 
 Andromeda, ae, f 1. daugh- 
 ter of Cepheus, king of 
 Aethiopia, by Cassiope. 
 
 ango, gere, xi, a, 3. to press 
 close, afflict, vex, trouble 
 
 anguis, is, c. 3. a snake. 
 
 angulus, i, m. %. an angle* 
 corner. 
 
 angustiae, arum,f 1. a nar- 
 row place or pass, narrow- 
 ness. 
 
 angustus, a, um. adj. (fr. an 
 go) narrow, confined. 
 
 anima, ae, f. I. breath, life, 
 the soul ; antmam reddere, 
 to give up life ; animam re- 
 cipere, to come to one's self 
 again. 
 
 animadverto, t£re, li, sum, a* 
 3. (i. e. verto animttm ad) 
 to take notice of, attend, 
 observe. 
 
 animal, alts, n. 3. an animal. 
 
 animosus, a, um, adj. spirited 
 courageous. 
 
 animus, i, m. 2. the mind, dis« 
 position of the mind, cour- 
 age, soul, purpose or de- 
 sign ; generosus animus. 
 
124 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 generosity ; uno animo, un- 
 animously ; animus mihi est, 
 I have a mind, am inclin- 
 ed. 
 
 Anio, enis, m. 3. now the Te- 
 verone, a river of Italy, 
 flowing through the coun- 
 try of Tibur, and falling in- 
 to the river Tiber, about 3 
 miles north of Rome. 
 
 annecto, ecte~re, exui, exum, a. 
 3. (ad et necto) to join to, 
 attach, annex. 
 
 annulus, i, m. 2. a ring. 
 
 annumero, are, dvi, alum, a. I. 
 (ad et numero) to number, 
 count, enumerate. 
 
 annuo, ere, ui, iitum, n. 3. (ad 
 et nuo) to nod to, assent by 
 a nod, assent. 
 
 annus, i, m. 2. a year. 
 
 annuus, a, um, adj. yearly. 
 
 anser, is, m. 3. a goose. 
 
 anserinus, a, um, adj. of or 
 pertaining to a goose ; ova, 
 goose eggs. 
 
 ante, prep, cum ace. before. 
 
 ante, adv. before, on a former 
 occasion. 
 
 antea, adv. formerly, afore- 
 time. 
 
 antecello, 8re, ui, a. 3. (ante 
 et cello, to drive,) to sur- 
 pass. 
 
 antepono, pontre, posui, posi- 
 turn, a. 3. (ante et pono) to 
 place before, prefer, 
 
 antequam, adv. before that, 
 before. 
 
 Antiochla, ae, f. 1. now An- 
 takia, a cit)^ of Syria, on 
 the river Orontes, about 20 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Antiochus, i, m. 2. the name 
 of several Syrian kings* 
 
 Antiope, es,f. 1. the mothei 
 of Amphion and Zethus* 
 
 Antipater, tris, m. 3. a poet of 
 Sidon. 
 
 antlquus, a, um, adj. old, an * 
 cient. 
 
 Antium, i, n. 2.. now Antio, n 
 maritime town of Italy, up- 
 on a promontory 32 mile^ 
 from Ostia. It was the ca- 
 pital of the Volsei. 
 
 Antonius, i, m. 2. the name 
 of several Romans. 
 
 antrum, i, n. 2. a cave. 
 
 Apelles, is, m. 3. a celebrat- 
 ed painter of the island oi 
 Cos, son of Pithius. 
 
 Apennlnus, i, m. 2. the Apen- 
 nines. 
 
 aper, ri, m. 2. a wild boar, a 
 boar. 
 
 apgrio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. (ad 
 et pdrio) to open. 
 
 apertus, a, um, pai y t. of ape* 
 rio, opened. 
 
 apex, lets, m. 3. a top, a sum 
 mit. 
 
 apis, is,f. 3. a bee. 
 
 Apis, is, m. 3. a god of the 
 Egyptians worshipped un- 
 der, the form of an ox. 
 
 Apollo, inis, m. 3. son of Ju* 
 piter and Latona, called al 
 so Phoebus. 
 
 apparatus, us, m. 4. (fr. ap» 
 paro) a preparing, prepa- 
 ration. 
 
 appdreo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. 
 (ad et pdreo) to appear : 
 appdret, it is apparent. 
 
 appellalus, a, um, part, of ap. 
 pello, addressed. 
 
 appello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . 
 (ad et pello) to call to, call 
 upon, address. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 appendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. 
 (ad et pendo) to hang to, to 
 weigh. 
 
 appeto, ere, ?vi et ii, Hum, a. 
 3. (ad etpUo) to try to get, 
 aim at, desire vehemently. 
 
 Appius, i, m. 2. the praeno- 
 men of an illustrious fami- 
 ly at Rome. 
 
 appono, onere, osui, osttum, a. 
 3. (ad et pono) to place 
 near, set before, apply to, 
 attach, unite. 
 
 appositus, a, um, part* pass. 
 of appono. 
 
 appropinquo, are, dm, dtum, n. 
 1. (ad etpropinquo) to draw 
 nigh, approach. 
 
 apricus, a, um, adj. (fr. ape- 
 rio) exposed to the sun, 
 sunny, clear, warm. 
 
 apto, are, am, turn, a. 1. to 
 fit, adapt. 
 
 aptus, a, um, part. (fr. apo 
 vel apio, to bind), well suit- 
 ed, tit. 
 
 apud, prep, cum ace. at, close 
 by, near, among. 
 
 Apulia, ae,f. 1. now Puglia, 
 a country of Magna Grae- 
 cia in Italy, lying along the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 aqua, ae,f. 1. water. 
 
 aquaeductus, its, m. 4. an aque- 
 duct. 
 
 aquila, ae,f. 1. an eagle. 
 
 Aqullo, onis, mi 3. the north - 
 wind. 
 
 Aquitania, ae,f. 1. a country 
 of Gaul, between the Ga- 
 rumna or Garonne and Py- 
 renees. 
 
 Aquttmi, drum, m. pi. 2. the 
 inhabitants of Aquitania. 
 
 ara, ae,f. 1. an altar. 
 
 Arabia, ae,f. 1. a large coun- 
 try of Asia, forming a pen- 
 insula between the Arabian 
 and Persian gulfs. 
 
 Arabicus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Arabia; Arabicus 
 sinus, the Red sea. 
 
 Arabius, a, um, adj. Arabian. 
 
 Arabs, abis, m. 3. an Arabian. 
 
 arbitror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. 
 to .judge, think, imagine. 
 
 arbor et arbos, 6ris,f. 3. a 
 tree. 
 
 area, ae,f. 1. a chest. 
 
 Arcadia, ae,f. 1. a country 
 in the middle of Pelopon- 
 nesus, surrounded on eve- 
 ry side by land. 
 
 Areas, ddis, m. 3. a son of 
 Jupiter and Callisto. He 
 reigned in Pelasgia, called 
 from him Arcadia. 
 
 arceo, ere, ui, a. 2. to keep 
 off, drive away ; to keep 
 in, restrain. 
 
 arcess^tus, a, um, part. pass. 
 of arcesso. 
 
 arcesso, ere, ivi, itum, a. 3. to 
 call for, invite, summon. 
 
 Archimedes, is, m. 3. a fa- 
 mous geometrician of Sy» 
 racuse, born B. C. 287. 
 
 architectus, i, m. 2. an archi* 
 tect. 
 
 Archytas, ae, m. 1. a Pytha- 
 gorean philosopher of 55a. 
 rentum, and an able astro- 
 nomer and geometrician. 
 He flourished 400 B. G. 
 
 arete, actius, arctissime, adv. 
 tightly, closely. 
 
 arctus, a, um, adj. confined, 
 close. 
 
 arcus, iis, m. 4. a bow, an 
 arch. 
 
 m2 
 
126 
 
 DICTIONARY, 
 
 Ardea, ae,f< 1. now Ardia, 
 a town of Latium, near the 
 coast, the capital of the 
 Rutuli. 
 
 ardeo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. to 
 glow, burn, be consumed 
 by fire. 
 
 arduus, a, um, adj. high. 
 steep, difficult, 
 
 arena, ae, f. 1, sand. 
 
 arenosus, a, um, adj. sandy. 
 
 Arethisa, ae, f. 1. a fountain 
 in Elis, said to force its 
 way under the sea and rise 
 again in the island of Orty- 
 gia, near Syracuse in Sici- 
 
 argentum, i, n. 2. silver. 
 
 Argias, ae, m. 1. the founder 
 of Chalcedon. 
 
 Argivi, orum, m. pi. 2, the 
 Argives, the inhabitants of 
 Argos and Argolis in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 Argivus, a, um, adj. pertain^ 
 ing to Argos. 
 
 Argonautae, vrum, m. pi. 1. a 
 name given to those heroes 
 who went with Jason on 
 board the ship Argo to Col- 
 chis, 1263 B. C. 
 
 Argos, i> n. 2. etinplur. num. 
 Argi, orum, m. 2. the capi- 
 tal of Argolis in Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 arguo, ere, ui, utum, a. 3. (fr. 
 
 dgybg, white) to. make clear, 
 
 , prove ; prove another to be 
 
 guilty, convict. 
 Ariminum, i, n. 2. now Rimi- 
 ni, a city of Umbria in Ita- 
 ly, at the mouth of the ri- 
 ver Ariminus. 
 
 Aristippus, i, m. 2. the elder, 
 a philosopher of Cyrene, 
 
 disciple to Socrates, an<i 
 
 founder of the Cyrenaic 
 
 sect, flourished about 392 
 
 B. C. 
 Aristobulus, i,m. 2. a name 
 
 common to some of the 
 
 high priests and kings of 
 
 Judaea. 
 Aristoteles, is, m. 3. a famous 
 
 philosopher, born at Stagi^ 
 
 ra, B. C. 384. 
 arma, crum, n. pi. 2. arms. 
 armHus, a, um, part. pass, of 
 
 armo, armed. 
 Armenia, ae, f. 1. now Tur- 
 
 comania, a large country 
 
 of Asia, divided into Upper 
 
 and Lower, called alsoMa^ 
 
 jor. 
 Armenius, a, um, adj. Arme- 
 
 nian. 
 armentum, i, ?i. 2. a herd (of 
 
 large cattle). For aramen 
 
 turn fr. aro. As useful for 
 
 ploughing. 
 armilla, ae,f. 1. a bracelet. 
 armo, -re, am, aittm, a. 1. tc 
 
 arm. 
 aro, are, rivi, alum, a. 1. (agoo*. 
 
 a£w) to plough. 
 arreptus, a, um, part. pass, of 
 
 arripio. 
 arripio, ipere, tpui, epium, a. 
 
 3. {ad et rdpio) to take b\ 
 
 force, seize, lay hold of. 
 arrogo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1, 
 (ad et rogo to claim to 
 
 one's self ; claim more than 
 
 one's right, arrogate. 
 ars, tis,f. 3. art, occupation. 
 
 craft. 
 Artemisia, ae, f. 1. a queen 
 of Caria, wile of Mausolus. 
 artifex, icis, m. etf. 3. an ar* 
 
 tist. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 12? 
 
 arundo, inis, f. 3. a reed. 
 Aruns, tis, m. 3. a son of Tar- 
 
 quinius Superbus. 
 arx, cis,f. 3. (fr. olxpu) a lof- 
 ty place, citadel. 
 Ascanius, i, m. 2. son of Ae- 
 neas by Creusa. 
 ascendo, ere, di, sum, a. 3. 
 
 See adscendo. 
 Asia, ae,f. 1. one of the three 
 parts of the ancient world. 
 Asiaticus, i, m. 2. the surname 
 of Lucius Corn. Scipio, for 
 his conquests in Asia. 
 Asina, ae, m. 1 . a surname of 
 a branch of the gens Cor- 
 nelia. 
 asinus, i, m. 2. an ass. 
 asper, a, um, adj. rough, rug- 
 ged, harsh. 
 asper go. See adspergo, 
 asper nor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. 
 {ad et sperno) reject, spurn, 
 despise, disdain. 
 aspis, idis.f. 3. an asp. 
 assequor, qui, quntus vel cuius 
 sum, d. 3. (ad et sequor) to 
 come up with, reach, gain, 
 procure. 
 asservo, ire, dvi, atum, a. 1 . 
 [ad et servo) to watch over, 
 preserve. 
 assigno, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 (ad et signo) to assign, al- 
 lot. 
 assisto. See adsisto. 
 assurgo, surgere, surrexi, sur- 
 rectum, n. 3. (ad et surgo) 
 to rise, rise up. 
 astronomia, ae, f. 1. astrono- 
 my. 
 astutus, a, um, adj. (fr. astus, 
 
 us, craft) crafty, cunning. 
 asylum, i, n. 2. (atfuXov) an 
 asylum, sanctuary* 
 
 at, conj. but. 
 
 Atalanta, ae,f. 1. a daughter 
 of Schoeneus, king of Scy- 
 ros. 
 
 Athenae, drum, f. pi. 1. the 
 capital of Attica, founded 
 1556 B. C, by Cecrops 
 and an Egyptian colony : 
 called Athenae ('ASSjvai), 
 in honour of Minerva. 
 ('A^vrj). 
 
 Atheniensis, is, m. 3. an inha* 
 bitant of Athens. 
 
 Atilius, i, m. 2. a name of Re- 
 gulus. 
 
 Atlanttcus, a, um, adj. per- 
 taining to Atlas ; metre AU 
 lanticum, the Atlantic 
 ocean. - 
 
 atque, conj. and. 
 
 atrociter, adv. [atrox) cruelly, 
 fiercely. 
 
 Attains, i, m. 2. a king of Per- 
 
 gamus. 
 xittentus, a, um, adj. (fr. often- 
 do) attentive, diligent. 
 
 attero, terere, trtvi, trUum, a. 
 3. (ad et tero) to rub against, 
 wear, destroy. 
 
 Atthis, idis,f 3. a name giv- 
 en to Attica from a daugh- 
 ter of Cranaus the 2d, king 
 of Athens. 
 
 Attica, ae,f. 1. a country- of 
 Greece. 
 
 Atticus, a, um, adj. Attic. 
 Athenian. 
 
 attingo, tingere, tXgi, factum . 
 a. 3. {ad et tango) to touch, 
 border upon, reach, gain. 
 
 attollo, ere, a. 3. (ad et tollo) 
 to lift or raise up. 
 
 attrltus, a, um, part. pass, of 
 attero. 
 
 aucto?f^6ris f m. 3. an author, 
 
128 
 
 DICTIONARY* 
 
 auctoritaSy dtis, f. 3. authori- 
 ty. : 
 
 ductus, a, um, part. pass, of 
 augeo. 
 
 audacia, ae, f. \. (fr. audace) 
 courage, audacity. 
 
 audax, dcis, adj. (f. audeo) 
 daring, bold. 
 
 audeo, ere, ausus sum, n.p.2. 
 to dare, adventure. 
 
 audio, ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to 
 hear, hearken. 
 
 auditor, oris, m. 3. a hearer. 
 
 audttus, a, um, part. pass, of 
 audio. 
 
 audttus, its, m. 4. a hearing, 
 report. 
 
 aufero, aufcrre, abstiili, ahld- 
 turn, irr. a. (abs etfero) to 
 carry off, take away, re- 
 move. 
 
 mifugio, itgere, vgi, agitum, 
 n. 3. (abs et Jugioj to flee 
 or run away, fly from. 
 
 augendus, a, um, part, of au- 
 geo, to be increased. 
 
 augeo, ere, xi, cium, a. 2. to 
 increase, enlarge. 
 
 augurium, i, n. 2. (fr. avis et 
 gero) divination from the 
 flight and singing of birds ; 
 an augury. 
 
 auguste, adv. reverently. 
 
 Augustus, a, um, adj. august, 
 venerable, sacred. 
 
 Augustus, i, m.2. Octavianus 
 Caesar, second emperor of 
 Rome, was- son of Octa- 
 vius, a senator, and Accia, 
 sister to Julius Caesar. 
 
 Aidis, idis et idos,f. 3. a town 
 of Boeotia on the sea-coast, 
 where all the Greeks con- 
 spired against Troy. 
 
 Aldus, i,m. 2, a praenomen, 
 
 common among the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Aurelius, i, m. 2. the name of 
 many Romans. 
 
 aureus, a, um, adj. golden. 
 
 aurlga,ae,f. 1. a charioteer. 
 
 auris, is,f.3. the ear. 
 
 aurum,i, n. 2. gold. 
 
 auspicium, i, n. 2. {fr* aus- 
 pex) an auspice. 
 
 ausus, a, um, part, of audeo, 
 having dared. 
 
 aut, conj. or; aut...aut, either 
 ...or. 
 
 autem, conj. but. 
 
 autumnus, i,m. 2. autumn* 
 
 auxilium, i, n. 2. aid, help : 
 auxilia, auxiliaries. 
 
 avdritia, ae,f. 1. avarice. 
 
 awJrus, a, um, adj. covetous, 
 avaricious. 
 
 dveho, here, xi, ctum, a. ?. (a 
 etveho) to carry away. 
 
 dvello, ere, velli et vulsi, vid- 
 sum, a. 3. (a et vello) to 
 tear or drag away. 
 
 Aventinus, i, m. 2. one of the 
 seven hills on which Rome 
 was built ; it was not reck- 
 oned within the precincts 
 of the city till the reign of 
 the emperor Claudius. 
 
 dversus, a, um, part. pass, of 
 dverto. 
 
 dverto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (a 
 et verto) to turn from or 
 away, avert, remove. 
 
 avicula, ae, dim. of avis,f. 1. 
 a small bird. 
 
 avidus, a, um, adj. (fr. aveo. 
 to long for) eager, desir- 
 ous, greedy. 
 
 avis, is,f. 3. a bird. 
 
 dvoco, are, dvi, alum, a* 1. (a 
 et voco) to call off or away. 
 
DICTIONARY^ 
 
 129 
 
 audio, dre,dvi, dium, n. 1. (a 
 et volo) to fly away. 
 
 avunculus, i, m. 2. a maternal 
 uncle. 
 
 livus, i, m. 2. a grandfather. 
 
 Axenus, i, m. 2. (a$svog) the 
 ancient name of the Eux- 
 ine. The word signifies 
 inhospitable, and was high- 
 ly applicable to the inhabit- 
 ants of the coast. 
 
 axis, is, m. 3. an axle, axis. 
 
 B. 
 
 Babylon, onis, f. 3. a cele- 
 brated city, the capital of 
 the Assyrian empire, on the 
 banks of the Euphrates. 
 
 Babylonia, ae, f. 1. a large 
 province of Assyria, of 
 which Babylon was the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 bacca, ae, f. 1 . a berry. 
 
 Bacchus, i, m. 2. the son of 
 Jupiter and Semele, the 
 daughter of Cadmus ; the 
 god of wine. 
 
 Bactridna vel Bactria, ae, f. 
 
 1. a country of Asia which 
 derived its name from the 
 river Bactrus. 
 
 Bactridni, orum, m. pi, 2. the 
 inhabitants of Bactriana. 
 
 Bactridnus, a, um, adj. per- 
 taining to Bactria, Bactri- 
 an. 
 
 baculum, i, n. etbaculus, i, m. 
 
 2. a stafT 5 stick. 
 
 Baetis, is, ace. Baetim, abl. 
 Baeii, m. 3. now the Gua- 
 dalquivir, a river of Spain, 
 from which a part of the 
 country has received the 
 name of Baetica* 
 
 Baeticus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the Baetis f ; Baetica 
 provincia, or simply Baeti- 
 ca, the southern part of 
 Hispania Ulterior. 
 
 Bagrada, ae, m. 1. now Me- 
 gerda, a river of Africa 
 flowing between Utica and 
 Carthage. 
 
 ballista,ae,f. 1. {fr. j8<xXXw. 
 to throw) a warlike engine 
 to shoot stones or darts 
 with. 
 
 Balticus, a, um, adj. mare 
 Balticum, the Baltic sea* 
 
 barbarus, a, um, adj barba- 
 rous, uncivilized ; barbarL 
 barbarians, (not Greeks, or, 
 not Romans). 
 
 Batdvus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Batavia, now Hol- 
 land. 
 
 beatitudo, inis,f. 3. beatitude* 
 felicity. 
 
 bedtus, a, um, adj. (fr. beo f 
 to make happy), happy r 
 blessed. 
 
 Bebrycia, ae,f. 1. an ancient 
 name of Bithynia, from the 
 Bebryces who settled there, 
 after passing from Europe. 
 
 Belgae, drum, m. pi. 1. the 
 most warlike people of an- 
 cient Gaul. 
 
 Belgicus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the Belgae. 
 
 Bellerophon, tis, m. 3. the son 
 of Glaucus, king of Ephyre, 
 conquered the Chimaera. 
 
 bellicosus, a, um, adj. war- 
 like. 
 
 bellicus, a, um, adj. warlike : 
 bellfca laus, military glory. 
 
 belligero. are, dvi, dtum, n* I ^ 
 
130 
 
 DICTIONABY. 
 
 (bellum et gero) to wage 
 war. 
 
 hello, are, avi, alum, n. 1 . to 
 wage war. 
 
 hellua, ae,f. 1. a beast, mon- 
 ster. 
 
 helium., i, n. 2* war. 
 
 Belus, i, m. 2. one of the most 
 ancient kings of Babylon. 
 
 bene, adv. cqmp. melius, sup. 
 optime, well ; bene pugnare, 
 to fight with success. 
 
 beneficium, i, n. 2. a kind- 
 ness, favour, benefit. 
 
 henevolentia, ae, f. 1. good 
 will, benevolence. 
 
 henigne, adv. kindly. 
 
 henigmis, a, urn, adj. kind, li- 
 beral. 
 
 hestia, ae,f. 1. a beast. 
 
 Bestia, ae, m< 1. Calpurnius 
 Bestia, a Roman consul. 
 
 bestiola, ae,f. 1. a little beast. 
 
 Bias, antis, m. 3. one of the 
 seven wise men of Greece, 
 son to Teutami das, born at 
 Priene. 
 
 hibliotheca, ae, f. 1. (/3j/3Xio- 
 %y$y& a library. 
 
 bibo, ere, i, Hum, a, 3. to 
 drink, imbibe ; bibZre colo- 
 rem, to take a colour. 
 
 Bibxdus, i, m. 2. a son of M. 
 Calpurnius Bibulus by Por- 
 tia, Cato's daughter. He 
 was Caesar's colleague in 
 the consulship. 
 
 bldiwm, i, n. 2. the period of 
 two days. 
 
 blni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. 
 two, two by two. 
 
 bipes, edis, adj. two-footed. 
 
 Ms, num. adv. twice. 
 
 Bithynia, ae,f 1. a country 
 of Asia Minor, formerly 
 called Bebrycia. 
 
 blanditia, ae i f\ 1. a compli- 
 menting ; blanditiae, blan^ 
 dishments, flattery. 
 
 blandus, a, urn, adj. soothing t 
 flattering. 
 
 Boeotia, ae,f 1 . a country of 
 Greece, north of Attica. 
 
 bonitas, afis,f. 3. goodness. 
 
 bonus, a, um, adj. good ; me~ 
 lior, better ; opttmus, best ; 
 bonum, a good thing, good : 
 bona, goods ; boni, upright 
 
 ♦ men. 
 
 Boredlis, e, adj. northern. 
 
 Boreas, ae, m. 1. the north 
 wind. 
 
 Borysthenes, is, m. 3. a large 
 river of Scythia, falling in- 
 to the Euxine, now called 
 the Dnieper. 
 
 BorysthZnis, tdis, f. 3. a town 
 situate at the mouth of the 
 Borysthenes. 
 
 bos, bovis, c. 3. an ox, a cow. 
 
 Bosphorus vel Bosporus, i, m. 
 2. Thracius, now the Straits 
 of Constantinople, which 
 connect the Propontis with 
 the Euxine ; Cimmerius, 
 now the Straits of Caff a or 
 Theodosia, which connect 
 the Maeotis Palus with the 
 Euxine. 
 
 brachium, i, n. 2. an arm. 
 
 brevi, adv. {scil. tempore) 
 shortly. 
 
 brevis, e, adj. short. 
 
 brevitas, dtis, f. 3. shortness., 
 brevity. 
 
 Brigantia, ae, f. 1. Brigan* 
 tiae lacus, a lake of Rhae 
 tia between the Alps, now 
 lake of Constance. 
 
 Britannia, ae,f 1. Great Bri 
 tain. 
 
DICTlO-NfAHi 
 
 m 
 
 Britannicus, a, um, adj. per- 
 taining to Britain, British. 
 
 Britannus, a, um, adj. Brit- 
 ish ; Britanni, the Britons. 
 
 bruma, ae, f 1. the shortest 
 day of the year, the win- 
 ter solstice ; winter. 
 
 Bruttium, i, n. 2. a promon- 
 tory of Italy. 
 
 BruUhi, drum, m. pl.2. a peo- 
 ple in the farthest parts of 
 Italy. 
 
 Brutus, i, m. 2. the name of 
 a noble family at Rome. 
 
 Bucephalus, i, m. 2. a horse 
 of Alexander's. 
 
 Bucepkalos, i, f. 2. et Buce- 
 phdla, ae, f.i.o. city of In- 
 dia, on the Hydaspes, built 
 by Alexander in honour of 
 his horse. 
 
 buxeus, a, um, adj. (fr. bux- 
 iim) uf box, of a pale yel- 
 low like box. 
 
 Oy*<*ntium, i, n. 2. now Con- 
 stantinople, a town situate 
 on the European side of 
 the Thracian Bosphorus* 
 
 C. 
 
 iJablra, ind. a town of Pon- 
 
 tus, on the river Iris. 
 cacitmen, inis, n. 3. the top or 
 
 summit of any thing. 
 Cadmus, i, m. 2. the son of 
 
 Agenor, king of Phoenicia. 
 cddo, cadere, cecXdi, cdsum, n. 
 
 3+ to fall ; bene, to turn out 
 
 well ; male, ill. 
 *:aducus, a, um, adj. ready to 
 
 fall, falling. 
 Caecilius, i, m. 2. the name 
 
 of a Roman family. 
 Caeciibum, i, n. 2. vel Caecu- 
 
 bus ager, a district in La- 
 tium, famous for its wines, 
 
 Caecubus, a, um, adj. pertain 
 ing to Caecubum. 
 
 caedes, is,f. 3. slaughter. 
 
 caedo, caedere, cecidi, cae 
 sum, a. 3. to cut, fell, kill. 
 
 caeldtus, a, um, part, of caelo, 
 engraved ; columnae caeUu 
 tae, fluted columns. 
 
 caelo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 carve, engrave, emboss. 
 
 caepe, n* ind* an onion. 
 
 Caepio, onis, m. 3. a surname 
 of one of the branches of 
 the Servilian family. 
 
 Caesar, aris, m. 3. a surname 
 of the Julian family. 
 
 caestus, its, m. 4. (fr. caedo, 
 to strike) a gauntlet, box- 
 ing glove* 
 
 caesus, a, um, part, of caedo. 
 
 caetera, (et cetera) ae y f cae~ 
 terum, i, n. (in the oblique 
 cases used also in the mas- 
 culine) adj. the rest, resL 
 due, other. 
 
 caeterum, adv. as for the rest 
 but. 
 
 Caius, i, m. 2. a praenomen 
 very common at Rome. 
 
 Calais, is, m. 3. son of Bo- 
 reas, brother of Zethes. 
 
 calamitas, dtis,f 3. calamity, 
 misfortune. 
 
 cmlamus, i, m. 2. a reed (for 
 writing with). 
 
 calathiscus, i, m. 2. a little 
 basket. 
 
 calefacio,facere, feci, factum, 
 a. 3. (fr. caleo etfdcio) to 
 make warm. 
 
 calef actus, a, u?n, pari. pass. 
 of calefio* 
 
 calef to, fieri, f actus sum 
 
132 
 
 BICTIONAliir, 
 
 pass. irr. to be warmed, 
 grow hot. 
 calidus, a, um, adj. warm. 
 callidus, a, um, adj. {fr. cal- 
 led) skilful, practised, craf- 
 ty. 
 color, oris, m. 3. heat. 
 Calpe, es, f. 1. now Gibral- 
 tar, a mountain in the south 
 of Spain, opposite Abyla 
 on the African coast. 
 Calpurnius, i, m. 2. the name 
 of a noble Roman family. 
 Calydonius, a, um, adj. per- 
 taining to Calydon, a city 
 of Aetolia in Greece. 
 camelus, i, c. 2. a camel. 
 Camillus, i, m. 2. (L. Furius) 
 
 a celebrated Roman. 
 Campania, ae y f. 1. now Cam- 
 pagna, a country of Italy, 
 south-east of Latium. 
 campestris, e, adj. belonging 
 
 to a plain, even, level. 
 campus, i, m. 2. a plain, field. 
 cancer, cri, m. 2. a crab. 
 eandidus, a, um, adj. white. 
 candor, oris, m. 3. shee- 
 ny whiteness, brightness, 
 splendour. 
 cdnis, is, c. 3. a dog. 
 Cannae, drum, f. pi. 1. a vil- 
 lage of Apulia, near the 
 Aufidus. 
 Cannensis, e, adj. pertaining 
 to Cannae. • 
 
 edno, canere, cecini, cantum, 
 a. 3. to sing, sound, blow. 
 canihdrus, i, m. 2. a beetle. 
 Cantium, i, n. 2. a country in 
 the south-eastern extremi- 
 ty of Britain, now called 
 Kent, 
 santo, are, dvi, atom, freq. 1. 
 (fr. cdno) to sing often, to 
 Bing. 
 
 cantus, us, m. 4. a song ; gah 
 
 li cantus, the crowing of 
 
 the cock. 
 
 ca?ius, a, um, adj. hoary, grey, 
 
 cdpax, dcis, adj. {fr. cdpio) 
 
 containing, capacious. 
 cdpesso, ere, zvi, Uum, a. 3. 
 (fr. capio) to take, under* 
 take, enter upon. 
 cdpiendus, a, um, part, of ca- 
 pio. 
 cdpio, cdpere, cepi, captum, a. 
 3. to take, make captive : 
 take to one's self, enjoy. 
 cdpitalis, e, adj. capital, dan- 
 gerous ; capitate odium, 
 deadly hatred. 
 cdpUolium, i, n. 2. a celebrat- 
 ed temple and citadel at 
 Rome on the Mons Capi 
 tolinus. 
 capra, ae, f. \. a goat. 
 captivus, a, um, adj. captive, 
 captivus, i, m. 2. a prisoner, 
 
 captive. 
 capto, are, avi, acam, freq. 1 , 
 {fr. capio) to catch at ; au- 
 guria, to watch for augu 
 ries. 
 captus, a, um, part, of capio. 
 Capua, ae,f. 1. the chief ci- 
 ty of Campania in Italy. 
 caput, itis, n. 3. a head, life ; 
 capitis damnare, to con- 
 demn to death ; praecipua 
 capita, the chief points. 2, 
 a chief city. 
 carbonarius, i, m.2. a collier 
 career, Zris, m. 3. a prison. 
 car do, inis, m. 3. a hinge. 
 careo, ere, ui, Hum, {cum ab- 
 lativo) to be without, want. 
 Cares, ium, m. pi. 3. the in- 
 habitants of Caria, ancient 
 ly called Leleges. 
 
DICTIONARY* 
 
 133 
 
 Catia, ae,f. 1. a country of 
 Asia Minor, south of Ly- 
 dia. 
 
 carica,.ae, f. 1. a fig. 
 
 carmen, mis, n. 3. a verse, 
 song, poem. 
 
 Carneades, is, m, 3. a philoso- 
 pher of Cyrene in Africa. 
 
 taro, nis, f. 3. the flesh of 
 animals. 
 
 carpentum, i, n. 2. a kind of 
 carriage, chariot, waggon. 
 
 Carpitdni, orum, m. pi. 2. a 
 people of Spain. 
 
 carpo, pere, psi, ptum, a. 3. to 
 gather, pluck, tear. 
 
 Carrae, drum,/, pi. 1. a very 
 ancient town of Mesopota- 
 mia, south-east of Edessa. 
 
 Carthaginiensis, e, adj. per- 
 taining to Carthage. 
 
 Carthago, mis, f. 3. a cele- 
 brated city of Africa. 
 
 earns, a, urn, adj. dear, pre- 
 cious, costly. 
 
 casa, ae, f. 1. a cottage or 
 cabin, hut. 
 
 Casca, ae, m. 1. one of Cae- 
 sar's assassins, who gave 
 him the first blow. 
 
 edseus, i, m. 2. cheese. 
 
 Cassander, dri, m. 2. a Ma- 
 cedonian, son of Antipater. 
 
 Cassiope, es, f. 1. married 
 Cepheus, king of Aetb'^- 
 pia, by whom she fead An- 
 dromeda. 
 
 r*„^,cus, i, m. 2. the name of 
 
 many Romans. 
 Castalius, a, um, adj. of Cas- 
 talia, a fountain of Parnas- 
 sus in Phocis, sabred to the 
 Muses. 
 
 astigdtus, a, um, part, of cas- 
 HgO. 
 
 N 
 
 castlgo, are, dm, cUum, a. 1 
 
 to chastise, punish. 
 castrum, i, n. 2. a castle, fort ; , 
 
 castra, drum, a camp, en, 
 
 campment ; castra ponere. 
 
 to pitch a camp, encamp. 
 casus, us, m. 4. a falling, ac 
 
 cident, chance, occurrence. 
 Catabaihmus, i, f. 2. (xa<ra 
 
 Bofo^hg) a great declivity 
 
 separating Cyrenaica from 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 Catana, ae,f. 1. a town of Si~ 
 cily, at the foot of Mount 
 Aetna. 
 Catdnensis, e, adj. pertaining 
 
 to Catana. 
 Catienus, i, m. 2. Plotinus, a 
 man who burnt himself up- 
 on the funeral pile of his 
 patron. 
 Catilma, ae, m. 1. L. Ser^ 
 gius, a noble Roman, who 
 formed a conspiracy against 
 his country, but was baf- 
 fled in his attempts by Ci- 
 cero. 
 Cato, onis, m. 3. a surname 
 
 of the Pore i an family. 
 Catulus, i, m. 2. the name of 
 several distinguished Ro« 
 mans. 
 catulus, i, m. 2. a young dog, 
 whelp ; the young of other 
 animals. 
 Caucasus, i. m. 2. the name of 
 the highest and most exten- 
 sive range of mountains in 
 the northern part of Asia, 
 cauda, ae,f. 1. a tail. 
 Caudxnus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Caudium, a town of 
 the Samnites. See fauff 
 vel furcula. + 
 
184 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 caula, ae 9 /. 1. a sheep-cote, 
 fold. 
 
 causa, ae,f. 1. a cause, rea- 
 son ; mea causa, on my ac- 
 count ; alicujus rei causa, 
 on account of a thing. 2. 
 a matter in dispute, law. 
 suit ; thus, causam habere 
 cum aliquo. 
 
 cautes, is,f. 3. a rugged rock, 
 cliff. 
 
 caveo, cavere, cam, cautum, n. 
 
 2. to beware, or take heed 
 of; cavere ab aliquo, to be. 
 ware of any one. 
 
 cuverna, ae, f. 1. a hollow 
 place, cavern. 
 
 cavus, a, urn, adj. hollow. 
 
 Cecropia, ae,f. 1. the origin- 
 al name of Athens. 
 
 Cecrops, opis, m. 3. an Egyp- 
 tian, deemed the first foun- 
 der of Athens. 
 
 eido, ced&re, ctssi, cessum, n. 
 
 3. to give place, give way, 
 yield, depart ; loco alicui, 
 to give way to any one. 
 
 cdtber, hris, e, adj. frequent- 
 ed, much resorted to, fa- 
 mous. 
 
 telebrdtus, a, urn, part, of ce- 
 lebro. 
 
 celebrttas, dtis, f. 3. celebri- 
 ty, fame. 
 
 celebro, are, avi, atum, a* 1. 
 to frequent, resort to, cele- 
 brate. 
 
 eeleritas, atis,f. 3* swiftness, 
 quickness, speed. 
 
 cehriter, ius, rime, adv. spee- 
 dily. 
 
 Celeus, i, m. 2. a king of Eleu- 
 sis, father to Triptolemus. 
 
 CelO) & re 9 ® v h atum, a. 1* to 
 hide, conceal. 
 
 Celtae, drum, m.pl.l.a namr 
 given to a part of the Gauls, 
 whose country, called Gal- 
 lia Celtica, was situate be- 
 tween the rivers Sequana 
 and Garumna. 
 
 censeo, ere, ui, urn vel ttum, a. 
 2. to count, reckon ; thus, 
 censere inter, to count or 
 enrol among ; hence, 2. to 
 estimate, judge, think. 
 
 Censorinus, i, m. 2. a Roman 
 general, sent against the 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 censorius, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the censor ; so cerc- 
 sorius {vir), one who has 
 been a censor. 
 
 census, us, m. 4. a valuation 
 of every man's estate, a 
 rating, taxing. 
 
 centcni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. 
 every hundred. 
 
 centesimus, a, um, crd. num 
 adj. the hundredth. 
 
 centies, num. adv. a hundred 
 times. 
 
 centum, ind. num. adj. pi. a 
 hundred. 
 
 centurio, anis, m. 3. a centu* 
 rion. 
 
 Cephallenia, ae,f. 1. now Ce- 
 falonia, an island in the 
 Ionian sea, below Corcyra* 
 
 ct*q* ae,f. 1. wax. 
 
 Cerberus ^ m , 2. a dog of 
 Pluto, wirt* *o heads ac- 
 cording to HesipQ, «*ni 
 three according to others ; 
 he was stationed, as a keep- 
 er, at the entrance to the 
 infernal regions. 
 
 Cercasum, i, n. 2. a town of 
 Egypt. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 185 
 
 Lucres, eris, f. 3. the goddess 
 of corn and harvests. 
 
 rerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, 
 a. 3. to distinguish, see, 
 descry. 
 
 certdmen, inis, n. 3. a contest, 
 strife. 
 
 terte, ius, isslme, adv. certain- 
 ly, assuredly. 
 
 certo, are, dvi, dtum, a. et n. 1 . 
 to contend, strive, fight. 
 
 certus, a, um, adj. established, 
 sure, certain. 
 
 <;erva, ae,f. 1. a hind. 
 
 cervinus, a, um, adj. of a stag 
 or hart. 
 
 cervix, icis,f. 3. the neck. 
 
 cervus, i, m. 2. a stag. 
 
 cessdtor, oris, m. 3. a loiterer, 
 lingerer, idler. 
 
 cesso, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to 
 give over, intermit, cease, 
 
 cete'ri, ae, a. See caeteri. 
 
 ceterum. See caeterum. 
 
 cetum, i, n. 2. any large sea- 
 fish, a whale. 
 
 <Ceyx, yds, m. 3. a king of 
 Trachinia, husband of Al- 
 cyone. 
 
 CJialcedon, onis, f. 3. now 
 KaduKeni, an ancient city 
 of Bithynia, opposite By- 
 zantium. 
 
 Chaldaicus, a, um, adj. of 
 Chaldaea, a country of 
 Asia, between the Euphra- 
 tes and Tigris. 
 
 charta, ae,f. I. paper. 
 
 Chersiphron, onis, m. 3. a 
 builder of the temple at 
 Ephesus. 
 
 Chersonesus, i, f. 2. (yj£<Swr r 
 (fog) a peninsula. 
 
 Chilo, onis, m. 3. a Spartan 
 philosopher, who has been 
 
 called one of the seven 
 wise men of Greece. 
 
 cibus, i, m. 2. food. 
 
 cicatrix, ids, f. 3. a scar, 
 wound. 
 
 Clce'ro, onis, m. 3. a native of 
 Arpinum, son of a Roman 
 knight, one of the most ce- 
 lebrated of the ancient ofa< 
 tors. 
 
 ciconia, ae,f. 1. a stork. 
 
 Cilicia, ae,f. 1. a country of 
 Asia Minor, on the. coast 
 of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Cimbri, arum, m. pi. 2. a peo- 
 ple of Germany, who oc* 
 cupied the Chersonesus 
 Cimbrica, or modern Jut- 
 land. 
 
 ductus, a, um, part, of cingo* 
 
 Cineas, ae, m. 1. a Thessa* 
 lian, minister and friend of 
 Pyrrhus, king of Epiru3. 
 
 cingo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to 
 gird, encompass, surround* 
 
 cinis, eris, m. 3. ashes. 
 
 Cinna, ae, m.l.L. Cornelius, 
 a partisan of Marius, dur- 
 ing the civil wars between 
 him and Sylla. 
 
 cinndmum, i, n. 2. cinnamon. 
 
 circa, prep, cum ace. about, 
 around, in the neighbour- 
 hood of. 
 
 circuitus, its, m. 4. a going 
 around, circuit. 
 
 circumddtus, a, um, pari, of 
 circumdo. 
 
 circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, 
 a. 1. {circum et do) to put 
 or set around, surround, en- 
 compass. 
 
 circumeo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, 
 irr. n. {circum et eo). 
 
136 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 oircumfluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. 
 to flow round or about. 
 
 oircumjaceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (czr- 
 cum et jaceo) to lie about, 
 border upon. 
 
 drcumsto, stare, steti, n. 1. 
 {circum et sto) to stand 
 round, beset. 
 
 circumvenio, Snlre, eni, entum, 
 a. 4. (circum et venio) to 
 surround, circumvent, de- 
 fraud. 
 
 eircmnventus, a, um, part, of 
 circwnvenio. 
 
 Ciris, is, f. 3. (fr* xeigu, to 
 cut) a name of Scylla, 
 daughter of Nisus, king of 
 Megara. It means a lark, 
 into which she was chang- 
 ed. 
 
 Cisalplnus, a, um, adj. (i. e. 
 qui cis Alpes est) on this 
 side of the Alps (with re- 
 ference to Rome), Cisal- 
 pine. 
 
 cista, ae, f. 1. a basket of 
 osiers, a chest. 
 
 ciiatus, a, um, part, et adj. 
 stirred up, hurried, swift. 
 
 Cithaeron. cms, m. 3. a moun* 
 tain of Boeotia. 
 
 cttd, tilts, tissimi, adv. quickly. 
 
 extra, prep, cum ace. et adv. 
 on this side. 
 
 Mus, a, um, adj. quick. 
 
 eivicus, a, um, adj. (fr. civis) 
 relating to a citizen ; coro- 
 na civica, a civic crown. 
 
 eivilis, e, adj. of a citizen, ci- 
 vil. 
 
 civis, is, c. 3. a citizen. 
 
 tivttas, dtis, f. 3. a city, a 
 state, a constitution, the 
 right of citizenship. 
 
 dudes, is, f. 3. overthrow, de- 
 struction, disaster. 
 
 clam, adv. secretly ; (pr. cum 
 ace. et abl.) without the 
 knowledge of. 
 
 clamo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to 
 cry out or aloud, to call on. 
 
 clamor, oris, m. 3. a loud 
 voice, cry, shout. 
 
 clandestinus, a, um, adj. se- 
 cret, hidden. 
 
 claritas, atis,f. 3. brightness, 
 fame. 
 
 cldrus, a, um, adj. clear, loud, 
 renowned. 
 
 Claudius, i, in. 2. the name 
 of an illustrious patrician 
 family at Rome. 
 
 claudo, d$re, si, sum, a. 3. to 
 shut, close. 
 
 claudus, a, um, adj. lame, 
 limping. 
 
 clausus, a, um, part, of clan* 
 do. 
 
 clavus, i 7 m.2. a nail. 
 
 clemens, tis, adj. mild, merci- 
 ful. 
 
 dementia, ae, f. 1. mildness, 
 mercy, clemency. 
 
 Cleopatra, ae, f. 1 . a queen of 
 Egypt, daughter of PtoJe* 
 my Auletes. 
 
 cloaca, ae, f. 1. a common 
 sewer, sink. 
 
 Cluentius, i, m. 2. a Romac 
 citizen, of the family of the 
 Cluentii. 
 
 Clusium, i, n. 2. now Chiusi. 
 a town of Etruria, on the 
 banks of the Clanis. 
 
 clypeus, i, m. 2. a shield. 
 
 Cneius, i, m. 2. a praenomen 
 common among the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 coactus, a, um, part, of cogo, 
 
 coccyx, ygis, m. 3. a cuckoo. 
 
 Codes, Xtis } m* 3. Pub* Hora- 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 137 
 
 this, a Roman famed for his 
 valour. 
 
 coctilis, e, adj. dried, burnt ; 
 laterculus, brick, 
 
 ^'tus, a, um, part, of coquo. 
 
 coclum, i, Uu 2. et in plural, 
 num. coeh, ^„ Wj m% 2. 
 heaven, the climate. 
 
 coena, ae,f. 1. supper. 
 
 coepi, coepisse, def. pret. I be- 
 gin, have begun, or taken 
 in hand. 
 
 coeptus, a, um, part, of coepi, 
 begun. 
 
 coerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. 
 (con et arceo) to keep in, 
 
 . confine, restrain, check, 
 control. 
 
 cogitdtio, onis, f. 3. a thought, 
 1 deliberation. 
 
 cogitdtum, i, n. 2. a thought. 
 
 cogito, are, avi, alum, a. 1. 
 (for coagito) to think. 
 
 cognitus, a, um, part, of cog- 
 nosco, known. 
 
 cognomen, fnis, n. 3. a sur- 
 name. 
 
 cognosco, oscere, ovi, itum, a. 
 3. (con et nosco) to know, 
 learn, determine judicial- 
 ly '; de causa, to decide a 
 cause. 
 
 cdgo, cogere, coegi, coacium, 
 a. 3. {con et ago) to lead 
 together, collect, compel, 
 constrain ; cogere agmen, 
 to bring up the rear. 
 
 -cohaereo, rere, si, sum, n. 2. 
 (con et haereo) to hang to- 
 gether, be united to. 
 
 cohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a, 2. 
 (con et habeo) to hold, hold 
 in, restrain. 
 
 cohors, tis, f. 3. a cohort, the 
 ienth part of a legion. 
 
 Colchis, idis,f. 3. now Mtiu 
 grelia, a country of Asia,, 
 east of the Euxine sea. 
 
 colldbor, hi, psus sum, d. 3. 
 (con et labor) to fall down, 
 give way. 
 
 coadre, is, n. 3. a collar, a 
 kind of band for the neck. 
 
 Collatinus, i, m. 2. L. Tar- 
 q'uinhis, a nephew of Tar- 
 quin the Tvoud, husband of 
 Lucretia. 
 
 collectus, a, um, part, of coU 
 ligo. 
 
 collega, ae, m. 1. a colleague. 
 
 collegium, i, n. 2. a college, 
 society. 
 
 colligo, igere, egi, ecium, a. 3. 
 (con et lego) to gather to- 
 gether, collect. 
 
 collis, is, m. 3. a hill. 
 
 collocatus, a, um, part. o£coL 
 loco. 
 
 colloco, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (con et loco) to place, set- 
 tle. 
 
 colloquium, i, n. 2. conversa- 
 tion, conference. 
 
 colloquor, qui, quuius vel cu- 
 ius sum, d. 3. (con et loquor) 
 to speak with one, coxu 
 verse. 
 
 collum, i, n. 2. the neck. 
 
 colo, cole re, colui, cultum, a. 
 3. to cultivate, look up to 
 with respect, honour, inha- 
 bit. 
 
 colonia, ae,f. La colony. 
 
 colonus, i, m. 2. a colonist. 
 
 color, oris, m. 3. a colour. 
 
 columba,ae,f. 1. a dove, pi* 
 geon, 
 
 columbare, is, n. 3. a dove- 
 cot. 
 
 columna, ae, /.La Column 
 
m 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 comburo, urere, ussi, ustum, 
 a. 3. (for comuro, con et uro) 
 to burn, consume. 
 
 comedendus, a, um, part, of 
 comedo. 
 
 vomedo, ed€re, edi, esum, a. 3. 
 (con et edo) to eat up. 
 
 comes, itis, c. 3. a companion. 
 
 comissor, dri, dtus sum, d. J* 
 to go to a feast, to &> to. 
 
 comitor, dri, dtw sum, d. 1. to 
 accompany, follow. 
 
 commemoro, are, dvi, atum, a. 
 1. {con et memoro) to make 
 mention of. 
 
 commendo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1 . 
 (co7i et mando) to commit 
 to one's charge, commend. 
 
 commeo, are, dvi, atum, n. \. 
 (con et meo) to go, pass, go 
 together. 
 
 commercium, i, n. 2. com- 
 merce, traffic. 
 
 commlgro, are, dvi, atum, n. 
 1. (con et migro) to migrate. 
 
 comminuo, uei % e, ui, utum, a. 
 3. (con et minuo) to break 
 in pieces, bruise, lessen. 
 
 comminutus, a, um, part, of 
 comminuo. 
 
 commissus, a, um,part. of com- 
 mitto. 
 
 rommitto, ittere, 1st, issum, a. 
 3. (con et mitto) to join to- 
 gether, commit, consign ; 
 pugnam, to join battle ; cri- 
 me?!, to commit a crime. 
 
 cfirMtwditas, dtis, f. 3. apt- 
 ness, convenience. 
 
 eommodum, i, n. 2. profit, ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 commorior, mart, mortuus sum, 
 d. 3. (con et morior) to die 
 along with. 
 
 commoror, ari, atits sum, d. 1, 
 
 (con et moror) to abide, stay, 
 tarry. 
 
 commotus, a, um,part. of com- 
 moveo. 
 
 commoveo, overe, &vi, ofr'*** u« 
 2. (con et mor~) to move 
 togeth*^ ^ove, stir ; beL 
 um, to begin a war. 
 
 communico, are, dvi, atum, a. 
 1. (fr. communis) to share 
 with one, impart, comma 
 nicate. 
 
 communis, e, adj. common. 
 
 comoedia, ae, f. 1. (xw t aw&'a ) 
 a comedy. 
 
 compdrdtus, a,* um, part, of 
 compdro. 
 
 compdro, are, dvi, atum, a. I- 
 {con et pdro) to compare, 
 acquire, procure. 
 
 compello, pellere, puli,pulsum, 
 a. 3. (con et pello) to drive 
 together, drive, compel ; 
 infugam, to put to flight. 
 
 compenso, are, dvi, atum, a. 1 . 
 (con et penso) to weigh one 
 thing against another, com- 
 pensate. 
 
 comperio, erlre, eri, ertum, ff. 
 4. (conetpdrio) to find out. 
 discover, learn. 
 
 complect or, cti, ecus sum, d. 3. 
 (con et plecto) to embrace, 
 to take hold of ; complecii 
 amore s to love. 
 
 compono, onere, vsvi, osiiwn, 
 a. 3. (con et pono) to put 
 together, compose, per- 
 form. 
 
 composiius, a, um, part, of 
 compono. 
 
 comprehende?idus t a, um, pari* 
 of comprehendo, to be seiz- 
 ed. 
 
 comprehendo, dgre, di, sum, a> 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 130 
 
 3. {con el preliendo) to lay 
 hold of, comprehend. 
 comprehensus, a, urn, part, of 
 
 compreliendo. 
 compulsus, a, urn, part, of com- 
 
 pello. 
 condtus, a, um, part, of conor. 
 concedo, dere, ssi, ssum, a. 3. 
 (con et cedo) to yield, con- 
 cede, allow. 
 concept us, a, um, part, of con- 
 
 cipio. 
 concessus, a, um, part, of con* 
 
 cedo. 
 concha, ae,f. 1. a shell-fish, 
 
 a shell. 
 conchy Hum, i, n. 2. a shell- 
 fish. 
 eoncilio, are, nvi, atum, a. I. 
 to unite, join together, con- 
 ciliate, gain over, recon- 
 cile ; conciliare sibi, to ac- 
 quire for one's self. 
 concinnus, a, um, adj. well- 
 adjusted, elegant, agreea- 
 ble. 
 concio, Gixis, f. 3. an assem- 
 bly, a meeting of the peo- 
 ple. 
 concipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 
 3. (con et capio) to conceive, 
 draw up. 
 concito, are, am, atum, freq. 
 a. 1. (con et cito) to stir up, 
 rouse to action, excite. 
 conctiar, oris, m. 3. one who 
 rouses or stirs up, an ex- 
 citer. 
 concoquo, quere, cci, ctum, a. 
 3. (con et coquo) to boil, di- 
 gest, concoct. 
 concorMa, ae, f. 1. union in 
 (corde) heart or mind, una- 
 nimity, concord. 
 rwncredo, ere, idi, itum, a. S. 
 
 (con et credo) to consign* 
 confide, entrust. 
 
 coiicremo, ere, ati, ctttf/i, a. 1. 
 (con et cremo) to bum with. 
 consume by fire. 
 
 concurro, currtre, curri et cil, 
 curri, cursum, n. 3. (con et 
 curro) to run together ; 
 meet. 
 
 concussns, a, um,parl. of con* 
 cut 10. 
 
 conditio, tere, ssi, ssura, a. 3, 
 (con et quatio) to shake, agi* 
 tate, disquiet. 
 
 condendus, a, um,part. of con- 
 do. 
 
 conditio, 6nis,f. 3. a state, si- 
 tuation, condition ; stipu 
 lation, terms of agreement, 
 
 condiius, a, um, pari, of con- 
 do. 
 
 condo, ere, idi, Hum, a. 3. (con 
 et do) to lay or treasure up, 
 hide ; to lay together (as 
 bricks in building), con= 
 struct, found. 
 
 conduco, c£re, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (con et diico) to hire, bar- 
 gain for. 
 
 ^onfectus, a, um, part, of con- 
 jicio. 
 
 confero, ferre, iiili, latum, irr, 
 a. (con et fero) to carry or 
 bring together, collect ; se 
 coaferre, to betake one's 
 self, go. 
 
 confuio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 
 3. (con et fdcio) to do tho- 
 roughly, finish, complete ; 
 do up, destroy ; senectute> 
 to weaken, exhaust; plagis, 
 to beat severely ; bellum$ 
 . to terminate a war. 
 
 confzdo,fidere,fi$us sum, n. 
 
140 
 
 BICTID^AUV, 
 
 p. 3. to trust, put confidence 
 in, 
 
 conflatus, a, um, part, of con- 
 Jlo. 
 
 vonfilgo, gcre, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (co?i et fligo) to dash ono 
 thing against another, con- 
 tend, engage. 
 
 conflo, are, avi, dtum, a, 1. 
 (con et jlo) to blow toge- 
 ther, melt together, com- 
 pose, unite. 
 
 confiuo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. (con 
 et fmo) to flow together, 
 flock, crowd. 
 
 confodio, odere, cdi, ossum, a. 
 3. (con et fodlo) to dig, 
 pierce, stab. 
 
 confossus, a, um, part, of con* 
 fddio. 
 
 confugio, ugere, vgi, iigitum, 
 n. 3. {con et fugio) to flee 
 to, take refuge with, have 
 recourse to. 
 
 congero, rtre, ssi, stum, a. 3. 
 (con et gero) to carry to- 
 gether, heap up, accumu- 
 late. 
 
 congredior, edi, gressus sum, 
 d. 3. (con et gredior) to go 
 together, join battle, en- 
 counter. 
 
 c'ongregdius, a, um, part, of 
 congrego. 
 
 congrego, are, am, dium, a. 1. 
 (con et grex) to collect to- 
 gether, assemble. 
 
 conjecius, a, um, part, of con- 
 jicio. 
 
 conjicio, tcere, eci, ectum, a. 
 3. (con etjacio) to throw to- 
 gether, conjecture. 
 
 conjugium, i, n. 2. marriage, 
 wedlock. 
 
 <ejnjunctus, a, urn, part, of con- 
 jmgo. 
 
 conjungo, gtre, xi, ctum, a. 3, 
 (con et jango) to join to 
 gether, unite. 
 
 conjurdius, a, um,part. of con- 
 juro. 
 
 conjuro, are, avi, dium, a. 1. 
 (con et juro) to swear to= 
 geiher, league together, 
 conspire. 
 
 conjux or mix, vgis, c. 3. a 
 husband, wife. Fr. jugo 
 or jun go, to couple. 
 
 conor, ari, dtus sum, d. I. to 
 strive, endeavour, attempt, 
 
 conqueror, ri, sius sum, d. 3, 
 (con et queror) to complain, 
 bewail, lament. 
 
 conscendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. 
 (con et scando) to climb up, 
 mount, ascend. 
 
 conscensus, a, urn, part, of cow- 
 scendo. 
 
 conscientia, ae, f. 1. joint 
 knowledge, conscience. 
 
 conscisco, iscere, Ivi, Hum, a. 
 3. (con et scisco) to execute, 
 put in execution ; mortem 
 sibi consciscere, to lay vio- 
 lent hands on one's self. 
 
 conscius, a, um, adj. con- 
 scious, privy to. 
 
 consecro, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. 
 (con et sacro) to consecrate., 
 dedicate. 
 
 consgnesco, esce*re, ui, inc. 3. 
 (con et senesco) to grow old. 
 
 consentio, tire, si, sum, n. 4. 
 
 * (con et sentio) to be of the 
 same opinion, agree, unite. 
 
 consequor, qui, quidus vel cu- 
 ius sum, d. 3. (con et se- 
 quor) to prcmrp, obtain. 
 
 consequvtus or cuius, a, um, 
 part, of consequor. 
 
 consera, erZre, erui, ertuyi, a, 
 3. (con et sero) to join* 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 141 
 
 conserve, are, avi, atum, a. 1. 
 
 (con et servo) to preserve, 
 
 protect. 
 vonsideo, idere, edi, essum, n. 
 
 2. (con et sedeo) to sit to- 
 gether. 
 
 consldo, idere, edi, essum, n. 
 
 3. (con et si do) to sit down 
 together, encamp. 
 
 consilium, i, n. 2. counsel, a 
 plan, purpose, council ; eo 
 consilio, ut, with the inten- 
 tion of, to the end that. 
 
 consisto, sister e, stiti, n. 3. 
 (con et sislo) to stand firm- 
 ly, stand, consist 
 
 :onsolor, dri, fiius sum, d. 1. 
 (con el solor) to console, 
 comfort, solace. 
 
 conspectus, a, urn, pari, of con. 
 spicio. 
 
 conspectus, its, m. 4. a sight ; 
 in conspeciu, in the sight. 
 
 conspicdtus, a, um, part, of 
 conspicor. 
 
 conspicio, tcere, em, ecium, a. 
 3. (con et specio) to behold, 
 observe. 
 
 conspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. I. 
 to behold. 
 
 eonspicuus, a, um,, adj. con- 
 spicuous, illustrious. 
 
 constans, tis, adj. firm, stea- 
 
 constiluo, uere, ui, idum, a. 3. 
 (con et slatuo) to set up, ap- 
 point, establish. 
 
 constiiiitus, a, um,part. of con* 
 stituo. 
 
 consto, stare, stiti, stdium, n. 
 1. to consist of; magno, to 
 be dear ; constat, imp. it is 
 certain, evident, known. 
 
 construo, fre, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 [con tt struo) to put toge- 
 
 ther, construct, build, pile 
 
 up. 
 consuesco, escere, em, ctum, n* 
 
 3. con et suesco) to be ac- 
 customed or used to, to be 
 
 in the habit of. 
 consuetudo, tnis.f. 3. custom,. 
 
 usage, habit. 
 consul, ulis, m. 3. a consul. 
 consuldris, e, adj. pertaining 
 
 to the consul ; (vir), one 
 
 who has held the consul- 
 ship. 
 consuldtus, its, m. 4. the con- 
 sulship. 
 consido, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to 
 
 consult, deliberate. 
 consullo, are, dvi, atum, freq. 
 
 1. to ask advice, consult. 
 
 deliberate. 
 cons urn o, umere, umsi el ump- 
 
 si, umtum et umptum, a. 3". 
 
 (con et sumo) to destroy. 
 
 consume, waste. 
 consumtus vel plus, a, um,part. 
 
 of consumo. 
 contdgwsus, a, um, adj. con* 
 
 tagious. 
 coniemnendus, a, um, part, of 
 
 contemno. 
 contemno, n£re, si vel psi, turn 
 
 vel pium, a. 3. (con et tem» 
 
 no) to undervalue, contemn. 
 
 despise. 
 coniemplHus, a, um, part, o{ 
 
 contemplor. 
 contemplor, dri, dtus sum, d, 
 
 1. to view stedfastly, ob 
 
 serve, contemplate. 
 coniemtim et ptim, ddv. con^ 
 
 temptuously, scornfully. 
 contemtus, vel plus, a, um, pari, 
 
 of contemno. 
 contemtus, or ptus, s, m, 4. 
 
 contempt, scorn. 
 
142 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 oniendo, dere, di, sum or turn, 
 a. et n. 3. to contend, en- 
 gage, solicit, ask ; ad ali- 
 quem, to go to some one. 
 
 Konientio, cnis. f. 3. a strain- 
 ing ; effort, exertion, con- 
 tention. 
 
 contentus, a, um, adj. content, 
 
 satisfied. 
 ontero, terere, ir\vi, trltum, a. 
 3. (con et tero) to break or 
 bruise small, wear out. 
 
 Kontinens, tis, part, et adj. ad- 
 joining, adjacent ; continu- 
 ed, successive ; temperate. 
 2.f. 3. the continent, main 
 land. 
 ontineo, inere, inui, entum, 
 a. 2. (con et ieneo) to hold 
 together, contain, compre- 
 hend* 
 
 contingo, tingere, tigi, tactum, 
 a. 3. (con et tingo) to touch ; 
 contingit (imp. ) mihi, it hap- 
 pens to me, I have the for- 
 tune. 
 
 <:ontinuus, a, um, adj. conti- 
 nual, continued, following 
 in close succession. 
 
 contra, prep, cum ace. right 
 opposite to, against ; adv. 
 on the other hand. 
 
 contractus, a, urn, part, of con - 
 traho. 
 
 contradico, cere, xi, cium, a. 
 3. (contra et dlco) to speak 
 against, contradict. 
 
 contradictus, a, urn, part, of 
 contradico. 
 
 fontrakoy here, xi, ctum, a. S. 
 (con et tmJio) to draw toge- 
 ther, collect, contract. 
 
 contrtirius, a, um, adj. oppo- 
 site, contrary. 
 
 conttieor, cri> itus sum, d. 2. 
 
 (co?i et iueor) to gaze upoii r 
 behold, survey. 
 
 contundo, tundcre, tudi, titsum. 
 a. 3. (ccnet iundo) to break, 
 strike, bruise, crush. 
 
 contusus, a, am, part, of con* 
 tundo. 
 
 convalesco, escZre, ui, n. 3, 
 (con et valesco) to grow 
 strong, return to a state of 
 health, recover. 
 
 convenio, tnlre, eni, entum, n, 
 4* (con et venio) to come to- 
 gether, meet. 
 
 converto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. 
 (con et verto) to turn, con- 
 vert, change ; in usum suum 
 converter e, to apply to his 
 own use ; apply to ; conver* 
 tere se in preces, to have re- 
 course to entreaties ; con- 
 verts infugam, to fly. 
 
 conversus, a, um, part, of con- 
 verto. 
 
 convicium, i, n. 2. loud noise, 
 abuse, reproof. 
 
 convivium, i, n. 2. a banquet, 
 entertainment. 
 
 convoco, are, dvi, ctum, a. 1. 
 (con et voco) to call toge* 
 ther. 
 
 convoho, vere, vi, uium, a. 3. 
 (con et volvo) to roll toge- 
 ther ; convolvi, to roll one'e 
 self together. 
 
 coopgrio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. 
 (con et pdrio) to cover. 
 
 copia, ae, f. I. plenty, abun* 
 dance, a swarm, multitude ; 
 pi. copiae, troops, forces. 
 
 ccpiase, adv. plentifully, abim - 
 dantly. 
 
 coquo, qu£re, xi, ctum, a. 3. to 
 boil, bake. 
 
 coquiiSi ?, m. 2. a cook. 
 
0ICTIONARY* 
 
 143 
 
 oor, dis, n. 3. the heart. 
 
 coram, prep, cum abl. in the 
 presence of, before ; adv. 
 face to face, openly. 
 
 Corcyra, ae, f. 1. now Corfu, 
 an island in the Ionian sea, 
 on the coast of Epirus. 
 
 Corinthius, a, um, adj. per- 
 taining to Corinth, Corin- 
 thian. 
 
 Corinthus, i,f. 2. an ancient 
 city of Greece, now called 
 Corito, on the isthmus of 
 Corinth. 
 
 Coriolanus, i, m. 2. the sur- 
 name of C. Marcius, from 
 his victory over Corioli. 
 
 Corioli, drum, m. pi. 2. a town 
 of Latium, on the borders 
 of the Volsci. 
 
 corium, i, n. 2. the skin or 
 hide of a beast. 
 
 Cornelia, ae, f. 1. a Roman 
 lady. 
 
 Cornelius, i, m. 2. the name 
 of an illustrious family at 
 Rome. 
 
 comix, icis,f. 3. a crow. 
 
 cornu, u, n. 4. a horn. 
 
 corona, ae,f. 1. a crown. 
 
 corpus, oris, n. 3. a body, 
 corpse. 
 
 correptus, a, um, part, of cor. 
 ripio. 
 
 corrigo, ig€re, exi, ectum, a. 
 3. {con ei re go) to make 
 straight, make better. 
 
 corripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 
 3. (con et rapio) to lay hold 
 of hastily, seize. 
 
 corrodo, de~re, si, sum, a. 3. 
 (con et rodo) to gnaw. 
 
 corrosus, a, um, part, of cor. 
 rodo. 
 
 corrumpo 9 umpire, upi f upturn, 
 
 a. 3. (con el rumpo) to 
 waste, injure, corrupt, 
 bribe. 
 
 corruo, uere, ui, n. 3. (con et 
 ruo\ to fall together, go to 
 ruin, decay. 
 
 corruptus, a, um, pari, of cor° 
 rumpo. 
 
 Corsica, ae, f. 1 . an island in 
 the Mediterranean, north 
 of Sardinia. 
 
 coruscus, a, um, adj. glitter 
 ing, shining, bright. 
 
 Corvinus, i, m. 2. a name giv- 
 en to M. Valerius. 
 
 corvus, i, m. 2. a raven. 
 
 Corycius, a, um, adj. pertain* 
 ing to Corycus, a town and 
 promontory of Cilicia Cam, 
 pestris ; antrum Corycium^ 
 the Corycian cave near the 
 town. 
 
 Cos. an abridgment for Con* 
 sid and Consulem. 
 
 Coss. an abridgment for Con* 
 sules and Consulibus. 
 
 Cotta, ae, m. 1. the surname 
 of a family which belong- 
 ed to the gens Aurelia. 
 
 crambe, es,f. 1. a sort of cab - 
 bage or colewort. 
 
 crassus, a, um, adj. thick* 
 coarse. 
 
 Crassus, i, m. 2. the surname 
 of a family belonging to 
 the gens Licinia. 
 
 crater, eris, m. 3. (xgarig) a 
 bowl, goblet ; the basin, 
 crater, or hollow on the top 
 of a volcano. 
 
 Crates, is, m. 3. a philosopher 
 ojf Thebes in Boeotia^ dis- 
 ciple of Diogenes the Cy 
 nic. 
 
 credtus, a, um> part, of creo* 
 
144 
 
 DICTIONARY, 
 
 creber, bra, brum, adj. thick, 
 close, frequent. 
 
 crebro, adv. frequently. 
 
 credo, dere, didi, dttum, a. 3. 
 to credit, believe, trust. 
 
 credulus, a, um, adj. easy of 
 
 ' belief, credulous. 
 
 Cremera, ae,f. 1. a small ri- 
 ver of Tuscany, falling in- 
 to the Tiber. 
 
 cremo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to 
 burn, set on fire. 
 
 creo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to 
 make, create, appoint, 
 elect. 
 
 cresco, escere, *vi, etum, ». 3. 
 to increase, grow. 
 
 Creta, ae, f. 1 . now Candia, 
 one of the largest islands 
 of the Mediterranean sea, 
 at the south of all the Cy- 
 clades. 
 
 Cretensis, e, adj. pertaining 
 to Crete, Cretan. 
 
 crimen, inis, n. S. charge, ac- 
 cusation, a crime. 
 
 crlnis, is, m. 3. the hair. 
 
 Crixus, i, m. 2. a leader of 
 gladiators. 
 
 crocodilus, i, m. 2. a croco- 
 dile*. 
 
 cruciatus, a, um, part, of cru- 
 do. , 
 
 cruciatus, us, m. 4. torment, 
 torture. 
 
 crucio, are, dvi, Mum, a. 1. to 
 torture, afflict. Fr. the 
 tortures (cruris) of the 
 cross. 
 
 crudelis, e, adj. savage, cruel. 
 
 crudeliter, adv. cruelly. 
 
 crudus, a,um, adj. raw, rough, 
 rude. 
 
 cruentus, a, um, adj. bloody. 
 
 entor, oris, m. 8. blood, gore. 
 
 crus, iiris, ?i. 3. the leg. 
 
 crux, ucis,f. 3. a cross. 
 
 cubitum, i, n. 2. et cubitus, i f 
 m. 2. the arm below the 
 elbow, the elbow. 
 
 culex, fcis, m. 3. a gnat. 
 
 culpa, ae,f. 1. a fault, offence .; 
 blame. 
 
 culpo, ^re, avi, alum, a. 1. to 
 blame. 
 
 culteUus, i, m. 2. a knife. 
 
 culius, a, um, part, of colo. 
 
 cum, prep, cum abl. with ; adv. 
 when ; cum... turn... both... 
 and. In composition cum 
 increases the force of the 
 simple word. 
 
 cunct tio, cnis,f. 3. delay, a 
 lingering, hesitation. 
 
 cunt cuius, i, m. 2. a rabbit. 
 
 cupiditas, dtis,f. 3. a desire r 
 eagerness. 
 
 cupldo, fnis,f. 3. desire. 
 
 cupidus, a, um, adj. desirous. 
 
 cupio, €re, %vi et ii, Uum, a. 3* 
 to desire. 
 
 cur, adv. why ? for what rea- 
 son ? 
 
 cura, ae,f. 1. care, solicitude, 
 anxiety. 
 
 Cures, ium, f. pi. 3. a town 
 of the Sabines, of which 
 Tatius was king. The in- 
 habitants, called QuiriteSj 
 were carried to Rome. 
 
 curia, ae, f. 1. a curia, one 
 of the thirty parts into 
 which Romulus divided the 
 Roman people ; a place 
 of meeting, the senate- 
 house. 
 
 Curiatii, drum, m*pL 2. a fa- 
 mily of Alba, carried to 
 Rome by Tullus Hostilius, 
 and entered among the pa- 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 145 
 
 tricians. The three Cu- 
 riatii, who engaged the Ho- 
 ratii, were of this family. 
 
 euro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 take care of, attend to, be 
 concerned about. 
 
 curro, curr£re, cucurri, cur- 
 sum, n. 3. to run. 
 
 currus, Us, m. 4. a chariot. 
 
 Cursor, oi'is, m. 3. L. Papi- 
 rius, an illustrious citizen 
 of Rome. 
 
 cursu*, its, m. 4. the act of 
 running, running ; a course. 
 
 curvus, a, um, adj. curved, 
 crooked. 
 
 custodia, ae, f. 1. the act of 
 keeping, a guard, guard- 
 house, prison. 
 
 custodio, ire, ivi, Mum, a. 4. 
 to guard. 
 
 custos, odis, m. 3. a guard, 
 keeper. 
 
 cutis, is,f. 3. the skin. 
 
 eya?ieus, a, um, adj. (xvaveog) 
 of a bright blue, azure. 
 
 Cyclades, um, f. pi. 3. a name 
 given to certain islands of 
 the Aegaean sea, that sur- 
 round Deios, as with a cir- 
 cle (xuxXos). 
 
 Cyclopes, um, m. pi. 3. a race 
 of men of gigantic stature, 
 who inhabited the western 
 parts of Sicily. 
 
 Cydnus, i, m. 2. a river of Ci- 
 licia Campestris, which falls 
 into the sea a little below 
 Tarsus. 
 
 Cyllene, es,f. 1. a mountain 
 of Arcadia. 
 
 cymba, ae.f. 1. a boat. 
 
 rymbalum, i, rt. 2. a cymbal, 
 hollow musical instrument 
 of brass. 
 
 Cynicus, L m. 2. a Cynic, one 
 of the Cynici, a sect of phi- 
 losophers, founded by An- 
 tisthenes. 
 
 Cynocephalae, drum, f. pi. 1. 
 eminences in Thessaly. 
 
 Cynoce'phali, arum, m. pi. 2, 
 a nation in India, who have 
 the head of a dog, accord- 
 ing to some traditions ; pro* 
 bably a species of baboons* 
 
 Cynocephdlus, i, m. 2. an 
 Egyptian deity. 
 
 Cynossema, atis, n. 3. a pro- 
 montory of the Thracian 
 Chersonesus. 
 
 Cynthus, i, m. 2. a mountain 
 of Delos. 
 
 Cyrenaeus, a, um, adj. per- 
 taining to Cyrene. 
 
 Cyrenaica, ae, f. 1. a coun= 
 try of Africa, east of the 
 Syrtis Minor. It corres- 
 ponds with the modern Bar- 
 ca. 
 
 Cyrene, es, et Cyrenae, drum, 
 f. 1. the capital of Cyre- 
 naica. 
 
 Cyrenensis, e, adj. pertaining 
 to Cyrene. 
 
 Cyrnus, i, m. 2. (Kufvos) a 
 name of Corsica. 
 
 Cyrus, i, m. 2. a king of Per- 
 sia. 
 
 Cyzicus, i, f. 2. an island of 
 the Propontis ; a town upon 
 the island. 
 
 D. 
 
 Daeddlm, i, m. 2. an Athe* 
 nian, the most ingenious ar s 
 tist of his age. 
 
 damnandus, a, um, part, of 
 
 damno. 
 
 O 
 
14ff 
 
 DICTIONA£i% 
 
 damndtus, a, um,parL of dam- 
 no. 
 
 damno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to condemn ; damnare ca- 
 pitis, to condemn to death. 
 
 damnosus, a, um, adj. hurtful, 
 prejudicial, injurious, 
 
 Danaus, i, m. 2. a son of Be- 
 lus and brother of Aegyp- 
 tus, who established him- 
 self on the throne of Ar- 
 gos. He was the first of 
 the race of the Belides. 
 
 dandus, a, um, part, of do. 
 
 Daniibius, i, m. 2. the Da- 
 nube, the largest river in 
 Europe, except the Rha or 
 Volga. 
 
 daps, dapis, f. 3. a banquet, 
 repast, meal. 
 
 Dardania, ae,f. 1. a district 
 of Troas, in the north- 
 western part of Asia Mi- 
 nor, extending from Aby- 
 dos to the promontory of 
 Rhoeteum. 
 
 daturus, a, um, part, of do. 
 
 ddtus, a, um, part, of do. 
 
 de, prep. c. abl. of, from, out 
 of, touching, concerning. 
 
 dea, ae,f. 1. a goddess. 
 
 debelUtus, a, um, part, of de- 
 hello, 
 ^debello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 {de et bello) to finish a war, 
 vanquish, subdue. 
 
 debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to 
 owe, be in debt, be oblig- 
 ed. 
 
 debilis, e, adj. feeble, infirm, 
 
 debitito, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. 
 to enervate, enfeeble. 
 adehttus, a, um, part, owing, 
 due. 
 
 decedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3« 
 
 {de et cedo) to go away^ 
 withdraw, yield, depart this 
 life, die. 
 
 decemvir, i, m. 2. one of ten 
 men appointed to execute 
 jointly any public commis- 
 sion ; thence called De- 
 cemviri. 
 
 decerno, cernere, crevi, ere- 
 turn, a. 3. {de et cerno) to 
 judge, determine, decree, 
 contend ; bellum alicui, to 
 delegate to one the com- 
 mand of a war. 
 
 decerpo, ere, si, turn, a. 3. {de 
 et carpo) to pluck off, take 
 away, lessen. 
 
 decido, tdere, idi, n. 8. de et 
 cado) to fall from or down, 
 fall. 
 
 decimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 the tenth. 
 
 Decius, i, m. 2. a name among 
 the Romans, 
 
 declaro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1- 
 (de et claro) to declare, 
 show clearly, manifest. 
 
 decoctus, a, um, part, of de- 
 coquo. 
 
 decoquo, autre, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 {de et coquo) to boil, boil 
 away. 
 
 decorus, a, um, adj. comely, 
 beautiful, decorous, deco- 
 rated, 
 
 decrUus, a, um, part, of de- 
 cerno. 
 
 decresco, crescere, crevi, cre- 
 tum, n. 3. (de et cresco) to 
 decrease, wear away. 
 
 decumbo, umber e, ciibui, ubt- 
 turn, n. 3. {de et cubo) to lie 
 down. 
 
 decurro, currere, curri et cu~ 
 cxtrri, enrsum* n. 3. (de et 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 141 
 
 turro) to run down, flow 
 down. 
 
 dedftio, 6nis,f. 3. a yielding 
 up, surrender. 
 
 deditus, a, um, part, of dedo. 
 
 dedo, dere, dldi, ditum, a. 3. 
 to give up, surrender. That 
 is, (Do) I give (de) away 
 from myself. 
 
 deduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (de et diico) to bring down, 
 lead forth. 
 
 deduclus, a, um, part, of de- 
 duco. 
 
 defatigdtus, a, um, part, of 
 defatigo. 
 
 defatigo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 {de etfatigo) to weary out, 
 fatigue. 
 
 defectio, dnis, f. 3. et defec- 
 tus, us, m. 4. a deficiency, 
 want ; also, an eclipse (of 
 the sun or moon). 
 
 defendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. 
 (de etfendo, to hit) to hit 
 off, ward off ; protect, de- 
 fend. 
 
 defensus, a, um, part, of de- 
 fendo. 
 
 defero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. 
 a. (de etfero) to carry down 
 or along, bring, bestow. 
 
 deficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. et 
 n. 3. (de et fdcio) to de- 
 crease, fail, be wanting. 
 
 defleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. (de 
 et fieo) to bewail, lament, 
 deplore. 
 
 defiuo, uere, uxi, uxum, n, 3. 
 (de etjluo) to flow down. 
 
 defodio, odere, odi, ossum, a* 
 3. (de etfddio) to dig, bury. 
 
 deformis, e, adj. deformed, 
 
 deformitas, atis, f. 3. defor- 
 mity. 
 
 defossus, <t, um, part, of de- 
 fodio. 
 defuncius, a, um, part, of de- 
 
 fungor, (vita) dead. 
 defungor, gi, ctus sum, d. 3* 
 
 {de et fungor) to perform,,. 
 
 be freed from. 
 dego, gtre, gi, a. et n. 3. (for 
 
 de-ago, i. e. vitam, aetatem. 
 
 tempus) to lead, pass, spend. 
 
 dwell. 
 degusto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 {de et gusto) to taste. 
 deinde, adv. then, after that 
 
 next in order. 
 Deiotarus, i, m. 2. first dis- 
 tinguished as tetrarch of 
 
 Galatia, and afterwards 
 
 made king of Armenia Mi- 
 
 nor by Pompey. 
 dejectus, a, um, part, of deji- 
 
 cio. 
 dejicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. 
 
 (de etjdcio) to throw down. 
 deldbor, hi, psus sum, d. 3. 
 
 (de et labor) to fall or slide 
 
 down. 
 delapsus, a, um, part, of de- 
 labor, 
 deldtus, a, um, part, of defe- 
 
 ro. 
 deleclo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 
 (Jr. delicio, delectum,fr. la* 
 
 cio) to delight, please. 
 delectus, a, um, part, of delu 
 
 go. 
 delendus, a, um, part, of de- 
 
 leo. 
 deleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. to 
 
 blot out, efface, destroy. 
 deletus, a, um, part, of deleo, 
 deliciae, drum, f. 1. delights. 
 
 luxuries. 
 delictum, i, n. 2. a fault. Fr. 
 
 deliriquo, delictum, a fail- 
 ure in duty. 
 
148 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 delfgo, Tgcre, cgi,ectum, a. 3. 
 (de et lego) to choose out, 
 select. 
 
 Delphicus, a, um, adj. per. 
 taining to Delphi. 
 
 Delphi, drum, m. pi. 2. now 
 Castri, a town of Phocis, 
 famous for a temple and 
 oracle of Apollo, 
 
 delphlnus, i, m. 2. (AsX<p*v) a 
 dolphin. 
 
 Delta, ae,f. 1. that part of 
 Eg} r pt near the Mediterra- 
 nean, between the Canopic 
 and Pelusiac mouths of the 
 Nile. It was so called from 
 its resemblance to the form 
 of the fourth letter of the 
 Greek alphabet, A. 
 
 dilubrum, i, n. 2. (fr. deluo, 
 to cleanse, purify) an altar, 
 temple, or sacred place. 
 
 Delus vel -os, i,f. 2. an island 
 of the Aegaean, situate in 
 the centre of the Cyclades, 
 the birth-place of Apollo 
 and Diana. 
 
 Demardtus, i, m. 2. a rich ci- 
 tizen of Corinth, father of 
 Lucumo, afterwards Tar- 
 quinius Priscus. 
 
 demergo, g€re, si, sum, a. 3. 
 (de et mergo) to plunge, 
 sink, drown. 
 
 demersus, a, um, part, of de- 
 mergo. 
 
 Demetrius, i, m. 2. a prince 
 of Macedonia. 
 
 demissus, a, um, part, of de- 
 mitto. 
 
 demitto, ittere, tsi, isswn, a. 
 3. (de et mitto) to throw or 
 send down. 
 
 Democritus, i, m. 2. a cele- 
 brated philosopher of Ab- 
 
 dera, commonly known un 
 
 der the appellation of the 
 
 laughing philosopher. 
 demonsiraturus, a, um, part, 
 
 of demonstro. 
 demorlstro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 - 
 
 (de et monstro) to point out, 
 
 show, demonstrate. 
 Demosthenes, is, m. 3. a cele- 
 brated orator of Athens, 
 
 born B. C. 381. 
 demum, adv. at length, in fine. 
 
 only, merely. 
 dent, ae, a, distr. num. adj. 
 
 pi. every ten. 
 denique, adv. in fine, lastty, 
 dens, tis, m. 3. a tooth. 
 dmsus, a, um, adj. thick, 
 
 close. 
 Dentltus, i, m. 2. Siccius, ce- 
 lebrated for the large nunv 
 
 ber of rewards which he 
 
 earned by his valour. 
 denuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 (de et nuntio) to denounce, 
 
 declare, forewarn. 
 dcpascor, ci, tus sum, d. 3. 
 
 (de et pascor) to feed upon r 
 
 eat up. 
 depingo, ngere, nxi, ctum, a. 
 
 3. (de et pingo) to paint . 
 
 depict, figure. 
 deploro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 (de etploro) to deplore, la- 
 
 ment, bewail. 
 dipt no, onere, osui, ostium, a* 
 
 3. (de et pono) to lay or put 
 
 down. 
 depopiddfus, a, um, part, of 
 
 depopiilor. 
 depopulor, dri, aius sum, d. 1 . 
 
 (de et populor) to lay waste, 
 
 ravage, depopulate. 
 deprZhendo, d8re, si, sum, a* 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 149 
 
 3. (de et prtihehdo) to seize, 
 catch, take unawares. 
 
 deprehensus, a, um, part, of 
 deprehendo. 
 
 depulso, are, avi, dtum, fre'q. 
 1. (de et pulso) to thrive 
 down or away. 
 
 descendo, d€re, di, sum, n. 3. 
 {de et scando) to descend. 
 
 descrlbo, fare, psi, ptum, a. 3. 
 (de et scribo) to describe, 
 arrange, distribute. 
 
 desZro, rere, rid, rtum, a. 3. 
 (de et scro) to abandon, for- 
 sake. 
 
 desertum, i, ?i. 2. a desert. 
 
 desertus, a, um, parU et adj. 
 forsaken, lonely, uninhabit- 
 ed, waste. 
 
 deslderium, i, n. 2. a longing 
 for, desire ; grief for the 
 want of, regret. 
 
 desino, sin€re, sivi et sii, si- 
 ium, a. et n. 3. (de et slno) 
 to cease, leave off, give 
 over, abandon. 
 
 desperdius, a, um, part, of 
 despero. 
 
 despero, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (de et spero) to despair of. 
 
 desponsatus, a, urn, part, of 
 desponso. 
 
 desponso, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 freq. fr. despondeo, to pro- 
 mise in marriage, betroth. 
 
 destino, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to make fast, fix, assign, 
 appoint, aim at. 
 
 desum, esse,fui, fiiturus, irr. 
 n. (de et sum) to be want- 
 
 , ing, fail. 
 
 diterior, adj. comp. deterri--- 
 mxis,s\ip. (no positive), (fr. 
 deter o) worse. 
 
 dMerreo : ere, ui, Ttum, a t 2 
 
 (de etterreo)to deter, fright- 
 en, discourage. 
 detestor, ari, fttus sum, d. 1. 
 
 (de et testor) to detest. 
 dttractus, a, um, part* of de* 
 
 traho. 
 detraho, he* re, xi, ctum, a. 3v 
 
 (de et trdho) to draw down 
 
 or off, to take away. 
 detrimentum, i, n. 2. damage. 
 
 loss. Fr. detrxtum, supine 
 
 of detSro. 
 deus f i, m. elf. (®so$) God. 
 
 a deity, divinity. 
 deveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 
 (de et veho) to carry down, 
 
 convey, transport. 
 devexus, a, um, adj. inclining 
 
 downwards, sloping. 
 devictus, a, um, part, of devin- 
 
 co. 
 devinco, vincere, vici, viclum, 
 
 a. 3. (de el vincoi) to con- 
 quer, vanquish. 
 devolo, are, avi, (Hum, n. L 
 
 (de et volo) to fly down, fly. 
 
 away. 
 devorandus, a, um,part. o£d& 
 
 voro. 
 devordtus, a, um, part, of de- 
 
 voro. 
 devoro, are, avi, Hum, a. 1. 
 
 (de et vdro) to devour, eat 
 
 up. 
 de^oius, a, um, part, of devo- 
 
 veo. 
 devoveo, overe, ovi, oium, a. 2. 
 
 (de et voveo) to vow, doom> 
 
 devote, offer up, immolate. 
 dexter, tem et tra, ierum et 
 
 trum, adj. right, on the 
 
 right hand. 
 dextra, ae,f. 1. the right hand. 
 diadema, ails, n. 3. (oikSmm) . 
 
 a diadem. 
 o2 
 
150 
 
 DICTIONARY* 
 
 Dlagoras, ae, m. 1. an athlete 
 of Rhodes, 460 B. C. He 
 saw his three sons crown- 
 ed the same day at Olym- 
 pia, and died through ex- 
 cess of joy. 
 
 iialeclus, i, f, 2. a dialect. 
 
 Diana, ae, f. 1. the sister of 
 Apollo. 
 
 dico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 assign, dedicate, conse- 
 crate. 
 
 dico, cere, xi, cium, a. 3. to 
 say, tell, speak. 
 
 dictator, oris, m. 3. (fr. dido) 
 a chief magistrate elected 
 on extraordinary occasions, 
 and vested with absolute 
 authority ; a Dictator. 
 
 dlcto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (freq. of dico) to speak or 
 dictate what another may 
 write. 
 
 iictum, i, n. 2. a word, say- 
 ing, expression. 
 
 dictus, a, um, part, of dico. 
 
 dies, ei, m. vel.f. in sing. m. 
 in pi. 5. a day, 
 
 dijfero, differre, distuli, dila- 
 tum, irr* «. et n. to carry 
 hither and thither, be dif- 
 ferent. 
 
 dif telle, adv. with difficulty. 
 
 dificilzs, €, adj. difficult. For 
 disfacXlts % dis contradicts, 
 as in dissimilis. 
 
 difficultas, dtis,f. 3. difficul- 
 ty, trouble, a bad condition. 
 
 digitus, i, m. 2. a finger, a 
 finger's breadth. 
 
 iign Uus, a, um, pari, of dig- 
 nor. 
 
 dignltas, atis, f, 3. dignity, 
 rank, honour. 
 
 iignor % &ri> dtus sum : d. 1. 
 
 to think (dignurn) worthy ; 
 
 to think a thing worthy to 
 
 do, deign to do. 
 dignus, a, um, adj. worthy F 
 
 deserving of. 
 dllanio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 * 
 
 {di el lanio) to tear or rend 
 
 in pieces, mangle. 
 diligens, tis, adj. (fr. diligo) 
 
 fond of, partial to a pursuit, 
 
 diligent, attentive. 
 ddfgenter, adv. {ius, issime) 
 
 diligently, attentively. 
 diligo, igere, exi, ecium, a. 3. 
 
 to esteem highly, love. For 
 
 dilego, to choose one apart 
 
 from others. 
 dxmicdiio, onis, f. 3. a fight, 
 
 encounter, contest. 
 d%mfcdtus, a, um, part, of d\* 
 
 mico. 
 dimico, are, dvi (rarely m) ? 
 
 dtum, a. 1. (di et mico) to 
 
 fight, encounter, contend. 
 dlmissus, a, um, part, of dU 
 
 mitto. 
 dimittendus, a, um, part, of 
 
 dimitto. 
 dimitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. S. 
 
 (di et mitto) to let go, dis- 
 
 miss. 
 Diogenes, is,m. 3. a celebrat. 
 
 ed Cynic philosopher of 
 
 Sinope. 
 Diomedes, is t m. 3. a king of 
 
 Aetolia, one of the bravest 
 
 of the Grecian chiefs in 
 
 the Trojan war. 
 diphthongus, i, f. 2. a diph- 
 thong. 
 diremturus, a, um, part, of di - 
 
 rimo. 
 dlreptus, a, um, part, of dxru 
 
 pio. 
 dirimo, imerc, emi, emtum vcl 
 
DICTION ARV. 
 
 151 
 
 emptum, a. 3. (dis et $mo) 
 to divide, separate, deter- 
 mine. 
 
 dlrfpio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 
 3. di et rapio) to plunder, 
 spoil, pillage. 
 
 dlruo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (di 
 et ruo) to overthrow, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 dirus, a, um, adj. dreadful, 
 dire, portentous. 
 
 dlriitus, a, um, part, of diruo. 
 
 discedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. 
 (dis et cedo) to go away, 
 depart. 
 
 discendus, a, um, part, of dis- 
 co. 
 
 discerpo, p€re, psi, ptum, a. 
 3. (dis et carpo) to tear in 
 pieces, rend. 
 
 discerptus, a, um,part. of dis- 
 cerpo. 
 
 disciplina, ae, f. 1. instruc- 
 tion, discipline. 
 
 disctpidus, i, m. 2. (fr. dis- 
 co) a learner, pupil. 
 
 disco, discere, didlci, a. 3. to 
 learn. 
 
 discordia, ae, f. 1. discord, 
 disagreement. 
 
 discordo, are, am, alum, n. 1. 
 to be at variance, disagree, 
 differ. 
 
 discrepo, are, dvi vel ui, n. 1. 
 (dis et crgpo) to differ in 
 sound, vary, disagree. 
 
 diserte, adv. clearly, express- 
 ly, eloquently. 
 
 disputdtio, onis,f. 3. a learn- 
 ed discussion, discourse. 
 
 disputo, are, Cvi, utum, a. 1. 
 to debate, argue. Said of 
 persons who in discourse 
 [putant diversa) are of op- 
 posite sentiments. 
 
 dissemfno, are, dvi, utum, a. 
 
 1. to spread abroad. 
 dissero, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to 
 
 say, debate, discuss. 
 dissidium, i, n. 2. (fr. dissi- 
 
 deo, to disagree with) dis- 
 agreement. 
 dissimilis, e, adj. (dis et simi* 
 
 lis) unlike, dissimilar. 
 distinctus, a, um, part, of dis* 
 
 tinguo. 
 distinguo, guere, xi, ctum, a* 
 
 3. (di et stinguo) to distin* 
 
 guish by marks, mark. 
 
 adorn. 
 disto, stare, n. 1. (di et sto) to 
 
 stand apart, be distant. 
 distribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. 
 
 (dis et trfbuo) to divide, dis* 
 
 tribute. 
 ditior, v. dives, 
 ditissimus, v. dives, 
 diu, adv. diutius, diutissime,) 
 
 for a long time. 
 diurnus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) 
 
 diurnal, daily. 
 diutinus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) 
 
 lasting. 
 diuturnitas, diis, f. 3. length 
 
 of time, long duration. 
 diuturnus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 
 diu) lasting. 
 dlvello, vellere, velli (saepius 
 
 quam vulsi), vulsum, a. 3. 
 
 (di et vello) to pull asun- 
 der, disjoin, pull off. 
 diver sus, a, um, adj. differ- 
 ent. 
 dives, itis, (ditior for dvvitior, 
 
 ditissimus for divitissimus) 
 
 rich, wealthy. 
 dlvido, fdere, 1st, isum, a. 3. 
 
 to divide. 
 divlnus, a, um, adj. relating 
 
 to (Divi) the gods, divine* 
 
152 
 
 DICTIONARY; 
 
 divisiis, a,um, part, of divt* 
 do. 
 
 dlvitiae, arum, f. pi. 1 . ( fr. 
 dives, l/is) riches. 
 
 dlvulsus, a, um, part, of du 
 veUo. 
 
 do, dare, d&di, datum, a. 1. 
 (fr. &>w, <5w) to give ; dare 
 viam, to give way ; dans, 
 a giver ; poenas dare, to 
 suffer punishment ; crimi- 
 ni, to accuse. 
 
 doceo, ere, ui, turn, a. 2. to 
 teach. 
 
 docllUas, dtis,f. 3. aptness to 
 learn, docility. 
 
 doctrlna,ae,f. 1. instruction. 
 The art of making (doc 
 turn) learned. 
 
 doctus, a, um, part, of doceo. 
 
 Dodona, ae, f. 1. a famous 
 city of Epirus, with a fo- 
 rest in the neighbourhood, 
 situate near the sources of 
 the Acheron. 
 
 doleo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to 
 grieve, sorrow, be in pain. 
 
 dolor, oris, m. 3. {fr. doleo) 
 grief, pain. 
 
 dolus, i, m. 2. (AoXcs) a de- 
 vice, artful contrivance, 
 wile. 
 
 domesttcus, a, um, adj. apper- 
 taining to (domum) a house, 
 domestic. 
 
 domiciUum, i, n. 2. (fr. do- 
 wns) a house, place of 
 abode. 
 
 dvmina, ae, f. 1 . a mistress 
 (domiis) of a house. 
 
 domtndtio, onis, f 3. domi- 
 nion, despotism, tyranny. 
 
 -dominus, i, m. 2. a master 
 {domiis) of a house : mas- 
 ter, lord. 
 
 domttus, a, um, part, of domb< 
 
 domo, are, ui, Hum, a. 1. (fr* 
 Sapau, w) to subdue, van- 
 quish, break or tame wild 
 animals. 
 
 domus, i et us, 2. et 4. (Ac'|xos) 
 a house. 
 
 donatus, a, um, part, of dono. 
 
 donee, adv. while, until. 
 
 dono, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 give, bestow freely, pre. 
 sent. 
 
 donum, i, n. 2. a gift. 
 
 Doricus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the Dorians, Doric. 
 
 dormio, ire, ivi, Hum, n. 4. to 
 sleep. 
 
 dorsum, i, n. 2. the back. 
 
 dos, dotis,f. 3. (Aw$) a mar- 
 riage-portion, dowry. 
 
 draco, onis, m. 3. (Apg;xcjv) a 
 dragon. 
 
