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 •RYTHING 
 ABOUT 
 OUR 
 NEW 
 
 ^SESSIONS 
 
 BY 
 
 [^1 TH08. J. VIVIAN 
 
 AND 
 
 RUEL R SMITH 
 
16^9. 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Chai)£5.7.a'opyri£fht No 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
EVERYTHmG 
 
 ABOUT 
 
 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Being a Handy Book 
 
 ON 
 
 CUBA, PORTO RICO, HAWAII, 
 
 AND 
 
 THE PHILIPPINES. 
 
 •_V'" BY ,^\ 
 
 THOMAS J. VIVIAN AND RUEL P^'SMITH. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 R. F. FENNO & CO. 
 
 1899. 
 

 COPYRIGHTED 189Q, 
 BY 
 
 R. F. FENNO & CO 
 
 ■) frf>»" 
 
 ^N 
 
 
 
 
 
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 J) 
 
 tr INTRODUCTION. 
 
 T'HERE is not one fact nor statement in this book that 
 cannot be found in some other authoritative book 
 or official document. 
 
 BUT the books and documents from which these facts 
 and statements are taken would form a library of scores 
 of volmnes, with thousands of pages, and costing many 
 dollars; while this is a liandy book of but a fezv pages 
 and costs but a trifle. Yet it contains all that is of value 
 to the man ivho seeks information on our New Posses- 
 sions. 
 
 The search for, extraction and arrangement of that in- 
 formation have taken months of hard, troublesome, 
 tiring ivork. 
 
 BUT from this handy book a man may get that infor- 
 mation in a minute, at a glance. 
 
 It is for these reasons, because it means the saving of 
 time, labor and money, that it is believed this little vol- 
 ume will be valuable. 
 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 As to NUMBER and AREA. 
 
 It is estimated that there are about 2,000 islands in 
 the group. 
 
 New ones are being continually added to the maps. 
 
 A part of the archipelago is unexplored. 
 
 The principal islands are : Luzon, Mindanao, Pala- 
 wan, Paragua, Samar, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Ne- 
 gros, Cebu, Masbate, Bohol, Catanduanes, Polillo, 
 Marinduque, Tablas, Burias and Ticao. 
 
 Luzon, the largest, has 41,000 square miles 
 
 Mindanao has 37,5oo " " 
 
 Palawan has 10,000 " " 
 
 The next four have, each 10,000 " ** 
 
 Aggregate land area of the group. 1 14,356 " " 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 Virginia 42,450 square miles 
 
 Pennsylvania 45,215 " " 
 
 The total area of the group is equal to the combined 
 area of Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Hampshire, 
 Maryland and Connecticut, and is about a thousand 
 square miles larger than the Territory of Arizona. 
 
 The area of the mainland of Spain is 191,365 square 
 
Our New Possessions. 
 
 miles. The comparative figures give an adequate idea 
 of what that country has lost in the PhiHppines. 
 
 The Philippine Islands form a great part of the 
 vast archipelago lying southeast of Asia. They cover 
 about 1,000 miles north and south and 600 miles east 
 and west. They extend from 5 degrees 32 minutes to 
 19 degrees 38 minutes north latitude, and from 17 
 degrees to 126 degrees east longitude. 
 
 On the north and northwest the islands are sepa- 
 rated from China by the China Sea and the Indo- 
 Chinese Peninsula. Toward the east is the Pacific. 
 On the north small islands stretch out toward For- 
 mosa. On the south a double connection is formed 
 with Borneo by the line of the Palawan, Balabac and 
 Sulu islands. 
 
 AstoPGPULATION* 
 
 Total estimated population of the islands. . . .8,000,000 
 
 Spaniards 20,000 
 
 English, American and other foreign people 
 
 (about) 5,000 
 
 Most of the tribes are of Malay origin. Besides 
 these are Tagolos, Ygorotes, Aetas, Negritos, pure 
 blacks, Chinese, Japanese, Indios, Moors and mixed 
 races. 
 
 Some 500 languages and dialects are spoken. 
 
 In the as yet inaccessible parts of the islands there 
 are unsubdued savage tribes, estimated at about 600,- 
 000 in number. 
 
 The most primitive are the Negritos, a race of 
 
Philippine Islands. 9 
 
 dwarf blacks. They are confined to the higher moun- 
 tain ranges in Luzon and Negros. 
 
 On first arrival the Spaniards found a part of the 
 natives somewhat civilized; but while they had a 
 written language, of which some specimens have 
 been preserved, it proved to be of no value in throw- 
 ing light upon their early history. 
 
 Their traditions are few and their folk lore has 
 not impressed itself on any Spanish historian. The 
 Philippine Malays are a superior race to many other 
 Asiatic peoples ; they take life easy and are in the 
 main easy of control, when not wrought upon by 
 scheming leaders. 
 
 The natives are all born gamblers, and cock fight- 
 ing is their principal pastime. Every town has its 
 cockpit. /The Spaniards have taken advantage of 
 this passion as a means of extorting heavy taxes, and 
 the government has conducted a lottery to take ad- 
 vantage of the islanders' habit of gaming.' They are 
 fond of music, dancing and amusements of all kinds. 
 
 As to CLIMATE. 
 
 In the Region of Manila. 
 
 Hottest season from March to June 
 
 Hottest month May 
 
 Maximum temperature in May. from 80 to 100 degrees 
 
 Coolest season December and January 
 
 Temperature in coolest season, 
 
 from 60 to 65 at night ; 75 by day 
 Mpst delightful season, .from November to February 
 
10 Our New Possessions, 
 
 U. S. Weather Bureau's Compilation, Covering 
 FROM 7 TO 32 Years : 
 
 Temperature^ degrees Fahrenheit: 
 
 Mean annual 80 degrees 
 
 Warmest month 82 " 
 
 Coolest month 79 " 
 
 Highest 100 " 
 
 Lowest 60 " 
 
 Humidity: 
 
 Relative per cent 78 
 
 Absolute grains per cubic foot 8.75 
 
 Wind movements in miles: 
 
 Daily mean 134 
 
 Greatest daily 204 
 
 Least daily 95 
 
 Prevailing wind direction — NE., November to April ; 
 SW., May to October. 
 
 Cloudiness, annual per cent 53 
 
 Days with rain 135 
 
 Rainfall in Inches: 
 
 Mean annual. 75-43 
 
 Greatest monthly 120.98 
 
 Least monthly 55.65 
 
Philippine Islands. II 
 
 The following is the mean temperature for the 
 three seasons, at points specified : 
 
 Cold. Hot. Wet. 
 
 Manila 7^ 87 84 degrees 
 
 Cebu 75 86 75 
 
 Davao 86 88 87 
 
 Sulu 81 82 83 " 
 
 Owing to the extreme length of the archipelago 
 from north to south there is a great variety of cli- 
 mate, but the general characteristics are those of the 
 tropics. Seasons vary with the prevailing monsoons, 
 or trade winds, and are classed as "wet" and "dry." 
 The Spanish describe the seasons as "six months of 
 mud," "six months of dust," and "six months of 
 everything." 
 
 The northern islands lie in the track of the ty- 
 phoons, which, developing in the Pacific, sweep over 
 the China Sea from northeast to southwest during 
 the southwest monsoon. They may be looked for at 
 any time between May and November, but it is dur- 
 ing the months of July, August and September that 
 they are most frequent. 
 
 Early in the season the northern region feels the 
 greatest force, but as the season advances the ty- 
 phoon gradually works southward, and the danger- 
 ous time at Manila is about the end of October and 
 the beginning of November. Typhoons rarely, if 
 ever, pass south of 9 degrees north latitude. 
 
 Thunderstorms of great violence are frequent in 
 May and June, before the commencement of the rainy 
 season. During July, August, September and Octo- 
 ber the rains are very heavy. The rivers and lakes 
 
12 Our New Possessions. 
 
 then overflow, flooding large tracts of the low coun- 
 try. 
 
 The typhoon is the most interesting and the most 
 terrible of storms. It is a great, revolving circle of 
 tempest, varying from 40 to 130 miles of exterior 
 circle and with an inner or comparatively calm core 
 of from 8 to 15 miles. The entire great storm field 
 moves across the sea at the rate of about 14 miles an 
 hour. 
 
 Seamen note the approach of these hurricanes 
 by clouds that look like fine hair, or feathers, or 
 small tufts of white wool, traveling from east or 
 north; a slight rise in the barometer; clear and dry 
 weather, and light winds. Then quickly follow the 
 usual threats of storm ; the wind comes in sharp, 
 violent gusts, and a long, heavy swell, confused and 
 broken, rolls ahead of its path. If the barometer 
 falls rapidly then the navigator must decide quickly 
 whether to try to sail across the face of the storm 
 and escape it, or to heave to, in accordance with 
 well defined rules, adapted to whichever semi-circle 
 of the storm must be encountered. 
 
 The sea, encircled by the great wind disc, is tossed 
 into mountainous heaps with incredible quickness; 
 the fury of the winds is almost indescribable. 
 
 As to DISTANCES. 
 
 San Francisco to Manila 8,iii statute miles. 
 
 New York to Manila 11,361 " " 
 
 Cadiz, Spain, to Manila I0,e°° " 
 
Philippine Islands. 13 
 
 As to COST and TIME in GETTING THERE. 
 
 Time — By Way of the Suez Canal. 
 
 New York to London — American Line, 
 
 Southampton Service 7 «lays. 
 
 London to Hong Kong — Peninsular and Ori- 
 ental Line 4° 
 
 Hong Kong to Manila— Local Steamer Ser- 
 vice 3 
 
 Total— New York to Manila 50 " 
 
 Cost — By Way of the Suez Canal. 
 
 New York to Hong Kong— First class, 
 
 through rate $434-00 
 
 Hong Kong to Manila 35oo 
 
 Total cost New York to Manila, first class $469.00 
 
 New York to Hong Kong, second class 248.50 
 
 The Suez route Is by way of Southampton, Gibral- 
 tar, Mediterranean and Indian ports to Hong Kong 
 and Manila. 
 
 The through rate is much cheaper than the regular 
 fares, each line making a reduction. 
 
 Berths should be engaged in advance at New York 
 on the Peninsular and Oriental Line. 
 
14 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Time — By Way of San Francisco. 
 
 New York to San Francisco 6 days 
 
 San Francisco to Hong Kong — Pacific Mail or 
 
 Oriental and Occidental lines 20 " 
 
 Hong Kong to Manila 3 " 
 
 Total— New York to Manila 29 " 
 
 Cost — By Way of San Francisco. 
 
 New York to Hong Kong, through rate $303.50 
 
 Hong Kong to Manila, " " 35.00 
 
 New York to Manila, through rate $338.50 
 
 The San Francisco route to Manila is by way of 
 Honolulu, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe, Shanghai and 
 Hong Kong. 
 
 The through rate is cheaper than the sum of the 
 regular fares. 
 
 Rates from New York, New Orleans and St. Louis 
 to San Francisco are given in the division "Hawaiian 
 Islands." 
 
 Regular Rates — San Francisco to Manila. 
 
 (Pacific Mail Steamship Co.) 
 
 First class cabin, one way $270.00 
 
 Four months, round trip 412.50 
 
 Twelve months, round trip 468.75 
 
Philippine Islands. 15 
 
 European servants accompanying families, one 
 
 way $195.00 
 
 The same, four months, round trip 300.00 
 
 The same, twelve months, round trip 337-50 
 
 Asiatic servants accompanying famiHes, one 
 
 way 50.00 
 
 The same, four or twelve months, reduced trip. 100.00 
 Missionaries and their families, first class, one 
 
 ^"^^y 213.75 
 
 European servants of same, one way 157.50 
 
 Asiatic servants of same, one way 50.00 
 
 European steerage, one way 145.00 
 
 Asiatic steerage, one way 78.00 
 
 Children 5 and under 12 years, half rate; 2 and 
 under 5 years, quarter rate ; under 2 years, free. 
 
 Baggage allowance— 350 pounds each adult cabin 
 passengers ; 233 pounds each servant ; 175 pounds each 
 steerage passenger ; excess baggage, 3 cents a pound. 
 
 Cabin passengers may, if they desire, stop over at 
 Honolulu and proceed by a succeeding steamer of the 
 Pacific Mail Co. or the Oriental and Occidental 
 Steamship Co., without extra charge. 
 
 As to PLPJL and CABLE SERVICE, 
 
 In round numbers, it takes about four weeks for a 
 letter, mailed at the New York Post-Office, to reach 
 Manila. 
 
 Mail goes by the way of San Francisco. 
 
 The regular foreign rate, 5 cents for each half 
 
l6 Our New Possessions. 
 
 ounce, is charged for letters ; merchandise, i cent an 
 ounce up to four pounds. 
 
 For soldiers and sailors only 2 cents an ounce letter 
 postage is charged. 
 
 From New York to Manila cablegrams go by way 
 of the Suez, there being no Pacific cable. 
 
 Messages from New York to Manila over the West- 
 ern Union cable cost $2.10 a word. 
 
 Among the important repeating stations between 
 New York and Manila are Canso, N. S. ; Valentia, 
 Ireland; London, Brest, France; Port Said, on the 
 Suez; Aden, Arabia; Madras, India; Singapore and 
 Hong Kong. 
 
 AstoTRADE^ 
 
 In the Matter of Exports. 
 
 The principal staples of export are tobacco — manu- 
 factured and raw — Manila hemp, sugar cane, coffee, 
 cocoanuts and copra. 
 
 The principal manufactures are hats, mats, baskets, 
 ropes, furniture, coarse pottery, carriages and musi- 
 cal instruments. 
 
 EXPORTS FOR THE QUARTER ENDING DECEMBER 3I, 1897. 
 
 Bales of hemp — 280 pounds per bale — to the 
 United States 138,792 
 
 Bales of hemp — 280 pounds per bale — to Great 
 
 Britain 78,106 
 
 Increase in the export of hemp in 1897 — bales. . 158,485 
 
Philippine Islands. 17 
 
 Increase to the United States in 1897 — bales. .133,896 
 Decrease to Great Britain in 1897 — bales 22,348 
 
 Of increased shipments of hemp from the Philip- 
 pines in 1897 those to the United States were 544 per 
 cent, greater than to all other countries combined. 
 
 Of the total exports of hemp from the Philippines 
 for the ten years ended 1897, amounting to 6,528,965 
 bales, or 914,055 tons, 41 per cent, came to the United 
 States. 
 
 During these same years the islands exported to 
 the United States and to Europe 1,582,903 tons of 
 sugar. This was divided up as follows : 
 
 To the United States 875,150 tons. 
 
 To Great Britain 666,391 " 
 
 To Continental Europe 41,362 " 
 
 Of the total exports more than 55 per cent, came to 
 the United States. 
 
 For the ten years ended 1897 the value of the ex- 
 ports of hemp and raw sugar to the United States 
 amounted to $89,263,722.80, or an average of nearly 
 $8,926,372 per year. 
 
 Data as to cigars, tobacco, copra, woods, hides, 
 shells, indigo, coffee, etc., are not obtainable in full, 
 but a conservative estimate would so raise the above 
 figures as to show United States imports from these 
 islands to average about $1,000,000 per month. 
 
 In the Matter of Imports. 
 
 The chief imports are rice, flour, machinery, dress 
 goods, wines, coal, petroleum. 
 
1 8 Our New Possessions. 
 
 According to a British Foreign Office report the 
 imports in 1896 from several of the most important 
 countries were in value as follows : 
 
 Great Britain $2,467,090 
 
 Germany 744,928 
 
 France 1,794,900 
 
 Belgium 272,240 
 
 United States 162,446 
 
 China 103,680 
 
 In 1897 the Philippines received these imports : 
 
 Cotton manufactures $1,524,622 
 
 Silk " 142,135 
 
 Woolen " 64,704 
 
 Apparel 109,588 
 
 Machinery 191,269 
 
 Metals and manufactures of 337,216 
 
 Coal 57,852 
 
 Provisions 118,538 
 
 Great Britain led all the other countries in its ex- 
 ports to the Philippines. 
 
 As to RAILROADS and TRAVEL. 
 
 Only one railroad has been built, running from 
 Manila to Pangasinan, 123 miles. It is a single track 
 road, connecting the capital with the rice growing 
 districts. 
 
Philippine Islands. 19 
 
 As to BUSINESS CHANCES, 
 
 From Consular Report Sept. 16, j8g8. 
 
 The Chinese, who are in the majority among the 
 aliens, control the retail trade. 
 
 Next to them come the Spanish dealers. 
 
 There are about 300 other Europeans in business in 
 the entire group. 
 
 The richest dealers are the Creoles and Mestizos, a 
 combination of Chinese and Tagalese. 
 
 In Manila there are many large cigarette factories, 
 some of which employ as many as 4,000 hands. A 
 few German, Swiss and English firms have entered 
 that field. 
 
 There is a sugar refinery, a steam rice mill, a Span- 
 ish electrical plant, a Spanish telephone exchange, a 
 Spanish tramway, worked partly by steam and partly 
 b}'' horse power; rope factories, worked mainly by 
 hand (a few use oxen) ; a Spanish brewery, which 
 furnishes a good beer ; a German cement factory with 
 70 hands; a Swiss umbrella factory; and a Swiss hat 
 factory, which makes felt and straw articles, the lat- 
 ter out of Chinese straw braid. 
 
 A cotton mill with 6,000 spindles and with capital 
 (English) of £40,000 ($194,600) is in process of erec- 
 tion. 
 
 The European firms in Manila are divided as fol- 
 lows: Forty-five Spanish, 19 German, 17 English, 2 
 English and 6 Swiss brokers, 2 French storekeepers 
 with large establishments, i Dutch, and i Belgian. 
 Small retail stores (40 in number) are kept by Chi- 
 nese firms. 
 
 The German and Swiss firms are general impor- 
 
20 Our New Possessions. 
 
 ters, while the export of hemp and sugar, the import 
 of domestic dry goods, and the ship chandlery trade 
 are in the hands of the EngHsh. 
 
 Credit from one to three months and 5 per cent, 
 is given, while spot-cash sales command a discount 
 of 7 per cent. Caution is advised in dealing with the 
 Chinese merchants, as Manila has no mercantile 
 register like Hong Kong. 
 
 Cotton yarns are a heavy import article, so far 
 mainly from Barcelona, by reason of the minimum 
 Spanish tariff. The Spanish manufacturers have 
 done what England, Germany and Switzerland have 
 always refused to do, and that is to renumber the 
 yarns. In Manila, No. 10 is sold numbered 24; No. 
 16 numbered 30; No. 18 numbered 32; No. 22 num- 
 bered 49; No. 32 numbered 50, and No. 36 or 40 
 numbered 60. The orders given are for four-fifths 
 unbleached and one-fifth bleached. 
 
 Dyed yarn is bought in Nos. 20 and 32, in colors of 
 orange, green and rose. Turkey red yarn, in the 
 correct numbers 20 to 40, especially 32, used to come 
 from Elberfeld ; but of late years Spain has managed 
 to supply it. 
 
 Bleached and unbleached shirtings and drills, from 
 Manchester, are sold in large quantities, but of late 
 the pieces have decreased in yards as well as in 
 widths. The staples now are white shirtings, 26 
 inches wide and 36 yards long; gray T cloth, 25 
 inches wide and 215^ yards long; gray long cloth, 28 
 inches wide and 32 yards long; and gray drills, 25 
 inches wide and 27 yards long. 
 
 Colored prints, 24 inches wide, with red ground 
 and fancy crimps, are good sellers. Ginghams and 
 chellass, for bed coverings, etc., common quality, in 
 
Philippine Islands. 21' 
 
 large patterns with red ground— some with yellow 
 or blue squares, some with indigo ground, and a few 
 in green — in pieces of 24 yards, find a good market, 
 while cotton cassinette, in light weight and double 
 width, for trousers, is in demand. 
 
 Handkerchiefs, 17 by 18 inches and 22 by 22 inches, 
 white, or white with colored borders, are the "cor- 
 rect thing." Black cotton zanellas, 185^ inches wide, 
 for the dresses of the country women, and aniline 
 black satins, in 45-inch goods, are considered stylish. 
 
 Woven cotton underwear is a great staple, and 
 white cotton bed quilts, in fancy patterns, are used as 
 ponchos, after a hole has been cut in the centre. 
 
 It is estimated that 500,000 dozen undershirts are 
 used annually — two-third with arms half-length, 
 sizes 34 to 40, 27 inches long, bleached white, striped, 
 printed and network. Men's cotton socks, 9 to 11, 
 and ladies' cotton hose, 8 to 9^, are the right sizes. 
 Cheap cotton-lace pinta fichus are worn by all the 
 women. 
 
 Other articles which have a good sale are low- 
 priced sewing machines, carriages and parts, enam- 
 eled ware for cooking utensils, and, last but not least, 
 American clocks, which now have a good foothold, 
 and for which there is an increasing demand. 
 
 In the Matter of Boots and Shoes. 
 
 The latest customs statistics show that the imports 
 of footwear for the year 1894 amounted to about 
 $94,000. The United States did not figure in the 
 tables showing this trade into the Philippines, yet the 
 United States are the largest manufacturers of boots 
 and shoes. 
 
22 Our New Possessions. 
 
 This trade was divided as follows : 
 
 Value. 
 
 Boots and shoes of leather and canvas $13,204 
 
 Boots and shoes of patent leather and calfskin. 50,796 
 Slippers and common shoes worn by Chinese. . 7,179 
 Footwear for children 23,114 
 
 Henry W. Gilbert, Consul, in his report dated 
 Liege, July 5, 1898, advises our manufacturers to 
 prepare for this trade with the islands. 
 
 As to GOVERNMENT and LAWS. 
 
 Until shortly before August 13, 1898, when Manila 
 surrendered to the American forces, after a short 
 land fight and bombardment, there was, in Madrid, 
 a council of state for the Philippines, which had in 
 charge "the interests of the colony," and which acted 
 as an advisory board to the Minister of the Colonies. 
 
 At Manila the administration of the government 
 had for its head a Governor General, who was at the 
 same time Captain General, Director and Inspector 
 General of all arms and institutes ; he was also dele- 
 gated Superintendent of Finances, President of the 
 Administrative Council of the Ayuntamiento, Pro- 
 tector of the Spanish Bank, etc., etc. Next to the 
 Captain Generalship of Cuba this was the most lucra- 
 tive post at the disposal of the home government. 
 His jurisdiction also extended over the Mariana, or 
 the Ladrone, islands, the Carolines, and the Pelew 
 islands. 
 
Philippine Islands. 23 
 
 The islands were divided into four provinces and 
 four military districts, and were governed by politico- 
 military commanders. 
 
 As to INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 In the Matter of Religious Worship. 
 
 The Roman Catholic is the established church in 
 the Philippines. 
 
 There is one Archiepiscopal See and three bishop- 
 rics. 
 
 Most of the ecclesiastical authority is in the hands 
 of the various religious orders — Dominicans, Augus- 
 tines, Franciscans, etc. 
 
 As to CITIES, 
 
 On the Island of Luzon. 
 
 Manila is the capital of the Philippine Archipelago 
 and of the Province of Manila. It was founded in 
 1571- It lies on the left bank of the mouth of Rio 
 Pasig, about 25 miles from the entrance of the bay, 
 and has 110,000 inhabitants. 
 
 It is a fortified city, encircled by a wall with bas- 
 tions and bulwarks, and a ditch and outer ditch where 
 it does not front on the bay or river. The waters 
 can be let in and thus isolate the city. 
 
 The streets are straight, well paved and illumi- 
 nated. Prominent among its buildings are the gov- 
 
24 Our New Possessions. 
 
 €rnor*s palace, the royal court of chancery and the 
 Convent of San Augustin, with its handsome church ; 
 the church and convent of the Recollects of San 
 Francisco, whose buildings occupy an immense 
 space; the royal college and pontifical university of 
 St. Thomas, which is spacious, well constructed and 
 possesses a notable physical laboratory; the munic- 
 ipal atheneum, in charge of the Jesuits, with a physi- 
 cal laboratory, natural history museum, and a magni- 
 ficent apparatus for astronomical observations ; the 
 military hospital, with room for i,ooo beds, and the 
 spacious and well-attended hospital of San Juan de 
 Dios. 
 