 Druidae, drum, m. pi. 1 . the 
 Druids, priests of Britain 
 and Gaul. A Celtic word. 
 
 dubftdtio, onis,f. 3. a doubt- 
 ing ; doubt, hesitation. 
 
 dubtto, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. 
 (dubius) to be in doubt, he- 
 sitate. 
 
 dilbium, i, n. 2. doubt ; sine 
 et procul diibio, without 
 doubt, beyond a doubt, 
 doubtless. 
 
 dilcendus, a, um, part, of dii- 
 co. 
 
 ducenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
 pi. two hundred. 
 
 dnco, cere, xi, cium, a. 1. to 
 lead, carry, draw ; uxorem, 
 to marry ; exequias, to dis* 
 charge the last duties to 
 any one. 
 
 ductus, a, um, part, of duco. 
 
 Duillius. 7, 7w. 2. C. Nepvs, a 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 153 
 
 Roman consul, the first who 
 obtained a victory over the 
 naval power of Carthage, 
 B. C. 260. 
 
 dulcis, e, adj. sweet. 
 
 dum, adv. as long as, whilst, 
 until. 
 
 duo, ae, o, card. num. adj. pi. 
 (Auo) two. 
 
 duodScim, card. num. adj. pi. 
 ind. twelve. 
 
 duodecimus, a, um, ord. num. 
 adj. the twelfth. 
 
 duodeviginti, card. num. adj. 
 ind. two from twenty, eigh. 
 teen. 
 
 durltia, ae, f. 1 . vet dnrities, 
 iei,f. 5. (diirus) hardness. 
 
 durus, a, um, adj. hard, harsh, 
 severe. 
 
 dux, duels, c. 3. (fr. duco, 
 duxi) a leader, guide, ge- 
 neral. 
 
 Dwnysius, i, m. 2. the 1st, or 
 the elder, a tyrant of Sy- 
 racuse. The 2nd, surnam- 
 ed the younger, was son 
 of the 1st, and succeeded 
 his father as tyrant of Si- 
 cily. 
 
 K. 
 
 e, ex, prep. c. abl. (Jg) from, 
 out of, among. 
 
 ebtbo, there, ibi, ibitum, a. 3. 
 {e et bibo) to drink up. 
 
 cbriStas, atis, f. 3. {fr. ebri- 
 us, drunk) drunkenness. 
 
 €bur, oris, n. 3. ivory. 
 
 edlco, c$re, xi, dum, a. 3. {e 
 et dico) to speak out, de- 
 clare publicly, announce. 
 
 edttus, a, um,part. of edo. 
 
 edo, de're, didi, ditum, a. 3. 
 
 (e et do) to give out, pub- 
 lish, proclaim ; spectacu- 
 lum, to give an exhibition ; 
 stragem, to make a slaugh- 
 ter, to overthrow. 
 
 Zdo, edere vel esse, rdi, esum, 
 irr. a. {edv) to eat. 
 
 ediicdtuSy a, um, part, of edit* 
 
 CO. 
 
 educo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. 
 {fr. duco) to bring up, 
 educate. 
 
 edfico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (e 
 et duco) to lead forth. 
 
 efflcio, Icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. 
 {e etfdeio) to bring to pass, 
 accomplish, make. 
 
 effigies, iei,f. 5. an image. 
 
 efflo, are, avi, ctum, a. 1. (e et 
 fid) to breathe out ; ani* 
 mam, to breathe one's last, 
 die. 
 
 effugio, ugere, vgi, ugttum, a* 
 et n. 3. (e et fugio) to fly 
 from, fly away, escape. 
 
 effundendus, a, um, part, of 
 effundo. 
 
 effundo, fund$re, fiidi, fusum. 
 a. 3. {e et fundo) to pour 
 out, spill, waste. 
 
 effusus, a 9 um, part, of effun- 
 do. 
 
 egeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be in 
 want of, want. 
 
 Egeria, ae,f. 1. a nymph of 
 Aricia in Italy, who was 
 courted by Numa, and ac- 
 cording to Ovid became his 
 wife. 
 
 egero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3. {e 
 et gero) to carry out, cast 
 out. 
 
 egestus, a, um, part, of ege* 
 ro. 
 
 €go, mei, pro. I. 
 
154 
 
 BiCTiONA&Y. 
 
 egrSdior, di, ssus sum, d. 3. 
 (e et grddior) to walk out, 
 go forth. 
 
 egregie, adv. in a distinguish- 
 ed manner. 
 
 egregius, a, um, adj. eminent, 
 surpassing ; one chosen (e 
 g?*ege) out of the flock. 
 
 egressus, a, um, part, of egre- 
 dior. 
 
 eldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. (e 
 et labor) to slide away, es- 
 cape, disappear. 
 
 clapsus, a, um, part, of eld- 
 bar. 
 
 Eiephantis, idis, f. 3. an is- 
 land and city of the Nile in 
 
 Egypt- 
 
 elephantus, i, m.2. et el&phas, 
 
 antis, m. 3. an elephant. 
 Eleusinii, arum, m. pi. 2. the 
 
 inhabitants of Eleusis. 
 Eleusis et -in, lnis,f. 3, a town 
 
 of Attica, celebrated for 
 
 the festivals of Ceres. 
 ilido, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (e 
 
 et laedo) to dash in pieces, 
 
 crush. 
 fligo, fgere, tgi, ectum, a. 3. 
 
 (e et lego) to pick out, se- 
 
 lect. 
 (loquens, tis, adj. -ntior, -ntis- 
 
 stmus, eloquent. 
 eloquentia, ae,f. 1. eloquence. 
 Hoquor, qui, quiitus vel cutus 
 
 sum, d. 3. (e et loquor) to 
 
 speak out or plainly, say. 
 eluceo, cere, xi, n. 2. {e et lu- 
 
 ceo) to shine forth. 
 tmergo, gere, si, sum, n. 3. (e 
 
 et mergo) to come out, rise 
 
 up, emerge. 
 emtneo, ere, ui, n. 2. (e et ma- 
 
 neo) to rise above, be coa* 
 
 spicuous, be eminent. 
 
 emitto, ittHre'f isi, issum, a. 8* 
 (e et ?nitto) to send forth ; 
 in mare emitti, to empty 
 into the sea. 
 
 £mo, emere, emi, emtum vel 
 emptum, a. 3. to take ; as 
 in demo, adimo, buy, pur- 
 chase. 
 
 emorior, mori, mortuus sum. 
 d. 3. to die. 
 
 emtus vel emptus, a, um, part. 
 of emo. 
 
 enascor, nasci, natus sum, d. 
 3. {e et nascor) to spring 
 from, grow up, be born of. 
 
 cmlus, a, um, part, of enas~ 
 cor. 
 
 eneco, are, ui, turn, vel dvi, 
 alum, a. 1. (e et neco) to 
 kill, slay. 
 
 enervo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 weaken, enervate. 
 
 enim, adv. for, indeed. 
 
 Enna, ae, f. 1. a town of Si* 
 cily, situate on an eminence 
 in the middle of the island. 
 
 Ennius, i, m. 2. an ancient 
 poet, born at Rudiae in Ca- 
 labria, flourished towards 
 the close of the first Punic 
 war. 
 
 enuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (e et nuntio) to pronounce, 
 publish, declare. 
 
 eo, ire, ivi, Hum, irr. n. (i'w) 
 to go. 
 
 ed, adv. thither, so far. 
 
 Ecus, i, m. 2. Lucifer, the 
 morning star. 
 
 Eous, a, um, adj. ( y H£}og,fr. 
 'Hws, the morning) of the 
 morning, eastern. 
 
 Epaminondas, ae, m. 1. a fa- 
 mous Theban, descended 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 155 
 
 from the ancient kings of 
 Boeotia. 
 
 Ephesus, i, m. 2. a city of 
 Ionia, famous for a temple 
 of Diana, one of the seven 
 wonders of the world. 
 
 Ephialtes, is, m. 3. a giant, 
 son of Neptune and bro- 
 ther of Otus. They were 
 called Aloides from their 
 reputed father Aloeus. 
 
 Epimenldes, is, m. 3. an epic 
 poet of Crete, contempo- 
 rary with Solon. 
 
 Eplrus, i,f. 2. a country of 
 Greece, to the west of 
 Thessaly, lying along the 
 Hadriatic. 
 
 epistola, ae, f. 1. (itfrtroXT}) 
 an epistle, a letter. 
 
 epitome, es, f. 1. {s<xito^y\) an 
 abridgment, abstract. 
 
 epulae, drum,f. 1. (for edfpu. 
 laefr. 8do) food, a feast, 
 banquet. 
 
 epulor, dri, atus sum, d. 1. to 
 feast, banquet. 
 
 tques, itis, m. 3. a horseman, 
 knight. 
 
 equidem, conj. indeed, truly, 
 for my part. 
 
 equitdtus, us, m. 4. cavalry. 
 
 gquito, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 ride. 
 
 Zquus, i, m. 2. a horse. 
 
 ^rectus, a, um, adj. et part* 
 (fr. erigo) raised up, up- 
 right, erect. 
 
 ereptus, a, wm, part, of ert- 
 pio. 
 
 erga,prep. c. ace. over against, 
 towards. 
 
 ergo, conj. on account of, 
 therefore. 
 
 CrXgo, fgere, exi, ectum, a. 3. 
 {e et rego) to set upright. 
 
 erindceiiSy i, m. 2. a hedge- 
 hog. 
 ertpio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 
 
 3. (e et rapio) to take away 
 by force. 
 
 erro, are, dm, dtum, n. 1. to 
 
 wander, stray, err. 
 erodo, dere, si, sum, a. 3* (e 
 
 et rodo) to gnaw off, eat 
 
 into, consume. 
 eriidio, ire, ivi et it, Hum, a. 
 
 4. to instruct, inform. E ni- 
 di doctumfacio. 
 
 eruditio, onis, f. 3. a teach- 
 ing, instruction, learning. 
 
 trudlius, a, um, part, of eru- 
 dio. 
 
 esurio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, n. 4. 
 (fr. esurus,fr. edo) to de- 
 sire to eat, be hungrv. 
 
 et, conj. and, also, even ; et 
 ...et, both. ..and. 
 
 eiiam, conj. also ; with the 
 comp. even. For el jam. 
 and now, now further. 
 
 Etruria, ae, f.l.n. celebrat- 
 ed country of Italy, lying 
 to the west of the Tiber. 
 
 Etrusci, orum, m. pL 2. the 
 inhabitants of Etruria. 
 
 Etruscus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Etruria. 
 
 Euboea, ae,f. 1. now Negro- 
 ponte, an island in the Ae- 
 gaean, on the eastern coast 
 of Greece, separated from 
 the main land by the Euri- 
 pus. 
 
 Eumenes, is, m. 3. a Greek 
 officer in the army of Alex- 
 ander ; the 2nd, a king of 
 Pergamus, celebrated for 
 his love of learning. 
 
 Euphrates, is, m. 3. a large 
 river of Asia, which rises 
 in a part of the most north- 
 
156 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 em chain of Taurus, joins 
 the Tigris, and with it emp- 
 ties into the Sinus Persi- 
 cus. 
 Euripides, is, m. 3. a cele- 
 brated tragic poet, born at 
 Salamis the day on which 
 Xerxes was defeated by the 
 Greeks. 
 
 Euripus, i, m. 2. a narrow 
 strait dividing Euboea from 
 the main land of Greece. 
 
 Eurdpa, ae,f.\. a daughter 
 of Agenor, king of Phoe- 
 nicia, whom Jupiter, under 
 the form of a bull, carried 
 to Crete ; one of the three 
 main divisions of the an- 
 cient world, supposed to 
 have taken its name from 
 the daughter of Agenor. 
 
 Eurotas, ae, m. 1. a river of 
 Laconia, flowing by Spar- 
 ta. It is now called Vasi- 
 lipoiamo, a corruption of 
 Basilipotamos (king of ri- 
 vers), a name given it by 
 way of eminence. 
 
 Euxtnus, i, m. 2. (fr. 'fc^si* 
 vos, hospitable) the Euxine, 
 an inland sea, north of Asia 
 Minor, now the Black Sea. 
 
 fvddo,dere, si, sum, n. 3. (e 
 
 * et vado) to go out, escape. 
 
 ^versus, a, um, part, ofeverto. 
 
 cverto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (e et 
 verto^ to overturn, over- 
 throw, destroy. 
 
 evocdtUs, a, urn, part, of I vo- 
 
 CO. 
 
 cvoco, are, avi, dtum, a. I. (e 
 el voco) to call out, invite, 
 summon. 
 
 evolo, are, avi, dtum, n. 1. (e 
 et volo) to fly out or away. 
 
 €vomo,Ire, ui, Hum, a. 3, (e 
 et vomo) to vomit forth, cast 
 out. 
 
 ex, prep. c. abl. (sg) from,* 
 v. e. 
 
 exactus, a, urn, part, of exfgo. 
 
 exaequo, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 {ex et aequo) to make equal 
 or even, to equal. 
 
 cxanimo, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (ex et ammo) to deprive of 
 life, kill. 
 
 exardesco, descere, si, n. inc. 
 3. to grow hot, be on fire, 
 burn. 
 
 exasperatus, a, um, part, of 
 exaspero* 
 
 cxaspZro, are, avi, dtum, a. 1, 
 to provoke, exasperate a 
 That is, to make (asperum) 
 sharp in temper. 
 
 excido, dtre, ssi, ssum, n. 3. 
 {ex et cedo) to go forth, de- 
 part ; go beyond, exceed. 
 
 excello, ere, ui, n. 3. {ex et cel- 
 lo, to urge forward) to be 
 high, excel, surpass. 
 
 excelsus, a, um, adj. (fr. eel- 
 sum, sup. of cello) high. 
 
 excidium, i, n. 2. {fr. excido) 
 destruction, ruin, an over- 
 throw. 
 
 excido, ere, i, n. 3. (ex et ca. 
 do) to fall out. 
 
 exc do, d&re, di, sum, a. 3. 
 (ex et caedo) to cut or hew 
 out, hew down. 
 
 exctpio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 
 3. (ex et cdpio) to receive, 
 take up, sustain. 
 
 exclsus, a, um, part, of exci- 
 do. 
 
 excUandus, a, um, part, of ex« 
 ctto. 
 
 excito, are, qvL dtum, a. 1. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 Ii 
 
 [ex el ciio) to call out, stir 
 up, awaken, cause. 
 
 r'xcUmo, are, avi, dtum, a. 1 . 
 (ex et clamo) to cry out, ex- 
 claim. 
 
 txcludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. 
 (ex et claudo) to shut out, 
 . exclude, hatch. 
 
 cxcaeco vel -coeco, are, avi, 
 dtum, a. 1. (ex et caeco) to 
 make blind. 
 
 cxcolo, colere, colui, eulium, a. 
 3. (ex et colo) to cultivate, 
 improve, exercise. 
 
 excrucio, are, avi, dtum, a. I. 
 (ex et crucio) to torture 
 greatly, excruciate. 
 
 excubiae, drum, f. pi. I . (fr. 
 excubo, to lie out) watches 
 (properly, by night ;) the 
 sentry, guard. 
 
 excusdtio, onis, f. 3. an ex- 
 cusing, excuse, defence. 
 
 extdo, edere et esse, edi, esum, 
 irr. a. (ex et edo) to eat up. 
 
 exemplum, i, n. 2. an exam- 
 ple. 
 
 exgquiae, V. exscquiae. 
 
 rxerceo, ire, ui, Hum, a. 2. (ex 
 et arceo, vel fr. z&pyzu) to 
 exercise, practise ; odium, 
 to hate ; agros, to till a 
 field. 
 
 exercitus, us, m. 4. an army. 
 Fr. part, of exerceo, as be- 
 ing trained and exercised. 
 
 rxhaurio, rlre, si, stum, a. 4. 
 (ex et haurio) to draw out> 
 exhaust. 
 
 cxigo, igere, e*gi, actum, a. 1 . 
 (ex et ago) to lead or thrust 
 out, banish. 
 
 "xiguus, a, urn, adj. slender, 
 small, 
 
 exilis, e, adj. slight, small, 
 
 feeble. 
 cxilium, i 9 u. 2. (for emtiura 
 
 fr. exvl, an exile) banish - 
 
 ment. 
 exftnie, adv. remarkably, ex- 
 
 cellently. 
 cximius, a, um, adj. (fr. ex 
 
 mo, to choose out) choice, 
 
 excellent, remarkable. 
 existtmatio, 6nis,f 3. opinion, 
 
 credit, honour. 
 cxisiimo, are, avi, dtvm, a\ 2, 
 
 (ex et aesifmo) to think, es- 
 teem, judge. 
 cxilium, i, 7i. 2. (fr. sup., o 
 
 exeo) ruin, destruction. 
 cxilus, us, in. 4. a going ou'*, 
 
 event, issue. 
 cxvptatus, a, um, adj. greatly 
 
 wished or longed for. 
 exotafus, a, um, part, of exo- 
 
 ro. 
 exorior, ortris, driri,ortussum* 
 
 d. 3. et 4. (ex et crier) to 
 
 rise, arise, spring up. 
 exorno, fire, avi, dtum, a. L 
 
 (ex et orno) to adorn, em- 
 
 betifeh. 
 exoro, are, avi, dtum, a. I. (ex 
 
 et oro) to pray earnestly, 
 
 gain by entreaty. 
 exortus, a, um, part, of exjjg 
 
 rior. 
 expecto vel -specie, are, am, 
 
 dtum, a. 1 . (ex et specto) to 
 
 look for, wait for. 
 cxpedio, ire, ivi, r itum, a. 4* 
 
 tq disentangle, rid, prepare, 
 
 equip.. That is, . to take 
 
 one's (pedem) foot (ex) out 
 
 of confinement. 
 expedUiG, onis,f. S. (fr. : :ex- 
 
 pedio) a military expedition , 
 
258 
 
 DICTION^RF. 
 
 wpeTto, pellere, puli, pulsum, 
 
 a. 3. (ex et pello) to drive 
 
 out, banish. 
 expers, tis, adj. for expars, be- 
 
 ing without any part in a 
 
 concern, without, destitute. 
 expetendus, a, um, part, of ex- 
 
 peto. 
 expeto, $re, zvi et ii, itum, a. 
 
 3. (ex ei peto) to seek out, 
 
 long for. 
 expio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 
 expiate, atone for. 
 expleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. [ex 
 
 et pleo) to fill up. 
 explico, are, dvi, dtum et ui r 
 
 itum, a. 1. (ex et plfco) to 
 
 unfold, develope, explain. 
 explorator, oris, m. 3. (fr. ex- 
 
 ploro) a spy, scout. 
 <cxpolio,ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to 
 
 polish well, finish, adorn. 
 expono, onere, osui, dsitum, a. 
 
 3. (ex et pono) to set forth, 
 explain. 
 
 exprobro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to upbraid, reproach. 
 
 expugndtus, a, um, part, of ex* 
 pugno, 
 
 expugno, are, dvi, dtum, a* 1, 
 . (ex et pugno) to take by 
 storm or assault, conquer. 
 
 expulsus, a, um, pari, of ex- 
 pello. 
 
 vxs&quiae, drum, f. 1. pi. fu- 
 neral solemnities ; proper- 
 ly, a following to the grave, 
 fr. sequor. 
 
 exsequor, qui, quiiius vel cu/us 
 sum, d. 3. (ex et sequor) to 
 follow, pursue, prosecute. 
 
 txsilio, zre, ui et it, ulium, n. 
 
 4. (ex et salio) to spring 
 forth. 
 
 :rspecto. V. carpecto. 
 
 exsplro vel -plro, are, &v{, 
 
 dtum, a. 1. (ex et spiro) to 
 
 breathe out, exspire. 
 exstinetus vel -linctus, a, um, 
 
 part, of exstinguo. 
 exstinguo vel -tinguo, guerc. 
 
 xi, ctum, a. 3. (ex et stinguo) 
 
 to put out, extinguish, kill : 
 
 extingui morbo, to die a na- 
 tural death. 
 exstructus vel -tructus, a, um, 
 
 part, of exstruo. 
 exstruo vel 4ruo, 8re, xi, ctum z 
 
 &. 3. (ex et struo) to build 
 
 up. 
 exsurgo, g£re, rexi f rectum, w. 
 
 3. (ex et surgo) to rise, rise 
 
 up. 
 exter vel exterus, a, um, adj. 
 
 -t&rior, -timus, of another 
 
 country, foreign. 
 externus, a, um, adj. outward^ 
 
 external. 
 ex to vel -sto, are, Xti, atum, n* 
 
 1. (ex et slo) to appear or 
 
 be above, remain, exist. 
 extorqueo, quere, si, turn, a. 2, 
 
 (ex et torqueo) to '.wrest 
 
 from, extort. 
 extra, prep. c. ace. withouf r 
 
 beyond. 
 extractus, a, um, parU of ex-. 
 
 traho. 
 exiraho f h8re, xi, ctum, a. 3, 
 
 (ex et traho) to draw out, 
 
 extract. 
 extremus, a, um, adj. sup. of 
 
 exterus, the utmost, last : 
 
 extrema seneclus, extreme 
 
 old age. 
 
 fdba, as,/* 1. a bean. 
 fab$r, ri, 7ft. 2. (for facjlcj 
 
DiCriONAHi. 
 
 159 
 
 fr. facto) a workman, arti- 
 ficer. 
 
 Fabius, i, m. 2. the name of 
 a noble and powerful fami- 
 ly at Rome, who derived 
 their name from faba, a 
 bean, because some of then- 
 ancestors cultivated it. 
 
 fabrtca, ae, f. I. (fr.faber) 
 a shop, the art of framing 
 or forging. 
 
 Fubricius, i, m, 2. Cuius Lus. 
 cinus, a Roman general, 
 distinguished by his con- 
 summate knowledge of mi- 
 litary affairs, and his incor- 
 ruptible fidelity. 
 
 fabrico, are, avi, atum. a. 1. 
 {fr.faber) to make, frame, 
 forge, construct. 
 
 fabula,ue,f. 1. (fr. for Juris) 
 a report, tale, fable, play. 
 
 fdbulosus, a, um, adj. fabu- 
 lous. 
 
 faciendus, a, um, part, of fa- 
 do. 
 
 fades, iei, f. 5. ( fr. facio, -as 
 species jr. specio) the make, 
 appearance, countenance. 
 
 facile, iits, lime, adv. easily. 
 
 f acinus, oris, n. 3. (fr.fdcio) 
 a deed. 
 
 faeio,facere, feci, factum, a. 
 3. to make, do, value ; pin- 
 m, to value higher ; fac, 
 imper. take care. 
 
 factum, i, n. 2. a deed, action. 
 
 facturus, a, um, part, of fa* 
 do. 
 
 f actus, a, um, purt. ofjio, 
 
 faex,faecis,f 3. lees, dregs. 
 
 Falerii, orum, m. pi. 2. now 
 Falari, a town of Etruria, 
 of which the inhabitants 
 were called Falisci. 
 
 Fulernus, i, m. 2. a fertile 
 plain of Campania, with 
 a mountain, famous for its 
 wine. 
 
 Fulernus, a, um, adj* pertain < 
 ing to Falernus, Falerniane 
 
 Falisci, orum, m. pi. 2. the 
 inhabitants of Falerii. 
 
 folio, fullere, fefelli, falsurth 
 a. 3. to deceive, escape the 
 notice of. 
 
 falsus, a, am, adj. deceitful. 
 faithless, false, 
 
 fama, ae, f. L (y w) report; 
 rumour, fame. 
 
 famelicus, a, um, adj. hun- 
 gry. 
 
 fames, is, f. 3. hunger. 
 
 familia, ae, f. 1. (for faniu- 
 Ha fr. famulus) the slaves 
 belonging to a master, a fa* 
 mily. 
 
 fdmilidris, e, adj. belonging 
 to the same (familia) fa- 
 mily, intimate j familiar. 
 
 fdmtliaritas, aiis,f 3. friend- 
 ship, intimacy, confidence* 
 
 familiariter, adv. familiarl}% 
 as if he were one of the 
 same family. 
 
 familia, ae, f. 1. a fes&ate 
 slave, maid servant. 
 
 fas, n. ind. divine law, jus- 
 tice, right ; nonfas est, it 
 is not allowed. 
 
 fascis, is, m. 3. a bundle of 
 wood, twigs, &c. the fa$~ 
 ces carded before the Ro- 
 man magistrates were ge- 
 nerally of birch. 
 
 fdtdlis, e, adj. (fr. fatum) 
 destined by fate, fatal. 
 
 fdteor, fdteri, fassus sum 7 d. 
 2. to own- confess. 
 
100 
 
 iDICXIGNAfcVc 
 
 fdftdicas, a, um, adj. foretell- 
 ing future events, prophe- 
 tic. 
 jdtigdins, a, um, part, of fa- 
 
 ^ Ugo. 
 
 fdttgo,dre, dvi, atum, a. 1. to 
 weary, fatigue. 
 
 ^dtiscor, fatisei, fessus sum, 
 'dm 3. to be exhausted, wea- 
 ried. 
 jalum, i } n. 2. a prophecy ; 
 fate, destiny ; fato fungi, 
 to die. 
 
 {p austulus, i, m. 2. the shep- 
 herd who preserved Romu- 
 lus and Remus. 
 
 faux, cis, f 3. the throat, a 
 passage, defile ; Caudinae 
 Furculae vel Fauces, * de- 
 ille near Caudi or Caudium, 
 where a Roman army was 
 obliged to surrender to the 
 Samnites and pass under 
 
 * the yoke. 
 
 fdveo, favere, fdvi, fautiim, n. 
 2. to favour. 
 
 fdvor, oris, m. 3. favour. 
 
 fehris, isyf. 3. a fever. 
 
 fecundus, a, urn, adj, fruitful, 
 fertile. 
 
 fdzcilas, ciis,f. 3. happiness, 
 good fortune. 
 
 ^thciler, adv. happily ? fqrtu* 
 *nately. 
 
 fells, is, f 3. a cat. , 
 
 felite) ieis, adj. happy, felici- 
 tous. 
 
 femina, ae, f 1. a female, 
 woman. 
 
 femtneus, a, um, udj, of a wo- 
 man, womanly. 
 
 fcra, ae,f. 1. a wild beast. 
 
 Jerax, dcis, adj. (fr. fero) 
 fruitful. 
 
 Jere, adv. about, nearly, aL 
 most* 
 
 ferlnvs, a, urn, adj. (fera) of 
 wild beasts. 
 
 fero,ferre, lull, Uium, irr. a, 
 (<ps£w) to bear, carry, re- 
 late ; feriint, they say y 
 feriur, it is said. 
 
 firox, oris, adj. (fr. fera) 
 fierce, wild, bold. 
 
 ferreus, a, um, adj. iron, criu 
 el, hard-hearted. 
 
 ferrum, i, n. 2. iron. 
 
 feriffis, e, adj. (fr.fero) fer- 
 tile, fruitful. 
 
 fertiltias, diis, f. 3. fertility, 
 fruitfulness. 
 
 ferula, ae, f 1, a reed, rod* 
 staff. 
 
 ferus, a } um, adj. (fr. ftra) 
 savage, wild. 
 
 ferveo, vcre, vi et bid, n. 2. to 
 boil, seethe, foam, be hot, 
 glow. 
 
 f ess us, a, um, part, offaliscor* 
 
 fesilno, are, (\vi, dtum, a. 1* 
 to hasten, be in a hurry. 
 
 festum, i, n. 2. a feast. 
 
 fesius, a, um, adj. festive, jo- 
 vial, merry. 
 
 ficiilis, e, adj. ( fr. fetus pari, 
 oi'fingo) made of earth oi 
 clay. 
 
 ftcus, i et iis,f. 2. et 4. a fig- 
 tree, fig. 
 
 fidelis, e, adj. faithful, fr. 
 fides. 
 
 fides, . ei, f 5, credit, faith, 
 integrity ; infidehi, in con. 
 firmation ; in fidem acci* 
 pere, to give an assurance- 
 of protection, to accept a 
 capitulation. 
 
 fidus, a, um, adj. faithful. 
 
 figo, gere, xi, xuni, a. 3^ U 
 
 fix, fasten. 
 filia, ae,f 1. a daughter 
 filius, i, m. 2* a son. 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 161 
 
 Undo, finder e, fldi, jissum, a. 
 3. to cleave, cut, split. 
 
 fingo, fingere, finxi,ftetum, a. 
 3. to form, frame ; devise, 
 feign. 
 
 fmw, ire, wi, Hum, a. 4. to 
 end, conclude, finish. 
 
 finis, is, m. ttf. the end or con- 
 clusion, a limit, boundary. 
 
 finltus, a, um, part, of finio. 
 
 finltimus, a, um, adj. neigh- 
 bouring. 
 
 fio, fieri, foetus sum, irr. n. 
 to be made or dose, hap- 
 pen, become. 
 
 firgiatus, a, urn, part, otfirmo. 
 
 firmiler, adv. firmly, steadfast- 
 ly 
 
 fcrmo, are, avi, alum, a. 1. to 
 make firm, establish. 
 
 firmus, a, urn, adj. firm, stea* 
 dy, sure. 
 
 fissus, a, tint, part, of jindo. 
 
 flagello, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. fldgeilum, a whip) to 
 whip, scourge. 
 
 ilagitiosus, a, mil, adj. infa- 
 mous, flagitious, wicked. 
 
 Mgitiura, i, n* 2. a shameful 
 crime, reproach. 
 
 flagro, are, avi, atum. n. 1. to 
 burn, be on fire. 
 
 riaminius, i, m*'2. the natne 
 'of several distinguished 
 Romans. 
 
 famma, ae,f. I, a flame. 
 
 flecto, ctcrc, cci, ccum, a. 3. to 
 bend, twist, turn. 
 
 fi£0, Jlere, fuvi,fiUum, a. 2. to 
 
 shed tears, weep. 
 flilus, its, m. 4. weeping. 
 
 Flevo, 6?iis. m. 3. a lake. form- 
 ed by the Rhine, which, 
 having- been in progress of 
 time much increased h/v the 
 
 P 
 
 sea, assumed the name of 
 Zuyder Zee or Southern 
 Sea. 
 flexus, a, um, paft. oifiecto. 
 floreo, ere, ui, n. 2. (flos) to 
 
 flourish, bloom. 
 fios, oris, m. 3. a flower, a 
 
 blossom. 
 jluclus, its, m. 4. (fr. fluv) a 
 
 wave. 
 flumen, inis, (fr. Jkio) n. 3. 
 
 a stream, river. 
 fluo, ere, xi, ccum, n. 3. to flow. . 
 fUk>iu$, I, m. 2+ (fr. fluo) a 
 
 river. 
 fodio, fodere, fodi, fossujn, at . 
 
 3. to dig. 
 foecunditas, dtis,f 3, fruitful- 
 
 ness. 
 foecundus, a, um, adj. fruitful. 
 foedus, eris, n. 3. a league. 
 folium, i, n. 2. a leaf. 
 fans, tis, ?n. 3. a fountain. 
 fdrem, def. I shall be ; fore, 
 
 to be about to be. 
 fori s 9 adv. wjthout doors, 
 
 abroad. 
 for?na. ae,f. 1, a figure, form, 
 
 beauty. 
 formica, ae,f. 1. an ant. 
 jbrinJddbilis, e, adj. to be fear- 
 ed, formidable. 
 fornndo, inis,f. 3. fear. 
 formidolosus, a, um, adj. feai* 
 
 ful. 
 formostlas, dtis.f. 3. beauty. 
 formesus, a, um, adj. beauti- 
 ful, handsome. 
 fors, tis,f. 3. chance. 
 fortasse, adv. perhaps. 
 forte, adv. (the ahl. offers, 
 used adverbially) t*f 
 chance, accidentally. 
 forlis, e, adj. (-for, .issimvs) 
 : brave, valiant. 
 
±m 
 
 DlC^IOKASi* 
 
 foriiier, (4u&, .isstine) brave- 
 ly, valiantly. 
 
 ;briUudo, nis, f. 3. bravery, 
 fortitude. 
 
 fyriuna, ae, f. 1, (fr.fors) 
 fortune, chance, luck, des- 
 . tiny. 
 
 twwn, h &. 2. a market-place, 
 a, public place in Rome, . 
 where assemblies oi the 
 people were held, and jus- 
 tice wag administered* 
 
 JZ&sk, ae, f. 1. (Jr. f os sum s 
 sup, of fddio) a ditch. 
 
 joiea, ae,f. 1. a pit. • 
 fovea, fovcre, fovi, foium, a. 2. 
 
 to keep warm, cherish. 
 -r actus, a, urn , pare, offrango. 
 
 jragilisy e, adj. (jr. frango) 
 easily broken, frail, perish- 
 able. 
 
 Jragilitas\ ails, f 3. brittle - 
 ness, frailty. 
 
 jragmenium, i, n. 2. a frag- 
 meat, • 
 
 j rango, fra?igere, fregi, frac- 
 turn, a. 3. to break, break 
 in pieces,break down, weak- 
 en. 
 'rater, iris, m* 3. a brother. 
 
 JrWtdulkftUis, a r u?n, adj. {jr. 
 j raits) fraudulent. 
 
 Jraus 3 dis, f. 3. fraud, deceit. 
 
 Jfequens, tis, adj. frequent, 
 constant, numerous. 
 frelum, i, n. 2. a strait, a sea. 
 
 jrlco, are, ui, turn, a. I. to 
 
 rubj chafe. 
 jiigeo, give, xi, n. 2. to be 
 cold. 
 
 yigfdus, u y um j adj. (fr.frf- 
 
 geo) cold. 
 frtgus, oris, ft* 3. (fr.frigeo) 
 
 -cold, 
 ran?, dis> f. 3. flic leaf of 
 
 a tree, a branch with leaves* 
 
 a green bough. 
 fruciuGsus, a, um, adj. fruit 
 
 fuJ, profitable. 
 functus, its, w. 4. fruit. 
 frugalitas, dtis,f. 8. temper 
 
 ance, frugality. 
 frunientum,i, n. 2. corn, grain. 
 jruer, i, tins el clus sum, d. 3. 
 
 to enjoy. 
 frusira, adv. to no purpose, in , 
 
 vaiu. 
 frusiraius, a,um,parl. offrus 
 
 iror. 
 frusirbr, tiri, alas sum, d. 1. 
 
 to deceive, disappoint, frus- 
 trate. 
 frutex, Xcis, m. 3. a shrub. 
 frax, gis, f. 3. (frux rarely 
 
 found) the fruit or produce 
 
 of the earth, corn. 
 fxiga,ae,f. 1. (cpoyv) flight. 
 fxl gains, a, uni, part, offugo* 
 jifgio, iigere, vgi, vgilum, n* 
 
 3. to fly, run away, escape. 
 J u go, are, dvi, dlwn, a. 1. to 
 
 put to flight, rout. 
 fit! geo, gere, si, n. 2. to shine - 
 
 glitter. 
 fair go, inis,f. 3. soot. 
 fullo, onis, m. 3. a fuller. 
 fulmen, tnis, n. 3. lightning. 
 
 thunder. Fr. Jul geo, fuL 
 
 ghnen, fulmen. 
 funale, is, n. 3. a torch. 
 fundUus, adv. (jr. jundus) 
 
 from the very bottom, ut- 
 terly. 
 [undo, jundere,f^di,fusum, a. 
 
 3. to pour out ; lacrimas- 
 
 Xo shed tears ; hastes, to 
 
 •lout the enemy. 
 fundus, i, m. 2. the bottom 
 
 of any thing, ground : a 
 
 £e!d, farm. 
 
tilGtlOXXBX* 
 
 163 
 
 funestus, a, um, adj. (Jr. fu- 
 nks) deadly, fatal, inauspi- 
 cious. 
 
 funis, is, m. 3. a rope, cord. 
 
 forms, eris, n. 3. a funeral. 
 
 fur,furis, c. 3. (<pwj) a thief. 
 
 furcida, ae,f. 1. (a dimin. of 
 furca, a fork) a little fork ; 
 Furculae Caudinae, v. faux. 
 
 furmsus, a, um, adj. furious, 
 mad. 
 
 Farias, i, m. 2. the name* of 
 a family at Rome, which 
 Camiilus first raised to dis- 
 tinction. 
 forium, i, n. 2. (fr.fur) theft. 
 
 fusus, a, urn, 'part, of j undo. 
 
 f fit funis, a, um, part, of sum. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gades, ium.f etm.pl.3. now 
 Cadiz, the name of a flour- 
 ishing commercial city of 
 Spain, situate on an island 
 ■*of the same name, at the 
 jnouth of the Baetis* 
 
 Gadiidims, a, um, adj. of 
 Gades \f return Gaditanum, 
 the straits of Gibraltar. 
 
 Galatia, ae, f. 1. called also 
 Gallograecia, a country of 
 Asia Minor, south of Paph- 
 lagonia. 
 
 Gallia, ae,f. 1. Gaul, an ex- 
 tensive and populous coun- 
 try of Europe. 
 
 GaTiicus, a, urn, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Gaul. 
 
 galllna, ae,f. 1. a hen. 
 
 galllndCeus, i, m. 2. a cock. 
 
 g alius, i,?n. 2. a cock, 
 
 Gallas, i, m. 2. a Gaul. 
 
 Ganges, is, m. 3. a famous 
 river of India. 
 
 Garumna, ae,f* 1. a river ot 
 Gaul, which falls into the 
 Sinus Cantahricus, now the 
 Bay of Biscay. It is now 
 called the Garonne. 
 
 gaiideo, gaudere, gavisus stun, 
 n. p. 2. to rejoice, he glad.. 
 
 gaudium, i, n. 2. joy, glad- 
 ness. 
 
 gadlsus, a, um, part, of ' gari 
 deo. 
 
 geltdus, a, um, adj. cold as' 
 (gelu) ice. 
 
 gelu, n. et ?n. ind. ice, frost. 
 
 gemtnus, a, urn, adj. double ; 
 ge mini f rat res, twins. 
 
 gemmatus, a, um, part, of gem . 
 mo, set with precious stones, 
 
 gemrao, are, am, dtum, m. 1. 
 to bud, shine like precious 
 stones. 
 
 gener, i 9 m> % a son-in-law. 
 
 genero, are, dm, dtum, a. 1. to 
 beget, produce. 
 
 geuercsitas, atis, f. 3. noble- 
 ness of mind, generosity* 
 magnanimity. 
 
 gener osus, a, um, adj. born of 
 a noble {generis) race, no- 
 ble- hearted. 
 
 ggniirix, icis,f. 3. a mother. 
 
 geniius, a, um, part, of gigno. 
 
 gens, its,:f. 3. a clan among 
 the Romans, nation, tribe. 
 
 genus, eris, n. 3. £Tavo£) a fa- 
 mily, race, kind. 
 
 geometria, ae,f 1. geometry* 
 
 Germania, ae, f. 1. an extou- 
 sive country or Europe at 
 the east of Gaul. 
 
 Germanicus, a, um, adj. per- 
 taining to Germany, Ger- 
 man. 
 
 Germmus, i, m. 2. an inhabi- 
 tant of Germany. 
 
i64 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 germuinus, a, um, adj. german ; 
 fraier, a full brother. 
 
 gero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3. to 
 bear, carry, do ; res, to do 
 actions ; odium, to enter- 
 tain hatned ; onus, to bear 
 a burden. 
 
 Ocj-yon, onis, m. 3. et Gery- 
 oncs, ae, ?n. 1. a celebrated 
 monster, who lived in the 
 island Erythia, near Gades. 
 
 geslo, are, dvi, atum, a. I. 
 freq. of gero, to bear, car- 
 ry. 
 
 gestus, a, um, part, of gero : 
 res gestae, exploits. 
 
 Getae, drum, m. pi. 1. a tribe 
 of Scythians remarkable 
 for their strength and fierce, 
 ness. 
 
 gigas, aniis, m. 3. (Viyas) a 
 giant. 
 
 gigno, gignere, genui, gemtum, 
 a. 3. to beget, produce. 
 
 gldber, bra, brum, adj. smooth, 
 bald. 
 
 glades, m,f. 5. ice. 
 
 gladiator, oris, m. 3. (fr. gla- 
 dius) a sword -player, gla- 
 diator. 
 
 gladicdortus, a, um, adj. per- 
 taining to a gladiator. 
 
 gludius, i, m. 2. a sword. 
 
 glans, dis,f.&. an acorn. 
 
 gliscQj ere, n. 3. to grow, in- 
 crease. 
 
 gloria, ae,f. 1. glory. 
 
 glorior, dri, dins sum, d. 1. to 
 boast. 
 
 Gorgias, ae, m. 1. a celebrat- 
 ed orator and sophist, born 
 at Leontiunt in Sicily, 
 whence he was surnamea 
 Lecntinus. 
 .gracilis^ e, adi. slender, le^fi. 
 light, 
 
 Gracchus, i, m. 2. the nam& 
 
 of several distinguished 
 
 Romans. 
 grddior, gradi, gressus suSm* 
 
 d. 3. to go, walk. 
 gradus, (is, m. 4. a step. 
 Graecia, ae,f. 1. Greece. 
 Graecus, a, um, adj. pertain^ 
 
 ing to Greece. 
 grandis, e, adj. big, large. 
 Granicus, i, m. 2. a river of 
 
 Bithynia, famous for the 
 
 victory of Alexander ovet 
 
 Darius, B. C. 334. 
 grosser, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. 
 
 to go on, advance, rage 
 
 against. 
 grates,/, pi. 3. thanks ; ager^ 
 
 to give. 
 gratia, ae, f. 1. thanks, gra« 
 
 titude, grace ; gratiam red* 
 
 dere,referre, to give thanks; 
 
 agere, to thank ; habere, to 
 
 owe thanks ; in gratiam, in 
 
 favour of, 
 gratiddtus, a, um.part. o£gm~. 
 
 iulor. 
 grdiulor, dri, uius sum, d. I 
 
 to congratulate. 
 griitus, a, um, adj. gratefu^ 
 
 agreeable, pleasing. 
 gravis, e, adj. heavy, weigh* 
 
 ty, severe ; grave coelf^t, 
 
 an oppressive climate. 
 grdvitas, ciis,f. 3. heaviness* 
 
 gravity. 
 ^grdviier, adv. heavily.. 
 grai'Ojdre, dvi, alum, a. 1. to 
 
 burden, load. 
 gregdtiin, adv. in herds. 
 gressus, ils, m. 4. a step. 
 grex, gis, c. 3. a herd, flock.. 
 gras, uis, w. ctf. 3. a cxaneJ 
 gvhemdtor, oris, in. 3. a pik& 
 
 aoYcrnor, 
 
-t£'CTIOXAIll\ 
 
 165 
 
 G$arus t i,f. 2. a small island 
 of the Archipelago. 
 
 Gyges, is, m. 3. a minister of 
 Caiidaules, king of Lydia, 
 who murdered his master, 
 and usurped the throne 
 about 718 B. C. 
 
 Gymnosophistctj ae, m. 1. one 
 of a class of Indian philo- 
 sophers, the same with the 
 Brachmani, who were call- 
 ed gymnosophists, or naked 
 philosophers , by tho Greeks, 
 from their going naked. 
 
 H. 
 
 habeo, ere , ui, Hum, a. 2. to 
 have, hold, consider. 
 
 kablto\ are, dxi, alum, a. I. 
 freq. Jr. habeo, to inhabit. 
 
 hdbit\irus % a, urn, pari, of ha - 
 beo. 
 
 habitus, a, urn, part, of liabeo. 
 
 habitus, us, m. 4. condition, 
 dress, manner. 
 
 ziaclenus, adv. thus far, hith- 
 erto. 
 
 liadridnus, i, m. 2. the 15th 
 emperor of Rome, succes- 
 sor to Trajan. 
 
 Haemus, i, m. 2. a chain 
 of mountains forming the 
 northern boundary of 
 Thrace, and separating it 
 from Moesia. 
 
 halcyon, onis, f. 3. the hal- 
 cyon. 
 
 Halicarnassus, i, f. 2. now 
 Bodrov, a famous maritime 
 city of Caria, in Asia Mi- 
 .nor. 
 
 Hamllcar, aris, m. 3. a Car- 
 thaginian general. 
 
 Hannibal } alls. m. 3. a Car- 
 
 thaginian general, the in- 
 veterate enemy of Rome* 
 
 Hanno, onis, m. 3. a Cartha 
 ginian general. 
 
 Harmonia, ae,f. 1* a daugh . 
 ter of Mars and Venus^. 
 who married Cadmus. 
 
 Harpyiae, drum,/, pi. 1 . three 
 winged monsters, who had 
 the face of a woman, the 
 body of a vulture, and had 
 their feet and fingers arm- 
 ed with sharp claws. 
 
 haruspex,tcis, in. 3. a sooth 
 sayer. 
 
 Hasdrubal, alls, in. 3. a Car> 
 thaginian general. 
 
 hasia, ae,f. 1. a spear. 
 
 hand, adv. not. 
 
 haurio, rire, si, stum el sun^ 
 seldom rivi etrii, ritum, a. 
 4. to draw, drink off. 
 
 haustus, a, urn, part, of hait^ 
 Ho. 
 
 haustus, us, m. 4. a draught.. 
 
 hebes, etis, adj. blunt, dull, 
 
 hebesco, ere, n. inc. 3. to grow* 
 blunt, dim, or languid. 
 
 Hebrus, i, m. 2. now Marisq^ 
 the largest river of Thrace. 
 It empties into the Aegaean. 
 
 Hecuba, ae,f. 1. the second 
 wife of Priam, king oi 
 Troy. 
 
 hcdtra, ae,f. 1. ivy. 
 
 Hegesias, ae, m. 1. aphiloso 
 pher of Cyrene. 
 
 Helena, ae, f. 1. the most 
 beautiful woman of net 
 age, daughter of Jupiter 
 and Leda. 
 
 Helicon, onis, m. 3. a famous 
 mountain in Boeotia, neai 
 the gulf of Corinth, sacrefi 
 to the Muses and Apollo* 
 
166 
 
 DICTIOIsAllY. 
 
 Jidleburus, i, m. 2. hellebore. 
 
 JleUesponius, i, m. 2. now the 
 Dardanelles, a narrow strait 
 between Asia and Europe, 
 near the Propontis. 
 
 Helvetia? ae,f. 1. now Swit- 
 zerland, a country of Gaul. 
 
 Ilelvetii, drum, m. pi. 2. now 
 the Swiss, the inhabitants 
 of Helvetia. 
 
 Herdclea, ae, f. 1. a name 
 
 • given to more than 40 towns 
 in Europe, Asia, Africa, 
 and the islands of the Me- 
 diterranean. 
 
 herba, ae,f. 1 . an herb ; grass, 
 herbage. 
 
 herbldus, a, um, adj. full of 
 herbs, grassy. 
 
 Hercules, is, m.3. a celebrat- 
 ed hero, son of Jupiter and 
 Alcmena. 
 
 Hercynia, ae,f> 1. a very ex- 
 tensive forest of Germany. 
 
 Herennius, i, m. 2. a general 
 of the Samnites. 
 
 Iteres vel haeres, edis, c. 3. an 
 heir. 
 
 h&ri, adv. yesterday. 
 
 Hero, its, f. 3. a beautiful 
 priestess of Venus at Ses- 
 tos, greatly beloved by Le- 
 ander, a youth of Abydos. 
 
 Hesperus, i, m. 2. a son of 
 Japetus, brother to Atlas. 
 He came to Italy, and the 
 country received the name 
 Hesperia from him, accord- 
 ing to some accounts. 
 
 !eeu, int. alas ! 
 
 hiatus, us, m. 4. a gaping ; 
 opening, aperture. 
 
 Hibernicus, a, urn, adj. Irish ; 
 mare, the Irish Sea. 
 
 lilbernus, a, um, adj. wintry ; 
 
 hibenium tempus, the win 
 ter. 
 
 hie, adv. here. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, pro. this. 
 
 Hiempsal, idis, m. 3. a bro* 
 ther of Adherbal, put to 
 death by Jugurtha. 
 
 hiems vel hyems, Smis, f. 3. 
 winter. 
 
 Iliero, finis, m. 3. a king of 
 Sicily. 
 
 Hierosolyma, ae, f. 1. et a 4 
 drum, n. pi. 2. Jerusalem. 
 
 liinc, adv. hence, from this 
 place. 
 
 hinnio, ire, Ivi, ttum, n. 4. to 
 neigh. 
 
 hinnltus, us, m. 4. a neighing* 
 
 hinniileus, i, m. 2. a young 
 hind or fawn. 
 
 Mo, are, avi, atum y n. 1. to 
 gape, yawn, open.' 
 
 Hipparchus, i, m. 2. a son of 
 Pisistratus, who succeeded 
 his father as tyrant of 
 Athens. 
 
 Hippolytus, i, ?n. 2. a son of 
 Theseus and Hippolyte. 
 
 Hippomgnes, is, m. 3. a son 
 of Macareus, who married 
 Atalanta with the assist* 
 ance of Venus. 
 
 hippopotamus, i, m. 2. the hip= 
 popotamus or river-horse. 
 
 Hispania,ae,f. I. now Spain., 
 an extensive country, form- 
 ing a kind of peninsula, in 
 the S. W. of Europe. 
 
 Ilispanus, a, um, adj. Span- 
 ish ; m. 2. a native of His^ 
 pania. 
 
 hodie, adv. (for hoc die) to- 
 day. 
 
 hoedus, i, m. 2. a kid. 
 
 Homtrus, ?, m. 2. a GveSk 
 
SUCTIDSARr, 
 
 m 
 
 poet, the moat celebrated 
 and ancient of all the pro- 
 fane writers. 
 
 homo, Xnis, c. 3. a man. 
 
 hdnestas, Otis, f. 3. dignity, 
 honour, virtue. 
 
 hdnestus, a, um, adj. honour- 
 able. 
 
 hsmor, et *os, oris, m. 8. hon- 
 or, a post of honor, office. 
 
 ftonorrftce, (centius, centis- 
 sime) honourably. 
 
 hora, ae, f. 1 . ( c/ f2f a) an hour. 
 
 Hordtius, i, m. 2. the name 
 of several Romans ; Ho- 
 ratii, three brave Romans, 
 born at the same birth, who 
 fought against the Curiatii. 
 
 l^orreo, ere, ui, n. 2, to be 
 rough. 
 
 horrldus, a, lira, adj. (fr. hor. 
 reo) rough, bideous, fright- 
 ful. 
 
 JJoriensius, i, m. 2. the name 
 of several Romans. 
 
 f&rtdtus, us, m. 4. ( fr. hor- 
 tor) an exhortation. 
 
 fiortor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to 
 excite, encourage, exhort. 
 
 florins, i, m. 2. a garden. 
 
 Aospesy itis, c. 3. a stranger, 
 guest. 
 
 fwspltium, i, n. 2. the act of 
 receiving (hospiies) stran- 
 gers, hospitality ; Iwspilio 
 uccipere, to entertain. 
 
 fyostia, ae,f. 1. a victim, ani- 
 mal sacrificed. 
 
 fiostxlis, e, adj. (fr. hostis) of 
 an enemy, hostile. 
 
 Hostilius, i, m. 2. Tullus, the 
 third king of Rome, suc- 
 ceeded Numa. 
 
 hostis, is, c. 3. an enemy. 
 
 \uc, adv. hither ; huc.illuc* 
 now here.., now there; 
 
 hujusmodi, adj. ind. (Meet 
 modus) of this kind or sort* 
 such. 
 
 humdniias, diis, f. 3. (huma- 
 nus) human nature, huma- 
 nity. 
 
 humdnus, a, urn, adj. pertain^ 
 ing to man, human. Fr. 
 homo, or allied to it. 
 
 humerus , i, m. 2. the shoul 
 der. 
 
 humidiis, a, um, adj. moist- 
 Fr. humor. 
 
 hum?lis y e, adj. low (humi) on 
 the ground, low ; humili lo 
 co natum esse, to be of hum 
 ble origiii. 
 
 humor, oris, m. 3. moisture, 
 
 humus, i, f. 2. the ground ; 
 humi, on the ground. 
 
 hyaena, ae,f. 1. the hyaena. 
 " C/ Taiva. 
 
 hydrus, i, m, 2. (^Topoz*) u 
 water-serpent. 
 
 hymnus, i, ra. 2. ("T/i-vog) a 
 song. 
 
 Ilyperboreus, a, um, adj. 
 (*Ytfsg(36gsog) northern, win- 
 try. * - 
 
 hystrix, icis,f. 3. ( T{jVgig) a 
 porcupine. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibervs, i, m. 2. now the Ehro^ 
 one of the largest rivers of 
 Spain, which empties into 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 ibi, adv. there. 
 
 ibidem, adv. in the same place. 
 
 Ibis, idis, /. 3. ("l&s) the 
 ibis ; an Egyptian bird like 
 a stork, which devours ser- 
 pents. 
 
 Icwus, i, ?)i. 2. the son of 
 Daedalus. 
 
laa 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Tcarius, a, urn, adj. of Ica- 
 rus ; mare, a part of the 
 Aegaean sea near' the is- 
 lands Myconos and Gy ti- 
 ros. 
 
 Ichneumon, onis, m. 3. ('I^vsu- 
 ^wv) the ichneumon or 
 Egyptian rat. 
 
 Ichnilsa,ae,f. 1. a name giv- 
 en to the island of Sardi- 
 nia, from its resembling a 
 human footstep O'xvos). 
 
 fco, we're, lei, icium, a. 3. to 
 hit, strike ; icerefoedus, to 
 make, ratify. 
 
 ictus, a, urn, part, of wo. 
 
 ictus, its, m. 4. (fr. zco, ic- 
 ium) a stroke, blow. 
 
 idem, eddem, idem. pro. the 
 same. 
 
 Ydoneus, a, urn, adj. lit, pro- 
 per, suitable. 
 
 igitur, conj. therefore. 
 
 ignarus, a, um, adj. (fr. in, 
 not, el gnarus, knowing) 
 ignorant. 
 
 /gndvus, a, urn, adj. (in, not, 
 etgmvus, industrious) idle, 
 inactive, cowardly. 
 
 ignis, is, m. 3. fire. 
 
 ignobtlis, e, adj. (in 3 not, el 
 ndbilis) unknown, mean, 
 ignoble. 
 
 igndro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. ignarus) to be igno- 
 rant of, not to know. 
 
 Ignotus, a, urn, adj. (in el ?io- 
 ius) not known, ^unknown. 
 
 Ilium, i, n. 2. a name of Tro}% 
 derived from Ilus, one of 
 its kings. 
 
 Ulatus, a, urn, part, of infero. 
 
 die, a, ud, pro. he, she, that. 
 
 Ulecebrae, drum,f. 1. (fr. it- 
 Itcio) enticements, allure- 
 ments; 
 
 Hit co, adv. (illoco, in hoc low) 
 in that place, on^the epot, 
 instantly. 
 
 illuc, adv. to that place, thith- 
 er ; hue... illuc, now here 
 ...now there. 
 
 illustris, c, adj. (fr. illuceo] 
 clear, bright, illustrious, 
 far-famed. 
 
 illiislro, are, dvi, aium, a. I, 
 (in et lusiro) to illuminate, 
 illustrate, make renowned. 
 
 Illyria, ae,f. I. et Illy ri cum * 
 i. n. 2. a country bordering 
 on the Adriatic Sea, oppo- 
 site Italy. 
 
 inv'igo, inis, f. 3. an image, 
 figure, likeness. 
 
 imbeciUis, e, adj. weak, fee- 
 ble. That is, resting (in 
 bacillum) on a stick. 
 
 rmber, bris, m. 3. (fr. o/jl/S^o^; 
 a shower. 
 
 imttafio, onis, f. 3. (fr. imi- 
 lor) imitation. 
 
 imitor, dri, dlus sum, d. 1. to 
 imitate. 
 
 immdnis, e, adj. horrible. Cru- 
 el, monstrous. 
 
 immernor, oris., adj. (in, apt, 
 et mentor) forgetful, regard 
 less. 
 
 immensus, a, um,adj. (in, not,. 
 et melior, mensus) immea- 
 surable, immense, bound - 
 less. 
 
 ivimcrUus, a, vm, pari. (in, 
 not, et mcritus) undeserv. 
 ed, undeserving. 
 
 immfneo, ere, ui, n. 2. (in et 
 ?nineo) to hang over, threat- 
 en, be at hand. 
 
 immissus, a, urn, part, of im- 
 mitio. 
 
 irnmilio, ill ere, Ui, issujrii ° 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 160 
 
 S. (in et mitto) to send or 
 let in, to send to, to throw 
 at. 
 
 tmmobllis, e, adj. (in, not, el 
 mobllis) immoveable. 
 
 irnmolo, are, avi, alum, a. 1. 
 to sacrifice, immolate. That 
 is, to sprinkle (molam) a 
 salted cake (in) upon a vie* 
 tim. 
 
 Immortdlis, €, adj. (in et mor- 
 talis) immortal. 
 
 hnmotus, a, um, part, {in et 
 motus) unmoved. 
 
 immutatus, a, um, pa? s t. ofim- 
 miito ; nihil immutdtus, un- 
 changed. 
 
 immuto, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (in et muto) to alter great- 
 ly, change. 
 
 ; mpdtiens, tis, adj. (in et pa- 
 tior, patiens) that cannot or 
 will not bear, impatient ; 
 frigoris, unable to with- 
 stand the cold ; morae, im- 
 patient of delay. 
 
 mpedio, we, tvz, Hum, a. 4. 
 to hinder, check, prevent. 
 Fr. in et pedes. That is, 
 to throw any tiling against 
 the feet of another, and 
 hinder his progress. 
 
 mpedltus, a, um, part, of im- 
 pedio. 
 
 mpendeo, dere, di, n. 2. (in 
 et pendeo) to hang over, im- 
 pend, threaten. 
 
 impenHrabilis, e, adj. {in et 
 pemtrdbllis ) imp e n etr able . 
 
 mpense, adv. (fr. impendo, 
 to lay out money upon) at 
 great cost of labor and 
 pains, extraordinarily. 
 
 mp&rator, oris, m. 3. (fr. im- 
 p€ro, imp$rdtum) a com- 
 
 mander-in-chief of an ar- 
 my, general. 
 
 impertto, are, avi, dtum, a. }. 
 (freq. fr. impero) to come 
 mand, govern. 
 
 imperltus, a, um, adj. (in, not. 
 et perltus) unskilful, igno- 
 rant, inexperienced. 
 
 imperium, i, n. 2. (fr. impe 
 ro) command, authority, go- 
 vernment. 
 
 impero, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. pdro) to command* 
 rule over, govern. 
 
 impertio, ire, tvi, Hum, a. 4. 
 to impart, share. That is, 
 to give (partem) a pari. 
 
 impetro, are, avi, dtum, a. 1, 
 (in et patro, to effect) to 
 accomplish, accomplish the 
 object of a request, obtain 
 by request. 
 
 impetus, its, m. 4. (fr. impe- 
 to, to assail) an assault or 
 fury with which we assault 
 any one, violence ; impe* 
 turn facere in aliquem, to 
 make an attack upon one. 
 
 impius, a, um, adj. (in et plus} 
 impious, wicked. 
 
 impleo, ere, evi, Hum, «. 2. 
 ipleofr. tfXs'w) to fill, ful- 
 fil, accomplish. 
 
 impliciius, a, um, part, of im* 
 plico. 
 
 implico, are, ui et avi, ttum et 
 dtum, a. I. (in et plico) to 
 entangle, involve ; implu 
 cdri morbo, to be seized 
 with. 
 
 imploro, are, avi, dtum, a. L 
 (fr. ploro) to call upon 
 with weeping, beseech. 
 
 impono. 6n$re* ositi. ostium* 
 
 Q 
 
170 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 a. 3, (in etpono) to lay up- 
 on, impose. 
 
 importunus, a, um, adj. im- 
 portunate, outrageous, out- 
 rageous in demands, tyran- 
 nical, cruel. 
 
 impositus, a, um, part, of im« 
 pono. 
 
 improbdtus, a, um, part, of 
 improbo. 
 
 improbo, are, dvi, dtum, a.\. 
 (in et probo) to disapprove 
 of. 
 
 imprudens, tis, adj. (in etpru- 
 dens) imprudent, inconsi- 
 derate. 
 
 hnpugndturus, a, um, part, of 
 
 impugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (in et pugno) to attack. 
 
 impune, adv. without punish- 
 ment, with impunity. 
 
 imus, a, um, adj. (fr. infi- 
 mus sup. of inferus) the 
 lowest. 
 
 m, (prep. c. ace. et abl.) in, 
 into, against, at, about, 
 amongst, for ; in dies, from 
 day to day ; in eo esse, to 
 be on the point of. 
 
 hidnis, e, adj. empty, void; 
 vain. 
 
 inaresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. 
 to become dry. 
 
 incedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. 
 (in et cedo) to go against 
 or towards, go, come. 
 
 mcendium, i, n. 2. (fr. incen- 
 do) a fire, conflagration. 
 
 incendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. 
 (fr. cando) to set fire to, 
 burn, i 
 
 incensus, a, um, part, of in- 
 cendo. 
 
 incertus, a, um, adj. (in et cer- 
 iiis) uncertain. 
 
 inchoo, are, dvi, dtum, & . 1 , 
 to begin. 
 
 incldo, cider e, ctdi, edsum, n. 
 3. (in et cado) to fall into 
 or upon, happen ; in alu 
 quern, to fall in with one. 
 
 indpio, expire, cepi, ceptum f 
 a. 3. (in et cdpio) to begin » 
 
 incitntus, a, um,part. of inch 
 to. 
 
 inclto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in 
 et cito) to rouse, excite, sti- 
 mulate. 
 
 includo, dZre, si, sum, a. 3. 
 (in et claudo) to shut in or 
 up, include. 
 
 inclusus, a, um, part, of inclu- 
 do. 
 
 inclytus, a, um, adj. (fr. *Xu 
 <ros) renowned, illustrious. 
 
 incola, ae, c. 1 . (fr. incolo) 
 an inhabitant. 
 
 incolo, colere, colui, culium, a. 
 3. (in et colo) to inhabit, 
 abide or dwell in. 
 
 incolumis, e, adj. (in et coin- 
 mis) safe, sound, unpunish- 
 ed. 
 
 incompertus, a, um, part, (in? 
 not, et compertus) not dis- 
 covered, unknown. 
 
 inconsiderate, adv. inconsider- 
 ately. 
 
 incredibilis, e, adj. (in et ere 
 dibilis) incredible. 
 
 incredibiliter, adv. incredibly , 
 
 incrementum, i, n. 2. an in- 
 crease. Fr. incresco, in- 
 crevi, whence increvimen- 
 turn, incrementum. 
 
 incre'po, are, ui, itum, a. 1. 
 (fr. crepo, to make a noise) 
 to make a noise at, upbraid, 
 reprove. 
 
 incruentus. a, um, adj. (in et 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 171 
 
 cruentus) not bloody, blood- 
 less. 
 
 tnculte, adv. rudely, uncouth- 
 ly, inelegantly. 
 
 incultus, a, um, adj. et part, 
 (in et cultus) uninhabited, 
 uncultivated, desert. 
 
 Incumbo, cumbere, cubui, cu- 
 bitum, n. 3. (in et cubo) to 
 lean, lie, or recline upon, 
 to attend or apply to ; gla- 
 dio vel in gladium, to fall 
 upon one's sword, slay 
 one's self. 
 
 incur sio^ onis, f. 3. (fr. in- 
 curro, incur sum) a running 
 upon, incursion, attack. 
 
 incus, udis,f. 3. an anvil on 
 which smiths (incudunt) 
 forge iron. 
 
 inddgo, are, dvi, atum, a. I. 
 (fr. indu, within, et ago) 
 to trace out as hunters do, 
 investigate. 
 
 inde, adv. from that place, 
 thence. 
 
 index, ieis,m.etf. (fr. indi- 
 co) one who shews or dis- 
 covers, a sign, mark, in- 
 dex. 
 
 India, ae,f. 1. an extensive 
 country of Asia, which 
 took its name from the In- 
 dus, its western boundary. 
 
 hidico, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 (dlco) to shew, discover, 
 disclose. 
 
 indico, cere, xi, ctum ? a. 3. (in 
 et dlco) to declare, proclaim. 
 
 indictus, a, um, part, of indu 
 eo. 
 
 Indicus, a, um, adj. Indian. 
 
 indigena, ae, c. 1. a native 
 of a place. For indugena, 
 fr. indu, in, and geno for 
 gigno. 
 
 indoles, is, f. 3. natural dis- 
 position. 
 
 induco, c€re, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (in et duco) to lead in, in- 
 duce, persuade. 
 
 inductus, a, um, parU of in- 
 duco. 
 
 induo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. 
 (fr.evduu) to put on, clothe. 
 
 Indus, i, m. 2. a celebrated 
 river of India, falling, afc 
 ter a course of 1300 miles, 
 into the Indian Ocean. It 
 forms the western bounda* 
 ry of India. 
 
 industria, ae,f. 1. industry. 
 
 indutus, a, um, part, of induo. 
 
 inedia, ae,f. 1. (fr. in, not, 
 and edo, to eat) wantof food . 
 hunger, 
 
 ineo, ire, zvi et it, ftum,irr. a. 
 etn.to go into, enter ;foe* 
 dus, to form a league. 
 
 inermis, e, adj. (fr. in, not ? 
 and arma) without arms, de- 
 fenceless. 
 
 inexplicdbilis, e, adj. (in et 
 explXcabilis) inexplicable, 
 intricate. 
 
 infdmis, e, adj. (fr. fdma) 
 infamous, disgraceful. 
 
 infans, tis, c* 3. an infant* 
 Fr. for, fans. One who 
 cannot speak. 
 
 inferi, drum, m. 2. the infer, 
 nal regions ; the infernal 
 gods ; the shades. 
 
 inferior, us, adj. comp. of in* 
 ferus. 
 
 infero, inferre, intuli, illdtum. 
 irr. a. (in et fero) to bring 
 into, bring against ; bellum 
 alicui, to wage war against, 
 
 inferus, a, um, (inferior, inft* 
 mus vel xmus) which is be 
 low. 
 
172 
 
 ■DICTIONARY. 
 
 infesto, are, avi,dtum, a; 1. to 
 annoy, molest, injure. In- 
 festus sum in. 
 
 infestus, a, um, adj. (in, not, 
 et festus) hostile. 
 
 inffdus, a, um, adj. {in, not, 
 et fidus) unfaithful, faith- 
 less. 
 
 infigo, gere, xi, scum, a. 3. {in 
 et figo) to fix, fasten in. 
 
 infimus, a, um, adj. lowest. 
 For inferrimus fr. inferus. 
 
 inftnUus, a, urn, adj. (in etfi- 
 mtus) without bounds, infi- 
 nite ; infinitum ar genii, an 
 immense quantity of silver. 
 
 infirmus, a, um, adj. (in etfr- 
 mus) weak, infirm. 
 
 inflammo, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. 
 '{fiamrao) to set on fire, in- 
 flame* excite. 
 
 mfldtus, a, um, part, of info. 
 
 infiigo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 {inet filgo) to inflict, strike. 
 
 inflo, ar ! , dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in 
 etflo) to blow into or upon, 
 puff up. 
 
 mffendm, ere,ui, n. 2. (in et 
 frendeo) to gnash with the 
 teeth 
 
 infringe, ingere, egi, actum, 
 a. 3. {in etfrango) to break 
 in pieces. 
 
 infitndoj f under e, fudi, fusum, 
 a. 3. (in et fundo) to pour 
 into, 
 
 ingeninm, i, n» 2. (fr. i?ige- 
 no, ingenui) natural dispo- 
 sition or capacity, genius, 
 cha rioter. 
 
 ingeno same as ingigno, gig- 
 nere> genui, genXtum, a. 3. 
 (in et gigno) to engender, 
 proiuce. 
 
 ingens, tis, adj. great, large. 
 
 ingfrnuus, a, um, adj. (fr, in- 
 geno) native, freeborn, li 
 beral, candid. 
 
 ingredior, edi, essus sum, d~ 
 3. (in et gradior) to walk 
 into, go in, enter. 
 
 ingxessuSfa, um, pari, of in- 
 grediorv. 
 
 ingruo, were, ui, n. 3. to fall 
 violently on, assail. 
 
 inhaereo, rere, si, sum, ft. 2. 
 (in et haereo) to cling to, 
 adhere to ; cogitationibus, 
 to be lost in thought. 
 
 inhio, are, dvi, dtum, a. et n . 
 1. (in et hio) to gape for, 
 covet. 
 
 intmtcus, a, um, adj. (met 
 amicus) unfriendly, hostile- 
 
 inique, adv. (in et aeque) un- 
 equally, unjustly. 
 
 iniquus, a, um, adj. (in et 
 aequus) unequal, unjust. 
 
 inttium, i, n. 2. (fr. meo,int^ 
 turn) a beginning. 
 
 initurus, a, um, part, of meo. 
 
 injlcio, were, eci, ectum, a. 3* 
 (in et jdcio) to cast into,, 
 throw upon. 
 
 injucundus, a, um, adj. (in 
 et jucundus) unpleasant* 
 harsh. 
 
 injuria, ae,f. 1 . injury, wrong. 
 Fr. jus, juris. Quod non 
 jure ft. 
 
 innascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d % 
 3. (in et nascor) to grow in. 
 
 innfito, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. (in 
 et nctio) to swim into, float 
 upon. 
 
 innatus, a, um, part, of innas- 
 cor, inbred, innate. 
 
 innitor, ti, sus vel xus sum, d. 
 3. (in et nltor) to lean or 
 rest upon, depend upon 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 173 
 
 itinocens, tis, adj. innocent, 
 
 guiltless. 
 innocentia, ae, f. 1. inno- 
 cence. 
 innotesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. 
 {notusfio) to become noted 
 or known. 
 
 innoxius, a, um, adj. (in et 
 noxius) inoffensive, harm- 
 less. 
 
 innumerdbilis, e, adj. (in et 
 numerabilis) innumerable. 
 
 innumerus, a, um, adj. count- 
 less, innumerable. 
 
 inopia, ae,f. 1. (inops) want. 
 
 mops, opis, adj. poor, needy. 
 Qui est sine ope. 
 
 Inopus, i, m. 2. a river of De- 
 los, which the inhabitants 
 supposed to be the Nile, 
 coming from Egypt under 
 the sea. Near its banks 
 Apollo and Diana were 
 born. 
 
 in vel im-przmis, adv. espe- 
 cially. 
 
 mquam, is, it, def. I say. 
 
 inquindturus, a, um, part, of 
 inqufno. 
 
 inqulno, are, dvi, titum, a. 1, 
 to defile, contaminate, stain. 
 
 inqulro, rere, slvi,sUum, a. 3. 
 (in et quaero) to seek for, 
 inquire, investigate. 
 
 insdnia, ae, f. 1. (insdnus) 
 madness, folly. 
 
 insdnio, \re, zvi, Hum, n. 4. 
 (insdnus sum) to be mad. 
 
 inscrlbo, here, psi, ptum* a. 3. 
 (in et scrlbo) to write upon, 
 inscribe. 
 
 inscriptus, a, um, part, of zw- 
 scrlbo. 
 
 insectum, i, n. 2. (inseco, in- 
 sectum) an insect. 
 
 q' 
 
 insequens r tis, part, of insi- 
 
 quor. 
 insgquor, qui, quutus vel eutus 
 sum, d. 3. (in et sBquor) to 
 follow. 
 insideo, fdere, edi, essum, n. 
 2. (in et sedeo) to sit or rest 
 upon. 
 insidiae, drum, f. pi. 1. (fr. 
 insideo) an ambush, lying 
 in wait, treachery ; per in- 
 sidias, treacherously. 
 
 insldior, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. 
 (insidias facio) to lie in 
 wait, plot against. 
 
 insigne, is, n. 3. (fr. signum) 
 a sign or mark of distinc- 
 tion, ensign. 
 
 insignis, e, adj. distinguished 
 by some (signum) mark or 
 sign, distinguished. 
 
 insimulo, are, dvi, dtum> a. 1. 
 (in et simulo) to pretend a 
 charge against, to accuse* 
 
 insisto, sistere, stiti, statum,n> 
 3. (in et sisto) to stand up. 
 on, insist. 
 
 imolabtltter, adv. ineonsola- 
 bly. 
 
 insolens, tis, adj. insolent, ar- 
 rogant. 
 
 insolenter, adv. (fr. insolens) 
 arrogantly. 
 
 insolitus, a, um, part, et adj* 
 unaccustomed, unusual. 
 
 inspecto, are, dvi, Uum, a. 1. 
 (freq. of inspicio) to look 
 into, observe, behold. 
 
 insperdtus, a, um, part, et adj. 
 not hoped for, unexpected. 
 
 instaturus, a, um, part, of in-. 
 sto. 
 
 instttuo, uere, ui, utum,a^S» 
 (in et stdtuo) to appoint, in- 
 stitute. 
 
174 
 
 DICTIONARY* 
 
 instildtmn, i, n. 2. {fr. insti- 
 tuo) a practice, institution. 
 
 instUiitus, a, um, part, of in- 
 siiiuo. 
 
 instO) stare, stiti, stdtum, n. 1. 
 (in et sto) to stand near, 
 urge, request earnestly. 
 
 insti r Omentum, i, n. 2. {fr. in- 
 struo) an instrument. 
 
 Instruo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in 
 et struo) to furnish, provide, 
 fit out, instruct ; epulas, to 
 prepare a meal. 
 
 Insubres, urn, m. pi. 3. the in- 
 habitants of Insubria, a 
 country near the Po, sup- 
 posed to be of Gallic ori- 
 gin. 
 « insuesco, escere, evi, elum, n. 
 inc. 3. to become accus- 
 tomed. 
 
 insula* ae,f. 1. an island. 
 
 insiiper, adv. moreover. 
 
 integer, gra, grum, adj. {gri- 
 or, gerrXmus) whole, entire, 
 uncorrupted, unhurt. 
 
 iniego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (in et tego) to cover. 
 
 integritas, dtis, f. 3. [fr. in- 
 teger) integrity. 
 
 inteUectus, a, um, part. o£ in- 
 telligo. 
 
 intelligo, i gere, exi, ectum, a. 
 3. (inter et lego) to under- 
 stand, perceive, discern, 
 know. 
 
 inter, prep. c. ace. between, 
 among. 
 
 inter clpio, ipere, epi, eptum, 
 a. 3. (inter et capio) to take 
 by surprise, intercept. 
 
 interdico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (inter et dico) to forbid, 
 prohibit. 
 
 intcrdictus, a, urn, part* of in- 
 terdico. 
 
 inter diu, adv. by day. 
 
 interdum, adv. now and --then, 
 sometimes. 
 
 interea, adv. (inter ea negotia) 
 in the meanwhile. 
 
 inter emius vel -emptus, a, urn, 
 part, of interimo. 
 
 inter eo, ire, ivi et ii, Uum, irr, 
 n. (biter et eo) to go to ruin, 
 perish. 
 
 interest, imp. {inter et sum) it 
 concerns, or is the interest 
 of ; mea, it concerns me. 
 
 interfecior, oris, m. 3. {fr. in- 
 terficio, inter j ectum) a mur- 
 derer. 
 
 inter flcio, icere, eci, ectum, 
 a. 3. {inter etfacio) to kill, 
 murder. 
 
 interim, adv. in the mean- 
 while. 
 
 interimo, imere, emi, emium 
 or emptum, a. 3. (inter et 
 emo) to take in the midst, 
 take away, kill. 
 
 inter jectus, a, um, part, of in- 
 terjicio. 
 
 inter jlcio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 
 3. {inter etjdcio) to throw 
 between or among. 
 
 interior, us, adj. {comp. of in- 
 terns) more within, inner, 
 interior. 
 
 iaternecio, onis, f. 3. a mas- 
 sacre, carnage, destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 internodium, i, n. 2- the space 
 between two knots or joints, 
 
 iniernus, a, um, adj. (fr. in- 
 ter) inner, internal ; Mare 
 Internum, the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea. 
 
 interpres, etis, m. 3. an inter- 
 preter Fr. inter and par 
 tes, or inter #nd preUum. 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 175 
 
 interregnum, i, n. 2. (inter et 
 regnum ) an i nterreign , the 
 space of time in which a 
 throne is vacant between 
 the death of one king and 
 the accession of another. 
 
 interrogates, a, um, part, of 
 interrogo. 
 
 interrogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 intersum, esse, fui, futurus, 
 irr. n. {inter et sum) to be 
 in the midst, be present at. 
 
 interus, a, urn, adj. (fr. in- 
 ter) which is within. • 
 
 intervattum, i, n. 2. the space 
 {inter vallos) between the 
 stakes of the rampart of a 
 camp, any interval. 
 
 iniervenio, venire, veni, ven- 
 turn, n. 4. (inter et vcnio) to 
 come between. 
 
 hitexo, ere, id, turn, a, 3. (in 
 et texo) to interweave. 
 
 initmus, a r mn, adj. (for inter - 
 rimus fr. interus) inner- 
 most, very intimate. 
 
 intra, prep, c. ace. within ; 
 adv. inward. 
 
 intrepidus,a, urn, adj. (in, not, 
 et treptdus) fearless, intre- 
 pid. 
 
 intro, are, dvi, dium, a. 1 . (in- 
 trd eo) to go into, enter. 
 
 hitroduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 {intro et duco) to lead in, 
 introduce. 
 
 introitus, us, m. 4. (fr. in- 
 troeo, introitum) a going in, 
 entrance. 
 
 intueor, eri, Uus sum, d. 2. 
 {in et tueor) to look stead- 
 fastly at, behold. 
 
 intus, adv. (svro's) within. 
 uisitdtus, a, um, adj. (in et 
 usitdtus) unusual, uncom- 
 mon. 
 
 inutilis, e, adj. (in et utilis) 
 useless, unserviceable. 
 
 invudo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. {in 
 et vado) to enter, fall upon, 
 attack. 
 
 invenio, venire, veni, venium, 
 a. 4. (in et venio) to come 
 upon, light upon, find, in- 
 vent. 
 
 inventrix, icis, f. 3. (fr. in- 
 venio) an inventress. 
 
 inventus > a, um, part, of in- 
 venio. 
 
 investigo. are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to trace or find out by (res* 
 tigiis) the prints of the 
 feet, to investigate, disco- 
 ver. 
 
 invtcem, adv. alternately, mu- 
 tually. 
 
 invictus, a, um, part* (in el 
 victus) unconquered. 
 
 invideo, vfdere, vrdi, visum, a* 
 2. (in et video) to envy. 
 That is, keep one's eye Rx- 
 ed on an object with sen- 
 timents of secret jealousy. 
 
 invidia,ae,f 1. envy, hatred, 
 spite. 
 
 invisus, a, um, adj. odious, 
 hateful. 
 
 invit-nus, a, um, part, of in- 
 vito. 
 
 invito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 ask, invite. 
 
 invius, a, um, adj. (fr. via) 
 impassable. 
 
 invoco, ?>re> wi, dtum, a. 1. 
 {in et voco) to call upon, in* 
 voke. 
 
 Idnes, um, m. pi. 3, the inha- 
 bitants of Ionia. 
 
 Ionia, ae, f 1 . a country of 
 Asia Minor, on the coast 
 of the Aegaean. 
 
176 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Idntcus, a, um, \ j- i • 
 
 Ionius, a, um, $ *'* 
 
 Iphicrdtes, is, m. 3. a cele- 
 brated general of Athens, 
 who rose from the lowest 
 station to the highest offi- 
 ces in the state. 
 
 Iphlgema, ae,f. 1. a daugh- 
 ter of Agamemnon and 
 Clytemnestra. 
 
 ipse, a, am, pro. he himself, 
 she herself, itself ; he, she, 
 it ; et ipse, he also. 
 
 Ira, ae,f. 1. anger, passion, 
 resentment. 
 
 xrascor, irasci, d. 3. (fr. ira) 
 to be angry or enraged. 
 
 udtus, a, um, adj. (fr. ira) 
 angry, enraged. 
 
 irretio, ire, HxA l itum, a. 4. 
 (fr. rete) to ensnare, en- 
 tangle. 
 
 irrldeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. 
 (in et rldeo) to laugh at, 
 scoff. 
 
 irrigdtus, a, urn, part, of ir- 
 rigo. 
 
 irrigo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1 
 {in et rigo) to water, be- 
 dew, irrigate. 
 
 irrlto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . to 
 provoke, enrage, irritate. 
 
 irruo, uere, ui, n. 2. (in et ruo) 
 to rush in or on furiously, 
 attack. 
 
 is, ea, id, pro. this, he, she, 
 it. 
 
 Isocrates, is, m. 3. a celebrat- 
 ed Athenian orator, son of 
 Theodoras. 
 
 Issicus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
 to Issus. 
 
 Issus, i, f. 2. now Aisse, a 
 town of Cilicia, on the con- 
 fines of Syria. 
 
 iste, a, ud, pro. this, that, he, 
 she, it. 
 
 Ister, tri, m. 2. a large river 
 of Europe, falling into the 
 Euxine sea, called also 
 Danubius. 
 
 Isthmicus, a, um, adj. Isth- 
 mian ; ludi, sacred games 
 among the Greeks, which 
 received their name from 
 the isthmus of Corinth, 
 where they were observed. 
 
 Isthmus, i, m. 2. ('logo's) an 
 isthmus, neck of land, se- 
 parating two seas. 
 
 ita, adv. so, thus. 
 
 Italia, ae,f. 1. Italy, a cele- 
 brated country of Europe. 
 
 Italicus, a, um, ) , . T , , . 
 T . xq ' ' ' > adj. Italian, 
 Italus, a, um, $ J 
 
 itaque, adv. therefore. That 
 is, and so. 
 
 iter, itineris, n. 3. (fr. eo. 
 itum) a journey, way. 
 march. 
 
 iterum, adv. once more, again. 
 
 Ithaca, ae,f 1. a mountain- 
 ous and rocky island, with 
 a city of the same name. 
 situate north-east of Ce- 
 phallenia. It was famous 
 for being a part of the king- 
 dom of Ulysses. 
 
 itidem, adv. in like manner, 
 likewise. 
 
 iturus, a, um, part, of eo. 
 
 jdceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to 
 
 lie. 
 jdcio, jacere, jeci,j actum, a. 3. 
 
 to throw, cast, hurl. 
 jacto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1* 
 
DIf;TIOI< AB1' . 
 
 177 
 
 ijreq. fr. jacio) to throw 
 to and fro, toss. 
 
 j 'actus, a, um, part, of jacio. 
 
 jdciilor, dri, dins sum, d. 1. 
 to throw (jaculum) a jave- 
 lin, hurl. 
 
 jam, adv. now, presently, al- 
 ready. 
 
 jamdudum, adv. long ago. 
 
 Janiculum, i, n. 2. now Mon- 
 torio, one of the seven hills 
 at Rome, on the opposite 
 shore of the Tiber. An- 
 cus Martius joined it to the 
 city by the bridge Subli- 
 cii 
 
 JapZtus, i, m. 2. a son of Coe- 
 lus or Titan and Terra. 
 
 Jason, onis, m. 3. a celebrat- 
 ed fcu "o, son of Aeson. 
 He was leader of the Ar- 
 gonauts. 
 
 jejiinus, a, um, adj. fasting, 
 hungry. 
 
 jocor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to 
 speak in jest, joke. 
 
 juba, ae,f. 1. a mane. 
 
 jubeo, jubere,jussi, jussum, a. 
 2. to order, bid, command, 
 
 jucundus, a, urn, adj. (fr^ju- 
 vo) delightful, sweet. 
 
 Judaea, ae,f. 1. a province 
 of Palestine, forming the 
 southern division. 
 
 Judaeus, a, urn, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Judaea ; Judaeus, i. 
 m. 2. a Jew. 
 
 judex, icis, c. 3. (jus et died) 
 a judge. 
 
 judicMus, a, um, part, of ju- 
 dico. 
 
 judicium, i, n. 2. judgment ; 
 a sentence, decision. 
 
 jhdidOy are, dvi, dtum, a. I. 
 (judex) to judge, deter- 
 mine, think, 
 
 jugerum, i, n. 2. an acre of 
 land. 
 
 jugum, i } n. 2. a yoke ; the 
 summit of a mountain. Fr. 
 jpJyop. Or fr. jugo, jungo. 
 
 Juguriha, ae, m. 1. a son oi 
 Mastanabal, the brother of 
 Micipsa. 
 
 Julius, i, m. 2. the name of a 
 family of Alba, brought to 
 Rome by Romulus, where 
 they soon rose to the high- 
 est honours of the state. 
 
 junctus, a, urn, part, of jungo. 
 
 jungo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 to join ; jungere currum, to 
 put the horses to the chariot. 
 
 junior, us, adj. comp. (for ju- 
 venior fr. juvenis) younger. 
 
 Junius, i, m. 2. the name of 
 a family at Rome. 
 
 Juno, onis, f 3. the wife ol 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Jupiter, Jovis, m. 3. the son 
 of Saturn and Ops, and 
 king of the gods. 
 
 jurgiosus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 jurgium) quarrelsome. 
 
 jurgium, i, n. 2. a quarrel, 
 
 juro, re, dvi, Hum, a. 1. (ft\ 
 jus, juris) to swear, 
 
 jus, juris, n. 3. law, right, jus* 
 tice ; jus civiiatis, citizen- 
 ship : jure, justly, reason- 
 ably. Fr.jussi fr. jubeo. 
 That which is ordained 
 by laws human or divine. 
 
 jussus,a, um, part, of jubeo. 
 
 jussus, us, fit. 4. (fr. jubeo, 
 jussum) a command. 
 
 justltia, ae, f. 1 . (fr. Justus) 
 justice. 
 
 Justus, a, um, adj. (fr. jus) 
 just, right, upright. 
 
 juvenca, ae, f. 1. a heifer. 
 
 juvenis, is, adj. (comp. junior 
 
178 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 forjuvenior) young, youth- 
 ful ; subst. c. 3. a youth, 
 young man or woman. Fr. 
 jiivo. One who has arriv- 
 ed at that time of life which 
 admits of his being of use 
 to his country, to his fami- 
 ly, and to himself. 
 
 jiiventus, utis, f. 3. (fr. juve- 
 riis) youth. 
 
 juvo, jilvare, juvi, jutum, a. 1. 
 to succour, help, assist. 
 
 juxta, prep. c. ace. immedi- 
 ately upon, hard by, near ; 
 adv. nearly, alike, equally. 
 
 L. 
 
 labor et -os, oris, m. 3. toil, 
 labour. 
 
 labor, bi 9 psus sum, d. 3. to 
 fall, glide, flow. 
 
 labfiriosus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 labor) toilsome, laborious. 
 
 Idboro, are, am, atum, n. 1. 
 (labor) to labour, be op- 
 pressed with, suffer with ; 
 morbo, to be sick ; fame, to 
 be hungry. 
 
 labyrinthus, i, m. 2. (Aa/3ugiv« 
 Gos) a labyrinth. 
 
 lac, tis, n. 3. milk. 
 
 Ldcedaemonius, a, um, adj. 
 Lacedaemonian. 
 
 Lacedaemon, 6nis,f. 3. a no- 
 ble city of the Peloponne- 
 sus, the capital of Laco- 
 nia, called also Sparta. 
 
 lace'ratus, a, um, part, of Za- 
 cero. 
 
 lacero, are, am, atum, a. 1. 
 (jTn lacer, torn) to tear in 
 pieces, lacerate, maim. 
 
 idcessitus, a, um, part, of la* 
 cesso. 
 
 lacesso, ere, ivi, itum, a. 3. to 
 rouse, provoke, irritate. 
 
 LaconXcus, a, um, adj. Spar- 
 tan, Laconic. 
 
 lacryma, ae,f. 1. a tear. 
 
 lacus, us, m. 4. a lake. 
 
 laedo, d&re, si, sum, a. 3. to 
 hurt, harm. 
 
 laetdtus, a, um, part, of lae* 
 tor. 
 
 laetttia, ae, f. 1. {fr. laetus) 
 
 joy. 
 
 laetor, ari, dtus sum, d. 1 . to 
 be glad, rejoice. 
 
 laetus, a, um, adj. glad, joy- 
 ful, prosperous, flourishing, 
 fruitful, plentiful. 
 
 Laevlnus, i, m. 2. P. Vale- 
 rius, a Roman consul sent 
 against Pyrrhus ; Laevini, 
 a family belonging to the 
 gens Valeria. 
 
 laevor, oris, m. 3. smoothness. 
 
 Lagus, i, m. 2. a Macedonian 
 of mean extraction, who 
 adopted Ptolemy (thence 
 called Lagus or Lagides), 
 the first Macedonian king 
 of Egypt. 
 
 lana, ae,f. 1. wool. 
 
 Idndtus, a, um, adj. having 01 
 bearing wool, woolly. 
 
 Idnidtus, a, um, part, of lanio* 
 
 lanio, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to 
 tear or cut in pieces. 
 
 lapicidma, ae,f. 1. (fr. lapi* 
 cida, fr. lapis et caedo) a 
 quarry ; marmoris, a mar- 
 ble-pit, quarry of marble. 
 
 lapideus, a, um, adj. (fr. la 
 pis) stony. 
 
 lapis, idis, m. 3. a stone. 
 
 lapsus, a, um, part, of labor. 
 
 laqueus, i, m. 2. a noose, ha! 
 ter, snare. 
 
DICTIONARY* 
 
 170 
 
 largior, iri, lius sum, d. 4. to 
 grant (large) largely, lav- 
 ish, give, grant. 
 
 largitio, onis, f. 3. (fr. lar- 
 gior) a giving freely, grant, 
 gift. 
 
 largus, a, um, adj. large, ex- 
 tensive, copious. 
 
 late, adv. widely, far and 
 wide. 
 
 latebra, ae, f. 1. (fr. lateo) a 
 hiding-place. 
 
 Idteo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lurk, lie 
 hid, escape the observation 
 of. 
 
 later, eris, m. 3. a brick or 
 tile. 
 
 later cuius, i, m. 2. a small 
 brick or tile. 
 
 Latlnus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Latium, Latin. 
 
 Latlnus, i, m. 2. a son of 
 
 Faunus and Marica, king 
 
 of the Aborigines in Italy, 
 
 who from him were called 
 
 JLatini. 
 
 hltitudo, fnis,f. 3. (fr. latus) 
 breadth. 
 
 Latona, ae,f. 1. the mother 
 of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 latrandus, a, um, part, of la- 
 ir o. 
 
 latro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 bark, bark at. 
 
 latro, onis, m. 3. a robber. 
 
 latrdcinium, i, n. 2. robbery. 
 
 Idturus, a, urn, part, of fero. 
 
 latus, a, um, adj. broad, wide. 
 
 latus, iris, n. 3. a side. 
 
 laudatus, a, um, part, of lau- 
 do. 
 
 laudo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. laus, laudis) to praise. 
 
 laus, dis,f. 3. praise. 
 
 laute, adv. sumptuously? mag- 
 nificentlv. 
 
 lavo, lavdre % lavdvi, et saepius 
 lavi, lava turn, lautum, et lo- 
 turn, a. 1. et 3. to wash, 
 rinse, bathe. 
 
 leaena, ae, f 1. (As'aiva) a 
 lioness. 
 
 Leander, dri, m. 2. a youth 
 of Abydos. 
 
 Ifbes, etis, m. 3. (As/3^g) a 
 kettle. 
 
 lectus, a, um, part, of lego. 
 
 Leda, ae, f. 1. the wife of 
 Tyndarus, king of Sparta, 
 was mother of Pollux and 
 Helena, and also of Castor 
 and Clytemnestra. 
 
 legatio, 6nis,f. 3. (legatus) an. 
 embassy. 
 
 legatus, i, m. 2. (fr. lego) an 
 ambassador, lieutenant. 
 
 legio, 6nis,f. 3. a legion, bo- 
 dy of soldiers consisting 
 of ten cohorts. 
 
 legislator, oris, m. 3. (lex et 
 fero, latum) a. lawgiver, le- 
 gislator. 
 
 lego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 send or depute as an am- 
 bassador, or as a deputy, 
 or lieutenant. 
 
 lego, legere, legi, ledum, a. 
 3. (Aiyu) to gather, choose, 
 read, read aloud. 
 
 Lemdnus, i, m. 2. a lake in 
 the country of the Alio- 
 broges, now called the lake 
 of Geneva. 
 
 lente, adv. slowly, remissly. 
 
 leo, onis, m. 3. (Ac'wv) a lion. 
 
 Leontdas, ae,m. 1. a king of 
 Sparta, celebrated for his 
 bravery and patriotism. He 
 led the 3)0 Spartans, who 
 fell at Thermopylae. 
 
 Leontinus, i, m. 2. pertaining 
 to Leontium. 
 
180 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Leontium, i 9 n. 2. a town of 
 Sicily. 
 
 Lepidus,i, m. 2. M. Aemilius, 
 a Roman, celebrated as 
 being one of the triumvirs, 
 with Octavianus and Anto- 
 ny. 
 
 lepus, o?*is, m. 3. a hare. 
 
 Utalis, e, adj. (fr. Utum, 
 death) mortal, deadly, fa- 
 tal. 
 
 levis, e, adj. light, 
 
 levis etlaevis, e, adj. (fr. XsTog) 
 smooth, polished. 
 
 Jevitas, atis, f. 3. (fr. levis) 
 lightness. 
 
 levo, are, "dm, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
 levis) to lighten, relieve, 
 alleviate. 
 
 lex, legis, f. 3. a law, condi- 
 tion. 
 
 libenter, adv. (fr. libens, wil- 
 ling) willingly, cheerfully. 
 
 liber, era, erum, adj. free. 
 
 liber, bri, ?n. 2. (fr. XsVo;. 
 bark) the inward bark or 
 rind of a tree, a book. 
 
 liberdllter, adv. in a manner 
 befitting a (liberum virum) 
 freeman or gentleman, li- 
 berally. 
 
 liber dins, a, um, part, of li- 
 btro. 
 
 liber e, adv. freely. 
 
 liberi, drum, m. pi. 2. child- 
 ren, (freeborn, not slaves). 
 
 libero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 free, set at liberty. Libe- 
 rum facio. 
 
 llbertas, atis, f. 3. (fr. liber) 
 liberty. 
 
 Libya, ae,f. 1. properly, that 
 part of Africa which bor- 
 ders on the Mediterranean, 
 adjoining Egypt. The po- 
 
 ets have extended the name 
 to all Africa. 
 
 licet, ebat, liciiit, vel licitum 
 est, imp. it is just or right , 
 it is lawful or allowed. 
 
 Licinius, i, m. 2. the name of 
 an illustrious family at 
 Rome. 
 
 licet, conj. although. 
 
 lienosus, a, um, adj. (lien, enis* 
 spleen) splenetic, affected 
 with spleen. 
 
 ligneus, a, um, adj. (fr. lig- 
 num) of wood, wooden. 
 
 lignum, i, n. 2. wood. 
 
 If go, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 bind. 
 
 Liguria, ae, f. 1. a country 
 in the west of Italy, along 
 the Ligusticus Sinus or 
 Gulf of Genoa. 
 
 Ligus, iiris, m. 3. an inhabit- 
 ant of Liguria, a Ligurian. 
 
 Ligusticus, a, urn, adj. per- 
 
 r taining to Liguria ; Sinus 
 vel Mare', now, the Gulf of 
 Genoa. 
 
 Lilybaeum, i, n. 2, a promon- 
 tory of Sicily, looking to- 
 wards Africa, with a town 
 of the same name in its vi- 
 cinity. 
 
 limpidus, a, um, adj. clear, 
 limpid. 
 
 limits, i, m* 2. mud, slime,, 
 clay. 
 
 lingua, ae, f. 1 . (jfr. lingo , 
 to lick) the tongue ; speech, 
 language. 
 
 linum, i, n. 2. (Ai'vov) flax, 
 linen. 
 
 liquefacio, facere, feci, fac- 
 tum, a. 3. (Itquere ftieio) to 
 melt, dissolve. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 IS) 
 
 liquidus, a, um, adj. (fr. &- 
 
 quor) liquid, pure, clear. 
 lis, litis, f. 3. strife, dispute. 
 littera, ae,f. 1. a letter ; lit- 
 teris mandare, to commit 
 to writing ; limrae, arum, 
 pi. a letter, epistle ; also, 
 letters or learning, the arts, 
 the sciences. 
 Htterdrius, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 littera) relating to letters, 
 literary. 
 lltus, vel littus, oris, n. 3. (fr. 
 \uftfbg, Kirr og, smooth) a 
 shore, a bank. 
 loco, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. to 
 place, deposit ; virgo du- 
 cenda locatur, a girl is be- 
 stowed or given in mar- 
 riage. Fr. locus. That 
 is, in loco pono. 
 locus, i, m. 2. loci et Idea, 
 
 orum, pi. m. etn. a place. 
 locusta, ae,f. 1. a locust. 
 longe, adv. (fr. longus) a long 
 
 way off, far, wide. 
 longinquus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 longus) being a long way 
 off, distant. 
 longltudo, inis,f. 3. (fr. lon- 
 gus) length. 
 longus, a, um, adj. long. 
 loquuturus ml -cuturus, a, um, 
 
 part, of loquor. 
 loquutus vetcutus,a, um,part. 
 
 g€ loquor. 
 loquor, qui, quutus vel cutus 
 sum, d. 3. (fr. "hoy og, a 
 word) to speak. 
 lonca, ae,f 1. a breast-plate, 
 coat of mail. Fr. lorum. 
 As anciently made of leath- 
 er or leathern thongs. 
 'drum, i, n. 2. a thong, whip, 
 scourge. 
 
 R 
 
 lubens vel libens, tis, part, of 
 
 lubet, willing. 
 lubenter vel libenter, (jus, is- 
 
 sime) adv. willingly. 
 lubet vel libet, ebat, nit tel 
 Hum est, impers. 2. it pleo 
 ses, it is agreeable. 
 lubido, vel libido, fnis,f.d. 
 (fr. If bet) desire, inclina 
 tion, lust. 
 lubricus, a, um, adj. (for la 
 bricusfr. labor) slippery. 
 luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. (fr. lux. 
 
 liicis) to shine. 
 Lucius, i, m. 2. a praenomen 
 
 among the Romans. 
 
 Lucretia, ae,f. 1, a Gelebrat 
 
 ed Roman lady, daughte; 
 
 of Lucretius, and wife oi 
 
 Tarquinius Collatinus. 
 
 Lucretius, i, m. 2. Sp. Trici 
 
 pitinus, father of Lucretia. 
 
 luctus, us, m. 4. (fr. lugeo\ 
 
 luctum) mourning. 
 Lucidlus, i, m. 2. Lucius Li 
 cinius, a Roman, celebrat- 
 ed for his fondness of lux 
 ury, and for his military 
 talents. 
 liicus, i, m. 2. a grove. 
 ludo, dere, si, mm, a. 3. to 
 
 play. 
 liidus, i, m. 2. play, a game ; 
 litterarius, a school ; gla 
 diatorius, a school for gla 
 diators ; ludi magisier, a 
 school-master. 
 lugeo, gere, xi, ctum, n. 2. (f. 
 Xu£w, to sob) to lament, be- 
 wail. 
 lumen, inis, n. 3. (for lucimea 
 fr. luceo) the light, a light 
 an eye. 
 Una, tie, f. 1. (for lucina fr 
 luceo) the moon. 
 
182 
 
 DICTIONARY, 
 
 lupa, ae,f. 1. a she-wolf. 
 
 lupus, i, m. 2. (fr. \txog) a 
 wolf. 
 
 lusclnia, ae,f 1. a nightin- 
 gale. 
 
 Lusitania, ae,f. 1. a part of 
 ancient Hispania, on the 
 Atlantic coast, answering 
 nearly to the modern king- 
 dom of Portugal. 
 
 lustro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 expiate,, purify, muster, re- 
 view. 
 
 lustrum, i, n. 2. the lair or den 
 of wild beasts. 
 
 lusus, its, m. 4. (fr. ludo, lu- 
 sum) play, sport, a game. 
 
 Lutatius, i, m. 2. C. Cafulus, 
 a Roman naval command- 
 er, famous for his victory 
 over the Carthaginian fleet, 
 off the Aegates insulae. 
 
 Lutetia, ae,f 1. now Paris, 
 a town of Belgic Gaul, on 
 an island in the Sequana 
 or Seine, which received 
 its name, as some suppose, 
 from the quantity of (lutum) 
 clay in its neighbourhood. 
 
 lutum, i, n. 2. clay, mire, 
 dirt. 
 
 lux, lucis, f. 3. (fr. Xuxtj, 
 dawn, or Xsuxos, bright) 
 light. 
 
 luxuria, ae,f. 1. luxury. 
 
 Lycia, ae,f. 1. a country of 
 Asia Minor, in the south. 
 
 Lycius, a, urn, adj. pertaining 
 to Lycia* Lycian. 
 
 Lycomedes, is, m. 3. a king of 
 Scyros, an island in the 
 Aegaean sea, a son of Apol- 
 lo and Parthenope. 
 Lycurgus, i, m. 2. a celebrat- 
 ed lawgiver of Sparta, son 
 of king Eunomus. 
 
 Lydia, ae, f. 1. a country of 
 Asia Minor, south of My- 
 sia. 
 
 Lysander, dri, m. 2. a cele- 
 brated general of Sparta. 
 
 Lysimachus, i, m. 2. king of 
 Thrace, one of the cap- 
 tains of Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mace~do, onis, m. 3. a Mace- 
 donian. 
 
 Macedonia, ae,f. 1 . now Rou~ 
 melia, a country of Europe* 
 lying to the west of Thrace? 
 and north and north-east of 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Macgdonicus, a, urn, adj. Ma- 
 cedonian. 
 
 mactes, iei, f. 5. (fr. maceo f 
 to be lean) leanness. 
 
 Macrobii, drum, m. pi. 2. (fr. 
 f/,axgo£, long, and /3io$, life) 
 a people of Aethiopia, ce- 
 lebrated for their longevity. 
 
 mactdtus, a, um, part, of mac- 
 to. 
 
 macto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 sacrifice, immolate, slay. 
 
 macula, ae, f. 1 . a spot, stain. 
 
 mdculosus, a, um, adj. spotted, 
 stained. 
 
 madeo, ere-, ui x n. 2. (Mct&xw) 
 to be wet or moist. 
 
 Maenades, um,f. pi. 3. (Ma*. 
 vads$) priestesses of Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 Maeotis, idis, f. 3. Palus, a 
 large lake or part of the i 
 sea, at the north of the 
 Euxine, now called the sea | 
 of Azoph or Zahack. 
 
 magis, adv. more, rather. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 183 
 
 magisler, tri, m. 2. a master, 
 teacher ; magisler equitum, 
 a general of horse, or the 
 dictator's lieutenant. 
 
 magistra, ae,f. 1. a mistress, 
 instructress. 
 
 magistratus, its, m. 4. (fr. 
 magister) amagistrac}', ma- 
 gistrate. 
 
 Magnesia, ae,f. 1. the name 
 of two cities in Lydia, of 
 which one was situate in 
 the south near the Maean- 
 der, and the other in the 
 northern part near the June 
 tion of the Hermus and Hyl- 
 lus. 
 
 magnifice, adv. -centius, *ce?u 
 tissime, magnificently. 
 
 magriificentia, ae,f 1. mag- 
 nificence. 
 
 magmftcutt, a, um, adj. .cen- 
 tior, -centisslmus, magnifi- 
 cent. 
 
 magnitude, xnis, f. 3. (fr. 
 magnus) greatness, mag- 
 nitude. 
 
 magnopere, adv. i. e. magno 
 opere, with much toil, great- 
 ly, very much. 
 
 magnus, a, um, adj. (comp. 
 major, sup. maximus) great, 
 
 majores, um, m. pi. 3. forefa- 
 thers, ancestors. 
 
 male, adv. (comp. pejus, sup. 
 pessime) badly. 
 
 maledico, cere, wi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (male et dico) to speak ill 
 of, rail at, revile. 
 
 mdledicus, a, um, adj. -centior, 
 ceniissimus, slanderous, re- 
 proachful, abusive. 
 
 maUficus, a, um, adj. -centior, 
 -centisstmus, (fr. malefa* 
 do) hurtful, mischievous, 
 kicked. 
 
 malo, malle, malui, irr. n. (fr. 
 
 magis and void) to be more 
 
 willing, wish rather, pre. 
 
 fer. 
 malum, i, n. 2. (fr. 0$Xov, 
 
 Dor. fxaXov) an apple. 
 malum, i, ?i. 2. evil, misfor- 
 
 tune, calamity. 
 mdlus, a, um, adj. (pejor 9 pes- 
 
 simus) bad, wicked ; mail, 
 
 bad men. 
 Mancmus, i, m. 2. a Roman 
 
 general, who was defeated 
 
 by the Numantines, B. C. 
 
 138. 
 mando, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 to commit to one's charge. 
 
 enjoin, order. 
 mando, d€re, di, xum, a. 3, to 
 
 chew, eat. 
 mane, n. hid. the morn- 
 ing ; adv. in the morning. 
 maneo, ere, si, sum, n. 2. to 
 
 remain. 
 manes, mm, m. pi. 3. the 
 
 ghosts of the dead, the 
 
 shades. Also, the abode 
 
 of the shades. 
 Manlius, i, m. 2. a name 
 
 among the Romans. 
 mono, tiro, avi, dtum, n. 1 . to 
 
 flow. 
 mansuefdcio, facer e, feci, fac* 
 
 turn, a. 3. {mansuelum fa* 
 
 cio) to make tame. 
 mansuef actus, a, um, part, of 
 
 mansuefio. 
 mansuef io, fi£ri, f actus sum s 
 
 irr. to be made tame. 
 Mantinea, ae, f. 1. a town of 
 
 Arcadia, in the Peloponne- 
 sus, near the borders of 
 
 Argolis. 
 mdnubiae, drum,f. pi. 1 . spoils 
 
 taken (manu) by the hand 
 
 in war or elsewhere, booty. 
 
184 
 
 DICTIONARY* 
 
 manumissus, a, am, part, of 
 manumitto. 
 
 manumitto, mittere, misi, mis- 
 sum, a. 3. {manus et mitto) 
 to set at liberty, free. 
 
 nanus, us, f. 4. a hand, the 
 trunk of an elephant. 
 
 mdpdle, is, n. 3. a hut (of a 
 rustic Numidian.) An Afri- 
 can word. 
 
 Marcellus, i, m. 2. the cogno- 
 men of an illustrious Ro- 
 man family. 
 
 Marcius, i, m. 2. the name 
 of a Roman family. 
 
 Marcus, i, m. 2. a praenomen 
 among the Romans. 
 
 mare, is, n. 3. the sea. 
 
 margarita, ae,f. 1. (fr. ,u«£- 
 yccg hr}$) a pearl. 
 
 Mariandyni, drum, m. pi. 2. 
 a people of Bithynia, to 
 the east of the river San- 
 garius. 
 
 marlnus, a, urn, adj. pertain- 
 ing to {mare) the sea, ma- 
 rine ; aquila marina, the 
 saker. 
 
 maritimus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 mare) of the sea, mari- 
 time ; regio, a country bor- 
 dering on the sea ; mariti- 
 mae copiae, naval forces. 
 
 mdritus, i, m. 2. (fr. mas) a 
 husband. 
 
 Marius, i, m. 2. C. a native 
 of Arpinum, who, from a 
 peasant, became one of the 
 most powerful and cruel ty- 
 rants that Rome ever be- 
 held during her consular 
 government. 
 
 marmor, oris, n. 3. (fr. pag- 
 ftajov) marble. 
 
 Mars, Us, m. 3. the god of 
 
 war, son of Jupiter and Juv 
 no. 
 
 Mar si, crum, m. pi. 2. a peo- 
 ple settled near the lake 
 Fucinus in Italy. 
 
 Marsyas, ae, m. 1 . a celebrat- 
 ed musician of Celaenae, 
 in Phrygia. 
 
 mascfdus,a, um, adj. {fr. mas) 
 male, manly. 
 
 mas, maris, m. 3. the male of 
 any creature. 
 
 massa, ae,f. 1. a lump, masse 
 
 Massicus, a, um, adj. of Mas- 
 sicus, a mountain of Cam- 
 pania, near Sinuessa, fa- 
 mous for its wine. 
 
 Massilia, ae, f. 1 . a maritime 
 town of Gallia Narbonen- 
 sis, now Marseilles. 
 
 mater, tris,f. 3. (^rrig, Dor* 
 V*&rr t £) a mother. 
 
 materia, ae,f. 1. matter, stuff, 
 material, timber. 
 
 mdirimonium, i, n. 2. (fr. ma- 
 ter, mdtris) marriage, ma- 
 trimony. 
 
 mdtrona, ae,f. 1. (fr. mater) 
 a married woman, matron. 
 
 Matrona, ae, f. 1. a river of 
 Gaul, now the Marne. 
 
 mdturesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 
 3. {mdturus fio) to ripen, 
 grow ripe. 
 
 mdturus, a, um, adj. ripe, ma- 
 ture. 
 
 mdtutinus, a, um, adj. belong- 
 ing to the morning, early. 
 Fr. Maiuta, the goddess of 
 morning. 
 
 Mauritania, ae, f. 1. a coun- 
 try in the west of Africa, 
 on the Mediterranean, now 
 the empire of Fez and Mo- 
 rocco. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 185 
 
 Mausolus, i, m. 2. a king of 
 Caria. 
 
 maxilla, ae,f. 1. the jaw-bone, 
 jaw. 
 
 maxirne, adv. (comp. magis) 
 most of all, especially. 
 
 maximus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 
 magnus) greatest. 
 
 Maximus, i, m. 2. the cogno- 
 men of several Romans. 
 
 mecum, (i. e. cum me) with 
 me. 
 
 tnedeor, eri, (with a dat.) d. 
 2. to cure, heal. 
 
 medicdtus, a, um, part, of me- 
 dico. 
 
 rnedlcina, ae, f. 1, (fr. m&- 
 dicus) medicine. 
 
 medico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. medeor) to heal, cure ; 
 corpus, to embalm. 
 
 me'dicus, i, m. 2. (fr* medico) 
 a physician. 
 
 .mediocris, e,adj. (fr* medius) 
 middling, moderate. 
 
 Mediomatrici, orum, m. pi. 2. 
 a people of Gallia Belgica, 
 on the Mosella or Moselle. 
 
 medildtus, a, um, part, of me- 
 ditor. 
 
 m editor, dri, dtus sum, a. 1. 
 to give attention to, medi- 
 tate, practise. 
 ~<medius, a, um, adj. middle ; 
 medium, the middle ; in me- 
 dium agmen, into the midst 
 of the band ; per medios 
 ignes, through the midst of 
 the fire* 
 
 Medusa, ae, f. 1. (Msdovtfa) 
 one of the three Gorgons. 
 
 Megara,ae,f. 1. et Megara, 
 orum, n. pi. 2. the capital 
 ©f Mesrarise 
 
 Megdrenses, turn, m. pi. 3. 
 the inhabitants of Megara. 
 
 Megaris, idis, f. 3. a small 
 country of Achaia. 
 
 Megasthenes, is, ?n. 3. a 
 Greek historian in the age 
 of Seleucus Nicanor. 
 
 mehercule, adv. by Hercules, 
 in very truth. 
 
 mel, mellis, n. 3. (fr. /u^Xi) 
 honey. 
 
 Meledger, et -grus, gri, m. 2. 
 a celebrated hero, son of 
 Oeneus, king of Aetolia. 
 
 melior, us, adj. (comp. of bo- 
 nus) better. 
 
 membrdna, ae, f. 1. a thin 
 skin, parchment. 
 
 membrum, i, n. 2. a member, 
 limb. 
 
 mZmini, def. pret. I remem- 
 ber. 
 
 memor, oris? adj. mindful. 
 
 memordbxlis, e, adj. memora- 
 rable. 
 
 memor ia, ae, f. 1. memory. 
 The power by which (me- 
 mor es sumus) we remem- 
 ber. 
 
 memoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. memor) to mention, 
 relate, remember. 
 
 Memphis, is, et idos, f. 3. a 
 famous city of Egypt, on 
 the left side of the Nile, 
 about 15 miles above the, 
 apex of the Delta. 
 
 menddcium, i, n. 2. (fr. men* 
 jdax) a lie, falsehood. 
 
 mendax, dcis, adj. (for mentax 
 fr. mentior) lying, false. 
 
 Meneldus, i, m. 2. a king of 
 Sparta, brother to Agamemu 
 non, and husband of Helen, 
 
 * -V 
 
186 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Menenius, i 9 m. 2. Agrippa, 
 a celebrated Roman. 
 
 mens, lis,f. 3. the mind. 
 
 mensis, is, m. 3. a month. 
 
 mentio, onis,f. 3. mention, a 
 making mention of. 
 
 mentior, iri, itus sum, d. 4. to 
 lie, speak falsely. 
 
 mer color, oris, m. 3. (fr. mer- 
 cor) a merchant. 
 
 mercdtnra, ae,J. 1. (fr. mer- 
 cator) the trade of a mer- 
 chant. 
 
 mercdtus, us, m. 4. (fr. mer- 
 cor) a buying and sellings 
 market, fair. 
 
 merces, edis, f. 3. hire, wa- 
 ges, price, profit. 
 
 mercor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1 . to 
 trade. 
 
 Mercurius, i, m. 2. the son of 
 Jupiter and Maia, daughter 
 of Atlas. He was the mes- 
 senger of the gods, and of 
 Jupiter in particular. His 
 name is derived Jr. merx, 
 because he was the god of 
 merchandise among the 
 Latins. 
 
 mereo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. ) 
 
 mereor, ?ri, itus sum, d» 2. $ 
 deserve, merit. 
 
 mergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to 
 put under water, dip, im- 
 merse. 
 
 mertdidnus, a, urn, adj. (fr. 
 meridies) of mid- day, tak- 
 ing place at noon, south- 
 ern. 
 
 meridies, iei, m. 5. (for me- 
 didies, medius dies) mid- 
 day, noon. 
 
 merllo, adv. deservedly, with 
 reason. 
 
 meritum, i, n. 2. (fr. mereo, 
 ravrllitm} desert ^ merit. 
 
 merulxi, ae,f. 1. a blackbird, 
 
 merx, cis,f. 3. merchandise. 
 
 messis, is, f. 8. (fr. m€to : 
 messum) harvest. 
 
 mtta, ae,f. 1. a goal, bound, 
 limit. 
 
 Metagonium, i, n. 2. a pro- 
 montory on the coast of 
 Mauretania, in Africa. 
 
 metallum, i, n. 2. ((xs'raXXov) 
 metal, a vein of metal, 
 mine. 
 
 Metellus, i, m. 2. the cogno- 
 men of a Roman family 
 belonging to the gens Cae~ 
 cilia. 
 
 methodus, i, f. 2. (fAs'Sotfos) a 
 method. 
 
 metior, tiri, nsus sum, d. 4. to 
 measure. 
 
 Melius, i, m. 2. Fuffetius, a 
 dictator of Alba, in the 
 reign of Tullus Hostilius. 
 
 meto, tere, ssui, ssum, a. 3. ta 
 mow, reap. 
 
 metuo, uere, ui, a. 3. (Jr. me- 
 tus) to fear, be afraid. 
 
 metus, iis, m. 4. fear. 
 
 meus, a, um, adj. my, mine. 
 
 Micipsa, ae, m. 1. a king ol 
 Numidia, son of Massinis- 
 sa. 
 
 nico, are, ui, n. 1. to move 
 quickly, sparkle. 
 
 Midas, ae, m. 1. a king of 
 Phrygia, famous for his 
 wealth and his avarice. 
 
 migro, are, avi, dtum, n. 1. to 
 change one's habitation, re- 
 move, wander. 
 
 miles, Mis, c 3. a soldier. 
 
 Milesius, a, um, adj. of Mile- 
 tus, Milesian. 
 
 Miletus, i,f. 2. a celebrated 
 town of Asia Minor, the 
 capital of all Ionia. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 187 
 
 militia, ae, f. 1. the service 
 (militis) of a soldier, war- 
 fare. 
 
 milito, are, dvi, alum, n. 1. to 
 perform the duties (militis) 
 of a soldier, serve in war. 
 
 mille, card. num. n. 3. (ind. 
 in sing.), millia, um, pi. a 
 thousand ; duo millia, two 
 thousand ; mille, adj. ind. 
 
 millidrium, i, n. 2. a mile- 
 stone, a mile. 
 
 milvius, i, m. 2. a kite. 
 
 minae, drum,f. pi. 1. threats. 
 
 mimme, adv. (fr. pdrum) 
 least of all, at least, at all 
 events. 
 
 minimus, a, um, adj. (pos. 
 parvus, comp. minor) the 
 least. 
 
 minister, tri, m. 2. a servant. 
 
 ministerium, i, n. 2. (fr. mi- 
 nister) service. 
 
 minium, i, ?i. 2. red lead. 
 
 minor, dri, dins sum, d. 1 . to 
 threaten. 
 
 minor, oris, adj. comp. of par- 
 vus, less. 
 
 Minos, ois, m. 3. a king of 
 Crete. 
 
 minuo, uere, ui, ntum, a. 3. to 
 lessen, diminish. 
 
 minus, adv. comp. of parum, 
 less. 
 
 mxrCibilis, e, adj. (fr. mlror) 
 wonderful. 
 
 miraculum, i, n. 2. (fr. ml- 
 ror) a miracle, 
 
 mxrdtus, a, um, part, of ml- 
 ror. 
 
 mire, adv. (fr. mirus) won- 
 derfully. 
 
 miror, ari, dins sum, d. 1. to 
 wonder, be astonished at, 
 admire. 
 
 mlrus, a, um, adj. wonderful. 
 
 misceo, sccre, scui, stum el 
 xtum, a. 2. to mix. 
 
 miser, era, erum, adj. mise- 
 rable, wretched. 
 
 mis&rdtus, a, um, part, of mi- 
 seror. 
 
 misereo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. ; 
 misereor, ereri, ertus sum^ 
 d. 2. to pity. 
 
 miseret, eruit, ertum est, im- 
 pers. it pitieth. 
 
 misericordia, ae, f. 1. com- 
 passion, pity. 
 
 miseror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. 
 to pity. That is, to be 
 (miser) wretched on ac- 
 count of another. 
 
 mistus et mixtus, a, um, part. 
 of misceo. 
 
 Mithridates, is,m. 3. the name 
 of several kings of Pon- 
 tus, of whom the VII. sur- 
 named Eupator, and The 
 Great, was most distin- 
 guished. 
 
 Miiiiridaticus, a, um, adj. 
 pertaining to Mithridates. 
 
 mltis, e, adj. soft, gentle, 
 meek. 
 
 mitto, mill ere, mlsi, missum, 
 a. 3. to send, throw, pro- 
 duce. 
 
 modei dtio, o?iis, f. 3. modera- 
 tion, discretion. 
 
 modicus, a, um, adj. (fr, mo- 
 dus) moderate. 
 
 modius, i, m. 2. a bushel. 
 
 modo, adv. even now, now, 
 only ; conj. (equivalent to 
 dummodo) provided that. 
 
 modus, i, m. 2. a measure, 
 limit ; method ; way, man- 
 ner ; nullo modo, by no 
 means. 
 
188 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 moenia, um, n. pi. 3. the walls 
 of a city. 
 
 Moenus,i, in. 2. now Mayne,' 
 a river of Germany, which 
 falls into the Rhine near 
 Mentz. 
 
 moereo, et, maereo, ere, n. 2. 
 to grieve, mourn. 
 
 Moeris, is, in. 3. a lake in 
 Egypt. 
 
 molar is, e, adj. (fr. mCtlo, to 
 grind) of a mill ; dens, a 
 jaw-tooth, grinder. 
 
 incles, is,f. 3. a mass, heap, 
 burden. 
 
 molestus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 moles, or /xoXos, toil) trou- 
 blesome, oppressive. 
 
 tnollio, ire, ivi, Hum, a, 4. to 
 soften, mitigate. 
 
 mollis, e, adj. soft. 
 
 molliius, a, um, part, of moL 
 lio. 
 
 Molossi, drum, m. pi. 2. a 
 people of Epirus. 
 
 mvnep, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to 
 put in mind, advise, admon- 
 ish. 
 
 monumentum, el monimentum-, 
 i, n.2. (fr. moneo) a mo- 
 nument, memorial. 
 
 rnons, tis, m. 3. a mountain. 
 
 monstro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 to point out, show. 
 
 mora, ae, f. 1. delay, hin- 
 drance. 
 
 morbus, i, m. 2. a disease ; 
 contagiosus, an infectious 
 disease ; morho exstbigui, 
 to die a natural death. 
 
 mordax, acis, adj. (fr. mor- 
 deo) biting, given to bite. 
 
 mordeo, mordire, momordi, 
 morsurn, a. 2. to bite. 
 
 ?riQ?'?geru$, a 3 um, adj. (mft- 
 
 rem gerens) obedient, com- 
 pliant, obsequious. 
 morior, mori et morxri, mor« 
 
 tuus sum, d. 3. et 4. to die. 
 moror y dri, dtus sum, d. 1. 
 
 (fr. mora) to delay ; nihil 
 
 moror, I care not. 
 morosus, a, um, adj. difficult 
 
 to please, peevish, morose. 
 mors, tis,f. 3. death. 
 morsus, its, m. 4. (fr. mordeo, 
 
 morsurn) a bite. 
 mort'dis, e, adj. (fr. mors) 
 
 mortal. 
 mos, moris, m. 3. a manner. 
 
 custom ; mores, manners. 
 
 character, morals. 
 Mossy ni, drum, m. pi. 2. a 
 
 people of Asia. 
 motus, us, m. 4. (fr. moveo. 
 
 motum) a motion ; terrae, 
 
 an earthquake. 
 moveo, mdvere, movi, motum. 
 
 a. 2. to move. 
 mox, adv. by and by, present- 
 ly, soon. 
 Mucius, i, m. 2. C. Scaevola, 
 
 a Roman, famous for his 
 
 courage and intrepidity. 
 muliebris, e, adj. (fr. mulier) 
 
 feminine, womanly. 
 mulier, eris,f. 3. a woman. 
 multitudo, inis,f. 3. (fr. mub 
 
 tus) a multitude. 
 multo, et mulcto, are, avi, atum^ 
 
 a. 1. to fine, punish. 
 multo, ) adv. much, by far, 
 multum, ) considerably. 
 multus, a, um, adj. much, ma* 
 
 ny ; multum auri, much 
 
 gold. 
 Mummius, i, m. 2. L. a Ro- 
 
 man consul, who destroy- 
 
 ed Corinth, and was sur 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 189 
 
 named Achaicus from his 
 victories. 
 
 mundus, i, m. 2. the world. 
 
 muniendus, a, um, fart, of 
 munio. 
 
 munio, Ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. 
 (fr. moenia) to fortify, de- 
 fend ; viam munire, to pre- 
 pare a way. 
 
 munltus, a, um, part, of munio. 
 
 munus, eris, n. S. a gift ; an 
 office, duty. 
 
 murdlis, e, adj. (fr. murus) 
 pertaining to a wall ; coro~ 
 na, a mural crown. 
 
 murus, i, m.~2. a wall. 
 
 mus, ?nuris, m. 3. (fAft$) a 
 mouse. 
 
 musa,ae,f. I. (/xoC^a) a muse ; 
 hence, a song. 
 
 ?nusca, ae,f. 1. a fly. 
 
 musculus, i, m. 2. {fr. mus) 
 a little mouse. 
 
 musica, ae, ) f. 1. (fAoutfix^) 
 
 muslce, es, $ music. 
 -?nustcus, a, urn, adj. (poutftxog) 
 skilled in music. 
 
 muto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 change, exchange. 
 
 mutus, a, urn, adj. dumb. 
 
 Mygdonia, ae, f. 1. a small 
 province of Macedonia 
 near Thrace, 
 
 Alyndus, i, f 2. a maritime 
 town of Caria, north-west 
 of Halicarnassus. 
 
 Myrmecides, is, m. 3. an ar- 
 tist of Miletus. 
 
 JSlysia, ae, f. 1. a country in 
 the north-western angle of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nobis, idis, m. 3. a celebrat- 
 ed tyrant of Lacedaemon. 
 
 nae, adv. certainly, verily. 
 
 nactus, a, um, part, of nan 
 ciscor ; occasionem, at a fa- 
 vourable opportunity. 
 
 nam, conj. for, but ; (it is of* 
 ten emphatically subjoined 
 to interrogatives, as, quae- 
 nam, quidnam). 
 
 nanciscor, nancisci, nactus 
 sum, d. 3. to light on, get 
 obtain ; occasionem, to find 
 an opportunity. 
 
 Narbonensis, e, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Narbo, now Narbon- 
 ne, a town of Gaul ; Gal- 
 lia, one of the four divi- 
 sions of ancient Gaul, of 
 which Narbo was the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 ndres, ium, ibus, f. pL 3. the 
 nostrils. 
 
 narro, are, dm, dtum, a. 1. to 
 make mention of, relate, 
 say. 
 
 nascor, nasci, ndtus swn, d. 
 3. to be born. 
 
 Nasica, ae, m. 1. the surname 
 of P. Cornelius Seipio. 
 whom the senate delegate 
 ed, as being the most re« 
 markable of their body for 
 purity of manners, to con- 
 duct the statue of Cybele 
 to Rome. 
 
 ndsus, i, m. 2. the nose. 
 
 ndt'ilis, e, adj. pertaining to 
 one's [natum) birth ; dies 
 natalis, a birth -day. 
 
 ndto, are, dvi, dtum, (freq. 
 fr. no, natum) to swim. 
 
 natu, abl. sing. m. 4. (the 
 other cases wanting) by 
 birth ; natu minor, the 
 younger ; natu minimus. 
 the youngest ; natu major, 
 
190 
 
 BICTIONAK\% 
 
 the elder : nuiu maximus, 
 the oldest. 
 
 ndtura, ae, f. 1. nature. 
 
 ndtiirdlis, e, adj. natural. 
 
 ndtus, a, um, part, of nascor ; 
 sexaginta annos natus, sixty 
 years old. 
 
 ndtus, i, m. 2. a son. 
 
 naufrdgium, i, n. 2. (for navi- 
 frdgium,fr. navis and fran- 
 go) a shipwreck. 
 
 nauta, ae, m. 1. (vauryjc:) a 
 sailor. 
 
 nuvalis, e, adj. belonging to 
 (naves) ships, naval ; na. 
 vale proelium, a sea-fight. 
 
 navigabilis, e, (fr* navigo) 
 navigable. 
 
 navigdtio, 6nis,f. 3. naviga- 
 tion. 
 
 ndvigium, i, n. 2. a boat, ship, 
 in which one (ndvigat) sails. 
 
 navigo, are, dvi, dturn, a. 1. 
 (navem ago) to steer or row 
 a ship, navigate. 
 
 navis, is,f. 3. (vaSs) a ship. 
 
 n?,conj. not, that not, lest, 
 that not ; ne+..quidem, not 
 ...even. 
 
 ne, an enclitic, asks a ques- 
 tion, and is always subjoin- 
 ed to another word, as nos- 
 ne, satisne, nonne 9 scisne. 
 
 nee, conj. v. neque. 
 
 Meatus, a, um, part, of n%co. 
 
 necessarius, a, um, adj. ne- 
 cessary ; m. 2. a friend. 
 
 ntcessitas, dtis,f. 3. (fr. ne- 
 cesse) necessity, fate. 
 
 neco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (va'xw, obs.) to kill. 
 
 nPfas, n. ind. what is not law- 
 ful ; injustice, crime. 
 
 nZgdtus, a, um, part, of n8go. 
 
 neglectus, a, um, part, of ne- 
 
 7ieglfgo, igere, exi, ectum, ct* 
 
 3. (for'necligo,fr. nee and 
 
 lego) to disregard, neglect. 
 n£go, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1* (ne 
 
 et ago) to refuse, say no, 
 
 deny. 
 negotium, i, n. 2. business. 
 
 thing ; facili negotio, with 
 
 little trouble. 
 nemo, tnis, c. 3. (ne et homo) 
 
 no one ; nemo non, every 
 
 one ; nemo mortalium, no 
 
 man. 
 nemus, oris, n. 3. a forest. 
 
 grove. 
 nepos, otis, m. 3. a grandson. 
 Neptunus, i, m. 2. (in Greek 
 
 IloGsidZv) son of t Saturn? 
 
 and brother of Jupiter, was 
 
 the god of the sea. 
 nequdquam,adv. by no means* 
 n£que, conj. and not; n$que..> 
 
 neque, neither... nor. 
 nequeo, ire, wi, Hum, irr. n. 
 
 (ne et queo) I cannot, not 
 
 to be able. 
 nequis, qua, quod et quid, pro. 
 
 lest any one, that no one. 
 Nereis, tdis, f. 3. a Nereid ; 
 
 Nereides, nymphs of the 
 
 sea, daughters of Nereus 
 
 and Doris. 
 nescio, ire, wi, Hum, n. 4. (ne 
 
 et scio) to be ignorant of. 
 Nestus, vel Nessus, i, m. 2. 
 
 now Nesto, a small river of 
 
 Thrace. 
 neuter, tra, trum, adj. (ne uter) 
 
 neither of the two, neither, 
 Nicomides, is, m. 3. the name 
 
 of several kings of Bithy- 
 
 nia. 
 nidffico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 (nidus et facio) to build a 
 
 nest. 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 191 
 
 nidus, i, m. 2. a nest. 
 
 niger, gra, grum, adj. black. 
 
 nihil, n. ind. nothing ; nihil 
 habeo quod, I have no rea- 
 son ; non nihil, something. 
 
 nihilominus, adv. neverthe- 
 less. 
 
 Nilus, i, m. 2. a famous river 
 
 of Egypt. 
 
 ntmis, ) 7 , 
 
 w . > adv. too much. 
 nimium, ) 
 
 nirnius, a, urn, adj. (fr. ni- 
 mis) too much, too great, 
 excessive. 
 
 Niobe, es,f. 1. a daughter of 
 Tantalus, king of Lydia, 
 and wife of Amphion, king 
 of Thebes. 
 
 nisi, conj, if not, unless. 
 
 Nisus, i^m. 2. a king of Me- 
 garis, father of Scylla. 
 
 nitldus, a, um, adj. (fr. ?ii- 
 teo) shining, bright. 
 
 Nitocris, idis,f. 3. a famous 
 queen of Babylon. 
 
 nitor, oris, m. 3. (fr. niteo) 
 brightness, splendour. 
 
 nitor, niti, nisus et nixus sum, 
 d. 3. to strive. 
 
 nix, nlvis,f. 3. snow. 
 
 no, nare, ndvi, natum, n. 1. 
 (vaw, vw) to swim. 
 
 nobllis, e, adj. (fr. nosco) 
 known, famous, noble. 
 
 nobilltas, dtis,f. 3. (fr. nobi- . 
 lis) distinction ; distinction 
 of birth, nobility ; great- 
 ness of soul. 
 
 nobilitatus, a, um, part, of 
 nobilifo. 
 
 ndbiltto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to make (nobilem) illustri- 
 ous, ennoble. 
 
 yidceo, ere, ui, Xtum t a. 2. to 
 hurt, injure. 
 
 noctu, abl. by night, in the 
 
 night time. 
 nocturnus, a, um, adj. night- 
 
 iy. 
 
 nodus, i, m. 2. a knot. 
 
 Nola, ae, f. 1. an anciem 
 town of Campania. 
 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. n. to be 
 unwilling. 
 
 Nomddes, um, m. pi. 3. a 
 name given to those pasto- 
 ral nations, who had no 
 fixed habitation ; it was 
 particularly given by the 
 Greeks to the Numidians\ 
 a people of Africa, styled 
 by the Romans Numidae. 
 
 nomen, mis, n* 3. (for novU 
 men,fr. novi) a name. 
 
 non, adv. not ; non nihil, some- 
 thing. 
 
 nonagesinws, a, um, ord. num. 
 adj. the ninetieth. 
 
 nonne, adv. (instead of num 
 non) not? (as a question). 
 
 nonnihil, n. ind. something. 
 
 nonnisi, adv. only. 
 
 nonnidlus, a, um, adj. some. 
 
 ncnus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 ninth. 
 
 nosco, noscere, novi, notum, a. 
 3. to know. 
 
 noster, tra, trum, pro. (fr. 
 nos) our. 
 
 nola, ae,f. 1. a mark ; cor- 
 pus notis distinguere, to 
 tattoo one's self. 
 
 nolo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . {fr. 
 nota) to mark, remark. 
 
 notus, a, um, part, of nosco. 
 
 novem, ind. card. num. adj. 
 nine. 
 
 novus, a, um, adj. new. 
 
 nox, noctis, f. 3. (vug, vvxto$) 
 night ; de node, by night. 
 
192 
 
 DICTIONARY^ 
 
 noxius, a, um, adj. (fr. noxa, 
 hurt) hurtful, injurious. 
 
 nubes, is, f. 3. (fr. nubo) a 
 cloud. 
 
 nubo, nubere, nupsi et nuptus 
 sum, nuptum, a. et n. p. 3. 
 to cover, marry, be mar- 
 ried, (properly applied on- 
 ly to the woman, who co- 
 vered her head with a veil, 
 when presented to her hus- 
 band at the marriage rite.) 
 
 nuddtus, a, um, part, of nudo. 
 
 nudo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to 
 make naked, uncover, ex- 
 pose. 
 
 nudus, a, um, adj. naked, 
 bare. 
 
 nullus, a, um, gen. lus, dat. i, 
 adj. (ne et uUus) no one, 
 not any, none. 
 
 num, adv. whether or no ? 
 whether. 
 
 Numa, ae, m. 1. Pompilius, 
 a native of Cures, a village 
 of the Sabines, and the suc- 
 cessor of Romulus. 
 
 Numantia, ae,f. 1. a town of 
 Spain near the sources of 
 the river Durius. 
 
 Numantini, drum, m. pi. 2. 
 the inhabitants of Numan- 
 tia. 
 
 numen, inis, n. 3. a deity, 
 god. 
 
 niimBro, are, am, dtum, a. 1. 
 (fr. numerus) to count, 
 number, enumerate. 
 
 numerus, i, m. 2. a number. 
 
 Numidae, drum, m. pi. 1. 
 (No^adss) the Numidians. 
 
 Numtdia, ae,f. 1. a country 
 of Africa, which now forms 
 the kingdom of Algiers. 
 
 Numttor, oris, m. 3. a son of 
 
 Procas, king of Alba, and 
 
 grandfather of Romulus 
 
 and Remus. 
 nunc, adv. now. 
 nuncupo, are, &vi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 (nomen et capio) to name, 
 
 call. 
 nunquam, adv. (ne unquam) 
 
 never ; nunquam non, al« 
 
 ways. 
 nuntio et nuncio, are, dvi, alum. 
 
 a. 1. to announce, declare. 
 
 relate. 
 nuptiae, drum, f. pi. 1. (fr. 
 
 nubo, nuptum) the marriage 
 
 rite, nuptials. 
 nusquam, adv. (ne usquam) 
 
 nowhere. 
 nutriendus, a, um, part, ofnu- 
 
 trio. 
 nutrio, ire, %vi, itum, a. 4. to 
 
 nourish, nurture. 
 nutrltus, a, um, part, of nu- 
 trio. 
 nutrix, tcis,f. 3, (fr. nutrio) 
 
 a nurse. 
 nympha, ae,f. 1. a nymph. 
 
 O. 
 
 O, int. (~n) O! oh! 
 
 ob, pr. c. ace. for, on account 
 
 of. 
 obdormisco, isce~re, Ivi, n. inc. 
 
 3. (ob et dormisco) to fall 
 
 asleep, sleep. 
 obduco, c$re, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 
 (ob et duco) to draw over. 
 obductus, a, um, part, of o/>- 
 
 duco. 
 obedio, ire, ivi, ttum, n. 4. (ok 
 
 et audio) to give ear to, 
 
 obey. 
 obeo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. 
 
 w. (ob et eo) to go to, go 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 193 
 
 through, transact, perform ; 
 
 to meet death, die. 
 oberro, are, dvi, atum, n. 1. 
 
 (ob et erro) to wander up 
 
 and down, stray about. 
 obisus, a, um, adj. fat, plump. 
 objdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (ob et 
 
 jdceo) to lie in the way or 
 
 before. 
 objectus, a, um, part, of obju 
 
 cio. 
 objicio, ic&re, eci, eclum, a. 3. 
 
 (ob etjacio) to cast against, 
 
 object against, object. 
 obligo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 
 (ob et ligo) to bind about, 
 
 bind, oblige. 
 oblique, adv. (fr. obliquus) 
 
 obliquely, indirectly. 
 obliquus, a, urn, adj. oblique, 
 
 crooked, indirect. 
 oblltus, a, urn, part, ofoblivis- 
 
 cor. 
 obliviscor, Ivisci, itus sum, d. 
 
 3. to forget. 
 obnoxius, a, um, adj. liable, 
 
 subject, obnoxious. 
 obruo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (ob 
 
 et ruo) to overwhelm, cover 
 
 over, bury. 
 obrutus, a, um, part, of obruo. 
 obscurdturus, a, um, part, of 
 
 obscuro. 
 itbscuro, are, dvi, atum, a. I. 
 
 to darken, obscure. 
 obscurus, a, um, adj. dark, 
 
 obscure. 
 abseci'o, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. 
 
 to pray earnestly, suppli- 
 cate, conjure. 
 ibsequor, sequi, sequutus vel 
 
 secutus sum, d. 3. (ob et se- 
 
 quor) to follow in the way 
 
 of, comply with, serve, 
 
 obey. 
 
 observdtus, a, um,part. of ob* 
 servo, r 
 
 observo, cure, dvi, atum, a. 1 . 
 (ob et servo) to watch, ob- 
 serve, attend to. 
 
 obses, idis, c. 3. a hostage. 
 
 obsessus, a, um, part, of ohsu 
 deo. 
 
 obsldeo, sidere, sedi, ses- 
 sum, a. 2. (ob et sZdeo) to 
 sit in front of, beset, be- 
 siege. 
 
 obsidio, onis,f. 3. a siege. 
 
 obsidiondlis, e, adj. pertaining 
 to a siege ; corona, a crown 
 given to him who had rais- 
 ed a siege. 
 
 obstetrix, zcis,f. 3. a midwife. 
 
 obtestdtus, a, um, part, of p6- 
 testor. 
 
 obtestor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. 
 (ob et testor) to call solemn, 
 ly to witness, conjure, sup- 
 plicate. 
 
 obtineo, inere, tnui, entum, a, 
 2. (ob et teneo) to hold, pro- 
 cure, obtain ; obtinet se?i- 
 tentia, the opinion prevails. 
 
 obviam, adv. (ob viam) in the 
 way ; fio, I meet ; ire, to 
 go to meet. 
 
 occdsio, onis, f. 3. (fr. occi- 
 do, oecdsum) an opportuni- 
 ty, 
 
 occdsus, us, m. 4. (fr. occtdo % 
 oecdsum) the setting of the 
 heavenly bodies, sunset, 
 evening. » 
 
 cccidens, tis, (scil. sol) the 
 west, evening. Where the 
 sun (occldit) falls or sets. 
 
 occidendus, a, um,pqrt. ofoc- 
 ciido. 
 
 occidentalism e, adj. pertain- 
 
194 
 
 DICTIONARY* 
 
 iag to (occidens) the west, 
 western. 
 
 occldo, cidere, cldi, cdsum, n. 
 3. (ob et cddo) to fall, set. 
 
 occldo, cider e, cldi, cxsum, a. 
 3. (ob et caedo) to slay, kill. 
 
 occisurus, a, um, part, of oc- 
 cldo. 
 
 occisus, a, um, part, of occl- 
 do. 
 
 occoecdtus, a, um, part, of oc- 
 coeco. 
 
 occoeco et -caeco, are, dvi, 
 dtum, a. 1. (ob et coeco) to 
 blind, dazzle. 
 
 occulto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (freq. fr. occulo, occultum) 
 to hide, conceal ; occulta- 
 ri, to hide one's self. 
 
 occupo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. 
 (ob et cdpio) to seize, occu- 
 py- 
 
 occurro, currtre, curri et cu- 
 curri, curswm, n. 3. (ob et 
 curro) to run up to, meet. 
 
 Ocednus, i, m. 2. ('Qxsoyos) 
 the ocean or main sea ; a 
 powerful deity of the sea, 
 son of Coelus and Terra. 
 
 Qetavivnus, i, m. 2. or Octa- 
 vius Caesar, the nephew 
 of Caesar the dictator. Af- 
 ter the battle of Actium, 
 the senate bestowed upon 
 him the title of Augustus. 
 
 octdvus, a, um, ord. nwn 7 adj. 
 (fr. octo) eighth. 
 
 actingenti, ae, a, card. num. 
 adj. eight hundred. 
 
 octo, card. num. adj. ind. (ok. 
 tw) eight. 
 
 octoginia, card. num. adj. ind. 
 eighty. 
 
 aculus, i, m. 2. an eye. 
 
 5di, odisse, djef. pret. to haje, 
 abhor. 
 
 odium, i, n. 2. (fr. odi) ha- 
 tred. 
 
 odor, oris, m. 3. a smell ; 
 odores, perfumes. 
 
 odoror, dri, dtus su?n, d. 1, 
 (fr. odor, odoris) to smell. 
 
 Oeneus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. 
 a king of Calydon in Aeto- 
 lia, and father of Melea= 
 ger. 
 
 Oenomaus, i, m. 2. the name 
 of one of the gladiators, 
 who excited the war of the 
 slaves. 
 
 Oeta, ae, m. 1. now Banina, 
 a celebrated mountain be- 
 tween Thessaly and Pho- 
 cis. 
 
 offer o, offerre, obtuli, obldium, 
 irr. a. (ob etfero) to bring 
 before, offer. 
 
 officina, ae, f. 1. a work- 
 shop. 
 
 officio, were, eci, ectum, a. 3. 
 (ob etfdcio) to do against a 
 hinder, injure. 
 
 officium, i, n. 2. a duty, kind- 
 ness, service, act of cour- 
 tesy. For offacium. What 
 we do (ob) in service to 
 another. 
 
 6lea,ae,f. 1. (iXoua) an olive- 
 tree. 
 
 oleum, i, n. 2. (sXaiov) oil. 
 
 olim, adv. in time past, for- 
 merly, some time, at one 
 time. 
 
 olor, oris, m. 3. a swan. 
 
 olus, €ris, n. 3. (fr. oleo, to 
 grow) herbs. 
 
 Olympia, ae, f. 1 . a town of 
 Elis in Peloponnesus. 
 
 Olympicus, a, um, adj. Olym- 
 pic. 
 
 Olympus, l^m. 2. a famous 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 195 
 
 mountain on the coast of 
 Thessaly, north of the 
 mouth of the Peneus. 
 
 omen, litis, n. 3. an augury, 
 omen. 
 
 omniSj e, adj. all, every ; om- 
 nes, all ; omnia, all things. 
 
 onus, &ris, n. 3. a burden, 
 load. 
 
 onustus, a, um, adj. (fr. onus) 
 laden, filled with. 
 
 vpera, ae, f. 1. (fr. opus) 
 work, labour, pains ; dare 
 operam alicui, to attend to, 
 give one's self up to a 
 thing. 
 
 operor, art, dius sum, d. 1. 
 (fr. opus) to work. 
 
 opes, um,f. pi. 3. means, re- 
 sources, wealth ; in sing, 
 {ops, nom. and opi, dat. not 
 used, opis, gen. opem, ace. 
 ope, abl.) aid, assistance. 
 
 opimus, a, um, adj. fat, fruit- 
 ful. 
 
 t fplriio, Onis, f, 3. opinion ; 
 praeter opinionem, contrary 
 to expectation. 
 
 oporlet, ere, uit, impers. it is 
 expedient or fit, it behoves, 
 it ought, it must needs be. 
 
 oppidum, i, n. 2. a walled 
 town, town. 
 
 oppono, onere, osui, osltum, a. 
 3. (ob et pono) to place 
 against, oppose. 
 
 opportunus, a, um, adj. sea- 
 sonable, convenient, fa- 
 vourable. 
 
 oppositus, a, um, part, of op- 
 pono, placed against, oppo- 
 site. 
 
 "rpprimo, Xmere, essi, essum, a. 
 3. (ob et premo) to oppress, 
 overpower, overcome. 
 
 oppugnatus, a, um, part, of 
 
 oppugno, 
 oppugno, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 
 (ob et pugno) to fight 
 
 against, attack, assault. 
 ops. V. opes, 
 optime, adv. (sup, of bene) 
 
 very well, best. 
 optlmus, a, um, adj. (sup, of 
 
 bonus) best. Fr. opto. That 
 
 is, most desirable. 
 optio, onis, f. 3. liberty (op* 
 
 tandi) of choosing, choice, 
 
 option. 
 opto, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to 
 
 wish, choose. 
 epulentus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 
 opes) rich, opulent. 
 opus, tris, n, 3. a work, la- 
 bour. 
 ora, ae,f. 1. a border, coast, 
 
 shore. 
 ordculum, i, n. 2. (fr. oro) 
 
 the response of an inspir- 
 ed priest or priestess of a 
 
 temple, an oracle. 
 or alio, onis, f. 3. (fr. oro) a 
 
 speech, discourse. 
 orator, oris, m. 3. (fr. oro, 
 
 ordtum) a speaker, orator 5 
 
 ambassador. 
 orbatus, a, um, part, of orbo. 
 orbis, is, m. 3. a circle, orb ; 
 
 in orbem jacere, to lie round 
 
 in a circle ; orbis terr arum, 
 
 the world. 
 orbo, are, dvi, atum, a. I, to 
 
 deprive or bereave of. 
 Orcus, i, m, 2. the god of the 
 
 infernal regions, Pluto ; the 
 
 infernal regions, the abode 
 
 of the dead. 
 ordtno, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 
 to place (ordine) in order, 
 
 arrange. 
 
196 
 
 MCTIONABY. 
 
 ordo, mis, m. S. order, me- 
 thod, arrangement, 
 
 OrienSy tis, m. 3. the east. 
 The part where the sun 
 (oritur) rises. 
 
 orient dis, e, adj. pertaining 
 to (Oriens) the east, east- 
 ern. 
 
 origo, mis, f. 3. (fr. orior) 
 beginning, origin ; origi- 
 nem ducere, to derive one's 
 origin. 
 
 orior, eris, itur, orlri, ortus 
 sum, d. 3. to rise, spring, 
 begin. 
 
 orndmentum, i, n. 2. (fr. or* 
 no) an ornament. 
 
 ornatus, a, urn, part, of orno. 
 
 ornatus, us, m. 4. (fr. orno. 
 orndtum) ornament, dress. 
 
 orno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 adorn. 
 
 Pro, are, dvi, dtmn, a. 1. to 
 utter ; to utter a request, 
 beg, pray. 
 
 Orodes, is, m. 3. a prince of 
 Parthia. 
 
 Orpheus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. 
 a great poet and musician, 
 son of Oeager and the muse 
 Calliope. 
 
 ortus, a, urn, part, of orior. 
 
 ortus, us, m. 4. (fr. orior) a 
 rising, springing up. 
 
 os, oris, n. 3. the mouth, face, 
 countenance. 
 
 os, ossis, n. 3. a bone. 
 
 Ossa, ae, f. 1. a lofty moun- 
 tain of Thessaly, separat- 
 ed from Olympus by the 
 vale of Tempe. 
 
 ostendo, dere, di, sum, et turn, 
 a. 3. (obs for ob, et tendo) 
 to stretch or hold before 
 another, show. 
 
 Ostia, ae, f. a town built at 
 the mouth of the Tiber by 
 Ancus Martius, the 4th 
 king of Rome. 
 
 ostium, i, n. 2. (fr. os) the 
 entrance or mouth of a ri- 
 ver. 
 
 ostreum, i } n. 2. (otfrfsov) an, 
 oyster. 
 
 otium, i, n. 2. ease, leisure. 
 
 Otos et Otus, i, m. 2. — i' 
 EpMdlies. 
 
 ovis, is,f. 3. (oig) a sheep* 
 
 ovum, i, n. 2. (wov) an egg. 
 
 P. stands for Publius. 
 
 pabulum, i, n. 2. (fr. pasco] 
 fodder. 
 
 pdciscor, pacisci, pacius sum, 
 d. 3. to make a bargain or 
 agreement ; to settle, rati- 
 fy, a treaty. 
 
 Fact^lus, £, m. 2. a river ol 
 Lydia, famous for its gold, 
 en sands. 
 
 pactum, i, n. 2. an agreement, 
 covenant ; quo pacto, in 
 what manner. 
 
 pactus, a, um, part, of pads 
 cor. 
 
 Pddus, i, ?n. 2. now the Pc, 
 the largest river of Italy, 
 It rises in the Alps, and 
 empties into the Hadriatic 
 or Gulf of Venice by seven 
 mouths. 
 
 paene, adv. almost, nearly. 
 
 palea, ae,f. 1. chaff. 
 
 palma, ae,f. 1. (VaXa^) the 
 palm of the hand ; a palm- 
 tree. 
 
 palpebra, ae, f. 1. the eye* 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 19? 
 
 lid ; pdlpcbrae, the eye- 
 lashes. 
 
 pdlus, udis, f. 3. a marsh, 
 lake, pool. 
 
 pdlustris, e, adj. (fr. pdlus) 
 marshy. 
 
 Pan, dnis, et dnos, ace. Pana, 
 m. 3. (Ilav) the God of 
 shepherds. 
 
 pando, pandere, pandi, pan- 
 sum et passum, a. 3. to 
 throw open, spread out, ex- 
 tend. 
 
 pango, pangere, panooi, pane- 
 turn, item pegi, et pepigi, 
 pactum, a. 3. to drive in, 
 fix, make firm ; pang€re 
 foedus, to ratify, conclude 
 a treaty. 
 
 Panionium, i, n, 2* (fr. tfav, 
 all, et Iwwos) a place on 
 mount Mycale, consecrat- 
 ed by religious festivals, so 
 called as being common to 
 all Ionia. 
 
 panis, is, m. 3. bread. 
 
 panthera, ae, f. 1. {ifav&r^) a 
 panther. 
 
 pdpdver, eris, n. 3. the poppy. 
 
 Papirkis, i, m. 2. the name 
 of a Roman family. 
 
 mpyrum, i, n. 2. et papyrus, 
 i, m. et f. 2. (k6l<z-jpos) an 
 Egyptian plant of which 
 paper was made, papyrus. 
 
 paratus, a, urn, part, of pdro, 
 ready. 
 
 Parcae, drum, f. pi. 1. the 
 fates, three in number, Clo- 
 tho, Lachesis, and Atropos. 
 
 par co, parcere, peperci. et par- 
 si, parcltum et parsum, a. 
 3. to spare. 
 
 pardus, i,m. 2. (TlagSos) a 
 panther, 
 
 s. 
 
 parens, entis, c. 3. (fr. pario) 
 a parent, father or mother ; 
 creator, author, inventor, 
 founder ; pdrentes, proge- 
 nitors, ancestors. 
 
 pdreo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to 
 obey. Properly, to be at 
 hand, appear ; also, to be at 
 hand to attend to another's 
 orders, to obey. Fr. era- 
 gew, (w r hence crafcj/xi). 
 
 paries, ietis, m. 3. a wall. 
 
 pario, pdrere,peperi, pdritum, 
 et partum, a. 3. to bear or 
 bring forth ; to cause, pro- 
 duce, obtain ; ovum, to lay 
 an egg. 
 
 Paris, idis, m. 3. a son of 
 Priam, king of Troy, and 
 Hecuba. 
 
 parlter, adv. (fr. par) in like 
 manner, alike, equally. 
 
 Parnassus, i, m. 2. a moun- 
 tain of Phocis, remarkable 
 for its two summits, of 
 which one was sacred to 
 Apollo and the muses, the 
 other to Bacchus. 
 
 pdro, are, avi, ci.tum, a. 1. to 
 prepare, procure, acquire. 
 
 Paropamlsus, i, m. 2. a ridge 
 of mountains in India, a 
 continuation of the- great 
 Tauric range. This ridge 
 separated the Indian pro- 
 vince Paropamisus from 
 Baciria. 
 pars, lis, f. 3. a part, division ; 
 a party,- faction ; magnam* 
 partem, for the most part. 
 parsimonia, ae,f. 1. (fr.par* 
 co, parsum) frugality,, par- 
 simony. - 
 Pcrr'thia] ae,f. 1. a celebrat- 
 ed country of Asia. 
 
193 
 
 DICTIONARY* 
 
 Parthus, i, m. 2. a Parthian. 
 particula, ae,f. 1. (fr. pars) 
 
 a small part, particle. 
 partiendus, a; um, part, of 
 
 partior. 
 partim, adv. (fr. pars) part- 
 
 partior, %ri, Uus sum, d. 4. 
 (fr. pat^s, partis) to part, 
 share, distribute. 
 
 partus, a, um, part, of pdrio, 
 acquired. 
 
 partus, us, m. 4. (fr. pario, 
 partum) a birth. 
 
 pdrum, adv. little, too little. 
 
 parvulus, a, um, adj. (fr. par- 
 vus) very small, very little. 
 
 parvus, a, um, adj. small ; 
 minor, comp. less ; mini- 
 mus, a, um, sup. least. 
 
 pascendus, a, um, part, of 
 pasco. 
 
 pasco, pascere, pdvi, pastum, 
 a. 3. to feed. 
 
 passer, eris, m. 3. a sparrow. 
 
 passim, adv. here and there, 
 every way. 
 
 passus, a, um, part, of potior, 
 having suffered ; also, a 
 part, of pando, spread out. 
 Uva passa, a dried grape, 
 raisin. As having suffered 
 the heat of the sun, when 
 laid out to dry. Or as be- 
 ing stretched cut in the sun. 
 
 passus, its, m. 4. a pace ; mil- 
 le passuum, a mile. 
 
 pastor, oris, m. 3. (fr. pasco, 
 pastum) a herdsman, shep- 
 herd. 
 
 pdtefacio,face're,feci, factum, 
 a. 3. to lay open, open, de- 
 tect. 
 
 p&tef io, fiiri, f actus sum, irr. 
 pass, to be thrown open, 
 be detected. 
 
 pdteo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lie open 
 be manifest ; to stretch 
 extend. 
 
 pater, tris, tn. 3. (rfar^j) 8 
 father ; paterfamilias, pa- 
 ir is-familias, the father or 
 master of a family. 
 
 paternus, a, um, adj. (fr. pa 
 ter) paternal. 
 
 pdtiens, tis, part, and adj. (fr. 
 pdtior) enduring, bearing : 
 able to bear, patient. 
 
 pdtientia, ae, f. 1. (fr. pd- 
 tiens, pdtientis) patience. 
 
 potior, pdti, passus sum, d. 3 , 
 to suffer, endure, support ; 
 permit, allow. 
 
 pdtria, ae, f. 1. (i. e. terra) 
 one's native country. Fr. 
 patrius. 
 
 pdtrlmonium, i, n. 2. proper- 
 ty left (a patre) by a father, 
 patrimony. 
 
 patrius, a, um, adj. belonging 
 to (patrem) a father or (pa- 
 tres) one's fathers. 
 
 pdtrocinium, i, n. 2. (fr. pa- 
 tris) protection, patronage, 
 
 pdtronus, i, m. 2. (fr. pater) 
 a protector, patron. 
 
 pdtruelis, is, c. 3. the son or 
 daughter (patrui) of an un- 
 cle on the father's side, a 
 cousin by the father's side. 
 
 pauci, ae, a, adj. few. 
 
 paul&tim, adv. by little and 
 little, bj' degrees. 
 
 paulo, et paullo, adv. by a lit- 
 tie, somewhat ; paulo posU 
 a little after. 
 
 paululum, adv. a little. 
 
 Paulus, et Patdlus, i,m. 2. e 
 surname in the gens Aerni 
 lia. 
 
 pauper, is, adj. poor. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 19i> 
 
 paveo, pavere, pdvi, a. &; n. 
 
 2. to fear, dread, be afraid. 
 pavidus, a, um, adj. (fr. pa- 
 
 veo) fearful. 
 pavo, onis, m. 3. a peacock. 
 pax, pdcis,f. 3. peace. 
 pecco, are, dvi, alum, n. 6z a. 
 
 1. to do wrong or amiss, err. 
 
 sin. 
 yyecto, peeler e, pexi, pexum, a. 
 
 3. to comb, dress the hair : 
 card. 
 
 pectus, oris, n. 3. the breast. 
 
 pBcunia, ae,f. 1. money. 
 
 p$cus, udis, c. 3. a sheep, 
 beast, animal. 
 
 pecus, oris, n. 3. cattle. 
 
 pedes, itis, m. 3. (fr. pes, pe- 
 dis) a foot- soldier. 
 
 pelagus, i, n. 2. (tfiXaycs) the 
 sea. 
 
 Peleus, i, m. 2. a king of 
 Thessaly, son of Aeacus. 
 He married Thetis, one of 
 the Nereids, by whom he 
 had Achilles. 
 
 Pelias, ae,m. 1. a king of Iol- 
 chos in Thessaly, son of 
 Neptune by Tyro, the 
 daughter of Salmoneus. 
 
 Peligni, drum, m. pi. 2. a peo- 
 ple of Itaty, who dwelt 
 near the Sabines and Mar- 
 si. 
 
 Pelion, i, n. 2. a mountain of 
 Thessaly, on the coast of 
 the Aegaean, situate to the 
 south of Ossa. 
 
 pellicio, icere, exi, ecium, a. 
 3. (per et laeio) to draw, 
 allure, entice. 
 
 pellis, is, f. 3. the skin, hide. 
 
 peUo, pellkre, pepidi, pulsum, 
 a. 3. to drive, drive away, 
 banish. 
 
 pellucidus, a, um, adj. (per et 
 lucidus, fr. luceo) clear, 
 transparent. 
 
 Peloponnesus, i, f. 2. now the 
 Morca, a celebrated penin* 
 sula, which comprehends 
 the most southern parts of 
 Greece. Fr. ncXocrcwyjCoc 
 (IlcXotfos vtjcTop). the island 
 of Pelops, who settled 
 there. 
 
 Pelusium, i, n. 2. now Tineh % 
 a town of Egypt, situate at 
 the entrance of one of the 
 mouths of the Nile, called 
 from it Pelusian. 
 
 pendeo, pendere, pependi, pen 
 sum, n. 2. to hang. 
 
 pene, adv. v. paene; 
 
 penes, pr. c. ace. in the pow- 
 er of, in the possession of, 
 with. 
 
 penetrate, is, n. 3. the recess 
 or innermost part of an> 
 place, as of a temple, pa 
 lace, &c. 
 
 peneAro, are, avi, alum, a. 1. 
 to go within or into, pierce 
 or penetrate. For penitro 
 fr. penilus* Eo penitus. 
 
 Peneus, i, m. 2. now Salem 
 pria, a river of Thessaly, 
 rising on mount Pindus, 
 and falling into the Ther- 
 maicus Sinus, after a wan- 
 dering course between 
 mount Ossa and Olympus. 
 
 peninsula, ae,f. I. (fr. pent 
 & insula) a peninsula 
 Almost an island. 
 
 penna, ae, f. 1. a feather, 
 quill. 
 
 pensilis, e, adj. (fr. pendeo., 
 pensum) hanging, pendent . 
 
 penuria* ae,f 1. want, need, 
 
200 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 per, prep, c. ace. through , 
 through the medium of, by, 
 
 pera,ae,f. 1. (^fa) a wallet. 
 
 perdgro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1, 
 to wander "over, traverse. 
 Per agros circumeo. 
 
 percontor et percunctor, art, 
 fdus sum, d. 1. (fr. per & 
 cantor) to ask strictly, in- 
 quire, investigate. 
 
 percussor, oris, ?n. 3. (fr. per- 
 cutio, percussum) a striker, 
 one who has inflicted a 
 wound, a murderer. 
 
 percutio, tere, ssi, ssum, a. 3. 
 (per et qudiio) to beat, 
 strike, wound ; securi, to 
 behead. 
 
 perdfte, adv. very, vehement- 
 ly ; amdre, to love violent- 
 ly, even to desperation. 
 
 perdltus, a, um, part, of per- 
 do. 
 
 perdix, ids, f. 3. (flef&D a 
 partridge. 
 
 perdo, dere, didi, dituw, a.o. 
 (fr. per et do) to ruin, de- 
 stroy, lose. 
 
 perduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 {per ct diico) to bring 
 through, lead to. 
 
 per ductus, a, um, part, of per- 
 duco. 
 
 pcregrmdtio, onis, f. 3. (fr. 
 peregrlnor) a travelling 
 through foreign countries, 
 travel. 
 
 peregrlnor, dri, dtus sum, d. 
 1 . {'firm peregrmus) to go or 
 live abroad. 
 
 peregrmus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 peregre, abroad) coming 
 from abroad, foreign, 
 strange. 
 
 vc^nnis, e, adj. perpetual. 
 
 durable, perennial. For 
 perannis. Durans per an 
 nos. 
 
 pgreo, ire, ii, raro wi, irr. w. 
 {per et eo) to perish, die. 
 
 perfidia, ae,f. 1. (fr. perfi^ 
 dus) perfidy. 
 
 perfidus, a, um, adj. (per et 
 fides) faithless, perfidious, 
 
 Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Perga- 
 mus & Pergdmos, i,f. 2. 
 et Pergtima, orum, n. pi. 2. 
 the citadel of Troy. Of- 
 ten put for Troy itself. 
 
 Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Perga- 
 mus, i,f. 2. now Bergamo, 
 a town of Mysia, on the 
 banks of the Caicus. 
 
 per go, gere, rcxi, rectum, n. 
 3. {per et ?*ego) to go rigm 
 on, advance, go on. 
 
 Pericles, is, m. 3. an Athe- 
 nian of a noble family, dis- 
 tinguished as a command- 
 er, a statesman, and an 
 orator. 
 
 pei^culosus, a, urn, adj. (fr, 
 periculum) dangerous. 
 
 periculum et periclum, i, n. 2. 
 a trial, hazard, danger. 
 
 pcinodus, i,f. 2. (vspiodog) a 
 period. 
 
 penturus, a, urn, part, of pc~ 
 reo. 
 
 perltus, a, um, adj. experience 
 ed, expert. 
 
 permeo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (per ct meo) to go through, 
 
 permisceo, iscere, iscui, ixtum 
 et istum, a, 2. {per et mis* 
 ceo) to mix. 
 
 permistus et permixtus, a, um, 
 part, of permisceo. 
 
 pcrmitto. zttejre, tsij issum, a. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 201 
 
 3. (per et milto) to grant, 
 allow, intrust. 
 
 permutdtio, onis, f 3. (fr. 
 permuto, permutdtum) a 
 change, exchange. 
 
 permuto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (per el muto) to change, ex- 
 change. 
 
 pernXcies, iei, f. 5. destruc- 
 tion. Fr. per and n€co or 
 n€cis. 
 
 perniciosus, a, um, adj. (fr* 
 pernXcies) destructive. 
 
 perpendo, dere, di, sum, a. S. 
 (per el pendo) to weigh 
 carefully, examine, deli- 
 berate upon. 
 
 perperam, adv. wrong, false- 
 ly, rashly. 
 
 perpUior, peti, pessus sum, d. 
 3. (per etpatior) to suffer, 
 endure. 
 
 perpetuus, a, um, ad}, (fr. 
 perpes, perpttis, continual) 
 continual, uninterrupted. 
 
 Persa, ae, m. 1. a Persian. 
 
 pers^quor^ qui, quntus vel cu» 
 tus sum, d. 3. (per el se- 
 quor) to pursue, press up- 
 on, persecute. 
 
 Perseus, ei et eos, m. 2. & 3. 
 a son of Jupiter and Da- 
 nae, the daughter of Acri- 
 sius ; or Perses, the last 
 king of Macedonia. 
 
 Persia, ae,f. 1. a celebrated 
 kingdom of Asia. 
 
 Persicus, a, um, adj. Persian. 
 
 persplcio, ice're, exi, ectum, a. 
 3. (per et specio) to see 
 through, discern, under- 
 stand fully. 
 
 persuddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. 
 (per et suddeo) to persuade. 
 
 perterreo, ere, ui, ttttm, a. 2. 
 (per et terreo) to terrify. 
 
 perierrilus, a, um, pari, of 
 perterreo. 
 
 pertlnaciter, adv. (fr. peril- 
 nax, perliu'cis) obstinate- 
 ly, resolutely. 
 
 pertlnax, dcis, adj. (fr. per 
 and tenax, fr. teneo) very 
 tenacious, obstinate, reso- 
 lute. 
 
 pertXneo, ere, id, n. 2. (per el 
 teneo) to reach, extend. 
 
 pervenio, venire, veni, ventum. 
 n. 4. (per et vcnio) to come 
 to, arrive at, reach. 
 
 pervius, a, um, adj. (per et 
 via) easy to be passed, 
 passable. 
 
 pes, p$dis, m. 3. a foot. 
 
 pessimus. a, um, adj. (sup. of 
 malus) worst, very bad. 
 
 pessum, adv. down, to the boi* 
 torn, under foot ; pessum 
 agi, to go to the bottom, 
 sink. 
 
 pe§tilentia, ae T f 1. (fr. pes 
 tilens) a pestilence. 
 
 pUxtio, onis, f. 3. (fr. peto p 
 petlium) a petition. 
 
 peiltus, a, um, part, of peto. 
 
 p€to, ere, tvi, ttum, a. 3. to 
 desire, request, seek, make 
 for, go towards, attack j 
 hello petere, to wage war 
 against : coelum armis pe. 
 tere, to try to storm the 
 heaven. 
 
 Petra, ae,f. 1. the capital of 
 Arabia Petraea. 
 
 petraeus, a, um, adj. growing 
 upon a rock ; Arabia Pe~ 
 traea, a part of Arabia 
 which was very rocky, 
 whence its name, from the 
 Greek csV^a, a rock. 
 
 petulantia, ae,f. 1. petulance, 
 freakishness, impudence. 
 
k02 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Phaedcia, ae,f. 1. an island 
 of the Ionian sea, near the 
 coast of Epirus, anciently 
 called Scheria, and after- 
 wards Corcyra. The in- 
 habitants were a luxurious 
 and dissolute people. 
 
 Phaeax, dcis, m. 3. an inha- 
 bitant of the island of Phae- 
 acia. 
 
 phalerae, drum, f. pi. 1 . (<jhx- 
 Xa^ct) trappings for horses. 
 
 Pharndces, is, m. 3. a son of 
 Mithridates, king of Pon- 
 tus, who favoured the Ro- 
 mans against his father. 
 
 Pharos, et Pharus, i, f. 2. a 
 small island in the bay of 
 Alexandria, about seven 
 furlongs distant from the 
 continent. Upon it was 
 built a tower, which passed 
 for one of the seven won- 
 tiers of the world. 
 
 Pharsdlus, i, m. 2. now Far- 
 sa, a town of Thessaly, in 
 whose neighbourhood is a 
 large plain called Pharsa- 
 lia. 
 
 Phasis, is et fdis, m. 3. a ri- 
 ver of Colchis, rising in 
 the mountains of Armenia. 
 
 Phidias, ae, m. 1. a celebrat- 
 ed statuary of Athens. 
 
 Philaeni, drum, m. pi. 2. two 
 brothers of Carthage, who 
 chose rather to be buried 
 in the sand, than that the 
 extent of their country 
 should be diminished. 
 
 Philippi, orum, m. pi. 2. a 
 town of Macedonia, east 
 of Amphipolis. 
 
 Philippicus, a, urn, adj. of 
 Philippi. 
 
 Philippfdes, ae, m. 1. a comic 
 poet in Alexander's age. 
 
 Philippus, i, m. 2. the 2nd, 
 the fourth son of Amyntas, 
 and father of Alexander ; 
 the son of Demetrius. 
 
 Philomela, ae,f. 1. a daugh- 
 ter of Pandion, king ot 
 Athens, changed into a 
 nightingale ; a nightingale. 
 
 philosophia, ae,f. 1. ((piAotfo- 
 (pi'a) philosophy. 
 
 philosophies, i, m. 2. (piXo oV 
 90s) a philosopher. 
 
 Phocaea, ae, f. 1. now Fo- 
 chia, a maritime town of 
 Ionia in Asia Minor. 
 
 Phocaei, orum, m. pi. 2. the 
 inhabitants of Phocaea. 
 
 Phocis, idis, f. 3. a country 
 of Greece. 
 
 Phoenicia^ ae, f. 1 . a country 
 of Asia commonly named 
 by the Jews Canaan. 
 
 Phoenix, icis, m. 3. a Phoe- 
 nician. 
 
 Phrygia, ae, f. 1. a large 
 country of Asia Minor. 
 
 Phryx, ygis, m. 3. a Phry- 
 gian. 
 
 Picentes, ium, m. pi. 3. the 
 inhabitants of Picenum. 
 
 Picenum, i, n. 2. a district of 
 Italy, which lay along the 
 Adriatic, to the east of Urn- 
 bria and the country of the 
 Sabines. 
 
 pictus, a, urn, part, of pingo. 
 painted, embroidered ; pic^ 
 ta tabula, a picture. 
 
 pwtas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. plus) 
 piety, filial affection. 
 
 pignus, oris, n. 3. a pledge, 
 pawn. 
 
 plla, ae,f. 1. a ball. 
 
DICTIONARY* 
 
 203 
 
 plleus, i, m. 2. a hat, 
 pllus, i, m. 2. a hair (on. any 
 part of the body). 
 
 Pindarus, i, m. 2. a celebrat- 
 ed Lyric poet of Thebes. 
 
 pingo, ingere, inxi, ictum, a. 
 3. to color, paint, embroi- 
 der. 
 
 plnguis, e, adj. fat, fertile. 
 
 pinna, ae,f. 1. a fin. 
 
 Piraeeus, et Piraeus, i et eos, 
 m. 2. & 3. et Piraeum, i, 
 n. 2. (Ileigousjg, tug, ws) a 
 celebrated and capacious 
 harbour of Athens. 
 
 pirata, ae, m. I. (fteieoL7r t $) a 
 pirate. 
 
 piscator, oris, m. 3. a fisher- 
 man. 
 
 piscis, is, m. 3. a fish. 
 
 Pisistrdtus, i, m. 2. an Athe- 
 nian, son of Hippocrates, 
 who, by his address and 
 eloquence, rendered him- 
 self absolute in his native 
 city. 
 
 plstrinum, i, n. 2. (fr. pinso, 
 pistum, to pound) a mill. 
 
 pius, a, um, adj. pious, pro- 
 perly disposed towards 
 one's parents, relations, 
 friends, country, &c. duti- 
 ful, affectionate, upright. 
 
 ulaceo, ere, ui, Xtum, n. 2. to 
 please ; sibi, to be vain of 
 something. 
 
 placet, ebat, uit vel itum est, 
 impers. it pleases, it is the 
 opinion of, it is determined. 
 
 placidus, a, um, adj. mild, 
 calm, placid. 
 
 plaga, ae,f. 1. a net or toil ; 
 a blow ; plagis conficere, 
 to beat severely. 
 
 vlane, adv. clearly, entirely, 
 absolutely. 
 
 pldnetes et plane ta, ae, m. 1* 
 
 (crXctv>j<r/}s) a planet. 
 planta, ae,f. 1. a plant. 
 pldtanus, i, f. 2. (fl-Xaravos; 
 
 the plane-tree. 
 platea, ae,f. 1. the spoonbill 
 
 or shoveller, a kind of 
 
 fowl. 
 Plato, onis, m. 3. a celebrate 
 
 ed philosopher at Athens, 
 
 son of Ariston, and one of 
 
 the pupils of Socrates. 
 plaustrum, i, n. 2. a waggon. 
 
 plebes, is, y 
 
 mon people or plebeians. 
 
 plecto, ctSre, xi, xum, a. 3. to 
 strike, punish ; twist, weave. 
 
 plenus, a, um, adj. full. 
 
 plerique, pleraeque, plerdque. 
 adj. most, the greater part. 
 
 pltrumque, adv. for the most 
 part. 
 
 Plinius, i, m. 2. C. — Secun* 
 dus, surnamed the Elder, 
 was born at Verona, of a 
 noble family. He distin- 
 guished himself by his tho- 
 rough acquaintance with 
 natural philosophy, and 
 every kind of learning.— 
 C. Caecilius Secundus, sur- 
 named the younger, ne- 
 phew and adopted son of 
 the Elder. 
 
 plumbeus, a, um, adj. of lead. 
 
 plumbum, i, n. 2. lead. 
 
 pluo, uere, ui, n. 3. to rain ; 
 pluit lapidibus, it rains 
 stones. 
 
 plurimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 
 multus) very many or much, 
 most. 
 
 plus, uris, adj. (n. in sing.) 
 plures, a, pi. (pomp, of mpl 
 ius) more. 
 
204 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Pluto, onis, m. 3. a son of 
 Saturn and Ops, brother of 
 Jupiter, and god of the in- 
 fernal regions. 
 
 pocidum, i, ft. 2. a cup. 
 
 poema, alls, n. 3. (jmoir^a) a 
 poem. 
 
 poena, ae, f. 1. (#oiv^) pun- 
 ishment ; dare poenam, to 
 suffer punishment. 
 
 poeniiet, ebai, uit, ere, impers. 
 2. to repent, be sorry for ; 
 poeniiet me faeti, I repent 
 of the deed. 
 
 Poenus, a, urn, adj. Cartha- 
 ginian ; sub st. m. 2. a Car- 
 thaginian. 
 
 poeta, ae, m, 1. (tfojrjffc) a 
 poet. 
 
 pal, int. by Pollux ! in truth ! 
 Per Pollucem. Perpol is 
 also used. 
 
 pollex, icis, in. 3. the thumb, 
 the great toe. 
 
 polliceor, eri, litis sum, d. 2. 
 to promise. 
 
 pollicitus, a, urn, pari, of pol- 
 liceor. 
 
 Pollux, ucis, m. S. a son of 
 Jupiter and Leda, brother 
 to Castor. 
 
 Polyxena,ae,f. 1. a daughter 
 of Priam and Hecuba. 
 
 pomifer, era, £rum, adj. (po- 
 mum & fero) bearing or 
 producing fruits ; pomife. 
 rae arhores, fruit-trees. 
 
 pompa, ae, f. 1. (#0^77) a 
 procession, pomp. 
 
 Pompeius, i, m. 2. Cneius, 
 surnamed Magnus, from 
 the greatness of his ex- 
 ploits, was son of Pompe- 
 ius Strabo, and Lucilla. 
 Potnpeidnus, a, urn, adj. re- 
 lating to Pompey. 
 
 pomum, i, n. 2. an apple. 
 
 pondus, iris, n. 3. (fr. pen, 
 do, to weigh) weight. 
 
 pono, ponere, posui, posiium. 
 a. 3. to lay, set, place. 
 
 pons, lis, m. 3. a bridge. 
 
 pontus, i, m. 2. the sea ; Port* 
 His (Euxinus), the Euxine 
 or Black Sea ; a kingdom 
 of Asia Minor, bounded on 
 the north by the Euxine. 
 
 populor, ari, dtus sum, d. I. 
 to waste (populus) a people 
 or country, lay waste. 
 
 populus, i, m. 2. a people, 
 nation. 
 
 por rectus, a, urn, part, of por« 
 rigo. 
 
 porrlgo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 
 3. (porro et r€go) to stretch 
 out, extend, hold out, offer. 
 
 Pors&na, et Porsenna, ae, m. 
 1. a king of Etruria, who 
 espoused the cause of Tar- 
 quin the Proud. 
 
 porta, ae, f. 1. a gate, door, 
 outlet. 
 
 poriendo, dere, di, turn, a. 3. 
 to foreshow, betoken, pre- 
 sage. That is, (tendo) I 
 hold out or show what will 
 happen (porro) hereafter. 
 
 poritcus, us, f. 4. a portico, 
 porch. 
 
 porto, are, avi,aium, a. 1. to 
 bear, carry. 
 
 porius, Us, m. 4. a harbour. 
 Fr. porto. That is, a place 
 of import and export for 
 goods, or for carrying ships 
 into. 
 
 posco, poscZre, peposci, a. 3. 
 to ask, demand. 
 
 posltus, a, urn, part, of pono. 
 
 possessio, onis,f. 3. (fr. pos 
 
DlCTIGNAKY, 
 
 206 
 
 stdeo, possessum) posses- 
 sion. 
 
 possessor, oris, m. 3. a pos- 
 sessor. 
 
 posstdeo, sldere, sedi, sessum, 
 a. 2. to possess. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, n. irr. 
 (potis, able, & sum) to be 
 able. 
 
 post, (pr. c. ace.) after ; adv. 
 afterwards; aliquot annis 
 post, some years after- 
 wards ; paulo post, a little 
 while afterwards. 
 
 postea, adv. afterwards. 
 
 poster et post&rus, €ra, erum, 
 adj. (posterior, postremus) 
 coming after, succeeding ; 
 in posterum, for the future ; 
 postero die, on the next day ; 
 postZri, drum, descendants, 
 posterity. 
 
 postis, is, m. 3. a door-post. 
 
 postquam, adv. after that. 
 
 postremo et postremum, adv. 
 lastly, finally. 
 
 postremus, a, urn, adj. (sup. 
 of posterus) last ; ad pos- 
 tremum, at last. 
 
 postxdo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to ask, demand. 
 
 Postumius or -thumius, i, m. 
 2. the name of a patrician 
 family at Rome ; Spurius, 
 a consul sent against the 
 Samnites, and defeated by 
 Pontius. 
 
 patens, tis, adj. powerful. 
 
 potentia, ae,f. 1. (potens,po- 
 ientis) power. 
 
 potestas, atis,f. 3. (fr. potis, 
 able) power, ability. 
 
 potio, onis, f. 3. a draught, 
 potion. 
 tor, iri, ftus sum, d. 4. (fr. 
 
 potis, able) to be or be- 
 come master of, obtain pos* 
 session of. 
 
 potisslmum, adv. (sup. of po> 
 tins) principally, chiefly. 
 
 potxtus, a, urn, part, of potior. 
 
 pdtius,adv. (positive not used} 
 rather. 
 
 poto, are, dvi, dtum, et um 9 a* 
 1. to drink. 
 
 potus, iis, m. 4. a drink, 
 draught. 
 
 prae, (pr. c. abl.) before, for t 
 on account of ; in compa- 
 rison of, with respect to. 
 
 praealtus, a, urn, adj. very 
 high, very deep. 
 
 praebeo, ere, ui, xtum, a. 2, 
 to show ; exhibit ; to offer, 
 supply ; speciem, to have 
 the appearance of. For 
 praehabeo, to hold out be- 
 fore another. 
 
 praecedOf dere, ssi, ssum, n. 
 3. (prae et cedo) to go be* 
 fore, precede. 
 
 praeceptor, oris, m. 3. (fr* 
 praecipio, praeceptum) a 
 preceptor. 
 
 praeceptum, i, n. 2. (fr. pra%< 
 cipio) a precept, rule, in 
 struction. 
 
 praecido, dere, di, sum, a. 3. 
 (prae et caedo) to cut off. 
 
 praecipio, ipe*re, Ipi, eptum, 
 a. 3. ( prae et cdpio) to sug« 
 gest, prescribe, command. 
 
 praecipito, are, dvi, dtum, a, 
 ■I. to throw (praecipiteth) 
 headlong, throw down. 
 
 praeclpue, adv. especially. 
 
 praecipuus, a, um, adj. parti* 
 cular, special ; distinguish- 
 ed, chief. Fr. praecapio* 
 
206 
 
 DIGTIONABY^ 
 
 That which is taken in pre- 
 ference to others. 
 
 praecldre, adv. excellently, 
 gloriously. 
 
 praecUrus, a, urn, adj. (prae 
 et cldrus) very clear or 
 bright ; distinguished, glo- 
 rious ; quanto praeclarius, 
 how much more glorious. 
 
 praecludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. 
 (prae et claudo) to shut in 
 the face of, shut against, 
 impede. 
 
 praeco, onis, m. 3. a public 
 crier, herald. 
 
 praeda, ae,f. 1. prey, booty. 
 
 praedico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to proclaim, affirm, praise. 
 Fr. dicoy to tell ; prae, be- 
 fore others. 
 
 praedico, c€re, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (prae et died) to foretell. 
 
 praedictus, a, urn, part, of 
 praedico. 
 
 praeditus, a, urn, part, endu- 
 ed or gifted with. For 
 praedatus. 
 
 praedor, art, atus sum, d. 1. 
 to plunder, ravage. 
 
 praefdris, (praefor, not used) 
 dtur, dri, atus sum, dep. 1 . 
 to speak before, premise, 
 predict. 
 
 praeferq, ferre, tiili, latum, 
 irr. a. (praeetfiro) to car- 
 ry before, prefer. 
 
 praeflnio, ire, ivi, xtum, a. 4. 
 (prae etfinio) to determine 
 beforehand, prescribe. 
 
 praeldtus, a, um, pari, of prae - 
 fero. 
 
 praelior, et proelior, dri, atus 
 sum, d. 1. to fight, engage, 
 join battle. 
 praelium, et proelium* i, n. 2, 
 a fight, battle. 
 
 praemitto, ittere, isi, issum, d* 
 3. (prae et mitto) to send 
 before. 
 
 praemium, i, n. 2. a reward. 
 
 Praeneste, is, n. 3. now Pala- 
 estrina, a town of Latium. 
 about 21 miles from Rome. 
 
 praenuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
 1. (prae et nuntio) to fore- 
 tell, foreshow, announce. 
 
 praepdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (prae et pdro) to prepare- 
 provide. 
 
 praepono, ponere, posui, po* 
 situm, a. 3. (prae et pono) 
 to put or set before, set 
 over. 
 
 praesens, tis, part, (prae, be- 
 fore, & ens, being) pre- 
 sent, at hand. 
 
 praesepe, is, n. 3. a crib. 
 
 praesidium, i, n. 2. a guard, 
 garrison, defence. Fr. 
 praesXdeo. As sitting be- 
 fore a place. 
 
 praestans, tis, part, of prats- 
 to; also, adj. excellent 
 surpassing. 
 
 praestantia, ae, f. 1. (fr. 
 praestans, tis) excellence, 
 preeminence, superiority. 
 
 praesto, stare, stiti, stttum, a. 
 1. (prae & sto) to stand be- 
 fore, be superior to ; to 
 execute, perform, dis- 
 charge, make good ; se, to 
 prove one's self ; sefortem. 
 to show one's self brave : 
 praestat, it is better ; prae- 
 stare alicui & aliquem ali~ 
 qua re, to aicel one in any 
 thing. 
 
 praesum, esse,fui, irr. n. to 
 be (prae) at the head of 
 others, to preside over, 
 rule over. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 20? 
 
 praetendo, dire, di, sum et 
 
 turn, a. 3. to stretch, hold, 
 
 or put before, to allege as 
 
 an excuse. 
 praeter, prep. c. ace. beyond, 
 
 besides, except. 
 praeWrea, adv. (praeter ea) 
 
 besides, moreover. 
 praefe~reo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, 
 
 a. irr. (praeter et eo) to go 
 
 or pass by or over, go past 
 
 or beyond. 
 praeteriens , euntis, part, of 
 
 praetereo. 
 praeteritus, a, um, part, of 
 
 praetereo, past. 
 praeterquam, adv. besides, 
 
 save, except, 
 praetorius, a, um, adj^ of or 
 
 belonging to a praetor ; 
 
 {vir) one who has been a 
 
 praetor. 
 prdtum, i, n. 2. a meadow. 
 pravftas, dtis, f. 3. wicked- 
 ness, depravity. 
 prdvus, a, um, adj. perverse, 
 
 bad, depraved. 
 ptfeor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to 
 
 pray, beseech. 
 premo, premere, pressi, pres- 
 
 sum, a. 3. to press, press 
 
 upon, urge. 
 pretiosus, a, um, adj. (fr. pre- 
 
 tium) costly, precious. 
 pretium, i, n. 2. the price, va- 
 
 value. 
 prex, precis, f. 3. (nom. &; 
 
 gen. sing, not used ; plural 
 
 cases most frequent) a 
 
 prayer. 
 Pridmus, i, m. 2. the last 
 
 king of Troy, was son of 
 
 Laomedon. 
 pridie, adv. on the day be- 
 fore. 
 
 Priene, es, f. 1 . a maritime 
 town of Asia Minor at the 
 foot of mount Mycale, 
 which gave birth to Bias. 
 
 primo et prtmum, adv. at' the 
 first, at first ; quumprimum. 
 as soon as. 
 
 primoris, e, adj. first ; denies, 
 the front teeth, fore-teeth. 
 
 primus, a, um, num. ord. adj. 
 first ; prima node, in the 
 beginning of the night. 
 
 princeps, ipis, adj. chief, fore - 
 most, principal ; principes. 
 chiefs, princes. 
 
 princfpdtus, us, m. 4. (fr. 
 princeps, prinetpis) the 
 chief place, a government, 
 sovereignty. 
 
 prior, us, adj. (pos. not in use ; 
 sup. primus) the former. 
 
 prius, adv. (pos. not in use ; 
 sup, primo vel primum) be* 
 fore, sooner. 
 
 priusquam, adv. sooner than, 
 before that. 
 
 privdtus, a, um, adj. private, 
 one's own ; (homo) a pri- 
 vate person. 
 
 pro, prep. c. all. for, instead 
 of; pro remedio esse, to 
 serve as a remedy. 
 
 probibilis, c, adj. (fr. prdbo) 
 probable. 
 
 probitas, dtis.f. 3. (fr. pro- 
 bus) probity, honesty. 
 
 proboscis, idis,f. 3. (tffojSotf- 
 &s) the trunk of an ele* 
 phant. 
 
 probus, a, um, adj. honest, 
 upright, worthy. 
 
 procedo, cedere, cessi, ccssum* 
 n. 3, (pro et c?do) to pro- 
 ceed, go or come forth, go 
 on or forward. 
 
208 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 proceritas,dtis,f.3. (fr. pro- 
 cerus) length, height, tall. 
 ness. 
 
 procerus, a, um, adj. long, 
 tall. 
 
 procldmo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 
 & a. 1. to cry out, exclaim, 
 proclaim. 
 
 proconsul, ulis, m. 3. (pro et 
 consul) a Proconsul, one 
 invested with the authority 
 of a consul. 
 
 procreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . 
 (pro et creo) to beget. 
 
 procul, adv. far off; procul 
 dubio, without doubt, doubt- 
 less. 
 
 procuro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (pro et euro) to take care 
 of, manage. 
 
 procurro, currere, curri et cu- 
 curri, cursum, n. 3. (pro et 
 vurro) to run before or for- 
 wards, to extend. 
 
 prodigium, i, n, 2. a prodigy. 
 
 prodilio, onis, f. 3. (fr. pro- 
 do, prodttum) treachery, 
 treason. 
 
 proditor, oris, m. 3. (fr. pro- 
 do, prodttum) a betrayer, 
 traitor. 
 
 prodftus, a, urn, part, of pro- 
 do. 
 
 prodo, dere, didi, dftum, a. 3. 
 (pro et do) to declare, dis- 
 close, betray. 
 
 proelior, dri, dtus sum, d.„ 1 . 
 to fight. 
 
 proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, bat- 
 tle. 
 
 prof anus, a, urn, adj. profane, 
 not sacred. 
 
 profectus, a, urn, part, of pro- 
 ficiscor. 
 
 proficiscor, ieisci, ectus sum. 
 
 d. 3. to set out on a jour- 
 ney or voyage, journey \ 
 to depart. 
 profiteor, Iteri, essus sum, d, 
 
 2. (pro etfdteor) to confess 
 openly, avow, profess ; sa- 
 pientiam, to make a pro- 
 fession of wisdom. 
 
 profugio, ilgere, ugi, n. 3. (pro 
 ctfugioj to flee for succour, 
 take refuge. 
 
 profiigus, a, um, adj. fleeing, 
 fugitive ; subst. a fugitive, 
 exile. 
 
 profundus, a, um, adj. deep. 
 
 progredior, gr&di, gressus sum f 
 d. 3. (pro et grddior) to go 
 on or forward, advance, 
 proceed. 
 
 prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2, 
 to keep off, hinder, prohi- 
 bit. Fr. habeo, to hold, 
 and pro, i. e. porro or pro- 
 cul. 
 
 pronlbiius,a, um,part. of pro 
 hibeo. 
 
 projicio, icere, eci, ectum, a, 
 
 3. (pro et jdcio) to throv 
 forth or away. 
 
 proldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3 
 
 (pro et labor) to glide for. 
 
 ward, fall. 
 prolapsus, a, um, part, of pro - 
 
 I bor. 
 proldto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . 
 
 to enlarge, extend. 
 proles, is,f. 3. an offspring, 
 
 progeny, race. 
 Prometheus, i, m. 2. a son of 
 
 Japetus, who surpassed all 
 
 mankind in cunning and 
 
 fraud. 
 promitto, ittgre, tsi, issum, a. 
 
 3. (pro et mitto) to promise. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 209 
 
 promontorium, h n * 2. a pro- 
 montory. 
 promoveo, dvere, dvi, otum, a. 
 2. (pro et moveo) to move 
 forwards, make to advance, 
 extend. 
 propdgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 to propagate. 
 
 prope, pr. et adv. (propius, 
 
 proxfme) nigh, beside, near. 
 
 propensus, a, um, part. &. adj. 
 
 (fr. propendeo ) hanging 
 
 forward, inclined towards ; 
 
 favourable to, prone to. 
 
 propero, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. 
 
 to hasten. 
 propinquus, a, um, adj, (fr. 
 prope) near ; propkiqui, re- 
 lations. 
 propior, us, adj. comp. (fr. 
 
 prope) nearer. 
 propono, pon€re, posui, post- 
 turn, a. 3. (pro et pono) to 
 put or set before, propose ; 
 mihi propositum est, I have 
 made up my mind, I in- 
 tend or purpose. 
 Propontis, tdis, f. 3. a sea 
 which has a communica- 
 tion with the Euxine, by 
 the Thracian Bosphorus, 
 and with the Aegaean by 
 the Hellespont, now called 
 the sea of Marmora. 
 propositus, a, um,part. of pro- 
 pono. 
 proprie, adv. particularly, pro- 
 perly. 
 proprius, a, urn, adj. peculiar, 
 proper, one's own, person- 
 al. 
 propter, pr. c. ace. for, on ac- 
 count of, by reason of. 
 propulso, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. 
 
 (freq. fr. propello) to drive 
 away, repel. 
 
 propylaeum, i, n. 2. (tffotfu- 
 Xaiov) the vestibule or porch 
 of a temple or palace ; pro- 
 pylaea, the row of columns 
 which led to the Acropolis 
 at Athens. 
 
 prora, ae, f 1. (rfguga) the 
 prow of a ship. 
 
 prorsus, adv. entirely, whoL 
 
 proscrlbo, here, psi, ptum, a. 
 3. (pro et scribo) to pro- 
 scribe. 
 prosecutus, a, um, part, of 
 
 prosequor. 
 prosequor, qui, quutus et cuius 
 sum, d. 3. (pvo et sequor) 
 to follow after, attend. 
 Proserpina, ae, f, 1. a daugh^ 
 ter of Ceres and Jupiter, 
 carried away by Pluto. 
 prospectus, us, m. 4. {fr. 
 prospicio, prospectum) a 
 prospect. 
 prospere, adv. prosperously. 
 prospicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 
 
 3. to look forward, view. 
 prosterno, sternere, strdvi, strG* 
 turn, a. 3. (pro et sterno) to 
 overthrow, prostrate. 
 prostrdtus, a, um, part, of 
 
 prosterno. 
 prosum, desse,fui, irr. n. (pro 
 et sum) to do good, be pro- 
 fitable, avail. 
 Protagoras, ae,m. 1. a Greek 
 philosopher of Abdera in 
 Thrace. 
 protenus, adv. immediately. 
 protero, ter ere, trlvi, tritum, a. 
 3. (pro et tPro) to tread or 
 trample upon, crush. 
 
 t2 
 
210 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 protr actus, a, urn, part, of pro- 
 traho. 
 
 protraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (pro et traho) to defer, pro- 
 tract, prolong. 
 
 provenio, venire, vent, ventum, 
 n. 4. (pro et venio) to pro- 
 ceed or come forth. 
 
 provincia, ae, f. 1. a pro- 
 vince. 
 
 provocdtio, onis, f. 3. (fr. 
 provoco, atum) a challenge, 
 defiance, appeal. 
 
 provoco, are, avi, atum, a. 1. 
 (pro et voco) to call forth, 
 challenge, provoke ; ad alu 
 quern, to appeal to one. 
 
 proxime, adv. (sup. fr. prope) 
 nearest, aext, very near. 
 
 proximus, a, urn, adj. very 
 near, neighbouring, next. 
 
 prudens, tis, adj. (fr. prom- 
 dens) provident, prudeni , 
 wise. 
 
 prudentia, aB,fH^. providence, 
 prudence, knowledge. 
 
 psittacus, i, m. 2. a parrot. 
 