 Among the buildings ruined in the earthquake of 
 1863, some of which are being reconstructed and 
 others already so, are the cathedral and the customs 
 building. 
 
 The real nucleus of the population of Manila is in 
 its suburbs. These comprise the pueblos, or towns, 
 of Binondo, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Quiapo, San 
 Miguel, Sampaloc and Tondo. The neighborhoods 
 of these suburbs are delightful and picturesque, with 
 rivers, lagoons, creeks, islands and little hamlets. 
 Bridges connect these suburbs with Manila. 
 
 The suburb of Binondo is the most mercantile of 
 the archipelago ; here were centered the Spanish con- 
 trol of the revenues and monopolies ; here are the gen- 
 eral tobacco warehouses, and here were administered 
 the finances of the province. The streets of Binondo 
 are narrow, but the houses tastefully and well built. 
 
 North of Binondo, separated by a river spanned by 
 several bridges, is the suburb of Tondo, extending to 
 the west of the bay, on flat, sandy ground. The 
 houses are in general constructed of cane and nipa — 
 
Philippine Islands. 25 
 
 a species of palm with feathery leaves. The streets 
 are narrow, but there is a handsome church, a small 
 theatre and a market place. 
 
 Northeast of Binondo is the suburb of Santa Cruz, 
 with good buildings, a flower market, theatre, public 
 jail, etc. 
 
 Northeast of Manila, and at the extremity of the 
 suburb of Santa Cruz, is the suburb of Quiapo, with 
 good houses, well aligned streets and a pretty market 
 place. There is a suspension bridge here over the 
 Pasig measuring 350 feet long by 23 feet wide. 
 
 The suburb of San Miguel is situated to the east 
 of Manila on the opposite bank of the Pasig River, 
 and is connected with Quiapo by a wooden bridge. 
 It has good buildings and a comfortable and well 
 ventilated barracks. Along the river are a number of 
 villas, the last one being called Malacamang, until 
 recently the residence of the supreme Spanish au- 
 thority of the archipelago. It consists of a palace, 
 divided into two parts, surrounded by gardens. 
 
 On the island of San Andres, in the centre of the 
 river Pasig, is the convalescent hospital, the San 
 Jose poorhouse and the insane asylum. 
 
 To the northeast of Manila, adjoining it and front- 
 ing on the river bank, is the place known as Arro- 
 ceros — the rice mills — where are located extensive 
 tobacco factories, one of which employs 7,000 women ; 
 the botanical gardens, the Spanish theatre and the 
 Kiosko, for public dances. 
 
 A mile and three-quarters south of Manila, on the 
 bay, is the pueblo of Malate. It is crossed by the 
 highway from the capital to Cavite and has a fine 
 church and barracks. 
 
 On the shores of the Pasig River is the promenade 
 
2!^ Our New Possessions. 
 
 of Magallanes, on which is erected an obelisk to the 
 memory of the great navigator, Magellan. There 
 are cock pits and luxurious cafes, the Spanish Rec- 
 reation Club, a military library, and, outside the town, 
 a riding school and race course. 
 
 'Pasig, in Manila province, is 7 miles from Manila 
 and has a population of 22,000. 
 
 Cavite, 7 miles down the bay from Manila, is 
 the great dock and shipyard of the port. It is the 
 capital of the Province of Cavite. About a mile 
 from its shore v/as depth enough of water for the 
 Spanish fleet to lie. It is a narrow spit of land, point- 
 ing toward the city of Manila, and its batteries took 
 part in the battle of Manila Bay. There is a dock 
 for gunboats and a private dock for vessels of 1,500 
 tons. From Cavite to Manila by road is 15 miles. 
 All its buildings are of stone, among them being 
 several churches, a theatre and casino. 
 
 Bangued is the capital of the Province of Abra. 
 It is 236 miles from Manila and has a population of 
 13,417. It has a telegraph station and was the resi- 
 dence of the politico-military governor. 
 
 Albay is the capital of the Province of Albay. 
 It has a population of 14,000, and is situated on the 
 bay of the same name, at the foot of the Mayon vol- 
 cano. 
 
 Nueva Caceres is the capital of the Province 
 of the Camarines. It is 207 miles from Manila and 
 has a population of 11,550. It is situated on the 
 Naga River, which is navigable from the sea to the 
 capital by vessels of from 150 to 200 tons. It has a 
 cathedral, a bishop's palace, seminary for the clergy 
 
Philippine Islands. ^7 
 
 of the country, a normal school, court house and 
 postoffice. 
 
 Batangas is the capital of the Province of Ba- 
 tangas. It is 72 miles from Manila and has a popu- 
 lation of 39,358. It is situated in a cove on the 
 Calumpang River and has a good harbor. During 
 the month of February agricultural and industrial 
 fairs and expositions are held there. 
 
 BuLACAN is the capital of the Province of Bulacan. 
 It is 22 miles from Manila and has a population of 
 13,186. It has a church, a town hall and about 2,000 
 stone houses. 
 
 TuGUEGARAO is the capital of the Province of Caga- 
 yan. It has a population of 16,826. Among the prin- 
 cipal houses are the government house, of elegant 
 architecture, the court house, church and town hall. 
 
 Laoag is the capital of the Province of Ilocos 
 Norte. It has a population of 37,094. 
 
 Vigan is the capital of the Province of Ilocos Sur. 
 It is 238 miles from Manila and has a population of 
 19,000. It has a cathedral. Episcopal palace, court 
 house, administration building and council seminary. 
 
 Santa Cruz is the capital of the Province of La- 
 guna. It is 48 miles from Manila and has a popu- 
 lation of "13,141. It is celebrated for its markets. 
 High roads lead to Batangas, Cavite, Manila and the 
 Province of Tayabas. There are many fine build- 
 ings. 
 
 LiNGAYEN is the capital of the Province of Panga- 
 sinan. It is 146 miles from Manila and has a popu- 
 lation of 18,886. It has a postoffice and telegraph 
 
28 Our New Possessions. 
 
 station, a good parish church and about 3,500 houses, 
 some of stone, along one long and broad street. 
 
 Tayabas is the capital of the Province of Tayabas. 
 It is 91 miles from Manila and has a population of 
 15,000. There are dock yards in which good vessels 
 are constructed. 
 
 Iba is the capital of the Province of Zambales. It 
 is 122 miles from Manila and has a population of 
 3,512. It has a jail, court house, church, meeting 
 hall and parish house, and was the residence of the 
 mayor, judge and other functionaries. It has a post- 
 office and telegraph station. 
 
 On the Island of Mindanao. 
 
 Zamboanga is the capital of the District of Zam- 
 boanga. It has a population of 21,300. It is a forti- 
 fied place and a naval station, and has a fine barracks 
 and the castle of San Felipe, which dominates the 
 town and harbor. 
 
 Bago, in the District of Davao, has a population of 
 7,000. 
 
 SuRiGAO is the capital of the District of Surigao. 
 It has a population of 6,285. It was the residence 
 of the governor, judge and other officials. 
 
 On the Island of Mindoro. 
 
 Calapan is the capital, with a population of 5,585. 
 It is 96 miles from Manila, on the harbor of Calapan, 
 and has about 500 houses. 
 
Philippine Islands. 2g 
 
 On the Island of Panay. 
 
 Iloilo is the capital of the Province of Iloilo. It is 
 about 250 miles from Manila by steamer and has a 
 population of 10,380. It is, next to Manila, the most 
 important port in the Philippines. It stands on a 
 low, sandy flat on the right bank of the river Iloilo. 
 Vessels of moderate draft— 15 feet— can ascend the 
 river a short distance and lie alongside wharves which 
 communicate with the merchant houses, but large 
 vessels must anchor outside. 
 
 Iloilo has a pretty cathedral, a seminary and court 
 house. Among its industries are a machine shop, 
 foundry, a carriage factory and a hat factory. 
 
 The better class of houses are built on strong, 
 wooden posts, two or three feet in diameter, that 
 reach to the roof; stone walls to the first floor, with 
 wooden windows above and an iron roof. The poorer 
 classes of dwellings are flimsy erections of nipa, built 
 on four posts. The roads and bridges are nearly use- 
 less and practically impassible in the rainy season. 
 
 The chief imports are Australian coal and general 
 merchandise from Europe. 
 
 The exports are sugar, tobacco, rice, coffee, hides 
 and hemp. 
 
 Provisions of all kinds can be obtained, but the 
 prices are higher than at Manila. Water is scarce. 
 The Europeans depend mainly on rain water. 
 
 There is regular communication with Manila; the 
 steamers generally arrive on Monday and leave on 
 the same or following day. 
 
 Capiz is the capital of the Province of Capiz. 
 It is 290 miles from Manila and has a population of 
 
30 Our New Possessions. 
 
 13,676. It has a harbor for vessels of ordinary draft 
 and highroads to Iloilo, Antique and the District of 
 Concepcion, There is a steamer kept by the State, 
 stopping at the harbor every 28 days and connecting 
 with Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. 
 
 On the Island of Cebu. 
 
 Cebu is the capital, with a population of 35,243. 
 It is the mercantile centre of the Visaya group. It is 
 460 miles from Manila. It is an Episcopal See and 
 has a cathedral, Episcopal palace, court house and 
 some well built private edifices. There is a post 
 office and telegraph station. 
 
 The city of Cebu is the most ancient in the Philip- 
 pines. It has been the seat of government of the 
 group of Visayan islands, which include Cebu, Bohol, 
 Panay, Negros and Leyte. It is built on a large 
 plain at the foot of the chain of hills that traverse the 
 island throughout its length. 
 
 The merchants' quarter is situated along the port 
 and includes some stone houses. The huts of the 
 Malays, for the most part fishermen, are on the beach 
 and form the west part of the city. 
 
 Maktan Island, which lies across the narrow chan- 
 nel from Cebu, is where Magellan was killed in 1521, 
 after making the first passage across the Pacific. 
 
 As to GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 No methodical and detailed study of the geography, 
 nor even of the number of the islands, has been made. 
 
Philippine Islands. 31 
 
 Present maps and charts are defective, except for the 
 seaboard, in the survey of which the leading mari- 
 time nations have co-operated. The coast line is very 
 irregular, the ocean cutting in and forming countless 
 bays, gulfs, isthmuses and peninsulas. There are 
 long passages and natural canals between the islands. 
 
 The whole surface of the Philippines is essentially 
 mountainous, the only plains that occur being al- 
 luvial districts at the river mouths and the spaces 
 left by the intersection of the ranges. The principal 
 ranges have a tendency to run north and south, with 
 a certain amount of deflection east and west, as the 
 case may be, so that the orographic diagram of the 
 archipelago, as a whole, has a similiarity to a fan, 
 with northern Luzon as its centre of radiation. 
 
 From the southern point of Mindanao to the north- 
 ern extremity of Luzon, the relief of all the islands 
 is either in a line with the southern isthmuses or 
 parallel to them. 
 
 On the other hand, the islands of Bohol, Cebu, 
 Negros and Panay are disposed in a line with, or 
 parallel to, the Sulu Archipelago, while Mindoro and 
 the main section of Luzon form the northeast exten- 
 sion of Paragua and Borneo. 
 
 Most of the surface appears to be formed of old 
 rocks, especially schists, and, in the north of Luzon, 
 granite. 
 
 In 1627 one of the most elevated mountains of 
 Cagayan disappeared, and on the island of Mindanao, 
 in 1675, a passage was opened to the sea and a vast 
 plain emerged. The more recent of the convulsions 
 occurred in 1863 and in 1880. The destruction of 
 property was great, especially in Manila. 
 
 The Philippines were once, it is believed, a part of 
 
32 Our New Possessions. 
 
 a gigantic continent, from which they were separated 
 by some cataclysm. This continent probably extended 
 from Celebes to the farthest Polynesian islands on 
 the east, to New Zealand on the south, and to the 
 Mariana and Sandwich Islands on the north. 
 
 The disposition of the mountain ranges in parallel 
 chains affords opportunity for the development of 
 streams both in Luzon and in Mindanao. The larger 
 islands contain inland seas, into which pour num- 
 berless small streams from the inland hills. Many of 
 them open out into broad estuaries, and in numerous 
 instances coasting vessels of light draft can sail to the 
 very foot of the mountains. These rivers and inland 
 lakes swarm with fish and shellfish. Four of the 
 rivers, at least, are navigable. 
 
 Most of the interior roads are scarcely worthy of 
 the name, and not much is known of those running 
 along the coast. In the dry season the roadbeds are 
 fair, but when the rains come they are little more 
 than sloughs, not being ballasted with rock or metal. 
 
 The soil of the islands is exceedingly fertile, but 
 agriculture is almost wholly undeveloped. The island- 
 ers are skilful weavers of cotton and silk; they tan 
 leather, are good ship builders and make wagons and 
 carts. 
 
 A species of buffalo is the great beast of burden, 
 and is used in the rainy season to drag a sort of 
 sledge over the muddy roads. The Philippine horse 
 is small and ugly, but is sturdy and useful in the dry 
 season. The best specimens sell for $150. The bull, 
 of Spanish origin, is found wild, and deer are plenty 
 in the thickets. 
 
 Spain's efforts to secure a monopoly greatly re- 
 tarded the early commerce of the Philippines with the 
 
Philippine Islands. 33 
 
 world, and it was not until i8og that the first Eng- 
 lish firm obtained permission to establish a business 
 house in Manila. In 1814 this permission was made 
 more general. It is only, however, since 1834 that 
 foreign capital and methods have materially de- 
 veloped the natural resources. 
 
 Internal commerce, as well as foreign trade, suf- 
 fers from lack of facilities for transportation. This 
 is marked during the rainy season, when the coast- 
 ing trade is a dangerous one and the swollen condi- 
 tion of the streams nearly stops land traffic. 
 
 The public revenue has been about $12,000,000 per 
 annum, of which the larger part was raised from di- 
 rect taxation, customs, monopolies and lotteries. For 
 the imposition and collection of taxes Spanish in- 
 genuity has been exercised to the utmost, but the 
 basis of the financial system in the Philippines was 
 the poll-tax, which every adult under sixty years of 
 age, male or female, had to pay. Almost every arti- 
 cle of import was heavily taxed. On muslin and pe- 
 troleum the duty was about 100 per cent, of cost. 
 
 In the Matter of Rivers. 
 
 The Rio Grande de Cagayan, on the 
 island of Luzon 200 miles long. 
 
 The Agno Grande, on the island of 
 Luzon 112 " " 
 
 The Abra, on the island of Luzon. ... 87 " " 
 
 The Rio Agusan, or Buluan, on the 
 island of Mindanao 236 " " 
 
 The Polangui, on the island of Min- 
 danao 87 " " 
 
34 Our New Possessions. 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 The Hudson 300 miles long. 
 
 The Merrimac 120 " " 
 
 The Kennebec 150 " 
 
 There are hundreds of smaller rivers on the various 
 islands, besides countless small streams flowing from 
 the inland seas. 
 
 In the Matter of Harbors. 
 
 Trade is confined chiefly to Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, 
 Sual and, to a lesser extent, Zamboanga, on the island 
 of Mindanao. 
 
 The Bay of Manila is one of the finest in the world, 
 120 miles in circumference. There are two long 
 piers running out from the mouth of the Pasig River 
 into Manila Bay. 
 
 At Cavite, 8 miles to the southwest by water, is a 
 marine railway capable of handling vessels of 2,000 
 tons displacement ; also a dock for small vessels. 
 
 Iloilo, the second port in importance, is on the 
 island of Panay, about 250 miles in a direct line from 
 Manila. 
 
 In the Matter of Mountains. 
 
 While none of the mountain peaks greatly exceeds 
 8,000 feet in height, Apo, in Mindanao, is over 9,000 
 feet; Halson, in Mindoro, is over 8,900 feet; and 
 Mayon, in Luzon is over 8,200 feet. The latter is an 
 
Philippine Islands. 
 
 35 
 
 active volcano, which has been the scene of several 
 eruptions during the present century. Extinct or ac- 
 tive craters are numerous in the Philippines, and as a 
 consequence of these subterraneous forces earth- 
 quakes are frequent and violent. 
 
 BY PROVINCES. 
 
 The Province of Manila, on the Island of Luzon, 
 has a population of 400,000. Besides Manila and 
 Pasig, elsewhere referred to, it has the town of Tam- 
 bobong, three miles from Manila, with a population 
 of 25,000, and a dozen others with population ranging 
 from five to ten thousand. 
 
 The Province of Abra, in the northern part of 
 Luzon, has a rich vegetation, and the oak, pine and 
 strawberry tree flourish. Among the game are buf- 
 falo, deer, wild boars and monkeys. 
 
 The Province of Albay, in the extreme southeast 
 of Luzon, is covered with almost impenetrable forests 
 of rich timber. There are numerous rivers, and on 
 the coast there are dockyards, where vessels are con- 
 structed. It has seven towns with population rang- 
 ing between 13,000 and 20,000, and as many more of 
 about 10,000. 
 
 The Province of North Camarines is crossed by 
 numerous rivers. Its thick forests are inhabited by 
 tribes of Negritos, and there are unworked mines of 
 gold, silver, iron, copper and lead. It has six towns 
 with population ranging from 9,000 to 17,000, be- 
 sides scores of smaller villages. 
 The Province of Batangas is just south of Luzon 
 
36 Our New Possessions. 
 
 and opposite Mindoro. It is noted for its high 
 mountains, thick woods and fertile valleys, over 
 which roam droves of buffalo and wild horses. The 
 principal industries are the manufacture of silk, 
 abaca and cotton fabrics and dye stuffs. Lipa, eight- 
 een miles from the capital, Batangas, has a popula- 
 tion of 40,733 ; Bauang has 39,659 ; Balayang has 
 24,747 ; Taal has 33,37S ; Tanaun has 20,038, and there 
 are numerous towns of from 5,000 to 10,000. 
 
 The Province of Bulacan, to the north of Manila, 
 is one of the smallest but richest provinces in the 
 archipelago. It is crossed by the Pampanga River, 
 which empties into Manila Bay by several mouths, 
 some of which are navigable. There are sugar mills, 
 and cacao, rice, indigo, sesame, and fruits are grown. 
 There are mines of iron and magnetite and quarries 
 of alabaster. Striped cloths of silk and cotton are 
 manufactured. Hagonoy has a population of 20,120; 
 San Miguel de Mayumo has 20,460, and there are 
 numerous towns of from 8,000 to 15,000. 
 
 The Province of Cagayan, which is bounded on the 
 north by the China Sea, is the coolest territory in the 
 archipelago, and in January and February the body 
 must be given additional protection. In other sea- 
 sons the air is impure and oppressive, owing to the 
 humidity caused by more than fifty rivers and creeks 
 flowing through the dense forests. The tobacco is 
 especially celebrated. Stock is owned to the extent 
 of 31,000 buffalos, 30,000 head of cattle, 14,000 swine 
 and 15,000 horses. Its towns are mostly small. 
 
 The Province of Cavite is important because of its 
 situation between Manila Province and Bay Lake. 
 The Spanish military arsenal of the group of islands 
 was located there. It has good timber lands. Imus, 
 
Philippine Islands. -yj 
 
 eighteen miles from the capital, Cavite, has a popula- 
 tion of 14,676; Indang has I3,334» and Bacoor 13,113. 
 
 The Province of Ilocos Norte, in the northwest of 
 Luzon, is one of the most industrious provinces of 
 the island. Live stock is raised of a fine quality. 
 There is a fairly good pike connecting with Manila 
 and running through several provinces. Its climate 
 is better adapted to foreigners than most others. 
 Batac has a population of 17,625, and there are quite 
 a number of towns of about 10,000. 
 
 The Province of Laguna, lying east of the prov- 
 inces of Manila and Cavite, is covered with moun- 
 tains. Into one of the mountain valleys falls the cas- 
 cade of Batacan, 500 feet high by 90 wide. Binan, 
 41 miles from the capital, Santa Cruz, has a popula- 
 tion of 19,786; Calamba has 11,476; Nagcarlang has 
 12,976; San Pablo, 10 miles from Santa Cruz, has 
 19,537 population. 
 
 The Province of Nueva Ecija, to the north of Ma- 
 nila, raises many cattle. The coast is dangerous for 
 vessels. San Isidro is the capital, with a population 
 of 7,056. Gapan, four miles from San Isidro, has a 
 population of 20,216; Cabanatuan has 12,000; Aliaga 
 has 17,000, and Rosales 11,519. 
 
 The Province of Pampanga, to the north of Manila, 
 raises sugar cane, rice, indigo and tobacco. There 
 are sugar mills, and the manufacture of hats is high- 
 ly developed. Lubao, four miles from Bacolor, the 
 capital, has a population of 21,175; Mexico has 17,- 
 099; Arayat and Candaba, 14,000 each, and there are 
 several others from 8,000 to 10,000. 
 
 The Province of Pangasinan is bounded on the west 
 by the China Sea. A gold mine is worked in the 
 mountains, and there are mines of iron, magnetite 
 
38 Our New Possessions. 
 
 and sulphur in a pure state. San Carlos, 10 miles 
 from Lingayen, the capital, has a population of 23,934 ; 
 Manaoag has 17,500; Dagupan has 16,000; Tayug has 
 19,612, and Urdaneta 16,588. 
 
 The Province of Zambales is in the southern part 
 of the island. The mountains are covered with tim- 
 ber forests which are inhabited by fierce tribes of 
 savages. Bolinao is 103 miles from Iba, the capital, 
 and its municipal district is composed of 13 islands. 
 Its population is 4,075. There is a meteorologic and 
 semaphoric station, a submarine cable, and a dock- 
 yard for coast vessels. 
 
 On the Island of Panay. 
 
 The Province of Antique is to the west of Iloilo 
 province and has the Mindanao Sea on the south. 
 The country is covered with great forests. The prin- 
 cipal interests are stock raising and the manufacture 
 of fabrics. Besides the capital, San Jose de Buena- 
 vista, with its population of 5,621, there are BugasoPj 
 with 14,104; Culasi, with 10,553; Pandan, with 13,737, 
 and Sibalom, with 11,675, oi the larger towns. 
 
 The Province of Capiz is separated from Iloilo on 
 the south by a ridge of mountains. There are gold 
 and copper mines, and tobacco, sugar and rice are 
 raised. During the year three fairs are held. Batan, 
 Calibo, Ibajay, Macato, Mambusao and Panay are 
 the larger towns, with population ranging from 10,000 
 to 15,000. 
 
 The Province of Iloilo is generally level and irri- 
 gated by numerous rivers. Tobacco, cacao, sugar 
 
Philippine Islands. 39 
 
 cane, rice and maize are grown ; there is good pastur- 
 age for cattle and horses and there are gold and other 
 mines. The principal industry is the manufacture 
 of fabrics, requiring over 30,000 looms. Janinay, 
 three miles from the capital, Iloilo, has a population 
 of 28,738; Miagas, 22,100; Cabatuan, 18,177; Leon, 
 13,950; Pototan, 14,512; San Joaquin, 13,918; Oton, 
 '^3,3^3', Santa Barbara, 13,000, and there are many 
 other towns from eight to eleven thousand. 
 
 On the Island of Cebu. 
 
 The Province and Island of Cebu is the most im- 
 portant province of the Visaya islands, on account of 
 its central position, the nature of its ground and the 
 industry of its inhabitants. Great mountain chains 
 cross the island. Argao, 33 miles from the capital, 
 Cebu, has a population of 34,050 ; Carcar has 30,300 ; 
 Sibonga has 23,455; Dalaguete has 21,323; Talisay 
 has 19,000; Barili has 20,914; San Nicholas has 
 17,800, and there are scores of others between ten and 
 fifteen thousand. 
 
 On the Island of Mindanao. 
 
 The island and adjacent islands have been divided, 
 since i860, into eight districts. Mindanao possesses 
 high and extended mountain chains which have not 
 been entirely explored and which are densely wood- 
 ed. It is inhabited throughout the interior by sav- 
 ages. 
 
40 Our New Possessions. 
 
 On the Calamianes Islands. 
 