 Psophidius, a, urn, adj. of 
 Psophis. 
 
 Psophis, tdis, f.S. a city of 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Ptolemaeus, i, m. 2. the name 
 of several kings of Egypt. 
 
 publice, adv. publicly, by pub- 
 lic authority, at the com- 
 mon charge or cost. 
 Publicola et Poplicola, ae, m. 
 1 , a name given to Publius 
 Valerius, on account of his 
 great popularity. 
 publicus, a, urn, adj. public ; 
 ex publico, from public 
 means. 
 Publius, i, m. 2. a Roman 
 Praenomen. 
 
 pudibundus, a, um, adj.~B.sham * 
 ed. 
 
 pudor, oris, m. 3. shame, mo 
 desty. 
 
 puer, eri, m. 2. a boy ; puerL 
 children. 
 
 puerzlis,e,adj. (fr. puer) boy- 
 ish, childish, puerile. 
 
 pueritia, ae, f. 1. (fr. puer) 
 boyhood, childhood. 
 
 pugio, onis, m. 3. a dagger, 
 poniard. 
 
 pugna, ae, f. 1. a combat, 
 battle. 
 
 pugno, are, avi, atum, a. 1. 
 to fight, combat. 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum, et cer. 
 era, crum, adj. fair, beau- 
 teous. 
 
 pulchritudo, inis, f. 3. fair- 
 ness, beauty. 
 
 pullus, i, m. 2. the young of 
 any creature. 
 
 pulsus, a, um, part, of peUo. 
 
 Puntcus, a, um, adj. Punic. 
 Carthaginian. 
 
 puniendus, a, um, part, of pa* 
 nio. 
 
 punio, xre, Ivi, itum, a. 4. to 
 punish. 
 
 pupillus, i, m. 2. a pupil. 
 
 puppis, is, f. 3. the stern of 
 a ship. 
 
 pur go, are, avi, atum, a. 1. 
 (fr. purus) to make clean., 
 cleanse, purge, purify. 
 
 purpura, ae, f. 1. the shell- 
 fish from which purple die 
 was produced, the purple 
 muscle ; purple. 
 
 purpur ~tus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 purpura) clothed in purple 
 purpurati, courtiers. 
 
 pvrpureus, a, um 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 211 
 
 purus, a, um, adj. pure, clear. 
 
 pusillus, a, um, adj. very lit- 
 tle or small. 
 
 puteus, i, m. 2. a well. 
 
 puto, drey dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 think. 
 
 putresco, escere, ui, inc. 3. to 
 rot, putrefy. 
 
 Pydna y ae, f. 1. a town of 
 Macedonia, originally call- 
 ed Citron. 
 
 Pygmaei, orum, m. 2. the Pyg- 
 mies or dwarfs. 
 
 pyra, ae,f. 1. (tfuga) a fune- 
 ral pile. 
 
 pyramis, idis, f. 3. a pyra- 
 mid. 
 
 Pyrenaei, orum, m. 2. {mon- 
 ies) a ridge of high moun- 
 tains, which separate Gaul 
 from Spain, and extend 
 from the Atlantic to the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 pyrites, ae,m. 1. (crujiVr^) the 
 fire stone. 
 
 PyrrhuSy i+m. 2. a king of 
 Epirus, who supported the 
 Tarentines in their war 
 against the Romans. 
 
 Pythmgoras, ae, m. 1. a cele- 
 brated philosopher, born at 
 S«nos. 
 
 Pythagoreus, i, m. 2. a Pytha- 
 gorean, a disciple of Py- 
 thagoras. 
 
 Pythia, ae,f. 1. the priestess 
 of Apollo at Delphi. 
 
 Q. 
 
 quadrdgesimus, a, um, ord, 
 num. adj. the fortieth. 
 
 quadrdginta, card. num. adj. 
 ind. forty. 
 
 quadriennium, i, n. 2. the 
 ^ace of four years. 
 
 quadriga, ae, f. 1. a chariot 
 drawn by four horses. 
 
 quadringentesimus, a, urn, ord, 
 num. adj. the four hun- 
 dredth. 
 
 quadringenti, ae, a, card. num. 
 adj. four hundred. 
 
 quadrupes, pedis, adj. Cfir. 
 pes) four-footed. 
 
 quaero, rere, sivi, situm, a. 3. 
 to seek, search, ask, en- 
 quire ; quaeritur, it is ask- 
 ed. 
 
 quaestio, onis,f. 3. (fr. quae 
 ro) a question. 
 
 quaestor, oris, m. 3. (fr. quae 
 ro) a quaestor. 
 
 quaestus, us, m. 4. (fr. quae- 
 ro,quaesitum) a trade ; gain, 
 profit. 
 
 qudlis, e, adj. of what kind or 
 sort, as. 
 
 quam, adv. & conj. how, how 
 much, as much, as ; than. 
 
 quamdiu, adv. as long as. 
 
 quamquam, conj. how much 
 soever, although, though. 
 
 quamvis, conj. although, 
 though. 
 
 quando, adv. when, since, 
 seeing that. 
 
 quanto, adv. by how much. 
 
 quantopere, adv. how great- 
 ly, how much, as greatly. 
 
 quantum, adv. as much as, 
 how much. 
 
 quanfus, a, um, adj. how great. 
 
 quantuslibet, quantallbet, quan- 
 tumlibet, adj. as great as 
 you please, how great so- 
 ever ; in quantallbet muh 
 tztudine, in the greatest 
 multitude. 
 
 quapropter, adv. for what rea- 
 son, why, wherefore. 
 
212 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 quare, adv. on which account, 
 
 wherefore. 
 quartus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 
 the fourth. 
 quasi, adv. as if. 
 quatriduum, i, n. 2. the space 
 
 of four days. 
 quatuor, card. num. adj. ind. 
 
 four. 
 quatuordecim, card. num. adj. 
 
 ind. fourteen. 
 que, conj. and, also. 
 queo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n. to 
 
 be able. 
 quercus, us,f. 4. an oak. 
 queror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. to 
 
 complain, lament. 
 questus, a, um, part, of que- 
 ror. 
 qui, quae, quod, pro. who, 
 
 which, what. 
 qui, adv. how, in what man- 
 ner. 
 quia, conj. because. 
 quicunque, quaecunque, quod- 
 
 cunque, pro. whosoever. 
 
 whoever, whatever. 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam et 
 
 quiddam, pro. a certain 
 
 one, one ; quidam homines, 
 
 certain men. 
 quidem, adv. indeed, truly, 
 
 certainly, at least ; ne.... 
 
 quidem, not.... even. 
 quies, etis, f. 3. repose, rest, 
 
 quiet. 
 quin, conj. but, however., but 
 
 that. 
 quindScim, card. num. adj. 
 
 fifteen. 
 quingentesimus, a, um, ord. 
 
 num. adj. the five hun- 
 dredth. 
 quingenti, ae, a, card. num. 
 
 adj. five hundred. 
 
 quinquageni, distr. num. adj, 
 
 every fifty. 
 quinquagesimus, a, um, ord. 
 
 num. adj. the fiftieth. 
 quinquaginta, card. num. adj. 
 
 ind. fifty. 
 quinque, card. num. adj. ind. 
 
 five. 
 quinquies, num. adv. five 
 
 times. 
 quintus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 
 the fifth. 
 quis, quae, quod, et quid, 'pro. 
 
 interrog. who, which, what ? 
 quisnam, quaenam, quodnam, 
 
 et quidnam, pro. interrog. 
 
 (quis et nam) for who, who, 
 
 who then 1 
 quisquam, quaequam, quid- 
 
 quam, et quicquam, pro. any 
 
 one ; nee quisquam, and no 
 
 one. 
 quisque, quaeque, quodque, el 
 
 quidque, vel quicque, pro. 
 
 every man, every one, each. 
 
 every. 
 quisquis, quaequae, quidquid. 
 
 et quicquid, pro. whoever 
 
 whosoever, whatever, what- 
 soever. 
 quivis, quaevis, quodvis, el 
 
 quidvis, pro. any one you 
 
 please, whoever, every one. 
 quo, adv. whither, why ; (as 
 
 a conj.) to the end that, in 
 
 order that, that. 
 quod, conj. because, since, 
 
 that. 
 quominus, or quo minus, adv. 
 
 that not. 
 quomodo, et quo modo, adv. in 
 
 what manner, how. 
 quondam, adv. formerly. 
 quoniam, conj. since. 
 quoque, conj. also. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 213 
 
 quot, adj. ind. how many. 
 quotannis, adv. every year, 
 
 annually. 
 quotidie, adv. daily. 
 quoties, adv. how often, as of- 
 
 ten as. 
 quum, conj. since ; adv. when. 
 
 R. 
 
 radius, i, m. 2. a rod or staff; 
 a ray. 
 
 radix, tcis,f. 3. a root. 
 
 ramosuS) a, um, adj. full of 
 boughs or branches. 
 
 ramus, i 9 m. 2. a branch, 
 bough. 
 
 rdna, ae,f 1. a frog. 
 
 rdpina, ae, f. 1. (fr. rapio) 
 robbery, rapine, pillage. 
 
 rapio, €re, ui, turn, a. 3. to 
 seize forcibly, rob. 
 
 raptor, oris, m. 3. (fr. rapio, 
 raptum) a robber, 
 
 rapturus, a, urn, part, of ra- 
 pio. 
 
 raptus, a, urn, padk of rapio. 
 
 raritas, dtis, f. 3. rareness, 
 rarity, scarcity. 
 
 raro, adv. seldom. That is, 
 thinly. Fr. rarus. 
 
 rarus, a, urn, adj. thin, scan- 
 ty ; scarce, rare. 
 
 ratio, 6nis,f. 3. (fr. reor, ra- 
 tus) reason, a reason. 
 
 ratis, is, f. 3. a float, raft, 
 boat, ship. 
 
 ratus, a, urn, part, of reor. 
 
 raucus, a, um, v*dj. hoarse, 
 harsh, hoarse sounding. 
 
 rZbello, are, dvi, atum, n. 1 . to 
 wage (helium) war against, 
 rebel. 
 
 recedo, dSre, ssi, ssum, n. 3. 
 (re et cedo) to retire, with- 
 draw, retreat, recede. 
 
 recens, tis, adj. new, recent ; 
 adv. recens nati, new-born 
 children. 
 
 receptus, a, um, part, of reci* 
 pio. 
 
 rScessus, its, m. 4. (fr. rece- 
 do, recessum) a retreat, re- 
 cess. 
 
 recipio, cipere, cepi 7 ceptura, 
 a. 3. (re et cdpio) to take 
 again, take back, receive,, 
 recover ; animam, to come 
 to one's self again, to reco- 
 ver one's senses ; se, to 
 come back, return. 
 
 r&coctus, a, um, part, of reco- 
 quo. 
 
 rgcognosco, noscere, novi, ni- 
 tum, a. 3. (re et cognosco) 
 to recognise. 
 
 recolligo, ligere, legi, ledum, 
 a. 3. (re et colligo) to gather 
 up again, collect again, re* 
 collect. 
 
 reconditus, a, um, part, of re- 
 condo. hidden. 
 
 recondo, dere, dfdi, ditum, a. 
 3. (re et condo) to lay up, 
 hide. 
 
 recoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (re et coquo) to boil or 
 seethe again. 
 
 recorddtio, onis,f. 3. recollec- 
 tion, remembrance. 
 
 rZcreo, are, nvi, dtum, a. 1 . (re 
 et creo) to create again, re« 
 new, to bring to life again. 
 
 recte, adv. right, rightly. 
 
 rectus, a, um, adj. straight, 
 right, upright, Fr. rego, 
 rectum. 
 
 recupero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 > 
 to get back, recover. 
 
 redditus, «, um, part, of rei 
 do. 
 
214 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 reddo, dSre, dfdi, ditum, a. 3. 
 (re et do) to give back, re- 
 store, return. ; verba, to re- 
 peat ; rationem, to give a 
 reason ; gratiam, to repay 
 a favour. 
 
 redeo, ire, ii, raro tvL uum, n. 
 irr. (re et en) ^ go or come 
 again, return. 
 
 rediens, euntis, part, of redeo. 
 
 redlgo, igere, egi, actum, a. 
 3. (re et ago) to bring back, 
 reduce. 
 
 rUdlmo, Imere, emi, emptum, et 
 
 * emtum, a. 3. (re et emo) to 
 buy back, recover, redeem. 
 
 reducendus, a, um, part, of 
 reduco. 
 
 rgduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (re et duco) to lead back ; 
 in gratiam, to reconcile. 
 
 reftro, ferre, tiili, latum, a. 
 irr. (re et fero) to bring 
 back ; gratiam, to evince 
 gratitude ; beneficium, to 
 return a benefit ; victoriam, 
 to gain a victory ; imagi- 
 nem, to take a likeness ; re- 
 fer re ad aliquam rem, to re- 
 fer to something. 
 
 refluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. (re 
 etfluo) to flow back. 
 
 refugio, ugere, ugi, ugttum,]n. 
 3. (re etfugio) to fly back. 
 
 regia, ae, f 1 . a palace. That 
 is, regia domus. 
 
 regina, ae,f. 1. (fr. rex, re- 
 gis) a queen. 
 
 regio, onis, f. 3. a district, 
 region, clime. 
 
 regius, a, um, adj. {fr. rex, 
 regis) royal. 
 
 regno, are, dvi, atum, n. 1. 
 (fr. regnum) to reign, rule, 
 govern ; regndtur, imp. it 
 is ruled. 
 
 regnum, i, n. 2. (fr. reg, re- 
 gis) a kingdom, govern* 
 
 ment. 
 rego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to 
 
 govern, rule. 
 regredior, gre*di, gressus sum, 
 
 d, 3. (re et grddior) to go 
 
 back, return. 
 regressus, a, um, part, of re* 
 
 grddior. 
 Regulus. i, m. 2. M. Attilius, 
 
 a Roman Consul during the 
 
 first Punic war. 
 reldtus, a, um, part, of r$* 
 
 fero. 
 rSlicturus, a, um, part, of re- 
 
 linquo. 
 rdictus, a, um, part, of re 
 
 linquo. 
 religio, 6nis,f. 3. religion. 
 relinquo, linquere, liqui, lictum. 
 
 a. 3. (re et linquo) to leave 
 
 behind, leave. 
 reliquiae, drum,f. I. the re* 
 
 mains, relics, remainder. 
 
 Fr, reliquus. 
 rellquus, a, um, adj. (fr. re- 
 linquo) remaining, the rest* 
 remdneo, ere, si, sum, n. 2, 
 
 (re et mdneo) to tarry be- 
 hind, remain. 
 remedium, i, n. 2. (fr. mede< 
 
 or) a remedy. 
 remitto, mittire, mlsi, missum, 
 
 a. 3. (re et mitto) to send 
 
 back, return. 
 remotus, a, um, part, of re- 
 
 moveo. 
 removeo, overe, ovi, otum, a, 
 
 2. (re et moveo) to remove. 
 remus, i, m. 2. an oar. 
 Remus, i, m. 2. the brother of 
 
 Romulus. 
 renovo, are, ovi, atum, a. I. 
 
 (re et novo) to renew. 
 r€nuntio : are, dvi, atum, a. 1 
 
DICTIONABY. 
 
 215 
 
 (re et nuniio) to report, in- 
 form, make known. 
 reor, reri, rdtus sum, d. 2. to 
 
 think, believe. 
 repdro, are, ovi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 (re et pdro) to repair, re- 
 new. 
 repente, adv. suddenly. 
 reperio, erlre, eri, ertum, a. 4. 
 
 (re et pario) to find out, 
 
 discover. 
 reperlus, a, um, part, of re- 
 
 perio. 
 repeto, ere, ivi, et ii, Hum, a. 
 
 3. (re et peto) to ask again, 
 
 demand back. 
 repleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. 
 
 (re et pleo) to fill again, fill 
 
 up, replenish. 
 repono, dnere, osui, osftum, a. 
 
 3. (re et pono) to place 
 
 again, replace. 
 reporto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 (re et porto) to bring or 
 
 carry back, bear off. 
 repraesento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
 
 1. to represent. 
 repudio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 to cast off, disown, divorce. 
 requlro, rere, slvi, silum, a. 3. 
 
 (re et quaero) to seek back, 
 
 demand, require. 
 res, rei,f. 5 a thing, affair, 
 
 matter, subject ; res gestae, 
 
 exploits ; res familiaris, 
 
 property, substance. 
 ■eservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 to reserve, retain, spare. 
 rcsideo, sXdere, sedi, n. 2. 
 
 (re et sedeo) to sit down. 
 resimus, a, um, adj. crooked. 
 
 bent back. 
 resisto, sistere, stfti, stitum, n. 
 
 3. (re et sisto) to resist, 
 
 withstand. 
 resoh-o, vSre, vi, utum,a* 3. 
 
 (re et solvo) to unloose, dis- 
 solve. 
 
 respondeo, dere, di, sum, n. 2, 
 (re et spondeo) to answer ; 
 respondetur, imp. it is an- 
 swered. 
 
 responsum, i, n. 2, an an- 
 swer. 
 
 respublica,reipubllcae,f. 1. ds 
 h. a commonwealth, state ? 
 republic. 
 
 respuo, uere, w, a. 3. (re et 
 spuo) to spit oat, reject. 
 
 restituo, uere, ui utum, a. 3. 
 (re et statuo) to replace, 
 restore. 
 
 retineo, tinere, tinii, tentum, a. 
 2. (re et teneo, to hold or 
 keep back, deain. 
 
 revera, et re vert, adv. in very 
 deed, in realty, truly. 
 
 rZverentia, ae /. 1. rever- 
 ence. 
 
 reversus, a, w, part, of re* 
 vertor, having returned. 
 
 riverto, tere ti, sum, n. 3. 
 (re et vert/) and reverter, ti, 
 sus sum, i. 3. to return. 
 
 reviresco, ece~re, ui, n. inc. 3. 
 to beconre or grow green 
 again. 
 
 revoco, art dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (re et vico) to call back, 
 recall. 
 
 rSvolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. 
 (re et volo) to fly back. 
 
 rex, regis, m. 3. a king. 
 
 Rhadamanthus, i, m. a son of 
 Jupiter and Europa, so ce- 
 lebrated for justice, that the 
 ancients have said he be- 
 came one of the judges of 
 the infernal regions. 
 
 Rhaeti, drum, m. 2. the in- 
 habitants of Rhaetia. 
 
 Rhaetia. ae. f. 1. a countr> 
 
216 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 of Europe, north of Italy 
 and east of Helvetia. 
 
 Rhea, ae, f. 1. Silvia, the 
 mother of Romulus and 
 Remus. 
 
 Rhenus, i, m. 2. the Rhine. 
 
 rhinoceros i otis, m. 3. a rhi- 
 noceros. 
 
 Rhoddnus, i, m. 2. the river 
 Rhone. 
 
 Rhodius, i, m. 2. a Rhodian. 
 
 Rhodope, es, f. 1. a high 
 mountain otThrace. 
 
 Rhodus, i,f* 2. now Rhodes, 
 a celebrated island of the 
 Mediterraiean sea, at the 
 south of Ctria. 
 
 Rhyndacus, \ m. 2. a large 
 river of Myria, in Asia Mi- 
 nor. 
 
 rideo, dere, si, sum, n. et a. 
 to laugh, derde, ridicule. 
 
 ridiculus, a, uv, adj. (fr. 
 rideo) ridiculous, laugha- 
 ble. 
 
 rfgeo, ere, ui, n. %. (fyyw) to 
 be cold. 
 
 rlgidus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 rigeo) severe. 
 
 rigo, are, dvi, dtun, a. 1. to 
 water, moisten, ledew. 
 
 ripa,' ae,f. 1. the iank of a 
 river. 
 
 risus, its, m. 4. (jr. rideo, 
 risum) laughter. 
 
 rixor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to 
 quarrel, dispute. 
 
 rdbur, oris, n. 3. oak. Hence 
 any thing hard and strong, 
 strength ; militum, the bra- 
 vest, the flower of the 
 troop. 
 
 robustus, a, um, adj. hard and 
 strong like (robur) oak, 
 strong, robust. 
 
 rogo,' are, am, dtum, c. 1. to 
 ask, beg. 
 
 rogus, i, m. 2. a funeral pile, 
 
 Roma, ae,f 1. a city of Ita- 
 ly, the capital of the Ro- 
 man empire, situate on the 
 banks of the river Tiber. 
 
 Romanus, a, um, adj. Roman* 
 
 Romanus, i, m. 2. a Roman. 
 
 Romulus, i, m. 2. the founder 
 of Rome. 
 
 ros 9 roris, m. 3. dew. 
 
 rostrum, i, n. 2. a beak, snout, 
 
 rota, ae,f. 1. a wheel. 
 
 rotundus, a, um, adj. round ^ 
 like a (rota) wheel. 
 
 ruber, bra, brum, adj. red. 
 
 rudens, tis, m. 3. a cable, 
 rope. 
 
 rudis, e, adj. uncultivated, 
 rude, rough. 
 
 ruina, ae, f. 1. (fr. ruo) a 
 downfal, ruin, destruction. 
 
 rumpo, rump&re, rupi, ruptum t 
 a. 3. to break, break off. 
 
 ruo, ere, i, ttum, et turn, n. 3. 
 to fall, fall down, rush headr 
 long, go to ruin. 
 
 rupes, is,f. 3. a rock. 
 
 ruptus, a, um, part, of rumpo. 
 
 rursus, adv. again. 
 
 rus, ruris, n. 3. the country. 
 
 rustfcus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the (rus) country, 
 rustic. 
 
 rusticus, i, m. 2. a rustic ; 
 countryman. 
 
 Rutilius, i, m. 2. P. Rufus, 
 a Roman consul in the age 
 of Sulla. 
 
 rutilus, a, um, adj. of a red 
 colour, bright, glittering. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 2Iv 
 
 Habinus, i, m. 2. a Sabine, (a 
 people of Italy.) 
 
 sdcer, era, crum, adj. (sup. 
 sacerrimus) sacred. 
 
 sdcerdos, otis, c. 3. (fr* sd- 
 cer) a priest, priestess. 
 
 sacrifxeium, i, n. 2. a sacri- 
 fice. 
 
 sacrifice*, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. 
 (sacrum facto) to sacrifice. 
 
 sacrum, i, et sacra, drum, n. 
 2. any 'thing consecrated 
 to the gods, a sacrifice, 
 sanctuary. 
 
 saepe, adv. (saepius, saepis- 
 sime) often. 
 
 saevio, ire, ii, Hum, n. 4. to 
 rage. 
 
 saevitas, dtis, f. 3. cruelty, 
 barbarity. 
 
 saevus, a, urn, adj. severe, 
 cruel, savage. 
 
 sagino, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to 
 fatten. 
 
 sagitta, ae,f. 1. an arrow, 
 
 Saguntlni, drum, m. 2. the in- 
 habitants of Saguntum. 
 
 Saguntum, i, n. 2. a town of 
 Hispania Tarraconensis. 
 
 salio, ire, ivi, et ii, et ui, turn, 
 n. 4. to leap, bound, dance. 
 
 salsus, a, um, adj. (fr. sal) 
 salt, sharp, keen. 
 
 salto, are, dvi, dtum, n* 1. 
 (freq. of salio) to dance. 
 
 saluber, bris, bre, et salubris,\ 
 bre, adj. (fr. salus) health- 
 ful, salubrious, wholesome, 
 sound. 
 
 salubritas, cutis, f. 3. (fr. sa- 
 lubris) healthfulness, salu- 
 brity. 
 
 solum*, i t n. 2. the sea. 
 
 solus, litis, f. 3. safety, health 
 
 salutdris, e, adj. (salus, salu 
 tis) healthful, salutary. 
 
 sdluto, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to 
 wish (salutem) health to ? 
 salute. 
 
 salvus, a, um, adj. safe 5 sound, 
 unpunished. 
 
 Sammies, um, et ium, m. 3. ^ 
 people of Italy. 
 
 sanctus, <t, um, adj. sacred- 
 holy, blameless. 
 
 sanguis, mis, m. 3. blood, 
 
 sapiens, tis, adj. (fr. sapio 
 
 - wise ; subst. a wise man 
 sage. 
 
 sapientia, ae,f 1. wisdom. 
 
 sapio, ere, ivi, et ii, et ui, n, 
 3. to be wise. 
 
 sarcina, ae, f. 1. a bundle,, 
 pack. 
 
 Sardinia, ae,f. 1. the great 
 est island in the Mediterra^ 
 nean after Sicily, south of 
 Corsica. 
 
 Sarmdta, ae, c. I. an inhabit 
 ant of Sarmatia, (an exten 
 sive country in the north 
 of Europe and Asia.) 
 
 Sarpedon, onis, m. 3. a son 
 of Jupiter and Europa. 
 
 satelles, itis, m. 3. a guard : 
 satellite. 
 
 salio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 satisfy, satiate. 
 
 satis, adv. in a sufficient d^= 
 gree, enough. 
 
 satur, iira, urum, adj. full, sa 
 tiated. 
 
 Saturnia, i, ?n» 2. a name 
 given to Italy, because Sa- 
 turn had reigned there dur- 
 ing the golden age. 
 
 Satumus, i 3 m. 2. a son of 
 
 V 
 
218 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Coelus and Terra, father 
 
 ^ of Jupiter. 
 
 saucio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 wound. 
 
 saxeus, a, um, adj. stony, 
 rocky. 
 
 saxum, i 9 n. 2. a rock, stone. 
 
 Scamander, dri, m. 2. a cele- 
 brated river of Troas. 
 
 scateo, ere, n. 2, to flow forth 
 like water, to abound. 
 
 scelestus, a, um, adj. (fr. see- 
 lus) wicked. 
 
 scelus, iris, n. 3. crime, wick- 
 edness. 
 
 scena, ae,f. 1. (<rx*jv^) a scene, 
 stage. 
 
 Schoeneus, i, m. 2. a king of 
 Arcadia, father of Atalan- 
 ta. 
 
 Scheria, ae, f. 1. an ancient 
 name of Corcyra. 
 
 scientia, ae,f. 1. knowledge. 
 
 scio, ire, xvi, itum, a. 4. to 
 know. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m. 3. a celebrat- 
 ed family at Rome, who 
 obtained the greatest hon- 
 ours in the republic. 
 
 scopulus, i, m. 2. (tfxoVsXos) a 
 high rock, cliff. 
 
 scorpio, onis, m. 3. a scorpion. 
 
 Scotia, ae,f. 1. Scotland. 
 
 scriba, ae, m. 1. a secretary, 
 scribe. 
 
 scriho, here, psi, ptum, a. 3. to 
 write ; leges, to give laws. 
 
 scriptor, oris, m. 3. (fr. scri- 
 bo, scriptum) a writer, au- 
 thor. 
 
 scripturus, a, um, part, of 
 scribo. 
 
 scriptus, a, um, part, of scru 
 bo. 
 
 scrutor, dri, atus sum, d. 1. to 
 search diligently, examine. 
 
 scutum, i, n. 2. a shield. 
 Scylla, ae,f. 1. a daughter 
 
 of Nisus, king of Megara. 
 Scyros, i, f. 2. a rocky and 
 
 barren island of the Ae- 
 
 gaean. 
 Scytha, ae, m. 1. a Scythian. 
 Scythia, ae,f. 1. a very ex- 
 tensive country in the north, 
 
 including a part both of 
 
 Europe and Asia. 
 Scythtcus, a, um, adj. Scy- 
 thian. 
 secedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 8. 
 
 (se et cedo) to go apart. 
 
 withdraw, secede. 
 seco, are, ui, turn, a. 1. to cut. 
 sector, dri, atus sum, d. 1 . to 
 
 follow, attend or wait upon, 
 
 to strive to attain. 
 secum, (i. e. cum se) with 
 
 himself, with herself, with 
 
 itself. 
 secundus, a, um, adj. second, 
 
 prosperous ; res secundae, 
 
 prosperity. 
 securis, is,f. 3. an axe. 
 sed, conj. but. 
 sedecim, card. num. adj. ind. 
 
 sixteen. 
 sedeo, sed re, sedi,sessum, n* 
 
 2. to sit. 
 sedes, is,f. 3. a seat ; regni. 
 
 the seat of government. 
 seditio, onis,f. 3. sedition. 
 sediilus, a, um, adj. attentive. 
 
 diligent. 
 seges, etis,f. 3. a crop. 
 segnis, e, adj. slow, slothful,. 
 
 cowardly. 
 sejungo, g€re, xi, ctum, a* 3. 
 
 (se et jungo) to separate. 
 
 disjoin, divide. 
 Seleucta, ae, f. 1. a city of 
 
 Syria on the sea-coast 
 
 south-west of Antioch. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 219 
 
 simel, adv. once. 
 
 Semite, es, /. 1. a daughter 
 
 of Cadmus and Hermione. 
 Semirdmis, idis,f. 3. a cele- 
 brated queen of Assyria. 
 semper, adv. always. 
 sempiternus, a, urn, adj. ever- 
 
 lasting. 
 Sena, ae,f. 1. or Sena Galll- 
 
 ca, now Senigaglia, a town 
 
 of Umbria in Italy. 
 senitor, oris, m. 3. a senator. 
 senitus, its, et i, m. 2. & 4. a 
 
 senate. 
 s&necta, ae, j\ 1. (fr. senex) 
 
 old age. 
 tenecius, utis,f. 3. old age. 
 senesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. 
 
 to grow old ; to wane, (of 
 
 the moon.) 
 senex, senis, c. 3. an old per- 
 son ; adj. old, (comp. se- 
 nior.) 
 Senones, um, m. 3. an unci. 
 
 vilized nation of Gallia 
 
 Transalpina. 
 sensus, us, m. 4. (fr. sentio, 
 
 sensum) sense, feeling. 
 sentenlia, ae,f. 1. a sentiment, 
 
 thought, opinion, proposi- 
 
 tion. 
 sentio, tire, si, sum, a. 4. to 
 
 feel, be sensible of, observe. 
 sepelio, e~hre, Zlivi, ultum, a. 
 
 4. to bury. 
 sepes, is,f. 3. a hedge. 
 septem, card. num. adj. ind. 
 
 (h*ra) seven. 
 septenirio, onis, m. 3. the north. 
 septies, num. adv. seven times. 
 septtmus, a, urn, ord. num. adj. 
 
 seventh. 
 septingentesimus, a, um, ord. 
 
 num. adj. the seven hun- 
 
 dredth. 
 
 septingenti, ae, a, card. num. 
 adj. seven hundred, 
 
 septuageslmus, a, um, ord, 
 num. adj. the seventieth. 
 
 septuaginta, card. num. adj t 
 ind. seventy. 
 
 sZpulcrum, i, n. 2. (fr* sepe* 
 lio, sepultum) a tomb, grave, 
 sepulchre. 
 
 sepultura, ae,f. 1. burial, in* 
 terment. 
 
 sepultus, a, um, part, of sepe-- 
 lio. 
 
 Sequdna, ae, m. 1. now the 
 Seine, a river of Gaul, 
 which separates the terri- 
 tories of the Celtae and 
 Belgae. 
 
 sgquor, qui, quiltus vel cuius 
 sum, d. 3. to follow. 
 
 serenus, a, um, adj. fair, se- 
 rene. 
 
 Sergius, i, m. 2. the name of 
 a family at Rome. 
 
 sermo, onis, m. 3. discourse f 
 speech, conversation. 
 
 sero, adv. late, too late. 
 
 sero, ser€re, sevi, satum, a. Se 
 to sow, plant. 
 
 serpens, tis, c. 3. a serpent. 
 Fr. serpo, to creep. A 
 creeping thing. 
 
 Sertorius, i, m. 2. Quintus, a 
 Roman general, who esta- 
 blished himself in Spain, 
 and was finally assassinat- 
 ed by his own officers. 
 
 servio, ire, ivi, et it, itum, n. 
 4. to be a slave, serve in 
 the capacity of a servant 
 or slave. 
 
 servitium, i, n. 2. slavery. 
 servttus, tutis,f. 3. slavery. 
 Servius^ i, m. 2. Tullius, the 
 sixth king of Rome. 
 
220 
 
 DICTIONARY, 
 
 servo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to 
 save, preserve, watch, 
 guard. 
 
 servus, % m. 2. a slave. 
 
 ■?estertium, i, n. 2. a sester- 
 tium (the name of a sum, 
 not of a coin), equivalent 
 to 1000 sestertii, or $37,50. 
 
 sestertius, i, m. 2. a sesterce, 
 two asses and a half. For 
 semistertius. The first an 
 as, the second an as, the 
 third half an as. A ses- 
 terce was equal to 3J 
 cents. 
 
 Sestos, vel Sestus, i, f. 2. a 
 town of Thrace on the 
 shores of the Hellespont, 
 exactly opposite Abydos on 
 the Asiatic side. 
 
 seta, ae,f. 1. a bristle. 
 
 Setia, ae, f. 1. now Sezza, a 
 city of Campania near the 
 Pontine marshes, celebrat- 
 ed for its wines. 
 
 Setmus, a, urn, adj. of Setia 3 
 Setine. 
 
 severus, a,um,adj. grave, se- 
 vere, harsh. 
 
 sex, card. num. adj. ind. (?§) 
 six. 
 
 sexagesimus, a, urn, ord. num. 
 adj. the sixtieth. 
 
 sexaginta, card. num. adj. ind. 
 sixty. 
 
 sexcentesimus, a,um, ord. num. 
 adj. the six hundredth. 
 
 sexcenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
 six hundred. 
 
 sextus, a, um % ord. num. adj. 
 the sixth. 
 
 d, conj. if ; si quando, if at 
 any time ; si quis, if any 
 one ; si quid, if any thing. 
 
 sic, adv. so, thus, in this way. 
 
 Siccius, i, 77i. 2. V. Dentatus, 
 
 siccus, a, urn, adj. dry. 
 
 Sicilia,ae,f. 1. the largest 
 and most celebrated island 
 of the Mediterranean, at 
 the bottom of Italy. 
 
 Sicillus, a, urn, adj. Sicilian, 
 
 sicut, et siciiti, adv. as, as it 
 were, as if. 
 
 Sidon, onis, f. 3. the oldest 
 and most powerful city of 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 Sidonius, a, um, adj. Sidonian, 
 
 sidus, eris, n. 3. a star. 
 
 significo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . 
 (signum etfacio) to make a 
 sign, signify, declare, ex- 
 press, designate. 
 
 signum, i, n.2.& sign, token ; 
 image, statue ; standard, 
 ensign, flag. 
 
 silentium, i, n. 2. (fr. stleo) 
 silence. 
 
 Silenus, i, m. 2. a demi-god, 
 the preceptor and attend* 
 ant of the god Bacchus. 
 
 sileo, ere, ui,n. 2. to be si- 
 lent. 
 
 silva, ae,f. 1. a wood or fo 
 rest. 
 
 simia, ae,f. 1. an ape. 
 
 similis, e, adj. (similior, si- 
 millimus) like, resembling, 
 similar. 
 
 similiter, adv. in like manner^ 
 alike. 
 
 Simois, entis, et entos, m. 3. o 
 river of Troas, which rises 
 in mount Ida, and flows in- 
 to the Xanthus. 
 
 Simonides, is, m. 3. a cele- 
 brated poet of Ceos. 
 
 simplex, icis, adj. single, sim- 
 ple. 
 
 simul, adv. together, at once. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 S2i 
 
 at the same time, as soon 
 as. 
 simulacrum, i, n. 2. an image. 
 Fr. simulo. That is, a fic- 
 titious appearance. 
 simulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . to 
 
 feign, pretend. 
 sin, conj. but if. 
 sine, prep. c. abl. without. 
 
 finguldris, e, adj. singular, re- 
 markable ; certamen singu- 
 tare, a single combat. 
 
 singuli, ae, a, distr. num. adj. 
 single, one by one, each, 
 every ; singulis mensibus, 
 every mouth ; singulis sin- 
 gidas partes, to each a 
 share. 
 
 sinister, tra, trum, adj. left. 
 
 sino, sinere, sivi, situm, a. 3. 
 to permit, allow. 
 
 sinus, its, m. 4. a bosom ; a 
 bay, gulf. 
 
 siquis, qua et quae, quod et 
 quid, pro. if any one or 
 thing, if any. 
 
 siiio, lre 9 xvi, itum, n. et a. 4. 
 to thirst, be thirsty ; to 
 thirst after, desire earnest- 
 lj r , covet. 
 
 sitis, is,f. 3. thirst. 
 
 situs, a, urn, part, of sino, si- 
 tuated, placed. 
 
 sive, conj. or if, whether. 
 
 sobrius, a, urn, adj. sober. 
 
 socer, eri, m. 2. a father-in- 
 law. 
 
 socidlis, e, adj. of or pertain- 
 ing to allies or confeder- 
 ates, social, confederate. 
 
 societas, dtis,f. 3. society, al- 
 liance, confederacy. 
 
 socius, i, m. 2. a partner, an 
 iy. 
 
 socordia, ae, f. 1 . indolence, 
 sloth, carelessness. 
 
 Socrates, is, m. 3. the most 
 celebrated philosopher of 
 all antiquity, was a native 
 of Athens. 
 
 sol, solis, m. 3. the sun. 
 
 soleo, ere, itus sum, n. p. 2. to 
 use, be accustomed or 
 wont. 
 
 solidus, a, um, adj. whole, 
 massive, solid. 
 
 solxtudo, mis,/. 3. (jr. solus) 
 a lonely place, desert ; so- 
 litude, retirement. 
 
 solltus, a, um, part, of soleo. 
 
 sollers, et solers, tis, adj. in- 
 genious, skilful, expert, sa- 
 gacious, shrewd. 
 
 sollertia, et solertia, ae, f. 1. 
 ingenuity, sagacity, dexte- 
 rity. 
 
 Solon, onis, m. 3. one of the 
 seven wise men of Greece, 
 born at Salamis and edu- 
 cated at Athens. He fram- 
 ed a celebrated code of 
 laws for the Athenians. 
 
 solstltium, i, n. 2. the solstice, 
 
 the longest day. Fr. sol, 
 
 solis ; and sto, statum. The 
 
 standing still of the sun. 
 
 solum, i, n. 2. the ground, 
 
 soil, earth, land. 
 solum, adv. only, alone. 
 solus, a, um, gen. solius, daL 
 
 soli, adj. alone. 
 solutus, a, um, part, of solvo. 
 solvo, vere, vi, vtum, a. 3. to 
 loose, unloose ; dissolve, 
 melt ; solve, explain. 
 somnio, are, dvi, dtum, n -, 1 1 to 
 
 dream. 
 somnus, i, m. 2. sleep. 
 
 u2 
 

 DICTIONARY. 
 
 sonftus, us, m. 4. (fr. sono, 
 sonitum) a sound, noise, 
 din, clamour. 
 sono, are, ui, Hum, raw, dvi, 
 dtum, n. 1. (sonum facio) 
 to sound, make a noise, re- 
 sound. 
 
 sonus, i, ra. 2. a sound. 
 sorbeo, here, bui, (psi) ptum, 
 a. 2. to sup up, suck in, 
 drink up. 
 
 sordtdus, a, um, adj. {fr. sor- 
 des, filth) filth v, foul, sor- 
 did. 
 
 soror, oris,f. 3. & sister. 
 
 spargo,gere,si,sum,a.S. to 
 scatter, spread about, sprin- 
 kle. 
 
 sparsus, a, um, pari, of spar- 
 go. 
 
 Sparta, ae,f. 1. a noble city 
 of Peloponnesus, the capi- 
 tal of Laconia, called also 
 Lacedaemon. 
 
 Spartdcus, i, m. 2. a gladia- 
 tor. 
 
 Spartdnus, i, m. 2. a Spar- 
 tan. 
 
 Sparti, drum, m. 2. (Ztfagroi) 
 a race of armed men said 
 to have sprung up from the 
 dragon's teeth sown by 
 Cadmus. 
 
 spartum, i, n. 2. (tftf<x.£<rov) a 
 kind of Spanish broom. 
 
 spdtiosus, a, um, adj. (fr. spa- 
 tium) spacious. 
 
 spdiium, i, n. 2. room, space. 
 
 species, ei, f. 5. (fr. specio) 
 a form, appearance. 
 
 specio, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to 
 gee. 
 
 jpectaciilum, i, n. 2. (fr. spec- 
 io) a spectacle, public sight 
 or show. 
 
 specio, are, dvi, dtum, a. Is 
 (freq. fr. spBcio) to view 
 frequently or much, con. 
 template, observe, regard, 
 relate to. 
 
 specus, its, m. formerly f 
 sometimes n. 4. a cave, 
 den. 
 
 spelunca, ae, f 1. a cave* 
 den. 
 
 spew, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to 
 hope, entertain hope. 
 
 spes, ei, f 5. hope ; praeter 
 spem, contrary to expecta- 
 tion. 
 
 Speusippus, i, m. 2. an Athe 
 nian philosopher, nephew 
 and successor of Plato. 
 
 Sphinx, ngis, f. 3. (2<piyg) a 
 monster sent into the neigh 
 bourhood of Thebes by Ju 
 no. 
 
 spina, ae, f. 1 . a thorn, pric 
 kle, sting. 
 
 spiritus, us, m. 4. breath. 
 
 spiro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to 
 breathe. 
 
 spissus, a, um, adj. thick 
 close, firm. 
 
 splendeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to shine, 
 glitter. 
 
 splendidus, a, um, adj. (fr, 
 splendeo) bright, splendid. 
 
 splendor, oris, m. 3. bright- 
 ness, splendour. 
 
 spdlio, are, dvi, dtum, a. L 
 to strip, plunder, spoil. 
 
 spolium, i, n. 2. spoil, plun- 
 der, booty. 
 
 spondeo, spondcre, spopondi, 
 sponsum, a. 2. to promise 
 or undertake, pledge one's 
 word. 
 
 sponsa, ae,f. 1. a bride* : t r 
 
DJCTiONAKY. 
 
 223 
 
 spbndeo, sponsum. One en- 
 gaged or betrothed. 
 spontis, genit. et in abl. spon- 
 te,f. 3. (from the obsolete 
 noun spans ; all the other 
 cases wanting) of one's 
 own free will, spontaneous- 
 
 Spurius, i, m. 2. a praenomen 
 common to many of the 
 Romans. 
 
 squama, ae,f. 1. a scale. 
 
 sidbulum, i, n. 2. a stall, sta- 
 ble. Fr. sto. A place 
 where cattle stand. 
 
 stadium, i, n. 2. (tfraSiov) a 
 place where they contend, 
 ed in wrestling and in the 
 race ; also, 125 paces. 
 
 stannum, i, n. 2. tin. 
 
 statim, adv. immediately. 
 
 stdtio, 6nis,f. 3. (fr. statum) 
 a station, post ; navium, an 
 anchoring place. 
 
 statua, ae,f. 1. (fr. statuo) a 
 statue. 
 
 stdtudrius, i, m. 2. (fr. sta- 
 tua) a statuary, maker of 
 statues, sculptor. 
 
 statuo, uere, ui, uium, a. 3. to 
 setup ; to hold, maintain, 
 judge, resolve, decree. Fr. 
 sto, statum. 
 
 stdtutus, a, um, part, of sta- 
 tuo. 
 
 stella, ae,f. 1. a star. 
 
 sterilis, e, adj. barren, unfruit- 
 ful, sterile. 
 
 sterto, ere, ui, n. 3. to snore. 
 
 stipes, ftis, m. 3. the trunk of 
 a tree, a stake, log. 
 
 stirps, is,f. 3. a root, stem, 
 stock ; a stock, race, line- 
 age. 
 
 sto, stare, sieti, statum. n« I. 
 to stand. 
 
 StoXci, orum, m. 2. (2<roixoi) 
 the Stoics, a celebrated 
 sect of philosophers found- 
 ed by Zeno. 
 
 stolidltas, dtis.f. 3. folly, stu- 
 pidity. 
 
 stolidus, a, um, adj. foolish, 
 dull, silly. 
 
 strdges, is, f 3. (fr. sterno. 
 str vi) an overthrow, ha- 
 voc, devastation. 
 
 strangulo, are, dm, dtum, a. 1 . 
 to choke, strangle. 
 
 strenue, adv. strenuously. 
 
 strenuus, a, um, adj. active, 
 strenuous, valiant, bold. 
 
 strepitus, its, m. 4. ( fr. strg- 
 po, to make a harsh noise) 
 a harsh noise, clashing, 
 din, bustle. 
 
 Strophddes, um, f. 3. two 
 small islands in the Ionian 
 sea, on the western coast 
 of the Peloponnesus. They 
 are now called Strivali. 
 
 struo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to 
 pile up, raise up, build, 
 erect, construct ; insidias* 
 to lay snares, lie in am- 
 bush, waylay. 
 
 struthiocamelus, i, m. 2. (tfrgcj- , 
 £<cxaf///}Xo£) an ostrich. 
 
 Strymon, onis, m. 3. a river 
 rising in mount Haemus, 
 which separates Thrace 
 from Macedonia, and falls 
 into a part of the Aegaean, 
 called Strymonicus sinus, 
 or G. of Contessa. 
 
 studeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to attend 
 to, pursue, study ; side 
 with, favour. 
 
 studiose, adv. attentively, stu- 
 diously. 
 
 stadium, i, n. 2. study, atten^ 
 
224 
 
 DICTIONARY* 
 
 tion, diligence ; eagerness, 
 zeal. 
 
 stultitia, ae,f 1. folly. 
 
 stultus, a, urn,) adj. foolish. 
 
 stupeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be stu- 
 pified ; to be amazed, as- 
 tonished, surprised. 
 
 stupidus, a, um, adj. stupid, 
 silly, simple. 
 
 stumus, i, m. 2, a starling. 
 
 suddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. to 
 advise, exhort, persuade. 
 
 sudvis, e, adj. sweet, pleasant, 
 agreeable. 
 
 suavitas, aiis, f 3. sweet- 
 ness, pleasantness, suavity, - 
 grace. 
 
 smvtter, adv. sweetly, pleas- 
 antly, agreeably. 
 
 sub, prep. c. ace. et abl. un- 
 der, towards, near to, at. 
 
 subduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 {sub et duco) to take away, 
 remove, withdraw. 
 
 subductus, a, um, part, of sub* 
 duco. 
 
 subeo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. 
 n. [sub et eo) to go under, 
 undergo, sustain. 
 
 mbigo, fgere, egi, actum, a. 
 3. (sub et ago) to bring un- 
 der, reduce, subdue. 
 
 subfto, adv. suddenly. 
 
 subttus, a, urn, adj. sudden, 
 unlocked for, unexpected. 
 Fr. subeo, subitum. 
 
 subldtus, a, um, part, of tollo. 
 
 subhmis, e, adj. lofty, elevat- 
 ed, sublime. 
 
 submergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. 
 (sub et mergo) to overwhelm . 
 
 submersus, a, um, part, of sub* 
 mergo. 
 
 .whrtdeo, dere, si, sujp, ?u 2. 
 (sub et rideo) to smite gent- 
 
 subsilio, stlire, silivi, sllii, et 
 sllui, sultum, n. 4. (sub et 
 salio) to leap up. 
 
 substituo, uere, ui, uium, a. 3. 
 (sub et statuo) to put under, 
 put in the place of, substi- 
 tute. 
 
 subter, prep. c. ace. et abl. un- 
 der. 
 
 subterrdneus, a, um, adj. (sub 
 et terra) that is under 
 ground, subterranean. 
 
 subvenio, venire, veni, venium, 
 n. 4. (sub et venio) to come 
 to one's assistance, suc- 
 cotir, relieve. 
 
 subvold, are, dvi, dttim, n. 1. 
 (sub et volo) to fly up. 
 
 succedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 
 n. 3. (sub et cedo) to come 
 or go under, succeed. 
 
 successor, oris, m. 3. (fr. 
 succedo, successum) ^a suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 succus, i,m. 2. juice. 
 
 suffer o, sufferre, sustidi, sub* 
 latum, irr. a. (sub et fero) 
 to bear, sustain. 
 
 suficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 
 n. 3. (sub etfdcio) to suf- 
 fice, be sufficient. 
 
 suffodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, 
 a. 3. (sub et fodio) to dig 
 under, undermine. 
 
 suffossus, a, um, part, of suffo- 
 dio. 
 
 suffrogium, i 9 n. 2. a vote, 
 suffrage, choice. 
 
 sui, sibi, se, pro. reciprocal, 
 (of all genders, and of both 
 numbers) of himself, her- 
 self, itself, or themselves, 
 to himself, &c. himself, 
 &c. 
 
 Sulla f et SpVcu at. m. 1 . the 
 
DICTIONARY* 
 
 225 
 
 cognomen of a family in 
 the gens Cornelia ; Lucius 
 Cornelius, the rival of Ma- 
 rius, made himself perpetu- 
 al dictator at Rome. 
 Sulpicius, et Sulpitius, i, m. 
 
 2. Gallus, a celebrated as- 
 trologer in the age of Paulus. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be ; 
 
 (with a dative) to serve 
 
 for ; terror i esse, to excite 
 
 terror. 
 summus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 
 
 superus) the highest, great- 
 " est ; in summa aqua, on 
 
 the surface of the water. 
 sumo, sumere, sumsi, et sump- 
 
 si, sumtum, et sumptum, a. 
 
 3. to take. 
 
 sumtus, et sumptus, a, um, 
 part, of sumo. 
 
 sumtus, et sumptus, its, m. 4. 
 charge, expense. 
 
 supellex, ectilis, f 3. house- 
 hold furniture. 
 
 super, prep. c. ace. et abl. (fr. 
 vtfsp) above, over, upon. 
 
 superbe, adv. proudly, haugh- 
 tily, arrogantly. 
 
 superbia, ae, f. 1. pride, 
 haughtiness, arrogance. 
 
 superbio, ire, ivi, Hum, n. 4. 
 to be proud. 
 
 superbus, a, um, adj. proud, 
 haughty. 
 
 'superfluus, a, um, adj. super- 
 fluous. 
 
 superior, us, adj. (comp. of 
 superus) higher, the upper. 
 
 super jdcio, jace're,jeci, jactum, 
 a. 3. (super et jdcio) to cast, 
 throw, or shoot over. 
 
 supe'ro, are, am, alum, a. 1. 
 to surpass, overcome, con. 
 quer. That is, to be (sw. 
 per) above others, 
 
 superstitiosus, a, um, adj. su. 
 perstitious. 
 
 super sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to 
 survive, remain behind. 
 
 superus, a, um, adj. (comp. 
 superior, sup. supremus, vet 
 summus) above, upper, on 
 high. Fr. super. 
 
 supervdeuus, a, um, adj. su- 
 perfluous. 
 
 supervenio, venire, vlni, ven- 
 turn, n. 4. {super et venio) 
 to come upon suddenly, sur- 
 prise ; to come, appear. 
 
 supervolo, are, (ivi, dtum, n. 1. 
 (super et volo) to, fly over. 
 
 suppeto, ere, ivi, itum, n. 3. 
 (sub et peto) to serve, be 
 sufficient, be at hand. 
 
 supplex, wis, adj. suppliant. 
 
 supplicium, i, n. 2. punish 
 ment. 
 
 suppono, onere, osui, ositum, 
 a. 3. (sub et pono) to put 
 one thing or person in place 
 of another, substitute. 
 
 supra, prep, et adv. above ; 
 over, upon. 
 
 surdus, a, um, adj. deaf. 
 
 Surena, ae, m. 1. a powerful 
 officer in the armies of 
 Orodes, king of Parthia. 
 
 surgo, surgere,surreoci, surrec- 
 turn, n. 3. to rise. 
 
 sus, uis, c. 3. (jfig) a swine, 
 hog. 
 
 susceptus, a, um, part, of sus* 
 cipio. 
 
 suscipio, clpZre, cepi, ceptum, 
 a. 3. (sub et cdpio) to take 
 up, take in hand, under- 
 take. 
 
 suspectus, a, um, part, et adj. 
 suspected, mistrusted, sus- 
 picious. 
 
220 
 
 DICTIONAKS% 
 
 suspendo, dire, di, sum, a. 3. 
 (sub et pendo) to hang up, 
 suspend, keep in suspense. 
 
 suspensus, a, um, part, of sus- 
 pendo. 
 
 suspicio, fcere, exi, ectum, a. 
 3. (sub et spgcio) to suspect. 
 
 susptcor, dri, dtus, sum, d. I. 
 (sub et specio) to suspect, 
 mistrust ; suspect, surmise. 
 
 mstento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (freq.fr. sustineo) to sus- 
 tain, uphold, support : sus- 
 tentari, to maintain one's 
 self, live. 
 
 sustineo, lne~re, inui, entum, a. 
 2. (sub et teneo) to sustain, 
 support, bear. 
 
 sutis 7 a, um, pro. (fr* $ui) 
 one's own, its own, proper, 
 peculiar. 
 
 sylldba, ae, f. 1. (tfuXXa/a^) a 
 syllable. 
 
 SyphctVydcis, m. 3. A king of 
 the Masaesyli in Libya, 
 taken prisoner and carried 
 to Rome by Scipio. 
 
 Syracusae, arum, f. 1 . a cele- 
 brated city of Sicily, found- 
 ed about 732 B. C, by Ar- 
 chias a Corinthian. 
 
 Syria, ae, f. 1 . a large coun- 
 try of Asia. 
 
 Syridcus, a, urn, adj. Syrian. 
 
 T. 
 
 iabesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. 
 to consume, languish, pine 
 away. 
 
 tabula, ae, /. 1. a board, ta- 
 blet, table ; picta, a pic- 
 ture. 
 
 idceo, ere, ui, itum } n. 2. to be 
 silent. 
 
 tactus,ii$, m. 4. (fr. tango , 
 
 tactum) the touch. 
 taedet, taedebat, taeduit, tae- 
 
 sum est, taedere, imp. it irks 
 
 or wearies ; vita* me tae- 
 det, I am weary of life. 
 Taendrus, et os, i, m. et f. 2, 
 
 et Taendrum, et on, i, n. 2. 
 
 a promontory of Laconia, 
 
 now Cape Matapan. 
 tdlentum, i. n. 2. (<raXav<rov) a 
 
 talent. 
 talis, e. adj. such, of this or 
 
 such kind. 
 talpa, ae,f. 1. a mole. 
 tarn, adv. so, so much ; tarn 
 
 diu, as long as. 
 tdmen, conj. notwithstanding, 
 
 nevertheless, however, yet. 
 Tanais, is, m. 3. now the 
 
 Don, which in ancient times 
 
 separated European and 
 
 Asiatic Sarmatia. 
 Tandquil, %lis,f. 3. called al- 
 so Caia Caecilia, was the 
 
 wife of Tarquin the fifth 
 
 king of Rome. 
 tandem, adv. at length, at 
 
 last, finally. 
 tango, tangere, tUrgi, tactum, 
 
 a. 3. to touch. 
 ianquam, et lamquam, adv. as, 
 
 just as, as it were. 
 Tantalus, i, m. 2. a king of 
 
 Lydia, son of Jupiter. 
 tanto, adv. by so much. 
 tantopere, adv. so much, so 
 
 greatly. 
 tantum, adv. only. 
 tantus, a, um, adj. so great, 
 
 so much ; tanti est, it is 
 
 worth while. 
 tarde, adv. slowly. 
 tarditas, dtis, f. 3. slowness 
 
 or dulness of intellect. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 22? 
 
 tardo, are, dm, alum, a. 1. to 
 make slow, retard, impede. 
 
 tardus, a, um, adj. slow, dull. 
 
 Tarentmus, a, um, adj. of 
 Tarentum ; Tarentini, the 
 Tarentines. 
 
 Tarentum, i, n. 2. now Taren- 
 to, a town of Calabria in 
 Italy. 
 
 Tarpeia, ae, f. 1. the daugh- 
 ter of Tarpeius, the gover- 
 nor of the citadel of Rome, 
 opened the gates to the Sa- 
 bines. 
 
 Tarpeius, a, urn, adj. Tarpei- 
 an ; mons, a hill at Rome, 
 the same as the Capitoline, 
 so called from Tarpeia. 
 
 Tarquinii, drum, m. 2. now 
 Tarchina, a town of Etru- 
 ria. Tarquinius Priscus was 
 born or educated there. 
 
 Tarquinius, i, m. 2. Pris- 
 cus, the fifth king of Rome, 
 successor to Ancus Mar- 
 tius ; Superbus, grandson 
 of the former, succeeded 
 his father-in-law Servius 
 Tullius, and was the se- 
 venth and last king of Rome. 
 
 Tartarus, etos, i, m. 2.et Tar- 
 tar a, drum, n. 2. the lower 
 world. 
 
 Taurica, ae, f. 1. Chersonl- 
 sus, a large peninsula of 
 Europe, at the south-west 
 of the Palus Maeotis, now 
 called the Crimea. 
 
 Taurus, i, m. 2. the largest 
 range of mountains in Asia 
 as to extent. 
 
 taurus, i, m. 2. (ravgos) a bull. 
 
 Taygetus, i, m. 2. et Taygeta, 
 
 crum, n. 2. a mountain of 
 
 Laconia, in Peloponnesus, 
 
 at the west of the river Eu* 
 rotas. 
 
 tectum, i, n. 2. [fr. tego, tec- 
 tum) a roof, house. 
 
 tectus, a, um, part of tego. 
 
 teges, His, f. 3. (fr. tego) a 
 mat or rug. 
 
 tego, gZre, xi, ctum, a. 3. to 
 cover, protect. 
 
 tegumentum, i, n. 2. (fr. tego) 
 a covering. 
 
 telum, i, n. 2. a weapon, dart, 
 arrow. 
 
 temZre, adv. without reason, 
 without cause, by chance, 
 at random, inconsiderately. 
 
 Tempe, n. pi. ind. a vale in 
 Thessaly, through which 
 the river Peneus flows into 
 the Aegaean. 
 
 temperies,iei,f. 5. a tempe- 
 rate climate, temper aleness. 
 
 tempestas, atis,f. 3. bad wea~ 
 ther ; a storm, tempest. 
 
 templum, i, n. 2. a temple. 
 
 tempus, oris, n. 3. time ; ad 
 tempus, at the appointed 
 time ; ex tempore, without 
 premeditation or previous 
 study, extempore. 
 
 temidentus, a, um, adj. drunk, 
 drunken. 
 
 tendo, tender e, tetendi, tensam* 
 a. 3. to stretch out, extend. 
 
 tenebrae, drum, f. 1. dark- 
 ness. 
 
 teneo, ere, ui,tum 9 a. 2. to 
 hold, have, possess, occu- 
 py ; to understand, know x ; 
 to occupy, beset ; portum. 
 to reach the harbour. 
 
 tento, are, am, atum, a. L to 
 try, attempt, prove. 
 
 Tentyritae, drum, m. 1. th* 
 inhabitants of Tentvra, 
 
224 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 tenuis, e, adj. thin, slender, 
 fine. 
 
 tepesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to 
 grow warm or tepid. 
 
 lepidus, a, urn, adj. warm, 
 tepid, lukewarm. 
 
 ler, num. adj. thrice. 
 
 ler gum, i, n. 2. the back ; a 
 tergo, from behind ; ad ter- 
 ga, behind. 
 
 lermino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to bound, terminate. 
 
 terminus, i, ?n. 2. a bound, li- 
 mit, end. 
 
 Terminus, i, m. 2. a divinity 
 of Rome who was suppos- 
 ed to preside over bounds 
 and limits. 
 
 terni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. 
 every three, three. 
 
 terra, ae,f. 1. the earth, land. 
 
 lerreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to 
 frighten, terrify. 
 
 ierrestris, e. adj. (fr. terra) 
 terrestrial. 
 
 terribilis, e, adj. terrible. 
 
 terriio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (freq. of terreo) to terrify 
 often or much. 
 
 territorium, i, n. 2. {fr. ter- 
 ra) a territory. 
 
 territus, a, um, part, of terreo. 
 
 terror, oris, m. 3. great fear, 
 terror. 
 
 tertio, num. adv. the third 
 time. 
 
 iertius, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 the third. 
 
 testa, ae.f. 1. an earthen ves- 
 sel, a tile, shell. 
 
 testamentum, i. n. 2. {fr. tes- 
 ter) a testament or will. 
 
 lestudo, inis,f. 3. a tortoise. 
 Teutones, um, m. 3. a name 
 given to several united 
 tribes of Germany. 
 
 texo, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. te 
 weave, braid, plait. 
 
 thalamus, i, m. 2. (QoCkupog) 
 a chamber. 
 
 Thales, is et etis, m. 3. one 
 of the seven wise men of 
 Greece, born at Miletus in 
 Ionia. 
 
 Thasus, et os, i,f. 2. a small 
 island in the Aegean, on 
 the coast of Thrace. 
 
 ihedtrum, i, n. 2. (©s'arfov) a 
 theatre. 
 
 Thebae, drum, f. 1. a cele- 
 brated city, the capital of 
 Boeotia. 
 
 Thebdnus, a, um, adj. of 
 Thebes, Theban. 
 
 Themistocles, is, m. 3. a cele- 
 brated general born at 
 Athens. 
 
 Theodorus, i, m. 2. a philoso- 
 pher of Cyrene, disciple 
 to Aristippus. 
 
 Thermodon, ontis, m. 3. now 
 Termah, a famous river of 
 Cappadocia, in the ancient 
 country of the Amazons. 
 
 Theseus, i, m. 2. king of 
 Athens, and son of Aegeus, 
 was one of the most cele- 
 brated of the heroes of an- 
 tiquity. 
 
 Thessdlia, ae, f. 1. a country 
 of Greece, situate to the 
 south of Macedonia. 
 
 Thessdlus, a, um, adj. Thes* 
 salian ; subst. a Thessa* 
 lian. 
 
 Thestius, i, m. 2. the father 
 of Althaea. 
 
 TJwtis, idis, f. 3. one of the 
 sea deities, daughter of 
 Nereus and Doris ; she 
 married Peleus,, by whom 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 220 
 
 she became mother of 
 Achilles. 
 
 Thracia, ae, f. 1. a large 
 country of Europe, lying 
 to the east of Macedonia. 
 
 Thracius, a, um, adj. Thra- 
 cian. 
 
 Thrasybulus, i, m. 2. a fa- 
 mous general of Athens, 
 who expelled the thirty ty- 
 rants of his country. 
 
 thus, thuris, n. 3. frankin- 
 cense. 
 
 Tiber ^ et Tiberis, is, m. 3. a 
 river of Italy, on whose 
 banks the city of Rome 
 was built. 
 
 tihicen, cinis, m. 3. (for tibii- 
 cen, fr. tibia> a flute, pipe, 
 and cano) a player on the 
 flute ; a piper. 
 
 Ticinum, i, n. 2. now Pavia, 
 a town near the mouth of 
 the river Ticinus. 
 
 Ticinus, i,m. 2. now the Te- 
 sino, a river of Gallia Cis- 
 alpina, falling into the Po 
 near Ticinum. At the 
 mouth of this river the Ro- 
 mans under Cornelius Sci- 
 pio were defeated by Han- 
 nibal. 
 
 Tigrdnes, is, m. 3. a king of 
 Armenia. 
 
 Tigranocerta, ae, f. 1. now 
 Sered, the capital of Ar- 
 menia, built by Tigranes. 
 
 tigris, is, et idis, m. et f. (<n- 
 Y&Si K *ai r?,) a tiger or ti- 
 gress, 
 
 Tigris, is, et idis, m. 3. a 
 large river of Asia, Rising 
 in the mountains of Arme- 
 nia Major, and falling into 
 the Euphrates. 
 
 timeo, ere, ui, a. el n. 2. to 
 fear, be afraid of, dread. 
 
 iimidus, a, urn, adj. fearful, 
 timid. 
 
 timor, oris, m. 3. fear, dread. 
 
 tinnitus, us, m. A. a tingling. 
 
 tintinnabulum, i, n. 2. a bell. 
 
 titio, onis, m. 3. a fire-brand. 
 
 tolero, are, dm, dturn, a. 1. to 
 bear, suffer, tolerate. 
 
 iollo, toUere, sustuli, suhlatum? 
 a. 3. to raise, lift up, take 
 away, do away with. 
 
 tondeo, tondere, totondi, ton- 
 sum, a. 2. to clip, shear, 
 shave. 
 
 ionitrus, us, m. 4. in abl. sing, 
 tonitru, et in dat. plur. tout- 
 trlbus : item tonitruum, i, 
 n. 2. et in plur. tonitrua, 
 {fr. tono, tonitum,) thun- 
 der. 
 
 tono, are, id, Hum, n. 1. to 
 thunder. 
 
 iormentum, i, n. 2. (for torquu 
 mentum,fr. torqueo) a ma- 
 chine for hurling stones, 
 darts, &c. 
 
 Torquatus, i, m. 2. a surname 
 given to T. Manlius, from 
 a collar (torques) taken by 
 him in single combat from 
 a gigantic Gaul. 
 
 iorquis, et torques, is, m. etf« 
 3. (fr. torqueo, to twist) a 
 chain for the neck, a coL 
 lar. 
 
 tot, adj. ind. so many. 
 
 totidem, adj. ind. as^ 
 just so many. 
 
 totus, a, urn, adj^ 
 tire. 
 
 trabs, is^ 
 
 tracta 
 
230 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 (freq. fr. traho) to handle ; 
 undertake, manage. 
 
 tr actus, us, m. 4. a tract, re- 
 gion, country. 
 
 tr actus, a, um,part. of traho. 
 
 traditus, a, urn, part, of tra- 
 de. 
 
 trado, dtre, didi, ditum, a. 3. 
 (trans et do) to give over, 
 consign, deliver ; to relate, 
 teach ; traditur, it is said, 
 report says. 
 
 tragicus, a, urn, adj. (Tfaywos) 
 tragic ; poeta,& tragic poet. 
 
 tragoedia, ae,f. 1. (rguyuSia) 
 a tragedy. 
 
 iraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. to 
 draw ; helium, to protract 
 the war ; liquidas aquas 
 trahere, to flow with a clear 
 stream. 
 
 irdjlcio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 
 3. (trans et jdcio) to throw 
 or cast over, transport. 
 
 frames, itis, m. 3. a cross- 
 way ; any way, road, or 
 path. 
 
 trano, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. 
 (trans et no) to swim over. 
 
 tranquille, adv. calmly, tran- 
 quilly. 
 
 iranquilVttas, dtis,f. 3. calm- 
 ness, tranquillity. 
 
 tranquillus, a, um, adj. calm, 
 tranquil. 
 
 trans, pr. c. ace. on the fur- 
 ther side of, beyond, over. 
 %nsactus, «, um, part, of 
 ?o. 
 
 ^vi, et ii, itum, n. 
 
 eo) to go or 
 
 Yond, to go 
 
 m, 
 
 ry or bring over, transfer, 
 transport ; se ad aliquem* 
 to go over to one. 
 
 transfigo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. 
 (trans etfigo)to run through, 
 transfix, pierce. 
 
 transjuga, ae, m. 1. a desert- 
 er, fugitive. 
 
 transgre'dior, gredi, gressus 
 sum, d. 3. (trans et grddior) 
 to go or pass over, cross. 
 
 transigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 
 3. (trans et ago) to pass, 
 spend ; to accomplish, per- 
 form, transact. 
 
 transilio, ire, ivi, et ii, et ui, 
 n. 4. [trans et sdlio) to leap, 
 bound, or jump over. 
 
 translturus, a, um, part, of 
 transeo. 
 
 translates, a, um, part, of 
 transfero. 
 
 transmarinus, a, um, adj. be- 
 yond the sea. 
 
 transno. V. trano. 
 
 transveho, fare, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (trans et veho) to carry 
 over, transport. 
 
 transvolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. I. 
 (trans et volo) to fly over. 
 
 Trasimenus, et Thrasymenw, 
 i, m. 2. a lake of Etruria 
 near Perusia, celebrated 
 for a battle fought {here 
 between Annibal and the 
 Romans. 
 
 Trebia, ae,f. et m. a river oj 
 Gallia Cisalpina, which fe< 
 into the Po near Placentia 
 At its mouth Annibal ob- 
 tained a victory over the 
 Romans. 
 
 trecenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
 three hundred. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 231 
 
 (recentesimus, a, w/?i, ord. num. 
 
 adj. three hundredth. 
 iredecim, card. num. adj. ind. 
 
 thirteen. 
 iremulus, a, urn, adj. (fr. ire- 
 
 mo, to tremble) trembling, 
 
 tremulous. 
 ires, tria, ium, ibus, card. num. 
 
 adj. three. 
 Treviri, drum, m. 2. a nation 
 
 of Gallia Belgica, between 
 
 the Mosella or Moselle, and 
 
 Silva Arduenna. 
 triangularis, e, adj. triangu- 
 
 lar. 
 tribunus, i, m. 2. a tribune. 
 tribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to 
 
 give, assign, attribute, im- 
 part, bestow. 
 trihutum, i, n. 2. (fr. tribuo) 
 
 tribute. 
 iribiitus, a, urn, part, of tri- 
 buo. 
 triceslmus, a, um, ord. num. 
 
 adj. the thirtieth. 
 iriduum, i, n. 2. (fr. tres et 
 
 dies) the space of three 
 - days ; per triduum, for 
 
 three days. 
 triennium, i, n. 2. the space 
 
 of three years. 
 trigemini, drum, m. 2. three 
 
 born at a birth, three twin 
 
 brothers. 
 iriginta, card. num. adj. thir- 
 ty. 
 Trinacria, ae,f. 1. one of the 
 
 ancient names of Sicily, 
 
 from its three promontories 
 
 (rgsij; dxfai.) 
 Triptolemus, i, m. 2. a son of 
 
 Celeus, king of .Attica, 
 
 born at Eleusis. 
 iriumphdlis, e, adj. triumphal. 
 triumpho, are, dvi, atum, n. 1. 
 
 to triumph. 
 
 triumphus, i, m. 2. a triumph. 
 
 triumvir, viri, m. 2. a trium- 
 vir, one of three men joint- 
 ly employed to execute any 
 public office. 
 
 Troas, ddis, f 3. a district on 
 the Aegean coast of My- 
 sia in Asia Minor. 
 
 trochilus, i, m. 2. a wren. 
 
 Troglodytae, drum, m. 1. a 
 people of Aethiopia, on the 
 coast of the Sinus Arabi- 
 cus, who dwelt in caves. 
 
 Troja,ae,f. 1. the capital jof 
 Troas. 
 
 Trojdnus, a, um, adj. Trojan. 
 
 trux, trucis, adj. cruel, savage, 
 fierce. 
 
 tu, tui, tibi, te, pro. thou, you. 
 
 tuba, ae,f.\. a trumpet. 
 
 tuber, eris, n. 3. a bunch, pro- 
 tuberance. 
 
 tubicen, inis, m. 3. (tuba et 
 cdno) a trumpeter. 
 
 tueor, tueriytuitus, et tutus sum, 
 d. 2. to preserve, guard, 
 protect. 
 
 tiigurium, i, n. 2. a hut. 
 
 Tidlia, ae, f. 1. a daughter 
 of Servius Tullius, who 
 married Tarquinthe Proud. 
 
 Tullius, i,m. 2. V. Cicero. 
 
 Tullus, i,m. 2. Hostilius, the 
 third king of Rome. 
 
 turn, adv. then ; turn demum, 
 then at length. 
 
 tumidus, a, um, adj. swollen, 
 swelling, tumid. 
 
 tumultus, us, m. 4. a tumult, 
 uproar. 
 
 tumulus, i, m. 2. a little hill, 
 mound, tomb. 
 
 tunc, adv. then, at that time. 
 
 tunica, ae,f. 1. a tunic (an 
 under garment worn by the 
 Romans.) 
 

 DICTIONARY, 
 
 , turbo, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to 
 confound, disturb, throw in- 
 to confusion. 
 
 iurgidus, a, um, adj. swollen, 
 inflated, turgid, 
 
 turma^ ae, f. 1 . a troop or 
 squadron of horse. 
 
 turpis, e, adj. base, disgrace- 
 ful, dishonourable. 
 
 lurpttudo, lnis,f. 3. deformi- 
 ty, ugliness ; disgrace, in- 
 famy. 
 
 Hurts, is,f. 3. a tower. 
 
 tus. V. thus. 
 
 Tuscia, ae,f. 1. the same as 
 Etruria. 
 
 Tusculum, i, n. 2. now Fras. 
 cati, a town of Latium in 
 Italy, about 12 miles from 
 Rome. 
 Puscus, a, urn, adj. Tuscan, 
 Etruscan, Etrurian. 
 
 lutor, oris, m. 3. (fr. tueor, 
 tutus) a guardian, tutor. 
 
 tutus, a, urn, adj. safe. 
 
 tuns, a, um, adj. pro. thine, 
 thine own, yours, your own. 
 
 lyrannis, idis, f. 3. (rujavv^) 
 tyranny, arbitrary or des- 
 potic power. 
 
 iyrannus, i, m. 2. (rugavvos) 
 a king, prince ; a tyrant, 
 usurper, despot. 
 
 Tyrius, a, urn, adj. Tyrian. 
 
 Tyrrhenus, a, urn, adj. Tus- 
 can. 
 Cyrus, et Tyros, i,f. 2. a ve- 
 ry ancient city of Phoeni- 
 cia, built by the Sidonians, 
 on a small island at the 
 south of Sidon, and now 
 called Sur. 
 
 U. 
 
 uler, eris, n. 3. a teat, dug, 
 udder. 
 
 ubertas, dtis, f. 3. fertility, 
 
 fruitfulness. 
 ubi, adv. where, in what place ; 
 
 when, as soon as. 
 ublque, adv. every where, in 
 
 every place. 
 ulciscor, cisci, tus sum, d. 3, 
 
 to punish, revenge. 
 ullus, a, um, adj. any, any 
 
 one. 
 ulterior, us, adj. comp. {pos. 
 
 not used) farther. 
 ulterius, adv. further, beyond. 
 ultimus, a, um, adj. sup. 
 
 (comp. ulterior) the last, 
 
 farthest. 
 ultra, pr. c. ace. beyond, on 
 
 the farther side of; adv. 
 
 beyond that, besides, more- 
 over. 
 ultus, a, um, part, of ulciscor. 
 Ulysses, is, m. 3. a king of 
 
 Ithaca, son of Anticlea and 
 
 Laertes, one of the lead- 
 ers in the war against Troy. 
 umbra, ae,f s 1. a shade, sha« 
 
 dow. 
 umbrosus, a, um, adj. shady. 
 una, adv. together, all at 
 
 once. 
 uncus, a, um, adj. crooked, 
 
 curved, bent. 
 wide, adv. out of what place, 
 
 whence. 
 undecim, card. num. adj. ind. 
 
 eleven. 
 undenonagestmus, a, um, ord. 
 
 num. adj. the eighty-ninth. 
 undequinquagesimus, a, um : 
 
 adj. the forty-ninth. 
 undequinquaginta, card, mm . 
 
 adj. ind. forty-nine. 
 undetricesimus, a, um, ord. 
 
 num. adj. the twenty-ninth . 
 undevicesimus, a, um, ord. 
 
 num. adj. the nineteenth. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 233 
 
 undique 9 adv. from all parts, 
 from all sides. 
 
 unguis, is, m. 3. a nail, claw, 
 talon. 
 
 ungula, ae, f. 1. a hoof; a 
 •claw, talon. 
 
 umcus, a, um> adj. only, sin- 
 gle, alone ; excellent, dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 unio, onis, m. 3. a pearl. 
 
 universus, a, um, adj. whole, 
 universal. 
 
 unquam, adv. ever ; nee un- 
 quam, and ever. 
 
 unusy a, urn, card. num. adj. 
 one, single, alone* 
 
 unusquisque, unaquaeque, un- 
 umquodque, et unumquidque, 
 adj. every, every one. 
 
 urbs, is 9 f. 3. a city ; the ci- ■ 
 ty, Rome. 
 
 uro, urere, ussi, ustum, a. 3. 
 to burn. 
 
 ursus, i, m. 2. a bear. 
 
 usque, adv. till, until, as far 
 as. 
 
 usus, a, um, fart, of utor. 
 
 usus, its, m. 4. use, practice, 
 custom. 
 
 ut, conj. as, like as ; that^ in 
 order that, to the end that. 
 
 uicunque, adv. howsoever, 
 whensoever, to a certain 
 degree, however much. 
 
 uter, tra, trum, adj. which of 
 the two. 
 
 titer que, trdque, trum que, adj. 
 both, each. 
 
 Utlca, ae y f. I . a celebrated 
 city of Africa Propria, on 
 the coast of the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 ulilis, f, adj. ( fa. utor) use- 
 ful. 
 
 utor, uti, usus sum, d. 3. to 
 make use of, enjoy. 
 
 utrinque, adv. on both sides. 
 
 utrum, adv. whether. 
 
 uva, ae,f. 1. a grape ; passa, 
 a raisin. 
 
 uxor, oris,/. 3. a wife. 
 
 V. 
 
 vdeo, are, dvi, atum r n. 1 . to 
 be free from. 
 
 vacuus, a, um, adj. void, emp- 
 ty, free from, vacant. 
 
 vddosus, a, urn, adj. having 
 frequent fords, shallow, 
 shelvy. 
 
 vadum, i, n. 2. a ford, shal- 
 low. 
 
 vagina, ae,f. 1. a scabbard, 
 sheath. 
 
 vdgitus, iis, m. 4. a crying 
 like a child, lamentation, 
 weeping. ^ 
 
 vagor, art, dtus sum, d. 1 . to 
 go to and fro, wander, rove. 
 
 vagus, <i, um, adj. wandering, 
 roaming ; uncertain, wa- 
 vering. 
 
 valeo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to 
 be strong, prevail, have 
 force, avail : vale, farewell. 
 
 Valerius, i, m. 2. a proper 
 name among the Romans. 
 
 valfduSy a, um, adj. (fr. va- 
 leo) strong, powerful. 
 
 vallis, is,f. 3. a valley. 
 
 vopfdo, are, dvi, alum, irr. p. 
 (serves as a pass, to verbe- 
 ro) to be beaten, be whip- 
 ped or scourged. 
 
 vdrietas, dtis, f. 3. variety, 
 diversity, change. 
 
 x2 
 
234 
 
 DICTIONARY, 
 
 vario, are, dvi, dtum, a* 1. to 
 
 diversify, vary, change. 
 varius, a, um, adj. various, 
 
 changeable. 
 ms, vdsis, n. 3. et in plur. va- 
 
 sa, orum, n. 2. a vessel. 
 vasto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 
 lay waste, desolate. 
 vastus, a 9 um, adj. vast, wide, 
 
 ample, immense. 
 votes, is, m. 3. a prophet ; a 
 
 poet, bard. 
 ve, conj. or ; ve — a negative 
 
 prefix, as in vecors. 
 vccordia, ae,f. 1. (fr. vecors, 
 
 vecordis) madness. 
 vecors, dis, adj. (fr. ve et cor) 
 
 without mind, frantic. 
 zectis, is, m. 3. (fr. veJto, vec- 
 
 tum) a lever ; a bolt or bar. 
 vectus, a, um, part, of veho. 
 vtgetus, a, um, adj. (fr. vegeo, 
 
 to quicken) quick, active, 
 
 vigorous. 
 vehe'mens, tis, adj. vehement, 
 
 violent. 
 vZhementer, adv. (ius, issime) 
 
 vehemently, exceedingly, 
 
 very much ; vehementius, 
 
 too much. 
 veho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. to 
 
 carry, convey, bear ; vehi 
 
 curru, to drive ; equo, to 
 
 ride. 
 Veiens, tis, m. 3. an inhabit- 
 ant of Veii. 
 Veii, orum, m. 2. a powerful 
 
 city of Etruria, at the dis- 
 tance of about 12 miles 
 
 from Rome. 
 vel, conj. or, even ; veL..vel, 
 
 either... or. 
 vello, veUe~re, velli, et vulsi, 
 
 vulsum, a. 3. to pluck or 
 
 pull up. 
 
 vellus, eris, n. 3. a fleece. 
 
 velox, ocis, adj. swift, quick, 
 rapid ; velocissima venena* 
 the quickest poisons. 
 
 velum, i, n. 2. a sail. 
 
 velut, vZliiti, adv. as, like as. 
 
 venalis, e, adj. (fr. vineo) tc 
 be sold, venal. 
 
 vendticus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 vlnor) of or pertaining to 
 the chase ; cants venaticus. 
 a hound. 
 
 vendtor, oris, m. 3. a hunter, 
 huntsman. 
 
 vendito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 , 
 (freq. of vendo) to sell. 
 
 vendo, dire, didi, ditum, a. 3. 
 (venum do) to sell. 
 
 venendtus, a, um, adj. poison- 
 ed ; poisonous, venomous. 
 
 venenum, i, n. 2. poison. 
 
 veneo, ire, ivi et ii, itum et um, 
 irr. pass, (serves n.s~&pass. 
 of vendo) to be exposed to 
 sale, be sold. 
 
 vgnio, venire, veni, ventum, ». 
 4. to come, go. 
 
 vlnor, ari, dtus sum, d* 1 . to 
 hunt. 
 
 venter, tris,m. 3. the belly, 
 
 ventus, i, m. 2. the wind. 
 Venus, eris,f. 3. the goddess 
 of beauty and love, one of 
 the most celebrated deities 
 among the ancients. 
 
 venustus, a, um, adj. (fr. Ve- 
 nus) graceful, handsome, 
 charming. 
 
 ver, verts, n. 3. the spring. 
 
 verber, eris, n. 3. a scourge, 
 whip ; a stripe, blow. 
 
 verbero, art, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . 
 to beat, strike. 
 
 verbum, i, n. 2. a word. 
 
 vere. adv. trulv. 
 
DICT I0XAK1 . 
 
 235 
 
 rereor, eri, Uus sum, d. 2. to 
 reverence, fear, care for. 
 
 vergo, gere, sine pret. et sup. 
 n. 3. to incline or decline, 
 bend, lie, or look towards. 
 
 verisimilis, e, adj. {vei-us et 
 similis) like the truth, pro- 
 bable. 
 
 Veritas, dtis,f. 3. (fr. verus) 
 truth. 
 
 veritus, a, um, part, of vereor. 
 
 vero, conj. but ; adv. certain- 
 ly, in truth, indeed. 
 
 Verona, ae, f. 1. a town of 
 Venetia in Italy, on the 
 Athesis. 
 
 versor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1 . to 
 frequent, remain, dwell ; 
 to dwell on a subject, be 
 employed about a thing. 
 
 versus, et versum, pr. c. ace. 
 towards. Fr. verto, versum. 
 So as to be turned towards. 
 Ad is sometimes added : 
 versum ad. 
 
 vertex, icis, m. 3. the crown 
 or top of the head ; the 
 top or summit of any thing. 
 
 verto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. to 
 turn, change, alter. 
 
 vtru, u, n. 4. a spit. 
 
 verus, a, urn, adj. true. 
 
 vescor, ci, d. 3. (with an abl.) 
 to live or feed upon, eat. 
 
 vesperi, adv. at evening ; tarn 
 vesperi, so late. 
 
 Vesta, ae, f. 1. a goddess, 
 whose mysteries Aeneas 
 first introduced into Italy, 
 and in whose honour Nu- 
 ma erected a temple at 
 Rome. 
 
 Vestdlis, is,f. 3. a Vestal vir- 
 gin, one of those who took 
 care that the sacred fire of 
 
 Vesta was not extinguish- 
 
 ed. 
 vesttbulum, i, n. 2. a porch. 
 vestigium, i, n. 2. a footstep. 
 
 track, vestige. 
 vestio, ire, ivi, itum. a. 4. to 
 
 clothe. 
 vestis, is,f. 3. a garment. 
 Yesulus, i, m. 2. now Visa. 
 
 a large mountain of Ligiu 
 
 ria, in the range of the 
 
 Alpes Maritimae. 
 vUerdnus, a, um, adj. (fr. 
 
 veius, veieris) old ; miles, a 
 
 veteran. 
 veto, are, ui, Xtum, a. 1. to 
 
 forbid, prohibit. 
 Veturia, ae,f. 1. the mother 
 
 of Coriolanus. 
 Veturius, i, m. 2. a consul de- 
 feated by the Samnites, and 
 
 made to pass under the 
 
 yoke. 
 v€tus, eris, adj. old. 
 vetustas, dtis,f. 3. (fr, veins) 
 
 antiquity. 
 vetustus, a, um. adj. (fr. 
 
 vetus) old, ancient* 
 via, ae, f. 1. a way; viam 
 
 dare, to make way. 
 viator, oris, m. 3. (fr. via) a 
 
 traveller. 
 viceni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. 
 
 every twenty, twenty. 
 vicesimus, a, um, adj. the 
 
 twentieth. 
 vlcies, num. adv. twenty 
 
 times. 
 vlciriiias, dtis,f.S. (fr* vi- 
 
 cinus) the neighbourhood. 
 victnus, a, um, adj. near, 
 
 neighbouring, contiguous. 
 vicis, (gen.) ci, cem, ce, et in 
 
 plur. ces, cibus, f. 3. a 
 
 change or turn, vicissitude . 
 
>3G 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 heu miseram vicem, ah, sad 
 reverse ! postium vicem 
 praebere, to supply the 
 place of. 
 victima, ae,f. 1. a victim, sa- 
 crifice. 
 vlclor, oris, m. 3. (fr. vinco, 
 
 vietwii) a conqueror. 
 victoria, ae, f. J . (fr. victor, 
 
 victoris) a victory. 
 viciurus, a, urn, part, ot vivo* 
 victtis, a, um, part* of vinco. 
 vicus, i, m. 2. a village, street. 
 video, videre, vldi, visum, a. 
 
 2. to see, behold, look at. 
 vjduus, a, um, adj. deprived 
 or bereft of* widowed ; 
 mulier viduus, a widow. 
 vigil, His, m. 3. a watchman, 
 vigilia, ae, f. 1. a watching; 
 at, drum* ph a military 
 guard, watch. 
 viginti, card. num. adj. ind. 
 
 twenty. 
 vilis, e, adj. cheap, of little 
 
 value, mean, vile. 
 villa, ae. f. 1. a country-seat, 
 
 villa. 
 vittlcus, i, m. 2. the overseer 
 (villae) of a farm, steward. 
 villus, i, m. 2. tufts of hair, 
 
 shaggy hair, long hair. 
 vincio, cire, xi, cfum, a. 4. to 
 
 bind. 
 vinco, vince're, vici, victum, a. 
 3. to conquer ; vinci, to be 
 conquered, fail of one's 
 object. 
 xhictus, a, um, part, of vincio. 
 vinculum, i, n. 2. (fr. vincio) 
 a chain ; in vincula conju 
 cere, to cast into prison. 
 v index i ids, c. 3. an avenger, 
 defender, protector, asser- 
 tor. 
 
 vindXco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 to avenge, punish, lay claim 
 to. 
 
 vindicta, ae,f. 1. (fr. vindico) 
 revenge, vengeance, pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 vinum, i 3 n. 2. (fr. ofvog) 
 wine. 
 
 violentus, a, um, adj. impe- 
 tuous, violent. 
 
 viola , are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 injure, violate, profane. 
 
 vir, vlri, m. 2. a man. 
 
 vireo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be green 
 or verdant, bloom. 
 
 virga, ae,f. 1. a small branch, 
 rod, staff. 
 
 Virgllius, i, m. 2. PubL— ■ 
 Maro, called the prince of 
 Latin poets, was born at 
 Andes, a village near 
 Mantua about 70 B. C. 
 
 Virginia, ae,f. 1. a daughter 
 of the centurion Virginius. 
 
 Virginius, i, m. 2. the father 
 of Virginia, made tribune 
 of the people after the abo- 
 lition of the dec em viral 
 power. 
 
 virgo, inis, f 3. a virgin or 
 maid, a damsel. 
 
 virgula, ae,f. I. (a dimin. of 
 virga) a little rod. 
 
 Viriathus, i, m. 2. a shepherd 
 of Lusitania, who gradually 
 rose to power, and enjoyed 
 for 14 years the title of 
 protector of public liberty in 
 the provinces of Spain. 
 
 Viridomdrus, i, m. 2. a king 
 
 of the Gauls. 
 virtus, utis, f. 3. (fr. vir) 
 bravery ; any excellent 
 quality; virtue, worth, 
 strength, force. 
 
DICXICINAfcY, 
 
 237 
 
 Ptt?» pi$ 9 f. 3. force, might, 
 power ; vis hominum, a 
 multitude of men ; vim 
 facere, to do violence to. 
 
 viscus, eris, n. 3. an entrail ; 
 viscera, the bowels. 
 
 Vistula, ae,f. 1. a river fall- 
 ing into the Baltic, the 
 eastern boundary of ancient 
 Germany. 
 
 Visurgis, is, m. 3, now the 
 Weser, a large river of 
 Germany. 
 
 visus, a, urn, part, of video. 
 
 visus, its, m. 4. (fr. video, 
 visum) the sight. 
 
 vita, ae,f. 1. life. 
 
 viiifer,. €ra, erum, adj. (vitis 
 etfero) bearing or produc- 
 ing vines. 
 
 vitis, is,f. 3. a vine. 
 
 vlto, are, dvi, atum, a* 1. to 
 beware of, shun. 
 
 vitupero, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. 
 (v-ittum et paro) to find fault, 
 blame, censure. 
 
 viufdus, a, nm, gdj. lively, ac- 
 tive, vigorous. 
 
 >hw, vlve re, vixi, victum, n. 3. 
 to live. 
 
 vims, a, um, adj. living, alive. 
 
 cix, adv. scarcely. 
 
 voco, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to 
 call, call upon, summon, 
 invite. 
 
 volo, are, dvi, atum, n. 1- to 
 fly. 
 
 uuio, velle, volui, irr. n. to be 
 willing. 
 
 Volsci, drum, m. 2. a people 
 of Latium. 
 
 volucris, e, adj. (fr. volo) fly- 
 ing, winged : subst. a bird. 
 
 Yolumnia, ae, f. 1 . the wife 
 
 of Coriolanus. 
 voluntas, dtis,f. 3. the will. 
 voluptas, dtis,f. 3. pleasure. 
 voluto, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. 
 
 (fr. volvo, volutum) to roll 
 
 much or often, to roll. 
 volvo, vere, vi, utum, a. 3. to 
 
 roll, turn, 
 votum, i, n. 2. a vow, prayer. 
 
 wish. 
 vox, vucis,f 3. a voice, sound. 
 
 w r ord. 
 Yulcdnus, i, m. 2. a god of 
 
 the ancients who presided 
 
 over fire. 
 vulgus, i, m. et n. 2. the com- 
 mon people, populace. 
 vulnero, are, dvi, alum, a. L 
 
 to wound. 
 viilnus, eris, n. 3. a wound. 
 vulpecula, ae, /. 1. a little fox. 
 vulpes, is,f. 3. a fox. 
 vultur, uris, m. 3. a vulture. 
 vultus, us, m. 4. the counte- 
 
 nance, look, aspect. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xantippe, et -thippe, es, f. I. 
 the wife of Socrates. 
 
 Xantippus, et -thippus, i, m. 
 2. a Lacedaemonian gene- 
 ral who assisted the Car- 
 thaginians in the first Pu- 
 nic war. 
 
 Xenocraies, is, m. 3. a philo* 
 sopher born at Chalcedon. 
 and educated in the school 
 of Plato. 
 
 Xerxes, is, m. 3. Is/, a king 
 of Persia, succeeded his 
 father Darius. 
 
->;is 
 
 DICTIONARY, 
 
 >Zama« ae f £. 1 . a town of Nu- 
 midla, 300 miles south- 
 west from Carthage. 
 
 Zeno, cms, m. 3. the founder 
 
 of the ^ect of the Stoics, 
 
 born at Citlum in the isl- 
 and of Cyprus. 
 Zethes, el -ikes, is, m. 3. et 
 Zettis, i,m. 2. a son of Bo- 
 reas, arid brother of Ca- 
 lais, 
 
 THT! HT^D 
 
• THE 
 
 LATIN READER 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERIC JACOBS 
 
 FREDERIC WILLIAM DORING. 
 
 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 PARTLY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN, AXD PARTLY 
 DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES, 
 
 • BY 
 
 JOHN D. OGILBI r ? 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF THE GEAMMAR SCHOOL OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE. NEW-VOHZ. 
 
 PAET SEOOKD. 
 
 F- ROM THE FIFTH GERMAN EDITION 
 
 FIRST NEW-YORK EDITION. 
 
 NEW-YORK; 
 
 OLLirsS & HANNAY, COLLINS & CO.. AND V/JIITE 
 GALLAHER & WHITE. 
 
 1830. 
 
Scuthtrn District of New-York, sa, 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twelfth day of January, A. D. 1830, and in the 
 ufty-fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, W. E. Dean, o* 
 the said district, hath deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereo: 
 he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit : 
 
 " The Latin Reader, by Frederic Jacobs and Frederic William Doring. With Notes 
 and Illustratians, partly translated from the German, and partly drawn from other source?. 
 5by John D. Ogilby, Principal of the Grammar School of Columbia College, New-York* 
 Part Second. From the fifth German Edition. First New- York Edition." 
 
 In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled « An Act for the 
 encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the au- 
 thors and proprietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned j" and also to an 
 act, entitled u An act, supplementary to an act, entitled, an Act for the encouragement 
 of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and pro 
 prietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefit? 
 J hereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etchiug historical and other prints." 
 
 FRED. J. BETTS, 
 Clerk of the Southern District ofNtxa-Yort 
 
 W. E. DEAN, PRINTER. 
 
CONTENTS OF PART SECOND* 
 
 Page 
 
 Chronological Table. . » ., , •«. . - . v 
 
 First Division. A. Regnum Assyriorum. , • .. . . 1 
 
 B. Regnum Medorum et Persarum. . . 2 
 
 C. Res Atheniensium. . . . .12 
 
 D. Res Lacedaemoniorum. . , . .26 
 
 E. Macedonum Imperium 31 
 
 F. Res Parthorum. . . . . ,64 
 
 G. Res Siciliae. . . . . , . . 69 
 H. De Hispania Quaedam. .... 74 
 I. Res Massiliensium ,76 
 
 Second do. Breves e Ciceronis vita Narrationes, . . 79 
 
 Third do. Narrationes breviores ex Ciceronis operibus 
 
 excerptae 92 
 
 Fourth do, Narrationes quaedam varii generis, . . 99 
 Fifth do, Notes 109 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 
 
 adapted to the Extracts from Justin and Nepos> 
 
 ibis chronological Table is divided into three Parts : the first commences wkh the Crt 
 aiion, and terminates at the conquest of Coroebus, the era from which the Olyr n- 
 piads are counted. The second extends to the capture of Corinth by Mummius, ai : 
 the reduction of Greece to a Roman province, The third comprises the rest cf. ft< 
 principal events alluded io in the Extracts, and terminates with the restoration of the 
 standards taken by the Parthians from Crassus. A few important events, not mention 
 «d in the text, have been inserted. 
 