 The group is to the southeast of Manila and is 
 composed of the islands of Busungan, Calamianes, 
 Linapocan, Cuyo, Dumaran, Agutaya and the north- 
 ern part of Paragua, ceded by the Sultan of Borneo 
 to Spain at the end of the last century. They have an 
 area of 340 square miles. The island of Cuyo, 10 
 miles long by 4 wide, is thickly populated. It is sur- 
 rounded by many small islets and is defended by an 
 armed battery. In Agutaya is another fortress. Co- 
 ron is sterile, but has a curious source of wealth in 
 its edible birds' nests, for which the Chinese pay 
 double their weight in silver. 
 
 On the Island and Province of Leyte 
 
 The coasts are high but with good natural harbors. 
 Carigara is a place of some trade; steamers from 
 Manila touch there about once a fortnight. Dagami, 
 20 miles from the capital, Tacloban, has a population 
 of 25,000; Tanauan has 18,509; Palo has 17,736; 
 Borauen has 21,290, and there are other large towns. 
 
 As to HISTORY. 
 
 The islands were discovered by Magellan in 1521. 
 In 1564 the group received the name of the Philip- 
 pines in honor of Philip II. 
 
 From 1521 until 1542 various expeditions were sent 
 out from Spain to conquer the islanders, but were 
 
Philippine Islands. 
 
 41 
 
 unsuccessful. In 1564 Miguel de Legaspi took out a 
 party of campaigners and succeeded in getting a 
 foothold in Cebu. Later the colonists transferred 
 their equipment to Luzon, and in 1581 the city of 
 Manila was founded. 
 
 This Spanish colony was fiercely assailed in follow- 
 ing years by parties of Portuguese, Dutch and Chi- 
 nese, but the Spanish held their ground. The E^ig- 
 lish succeeded, however, in 1762, in taking Manila, 
 which they held for a ransom of about five million 
 dollars. This was among those debts which Spain 
 could not pay, and the islands were finally released 
 by the English. 
 
 The Philippines entered upon a new existence un- 
 der partial American control, beginning May i, when 
 the Battle of Manila Bay was fought and the Span- 
 ish fleet was destroyed by the American fleet under 
 Dewey. The actual cession of the Philippines to the 
 United States occurred on December 10, 1898, when 
 the Treaty of Peace was signed at Paris, at 8:45 
 o'clock p. M. 
 
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
 
 As to NUMBER and AREA. 
 
 Hawaii 4,210 square miles 
 
 Maui 760 
 
 Oahu 600 
 
 Kauai 590 
 
 Molokai 270 
 
 Lanai 150 
 
 Niihau 97 
 
 Twelve other small islands 63 
 
 Total area of the 19 islands 6,740 square miles 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 Connecticut 4,750 square miles 
 
 Rhode Island 1,054 
 
 Greater New York City 359 " " 
 
 Total of three 6,163 square miles 
 
 New Jersey 7,815 square miles 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands lie in the Pacific Ocean, 
 about 2,100 miles southwest of San Francisco and 
 about 3,440 miles from Yokohama. They are be- 
 tween the i8th and 22d degrees north latitude and 
 the 154th and i6ist west longitude. Their distance 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 43 
 
 from the equator is about that of Cuba, but the cli- 
 mate is modified and equalized by the northeast 
 trade winds, which prevail nine months in the year, 
 after sweeping over thousands of miles of ocean. 
 
 As to POPULATION. 
 
 By Islands. 
 
 Oahu 40,205 inhabitants 
 
 Hawaii 33,285 
 
 Maui 17,726 '* 
 
 Kauai 15,228 
 
 Molokai 2,307 " 
 
 Lanai 105 ** 
 
 Niihau 164 " 
 
 Total 109,020 inhabitants 
 
 By Nationalities. 
 
 Americans 4,000 
 
 British 2,250 
 
 Germans and other Europeans 2,000 
 
 Hawaiians and mixed blood 38,020 
 
 Japanese 25,000 
 
 Chinese 21,500 
 
 Portuguese 15,000 
 
 Polynesians and miscellaneous 1,250 
 
 Total 
 
 109,020 
 
44 Our New Possessions. 
 
 The American residents, although in so small a 
 minority, practically control the affairs of the coun- 
 try, and with the British and Germans constitute the 
 controlling element in business. The Chinese and 
 Japanese do not possess political power. The rela- 
 tion they bear to the body politic is that of laborers. 
 
 The native Hawaiians are a friendly, affectionate 
 people, readily obedient to law. The Portuguese are 
 largely immigrants from the islands and colonies of 
 Portugal in the Atlantic. 
 
 As to CLIMATE. 
 
 By Range of Temperature. 
 
 Hottest months August and September 
 
 Highest temperature in each 88 degrees 
 
 Lowest temperature in each 68 " 
 
 General average in August 78 " 
 
 General average in September 77 " 
 
 Coldest month January 
 
 Highest temperature in January 81 degrees 
 
 Lowest temperature in January 55 " 
 
 General average in January 70 " 
 
 General average for the year 74 " 
 
 General average for the last 7 years 74 " 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 45 
 
 By Humidity. 
 
 (Honolulu, 1898.) 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Rainfall for the wettest month (December) . . . 6.70 
 
 dryest month (September)... .64 
 
 ^^ y^^^ 3375 
 
 last seven years (average) . . . 38.80 
 
 In the Matter of Health. 
 
 The Health Board has charge of a dispensary on 
 Oahu and one hospital on each of the other principal 
 islands, and assists a second hospital on the island of 
 Kauai. It assists also a maternity home in Honolulu. 
 It has charge of an insane asylum in Honolulu. 
 
 It has charge of the inspection and location of 
 slaughter houses and inspection of animals to be 
 slaughtered, the special inspection of fish, the inspec- 
 tion of food supplies in general and inspection and re- 
 moval of garbage. It has been called upon to pay 
 considerable attention to tuberculosis in neat cattle, 
 to sewerage and to filtration. 
 
 It is obliged to examine into nuisances and causes 
 of sickness of all kinds and to abate them, also to look 
 after the sanitary condition of dwelling and lodging 
 houses and to determine the number of people who 
 may be lodged in the latter. 
 
 It may enforce the improvement of land deleterious 
 to the public health by reason of being low and wet or 
 for other reasons. It controls licenses for the prac- 
 tice of medicine. It alone may import opium. It 
 keeps a record of births, deaths and marriages. 
 
46 Our New Possessions. 
 
 The board has charge also of the examination and 
 vaccination of all school children, which is required 
 by law. It also exercises certain supervision of 
 cemeteries. 
 
 As to DISTANCES. 
 
 (All reckonings being by statute miles to Honolulu.) 
 
 From New York (via San Francisco) . . . 5,350 miles 
 
 " San Francisco 2,100 
 
 " Portland, Oregon 2,460 
 
 " Victoria, B. C 2,360 
 
 " Auckland, N. Z 3,810 
 
 " Sydney, N. S. W 4,484 
 
 " Yokohama 3,440 
 
 " Hong Kong 4,893 
 
 " Panama 4,620 
 
 As to COST and TIME in GETTING THERE* 
 
 Roundly speaking, it will cost from $175 to $225 to 
 get from New York to Honolulu by first class, and 
 from $125 to $150 by second class, and it will take 
 from eleven to thirteen days' time. 
 
 In detail these are the facts and figures: 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 47 
 
 From New York to San Francisco. 
 
 By way of the New York Central or Pennsyl- 
 vania road, first-class ticket $81.75 
 
 Second class 69.75 
 
 To the first-class passage add sleeping-car 
 berth 
 
 20.50 
 
 Total, first class $ 
 
 102.23 
 
 To the second-class passage add sleeping-car 
 berth, New York to Chicago (no tourist 
 berths), $5, and tourist berth from Chicago 
 to San Francisco $11.00 
 
 Total, second class $80, 
 
 75 
 
 By way of the Erie, Northwestern and Union 
 
 Pacific, first-class ticket $78.75 
 
 Second class 68.75 
 
 To first-class passage add sleeping-car berths, 
 all the way 20.50 
 
 Total, first class 99.25 
 
 To second-class passage add tourist berths, all 
 the way ^ 00 
 
 Total, second class $77, 
 
 75 
 
 By way of the Lehigh Valley road, the "Black 
 
 Diamond Express," first-class ticket $79-75 
 
 Second class 68.75 
 
48 Our Nezu Possessions. 
 
 To these prices add the usual prices for sleepers. 
 
 First-class sleeping berths, all the way $20.50 
 
 Second-class tourist berths, all the way 9.00 
 
 Total, first class 100.25 
 
 Total, second class 7775 
 
 From New York to Honolulu. 
 
 Through tickets, first class, can be bought for. $143. 75 
 
 Through tickets, second class, can be bought 
 
 for 118.75 
 
 To these prices add a war tax of $7 and prices of 
 
 sleeping accommodations from New York to San 
 
 Francisco. 
 The time between here and San Francisco varies 
 
 from 4 days and 5 hours to 6 days, according to the 
 
 road and the character of the train. 
 
 In the Matter of Meals En Route. 
 
 Most of the dining cars and dining stations between 
 New York and San Francisco serve meals on the 
 American plan. 
 
 Price per meal in dining car $1.00 
 
 Price per meal in dining station 75 
 
 Patronage of dining car or station restaurant is, of 
 course, optional. 
 
 Three meals daily in dining car, six days' trip. .$18.00 
 Three meals daily in dining stations, six days' 
 trip 13.50 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 49 
 
 This expense can be lessened considerably by the 
 economy of a lunch basket. 
 
 Steamship rates on both Pacific and Atlantic lines 
 include the cost of meals. 
 
 From St. Louis to San Francisco. 
 
 By the "Frisco Line." 
 
 First-class ticket, by' extreme Southern or 
 
 Santa Fe route $57-50 
 
 Sleeper 1450 
 
 Tourist class, over either routes 47-50 
 
 Sleeper 6.00 
 
 The tourist, or second-class travel, is well recom- 
 mended. The cars are operated by the Pullman 
 Company and a porter is in attendance. 
 
 From New Orleans to San Francisco. 
 
 By the Southern Pacific. 
 
 First class $57-50 
 
 Sleeper 13.00 
 
 Second class 47-50 
 
 Sleeper 5.00 
 
 First class, with stop-over privileges, good for 
 thirty days 67.50 
 
 Sleeper berths for this ticket are bought from point 
 to point. 
 
so Our New Possessions. 
 
 From San Francisco to Honolulu. 
 
 Three lines, the Oceanic Steamship Company, the 
 Oriental and Occidental Steamship Company and the 
 Pacific Mail, ply between these ports. 
 
 One steamer of the Oceanic Line, the Australia, 
 makes Honolulu her destination. The other two 
 steamers of the same line touch there and go on to 
 Samoa and Australia. 
 
 The steamers of the other two lines touch at Hono- 
 lulu and go on to Japan and China. 
 
 The Oceanic Steamship Company's rates are $75 
 cabin and $25 steerage. The other two lines charge 
 $100 and $30, respectively. 
 
 Time from San Francisco to Honolulu, from six to 
 seven days. 
 
 From Northwestern Ports. 
 
 The Canadian-Australian Royal Mail Steamship 
 Company's steamers, sailing from Victoria and Van- 
 couver, stop at Honolulu on their way to Australia 
 and New Zealand. 
 
 Fine sailing vessels make regular trips between 
 Port Townsend and San Francisco and Honolulu, 
 with passenger accommodations. The price is $40 
 for cabin passage. 
 
 From Victoria and Vancouver to Honolulu, 
 
 first cabin, steamer $75-00 
 
 Second cabin 25.00 
 
 Cabin passage by sailing vessel from San 
 Francisco 40.00 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 51 
 
 Steerage $25.00 
 
 From Hong Kong or Tokio to Honolulu, 
 
 cabin passage, steamer 250.00 
 
 There are two steamers every four weeks, both to 
 and from Vancouver, by way of the Canadian-Aus- 
 tralian line. 
 
 Freight Rates. 
 
 The rates of freight from San Francisco to Hono- 
 lulu are : For steamers, $5 per ton and 5 per cent, 
 primage; sailing vessels, $3 per ton and 5 per cent, 
 primage. 
 
 The rates from Atlantic ports range from $5 to $7 
 per ton, with 5 per cent, primage. 
 
 The duration of the voyage between New York and 
 Honolulu has been from 89 to 134 days. 
 
 As to MAIL SERVICE. 
 
 By postal route, from New York to San 
 Francisco, letters take 5 days 
 
 By postal route, from San Francisco to 
 Honolulu, letters take 7 days 
 
 Total from New York to Honolulu 12 days 
 
 There is a regular postal system in Hawaii. 
 
 On the arrival of a steamer at Honolulu the mail is 
 sent to the different islands and into the interior by 
 mail carriers. 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands belong to the Postal Union. 
 
52 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Money orders can be obtained on the United States, 
 Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Norway and Swe- 
 den, Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal, Hong 
 Kong and Australia. 
 
 Rates of Postage. 
 
 Letters to any part of the islands, 2 cents each half 
 ounce. 
 
 Letters to United States, Canada, Mexico and colo- 
 nies, 5 cents each half ounce. 
 
 Postal cards to same, 2 cents. 
 
 Parcels post — United States, per pound, 12 cents. 
 
 As to TRADE. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Articles sent to the Pacific ports of the United 
 States for the six months ended June 30, 1897: 
 
 Value. 
 
 Sugar, 230,350,296 pounds $6,698,595.37 
 
 Rice, 2,168,600 pounds 87,378.30 
 
 Coffee, 218,489 pounds 31,756.52 
 
 Bananas, 43,457 bunches 43,334-50 
 
 Wool, 10,024 pounds 851.44 
 
 Hides, 10,863 pieces 40,119.39 
 
 Pineapples, 64,874 pieces 7,429.70 
 
 Other exports, including goat skins, 
 sheep skins, molasses, betel leaves, taro 
 flour, watermelons, canned fruits, 
 honey, etc 28,442.28 
 
 Total $6,937,907.50 
 
Hawaiian Islands. S3 
 
 Articles sent to the Atlantic ports of the United 
 States for the six months ended June so, iSgy: 
 
 Value. 
 
 Sugar, 145,612,711 pounds $4,322,757.37 
 
 Sugar, foreign 41.00 
 
 Total $4,322,798.37 
 
 In the Matter of Imports. 
 For the six months ended June 30, 1897. 
 
 Whence Imported, Value. 
 
 United States $3,058,380.92 
 
 Great Britain 351,381.52 
 
 Germany 52,878.70 
 
 China 102,273.91 
 
 Japan 159,555-45 
 
 Australia and New Zealand 75,975-73 
 
 Canada 16,179.93 
 
 Pacific Islands 3,003.16 
 
 France 18,385.70 
 
 Other countries 70,474.23 
 
 Total $3,908,489.25 
 
 In the Matter of Spirituous Liquors. 
 
 All kinds of liquors withdrawn from bond during 
 first half of 1897 362,243 gallons 
 
 This would average for each man, woman and child 
 on the islands 31^ gallons 
 
54 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Of the whole, Japanese sake amounted to 
 
 151,732 gallons 
 This, if consumed wholly by the Japanese, would 
 
 average for each man, woman and child. 6]E/2 gallons 
 Of the whole, Chinese sam shoo amounted to 
 
 9,230 gallons 
 This would be, per capita 316 pints 
 
 Considering the Chinese as confining their drinking 
 to their native liquor, the figures would indicate them 
 to be the most temperate people of the islands. 
 California, in the time specified, contributed wine to 
 
 the extent of 84,549 gallons 
 
 Merchant Marine. 
 
 Fifty-eight vessels fly the Hawaiian flag, consisting 
 of 27 steamers, 3 ships, 8 barks, 18 schooners and 2 
 sloops. 
 
 Their aggregate tonnage is 30,382. 
 
 Thirty-one of the vessels were built in the United 
 States. 
 
 One hundred and eighty-one vessels entered the 
 port of Honolulu during the first six months of 
 
 1897. 
 
 The tonnage of these aggregated 251,992 tons. 
 
 The United States, as usual, led all other countries, 
 both in number of vessels — iii — and amount of ton- 
 nage — 127,018. 
 
 One hundred and two vessels, with an aggregate 
 tonnage of 126,419, were from American ports. 
 
 The commerce of the islands is decidedly with the 
 United States. 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 55 
 
 As to RAILROADS and TRAVEL. 
 
 There are three railroads on the islands. 
 
 The principal road is the Oahu Railway and Land 
 Company Line, which runs from Honolulu to Wai- 
 anae, the total length, including sidings, being 38.5 
 miles. It was opened July i, 1890. In 1897 the road 
 carried 85,596 passengers, earning $30,993.50; and 
 66,430.49 tons of freight, earning $69,752.76; total 
 earnings, $100,746.26. 
 
 The equipment consists of 5 locomotives, 14 pas- 
 senger coaches, and 132 freight cars. The road is 
 bonded for $2,000,000, at 6 per cent., with $700,000 
 worth of stock, which is to be increased to $1,500,000. 
 
 The Kahului Railroad, on the island of Maui, is 13 
 miles long. 
 
 The Hawaiian Railroad, on the island of Hawaii, 
 is about 20 miles long. 
 
 They are used principally for carrying plantation 
 products for shipment. 
 
 As to BUSINESS CHANCES. 
 
 The reader is especially referred to the Honolulu 
 Chamber of Commerce. The following is from a re- 
 port by Sanford B. Dole, dated Honolulu, August 30, 
 1898: 
 
 "Coffee raising is comparatively a new enterprise 
 and there are opportunities for its culture on a much 
 larger scale than at present. Four or five years from 
 transplanting are required for a coffee tree to reach 
 its full bearing capacity. 
 
56 Our New Possessions. 
 
 "On account of the increasing demand for coffee 
 lands and the fact that this enterprise can be profit- 
 ably carried on in small holdings, the Government has 
 devoted its energies, under the settlement provisions 
 of its land legislation, mainly to the opening of coffee 
 lands to settlement in small farms within lOO acres in 
 extent, except in the Olaa coffee region, where pio- 
 neer holders of original crown leases were allowed to 
 acquire, upon the basis of such leases, a larger area. 
 
 "These lands have been eagerly taken up by actual 
 settlers, and are generally prosperous. In the last 
 biennial period 422 holdings, not including the Olaa 
 lots, were taken up, including an aggregate area of 
 20,234 acres and worth, at the moderate Government 
 appraisement, $118,853, unimproved value. 
 
 "The area of good coffee land as yet unoccupied is 
 comparatively large. A large part, however, of the 
 public lands of this class is held under leases to pri- 
 vate parties. The expiration of the terms of these 
 leases will, from time to time, augment materially the 
 area under the control of the Government suitable 
 for settlement purposes. 
 
 "The banana is a hardy plant without insect ene- 
 mies and is cultivated largely with irrigation. It re- 
 quires a fertile soil and thorough cultivation and can 
 be raised from the seashore nearly up to the frost 
 line. The yield is large and the crop, as raised for 
 export, a profitable one. 
 
 "Under free trade with the main land the cultiva- 
 tion of pineapples, avocado pears and tobacco and the 
 manufacture of taro flour and jams and jellies and 
 the canning of fruit will undoubtedly become profit- 
 able. Other fruits and some vegetables will be profit- 
 ably raised for the Pacific coast markets. 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 57 
 
 "Indian corn, Irish and sweet potatoes and garden 
 vegetables are successfully and profitably raised for 
 the home demand. 
 
 "The raising of live stock has, as a rule, been car- 
 ried on in a haphazard way, relying upon the natural 
 growth of native grasses for pasturage, without other 
 feeding. While considerable attention has been paid 
 to the improvement of all kinds of stock by the intro- 
 duction of good blood, the condition and quality of 
 live stock at the islands on the whole is not very 
 creditable to the country ; yet the business is generally 
 profitable." 
 
 As will be seen by reference to the list of exports, 
 the production of sugar in Hawaii is enormous, but 
 the interest is so controlled by trusts that it can 
 scarcely be called a "business chance." 
 
 As to COST of LIVING and WAGES PAID. 
 
 Price of Provisions. 
 
 Fresh Hawaiian butter, from 25 to 50 cents per 
 pound. 
 
 Hams, from 16H to 30 cents per pound. 
 
 Bacon, from 163^ to 20 cents per pound. 
 
 Cheese, from 20 to 35 cents per pound. 
 
 Family pork, from 15 to 18 cents per pound. 
 
 Corned beef, 7 cents per pound. 
 
 Fresh meat, from 6 to 15 cents per pound. 
 
 Loin of porterhouse steaks, from 6 to 15 cents per 
 pound. 
 
58 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Tinned fruits, per dozen, from $1.75 to $2.25. 
 Golden Gate flour, per 100 pounds, $2.50. 
 Lower grades, $2.20. 
 
 Hawaiian rice, $3.25 to $5 per 100 pounds. 
 Hawaiian bananas, per bunch, 25 to 55 cents. 
 Potatoes, from i to 2 cents per pound. 
 Eggs, per dozen, 25 to 50 cents. 
 Rolled oats, per case, $5.50. 
 
 Ice, in small quantities, iH cents; 50 pounds and 
 over, I cent per pound. 
 
 Hotel Rates. 
 
 The principal hotels in Honolulu are the Hawaiian 
 and the Arlington. 
 
 Board, with room, at either is from $3 to $5 a day. 
 
 Besides these, there are private boarding houses, 
 where the rates are from $10 a week up. 
 
 In Hilo the rates are somewhat less and the ac- 
 commodations more limited. 
 
 Carriage Fares. 
 
 From the steamer to the hotels, for either i or 
 
 2 persons $0.25 
 
 From the steamer to the hotels, for each addi- 
 tional person 10 
 
 Carriage fare, per hour, i passenger 1.50 
 
 " " 2 " 2.00 
 
 " " 3 " 2.50 
 
 " " " " 4 " 3.00 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 59 
 
 To the Pali, i passenger, each way $300 
 
 " " "2 " " " 4.00 
 
 '* " ** -J ** it t( .... t^.OO 
 
 Saddle horses cost a dollar an hour. 
 Bicycles can be hired at prices a little higher than 
 in the East. 
 
 Wages Paid. 
 
 Cooks, Chinese and Japanese, $3 to $6 per week, 
 with board and room. 
 
 Nurses and house servants, $8 to $12 per month, 
 with board and room. 
 
 Gardeners or yard men, $8 to $12 per month, with 
 board and room. 
 
 Sewing women, $1 per day and one meal. 
 
 Engineers on plantations, from $125 to $175 per 
 month, house and firewood furnished. 
 
 Sugar boilers, $125 to $175 per month, house and 
 firewood furnished. 
 
 Blacksmiths, plantation, $50 to $100 per month, 
 house and firewood furnished. 
 
 Carpenters, plantation, $50 to $100 per month, 
 house and firewood furnished. 
 
 Locomotive drivers, $40 to $75 per month, room 
 and board furnished. 
 
 Head overseers, or head lunas, $100 to $150. 
 
 Under overseers, or lunas, $30 to $50, with room 
 and board. 
 
 Bookkeepers, plantation, $100 to $175, house and 
 firewood furnished. 
 
 Teamsters, white, $30 to $40, with room and board. 
 
6o Our Neiv Possessions. 
 
 Hawaiians, $25 to $30, with room ; no board. 
 
 Field labor, Portuguese and Hawaiian, $16 to $18 
 per month ; no board. 
 
 Field labor, Chinese and Japanese, $12.50 to $15 per 
 month ; no board. 
 
 Bricklayers and masons, $5 to $6 per day. 
 
 Carpenters, $2.50 to $5. 
 
 Machinists. $3 to $5. 
 
 Painters, $2 to $5 per day. 
 
 As to GOVERNMENT and LAWS. 
 
 The following scheme of government for the Terri- 
 tory of Hawaii was provided for in a bill before Con- 
 gress prepared by the Hawaiian Commission and sub- 
 mitted by the President on December 6, 1898 : 
 
 The islands to be known as the Territory of Ha- 
 waii, the capital of the Territorial Government being 
 at Honolulu. 
 
 All white persons, including Portuguese, and per- 
 sons of African descent, and all persons descended 
 from the Hawaiian race who were citizens of the 
 Republic of Hawaii immediately prior to the transfer 
 of the sovereignty thereof to the United States, are 
 declared to be citizens of the United States. 
 
 The President of the United States is to appoint a 
 Governor, a Secretary of the Territory, United States 
 District Judge, United States District Attorney and 
 a United States Marshal. 
 