 Year 
 
 B.C. 
 
 FIRST PART. 
 
 4Q04 
 
 1655 
 
 5 946 
 1898 
 ■2C0S 
 2040 
 
 2434 
 
 2449 
 
 ' 2493 
 
 2S08 
 
 '2512 
 -2608 
 
 2722 
 2742 
 -,771 
 
 2321 
 2935 
 
 310? 
 
 <U2l 
 
 3191 
 
 2350 
 2059 
 2007 
 1995 
 1965 
 
 1571 
 155* 
 
 1506 
 1497 
 
 1493 
 1397 
 
 1283 
 1263 
 J 234 
 
 1134 
 
 1070 
 
 900 
 
 The Creation of the world, according to the Hebrew text of the Scrip- 
 tures, — According to the version of the Septuagint, 5872. —Accord- 
 ing to the Samaritan version, 4700. — According to Usher, 4000.'— Ac- 
 cording to Josephus, 4163. 
 
 The universal deluge. 
 
 N"inus, kiug of Assyria. 
 
 The death of Nious, after % reign of 52 years. 
 Semiramis succeeds him. 
 
 The birth of Abraham. — Ni'nyas kills his mother Semiramis, and as- 
 cends the throne. 
 
 Moses born in Egypt. 
 
 Commencement of the kingdom of Athens. Cecrops, first king. 
 
 The death of Cecrops. Cranaus succeeds him. 
 
 Amphictyon, king of Athens. The Amphictyonic council establish- 
 ed. 
 
 Cadmus introduces Letters mto Greece. He builds Thebes. 
 
 Erectheus, king of Athens. In this reign Triptolemus was taught by 
 Ceres the art of -sowing corn, &c. 
 
 Aegeus, king of Athens. 
 
 The Argonautic Expedition. 
 
 Theseus, king of Athens. He unites the twelve boroughs of At- 
 tica. 
 
 Troy taken and burnt by the Greeks. 
 
 Codrus, king of Athens, devotes himself for his country. Athens is 
 governed by perpetual archons. Medon, first archon. 
 
 The capture oTNineveh by Arbaces ; the death of Sardanapalus, and 
 the fail of the Assyrian Empire.— According to Eusebius, A. M. 
 3185, B C.S20. 
 
 The legislation of Lycurgus. 
 
 The commencement of the kingdom of Macedonia in <£he person" of 
 Caranus. This kingdom lasted 646 years, until the bat lie of Pyd- 
 
 Refe- 
 ence 
 
 A.t 
 A.} 
 
 A. 2 
 
 C.I 
 C. I 
 C.i 
 
 C. I 
 C. I 
 
 C. i 
 
 C 2 
 
 A.s 
 & 
 
 B. t 
 D. 1,1 
 
 V7t- 
 754 
 
 758 
 
 ^ Year 
 
 of the 
 Olympiads. 
 
 V], 
 
 FART II.— 2 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 Coroebus, first victor in the Olympic games. The er< 
 from which the Olympiads are counted. 
 
 The perpetual archons at Athens are succeeded by de 
 cennial archons. Charops, first decennial archon. 
 
 The foundation of Rome by Romulus. 
 
VI 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Year 
 of the 
 
 Olympiad 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 743 
 
 724 
 685 
 
 684 
 
 682 
 
 676 
 671 
 
 644 
 609 
 600 
 
 597 
 594 
 
 560 
 559 
 
 546 
 
 538 
 
 533 
 
 532 
 
 527 
 
 524 
 522 
 521 
 
 IX. 
 
 XIV. 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 XLII. 
 
 XLV. 
 
 XLVI. 
 LV. 
 
 LVIII. 
 
 LX. 
 LXI. 
 
 LXII. 
 LXIII. 
 
 LXIV. 
 
 513 
 512 
 
 509 
 
 490 
 481 
 480 
 
 4-/9 
 
 475 
 474 
 471 
 .465 
 
 464 
 461 
 
 LXVI. 
 LXVII. 
 
 LXX1I. 
 
 LXXIV. 
 
 LXXV. 
 
 LXXVI. 
 
 Lxxru. 
 
 LXXVlll. 
 LXXIX. 
 
 11 
 
 157 
 
 160 
 
 208 
 
 '245 
 
 2*4 
 
 ■273 
 
 The first war between the Messenians and the Lace- 
 daemonians. 
 
 Perdiccas, king of Macedonia. 
 
 Revolt of the Messenians against the Lacedaemonians. 
 —The second Messenian war begins. 
 
 The creation of annual archons at Athens, Creon, first 
 annual archon. 
 
 The poet Tyrtaeus general of the Lacedaemonian ar- 
 my. 
 
 Argaeus, king of Macedonia. 
 
 The capture of Ira, which put an end to the second 
 Messenian war. 
 
 Philip 1st, king of Macedonia. 
 
 Aeropus, king of Macedonia. 
 
 Massilia, (Marseilles) founded by a colony of Phocae 
 aos, according to Livy and Eusebius. According to 
 Justin, it was founded during the reign of Tarquin 
 the Proud. 
 
 Astyages, the last king of the Medes, ascends the 
 throne. 
 
 Solon, archon of Athens, frames a code of laws for his 
 country. 
 
 Pisistratus usurps the sovereignty of Athens. 
 
 Cyrus ascends the throne of Persia. The commence- 
 ment of the Persian Empire. 
 
 Croesus crosses the Halys to aid the Babylonians 
 against Cyrus, by whom be is defeated. 
 
 Cyrus carries the war into Lydia, subdues the coun 
 try, and makes Croesus his prisoner. 
 
 Cyrus takes Babylon. 
 
 Tarquin the Proud murders Servius TuUius, and suc- 
 ceeds him. 
 
 The death of Cyrus.— Cambyses his son, succeeds him 
 
 The death of Pisistratus.— His sons Hippias and Hip 
 parchus succeed him. 
 
 Cambyses puts his brother Smerdis to death. 
 
 Death of Cambyses. — Usurpation of Pseudo Smerdis. 
 
 The death of Smerdis. — Commencement of the reign 
 of Darius, son of Hystaspes. He marries Atossa, 
 daughter of Cyrus. 
 
 Harmodius and Aristogiton slay Hipparchus. 
 Babylon revolts from the Persians. 
 
 The stratagem of Zopyrus. Capture of Babylon, 
 Darius wages war against the Scythians. He con- 
 quers Macedonia. 
 
 Hippias expelled, and the tyranny of the Pisistratidae 
 abolished. — Tarquin the Proud driven from Rome 
 The consular government begins. 
 
 Darius invades Greece. — Miltiades defeats the Per- 
 sians at Marathon. 
 
 Xerxes commences his expedition against th 
 Greeks. 
 274 |The battle of Thermopylae, 7th August. 
 
 Arrival of Xerxes at Athens, towards the end of* 
 the same month. The battle of Salamis, Octobe 
 19th. The same day Gelon defeats the Carthagi- 
 nian general, Hamilcar, at Himera. 
 The battle of Plataeae, 22nd September.— The bat- 
 tle of Mycale on the same day. 
 Anaxilaus, tyrant of Sicily. 
 
 The walls of Athens rebuilt, and its port improved. . 
 Them'itocles banishefl. 
 
 The death of Xerxes — Artaxerxes LongimaUUS sue 
 ceeds hira, and reigns 40 years. 
 290 The third Messenian war begins. 
 Cimon goes into exile. 
 
 E. 2 
 
 B. 6 
 
 B, 
 
 B, 
 
 8, * 
 
 C. 
 
 B, 
 
 5 
 9 
 
 
 B. 
 
 9, 
 
 10 
 
 B. 
 
 10 
 
 
 B, 
 
 11 
 
 
 C. 
 
 5 
 
 
 B. 
 
 12 
 
 
 B. 
 
 12 
 
 
 B. 13 
 
 C. 5 
 
 12-1 
 
 c. 
 
 6 
 
 B. 
 
 15 & 
 
 C. 
 
 8 
 
 B. 
 
 16 
 
 B. 
 
 17 & 
 
 C. 
 
 9 
 
 G. 
 
 t 
 
 B. 
 
 19 & 
 
 C. 
 
 a 
 
 G. 
 
 i 
 
 C. 
 
 u 
 
 c. 
 
 14 
 
 B 
 
 20 
 
 r. 
 
 IT 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TALx^. 
 
 va 
 
 Year 
 
 of the 
 
 Olympiads. 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 3 304 
 2 323 
 
 I LXXXII. 
 
 LXXXVII. 
 
 LXXXVIII. 4 
 I LXXXIX. 
 
 i XGL 
 
 i 
 
 5XCIL 
 
 ) 
 
 7XCIII 
 
 1 XCIV, 
 
 » xcvi. 
 
 I XCVI. 
 
 I xcvii. 
 I 
 
 ixcvur. 
 i en. 
 
 ! cur. 
 
 t civ. 
 
 >CY. 
 >CVI. 
 
 J CVIU. 
 
 a 
 
 19,22 
 
 c. 
 
 21 
 
 c. 
 
 23 
 
 a 
 
 24 
 
 c. 
 
 27 
 
 a 
 
 28 
 
 c. 
 
 28 
 
 B : 
 
 21 
 
 C. 
 
 SO 
 
 c. 
 
 si 
 
 c. 
 
 82 
 
 0, 
 
 ss 
 
 c. 
 
 S4 
 
 Cimon conducts an armj to the island of Cyprus, where 
 he dies the year following. C. 17 
 
 Commencement of the Peloponnesian war, which lasts 
 
 28 years. C. 18 
 
 The death of Artaxerxes Longimanus.— Xerxes II. 
 succeeds him. B. 21 
 
 1 330 The death of JXerxes II. — Sogdianus ascends the 
 throne. ^ B. 21 
 
 *]331 Death of Sogdianus after a reign of 7 months. He is 
 
 succeeded by DaTius Nothus, B. SI 
 
 J 332 A peace of 50 year9 agreed upon by the Spartans and 
 Athenians, which is kept only during six years and 
 six months C. 18 
 
 2 339 The expedition of the Athenians to Sicily.— Alcibia- 
 des condemned. He retires to Sparta. 
 
 1 341 The total defeat of the Athenian army in Sicily by 
 Gylippus the Lacedaemonian. 
 Alcibiades deserts the Spartans, and goes over to the 
 Persian. 
 344 Aleibiades recalled by the army, 
 347 Aicibiades goes again into exile. 
 Conon succeeds him. 
 i S49 Lysander gains the naval battle of Aegos-Potamos.— 
 Darius Nothus dies. His son Artaxerxes Moemon 
 succeeds him. 
 Athens taken by Lysander. — End of the Peloponne 
 sian war. 
 
 Appointment cf the 30 tyrant?. 
 Alcibiades is killed. 
 I 351 Thrasybulus frees Athens from the 30 tyrant!. 
 A general amnesty. 
 
 1 353 The expedition of Cyru3 the Younger against his bro- 
 ther Artaxerxes. 
 
 The battle of Cunaxa. B. 22 
 
 The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. 
 
 \ 359 The expedition of Agesilaus in Asia. D. 5 
 
 5 660 The naval battle near Cnidus, in which the Athenians, 
 commanded by Conon, come off victorious. Com- 
 mencement of the Corinthian war. D. 7 
 \ 361 Agesilaus, on his return from Asia, conquers the The- 
 bans and their allies at Coronaea. 
 Conon rebuilds the walls of the Piraeus. 
 
 2 363 Amyntas II, king of Macedonia. - 
 4 365 Peace of Antalcidas between the Persians and Greeks, 
 
 3 366 The war of the Spartans with the Arcadians. 
 2 333 The battle of Leuctra, in which Epaminondas defeats 
 
 the Lacedaemonians. 
 Alexander II, king of Macedonia.— Philip, a hostage 
 at Thebes. 
 
 4 385 Epaminondas attacks Sparta. 
 1 386 Ptolemy Alorites, king of Macedonia, (V. note 5, 
 
 32.) 
 
 Death of Dionysius the Elder. 
 
 Dionysius the Younger succeeds him. 
 k 389 Perdiccas HI, king of Macedonia. 
 ^ 391 The battle of Mantiuea ; victory of Epaminondas ; 
 
 his death. 
 3 392 The death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. 
 
 Ochus succeeds him. 
 1 394 Philip ascends the throne of Macedon. 
 1 398 The temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt by Erostratus. 
 
 On the same day Alexander was born. Dionysius 
 
 is driven from Sicily. Q. 4 
 
 i 399 Commencement of the third Sacred War. 
 ; 406 Philip takes Olynthus. E. 7 
 
 End of the third Sacred War. E. 8 
 
 D. 
 
 6 
 
 D, 
 
 7 
 
 E, 
 
 S 
 
 D. 
 
 8 
 
 n. 
 
 8 
 
 E, 
 
 S k 
 
 
 4 
 
 D, 
 
 9 
 
 G, 
 
 2 
 
 G- 
 
 S 
 
 E, 
 
 4 
 
 D. 
 
 9 
 
 B. 
 
 23 
 
 B. 
 
 24 
 
 E. 
 
 4 
 
VIU 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 
 
 347 
 
 343 
 
 S4l 
 
 338 
 
 33? 
 336 
 
 5133 
 352 
 331 
 
 330 
 
 i 
 328 
 
 32? 
 325 
 324 
 
 323 
 322 
 
 317 
 BIS 
 
 410 
 
 mi 
 
 soi 
 
 298 
 297 
 
 294 
 290 
 
 289 
 
 Tear 
 
 of the 
 
 Olympiads. 
 
 CVHI* 
 CIX. 
 
 CX 
 
 jCXL 
 
 exit 
 
 CXIK. 
 
 CXIV. 
 
 CXVL 
 CXVIL 
 
 CXVHI. 
 
 CXIX. 
 
 exx, 
 
 CXXL 
 
 CXXif. 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 413 
 
 Dionysius returns to Syracuse from Italy. 
 
 Dionysius retires to Corinth after his final baclshmen 
 
 by Timoleon. 
 Philip makes a fruitless attempt upon Byzantium.— 
 
 He is victorious in the Chersonese j and makes au 
 
 expedition to Scythia. 
 The battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip defeats the 
 
 Athenians and Boeotians. The end of Grecian in- 
 dependence. 
 
 Death of Artaxerxes Oehus. 
 Philip convenes a council of the Greeks at Corintli 
 
 He prepares for the invasion of Persia. 
 Philip is assassinated by Pausanias, 
 
 Alexander succeeds him. 
 
 Darius Codomannus ascends the throne of Persia. 
 Alexander continues the preparation for the Persian 
 
 war. 
 
 Revolt of the Thebans. Alexander defeats them 
 
 and destroyf Thebes. 
 
 Alexander passes into Asia. 
 
 Victory of Alexander over the Persians in the plain 
 of Adrastia, commonly called the battle of the 
 
 Granlcas. 
 Dangerous illness of Alexander at Tarsus. The bat- 
 tle of Issus. 
 Alexander takes Tyre. Egypt -submits, to Alexander. 
 
 — He founds Alexandria- 
 Victory of. Alexander over Darius at Gaugamela, more 
 
 commonly called the battle of Arbela. 
 Alexander destroys Persepolis. Darius Codomannus 
 
 assassinated by Bessus.— End of the Persian Em- 
 pire. Antipater suppresses the rebellion in Greece 
 Alexander subdues the Caucasian tribes. — Bessus pun 
 
 ished. 
 Alexander passes into India.— Re conquers Porus. 
 Alexander returns to Babylon. 
 Alexander the Great dies at Babylon, at the age of 
 
 thirty-three. Aridaeus, a natural son of Philip, is 
 
 nominally king. — First division of the empire be 
 
 tween the generals. 
 The Athenians and Aetolians rise in rebellion against 
 
 Macedon.— Antipater escapes from Lamia. 
 Antipater, Antigonus, Craterus and Ptolemy unite 
 
 against Perdiccas — Perdiccas is assassinated ii 
 
 Egypt. 
 Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. 
 League of Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimacbus, and Se 
 
 leucus against Antigonus. 
 Agathocles carries the war against the Carthaginians 
 
 into Africa. 
 Demetrius, son of Aptigonus, gains a victory over the 
 
 fleet of Ptolemy.— Antigonus assumes the title of 
 
 king ; the other generals of Alexander follow his 
 
 example. 
 Battle of Ipsus; death of Antigonus; flight of Deme 
 
 trius. 
 Death of Cassander. His son Philip succeeds him. 
 Death of Philip. Dispute between his sons Antipater 
 
 ani Alexander- respecting the crown of Macedon 
 
 Antipater kills Thessalonice, his mother. 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes takes possession of Macedonia. 
 League of Seleucus, Lysimacbus, Pyrrhus, and Ptole 
 
 my against Demetrius. 
 Death of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily.— Demetrius is 
 
 stripped of the kingdom of Macedon,— Pyrrhus ob- 
 tains the vacant throne. 
 
 G. 6 
 E. 9 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 E. 15 
 
 IS 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 23 
 
 25 
 25 
 26 
 2? 
 
 29 
 
 31, St 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 7. * 
 
 G. 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 E. 44 
 
 K,4t 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 
 
 IX 
 
 288 
 286 
 
 CXXTH. 
 
 334 
 
 CXXIV. 
 
 n\ 
 
 
 279 
 
 GXXV. 
 
 27B 
 
 cxxv. 
 
 277 
 
 
 275 
 274 
 
 CXXVI. 
 
 372 
 
 CXXVII. 
 
 269 
 262 
 
 CXXIX. 
 
 255 
 
 C.XXXI. 
 
 247 
 
 CXXXIII. 
 
 24S 
 
 CXXXIV. 
 
 238 
 
 cxxxv. 
 
 232 
 
 CXXXVII. 
 
 228 
 226 
 
 CXXXVltl. 
 
 224 
 
 CXXXIX. 
 
 222 
 
 
 221 
 
 
 220 
 
 CXL-, 
 
 216 
 
 CXLI. 
 
 2J4 
 204 
 
 CXLIV. 
 
 203 
 
 
 202 
 200 
 19? 
 
 CXLV. 
 
 125 
 
 GXLTI 
 
 470 
 4*473 
 
 47- 
 
 552 
 
 554 
 557 
 
 559 
 
 Demetrius surrenders himself to Seieucus. 
 
 Lysimacbus wrests the crown of Macedon from the 
 
 hands of Pyrrhus. — Death of Demetrius. 
 Death of Ptolemy, son of Lagus. His son Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus succeeds him. — Death of Demetrius 
 Phalereus. (V*. note 1st, p. 15). 
 
 Lysimachus is defeated in Pbrygia by Seieucus, and 
 dies. — Seieucus reigns in Macedonia. Seven months 
 afterwards he is slain by Ptolemy Ceraunus. who suc- 
 ceeds him on the throne of Macedon. — Antiochus So- 
 ter, son of Seieucus, succeeds to the throne of Syria. 
 —Commencement of the Achaean league. 
 
 Irruption of the Gauls into fllyria and Macedoni 
 They defeat and slay Ptolemy Ceraunus. 
 
 -few irruption of the Gauls under Brennus. They a 
 tempt to plunder the temple at Delphi, but are to- 
 tally defeated. — Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, passes into 
 Sicily. 
 
 Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. — He defeats 
 the Gauls. 
 
 Hiero. general of the Sicilians. 
 
 Pyrrhus gets possession of Macedcnia 3 and dethrones 
 Antigonus. 
 
 Pyrrhus besieges Lacedaemon, and is repulsed. — He 
 is slain in an attack upon Argos. 
 
 Hiero II, king of Syracuse. * 
 
 Antiochus II, surnamed Thcos, succeeds his father, Ad> 
 tiochus Soter. 
 
 Arsaces rules over the Parthians ; the dynasty of the 
 Arsacidae commences. 
 
 Death of Antiochus l\ % — Seieucus II, surnamed Calli 
 nicus, succeeds him. 
 
 Death of Antigonus Gonatas. Demetrius II. succeeds 
 him. 
 
 Hamilcar goes to' Spain with his son, the young Han. 
 nibal. 
 
 The death of Demetrius If, king of Macedonia. An- 
 tigonus Doson succeeds him. 
 
 Death of Hamilcar,— Hasdrubal succeeds him in Spain. 
 
 Death of Seieucus II.— -Seieucus III. (Ceraunus) suc- 
 ceeds him. 
 
 Death of Seieucus III. — His brother, Antiochus the 
 Great, succeeds him. 
 
 Cleomenes, king of Sparta, is defeated by Antigonus 
 and flies to Egypt. — Antigonus makes himself mas- 
 ter of Sparta, and then proclaims it free. 
 
 D^ath of Antigonus Doson. — Philip, son of Demetrius, 
 succeeds him 
 
 Death of Ptolemy Evergetes. — Ptolemy Phiiopator 
 succeeds him. 
 
 Death of Hasdrubal in Spain. — Haaaiba! succeeds him. 
 Lycurgus, king of Sparta. 
 
 Phiiip sends deputies to Italy, for the purpose of mak- 
 ing a treaty with Hannibal. 
 
 Laevinus passes into Greece. 
 
 Philip makes peace with the Romans, End of the 1st 
 Macedonian war. 
 
 Ptolemy Epiphanes succeeds his father Fhilopator, 
 though only in the 4th year of his age. 
 
 Antiochus the Great and Philip divide between them 
 selves the kingdom of Ptolemy Epiphanes. 
 
 The Romans undertake the guardianship of Epiphanes. 
 
 Second Macedonian war. 
 
 Battle of Cynoscephalae ; defeat of Philip by Flami 
 nius ; end of tbe second Macedonian war. 
 
 Hannibal flies for refuge to Antiochus the Great, 
 
 43 
 49 
 48 
 
 E. 49 
 
 E, 51 
 
 E. 
 Gf. 
 
 52 5 
 12 
 
 E, 
 
 54 
 13 
 
 5. 
 
 55 
 
 E. 
 
 56 
 13 
 
 F. 4 
 
 H. 4 
 
 69 
 
 . 4 
 
 E. €i 
 
 E. 
 
 o! 
 
 E. 
 
 6€ 
 
 E. 
 H. 
 
 E, 
 
 6! 
 
 4 
 
 Z: 
 
 E. 
 
 E. 
 
 6" 
 63 
 
 E. 
 
 63 
 
 E. 
 
 64 
 
 t. 
 
 E. 
 E. 
 
 6 + 
 63 
 
 E. 
 
 E 
 
 6fi 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Year 
 
 of the 
 
 Olympiads. 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 194 
 193 
 
 cxLvr. 
 
 CXLVII. 
 
 CXLIX, 
 
 CUT. 
 CLlU. 
 
 CLVUl 
 
 607 
 
 608 
 
 phraates 1st, king of Parthia. 
 
 Antiocbus defeated on land by Acilius Glabrio. His 
 
 fleet defeated by Aemilius. 
 Antiochus defeated at Magnesia by Scipio Asiaticus. 
 The Aetolians conquered by the Romans.— Hannibal 
 
 flies to Prusias, king of Bithyoia. 
 Death of Philopoemen.— Hannibal poisons himself. — 
 
 Death of Philip. — His son Perseus succeeds to the 
 
 throne of Macedonia. — Mithridates I. succeeds 
 
 Phraates I. as king of Parthia. 
 Third Macedonian war begins. 
 Battle of Pydna.— Perseus made captive by the Ro 
 
 mans. 
 The Acbaeans drive out the Roman ambassadors, who 
 
 were sent to dissolve the league. — The Romans do 
 
 clare war against them. 
 Capture and destruction of Corinth by Mummius, — 
 
 Greece becomes a Roman province under the name 
 
 of Achaia. Commencement of the war with Viria- 
 
 thus. 
 
 F. 5 
 
 67 
 69 
 
 73 
 70 7£ 
 
 E. 74 
 
 75 1 
 76 
 
 H. 2 
 
 Year 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 is? 
 
 233 
 
 700 
 701 
 715 
 
 TIB 
 72S 
 
 734 
 
 Phraates II. succeeds Mithridates I. 
 
 Attalus dying bequeaths the kingdom of Pergamu3 to the Roman people. 
 
 Artabanus succeeds Phraates II. 
 
 Mithridates II. succeeds his father Artabanus. 
 Orodes, king of Parthia. 
 
 The battle of Carrhae ; defeat and death of Crassus. 
 Ventidius kills pacorus and destroys his army. 
 
 Phraates IV. succeeds his father Orodes. 
 A-atooy is repulsed by the Parthians. 
 Phraates is driven from -his throne by Tiddates. He is restored with the 
 
 assistance of the Scythians. 
 The Parthians deliver to Augustus the standards and captives taken from 
 
 the Romans 
 
 E. 
 
 77 
 
 F. 
 
 7 
 
 F. 
 
 •' 
 
 r. 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 e 
 
 F. 
 
 9 
 
 F. 
 
 10 
 
 F, 
 
 ii 
 
 F. 
 
 li 
 
 F 
 
 12 
 
•;< 
 
 s 
 
 FIRST DIVISION, 
 
 A. REGNUM ASSYRIORUM* 
 
 1. Ninus. (Justin. I. 1.) 
 
 Antiquissimis temporibus primi in Asia Assyrii 1 regnum 
 ondidisse feruntur. Horum rex Ninus, primum finitimis, 
 turn aliis post alios populis perdomitis, totius Orientis populos 
 subegit. Postremum ei bellum cum Zoroastre, rege Bactri- 
 anorum, 3 fuit, qui primus dicitur artes magicas* invenisse, si- 
 derumque motus diligentissime spectasse. Hoc occiso et 
 ipse decessit, relicto impubere adhuc filio Ninya, et uxore 
 Semiramlde. 
 
 2. Semiramis. (Ibid. I. 2.) 
 
 Semiramis nee filio immaturo imperium tradere, nee ipsa 
 palam capessere ausa, sexum dissimulans, brachia et crura 
 velamentis, caput tiara tegit ; et, ne novo habitu aliquid oc« 
 cultare videretur, eodem modo et populum vestiri jussit ; quern 
 morem vestis 4 exinde 5 gens universa servavit. Sic Semi- 
 ramis primis regni initiis Ninyas esse credita est. 6 Magnas 
 deinde res gessit, ita ut mulier etiam viros virtute superare 
 videretur. Babylonian* 7 condidit, murumque urbi cocto la* 
 tere 8 circumdedit. Nee contenta regni ternunos tueri, Ae* 
 thiopiam 9 imperio adjecit, et Indiae bellum intulit. Ad pos- 
 tremum a filio interfecta est, duo et quadraginta annos post 
 Ninum rerum potita. 10 Ninyas contentus imperio a parentis 
 bus sibi tradito, belli studia deposuit, et, veluti sexum cum 
 matre mutasset, in feminarum turba consenuit. Posteri ejus 
 hoc exemplum secuti sunt. Imperium Assyrii mille trecen- 
 tos annos tenuerunt. 
 
 3. Sardanapalus. (Ibid. I. 3.) 
 
 Postremus apud eos regnavit Sardanapalus, vir muliere 
 mollior. Ad quera quum forte Arbaces, Medis 11 a rege pra$~ 
 
 B 
 
3 BEGNUM MEDOSUM ET PERSARUtf. 
 
 positus, venisset, invenit eum inter mulierum greges, muliebri 
 habitu, lanam tractantem, et pensa virginibus dividentem. 
 Quibus visis, indignatus Arbaces, tot viros huic feminae 1 
 parere, omnem rem ad amicos retulit, negatque 2 se ei obedire 
 posse, qui se feminam esse malit quam virum. Fit igitur con- 
 juratio. Bellum Sardanapalo infertur. Quo ille audito, pri- 
 mum, ut mulieres solent, latebras cireumspicit ; moxdeinde 
 cum paucis et incompositis in bellum progreditur. Victus 
 proelio in regiam se recipit, ubi, exstructo incensoque rogo, 
 et se et divitias in flammas conjicit ; hoc solo facinore virum 
 imitatus. 
 
 B. REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 
 
 1. Astyages. (Justin. I. 4.) 
 
 Sardanapalo sublato quum Arbaces rex esset constitutua.« 
 imperium ab Assyriis ad Medos translatum est. Post multos 
 deinde reges ad Astyagem descendit. 3 Hie aliquando per 
 somnum vidit e sinu filiae Mandanes, quam unicam habebaf 5 
 vitem enatam, 4 cujus palmite omnis Asia obumbraretur. Con- 
 sulti harioli, qui somnia interpretabantur, responderunt, ne- 
 potem regi ex filia natum iri, qui regno potiretur omnemque 
 Asiam subigeret. Hoc responso perterritus, Astyages filiam 
 Cambysi in matrimonium dedit, mediocris fortunae viro, ex 
 gente Persarum, quae tunc temporis nullis adhuc rebus gestis 
 illustrabatur. 5 Sed ne sic quidem ab omni metu liberatus 
 e'st.- 
 
 2. Cyri natcdes. (Ibid. I. 4.) 
 
 Quum itaque Mandane puerum peperisset, Astyages cum 
 Harpago, arcanorum suorum participi, occidendum dedit. Is 
 veritus, ne Mandane aliquando necati infantis ultionem a se 
 exigeret, pastori regii pecoris puerum exponendum tradit. 
 Forte eodem tempore et ipsi pastori filius natus erat. Ejus 
 igitur uxor, audita regii infantis expositione, maritum precious 
 movit, ut sibi afferret ostenderetque puerum. Cujus precibus 
 fatigatus pastor reversus in silvam, juxta infantem invenit ca- . 
 nem, ubera parvulo praebentem, et a feris alitibusque defen- 
 dentem. Motus et ipse misericordia, qua canem motam vi- 
 derat, puerum defert ad stabula, eadem cane anxie prose- 
 
BEGNUM XED0BUM ET PERSAJIUM. 4 
 
 quente. Quern ubi in manus mulier accepit, puer earn risu 
 et blanditiis ita cepit, ut eum a se nollet dimittere, rnaritoque 
 precibus persuaderet, ut suum ipsius puerum exponeret, altero 
 servato. 1 Atque ita permutata sorte parvulorum, hie pro filio 
 
 pastoris educatur, i!Jc prcrnepote Astyagis exponitur. 
 
 3. Cyrus agnoscitur. (Ibid. L 5.) 
 
 Puer deinde quum inter pastores esset, Cyri nomen accepit. 
 Ibi aliquando rex inter ludentes creatus, contumaces flagellis 
 cecidit ; ob quam contumeliam puerorum parentes irati re- 
 gem adierunt, querentes, quod ingenui 3 pueri a servo regio 
 Verberibus essent affecti. Rex puerum arcessitum quum in. 
 terrogasset, quomodo ausus esset illos verberare, ille, vultu 
 nihil mutato, se ut regem fecisse respondit. Hoe responsum 
 puerique constantiam admiratus Astyages, somnium, quod 
 olim viderat, in mentem revoeat, quumque et vultus simili- 
 tudo et expositionis tempora, 4 et pastoris confessio conveni* 
 rent, nepotem agnovit. Et quoniam somnium exitum habuisse 
 existimabat, quod Cyrus regnum inter pastores gessisset, 
 puero quidem pepercit, sed Harpago ob imperium neglectum 
 irattis, filium ejus interfecit patrique epulandum apposuit. 
 
 4. Harpagus Astyagen prodit. (Ibid. I. 5.) 
 
 Ab initio quidem Harpagus dissimulavit dolorem, sed in* 
 tentus occasioni vindietae exercendae, tempore interjecto, 
 quum adolevisset Cyrus, omnia ei perscripsit : ut Astyages 
 eum interfici jusserit, ut suo 1 ^ beneficio sit servatus, ut ipse 
 filium crudelitate regis amiserit. Deinde eum hortatur, ut 
 exercitum paret, pronamque 6 ad regnum viam ingrediatur \ 
 simul Medorum ipsi transitionem promittit. Epistola, quia re* 
 gis custodes omnes aditus obsidebant, exenterato lepori inseri* 
 tur, lepusque Cyro apud Persas degenti per fidum seryum 
 mittitur. 
 
 5. Cyrus exercltum paf&x* (Ibid. I. 6.) 
 
 Cyrus, Harpagi epistolis lectis, nihil 7 cunctatus, populum 
 eonvocavit, eoque in locum silvestrem adducto, silvam securi- 
 bus exeidi jussit. Quod quum strenue fecissent, 8 eosdem pos- 
 tero die ad epulas invitat. Deinde quum alacriores ipso 
 convivio factos videret, rogat, si conditio esset proposita, 
 utrum hesterni diei laborem, an praesentium epularum hilar!- 
 tatem praelaturi essent? omnibusque clamantibus, se prae* 
 sejites praeferrc epulas, ait : Hesterno diet omnem vitam 
 
4 KEGNtfM MEDORUBI ET PERSARUft . 
 
 similem agetis, quamdiu Medis parebitis ; at si me sequemini , 
 vjficiam, at per omnem vitam epulas agere videamini. 
 
 G. Astyages regno exuiiur. (Ibid. I. G.) 
 
 Laetis omnibus, Medis bellum infert. Astyages Harpago 
 summam belli 1 committit, oblitus 2 injuriarum, quibus eum af> 
 fecerat. At ille exercitum acceptum statim Cyro tradit, re. 
 gisque crudelitatem defeciione ulciscitur. Quod ubi Astyages 
 audivit, contractus undique auxiliis ipse in Persas proficiscitur, 
 variamque ibi belli fortunam expertus, tandem in proelio 
 ^apitui-. Gyrus avo regnum abstulit, eumque maximae genti 
 Hyrcanorum 3 praeposuit. Nam in Medos reverti ipse noluit. 
 Hie finis Medorum imperii fuit, Rcgnaverunt annos tre 
 centos quinquaginta. 
 
 7. Cyrus Lydiam et Croesum superat. (Ibid. I. 7.) 
 
 Initio regni Cyrus civitates, quae Medorum tributariae 
 aierant, bello domuit. Deinde quum adversus Babylonios 
 bellum gereret, Croesus, rex Lydorum, 4 cujus opes et divitiae 
 ilia tempestate insignes erant, Babyloniis auxilium tulit; 
 soque victo, Cyrus bellum in Lydiam transfert. Ibi Croesi 
 exercitus, fortuna prioris proelii jam perculsus, nullo negotio 6 
 fandikur, Croesus ipse capitur. Victor, dementia erga vie- 
 turn usus, et vitam ei et patrimonii partem concessit. Inter* 
 jecto deinde tempore, occupato in aliis bellis Cyro, Lydi re* 
 bellavere. Quibus iterum victis arma et equi ademti, jussi- 
 que sunt cauponias 8 et ludicra3 artes 7 exercere. Sic gens, in- 
 dustria quondam potens, mollitie et luxuria effeminata, virtu 
 tern pristinam perdidit. 
 
 8. Cyrus irderfxitur. (Ibid. I. 8.) 
 
 Cyrus, subacta Asiaj Seythis bellum infert. Erat eo tem- 
 pore Scytharum regina, Tomyris, quae quum hostes Araxis f 
 iluminis transitu prohibere posset,. iis tr&nsire permisit, ex- 
 istimans, faciliorem sibi intra terminos regni pugnam fore. 
 Itaque Cyrus, trajectis copiis, quum aliquantisper in Scythiam 
 processisset, castra metatus est. Deinde, simulato metu. 
 quasi refugiens, castra deseruit, atque in iis vini affatim, et 
 quae epulis erant necessaria, reliquit. Quod quum reginae 
 nuntiatum esset, adolescentulum filium ad insequendum hos- 
 tern cum tertia parte copiarum misit. Quum ventum ad 
 Cyri castra esset, adolescens, rei militaris ignarus, omissis ' 
 hostibus, milites suos insuetos 10 vino se onerare patitur* Q**i 
 
KEGNUM MED0RI7M ET PEBSABUM. *> 
 
 cognitis, Cyrus reversus per noctem, ebrios opprimit, 
 omnesque Scythas una cum reginae filio interficit. Amisso 
 tanto exercitu, et, quod gravius erat, unico filio, Tomyris. 
 ultionem meditata, hostes recenti victoria exsultantes, pari 
 fraude decipit. Quippe simulato timore propter cladem re* 
 cens acceptam refugiens, Cyrum ad angustias usque produxit, 
 Ibi compositis insidiis, ducenta millia Persarum cum ipso re* 
 ge trucidavit. Turn caput Cyri amputatum in utrem humane 
 sanguine repletum conjici jubet, cum hac exprobratione 1 cru- 
 delitatis : Satia te f inquit, sangztkie, quern sitisti, 2 cujusque in* 
 satiabilis semjierfitisli. Cyrus regnavit annos triginta. 
 
 9. Cambists regnum et inleritus, (Ibid. I. 9.) 
 
 Cyro successit iiliusCambyses, qui imperio patris Aegyptum 
 adjecit, Aegyptiorum offensus superstitionibus, 3 Apis 4 caetero- 
 rumque deorum aedes dirui jubet. Ad Jo vis quoque Ammonis 
 nobilissimum templum 1 expugnandurn milites misit, qui arena© 
 tempesiate exeitatae molibus oppressi sunt. Post haec per 
 quietem 6 vidit, fratrem suum Smerdin esse regnaturum. Quo 
 somnio exterritus, non dubitavit post sacrilegia etiam parrici- 
 dium 7 facere ; et mago ciridam mandavit, ut Smerdin internee- 
 ret. Interim ipse, equum, ut narrant, conscendens, gladio sua 
 sponte evaginato^ vulneratas occubuit. 
 
 10. Pseudo-Smerdis. (Ibid. I. 9.) 
 
 Nuntio de regis morte accepto, ille, cui parricidium a rege 
 mandatum fuerat, fratrem Cambysis, cui regnum debebatur, 
 occldit, suumque ipsius fratrem Oropasten, interfecto Smerdi 
 ore et corporis habitu sirmliimum, in iilius locum subjecit. 
 Quae res eo occultior fait, quod apud Persas persona regis sub 
 specie majesiatis occulitur. Sed postquam unus et alter 
 fraudem suspicari coepit, Ostanes, vir nobilis, filiam suam, 
 quae inter regias pellices erat, interrogavit, an Cyri filius rex 
 csset. Ilia se id scire negabat. Turn earn dormientis ca- 
 put pertractare jubet : nam mago illi Cambyses aures olirn 
 utrasque praeeiderat. Factus deinde per fiiiam certior, sine 
 auribus esse regem, nobilissimis Persarum rem indicat, eos* 
 que in caedem falsi regis hmpellit. Septem tantum eonscii 
 fuere hujus eonjurationi3, qui, postquam se sacramento ob» 
 strinxerant, extemplo ad regiam pergunt, ferro sub veste oc- 
 cultato. Ibi obviis interfectis, quum ad regem penetrassent, 
 pugna in tenebris orta, Gobryas, unus conjuratorum, Oro- 
 pasten complexus medium, socios ut ferirent hortatus est ,* 
 'cunctantc&que. ne 8 cum pro mago transfoderent, vel per su- 
 
 b & 
 
6 EEGNUM HEDORUM FT PERSARUM. 
 
 Um coitus adigere ferrum jussit. Turn fortuna ita regente/ 
 XSobrya incoli^ai, magus interficitur. 
 
 11. Darius Hystaspis rex creator. (Ibid. I. 10.) 
 
 Quibus peractis, conjurati virtute et nobilitate pares, pac* 
 it sunt inter se, ut die statuta omnes equos ante regiam prime 
 mane perducerent ; et cujus equus inter Solis ortum hinnitum 
 primus edidisset, is rex esset. Nam et Solem Persae unum 
 Deum esse credunt, et equos eidem Deo sacratos putant. 
 Erat autem inter conjuratos Darius, Hystaspis filius ; cui, de 
 eventu sollicito, equi custos ait : si haec res, 2 quam tu dicis* 
 victoriam decernit, nihil negotii superesse existima. 3 Turn 
 peraoctem, pridie constitutam diem, 4 equum ad eundem locum* 
 ducit, simulque equam. Postera die itaque quum ad statu- 
 iam horam omnes convenissent, Darii equus, cognito loco, 
 U\)i equam viderat, hinnitum statim edidit. Quo auspicio au« 
 dito, omnes confestim equis desilierunt, et Darium regem sa- 
 iutaverunt. Populus quoque universus, principum secutus ju- 
 dicium, eundem regem constituit. Principio regni, Cyri filiam 
 in matrimonium duxit, regalibus nuptiis regnum firmaturus ;* 
 \it non tarn in extraneum translatum, quam in familiam Cyri 
 reversum esse videretur. 
 
 12. Zopyri doh Babylonia capitur. (Ibid. I. 10.) 
 
 Interjecto deinde tempore, quum Assyrii descivissent, et 
 Babyloniam occupassent, difficilisque urbis expugnatio essef* 
 unus de interfectoribus magorum Zopyrus, donii se verberibu? 
 lacerari toto corpore jubet ; turn naso, aufibus et labiis ab- 
 ecissis, regi se inopinanti offert, 7 Jam quuni Darius ejus ad- 
 speetu attonitus, auctorem tarn foedae lacerationis requireret. 
 tile, quo consilio hoc fecerit, edocet ; rebusque cum rege 
 Gompositis, transfugae titulo 8 in Babyloniam proficiscitur. Ibi 
 ostendit populo laniatum corpus regisque Darii jussu se tarn 
 Orudeliter affectum esse queritur, persuadetque mirantibus, ut 
 se in urbem reciperent. Omnibus et virtus viri et nobiiitas 
 pariter nota erat, nee de fide 9 dubitabant, quam corpus verbe* 
 ribus laniatum satis probare videbatur. Receptus igitur, om- 
 nium suffragio dux constitutor, et accepta parva manu, semel 
 ftterumque Persarum copias consulto cedentes fundit. Ad pos- 
 iremum universus ei creditur exercitus. Hunc Dario prodif. 
 fcrbemque ipsam in ejus potestatem redigit. 
 
ftEGXtM MEDORUM £T PEBSAKU3I. % 
 
 13. Darii expeditlo contra ScytJias. (Ibid. II. 5.) 
 
 Multis in Asia feliciter gestis, Darius Scythis 1 bellum in* 
 mlit, et armatis septingentis millibus hominum, Scytbiam in- 
 gressus, quum hostes ei pugnae potestatem non facerent, me- 
 tuens, ne interrupto ponte Istri, 2 reditus sibi intercluderetur, 
 amissis octoginta millibus hominum, trepidus 3 refugit. Inde 
 Macedoniam domuit. Paulo post, quum cognovisset, Atheni- 
 enses Ionibus 4 contra se auxilium tulisse, bello eos adortus 
 est. Quod quo eventu gestum sit, in Atheniensium hisfcoria nar- 
 rabitur. 5 
 
 14. Filiorum Darii de regno contentio. (Ibid. II. 10.) 
 
 Persarum legion ibus in campo Marathonio 6 magno proelio 
 superaiis, Darius, bellum instauraturus, in ipso apparatu de- 
 cedit, relictis multis filiis, et in regno et ante regnum 7 sus* 
 ceptis. 8 Ex his Artemenes, maximus natu, aetatis privilegio, 
 regnum sibi vindicabat ; Xerxes, quod patre ad regiam dig- 
 nitatem sublato, primus genitus esset. Hoc certamen duo 
 fratres concordi animo ad patruum suum Artaphernem defe* 
 runt, qui, domi 9 cognita causa, Xerxem praeposuit ; adeo» 
 que fraterna fuit contentio, 10 ut nee victor insultaret, nee vie- 
 tus doleret ; ipsoque litis tempore munera sibi invicem mit- 
 terent. 
 
 15. Xerxes bellum adcersus Graeciam par at, (Ibid. II. 10.) 
 
 Igitur Xerxes bellum a patre coeptum adversus Graeciam 
 denuo instruxit, eique apparatui 11 quinquennium insumsit. 
 . Septingenta millia ex regni sui provinciis armasse dicitur, et 
 trecenta millia auxiliariorum ; ut non inmerito proditum sit. 
 flumina ab exercitu ejus siccata esse, Graeciamque omneni 
 vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves quoque milie du- 
 centas numero habuisse dicitur. Huic tanto agmini dux 12 de- 
 fuit. Rex enim primus in fuga, postremus in proelio semper 
 visus est. In periculis timidus, ubi metus abesset, inflatus 
 €rat. 
 
 16. Pugna ad Thermopylae. (Ibid. II. 11.) 
 
 Ejus introitus in Graeciam quam terribilis, tam turpis dis- 
 oessus fuit. Nam quum Leonidas, rex Spartanorum, cum qua- 
 tuor millibus railitum angustias Thermopylarum 13 occupasset 
 Xerxes eontemtu paucitatis eos aggreditur. Triduo ibi pug- 
 Saturn, magnaque in Persarum exercitu caedes est edita 
 
& REGNUH MEDGHUM ET FERSAKinf. 
 
 Quarta die quum nuntiatum csset Leonidae, summuin mppti- 
 um cacumen a viginti millibus hostium teneri, socios hortatur, 
 rccedant} et se ad meliora patriae tempora reservent ; sibi cum 
 Spartanis fortimam esse cxperiendam. Turn caeteri disces- 
 sere; soli Laced aemonii remanserunt. Hi omnes Xerxis cas- 
 fra adorti, post ingentem caedem edilam ibi occubuerunt, 
 
 17. Xerxes Graecia vastaiafugatur. (Ibid. II. 12.) 
 
 Turn Xerxes maris fortimam experiri statuit. Sed ante na- 
 valis proelii congressionem 2 misit quatuor miliia armalorum 
 Delphos 3 ad templum Apollinis diripiendum. Quae manus 
 tola irnhribus et i'ulminibus deleta est, ut intelligerent, quam 
 nullae 4 essent hominum adversus Deos vires. Post haec 
 Thespias et Rataeas 5 et Atbenas 8 vacuasheminibus incendit : 
 et quoniam ferro in homines non poterat,' 7 in aedificia igne 
 grassatur. Cujus incendii flammas quunj viderent Graeci in 
 alasse oireum Salamina 8 insuiam statuta, 9 dissensio inter 
 principes orta cat, quum plurimi hortarentur, ut domos suas 
 discederent moeaibusque se defenderent. Turn Them-isto- 
 cles, Atheniensium imperator, timens, ne discessu sociorum 
 vires Graecise minuerentur, per stTvuir. fiduro Xerxi nuntiat, 
 itno in loco cum ^pntracfas Qr'iieciae vires facillime opprhnere 
 posse. Quod si popidi, qui jam ahire vcllenl, dissiparcnhtr, 
 majori labor e ei singulos consectandos esse. Hoc dolo irnpuiit 
 regem, lit signum pugnae daret. Graeci quoque adventu hos- 
 tium coacti sunt proelium collatis viribus capessere. Inter- 
 ea rex, velut spectator pugnae, in litore remanet. Artemi- 
 sia autem, regina Halicarnasd, 10 quae in auxilium Xerxi vene- 
 rat, plurima in hoc navali proeiib virtutis documenta dedit. 
 ?Sic illo tempore in viro miiliebris timor, in muliere virilis con* 
 spiciebatur audaeia. Quum proelium anceps esset. lones, 
 qui cum rege 11 pugnabant, a Themistocle instigati, pugnae se 
 paulatim subtrahere eo.eperunt ; quorum defectio animos cae- 
 terorum fregit. Itaque circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Per- 
 sac, et mox, proelio yicfi, in fu^am yertuntur. 
 
 IS. Xerxis in Asiam redilus. (Ibid. II. 13.) 
 
 Ha-c clade perculsus Xerxes domum redire statuit, parte ex- 
 ercitus cum Mardonio in Graecia relict a. Sed Graeci, audita 
 regis fug&, consilium ineunt pontis rumpendi, quo ille Helles- 
 pontum 12 junxerat, ut interciuso reditu cum reliquiisexercitus 
 deleretur. Sed Themistocles timens, ne interclusi faostes iter, 
 quod a&iex non pateret. ferro patefacerent, serrum ad Xer^ 
 
REGWtJM MEDARUM ET PERSARUM. 
 
 xem mittit, certioremque facit consilii a Graecis capti ; et oc- 
 cupare transitum, maturata fugfi, jubet. Ille perculsus nuntio. 
 tradit ducibus milites perducendos ; ipse cum paucis Abydon 1 
 contendit. Ubi quum solutum pontem hibernis tempestati- 
 bus offendisset, piscatoria scapha trepidus trajecit. Pedestri- 
 um copiarum, quas ducibus tradiderat, maxima pars peste et 
 inopia periit ; tantaque vis mali fuit, ut viae cadaveribus im- 
 plerentur, alitesque et ferae, in praedam intentae, exercitum 
 sequerentur. 
 
 19. Persae apud Plataeas et Mycalen vict'u (lb. II. 14. 
 Corn. Nep. Vit. Cim. c. 2. Vit. Aristid. c. 2.) 
 
 Caeterum fortuna Persarum cum duce mutata non est. 
 Mardonius proelio apud Plataeas victus, velut e naufragio, cum 
 paucis profugit ; pauci militumfuga elapsisunt. Eodem forte 
 die, quo Mardonii copiae deletae sunt, etiam navali proelio 
 in Asia sub monte Mycale 2 adversus Persas dimicatum est- 
 Ibi ante, proelium commissum, quum classes ex adverso sta- 
 rent, fama ad utrumque. exercitum venit, vicisse Graecos et 
 Mardonii copias deletas esse. Qui nuntius, ut par erat, Grae- 
 corum fortitudinem et fiduciam auxit, Persarum animos fre- 
 git. Captae sunt ibi, Cimonis 3 praecipue virtute atque con* 
 silio, ducentae naves Cypriorum 4 et Phoenicum, 5 eodemque 
 die in terra maxima vis barbarorum prostrata est. Post hane 
 victoriam maritimae res Atheniensium in dies magis florere 
 coeperunt. Quum enim antea et terra et mari duces essent 
 Lacedaemonii, factum est, ut summa imperii maritimi a La* 
 cedaemoniis, transferred ad Athenienses. Hoc inprimis 
 Aristidi debehatur, qui, quum incommuni Graeciae classees- 
 set simul cum Pausania, 6 duce Lacedaemoniorum, summa ae* 
 quitate et humanitate erTecit, ut Graeciae civitates, superbia 
 Pausaniae offensae, ad Atheniensium sese societatem appli- 
 carent, hosque sibi duces adversus barbaros deligerent. 
 Hoc autem imperio ita usi sunt Athenienses, ut brevi post 
 tempore soli in mari regnare viderentur. 
 
 20. Xerxis familia, post regis caedem, domesticis sediiionibm 
 agitata, (Justin, III. 1.) 
 
 Post bellum in Graecia infeliciter gestum, Xerxes, terror 
 antea gentium, etiam suis contemtui esse coepit. Quippe Ar- 
 tabanus, praefectus ejus, deficiente quotidie regis majestate, 
 3pem regni concepit animo, et cum septem robustissimis fi- 
 Jiis regiam vesperi ingressus, Xerxem trucidavit. Turn ut 
 
10 REGNUM MED0EU31 ET PERSARUM. 
 
 filios regis, votis suis obsistentes, amoveret, Artaxerxi, admo.- 
 dum puero, persuasit, regem a Dario, 1 qui erat adolescens. 
 occisum esse, quo maturius regno potiretur, eumque impulit, 
 ut patris caedem in fratre vindicaret. Quum ventum ad do- 
 mum Darii esset, hie dormiens inventus ixiterficitur. Quo fac- 
 to, ut etiam Artaxerxem tolleret, Artabanus, principum de reg- 
 no certamina metuens, assumit in soeietatem consilii Bac aba- 
 sum : qui 3 praesenti rerum statu contentus, rem prodit Artax 
 erxij ot pater ejus occisus, ut frater falsa parricidii suspicion 
 ne oppressus esset, quaenam ipsi denique pararentur insidiae. 
 His cognitis Artaxerxes in posterum diem armatum exercitum 
 adesse jubet, recogniiurus 3 et numerum militum et in ar- 
 mis industriam singulorum. Itaque quum inter caeteros et ip- 
 se Artabanus armatus assisteret, rex simulavit, se breviorem 
 Joricam habere, jussitque Artabanum suamsecum commutare j 
 turn exuentem se et nudatum gladio trajecit, simulque filios 
 ejus corripi jubet. Atque ita egregius juvenis et caedem pa« 
 Iris, et se ab insidiis Artabani vindicavit. 4 
 
 21. Intestina discordia in regno Persarum gliscit. 
 
 (Just, V. 11.) 
 
 Artaxerxem secutus est filius Xerxes, qui post breve quad- 
 yaginta quinque dierum regnum a Sogdiano occisus est. Qui 
 regnum scelere occupatum quum caedibus tueri conaretur, 
 post septem menses a Dario proelio superatus periit. Sub 
 his regibus imperium Persarum principum discordiis populo- 
 rumque seditionibus agitatum magis magisque inclinari 5 coepit. 
 Darius moriens Artaxerxi, majori natu filio, qui Mnemon 
 appellabatur, regnum, minori, Cyro, urbes Lydiae, quibus 
 praefectus fuit, testamento legavit. Sed Gyro judicium 6 pa- 
 tris injuria videbatur ; itaque ccculte ad versus fratrem hel- 
 ium paravit. Quod quum nuntiatum esset Artaxerxi, Cyfum 
 ad se arcessitum compedibus aureis vinxit, interfecissetquc 
 nisi mater prohibuisset. 
 
 22. Cyrus in hello adversus fratrem suscepto peril, 
 
 (Just. V. 11.) 
 
 Quod periculum quum efFugisset, Cyrus jam non occulte 
 bellum, sed palam parare coepit ; auxilium undique contrahit. 
 Sed quum in proelio 7 commisso fratrem imprudentius aggre- 
 ditur, hunc quidem 8 equi fuga 9 perieulo subtraxit, Cyrus au- 
 tem* a cohorte regia circumventus interficitur. In eo proelio 
 decern miUia Graccorum in auxilio Cyri fuere ; quae et in 
 
REGNU2I MEDOKUM ET PERSARUM. 1 1 
 
 eornu, in quo steterant, vicerunt, et post mortem Cyri aequo 
 armis a tanto exercitu vinci, neque dolo capi potuerunt, sed 
 per indomitas nationes et gentea barbaras r virtute sua confisi, 
 in patriam revertuntur-. 1 
 
 23. Arlaxerodsfilii in patrem conjurant, (Just. X. I. 2.) 
 
 Artaxerxi ex pellicibus centum et quindecim filii fuere, sed 
 tres tantum justo matrimonio suscepti, Darius, Ariarates et 
 Ochus. Ex his Darium per indulgentiam pater, contra morem 
 Persarum, regem vivus fecit. Sed hie paterna pietate nihil 
 motus, interficiendi patris consilium cepit. Occiso quippc 
 Cyro, Aspasiam, pellicem ejus, in regium gynaeceurn trans- 
 latam, a patre sibi dari postulaverat. Hie, pro sua in libe- 
 ros indulgentia, primo se id facturum esse dixerat : mox poe- 
 nitentia ductus, Soils earn sacerdotio praefecit, quo munere ah 
 omni virorum consortio prohibebatur. Hinc exaccrbatus 
 juvenis cum quinquaginta fratribus in patrem conjuravit ; sed 
 deprehensus cum sociis poenas parrieidii 2 dedit. Conjugea'' 
 quoque conjuratorum cum liberie omnibus interfectae sunt, no 
 quod vestigium tanti sceleris superesset. Paulo post Artaxer- 
 xes morbo ex dolore contract© decessii. 
 
 24. Ochus* Darius Codomannus, postremus rex Perslae. 
 (Just. X. 3.) 
 
 Post patris mortem Ochus regnum paternum invasit, Qui 
 parem conjurationem timens, regiam cognatorum et princi- 
 pum caede replet. Turn beilum L-adusiis* infert, In quo bello 
 Codomannus quidam adversus hostem, qui unurn ex Persis ad 
 singulare certamen provocaverat, magno animo processit, et 
 hoste occiso victoriam suis et prope amissam gloriam restitu- 
 it. Ob haec decora 5 praeficitur Armeniis. Interjecto dein* 
 de tempore post mortem Ochi regis, ob memoriam pristinae 
 virtutis rex a populo constituitur, Darii nomine honoratus ; 
 bellumque cum Alexandro non sine virtute gessit. Postremo 
 ab Alexandro victus et a cognatis occisus, vitam pariter cum 
 Persarum regno finivit. 
 
12 HES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 C. RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 1. Atheniensium origines et primi reges. (Just. II. 6.) 
 
 Athenienses non solum increments 1 suis, sed etiam origine 
 gloriantur. Non enim a sordidis 2 initiis crevere, nee ex aliis 
 regionibus ac|venerunt, sed eodem innati solo, 3 quod incolunt ; 
 et quae illis sedes, eadem origo est. Primi lanificii et oler 
 et viiii 5 usum docuere. Arare quoque et serere fVumenta 6 
 glandem vescentibus 7 monstrarunt. Litterae certe ac facun- 
 dia, leges et civilis disciplina 8 veluti templum Athenas habu- 
 ere. Ante Deucalion is tempora regem habuere Cecropem ; 
 quem,ut omnis antiquitas fabulosaest, biformem tradidere, quia 
 primus marem feminae matrimonio junxit. Huic successit 
 Cranaus, cujus filia Atthis regioni nomen dedit. Post hunc 
 Amphictyon regnavit, qui primus Minervae urbem sacravit 3 
 et nomen civitati Athenas dedit. Hujus temporibus aquarum 
 illuvies majorem partem populorum Graeciae absumsit. Su- 
 perfuerunt, 9 quos refugia montium receperunt, aut 10 ad re- 
 gem Thessaliae 11 Deucalionem ratibus evecti sunt, a quo prop- 
 terea genus humanum conditum dicitur. * Per ordinem dein- 
 de successionis regnum ad Erechtheum descendit, sub quo 
 frumenti satio apud Eleusin a Triptolemo reperta est- In hu- 
 jus muneris honorem noctes initiorum 12 saeratae. 13 Tenuit et 
 Aege us, Thesei pater, Athenis regnum. Post Aegeum The- 
 seus, 14 ac deinceps Thesei filius, Demophoon, qui auxilium 
 Graecis ad versus Trojanos 15 tulit, regnum possedit. 
 
 2. Codrus se pro patria devovet. (Just. II. 6.) 
 
 Erant inter Athenienses et Dorienses 18 veteres offensae, quas 
 vindicaturi bello Dorienses, de eventu proeliioraculaconsulue- 
 runt. Resporisum, superiores 17 fore, ni regem Atheniensium 
 occidissent. Itaque quum ventum esset in bellum, militibus 
 ante omnia custodia 18 regis praecipitur. Atheniensibus. eo 
 tempore rex Codrus erat ; qui et responso Dei, et praeceptis 
 hostium cognitis, permutato 19 regis habitu, pannosus, sarmen- 
 laque gerens, castra hostium ingreditur ; ibique in turba mi- 
 litum, quum unum falce sponte vulnerasset, occiditur. Cog- 
 nito regis corpore, Dorienses sine proelio discedunt. Atque 
 ita Athenienses virtute ducis, pro salute patriae morti se of- 
 ferentis, bello libcrantur* 
 
RES ATHENIENS1UM* IB 
 
 3. Solon civitati Athenarum leges scribit. (Just, II. 7.) 
 
 Post Codrum nemo Athenis regnavit ; l quod memoriae 
 nominis ejus tributum est. Administratio reipublicae annuis 
 magistratibus 1 permissa. Sed civitati nullae tunc leges 2 
 erant, quia libido regum pro legibus habebatur. Legitur ita- 
 que Solon, vir justitiae insignis, qui velut novam civitatem le= 
 gibus conderet. Quo munere ita functus est, ut et apud pie* 
 bem et optimates, diuturnis antea dissidiis agitatos, parem in* 
 iret gratiam. Hujus viri, inter multa egregia, illud quoque 
 memorabile fuit. Inter Athenienses et Megarenses de Sa- 
 famine insula, quam sibi uterque populus vindicabat, prope 
 usque ad interitum dimicatum fuerat. Post mult as clades ac» 
 ceptas, Athenienses legem tulerunt, ne quis illud belkim re- 
 parandum proponeret. Solon igitur quum opportunitatem 
 quandam vidisset insulae vindicandae, dementiam simulat, ha- 
 bituque deformis, 3 more vecordium, in publicum evolat ; fac- 
 toque concursu hominum, versibus suadere populo coepit 5 
 quod vetabatur ; omniumque animos ita inflammavit, ut ex- 
 templo bellum adversus Megarenses .decerneretur, et devictis 
 hostibus insula Atheniensium fieret. 
 
 1. Pisistratus tyrannidem per dolum occupat. (Just. II. 8.} 
 
 Legibus civitati scriptis, Solon peregre proficiscitur. Bum 
 abest, Pisistratus, nobilis adolescens, propter res in belle 
 praeclare gestas populo carus, tyrannidem per dolum occu= 
 pat. Quippe quum domi se verberibus afFecisset, lacerato 
 corpore in publicum progreditur. Advocata concione, vuL 
 nera populo ostendit ; de crudelitate principum, a quibus 
 haec sepassum simulabat, queritur, credulamque multitudinem 
 et lacrymis et oratione accendit, dum se optimatibus propter 
 populi amorem invisum esse significat. Sic ad custodiam 
 corporis sui satellitum auxilium obtinet ; per quos occupata ty« 
 rannide per annos triginta tres, inter varias rerum vicissitudi 
 nes, regnavit. 
 
 5. Hippi<z$, Pisistraiijilius } patriapellitur. Bellam Persicum 
 primum. (Just. II. 9. Corn. Nep. Vita Milt. c. 4. 5.) 
 
 Post ejus mortem Hipparchus et Hippias in paternum imperii 
 urn successerunt. Qui quum per aliquot annos eadem, qua pa- 
 ter, dementia reghassent, Hipparchus ab Harmodio e Aristo* 
 gitone, ob injuriam quandam acceptam in tyrannos incensis, 
 interficitar* Quorum virorum virtute quum admonita civitas 
 
 e 
 
34 RES ATHENXENSIUM* 
 
 libertatis esset, tandem Hippias regno pulsus in exsilium agi 
 fcur, et in Persiam profectus, Dario, Atheniensibus bellum illa= 
 turo, ducem se adversus patriam offert. Igitur Athenienses- 
 nuntio de Persarum adventu accepto, auxilium a Lacedaemo- 
 niis petiverunt. Quos ubi viderunt religione 1 retineri, quomi- 
 nus statim auxilium ferrent, non exspectata eorum ope, in* 
 structis decern millions civium, et Plataeensibus auxiliaribus 
 mille, in campos Marathonios 2 in proelium egrediuntur. Mil- 
 tiades erat unus ducum exercitus, ejusque potissimum aucto- 
 ritate impulsi Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt, locoque 
 idoneo castra fecerunt. Deinde postero die sub montis radi» 
 cibus acies instruitur. Datis, Persarum dux, etsi non ae» 
 quum locum 3 videbat suis, tamen, fretus numero copiarum sua- 
 rum, confligere cupiebat, Itaque in aciem peditum centum^ 
 equitum decern millia produxit, proeliumque commisit. Tan- 
 ta vero Atheniensibus in pugnam euntibus alacritas animorum 
 fuit, ut quum mille passus inter duas acies essent, citato cursu 
 ad hostem venirent. Nee audaciae eventus 4 defuit. Pugnatum 
 est enim tanta virtute, ut Persae perterriti non castra sed naves 
 peterent, ex quibus multae suppressae, 5 multae captae sunt* 
 
 . 6. Virtutis in illo proelio documenta. (Just. IL 9.) 
 
 In illo proelio tanta virtus singulorum fuit, ut cujus laus 
 prima esset, difficile dictu videretur. Inter caeteros tamen 
 Themistoclis adolescentis gloria emicuit. Cynegiri quoque, 
 militis Atheniensis, gloria multorum scriptorum laudibus ce- 
 lebrata est. Qui post innumeras caedes, quum fugientes hos- 
 tes ad naves egisset, onustam navem dextra manu tenuit, nee 
 prius dimisit, quam manum amitteret, turn quoque amputata 
 dextra, navem sinistra comprehendit ; quam et ipsam quum 
 amisisset, ad postremum morsu navem retinuit. Persae; mag- 
 nam vim hominum eo proelio amiserunt. Cecidit et Hippi- 
 as, tyrannus Atheniensis, auctor et concitor ejus belli, diis 
 patriae ultoribus poenas repetentibus. 
 
 7. Honor Miltiadi tributus. (Corn, Nep. Vita Milt. c. 6.) 
 
 Jam non alienum videtur, hujus yictoriae quale praemium 6 
 Miltiadi sit tributum docere. Huic viro, qui Athenas totam- 
 que Graeciam liberarat, hie honor tributus est, ut, quum in por* 
 ticu, quae PoeciU 7 vocatur, pugna depingeretur Marathoniaj 
 in decern praetorum 8 numero prima ejus imago poneretur, 
 milites hortantis 9 proeliumque committentis. Antiquissimis 
 enim temporibus ran fuerunt honores et tenues, 10 et propter id 
 
RES ATHENXENSIUM. 15 
 
 ipsum gloriosi. Idem populus postquam corruptus est, tre- 
 centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo 4 decrevit. 
 
 8. Bellum Persicum cdterum. (Corn. Nep. Vita Them, 
 c. 2. 3.) 
 
 Paulo post Xerxes majoribus viribus Graeciam aggressus 
 est. Quo adventante quum oraculum Delphicum consuluis- 
 sent, 2 responsum est, moenibus ligneis se tuerentur. Quod 
 responsum quo valeret, 3 quum intelligeret nemo, Themisto- 
 cles B persuasit civibus, ut in naves se suaque conferrent ; eum 
 enim significari murum ligneum. Quo consilio probato navi* 
 um augent numerum, suaque omnia, quae moveri poterant, 
 conjuges liberosque partim Salamina, 1 partim Troezena 5 as* 
 portant; arcem 6 sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ad sa- 
 cra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidum 7 relinquunt. Com- 
 munis autem Graeciae classis trecentarum navium, quarum 
 ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium 8 inter 
 Euboeam 9 continentemque terram cum classiariis regiis 10 con* 
 flixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitu- 
 dine regiarum navium circumiretur. Hinc etsi pari proelio 11 
 discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod 
 «rat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam 
 superasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo, l? Quo factum est, 
 ut ab Artemisio discederent, et adversum Athenas apud Sa 
 lamina classem suam constituerent. 
 
 0. Xerxes Themistoclis constlio ad Salamina superatur* 
 (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 4. Justin. II. 12.) 
 
 At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit Ur^ 
 bem, eamque nuilis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, 
 quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit ; cujus flamma perteiv 
 riti classiarii, quum manere ncn auderent, et plurimi horta- 
 rentur, ut domos suas discederent, moenibusque se defen- 
 derent, Themistocles unus restitit, et universos quidem hosti 
 pares esse posse ajebat, dispersos autem perituros. Quum 
 vero socios minus, quam vellet, moveret, noctu de servis suis ? 
 quem habuit fidelissimum, 13 ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret su- 
 is verbis, 14 Graecos in eo esse, ut fugerent. Qui si disces- 
 sissent, majore cum labore et longinquiore tempore 13 bellum 
 eonfecturum, 16 quum singulos consectari cogeretur ; quos si 
 statim aggrederetur, brevi universos- oppressurum. 17 Hoc eo 
 ¥alebat, i8 ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. Hac 
 re audita, barbarus, 19 nihil doli subesse xatus ? postridie aliem> 
 
16 RES ATHENIENS1UM, 
 
 simo 1 sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusio 
 mari conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non pos 
 set. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam ar 
 mis Graeciae. 
 
 10. Xerxes in Asiam revertitur. (C. N. I. c. 5.) 
 
 Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat reliquias 
 copiarum, ut etiam cum his Graeciam opprimere posset, 
 Ne igitur bellare perseveraret, Themistoeles eum certiorem 
 fecit, id agi, ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol 
 veretur, quo ipse reditu in Asiam excluderetur, Idque ei 
 persuasit. Celerrimo itaque itinere in Asiam reversus est, se 
 que a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judica^ 
 vit. Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est. 
 
 11. Reliquiae Persarum delentur. (Justin. II. 14. Corn* 
 Nep. Vit. Them. c. 6,) 
 
 Quum tamen pars exercitus sub duee Mardonio, regis ge* 
 nero, in Graecia esset relicta, quae bellum continuaret, hae 
 quoque copiae superatae sunt apud Plataeas, urbem Boeotiae § 
 eodemque forte die in Asia ad montem Mycalen Persae a 
 Graecis pugna superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, 
 Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Quumque Pha- 
 lerico portu neque magno neque bono uterentur, 2 Themisto* 
 clis consilio triplex Piraei 3 portus *constitutus est, isque moe- 
 nibus circumdatus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate 4 aequipararet. 
 utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athenarum restituit, La* 
 sedaemoniis vetantibus, non sine periculo suo. 
 
 12. Pausanias, duos Spartanorum, proditionem meditatur* 
 (Just. II. 15. Corn. N. VitaPaus. c. 2.) 
 
 Post haec Lacedaemonii, ut bis illatum Graeciae bellum 
 olciscerentur, ultro 5 fines Persarum depopulantur. Cui beL 
 lo quum praefecissent Pausaniam, hie superbia elatus, majo* 
 res res coepit appetere. Nam quum, Byzantio 6 expugnato, 
 cepisset complures Persarum nobiles, atque in his nonnullos 
 regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans, eos ex 
 vinculis publicis effugisse ; et cum his Gongylum Eretrien- 
 sem, 7 qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec scripta fuisse 
 tradunt : Pausanias, dux Spartae, quos Byzantii ceperat, post- 
 quam propinquos tuos cognovit, tibi muneri misit* seque tecum 
 affinitate conjungi cupiU Quare, si tibi videtur 9 des eifiliam 
 
RES ATHEN1ENBIUM. H 
 
 tuam nuptum. Id sifeceris, et Spartam etcaeteram Graeciatfi 
 sub tuam potestatem se redacturum pollicetur. His de rebus si 
 quid geri volueris, cerium 1 hominem ad eum mittas face? cum 
 quo colloquatur. 
 
 13. Pausanias capitis ddmnatur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Paus* 
 c. 2. 3. 5.) 
 
 Rex tot hominum sibi necessariorum salute 3 magnopere ga* 
 visus, confestim Artabazum cum epistola ad Pausaniam mit* 
 tit, in qua eum collaudat,* ac petit, ne cui rei parcat .ad ea 
 perfieienda, quae polliceretur. Si fecerit, nullius rei a se 
 repulsam esse laturum. 5 Hujus Pausanias voluntate cog^ 
 nita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspicionem ceci- 
 dit Lacedaemoniorum, nee multo post proditionis accusa- 
 tus damnatur. Mor*«m uc fugeret, in aedem Minervae, quae 
 Chalcioecus 6 vocatur, se recepit. Hinc ne exire posset, sta 
 tim Ephori 7 valvas ejus aedis lapidibus obstruxerunt, tec- 
 tumque sunt demoliti, ut facilius sub divo interiret. Dicunt il« 
 lo tempore matrem Pausaniae adhuc . vixisse, eamque, post- 
 quam de scelere filii comperisset, in primis 3 lapidem ad in. 
 troitum aedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli glori- 
 am turpi morte commaculavit. Hie quum semianimis de tern 
 plo elatus esset, confestim animam efflavit. 
 
 6 . -' 
 
 14. Themistocles in Asiam confugit. (Corn. Nep. YiU 
 them, c. 8. 9.) 
 
 Paulo ante Themistocles testarum suffrages 3 e civitateejec 
 tus, Argos 10 habitatum concessit. Hie quum propter mul- 
 tas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii le- 
 gatos Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod 
 societatem cum rege Persarum ad Graeciam opprimendam fe- 
 cisset." Hoc crimine absens proditionis est damnatus. Id 
 ut audi vitj quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, in Asiam 
 confugit. Quo quum venisset, epistolam misit ad regem Ar- 
 taxerxem his verbis : Themistocles vent ad te, qui plurima 
 mala omnium Graecorum in domum tuam 12 intuli, quum mihi 
 necesse esset patriam meam defenders Idem multo plura bo- 
 nafecii postquam Xerxes inpericulo esse coepiL Nunc autem 
 ad te confugi, exagitatus a cuncta Graecia, tuam petens amici- 
 tiam ; quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum habe* 
 bis, quam fortem inimicum iUe expertus est. 13 Rogo autem, ut 
 de his rebus, 14 de quibus tecum coUoqui volo, annum mihi tern- 
 pork 15 des, eoque transacto me ad te venire patiaris* 
 
 c2 
 
18 RES ATHENIENS1U3Y1. 
 
 15. Themistocles a rege Persiae benigne exceptus, Magnesia? 
 moritur. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 10.) 
 
 Ad haec rex, tantam animi magnitudinem 1 admiratus, cu- 
 piensque talem virum sibi conciliari, benigne respondit. The- 
 mistocles autem omne illud tempus 2 litteris sermonique Persa- 
 rum dedit ; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius" 
 dicatur apud regem verba feeisse, quam hi poterant, qui in 
 Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa esset regi pollicitus r 
 magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam* rediit, do* 
 miciliumque Magnesiae 5 sibi constituit. In hac urbe morbo 
 obiisse dicitur. Fama tamen fuit, eum venenum sumsisse, 
 quum se, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, 
 praestare posse desperaret. 6 Sunt, qui narrent, ossa ejus ab 
 amieis clam in Attica sepulta esse, quoniam legibus non con 
 cederetur, quod proditionis csoot rlamnatua. 
 
 16. Cimon insulas Atheniensibus subjicit. (Corn. Nep, 
 Vita Cim. c. 2.) 
 
 Dum ilia gerebantur, Athenienses maris imperium sine ae~ 
 mulo exercebant. Hoc et Themistoclis prudentiae et Cimo- 
 nis virtuti debebant. Hie vir post victoriam apud Mycalen 
 de Persis reportatam, quum magna praeda potitus domum re- 
 verteretur, quod jam nonnullae insulae propter acerbitatenv 
 imperii ab Atheniensibus defecerant, bene animatas confirma- 
 vit, 8 alienatas 3 ad officium redire coegit. Scyrum, 10 quod 
 eontumacius se gesserat, yacuefecit, sessores veteres urhe in* 
 sulaque ejecit, agros civibus 11 divisit.- Thasios, 12 opulentia 
 fretos, suo adventu fregit. His manubiis 13 Athenarum arx, 
 qua 14 ad meridiem vergit, est ornata. 
 
 17. Ostracismo patria pulsus, mox revocatur. (Ibid. c. 3.} 
 
 Quibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit 
 m eandem invidiam, quam 15 Themistocles.- nam testarum 
 suffragiis decern annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti 
 celerius Athenienses, quam ipsum, poenituit. Nam quum ilk 
 forti animo invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset, bBllumque 
 Laced aemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, confestim notae ejus 
 ¥irtutis desiderium 16 consecutum est. Itaque post annum quin- 
 tum, quam expulsus erat, 17 in patriam revocatus est. Hie. 
 quod hospitio Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius 18 exists 
 mans, contendere 19 JLacedaemonem, sua sponte 20 profectus. 
 pacem inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post, 
 
RES ATHENIENSIUM. 19 
 
 neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator mis- 
 sus, quum majorem partem ejus insulae devicisset, in mor- 
 bum implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus. 
 
 18. Bellum Peloponnesiacum. Pericles. (Just. III. 2. et 7.) 
 
 Quum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia soci- 
 orumque injuria exercerent, multique, gravi eorum jugo fati- 
 gati, alios, qui se tuerentur, circumspicerent ; tota Graecia. 
 ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemulae urbi magnitudinem et inere- 
 menta invidentibus, 1 in duas partes divisa, velut in viscera sua 
 arma convertit. Hoe bellum, quo nullum aliud florentes 
 Graeciae res gravius afflixit, saepius siisceptum et deposi- 
 tum est. 2 Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostes- 
 que ad proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis 
 consilio, ultionis tempus exspectantes, intra moenia se con- 
 tinebant. Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscen- 
 dunt, et, nihil sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam 
 depraedantur. Clara quidem haec Periclis expedkio est habi- 
 •ta ; sed multo clarior privati patrimonii eontemtus fuit Nam 
 in populatione caeterorum agrorum, Periclis agros hostes in- 
 tactos reliquerant, ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concita- 
 rent, aut in proditionis suspicionem adducerent. Quod intelli- 
 gens, erieles agros reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec ali- 
 quot diebus interjectis, navali proelio dimicatum est. Victi 
 Lacedaemonii fugerunt. Post plures annos," fessi rnalis, pa« 
 cem in annos quinquaginta feeere, quam nonnisi sex annos 
 servaverunt. Nam inducias, quas proprio nomine pepige- 
 rant, ex sociorum persona 5 rumpebanto Hinc bellum in Si- 
 cilian* translatum est. 
 
 Atheniensium in Siciliam expeditio. (Just. IV. 3. 4.) 
 
 Quum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses 6 et Syracu- 
 sanbs exorto, Athenienses Catiniensibus opem tulissent, tem- 
 pore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanis non ser- 
 varentur, illi denuo legatos Athenas miserunt, qui sordida ves* 
 le,eapillo barbaque promissa, concionem adeunt, populumque 
 lacrymis movent, ut, quamvis Peloponnesiaco bello district 
 tus, auxilium iliis mittendum censeret. Igitur classis ingens 
 decemitur ; ereantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lamachus ; 
 tantaeque vires in Siciliam efFusae sunt, ut iis ipsis terror* 
 essent, quibus auxilio venexant* 
 
20 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 20. Atheniensium res in Sicilia gestae. (Just. IV. 4.) 
 
 Brevi post, quum Alcibiades, ob causas mox indieandas, 
 revocattfs esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria se- 
 cundo Marte 1 pugnant ; munitionibusque urbi Syracusarum 
 eircumdatis, incolas etiam marinis commeatibus intercludunt. 
 Quibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemonik 
 petiverunt. Ab his mittitur Gylippus, qui, quum in itinere de 
 belli jam inclinato statu 2 audivisset, auxiliis partim in Grae- 
 cia, partim in Sicilia contraetis, opportuna bello loca occupat. 
 Duobus deinde proeliis vietus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit. 
 sociosque obsidione liberavit. In eo proelio Lamachus forti- 
 ter pugnans occisus est. 
 
 2 ! . Athenienses saepius vieii ingentem cladem accipiunt. 
 (Justin. IV. c. 4. et5.) 
 
 Sed quum Athenienses, terrestri bello superati, portum Sy- 
 racusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaemone cum 
 auxiliis arcessit. Quo cognito 3 etipsi Athenienses in locum 
 amissi ducis Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento 
 copiarum mittunt, et quasi Graeciae bellum 4 in" Siciliam 
 translatu-m esset, ita ex utraque parte 5 summis viribus dimi- 
 cabatur. Prima igitur congressione navalis certaminis Athe- 
 nienses vincuntur ; castra quoque cum omni publica ac priva- 
 ta pecunia amittunt. Inter naec mala quum etiam terrestri 
 proelio victi essent, Demosthenes censere coepit, ut abirent 
 Sicilia % dum res, quamvis affiicfae, nondum tamen perditae es- 
 sent. Nicias autem seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellen- 
 te fato manere contendit. Reparatur igitur navale .bellum : 
 sedinscitia ducum, qui Syracusanos, inter angustias maris 6 
 facile se tuentes, temere aggressi fuerant, Atheniensium co 
 piae iterum vincuntur. Eurymedon dux in prima acie fortissi* 
 me dimicans, primus cadit ; triginta naves, quibus praefue* 
 rat, incenduntur ; Demosthenes, et Nicias autem cum reliquiis 
 exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. Ab his relictas centum tri- 
 ginta naves Gylippus invasit ; ipsos deinde insequitur ; fugi- 
 entes partim capit, partim caedit. Demosthenes, amisso ex« 
 ercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria morte se vindicat : 
 Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dedecore captivitatis. 
 
RES ATHENIENSIU3X. 21 
 
 £2. Alcibiades capitis damnatus Spartam se confert. (Just. 
 V. 1; Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 4.) 
 
 Dum haec in Sicilia per biennium geruntur, belli illius con- 
 ^itor et dux Alcibiades absens Athenis insimulatur, mysteria 
 Cereris violasse. Revocatus a bello ad causam dicendam, 
 multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia 
 crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus impendentem 
 evitare tempestatem, fugit, et primum Elidem, 1 deinde The- 
 bas a se contulit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum, bo- 
 nis publicatis, audivit, et id, quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas r; 
 sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ejusque devo- 
 tionis exemplum, in pilalapideaincisum, esse positum in pub- 
 lico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi reges impulit, ut Athe- 
 niensibus, adversa fortuna in Sicilia turbatis, bellum infer- 
 rent. Ejus quoque consilio Lacedaemonii cum Persarum re* 
 ge amicitiam fecerunt, deinde Deceliam 4 in finibus Atticae 
 munierunt, praesidioque perpetuo in obsidione quasi Athenas 
 tenuerunt. 
 
 23. Persarum sibifavorem conciliat. (Justin. V. 2. Corn* 
 Nep. I. c. 5.) 
 
 Non contentus autem patriae hostes consilio adjuvisse, Al- 
 cibiades cum quinque navibus in Asiam contendit, ettributa- 
 rias Atheniensium civitates auctoritate nominissui ad defecti- 
 onem compellit. Sed apud Lacedaemonios Alcibiadis vir- 
 tus plus invidiae quam gratiae contraxit Nam quum acerri= 
 ml viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognosce, 
 rent, pertimuerunt, ne quando patriae caritate ductus ab ipsis 
 descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Itaque tempus 5 
 ejus interficiendi quaerere instituerunt. Qua re cognita Alci- 
 biades ad Tissaphernem praefectum regis DaTii se contulit. 
 Cujus quum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset, ei persuadet, 
 ne nimis enixe Lacedaemonios juvaret. Nam dissidentibus 
 Graecis regem Persarum arbitrum pacis ac belli fore. 6 Do* 
 mesticis itaque bellis Graeciam atterendam esse, ne externis 
 vacet ; 7 exaequandasque vires partium et inferiores auxilio le- 
 vandos. Grata oratio Tissapherni fuit. Itaque Lacedaemo* 
 niis commeatus navesque maligne 8 praebere coepit. 
 
 24. Cum Atheniensibus in gratiam redit. (Just. V. 3.) 
 
 Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum duce exercitus Atheni 
 ensium, qui apud Samum 9 morabatur, per internuntios £o11g 
 
22 
 
 RES ATHENIENS1UM. 
 
 quitur, poiliceturque his amicitiam regis, si respublica a po* 
 pulo ad senatum translata foret ; sperans fore, ut aut concor- 
 dante civitate dux belli ab omnibus legeretur, aut discordia 
 inter ordines focta, ab altera parte in auxilium vocaretur. 
 Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transfer* 
 tur. 1 Qui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab exer- 
 eitu Aicibiades exsul revocatur, duxque classi constituitur. 
 Hac denuntiatione territi senatores, primo urbem prodere 
 Lacedaemoniis tentavere ; dein, quum id nequissent, in exsi- 
 liumprofecti sunt. Itaque Aicibiades, patria ab intestino ma- 
 lo liberata, 2 summa curaclassem instruit, atque ita inbellum 
 ad versus Lacedaemonios perrexit. 
 
 25. Lacedaemoniorum vires frangit. (Corn. Nep. Vita 
 Alcib. c. 5.; 
 
 Hac expeditione tanta subito rerum commutatio facta est. 
 ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant, 3 perter- 
 ■ riti pacem peterent ; victi enim erant quinque terrestribus 
 proeliis, tribus navalibus, 4 in quibus trecentas triremes amise- 
 rant, quae captae in hostiiim venerant potestatem. Aicibiades 
 simul cum coliegis receperat Iohiam, Hellespontum, multas 
 praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae ; qua. 
 rum expugnaverant quath plurimas, in his Byzantium, neque 
 minus multas consilio 5 ad amicitiam adjunxerant, quod in 
 eaptos benevolentia fuerant usi. Inde praeda onusti, locu- 
 pletato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. 
 
 26. Athenas rediU (Com. Nep. I. c. 6.) 
 
 Ad hunc redeuntis exercitus triumphum effusa omnis multi- 
 iudo obviam procedit, et universos quidem milites, praecipue 
 tamen Alcibiadem mirantur. Sic enim populo erat persua- 
 sum, omnes et adversas superiores 6 et praesentes secundas 
 res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et cladem in Sicilia et La- 
 cedaemoniorum victorias suae culpae tribuebant, quod talem 
 virum e civitate expulissent. Hie ut navi egressus est, ilium 
 onum omnes prosequebantur, et id quod nunquam antea usu 
 venerat, nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis aureis aeneisque 
 vulgo donabatur. 7 Postquam in Urbem venerat, concione 
 advocata, sic verba fecit, ut nemo tarn ferus esset, quin ejus 
 casum lacrymaret, inimicumque his se ostenderet, quorum 
 opera patria pulsus fuerat. Restituta igitur huic sunt publice 
 bona ; et iidem illi sacerdotes, qui eum devoverant, rursus re- 
 saerare 8 stmt coacti. 
 
HES ATHEMENSIU3I, 83 
 
 27. Lysandro duce res Lacedaemoniorum reparaniur. 
 (Justin. V. 5.) 
 
 Dum haec Athenis geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysander 
 classi belloque praeficitur ; et in locum Tissaphemis Darius, 
 rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, Ioniae Lydiaeque prae« 
 posuit, qui Lacedaemonios auxiliis opibusque ad spem fortunae 
 prioris erexit. Aucti igitur viribus Alcibiadem cum centum 
 navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur, 1 repenti- 
 no adventu oppressere. M agnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius 
 quum Athenas venisset, tanta Atheniensium desperatio fait, 
 ut statim Cononem in Alcibiadis locum mitterent, ducis se 
 fraude magis quam belli fortuna victos arbitrantes. Alcibi- 
 ades autem impetum multitudinis veritus, denuo in voluntarium 
 exsilium proficiscitur. 
 
 '28. Athenienses magno proelio apud Aegospotamos superan- 
 inr. (Just. V. 6. 7. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 8.) 
 
 Itaque Conon Alcibiadi suffectus classem maxima industria 
 adornat ; sed navibus exercitus deerat. Nam ut numerus 
 militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt» 
 Pluribus itaque proeliis adverso Marte pugnatis, tandem Ly- 
 sander, Spartanorum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, qui, navi- 
 bus relictis, in terrain praedatum exierat, ad Aegos flumen 2 
 oppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum finivit. Hac enim cla- 
 de res Atheniensium penitus inclinata est. 3 Tributariae ci- 
 vitates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, Lysandro se tradide- 
 runt, nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium 4 relictum est praeter ur= 
 bem ipsam. 
 
 29. Atheniensium constematio. (Just. V. 7.) 
 
 Quae quum Athenis nuntiata essent, ingens omnium con» 
 sternatio fuit ; viri mulieresque relictis domibus, per urbem 
 currere pavidi ; alius alium sciscitari ; auctorem nuntii require- 
 re. 5 In foro deinde coeunt, noctemque ibi inter timorem, ques- 
 tus, et lacrymas transigunt. Alii fratres, aut filios, aut paren- 
 tes deflent, et cum privatis casibus querelam publicam 5 mis- 
 cent : Jam se ipsos, jam ipsam patriam perituram, miseri<yr. 
 emque superstitum, quam amissorum fortunam esse* Nullam 
 nunc classem superesse, in quam confugiant ; nullum escerci* 
 Him, cujus virtute fervari possint, 
 
34 RES ATHEKIENSItfM* 
 
 30. Athenae se Lysandro tradunt. (Justin. V. 8* Con* 
 Nep. Vita Lys. c. 1.) 
 
 Dum haec Athenis fiunt> Lysander Graeciae civitates in 
 Laeedaemoniorum potestatem redigit, et undique iis, qui 
 Atheniensium rebus studerent, ejectis, decern in unaquaque ci- 
 vitate delegit viros, 1 quibus summum imperium potestatemque 
 omnium rerum commisit. His actis, Athenas navigavit, mi- 
 seramque civitatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget. 
 Sciebat enim, neque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et 
 ne novae advehi possent, providebat. Quibus malis Atheni- 
 enses fracti, multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere j 
 quae an dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque delibera- 
 turn est. Quum nonnulli nomen Atheniensium 2 delendum,. 
 urbemque incendio consurnendam censerent, Spartani nega- 
 runt, se passuros> 3 ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis 4 alter erue- 
 retur ; pacemque Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri 
 brachia 5 dejicerent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, trade- 
 rent ; denique si respublica triginta rectores, ff ex civibus de^ 
 ligendos, acciperet. 
 
 31. Triginta viri tyrannidem Athenis exercent. (Justin. V. 
 
 8. 9.) 
 
 His legibus aeceptis, tota ci vitas subito mutari 7 coepit 
 Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemoniis 
 et Lysandro dediti, qui brevi tyrannidem in cives exercere 
 coeperunt. Quippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi sta- 
 tuunt ; et quasi hie numerus ad continendam civitatem non 
 sufficeret, septingentos milites a victoribus 8 accipiunt. His 
 copiis instructi exhaustam urbem caedibus et rapinis fati- 
 gant : 9 quumque hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni 10 displi- 
 cere didicissent, ipsum quoque ad terrorem omnium interfici- 
 unt. Quo factum est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias. 
 quam domesticum terrorem 11 pati mallent. 
 
 32. Alcibiades interficitur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. 9. 10.) 
 
 Hofum tyrannorum consiliis etiam Alcibiades periit. Qui 
 quum castellum in Phrygia 12 habitaret, ubi liberandae patriae 
 agitabat consilia, Critias 13 caeterique tyranni Atheniensium 
 certos homines ad Lysaildrum in Asiam miserunt, qui eum 
 certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum 
 rerum ratum 14 fore, quas ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare 
 si suas res gestajs manere vellet, ilium persequeretur. Lv 
 
SES ATHENIENSIUM. 25 
 
 sander, his verbis commotus, Pharnabazo, satrapae, persuasit 
 ut homines mitteret, qui vicinitati, 1 in qua Alcibiades erat* ne= 
 gotium darent, 2 ut eum interficerent. 3 Illi, quum eum ferro 
 aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt circa casam 
 earn, in qua quiescebat, eamque succenderunt. Ille autem 
 at sonitu flammae est excitatus, quum ei gladius esset subdue* 
 tus, familiaris sui subalare telum 4 arripuit. Namque erat 
 eum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui nunquam discedere vo- 
 luerat. Hunc sequi.se jubet, et id, quod in praesentia vesti- 
 mentorum 5 fuit, arripuit. His inignem ejectis flammae vira e 
 transiit. Quern ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, te~ 
 lis e minus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnaba- 
 zum retulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat, 
 muliehri sua veste contectum cremavit. Sic Alcibiades an* 
 ;ios circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum. 
 
 33, Thrasybulus exsul patriae liberandae capit consilium. 
 (Corn. Nep. Vita Thrasyb. e. 2.) 
 
 Inter cives, qui tyrannorum furorem efFugerant, Thrasybu- 
 lus erat, qui, ad spem liberandae patriae erectus, 7 adunatis* 
 triginta exsulibus, Phylen, quod est castellum in finibus At- 
 ticae, 9 occupavit. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atheniensium. 
 Hinc viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeeum 10 transiit, Munychi- 
 amque 11 munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adortij 
 ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus in urbem, armis impedi« 
 rnentisque amissis, refugerunt. Usus est Thrasybulus non 
 minus prudentia quam fortitudine ; nam cedentes violari 
 vetuit ; cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat ; ne- 
 que quisquam est vulneratus, nisi qui prior impugnare voluit ; 
 neminem jacentem 1 ^ veste spoliavit ; nihil attigit praeter arma s 
 quaeque ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit 
 Critias, triginta tyrannorum acerrimus. 
 
 34. Exsules in patriam redeunt. (Corn. Nep. 1. c. 3.) 
 
 Dum haec geruntur, ^Pausanias, rex Lacedaemoniorum t 
 tyrannis auxiiio missus est. Is Lysandro infensus, inter Thra* 
 sybulum et eos, qui urbem tenebant, 13 fecit pacem, his condi« 
 tionibus, ne qui praeter triginta tyrannos, et decern, qui posted 
 praetores creati, eadem crudclitate in ciiyes grassati erant, ajji- 
 cerentur exsilio, neve bona publicarentur ; reipublicae procu* 
 ratio populo redderetur. u Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasy- 
 buli, quod reconciliata pace, quum plurimum in civitate pos- 
 
 D 
 
2& HES ATHENIENSITTM. 
 
 ^et, legem tulit : ne quis anteactarum rerum cccusaretur, ne? 
 ve multaretur ; eamque illi legem Oblivionis vocant. 
 
 35. Athenie?ises se desidiae tradunt. (Just. VI. 9.) 
 
 Non ita multo post per victoriam, 1 a Conone de Lacedae* 
 moniorum classe reportatam, fractae res Atheniensium non- 
 nihil reparatae sunt ; nee tamen pristinam inter Graecos auc- 
 toritatem potuerunt recipere. Magis magisque in torporem 
 et segnitiem resoluti, non ut olim in classem et exercitum. 
 sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos ef- 
 fimdebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versa- 
 bantur. Turn vectigal publicum, quo milites et remiges ale. 
 bantur, inter urbanum populum dividi coeptum. Quibus re- 
 bus effectum est, ut, Graecis otio torpescentibus, obscurum 
 antea Macedonum nomen emergeret ; et Phiiippus, obses tri- 
 ennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestan« 
 tissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus, Graeciae servitu- 
 tis jugum imponeret. 
 
 D. DE REBUS LACEDAEMONIORUM. 
 
 1. Lycurgus Spartanorum legislator. (Just. III. 2.) 
 
 Lacedaemoniorum respubiica auctoritatem, qua inter Grae* 
 cos pollebat, et incrementa dehebat legibus et disciplinae Ly- 
 eurgi. Qui vir quum fratri suo, Polydectae, regi Spartano- 
 rum, 2 successisset, regnumque sibi vindicare potuisset, Cha- 
 rilao, filio ejus, qui natus posthumus fuerat, quum ad aetatem 
 adultam pervenisset, regnum summa fide restituit ; ut intelli- 
 gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatis 3 jura, quam 
 omnes opes valerent. Jam probitate ejus perspecta, populus 
 et principes, diuturnis inter se dissidiis agitati, conjunctis pre^ 
 cibus eum permoverunt, ut civitati leges scriberet. Quo dif. 
 ficillimo negotio suscepto, rem ita perfecit, ut, dum Lycurgi 
 leges florebant, Spartanorum ci vitas principem locum inter 
 Graecos obtineret. 
 
 2. Quae Jam Lycurgi leges. (Just. III. 2. 3.) 
 
 Ac primum quidem populum in obsequia principum, prin- 
 cipes ad justitiam imperiorum formavit.* Parsimoniam om. 
 
RES LACEDAEMONIORUM, 25' 
 
 mbus suasit. Emi singula non pecunia, sed compensatione 
 mercium 1 jussit, Auri argentique usum, velut omnium sce- 
 lerum materiam, sustulit. Fundos omnium aequaliter inter 
 omnes divisit. Convivari omnes publice jussit, ne cujus di« 
 vitiae vel luxuria in occulto essent. Pueros puberesin agrum 
 deduci praecepit, ut primos annos non in luxuria, 2 sed in 
 opere et laboribus agerent. Virgines sine dote nubere jussit* 
 ut uxores eligerentur, non pecuniae. Maximum honorem 
 senum esse voluit, Haec quoniam primo, solutis antea mori- 
 bus, dura videbat esse, auctorem eorum Apollinem Delphi- 
 cum fingit. 3 Dein, ut aeternitatem legibus suis daret, jure* 
 jurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legibus mutaturos. 
 priusquam reverteretur, et simulat, se ad oraculum Delphi- 
 cum proficisci, consulturum, quid addendum mutandumque 
 legibus videretur Deo. Proficiscitur autem Cretam, 4 ibique 
 perpetuum exsilium egit, abjicique in mare ossa sua moriens 
 jussit, ne, reliquiis suis Lacedaemonem relatis, Sparta ni. se 
 religione jurisjurandi solutos arbitrarentur. 
 