 An Attorney General, a Treasurer, Superintendent 
 of Public Works, Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 6i 
 
 tion, Auditor, Deputy Auditor, Surveyor, and a Chief 
 Sheriff, in place of the Marshal of the Republic, are, 
 by the bill^ to be appointed by the Governor. 
 
 The laws of Hawaii, not inconsistent with the Con- 
 stitution or laws of the United States or the pro- 
 visions of this act, are to continue in force, subject 
 to repeal or amendment by the Legislature of Hawaii 
 or the United States. 
 
 The offices of President, Minister of Foreign Af- 
 fairs, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finance, 
 Minister of Public Instruction, Auditor-General, 
 Deputy Auditor-General, Surveyor-General, Marshal 
 and Deputy Marshal of the Republic of Hawaii are 
 abolished. 
 
 The Legislature of the Territory shall consist of 
 two houses, called the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives, The Senate to be composed of fifteen 
 members, and the House of thirty memb'ers. 
 
 The Supreme Court is to be the sole judge of the 
 legality of an election to a seat in either house. A 
 general election is to be held on the Tuesday next 
 after the first Monday in November, 1899, and bien- 
 nially thereafter. 
 
 No member of the Legislature shall be eligible to 
 any Government office during his term. No officer, 
 employe, notary public or agent of the Territory is 
 eligible to election to the Legislature. 
 
 The salary of each member is $400 and 10 cents a 
 mile traveling expenses, and $200 for each extra 
 session. 
 
 A Senator must be a male citizen of the United 
 States ; be 30 years old or over ; have lived in the 
 Hawaiian Islands not less than three years ; have in 
 his own right property in the Territory of the value 
 
62 Our New Possessions. 
 
 of not less than $2,000, or else have been in receipt 
 of a money income of not less than $1,000 during the 
 year immediately preceding the date of election. 
 
 A Representative must have attained the age of 25 
 years; be a male citizen; have lived in the islands not 
 less than three years ; must own not less than $500 
 worth of property, or have received a money income 
 of not less than $250. 
 
 Sessions of the Legislature are to be not longer 
 than sixty days. 
 
 A voter for Representatives must be a male citizen 
 of the United States ; have resided in the Territory 
 not less than one year; have attained the age of 
 21 years ; have registered ; have paid all taxes due by 
 him to the Government ; and be able understandingly 
 to speak, read, and write the English or Hawaiian 
 language. 
 
 In order to be qualified to vote for Senators a per- 
 son must possess all the qualifications and be subject 
 to all the conditions required by this act of voters for 
 Representatives, and, in addition thereto, he shall own 
 and be possessed in his own right of real property in 
 the Territory of the value of not less than one thou- 
 sand dollars, and upon which legal taxes shall have 
 been paid on that valuation for the year next preced- 
 ing the one in which such person offers to register; 
 or shall have actually received a money income of not 
 less than six hundred dollars during the year next 
 preceding the first day of April next preceding the 
 date of each registration. 
 
 The Governor of the Territory is authorized to ap- 
 point registration boards. 
 
 The judicial power of the Territory to be vested 
 in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 63 
 
 the Legislature may from time to time establish. The 
 Supreme Court to consist of a chief justice and not 
 less than two associate justices. 
 
 Voters qualified to vote for members of the House 
 of Representatives may elect a delegate to the House 
 of Representatives of the United States to serve dur- 
 ing each Congress. 
 
 In the Matter of Courts. 
 
 (Subject to revision under proposed Territorial 
 
 Law.) 
 
 There are three sets of courts— a supreme court, 
 superior courts of record, and local courts. 
 
 There is the Supreme Court. 
 
 There are five Circuit Courts. 
 
 There are twenty-nine District Courts. 
 
 The chief justice and associate justices are all of 
 American descent and are graduates of American 
 colleges and law schools. The circuit judges com- 
 prise two Americans, one Englishman, one Portu- 
 guese and one Hawaiian. The district judges are 
 mostly Hawaiians. 
 
 The Supreme Court law library contains over 5,000 
 volumes. 
 
 In the Matter of Its Present Police System. 
 
 The police officers of the islands consist of a mar- 
 shal, a deputy marshal, three sheriffs, twenty-three 
 deputies, 196 officers, besides prison officers and 
 guards. 
 
64 Our New Possessions. 
 
 The marshal is the chief of police, and is appointed 
 by the Attorney-General, with the approval of the 
 President, (The bill before Congress will abolish 
 the offices of marshal and deputy marshal, substi- 
 tuting for the marshal a chief sheriff, to be appointed 
 by the Governor of the Territory, who, himself, suc- 
 ceeds to the duties of the President of the Republic.) 
 
 On three — the main islands — there is a chief of 
 police of the island, called sheriff, appointed by the 
 marshal. 
 
 In each district of the seven islands there is a 
 deputy sheriff. 
 
 As to INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 In the Matter of Schools. 
 
 The English language is the medium of instruction. 
 
 Total number of pupils ( 1898) 14,522 
 
 Attending public schools 10,568 
 
 Attending private schools 3,954 
 
 Number of public schools 132 
 
 Number of private schools 60 
 
 Number of teachers in the public schools 298 
 
 Number of teachers in private schools 209 
 
 [Of all the teachers 49.9 per cent, are Americans.] 
 
 The Principal Schools. 
 
 Oahu College, in the suburbs of Honolulu, has 
 large, modern buildings ; high school course, classical 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 65 
 
 course, sciences, modern languages, music, drawing, 
 etc. ; with an endowment of $285,000. 
 
 Honolulu High School occupies private residence, 
 formerly the palace of the Princess Ruth; course of 
 instruction, high. 
 
 Lahainaluna Seminary, on Maui, now a Govern- 
 ment school; instruction in agriculture, carpentry, 
 printing and mechanical drawing. 
 
 Normal School at Honolulu, with a practice school 
 attached ; has an enrollment of fifty pupils, with three 
 teachers. 
 
 St. Louis College, boarding and day school; has 
 over 500 pupils. 
 lolani College, at Honolulu, an academy for boys. 
 
 Average Monthly Salary of Male Teachers. 
 
 In the United States $47-37 
 
 In Hawaii 74-55 
 
 Of Female Teachers. 
 
 In the United States $40.24 
 
 In Hawaii 55 . 18 
 
 Of all Teachers. 
 
 In the United States $42.26 
 
 In Hawaii ^^ jg 
 
 Cost of Education Per Pupil. 
 
 In the United States $18.92 
 
 In Hawaii 21 17 
 
 Average Number of School Days Per Year. 
 
 In the United States 140 
 
 In Hawaii 200 
 
66 Our New Possessions. 
 
 In the Matter of Papers. 
 
 In Honolulu. 
 Dallies: 
 
 Pacific Commercial Advertiser English 
 
 Daily Bulletin English 
 
 Hawaiian Star English 
 
 Independent English 
 
 Aloha Aina Native 
 
 Ka Loea Kalaiaina Native 
 
 Hawaiian Shimpo Japanese 
 
 Semi-weeklies : 
 
 Hawaiian Gazette English 
 
 Shim Nipon Japanese 
 
 Yamato Shimbun Japanese 
 
 Weeklies: 
 
 Weekly Hawaiian Star English 
 
 The Kuokoa Native 
 
 O Luro Portuguese 
 
 O Directo Portuguese 
 
 Hawaiian Chinese News Chinese 
 
 Chinese Times Chinese 
 
 Chinese Chronicle Chinese 
 
 Ka Makaainana .Native 
 
 In Hilo. 
 Weeklies : 
 
 The Hilo Tribune English 
 
 Hawaii Herald EngHsh 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 67 
 
 In the Matter of Churches. 
 
 In Honolulu. 
 
 Central Union Church ; Congregational. 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 The Christian Church. 
 The Christian Chinese Church. 
 The Salvation Army. 
 St. Andrew's Cathedral; Episcopal. 
 Roman Catholic Church. 
 Protestant Mission ; Portuguese. 
 Japanese Union Church; connected with the Ha- 
 waiian Board of Missions. 
 Japanese Church. 
 
 Kawaihao Church, Congregational ; native. 
 Kaumahapili Church, Congregational; native. 
 
 As to CITIES. 
 
 City life in the Hawaiian Islands is practically con- 
 fined to Honolulu, the capital. It is situated on the 
 island of Oahu, and has a population of about 20,000 
 people. The city straggles along the water front, on 
 each side of its business centre, from Kalihi to Dia- 
 mond Head, for about seven miles. For a mile back 
 from the sea front the land is but slightly raised above 
 the sea level. Then, however, comes a rapid rise 
 from hills to mountains, the whole city lying at the 
 foot and in the valleys of a mountain range which 
 rises to a height of 3,000 feet. A fringe of cocoanut 
 trees along the sea front adds a tropical appearance 
 
68 Our New Possessions. 
 
 to the city, while the houses are mostly hidden from 
 view by dense foliage. 
 
 Honol lu is a modernized city, with electric lights, 
 telephones, markets, newspapers and many new 
 buildings of stone. The Executive Building, which 
 cost $500,000, is built of stone, situated in a ten-acre 
 park, beautified with trees and shrubbery. 
 
 There is a well equipped opera house, completed in 
 1896, which has a seating capacity of between twelve 
 and fifteen hundred. Public parks are numerous, the 
 public buildings are attractive, and the private resi- 
 dences, with wide verandas, look out upon bright 
 gardens and lawns adorned with vines and palms. 
 
 The hills back of the city are especially adapted 
 for fine residences, having an altitude of from 100 to 
 1,100 feet above the sea. 
 
 The hotels are built of stone and are well managed. 
 
 The principal streets are Nuuana Avenue (for resi- 
 dences) and King Street (for business). 
 
 There is a public library and a Y. M. C. A. build- 
 ing. 
 
 As to GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 A group of islands exporting annually over sixteen 
 million dollars' worth of products; having a mild, 
 equable climate; possessing excellent schools and a 
 good judiciary; destined to play an important part in 
 the growth of commerce on the Pacific, bearing im- 
 portant relations to the great trans-Siberian Railway 
 and the inevitable Nicaragua canal — this group, the 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 6g 
 
 islands of Hawaii, as a new possession of the United 
 States, must interest every American citizen. 
 
 A maximum temperature of 88 degrees, a minimum 
 of 55, an average temperature of 74 degrees for the 
 last seven years — such is the consistently delightful 
 climate of Hawaii. There is never any frost nor 
 snow, except upon the highest mountains. 
 
 Kauai, the most northwesterly of the group, has 
 an area of about 590 square miles, and is the most 
 fertile of the islands in proportion to its size. It 
 has rich, broad valleys, lying between mountain 
 ranges, largely productive of sugar, but producing 
 also coffee and rice. 
 
 Oahu is the most thickly populated of the islands, 
 having over 40,000 inhabitants. There is situated 
 Honolulu, the capital and largest city in the archi- 
 pelago. This island is principally devoted to pastur- 
 age and agriculture, but the sugar industry is a grow- 
 ing one, owing to the development of the artesian 
 water supply. 
 
 The most profitable sugar lands known are on the 
 island of Maui. For the purpose of sugar irrigation 
 6,000,000 gallons of artesian water are pumped daily 
 to a height of 400 feet. 
 
 Hawaii, from which the group takes its name, is 
 the largest of the islands. It contains nearly 2,500,000 
 acres of land and has a population of nearly 34,000. 
 Its principal town is Hilo. 
 
 The Hawaiian islands are destined to become a 
 great cable centre. They will ultimately be a meet- 
 ing place for cables from all ports of the great cir- 
 cuit of our coasts, from the Asiatic coasts as far 
 south as Hong Kong, from the South Pacific and 
 from the South American coast. 
 
70 Our New Possessions. 
 
 The five larger islands of the group are separated 
 by three channels that aggregate about ii8 miles in 
 width. The new development of the islands will de- 
 mand cable communication between them all. 
 
 Hawaii takes just pride in her schools. The law 
 requires that every child between the ages of six and 
 fifteen years, inclusive, shall attend either a public or 
 a private school, in which the English language is 
 the medium of instruction. Attendance is enforced 
 by means of truant officers or school police. 
 
 The Republic in its Constitution forbade any aid 
 from the public treasury to any sectarian, denomina- 
 tional or private school, and by the new school law 
 of 1896 no priest or minister of religion is eligible to 
 the office of Minister of Public Instruction or to be- 
 come a member of the Board of Education. Clergy- 
 men may be teachers or instructors in Government 
 schools, but no distinctively religious teaching is per- 
 mitted. 
 
 The school system and its methods are peculiarly 
 American, 
 
 It is an interesting fact that over one-eighth of the 
 expenditures of the Hawaiian Government have been 
 for the support of the public schools. 
 
 The Government has devoted earnest efforts to- 
 ward the protection of the public health. A strict 
 quarantine is maintained at points where ships from 
 infected ports might call. Ordinarily malarial fevers 
 are rare, though there has been some typhoid among 
 the United States troops recently stationed at Hono- 
 lulu. 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands maintain a prison system, 
 corresponding mainly to the State prisons of the 
 United States. 
 
Hawaiian Islands. "ji 
 
 In the Matter of Harbors. 
 
 In the island of Oahu lies the key to the com- 
 merce of China, Japan and Australia. This is the 
 magnificent Pearl Harbor, a few miles from Hono- 
 lulu. It contains eight square miles of water and is 
 accessible from the sea by a passage a third of a mile 
 in width. The depth of water in this harbor is from 
 five to ten fathoms. The harbor is many times larger 
 than that of Honolulu, and possesses unequaled fa- 
 cilities for the development of an Eastern commerce. 
 
 It is expected that by a small appropriation a coral 
 reef, which bars the entrance from the ocean for 
 large vessels, will be removed by the Government of 
 the United States, whereupon this will furnish the 
 best harbor on the Pacific. 
 
 In the Matter of Mountains. 
 
 The great volcano of Haleakalau, the largest ex- 
 tinct volcano in the world, is on Maui, the old lava 
 from which has become decomposed and fit for culti- 
 vation. The monster crater is twenty miles in cir- 
 cumference and half a mile deep. 
 
 There are three great mountains on Hawaii, Mauna 
 Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai. The first two are 
 nearly 14,000 feet high, the other 8,000. Upon Mauno 
 Loa are two great volcanoes — Kilauea, upon the side 
 of the mountain, at an elevation of 4,000 feet, and 
 Momuaweoweo, at the top, or at about 13,500 feet 
 elevation. These two volcanoes are still alive. 
 
 The slopes of these mountains comprise most of 
 the agricultural land upon this island. It is covered 
 
72 Our New Possessions. 
 
 with a tangle of vegetation, but is susceptible of cul- 
 tivation after this is cleared. There are great fields 
 of sugar cane on this island, the best of which yield 
 from five to eight tons of sugar an acre. 
 
 As to SCENIC INTEREST. 
 
 The Pali Road, at the head of Nuuana Valley, six 
 miles from the postoffice in Honolulu, is one of the 
 wonders of the islands. The road leads out from the 
 city, up a gradual ascent to the height of about 1,200 
 feet. After passing through a beautiful residence 
 section, with finely kept grounds, the scenery on 
 either hand becomes that of the mountain and wilder- 
 ness. 
 
 The road terminates at a precipice, famed in the 
 war annals of Hawaii as that over which the great 
 chief, Kamehameha, drove his foes. The table-land, 
 1,200 feet beneath, stretches away to the Pacific, far 
 in the distance, while at the sides there rise up lofty 
 peaks high above the Pali Road. 
 
 The excursion can be made by carriage or saddle- 
 horse. 
 
 The Punch Bowl, the crater of an extinct volcano, 
 lies just back of the city, about 500 feet above the 
 sea, and is a favorite place of resort. 
 
 Mount Tantalus, a peak at the rear of the Punch 
 Bowl, can be climbed by a picturesque road through 
 groves of trees, while from the summit, at an alti- 
 tude of about 2,000 feet, one of the most magnifi- 
 cent views on the islands can be obtained. 
 
 The favorite bathing resort is at Waikiki, where 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 73 
 
 there are excellent bath-houses. The water is warm 
 and the beach of a fine sand. The place is popular 
 with moonlight bathing parties. 
 
 Bicycling is growing more and more popular and 
 the enthusiast recognizes almost every make of 
 American and English wheels. 
 
 Pearl Harbor is reached by trains of the Oahu 
 Railway and Land Company, which leave the station 
 at Leleo three times daily. 
 
 The volcano of Kilauea, on the island of Hawaii, 
 generally reached by way of Hilo, is undoubtedly 
 Hawaii's greatest natural wonder. The steamer 
 Kinau leaves Honolulu and arrives at Hilo on the 
 evening of the second day out. After a night's rest 
 at the hotel the start is made in the morning. The 
 road to the volcano was constructed by the Hawaiian 
 Government at a cost of $100,000. The ascent is 
 4,100 feet, and may be made either on horseback or 
 in carriages. At about the middle of the afternoon 
 the Volcano Hotel, a comfortable inn, is reached. 
 
 The crater of Kilauea is about three miles in dia- 
 meter. In the daytime it has the appearance of a 
 great pit of black pitch, vague with the rising of 
 clouds of smoke or steam. The active lake of Ha-le- 
 mau-mau is in the southern part of the crater, and 
 at night lights up the whole with shooting flames of 
 greater or less brilliancy, according to the volcano's 
 activity. 
 
 As to HISTORY* 
 
 The Hawaiian, or Sandwich Islands, so far as au- 
 thenticated history goes, were discovered by Captain 
 
74 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Cook in 1778. The Spaniards assert a previous dis- 
 covery, but have succeeded very poorly in convinc- 
 ing anybody of the vaHdity of their claim. The na- 
 tives treated Captain Cook with great kindness until 
 the following year, when he met his death at their 
 hands. 
 
 At the time of Captain Cook's discovery each of 
 the principal islands had its chief. One of them was 
 named Kamehameha. He conceived the idea of con- 
 quering all the other chiefs, and when Vancouver 
 visited the islands, in 1792, Chief Kamehameha per- 
 suaded him to lay down the keel of a vessel for him. 
 Following this model, the chief increased his fleet to 
 some twenty vessels, introduced firearms among his 
 people, and then made war on the other islands, be- 
 coming monarch of the entire group. 
 
 His son, Kamehameha H., succeeded him. He did 
 away with idolatry. Then came Kamehameha HI., 
 in whose reign (1844) the integrity of the kingdom 
 was recognized by the United States, France and 
 Great Britain. The succeeding monarchs were Kame- 
 hameha IV., Kamehameha V., Lunalilo, Kalakua, 
 and, in 1891, Queen Liliuokalani. 
 
 Queen Liliuokalani was opposed to the progressive 
 element in the islands and, in January, 1893, a quar- 
 rel arose between her and her cabinet regarding the 
 new constitution. A Committee of Safety was speed- 
 ily formed, which summarily deposed the queen, im- 
 prisoned her, overthrew the government and substi- 
 tuted a provisional one. 
 
 The movement could hardly have been accom- 
 plished without bloodshed had it not received the 
 bristling moral support of the American forces there. 
 United States Minister Stevens landing the marines 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 75 
 
 from the United States war vessels then in Honolulu 
 harbor for the protection of American interests. 
 
 A republic was proclaimed on July 4, 1894, with 
 Sanford B. Dole as President, and a formal declara- 
 tion of desire to become annexed to the United States 
 was made. 
 
 On June 11, 1898, the Committee on Foreign Af- 
 fairs of the House of Representatives reported a 
 joint resolution for the annexation of Hawaii. 
 
 On June 15 the House of Representatives passed 
 the joint resolution by a vote of 209 to 91 — not voting, 
 49 — the opposition being made up almost entirely of 
 Democrats. 
 
 On July 6 the Senate passed the joint resolution, 
 by a vote of 42 to 21. Six Democrats voted in 
 affirmative, and 17 Democrats, i Populist, i Republi- 
 can, I Silver Republican and I Silverite in the nega- 
 tive. There were twelve pairs. 
 
 The President at once approved. He appointed the 
 following commissioners to consider the reciprocal 
 relations of the two countries : President Sanford 
 Dole, of Hawaii ; Justice Frear, of the Hawaiian Su- 
 preme Court ; Senator Morgan, of Alabama ; Senator 
 Cullom, of Illinois, and Representative Hitt, of Illi- 
 nois, Chairman of the House Committee on Foreign 
 Affairs. 
 
 As to LEPERS. 
 
 The subject of leprosy as one of the unfortunate 
 institutions of Hawaii has been generally treated with 
 such picturesque license that the following official 
 facts will be found valuable : 
 
^6 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Where They Live. 
 
 Isolated in a settlement on the north side of the 
 island of Molokai. 
 
 It is a peninsula containing about 5,000 acres of 
 land. 
 
 It is separated from the world by a stormy ocean 
 on the north and a range of almost impassable moun- 
 tains on the south. 
 
 Their number in 1897 was : 
 
 Hawaiians 984 
 
 Half-castes 62 
 
 Chinese 2^ 
 
 Americans 5 
 
 British 4 
 
 Germans 4 
 
 Portuguese 6 
 
 Russians i 
 
 South Sea Islanders 2 
 
 Total 1,100 
 
 How They Live. 
 
 In two villages, Kalaupapa and Kalawao, on oppo- 
 site sides of the peninsula. 
 
 These contain 716 buildings in all. 
 
 They include court house, jail, school houses, of- 
 fices, warehouses, work shops, hospitals, dormitories, 
 etc. 
 
 At Kalawao there is a Roman Catholic home for 
 boys. 
 
Hawaiian Islands. 77 
 
 At Kalaupapa there is a similar home for girls. 
 
 There are a Young Men's Christian Association, 
 Protestant churches, Roman Catholic and Mormon 
 churches. 
 
 There is a general store. 
 
 There are bands in each town, the members of 
 which are lepers. 
 
 The lepers may build houses and cultivate land for 
 their own use. 
 
 They constitute a little world by itself, conducted 
 systematically. 
 
 How THE Spread of Leprosy is Prevented. 
 
 Visitors are not allowed, except by special per- 
 mission. 
 
 None can leave the settlement except by special 
 arrangement. 
 
 Transportation of lepers is under the care of a 
 board of inspection. 
 
 Money only leaves the settlement after it is puri- 
 fied, and then on rare occasions. Outside business 
 is transacted mostly by postal orders. 
 
 Great cleanliness is enforced at the settlement. 
 
 The disease is not as contagious as has been popu- 
 larly supposed. 
 
 Jl^ 
 
AND ADJACENT ISLES. 
 
 As to AREA. 
 
 Length (of Cuba) 730 miles. 
 
 Average breadth 80 " 
 
 Area 43, 319 square miles. 
 
 Coast line, over all 2,200 miles. 
 
 Coast line, including all indenta- 
 tions 7,000 " 
 
 For comparison: 
 Area of Pennsylvania 45,215 square miles. 
 
 Cuba is nearly seven times as long as Long Island, 
 and would stretch from New York city to Cincinnati. 
 
 The Isle of Pines, which is the only one of Cuba's 
 island satellites of any importance, is 45 miles from 
 east to west and SZ miles from north to south. A de- 
 scription of the island will be found at the end of this 
 division of the volume. 
 
 Though the area of Cuba is 43,319 square miles, its 
 habitable area can only be estimated at 32,500 square 
 miles ; the balance of 10,819 square miles being made 
 up of desert sand keys that skirt the island impass- 
 able swamps that line its south coast, and the rugged 
 and unexplored uplands of its eastern extremity. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 79 
 
 As to POPULATION. 
 
 Of the island (estimated, 1894) 1,631,687 
 
 Of the aboriginal inhabitants none survived to see 
 the seventeenth century. The present population 
 may be divided into five classes : 
 
 1. Natives of Spain — "Peninsulares." 
 
 2. Cubans of Spanish descent — "Insulares." 
 
 3. Other white persons. 
 
 4. Persons wholly or in part of the Afriean race. 
 
 5. Eastern Asiatics. 
 
 The number of white persons of other blood than 
 Spanish is trifling, as is also the number of coolies 
 or Asiatic laborers, imported from the Philippines. 
 Thus reckoning the first three classes together and 
 excluding the fifth entirely, there will be this division 
 of whites of all classes and negroes of all shades — 70 
 per cent, whites and 30 per cent, negroes. 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 The ratio of the races in the city of Washington 
 according to the census of 1890 was 67 per cent, 
 whites and 33 per cent, negroes. 
 
 By Provinces. 
 
 Pinar del Rio 225,891 
 
 Havana 451,928 
 
 Matanzas 259,578 
 
 Santa Clara 354,122 
 
 Puerto Principe 67,789 
 
 Santiago de Cuba 272,379 
 
8o Our New Possessions. 
 
 Urban population. 889,689 
 
 Rustic population 741.998 
 
 By Cities. 
 
 Cuba has thirteen cities whose population exceeds 
 10,000. They are these : 
 
 Havana (city proper) 200,448 
 
 With suburbs (Vedado, Chorrera, Marianao, 
 Puentes Gordes, La Cienaga, El Principe 
 
 Tulipan, El Cerro, Regla and Cojunar) 300,000 
 
 Matanzas 50,000 
 
 Santiago 42,000 
 
 Cienfuegos 41,000 
 
 Puerto Principe 40>679 
 
 Santa Clara (Villa Clara) 34,655 
 
 Guanabacoa 28,043 
 
 Cardenas 20,505 
 
 Sancti Spiritus I7,540 
 
 Sagua la Grande 14,000 
 
 Trinidad I3,500 
 
 Caibarien 12,000 
 
 Manzanillo 10,736 
 
 Note. — For descriptions of these 13 chief cities see 
 under head of "As to Cities." 
 
 Of towns containing 5,000 population and over, 
 but less than 10,000 population, there are these 19: 
 
 Guantanamo 9,000 
 
 Pinar del Rio 8,000 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 8i 
 
 Macagua 8,000 
 
 San Antonio de los Banos 7,5oo 
 
 San Juan de los Remedios 7,230 
 
 Lagunillas 7,030 
 
 Colon 7^000 
 
 Nuevitas (San Fernando de) 6,991 
 
 Giiines : 6,828 
 
 Santa Ana 6,350 
 
 Bejucal 6,239 
 
 Santiago de las Vegas 6,200 
 
 Jovellanos (Bemba) 6,000 
 
 Guanajay 5^792 
 
 Holguin 5^400 
 
 Placetas 5,280 
 
 Guarra 5,250 
 
 Baracoa 5,072 
 
 La Isabela (La Boca ; Concha) 5,000 
 
 The 64 towns having a population of 1,000 and over, 
 but less than 5,000 are arranged alphabetically as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Alfonso XII 3,000 
 
 Alquizar 2,700 
 
 Arroyo Naranjo 3,000 
 
 Artemisa 2,049 
 
 Bahia Honda. 1,889 
 
 Banta 2,000 
 
 Batabano 1,860 
 
 Bainoa 1,000 
 
 Bayamo 3,634 
 
 Bolondron 1,758 
 
82 'Our Nezv Possessions. 
 
 Cabanas i,454 
 
 Camajuani 4,180 
 
 Camarones 1,200 
 
 Catalina 3,142 
 
 Caimito 1,788 
 
 Candelaria 1,200 
 
 Cayajabos i,353 
 
 Cartagena i,497 
 
 Ceiba del Agua 2,950 
 
 Cervantes 1,560 
 
 Cifuentes 1,887 
 
 Cimarrones 3,000 
 
 Corralillo 2,000 
 
 Corral Nuevo 2,092 
 
 Consolacion del Sur 2,000 
 
 Cuevitas 1,629 
 
 Gibara 4,608 
 
 Guira de Melena 3,500 
 
 Jaruco 2,165 
 
 Jiguani i,393 
 
 Limonar 2,000 
 
 Los Abreus 4,503 
 
 Mayari 1,854 
 
 Macurigeo 3,650 
 
 Managua 1,000 
 
 Mantua 1,380 
 
 Madruga 1,000 
 
 Mariel 1,637 
 
 Melena del Sur 1,082 
 
 Moron 3,017 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 83 
 
 Nueva Paz 2,737 
 
 Palmillas 1,014 
 
 Palmira 2,987 
 
 Pipian 1,079 
 
 Quemados de Guines 2,000 
 
 Quivican 2,108 
 
 Recreo 2,879 
 
 Rodas 2,230 
 
 San Antonio de Cabezas i,5oo 
 
 San Antonio de las Vegas 1,136 
 
 San Cristobal 3,522 
 
 San Juan y Martinez 2,100 
 
 San Jose de las Lajas 2,170 
 
 San Nicolas - 1,500 
 
 San Luis 3,556 
 
 San Juan de las Veras 2,267 
 
 Santa Cruz de los Finos 1,244 
 
 Santa Cruz del Sur 1,000 
 
 Santo Domingo 1,500 
 
 Santa Isabel de las Lajas 3,102 
 
 Sierra Morena 1,600 
 
 Tapaste 1,136 
 
 Union de Reyes 4,100 
 
 Victoria de las Tunas i,79i 
 
 Note. — It has been decided by the United States 
 Government to take a complete census of Cuba, not 
 
84 Our New Possessions. 
 
 only to fix its population but to determine who are 
 citizens and qualified electors in the election which 
 shall be held to establish a representative government. 
 This census will be taken under direction of the 
 military government. 
 
 As to CLIMATE. 
 
 In the Matter of Temperature. 
 
 Average annual temperature: 
 
 Havana 76.08 
 
 Cienfuegos 7650 
 
 Matanzas 78.04 
 
 Santiago 80.00 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 Washington 54-07 
 
 New Orleans 68.08 
 
 Hottest month's temperature (average): 
 
 Havana, July 82.04 
 
 Cienfuegos, July 85.50 
 
 Matanzas, June 82.02 
 
 Santiago, July 83.00 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 Washington, July 76.09 
 
 New Orleans, July , 82.04 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 85 
 
 Coldest month's temperature (average): 
 
 Havana, January 70.03 
 
 Cienfuegos, January 67.50 
 
 Matanzas, February 72.00 
 
 Santiago, January 77.00 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 Washington, January 32.02 
 
 New Orleans, January S3.o8 
 
 Hottest actual weather: 
 
 Havana, July, '91 100.06 
 
 Cienfuegos, July, '90 93.00 
 
 Matanzas, July, '33 93.00 
 
 Santiago, August, '63 102.00 
 
 Washington, September. , 104.00 
 
 New Orleans, July 99.00 
 
 Coldest actual weather: 
 
 Havana, February, '96. 49.06 
 
 Cienfuegos, January, '95 48.00 
 
 Matanzas, January, '35 51.00 
 
 Santiago, January, '90 50.00 
 
 Washington, January — .14 
 
 New Orleans, January ,.,..,..,., 15.00 
 
86 Our New Possessions. 
 
 For the interior of the island only two temperature 
 records have been found, namely, for Ubajay and the 
 mines of San Fernando. Ubajay is a village about 15 
 miles southwest of Havana and about 242 feet above 
 sea level. Its average temperature from four years' 
 observations was 73.6° F. The record is quoted by 
 Baron Humboldt and was made during 1796- 1799. 
 The San Fernando mines are about 150 miles east- 
 ward of Havana and 554 feet above sea level. The 
 temperature record is for the year 1839 and shows an 
 average of 75°. From these records the average an- 
 nual temperature of the interior of the island would 
 appear to be considerably lower than on the coast. 
 
 It is known, too, that in the interior, at elevations of 
 over 300 feet, the thermometer occasionally falls to 
 the freezing point in winter. Hoar frost is not un- 
 common, and during north winds thin ice may form. 
 It hails frequently, but snow is unknown in any part 
 of the island. 
 
 In the Matter of Humidity. 
 
 The relative humidity of Cuba's atmosphere aver- 
 ages 75 per cent, of saturation, and, while there is 
 actually a wet and a dry season, judged by the amount 
 of rainfall, it is a significant climatic fact that the 
 mean relative humidity of the twelve months differs 
 hardly enough to warrant characterizing one month 
 as being drier or damper than another. That is, the 
 air is always heavily charged with moisture. The 
 following figures, showing the percentage of humid- 
 ity in the twelve months of the year at Havana, bear 
 out this statement in a remarkable fashion : 
 
^3 
 
 93 
 
 62 
 
 70 
 
 58 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 62 
 
 69 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 ez 
 
 70 
 
 62 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 69 
 
 78 
 
 68 
 
 77 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 C«6a and Adjacent Isles. 87 
 
 Month. At 6 a. m. At noon. At 6 p. m. 
 
 January 85 
 
 February 85 
 
 March 85 
 
 April 84 
 
 May 85 
 
 June 89 
 
 July 88 
 
 August 88 
 
 September 90 
 
 October 89 
 
 November 87 
 
 December 82 
 
 In the Matter of Rainfall. 
 
 The rainfall shows to a greater degree than the 
 temperature the influence of locality and season of the 
 year. As in other lands on the border of the tropics, 
 the year is divided between a hot, wet season, corre- 
 sponding to the northern declination of the sun, and 
 a cool, dry period. From May to October is called 
 the wet season, though rain falls in every month of 
 the year. With May spring begins, rain and thunder 
 are of almost daily occurrence, and the temperature 
 rises high, with little variation. The period from 
 November to April is called the dry season. For 
 seven years the mean annual rainfall at Havana in 
 the wet season has been observed to be 27.8 inches, 
 and of the dry months 12.7. 
 
 The eastern part of the island receives more rain 
 than the western. There are seldom over twenty rainy 
 
Our New Possessions. 
 
 days in any one month, the average being from eight 
 to ten. The rainfall is generally in the afternoon, and 
 on an average there are only seventeen days in the 
 year on which it rains in both forenoon and after- 
 noon. 
 
 So far as present meteorological records go, a de- 
 scri-ption of the rainfall of Cuba is practically that of 
 the rainfall at Havana, the short and fragmentary 
 records that have been kept at Matanzas and Santiago 
 hardly being representative. Taking, then, the rain- 
 fall at Havana for the years 1885-1897 inclusive, these 
 are the figures : 
 
 Year. 
 
 Rainy season ( Jnne 
 
 to October, 
 inclusive, 5 months). 
 
 Dry season (Noveni' 
 
 ber to May, 
 inclusive, 7 months) 
 
 1885... 
 
 26.79 inches 
 
 21.38 inches 
 
 1886... 
 
 47.49 ' 
 
 
 17.04 ' 
 
 
 1887... 
 
 32.38 ' 
 
 
 16.95 ' 
 
 
 1888... 
 
 2397 ' 
 
 
 29-54 * 
 
 
 1889... 
 
 35.71 * 
 
 
 24.02 * 
 
 
 1890. . . 
 
 28.15 ' 
 
 
 28.41 * 
 
 
 1891. .. 
 
 38.02 * 
 
 
 20.51 ' 
 
 
 1892. . . 
 
 49.49 ' 
 
 
 8.81 ' 
 
 
 1893... 
 
 38.95 ' 
 
 
 21.64 * 
 
 
 1894. .. 
 
 38.08 ' 
 
 
 12.63 ' 
 
 
 1895... 
 
 38.78 ' 
 
 
 17.07 * 
 
 
 1896. .. 
 
 31.09 ' 
 
 
 19.97 * 
 
 
 1897... 
 
 27.70 * 
 
 
 18.51 ' 
 
 
 Last year Havana's monthly record of rainy days 
 was as follows : 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 89 
 
 Rainy days. 
 
 January 8 
 
 February 7 
 
 March 6 
 
 April 4 
 
 May 8 
 
 June 10 
 
 July 12 
 
 August 12 
 
 September 14 
 
 October 9 
 
 November 8 
 
 December 6 
 
 Total 104 
 
 In the Matter of Health. 
 
 While great things may be expected of the Ameri- 
 can system of sanitation as applied to Cuba, it must 
 not be overlooked that the island is a tropical country 
 and that its climate is very different from that of even 
 our warmest sections. Acclimatization is a necessary 
 process, and during that process the following simple 
 rules will be found of value : 
 
 If possible, the first visit to Cuba should be made in 
 the cool season. Even then linen or cotton garments 
 will be needed. During the period of acclimatization 
 one should guard against any excess of work or pleas- 
 ure, late evenings, bodily or mental fatigue, exposure 
 to the sun, or rapid cooling off, or any cause that 
 might produce illness. 
 
go Our New Possessions. 
 
 Exercise on foot, horseback or in a carriage is nec- 
 essary for one who is visiting this land for the first 
 time, but only in the morning and evening; washing 
 and bathing are also very good, first in tempered and 
 after a few days in cold water; baths should not be 
 taken after hard work, and the best time is the morn- 
 ing or at noon and after the body has been at rest. 
 
 While ready perspiration is one of the essentials to 
 the preservation of health, danger also lurks in it, for 
 when in such a condition a few moments in the shade, 
 exposure to a breeze will bring on a cold more quickly 
 in Cuba than in any other place outside the tropics. 
 If it is noticed that the perspiration is stopping on a 
 warm day, a physician should be consulted immedi- 
 ately, and also in the case of giddiness, headache, etc. 
 
 As to food, the visitor should use wholesome and 
 nutritious meats, and the salt and fresh water fish 
 that abound in these regions. It is also well to use 
 certain condiments, such as pepper, cloves, allspice, 
 cinnamon and others that heighten and flavor food 
 and aid digestion ; though used, they should not be 
 abused. The moderate use of certain tropical fruits 
 to which northerners are accustomed, such as oranges, 
 lemons, limes and pineapples, is advantageous with- 
 out question, but there are hosts of others, mostly of 
 a soft, squashy nature and a sweet sickish taste, such 
 as the mango, sapote, alligator pear, etc., that it is 
 wise to avoid. The combination of alcohol with them 
 is almost deadly, and it is well to let the banana alone. 
 
 The continuous use of alcohol causes a marked de- 
 terioration in the constitution, being one of the greatr 
 est obstacles to acclimatization. However, a little 
 rum mixed with water is a stimulating and whole- 
 some drink, especially on hot days. Soft drinks an^ 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 91 
 
 lemonade are not good, as they cause a kind of ple- 
 thora which turns into diarrhoea. 
 
 In a word, live soberly and moderately, keep clean 
 and use common sense, and Cuba's climate will not 
 down you. 
 
 While much that has been written concerning Cuba 
 would seem to indicate that it is a veritable pest hole, 
 such descriptions actually cover only the worst condi- 
 tions and comparatively a small portion of the island, 
 for probably at least two-thirds of it are as healthy, 
 even in the summer, as any country in the world. 
 
 Cases of longevity are not wanting. There are 
 numerous instances where natives have attained 100 
 years, some 130 years, and there is even one known to 
 have lived to the age of 150, Longevity is most fre- 
 quent among the colored population. 
 
 AstoDISTANCES. 
 
 All reckoned in statute miles to Havana. 
 
 From cities of the United States. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Key West 100 
 
 New Orleans 690 
 
 Mobile 640 
 
 Tampa 35° 
 
 Savannah 613 
 
 Charleston 662 
 
 Philadelphia I,i37 
 
 New York 1,215 
 
 Boston 1,348 
 
92 Our New Possessions. 
 
 From foreign cities. 
 
 Quebec 2,421 
 
 Vera Cruz 809 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 3,536 
 
 Buenos Ayres 4,653 
 
 Montevideo 4,553 
 
 Port of Spain 1,521 
 
 Bermuda 1,150 
 
 Gibraltar 4,030 
 
 Plymouth (Eng.) 3,702 
 
 From Cuban cities and towns. 
 
 Artemisa 45 
 
 Baracoa 765 
 
 Batabano 33 
 
 Bayamo 609 
 
 Bemba ( Jovellanos) 90 
 
 Candelaria 29 
 
 Cobre , 669 
 
 Coloma 128 
 
 Consolacion del Sur 100 
 
 Guantanamo 730 
 
 Guanajay 35 
 
 Guines 46 
 
 Holguin , 613 
 
 Jaruco 23 
 
 La Union 80 
 
 Las Vegas 61 
 
 Marianao 7 
 
 Manzanillo. 636 
 
 Madruga 52 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 93 
 
 Matanzas 56 
 
 Moron 276 
 
 Nuevitas 407 
 
 Pinar del Rio 113 
 
 Punta Brava 14 
 
 Puerto Principe 345 
 
 Rincon 14 
 
 Sagua la Grande 212 
 
 Sancti Spiritus 270 
 
 San Antonio de los Banos 21 
 
 San Felipe 26 
 
 San Juan de los Remedios 235 
 
 Santa Clara 209 
 
 Santiago de Cuba 682 
 
 Santiago de las Vegas 13 
 
 Trinidad 247 
 
 As to COST and TIME in GETTING THERE. 
 
 There are now many ways of reaching and sending 
 to Cuba, by rail and sea, and by the all-sea route, as 
 witness the foHowing list : 
 
 By the Plant System there is the choice of two 
 routes : 
 
 (i) The Florida and West Indian Limited, via 
 Charleston, Savannah and the West Coast Railroad. 
 Trains by this route leave New York daily 9.20 a. m., 
 arrive Port Tampa next day 8.30 p. m. 
 
 (2) The New York and Florida Special, via Jack- 
 sonville and St. Augustine. Trains by this route leave 
 
94 Our Nezv Possessions. 
 
 New York daily 12.20 p. m., arrive Port Tampa next 
 day 8.50 p. M. 
 
 Both these trains connect daily, except Sundays and 
 Wednesdays, with the U. S. mail steamers of the 
 Plant Line, for Key West and Havana, according to 
 the following schedule: 
 
 Steamship New Olivette leaves Port Tampa Mon- 
 days and Thursdays, 9 130 p. m. ; arrives Havana 
 Wednesdays and Saturdays, 6 a. m. 
 
 Steamship Whitney leaves Port Tampa Saturdays, 
 9.30 P. Ai. ; arrives Havana Mondays, 6 a. m. 
 
 Steamship Yarmouth leaves Port Tampa Tuesdays 
 and Fridays, 2 p. m. ; arrives Havana Wednesdays 
 and Saturdays, 2 p. m. 
 
 Note. — The New Olivette and Whitney touch at 
 Key West ; the Yarmouth does not. 
 
 Children under five years of age carried free; five 
 years of age and under twelve, pay half fare ; twelve 
 years and over, full fare. 
 
 One hundred and fifty pounds of baggage carried 
 free on each full fare ticket, and 75 pounds on each 
 half fare ticket. Baggage in excess of 150 pounds on 
 full fare ticket will be charged for. Any piece of bag- 
 gage weighing more than 250 pounds must be for- 
 warded by express or freight. 
 
 Through one way tickets from New York to Ha- 
 vana, first class, are $5475 ; round trip, $99. 
 
 Pullmans run on these trains, the rates to Tampa 
 being as follows : 
 
 From New York, double berth, $8.50; drawing 
 room, %2)^. From St. Louis, double berth, $8; draw- 
 ing room, $30. From Chicago, double berth, $8.50; 
 drawing room, $32. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 95 
 
 By the Miami Route there is also a choice of two 
 ways: 
 
 (i) By the Florida East Coast Railway. 
 
 (2) By the Atlantic Coast Line. 
 
 Over the first route trains leave New York daily at 
 12.05 A. M. ; arrive at Miami next day at 10.30 p. m. 
 
 Over the second route trains leave New York daily 
 at 8.50 p. M.; arrive at Miami next day at 10.30 p. m. 
 
 From Miami the steamship Miami plies direct to 
 Havana, according to the following schedule : 
 
 Leaves Miami Sundays and Wednesdays at 10.30 
 
 p. M. 
 
 Arrives Havana Mondays and Thursdays at 3 p. m. 
 
 Through Pullman sleepers and dining cars between 
 New York and Jacksonville and chair cars between 
 Jacksonville and Miami. 
 
 Over both the Plant and Miami roads the trains run 
 direct to the steamer's side. 
 
 The cover-all time on the Miami route is as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 New York to Havana 63 hours 
 
 Boston to Havana 68 " 
 
 Philadelphia to Havana 551^^ *' 
 
 Baltimore to Havana 531/^ " 
 
 Washington to Havana 513^ " 
 
 The rates by this route are the same as those over 
 the Plant System. 
 
 All first-class tickets to Havana include meals and 
 berth on steamer. 
 
 Those who wish to still more break the journey can 
 take steamer from New York, Boston or Baltimore to 
 
gS Our Nezv Possessions. 
 
 Savannah by the Ocean Steamship Company of Sa- 
 vannah, connecting at Savannah with the Florida 
 and West Indian Limited for Tampa or via Jackson- 
 ville to Miami. 
 
 Steamers of the Ocean Steamship Company of Sa- 
 vannah leave New York from Pier 34 North river, 
 foot of Spring street, every day at 5 p. m., except 
 Sunday and Monday, 
 
 Steamers of the same company leave Boston every 
 Wednesday at noon and every Saturday at 3 p. m., 
 from Lewis' Wharf, 
 
 Note. — Steamers sailing from Boston on Wednes- 
 days touch at New York. Steamers sailing on Satur- 
 days go direct to Savannah. From Savannah to Bos- 
 ton all sailings are direct. 
 
 Steamers of li^e Merchants' and Miners' Transpor- 
 tation Company (working with the Savannah line) 
 leave Baltimore from the foot of West Falls avenue 
 at 4 p. m. every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. 
 
 If the passenger elect to travel via Port Tampa he 
 must take such train as will enable him to connect 
 with the steamship Mascotte, of the Plant Steamship 
 Line, which leaves Port Tampa every Monday, 
 Thursday and Saturday at 9 p. m., reaching Havana 
 every Wednesday, Saturday and Monday at 6 a. m. 
 
 If he elect to travel via Miami he must take such 
 train as will enable him to connect with the steamship 
 Lincoln, of the Florida East Coast Steamship Com- 
 pany, which leaves Miami Sundays and Wednesdays 
 at II p. m. and reaches Havana on Mondays and 
 Thursdays at 3 p. m. 
 
 The passenger rates on the Savannah Line of 
 steamers are as follows : 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 97 
 
 From New York to Savannah. 
 
 First class, one way $20.00 
 
 First class, excursion 32.00 
 
 Intermediate, one way 15.00 
 
 Intermediate, excursion 24.00 
 
 Steerage, one way 10.00 
 
 Philadelphia passengers are booked via New York at 
 same rates. 
 
 From Boston to Savannah. 
 
 (Via direct ship or Sound Lines and New York.) 
 
 First class, one way $22.00 
 
 First class, excursion 36.00 
 
 Intermediate, one way 17.00 
 
 Intermediate, excursion 28.00 
 
 Steerage, one way 11. 75 
 
 First-class and excursion tickets include meals and 
 berths in staterooms on steamer. 
 
 Intermediate tickets include meals and berths in 
 staterooms in intermediate cabin. 
 
 Steerage passengers are furnished with mattresses 
 and meals on steamer. 
 
 Children under five years, free; between five and 
 twelve years, half fare; over twelve years, same as 
 adult. 
 
 Trunks (except one small steamer trunk) are not 
 allowed in staterooms. Baggage can be checked 
 through to destination the same as by rail. 
 
 Through tickets can be purchased by these steamers 
 
98 Our New Possessions. 
 
 to Havana, either via Tampa or Miami, at the follow- 
 ing rates : 
 
 From New York. 
 
 Cabin $52.25 
 
 Excursion (cabin) 91.00 
 
 Intermediate 42.25 
 
 Excursion (intermediate) 75-50 
 
 Steerage 31-75 
 
 'From Boston, Worcester, Springfield, Providence, 
 Newport or Fall River. 
 
 Cabin $54-25 
 
 Excursion (cabin) 95.00 
 
 Intermediate 44-25 
 
 Excursion (intermediate) 79-50 
 
 Steerage 33-50 
 
 First-class tickets include meals and berth on 
 steamer from Port Tampa or Miami to Havana. 
 
 All tickets include meals and berth on Savannah 
 Line between New York or Boston and Savannah. 
 
 Those who wish to take an all-sea voyage have the 
 following routes to select from : 
 
 La Compania Trasatlantica, J. M. Ceballos & 
 Co. Steamers on this line leave New York the loth, 
 20th and 30th of each month, arriving on the 14th, 
 24th and 4th, respectively. 
 