 3. Bella MestenieoL (Just. III. 4. 5.) 
 
 His igitur moribus ita brevi civitas convaluit, ut quum Mes. 
 ^eniis bellum intulissent, gravissima se exsecratione obstrfru 
 gerent, non, priusquam Messeniam 5 expugnassent, reversu* 
 ros. Sed decern annis in obsidibne uibis frustra consumtis, 
 Messenii tandem per insidias expugnantur. Deinde, quum 
 per octoginta annos omnia servitutis mala perpessi essent, 
 post longam poenaruni 6 patientiam bellum restaurant. La* 
 eedaemonii autem tanto majore confidentia ad arma concur- 
 runt, quod adversus servos dimicaturi videbantur. Res tamen 
 aliter cecidit, atque ipsi speraverant. Nam tribus proeliis 
 fusi, eo usque desperationis adducti sunt Spartani, ut ad sup* 
 plementum exercitus servos suos manumitterent. Turn de 
 belli eventu oraculo Delphis consulto, jubentur ducem belli 
 ab Atheniensibus petere. Athenienses autem, quum hoc re- 
 sponsum cognovissent, in contemtum Spartanorum Tyrtaeum 
 poet am claudum pede miserunt. Qui quum venisset, carmi- 
 na exercitui recitavit, in quibus virtutis hortamenta, damno* 
 rum solatia, belli consilia, conscripserat. 7 Itaque tantum ar- 
 dorem militibus injecit, ut omnes alacri animo mortem oppe- 
 terent. Raro unquam cruentius proelium fuit. Ad postre- 
 mum tamen victoria Lacedaemoniorum fuit* 
 
2$ 3l!SS LACEDAEMONIOMJH, 
 
 4. Lacedaemonii principatum in Graecia exercent, 
 
 Insequenti aevo factum est, ut Lacedaemonii, ob insitam 
 quandam populo nobilitatem et eximiam virtutis famam, prin* 
 cipatum m Graecia obtinerent. Quare in Persicis bellis ora- 
 nes Graeciae civitates, quae se adversus barbaros conjunxe* 
 rant, eorum imperio parebant. Sed post ilia tempora quum 
 Athenienses maris sibi imperium vindicassent, ingens Lace- 
 daemoniorum contra eos exarsit invidia. Hinc inimicitiae, 
 mox bella exorta ; unumque 1 gravissimum, quod, per viginti 
 septem annos extractum, universae Graeciae vires vehemen- 
 ter affiixit. Victoria penes Spartanos fuit ; qui post pugnam 
 apud Aegos flumen, ubi Atheniensium robur fractum est, ter* 
 ra marique dominari coeperunt, 
 
 5. Lacedaemonii cum Persis in Asia helium geriini. (Just. 
 VI. 1. Corn. Vit. Con. c. 2.) 
 
 Jam auctis viribus, Lacedaemonii totius Asiae imperium 
 affectare coeperunt. Circa illud tempus, Conon, Athenien- 
 sis, qui, amissa. bello patria, in exsilio vivebat, contulit se ad 
 Pharnabazum, Satrapen Ioniae et Lydiae, eundemque gene- 
 rum regis et propinquum, apud quern ut gratia valeret, multo 
 labore perfecit. Nam quum Lacedaemonii in societate non 
 manerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant, Agesilaumque be!- 
 latum misissent in Asiam, maxime impulsi a Tissapherne, qui 
 a legis amicitia defecerat, et cum Lacedaemoniis coierat so 
 eietatem, hunc adversus 2 Pharnabazus habitus est imperator* 
 re vera autem exercitui praefuit Conon, ejusque arbitrio om- 
 nia gesta sunt. Hie summum ducem Agesilaum multum im^ 
 pedivit, saepeque ejus consiliis obstitit, neque non fuit apei\ 
 turn, si ille non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus 2 regi 
 fuisse erepturum. 
 
 6. Jlgesiloi res gestae. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Ages. c. 4.) 
 
 Hie quum jam animo meditaretur proficisci in Persas et 
 ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit Ephorum jussu, 
 foellum Athenienses et Boeotios 3 indixisse Lacedaemoniis ; 
 quare venire ne dubitaret. Qui quum victori praeesset exer- 
 citui, maximamque haberet fiduciam regni Persarum potiun- 
 di, gloriosius tamen duxit, si institutis patriae 4 paruisset, quam 
 si bello superasset Asiam. Quum jam haud ita longe abes- 
 set Peloponneso, obsistcre ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeo- 
 
BES LACEDAEMOXIOBUM. %9 
 
 tii caeterique eorum socii apud Coroneam ; quos omnes gravi 
 proelio vicit. Huic victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod, 
 quum plerique se ex fuga in templum Minervae conjecissent. 
 quaerereturque ex eo, 1 quid his fieri vellet, etsi aliquot vuU 
 nera acceperat eo proelio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui 
 adversus eum arma tulerant, tamen antetulit irae religio- 
 nem, et eos vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Graecia 
 fecit, ut tempi a Deorurn sancta haberet, sed etiam apud bar- 
 baros summa religione omnia simulacra arasque conservavit. 
 
 7. Graeciae civiiates scse invicem debitiiant. (Corn. Vita 
 Agesil. c. 5. Vit. Conon. c. 4* Just. VL 4.) 
 
 Postlioe proelium collatum est orane bellum circa Co- 
 rinthum, ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hie quum 
 una pugna decern millia hostium Agesilao duce cecidis- 
 sent, eoque facto opes adversariorum debilitatae videren- 
 tur, 2 tantum abfuit ab insolentia gloriae, 3 ut commiserare- 
 tur fortunam Graeciae, quod tarn multi vitio adversariorum 
 <secidissent ; namque ilia multitudine, si sana mens esset, 
 Omcuiam u Fersis supplicium sumere poiuisse. — Sed per 
 idem tempus Conon, Persarum classi praefectus, Spartano- 
 rum vires in pugna navali apud Cnidum fregit. Victi La- 
 cedaemonii fugam capessunt, multis navibus amissis, quas 
 Conon partim ceperat, partim depresserat. Hoc initium 
 Atheniensibus resumendae potentiae fuit. Conon cum par- 
 te navium in patriam venit ; muros a Lysandro dirutos re- 
 iiciendos curat ; pecuniaeque quinquaginta talenta, quae a 
 Pharnabazo acceperat, civibus suis donat. 
 
 8. Bellum ex oritur inter Thebanos et Lacedaemonios. (Jus- 
 tin. VI. 6.) 
 
 Dam haec geruntur, Artaxerxes, rex Persarum, legatos in 
 Graeciam mittit, per quos jubet omnes ab armis diseedere; 
 ^qui aliter fecisset, eum se pro hoste habiturum : civitatibus 
 libertatem suaque omnia resiituit. Fessi tot bellis Graeci 
 -cupide paruerunt. Sed Lacedaemonii securis* insidiantes, 
 -castellum Arcadum expugnant, occupatoque praesidium 
 imponunt. Itaque armato instructoque exercitu Arcades, 
 adhibitis in auxilium Thebanis, qui jam, Epaminondae vir- 
 lute excitati, ad Graeciae imperium adspirabant, bellum re- 
 ?petunt. In eo proelio Archidamus, 5 dux Lacedaemoniorunij 
 -vulneratur ; qui quum caedi suos videret, per praeconem 
 corpora interfeetorum ad sepulturam poscit. Hoc est enim 
 
 ^ d2 
 
30 EES LACEDAEMONIORTTM. 
 
 signum apud Graecos victoriae traditae. Qua confessioHc 
 contenti Thebani signum parcendi dederunt, 
 
 9. Spartanorum virtus, Epaminondas in pugna ad Mantu 
 
 nearn interficitur. (Just. VI. 7. Corn. Nep. Vi- 
 ta Epam. c. 9.) 
 
 Paulo post Thebani, Epaminonda duce, occupandae utbis 
 hostium spem ceperunt. Igitur principio noctis 1 taciti La- 
 cedaemona proficiscuntur, non tamen aggredi incautos potu- 
 erunt. Quippe senes, et caetera imbellis aetas, quum ad - 
 ventum hostium sensissent, in ipsis portarum angustiis ar- 
 mati occurrunt. Pauci igitur senes sustinuerunt aciem, 2 
 cui paulo ante universa juventus par esse non potuit. 
 Agesilai autem ad ventu nuntiato, Thebani reeessere. Nee 
 bellum diu dilatum ; siquidem Spartanorum juventus, senum 
 virtute et gloria incensa, teneri non potuit, quin ex conti- 
 nenti 3 acie decerneret. Quum victoria 4 Thebanorurn esset ? 
 Epaminondas, dum non ducis tantum, verum etiam fortissirai 
 militis officio fungitur, graviter vulneratur. Hujus casu 
 aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii : neque tamen priua p u g 
 jna excesserunt, quam repugnantes profligarunt. At Epa- 
 minondas quum animadverteret, mortiferum se vulnus acce- 
 pisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpore re- 
 manserat, extraxisset, animam statim emissurum, usque eo 
 retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse Boeotios. Id post- 
 quamaudivit, satis, inquit, vixi ; invictus enim morior. Turin 
 terro extracto, confestim exanimatus est* 
 
 10. Epaminondae laus. (Just. VI. 8. Com. Nep. Vita 
 
 Epam. c. 3.) 
 
 Una cum Epaminonda Thebanorurn quoque vires cecide- 
 runt; ut non tarn ilium amisisse, quam cum illo interiisse 
 omnes viderentur. Nam neque hunc ante 5 ducem ullum 
 memorabile bellum gessere ; nee postea virtutibus, sed cla- 
 dibus insignes fuere ; ut manifestum sit, patriae gloriam et 
 natam et exstinctam cum eo fuisse. Fuit autem incertum, 
 vir melior, 6 an dux esset. Erat enim modestus, prudens, 
 gravis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis ma' 
 nu, animo maximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco qui- 
 dem mentiretur. Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut 
 de republica nihil nisi gloriam caperet ; honores autem ita 
 gessit 9 ut ornamentum non accipere, 7 sed dare ipse honorU 
 
MACEDONTJM IMPE1UU3I, Si 
 
 bus rideretur. Jam litterarum studium et philosophiae doc 
 trina tanta fuit, ut mirabile videretur, unde tarn insignis mili- 
 tiae scientia hoinini inter litteras nato contigisseU 
 
 E. MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 1. Macedoniae origines. (Justin. VII. 1») 
 
 Macedonia ante, a nomine Emathionis regis, Emathfa 
 eognominata est. Hujus, sicut incrementa modica, ita ter^ 
 mini perangusti fuere. Antiquissimis temporibus Caranus. 
 ex Herculis progenie, responso. oraculi sedes quaerere jus - 
 sus, cum magna multitudine Graecorum in Emathiam venit. 
 ibique urbem Edessam, oppidanis propter imbrium et nebu* 
 lae magnitudinem non sentientibus, gregem caprarum im- 
 brem fugientium secutus, occupavit. Oraculum autem jus- 
 serat eum ducibus capris imperium quaerere. Hinc etiam 
 postea in bellis, quae cum finitimis gerebat, capras ante sig- 
 na habere solebat. Urbem quoque Edessam, ob memoriam 
 muneris 1 Aegas, 2 populum ^egeadas vocavit. Pulso deinde 
 Mida, qui partem Macedoniae tenebat, aliisque regibus, in 
 locum omnium solus successit, primusque adunatis genti- 
 bus variorum populorum, veluti unum corpus Macedoniae fe- 
 cit. 
 
 2. Pn'rai Macedoniae reges. (Just. VII. 2.) 
 
 Post hunc Perdicca regnavit, cujus et vita illustris et mor- 
 tis postrema 3 memorabilia fuere ; siquidem senex moriens 
 Argaeo filio monstravit locum, quo condi vellet, ibique nou 
 sua taritum, sed et succedentium sibi regum ossa poni jus- 
 sit ; praefatus, 4 quoad ibi conditae posterorum reliquiae fo- 
 rent, regnum in familia mansurum : creduntque exstinctam 
 in Alexandro stirpem, 5 quod locum sepulturae mutaverit* 
 Argaeus, moderate et cum amore popularium administrato 
 regno, successorem filium Philippum reliquit : qui immatu- 
 ra morte raptus Aeropum, parvulum admodum, instituit he- 
 re dem. Illis temporibus Macedonibus assidua certamina 
 cum Thracibus et Illyriis 6 fuere. Turn quoque IUyrii, in- 
 fantiam regis pupilli contemnentes, bello Macedonas aggre- 
 .diuntur, Qui quum primo proelio pulsi ess$nt ? rege suo in 
 
32 MAC£B0:\UM IMPEKIUH. 
 
 cunis prolato et pone aciern posito, acrius cerlamen repc 
 tivere. Conserto itaque proelio magna caede Illyrios fade- 
 re, ostenderuntque hostibus mm, priore bello legem 1 Mace? 
 donibus, non vixtutem defuisse. 
 
 3. Amenta rex, (Just. VII. 4.) 
 
 Multis annis inierjectis, per erdinem successionis regnum 
 ad Amyntam pervenit. Hie quoque rex insigni industria et 
 omnibus imperatoriis virtutibus instructus fuit. Ex Eurydi- 
 ee tres filios sustulit, 2 Alexandrum, Perdiccam et Philippum, 
 Alexandri Magni patrem, et filiam Euryonen. Cum Illy, 
 riis et Olynthiis 3 gravia bella gessit. Insidiis autem Eury- 
 dices uxoris, quae regnum adultero tradendum susceperat v , 
 occupatus fuisset, 4 nisi filia matris consiiia et scelus prodi- 
 disset. Functus itaque multis periculis senex decessit, reg- 
 no maximo ex filiis Alexandro tradito. 
 
 4. Philippus, Thebis eruditus, jratri Perdiccae succediL 
 (Just. VII. 5.) 
 
 Alexander inter prima initia regni bellum ab Illyriis pac- 
 ta mercede redemit ; et interjecto tempore, Philippo fratre 
 obside dato, cum Thebanis pacem conciliat ; quae res ad 
 egregiam Philippi iudolem formandam plurimum valuit. Si- 
 quidem per triennium Thebis obses habitus in domo Epa- 
 minondae, summi et philosophi et imperatoris, ad hujus viri 
 exemplum se composuit. Nee multo post Alexander, insi- 
 diis Eurydices matris petitus, occubuit : 5 cui Amyntas, quum 
 in scelere esset deprehensa, propter communes liberos pe- 
 percerat, ignarus, earn his ipsis aliquando exitiosam fore. 
 Frater quoque ejus Perdicca pari insidiarum fraude decipi- 
 tur, 6 parvo iilio relicto. Nuntio de fratris morte accepto, 
 Philippus clam Thebis aufugit, domumque rediit, ubi diu pu- 
 pilli regis tutorem egit. At ubi graviora bella imminebant, 
 serumque auxilium in exspeetatione infantis 7 erat, compulsus 
 a populo regnum suscepit. 
 
 5. Initia regni. (Justin. VII. 6.) 
 
 Principium imperii non satis prosperum videbatur, quum 
 nine 8 insidiarum metus, inde inopia regni, continuis beliis 
 cxhausti, immaturam adolescentis aetatem urgeret. 9 Simul 
 iinitimae gentes, velut conspiratione facta ad opprimendam 
 Macedonians ex diversis locis uno tempore regnum bello x 
 
MACED0XU3I IMPERILS. 33 
 
 petebant. Qaibus bellis omnibus quum par esse non posset. 
 alia interposita pactione composuit, alia redemit, 1 invalidis- 
 simos quosque aggressus vicit : quo factum est, ut et mili- 
 tum trepidos animos firmaret, et se a contemtu hostium vin- 
 dicaret. Primum illi cum Atheniensibus certamen ad Am- 
 phipolin 2 fuit ; quibus per insidias victis, quum interficere 
 omnes posset, incolumes sine pretio dimisit. Post haec, hel- 
 lo in Illyrios translato, multa millia hostium caedit. 3 Ui% 
 bem nobilissimam Larissam capit in Thessalia, non praedae 
 cupiditate, sed quod exercitui suo robur Thessalorum equi- 
 tum 4 adjungere gestiebat. His ita gestis, jam non contents* 
 submovere bella, ultro etiam quietos lacessit. Quum Me - 
 thonam 5 urbem oppugnaret, jacta de muris sagitta 6 dextrum 
 oculum regis effodit. Quo vulnere nee segnior in bellum, 
 nee iracundior adversus hostes factus est ; adeo ut, inter- 
 jectis diebus, 7 pacem deprecantibus daret, nee moderatus 
 tantum^ verum etiam mitis adversus vietos esset. 
 
 6. Philippus se Graecorum rebus immiscet. 
 (Justin. VIII. I,) 
 
 Rebus Macedoniae compositis, finitimisque hostibus aut 
 devictis aut territis, Philippus Graecorum libertati coepit 
 insidiari. Quare civitatum contentiones alit, et auxilium in- 
 ferioribus 8 ferendo vietos pariter victoresque subire regiam 
 servitutem coegit. Causa et origo hujus mali Thebani fu» 
 ere ; qui quum rerum potirentur, incredibili odio adversus 
 Phocenses inflammati, bellum sacrum excitavere. Quod 
 quum soli profligare non possent, Philippum ducem eligunt. 
 qui sacrilegos puniret. Phocenses enim, templo Apollinis 
 occupato, magnam inde vim auri in belli usum eonverteranU 
 Igitur Philippus, quasi sacrilegii ultor esset, omnes milites 
 coronas laureas 9 sumere jubet, atque ita, veluti deo duce, in 
 proelium pergit. Phocenses, insignibus dei conspectis, con* 
 scientia delictorum territi, abjectis armis fugam capessunt 
 poenasque violatae religionis sanguine. pendunt. 
 
 7. Fines imperii prumovet. (Just. VIII. 1.) 
 
 Philippus, quum magnam inde gloriam apud omnes natio- 
 nes adeptus esset, Olynthios aggreditur. Receperant enim 
 per misericordiam, post caedem unius, duos fratres ejus, lr 
 quos Philippus ex no verca genitos, velut aemulos regni, in* 
 terficere gestieteito Ob hanc igitur causam urbem anti 
 
M MACEDONUM IMPEllItfM* 
 
 quam et nobilem exscindit, et fratres olim destinato sup- 
 plicio tradit, simulque praeda ingenfi fruitur. Inde auraria 
 in Thessalia, argenti metalla in Thracia 1 occupat. His ita 
 gestisj forte evenit, ut eum fratres duo, 2 reges Thraciae, dis- 
 ceptationum suarum judicem eligerent. Sed Philippus ad 
 judicium, velut ad bellum, instructo exercitu supervenit, er 
 regno utrumque spoliavit. 
 
 8. In Graeciam penetrat. (Just. VIII. 4.) 
 
 Paulo post Thebani iterum legatos ad eum miserunt, qui 
 rogarent, ut bellum contra Phocenses susceptum renovaref. 
 Contra Phocensium legati, adhibitis 8 Lacedaemoniis et Athe- 
 niensibus, bellum deprecabantur, 4 cujus ab eo dilationenl 
 ter jam emerant. Secreto igitur auditis utriusque populi 
 legationibus, his 5 veniam belli pollicetur ; 6 illis contra, veil- 
 t-urum se auxiliumque laturum. Utrosque vetat parare beb 
 lum aut metuere. Sic factum est, ut, securis omnibus, 
 Thermopylarum angustias occuparet. Tunc primum Pho- 
 censes captos 7 se fraud.e Philippi animadvertentes, trepidi 
 ad arma confugiunt. Sed neque spatium erat instruendi 
 belli, nee tempus ad contrahenda auxilia ; et Philippus exci- 
 dium minabatur, ni deditio fieret. Victi igitur necessitate, 
 pacta salute, 8 se dediderunt. At, deditione facta, cae- 
 duntur passim rapiunturque, haud secus ac si proelio supe- 
 rati essent. 
 
 9. Bella secunda gerit in Chersoneso et in Scythia. 
 (Justin. VIII. 6. IX. 1.) 
 
 His peractis, rebusque Macedoniae compositis, Dardanos 9 
 caeterosque fmitimos expugnat, et Byzantium, nobilem ur~ 
 bem et maritimam, obsidione cingit. Quam quum expugna- 
 re non posset, profectus cum fortissimis, se ad Chersonen- 
 sium urbes 10 convertit, plurimasque earum sibi subjieit, fili- 
 umque Alexandrum, decern et octo annos natum, ad se ar- 
 cessit, ut prima stipendia sub patris militia faceret. In Scy- 
 thiam quoquepraedandi causa profectus est ; Scythasque. 
 ct virtute et numero praestantes, dolo vicit. Viginti millia 
 puerorum ac feminarum capta, pecoris magna vis, auri ar- 
 gentique nihil. 11 Aliquot millia nobilium equarum ad genus 
 faciendum in Macedonian! missa. 
 
^lACEDONUM iaiPERIUX. 3£ 
 
 10. Graecos ad Chaeroneam vincii. (Just. IX. 3.) 
 
 Ab hac expeditione re versus, diu dissimulatum 1 bellum Athe 
 niensibus 2 infert, quorum causae Thebani se junxerunt. Fac- 
 ta igitur inter duas antea infestissimas civitates societate, le- 
 gationibus Graeciam fatigant. 3 Coramunem hostem putant 
 communibus viribus summovendum ; neque enim cessatu- 
 rum Philippum, nisi omnem Oraeciam domuerit. Motae 
 quaedam civitates Atbeniensibus se jungunt, quasdam autem 
 ad Philippum. belli metus traxit. Proelio ad Chaeroneam 4 
 eommisso, quum Athenienses icnge majore mililum numc 
 ro praestarent, tamer, assiduis bellis indurata Macedonian 
 virtute vincuntur. Non tamen immemores pristinae virtu - 
 tis ceciderunt ; quippe adversis .vumeribus 5 omnes loca, 
 quae tuenda aducibus acceperant, morientes eorporibus tex. 
 erunt. Hie dies universae Graciae et gloriam dominationis 
 et vetustissimam libertatem fmivit. 
 
 11. Bellum contra Persas par at. (Just, IX. 4. 5.) 
 
 Hujus victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est. Non m- 
 lita sacra Philippus ilia die fecit ; non in convivio risit ; 
 non coronas aut unguenta sumsit ; et, quantum in ilia fait, 
 ita vicit, 6 ut victorem nemo sentiret. Atbeniensibus, quos 
 passus 7 infestissimos fuerat, et captivos gratis remisit, et 
 bello consumtorum corpora 3epulturae reddidit. Composi- 
 tis in Graecia rebus, omnium civitatum legatos ad forman- 
 dum rerum praesentium statum evocari Corinthum 8 jubet. 
 . Ibi pacis leges universae Graeciae pro meritis singularum 
 civitatum statuit, concihumque omnium, veluti unum sena- 
 tum, ex omnibus legit. Auxilia deinde singularum civita- 
 tum describuntur ; nee dubium erat, eum Persarum irape- 
 fium et suis et Graeciae viribus impugnaturum esse. 
 
 12. Fhilippus interficitur. (Just. IX. 6.) 
 
 Interea dum auxilia a Graecia coeunt, nuptias Cleopa- 
 trae filiae, et Alexandri, 9 quern regem Epiri fecerat, magno 
 apparatu celebrat- Ubi quum Philippus ad ludos spectan- 
 dos, medius inter duos Alexandros. et filium ■ et generum, 
 contenderet, 10 Pausanias, nobilis ex Macedonibus adoles- 
 cens, occupatis angustiis, Philippum in transitu obtruncat. 
 Hie ab Attalo 11 indigno modo tractatus, quum saepe quere- 
 lam ad Philippum frustra detulisset, et honoratum insuper ad 
 
36 
 
 MACEDOKUM IMPEF.IUM. 
 
 versarium videret, iram in ipsum Philippum vertit* ultio- 
 nemque quam ab adversario non poterat, 1 ab iniquo judice 
 cxegit* 
 
 13. Olympias mariti percussorem rnuneribus condecorat. 
 (Justin. IX. 7. 8.) 
 
 Creditum est etiam, percussorem immissum ab Olympi- 
 ade, matre Alexandri, fuisse ; nee ipsum Alexandrum igna- 
 rum paternae caedis exstitisse, quod Philippus, Oiympiade 
 repudiata, Cleopatram, Parmenionis sororem, in matrimo- 
 nium duxisset. Olympias certe fugienti percussori equos 
 praeparatos habuit. Ipsa deinde, quum regis nece audita 
 accurrisset, eadem nocte, qua venit, Pausaniae in cruce 
 pendentis eapiti coronam auream imposuit. Paucos deinde 
 post dies refixum corpus interfectoris super reliquias ma- 
 riti cremavit, et tumulum ei fecit eodem in loco, parentari- 
 que eidem quotannis curavit. Post haec Cleopatram, a qua 
 ?)ulsa Philippi matrimonio fuerat, filia ejus in matris gre- 
 mio interfecta, finire vitam suspendio coegit. Novissime 
 gladium, quo rex percussus est, Apollini cousecravit. Cae- 
 terum decessit Philippus anno aetatis quadragesimo septimo, 
 quum annis viginti quinque regnasset. 
 
 14. Philippus cum Mexandro filio comparatus. 
 (Justin. IX. 8.) 
 
 Philippo Alexander filius successit, et virtute et vitiis pa- 
 ire major. Vincendi ratio utrique diversa. Hie aperte, il- 
 le artibus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudere 2 bostibus, 
 hie palam fusis. Prudentior ille consilio, hie animo magni- 
 iicentior. Iram pater dissimulare, plerumque etiam vince- 
 re ; hie ubi exarsisset, nee dilalio ultionis, nee modus erat. 
 Vini uterque nimis avidus ; sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. Pa- 
 ter de conyivio in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, pe- 
 riculis se tern ere offerre ; Alexander non in hostem, sed in 
 suos saevire. Regnare ille cum amicis volebat ; hie in 
 amicos regna exercebat. Amari pater malle, hie metui. 
 Litterarum cultus utrique similis. Solertiae pater majoris, 
 hie fidei. Verbis atque oratione Philippus, hie . rebus mo- 
 deratior. Parcendi victis filio animus promtior ; ille nee so- 
 ciis abstinebat. Frugalitati pater, luxuriae filius magis de- 
 ditus erat. Quibus artibus orbis imperii fundamenta pater 
 jecitj oporis totiue gloriam filius consummavit. 
 
MACEDONCM IMPEftlUM. 3~ 
 
 15. Initia regni Alexandri. (Just, XI. 2.) 
 
 Imperio euscepto, prima Alexandro cura paternarum esse- 
 quiarum fuit ; in quibus ante omnia caedis conscios ad tumuv 
 lam patris occidi jussit. Inter initia regni multas gentes re- 
 bellantes compescuit ; orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxitc 
 Jnchoatum deinde a patre Persicum bellum aggreditur. In 
 eujus apparatu nuntiatur, Athenienses et Thebanos ab eo ad 
 Persas defecisse, auctoremque ejus defectionis Demosthe* 
 nem oratorem exstitisse ; qui omnes Macedonum copias ana 
 cum rege a Triballis 1 deletas esse afHrmaverit. Qua opinio* 
 ne 2 mutatos omnium ferme civitatum animos esse ; praesidia 
 Macedonum obsideri. 
 
 16. Alexander Graecos defectionan rneditantes faercet* 
 (Justin. XL 3.) 
 
 His motibus occursurus summa edentate in Graeciam pe- 
 netravit. Athenienses, sicuti primi defecerant, ita primos 
 consilii poenitere coepit, missisque legatis bellum deprecan- 
 tur. Quibus auditis et graviter increpatis Alexander bellum 
 remisit. 3 Inde Thebas exercitum convertit, eadem induL 
 gentia usurus, si parem poenitentiam invenisset. Sed Theba- 
 ni armis, non precibus, usi sunt. Itaque victi gravissima 
 quaeque supplicia miserrimae captivitatis experti sunt* Urbs 
 diruitur, agri inter victores dividuntur ; captivi sub corona 
 venduntur. Miseranda res Atheniensibus visa. Itaque pro- 
 fugos contra interdictum regis apud se receperunt. Quara 
 rem ita graviter tulit Alexander, ut secunda legatione denuo 
 bellum deprecantibus ita 4 demum remitteret, ut oratores et 
 duces, quorum fiducia toties rebellarent, sibi dederentur. 
 Res eodeducta est, ut, retentis oratoribus, duces in exsilium 
 agerentur ; qui ex continent! 5 ad Darium profecti, non medi 
 ocre momentum Persarum viribus accessere. 
 
 17. Persicum bellum aggreditur. (Just. XI. 5.) 
 
 Jam ad Persicum bellum proficiscens, patrimonium omne 
 suum, quod in Macedonia et Europa habebat, amicis divisit : 
 sibi Asiarnsufficere praefatus. 6 Nee exercitui alius quanx regi 
 animus fuit. Quippe omnes obliti conjugum liberorumque, et 
 longinquae a domo militiae, nihil nisi Orientis opes cogitabant 
 Quum delati in Asiam essent, primus Alexander jaculum ve* 
 Kit inhostilem terrain jecit ; armatusque de navi tripudiant! B? 
 
 E 
 
38 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 milis prosiluit, atque ita hostias caedit, precatus, ne se regem 
 illae terrae invitae accipiant. In Ilio quoque ad tumulos he- 
 roum, qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit. 
 
 18. Prima congressione Persas vincit. (Just. XI. 6.) 
 
 Inde hostem petens milites a populatione Asiae prohibuit, 
 parcendum suis rebus 1 praefatus, necperdenda ea, quae posses- 
 suri venerinL In exercitu ejus fuere peditum triginta duo mil- 
 Ua, equitum quatuor millia quingenti, naves centum oetoginta 
 duae* Hac tam parva manu universum terrarum orbem vin« 
 cere est aggressus. Quum ad tam periculosum bellum exer- 
 citum legeret, non juvenes robustos, sed veteranos, qui cum 
 patre patruisque militaverant, elegit : ut non tam miHtes, 
 quam magistros militiae electos putares. Prima cum hoste 
 congressio in campis Adrastiae 2 fuit. In acie Persarum sex- 
 Centa millia militum fuerunt, quae non minus arte^quam vir- 
 tute Macedonum superata, terga verterunt. Magna itaque 
 caedes Persarum fuit. De exercitu Alexandri novem pedi- 
 tes, centum viginti equites cecidere ; quos rex magnifice hu- 
 matos staluis equestribus donavit ; cognatis eorum autem im- 
 immitates a publicis muneribus dedit. Post victoriam major 
 pars Asiae ad eum defecit. Habuit et plura proelia cum 
 praefectis Darii, quos jam non tam armis, quam terrore nomi* 
 nissui vicit. 
 
 19. Gordii nodumfatahm solvit. (Just. XI. 7.) 
 
 Post haec Gordium urbem petit, quae posita est inter Phry. 
 giam majorem et minorem, quod audierat, in ea urbe, in tem- 
 plo Jpvis, jugum plaustri Gordii 4 esse positum ; cujus nexum 
 si quis solvisset, eum tota Asia regnaturum, antiqua oracula 
 cecinisse. Capta igitur urbe quum in templum venisset, illud 
 jugum requisivit ; quo monstrato, quum capita loramentorum 
 intra nodos abscondita reperire non posset, gladio loramenta 
 caedit, die ens nihil interest, quo modo nodus solvatur ; atque 
 ita resolutis nexibus, latentiain nodis capita invenit. 
 
 20. In gravern morbum incidit. (Just. XL 8.) 
 
 Haec illi agenti nuntiatur, Darium cum ingenti exercitu 
 adventare. Itaque timens angustias, magna celeritate Tau. 
 rum transcendit. Quum Tarsum 5 venisset, captus amoeni. 
 tate Gydni fluminis, per mediam urbem influentis, projectis 
 
MACEDOXtJM HIPERIUM. 3& 
 
 awnis, plenus pulveris ac sudoris, in praefrigidam undam se 
 projecit. Turn repente tantus nervos ejus occupat rigor, ut 
 jam de eo actum esse videretur. Unus erat ex medicis, no* 
 mine Philippus, qui remedium polliceretur ; sed hunc Par« 
 menionis epistolae pridie e Cappadocia missae suspectum fa« 
 ciebant. Hie enim, ignarus infirmitatis Alexandri, scripse* 
 rat, a Philippo medico caveret ; nam corruptum ilium a Da- 
 rk) ingenti pecunia esse. Alexander tamen tutius est ratus, 
 dubiae se fidei medico credere, quam indubitato 1 . morbo pe- 
 rire. Accepto igitur poculo, epistolas medico tradidit ; at* 
 que ita inter bibendum oculos in vultum legentis intendit. 
 Ut securum conspexit, laetior factus est, sanitatemque quaf« 
 ta die recepit. 
 
 21. Barium vincil ad Is sum. (Just. XI. 9.) 
 
 Interea Darius cum quadringentis millibus peditum, ac 
 centum millibus equitum in aciem procedit. Movebat haec 
 multitudo hostium f espectu paucitatis suae Alexandrum ; nee 
 tamen bellum difFerre ratus, circumveetus suos, singulas gen. 
 tes diversa oratione alloquitur. Illyrios et Thracas opum ac 
 divitiarum 2 ostentatione ; Graecos ve'erum bellorum memo- 
 ria, intern ecivique cum Persis odii accendebat. Macedones 
 autem nunc Europae victae admonet, nunc Asiae expetitae ; 
 nee inventas illis toto orbe pares vires gloriatur. 3 Nee Da- 
 rii segnis opera in ordinanda acie fuit. Quippe ipse omnia 
 circumire, singulos hortari, veteris gloriae Persarum admo- 
 nere. Post haec proelium ingeniibus animis committitur. 
 In eo uterque rex vulneratur. Tarn diu certamen anceps 
 iuit, quoad fugeret Darius. Exinde caedes Persarum secu- 
 ta est. In castris eorum multum auri caeterarumque opum 
 inventum. Inter captivos castrorum mater et uxor et filiae 
 duae Darii fuere. Ad quas visendas quum Alexander venis- 
 set, conspectis armatis invicem se complexae, velut statim 
 moriturae, complorationem edidere. Provolutae deinde ge- 
 nubus Alexandri mortis dilationem precantur, dum Darii cor- 
 pus sepeliverint. Motus tanta mulierum pietate Alexander, 
 et Darium vivere dixit, et timentibus mortis metum demsit, 
 casque haberi ut reginas praecepit. 
 
 22. Plurimae Asiae gentes victori se subjiciunt. {Justin* 
 XI. 10.) 
 
 Post hoc proelium Parmenionem ad occupandam Pereicam 
 elassem, aliosque amicorum suorum ad recipiendas Asiae ci- 
 
19 MACED02VUM IMPERItTH. 
 
 vitates misit, quae statim, audita fama victoriae, in potesta 
 tern victorum venerunt. Tunc in Syriam proficiscitur, ubi 
 obvios cum infulis multos Orientis reges habuit. Ex his, pro 
 mentis singulorum, alios in societatem reeepit, aliis regnum 
 ademit, sufFectis in loca eorum novis regibus. Insignis 
 praeter caeteros fuit Abdalonymus, rex ab Alexandre Sido- 
 niae 1 constitutus. Quern Alexander, quum operam locare 
 ad puteos exhauriendos hortosque irrigandos solitus esset 
 regem fecerat^ spretis 2 nobilibus, ne generis id, non dantis. 
 beneficiurn putarent. 3 Quum Tyriorum legatis, qui ei co« 
 ronam auream magni ponderis miserant, .significasset, se 
 Tyrum 4 ire velle ad vota Herculi reddenda, iique ejus introi- 
 turn deprecarentur, ita exarsit, ut urbi exeidium minaretur, 
 Confestim admoto exercitu, post diuturnam obsidionem, Ty~ 
 riis mures animose defendentibus, urbs tandem per proditio- 
 nem capitur. 
 
 . 3 AB oraculo Jovis Ammoms Alexander salutolur dens, 
 (Justin.XI.il.) 
 
 **©.' 
 
 Inde Rhodum Alexander, Aegyptum, Ciliciamque sine 
 rtamine cepit. Ad Jovem deinde Ammonem 5 pergit, con- 
 sulturus et de eventu futurorum et de origine sua. Nam ma* 
 ter ejus Olympias gloriata erat, Alexandrum non ex Philippo, 
 sed ex serpente ingentis magnitudinis esse conceptum. Igi~ 
 tur Alexander, cupiens, originem divinam sibi tribui, subor- 
 nat antistites, quid sibi responderi velit per praemissos do- 
 sens* Itaque ingredientem templum statim antistites, ut 
 Ammonis filium, salutant. Simul victoriam omnium bello 
 rum, possessionemque terrarum dari respondetur. Comiti 
 bus quoque ejus imperatum, ut Alexandrum pro deo, non pro 
 rege colerent Reversus ab Ammone Alexandriam 6 condi 
 iit, et coloniam Macedonum caput esse Aegypti jubet« 
 
 24, Darius pacem precaiurfrustra. (Just. XL 12.) 
 
 Darius quum Babyloniam profugisset, 7 per epistolam Alex- 
 ^ndrum precatur, redimendarum sibi captivarum potestatem 
 faciat, 8 inque earn rem magnam pecuniam pollicetur. Sed 
 Alexander in pretium captivarum regnum omne, non pecuni 
 am petit. Interjecto tempore aliae epistolae Darii Alexan 
 dro redduntur, quibus filiae matrimonium et regni portio of- 
 fertur. Sed Alexander sua sibi dari? rescripsit, jussitque 
 regni arbitria 10 victori 11 permittere. Turn, spe pacis amissa, 
 
MACEDONUM IMPEMUJP. 41 
 
 bellum Darius reparat, et cum quadringentis millibus pedi- 
 turn, et centum millibus equitum obviam vadit Alexandra* 
 In itinere nuntiatur, uxorem ejus decessisse, ejusque mortem 
 illacrymatum Alexandrum, exsequiasque benigne prosecutum 
 esse. Tunc Darius, quum se beneficiis quoque a rege supe. 
 ratum videret, tertias epistolas scripsit, et gratias egit, quod 
 nihil hostile in suos fecerit. OfTert deinde majorem partem 
 regni usque ad flumen Euphraten, 1 et alteram filiam uxo- 
 rem ; pro reliquis captivis triginta millia talentorum. Ad 
 haec Alexander, gratiarum actionem supervacaneam esse, res- 
 pondit ; se didicisse non adversus calamitates hostium, sed in* 
 res eorum contendere, Caeterum neque mundurj, posse duobus 
 solibus regis neque orbem terrarum duo maxima regna salvo 
 statu terrarum habere posse ; proinde aut deditionem eo die 4 
 aut in post e rum aciein paret. 
 
 25. Magno proelio ad Gaugamelam 2 vincitur* 
 (Justin. XI. 13. 14.) 
 
 Postero die aciem producunt. Turn repente ante proelium 
 ilexandrum somnus oppressit ; quumque ad pugnam solus 
 rex deesset, a Parmenione aegre excitatus est. Ante proelium 
 utraque acies hostibus spactaculo fuit. Macedones multitude 
 nem hominum,corporummagnitudinenr, armorumque pulchri- 
 tudinem mirabantur; Persae a tarn paueis vieta suorum tot 
 miilia stupebant. Raro in ullo t proelio tantum sanguinis fusum 
 est. Darius quum vinci suos videret, mori voluit et ipse, 
 sed a proximis fugere compulsus est. Alexander autem peri- 
 culosissima quaeque aggrediebatur, et ubi confertissimos hos- 
 tes acerrime pugnare conspexisset, eo se semper ingerebat. 
 Hoc proelio Asiae imperium ei obtigit, qnintopost acceptum 
 regnum anno. Post haec expugnat Persepolin, 3 caput Persici 
 regni, urbem antiquissimam plurimisque refertam opibus, 
 quae interitu ejus primum apparuere. 
 
 26. A suis interjicitur. (Justin. XL 15.) 
 
 Interea Darius a cognatis suis in vieo Parthorunv Thara 
 aureis compedibus vincitur. Alexander postero die eitato cur- 
 su su.perven.it, ibique cognovit, 4 Darium clauso vehiculo pej 
 noctem exportatum. Jusso caetero exercitu subsequi, cum sex 
 millibus equitum fugientem insequitur ; in itinere multa et 
 periculosa proelia fecit. Emensus deinde multum itineris quum 
 nullum Darii invenisset indicium, respirandi equisdata potefe* 
 -fate, unus ex militibus, dum ad fontem proximum pergit, in 
 
 e2 
 
12 MACEDONUM IMPEKIUM. 
 
 vehiculo Barium, multis quidem vulneribus confossum, sed 
 spirantem adhuc invenit, et unum e captivis ad eum adduxit* 
 Quern quum rex ex voce civem esse cognovisset, Alexandre 
 dicere jubet, se plurimam ei gratiam habere, quod in matrem 
 iiberosque suos regium, non hostilem animum exhibuisset. Quare 
 $e precari superum inferumque numina, et deos regni custodes 
 et praesidesi ut Mi terrarum omnium coniingat imperium, 
 Fosthaec porrectamanu exspiravit. Quae ubi Alexandre* nun 
 data sunt, viso corpore defuncti, tarn indignam mortem lacry- 
 mis prosetutusj est ; corpusque regio more sepeliri jussit. 
 
 WI* Grascartim civilalum motus ad libertatem recuperandam 
 (Justin. XII. 1.) 
 
 Dam haec in Asia gerebantur, Graecia fere omnis, spe 
 Teeuperandae libertatis, ad arma concurrerat, auctoritatem 
 Lacedaemoniorum secuta. Dux hujus belli Agis, rex Lace- 
 daemoniorum, fuit. Quern motum Antipater, dux ab Alexandre 
 in»Macedonia relictus, in ipso ortu oppressit. Magna tamen 
 utrimque caedes fuit. Agis rex, quum suos terga dantes vide 
 ret, dimissis satellitibus, ut Alexandro felicitate, non virtute in- 
 ferior videretur, tan tarn stragem hostium edidit, ut agmina in* 
 terdurn fugaret. Ad postremum, etsi a multitudine victus, glo> 
 ria tameri omnes vicit* 
 
 %Q* 
 
 'Alexander Persarum vitam et cnltum imitatur. 
 (Justin. XII. 3.) 
 
 Alexander autem, Hyrcanis 1 Mardisque 2 subactis, habitum 
 ?egum Persarum et diadema, insolitum antea regibus Mace 
 donieis, assumit, et amicos quoque longam vestem auratam el 
 purpuream surnere jubet. Ut luxum quoque Persaram imita- 
 fetur, ingentes epularum apparatus fecit, et convivia juxta re- 
 giam magnificentiam instruxit. 
 
 29, Alexander suorum insc anirnos exacerbat. 
 (Justin. . XII. 5.) 
 
 Turn etiam primum hostili odio in suos saevire coepit. Max- 
 ime indignabatur, carpi se sermonibus suorum, quod Philippi 
 patris patriaeque mores subvertisset. Propter quae crimina' 
 Parmenio senex, dignitate regi proximus, cum Philota filio in- 
 terficitur. Fremere itaque omnes universis castris coepere. 
 innoxii senis filiique casum miserantes ; interdum, se quoque 
 rm debere melius sperarc dicentes. Quae quum nuntiata 
 
aiACEDONTfM UIFEBIU3Z. 43 
 
 Alexandro essent, simulat, se ex amicis quosdam in patriam 
 victoriae nuntios missurum. Hortatur milites, ut suis scribe- 
 rent ; datasque epistolas tacite ad se deferri jubet ; ex qui- 
 bus cognito de se singulorum judicio, 1 in unam cohortem eos. 
 qui de rege durius opinati fuerant 2 contribuit, aut consumtu 
 rus eos, 3 aut in uitimis terris in colonias distributurus. Inde 
 Drancas, Euergetas, caeterosque populos, qui ad radicem 
 Caucasi habitabant,subegit. Interea unus ex amicis Darii ; 
 Bessus, vinctus adducitur, qui regem non solum prodiderat, 
 verum etiam interfecerat. Quern in ultionem perfidiae fratn 
 Darii excruciandum tradidit. Et ut his terris nomen relin- 
 queret, urbem Alexandriam super amnem Tanain 4 condidit 
 In Bactrianis quoque Sogdianisque 5 duodecim urbes condidit. 
 'ibique eos ? quos in exercitu seditiosos cognoverat, habitarc 
 jussit. 
 
 30. Clitum sua manu inlerficit. (Justin. XII. 6.) 
 
 His ita gestis solemni die amicos in convivium voeat. Ubi 
 orta inter ebrios return a Philippo gesiarum mentione, ipse 
 se patri praeferre coepit, assentante majore convivarum parte, 
 Itaque quumunus e senibus, Clitus, fiducia amicitiae regiae, 
 memoriam Philippi tueretur, laudaretque ejus res gestas, Alex- 
 ander adeo ira exarsit, ut, telo a satellite rapto, Clitum in 
 convivio trucidaret. Post, irae aestu subsidente, in poeniten- 
 tiam versus, mori voluit. Mansit haec moriendi voluntas etiam 
 insequentibus diebus, donee exercitus universi precibus exora- 
 tus est, precantis, ne ita unius mortem doleat, ut universos 
 perdat ; neque milites in ultimam deductos barbariam, intei 
 infestas gentes destituat. Revocato igitur ad bellum animo. 
 Ohorasmos et Dahas 3 in deditioiiem aecepit. 
 
 31. In Indium penetrat, (Justin. XII. 7.) 
 
 tost haec Indiam petit, ut Oceano Hniret imperium. Cm 
 gloriae ut etiam exercitus orn amenta convenirent, phaleras 
 equorum et arma militum argento inducit ; exercitumque 
 suum, ab argenteis clypeis, Argyraspidas 7 appellavit. Quum 
 ad Nysam 8 urbem venisset, oppidanis non repugnantibus, 
 fiducia Liberi 9 patris, a quo condita urbs erat,- parci jussit. 
 Tunc ad sacrum montem dux it exercitum, vite hederaque 
 non aliter vestitum, quam si manu cultus exornatusque es~ 
 set. Ubi ad montem accessit, exercitus, repentino mentis 
 impetu correptus, ululare coepit, et Bacchantium more dis 
 'turrit. 
 
W MACEDONUM IttffiftltTtf* 
 
 32. Porum, regem Indiae, superat. (Just. XII. 6.) 
 
 Unus ex regibus Indorum' fuit, Porus nomine, viribus cof * 
 poris et animi magnitudine pariter insignis ; qui ad famam 
 de Alexandri adventu bellum paraverat. Commisso proe- 
 Ho, 1 Alexandrum ad singulare certamen provocat. Nee 
 Alexander pugnae moram facit ; sed prima congressione 
 vulnerato equo, quum praeceps in terram decidisset, concur, 
 su satellitum servatur. Porus multis vulneribus obrutus ca- 
 pitur. Qui vicium se adeo doluit, ut, quum veniam ab hoste 
 mvenisset,neque cibuni capere veilet,neque vulneracurari pa- 
 tcrelur ; aegreque ab eo obtentum est, ut vellet vivere. Quern 
 Alexander ob bonorem virtutis incolumem in regnum remi.sit, 
 Duas ibi urbes condidit, unam Nicaeam, 2 alteram ex nomine 
 equi Bucephalen 3 vocavit. 
 
 S3. Macedones in patriam redire cupiunt* (Justin. XII. 8.) 
 
 Quum ad Cuphites venisset, ubi eum cum ducentis milli- 
 bus equitum hostes opperiebantur, exercitus omnis laborious 
 lessus, lacrymis eum precatur, finem tandem belli faceret ; 
 aliquando patriae reditusque meminisset, militumque anno? 
 respiceret. Ostendere 4 alius canitiem, alius vulnera, alius 
 aetate consumtum corpus et cicatricibus obductum. Motus 
 eorum precibus, veluti finem victoriis facturus castra solito 
 magnificentiora fieri jussit, quorum molitionibus et hostis ter- 
 reretur, et posteris sui admiratio relinqueretur. Nullum 
 opus laetius milites fecerunt. Itaque caesis hostibus cum 
 gratulatione in haec castra reverterunt. 
 
 34. Alexander e vilae periculo aegre servaiur. (Justin. XII. 9.) 
 
 Inde Alexander ad amnem Acesinen 5 pergit ; per quem 
 in Oceanum devehitur, et in Ambros et Sigambros navigat. 
 Quae gentes eum armatis octoginta millibus peditum, et sex- 
 aginta millibus equitum excipiunt. Quum proelio victor cs~ 
 set, exercitum ad urbem eorum duxit. Quam quum de muro, 
 quem primus ceper.aly a defensoribus desertam animadvertis- 
 set, in urbis planitiem sine ullo satellite desiliit. Itaque quum 
 eum hostes solum conspexissent, clamore edito undique in 
 eum concurrunt. Ubi obrui multitudine se vidit, trunco se ? 
 qui propter murum stabat, applicuit. Quum sic diu agmen 
 sustinuisset, tandem, regis periculo cognito, amici ad eum 
 dcsiliunt, ex quibus multi caesi ; proeliumque tarndiu anceps 
 
MAC£D0I*U2I 12IPEIUU3I. 4& 
 
 tint, quoad omnis exercitus, muris dejectis, in auxilium veni- 
 ret. In eo proelio sagitta sub mamma trajectus est, cujus 
 vulneris curatio ipso vulnere gravior 1 fuit. 
 
 35. Oceano lustrato nuptias celsbrat. (Justin. XII. 10.) 
 
 Tandem saluti redditus 2 Polype rchonta 3 cum exercitu Ba- 
 by loniam mittit. Ipse cum lectissima manu, navibus con* 
 scensis, Oceani litora peragrat. Ibi Oceauo libamenta de- 
 dit, 4 prosperum in patriam reditum precatus ; ac> veluti posi- 
 tis imperii terminis, ostio flu minis Indi invehitur. Ibi in mo- 
 numenta rerum a se gestarum urbem Barcen condidit, aras* 
 que statuit. Inde terrestri itinere Babyloniam redit. Ibi 
 filiam Darii regis Statiram in matnmonium recepit ; sed et 
 optimatibus Macedonum lectas ex omnibus gentibus nobilissi- 
 mas virgines tradidit. 
 
 '36. Babyloniam redit, (Justin. XII. 13.) 
 
 Ab ultimis oris Oceani Babyloniam revertenti nuntiaturv 
 non solum legationes Cartbaginiensium caeterarumque Afri- 
 cae civitatum, sed et Hispaniarum, Siciliae, Galliae, Sardi- 
 niae, nonnullas quoque ex Italia ejus adventum Babyloniae 
 opperiri. Hac igitur ex causa Babyloniam festinanti quidam 
 ex magis praedixit, 5 ne urbem introiret, testatus, 6 bunc locum 
 ei fatalem fore. Sed ab Anaxarcho 7 pbilosopho compulsus, 
 ut magorum praedicta contemneret, Babyloniam reversus 5 
 convivium solemniter instituit. Ibi quum totus in laetitiam 
 effusus esset, recedentem jam e convivio Medius Thessalus. 
 instaurata comissatione 3 invitat. Accepto poculo, inter bi« 
 bendum veluti telo confixus ingemuit, elatusque e convivio 
 semianimis, tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in remedia 
 posceret. Venenum accepisse creditur. 
 
 37. Babyloniae moritur. (Justin. XII. 15.) 
 
 Quarta die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens, ag» 
 noscere se fatum, domiis 9 majorum siiorum, ait ; namque pie* 
 rosque Jleacidarum 10 intra tricesimurn annum defunctos, Tu- 
 multuantes deinde milites, insidiis periisse regem suspicantes, 
 ipse sedavit, eosque omnes ad conspectum suum admisit, os« 
 culandamque dextram porrexit. Quum lacrymarent omnes, 
 ipse non sine lacrymis tantum, verum etiam sine ullo tristio- 
 ris mentis argumento fuit. Ad postremum corpus suum in 
 Hammonis templo condi jubet. Quum deficere eum amiei 
 
$6 MACBDONUM IMPERII7H. 
 
 viderent, quaerunt, quern imperii faciat 'heredem ; respondit. 
 dignissiwum. Hac voce omnes amicos suos ad aemulam 
 regni cupiditatem accendil. Sexta die, praeclusa voce, ex- 
 emturn digito annulum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscen- 
 tern amicorum discordiam sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nun- 
 ciipatus heres, judicio tamen efectus esse videbatur. 
 
 38. De Alexandri virtuie etfortuna quaedam. 
 (Justin. XII. 16.) 
 
 Decessit Alexander mensem unum tres et triginta annos 
 natus, vir supra humanum modum vi aniim praeditus. Omina 
 quaedam magnitudinem ejus in ipso ortu portendisse existima* 
 bantur. Quo die natus est, pater ejus nuntium duarum vjcto- 
 riarum accepit ; alterius belli Illyrici, alterius certaminis 
 Olympiaci, in quod quadrigas miserat. Puer acerrimus 1 
 litterarum studiis^ eruditus fuit. Exacta pueritia, per quin- 
 quennium Aristotele, philosopho praestantissimo, usus est 
 magistro. Accepto tandem imperio tantam militibus suis fidu- 
 ciam fecit, ut, illo praesente, nullius hostis arma timerent. 
 Itaque cum nullo hoste unquam congressus est, quern non vi. 
 cerit ; nullam urbem obsedit, quam non expugnaverit. Vic- 
 tus denique est non virtute hostili, sed insidiis suorum et fraude. 
 
 39. Lucius harbnrorum, Macednnum laetitia. 
 (Justin. XIII. 1.) 
 
 Exstincto in ipso aetatis et victoriarum flore 3 Alexandre 
 Magno, triste apud omnes tota Babylone silentium fuit. Ut 
 vero nuntius de ejus morte disseminatus est, omnes barbarae 
 gentes, paullo ante ab eo devictae, non ut hostem, sed ut pa- 
 rentem luxerunt. M ater quoque Darii regis, audita morte 
 victoris, in quo pietatem filii erat experta, mortem sibi ipsa con- 
 scivit. Contra Macedones, non ut civem, sed ut bostem de- 
 functum gaudebant ; severitatem nimiam et assidua belli peri- 
 cula exsecrantes. Hue accedebat, quod principes regnum et 
 imperia, vulgus miiitum thesauros, veluti praedam, specta- 
 bant. Erant enim in thesauris quinquaginta millia talentum, 4 
 quae sibi divisum iri sperabant. Nee amici Alexandri frustra 
 regnum spectabant. Nam tantae virtutis et venerationis erant, 
 ut singulos reges putares. Neque unquam ante Macedonia 
 vel ulla gens alia tanto clarorum virorum proventu floruit ; 
 quos primo Pbilippus, mox Alexander tanta cura legerat, ut 
 non tarn ad societatem belli, quam in successionem regni elecc 
 fi viderentur. 
 
3f ACLPOK173I IMFERIUM* ± * 
 
 40. Duces de imp trio const ituen do consilia incunt* 
 (Justin. XIII. 2.) 
 
 C«i«terum, defune.to Alexandro, armati in regiam coeunt, ad 
 formandum rerum praesentium staium. 1 Perdicca censet, 
 Roxanes, regiae conjugis, quam gravidam reliquerat, partum 
 esse exspectandum, et si puerum peperisset, hunc patri sue- 
 cessorem fore. Meleager negat, exspectandumy dum reges 
 nascerentur, quum jam genitis uti hceret. Esse Pergami 
 puerum, fiiium Alexandra, natum ex Barsine, nomine Hercu- 
 lem ; seu-mallent juvenem, esse in castris fratrem Alexandri, 
 Aridaeum, comem et cunctis non suo tantum. verum et patris 
 Philippi nomine acceptissimum. Ptolemaeus recusabat re* 
 gem Aridaeum, turn, quod ex Larissaeo scorto natus esset, 
 turn ob majorem, qua laborabat, valetudinem ; nam veren- 
 dum esse, ne rile nomen regis, alius imperium teneret : me- 
 lius esse ex his legi, qui pro virtute regi suo proximi fuerint. 
 Vicit Perdiccae sententia, consensu universorum. Piacuit 
 itaque Roxanes exspectari partum, et si puer natus fuisset, 
 tutores Leonatum, Perdiccam, Crateron et Antipatrum eon- 
 stituunt, confestimque in tuiorum obsequia jurant." 
 
 41. Aridaeus, Philippi jilius, rex creatur. (Justin. XIII, 
 3. 4.) 
 
 Quum equites idem fecissent, pedites indignati, nullas sibi 
 consiliorum partes relictas, 5 Aridaeum, Alexandri fratrem, 
 regem appellant, satellitesque iili ex turba sua legunt, et no- 
 mine Philippi patris vocari jubent. Magna hinc in castris 
 seditione orta, tandem ab equitibus quoque Aridaeus rex ag- 
 noscitur. Servata est portio regni Alexandri filio, si natus 
 esset. His ita compositis, Macedoniae et Graeciae Antipa^ 
 ter praeponitur : regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero traditur ; 
 castrorum et exercitus cura Meleagro et Perdiccae assigna- 
 tur ; jubeturque Aridaeus rex corpus Alexandri in Hammo- 
 nis templum deducere. Tunc Perdicca, lustratione castro- 
 rum indicta, seditiosos supplicio occulte tradi jubet. Rever- 
 3us inde, provincias inter principes divisit. 
 
 42. Bellum in Graecia ortum per Antipatrum comprimituv* 
 (Justin. XIII. 5.) 
 
 Dum haec in Oriente geruntur, in Graecia Athenienses et 
 Aetoh bellum, quod jam vivo Alexandro moverant, summis 
 virihus instruebant. Causa belli erat. quod reversus ab In* 
 
4$ MACEDONUM XMPEKIU»r. 
 
 dia Alexander epistolas in Graeciam scripserat, quibus omni- 
 um civitatum exsules restituebantur. Quae litterae recita* 
 tae praesente universa Graecia, in mercatu Olympiaco, 1 mag- 
 nos motus excitaverunt, quod plurimi non legibue, sod per 
 factionem principum pulsi fuerant, principesque verebantur, 
 ne revocati potentiores in republica fierent. Palam igitur 
 jam turn multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam freme- 
 bant. 2 Principes tamen omnium Athenienses et Aetoli fue- 
 runt. Bello igitur exorto, Antipater, cui Graecia sorte obve- 
 nerat, Leonatum ex Asia in auxilium vocavit. Qui quum ve- 
 nire cum exercitu nuntiatus esset, obvii ei Athenienses cum 
 instructis copiis fuere, ibique equestri proelio, gravi vulnerc 
 ictus, exstinguitur. Sed Antipater, exercitu exstincti recepto, 
 quum par hostibus etiam proelio videretur, soiutus obsidione, 
 qua cinctus fuerat Lamiae, 3 in Macedoniam concessit ; Grae* 
 corum quoque copiae, fmibus Graeciae hostc depulso, in ur- 
 bes dilapsae sunt. 
 
 43. Ceriamina inter duces Aiexandri. (Justin. XIII. 6. 
 XV. 1.) 
 
 Post haec belium inter Perdiccam et Antigonum oritur, 
 quod, velut incendium, mox latius serpsit. Macedonia, in 
 duas partes discurrentibus 4 ducibus, in sua viscera armatur, 
 ferrumque a barbaris in eivilem sanguinem 5 vertit. In hoc 
 bello Perdiccas occisus est ; pluresque ejusdem partis duces 
 perierunt. Et jam finitum certamen inter successores Alex- 
 andri Magni videbatur, quum repente inter ipsos victores nata 
 est discordia. Ptolemaeus 6 et Cassander, Antipatri filius, 
 inita cum Lysimacho et Seleuco societate, contra Antigonum 
 belium terra marique enixe instruunt. Tenebat Ptolemaeus 
 Aegyptum cum Africae parte minore et Cypro et Phoenice. 
 Cassandro parebat Macedonia cum Graecia. Asiam et par- 
 tes Orientis occupaverat Antigonus, cuj-us filius Demetrius, 7 
 prima belli congressione, a Ptolemaeo apud Gamalam 8 vinei- 
 tur. In quo proelio major Ptolemaei moderations gloria, 
 quam ipsius victoriae fuit. Siquidem et amicos Demetrii 
 non solum cum suis rebus, verum etiam additis insuper mune- 
 ribus, dimisit ; et ipsius Demetrii privatum omne instrumen- 
 turn 9 a'c familiam 10 reddidit, dicens ; non se propter praedam, 
 sed propter dignitatem inisse belium, indignatum, quod Anti- 
 gonus, devictis diversae factionis ducibus, solus communis 
 tictoriae praemia corripuisset. 
 
MACEDONUM XMPEEHJM. 49 
 
 44. Exstincia Alexandri sobole, principes regium nomen su- 
 munu (Justin. XV, 2.) 
 
 Dum haec aguntur, Cassander Herculem, Alexandri fiii- 
 urn, qui fere annos quatuordecim excesserat, ne favor e pater- 
 ni nominis in regnum Macedoniae vocaretur, occidi tacite 
 cum matre Barsine jubet ; tum alterum quoque fiiium cum 
 matre Roxane pari fraude necavit. Interea Ptolemaeus cum 
 Demetrio navali proelio 1 iterato 2 congreditur, et amissa clas 
 se in Aegyptum refugit Hac victoria elatus, Antigonus re 
 gem se cum Demetrio filio appellari jubet, Ptolemaeus quo- 
 que, ne minoris apud suos auctoritatis esset, rex ab exercitu 
 cognominatur. Quibus auditis, Cassander et Lysimachus- ei 
 ipsi regiam sibi majestatem vindicarunt. Sed Ptolemaeus et. 
 Cassander caeterique factionis alterius duces, quum se sin- 
 gulos ab Antigono carpi ac lacessi videreat, per epistolas se 
 invicem exhortati sunt adbelium communibus viribus suscipi- 
 endurn. Cui qqum Cassander interesse propter finitimum 
 bellum 3 non posset, Lysimachum cum ingentibus copiis in 
 auxilium sociis mittit. 
 
 45. Lysimachi fortitude. (Justin. XV, 8.) 
 
 Erai hie Lysimachus illustri inter Macedones loco natus 3 
 sed magis etiam -virtute quam genere clarus. Quum Alex- 
 ander Callisthenem 4 philosophum miserandum in modum om- 
 nibus membris truncasset, et insuper cum cane incavea clau- 
 sum circumferret. Lysimachus, eum audire et praecepta 
 virtutis ab eo accipere solitus, miserlus tanti viri, venenum ei 
 in remedium calamitatum dedit. ' Quod adeo aegre Alexan- 
 der tulit, ut eum objici ferocissimo leoni juberet. Sed quum 
 leo impetum fecisset in eum, Lysimachus manura amiculo in« 
 volutam in. os leonis immersit, arreptaque lingua feram exam- 
 mavit. Quod quum nuntiatum regi esset, admiratio irae sue- 
 cessit, carioremque eum propter constantiam tarttae virtutis 
 habuit. Post mortem regis, quum inter successores ejus pro- 
 vinciae dividerentur, ferocissimae gentes, quasi omnium for 
 tissimo, assignatae sunt. 
 
 46. Nova inter Alexandri successores bella oriuntur. 
 (Justin. XV. 4.) 
 
 Priusquam bellum inter Ptolemaeum sociosque ejus adver- 
 ts Antigonum committeretur, repente ex Asia majore Se- 
 leucusj novus Antigono hostis, accessit Hujus quoque viri 
 
 F 
 
50 MACEDONtJM IMPEEIUM. 
 
 virtus clarissima fuit. Pos|k mortem Alexandri, occupato regno 
 Orientis, urbem condidit, patris nomine Antiochiam vocatam, 
 et campos urbi vicinos Apollini dicavit, a quo generis originem 
 ducebat. Multa in Oriente post divisionem inter socios reg- 
 ni Macedonici bella gessit. Principio Babyloniam cepit : inde 
 auctis ex victoria viribus Bactrianos expugnavit. Compositis 
 deinde in Oriente rebus, in bellum cum Antigono descendit. 
 Conjunctis igitur omnium sociorum copiis, proelium 1 committi- 
 tur ; in eo Antigonus occiditur ; Demetrius films ejus in fugam 
 vertitur. Sed socii, profligato hostili bello, denuo in semet ipsos 
 arma verterunt ; et, quum de praeda non conveniret, iterum 
 in duas factiones diducuntur. Seleucus Demetrio, Ptolemaeus 
 Lysimacho junguntur. Cassandro defuncto Philippus filiussuc- 
 cedit. Sic quasi ex integro nova Macedoniae bella nascuntur. 
 
 47. Regnum Macedoniae^ parricidiis inqidnatae, Demetrius 
 
 occupat. (Justin. XVI. 1.) 
 
 Post Cassandri regis, filiique ejus Philippi continuas mortes, 2 
 Thessalonlce, uxor Cassandri, non multo post tempore, ab 
 Antipatro filio occiditur. Causa parricidii fuit, quod, post mor- 
 tem mariti, in divisione inter fratres regni, in aiterum filium 
 Alexandrum videbatur fuisse propensior. Quod facinus eo 
 gravius visum est, quod nullum maternae fraudis vestigium fu- 
 it, Ob haec igitur Alexander, in ultionem maternae necis ges- 
 turus cum fralre bellum, auxilium a Demetrio petit : nee De- 
 metrius, spe invadendi Macedonici regni, moram fecit. Cujus 
 adventum verens Lysimachus persuadet genero Antipatro, ut 
 malit cum fratre suo in gratiam redire, quam paternum hos- 
 tem in Macedonian* admitti. Inchoatam igitur inter fratres 
 reconciliationem quum praesensisset Demetrius, per insidias 
 Alexandrum interfecit, regnumque Macedoniae occupavit. 
 Lysimachus quoque, quum bello Dromichaetis, regis Thracum, 
 premeretur, tradita @i 3 altera parte Macedoniae, quae Antipa. 
 fcro ejus genero obvenerat, pacem cum eo fecit. 
 
 48. Demetrius a Pyrrho, Epiri rege, Macedonia pellitur. 
 
 (Justin. XVI. 2.) 
 
 Igitur Demetrius, totius Macedoniae viribus instructus, 
 Asiam occupare statuit. Sed Ptolemaeus, Seleucus et Ly- 
 simachus, pacta societate conjunctisque copiis, bellum ad- 
 versus Demetrium transferunt in Europam. His comitem 
 se jungit Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, sperans, Demetrium non diffici- 
 lius amittere Macedoniam posse, quam acquisierat. Nee 
 
ilACEDOXUM IHPERIUM. 51 
 
 spes frustra fuit ; quippe, exercitu ejus corruptee ipsoque in 
 tugam acto, regrtum Macedoniae occupavit. Demetrius au* 
 tern, a tot exercitibus circumventus, quum posset honeste 
 mori, turpiter se dedere Saleuco maluit. Finito bello, Ptole* 
 maeus cum magna rerum gestaram gloria moritur, regno mi* 
 nimo natu ex filiis 1 relicto. 
 
 49. Lysimachus et Seleucus, ultlmi commiliionum Jtlexandrt t 
 pereunt. (Just. XVI. 3. XVII. 1.2.) 
 
 Sed mox inter Lysimachum et Pyrrhum, socios paullo ante 
 adversus Demetrium, bellum exarsit. Victor Lysimachus 5 
 pulso Pyrrho, Macedonian! occupavit. Inde Thraciae bel- 
 lum intulit. Mox post varia ostenta, quae Lysimacho dira 
 portendebant, Agathoclem, fiiium, Arsinoe noverca veneno in- 
 terfecit. Hoc parricidium principum secuta est caedes, hi* 
 entium supplicia, quod occisum juvenem dolebant. Itaque 
 et hi, qui caedibus superfuerant, et hi, qui exercitibua prae- 
 erant, certatim ad Seleucum deficiunt, eumque compellunt, 
 ut bellum Lysimacho inferret. Ultimum hoc certamen com* 
 militonum Alexandri fuit. Lysimachus quatuor et septua- 
 ginta annos natus erat ; Seleucus septem et septuaginta. 
 Sed in hac quoque aetate utrique juvenilis erat animus, 
 imperiique cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant. Lysima- 
 chus in eo bello strenue 2 moritur, 3 amissis ante variis casibue 
 quindecim liberis. Seleucus autem, solum se de cohorte 
 Alexandri superesse gavisus, post septem menses a Ptole- 
 maeo Cerauno, 4 cujus sororem Lysimachus in matrimonio 
 habuerat, per insidias circumventus, occiditur, regnumque 
 Macedoniae, quod Lysimacho eripuerat, cum vita pariter 
 amittit. 
 
 50. Motus in Graccia. (Justin. XXIV. 1.3.) 
 
 Paulo post, dissidentibus inter se Ptolemaeo Cerauno et 
 Antiocho 5 et Antigono 6 regibue, omnes ferme Graeciae civi- 
 tates, ducibus Spartanis, ad spem libertatis erectae, in bel« 
 lum prorumpunt ; et, ne cum Antigono, sub cujus regno 
 e/ant, bellum cepisse viderentur, socios ejus Aetolos aggredi- 
 untur, causam belli praetendentes, quod sacratum Apollini 
 campum Cirrhaeum 7 per vim occupassent. Conjuncto ex- 
 ercitu, Aetolorumque finibus devastatis, magnam cladem passi 
 sunt. Deinde, Spartanis bellum reparantibus, auxilium mul- 
 tae gentes negaverunt, existimantes, dominationem eos, non 
 libertatem Graeciae quaerere. Interea inter reges bellum 
 finitur. Nam Ptolemaeus, pulso Antigono, quum regnum to- 
 
12 MACEDONUM IMPERIUH, 
 
 tius Macedoniae occupasset, pacem cum Anliocho facit, affi- 
 nitatemque cum PyiTho, data ei in matrimonium filia sua f 
 jungit. Sed brevi post, incredibilibus commissis sceleribus ? 
 a Gallis regno spoliatus captusque, vitam ferro, ut meruerat; 
 amisit, 
 
 51. Galli in Graeciam penetrant. (Just. XXIV. 4. 5.) 
 
 Narnque Galli, abundante multitiidine, quum eos non ca* 
 perent terrae* quae genuerant, trecenta millia hominum ad 
 sedes novas quaerendas miserunt. Ex his portio in Italia 
 consedit, quae et Romam incendit, 1 alia portio in Illyricos 
 sinus penetravit, et in Pannonia, 2 consedit, ubi per multos an- 
 aos bella cum finitimis gesserunt. Hortante deinde succes* 
 3U, divisis agminibus, alii Graeciam, alii Macedonian! peti* 
 vere. Tantusque terror Gallici nominis fuit, ut etiam reges 
 . non lacessiti ultro pacem ingenti pecunia mercarentur. So« 
 lus rex Macedonia© Ptolemaeus adventum Gallorum intre? 
 pidus audivit, bisque cum paucis et incompositis, quasi parri- 
 oidiorum furiis agitatus, occurrit. Proelio commisso Mace, 
 dones caeduntur. Ptolemaeus multis vulneribus saucius ca- 
 pitur: caput ejus amputatum et lancea fixum circumfertur. 
 Paucos ex Macedonibus fuga servavit : caeteri aut capti aut 
 opcisi. 
 
 52. Galli Brenno duce Delphos petitnt. (Justin. XXIV. 6.V 
 
 Paullo post Brennus, quo duce portio Gallorum in Graeci- 
 am se effuderat, cum centum et quinquaginta millibus pedi* 
 turn et quindecim millibus equitum in Macedoniam irrumpit, 
 Victo exercitu, totius regionis agros depraedatur. Turn 
 Delphos iter veriit ad Apollinis templum spoliandum. Hoc 
 templum positum est in monte Parnasso, in rupe undique im- 
 pendente, cujus praecipitiis, ut naturali praesidio, defenditur. 
 Multa ibi et opulenta regum populorumque visuntur rnunera, 
 quaeque magnificentia sua et gratam hominum voluntatem, et 
 Apollinis veracitatem manifestant. 
 
 53. Cum ingenti clade repelliinliir. (Just. XXIV. 7.) 
 
 Brennus quum in conspectu haberet templum, ad acuendos 
 suorum animos, praedae ubertatem militibus ostendebat, sta- 
 tuasque ctim quadrigis, quarum ingens copia procul viseba- 
 tur, solido auro fusas esse afnrmabat. Qua asseveratione 
 Incitati Galli, simul et mero saucii, 3 sine respectu periculorum 
 
macedonum i^iPEiuuar, 53 
 
 in belium ruebant, Habebat Brennus lecta ex omni exercitu 
 peditum sexaginta quinque millia; Delphorum sociorumque 
 nonnisi quatuor millia militum erant. Hi plus in Deo, quam 
 in viribus spei ponentes, cum contemtu hostiura resistebant, 
 Gallosque scandentes e summo montis vertice, partim saxo, 
 parti m armis obruebant. Inter haec templorum antistites, 
 sparsis crinibus, cum insignibus et infulis, in primam pug- 
 nantium aciem procurrunt, eos hortantes, ne cunctarentur 
 diis antesignanis 1 hostem caedere. Quibus vocibus incensi 
 omnes certatim in proelium prosiliunt. Praesentiam Dei sta- 
 tim sensere. Nam et terrae motu portio montis abrupta 
 Gallorum stravit exercitum, et te'mpestas inseeuta grandine 
 et frigore saucios absumsit. Dux ipse Brennus, quum dolo- 
 rem vulnerum ferre non posset, pugione vitam finivit. Alter 
 ex ducibus cum decern millibus sauciorum citato agmine 
 Graecia excedit. Sed nee fugientibus fortuna aequior fuit j 
 nullus sine iabore et periculo dies ; assidui imbres et gelu, 
 nix, fames, lassitudo, et pervigiliae miseras infelicis belli re* 
 liquias obterebant. Quo pacto evenit, ut brevi 2 ex tanto e*« 
 ereitu nemo superesset. 
 
 51. Clade in Macedonia .accepts, Galli in Adam trajiciunt* 
 (Justin. XXV. 1. 2.) 
 
 Pace inter duos reges, Antigonum Gonatam, Demetrii fili- 
 urn, et Antiochum, regem Syriae, statuta, 3 quum in Macedo- 
 nian! Antigonus reversus esset, Gallorum exercitus, qui a 
 IJrenno ad fines tuendos relictus erat, in Macedonians irrupit. 
 Qui quum classem in Hellespont litoribus collocatam incau- 
 tius diripiunt, aremigibus et ab exercitus parte, quae eo cum 
 conjugibus et liberis confugerat, trucidantur ; tantaque cae- 
 des Gallorum fuit, ut opinio 4 hujus victoriae Antigono paceitt, 
 non a Gallis tantum, verum etiarn a finitimis praestaret, Pos« 
 tea Galli, a Bithyniae rege in auxilium vocati, parta victoria 
 regnum cum eo diviserunt ; eamque regionem Gatlograeci* 
 am cognominaverunt. 
 
 55. Pyrrhus rex Epiri Macedoniam invadit. (Justin. 
 XXV. 3.) 
 
 Interea Pyrrhus ex Sicilia 5 in Epirum reversus fines Mace- 
 doniae invadit ; cui Antigonus cum exercitu oc^urrit, victus- 
 que proelio in fugam vertitur. Atque ita Pyrrhus Macedo- 
 niam in deditionem accipit ; Antigonus autem cum paucis 
 equitibus Thessaionicam se recepit, ut inde cum conducta 
 Gallorum manu beilum repararet. * Rur3us a Ptolemaeo, Pyv« 
 
 £2 
 
54 MACEDONIA IMPERItJM. 
 
 rh§ filio, funditus victus, cum septem eomitibus fugiens salutb 
 latebras in solitudine quaerit. 
 
 56. Argos oppugnans occiditur. (Just. XXV. 4. 5.) 
 
 Pyrrhus autem, in tanto fastigio regni collocatus, Graeciae 
 Asiaeque imperium meditatur. Primum illi bellum adversus 
 Spartanos fuit : ubi majore mulierum quam virorum virtute 
 exceptus, Ptolemaeum filium, et exercitus partem robustissi* 
 mam amisit. Ptolemaeus in oppugnatione urbis usque in me- 
 diam urbem procurrerat, ubi concursu multitudinis interfectus 
 est. Cujus corpus ut relatum est patri, dixisse Pyrrbum fe- 
 runt, aliquanto tardius eum, quam timuerit ipse, vel temeritas 
 ejus meruerit, occisum esse. Ipse Pyrrhus quum a Spartanis 
 fepulsus Argos petiisset, ibi inter confertissimos violentissi- 
 me dimicans saxo de muris ictus occiditur. Satis constans 
 inter omnes auctores fama est, nullum nee ejus, nee superioris 
 aetatis regern comparandum -Pyrrho fuisse. Nam et vitae 
 sanctitate atque justitia optimos quosque aequabat ; scientia 
 rei militaris plurimos superabat, patriamque suam angustam et 
 ignobilem, fama rerum gestarum toto orbe illustrem reddidit. 
 
 57. Antigonus Gallos magna proeliG fundit. Bella inter Ma* 
 ■cedonas et Epirotas. (Just. XXVI. I. 2. 3.) 
 
 Post mortem Pyrrhi non m Macedonia tantum, verum 
 etiamin Asia Graeciaque magni bellorum motus fuere ; civi- 
 tatesque mutuis inter se odiis in bellum ruebant. Inter bos 
 motus Antigonus, qui in Macedoniae regnum redierat, quum 
 multiplici bello et Ptolemaei 1 regis et Spartanorum premere- 
 |ur ? novusque ei hostis, Gallograeciae exercitus, afduxisset. 2 
 parva manu adversus caeteros relicta, adversus Gallos totis 
 viribus proficiscitur. Galli, quum hostiae ante pugnam cae- 
 sae infaustum pugnae exitum portenderent, in furore m versi 
 conjuges et liberos suos trucidant, cruentique ex recenti suo- 
 3rum caede in proelium proficiscuntur. Gmnes occidione 
 caesi. Posthujus pugnae even turn, Ptolemaeus et Spartani 
 victorem hostium exercitum declinantes, in tutiora se recipi- 
 unt. Antigonus ubi eorum discessum videt, bellum Atheni- 
 ensibus infert. In quo quum occupatus esset, Alexander, 
 yex Epiri, ulcisci mortem patris Pyrrhi cupiens, fines Mace- 
 doniae depopujatur. Adversus quern quum reversus a Grae- 
 eia Antigonus esset, transitione militum destitutus, 3 regnum 
 Jjdacedoniae cum exercitu amittit. Hujus filius Demetrius, 
 puer admodum, absente patre, reparato exercitu,, non solum 
 
MACEDOXUM lMtERlU^. o5 
 
 amissam Macedoniam recipit, verum etiam Epiri regno Alex* 
 andrum spoliat. Tanta fortunae varietas -erat ! Paullo post 
 tamen Alexander, non minore Epirotarum desiderio, quam 
 suorum auxilio, in regnum restituitur. 
 
 58. Seleuci et Antiochi.fratrum, flagitia. (Justin. 
 XXVII. 1. 2.) 
 
 Mortuo Syriae rege Antiocho, Seleucus, qui in ejus locum 
 successerat, parricidio novercae, Ptoiemaei sororis, inquina- 
 tus, a Piolemaeo terra marique victus est. Quum, quo se 
 verteret, non haberet, Antiochi fratris auxilium implorat, ob- 
 lata ei Asia inter fines Tauri montis, in praemium latae opis. 
 Antiochus 1 autem, quum esset annos quatuordecim natus, su- 
 pra aetatem regni avidus, 2 occasion e arrepta fratrem regno 
 spoliare conatusest. Ea tempestate omnia bella in exitium 
 Asiae gerebantur. Seleucus et Antiochus fratres helium 
 propter Asiam gerebant ; Ptolemaeus, rex Aegypti, sub spe- 
 cie sororiae ultionis, Asiae inhiabat : hinc Bithynus Eumenes, 
 inde Galli Asiam depopulabantur. Victo Antiocho, quum Eu- 
 menes majorem Asiae partem occupasset r ne tunc quidem 
 fratres a bello abstinuerunt. Antiochus victus, quum profu- 
 go nusquam tutus locus esset, ad Ptolemaeum hostem confu- 
 git. Sed Ptolemaeus eum servari arctissima custodia jubet. 
 Hinc opera cujusdam mulieris, quam familiarius noverat 5 
 custodibus deceptis, elabitur, fugiensque a latronibus inter- 
 fieitur. Seleucus quoque iisdem ferme diebus, amisso reg- 
 no, 3 equo praecipitatus obiit. Sic fratres, ambo exsules. 
 ambo regno privati, similibus casibus, scelerum suorum 
 poenas luerunt. 
 
 59. Antigonus. Philippi tutor , regnum Macedonia* adminis* 
 ' trot. (Justin. XXVIII. 3.) 
 
 Circa ilia tempora Demetrius, rex Macedoniae, Antigcm 
 Gonatae filius, relicto filio Philippo adrnodum parvulo deces- 
 sit. Cui Antigonus Dcson 4 tutor datus, accepta in matrimo- 
 irium matre pupilli, regem se constitui laborabat. Interjec- 
 to deinde tempore, quum seditione minaci Macedonum clau- 
 sus in regia teneretur, in publicum sine satellitibus procedil, 
 projectoque in vuigus diademate ac purpura, dare haec eos ah 
 teri jubet, qui aut imperare illis nesciat, aut cui par ere ipsi sci. 
 &nt. Commemorat deinde beneficia sua, ut defectionem soci- 
 orum vindicaverit : ut Dardmios, 5 Thessalosque exsultatites mor* 
 ie Demetrii regis compescuerii : utdenique dignitatem Macedo- 
 
56 MACKDONUM IMPERJUM. 
 
 num iion solum defenderit j verum etiam auxerit. Quorum si 
 illos poeniteat, deponere se imperium et redder e illis munus su- 
 urn : ipsi regem quaerant, cut imperent. Quum populus pudo- 
 re motus recipere earn regnum juberet, tamdiu recusavit, 
 quoad seditionis auctores supplicio tracferentur. 
 
 60. Spartanos super at. Hormn in mahs virtus. (Justin. 
 XXVIII. 4.) 
 
 Post haec bellum Spartanis infert, qui soli adhuc Macedo- 
 num arraa conte nine bant. Inter duas nobilissimas gentes sum- 
 mis viribus pugnabatur ; quum hi pro vetere Macedonum 
 gloria, illi non solum pro lllibata libertate, sed etiam pro salu- 
 te certarent. Victi Lacedaemonii 1 non ipsi tantum, sed etiam 
 conjuges liberique magno animo fortunam tulere. Nemo 
 quippe in acie saluti 2 pepercit ; nulla amissum conjugem fle- 
 vit : filiorum mortem senes laudabant; patribus in acie cae- 
 sis filii gratulabantur ; suam vicem ornnes dolebant, quod non 
 et ipsi pro patriae libertate cecidissent. Inter haec nullus in 
 urbe strepitus, nulla trepidatio : magis omnes pubiicam quam 
 privatam fortunam lugebant. Inter haec Cleomenes rex, post 
 multas hostium caedes, toto corpore suo pariter et hostium 
 eruore madens, supervenit ; ingressusque urbem non humi 
 consedit, non cibum aut potum poposcit, non armorum onus 
 deposuit, sed acclinis parieti, quum quatuor millia sola ex 
 pugna superfuisse conspexisset, hortatur, ut se ad meiiora 
 t empora reipublicae reservarent. Turn cum conjuge et libe- 
 ris Aegyptum ad Ptolemaeum 3 proficiscitur, a quo honorifice 
 susceptus, diu in summa dignatione vixit. Postremo post 
 Ptoiemaei mortem a filio ejus r cum omni familia interficitur. 
 Antigonus autem fortunam tantae urbis miseratus a direptio- 
 ne milites prohihuit, veniamque his, qui superfuerunt, dedit. 
 Nee multo post ipse decessit, regnumque Phiiippo pupillo, an~ 
 Dos quatuordecim nato, tradidit. 
 
 61. Malta imperia nova regvrn successione mutantur. 
 (Justin. XXIX. 1.) 
 
 lisdem ferme temporibus prope universi orbis imperia no - 
 va regum successione mutata sunt. Nam et in Macedonia 
 Philippus, mortuo Antigono, regnum suscepit ; et in Asia, in- 
 terfecto Seleuco, 5 impubes adhuc rex Antiochus 6 constitutes 
 est. Aegyptum, patre ac matre interfectis, occupaverat Pto- 
 lemacus, cui ex crimine facinoris cognomen Philopator 7 fuit. 
 Etiam Spartani in locum Cleomenis suffecere Lycurgum ; £t 
 
MACEDONUM IMPEHIUM, 57 
 
 apud Carthaginienses aetate immatura dux Hannibal consti« 
 luitur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Romanorum, quo eum 
 a pueritia sciebant imbutum. In his regibus pueris magna 
 indoles virtuiis enituit. Solus Ptolemaeus, sicut scelestus in 
 occupando regno, ita et segnis in administrando fuit. 
 
 62. Philippus cum H'tnnibal'e societatem contra Romanes 
 jungit. (Justin. XXIX. 2. 4.) 
 
 Philippus quum, Dardanis aliisque finitimis superatis, Aeto- 
 lis bellum inferre gestiret, a Demetrio, Illyriorum rege, im« 
 pulsus est, ut Romanos aggrederetur. Querebatur ille Ro- 
 manorum injuriam, qui non contenti Italiae terminis imperium 
 totius orbis spe complexly bellum cum omnibus regibus gererent. 
 Se cedere illi regno, 2 quod Romani occupaverint, profitetur ; 
 graiius habiturus, 3 si in possessione imperii sui socium potius 
 quam hostes videreL Hujusmodi oratione impulit Phiiippum* 
 ut, omissis Aetolis, bellum Romanis inferret, minus negotii 4 
 existimantem, quod jam victos ab Hannibale apud Trasime- 
 num 5 lacum audierat. Itaque ne eodem tempore multis bel- 
 Jis distineretur, pacem cum Aetolis facit, navesque fabricare 
 eoepit, quibus in Italiam trajiceret. Legatum deinde ad Han* 
 nibalem, jungendae societatis gratia, cum epistolis mittit ; qui 
 a Romanis comprehensus et ad senatum perductus, incoku 
 mis dimissus est, non in honorem regis, sed ne, dubius adhuc^ 
 indubitatus hostis redderetur. 
 
 63. Pacem cum Romanis facere cogitur* 
 (Justin. XXIX. 4.) 
 
 Paullo post autem quum Romanis nuntiatum esset, Phiiippum 
 in Italiam copias trajecturum, Lae/inum praetorem cum in- 
 structis navibus ad prohibendum transitum mittunt. Qui quum 
 in Graeciam trajecisset, multis promissis impulit Aetolos, ut 
 beiium ad versus Phiiippum susciperent. Philippus quoque 
 Achaeos in Romanorum beiium sollicitat. Interea et Dardani 
 Macedoniae fines vastare coeperunt, etLaevinus praetor, junc- 
 ta cum Attalo rege societate, Graeciam populatur. His aliis- 
 que rebus distractus rex Macedoniae cum Romanis pacem fa- 
 cit, contentis interim bellum Macedonicum distulisse; Philo- 
 poemeni autem, Achaeorum praetori, quem didicerat animos 
 sociorum ad Romanos trahere, insidias praetendit. Quibus 
 cognitis ille Achaeos auctoritate sua a rege Macedoniae pror* 
 sus abstraxit. 
 
5S MACEDOKUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 64. Ptolemaei quaedam gesta. (Just. XXX. 1. 2.) 
 
 Dum haec in Graecia geruntur, Ptolemaeus, qui ad necem 
 atriusque parentis fratris quoque caedem adjunxerat, luxuriae 
 se tradiderat, nee arniei tantum, verum etiam omnis exercitus 
 regis exemplum secuti erant. Quibus cognitis, Antiochiis, 
 rex Syriae, repentino bello multas urbes ejus oppressit, ipsam- 
 que Aegyptum aggreditur. Ptolemaeus autem exercitu in 
 Graecia conducto, secundum proelium facit, spoliassetque 
 regno Antiochum, si fortunam virtute juvissek Sed content 
 tus recuperatione urbium, quas amiserat, facta pace, in pris- 
 tinam luxuriam revolutus, regnum perditissimis hominibus 
 tanquam praedam permisit. Eo mortuo Alexandrini, suppli- 
 cio de praedonibus illis sumto, legatos miserunt ad populum 
 Romanum, rogantes, ut tutelam pupilii susciperent, tuerentur- 
 que regnum Aegypti, quod jam Philippum et Antiochum, fac- 
 ta inter se pactione, inter se divisisse dicebant. 
 
 65. Romani bellum contra Philippum suscipiunt. 
 (Justin. XXX. 3. 4.) 
 
 Grata legatio Romanis fuit, causam belli adversus Philip- 
 pum quaerentibus, qui ipsis, belli Punici temporibus, insidia 
 tus fuerat. Mittuntur itaque legati, qui Antiocho et Philippo 
 denuntient, regno Aegypti abstineant. Mittitur et M. Lepi- 
 dus in Aegyptum, qui tutorio nomine regnum pupilii adminis« 
 traret. Dum haec aguntur, legationes Attali et Rhodiorum 3 
 injurias Philippi 1 querentes, Romam venerunt. Quae res 
 omnem cunctationem Macedonici belli senatui exemit. Sta- 
 tim igitur titulo 2 ferendi sociis auxilii, bellum adversus Phi- 
 lippum decernitur, legionesque cum consule in Macedonian! 
 mittuntur. Nee rnulto post tempore tota Graecia, fiducia 
 Romanorum ad spem pristinae libertatis erecta, bellum Phi- 
 lippo intulit ; atque ita quum rex undique urgeretur, pacem 
 petere compellitur. Repudiata a Senatu pace, proelium 
 commissural est apud Cyaoscephalas in Thessalia inter Phi- 
 lippum et Flaminium, Romanorum ducem. Macedonas Ro- 
 mana fortuna vicit. Fractus itaque bello Philippus, pace ac- 
 cepta, noraen quidem regium retinuit ; sed omnibus Grae- 
 ciae urbibus extra terminos antiquae possessions amissis, 
 solam Maoedoniam retinuit. 
 
MiCEDONUM IM'PERIlftl. 59 
 
 00. Antiochum* Hannibalis consiliis adjutum, Romani aggre* 
 diuntur. (Justin. XXXI. 1. 2* 4.) 
 
 Interea Antiochus, rex Syriae, Aegyptum occupare statuit. 
 Itaque Phoenicen caeterasque Syriae quid em, sed juris Ae- 
 g3 r pti civitates, quum invasisset, legatos ad eum feenatus mi- 
 sit, qui denuntiarent ei, abstineret 1 regno pupilli populi Ro- 
 mani, postremis patris precibus fidei suae traditi. Quibue 
 spretis, bellum ei denuntiatum est. Eodem tempore Nabis, 
 Lacedaemoniorum tyrannus, multas Graeciae civitates occu- 
 paverat. Igitur Senatus, ne uno tempore duplici bello Ro* 
 manae vires distinerentur, scripsit 2 Flaminino, si ei videretur, 
 sicuti Macedoniam a Philippo, ita Graeciam a Nabide l.ibe- 
 raret. Terribile quippe Antiochi bellum nomen Hannibalis 
 fecit, quern aemuli ejus cum Antiocho inisse societatem apud 
 Romanos criminabantur. Qui quum sibi a Romanis insidias 
 strui intellexisset, clam nave conscensa, cursurn ad Antiochum 
 direxit. Ad hunc quum pervenisset, negabat opprimi Roma* 
 nos nisi in Italia posse. Cujus consilia quum regi placerent, 
 Romani ad Antiochum legatos misere, qui et regis apparatum 
 specularentur, et Hannibalem assiduo colloquio 3 suspectum 
 invisumque redderent. Hie dolus bene illis successit. Quip- 
 pe Antiochus reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam 4 exis- 
 timans, eum veluti hostem proditoremque sui odisse ccepit. 
 
 67. Eum pugna navali superant. (Just. XXXI. 6.) 
 
 Dum igitur Antiochus, falsa suspicions deceptus, omnem 
 belli apparatum temere et negligenter agit, Acilius, Romanus 
 consul, omnia bello necessaria summa industria parat. Ita* 
 que prima belli congressione 3 rex victus et fugatus castra di- 
 tia victoribus reliquit. Deinde quum in Asiam fugiendo per. 
 venisset, poenitere neglecti consilii coepit, revocatoque in 
 amicitiam Hannibale, omnia ex sententia ejus agere. Inte- 
 rim nuntiatur, Aemilium, Romanum ducem, cum octoginta 
 rostratis navibus adventare. Itaque, priusquam sociae civi- 
 tates ad hostes deficerent, decernere navali proelio statuit, 
 sperans, cladem in Graecia acceptam nova posse victoria 
 aboleri. Tradita igitur Hannibali classe, proelium committi- 
 tur. 6 Sed nee Asiani milites Romanis, neque naves eorum 
 pares rostratis navibus fuerunt ; minor tamen clades ducis 
 solertia fuit. 
 
80 MACEDONUM IMPERltfcT. 
 
 68. AntiochUs pacts leges, a Romanis dictatas, repudiate 
 (Justin. XXXL 7.) 
 
 Novae hujus victoriae fama nondum Romam venerat, quum 
 jam Lucius Scipio consul creatus esset, qui bellum in Asia 
 gereret. Huic datur legatus frater Africanus, cui Poeni et 
 Hannibal superati nomen fecerant. Trajicientibus autem 
 in Asiam exercitum Scipionibus, jam utrobique profligatimi 
 bellum nuntiatum est, victumque Antiochum terrestri, Han- 
 nibalem nayali belio invenerunt. Primo igitur adventu eo- 
 rum legatos pacem petentes ad eos Antiochus mittit, pecu- 
 liare don um Africano ferentes ipsius filium, que m rex parvo 
 navigio trajicientem ceperat. Leges pacis dicuntur : Ut rex 
 Asia Romanis cedere?, contenlus regno Syriae es$et y naves tmi- 
 versas traderet, snmtumque omnem belli Romanis restitueret, 
 Quae quum nuntiata Antiocho essent, nondum ita se victum 
 esse respondhy ti* spoliari se regno paierelur. 
 
 69. Magna proelio vinciiur. (Justin. XXXL 8.) 
 
 Igitur quum ab utrisque beHum pararetur, ingressique 
 Asiam Romani Ilion 1 venissent, mutua gratulatio Iliensium 
 ac Romanorum fuit, Iliensibus, Aenearn caeterosque duces cum 
 eoase project os ; Romanis, se ab his procreatos, referentibus. 
 Tantaque laetitia omnium fuit, quanta esse post longum tern* 
 pus inter parentes et liberos solet. Profectis ab Ilio Roma, 
 nis, Eumenes rex cum auxiliis occiirrit ; nee multo post 
 proelium cum Antiocho commissum. 3 Quum in dexteriore 
 cornu pulsa legio Romana ad castra fugeret, M. Aemilius, 
 tribunus militum, ad tutelam castrorum relictus, armare se 
 milites sues et extra vallum progredi jubet y strictisque gladhs 
 fugientibus minari, morituros, nisi in proelium rcvertantur ; in- 
 festioraque sua, quaih kostium ca3fra, inveniuros. Attonita 
 tarn ambiguo 3 periculo legio in proelium revertitur, magna- 
 que caede edita, initium victoriae fuit. Caesa hostium quin- 
 quaginta millia, capta undecim. Antiocho pacem petenti 
 nihil ad superiores conditiones additum. Captas civil ates 
 inter socios divisere Romani. 
 