 The steamer sailing from New York on the 20th 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. gg 
 
 and arriving at Havana the 24th connects at Havana 
 with the steamer leaving there about the end of each 
 month for the principal ports of Cuba and Porto Rico. 
 The steamer leaving New York on the 30th con- 
 nects at Havana with the steamer that leaves on the 
 loth of the following month for San Juan de Porto 
 Rico. The rates over this line are as follows, all 
 being from New York : 
 
 ^, „ '^^ To To To 
 
 Class. Havana. Santiago. Nuevitas. Gibara. 
 
 First cabin.... $37 $65 $60 $65 
 
 Second cabin . . 26 45 40 43 
 
 Steerage 17 30 25 26 
 
 Excursion Tickets, 25 per cent, discount. 
 
 Families comprising parents, their children and 
 servants will be allowed a reduction of 15 per cent, on 
 established rates. 
 
 Children from seven to twelve years, half fare; 
 from three to seven years, quarter fare; less than 
 three years, free. 
 
 Each first cabin passenger is not allowed over 600 
 pounds of baggage. Each second cabin passenger is 
 not allowed over 400 pounds. 
 
 The New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Com- 
 pany (Ward Line).— Steamers of this line leave 
 Piers 16 and 17, East river, every two or three days 
 for Havana and every week for Guantanamo, Santi- 
 ago, Cienfuegos and other ports on the south side of 
 Cuba. 
 
 It is both a freight and passenger company. 
 
 The Munson Steamship Line.— Steamers of this 
 
100 Our New Possessions. 
 
 line sail as follows : From New York to Matanzas, 
 Cardenas, Sagua, Caibarien, Nuevitas, Gibara and 
 Baracoa, every two weeks. 
 
 From Halifax to Havana, monthly. 
 
 From Galveston to Havana, every two weeks. 
 
 Pensacola Cuban Steamship Line. — Regular 
 semi-monthly service from Pensacola to Havana and 
 other Cuban ports. 
 
 The Earn Line. — Philadelphia to Havana and San- 
 tiago and Baltimore to Havana. Steamers every 
 twenty days. 
 
 Other lines, mostly freighters, are these : The Mo- 
 bile Steamship Company, from Mobile to Cuban 
 ports ; the Mutual Steamship Line, from New York to 
 Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, Santiago, Gibara and Nue- 
 vitas. 
 
 As to MAIL and CABLE SERVICE. 
 
 Mails are sent to Cuba by every available steamer, 
 the rate being five cents on every half ounce. 
 
 There are four cable lines connected with Cuba. The 
 International Ocean Telegraph Company has a cable 
 from Florida to Havana ; the Cuban Submarine Com- 
 pany has a cable connecting Havana with Santiago 
 de Cuba and Cienfuegos; the West India and 
 Panama Company has a cable connecting Havana 
 with Santiago de Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, the 
 Lesser Antilles and the Isthmus of Panama; the 
 Compagnie Franqaise de Cables Sous-Marins has a 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. lOi 
 
 line connecting Havana with Santiago de Cuba, 
 Haiti, Santo Domingo, Venezuela and Brazil. 
 
 The only three towns in Cuba having cable connec- 
 tions are Havana, Cienfuegos and Santiago. 
 
 Cable rates from New York are as follows : 
 
 By the Interna- By the U. S. & By the W. 
 
 tional Ocean Hay ti Tel. & India 
 
 To Telegraph Cable Cable 
 
 Co. Co. Co. 
 
 Per word. Per word. Per word. 
 
 Havana $0.40 $040 $0.90 
 
 Caibarien, Los 
 
 Abreus, Pla- 
 
 cetas, Remedi- 
 
 08, Sagua la 
 
 Grande, Santa 
 
 Clara & Cien- 
 fuegos 60 .60 .60 
 
 Caimanera, 
 
 Guantanamo & 
 
 Santiago 73 -73 -73 
 
 Press rates to Havana, 10 cents per word. 
 
 The telegraph and telephone systems in Cuba be- 
 longed to the Spanish Government, but the latter 
 farmed them out for a limited number of years to a 
 company called the Red Telefonica de la Havana. 
 Since the American occupation they have passed un- 
 der the control of the United States Military Gover- 
 nor. Nearly all the public and private buildings in 
 Havana and its suburbs are connected by telephone 
 and telephones are in great favor as labor saving de- 
 vices in nearly all the big towns and cities. The 
 Statesman's Year Book, 1898, says that there are 2,300 
 miles of telegraph line, with 153 offices, in Cuba; mes- 
 sages in 1894, 357,914- 
 
102 Our Neiv Possessions. 
 
 As to TRADE. 
 
 Because of revolution and foreign war, Cuba's com- 
 merce has not only been intermittent, but the records 
 of trade have been illy kept or not at all. The fol- 
 lowing facts and figures are, however, reliable: 
 
 The imports consist mainly of jerked beef from 
 South America, codfish from the British North 
 American provinces, flour from Spain, rice from 
 Carolina, Spain and the East Indies, wine and olive 
 oil from Spain, boards for boxes and barrels from 
 North America, coal from Europe and North Amer- 
 ica and petroleum from the United States, besides 
 large quantities of British, German and Belgian 
 manufactures and hardware. Cattle are imported 
 from Florida and the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The exports consist of sugar, tobacco, coffee, 
 brandy, copper, wax, honey, cotton, leather, horn, 
 cocoanut oil, timber and fruit. 
 
 The latest year for which the statistics of the com- 
 merce of the island with all countries can be compiled 
 in a comparative form is 1896, for which year the fol- 
 lowing figures of values are reasonably accurate : 
 
 Imports Exports 
 
 Conntry. From Cuba. To Cuba. 
 
 United Kingdom $174,187 $5,843,892 
 
 Belgium 208,304 1,089,239 
 
 France 3»338,900 424,600 
 
 United States 40,017,730 7,530,880 
 
 Spain 9,681,120 33,474,680 
 
 The varying trade of the United States with Cuba 
 for the years inclusive 1891-1897 is shown in the fol- 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isks. 103 
 
 lowing statement. The trade of 1898 amounted prac- 
 tically to nothing : 
 
 Imports from Cuba to the United States. 
 
 
 Free. 
 
 Dutiable. 
 
 Total. 
 
 I89I.. 
 
 ..$26,044,502 
 
 $35,669,893 
 
 $61,714,395 
 
 1892. . 
 
 .. 66,140,835 
 
 11,790,836 
 
 77,931,671 
 
 1893. . 
 
 .. 66,049,369 
 
 12,657,137 
 
 78,706,506 
 
 1894. 
 
 .. 67,418,289 
 
 8,259,972 
 
 75,678,261 
 
 1895.. 
 
 ,. 17,684,765 
 
 35,186,494 
 
 52,871,259 
 
 1896. . 
 
 . 2,074,763 
 
 37,942,967 
 
 40,017,730 
 
 1897. . 
 
 . 1,270,059 
 
 17,136,756 
 
 18,406,815 
 
 Exports from the United States to Cuba. 
 
 
 Domestic. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1891.. 
 
 .$11,929,605 
 
 $295,283 
 
 $12,224,888 
 
 1892. . 
 
 . 17,622,411 
 
 331,159 
 
 17,953,570 
 
 1893.. 
 
 . 23,604,094 
 
 553,604 
 
 24,157,698 
 
 1894.. 
 
 • 19,855,237 
 
 270,084 
 
 20,125,321 
 
 1895.. 
 
 . 12,533,260 
 
 274,401 
 
 12,807,661 
 
 1896.. 
 
 . 7,312,348 
 
 218,532 
 
 7,530,880 
 
 1897.. 
 
 • 7,599,757 
 
 660,019 
 
 8,259,776 
 
 It will be seen here that the years of great contrast 
 are those of 1893 and 1897. In 1893 our trade with 
 Cuba reached its maximum since 1874. In 1897 it 
 reached its minimum, except, of course, in 1898. The 
 imports and exports for these two contrasting years 
 are as follows : 
 
104 ^^^ New Possessions. 
 
 Principal Imports from Cuba Into the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Articles. 1893. 1897. 
 Free of duty : 
 
 Fruits, including nuts $2,347,800 $154,422 
 
 Molasses 1,081,034 5,448 
 
 Sugar 60,637,631 — 
 
 Wood, unmanufactured.... 1,071,123 63,670 
 
 Other articles 911,781 1,046,519 
 
 Dutiable : 
 Tobacco — 
 
 Unmanufactured 8,940,058 2,306,067 
 
 Manufactured 2,727,030 1,971,214 
 
 Iron ore 641,943 — 
 
 Sugar — 11,982,473 
 
 Other articles 348,106 877,003 
 
 Total imports $78,706,506 $18,406,815 
 
 Principal Exports from the United States to 
 
 Cuba. 
 
 Articles. 1893. 1897. D 
 
 Wheat flour $2,821,557 $564,638 
 
 Corn 582,050 247,905 
 
 Carriages and street cars and 
 
 parts of 316,045 3,755 
 
 Cars, passenger and freight, 
 
 for steam railroads 271,571 9,202 
 
 Coal 931,371 638,912 
 
 Locks, hinges and other 
 
 builders' hardware 395,964 49,386 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 105 
 
 Railroad bars, or rails, of 
 
 steel $326,654 $14,650 
 
 Saws and tools 243,544 34,686 
 
 Locomotives 418,776 20,638 
 
 Stationary engines 130,652 1,189 
 
 Boilers and parts of engines. . 322,284 35,578 
 
 Wire 321,120 35,905 
 
 Manufactures of leather 191,394 39,753 
 
 Mineral oil 514,808 306,916 
 
 Hog products 5,401,022 2,224,485 
 
 Beans and peas 392,962 276,635 
 
 Potatoes. 554,153 331,553 
 
 Boards, deals, planks, joists, 
 
 ^tc 1,095,928 286,387 
 
 Household furniture 217,126 34,288 
 
 Other articles 8,708,717 3,i03,'3i5 
 
 Total exports $24,157,698 $8,259,776 
 
 Spain's commerce with her lost dependency for the 
 years 1891-1896 inclusive was as follows: 
 
 Imports from Exports from 
 
 Cuba to Spain. Spain to Cuba. 
 
 ^^91 $7,193,173 $22,168,050 
 
 1892 9,570,399 28,046,636 
 
 ^^93 5,697,291 24,689,373 
 
 ^^94 7,265,120 22,592,943 
 
 1895 7,176,105 26,298,497 
 
 ^896 4,257,360 26,145,800 
 
 Lastly, the following table is decidedly interesting 
 as showing in what articles Europe and the United 
 States have respectively controlled the import trade 
 
io6 Our New Possessions. 
 
 into Cuba. It is compiled from the British Foreign 
 Office papers of 1897 and gives the trade of 1896. 
 
 From 
 Europe to U.S. to 
 
 Articles. Cuba. Cuba. Total Value 
 
 Butter, cases 6,338 54 $3i9,700 
 
 Cheese, cases 1,881 44,358 323,^73 
 
 Rice, hundredweights. ..853,538 23,800 2,807,481 
 
 Beer, barrels 4,629 2,860 82,379 
 
 Beer, cases 6,574 2,044 43,090 
 
 Salt fish, drums 5,036 79,52i 686,000 
 
 Flour, bags 404,019 100,321 4,285,522 
 
 Coal, tons 29,050 180,487 2,085,370 
 
 Potatoes, barrels 53,083 231,774 996,702 
 
 Maize, bags — 97,303 467,049 
 
 Lard, hundredweights. .. — 194,308 2,078,811 
 
 Total values $I4,I75,777 
 
 As to RAILROADS and TRAVEL. 
 
 The following, it is believed, is the first tabulation 
 made of the railroads of Cuba : 
 
 SYSTEMS. 
 
 Ferrocarril Occidente (Western Railway). 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Havana to Pinar del Rio 113 
 
 Branch : 
 
 Vinales to Muelle IS 
 
 Total of system 128 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 107 
 
 Ferrocarriles Unidos (United Railways). 
 
 Havana to Guanajay , . 36 
 
 Havana to Matanzas 56 
 
 Havana to Bemba 34 
 
 Havana to Batabano 36 
 
 Havana to La Union 80 
 
 Branches : 
 
 Matanzas to Giiines 39 
 
 Regla to Guanabacoa 2 
 
 Robles to Madruga 5 
 
 Total of system 288 
 
 Ferrocarriles Unidos de Caibarien. 
 
 Caibarien to Cifuentes 47 
 
 Caibarien to Placetas (via Camajuani) 35 
 
 Palmira to Cartagena 29 
 
 Branches : 
 
 La Luz to Lequito 3 
 
 Bartolome to Tobar 14 
 
 Zulueta to Yera 11 
 
 Zulueta to Altamira 5 
 
 Total of system 144 
 
 Ferrocarril Cienfuegos-Santa Clara. 
 
 Cienfuegos to Santa Clara 43 
 
 Branches : 
 
 Palmira to San Frances 6 
 
 Nuevas to Cruces 8 
 
 Ranchuelo to San Juan de Los Yeros 6 
 
 Ranchuelo to Concepcion 5 
 
 Cruces to Alegre 10 
 
 Total of system 78 
 
io8 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Ferrocarril de Sagua la Grande. 
 Isabella to Cruces 54 
 
 Ferrocarril de Matanzas. 
 Matanzas to Murga 62 
 
 Branches : 
 
 La Union to Alfonso XII 3 
 
 Navajas to Venero San Juan 50 
 
 Total of system 115 
 
 Ferrocarril de Puerto Principe-Nuevitas. 
 
 Puerto Principe to Nuevitas 50 
 
 Jucaro to Moron 38 
 
 Total of system 88 
 
 Ferrocarril de Sancti Spiritus. 
 Sancti Spiritus to Tunas de Zaza 22 
 
 Branches : 
 
 Casilda to Byaba 19 
 
 Sagua la Grande to Cayuagua 10 
 
 Total of system 51 
 
 Ferrocarril de Sabanilla y Moroto. 
 
 Santiago to San Luis 20 
 
 Branch : 
 Cristo to Minas de Ponupo 12 
 
 Total of system 32 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. log 
 
 Ferrocarriles Cardenas-Jucaro. 
 
 Cardenas to Santa Clara 107 
 
 Cardenas to Yaguaramas 67 
 
 Branches : 
 
 Recreo to Itabo 15 
 
 Bemba to Navajas 11 
 
 Colon to Guareiras 6 
 
 Altamisal to Macagua 21 
 
 Manacas to Mamey 12 
 
 Manacas to Hacienda , 13 
 
 Total of system 252 
 
 Ferrocarril de Holguin. 
 
 Holguin to Jibara 26 
 
 Ferrocarril de Guantanamo. 
 
 Jamaica to La Caimanera 19 
 
 Juragua Iron Co. Railroad. 
 
 Santiago to America 19 
 
 Spanish- American Iron Co. Railroad. 
 
 Daiquiri to Vinent 3 
 
 Sigua Iron Co. Railroad. 
 
 Sigua to Arroyo la Plata 5 
 
 Suburban Roads. 
 
 Havana to Marianao 8 
 
 Havana to Guanabacoa 3 
 
 Havana to Chorrera and Vedado 4 
 
 Havana to Amilo -5 
 
110 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Note. — It is so impossible to give anything like an 
 accurate statement of the business and earnings of the 
 Cuban railroads that it has been thought better to give 
 none than to present misleading figures. Then, too, 
 many of the roads are private concerns, which refuse 
 to furnish returns. Generally speaking, the traffic on 
 the main public railroads in normal times has been 
 both extensive and remunerative. 
 
 The first railroad was built in Cuba in 1834, running 
 from Havana to Giiines, a distance of forty-four 
 miles. In 1837 a line was constructed from Nuevitas 
 to Puerto Principe ; also one from Cardenas to Bemba 
 (Jovellanos). From time to time other lines were 
 commenced, some of which were finished and are to- 
 day a part of the railway system of the island ; others 
 were abandoned or consolidated. Though the vari- 
 ous lines constituting the railway system of Cuba are 
 owned by different companies, there is practically but 
 one trunk road, that centering in Havana, to or from 
 which tflie major portion of traffic naturally comes or 
 goes. 
 
 While the lines of roads, both in number and mile- 
 age, have been continually growing, railroad construc- 
 tion has received many setbacks through insurrection, 
 financial and industrial stagnation and the lack of 
 energy and enterprise of the natives. 
 
 By far the largest portion of the trackage is of light 
 weight, iron rails being still in use on many roads. 
 All the roadbeds are rough. The roads are generally 
 single track and 4 feet 8^2 inches gauge. The rolling 
 stock is principally of the American type, but not all 
 of American manufacture. The locomotives are wood 
 burners, the passenger and freight cars smaller than 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. tit 
 
 ours and the whole outfit about thirty years behind 
 the age. 
 
 Railroad building in Cuba is accompanied by many 
 obstacles. On the table lands are found streams and 
 chasms which must be trestled, numerous hills and 
 ridges to be cut through, while the forests with their 
 luxuriant growth of vegetation are almost impene- 
 trable. In the lowlands are to be found large swamps 
 and marshes which must be crossed, dense forests 
 and numerous low-banked streams which often over- 
 flow their banks and flood the whole country. 
 
 In the Matter of Other Travel. 
 
 Outside of the railroads, personal and bipsiness 
 communication on the island is very uncertain. A so- 
 called system of public roads or "calzadas" prevails 
 in the neighborhood of the principal cities, but the 
 good character and passability of these roads is short 
 lived, and travel over the island, whether on foot, on 
 horse or in carriage, is tedious and uncertain. 
 
 The national carriage is the volante. It consists of 
 a two-seated carriage, slung low down by leather 
 straps from the axle of two large wheels, and has 
 shafts fifteen feet long. The horse in the shaft is led 
 by a postilion, v/hose horse is also harnessed to the 
 carriage with traces. In case of a long and rough 
 journey a third horse is harnessed on the other side 
 of the shafts in the same manner. 
 
 Ox carts and pack mules are used for conveying 
 goods in the interior of the island, outside of the rail- 
 way lines. 
 
 A liberal number of these roads is shown on maps. 
 
112 Our New Possessions. 
 
 but too great reliance on their actual and entire exist- 
 ence should not be had because of this fact. 
 
 Internal means of communication, on an extensive 
 scale, seems never to have been considefed as essen- 
 tial to Cuba. The island is long and narrow and pos- 
 sesses many fine harbors. Transportation of com- 
 modities is accordingly carried on by water ; the land 
 transport being confined to the short trips from the 
 inland towns to the seaports. The natural tendency 
 of travel by land has therefore been to the nearest sea- 
 port. It has been poetically but truthfully said of 
 many Cuban roads that they are fit only for the birds. 
 
 As to BUSINESS CHANCES. 
 
 It is the fairest thing to say at the outset that Cuba 
 is not the place for a poor man. Native and import- 
 ed labor is altogether too cheap. For commercial 
 enterprise and investment, however, it offers unusual 
 advantages. 
 
 December 23 Secretary of War Alger issued an or- 
 der that no franchise or concession should be granted 
 except upon the approval of the Major-General com- 
 manding the United States military forces and the 
 authorization of the Secretary. Later the supervi- 
 sion of these concessions was placed in the hands of a 
 Colonial Commission, but in the gradual transference 
 of the civil power to the Cubans the right to grant 
 these concessions is being claimed by them. 
 
 As examples of the .class of investment that is being 
 energetically carried on may be mentioned these : 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 113 
 
 The Regla Ferries and Railroad (Havana Subur- 
 ban) have been bought by the Harvey syndicate for 
 $293,000, and an electric light plant at Cienfuegos is 
 to be established, with a capital of $190,000, and the 
 same syndicate has secured a franchise for twenty 
 miles of electric railroad in and around Santiago, the 
 control of the electric plant and a contract for light- 
 ing the city. 
 
 A syndicate of American capitalists is preparing to 
 build a series of railroads across the island and a 
 backbone railroad the length of the island, the capi- 
 tal already at command being quoted at $10,000,000. 
 
 Much of the freight carrying is done by coasters 
 and considerable capital is being invested in this di- 
 rection. 
 
 English capitalists already have a strong hold on 
 the railroads and are doing their best to extend their 
 interests. French capitalists are also active. 
 
 The business men of all the Atlantic board cities 
 are busily studying the outlook and extending their 
 trade, and from what has been written under the 
 heads of General Description, Cities and Commerce 
 will be found valuable hints as to what Cuba gets, 
 what she most needs and the countries from which 
 she draws her supplies. 
 
 Money will have the first chance in Cuba, brains the 
 next and labor the third. Not that American labor 
 following in the wake of American investments will 
 not be well paid in time, but at present neither labor 
 nor brains can accomplish much more than they do 
 here. The application of all three, however, even if 
 the monetary capital is small, should produce marked 
 results. 
 
 Real estate, for example, ofifers some excellent op- 
 
114 Our Mew Possessions. 
 
 portunities for small investors. There is a great 
 future for fruit raisers, and small stores, bustlingly 
 conducted, would soon mean large fortunes, especially 
 if the storekeepers delivered the goods. So would 
 moderate sized department stores. 
 
 As to PRODUCTS. 
 
 Agricultural. 
 
 Cuba's tobacco has been celebrated all over the 
 world as the best in the world. It is indigenous to 
 the island. While the "Vuelta Abajo" (lower valley) 
 tobacco stands as a synonym for the finest grade of 
 the leaf, it is by no means the only excellent tobacco 
 of Cuba. The Vuelta is situated in the centre of 
 Pinar del Rio Province and is the garden spot of the 
 island, as well as the most prosperous and thickly set- 
 tled. The tobacco plantations in the fertile country 
 surrounding Puerto Principe, of Santa Clara prov- 
 ince, of the country back of Matanzas, and of the 
 alluvial plains and valleys around Havana, all furnish 
 a splendid leaf. 
 
 The tobacco crop on an average is estimated at 560,- 
 000 bales of no pounds each, or 61,600.000 pounds. 
 Tobacco leaf exported in 1895 amounted to 30,466,000 
 pounds; in 1896 to 16,823,000 pounds, the decrease 
 being due to the decree of May, 1896, forbidding 
 tobacco leaf exports except to Spain. In 1896 the 
 cigars exported numbered 185,914,000. The Royal 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. lis 
 
 Imperial Factory of La Honradez, in Havana, pro- 
 duced 2,532,000 cigarettes. 
 
 About 80,000 persons are ordinarily engaged in the 
 cultivation of tobacco. 
 
 The latest attempt at an estimate placed the number 
 of tobacco plantations or fields at 9,500. 
 
 In normal times Cuba is one of the most favored 
 countries of the world for the economical production 
 of sugar. The total sugar crop of any other West In- 
 dian island is equal only to the output of three or 
 four of the largest Cuban manufactories. Of the 
 other cane-sugar countries of the world Java is the 
 only one which comes within 50 per cent, of the 
 amount of sugar produced annually in Cuba in normal 
 times. The reasons for the extent of the crops and 
 profitable character of the production are these : 
 
 (i) The favorable climate and the fertility of the 
 soil. The rainfall, about 50 inches, is so distributed 
 that irrigation is not a necessity. 
 
 (2) The centralization of the estates, with conse- 
 quent large sugar houses, these indeed having a larger 
 daily capacity than those of any other country. 
 
 (3) The proximity of the United States, affording a 
 cash market for the product. 
 
 (4) Low cost of labor. 
 
 What this industry will be developed into under the 
 fostering care of American enterprise may easily be 
 imagined. If all the land suitable to the growth of 
 sugar were devoted to this industry it is estimated 
 that Cuba might supply the entire Western Hemis- 
 phere with sugar. The island has already produced 
 
Ii6 Our New Possessions. 
 
 in a single year for exportation 1,000,000 tons, and its 
 capabilities are still in the experimental stage. The 
 yield in 1895 was 1,040,000 tons and 400,000 tons of 
 molasses. 
 
 The "ingenios," or sugar plantations, vary in ex- 
 tent from 500 to 10,000 acres and number 1,500. 
 
 The first coffee plantation in Cuba was established 
 in 1748. There are now about 1,000 plantations or 
 "cafetales," varying in extent from 150 to 1,000 acres 
 and employing a general average of from 50 to 60 
 negroes to each 1,000 acres. 
 
 Other agricultural products of Cuba are cocoa, cot- 
 ton, sarsaparilla, vanilla, copal, China root, cassia, 
 Palma Christi, mustard, pepper, ginger, licorice, bal- 
 sam, rubber; and of fruits, the pineapple, custard 
 apple, cocoanut, plum, guava, banana, orange, citron, 
 lemon and mango. 
 
 Agriculture, however, is in an altogether unsatis- 
 factory condition, and the crops are due rather to the 
 fertility of the soil and pushing power of the climate 
 than to the energy of the workers. 
 
 Mineral. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Cuba is simply enormous, 
 yet it may be said to be practically untouched. 
 
 Gold and silver have not been found in paying 
 quantities, although the early settlers mined a con- 
 siderable quantity of each. 
 
 Copper was mined at Cobre (12 miles from San- 
 tiago) before Columbus discovered the island. In 
 the early part of the present century English capital- 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 117 
 
 ists purchased the Cobre mines, shipping annually to 
 the United States from 1828 to 1840 about $3,000,000 
 worth of ore. The mines were closed, but not ex- 
 hausted, in 1867. 
 
 The iron ore found in Santiago province is among 
 the richest in the world, yielding from 62 to 67 per 
 cent, of pure iron. The Juragua and Daiquiri iron 
 companies (American) have a combined capital of 
 $5,000,000, the shipments from their mines running 
 from 30,000 to 50,000 tons of ore per month. Unde- 
 veloped mines of equal value are scattered over this 
 province and in Pinar del Rio. 
 
 Manganese ore in rich deposits is found in the 
 Sierra Maestra range, stretching west from Santiago 
 to Manzanillo, American capital opened a manga- 
 nese mine at Ponupo and built a railroad to it, but the 
 enterprise was stopped in war times. Nearly all the 
 manganese used in the United States comes from the 
 Black Sea regions. 
 
 Asphaltum deposits are of frequent occurrence and 
 have been mined to a small extent; antimony, with 
 lead, exists near Holguin ; crude petroleum is found 
 in Havana and other provinces; salt is deposited in 
 great quantities in many parts of the island; quick- 
 silver has been found near Remedies (Santa Clara 
 province), while among the other mineral products 
 with which the island is rich are clays, limestone, 
 ochre, chrome, chalk, marble, jasper, loadstone, mold- 
 ing sand and talc. 
 
 The mountains are of coral formation, while the 
 lowlands seem to be composed largely of fossils of 
 sea matter from prehistoric times and are extremely 
 rich in limes and phosphates. 
 
ii8 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Animal. 
 
 A large proportion of the wealth of CMba is found 
 in its domestic animals, including chiefly the ox, 
 horse, hog, sheep, goats and mules, numbering many 
 million head. Cuba contains 3,300 breeding farms. 
 Domestic fowls include geese, turkeys, peacocks and 
 pigeons, and there are over 200 species of indigenous 
 birds. 
 
 In the rivers, bays and inlets are to be found more 
 than 700 kinds of fish. Oysters and other shellfish 
 are numerous but not good. 
 
 The only animal peculiar to Cuba is the jutia, 
 shaped like a rat. There are a few deer in the 
 swamps and the woods abound in wild dogs and cats. 
 The manati or sea-cow frequents the shores. Before 
 the war horses and mules were so numerous that no 
 one thought of traveling afoot. Sheep do not thrive 
 in Cuba, the wool having been replaced by hair. 
 
 Forest and Timber. 
 
 Of the 20,000,000 acres of wild and uncultivated 
 land in Cuba 12,000,000 are of virgin forests. These 
 forests are full of the most valuable timber trees. 
 
 The palm is the most common of all the Cuban 
 trees, and perhaps the most valuable. There are a 
 great many varieties. Of these the palma real (royal 
 palm) is the most common, and, like the maguey of 
 Mexico, is the mainstay of the natives. The other 
 woods of importance are the mahogany, ebony, cedar, 
 ncana, a tree with a hard reddish wood; gine-bra- 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 119 
 
 hacha, a kind of fir; guayacan, jigui, maranon, a tree 
 which yields a gum resembling gum arabic ; oak, pino 
 de tea, a torch pine; evergreen oak, sabicu, ocuje, a 
 wood much used for construction purposes; sabina, 
 nogal, walnut, majagua, a tree from which very dur- 
 able cordage is made ; Brazilian wood, capeche wood, 
 fustic, cocoa, banana and the magnificent cieba. 
 
 So plentiful and extravagantly used are mahogany 
 and ebony that railroad ties and wharves are to be 
 found made of these woods. 
 
 As to COST of LIVING and WAGES PAID, 
 Hotel Rates. 
 
 The following is a representative list of the leading 
 hotels in the principal cities — Cuban rates : 
 
 Havana.— Ingletcrra, $4 ; Roma Grand Continental, 
 $3; Hotel Pasaje, $3; Gran Hotel Mascotte, $2.50 
 to $3. 
 
 Santiago.— TrensLTd's, $3; Telegrafo, $2; Cafe 
 Venus, $3; Hispano- Americano, $2. 
 
 Matansas. — Louvre, $4. 
 
 Cienfuegos.— Union, $4 ; La Mascota. 
 
 Cardenas.— VnivGrssd, $2; El Leon de Oro, La 
 Marina. 
 
 Sagua la Grande. — Telegrafo, $3, 
 
 Puerto Principe.— E\ Telegrafo, $2. 
 
 Besides these hotels there are boarding houses 
 (Casas de huespedes) in nearly all the towns of im- 
 portance, where the rates run from $6 to $10 per week. 
 
120 Our New Possessions. 
 
 WAGES PAID. 
 Domestics. 
 
 Cooks, men $17.00 to $40.00 per month 
 
 Cooks, women 8.00 to 1 5.00 per month 
 
 Porters 10.00 to 20.00 per month 
 
 Chambermaids 6.00 to 12.00 per month 
 
 Child nurses 8.00 to 12.00 per month 
 
 House boys or girls 6.00 to 8.00 per month 
 
 Various. 
 
 Office clerks $20.ooto$ioo.ooper month 
 
 Store clerks 18.00 to 40.00 per month 
 
 Bakers 17.00 to 25.00 per month 
 
 Tailor cutters 3-00 to 8.00 per day 
 
 Sewers i.ooto 2.00 per day 
 
 Stevedores 3.00 to 3.50 per day 
 
 Stevedore — helpers 2.00 to 2.25 per day 
 
 Cigarmakers i.ooto 25.00 per 1,000 
 
 On Railroads. 
 
 Conductors $75.00 to$i25.ooper month 
 
 Engineers 75-00 to 130.00 per month 
 
 Brakemen 1.25 to 1.50 per day 
 
 Firemen 1-35 to 1.50 per day 
 
 Track walkers i.oo per day 
 
 Station agents 40.00 to 100.00 per month 
 
 Telegraph operators 50.00 to 100,00 per month 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 121 
 
 Mechanics. 
 
 Carpenters $1.2510 $2.50 per day 
 
 Apprentices 60 to i.oo per day 
 
 Plumbers 2.00 to 2.50 per day 
 
 Tinners 2.00 to 2.50 per day 
 
 Painters 2.Q0 to 2.50 per day 
 
 Plasterers 2.00 to 2.50 per day 
 
 Masons 2.00 to 2.50 per day 
 
 Machinists 2.00 to 3.50 per day 
 
 Engineers in general 2.50 to 3.00 per day 
 
 Blacksmiths 1.50 to 2.00 per day 
 
 Molders 3.00 to 3.25 per day 
 
 Note.— It must be understood that these wages arc 
 on the basis of the Cuban-Spanish money, a table of 
 which is given herewith. The value of the gold coins 
 given is their exchange value; the value of the 
 silver coins is their local, current value, or was before 
 the increasing introduction of American silver. At 
 present Cuban silver is not worth more than 60 cents 
 on the dollar and there is a heavy premium on Ameri- 
 can gold : 
 
 Cuban Gold Coins. 
 
 Ounce or doubloon (onza) $17.00 
 
 Half doubloon (media onza) 8.50 
 
 Moneda c 30 
 
 Quarter doubloon (doubloon) 4.25 
 
 Eighth doubloon (escudo) 2. 12^2 
 
122" Our New Possessions. 
 
 Cuban Silver Coins. 
 
 Peso (dollar). ..„ $i.oo 
 
 Medio peso (half dollar) 50 
 
 Dos pesatas 40 
 
 Pesata (franc) 20 
 
 Real (dime) 10 
 
 As to GOVERNMENT and LAWS. 
 
 Under the Spanish rule Cuba had representation in 
 the Cortes, sending three Senators from the Province 
 of Havana, two from each of the other five provinces, 
 one from the Archbishopric of Santiago, one from 
 the University of Havana and one from the Society 
 of the Friends of the Country. Thirty deputies w^ere 
 sent to the House of Deputies, but as all the Senators 
 v^^ere Pro-Spanish and twenty-six of the deputies 
 elected in 1896 were natives of Spain, the Cubans 
 really had no representation. 
 
 The supreme power in the island was the Captain- 
 General, appointed by the Crown for three or five 
 years, who was allowed a standing army of 13,000, 
 who was Governor-General and the real head of the 
 civil, ecclesiastical, military and naval organizations 
 of the island. He had a council of administration of 
 thirty members, fifteen appointed by the Crown and 
 fifteen elected by the provinces, but the elections were 
 so controlled as to give the Spanish Government a 
 majority of 25 to 5. To make matters still safer, the 
 Captain-General might suspend from one to fourteen 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Istes. 1^3 
 
 councillors at will or all, with the consent of a 
 peculiar body called the Council of Authorities, com- 
 posed of the Archbishop of Santiago, Bishop of 
 Havana, the commanding officers of the army and 
 navy, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ha- 
 vana, the Attorney-General, the head of the Depart- 
 ment of Finance and the director of the local ad- 
 ministration. This Council of Authorities held no 
 regular sessions, but was called together as occasion 
 might require, and its resolutions were put into effect 
 by the Captain-General or not as he saw fit. 
 
 Each province had a governor, appointed by the 
 Crown, but directly responsible to the Captain-Gen- 
 eral, and an elective assembly whose speaker was ap- 
 pointed by the Captain-General. The Provincial 
 Governor might, however, preside and vote or pro- 
 rogue the Assembly and report to the Captain-Gen- 
 eral, while the latter might suspend any of the pro- 
 vincial assemblies at will. Each Provincial Gover- 
 nor had a cabinet of five members, but as a matter of 
 fact and despite their high sounding titles, the Pro- 
 vincial Government, Governor and all, were little 
 more than our county boards. 
 
 So, too, the city governments, formed on the same 
 general plan as the provincial, while they included an 
 elected Board of Aldermen, with a mayor elected 
 from their number, the Captain-General might put in 
 his own mayor and override the ordinances at will. 
 
 In the judicial system of Cuba, too, the Captain- 
 General was supreme. It included two superior 
 courts (audiencias), one sitting at Puerto Principe 
 for the two eastern provinces, and the other at Ha- 
 vana for the four western provinces. Inferior to 
 these was a network of judicial districts and local 
 
124 Our New Possessions. 
 
 magistracies. How unimportant and unauthorita- 
 tive the whole judicial system was may be gathered 
 from the fact that under the decree of June g, 1878, 
 the Captain-General had authority to overrule any de- 
 cision of any court, and, further than that, to suspend 
 any law or order issued by the Madrid Government. 
 In a word, the Captain-General was for the time 
 being the Czar of Cuba. 
 
 The present government of Cuba is that of a mili- 
 tary occupation by the United States, with Major- 
 General Brooke as the Governor General. As a first 
 experiment in Cuban autonomy the City of Havana 
 has been placed in charge of the following civil and 
 municipal officers : Frederico Mora, Civil Governor ; 
 Perfecto Lacoste, Mayor; Major-General Menocal, 
 Chief of Police, and General De Cardenas, First As- 
 sistant. General Ludlow, however, remains Military 
 Governor of Havana and General Chaffee has charge 
 of the general policing of the island. The civil gov- 
 ernment of Havana includes also five assistant may- 
 ors and twenty-four city councillors. The city has 
 been divided into twelve police precincts and six in- 
 spection precincts, with a force of 1,000 police. There 
 is also an active street cleaning department. 
 
 Colonel Edgar Dudley, as Judge Advocate, has 
 been charged with reorganizing the courts. He will 
 administer, under the existing laws, as much as pos- 
 sible, doing his best to correct gross abuses. Neither 
 habeas corpus or trial by jury was in force under 
 the Spanish laws and the people are not ready for 
 either. All the old Spanish laws have been trans- 
 lated into English. The Supreme Court of the island 
 is the Audiencia, though it is really an Appellate 
 Court. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 125 
 
 One of the peculiar legal institutions of Cuba is the 
 notaries, who really exercise the functions of referees 
 and Masters in Chancery. 
 
 All of the affairs of the island, which formerly 
 were under the direction of the secretary to the Gov- 
 ernor-General, are now directed by five secretaries, 
 who constitute General Brooke's cabinet. 
 
 The Civil Governors of provinces still exercise 
 much the same powers as under Spain, but the power 
 of the municipalities will be extended, the care of 
 charities and public instruction being entrusted to 
 them. 
 
 Colonel Tasker H. Bliss has been made chief of the 
 Cuban customs. 
 
 As to INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 In the Matter of Education. 
 
 While the system of education in Cuba under the 
 Spanish rule was lax and ill administered, it was not 
 in such actual chaos as has been popularly supposed. 
 The system being under the direction of the Governor 
 General and director of the University of Havana, 
 and both being natives of Spain and appointed by the 
 Crown, it follows that little real interest was shown 
 in the educational welfare of the native Cubans. 
 
 As in the case of other departments, the Spanish 
 school statistics are incomplete and unreliable. The 
 following table, compiled with much trouble from the 
 records of 1897, the latest available year, gives a 
 
126 
 
 Oitr New Possessions. 
 
 fair idea of the educational status of Cuba at that 
 time: 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Pinar del Eio 
 
 Havana 
 
 Matanzas 
 
 Santa Clara 
 
 Puei'to Principe 
 
 Santiago 
 
 Totals 
 
 CO 
 
 en 
 
 c5 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 m 
 
 6C 
 1 
 
 o fl 
 
 CO 
 
 145 
 
 CO 
 
 > 
 
 'r-t 
 
 46 
 
 1120 
 
 CO 
 
 144 
 
 
 O 
 
 195 
 
 3565 
 
 5 
 
 350-1 
 
 3()4 
 
 965 
 
 216 
 
 14724 
 
 585 
 
 8 
 
 536 
 
 116 
 
 1040 
 
 150 
 
 5327 
 
 269 
 
 1 
 
 345 
 
 104 
 
 2090 
 
 217 
 
 6917 
 
 322 
 
 1 
 
 144 
 
 37 
 
 345 
 
 40 
 
 1542 
 
 78 
 
 1 
 
 255 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 6031 
 
 86 
 
 12 
 
 4929 
 
 667 
 
 5560 
 
 852 
 
 38106 
 
 1531 
 
 t3 g Pi 
 P eC j3 
 
 m ^ 
 
 4830 
 19193 
 6903 
 9352 
 2031 
 6286 
 
 48595 
 
 Education in Santiago has been under the worst 
 conditions of the island. The girls have been taught 
 little more than embroidery and etiquette, and some 
 time ago an edict was issued forbidding the education 
 of children of Cuban parents in the United States, lest 
 they should imbibe liberal ideas. 
 
 Note. — The ratio of children attending the public 
 school was one to forty-five, while the approximate 
 ratio in the United States was one to 5. 
 
 The amount estimated for educational purposes, 
 according to the last budget, was $137,760, but no 
 part of this was in aid of the public school. 
 
 Education was made compulsory by law in 1880, 
 but that again is an instance of the difference be- 
 tween law and fact, the law being nugatory when 
 there is not the disposition or ability to provide 
 school houses and teachers. Another drawback to 
 the progress of education has been that the course of 
 instruction in all schools was closely allied to reli- 
 gion. Grammar and the credo went hand in l^and. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 127 
 
 The fact is, too, that Cubans are little given to study 
 Havana has not only its public schools, but the 
 
 tTlLnL7> 1 ''"''"°" ^"^ ••-compl.shments" 
 are at ended to by its university, institute, seminary 
 severa theological and normal schools and an Acal: 
 emy of pamtmg and sculpture. 
 
 The Royal University of Havana has five depart- 
 ments, viz., philosophy and letters, medicine, phar- 
 
 tute m each of the six provinces empowered to cen- 
 ter the degree of bachelor or licentiate 
 
 Outside of Havana there are many really excellent 
 educational establishments. At Manzanillo for ex- 
 
 .fchoni . r' '"° P"™'" ''^°°^'- ^'Sht municipal 
 s hools, two for colored children; at Nuevitas there 
 are four public city schools, two for each sex; in the 
 Province of Pinar del Rio there are forty-six private 
 schools, 144 public school and one institute of art 
 while even at old Puerto Principe, where there is no 
 hotel, there are good public schools. The City of 
 Matanzas boasts of first and second class colleges 
 institutes of science, art and literature. 
 
 In the Matter of Churches. 
 
 Up to the successful close of Cuba's last war of in- 
 dependence the Roman Catholic was the only religion 
 
 or Protestant place of worship on the island, but in 
 ht month the M. E. Church (colored) established 
 the first Protestant place of worship in Cuba and 
 now that the restrictions on religion' have been re' 
 
128 Our New Possessions, 
 
 moved, other denominations are at work on the estab 
 lishment of branches of their respective churches. 
 
 Catholicism was supported by the general revenues 
 of the island, all items of expense having been deter- 
 mined at Madrid. The amount estimated in the last 
 Cuban budget was $385,588. 
 
 The principal churches are referred to in the de- 
 scriptions of the cities in which they are to be found. 
 
 In the Matter of Theatres. 
 
 The Cubans are essentially a pleasure and amuse- 
 ment loving people, and it must be a very small and 
 poor town indeed that does not possess a theatre." 
 Havana has several, the principal being El Tacon, 
 which rivals La Scala Aronson. Matanzas has its 
 Esteban Theatre. There is a good one at Pinar del 
 Rio, two at Sagua la Grande, two at Cardenas, a 
 number at Santiago, one at Guantanamo and one at 
 Puerto Principe. 
 
 In the Matter of Newspapers. 
 
 The common language of the country being Span- 
 ish, all the newspapers have been printed in that lan- 
 guage. Half English editions are now printed by 
 many journals and one or two American papers have 
 been started. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. I29 
 
 As to CITIES. 
 
 Havana was founded in 1519; destroyed by French 
 buccaneers in 1538, but soon restored by Hernando 
 de Soto. It was repeatedly plundered by pirates 
 from 1551 to 1555. It was captured by the Eng- 
 lish under Admiral Pococke and the Duke of Albe- 
 marle, August 14, 1762, after a two months' siege, but 
 was restored to the Spaniards February 10, 1763, by 
 the Treaty of Paris. From April 22 to August 12, 
 1898, it was blockaded by the American fleet and was 
 formally delivered over to the United States January 
 I, 1899. Its civil control was given into the hands of 
 the Cubans, under American military protection, in 
 February, 1899. 
 
 Havana is the great centre of the island's social, 
 commercial and military importance, and is actually 
 more of a Spanish than a Cuban city. 
 
 While in reality not so divided, the city is common- 
 ly recognized as being in two parts : the intramural, 
 or old town, lying between the bay and site of the an- 
 cient walls, and the extramural, or new town, lying 
 beyond the walls. 
 
 In the old town the streets are very narrow, gener- 
 ally about 22 feet wide, with sidewalks barely wide 
 enough for two pedestrians to pass. In the new town 
 the streets are generally about 32 feet wide. 
 
 The principal business streets are O'Reilly, Obispo 
 and Obrabia. 
 
 The prevailing style of architecture is that of the 
 south of Spain, thick walls of gaily painted rubble 
 being the prevailing material of construction. Most 
 of the houses in the old town are of one story, with 
 crude means of ventilation and little or no provision 
 
130 Our New Possessions. 
 
 of a sanitary nature. In the extramural town the 
 houses are of a much more modern style. 
 
 The principal public edifices are the Cathedral, 
 erected in 1724; the churches of Santa Catalina and 
 San Juan, dating from the sixteenth century ; the 
 Governor's Palace, a yellow two-story edifice, with a 
 handsome colonade ; the University, and El Tacon, a 
 theatre built in 1838, during the incumbency of Cap- 
 tain-General Tacon, seating about 3,000. 
 
 Few cities in the world have a larger number of 
 parks than Havana, the principal one of the ten which 
 adorn it being the Plaza de Armas, comprising four 
 gardens, with palm bordered walks ; La Alameda de 
 Paula, bordering the bay ; the Campa de Marte, re- 
 markable for its four handsome gates ; El Pasco de 
 Taco, with its magnificent drive, and El Prado, the 
 general promenade. 
 
 Havana has three lines of water supply, the Zanga, 
 little more than an unprotected drain ; the Aqueduct 
 of Ferdinand VH., with a main of only 18 inches 
 diameter, and that of Isabel II., or of the Vento, 
 which, when completed, will furnish an ample supply 
 of pure water. 
 
 At this date Havana has nothing approaching a 
 good system of sewerage. The greater part of the 
 drainage empties into the sea or harbor, and as there 
 is little ebb and flow of tide, the harbor water is filthy 
 and ill smelling. 
 
 The defences of Havana are numerous and exten- 
 sive, the most important and picturesque being El 
 Morro, built in 1589-1597. Most of the present forti- 
 fications were originated by the Count of Santa Clara, 
 in whose honor the great Battery has been named. 
 There are now fifteen fortifications in and about the 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 131 
 
 city, besides the uncompleted work, Las Animas, and 
 the old sea wall bastions. 
 
 Between the Morro and Cabafia are many secret 
 passages. 
 
 At the time of the war Havana had forty-three new 
 guns, with an unknown number of old ones. 
 
 The city is surrounded by a hilly region covered 
 with grass, crops and garden produce, well watered 
 by streams and free from marsh, except about the bay 
 itself. There is but little timber, and isolated trees, 
 chiefly the royal palm and ceiba, are common. The 
 face of the country is broken naturally by hills and 
 wooded ravines and artificially by stone walls, hedges 
 of cactus, wire fences, single houses and hamlets or 
 towns. There are few streams of large size. 
 
 Many of the suburbs are quite pretty and contain a 
 number of comfortable and well ordered villas, set in 
 lovely gardens. 
 
 Besides the railroads and ferries, treated of else- 
 where, four main roads (calzadas) lead to and from 
 Havana, turnpikes of a few miles long, which soon 
 dwindle off into dirt roads or more or less impassable 
 trails. 
 
 Matanzas is the second commercial city on the isl- 
 and and vies with Havana in wealth and culture. It 
 has scientific, art and literary organizations, three 
 churches, the Esteban Theatre, the Spanish Casino, 
 custom house, hospital, jail, arena, post-office, col- 
 leges, promenades (paseos), a telegraph station, gov- 
 ernor's palace and hospitals. 
 
 The wonderful Bellamar Caves lie three and a half 
 miles east of Matanzas. 
 
 Matanzas was settled in 1693. It is separated by 
 
132 Our New Possessions. 
 
 two small rivers, the San Juan and the Yumuri, into 
 three districts, the central, or Matanzas proper, lying 
 between the streams ; the Pueblo Nuevo, south of the 
 San Juan, and Versalles, north of the Yumuri. Ver- 
 salles is the healthiest of the three, because it is built 
 on a bluff and from being nearest the open sea. Con- 
 necting Matanzas with Versalles is a fine bridge over 
 the Yumuri, which cost $250,000. Pueblo Nuevo is 
 generally low and poorly drained. Matanzas and 
 Versalles have good natural drainage. 
 
 The streets are generally about thirty feet wide, 
 few of them paved, but generally in good condition 
 owing to their being close to the natural limestone 
 rock. Most of the houses are built of this stone, and 
 as a rule are better ventilated than those of Havana. 
 The city has the reputation of having long annually 
 suffered from yellow fever, but it is peculiarly open to 
 improvement from good sanitary measures. 
 
 Santiago is the most southern place of note on the 
 island, being 682 miles from Havana. It is the resi- 
 dence of an Archbishop, has many notable buildings, 
 including the Cathedral, erected in 1522, the city hav- 
 ing been founded by Velazquez eight years previous. 
 