 70. Aetoli a- Romania victi. Achaeorum et Messcnierum hella* 
 (Justin. XXX. 4. XXXII. 1.) 
 
 Aetoli, 4 qui Romanis offensi, quod non omnem Macedonia 
 am Philippo ademtam ipsis dedissent, Antiochum in b^lwn 
 
MACEDONUM liiPERlUM. 6, 
 
 impuJerant, illo victo soli remanserunt. Nee multo pos' 
 victi, libertatem, quam adversus dominationem Atheniensium 
 et Spartanorum inter tot Graeciae civitates soli retinuerant, 
 amiserunt. Sab idem tempus bello inter Messenios et Achae^ 
 os exorto, Achaeorum imperator Philopoemen, in transitu 
 fossae equo praecipitatus, a multitudine hostium oppressug 
 est. Hunc, velut in illo orane bellum confecissent, 1 in mo 
 dum triumphi per universam civitatem circumduxerunt. De 
 inde in carcerem ducto venenum dederunt ; quod ille laetus, 
 ac si vicisset, accepit, quaesito 2 prius, an Lycortas, pracfectits 
 Achaeorum, quern secundum a se esse sciebat, incolumu 
 ejfugisset ? Quern ut accepit effugisse, non in totum, dieens* 
 consultum 3 male Achacis, exspiravit. Nee multo post reparato 
 bello, Messenii vincuiitur, poenasque interfecti Philopoeme 
 nis pependerunt. 
 
 71. Regia Philippi Macedonis parricidio inouinahu\ (Justin 
 XXXII. 2.) 
 
 Interim regis Maeedonum domus intestinis malis agitaba 
 tur. Nam quum Demetrius, Philippi filius, a patre Roman* 
 missus, ob insignem pudorem 4 multa favoris documenta a 
 senatu aecepisset, patri invisus esse coepit, indignanti, plus 
 momenti apud senatum personam filii, quam auctoritatem 
 patris habuisse. Igitur Perseus, major filiorum regis, per- 
 specta patris aegritudine, quotidie absentem Demetrium apud 
 eum criminari, et primo invisum, mox etiam suspectum red- 
 dere ; nunc amicitiam Romanorum, nunc proditionem ei pa- 
 tris objectare. Ad postremum insidias sibi ab eo paratas 
 confingit, ad cujus criminis probationem immittit indices, tes- 
 tesque subornat. Quibus rebus patrem impulit, ut supple 
 cium de innocente sumeret. 
 
 72. Philippus thoritur. (Justin. XXXII. 3.) 
 
 Occiso Demetrio sublatoque aemulo, non negligentior tan- 
 turn Perseus in patrem, verum etiam contumacior erat ; nee 
 heredem regni, sed regem se gerebat. His rebus ofFensus 
 Philippus impatientius in dies mortem Demetrii dolebat, et, 
 denique fraude cognita, non minus scelere Persei, quam in* 
 noxii Demetrii morte cruciabatur. Brevi post tempore, 
 morbo ex aegritudine animi contracto decessit, relicto magno 
 belli apparatu adversus Romanos, quo postea Persetis usur 
 £§t. 
 
 G 
 
62 MACEBONUM IMPERIUJff. 
 
 78. Ultima Hannib alls fata. (Justin. XXXII. 4* Com. 
 Nep. Vita Hannib. c. 12.) 
 
 Hannibal, quum ab Antiocho Romani, inter caeteras con- 
 ditiones pacis, deditionem ejus deposcerent, admonitus a 
 i 4 ege, Cretam confugit. Ibi quum se propter nimias opes in- 
 yidiosum 1 videret, contendit ad Prusiam, regem Bithyniae* 
 Qui quum terrestri proelio ab Eumene victus esset, et bel- 
 lum in mare transtulisset, Hannibal novo commento auctor 
 victoriae fuit. Quippe omne serpentium genus 2 in fictiles 
 lagenas conjici jussit, medioque proelio in naves hostium 
 mitti. Id primum illis ridiculum visum. Sed ubi serpenti- 
 bus repleri naves coepere, ancipiti periculo circumventi, 
 hosti victoriam cessere. Quae ubi Romam nuntiata sunt 
 senatus legatos misit, qui utrumque regem in pacem coge- 
 rent, Hannibalemque deposcerent. His Prusias, <juod pete- 
 bant, negare non ausus, rogavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, 
 quod ad versus jus hospitii esset ; ipsi, si possent, compre- 
 henderent ; locum, ubi esset, facile inventuros. Hannibal 
 ienim uno loco se tenebat in castello, quod ei a rege datum 
 erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus 
 aedificii exitum sibi haberet ; semper verens, ne usu eveni- 
 ret, quod accidit. Hue quum legati Romanorum venissent, 
 ac multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent, puerajanua 
 prospiciens Hannibali dixit, plures praeter consuetudinem ar- 
 matos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii 
 circumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo un- 
 dique obsideretur. Puer quum omnes exitus occupatos os- 
 tendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sese peti, neque sibi 
 diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio 
 dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum, quod sem 
 per secum habere consueverat, sumsit. 
 
 74. Perseus a Romanis victus ; Macedonia in provinciae 
 Rom. form am redacta. (Just. XXXIII. 1. 2.) 
 
 Jam Macedonicum bellum summa omnium virium conten 
 done a Romanis geri coeptum est. Prima equitum congres- 
 sio fuit, qua Perseus victor suspensam 3 omnium exspecta^ 
 tionem in sui favorem traxit ; misit tamen legatos ad consu- 
 lem, qui pacem peterent, quam patri suo Romani etiam victo 
 dedissent, impensas belli lege victi 4 suscepturus. Sed consul 
 Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo, 5 leges dixit. Dum 
 haec aguntur, Romani Aemilium Paulum consulem creant. 
 $ique extra ordinem Macedonicum bellum decemunt ; qui 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERHJM. 63 
 
 $uum ad exercitum yenisset, non magnam moram pugnae fe- 
 cit. Pridie, quam proelium 1 consereretur, luna nocte defe< 
 cit; quod ostentum Perseo cladem finemque Macedonici 
 regni portendere vaticinabantur. Quod vaticinium non fe- 
 fellit. Perseus rex fuga cum decern millibus talentum Samo* 
 thraciam 2 defertur ; quern Cnaeus Octavius ad persequen* 
 dum missus a consule, cum duobus filiis, Alexandro et Phi- 
 lippe, cepit, captumque ad consulem duxit. Macedonia Ro« 
 manorum ditioni addita. Aetolorum, nova semper bella in 
 Graeeia excitantium, principes Romam missi, ibique, ne quid 
 in patria novarent, diu detenti sunt. Tandem per multos an» 
 nos legationibus civitatium senatu fatigato, in suam quisque 
 patriam remissus est. 
 
 75. Romani in Achaeos causas belli quaerunt* (Justin. 
 XXXIV. 1.) 
 
 Macedonibus subaetis, Aetolorumque viribus debilitatis, 
 soli adhuc ex universa Graeeia Achaei nimis potentes tunc 
 temporis Romanis videbantur, non propter singularum civi- 
 tatium nimias opes, sed propter conspirationenr* universarum. 
 Namque Achaei, licet per civitates divisi, unum tamen im- 
 perium habent, singularumque urbium pericula mutuis viri- 
 bus propulsant. Quaerentibus igitur Romanis causas belli, 
 tempestive fortuna querelas Spartanorum obtulit, quorum 
 agros Achaei propter mutuum odium populabantur. Sparta- 
 nis a senatu responsum est, legates se ad inspiciendas res_ 
 sociorum in Graeciam missuros. Legatis clam mandatum 
 est, ut corpus Achaeorum dissolverent. Hi itaque omnium 
 civitatium principibus Corinthum evocatis, decretum senatua 
 recitant, dicentes, expedire omnibus,, ut singulae civitates 
 sua jura et suas leges habeant. Quod ubi omnibus innotuit, 
 velut in furorem versi universum peregrinum populum truci- 
 dant ; legatos quoque ipsos Romanorum violassent, nisi hi, 
 aiidito tumultu, trepidi fugissent. 
 
 76. JLchqcis viclis Corinthus diripitur* (Justin. XXXIV. 2.) 
 
 Haec ubi Romae nuntiata sunt, statim senatus Mummio 
 consuli bellum Achaicum decernit, qui, omnibus strenue pro- 
 visis, pugnandi copiam hostibus fecit. Sed apud Achaeos 
 omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. Itaque praedam, non proe- 
 lium agitantes, 4 vehicula ad spolia hostium reportanda, se- 
 cum duxerunt, et conjuges liberosque suos ad spectaculum 
 cer&iminis in montibus posuerunt. Sed proelio commisso* 
 
ti$ RES PARTHORUSf. 
 
 ante oculos suorum caesi sunt. Conjuges quoque et liberi 
 eorum praeda hostium fuere. -Bros Corinthus diruitur : pp- 
 puius omnis sub corona venditur ; ut hoc exemplo ceteris ci 
 vitatibus metus novarum rerum 1 imponeretur. 
 
 77. Attalo dej undo , Asia fit Romanor urn. 
 (Justin. XXXVI. 4.) 
 
 Nonita multo post etiam Asia Romanorum facta est. Attalus* 
 ibi florentissimum ab Eumene patruo acceptum regnum caedi- 
 bus amicorum et cognatorum suppliciis fbedabat. Post multa 
 scelera^ squalidam vestem sumit, carbarn capillumque in mo- 
 dum reorum summittit : 3 non in publicum prodire, non populo sc 
 ostendere, non domi laetiora convivia inire, prorsus ut poenap 
 scelerum pendere videretur. Omissa deinde regni administra* 
 done, hortos fodiebat, gramina seminabat, et noxia innoxiis 
 permiscebat, eaque omnia veneni succo infecta, velut pecu* 
 liare munus, amicis mittebat. Postea aerariae artis fabricae 
 se tradidit, cerisque fingendis et aere fundendo et procuden- 
 do oblectabatur. Matri deinde sepulcrum facere instituit : 
 cui operi intentus, morbum ex solis fervore contraxit, et sep- 
 iima die decessit. Hujus testamento populus Romanus heres 
 regni est institutes, 
 
 P. RES PARTHORUM. 
 
 I. Parthorum origines. (Justin. XLI. 1.) 
 
 Parthi, 4 penes quos nunc Orientis imperium est, Scytharum 
 exsules fuere. Hoc etiam ipsorum nomine manifestatur ; nam 
 Scythico sermone Parthi exsules dicuntur. Hi et Assyriorum 
 et Medorum temporibus inter Orientis populos obscurissimi 
 fuerunt. Postea quoque quum imperium Orientis a Medis ad 
 Persas translatum est, veluti vulgus sine nomine, praeda vic- 
 &rum fuere. Postremo M^cedonibus servierunt. A Roma- 
 nis autem, binis bellis, 5 per maximos duces, florentissimis tem- 
 poribus, lacessiti, soli ex omnibus gentibus non pares solum/ 
 verum etiam victores fuere. 
 
 2. Parthorum mores. (Justin. XLI. 2.) 
 
 Administrate gentis post defectionem Macedonici imperii 
 sub regibus fuiU Proximiis regibus populi ordo est : ex hoc 
 
fcES PARTHOBTJM. 
 
 65 
 
 duces in bello, ex hoc rectores'in pace habent. Sermo inter 
 Scythicum et IVC edieum medius et ex utrisque mixtus. Vestis 
 olim sui moris j 1 posteaquam accessere opes, ut.Medis pellu- 
 cida ac fluida. 2 Exercitum non, ut aliae gentes, liberorum, 
 sed majorem partem servorum fcabent* Hos pari ac liberos 
 suos cura habent, et equitare ac sagittare magna industria 
 docent. Locupletissimus ut quisque est, ita plures in bello 
 equites regi suo praebet. Cominus in acie proeliari, aut ob- 
 sessas expugnare urbes nesciunt* Pugnant autem procurren- 
 tibus equis, aut terga dantibus.; saepe etiatn fugam simulant, 
 ut inoautiores adversus vulnera insequentes habeant. 3 Diu 
 pugnare nequeunt ; et sane intolerandi fore»t, si, quaetus est 
 impetus, vis tanta et perseverantia esse*. Plerumque in ipso 
 ardore certaminis proelia deserunt, et paullo post pugnam ex 
 fuga repetunt ; ut, quum maxime te vicisse putes, turn tibi 
 discrimen subeundum sit maximum. Mummentum ipsis 
 equisque loricae plumatae sunt, quR* utrumque toto corpore 
 iegunt. Auri argontique nullus * armis usus. 
 
 3, Continue - (Justin. XLI. 3.) 
 
 Uxores sinjr * v ■ P* ures habent, jisque non convivia tantum 
 virorum ve>* in et i am conspectum interdicunt. Game nonnisi 
 venatik*^ quaesita vescuntur. 4 Equis omni tempore vectan- 
 tn „ ; illis 5 bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata officia 
 obeunt ; super illos ire, consistere, mercari, colloqui. Hoc 
 denique discrimen inter servos liberosque est, quod servi 
 pedibus, liberi nonnisi equis iricedunt. Sepultura vulgo aut 
 avium aut canum laniatus est. Nuda demum ossa terra 
 obruunt In superstitionibus 6 praecipua amnibus veneratio 
 est. Caeterum ingenia genti tumida, seditiosa, frauduleata, 
 procacia ; natura taciti ; 7 ad faciendum, quam ad dicendum, 
 promtiores. Principibus metu, non pudore 8 parent. Fides 
 dictis promissisqae nulla, nisi quatenus expedit. 
 
 4. Arsaces Partkos in lib ertatem vindicate (Justin. XLI. 4.) 
 
 Post mortem Alexandri Magni quum inter successores ejus 
 Orientis regna dividerentur, primum Stasanori cuidam sunt 
 traditi, quum nullus Macedonum Parthorum imperium di<r. 
 naretur aceipere. Postea diductis Macedonibus in bellum 
 civile, alios post alios habuere dominos. Tandem Arsaces,, 
 vir incertae originis, sed magnae virtutis, Seleuco, 9 ad quern 
 Pa^tliorum populus per aliquod tempus pcrtinuerat. a Gailis 
 
66 
 
 RES FARTHORUM. 
 
 in Asia victo, cum praedonum raanu Parthos ingressus, impe 
 Hum gentis invasit. Non magiio deinde post tempore Hyrca- 
 norum quoque regnum occupavit, et Seleucum ad defectores 
 persequendos venientem, proelio vicit. Quern diem Parthi 
 ^xiade solemiiem, velut initium libertatis, observant, 
 
 5. Regnum Jir mat. (Justin. XLI. 5.) 
 
 Revocato deinde Seleuco novis motibus in Asiam, Arsaces. 
 dato laxarnento, regnum Parthicum format, militem legit, cas* 
 tella munit,civitates firmat. Urbem quoque nomine Daram, in 
 monte Zapaortenon condit, cujus loci ea conditio est, ut ne- 
 que munitius quidquain esse, neque amoenius possit. Nan a 
 praeruptis montibus ita cingitur, ut tutela loci nullis defensori- 
 bus egeat ; et soli circumjacehtis tanta ubertas est, ut propriis 
 opibus expleatur. Sic Arsaces, qe^esito simul constitutoque 
 regno non minus memo^bilis Parthis, quam Persis Cyrus, 
 matura senectute decedit. Oujus memoriae hunc honorem 
 Parthi tribuerunt, ut omnes exina«, > e ges suos Arsacis nomine 
 nuncupent. Hujus nepos, Arsaces ^ jp Se nom j ne dictu? 
 quindecim annis in regno actis decessit, ^ii ct i s duobus filiisT 
 Mithridate et Phrahate ; quorum major Phrases more gen- 
 tis, heres regni, Mardos, validam gentem, bello c, muit> nec 
 multo post decessit, multis filiis relictis ; quibus pra^ eritis , 
 fratri potisstmum Mithridati, insignia virtutis viro, reliquivr^ 
 perium, patriae potius quam liberis consulendum ratus* 
 
 6. Milhridates rpgni fines profert. (Just. XLI. .6.) 
 
 Hie vir spem de se conceptam non fefellit. Bello inter 
 Parthos et Medos orto, post varies utriusque populi casus, ad 
 postremum victoria penes Parthos fuit. His vinbus auctus 
 Mithridates Mediae Bacasin praeponit, ipse in Hyrcaniam 
 proficiscitur. Unde reversus bellum cum Elymaeorum 2 rege 
 Ussit, quo victo hanc quoque gentem regno adjecit, imperi- 
 umque Parthorum a monte Caucaso, multis populis in ditio- 
 nem redaetis, usque ad flumen Euphratem protulit. His actis 
 advefsa valetudine correptus, non minor Arsace proavo,. 
 gloriosa senectute decessit. 
 
 7. Regum Partkicorum successio. (Just. XLH. 1. 2. 3.) 
 
 Huic Phrahates filius successit. Qui cum Scythis bellum 
 ^erens a Graecis militibus, quibus in bello captis et crudeliter 
 Tractatis, imorudentius, ut suis, utebatur, in pugna rehctus at. 
 
RES PAETHCP.L3I, 6*' 
 
 que occisus est. In hujus locum Artabanus, pairuus ejus. 
 rex substituitur ; qui belio Thogariis 1 illato, in brachio vulne= 
 ratus, statim decedit. Huic Mithridates filius succedit, cui 
 res gestae Magni cognomen dedere : quippe claritatem pa = 
 rentum animi magniftidine supergreditur, Multa belia cum 
 finitimis magna virtute gessit, multosque populos Parthico 
 regno addidit. Etiam cum Seythis prospere aliquoties dimi. 
 cavit. Ad postremum Ortoadisti, Armeniorum regi, bellum 
 intulit ; quo debellato propter crudelitatem a Senatu Parthico 
 regno peilitur. 
 
 8. Romanorum legiones a Part his trucidantur* 
 (Justin. XLIL 4.) 
 
 Vacans regnum occupavit Orodes, ??liihridatis frater. Qui 
 quum Babyloniam, quo Mithridates confugerat, diu obsideret. 
 oppidanos fame coactos in deditionem compuiit. Mithridates 
 quoque, fiducia cognationis, ultro se in potestatem Orodis 
 tradit. Bed Orodes plus hostem, quam fratrem, cogitans, in 
 conspectu siio eum trucidari jussuV Post haec bellum cum 
 Romanis gessit, Crassumque imperatorem cum filio et omm 
 exercitu Romano delevit. Hujus filius Pacorus, missus ad 
 persequendas Romani belli reliquias, magnis rebus in Syria 
 gestis, patri suspectus in Parthiam revocatur ; quo absente, 
 exercitus Parthorum relictus in Syria a Cassio, quaestore 
 Orassi, cum omnibus ducibus trucidatur. 
 
 9, Romani Parthos magna proelio vincunt. 
 (Justin. XLIL 4.) 
 
 ^ His ita gestis non multo post tempore, apud Romanos intef 
 taesa^ m e t Pompejum civile bellum exarsit, in quo Partht 
 Pompejan* rum partium fuere. Victis partibus Pompejanis. 
 et Cassio et Hruto auxilia adversus Augustum et Antonium 
 misere, et post r Delli rinem rursum, Pacoro duce, Syriam et 
 Asiam vastavere, castraque Ventidii, qui absente Pacoro ex. 
 ercitum Parthicum fuderat, magna mole aggrediuntur. Sed 
 ille, simulate timore, diu continuit se, et insultare 2 Parthos ali- 
 quantisper passus est. Ad postremum in securos laetosque 
 partem iegionum emisit, quarum impetu fusi Parthi in difersa 
 abiere. Pacorus quum fugientes suos abduxisse secum legio- 
 nes Roimanas putaret, castra Ventidii, velut defensoribus pri- 
 vate, aggreditur. Turn Ventidius, reliqua parte Iegionum 
 emissa, universam Parthorum manum cum rege ipso Pacoro 
 interfecit. Nuiio beilo Parthi unquaiu majus vulnus aces- 
 peront. 
 
68 RES PARTHO&U2I. 
 
 10. Qrodis, regis Partkorum, de moriejllix lultvjs. 
 ( Justin. 1. c.) 
 
 Haec quum in Parthia nuntiata essent, Orodes, pater Pa 
 cori, qui paullo ante vastatam Syriam, Asiarn a Parthis occu* 
 patam esse audiverat, victoreraque Pacorum Romanorum 
 gloriabatur, repente filii morte et exercitus clade audita, ex 
 dolore in furore m vertitur. 1 Multis diebus non alloqui quern- 
 quam, non cibum sumere, non vocem mittere, ita ut etiam 
 mutus factus videretur. Post multos deinde dies, ubi dolor 
 vocem laxaverat, 2 nihil aliud quam Pacorum vocabat, ilium 
 videre, ilium audire se putabat. Post longum deinde luctum 
 alia soilicitudo miserandum senem invadit, quern ex numero 
 triginta filiorum in locum Pacori xegem destinet. Multae 
 pellices, ex quibus generata tanta juventus erat, pro suis 
 quaeque sollicitae, animum senis obsidebant. Sed fatum 
 Parthiae fecit, ut sceleratissimus omnium, et ipse Phrahates 
 nomine, rex statueretur. 
 
 11. Pkrahatis saevitia et exiiium. (Just. XLII. 5.) 
 
 Hie itaque, beneficium parricidio rependens, patrem inter- 
 fecit ; fratres quoque ad unum omnes trucidat. Jam quum 
 infestos sibi optimates propter assidua scelera videret, ne 
 esset, qui in suum locum nominari rex posset, adultum filium 
 interfici jubet. Huic Antonius bellum cum sedecim validis- 
 simis legionibus intulit, sed graviter multis proeliis vexatus, 
 a Parthia refugit. Qua victoria insolentior Phrahates reddi- 
 tus, quum in dies magis saeviret, in exiiium a populo pellitur, 
 Exilii impatiens, quum diu finitimas civitates, ad postremum 
 Scythas precious fatigasset, Scytharum maxime auxilio i*» * e £" 
 Hum restituitur. Eo absente regem Parthi Tiridat^ 1 quem- 
 dam constituerant ; qui, audito adventu Scytharur*? cum magna 
 amicorum manu ad Caesarem, 3 in Hispania Vellum tunc tem- 
 poris gerentem, profugit, obsidem Caesari minimum filium 
 Phrahatis ferens, quern negligentius custoditum rapueral. 
 
 12. Augustus Phrahatem terret. (Justin. 1. c.) 
 
 Quo cognito, Phrahates statim ad Caesarem legatos nuttit, 
 servum suum Tiridaten et filium remitti sibi postulate Qua 
 legatione audita, Caesar, neque Tiridaten dediturum se Par- 
 this, dixit, neque adversus Parthos Tiridati auxilia daturum. 
 Simui Phrahati filium sine pretio remisit, et Tiridati, quoad 
 manere amid Romanos vellet, opulentum sumtum praeben 
 
Zl£S SICILIAN, 
 
 w 
 
 jussit. Pest haec finito Hispaniensi bello, quum in Syriam 
 ad componendum Orientis statum venisset, meturn Phrahati 
 incussit. Quare hie ut bellum a Parthiae finibus averteret, 
 omnes captivos ex Crassi et Antonii iegionibus colligi jussit 
 eosque simul cum signis militaribus 1 Augusto remisit. Sed 
 et filii nepotesque Phrahatis obsides Augusto. dati, plusque 
 Caesar rnagnitudine sui nominis fecit, quam amis, alius im>- 
 perator facere potuisset. 
 
 G. RES SICILIAE. 
 
 1. Siciliae crigincs. (Justin. IV. 2.) 
 
 Siciliae prime Triaacriae 2 nomen fuit : postea Sicania 5 
 cognominata est. Haec a principio patria Cyclopum fuit ; 
 quibus exstinctis Cocalus regnum insulae occupavit; post 
 quern singulae civitates in tyrannorum imperium concesse- 
 runt, quorum nulla terra feracior fuit. Horum ex numero 
 Anaxilaus justitia cum caeterorum crudelitate certabat ; cujus 
 moderationis haud mediocrem fructum tulit. Quippe dece* 
 dens quum filios parvulos reliquisset, tutelamque eorum Mi- 
 eytho, spectatae fidei servo, commisisset, tantus amor me- 
 moriae ejus apud omnes fuit, ut parere servo, quam carere 
 regis flliis mallent, principesque civitatis, obliti dignitatis suae, 
 regni majestatem administrari per servum paterentur. 
 
 2. Carthaginienses in Sicilia. (Justin. IV. 2.) DionysivV 
 major. (Ibid. XX. 1. 5.) 
 
 Imperium Siciliae etiam Carthaginienses tentavere ; diuque 
 varia fortuna cum tyrannis dimicatum. Ad postremum 
 amisso Hamilcare imperatore cum exercitu, aliquantisper 
 quievere victi. Insequenti tempore Dionysius, Carihagini* 
 ensibus victis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. Turn, de« 
 sidiam exercitus sui timens, copias in Italiam trajecit. Prima 
 ijli militia adversus Graecos- fuit, qui proxima Italici maris 
 litora tenebant; quibus de victis, nnitimos quosque aggredi- 
 tur, omnesque Graeci nominis, 4 Italiam possidentes, hostes 
 sibi destinat ; quae gentes non partem, sed universam ferme 
 ftaliam ea tempestate occupaverant. Expugnatis Locris\ 
 
*^0 fcES SICILIAN. 
 
 Crotonienses aggreditur, qui cum parvis copiis fortiter restk 
 terunt. Hoc bello occupatum Dionystum legati Gallorum ; 
 qui paucos ante menses Romam incenderant, 1 societatem 
 amieitiamque petentes adeunt. Grata legatio Dionysio fuit. 
 Ita pacta societate, et auxiliis Gallqrum auctus, bellum velut 
 ex integro restaurat. Sed eum in Siciliam adventus Cartha- 
 giniensium revocavit, qui, reparato exercitu, bellum auctis 
 viribus repetebant. Nee multo post Dionysius, assiduis bellis 
 victus fractusque, ad postremum suorum insidiis interficitur. 
 
 3. Dionysius minor patrisuccedit. (Just. XXI. 1.) 
 
 Eo exstincto milites maximum natu ex filiis ejus, nomine 
 Dionysium, in ejus locum suffecere. Qui, ut popularium 
 animos inter initia regni sibi conciliaret, nexorum 2 tria millia 
 e carcere dimittit ; tributa populo intra triennium remittit, et, 
 quibuscunque delinimentis potest, animos omnium sollicitat. 8 
 Tunc fratrum suorum avunculos, veluti aemulos imperii sui fc , 
 hortatoresque puerorum ad divisionem regni, sustulit, ipsos- 
 que paullo post fratres interficit. 
 
 4. Regno pellitur. (Justin. XXI. 2.) 
 
 Sublatis aemulis in segnitiem lapsus, saginam corporis ex 
 nimia luxuria, oculorumqqe valetudinem contraxit, adeo ut 
 non solem, non pulverem, non denique splendorem ferre lu* 
 cis posset. Propter quae dum contemni se putat, saevitia 
 grassatur, civitatemque caedibus implet. Quae saevitia 
 quum eum omnibus invisum reddidisset, et bellum denique 
 Syracusani adversus eum decrevissent, diu dubitavit, 4 impe- 
 rium deponeret an bello resisteret. Sed a militibus, praedam 
 ex urbis direptione sperantibus, descendere in proelium co- 
 gitur. Plus semel victus legatos ad Syracusanos mittit, spon- 
 dens, se depositurum tyrannidem, si mitterent ad eum, qui- 
 buscum sibi de pace conveniret. In quam rem missos pri- 
 mores in carcere retinet, 5 atque ita, incautis omnibus nee 
 quidquam hostile metuentibus, exercitum ad delendam civi- 
 tatem mittit. Fit igitur in ipsa urbe anceps proelium ; in 
 quo, oppidanis multitudine superantibus, Dionysius pellitur. 
 qui quum obsidionem arcis timeret, cum omni regio apparatu 
 in Italiam profugit tacitus. 
 
BES SICILIAN ?1 
 
 5. Post tyrannidem in Locrenses exerciiam Syrdcusas reditu 
 
 (Justin. XXI. 2. 3.) 
 
 Exul a Locrensibus sociis exceptus, velut jure regnaref . 
 areem occupat, solitamque sibi saevitiam exercet. Opulen- 
 tiores interfecit, matronas etiam nonnullas ad prodendas vi- 
 rorum pecunias torquet. Quum his artibus per annos sex 
 regnasset, eonspiratione Locrorum 1 civitate pulsus, in Sici 
 liam redit. Ibi Syracusas, securis omnibus, post longam in* 
 tercapedinem pacis, per proditionem recipit. 
 
 6. A Tlmoleone pulsus Corinthum concessit. (Justin. XXI. 
 
 5. " Conf. Corn. Nep. Vita Timol. 2.) 
 
 Ibi quum gravior crudeliorque in dies civitati esset, iterate 
 eonspiratione obsidetur. Petiverant autern ejus adversarii 
 ©pern a Corinthiis, ducemque, quo in bello uterentur postula- 
 verant. Ab illis Timoleon missus, incredibili felicitate Bio- 
 nysium tota Sicilia depulit. Tunc, deposito imperio, Corin- 
 thum in exilium proficiscitur. Ibi, humillima quaeque tutis- 
 sima existimans, in sordidissimum vitae genus descendit ; in 
 publico vagabatur et potabat; totis" diebus in popinis deside* 
 bat, cum perditissimo quoque de minimis rebus disceptabat, 
 pannosus et squalidus incedebat ; quae omnia facere videba*- 
 tur, ut contemnendus magis quam metuendus videretur. De 
 nique, ludimagistrum professus, pueros in trivio docebat. 
 
 7. Agathoclis tyranni genus et vita. (Just. XXII. 1.) 
 
 Paucis annis interjectis Agathocles ex humili genere ad 
 regnum Syracusarum totiusque Siciliae pervenit. Quippe in 
 Sicilia patre figulo natus, juveniles annos omni infamiae gene- 
 re inquinavit, latrocinia quoque exercuit. Interjecto tempore 
 quum Syracusas concessisset, diu sine fide fuit ; 2 deinde gre= 
 gariam militiam sortitus, non minus tunc seditiosa, quam an- 
 tea turpi vita, in omne facinus promtissimus erat. Nam et 
 manu strenuus, et in concionibus perfacundus habebatur. 
 Breviitaque centurio, ac deinceps tribunus militum factus est. 
 Jam quum in diversis proeliis insignem fortitudinem praesti- 
 , tisset, dignus est habitus, qui in locum defuncti ducis Damas* 
 conis sufficeretur. Turn bis occupare imperium Syracusa, 
 rum voluit, bis in exilium actus est. 
 
7& RES SICILIAN. 
 
 8. Tyramiidem Jigalhocles occupat. (Just. XXII. 2.) > 
 
 Quum apud Murgantinos 1 exularet, ab his odio Syracusa- 
 horum primo praetor, mox dux belli creator. In eo bello et 
 tirbem Leontinorum 3 capit, et patriam suam Syracusas obsi- 
 dere coepit. Sed quum videret, fortius defendi urbern, quam 
 oppugnari, preeibus per internuntios Hamilcarem exorai, ut 
 inter se et Syracusanos pacis arbitrium suscipiat. Quo inter- 
 cedente non pax tantum Agathocli conciliator, verum eliam 
 praetor Syracusis constituitur. Quo facto, acceptis ab Ha* 
 milcare quinque znillibus Afrorum, potentissimos quosque ex 
 principibus interficit, genatum trucidat, et ex plebe quoque-lo* 
 cupletissinio's et promtissimos to! lit. 
 
 9. Jlgaihodis hella cum Pocnis. (Just. XXII. 3 — 6.) 
 
 His ita gestis niilitem legit exercitumque conscribit ; -quo 
 instructus finitimas civitates, nihil hostile metuentes, ex im- 
 proviso aggreditur. Deinde quum adversus Poenos arma 
 movisset, Poenique victores Syracusas obsidione cinxissent, 
 mira prorsus audacia helium in African! transferre statuit. 
 Itaque oppidanis ad obsidionis necessitatem frumento in- 
 structs, comitibus dut>bus adultis filiis, Archagatho et Hera- 
 clida, cursum in Africam direxit. Quo quum venisset, uni- 
 versas naves, consentiente exercitu, incendi jubet, ut omnes 
 scirent, auxiliofugae ademto, 3 aut vincendum aut moriendum 
 esse. Deinde quum omnia, quacunque ingrederentur, pros- 
 ternerent, villas castellaque incenderent, obvius ei fuit cum 
 triginta millibus Poenorum H anno ; sed r proelio commisso, 
 duo 4 de Siculis, tna millia de Poenis cum ipso duce cecidere. 
 Hac victoria et Siculorum animi eriguntur et Poenorum frails 
 guntur. Castra deinde in quinto lapide a Carthagine statuit, 
 ut vastitatem agrorum et incendia villarum de muris ipsius 
 tirbis specularentur. 5 
 
 10, Jlgathocles Poenos e Sicilia pellit.' (Justin. XXII. 7. 8.) 
 
 v His Poenorum malis etiam deletus in Sicilia cum impera- 
 Vore exercitus accessit. Nam post profectionem Agathoclis 
 Poeni in obsidione urbis segniores redditi, ab Antandro, fra~ 
 tre Agathoclis, occidione caesi nuntiabantur. 6 Itaque quum 
 domi forisque eadera fortuna <2arthaginiensium esset, non 
 fjibutariae tantum ab his urbes, sed etiam socii reges deficie- 
 bant* Quorum copiis auctus, 7 Carthaginienses gravi proe 
 
HES SICILIAN VtS 
 
 iio superat. Quo facto, tradito exercitu filio Archagatho, in 
 Siciliam rediit, nihil actum existimans, si araplius Syracusae 
 obsiderentur. Nam post occisum Hamilcarem, Gisgonis fili* 
 um, novus eo a Poenis missus exercitus fuerat. Statim igi 
 mr primo adventu ejus Siciliae urbes, auditis rebus, quas in 
 Africa gesserat, certatim se ei tradunt, atque ita pulsis e Si 
 cilia Poenis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. In Africam 
 deinde reversus, seditione militum excipitur. Nam stipen 
 diorum solutio in adventum patris dilata a filio fuerat. Igi 
 tur ad concionem vocatos blandis verbis permulsit : stipendia 
 illis dieens ab hoste quaerenda esse : communem victoriam 
 communem praedam futuram. Sedato itaque miiitari tumuU 
 tu, ad castra hostium exercitum ducit ; ibi inconsultius proe- 
 Hum committendo, majorem partem exercitus perdidit. Quum 
 itaque in castra fugisset, militesque ob stipendiary non solu- 
 turn metueret, concubia nocte solus cum Archagatho filio 
 profugit. Archagathus tamen, qui a patre noctis errore 1 
 discesserat, a militibus comprehensus redueitur. Turn pac* 
 tione cum hostibus facta, miliies, interfectis Archagathi libe* 
 ris, Carthaginiensibus se tradidere ; Archagathus ipse ab 
 Arcesilao, amico antea patris, occisus est. Post haec Poe- 
 ni ad persequendas belli reliquias duces in Siciliam miserunt, 
 cum quibus Agathocles pacem aequis conditionibus fecit. 
 
 11. Jig atkocles moritur. (Justin. XXIII. 2.) 
 
 Brevi post tempore, Agathocles, quum spe ampliandi 2 reg 
 ni in Italiam trajecisset, gravi morbo correptus est. Quum 
 jam nulla spes esset, eum hoc malo liberari posse, belluni 
 inter filium ejus nepotemque oritur, regnum jam quasi mortui 
 vindicantes, occisoque filio, regnum nepos occupavit. Inter 
 haec domestica mala rex moritur. Carthaginienses autein, 
 cognitis quae in Sicilia agebantur, occasioned totius insulae 
 occupandae datam sibi existimantes, magnis viribus 3 eo 
 frajiciunt, multasque civitates subigunt. 
 
 12. Pyrrhus Siciliam occupat et amittit* 
 .. (Justin. XXIII. 3.) 
 
 Eo tempore Pyrrhus, rex Epin, adversus Romanes, bellum 
 ^erebat : 4 qui imploratus a Siculis in auxilium, quum Syracu- 
 sas venisset, multasque civitates subegisset, rex Siciliae 
 appellator. Post haec multa secunda proelia cum Carthagi* 
 niensibus facit. Interjecto deinde tempore, quum legati ab 
 Jtalicis sociis venissent, nimtiantes, Romanis resisti non pos.so r 
 
 H 
 
74 DE HISFANIA, 
 
 deditionemque futuram, nisi subveniat, victorem exereitum in 
 Italiam trajecit. Quo facto socii in Sicilia ab eo defecerunt* 
 et imperium Siciliae tarn cito amisit, quam facile quaesierat. 
 Sed nee in Italia meliore felicitate usus in Epirum revertitmv 
 
 13. Hiero, Hieroclis filius 9 imp e nam Siciliae adipiscilur* 
 (Justin. XXIII. 4.) 
 
 Post profectionem a Sicilia Pyrrhi, magistrates Hiero 1 crea» 
 fur, cujus tanta moderatio fuit, ut, consentiente omnium civita- 
 tunl favore, dux adversus Carthaginienses primum, mox rex, 
 crearetur. Hujus futurae magnitudinis multa fuerunt omina. 
 Quippe genitus patre Hierocle, nobili viro, a patre, quod ex 
 ajncilla natus esset, expositus erat. Sed parvulum apes multis 
 diebus aluerunt. Ob quam rem responso aruspicum admoni- 
 tus pater, qui regnum infanti portendi canebant, puerum rece- 
 pit, omnique studio ad spem majestatis, quae promittebatur, 2 
 instituit. Eidem, in ludo inter aequales diseenti, lupus, in 
 turba puerorum repente conspectus, tabulam eripuit. Add- 
 lescenti quoque, prima bella ineunti, aquila in elypeo, noctua 
 in hasta consedit. Denique adversus provocatores saepe 
 pugnavit, semperque victoriam reportavit. A Pyrrho rege 
 multis militaribus donis donatus est. Pulcritudo ei corporis 
 msignis, vires quoque in homine admirabiles fuere ; in alia* 
 quio blandus, in negotio Justus, in imperio moderatus, prorsu^ 
 ut nihil ei regium deesse, praeter regnum, videretnr* 
 
 H. DE HISPANIA QUAEDAM. 
 
 I. Hispaniae description (Justin. XLIV. J.) 
 
 Hispaniam veteres ab Ibero amne primum Iberiam, postea 
 ab Hispano 3 Hispaniam cognominaverunt. Haee, inter Afri- 
 cam et Galliam posita, Oceani freto et montibus Pyrenaeis 
 clauditur. Sicut minor utraque terra, itahitraque fertilior. 
 Nam neque, ut Africa, violento sole torretur, neque, ut Gallia, 
 assiduis ventis fatigatur, sed media inter utramque in omnia 
 ftugum genera fecunda est, adeo ut non ipsis tantum incolis, 
 verum etiam Italiae urbique Romanae cunctarum rerum abun- 
 dantiam suppeditet. Hinc enim magna copra est frimrenti 
 
DE HISPANU.. 75 
 
 Vim, meilis et olei ; nee ferri solum materia praecipua est, sed 
 et equorum pernices greges ; nee suramae tantum terrae lau- 
 danda bona, 1 verum et abstrusorum metallorum felices divitiae. 
 Jam lini spartique vis ingens ; minii certe nulla feracior terra* 
 In hac cursus amnium non torrentes rapidique, ut noceant, sed 
 lenes, et vineis campisque irrigui, 2 plerique etiam divites auro* 
 Uno tantum Pyrenaei montis dorso adhaeret Galliae, reliquis 
 partibus undique mari cingitur. Salubritas coeli per omnem 
 Hispaniam aequalis, quia aeris spiritus nulla paludum gravi 
 nebula inficitur. Hue accedunt et marinae aurae undique* 
 versus assidui flatus, quibus omnem provinciam penetrantibus, 
 eventilato terrestri spiritu, praecipua hominibus sanitas reddU 
 tur* 
 
 2. Hispanorum mores, Virialhus dux. (Ibid. 2.) 
 
 Corpora hominum ad inediam 3 laboremque, animi ad mor- 
 tem parati. Bellum quam otium malunt ; si extraneus 4 deest, 
 domi hostem quaerunt. Velocitas genti pernix, inquies animus : 
 plurimis militares equi, et arma sanguine ipso cariora. 5 Nul- 
 ius in festos dies epularum apparatus. In magna tamen sae- 
 culorum serie nullus illis dux magnus, praeter Viriathum, fuit, 
 qui annis decern Romanos varia victoria fatigavit. Cujus ea 
 virtus et continentia fuit, ut, quum consulares exercitus fre- 
 quenter vicerit, tantis rebus gestis non armorum, non vestis 
 culturn, non denique victum mutaret, sed in eo habitu, quo 
 primum bellare coepit, perseveraret*; utquivis gregarius miles 
 ipso imperatore opulentior videretur. 
 
 3. Gallaecorum divitiattt mores. (Just. XLIV. 3.) 
 
 Pars Hispaniae, quae Gallaecia vocatur, aeris ac plumbi 
 uberrima ; turn et minio, quod etiam vicino flumini nomen 
 dedit, et auro quoque ditissima adeo, ut etiam aratro frequen- 
 ter glebas aureas exscindant. In hujus gentis finibus sacer 
 mons est, quern ferro violari nefas habetur ; sed si quando 
 fulgure terra proscissa est, detectum aurum, veluti dei munus. 
 colligere permittitur. Feminae res domestical agrorumque 
 culturam administrant ; ipsi 6 armis et rapinis serviunt. 7 Prae- 
 cipua his quidem ferri materia, nee tamen ullum apud eos te- 
 lum probatur, quod non aut Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tinctum 
 sit. 
 
76 EES MASSILXENSXXTM, 
 
 4. Carlh&ginienniim in Hispania imperiuw, 
 (Justin. XLIV. 5,) 
 
 Mature Carthaginienses imperium Hispaniae oecupavere,. 
 Nam quum Gaditani 1 a Tyro, unde et Carthaginiensibus origo 
 est, sacra Herculis in Hispaniam transtulissent, urbemque ibi 
 condidissent, finitimi incre mentis novae urbis invidentes, Ga- 
 ditanos bello lacessiverunt, Consanguineis Carthaginienses 
 auxilium miserunt. Ibi felici expeditione et Gaditanos ab in- 
 juria vindicaverunt, et m aj ore m partem Hispaniae imperie suo 
 adjecerunt. Postea quoque, hortante primae expeditionis sue- 
 cessu, Hamilcarem imperatorem cum magna manu ad occu- 
 pandam provinciam misere, qui, magnis rebus gestis, dum 
 fortunam mconsultius sequitur, in insidias deductus occiditur. 
 In hujus locum gener ipsius Hasdrubal mittitur ; qui et ipse 
 a servo Hispani cujusdam, ulciscente domini injustam nc* 
 eem, interfectus est. Major utroque Hannibal, Hamilcari^ 
 filius, successit. Hie universam Hispaniam do muit ; inde 
 bello Romania illato, Italiam per annos sexdecim variis cla- 
 dibus fatigavit ; quum interea Romani, missis in Hispaniam 
 Scipionibus, primo Poenos provincia expulerunt, postea cum 
 ipsis Hispanis gravia bell a gesserunt. Nee prius Hispani 
 jugum potuerunt accipere, quam Caesar Augustus, perdomito 
 orbe terrarum, vietricia ad eos arma transtulit, populumque 
 barbarum et ferum, legibus ad cultioris vitae usumtraductuin. 
 in formam provinciae redegit. 
 
 I. RES MASSILIENSIUM, 
 
 1. Ehocaeenses Massiliam condunt. (Just. XLIH. 3.) 
 
 Temporibus Tarquinii Superbi, Romanorum regis, ex Asia 
 Phocaeensium juventus, patria profuga, Massiliam inter Li- 
 gures 2 et feras gentes Gallorum condidit, et, dum se armis 
 ad versus Gallicam feritatem tuentur, magnas res gesserunt. 
 i)uces classis Simos et Protis fuerunt. Hi regem Segobri- 
 giorum, Nannum nomine, in cujus finibus urbem condere 
 gestiebant, conveniunt. Forte eo die^rex occupatus in ap- 
 paratu nuptiarum Gyptisfiliae erat; quam moregentis, elec- 
 to inter epulas genero, nuptum tradere illic 3 parabat. Itaque 
 
RES MASSILIENSIU3I, ? / 
 
 quum ad nuptias invitati omnes proci egsent, rogantur etiam 
 Graeci hospites ad convivium. Introducta deinde virgo quum 
 juberetur a patre aquam porrigere ei, quern virum eligeret 
 tunc, omissis omnibus ad Graecos eonversa, aquam Proti 
 porrigit ; qui factus ex hospite gener, locum condendae urbis 
 a socero accepit. Condita igitur est Massilia prope ostia 
 Rhodani amnis, in reraoto sinu, velut in angulo maris. Sed 
 Ligures, incrementis urbis invidentes, Graecos assiduis bellis 
 fatigabant. 1 Qui pericula propulsando in tantum 2 eniluerunt. 
 ut, victis hostibus, in captivis agris multas colonias constitu* 
 erent. 
 
 2. Massilientibus afinitimis struuntur imidi&e. 
 (Justin. XLIIL 4.) 
 
 Ab his igitur Galli et usum vitae cultioris et agrorum cuK 
 tus, et urbes moenibus cingere didicerunt. Tunc et legibus> 
 non armis vivere, tunc et vitem putare, tunc olivam serere 
 consueverunt. Mortuo rege Nanno Segobrigiorum, a quo 
 locus condendae urbis acceptus fuerat, quum regno filius ejus' 
 Comanus successisset> affirmat Ligur quidam, Jllassiliam, 
 qwandoque 3 Jinitiinis populis exitio fuiuram, in ipso ortu op- 
 primendam esse. Subnectit et fabulam : canetn gravidam 
 aliquando a pastore locum petisse precario, in quopareret? 
 quern quum obtinuisset, iterato petisse, ut sdbi educate eodem in 
 loco catulos lictret ; ad postremum, adultis catulis, pastor em 
 iliam, domestico praesidio fortem,* depellere non potuisse. His 
 incitatus rex insidias Massiliensibus struit. Itaque solemni 
 Floraliorum 5 die multos fortes et strenues viros hospitii jure 
 in urbem misit ; plures etiam frondibus tectos vehiculis induct 
 jussit. Ipse cum exereitu in proximis montibus delitescit, ut^ 
 quum nocte portae apertae forent, 6 tempestive adesset, urbem- 
 que somno ac vino sepultam 7 armis invaderet. Sed has in^ 
 sidias mulier quaedam, regis cognata, prodidit, quae Grae- 
 cum adolescentem, cujus amore tenebatur, naiserata formae 
 et fortunae ejus, periculum declinare jussit. Ille rem statim 
 ad magistratus defert ; atque ita patefactis insidiis, cuncti 
 Ligures comprehenduntur. Quibus interfectis, insidianti regi 
 insidiae tenduntur. Caesa sunt cum ipso rege hostium sep* 
 tern millia. Exinde Massilienses festis diebus portas elau- 
 jdere, vigilias agere, peregrines recognflscere/ ac veluti be], 
 lum habeant. urbem Custodire. 
 
 h2 
 
?8 
 
 RE3 MASSILIENSIUM^ 
 
 S. Mamliensium bella. (Justin. XLIIL 5.) 
 
 Post haec magna illis cum Liguribus, magna cum Galhs 
 fuere bella ; quae res urbis gloriam auxit Graecorumque vir 
 iutem celebrem inter finitimos reddidit. Carthaginiensiunr 
 quoque exercitus, quum bellum, captis piscatorum navibus. 
 ortum esset, saepe fuderunt, pacemque victis dederunt ; cum 
 Hispanis amicitiam junxerunt ; cum Romanis prope ab initio 
 conditae urbis foedus summa fide custodierunt, auxiliisque in 
 omnibus bellis industrie socios juverunt. Quae res illis ei 
 Tirium fiduciam auxit, et pacem ab hostibus praestitit. 
 
 4. Finitimis impetum in eosfacientibits, deorum cura $ervantiu\ 
 
 (Ibid.) 
 
 Quum igitur Massilia fama rerum gestarum, et abundantia 
 opum, et virium gloria floreret, repente finitimi populi ad 
 nomen Massiliensium 1 delendum, veluti ad commune ex- 
 stinguendum incendium, concurrunt. Dux consensu omnium 
 Oatumandus regulus eligitur, qui, quum magno exercitu lee- 
 tissimorum virorum urbem hostium obsideret, per quietem 
 specie torvae mulieris, quae se deam dicebat, exterritus, ultra 
 pacem cum Massiliensibus fecit ; petitoque, 2 ut intrare ill! in 
 urbem et deos eorum adorare liceret, quum in arcem Miner- 
 vae venisset, eonspecto simulacro deae, quam per quietem 
 viderat, repente exclamat, illam esse, quae se nocte externa* 
 isset ; illam, quae recedere abofesidione jussisset, Gratulatus 
 que Massiliensibus, quod animadverteret, eos ad curam deo- 
 rum immortalium pertinere, 3 torque aureo donata dea, in per- 
 petuum amicitiam cum Massiliensibus junxit. Parta pace et 
 securitate fundata legati Massiliensium, reverteutes a Del- 
 phis, quo missi munera Apollini tulerant, audierunt urbem 
 Romanam a Gallis captam incensamque. 4 Quam rem domi 
 nuntiatam publico funere 5 Massiliensesprosecuti sunt; aurum- 
 que et argentum publicum privatumque contulerunt, ad ex- 
 plendum pondus Gallis, a quibus redemtam pacem cognove- 
 rant. Ob quod meritum et immunitas illis decreta et locus 
 spectaculorum in senatu datus et foedus aequo jure percus- 
 mun est. 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA 
 NARRATIONES. 
 
 1. Cxvtro puer, 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero natiis est Arpini, U. C. aan, 
 DCXLVII., matre Helvia, ex honesta et nobili gente prog 
 nata, patre, Equite Romano, qui in amoenissima ad Arpinum 
 regione habebat praedium, a majoribus acceptum. Ibi ado- 
 levit et educatus est Cicero. Pater ejus, quum bene per3pi- 
 cerefc, quant am vim in omnem vitam haberet recte instituia 
 liberorum educatio, mature filios optimis praeceptoribus exu- 
 diendos tradidit. Jam quum Tullius, in quo alacre ingenium 
 cum eximia assiduitate conjunctum mature elucescebat, bona 
 inlitterarum studiis incrementa cepisset, apatre Romam mis- 
 sus est, ubi celeberrimorum Graecorum scholia interesset, 
 Quod quidem tanto successu tantaque cum praecepiorum, 
 turn caeterorum discipulorum, admiratione factum est, ut, 
 quum fama de insigni Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad alios 
 quoque manasset, non pauci, qui t-jus videndi et audiendi 
 »ratia scholas adirent, reperti fuisse dieaniur. Idem, quum 
 forte eodem tempore Romae commoraretur Graecus quidam, 
 Archias, poetica facultate excellens, familiaritatem cum eo 
 junxit, ejusque praeceptis et exemplo ita profecit, ut ipse turn 
 carmen, Pontius Glaucm in-scriptuai, multa arte cornpcneret. 
 
 2, Cicero adolescens. 
 
 Sic educatus et omni litterarUm genere egregie instructor 
 decimum sexturn aetatis annum agebat Cicero. Mos fuit 
 apud Romanos, ut ii, qui hunc aetatis annum consecuti es- 
 sent, toga virili induta, in forum prodirent, ibique populi coa- 
 cionibus, judiciis et orationibus, quibus publicae causae de- 
 fenderentur, adessent. Praeierea juvenes Romani, ut <Uten- 
 
SO BREVES E CIC3B0NIS VITA NARRATIONES. 
 
 tius ad ea, quae e re sua essent, animos adverterent, senator! 
 cuidam nobiliori, cujus nutu et auctoritate regerentur eorum 
 Studia, commendari solebant. Cicero igitur, toga virjli sum* 
 ta, a patre deductus est ad Q. Mucium Scaevolam augurern? 
 tarn rerum publicarum et civilium scientia, quam ingenio et 
 doctrina, longe praestantissimum. Quern quidem quum Ci- 
 cero, quod adolescentes honoris causa solebant faeere, dedu- 
 ceret in forum, reduceretque, nee unquam ab ejus latere dis- 
 cederet ; non solum consilia, quae rogatus ilie dabat, cupide 
 arripiebat et animo recondebat, sed etiam vel commode, vei 
 acute, vel prudenter ab eo dicta et disputata diligenter me- 
 moriae mandabat. Hinc factum est, ut brevi tempore et le- 
 gum, et omnium, quaa a bono causarum patrono exiguntur. 
 cognitionem sibi pararet accuratissimam. Sed quum nulla 
 re magis ad summos in republica honores viam muniri posse 
 intelligeret, quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in 
 ejus studiurri incubuit ; in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut rion 
 solum eos, qui in foro et judiciis causas perorarent, studiose 
 sectaretur, sed privatim quoque, tarn graecas orationes in la* 
 tinam linguam vertendo, quam, quae ipse commentatus esset, 
 declamando, diligentissime se exerceret. At ne in hoc qui- 
 dem exercitationis genere acquievit. Nam eodem tempore 
 noli solum carmina, quibus Scaevolam et Attieurn mirifice 
 delectatos esse legimus, conscripsit, sed etiam philosophiae; 
 Phaedro Epicure© inprimis duce, operam dedit. 
 
 3. Cicero miles. 
 
 Postquam juvenes Romani assidua in rebus forensibus ex- 
 ercitatione^ et vario officiorum genere, senatus populique fa- 
 vorem atqu£ gratiam sibi collegerant, turn, ut foris pariter ac 
 domi de re/publica bene merere discerent, togam cum sago 
 mutare, siye castra sequi, et virtutis bellicae documenta ede- 
 re, debebant. Itaque Cicero, ut faceret et tentaret omnia, 
 quibus in republica ad summos honores enitendum erat, mi- 
 litaris quoque artis scientiam sibi parare constituit. Nee de- 
 erat ei ad hanc rem occasio. Saeviente enim turn bello S©- 
 ciali sive Marsico, quum consul Pompejus Strabo, Pompeji 
 Magni pater, exercitum duceret contra hostiles copias, facile 
 ab eo, ut in ejus comitatu sibi esse liceret, impetravit. In 
 quo quidem bello, quam vis ad pacis magis, quam ad belli 
 artes, natus esse videbatur Cicero, tamen nulli strenui mi*. 
 litis defuit officio, et omnino ita se gesjsit, ut bellicae quoqxre 
 lirtufis laudem inde referred 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NAJtRATlONES. Si 
 
 4. Cicero post mililiam in urlem r ever nis. 
 
 Quum rerurn publicarum status gravitcr turn concuteretui 
 Sullae et Marii certaminibus, Cicero, ab omni partium stu» 
 dio alienus, oratoribus, qui turn excellebant, vacabat, vel ipse 
 cogitata mentis litteris mandabat. Sed multum ille in hac 
 re discrepabat a nostrae aetatis hominum ingenio. Non enim 
 protrusit et evulgavit statim, quae juvenis litteris eonsignave- 
 rat, sed ad maturiorem aetatem reposuit, et, quae minus turn 
 probarentur ejus judicio, aut emendavit, aut plane delevit. 
 Ad oratores autem, quorum exemplo et disciplina adjuta turn 
 inprimis sunt Ciceronis studia, pertinent Philo Academicus 
 et Molo Rhodius, Mithridatis furore atque violentia cum mul- 
 tis aliis e Graecia exacti. His quidem et Diodoto Stoico 
 (quern recepit adeo in domum suam) eo impensius dedit ope- 
 ram, quo major ei inter Romanos oratores eminendi fuit cu- 
 piditas. Accenderat inprimis Ciceronis studia exempluni 
 Hortensii, omnium oratorum, qui turn Romae florebant, elo= 
 quentissimi. Hunc igitur tanio animi ardore aemulatus est 
 ut brevi tempore non aequaret tantum ejus laudem, sed etiam 
 superaret. 
 
 5. Cicero in causa publico, primutn orator prodit. 
 
 Cicero, viginti et sex annos natus, postquam in privatis 
 causis jam pluribus operam suam commodaverat, nunc in 
 publica causa eloquentiae suae copias expromendi occasib- 
 nem nactus est. Nam quum Roscium quendam ex Ameria.. 
 parricidii accusatum, ob Chrysogoni, qui in ejus adversariis 
 fuit, potentiam nemo defendere auderet ; tanta eloquentiae 
 vi et animi libertate eum defendit Cicero, ut jam turn in arte 
 dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ipse Cicero saepius 
 magna cum animi voluptate hujus orationis et partae sibi per 
 earn laudis meminit, quamvis idem, se nimium passim in hac 
 oratione juvenili fervori indulsisse et fines, intra quos conti- 
 neri debuisset, transiluisse, in maturiore aetate constitutus 
 baud dissimulal. 
 
 6. Cicero peregrinatur. 
 
 Anno post ad corporis male affecti valetudinem reficien- 
 dam Cicero in Asiam profectus est. Quum primum Athenas 
 venisset, adeo hujus urbis commodis et opportunitatibua cap- 
 tus est, ut per sex menses ibi commoraretur. Nihil autem 
 
S2 BEEVES E CICEttOXIS VITA NAfcRATIONES* 
 
 opportunius et jucundius in hac celebratissima Musarum se'de 
 obtingere potuit Ciceroni nostro, quam quod ei cum Antiocho, 
 philosopho Academico, non versari tantum, sed etiam apud 
 eum habitare liceret. Sic enim nactus fuerat non solum ami- 
 cum, quocum familiariter viveret, sed etiam magistrum, ad 
 cujus praecepta philosophiae studia moderari posset. Ad 
 vitae jucunditatem, qua Cicero Athenis fruebatur, multum 
 conferebat Pomponii Attici, veteris amici et aequalis, quern 
 ibi convenerat, consuetudo ; quae quidem ita turn aucta et 
 confirmata est, ut per totam reliquam vitam alter alteri exsis« 
 teret amicissimus. Eodem tempore apud Demetrium Syrum„ 
 veterem et haud ignobilem dicendi magistrum, studiose Nos- 
 ier in arte rhetorica se exercuit. 
 
 7* Cicero Asiam peragrat. 
 
 Athenis relictis Cicero iter flexit in Asiam, ibique cum 
 principibus oratoribus, ad quos se applicaverat, Menippo 
 Stratonicensi, Dionysio Magnete, Aeschylo Cnidio, Xenocle 
 Adramytteo et aliis versatus est et nobilissimas Asiae urbes 
 peragravit. Delatus denique est Rhodum, ubi, quern jam 
 Romae audiverat, Moloni denuo operam dedit. Insignes, 
 quos Cicero in arte dicendi interea fecerat, progressus mira- 
 batur quidem Molo, sed idem vitia, quae vitanda essent ora- 
 tori bono et gravi, libere ei indicavit. Nam quum res, quas 
 Noster in orationibus describendas sibi sumserat, nimia ver- 
 borum copia exaggeraret, et sententiarum lumina ingenii os- 
 tentandi causa nimis coacervaret ; humaniter eum monuit 
 Molo, ut hunc juvenilem impetum reprimere, et, quae redun- 
 darent, quasi extra ripas diffluentia, coercere studeret. Cu. 
 jus quidem praecepti veritatem se benejam turn percepisse, 
 ipse grato animo profitetur. — Posidonium quoque, philoso- 
 phum, qui Rhodi erat, diligenter audivit, eumque in philoso* 
 phiae studio ducem adhibuit. 
 
 8. Cicero ex peregrinaiione redux in urbemfactus, 
 
 Biennio post quum Cicero Romam se recepisset, ibi, sicut 
 ante peregrinationem, in foro versari atque causas perorare 
 eoepit. Ad eos, quorum causas turn Ciceronem defendisse 
 constat, pertinet Roscius Comoedus, vir tam arte histrionic a. 
 quam ingenio et aliarum virtutum laude florentissimus. Quo 
 cfebrior autem causarum dicendarum oblata fuit Ciceroni oc* 
 casio ; eo luculentius exsplendescere eoepit ejus fama atque 
 
BREVES E ClCEBONIS VITA NAERATIONE5, SB 
 
 gloria, et eo magis ad summos honores consequendos via ei 
 aperta atque munita est. 
 
 9. Cicero Quaestor in Sicilia. 
 
 Quum Cicero trigesimum primum aetatis annum ageret r 
 quo anno secundum leges Romanas magistratum ei capessere 
 lieebat, ab omnibus tribubus sine ulla sunragiorum varietate 
 Quaestor creatus est. Jam vero quum creati Quaestores de 
 provincia, quam quisque administraret, sortiri solerent, sortie 
 tione facta evenit Nostro Sicilia. Profectus igitur in pro- 
 vinciam tanta diligentia tanlaque prudentia omnes ac singu- 
 las demandati sibi muneris partes explevit, ut non solum se- 
 natus populique Romani favorem et gratiam, sed etiam Sicu. 
 lorum amorem atque benevolentiam sibi conciliaret. Roma- 
 nis quidem, frumenti penuria et caritate hoc anno laboran- 
 tibus, commeatu ex Sicilia subvecto egregie prospexit ; Si- 
 culis vero tarn mitem, comem, humanum et officiosum se 
 praebuit, ut decedentem ex provincia inauditis, ut ipse testa- 
 tur, bonoribus ornarent, et, quocunque modo possent, gra- 
 turn animum ei declararent. — Caeterum quicquid temporis. 
 a publicis negotiis vacui, ei datum fuit in Sicilia, id exercita- 
 tionibus, ad artem dicendi spectantibus, sacravit. 
 
 10. Cicero sepulchrum Archimedis investigate 
 
 Pjriusquam Cicero ex Sicilia decederet, totam insulan/ 
 peragrare, et, quicquid rerum memorabilium ibi reperiretur, 
 cognoscere et oculis usurpare constituit. Quum Syracusis 
 esset, principes quosdam, quibus ducibus in celeberrima ilia 
 urbe lustranda utebatur, ut sibi Archimedis sepulchrum mon- 
 ^trarent, rogavit. Illi quidem, se nihil plane unquam de 
 Archimedis sepulehro inaudivisse ajebant, imo, ilium Syra- 
 cusis sepultum esse, omnino negabant. At Cicero, quum ei 
 succurrerent versus quidam, Archimedis sepulehro inscripti. 
 qui sphaeram cum cylindro in summo sepulehro positam esse 
 declarabant, ab investigandi studio haud abstitit. Delatus 
 io-itur in locum, ubi magna veterum sepulchrorum frequentia 
 ftiit, quum omnia oculis collustrasset, ecce ! animadvertit 
 columellam, non multum e dumis et vepribus eminentem, ia 
 qua sphaerae et cylindri figura conspiciebatur. Statmi lo- 
 cum circa columellam falcibus purgari et aperiri jubet : ac 
 cedit ad columellam, et ipsosillos versus, quos memoria tene^ 
 bat, adversae basi inscriptos invenit* 
 
$4 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA 2s'AEKATI0NE& 
 
 11. Cicero e Sicilia Romam reversus. 
 
 Cicero, Quaestoris munere insigni laude perfunctus, e Si- . 
 eiiia red lit Romam, gravissimis turn bellis pressam et disten- 
 tam. Ibi per quinque annos in causis dieendis ita excelluit, 
 ut inter omnes causarum patronos et esset et habere tur 
 princeps. Jam vero quum ad earn aetatem pervenisset, (tri- 
 ginta et septem annos turn natus erat,) quae praestituta fuit 
 aedilitatem vel praeturam petituris, nomen suum inter candi- 
 dates aedilitatis professus est eo successu, ut, praelatus caete- 
 ris candidatis omnibus, uno ore omnium Aedilis Curulis ere- 
 aretur. 
 
 12. Cicero Vcrrcm accusat. 
 
 Priusquam aedilitatem adibat Cicero, opportuna, quasummi 
 bratoris artem ostenderet, oblata ei est occasio Verris accu- 
 satione. Homo iste, qui primum Quaestor, turn Praetor per 
 fres deinceps annos in Sicilia fuerat, tanta avaritia et impu- 
 dentia nou privata tantum, sed etiam publica bona, diripuerat, 
 ut Siculi, inaudita impudentia ab isto spoliati et expilati, diem 
 ei Romae dicere constituerent. Quo magis autem illi jam 
 olim non solum summum Ciceronis in causis dieendis inge- 
 nium et eloquentiam, sed etiam insignem ejus animi integri- 
 tatem, humanitatem et benevolentiam perspexerant, eo vehe- 
 mentius nunc eum rogabant, ut accusationem contra Verrem 
 susciperet. Nee defuit ille eorumprecibus. Imo nefandam, 
 qua in Siculorumbona grassatus fuerat Verres, avaritiam tanta 
 orationis gravitate et animi libertate in judicio perstrinxit et 
 ante omnium oculos posuit, ut iste, argumentorum vi convic- 
 tus, sponte in exilium, ubi reliquam vitae partem transegh\ 
 abiret. 
 
 13. Cicero Aedilis ct Praetor. 
 
 Cicero, aedilitatem ingressus, solemnem ilium morem, quo 
 munera sive ludos populo edere solebant novi Aediles, haud 
 ueglexit quidem, sed in eorum sumtibus faciendis sapienter 
 modum tenuit, honestiorem rationem, qua populi gratiam et 
 amorem sibi conciliaret, secutus. Nam, quum populus turn 
 premeretur annonae caritate, splendidissima a Siculis sibi 
 oblata munera impendebat eo, ut viliore annona veniret pre- 
 tio. Quo quidem honesto liberalique studio populi in Cicero- 
 nem favor adeo auctus est, ut, quum post aedilitatem Prac 
 
BREVES E CXC&ftOltflfi VXTA SARRAflOXES* B| 
 
 toris munus peteret, inter octo Praetores, qui creabantur, 
 prae multis aliis cornpetitoribus totius populi suffragiis primus 
 erearetur. Nee vana fuit populi de Ciceronis praetura 
 exspectatio. Nam sicut summam diligentiam, humanita> 
 tern, prudentiam et honestatem in quaesturae aedilitatisquc 
 obeundis officiis probaverat, ita in Praetoris munere gerendc 
 sumraae justitiae, aequitatis, sanetitatis et temperantiae laud^ 
 excelluit. Dum Praetor erat Cicero, cum alias orationes 
 habuit, turn inprimis orationem pro Lege Manilla. Nam 
 quum Manilius, tribunus plebis, legem rogasset, qua Pompejo 
 sumraum belli Mithridatici imperium decerneretur ; Cicero in 
 oratione ilia Pompeji virtutes, summo duci proprias, fanta 
 ubertate, gravitate atque elegantia deseripsit et exposuit, i\U 
 faciendum omnino esse, quod in lege Manilia suaderetur, om 
 iies ac singuli judicarent. 
 
 14. Cicero post Fraeiuram* 
 
 Praetura perfunctis provincia, quam Propraetores admini? 
 trarent, decerni solebat. Sed Cicero, neque divitiarum ir* 
 provincia parandarum, neque rerum foris gerendarum admo 
 dum cupidus, detrectata provincia, Rornae manere, et ibi re 
 rum civilium scientiae et earum artium, quibus viam ad eon- 
 sulatum sibi aperiret, operam navare maluit. Itaque per du 
 os post praeturam annos, (tantum enim temporis a praetura 
 usque ad consulatus petitionem intercedere debebat), quolibef 
 officiorum genere populi favorem colligere, et hujus collect 
 iavoris aura vela quasi sua ita implere studuit, ut fieri nor- 
 posset, quinmetam,h. e. consulatum, secundo cursu attingeret c 
 
 15. Cicero Consul. 
 
 Cicero igitur, tanto studio tantaque virtutum laude ad sum 
 mos honores grassatus, aetatis anno quadragesimo tertio, quo 
 secundum leges eonsulatum peti licebat, non tabellis, quibus 
 alias suffragia in comitiis Consularibus dari solebant, sed vo 
 ce universi populi Romani honorificentissime Consul ereatus, 
 et sex aliis cornpetitoribus, in quibus L. Sergius Catilina fuit, 
 praelatus est. Consulatum gercre ineipienti negotium facesse. 
 bat P. Rullus, tribunus plebis, homo seditiosus, qui, dum leg!? 
 aorariae rogationem, veterem istam gravissimarum discordia 
 rum causam, agitabat, fion parum reipublicae infestus £er; 
 coepit. Sed Cicero pernieiosoa Rulli conatus tribus orjatio 
 nibus. agrariis tanta sententiarum vi et gravit.ate reprerssit at- 
 
3£ SBJEV.ES E CIGEROMS VITA 3$r4.1UlAXE02&& 
 
 que retudit, ut ipse populus legi : tam, populari, pauperiorura 
 magis, quam uniyersae reipublicae commodis respondent^ 
 fdriiter resisteret. 
 
 16* Cicero detecta et compressa Catilinae conj aratiane servaf 
 rempublicam. 
 
 L« Sergius Catilina, quern inter consulatus competitores 
 ibisse modo commemoravimus, quum spe consulates^ conse- 
 quendise dejectum videret, obnixe faciebat omnia, utproxi- 
 mis certe comitiis obtineret, quod frustra adhue petierat. Sed 
 Cicero, quum praeciperet animo, quantum malorum ab ini- 
 mensa Catilinae libidin« dominandique cupiditate reipublicae 
 immineret, nefandas artes atque callida consilia, quibus ille 
 consulatum adfectabat, eludere atque irrita reddere studujt. 
 Hinc tanta in Ciceronem accensus est ira Catilina, ut fere 
 palam illi mortem minaretur. Et vere ipso die comitiali, 
 quern caedi destinaverat, perpetraturus fuisset illud facinus, 
 nisi Cicero re comperta sibi providisset et firmissimo se con- 
 tra vim sibi paratam munivisset praesidio. Itaque quum lo'- 
 ricatus et fortissimorum virorum cohorte stipatus in Cam- 
 pum Martium prodiisset, Catilina non solum a vi faeienda 
 prohibitus, sed etiam a consulatu, quern appetebat, repulsus 
 est. Sed ne sic quidem a proposito deterritus est. Vi enim 
 et armis eonsecuturus, quod arte et consilio eonsequi non 
 potuerat, sociis, in domum Leccae cujusdam convocatis, ratio- 
 nem, qua ferro ignique rerum potirentur, descripsit atque pro- 
 posuit. Ante omnia autem consilio Ciceronem e medio tollendi 
 mteritus fuit. Sed frustra fuerunt, qiias Ciceronis vitae strux* 
 erat, insidiae ! frustra bellici ab uno conjuratorum, Manlio.^ 
 in Etruria contra patriam facti apparatus ! frustra omnia^ 
 quae Catilina cum conjuratis inierat, consilia ! Ne multa ! 
 unius Ciceronis prudentia et vigilantia gravissima calamitas a 
 bonoram capitibus et ab uni versa civitate depulsa est* 
 
 17. Cicero vir Consularis. 
 
 Cicero, post quam consulatu, tanta laude et gloria gesto* 
 abierat, vir consularis inter principes senatores, h. e. inter 
 eoS, qui primum in senatu rogarentur sententiam, locum ob- 
 tinere, et in urbe publicae saluti invigikre maluit, quam 
 Proconsul in provineiam sibi decretam discedere. Primum 
 quidem misere vexabatur ab adversariis, nimiam inprimis po- 
 testatem, qua ille Consul indicta causa cives supplicio affe> 
 ciss^Jy in crimen vocantjbus. Contra hos igitur, inprimis 
 
BEEVES £ CICERO XIS VITA NAKRAT*ONES. * "87 
 
 contra Metellum, egregie se defendit, et tela in se cortjeCta 
 retudit. Nee de populi, quo fruebatur, favore quicquam de* 
 tractum est adversariorum criminatione et invidia. Bello enim 
 cum nonnums gentibus Gallieis exorto, (V. C. DCXCIILJ 
 quum inter legatos, qui quietos adhuc populos a bello dehor* 
 tatum imitterentur, primus sorte electus esset Cicero ; nullo 
 modo vigilantissimum hunc publicae salutis custodem (Jx. 
 *irbe mitteridum esse, universus populus judicavit* 
 
 18, Cicero scriptor et poeta. 
 
 Eo fere tempore de gravioris momenti rebus, in consulatu a 
 se gestis, scripsit commentaries, et quidem oratione graeca, 
 ad Isocratis scribendi genus conformata et composita. Hos 
 commentarios non solum per Atticum suum, ad quern e as 
 miserat, in Graecia vulgari cupiebat, sed eosdem communi- 
 cavit cum Posidonio Rhodio, rogans eum, ut de iisdem rebus 
 pulchrius quid et uberius scriberet. At Posidonius, se per- 
 lectis illis eommentariis magis deterritum esse respondebat^ 
 <juam lit simile quid de illis rebus moliri auderet. Unde fa* 
 eile, quanta Ciceroni in graece scribendi arte fuerit facultas 
 atque peritia, intelligi potest. Post aliquoa fempus latina 
 quoque carmine rerum a ee gestarum historiam complexus 
 est ; quod opus interjecto demum aliquo tempore evulgatit* 
 Paulo post, ut specimen ederet de ea, quam in rebus public 
 cis et civilibus sibi pafasset, peritia atque prudentia, potiores^ 
 quas Consul habuit, orationes, sub titulo : Consulares, exire 
 atque in vulgus emanare jussit. Sub eadem tempora edidit 
 Arati, poetae Graeci, carmen de Sideribus, quod juyenis in 
 latinum sermonem convexterat. 
 
 19. C&cero sponte in txrilium abiU 
 
 P. Clodius, nobili loco natus, sed ferdx et procax adoles- 
 £ens, quum per Ciceronem inprimis in lucem protracta es* 
 sent occulta ejus ftagitia, tanteiii in Bum concepit iram ahirnQ, 
 ut ea non riisi illius ruina atque pernicie expiari posse vicfe* 
 retur. Fraude igitur et malis artibus tribunus plebis factus, 
 (quum eriim patricius esset, in gentem plebejam, ut sic ju^ 
 tribunatus petendi adipisceretur, se adoptandum euraverat,) 
 rogavit legem, qua ei % qui civem Romaniim, non populi }u~. 
 dicio ^laranatxim^siipplicioaffecisstt^aqua et igni iiiXtrdicire* 
 lur. Aperte hac lege petebatur Cicero, qui de quibusdam 
 Catilinae conjuratis, haud populi judicio damnatis, supplied 
 ttm sumserat, Iteque Cicero, ut^ populi rafeefatione tnttfg/ 
 
38 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIQ20J&. 
 
 poenam in lege ista constitutam a se amoliretur, sordidatus, 
 ut reus, per vias ineedebat, adoleseentibus eum ex omni no- 
 bilitate plus viginii millibus comitantibus. Quin ipse sena- 
 ius pro Cicerone deprecabatur. Sed quum neque senatus* 
 neque nobilium, neque populi studiis quicquam effici posset 
 apud consules, Pisonem et Gabinium, in Clodii partem in- 
 clinantes ; sponte ille solum vertere constituit. Verum enim 
 vero ne sic quidem Clodii ira deferbuit. Nam quum in ip- 
 sum Ciceronem saevire non posset, in absentia domum et vil* 
 Jas incendio saeviit. 
 
 20. Cicero exsuh 
 
 Quum Cicero in exsilium abiret, primum iter dirigebat in 
 Siciliam, turn Brundusium et inde in Graeciam, ubi navem 
 ad Dyrrhachium appulit. Inde se contulit Thessalonicam 
 in Macedonia, ubi a Cn. Plancio admodum benigne exceptus 
 et quovis humanitatis et liberalitatis genere per septem men- 
 ses ornatus et cumulates est. Interea Romae totus fere po* 
 pulus ingenti desiderio flagitare coepit Ciceronis reditum. 
 Post acerrima igitur, quibiis senatus populusque Romaniis 
 contra Clodium exsurrexerant, certamina, Cicero tandem se- 
 cundum pecuiiarem legem, a Lentulo rogatam, et insigni po^, 
 puli favore jussam, revocatus est in patriam. Nihil autem 
 per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, acci- 
 dit jucundius. Quocunque enim veniebat, voces ei acclama- 
 bantur laetissimae, et, quum ipsi urbi propior factus esset. 
 omnes fere incolae obviam ei ruebant, et suam de ejus reditu 
 iaetitiam faustissimis declarabant signiflcatioiiibus, 
 
 21. Cicero post reditum ex exsilio. 
 
 Cicero, quum in urbem rediisset, sicuti statim domos vi7 
 Basque suas, nefario scelere a Clodio direptas atque dirutas* 
 reficiendas atque restituendas curavit, ita pristinum de re- 
 publica et aliis bene merendi studium retractare et de integro 
 exercere coepit, Quicunque eum consuleret, v el ejus in 
 causa aliqua patrocinium peteret, hunc tarn consiiio suo> 
 quam eloquentia sustentavit, et tutum ab injuria praestitit- 
 Quinquaginta et quatuor annos natus in Collegium Augurum 
 adoptatus est. Paulo post P. Clodius, Ciceroni infestissi- 
 mus, in fortuito concursu a Milone interfectus est. Defen- 
 debat quidem Cicero accusatum de iiac caede Milonem, sed 
 ejus eloquentiam adeo pervincebat et obtundebat ferox ei 
 Incondite Clodii sociorum vociferatio, ut, quo minus in exei 
 
BEEVES E CICEEOJftS VITA NAKRATXOSES* 89 
 
 Ji'um exigeretur Milo, haud impedire posset. Gieeronis, quafe 
 odhuc exstat, pro Milone oratio, scripta demunr e3t tniA, quum 
 is jam exsiil viveret Massiiiae. 
 
 %2. Cktro 'Proconsul in pfcuincitim profidsciliir' 
 
 Cicero, ut supra eoramemormittMs, repudiavif, quam post 
 consulatum statim administraret, provinciam. Sed duodecim 
 ferme annis post ex senatusconsulto provinciae Ciliciae et 
 finltimis locis Proconsul praeesse jussus est. Quum in pro- 
 vinciam proficisceretur, et ad Ephesumin terram escenderek 
 ingens Graecorum, tantum virum videre gestientiam, undi* 
 que confluxit copia. Inde properavit in provinciam, ubi, quum 
 Variis rebus melius rectiusque constituendis egregiarn dedis> 
 set operam, tanto successu contra Parthos dimieavit, ut4ion 
 solum Lnperatoris nomine ornaretur, sed in ejus honor era eii-* 
 am supplicatio Romae decerneretur. Exacto anno ex pro= 
 vincia, Quaestori Coelio tradita* Romara decessit, 
 
 "28. Giceronis post reditum cxprovincia studio* 
 
 Cicero, in urbem ex provincia redux, suavissirae Quidem 
 *ifriciebatur insigni illo, quo totus populus Romanus eum ac- 
 cipiebat, favore et obseryantia, sed ejusdem simul animus 
 rerum, quae turn Romae movebantur, consideratione graviter 
 perturbabatur. Tantae enim inter Julium Caesarem et Pom- 
 pejum ortae erant inimicitiae, ut res non nisi bello dirimi 
 posse videretur. Cicero quidem studiose et obnixe faciebaf 
 omnia, ut utrumque inter se reeonciliaret, et a belli civilis 
 ^alamitatibus deterreret ; sed quum neutrum ad pacem in- 
 eundam permovere posset, Pompeji partes amplexus cum op- 
 (imatum exercitu in Graeciam profectus est. Mox in campis 
 Pharsalicis commissum est memorabile illud proelium, non 
 exercitui tantum Pompeji, sed ipsi quoque, paulo post occiso* 
 funestissimum, Cicero igitur prudenter reditum acceleravit 
 in Italiam, ubi, omni rerum publiearum cura ex ammo dimis- 
 sa, sibi et litteris vivere constituit. Turn primum rhetoricam 
 et philosophiam latinae orationis luce illustrare coepit, scrip. 
 sitque cum alia, turn Partitiones Oratorios; Brutum sive de" 
 claris oratoribus ; tres libros de Oraiore ; Cat onem sive Lau- 
 dem M. Catonis Uticensis. — Sexaginta et duos annos natug 
 de filiae dilectissimae, Tulliae, morte dolorem suscepit longe 
 acerbissimum. Primum quidem dolor ille omnia sapientiae 
 praecepta ex ejus pectore excusstsso videbatur, sed deinde, 
 quum sensirn sertsimque eum ferre didici$s£t conscripsit li. 
 
00 E&EV£S E CJICERONIS V1YA NARRAT iO^E£, 
 
 brum de Consolatione, qui tamen, quod valde dolendum, tern- 
 froris injuria nobis ereptus est. Nam liber ille, qui sub hoc 
 nomine in quibusdam Ciceronis editionibus exhibetur, satis 
 aperte alien am manum prodit. Eodem fere tempore plura, 
 quae ad philosophiam spectant, commentatus est, e quibus" 
 quinque libri de Finibus honor urn et malorum et totidem Tus« 
 rid antrum Quaestionum ad nostra tempora propagati sunt. 
 
 24. Cicero post cuedem Caesaris. 
 
 Caesar e interfecto, Cicero cum ejus interfectoribus, a quo^ 
 turn societate et consiiiis prudenter adhuc refugerat, se con- 
 tulit in Capitolium* Post tres dies, quum inde descendisset 
 venit in senatum, et, quicquid ad pacem quietemque servan- 
 dam conferre videretur, gravi oratione suasit et proposuit 
 Sperans igitur, fore, ut eorum, quae suasisset, a senatu po* 
 3>uloque haberetur ratio, secessit ex urbe in Tusculanum 
 suum, ibique fessus pertaesusque publicarum curarum omne 
 tempus in litterarum studiis contrivit. Ad ea, quae litteris 
 consignavit in otio ilio rusticano, referendi sunt libri : de 
 Naiura Deornm ; de LHvinaiionc ■ ; de Senectuie ; de AmicitijL ; 
 de QfficiU* 
 
 2f5. Cicero Antonii lacessitur insolentia* 
 
 Quum novi motus Romae concitarentur, Cicero imminentqm 
 i cmpestatem itinere, quod in Graeciam facturus erat, effugere 
 tentavlt. Sed idem deinde, praesentia sua fortasse motus istos" 
 componi posse ratus, ex itinere jam incepto Romam regressus 
 &St* Vix autem eo venerat,quuminsolenter et contumeliosetrac^ 
 taretur a consule Antonio. Quod quidem tarn aegre tulit Cice- 
 ro, ut in prima Oratione Philippica graviterin consulis insolen- 
 tiam et inhumanitatem invectus de moderatione erga se adhi- 
 ^benda a^oret. Sed tantum abfuit, ut haec oratio mitigaret rriu* 
 >aretque°A ,ri - on * 1 animum, ut publice nunc se Ciceronis inimr- 
 rum profitere v ^ f • Turn Cicero ex urbe in villain suam ad Nea^ 
 aolinse recepit, ibique seeundam orationem Philippicaai, in 
 quaomne virus act N rbitatis in Antoniurn efFudisse videtur, com- 
 posuitl Sed brevi tempore post quum Antonius, utDec. Brutunt 
 c Gallia Cisalpina peileret, ex urbe profectus esset, Cicero, ut 
 hac liberius agendi occasione usus, labefactnto liberae rei- 
 publicae statui, quae posset, fulcra subderet, ccleri pede Ro^ 
 mam reversus est. Et vere paulo post, Antonio ad Mutinam 
 ncto nova spes liberae reipublicae affulgere coepit ; sed in 
 brs<te tantum tfethpttft. Octariano enim et Q. Pedio consult? 
 
UREVE3 £ CIC^ROMS Vlf A ^ARKAtjDNKS. .. $i 
 
 b.us notissirnus iste triumvimtus inter Antonium, Octavianum 
 et Lepidum in qainque annos junctus atque constitutes fes£ 
 eo consilio, ut pari potestate conjunction imperium exerCerenN 
 eft liberae reipublicao defensores, inprimis Ciceronero 5 e me- 
 dio tollerent. 
 
 "Qd» Cicero occidiiur* 
 
 Cicero jam expers publicarum curarum et toto animo in 
 litterarum studiis defixus in Tusculano suo delitescebat, quutrr 
 se inter proscriptos relatum esse, audiret. Quo nuntio pri* 
 mum quidem ejus animus adeo perculsus est, ut inops con- 
 silii modo hue modo illuc fugere tentaret ; dein, quum pauluv 
 lum se recBpisset ejus animus, capto consilio cum vetere ami-- 
 co Bruto se conjungendi, navem, qua in Macedoniam vehe- 
 retur, conscendit. Verum enim vero ne in hoc quidem ex : 
 sequendo perstitit consilio. Nam quum subiret eum cogita^ 
 tio, se honestius in patria vitam depositurum esse, nave ad 
 Cajetam appulsa in villain suam Formianam so contulit. Ibi 
 placide aliquamdiu dormientem servi,, qui procul manum mi- 
 litum, dominum exquirentium, conspexerant, e sorano excir 
 tabant, eumque partim vi, partim precibus, in lectica collo- 
 catum, ut vitae periculo eriperent, littus versus portabanfr. 
 Sed in media via opprimebantur ab Antonii miiitibus, Ci-' 
 cero, quum intelligeret, se periculum effugere non posse, lee* 
 ticam deponi jussit. Mox, conspecto, horum militum duce-, 
 Popilio Laenate, novam salutis spem concepit animo. Hunc 
 enim, quern aliquando in causa capitali a supplicio liberave* 
 rat, vix tarn inhumanum fore existimabat, ut ei vitam sustine*- 
 ret eripere, cui suam debebat. Ssd ille veteris beneficii irn^ 
 memor caput et manum dextram Ciceroni vel ipse detrunca 
 vit, vel milites suos detruncare jussit, et ufrumque, ut perpe* 
 tratae caedis mercedem acciperet, Romam ad Antonium de- 
 porta vit. Turn Antonii uxor, Fulvia, ira et furore abrepta% 
 surnmi oratoris linguam aeu perfodit ; Antonius autem Cice« 
 ronis caput atque manum, tanquam tropaeum aliquot!* publico 
 ifi IJostris Qonspectui hominum exponi jussit* 
 
9& C&tfUT PRIHUM* 
 
 CAPUT PAIMiSffi. 
 
 -NARRATIONES' BREV20RE5 EX CICER03JIS OPERIBUS EXQERPTAV, 
 
 1. Ferae divitiae. 
 
 1. Nunquam ego bona perdidisse dicam, si qui pecus aut 
 supellectilem amiserit ; neque non laudabo sapientem ilium. 
 Biantem, qui numerator in septem ; cujus quum patriam Pri- 
 erien cepisset hostis, caeterique ita fugerent, ut multa desmV 
 rebus secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut 
 idem ipse faceret : Ego -cero, inquit, /aetc; nam omnia rata 
 porto mecum. Ille haec ludibria fortunae, ne sua quidem 
 putavxt, quae nos appellamus etiam bona. (Paradoxa c. 1.) 
 
 2. Socrates in pompa quum magna vis auri argentique fer- 
 retur, quam multa non desidero, inquit. (Tusc. Qu. V. 32.) 
 
 3. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta 
 ei talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athe- 
 nis praesertim, maxima, abduxit legatos ad eoenam in Acade- 
 miam ; iis apposuit tantum, quod satis esset, nullo apparatus 
 Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui numerari jjuberet, quid ? vos 
 hesternOy inquit, coenula non intellexistis, me pecunia non egere 9 
 Quos quum tristiores vidisset, triginta minas accepit, ne as*' 
 pernari regis liberalitatem videretur. (Tusc. Qu. V. 32.) 
 
 4. At vero Diogenes liberius,utCynicus, Alexandro rogantL 
 ut diceret, si quid opus esset, nunc quidem paululnm, inquit. 
 a sele ! Offecerat videlicet apricanti. (Tusc. Qu. V. 82.) 
 
 5. Et hie quidem disputare solebat, quanto regem Persa- 
 rum vita fortunaque superaret ; sibi nihil deesse ; illi nihil 
 satis unquam fore; se ejus voluptates non desiderare, quibus 
 nunquam satiari ille posset; suas eum consequi nullo mode* 
 posse. (Tusc. Qu. V. 32.) 
 
 0. Themistocles quum ccnsuleretur, utrum bono viro pau- 
 peri, an minus probato diviti filiam collocaret, ego, inquit, 
 malo virum qui pecunia egcat, quam pecunia m quae viro. (De 
 Offic. II. SO.) 
 
 II. Sapientiae praesfantia* 
 
 3. Xenocratem ferunt, nobilem imprimis philosophum* 
 fymm quaetetetur. ex eo> quid ad^equereinnr ejus dfecfpuu, 
 
XA&RATI0NE£ BEEV10KES, OS 
 
 v.espondis&e, ut id sua sponte facerent, qaod cogerentur Facex£ 
 legibus. (De RepubJ. I. 2.) 
 
 2. Eleus Hippias quum Olympiam venisset, maxima ilia 
 quinquennali celebritate ludorum, gloriatus est, cuncta paene 
 audiente Graecia, nihil esse ulla in arte rerum omnium, quod 
 ipse nesciret, nee solum has aries, quibus liberales doctrinae 
 atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, Iittera* 
 rum cognitionem et poetarum, atque ilia, quae de naturis re~ 
 rum, quae de hominum moribus, quae de republiea diceren* 
 tur, sed annulum, quera haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soc^ 
 cos, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confecisse. (De Ora* 
 tor. III. 32.) 
 
 3. Scipioni interroganti Laelium, quit? Laeli, turn quum 
 tu es iratus, pp.rmittis illi iracundiue dominatum animi tui ? 
 Non mehercule, respondit ille, sed imilor Arckytatn ilium Ta^ 
 rentinum, qui quum ad villam venisset, et omnia aliter offen* 
 disset ac jusserat, te infelicern, inquit villico, quern necassam 
 iam verberibus, nisi iratus essem. (De Republ. I. 38.) 
 
 4. Publium Scipionem, eum, qui primus Africanus appel^ 
 latus est, dicere soliturm scripsit Cato, qui fuit fere ejus aequa- 
 lis, nunquam se minus otiosum esse, quam quum otioms esset,- 
 Magnifica vero vox et sapiente digna, quae declarat, ilium e£ 
 in otio de negotiis cogitare, et in solitudine secum loqui soli* 
 turn ; ut neque cessaret unquam, et interdum colloquio alteri- 
 us non egeret. Itaque duae res, quae languorem afferunt 
 caeteris, ilium acuebant, otium et solitude. (De Offic. Ill* 
 
 5. Diogenes Cynicus projici se jussit inhumatum. Turn 
 amici : volucribusne et feris ? Mini me vero, inquit ; sed 6a» 
 cillum propter me, quo abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris ? illi \ 
 non enim senties. Quid mihi igitnr ferarum laniatus oberit^ 
 nihil sentienti ? (Qu. Tusc. I. 43.) 
 
 6. Praeclare Anaxagoras ; qui quum Lampsaci morere* 
 fur, quaerentibus amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si, 
 quid accidisset, auferri ? nihil necesse est, inquit ; undiqu?- 
 enim ad inferos tantundem viae est. (Qu. Tusc. I. 43.) 
 
 III. Exempla Foriitudinzs. 
 
 1. Lacedaemonius quidam mortem tantopere contemsit, 
 at quum ad earn duceretur, damnatus ab ephoris, et esse! 
 vultu hilari atque laeto, dixissetque ei quidam inimicus, con<\ 
 temtrisne leges Lycttrgi ? responderet, ego vero illi maximajr* 
 gratiam habeo, qui me ea poena mnltaverit, quam sine mutu* 
 aii'Qitt et $?fve vtrsura posjem dissolvcre. O virum Sparta 
 
94 0APXJT PKlMUar,. 
 
 dirnium ! ut mihi quidem, qui turn magno aninio ftierit,. innjpt 
 oens damnatus esse videatur. (Qu. Tusc. I. 42.) 
 
 2. Tales inumerabiles nostra civitas tulit. Sed quid ducej? 
 et principes nominem, quum legiones scribat Cato saepe ala- 
 •ores in eum locum profectas, unde redituras senon arbitra> 
 rentur? (Tusc. Qu. 1. c.) 
 
 3. Pari animo Lacedaemonii in Thermopylis oecidefunU 
 m quos Simonides : 
 
 Die, hospes, Spartae, nos te hie vidisse jacente& f 
 Dam Sanctis patriae legibas obsequinrar. 
 
 E quibus unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset glori-. 
 ans : Solera prae jaculorum multitndine ct sagittarum n<m 
 videbztis.-^In umbra igitur, inquit, pugnabimns, (Tusc. Qu. 
 I. c.) 
 
 4. Viros commemoro : qualis tandem Laeaena? Quae quum 
 filium in proelium misisset,et interfectum audisset, iccirco, in- 
 quit, genueram^ ut esset, qui pro patria mortem non dubitarct 
 hecumbere. (Tusc. Qu. 1. c.) 
 
 5. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia 
 ^piae conarentur prohibiturum ; quaes iverunt : numse esset 
 ^tiam mori prohibiturus ? (Qu. Tusc. V. 15.) 
 
 6. Fortes et duri Spartiatae ; magnam habet vim reipubli^ 
 eae disciplina. Quid? Cyrenaeum Theodorum, philosophum. 
 non ignobilem, nonne miramur? Gui quum Lysimachus rex 
 cracem minaretur, i$tis,fitaeso, inquit, iHa horribilia minitare 
 purpuratis tuis I Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine an 
 sublime putrescat. (Tusc. Qu. I. 48.) 
 
 7. Illustris mors Epaminondae, illust ri a Leonidae. Quo* 
 rum alter quum vicisset Lacedaemonios apud Mantirieam si- 
 mulque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, ut prirnum 
 dispexit, quaesivit, salvusne esset clypeus ? Quum salvum 
 esse flentes sui respondissent, rogavit, essentne fusi hostes?. 
 Quumque id quoque, Ajt cupiebat, audivisset, evelli jussit 
 earn, qua erat transiixus, hastam. Ita multo sanguine profuse 
 in laetitia et in victoria est mortuus. Leonidas autem, rex 
 Lacedaemoniorum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos, quos 
 eduxerat Sparta, quum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut glo« 
 riosa mors, opposuit hostibus. Praeclarae mortes sunt im- 
 peratoriae. (De Finib. II. 30.) 
 
 8. Clarae mortes pro patria oppetitae, non solum gloriosac 
 rhetoribus, sed etiam beatae videri solent. Repetunt ab 
 Erechtheo, cuj us etiam filiae ctrpide mortem expetiverunt pro 
 vita civium: Codrum, qui se in medios immisit hostes veste 
 femtilairi, ne posset agnosci,, si esset ornatu regio ; quod era* 
 
3AKBATI0XES BEEVlOEEj-P, &0 
 
 ^ulum erat datum, si rex lnterfectus esset, victnces Athenas 
 fore. Menoeceus non praetermittitur, qui oraculo edito largitus 
 est patriae suum sanguinem. Iphigenia Aulide duci se immo- 
 landam jubet, ut hostium sanguis eliciatur suo. Veniunt inde 
 ad propiora. Harmodius in ore et Aristogiton, Lacedaemo- 
 nius Leonidas, Thebanus Epaminondas vigent. Nostros non 
 norunt ; quos enumerarc magnum est : ita sunt multi, quibus 
 videmus optabiles mortes fuisse pro patria. (Tusc. Qu. I. 
 18. et 49.) 
 
 9. Quam me delectat Theramenes ! quam el at o animo estf 
 etsi enim fiemus quum legimus, tamen non miserabiliter vir 
 olarus emoritur. Qui quum conjectus in carcerem triginta 
 jussu tyrannorum, venenum ut sitiens obduxisset, reliquum 
 sic e poculo ejecit, ut id resonaret ; quo sonitu reddito, arri- 
 dens, propino, inquit, hoc pulchro Critiae ; qui in eum fuerat 
 teterrimus. Graeci enim in conviviis solent nominare, cui 
 poculum tradituri sint. Lusit vir egfegius extremo- spiritu, 
 quum jam praecordiis conceptam mortem contineret : vere- 
 que ei, cui venenum praebiberat, mortem est earn augnratus^ 
 quae brevi conseeuta est. (Tusc. Qu. I. 40.) 
 
 IV. Opiniones de Diis impieiaiisque exempla. 
 
 1. Natura duce intelligebant veteres, deum esse, sed non 
 conveniebat inter illos, quid deus esset. Itaque quum tyrannus 
 Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, non poeta solum suavi, verum 
 dtiam docto sapienteque, quid deus esset, deliberandi causa 
 sibi unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo postridie quae- 
 iteret, biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum 
 clierum, admiransque Hiejo requireret, cur ita faceret, quia 
 quanto, inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur obscu- 
 mor. (De Nat. Deor. I. 22.) 
 
 2. Protagoras Abderites, sophistes temporibus belli Pelo. 
 ponnesiaci vel maximus, quum in principio libri sui sic posu^ 
 isset : de Diis neqne ut sint, neque ut non sint, habeo dicere ? 
 Atheniensium jussu urbe atque agro est exterminatus, libri- 
 qtte ejus in concione combusti. (De Nat. Deor. I. 23.) 
 
 3. Diagoras quum Samothraciam venisset, Atheos (aSsos) 
 file, qui dicitur, atque ei quidam amicus, tu qui deos putas 
 humana negligere, nonne animadvertis ex tot tabulis pictis,. 
 qqam multi votis vim tempestatis effugerint, in portumque sal-, 
 vi pervenerint ? Ita sit, inquit : Mi enim nusquarn picti sunt, 
 qui naufragia fecerunt, in marique peritrunt.-— Idemque quum 
 ei naviganii vectores, adversa tempestate timidi et perterrit!* 
 dic£reht, non injuria sibi illud accidere* qui ilium in eati 
 
$6 CAPUT P&IMtJM. 
 
 ilem navem recepissent : osten^it eis in eodem cursu multa* 
 alias laborantes ; quaesivttque, num etiam in his navibus 
 Diagoram vehi crederent. (De Nat. Deor. III. 37.) 
 
 4. Diogenes Cynicus dicere solebat, Harpalum, qui tem- 
 poribus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium 
 dicere, quod in ilia fortuna tarn diu viveret. (De Nat. Deor* 
 
 m* 3i.) 
 
 5. Dionysius quum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavissci., 
 navigabat Syracusas : isque quum secundissimo vento cur- 
 sum teneret, ridens, videtisne, inquit, amici, quam bona a din 
 imrnQTlalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur ? Idem quum ad Pe- 
 loponnesum ciassem appulisset, et in fanum venisset Jovis 
 Olympii, aureum ei detraxit amiculum grandi poiidere, quo 
 Jovem ornarat ex manubiis Carthaginiensium tyrannus Gelo. 
 Atque in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum 
 amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum pallium injecit, 
 quum id esse ad omne arini tempus diceret. Idemque Aes- 
 culapio Epidauri barbam auream demi jussit : neque eniiu 
 convenire, barbatum esse filium, quum in omnibus fanis pater 
 imberbis esset. (De Nat. Deor. 1. c.) 
 
 6. Mensas argenteas idem de omnibus delubris jussit au- 
 ferri : in quibus quod more veteris Graeciae inscriptum es- 
 set : Bonorum Deorum : uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. 
 Idem Victoriolas aureas, et pateras coronasque, quae simu- 
 lacrorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione 
 tollebat, eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat. Esse enim 
 atultitiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab iis porrigentibus et 
 dantibus nolle sumere. 
 
 7. Eundemque ferunt haec, quae dixi, sublata de fanis in 
 forum protulisse, ^t per praeconem vendidisse, exactaque 
 pecunia edixisse, ut, quod quisque a sacris haberet, id ante 
 diem certam in suum quodque fanum referret. Ita ad im- 
 pietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam. (De Nat 
 Deor. 1. c.) 
 
 V. Exempla praesagiorum de rebus fdturis. 
 
 1. Apud Agathoclem scriptum in historia est, Hamiicarem 
 Carthaginiensem, quum oppugnaret Syracusas, visum esse au~ 
 dire vocem, se postridie coenaturum Syracusis : quum autern 
 is dies illuxisset, magnam seditionem in eastris ejus inter 
 Poenos et Siculos milites esse faetam : quod quum sensis^ 
 sent Syracusani, improviso eos in castra irrupisse, Hanrilca-* 
 reraque ab iis vivura esse sublatum. Ita ve$ sonmiuni eom^ 
 probavit; (De Divinat. I. 24.) 
 
XAIIRATIOXES BREVI0RES. ^' 
 
 I. Simonides quum ignotum quendam projectum mortuum 
 vidisset, eumque humavisset, haberetque in animo navem 
 conscendere, moneri visus est, ne id faceret, ab eo, quern, 
 sepultura afFecerat : si navigasset, eum naufragio esse peri- 
 turum. Itaque Simonidem rediisse dicunt, periisse caeteros, 
 qui turn navigassent. (De Divinat. I. 27.) 
 
 3. Midae Phrygio, quum puer esset, dormienti formicae in 
 os tritici grana congesserunt. Divitissimum fore praedictum 
 est : quod evenit. At Platoni quum in cunis parvulo dormU 
 enti apes in labellis consedissent, responsum est, singular! 
 ilium suavitate orationis fore : ita futura eloquentia provisa 
 in infante est. (De Divinat. I. 36.) 
 
 . 4. Quid ? amores et deliciae tuae, Roscius, num aut ipse, 
 aut pro eo totum Lanuvium mentiebatur ? Qui quum esset 
 in cunabulis, educareturque in Solonio, qui est campus agri 
 Lanuvini, noctu, lumine apposito, experrecta nutrix ani- 
 madvertit puerum dormientem circumplicatum serpentis am- 
 plexu : quo adspectu exterrita clamorem sustulit. Pater au- 
 tem Roscii ad haruspices retulit : qui responderunt, nihil ilio 
 puero clarius, nihil nobilius fore. (De Divin. I. 36.) 
 
 5. L. Paullus consul iterum, quum ei bellum ut cum rege 
 Perse gereret obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum 
 red iit, fiiiolam suam Tertiam, quae turn ers.t admodum parva, 
 osculans animadvertit tristiculam. Quid est, inquit, mea Ter- 
 iia ? quid tristis es ? Mi pater r inquit, Persa periit. Turn 
 ille arctius puellam complexus, accipio, inquit, mea Jilia. 
 omen. Erat autemmortuus catellus eo nomine. (De Divin. 
 I. 46.) 
 
 6. Bello ilio maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii 
 gumma inter se contentione gesserunt, Pericles ille et auc~ 
 toritate et eloquentia et consilio princeps civitatis suae, quura 
 obscurato Sole tenebrae factae essent repente, Atheniensi- 
 umque animos summus timor occupavisset, docuisse cives 
 suos dicitur, id quod ipse ab Anaxagora, cujus auditor fuerat ; 
 acceperat, certo illud tempore fieri et necessario, quum tota 
 .se Luna sub orbem Solis subjecisset : idque fieri noa posse 
 nisi certo intermenstruo tempore. Quod quum disputando 
 vationibusque docuisset> populum liberavit metu : erat enim 
 tunc haec nova et ignota ratio, Solem Lunae oppositum so- 
 lere deficere ; quo Thaletem Milesium primum vidi^se di^ 
 cunt. (De Republ. I. 16.)* 
 
£8 CAPUT PRIMUS 
 
 VI, Graecorum studia. 
 
 
 1. Honos alit artes, omnesque incendunlur ad studia glo- 
 ria, jacentque ea semper, quae apud quosque improbantur. 
 Summam eruditionem Graeci sitam cense bant in nervorum 
 vocumque cantibus. Igitur et Epaminondas, princeps meo 
 judicio Graeciae, fidibus praeclare cecinisse dicitur. Themis- 
 toclesque aliquot ante annis quum in epulis recusasset lyrani. 
 habitus est indoctior. Ergo in Graeeia musici floruerunt, 
 discebantque id omnes, nee qui nesciebat satis excultus doc 
 trina putabatur. (Tusc. Quaest. I. 2.) 
 
 2. Seeundis suis rebus unusquisque volet niori : non enim 
 tarn cumulus bonorum jucundus esse potest, quam molesta 
 decessio. Hanc sententiam significare videtur Laconis ilia 
 vox, qui, quum Rhodius Diagoras, Olympionices nobilis, uno 
 die duo suos filios victores Olympiae vidisset, accessit ad 
 senem, et gratulatus, morere, Dingora, inquit, non enim in 
 coelum adscensurus es. — Magna haec, et nimium fortasse 
 Graeci putant, vel turn potius putabant ; isque qui hoc Dia- 
 gorae clixit, permagnum existimans, tres Olympionicas una e 
 domo prodire, cunctari ilium diutius in vita, fortunae <E>bJ€C- 
 tum, inutile putabat ipsi. (Tusc. Qu. I. 46.) 
 
 VII, Acute dicta nonnulia e 
 
 1. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venissei, eique 
 ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset, domi non esse 
 Nasica sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse, et ilium intus esse. 
 Paucis post diebus .quum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum 
 a janua quaereret : exclamat Nasica: se domi non esse. 
 Turn Ennius : Quid ? ego won cognosce vocern, inquit, iuam ?. 
 
 . Htc Nasica: homo e$ impudens : ego quum te qvaerereiv. 
 
 ancillae tuae credidi, le domi non esse : in mihi no?i credit 
 ipsi ? (De Orator. II. 68.) 
 
 2. Scipioni majori coronam sibi in convivio ad caput ae- 
 commodanti, quum ea saepius rumperetur, P. Lieinius Varus. 
 noli mirari, inquit, si non convenit : caput enim magnvm est, 
 (De Orator. II. 61.) 
 
 3. Orator quidam malus quum in epilogo misericordiam so 
 movisse putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum ; yidere- 
 turne misericordiam movisse ? Ac mognam quidem, inquit : 
 neminem enim puto esse tarn durum, cui non oratio iua ?nise~ 
 randa visa sit. (De Orator. II. 69.) 
 
 4. Qu. Catulus quum a Philippo interrogaretur, quid la- 
 iraret? furem se videre, respondit. (De Orator. II. 54.) 
 
NARRATIONS BREVIORES. 
 
 99 
 
 5. Theophrastus moriens accusasse naturam dicitur, quod 
 Jeervis et cornicibus vitam diuturnam, quorum id nihil inter- 
 ■esset, hominibus, quorum maxime interfuisset, tarn exiguam 
 Ivitam dedisset : quorum si aetas potuisset esse longinquior, 
 Tuturum fuisse, ut omnibus perfectis artibus, omni doctrina 
 Ihominum vitaerudiretur. Querebatur igitur, se turn, quum ilia 
 Ividere. coepisset, exstingui. (Qu. Tusc. III. 28.) 
 
 6. Siculas quidam, cui praetor patronum causae dabat 
 hospitem suum, hominem nobilem, sed admodum stultum : 
 quaeso, inquit, praetor, adversaria meo da istum patronum, de- 
 lude mih> neniinem dederis. (De Orator. II. 69.) 
 
 7. Granius patrono malo, quum vocem in dicendo obtudis. 
 set, suadebat, ut mulsum frigidum biberet, simulac domum 
 rediisset : Perdam, inquit ille, vocem, si id fecero. — Melius 
 est, inquit. quam reum. (De Orator. II. 70.) 
 
 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS, 
 
 I. Generosus Fabricii animus, 
 
 Uuuni rex Pyrrhus populo Romano bellum ultro intulisset ? 
 quumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac 
 potente : perfuga ab eo venit in castra abricii, eique est pol— 
 licitus, si praemium sibi proposuisset, se, ut clam venisset, 
 sic clam in Pyrrhi castra rediturum, et eum veneno necatu- 
 rum. Hunc Fabricius reducendum curavit ad Pyrrhum : id- 
 que factum ejus a senatu laudatum est. (De Offic. III. 22.} 
 
 II. Atkenienses auctore Aristide konestaiern utilitati praeferurit, 
 
 Themistoeles post victoriam ejus belli, quod cum Persis 
 fait, dixit in concione : se habere consilium reipublicae sa- 
 lutare, sed id sciri opus non esse. Postulavit, ut aliquem po- 
 pulus daret, quocum communicaret. Datus est Aristides. 
 Huic ille : classem Lacedaemoniorum, quae subducta esset 
 ad Gythium, clam incendi posse, quo facto frangi Lacedaemo- 
 niorum opes necesse esset. Quod Aristides quum audisset 
 
100 
 
 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 in concionem magna cum exspectatione venit, dixitquq : per- 
 utile esse consilium, quod Themistocles afferret, sed minime 
 honestum. Itaque Athenienses, quod honestum non esset, 
 id ne utile quidem putaverunt, totamque* earn rem, quam ne 
 audierant quidem, auctore Aristide rupudiaverunt. (Offic, 
 III. 11.) . ■ 
 
 III. Titi Tor quail pietas. 
 
 Lucio Manlio, quum Dictator fuisset, Marcus Pomponius, 
 iribunus plebis, diem dixit, quod is paucos sibi dies ad Die- 
 iaturam gerendam addidisset. Criminabatur etiam, quodTi- 
 turn tilium, qui postea est Torquatus nominatus, ab homini- 
 bus relegasset, et rure habitare jussisset. Quod quum audi- 
 visset adoleseens films, negotium exhiberi patri, accurrisse 
 Romam, et cum prima luce Pomponii domum venisse dicitur. 
 Cui quum esset nuntiatum, quod ilium iratum allaturum ad se 
 aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur, surrexit e lectulo, remo- 
 tisque arbitris, ad se adolescentem jussit venire. 
 
 At ille, ut ingressus est, confestim gladium destrinxit, ju- 
 ravitque, se ilium statim interfecturum, nisi jusjurandum sibi 
 dedisset, se patrem missum esse facturum. Juravit, hoc co- 
 actus terrore, Pomponius. Rem adpopulum detulit : doeuit, 
 cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset : Manlium missum fe- 
 cit. Tantum temporibus illis jusjurandum valebat. ^Offic, 
 III. 31.) 
 
 IV. Reguli in jurejurando conservando religio. 
 
 Attilius Regulus, primo Punico bello captus a Poenis, ju- 
 ratus missus est ad senatum Romanum, ut, nisi redditi essen* 
 Poenis captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Is. 
 quum Romam venisset, in senatu mandata exposuit, sed red- 
 di captives, negavit esse utile : illos enim adolescentes esse, 
 et bonos duces, se jam confectum senectute. Cujus quum 
 valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt : ipse Carthaginem 
 rediit ; neque eum caritas patriae retinuit, nee subrum. Ne- 
 que vero turn ignorabat, se ad crudelissimum hostem, et ad 
 exquisita supplicia proficisci : sed jusjurandum conservandum 
 putabat. (Offic. 111.26.) 
 
 V. Studio et disciplina vinci possum innata vitia, 
 
 Stilponem, Megareum philosophum, acutum sane homi. 
 nem et probatum temporibus illis accepimus. Hunc scri 
 
a All RATIO NES QUAE BAM VAEII GENERIS. 101 
 
 bunt ipsius famihares, et ebriosum et mulierosum fuisse : ne- 
 que hoc scribunt vituperantes, sed potius ad laudem. Vitio- 
 sam enim naturam ab eo sic edomitam et compressam esse 
 doctrina, ut nemo unquam vinolentum ilium, nemo in eo li- 
 bidinis vestigium viderit. Quid ? Socratem, nonne legimus. 
 quemadmodum notarit Zopyrus, physiognomon, qui se pro- 
 fitebatur hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vul- 
 tu, fronte pernoscere ? Stupidum esse Socratem dixit et bar- 
 durri, quodjugulaeoncava non haberet ; addidit etiam, mulie- 
 rosum : in quo Alcibiades cachinnum dicitur sustuKsse. 
 Haec ex naturalibus causis vitia nasci possunt : exstirpari 
 autem et funditus tolli, ut is ipse, qui ad ea propensus fuerit 
 a tantis vitiis avocetur, non est id positum in naturalibus cau- 
 sis, sed in voluntate, studio, disciplina. (Fat. 5.) 
 
 VI. Lahore et studio super antur impedimenta naturae. 
 
 Orator futurus imitetur ilium, cui sine dubio sumraa vis di- 
 jendi conceditur, Atheniensem Demosthenem, in quo tantum 
 studium fuisse tantusque labor dicitur, ut primum impedimenta 
 naturae diligentia ividustriaque superarit ; quumque ita balbus 
 osset, ut ejus ipsius artis, cui studeret, primam litteram non 
 posset dicere, porfecit meditando, ut nemo planius eo locutus 
 putaretur : deinde quum spiritus ejus esset angustior, tantum 
 continenda anima in dicendo est assecutus, ut una continua- 
 tione verborum (id quod ejus scripta declarant) binae ei con- 
 tentiones vocis et remissiones continerentur : qui etiam, ui 
 memoriae proditum est, conjectis in os calculis, summa voce 
 versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuescebat, neque id 
 consistens in loco, sed inambulans, atque adscensu ingrediens 
 arduo. (De Oral. I. 61.) 
 
 VII. Exemplum spectatas amicitiae. 
 
 Bamonem et Pythiam, Pythagoreos, ferunt hoc animo inter 
 se fuisse, ut, quum eorum alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem ne- 
 cis destinavisset, et is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi 
 dies eommendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas factus 
 sit alter ejus sistendi ; ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum 
 esset ipsi. Qui quum ad diem se recepisset admiratus eorum 
 fidem tyrannus, petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium abscribe- 
 rent. rOffic. III. 10.) 
 
 k2 
 
102 
 
 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 VIII. Timotkei de coena apud Platonem judicium . 
 
 Timotheum, clarum hominem Athenis, et principem civita- 
 ds, ferunt, quum coenavisset apud Platonem, eoque convivio 
 admodum delectatus esset, vidissetque eum postridie, dixisse, 
 vestrae quidem coenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam 
 postero die jucundae sunt. (Tusc. Qu. V. 35.) 
 
 IX. Philip pus filio sao Alexandro largitionem exprobrat. 
 
 Praeclare epistola quadam Alexandrum fiiium Philippus ae~ 
 cusat, quod largitione benevolentiam Macedonum consectetur. 
 Quae te, malum, inquit, ratio in istam spem induxit, ut eos tibl 
 fideles putares fore, quos peeunia corrupisses ? An tu id agis. 
 ut Macedones non te regem suum, sed ministrum et praebito- 
 rem sperent fore ? (De Offic. II. 15.) 
 
 X. Socratis de bealitudine sententia. 
 
 Socrates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelauui, Perdit> 
 cae fiiium, qui turn fortunalissimus haberetur, nonne beatum 
 putaret? haud scio, inquit; nunquam enim cumeocoliocu- 
 tus sum. — Am' tu ? an tu aliter id scire non potes 1 — Nullo 
 modo. — Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes 
 dicere, beatusne sit ? — An ego possim, quum ignore'm, quam 
 sit doctus, quam vir bonus ? — Quid? lu in eo sitarn vitani bea~ 
 tam putas ? — Ita prorsus existimo , bonos, beatos ; imprpbos, 
 miseros— Miser ergo Archelaus ? — Certe, si injustus. (Qu, 
 Tusc. V. 12.) 
 
 XL Phormio coram Hannibale dc imperaloris officio dispuUil. 
 
 Quum Hannibal Carthagine expulsus Ephesum ad Airiio- 
 chum venisset exsul, proque eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna 
 apud omnes gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phor- 
 mionem, peripateticum, si vellet, audiret ; quumque se non 
 nolle dixisset; locutus esse dicitur, homo'copiosus, aliquot ho- 
 ras de imperatoris officio, et de omni re militari. Turn, quum 
 caeteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, quae- 
 rebant ab Hannibale, quidnarn ipse de illo philosopho judi 
 caret. Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respon 
 disse fertur, multos se deliros senes saepe vidisse : sed qui 
 magis, quam Phormio, deliraret, vidisse neminem. Neque 
 mehercule injuria. Quid enim aut arrogantius, aut loquacius 
 
NARRATIONES QUAEDA3I VARII GEXERIc. 103 
 
 iieri potuit, quam Hannibali, qui tot aniios de imperio cumpo- 
 pulo Romano omnium gentium victore certasset, Graecum 
 hominem, qui numquam hostem, numquam castra vidisset, 
 numquam denique minimam partem ullius pubiici muneris 
 attigisset, praecepta de re militari dare ? (De Orat. II. 18/ 
 
 XII. Cibi et potionis condimenia fames et sitis. 
 
 Quis non videt, desideriis condiri epulas ? Darius in fuga. 
 quum aquam turbidam, et cadaveribus inquinatam, bibisset. 
 negavit umquam se bibisse jucundius. Numquam videlicet 
 sitiens biberat. Nee esuriens Ptolemaeus ederat : eui quum 
 peragranti Aegyptum, comitibus non consecutis, cibarius in 
 casa panis datus esset, nihil visum est illo pane jucundius. 
 Socratem ferunt, quum usque ad vesperum contentius ambu- 
 laret, quaesitumque esset ex eo, quare id faceret ; respondis- 
 se, se. quo melius coenaret, opsonare ambulando famem. 
 Quid ? victum Lacedaemoniorum in phiditiis nonne videmus 7 
 ubi quum tyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit se jure illo 
 nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Turn is, qui ilia 
 coxerat : minime mirum : condimenta enim defuere. Quae 
 tandem ? inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eu- 
 rotam, fames, sitis. His enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epu^ 
 lac condiuntur. (Qu. Tusc. V. 34.) 
 
 XIII. Splendida tyrannorum miseria. 
 
 Dionysius major, Siciliae tyrannus, ipse indicavit, quam 
 esset beatus. Nam quum quid am ex ejus assentatoribus. 
 Damocles, commemoraret, in sermone copias ejus, opes, ma- 
 jestatem dominatus, rerum abundantiam. magnificentiam aedi< 
 um regiarum, negaretque, unquam beatiorem quemquam fti. 
 isse : visne igitur, inquit, Damocle, quoniam haec te vita de- 
 lectat, ipse eandem degustare, et fortunam experiri meam ? 
 Quum se ille cupere dixisset, collocari jussit hominem in au- 
 reo lecto, strato pulcherrime textili stragulo, rnagnificis ope- 
 ribus picto, abacosque complures ornavit argento auroque 
 caelato. Turn ad mensam eximia forma pueros delectos jus- 
 sit consistere, eosque nutum illius intuentes diligenter minis- 
 trare. Aderant unguenta, coronae : incendebantur odores. 
 mensae conquisitissimis epulis exstruebantur. Fortunatus 
 sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio apparatu fulgentem 
 gladium, e lacunari seta equina aptum, demitti jussit, ut im- 
 penderet illius beati cervicibus. Itaque nee pulohros ilios 
 ministratores adspiciebat, nee plenum artis argentum : nee 
 
104 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 manum porrigebat in mensam. Jam ipsae defluebant coro- 
 nae. Denique exoravit tyranrium, ut abire liceret, quod jam 
 beatus noilet esse. Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius, 
 nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliquis terror impendeat 1 
 (Tusc. Qu. V. 21.) 
 
 XI Y. Dionysii tyranni ingenium, 
 
 Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fuil 
 Dionysius, quum quinque et viginti annos natus dominatum 
 occupavisset. Qua pulchritudihe urbem, quibus opibus prae- 
 ditam servitute oppressam tenuit civitatem ! Atqui de hoc 
 homine a bonis auctoribus sic scriptum accepimus, summam 
 fuisse ejus in victu temperantiam, in rebusque gerendis virum 
 acrem et industrium, eundem tamen maleficum natura et in- 
 justum. Ex quo omnibus, bene veritatem intuentibus, videri 
 necesse est miserrimum. Ea enim ipsa, quae concupierat, 
 ne turn quidem, quum omnia se posse censebat, consequeba- 
 tur. Qui quum esset bonis parentibus atque honesto loco 
 riatus, (etsi id quidem alius alio modo tradidit,) abundaretque 
 aequalium familiaritatibus et -consuetudine propinquorum : 
 credebat eorum nemioi ; sed iis, quos ex familiis locupletum 
 servos delegerat, quibus nomen servitutis ipse detraxerat, 
 et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris, corporis custodiam 
 committebat. Ita propter injustam dominatus cupiditatem in 
 carcerem quodammodo se ipse incluserat. Quin etiam, ne 
 tonsori coilum committeret, tondere tilias suas docuit. Ita 
 sordido ancillarique artificio regiae virgines, ut tonstriculae, 
 tondebant barbam et capillum patris. Et tamen ab iis ipsis, 
 quum jam essent adultae, ferrum removit, instituitque, ut 
 candentibus juglandium pmaminibus barbam sibi et capillum 
 adurerent. Quumque duas uxores haberet, sic noctu ad eas 
 ventitabat, ut omnia specularetur, et perscrutaretur ante. Eft, 
 quum fossam latam cubicuiari lecto circumdedisset, ej usque 
 fossae transitum ponticulo ligneo conjunxisset: eum ipsum, 
 quum forem cubiculi clauserat, detorquebat. Idemque quum 
 in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, concionari 
 ex alta turri solebat. Atque is, quum pila ludere vellet (stu- 
 diose enim id factitabat) tunicamque poneret ; adolescentulo 
 tradidisse gladium dicitur. Hie, quum quidam familiaris 
 jocans dixisset : Huic quidem certe vitam tuam committis^ ar- 
 risissetque adolescens : utrumque jussit interfici : alterum, quia 
 viam demonstravisset interimendi sui, alterum, quia id dictum 
 risu approbavisset. Atque eo facto sic doluit, ut nihil gravius 
 tiilerit in vita. Quern enim vehementer amarat, occiderat. 
 
NARRATION E3 QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 105 
 
 Sic distrahuntur in contrarias partes impotentium cupiditates. 
 (Tusc. Qu. V. 20.) 
 
 XV. Mors ad divina praemia refertur, 
 
 Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Biton, filii praedicantur, 
 Nota fabula est. Quum enim illam ad soiemne et statum 
 gacrifieiUm curru vehi jus esset, satis longe ab oppido ad 
 fanum, morarenturque jumenta : tunc juvenes ii, quos modo 
 nominavi, veste posita, corpora oleo perunxerunt, ad jugum 
 accesserunt. Ita sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum currus 
 esset ductus a filiis, precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium 
 daret.pro pietaie, quod maximum dari posset homini a deo. 
 Post, epulatos cum matre adolescenres, somno se dedisse, 
 mane inventos esse mortuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius 
 et Agamedes usi dicuntur : qui quum Apollini Delphis tern- 
 plum aedificavissent, venerantes deum, petierunt mercedem 
 non parvam quidem operis et iaboris sui, nihil certi, sed quod 
 esset optimum homini, Quibus Apollo se id daturum osten- 
 disse dicitur post ejus diei diem tertium i qui ut illuxit, 
 mortal sunt reperti. (T. Qu. I. 47.) 
 
 XVI. Pythii foeneratoris ealliditas. 
 
 C. Canius, eques Romanus, nee infacetus et satis litteratus, 
 quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat), non ne- 
 gotiandi causa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos aliquos 
 velle emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se obleetare sine in- 
 terpellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei 
 quidam, qui argentariam faceret Syracu3is, dixit, venales 
 quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere itti Canio, si vellet, 
 ut suis : et simul ad coenam hominemHn hortos invitavit in 
 posterum diem. Quum ille promisisset, turn Pythius, qui es- 
 set, ut argentarius, apud omnes ordines gratiosus, piscatores 
 ad se convocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos pos- 
 tridie piscarentur : dixitque, quid eos facere vellet. Ad coe- 
 nam tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum con- 
 vivium : cymbarum ante oculos multitudo : pro se quisque ? 
 quod ceperat, adferebat ; ante pedes Pythii pisces abjicie- 
 bantur. Turn Canius : Quatso, inquit, quid est hoc, Pythi ? 
 iantumne piscium, tantumne cymbarum? Et ille : quid mirum ? 
 inquit, hoc loco est, Syracusis quidquid est piscium : haec aqua* 
 iio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Incensus Canius cu~ 
 piditate contend it a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. 
 j^iiid miilta ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti. 
 
106 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 quanti Pythius voluit, et emit instructos ; nomina facit, nego- 
 tium conficit. Invitat Canius postridie familiares suos : venit 
 ipse mature : scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit ex proximo 
 vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nul- 
 !os videret? Nullae, quod seiam, inquit ille ; sed hie piscurt 
 nulli solent. Iiaque heri rnirabjr, quid accidisset. Stoma- 
 chari Canius. Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius 
 protulerat de dolo malo formulas. (Off. III. 14.) 
 
 XVIL De insigni Themistoclis menioria. 
 
 Fertur ineredibili quadam magnitudine consilii atque inge- 
 nii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles : ad quern quidam 
 doctus homo, atque imprimis eruditus accessisse dicitur, eique 
 artem memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur, poliicitus 
 esse se traditurum. Quum ille quaesisset, quidnam ilia ars 
 efficere posset ? dixisse ilium doctorem, ut omnia meminisset ; 
 et ei Themistoclem respohdisse, gratius sibi ilium esse fac- 
 turum, si se oblivisci, quae vellet, quam si meminisse, docu- 
 isset. Videsne, quae vis in homine acerrimi ingenii, quam 
 potens et quanta mens fuerit ? qui ita respondent, ut intelli- 
 gere possemus, nihil ex illius animo, quod semel esset infu- 
 sum, unquam effluere potuisse : quum quidem ei fuerit opta- 
 bilius, oblivisci posse potius, quod meminisse nollet, quam. 
 quod semel audisset, vidissetve, meminisse. (De Orat. II. 
 74.) 
 
 XVIII. Inventor arlis memoriae Simonides. 
 
 Gratiam habeo Simonidi illi Ceio, quem primum ferunt ar- 
 tem memoriae protulisse. Dicunt enim, quum coenaret 
 Crannone in Thessalia Simonides apud Scopam, fortunatum 
 hominem et nobilem, cecinissetque id carmen, quod in eum 
 scripsisset, in quo multa ornandi causa, poetarum more, in 
 Castorem scripta et Pollucem fuissent, nimis ilium sordide 
 Simonidi dixisse, se dimidium ejus ei, quod pactus esset pro 
 illo carmine, daturum : reliquum a suis Tyndaridis, quos ae- 
 que laudasset, peteret, si ei videretur. Paulo post esse fe- 
 runt nuntiatum Simonidi, ut prodiret : juvenes stare ad 
 januam duos quosdam, qui eum magnopere evocarent : sur- 
 rexisse ilium ipsum, prodiisse, vidisse neminem. Hoc in- 
 terim spatio conclave illud, ubi epularetur Scopas, concidis- 
 se : ea ruina ipsum oppressum cum suis interiisse. Quos 
 quum humare vellent sui, nee possent obtritos internoscere 
 ullo modo : Simonides dicitur ex eo> quod meminisset. quo 
 
NAURATIONES QUAEDAM VABII GENERIS. 101 
 
 eorum loco quisque cubuisset, demonstrator uniuscujusque se- 
 peliendi fuisse. Hac turn re admonitus invenisse fertur, or- 
 dinem esse maxime. qui memoriae lumen afferret. (De Orat. 
 II. 86.) 
 
 XIX. Delus insula, 
 
 (Memoriae ac Uteris proditum est,) Latonam ex longo erro- 
 re, et fuga. gravidam, et jam ad pariendum vicinam, tempo- 
 ribus exactis, confugisse Delum, atque ibi ApoilinemDianam- 
 . que peperisse. Qua ex opinione hominum ilia insula eorum 
 xleorum sacra putatur : tantaque ejus auctoritas religionis et 
 est, et semper fuit, ut ne Persae quidem, quum bellum toti 
 Graeciae, diis hominibusque, indixissent, et mille numero 
 navium classem ad Delum appulissent, quidquam conarentur. 
 autviolare, aut attingere. (In Verr. Act. II. I. 18.) 
 
 XX. Lautumiae Syracusanae. 
 
 Lautumias Syracusanas" omnes audistis : plerique nostis* 
 Opus est ingens, magnincum, regum, ac tyrannorum. To- 
 rum est ex saxo, in mirandam aititudinem depresso, et mul- 
 torum operis penitus exciso. Nihil tarn clausum ad exitus, 
 nihil tarn septum undique, nihil tarn tutum ad custodias, nee 
 fieri, nee cogitari potest. In has lautumias, si qui publice 
 eustodiendi sunt, etiam ex caeteris oppidis Siciliae deduci 
 imperantur. (In Verr. Act. II. V. 27.) 
 
 XXI. Mithridates. ex Pcnto profugiens, cum Medea com- 
 paretics. 
 
 Ex sue regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto 
 Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur : quam praedicant in 
 (ucra fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens persequere- 
 tur, dissipavisse, ut eorum collectio dispersa, moerorque pa- 
 trius, celeritateoi persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates 
 fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti, pulcherrimarumque 
 rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus acceperat, et ipse bello 
 superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, 
 in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia 
 diligentius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in perse- 
 quendi studio moeror, hos laetitia. retardavit- (Pro Leo. 
 Maml.9.1 
 
108 CAPUT sfecUNDtJM* 
 
 XXII. Cacdcs etfurium miro indicia deteguniur* 
 
 Strato medicus domi furtum fecit et caedem ejusmodi i 
 Quum esset in aedibus armarium, in quo sciret esse nummo- 
 rum aliquantum et auri : noctu duos conservos dormientes 
 occidit, in piscinamque dejecit : ipse armarii fundum exsecu- 
 it, et sestertium CL et auri quinque pondo abstulit, uno ex 
 servis puero, non grandi, conscio. Furto postridie cognito. 
 omnis suspicio in eos servos, qui non comparebant, commo- 
 vebatur. Quum exseetio ilia fundi in armario animadverte- 
 retur, quaerebant homines, quonam modo fieri potuisset ? Qui- 
 dam ex amicis Sassiae recordatus est, se nuper in auctione 
 quandam vidisse in rebus minutis aduncam, ex omni parte 
 dentatam, et tortuosam, venire serrulam, qua illud potuisse 
 ita circumsecari videretur. Ne multa : perquiritur a coacto- 
 ribus. Invenitur, ea serrula ad Stratonem pervenisse. Hoc 
 initio suspicionis orto, et aperte insimulato Stratone, puer ille 
 conscius pertimuit : rem omnem dominae indicavit : homines 
 in piscina inventi sunt : Strato in vincula conjectus est, atque 
 etiam in taberna ejus nummi, nequaquam omnes, reperiuntur. 
 —Hoc uno modo saepe multorum improbitate depressa Veritas 
 emergit, et innocentiae defensio interclusa respirat : quod aut 
 ii, qui ad fraudem callidi sunt, non tantum audent, quantum 
 excogitant : aut illi, quorum eminet audacia atque projecta 
 est, a consiliis malitiae deseruntur. Quod si aut confidens 
 astutia, aut callida esset audocia, v^x ullo obsisti modo posset, 
 'Pro Cluentio 64, et 65.) 
 
NOTES, 
 
 Pag* 
 
 1. Assyrii, a people of Western Asia. Assyria is now Kur* % 
 distan. 
 
 2. Baclriana, an extensive country of Northern India, on the 
 river Oxus. 
 
 3. Magicas arles. The Magi were a body of priests among 
 the Persians, to whom the care of worshipping the gods was con- 
 signed. 
 
 4. Morem vest is, i.e. vestitum. 
 
 5. Exinde, ab eo inde tempore. 
 
 6. Semiramis (ob virilem vestitum) pro filio Ninya est habita. 
 
 7. Baby Ionia , the capital of the province Babylonia, on the Eu 
 phrates. 
 
 8. Cocto latere, (later), " of bricks/' 
 
 9. Aethiopia, a general name for the southern parts of Africa, 
 as India for the eastern countries of Asia. 
 
 10. Reram potita, not rebus. Potiri governs a genitive as well 
 as an ablative, especially in the phrase rerum potiri, "to obtain su- 
 preme dominion." 
 
 11. Media, an extensive country between Assyria, Armenia, the 
 Caspian sea, and Persis, then a province of the Assyrian Mo* 
 narchy. 
 
 1. Feminae,i. e.regitjfeminaesimillimo. 2 
 
 2. Negat, he. i. e. dixit, se non posse obedire ejusmodi regi. 
 
 3. Deseendit. -Scil. pervenit imperium. 
 
 4. Enatam % (the participle instead of the infinitive), depends 
 upon vidit. 
 
 5. The original race of the Persians was a pastoral people in 
 the mountainous parts of Persis, a country of moderate extent 
 between Media, the Persicus Sinus, and Carmania. 
 
 1. Altero servato, i. e. alierumque (filium Mandanae) servaret J$ 
 
 2. Pro, " instead -of." 
 
 .3. Ingenui. Slaves only were allowed to be beaten, at least 
 according to the custom of the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 4. Tempora, quibus ipse puerum exponijusserat. 
 
 5. Sua, Harpagi. 
 
 6. Pronam, i. e. facilem, patentem, mdlis difficultatibus impe* 
 ditam. 
 
 7. Nihil, instead of non. 
 
 8. Fecisset. scil. ii, qui convocati erant. 
 
 9. Si conditio esset prjoposita, i. e. sioptio data esset. 
 
 1. Summam belli, '« the direction of tke whole war, the chief £, 
 command." 
 
110 KOTES. 
 
 Bage. 
 
 4 2. Oblitus, i. e. immemor. 
 
 3. Hyrcania, a province on the eastern coast of the Caspian 
 sea. 
 
 4. Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Aegean,, 
 
 5. Nullo negotio, i. e. facile^ levi opera, 
 
 6. Cauponias artes exercere, Gr. ^oTr^XttJctv, " to exercise a petty 
 retail trade." 
 
 7. Artes ludicras, i. e. ad luxuriant magis, quam ad vitae necessi- 
 iatem perlinerites. 
 
 8. Araxes, a river of Armenia, which empties itself into the 
 Caspian sea. 
 
 9. Omissis, i. e. rieglectis, hostibus. 
 
 10. Insuetos, scil. vini, non adsuetos vino. 
 
 5 1. Cum hac exprobratione, i. e. hac exprobratione adjecta. 
 
 2. Quern sitisti, i. e. cujus fuisti sitiens. Sitire sanguinem, a£ 
 sitire honores, instead of, vehementer cupert, avidum esse sanguinis. 
 
 3. Offensus super stitionibus. The Persians abhorred the Egyp- 
 tian custom of worshipping beasts, as indeed all idolatry, since 
 they offered their adoration only to the Sun, the Moon, and the 
 Elements. 
 
 4. Apis, a god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of 
 an ox. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis. 
 
 5. Templum. A sacred place in an Oasis Of the Libyan desert 
 a resting-place for the caravans, and a famous oracle. 
 
 6. Per quietem, i. e. dormiens, somnians. 
 
 7. Parricidium, " the murder of any near relation." 
 
 8. Cunctantesque, rie. Understand, before ne, prae melu. The 
 idea of apprehension is conveyed by the word cunctantes. 
 
 i* 1. Fortuna ita regente, i. e.fortuna percussoris ictum ita moderan- 
 
 te, ut Gobryae corpus non tangtret, sed magum interficeret. 
 
 2. Haec res, i.e. equi hinnitus ad soils ortum. 
 
 3. Nihil negotii superesse existima, i. e. jam totum illud negotium 
 sic uti optas, actum et transactnm puta. 
 
 4. Pridie const, diem, i. e. pridie ante const, diem. 
 
 5. Ad eundem locum, where the experiment was to be made. 
 
 6. Firmaiurus. Eo eonsilio, ut firmaret regnum, matrimonii 
 juncto cumjilia regis, regni Persarum audoris seu conditoris. 
 
 7. Megi se inopin, offtrt, i. e. in conspectum regis venit, qui nihil 
 tale suspicaius fuerat. 
 
 8. Transfugae ttiulo, ie.se transfugam esse simulans. 
 
 9. Dejiae, i. e. de veritate eorum, quae narrabat. 
 
 j 1. Scythis. The north of Asia was known to the Greeks and 
 
 Romans by the generic name of Scythia, and divided into Scy- 
 thia intra and extra Imaum, that is* on either side of Mount 
 Imaus. 
 
 2. Ister, the Greek name for the river which the Romans called. 
 Danubius. The former name Was used especially to denote the 
 eastern part of the river. 
 
 3. Trepidus, magna cum festinatione, nee timoris expers. 
 
 4. tonibus. The Ionians were a Grecian colony in Asia Minor., 
 on the coast of the Aegaean. 
 
 5. Narrabitur. See within, C. cap. 5. 6. 
 
 6. Campus Marathonius, a plain in Attica. 
 
 7. Et in regno et ante regnum, "both during his reign and pre- 
 vious to its commencement." 
 
 8. Susceptis, i. e. natis et educatis, 
 
NOTES, 111 
 
 Page. 
 
 9. Domi, i. e. privatim, not before the usual tribunal. 7 
 
 10. Contentio. Hae$ contentio tarn fraterna (i. e. tarn fraternis 
 anitnis decerlala) fuil. 
 
 11. Eiqueapparalui,'u e. eiqu: parando. 
 
 12. Dux, emphatically, a leader, such as he ought to be. 
 
 13. Thermopylae, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Lo- 
 cris, Phocis, and the southern parts of Greece. It has a part of 
 the chain of Mount Oeta on the west, and the sea on the east, 
 with deep and dangerous marshes, being in the narrowest part on- 
 ly 25 feet in breadth. 
 
 1. Hortatur, recedant. After hortari and similar verbs ut is of- 8 
 ten omitted. 
 
 2. Ante congressionem, i. e. antequam cum Graecis navali praelio 
 zongrederetur. 
 
 3. Delphi, in Phocis, at the foot of Mount Parnassus, one of the 
 most celebrated oracles in Greece. 
 
 4. Quam nidlae, &c. ut homines intelligerent , quam vanae nullius- 
 que.momenti hominum vires essent adversus deos. 
 
 5. Tkespiae arid Plataeae, towns in Boeotia. 
 
 6. Athenae, the capital of Attica. 
 
 7. Non poterat, scil. grassari. 
 
 8. Salamis, an island in the Saronicus Sinus (now the Gulf of 
 Engia), near the coast of Attica. 
 
 9. Statuta, i. e. in ttatione collocata. 
 
 10. Halicarnassus, a town of Caria, in the south-west of Asia 
 Minor ; it was governed by kings, and was tributary to the Per- 
 sians. 
 
 11. Cumrege,i. e. cum regiis copiis conjuncti. 
 
 12. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a strait between Asia and 
 Thrace, connecting the Propontis with the Aegaean. Xerxes had 
 built across this a bridge of boats. _ 
 
 h Abyidos, a town on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont ; Ses- 9 
 ios was opposite. 
 
 2. Mycale, a promontory of Ionia. 
 
 3. Cimon, son of Miltiades. 
 
 4. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean, tributary to the 
 Persians. 
 
 5. Phoenicia, a country on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 A great part of the Persian fleet consisted of Phoenician ships. 
 
 6. Pausanias, the conqueror of Mardonius at Plataeae. 
 
 1. Darius, an older son of Xerxes. J 
 
 2. Qui, i. e. hie autem. 
 
 3. Recogniturus, i. e. simulans, se recogniturum esse. 
 
 4. Vindicare caedem is equivalent to ulcisci : vindicare se ab t#- 
 ndiis, is equivalent to servare se, el insidias vitare. 
 
 5. Inclinari, i. e. ad ruinam vergere. 
 
 6. Palris judicium : haec palris suprema voluntas, testamento 
 prodita, qua Arlaxerxes, patre adhuc private genitus,ipsipraefe- 
 rebdtur. 
 
 7. In praelio, near Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from 
 Babylon*. 
 
 8. Quidem — autem, like the Gr. ph — Si. 
 
 9. Equifitga, i. e. relocitas. 
 
 \, Revertuntur. This is the famous retreat of the ten thousand J j 
 Greeks, (described by Xenophon), from the interior of Asia to the 
 
112 2J0TES* 
 
 Page. 
 
 I J Aegaean, which they made .through unknown and hostile nations, 
 although constantly harassed by a Persian army. 
 
 2. Parr>cidii, scil. quod molitus fuerat . 
 
 3. Conjuges. It was customary among the Persians to put to 
 death the families of traitors together with the criminal himself. 
 
 4. Cadusii, a people of the most northerly region of Media, on 
 the Caspian Sea. 
 
 5. Decora, the consequence instead of the cause, as often laics 
 for laudabile factum ; properly ob egregium hoc /acinus, quod ei lau- 
 dem tt decora paraverat. 
 
 12 1- tn'retncntis, i. e. magniludine sua, quaflorentibusjam rebus su* 
 is utebau'ur. 
 
 2. Sordibus, Justin may be considered as alluding here to the 
 origin of the Roman State. 
 
 3. fnnafsolo.. They styled themselves avTox$ovz$, indigenae. 
 
 4 Lanificii el olei. The olive was first produced here by Mi- 
 nerva, tie tutelar goddess of the Athenians ; to her they were al- 
 so indebted for the art of weaving. 
 
 5. Vini. Bacchus taught the mode of cultivating the vine to 
 the Athenian Icarius. 
 
 6. were f umeuta. Triptolemus, son of Celeus, king of Eleu- 
 sis, was tau-ht agriculture by Ceres, and made it known through- 
 out the world. Previously mankind had subsisted on acorns and 
 Other wild fruits. 
 
 7. Glandem ve*ci, instead of gande vesci, 
 
 8. Leges e ci,ilu ducipluta* These they considered also as the 
 gift of Ceres, whence they styled her &e<rfio<p6pos. . 
 
 9. Supeijueruut, etc", i. e. ii tantum servati sunt, qui in monies st 
 rtteperunt ; or, omnes perierunt, praeter eos, qui in monies con- 
 fugerunt. 
 
 10. Aut. After aut understand \ui 
 
 11. Thessalia, an extensive country in the north of Greece, 
 having on its northern boundary the Cambunii Montes, on the 
 western the chain of Pindus, on its southern that of Oeta, and in 
 the north west Olympus. 
 
 12. Initia, (ri\r)) " the sacred rites, or my?teries, of Geres." 
 
 13. Nortes initio rum sacratae, i. e. raysteria, noctu habenda, in 
 slituta sunt. 
 
 14. Theseus was distinguished by many glorious actions, but es 
 pecialiy by the destruction of the Minotaur. 
 
 15. Adrersus Trojanos. Homer makes Menestheus, not Demo 
 phoon, leader of the Athenians in the Trojan war. 
 
 16. Dorienses, a branch of the Hellenes, who originally dwelt 
 in the north of Hellas near Mt. Oeta. 
 
 17 Sup riores, eic. i?stead of victoriam reportaturos esse, (ni in 
 stead of i-isi) si regem nou occidissent. 
 
 18. Custodia regiSi i. e. ut caverent,ne regem Mieniensium oc* 
 ciderenL 
 
 19. Permu'ato, instead of deposito, alioque (pauperis hominis ha 
 bitu) sumto. 
 
 13 *« Regnavit, i. e. rex fuit. After the death of Codrus the 
 state was governed by perpetual Archons, of whom there were 
 thirteen in succession. After the death of Alcmaeon they were 
 appointed for ten years ; and finally nine archons, instead of one. 
 were appointed annually, {annui magistrates). 
 
 2* Nullae leges, The institutions of Draco were not observed 
 
NOTES* 113 
 
 Page 
 
 on account of their excessive severity, so that the state seemed f 3 
 destitute of laws. 
 
 3. Deformis, instead of deformatus ; suwto habitu, quo deformis 
 videretur. 
 
 4. Vicissitudines. Pisis.tratus was more than once banished. 
 
 1. Religione. The Lacedaemonians had agreed to send aid to 14 
 the Athenians, but would not march before full moon. They be- 
 lieved that this planet had a particular influence on their affairs,. 
 
 and could aid them only when in the height of its splendour. 
 
 2. Campi Mar athonii, the plains about the village of Marathon, 
 a village situated on the eastern coast of Attica. 
 
 3. Locus non aequus, i. e. iniquus ; as tempus aequum instead of 
 upturn. 
 
 4. Nee audaciae eventus defuit, i. e. res bene successit / eventus au- 
 dad coualui respondit. 
 
 5. Suppressae, i. e. demersae. 
 
 6. Praetnium. Combine thus, quale praemlum hujus victoriae. 
 1. e. propter hanc victoriam, MUtiadi sit tributum. 
 
 7. Poecile, IIoik&t), the most remarkable of the Sroai, or porti- 
 coes, so called from the variety it contained of curious pictures, 
 drawn by the greatest masters in Greece. 
 
 8. Decern praetores. Ten commanders Hrparyyoi were annu- 
 ally appointed, one from each tribe. They were employed not 
 merely as leaders in war, but also for many other purposes in the 
 ztate. 
 
 9. Hortantis. In this picture Miltiades was placed in the front 
 mililes hortans, i. e. to habitu, ut milites horlari videretur, quum in 
 eo esset, ut proelium committereL 
 
 10. Tenues, i. e. exigui. 
 
 1. Demetrius Phalereus ($aX*7pevj), a celebrated philosopher and J 5 
 orator, who flourished B. C. 318, and became so popular in con- 
 sequence of his munificence, that he was elected decennial ar- 
 chon. Notwithstanding this, his enemies raised a sedition against 
 him, and he was sentenced to death. He escaped to the court of 
 Ptolemy Soter, by whom he was kindly received ; but Philadel- 
 phus, whom he had displeased, after his father's death, detained 
 
 him in strict confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation^ 
 put an end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 B. C. 
 
 2. Consuluissent, sett. Atkenicnses, 
 
 3. Quo valeret, i. e. quid significaret. 
 
 4. Salamina and Troezena, Greek accusatives. Salamis, see 
 above B. cap. 17. 5. Troezen, a town in Argolis in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 6. Arx, the Acropolis (d«p(57roXts or # avu ndhs, <; the upper ci- 
 ty"), or the citadel of Athens, was built on a hill by Cecrops^ 
 from whom it was called Cecropia. On it the Parthenon, llap$e- 
 v&v, or temple of Minerva, and temples of the other gods, were 
 built. 
 
 7. Reliquum oppidum, that part of the city which was oot for- 
 tified. 
 
 8. Artemisium, a promontory of Euboea, on the north-western 
 side of the island. The coast was called Aitemisiumlittus* 
 
 9. Euboea, a large island on the eastern coast of Greece. 
 
 10. Classiariis regiis, instead of militibus classit regiae. 
 
 11. Pariproelio, " with equal advantage." Ae$ao Martepugnare 
 5 similar in meaning. 
 
 !*> 
 
£14 KOTES. _ 
 
 Page, 
 
 jg 12. Ancipiti ptriculo, i.e. ah utraque parte hostium navibus cir- 
 cumvent*. 
 
 13. Deservis suis, qnem habuit Jidelissimum, i. e. servorumsuo 
 Tumjidelissimum. 
 
 14. Suis verbis, " in his name." 
 
 15. Longinquiore (more usually applied to spaee than time) tern 
 pore, instead of major e tern poris impendio. 
 
 16. Confeclurum. With this, and also oppressmum, understand 
 esse, and also eum as the accusative of the subject 
 
 17. Hoc eo valebat, etc. i. e. hoc eo spexlabat (eo consilio a The- 
 mistocle factum est) ut Gracci iiigratiis, i. e. vtl inviti, ad pugnam 
 cogerenluf. 
 
 18. Barbarus, i. e. rex Persarum. 
 {6 1- Alienis$imo,i. e.iniquissimo. 
 
 2. Qimm Phal. — uterentur, instead of quum Fhalereus partus, 
 quo turn temporis utebantur, neque magvus, neque bonus essct. 
 
 3. Piraeu Both Piraeus and Piraeeus were used. The forme: 
 is more usual in the ancient authors. The Greeks wrote Ueipauvr, 
 sometimes also to Hdpatov. 
 
 4. Dignitate, \. e. splendore el magnificentid. 
 
 5. Ultro. The Greeks, who had hitherto acted on the defensive, 
 now commenced an offensive war. 
 
 6. Byzantium x now Constantinople, situate on the Bosporus Thra- 
 cius, which connects the Propon.tis with the Euxine. . The Pel 
 iians had taken possession of this city. 
 
 7. Erelriensem, " of Eretria," a town of the island ftuboea. 
 
 8. Misit. The perfect is used in letters to express an action 
 which is present to the- writer, but considered as past in relation 
 to the reader. Combine thus : Pausanias misit libieos, quos Byz 
 cepcrat,pos!qiiam cognovit eos propmnuos tuos esse. 
 
 17 1* Certum, i. e. cui cdnfidcre possit. 
 
 2. Face (an old form instead of fac, which here renders the 
 sentence more harmonious than fac would), mitt as, instead of Git 
 ra ut mitias, and this for milte. 
 
 3. Salute, i. e. libertate recuperala. 
 
 4. Collaudnt,i. e.valde laudat. 
 
 5. Sifecerit, etc. i. e. si rem psrfccerit, nihil esse, quod a se non sit 
 hnpetraturus. 
 
 6. Chaicioecus, a the brazen temple," or " that has a brazen 
 house or temple." Quae refers either to acdes or Minena, and 
 the epithet x a ^ KiotK °s .applies as well to the goddess as to the 
 temple. 
 
 7. Ephori, the most powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were 
 first created by Lycurgus. They were five in number, and held 
 their office? for a year. They were much the same as the tri- 
 bunes. of th« .people- at Rome, appointed to watch with a jealous- 
 eye over the liberties and rights of the populace. Hence their 
 name tyopot, iC overseers," from tyopav, " to oversee, inspect." 
 
 8. Inqrimis, etc. i. e. inter primosfuisse, qui lap ides, offer rent. 
 
 9. Testarum sugragiis, " by the Ostracism (*0<rrp<nM*/*fc, " the 
 act of voting with shells," tfrom dorpaicov, testa, "a tile, a shell"), 
 so called from the shells, or earthen tile*,, on which the citizens 
 wrote their votes. He, whose name Mcas written on a majority 
 of the tiles or shells giyen to, was banished from his country for 
 tec years. 
 
NOTES. 115 
 
 Page 
 
 10. Argos, (rd "Apyos, in the singular a neuter, iii the plural a J 7 
 masculine), the principal city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 11. Hoc crimine, i. e. hoc criminatione. 
 
 12. In domumtuam, scil. in Xerxem, patron tuum, et omnino in 
 Persas. 
 
 13. Ille experhcs est, scil. Xerxes. 
 
 14. De his rebus, i. e. quod attinet ad has res. 
 
 15. Annum temporis, instead of tempus unius anni. 
 
 1. Animi magnitudinem, the courage and resolution which he J 8 
 displayed in throwing himself upon the protection of an enemy. 
 
 2. Omne Mud tempus, the whole of the year allowed him. 
 
 3. Commodius, i. e. diserlius, iiaj ore facilitate et elegantia. 
 
 4. Asia, Asia Minor. 
 
 5. Magnesia, a town in Lydia. 
 
 6. Desperaret, According to others, because his returning love 
 for his native land prevented him from performing his promise. 
 
 7. Acerbilatem, i. e. severitatem. 
 
 8. Confirmavit, u he confirmed in their good will those who 
 were well disposed towards the Athenians." 
 
 9. Alienatas, " those who had separated from the Athenians, 
 
 10. S&yros,. an island in the Aegean, lying east of Euboea. 
 
 11. Civibus, i. e. Atheniensibus eo missis. 
 
 12. Thasos, an island, near the southern coast of Macedonia, 
 opposite the mouth of the Nestus. 
 
 13. His manubiis, a concise form of expression for prdeda y in 
 h is expcditionibus facia. 
 
 14. Qua, 1. e. ea parte, qua. 
 
 15. Quam, instead of in quam. The preposition is often omit 
 ted with the relative, when it has been- a little before expressed 
 with the demonstrative. 
 
 1G. Desiderium, scil. apud Athenienses. 
 
 17. Post annum quintum, quam ezpidsus erat 3 \.e. quinto anno 
 , post quam expulsusfuerat. 
 
 13. Satius, i. e. melius, utilius. 
 
 19. Contendere, \. e. se conferre. 
 
 20. Sua sponte, opposed to publice, " without a public commit 
 sioii, of his own authority." 
 
 1. Incrementa invidentibus. Sparta envied the greatness and ][} 
 progressive increase (incrementa) of Athensjier rival (aemula urbs), 
 
 for precedence. 
 
 2. Saepius susceptum et dep. est. The Peloponnesian war lasted, 
 with various interruptions, from Olymp. 87. 1. to 01. 93. 3. a pe 
 riod of 27 years. 
 
 3. Navali proelio, off Naupactus, in the Sinus Corinthlacus (G 
 ofLepantd), under the command of Phormio. 
 
 4. Postplures annos. In the ninth year of the war. 
 
 5. Sociorum persona, instead of per socios. 
 
 6. Caiina or Cat ana at the foot of Aetna. The inhabitants of 
 this town were called Catanenses, Catinienses, and Catinenses. 
 
 1. Secundo Marte, \. e.felici successu. 20 
 
 2. Be belli inclinato statu, " concerning the unfavourable turn ~^ 
 of the war." Inclinaius is used in opposition to rcctu$,jirmus. 
 
 3. Qwo cognito, i. e. quod quum cognovissent. 
 
 4. Graeciae bellum t i. e. helium quod civitates Graeciae inter sege 
 rebant. 
 
 5> Ex utraque parte, scil. Lacedaemoniorum e% Atheniensizem 
 
110 xotos. 
 
 Page, 
 
 9Q 6. Inter anguslias maris, where the Athenian fleet could not ex- 
 *? tend itself sufficiently. 
 
 2 I 1. Elis, a town in a district of the same name in the Pelopon 
 nesus. 
 
 2. Thebae, the capital of Boeotia. 
 
 3. Eumolpidae, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her 
 festivals of Eleusis. The Eumolpidae were descended from Eu- 
 molpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by 
 Erecbtheus king of Athens. The priesthood continued in the fa 
 mily for 1200 years. 
 
 4. Decelia, AeiciXeia, on the boundaries of Boeotia and Attica. 
 
 5. Tempns, scil. opporluvum, opportunitatym. 
 
 6. Regem fore. The accusative with the infinitive depends up- 
 on dixit, the idea of which is contained in persuadet. 
 
 7. Ne externis vacet, i. e. ne otium Graecis suppctat ad externa bcl- 
 la gerenda. 
 
 8. Maligne, i. e.parcc. 
 
 9. Samos, one of the Sporades, off the coast of Ionia. At thai 
 time almost all the Athenian fleet was stationed here. 
 
 !22 1. Imperium -transfer tur- This is the revolution of Pisander, 
 which occurred, 01. 92. 1. By this revolution the government 
 was taken from the people and committed to 400 tyrants, thereby 
 changing {he previously existing democracy into an oligarchy. 
 After a few months the oligarchy was in turn abolished, in the 
 accomplishment of which the friends of Alcibiades were particu- 
 larly active. 
 
 2. Patria liberala, since he had abolished the oligarchy and res 
 iored the democracy. 
 
 3. Vigutrani, more expressive than fuerant. 
 
 4. Tribus navalibus, especially in that of Cyzicus, which made 
 the Athenians masters of the Hellespont, and compelled the La 
 cedaemonians to abandon the whole sea. 
 
 5. Consilio, i. e. prudentid, " by his prudent conduct." 
 
 6. Adversas superiores, i. e. calamitates, quibus superioribus tempo 
 ribus afflicti essent. 
 
 7. Coronis donabatur. Crowns were given, as marks of dis- 
 tinction, to citizens who had deserved well of their country. 
 This seems to have been practised towards Olympic victors at 
 their home, since a state thought itself peculiarly fortunate, when 
 one of its citizens obtained a prize in the higher games. It was 
 usual in such cases, upon the entry of the victor, to heap upon 
 him flowers and wreaths. 
 
 8. Resacrare or rcsecrare, liberare ab imprecalionibiis, rcvocatU 
 diris. 
 
 •23 1. Dum populalur. According to others, Alcibiades had left 
 the fleet in order to procure subsidies, and the generals, whom he 
 left in command, risked an engagement contrary to orders. 
 
 2. Aegos flymen (&lyh 7rora/<o?), i. e. " the goat's river,'* a 
 stream in the Thracian Chersonese, with a town called Aegos at 
 its mouth. 
 
 3. Inclinata est, i. e. prostrate est. 
 
 4. Nee aliud ditionis dlhenieiisium, instead of nee quidquam, qaod 
 in ditione Atheniensiumfuit. 
 
 5. Requirere. The infinitives currere, sciscitari, requirere t are 
 used in place of the finite verb. This is called the historical in- 
 finitive; and is much employed in animated narration. 
 
2sOTES. Ill 
 
 Page. 
 
 6. Cum prlvatis caslbus quer. pub. misc. instead of dum de suis 23 
 quisque m casibus queritur, etiam reipublicae calamitaiem deflet. 
 
 I. Decern vivos, u decemvirates," 6eKa8apx iai ' by which the M 
 democratical constitution was abolished, and an oppressive aristo- 
 cracy introduced 
 
 2. Nomen Athen. a circumlocution for the Athenians,. like nomen 
 Romanum for the Romans. 
 
 3. Negaruut, se pasmros, i. e. dixerunt, sc non passu ros. 
 
 4. Ex duobus oculis. Sparta and Athens were the two eyes of 
 Greece. 
 
 5. Longimvri brachia, tu oniXif rov fiatcpov retyovs. So they called 
 the double walls, which connected the Piraeus with Athens, and 
 enclosed the way which led to it. 
 
 6. Triifiuta rectores, as if a triple decemvirate. 
 
 7. Mutari. Since the people had lost all their rights, the laws 
 were given by an oligarchy, and the execution of their decree? 
 was entruste to mercenaries. 
 
 8. A victorihus, i. e. Lactdue nonds. 
 
 9.. Exhaustam, etc. uroem bello exhaustam caedibus et rupinis con- 
 fidant. 
 
 10. Theratt,enes had been very 7 active in the transactions with 
 Sparta, and above all, had cooperated in effecting the adoption 
 of the hard conditions proposed by the Lacedaemonians, but 
 at a later period resisted the violent measures of his colleagues* 
 
 II. Domestwum ter<orem, sell, imminentiaatyrannispericula. 
 
 12. Phrygia, a country in Asia Minor of great extent. 
 
 13. Critias, the most active and oppressive of the thirty ty-. 
 rants. 
 
 14. Ratum, i. e. Jirmum, Jirmalum, " ratified, confirmed,'' oppos- 
 ed to imtum 
 
 I. Vicinitati, instead of vinnis ; qui homines illius regionis, ubi %0 
 Mcibiudis habitabat, excitarenL 
 
 % Negotinm dnre, i. e demandare, jubere. 
 
 3. Interficertnt. The plural is used in relation to the idea of 
 plurality contained in the collective noun vicinitati. 
 g 4. Subalare telum, " a dagger," a weapon which may be carried 
 under the arm, sub ala). 
 
 5. Id quod vestimzutorian, instead of omnia veslimenia, quae turn 
 aderant. 
 
 6. Flammae rim. The violence of the flames was checked for 
 a moment by the clothes which w T ere thrown upon them. 
 
 7. Erectus ad spe-n, i. e. spem capiens, spe capta; erigi and se 
 crigere (opposed to. dejici, dejedus) are used to denote reanimated 
 courage. 
 
 8. .ridunatis, i. e. contractis. 
 
 9. In finibus Atticac. On the northern boundary, which sepa- 
 rates Attica from Boeotia. 
 
 10. Piraeus, the town connected with the harbour. The Pi 
 ■ aeus is now called Porto Lame. 
 
 II. Munychia, a port of Athens.. 
 
 12. Jarentem, i. e. interfe'cium et prostratum. 
 
 13. Eos, qui urbem tenebant, i. e. the army of the oligarchy. 
 
 14. Redderetur depends upou ut, which is contained in the pre- 
 ceding ne. 
 
 1. Victorian. This victory was gained near Cnidus ; by it .the 2(i 
 Lecedaemonians lost their naval superiority, 
 
118 HOXES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 25 2. Regi Spartanorum. The Peloponnesus was recovered by 
 the Heraclidae about 80 yeaVs after the fall of Troy, and 1104 
 B. C. From this period two kings of the race of the Heraclidae 
 reigned jointly. 
 
 3. Pietas has reference especially to those duties, which one 
 owes to the gods, his country, and his friends. 
 
 4. Prtncipes ad just, imp form. i.e. principes ita inform avit f ut 
 justa impend exercerent. 
 
 '27 1- Compensations mercium, " by an interchange of commodi- 
 ties." 
 
 2. In luxuria, i. e. in molli ignavia. 
 
 3. Haec quon. — fingit. Quoniam mlelligebat, haec initio dura 
 visum iri, ob mores praesertim hominum, luxuria solutes et corrvp- 
 tos t fijizit, ribi has leges ab Apolline datas esse. Soluti mores is op- 
 posed to adslricti and severi. Lycurgus had his laws confirmed by 
 the oracle at Delphi. 
 
 4. Creta, a large island of the Mediterranean, between the Pe- 
 loponnesus and Africa; from it Lycurgus had derived a part of 
 his laws. 
 
 5. Messenia, a province of the Peloponnesus, lying west of La- 
 conia. Its capital was Messene. 
 
 6. Pomatum, i. e malorum et calamildtum. 
 
 7. Carmina % in qui bus conscrips. Carmina, in quibus Spar- 
 
 ianos ad virtutem hortahalur, propter damna, quae perpessi emnt, 
 solabatur, consilia denique dabat, quomodo betlum gerendiim esset. 
 Some of these poems are still extant. 
 
 2u 1. Unumque, soil, the Pt ioponnesian war. 
 
 2. Huilc adversus, instead of adverms hunc. Versus and tenus 
 are placed after their cases. 
 
 3. Boeotios. The inhabitants of Boeotia were called Boeotii and 
 Boeoti. So in Greek Boiwnot and BokotoI. 
 
 4. Institutis patriae, i. e the laws which required that he should 
 *>Q °^ e y tne command of the Ephori. 
 
 **•*& 1. Ex eo, scil. Agesilao. 
 
 2. Debilitatae viderentur, instead of debilitatae essent. 
 
 3. hisolentia gloriae, instead of insolenti gloriationt. 
 
 4. SecuHs, i. e. Us Graecorum, qui, quod se pacem exislimabanl ha 
 here, sine meiu securi erant. 
 
 5. Archidamus, son of Agesilaus. 
 
 30 '*• Principio noctis, i. e. nocte appetente, primis nociis tenebris. 
 
 2. Aciem, hoslium exercitum impetumque eorum, quibus antea rohur 
 copiarum Lacedaemoniarum resistere nonpotuerat, 
 
 3. Ex continenti, i. e. confestim, e vestigio. 
 
 4. Victoria, in the battle fought near Mantinea in Arcadia, 
 Olymp. 104. 2. 
 
 5. Hunc ante, instead of ante hunc. 
 
 6. Vir mdior, instead of utrum vir melior. The omission of 
 the first interrogative is not unusual. 
 
 7. Accipere, scil. ex honoribas. 
 
 3 I 1. Muneris, i. e. beneficii a capris accept i. 
 
 2. Aegae, from a?f, alyos, a goat. 
 
 3. Mortis postrema, in-tead of mors, rerum omnium postrema ; as 
 iri the language of Homer ri\os $avdrov. 
 
 4. Praefatus, i. e. dicens* 
 
 5. Stirpem, scil. stirpem regum illius familiac. After the death 
 
of Alexander the government of Macedonia devolved upon Lis 3 J 
 general*. 
 
 6. i'hracibus et Illyriis. The TKracians and Illyrians were the 
 newest neighbours of the Macedonians, the former on the east, 
 tfra latter on the west. They were both rude and warlike na* 
 .ions. 
 
 1. Regem, emphatically ; a king, such as he should be. 32 
 
 2. Sustulit, i.e. suscepit et educavit. 
 
 3. Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia? 
 in the district Chalcidice, north of the |peninsula of Pallene, 
 and at the head of the Toronaicus Sinus, or Gulf of Cassandria. 
 
 4. Occupaius fuisset, i. e. oppressus fuissel \ 
 
 5. Alexander occubuit. Diodorus (XV, 71) and others relate 
 that he was murdered by Ptolemy Alorites, his younger brother,, 
 who held the kingdom for four years, and piade way for Perdic- 
 cas and Philip. 
 
 6. Pari . . . decvpitur. According to Diodorus (XVI, 2) and 
 others he was slain by the Illyrians. 
 
 7. Serumque ... erat, i. e. jneque etspectari poterat, donee puer 
 adultus auxiliumferre posset. 
 
 8. Hinc, i. e. ab una parte, scil. a matre Eurydice. 
 
 9. Immaturam . . . urgeret, i. e. adolescentem immaturae adhuc ae~ 
 tatis premeret. 
 
 1. Redemit, i. e.pecunia data terminavit. 33 
 
 2. AmphipoliSy an Athenian colony, on the Strymon f between 
 Macedonia and Thrace. 
 
 3. Bello . . . caedit. Philip, with an army of 10,000 foot sol- 
 diers and 600 horsemen, slew 7,000 of 10,000 foot soldiers and 
 500 horsemen, whom Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, had brought 
 against him. Upon this a treaty of peace was made, by which 
 Philip recovered from the Nlyrians all the cities that had 
 been previously taken from the kingdom of Macedon, Diodor, 
 XVI. 4. 
 
 4. Thessalorum equilum. The Thessalian horses were univer- 
 sally esteemed. 
 
 5. Methona, a town of Macedonia, on the Thermaicus Sinus, 
 in the province of Pieria, above Pydna. Diodorus makes this 
 to have been the third time that Philip had besieged this town. 
 
 6. Jacta sagitta, by Aster, whose offer of his services had been 
 slighted by Philip. 
 
 7. Inter jectis diebus, i.e. post aliquot dies. 
 
 8. Infirioribus, i. e. imbecillioribus. 
 
 9. Coronas laurzas, as tokens that they were devoted to the ser 
 vice of Apollo, to whom the laurel was sacred. 
 
 10. Duos fratres ejus. Aridaeus and Menelaus, sons of Amyn- 
 tas by his second wife. 
 
 1. In Thracia. Especially in the vicinity of Crenides, after- *]4 
 wards called Philippi. 
 
 2. Fratres duo, scil. Berisades and Amadocus, sons of Cotys, a 
 Thracian king. 
 
 3. Adkibitis, i c. ad causam suam defendendam assumtis. 
 
 4. Bellum deprecabantur, i. e. bellum a se averterc conabaniur. 
 
 5. His, scil. Phocensibus. 
 
 6. Veniam belli pollicetur, i. e. se bellum remissurum ncque hostile 
 quidquam in eos suscepturum promittit. 
 
 7. Captos, i. e. dcceplos. 
 
120 ivOTESa 
 
 Page. 
 
 34 ^' ^ acia sa i u te, I e. facta pactione, ui eorum mtac parcert*t 
 
 9. Dardani, the northern neighbours of the Macedonian!., 
 
 10. Chersonensium urbes, the towns of the Thracian Cherso- 
 nese, which formed the western coast of the Hellespont, \nd 
 consequently commanded the navigation to the Propontis atvj 
 Euxine. 
 
 11. Auri argcntique nihil. The Scythians led for the most 
 part a pastoral life, and possessed no other wealth than their 
 
 r herds. 
 3 J 1. Disshnulaium properly refers to the hostile intentions, which 
 Philip had long entertained, but knew how to conceal until 
 he found a cgnvenient opportunity to declare open" war against 
 them. 
 
 2. AlhenicnsibuS. The Athenians had opposed him in many 
 of his undertakings, and had baffled his designs in several in- 
 stances. 
 
 3. Legationibus Graeclam fat. i. e. plurimas legationes per totam 
 Graeciam, mittunt. 
 
 4. Chderonaea, a town ia Boeotia, on a small branch of the 
 Cephissus. It was the birth-place of Plutarch. 
 
 5. Adversis vidneribus, i. e. pectofe, adverso corpore accepiis, 
 
 6. Ita vicit, i. e. victorid itausus est. 
 
 7. Passus,\. e. erpertus. 
 
 8. Corinthus, one of the most celebrated cities of Greece, 
 situate upon the Isthmus which connects the Peloponnesus with 
 Greece Proper. 
 
 0. Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, king of Epinis. 
 
 10. Contender t U\. e. incederel. 
 
 11. Attains, one of the generals of Philip, and uncle of his wife 
 .,r» Cleopatra. 
 
 .10 X.Poterai, sell, exigerc, which must be taken from the follow 
 ing exegit 
 
 2. Gauderc, the historical infinitive. 
 37 !• Triballi, a people of lllyria. 
 
 2. Qma opinions, i. e. hoc nuntio,falso illo et inani. 
 
 3. Bellum remisit. As above, cap. 8. belli veniam dealt ; i. e. 
 helium haud ulterius prosecutus est. 
 
 4. Ita, i. e. hac conditione proposda. 
 
 5. Ex contineiiii, i. e. e vestigio, statim. 
 
 6. Praefatus; i.e. dicens, addens. 
 
 oh 1. Suis rebus, i. e. regioni quam pro sua jam nunc haberet. 
 
 2. In campis Adrastiae, a plain near the Granicus, a river of 
 Mysia. 
 
 3. Jlsiae, i. e. of Asia Minor. 
 
 4. Gordius, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was 
 raised to the throne. He consecrated in the temple of Jupiter 
 the w 7 aggon in which he was riding when saluted king. 
 
 5. Tarsus, a town in Cilicia, the most southern province of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 vjg 1. Indubitato t i. e. certo. 
 
 2. Divitiarum, scih quae illis ex praeda hostium obventurat 
 essent. 
 
 3. Nee invert, &c. instead of nullas vires inventas esse pares illo- 
 turn mribus. 
 
 10 1. Sidoniae, scih urbis, Sidon, the oldest and most powerful city 
 
NOTES. 121 
 
 Page* 
 
 it Phoenicia, five geographical miles north of Tyros, on the sea- 4Q 
 coast. 
 
 2. SpreliSyi. e. posthabitis. 
 
 3. Ne . . .pularent, i. e. ne cives hujus urbis existimarent, rtgem > 
 ipsis datum, hoc beneficium nobffitati generis sui poiius, quam Alex- 
 andri voluntati debere. 
 
 4. Tyros, the great trading town of the Phoenicians. This 
 commercial city consisted of two parts or towns ; one of them 
 was built on the main land, and called Palaetyros; the other, on 
 a small island opposite to it. Its ancient Phoenician name, Tzur, 
 is retained in the modern Sur. Hercules was the chief deity cf 
 the place. 
 
 5. Ammon. See above, B. cap. 9. not. 5. 
 
 6. Alexandria. See Part First, p. 56, n. 8. 
 
 7. Babyloniam profugisset. After the battle of Issus, 
 
 8. Faciat. Understand ut after precatur. 
 
 9. Sua sibi dari, i. e. his oblath conditionibus nihil sibi offern. 
 quod non jam leneret. 
 
 10. Regni arbitria, i. e. arbitrium de regno, quam ejus partem ipse 
 sibi sm'vaturus, quamque Dario relicturus essef. 
 
 11. Victoii, emphatically, instead of sibi. 
 
 1. Euphrates, one of the most considerable rivers in Asia, 41 
 which rises in a part of the most northern branch of Taurus, 
 and, flowing about 1400 British miles, finally empties itself into 
 
 the Persian Gulf. In its coarse it washes the skirts of Syria, 
 and divides Arabia, and also Chaldaea and Babylonia, from Me- 
 sopotamia. 
 
 2. Gaugamela, a village near Arbela beyond the Tigris, where 
 Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Gaugamela 
 Oeing an obscure place, the battle was named after Arbela. 
 
 3. Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian em 
 pire. The ruins of Persepolis, now Estaker, or Shchel-Minar ? 
 still astonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and magni 
 ficence. 
 
 4. Cognovit, i. e. audivil. 
 
 1. Hyrcctnia, a large country^of Asia, situate to the south of 42 
 the eastern part of the Caspian sea. 
 
 2. Nardi, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. 
 
 3. Propter quae crimina, instead of ob hanc causam, 'quod ialibus 
 in turn sermonibus esset usus. 
 
 1. Ex quibus cognitojudicio, i. e. quum ex his cognovisset judi* 4.\j 
 cium. 
 
 2. Opinalifuerant, i. e.j'ulicaverant. 
 
 3. Consumturus eos, i. e. eo consilio, ut hanc cohortem gravissimis 
 periculis objiceret, in quibus perirel. 
 
 ^ 4. Tanais. The proper Tanais, now the Don, formed the divr 
 sion line between European and Asiatic Sarmatia, and emptied 
 itself into the Palus Maeotis. The laxartes, a large river of Asia, 
 rising in the chain cf Mons Imaus, and flowing into the Sea of 
 Aral, after a course of 1682 English miles, was confounded 
 with the Tanais, in the time of Alexander. The laxartes is here 
 meant. 
 
 5. Sogdiana. a country of Asia, north of Bactria, between the 
 Oxus and laxartes. Its capital was called Maracanda, the famous 
 Sttmarcand of Tartan History. 
 
 6. Chorasmi et Dahae, nations of Scvthia, on the laxartes 
 
 M * 
 
122 NOTES, 
 
 Page. 
 
 £$ 7. Argyraspidas, tyyvpdomSas. 
 8. Liber, a name of Bacchus. 
 
 44 *• Co nmsso praelio, at the river Hydaspes. 
 
 2. Nicaea, from vUtj, victory. 
 
 3. Bucephaten. This city was built by Alexander in honour 
 of his favourite horse Bucephalus, killed in the battle against 
 Porus. 
 
 4. Ostendere, the historical infinitive. 
 
 5. Acesines, a large and rapid river of India, falling into the 
 Indus. 
 
 45 1» Gravior, i. e. majore cum periculo conjuncta. 
 
 2. Saluti redditus, i. e. vulncre sanato in pristinam sanitatem re.9* 
 Ututus. 
 
 3. Polyperchon, otherwise written Polysperckon. 
 
 4. Oceano libamenta dedit ; Oczanum, ut deum, solemni libattone 
 sibi propitium reddere studuit. 
 
 5. Praedixit, i. e. monuit. 
 
 6. Testatus, i. e. dicens, affirmans. 
 
 7. Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, the friend of Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 8. Comissatione, instead of compotatione. 
 
 9. Domus, i e.gentis. 
 
 10. Aeacidarum. OJympias, the mother of Alexander, was 
 daughter of Neoptolemus, a king of the Bfolossi, who was de- 
 scended from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles ; Achilles was grand- 
 Son of Aeacus. 
 
 46 1- Accrrimus, i. e. vividissimiingenii. 
 
 2. Litter arum studiis, a periphrasis for litteris. 
 
 3. Victoriarum florc, i. e. in medio cursu victoriarum* 
 4- Talcutum, instead of talentorum. 
 
 4-7 1- Adformandum, rertim praesentium siatum,\. e. ad capicndum 
 consilium de formandn rerum statu. 
 
 2. Negat exptctandum, i. e. dicebat, minime expectandum. 
 
 3. Va'letudinem, ob animi imbccillitatem. 
 
 A. In iutvrum obsequiajuranl, i. e.jurant, se tutoribus illis obsequi* 
 urn praertituros esse. 
 
 5. Nullas sibi consiliorum partes relictas, instead of sc non in 
 consiliorum socielatem esse vocatos. 
 AQ 1. In mercatu Olympiaco, at the Olympic games, which were at- 
 tended with much traffic, (mercatu). 
 
 2. Libertatem . . .frewebant, i. e. voces jacicbant, dicebant, libcrta 
 tent, recuperatam, hello contra Macedonas stisceplo tuendam esse, 
 
 3. Lamia, a town of Thessaly, at the bottom of the Sinus Mali 
 acus or Lamia cus, and north of the river Sperchius. 
 
 4. Discurreniibus, instead of discedentibus. 
 
 5. In civilem savguinem^ instead of in cites. 
 
 6. Ptolemaeus, Lagijilius, also styled Soter. 
 
 7. Demetrius, surnamed Poliorcetes, u destroyer of cities. ,? 
 
 8. Gamala, a town in Palestine. 
 
 9. Inslrumcntum, i. e. omnein supeUectilcm, opes privatas. 
 
 10. Familiam, i. e. serves. 
 
 49 *• Navali praelio, near Salamis, Olymp. 1.18. 3. 
 
 2, Iterato, adverbially instead of iter am. 
 
 3, Bellumfiniiimum, instead of cumfinitimis. 
 
 4, Callisfkcnss i a philosopher of QJynlwis, iniimate with Alex- 
 
NOTES. 123 
 
 Page. 
 
 I antler ; he was tortured in the shocking manner here described 49 
 [lor refusing to pay divine honours to the king. 
 
 5. Propter const antiam tantae vinutis, i. e. propter tantam tarn que 
 I ionstantem virtutem. 
 
 t. Proelium, the battle of Ipsus, a town of Phrygia, fought 50 
 I Olymp. 119. 4. 
 
 2. Contimiae mortes, i. e. quae se cxiguo admodum intervallo iem- 
 I poris secutae fuerant . 
 
 3. Ei, scil. Demetrio. 
 
 1. MinimonatutxfiHis. To Ptolemy Philadelphus. 51 
 
 2. Strenue, \ e. forti animo. 
 
 3. Moritur. Lysimachus fell in a bloody battle, fought in Phry« 
 gia, near the Hellespont. 
 
 4. Plolemaeus Ceraunus, son of Ptolemy Soter, was prevented 
 succeeding to the throne of Egypt by his father's partiality for 
 Ms younger brother Philadelphus. . He fied to the court of Se- 
 leucus in Macedonia, and, notwithstanding the kindness of his re* 
 i:cption, perfidiously murdered his protector, and ascended his 
 throne, B. C. 280. 
 
 5. Antioclrus, the son of Seleucus. 
 
 6. Antigonus Gonatas, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 
 
 7- Campus Cirrhaeus, so called from Cirrha, a maritime town 
 of Phocis, at the top of the Sinas Crissaeus, serving as a port to 
 Delphi, and being 60 stadia distant from it. 
 
 1. Romamincendit, after the battle fought at the Allia, in which 52 
 the Romans were totally defeated, B. C. 387. Se« fart. I V. 
 Lib. I. Cap. 32. 
 
 2. Pannonia, a large country of Europe, bounded on the north 
 by the Danube, east by Upper Moesia, south by Dalmatia, and 
 west by Noricum. In the time of Antonine it "was divided into 
 Superior and Inferior, the former answering to part of Hungary \ 
 the latter to Sclavonia. 
 
 3. Saudi, i. e. ebrii. Saucius is used of every kind of hurt or 
 damage ; thus it is applied to a drunken man, qvd meaie non est 
 Integra. 
 
 1. Dils antedgnanis, i. e. das ipsis duceniibus, 53 
 
 2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 
 
 3. Statuta, i. e. Coustiiida, composite. 
 
 4. Opinio, instead of fama ei existimatio. 
 
 5. Ex Sicilia. See Part 1. V. Lib. II. Cap. 5. ot seqq. r . 
 
 1. Plotemaei. Plolemaeus Philadelphus is here meant. *i4 
 
 2. Affiuxisset, instead of insuper aceepissel, supemenissct. 
 
 3. Transitione militum dcstituius,\. e. Mililum ad hostes trans- 
 tunthim defectione copiis deslifuius, instead of solus relictus. 
 
 1. Antiockus, surnamed Hierax. 55 
 
 2. Supra aetatem avidus, i. e. avidior quam pueri hac aetate esse 
 solent. 
 
 3. Amisso regno. He had been for some time a prisoner in Par- 
 thia. - 
 
 4. Doson, A'Jiaoiv, Daturus, from his promising much, and giving 
 nothing. 
 
 |i 5. Dardani, a northern tribe of Upper Moesia, inhabiting the 
 territory now called Servia. 
 
 1 Vicii Lacedaemonii. This battle was fought in the vicinity of gQ 
 Bellasia, a town in Laconia, north-east of Sparta. 
 
 2. Saluti. Instead of viiae. 
 
124 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 56 ^; ^ Ptolemaeum, to Ptolemy Evergetes, who had aided him 
 against the leaders of the Achaean league. 
 
 4. Jifilio ejus. The 4th Ptolemy, son of Evergetes, was sm\ | 
 named Philopator. 
 
 5. Seleucus, the 3rd, surnamed Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as he 
 was a very weak and irresolute monarch. He was son of Seleu- 
 cus the 2nd, surnamed Callinicus. 
 
 6. Antiochus, brother of Seleucus Ceraunus, though only 15 
 years old when he ascended the throne, rendered himself so ce- 
 lebrated that he acquired the name of Great. 
 
 7. Philopdlor, by antiphrasis ; SuXoTmrw^, parenhim amans. 
 
 57 !• Imperium totius orbis spe cornplexi, i. e, sperantes, fieri posse, ui 
 imperio orbis terrarum polirentur ; or, imp trio toiius terrarum orbi$ 
 inhiantes. 
 
 2. Mi, (scil. rep, Philippo) i. e. in Philippi gratiam ; regno (in 
 the ablative) a Romanis occupalo. So below, C. 68. Vt Rex 
 Asid Romanis cederet, 
 
 3. Gratiushabilurus, &c. i. e. semalle socium (PhUippum) quujn 
 hostes (Romanos) in imperii sui possessione videre. 
 
 4. Minus negotii, i. e. id bellum facilius profligari posse* 
 
 5. Trasimenus, or Trasymenus, or Thrasymenus, now the lake ol 
 Perugia, a lake of Italy near Perusia, celebrated for a battle fought 
 there between Annibal and the Romans under Flaminius, B. C, 
 217. 
 
 58 1- Injurias Philippi, instead of de iujiiriis a Philippo acceptis, 
 2. Titulo,i. e.mb praetextu. 
 
 59 1. Abstineret. Understand w£. 
 
 2. Scripsit, i. e. per liter as imperavit, id. 
 
 3. Assiduo colloquio, i. e. Crehris sermonibus cum Hannibah 
 mixtis ; frequente mm eo coUoquendi occasione quaesita. 
 
 4. Reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam, instead of reconci* 
 liatum ejus cum Romanis animum ; vel, earn cum Romanis in gratiam 
 rcdiisse. 
 
 5. Congressione, near Thermopylae in Greece. 
 
 6. Praelmm committitur, near Phocaea, on the coast of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 60 I. Won. Where formerly Troja (Ilium) stood. 
 
 2. Post praelium commissum, near Magnesia, in Lydia, 
 
 3. Ambiguo, i. e. utrimque imndnenie. 
 
 4. Aeloli. The Aetolians rendered themselves conspicuous, as 
 the allies of Rome, in the war against Philip of Macedon ; but 
 when they did not receive the whole of his kingdom as their re* 
 ward, they went over to their former enemies. 
 
 6 1 *• ^ M * ^ n ^° omne bellum confecissent, i. e, quad Mo capio, omi:? 
 bellum conjectum esset. Philopoemen was one of the greater 
 generals of his age. He has been styled the last of the Greeks 
 
 2. Quaesito. Ablative absolute ; i. e. quum prius quaesivissct. 
 
 3. Consultum, i. e. provisum afortuna. 
 
 4. Pudorem, i. e. modestiam, (oaxppoovvriv). 
 
 62 ** Invidiosum, i. e. hominum invidiae obnoxium. 
 
 2. Omne serpentium genus. Instead of serpentes omnis generis 
 
 3. Jnpacem cogtrent, i. e. a bello desisterejuberent. 
 
 4. Ne usu eveniret, quod accidit, i. e. ne idjieret, quod turn faction 
 est, ut scil Romani ipsum comprchensum venirent, Usu and Usns ve 
 nit, equivalent to fit, accidit, 
 
 5. Sensit, scil, HannibaL 
 
S0TE8. 125 
 
 -Pag* 
 
 o\ DimitUret, instead of amitteret, deponeret. g2 
 
 7. Suspensa, i. e. quae adhuc dubia el ambiguafuerat, 
 
 8. Lege victi, i. e. hand aliler ac si victus esset. 
 
 9. Quam victo, quam si victus esset. 
 
 1. Praelium. This battle was fought near Pydna, in Mace- g^ 
 donia. 
 
 2. Samothracia, now Samanaraki or Mandrahi, an island in the 
 Aegaean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of 
 Thrace. 
 
 3. Conspirationem. In a good sense, " unanimity." 
 
 4. Praedam, non proelium agilantes, i. e. non de proelio, sed dt 
 praeda cogitanles. 
 
 5. Proelio commisso. Near Leucopetra, on the Isthmus of Co- 
 rinth. 
 
 1. Novarum rerum. A milder expression for sedilionum, 64 
 
 % Attains, the third. He reigned only five years, 
 
 3. Summittit. Instead of promitiit, 
 
 4. Parthia, the country of the Parthi, was a small province 
 south-east of the Caspian sea. In this restricted sense, Parthia 
 must not be confounded with what the ancients called the Par- 
 thian empire. This last was of vast extent, being bounded on 
 the east by the Indus, on the west by the Tigris, on the south by 
 the Mare Erythraeum, and on the north by Caucasus. 
 
 5. Binis bellis. Orodes, a prince of Parthia, defeated Crassu?,. 
 the Roman triumvir. His son and successor, Phraates the 4th, 
 made war against M. Antony with great success; and obliged him 
 to retire with much loss. 
 
 6. Non pares solum, scil, Rom anis< - 
 
 1. Sui maris, i. e* ipsis propria et peculiaris. vi) 
 
 2. Fluida, "flowing, loose, very wide. 7 ' 
 
 3. Ut incauiiores adversus vainer a insequentes habeant, i- e. earn 
 ob causam, ut insequentes hostes minus a vulneribus caveant. The 
 art which the Parthians possessed of discharging their arrows, 
 while retiring at full speed, gained them many victories. 
 
 4. Came norm. ven. quaes, vesc. i. e. nulla came vescuntur ni$ 
 fcrarum, quas venantes ceperunt. 
 
 5. Mis, scil. vectati. 
 
 6. In supers, praec. amn. ven. est, i. e. quod adeorum superstitio- 
 nes allinet, amnes praecipue venerantur. 
 
 7. Taciti, scil. homines, the idea of which is contained in 
 genii. 
 
 8. Pudore, i. e. rererentia. 
 
 9. Seleucus, king of Syria. 
 
 1. PraeteritiSj \. e. postpodiis. 66 
 
 2. Elymaei, the inhabitants of Elymais, a province of Persia, 
 lying to the south of Media, and forming the northern part of the 
 large district of Susiana. 
 
 1. Thogarii, a people of Scythia. (37 
 
 2. Insultare, scil. sibi; i. e. Confidenlia virium suarum ipsum 
 contemnere. 
 
 2. Ex dolor e in faro rem vertitur, properly, ejus dolor infurorem 68 
 versus est; or, tantimi animo dolor em concepit, ut nihil a furore 
 &b esset. 
 
 2. Ubi dolor vocem laxaverat, i. e. ubi doloris vehementia nonnihil 
 .Imminuia vocis edendae potcstalem fecit. So Virgil (Aen. XL 151.) 
 
126 2fOQ?ES. 
 
 Pag«. 
 
 G8 sa y s °* Evander, who was overwhelmed with grief at the lossot 
 
 his son ; Et via viz tandem voci laxata dolore est. 
 3. Ad Caesarem. To Octavianus. 
 ?>9 1. Cum signis militaribus, These were the ensigns and stand 
 
 ards which the Parthians had taken from Crassus. 
 
 2. Trinacria. So called from its three promontories (rp«s 
 
 3. Sicania. This name was derived from the Sieani, a people 
 of Iberian origin, who came from Upper Asia. They settled first 
 Mi Italy, whence they passed to Sicily, and took possession of the 
 western parts of the island. 
 
 4. Graeci nominis. A periphrasis for Graecos, as Romanum 
 nomen for Romani. The lower part of Italy was settled chiefly 
 by Grecian colonies, whence the name of Nagyia Graecia. 
 
 <fO 1. Romam incenderant. See above, E. Cap. 61. 
 
 2. Nexorum, i. e. captivorum. Nexi is sometimes used in a more 
 limited sense for qui ob aes alimum. nexi, i. e. in servitutem dctrusi 
 stint. 
 
 3. Sollicitat, i. e. sibi conciliare studeU 
 
 4. Dubitavit. Understand utrum. 
 
 5. In quam rem miss. prim, in care. ret. i. e. quod'quum Syracusani 
 fecissent, principes que ewes pads conciliandae causa ad eummisis* 
 sent, Dionysius hos retinuit. 
 
 71 1. Locri, called Epizephyrii, inhabited Magna Graecia, near the 
 promontory of Zephyriam, at the southern extremity of the 
 Sruttiorum ager. 
 
 2. Sine fide fuit, i. e. nemo eifidem kabuit ; omnibus suspectusfuit, 
 
 72 !• Murgantium, a town of Sicily, in the eastern part of the 
 island. 
 
 2. Leontium vel Lemiini, a town on the coast, north of Syra- 
 cuse. 
 
 3. Auxiliofugae ademlo, i. c. adzmla spefugae. qua sepericulis 
 subirahcrent. 
 
 4. Duo., scil. millia. 
 
 5. Speculareniar, scil. Carthaginienses, the idea of which is con- 
 tamed in the word Carthagine. 
 
 6. Poeni .... cccidione caesi nuntiabantur, instead of nuntialum 
 est Poenos . . . occidhne caesos esse. 
 
 m 7. Audits, scil. Agathocles. 
 
 7 3 I. Err ore noctis, i. e. nocte et tenebris in errorem inductus. 
 
 2. Ampliandi, i. e. augendi. 
 
 3. Magnis tirlbus, i. e. midtis cum coj)iis. 
 
 4. Belhm gerebat. See Part First, V. Lib. If. cap. 5—9. 
 
 7! 1. Hiero, the 2d. The first of that name lived two centuries 
 earlier. 
 
 2. Ad spent majestatis, quae promittebatur, i. e. ad dignitatis fas- 
 tigiiim, quod aruspices turn sperare jttbebant. 
 
 3. Eispanus, a son of Hercules. 
 
 1. Nee summae tantmn terrae bona, i. e. ea bona (those produc- 
 tions) quae e -uperficie terrae nascuntut . 
 
 2. Vineis campisque irrigui, instead of campos et vincas vrri< 
 ganies. 
 
 3. Adin-diam, i. e. ad fameni perferend m. 
 
 4. Extraneus, scil. hostis. 
 
 5. Anna s-'nguint ipso cariora, i. c. sanguinem ci vitam 7 quaw 
 arma, perdcre malunt. 
 
 7 3 
 
tfQTES. 127 
 
 6. 7psi, sell. t'm. 75 
 
 7. Serviunt, i. e. operam dant. 
 
 1. Gades, a flourishing commercial city of Spain, at the mouth 7B 
 of one of the arms of the Baetis, now Cadiz. It was founded 
 
 hy a Phoenician colony. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus, had 
 here a celebrated temple. 
 
 2. Ligures. This nation was settled on the southern coast of 
 Gaul. They gradually extended themselves into Italy, and ob- 
 tained exclusive possession of that part of Gallia Cisaipina 
 which lay between the Padus or Po on the north, the Ligusticus 
 Sinus or G. of Genoa on the south, the river Macra on (he earf-. 
 and the Varus on the west. 
 
 3. Jllic, i. e. inter tpulas. 
 
 1. Fatigabant, i. e. mxabant. 77 
 
 2. hi tantum, i.e. tanloptre. 
 
 3. Quandoque, instead of aliquando, inposUrym. 
 
 4. Domeslico praesidio fortem, i. e. adjuiam calulorum, quos &d 
 domus praesidium educaverat, auxilio. 
 
 5. Floralia, games celebrated in honour of Flora. 
 
 6. Apertaeforent, scil. ab iis quos clam in urbe?n miscrat. 
 
 7. Sepultam, scil. oppressam. 
 
 3. Recognovcere, i. e. diligenter inspiwe, num arma celarenl alia 
 ve de causa suspccti essent. 
 
 1. Nomen Massiliensium, instead of Mass'dienscs. 
 
 2. Petitoque, the ablative absolute, instead of et quum peiivistci 
 
 3. Eos ad cur. deor. imm. pert. i. e. eos dcorum cura haberi di? 
 nos, i.e. deos eorurn curam habere 
 
 4. Urb. Pom. incens. See Part 1st, V, Lib. I. cap. 32, 
 
 5. Fwiere, i. e. luctu. 
 
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