 Santiago is built upon a steep slope, the public 
 square, or Campo de Marte, being 160 feet above the 
 sea. As it is located on the inland pocket of a small 
 harbor, however, the climate is always hot, while in 
 July and August the heat is suffocating. It has many 
 small local railroads and is the headquarters for three 
 large mining plants, owned by United States citizens 
 — the Juragua, the Spanish-American and the Sigua 
 concerns, together representing an investment of 
 about $8,000,000. Santiago has a number of tobacco 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 133 
 
 factories and exports large amounts of sugar, iron 
 ore, manganese, mahogany, cedar, hides and wax. 
 
 CiENFUEGOs (hundred fires) was founded in 1819, 
 destroyed by a hurricane and rebuilt in 1825. Com- 
 mercially it is the most important port of entry on the 
 southern coast. More than one-third of the town was 
 formerly a mangrove swamp, but the town site slopes 
 from the water front, which is three feet above the 
 sea, to an elevation of about seventy-five feet. The 
 drainage is consequently good. The streets are 40 
 feet wide, macadamized, but the houses are small, 
 mostly of wood and low. The town boasts of the 
 Terry Theatre, quite an imposing edifice. There is a 
 water works, but it does not yet supply water, one- 
 third of the population having cisterns and selling 
 water to the other two-thirds. 
 
 Cienfuegos is subject to fierce northers, during 
 which the temperature falls quite low, frost appearing 
 on the high peaks of the San Juan mountains, which 
 surround the bay. From December i until May the 
 weather is quite pleasant, being dry and with a tem- 
 perature that ranges from 60 to 78 degrees during the 
 day and that falls several degrees during the night. 
 For the rest of the year the temperature ranges from 
 75 to 93 degrees, with frequent and heavy rains and 
 wind storms. Then yellow fever becomes epidemic. 
 
 Puerto Principe. — Though called the principal 
 port, Puerto Principe is really the most inland city on 
 the island, being thirty-four miles from the northern 
 and forty-five miles from the southern coast. Its 
 southern port of entry is Santa Cruz and its northern 
 port Nuevitas. With the latter place it is connected 
 
134 ^"^ Neiv Possessions. 
 
 by railroad, but between it and Santa Cruz there is- 
 only a bad wagon road. 
 
 The original Puerto Principe was at Nuevitas, hav- 
 ing been founded there by Velazquez in 1515, but was 
 moved in the following year to its present site, a 
 broad, sandy savannah at a considerable elevation. 
 It is the quaintest and most antiquated town in Cuba, 
 a relic of the Middle Ages, with narrow, rambling 
 streets and mediaeval houses of stone and hoary 
 churches. Through it runs a river and around it 
 stretches out the best grazing country of the island. 
 No such thing as a hotel is known. 
 
 Santa Clara, also known as Villa Clara, was 
 founded in 1664. It is situated at a considerable ele- 
 vation and it is blessed with such a dry air and soil 
 that it ought to be one of the healthiest places in 
 Cuba. But malarial fevers and dysentery are en- 
 demic. It has broad streets, is well built, has an elec- 
 tric light plant, a theatre, telegraph station and rail- 
 road communication with Havana, being the eastern 
 terminus of the main trunk railroad. There is a 
 coal oil well a mile and a quarter from the city, which 
 should yield abundantly ; while in its vicinity are an 
 asphalt mine, from which 10,000 tons are taken an- 
 nually, and mines of graphite, gold, plumbago and 
 copper. The tobacco of the neighborhood is among 
 the best of the island. 
 
 GuANAEACOA was fouudcd in 1555. It is practically 
 a suburb of Havana, and, being built on a hill, 130 to 
 160 feet high, is wind swept and has good drainage. 
 But its streets are ill kept and the houses dirty. It 
 has an abundance of good drinking water, a theatre, 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 135 
 
 telegraph station and communication with Havana by 
 rail and ferry. 
 
 Cardenas was settled in 1828, and, owing to the 
 large number of Americans engaged in business there, 
 is one of the most flourishing cities on the island. It 
 has many fine buildings, two theatres, banks, fac- 
 tories, etc., and is lighted with electricity and gas. 
 The sanitary conditions are still bad, owing to the 
 site of the town having been a mangrove swamp. 
 
 Sancti Spiritus, like Trinidad, was founded by 
 Diego Velazquez in 1514. It has two ports— Zaza, 
 situated on the River Zaza, and Las Tunas, a seaport 
 on the coast— a railroad running between the three 
 points, about twenty-five miles in length. The town 
 itself is situated on the River Yayabo, which empties 
 into the Zaza. Its streets are narrow and its climate 
 is not healthful on account of the dampness of the 
 soil. 
 
 Sagua La Grande was founded in 1817. It is in 
 daily communication by rail with Santa Clara, Cien- 
 fuegos and Havana and with its port of Isabela de 
 Sagua (La Boca), ten miles distant. It has wide 
 streets, machine shops, lumber yards, a town hall, 
 private schools, ten municipal schools, clubs, two 
 theatres, a hospital, a magnificent church, a large 
 sugar export trade and is generally an unusually clean 
 and healthy town. 
 
 Trinidad is an ancient city, having been founded by 
 Velazquez in 15 14. It lies on the slope of a remark- 
 able saddle-shaped mountain, three miles from the 
 
136 Our Nezv Possessions. 
 
 seashore, has a mean altitude of 220 feet, is open to 
 the breezes of the sea and mountain and is reported to 
 be the most healthful town upon the island. The 
 Mountain Vijia, upon which it is situated, rises to a 
 height of goo feet. One peculiarity of its position is, 
 that while its streets are narrow and tortuous, they 
 are at such a pitch that the heavier it rains the cleaner 
 they become. 
 
 It has an important commerce and two ports — the 
 harbor of Casilda, three miles distant, and the River 
 Guaurabo, which is navigable to within a mile of the 
 city. There is a railroad to Casilda, which a steamer 
 line touches. 
 
 Caibarien is a modern town, having been founded 
 in 1822. It is a port, with considerable coasting 
 trade, is situated at the mouth of the Caibarien river, 
 and, like so many other Cuban ports, has been built 
 on the site of a mangrove swamp. Notwithstanding 
 its low level, it is a healthy place, yellow fever appear- 
 ing but rarely. It is connected by railroad with San 
 Andres and with Cardenas by a steamship line. It 
 has a large sugar export business, notwithstanding 
 the shallowness of its roadstead ; has many large 
 sugar warehouses, churches, brick houses, with tile 
 roofs, and a general air of business bustle. 
 
 Manzanillo. — Founded in 1784, Manzanillo is the 
 seaport of Bayamo and Jigunae. It has hospitals, 
 colleges, weekly papers, eight sugar mills, telephone 
 and telegraph service, and is the centre of the lumber 
 trade of the island. It lies on flat ground, is laid out 
 in wide rectangular streets and needs a good water 
 system. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 137 
 
 As to GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 The island is traversed by mountain chains whose 
 highest elevations are in the extreme eastern and 
 western provinces. Most of the surface consists of 
 undulating and well-watered plains, covered with 
 luxuriant forests and plantations. The coast is alter- 
 nately of low, marshy stretches and abrupt cliffs. It 
 has 250 rivers, most of them, however, unnavigable 
 except in the rainy season. No other island of its 
 size in the world has so many desirable harbors. 
 There are 220 of them, of which 37 on the north and 
 13 on the south are accessible to ocean-going vessels. 
 A description by provinces follows : 
 
 Province of Pinar del Rio. 
 
 The northern portions of the Province of Pinar del 
 Rio are mountainous, the southern generally low and 
 marshy. The principal mountain ridge is that of the 
 Cordillera de los Organos, which rises to the Pan de 
 Guajaibon, 2,000 feet high. 
 
 The interior is what may be called a topographical 
 contradiction, for while it contains moor wastes, salty 
 marshes and boggy pools, it also contains "the Vuelta 
 Abajo," the garden spot and the most fertile and 
 prosperous section of the island. 
 
 The rivers of Pinar del Rio are not long, but in the 
 wet season are of considerable volume. Only a few 
 of them are navigable. 
 
 The outline of the coast is generally high and bold. 
 Portions of it, however, are sheltered by archipela- 
 goes, or screened by shoals, reefs or islands, making 
 
138 Our Neiv Possessions. 
 
 navigation difficult. Where the coast is high there are 
 fine harbors. Where it is low a landing is practically 
 impossible. 
 
 The Province of Havana. * 
 
 Havana is the smallest but the most thickly popu- 
 lated province of the island. It yields all the various 
 products of the island, of forestry, mineral and agri- 
 cultural. This province is the principal manufactur- 
 ing centre of the island, containing as it does numer- 
 ous large factories for the manufacture of tobacco, 
 cement, ropes, confectioneries and jellies. Distribut- 
 ed through the province are foundries, tanneries, saw 
 mills and distilleries. The staple manufacture is to- 
 bacco. 
 
 There are three lakes in the southwestern part of 
 the province — Caimito, Guanamen and Herrera — of 
 considerable size and differing from the general char- 
 acteristics of the swamp lakes of the southern coast, 
 which are but torrid quagmires. 
 
 Off and along the coast of this province lie many 
 archipelagoes, made up of sand cays and islets, trav- 
 ersed by networks of channels. The principal archi- 
 pelago is that of Los Canarreos, to the south, in the 
 Gulf of Matamano, which separates the province 
 from the Isle of Pines. 
 
 There are few mountains of importance in this 
 province, the northern part being hilly and the south- 
 ern sloping gradually to the low coast line. 
 
 Havana is well watered by a number of small rivers 
 and streams, none of them, however, being of com- 
 mercial importance. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 139 
 
 The most important part of the coast line is that 
 which Hes around and about the Bay of Havana. This 
 bay makes one of the finest harbors in the world, easy 
 of access, spacious enough to contain 1,000 vessels, 
 deep enough to allow them to come up to the wharves, 
 and, except in the case of hurricanes, well protected 
 on all sides. Within, the bay breaks up into three dis- 
 tinct arms, named respectively Regla, Guanabacoa 
 and Atares. 
 
 Province of Matanzas. 
 
 The Province of Matanzas is shaped like a wedge, 
 the height of land being along the northern shore and 
 the rivers flowing southward to valleys and marshes, 
 the coast line of the province extending only along its 
 northern boundary. 
 
 The highlands on the northern coast rise to the Pan 
 de Matanzas, 1,300 feet high. In the extreme north- 
 west is the rocky range of the Sierra de Camarones. 
 In the central portion lies the great plain extending 
 from Cardenas to Holguin, broken by low mountains, 
 small lakes and river courses. 
 
 On the southern coast, on the north bank of the 
 River Hatiguanico, is the greater half of an immense 
 swamp, called Gran Cienaga Occidental de Zapata. 
 This swamp played a conspicuous part in the late 
 Cuban war. The insurrectionists, knowing its intrica- 
 cies, carried their wounded there. The moment they 
 touched the borders of this swamp they were in 
 safety. 
 
 The northern part of Matanzas is in the most fer- 
 tile and productive zone of the island and is noted for 
 
140 Our New Possessions. 
 
 its picturesque landscapes. It is also the richest and 
 most advanced province of the island. Its industries 
 are the raising of sugar and tobacco and distilling 
 liquor, the mining of copper, some gold and silver, 
 rock salt and pit coal. It has cattle farms and lime 
 kilns, but its most important industry is the raising of 
 sugar. 
 
 Its commerce is extensive and favored by the har- 
 bors, rivers and railways. The City of Matanzas, the 
 capital of the province, is the second commercial city 
 in the island. 
 
 Province of Santa Clara. 
 
 The Province of Santa Clara stands next to that of 
 Matanzas as one of the richest as w^ell as one of the 
 best settled parts of the island. Its rich soil yields in 
 abundance all the special products of the Antilles, and 
 the fruits of the temperate zone thrive on the elevated 
 slopes of its mountain ranges. It is rich, too, in min- 
 erals. 
 
 Its chief industries in common with the other prov- 
 inces are the raising of sugar and tobacco and the cul- 
 tivation of fruits. Gold is extracted from the sandy 
 shores of the Rio Arimao. Silver, copper and asphalt 
 are mined. Cattle are raised. 
 
 Its commerce consists in the importation and expor- 
 tation of the above mentioned products. This com- 
 merce is carried on by means of its fine ports on both 
 the northern and southern coasts. 
 
 The general aspect of the interior of this province 
 is gently undulating, like that of England. Through 
 it runs the Santa Clara range of mountains, the domi- 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 141 
 
 nating peak of which is El Pico del Potrillo, which 
 has an altitude of 3,000 feet. Outside of the imme- 
 diate neighborhood of this mountainous region, how- 
 ever, its general topographical features are made up 
 of a few ranges, interspersed with an infinite number 
 of lomas (hills), nestling down between which are 
 innumerable small lakes and chains of lakes. 
 
 The province is well watered, its rivers including 
 the Sagua la Grande, whifh flows through the north 
 central part of the province and which is the largest 
 river of the entire north coast of the island, being 
 ninety miles in length and navigable for twenty miles ; 
 the Jatibonico del Sur, navigable for six or eight 
 miles, and the Zaza, some ninety miles in length. 
 
 The whole northern coast of Santa Clara is one im- 
 mense archipelago, filled with cays and shoals, while 
 off the southern coast are many other groups of sand 
 and coral islands. 
 
 Province of Puerto Principe. 
 
 Puerto Principe is the most extensive and least 
 populated of all the provinces. Its area is 11,428 
 square miles and its population but 67,789. 
 
 Plantations of sugar and tobacco of some magni- 
 tude occupy the fertile country surrounding the quaint 
 old capital of Puerto Principe ; fine pasturage is af- 
 forded the numerous flocks and herds for which this 
 province was formerly noted, but which have been 
 greatly decimated as results of the late war. A lim- 
 ited amount of vegetables is cultivated and consider- 
 able fruit is grown. 
 
 The most extensive forests of the island are here 
 
14^ Our Nezv Possessions. 
 
 located. The preserving of fruit, the mining of cop- 
 per and other metals and of marble, etc., the cutting 
 of wood for building purposes, and cattle raising are 
 the chief industries. The commerce of the province 
 consists mainly in the exportation of these articles 
 and of meat and the importation of foreign com- 
 estibles and manufactured goods, carried on from the 
 ports of Nuevitas, Moron, Guanajay and Santa Cruz 
 del Sur. Fishing is good on the coasts. 
 
 There are few mountain ranges in Puerto Principe, 
 only detached groups appearing here and there, the 
 ranges gradually dipping into the plains. 
 
 The soil of the interior is rich, the coasts low and 
 marshy and broken by lagoons, reefs and shoals. 
 There are but two lakes of importance in the province, 
 but it is peculiarly rich in rivers, both with a north- 
 ward and southward course. 
 
 Province of Santiago de Cuba, 
 
 The Province of Santiago de Cuba occupies the ex- 
 treme eastern end of the island, and, because of its 
 remoteness from the capital and of its extremely 
 broken and precipitous character, is less known than 
 any of the other political divisions. Numerous cas- 
 cades and cataracts are found in the interior and 
 along the high coasts. The mountains are inter- 
 spersed with tracts of great fertility. Shoals, sand 
 banks, reefs, cays and peninsulas, creeks and marshes 
 are all constituents of the topography and geography 
 of Santiago de Cuba. 
 
 In Santiago are situated the highest mountains and 
 largest rivers of the island. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 143 
 
 The principal rivers of the province are the Cauto, 
 which flows twelve miles north of Manzanillo and is 
 navigable for sixty miles, the Moa and the Gibara. 
 
 From Cape Maisi to Cape Cruz a mountain chain 
 passes close to the seacoast, then turning abruptly 
 west it passes along the middle of the island, breaking 
 away now and then to the north or to the south, cre- 
 ating an intricate system of verdure-clad elevations 
 cut into sharp ridges. The Sierra Maestra, the best 
 defined mountain chain on the island, rises in a suc- 
 cession of terraces, soon attaining an altitude of 5,140 
 feet; an increase of elevation follows till the Blue 
 Peak (Turquino) of 8,320 feet is reached. From 
 Turquino the mountain continues under the name of 
 Sierra de Cobre. Here are the noted copper mines of 
 the province. In the Cobre range, resting on a pyra- 
 midal peak 3,300 feet high, is the "Gran Piedra," a 
 huge boulder 150 feet in length and 45 feet wide. 
 
 The province is rich in vegetation, and in it are 
 found all the productions of the island. The exploit- 
 mg of mines, the manufacture of sugar, tobacco, co- 
 coanut oil, chocolate, soap, ice, petroleum and liquors, 
 cattle raising and the exploitation of forests are 
 among its multifarious industries. 
 
 Trade is carried on chiefly from the port of Santi- 
 ago, which is one of the best in the world. 
 
 As to SCENIC INTEREST. 
 
 To the lover of natural beauties, the explorer and 
 the archaeologist Cuba offers a wonderful field of in- 
 terest. Many of the island's varied attractions have 
 
144 Our New Possessions. 
 
 been referred to in the chapters given to Cities and 
 General Description and the balance of the more re- 
 markable is catalogued as follows : 
 
 Near Candelaria are to be found some remarkable 
 mineral springs and a cataract 98 feet high on the 
 Manantiales. 
 
 Three and a half miles east of Matanzas are the 
 celebrated Bellamar Caves, whose crystals are the ad- 
 miration of all strangers. 
 
 At Vinales, sixteen miles from Pinar del Rio, are 
 curative mineral baths. 
 
 Twenty miles southwest of Cardenas are the excel- 
 lent hot sulphur springs of San Miguel de los Bafios. 
 
 At Jiguani, a little town twenty-one miles from 
 Bayamo, is to be seen a remarkable example of an 
 ancient castle, said to have the strongest interior work 
 of any fort in Cuba. 
 
 The Cubitas range is noted for its great caves, these 
 caverns having been the seat of the Insurgent Gov- 
 ernment in 1896. 
 
 Important cascades are found on the Hanabanilla, 
 some of them being 430 feet high. 
 
 Twenty miles southwest of Havana is Lake Arigua- 
 nabo, with a surface of about six miles, and abound- 
 ing in fish. 
 
 Madruga is a little watering place, with a season 
 from March to October, during which time several 
 hotels are open. It has good baths, sulphur springs 
 and is a pleasant, healthy place, fifty-two miles from 
 Havana. 
 
 All along the coasts where there are beaches, shells 
 and seaweed are to be found, beautiful and entirely 
 peculiar to these coasts, while the waters display hues 
 lovely beyond the most fanciful imagination. 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. ;'14S 
 
 Cuba is also remarkable for its many streams which 
 apparently sink into the earth, reappearing under a 
 succession of natural bridges. Among these disap- 
 pearing stream.s is the San Antonio. It disappears 
 beneath a large, spreading ceiba in San Antonio dc 
 los Banos. 
 
 Near Baracoa is Maisi Cave, noted for its relics of 
 a primitive age. 
 
 All over the island are scattered individual lakes 
 and chains of lakes. There are square leagues of un- 
 explored forests and chains of untrodden mountains. 
 
 As to Its HISTORY. 
 
 Cuba was discovered October 28, 1492, by Christo- 
 pher Columbus and was called in succession Juana, 
 Fernandina and Ave Maria ; its present name being 
 that given it by the natives. The first settlement was 
 made at Santiago, 15 14. 
 
 Insurrections have been almost perpetual since the 
 latter part of the eighteenth century. The most im- 
 portant have been these : That of 1827-29, planned by 
 Cuban refugees in Mexico and the United States and 
 known as the "Black Eagles;" that of 1844, really a 
 revolt of the slaves ; that of 1854, ended by the be- 
 trayal of the leader ; that of 1868-78, known as the 
 Ten Years' War, and that of 1894-98, which resulted 
 in independence. 
 
 Our active interest in the affairs of Cuba dates back 
 to 1848, when President Polk made a proposition to 
 buy the island for $100,000,000. In 1873, that is dur- 
 
146 Our Neiv Possessions. 
 
 ing the Ten Years* War, the American ship Vir- 
 ginius was captured by the Spaniards, her cargo con- 
 fiscated and many of her passengers executed as revo- 
 lutionists. This act nearly brought on war between 
 Spain and the United States. On February 15, 1898, 
 the United States battleship Maine was blown up in 
 Havana harbor. By act of Congress, April 25, 1898, 
 it was declared that war had existed between the 
 United States and Spain since April 21. On August 
 12 Spain asked for terms of peace. Santiago was oc- 
 cupied by the United States forces on July 17, 1898; 
 Havana and the balance of the island January i, 1899, 
 the Treaty of Peace having been signed in Paris De- 
 cember 10, 1898. 
 
 THE ISLE OF PINES. 
 
 Cuba, as has been said, is surrounded by clusters of 
 islets, a catalogue of which would fill pages. The 
 principal of these is the Isle of Pines, lying in the 
 Antilles Sea, sixty miles from Batabano, from which 
 place a steamer now runs once or twice a week. 
 Communication with the main island will, however, 
 soon be increased as its extreme salubrity and many 
 other natural advantages have already attracted the 
 attention of American investors. 
 
 The Chicago Isle of Pines Colony, a co-operative 
 agricultural community, has been formed, with the 
 object of raising fruits and early vegetables for north- 
 ern markets. General Fitzhugh Lee has found it a 
 comfortable retiring spot and certain Washington in- 
 
Cuba and Adjacent Isles. 147 
 
 vestors contemplate converting the isle into a pleasure 
 resort. 
 
 The island is forty-five miles from east to west and 
 thirty-three miles from north to south. Generally 
 speaking, the island is high and rolling, with low 
 coasts, except a portion of the north coast, where a 
 range of hills comes down to the sea. There are 
 mountains which are over 1,500 feet above the sea 
 level. To the west and south is a long sweep of low 
 coast line, indented here and there by the mouth of a 
 river ; of these La Nueva is the best river entrance of 
 the island. The other important rivers are Las Nue- 
 vas, Casas and Santa Fe, all navigable. 
 
 The Cienaga or swamp divides the island into two 
 unequal parts. It is said to be impassable for horses, 
 but the natives pass through it, at times wading to 
 their armpits in water. At one place there is a cause- 
 way, by means of which it is possible to cross on dry 
 land. The Cienaga is infested with alligators; large 
 quantities of fish and turtle are caught in the differ- 
 ent bays. There are no venomous insects or reptiles 
 on the island. 
 
 Nueva Gerona is the largest town on the island and 
 the capital of the place. It was the residence of the 
 Governor and garrison. It is a small town of 400 to 
 500 people, built on the Casas river. The houses arc 
 chiefly of stone or rubble, common in Cuba, tlie 
 streets wide and straight. 
 
 In general the soil of the island is poor, sandy and 
 in places gritty, but rich spots are found in the stream 
 bottoms, and upon these corn, cane and vegetables are 
 raised. Probably potatoes would thrive here. Some 
 fruits are grown, which are smaller though of richer 
 flavor than those of Cuba, the oranges being said to 
 
148 Our New Possessions. 
 
 be the best in the world. Bananas are cultivated and 
 many fruits are found growing wild, such as guava, 
 caimito, papaya and such mangoes as it would be 
 hard to find elsewhere in the world, whole groves of 
 them, making a mountain of color impossible to de- 
 scribe. 
 
 The island has many varieties of wood, such as ma- 
 hogany, cedar and hard woods, but the chief growth 
 is the pine. Pines everywhere, but of a heavy kind, 
 full of resin, and even less valuable than the yellow 
 pine of the south. In addition to its woods, the re- 
 sources of the island are its marble quarries and 
 mineral springs. The medical value of the mineral 
 springs near Santa Fe is acknowledged, and some say 
 that they are the best in the world for all troubles of 
 the stomach. 
 
 As to health, the island has a high reputation. The 
 inhabitants say that yellow fever is unknown, and the 
 records of the military hospital show no exemption 
 comparable to this at any other place in Cuba. 
 Strangers who come here do not have to pass through 
 the term of acclimatization usual in Cuba. The at- 
 mosphere seems dryer and more bracing than that of 
 Cuba, and it also seems cooler. People here have a 
 good appetite, and altogether it is said there is not a 
 more healthful spot in this quarter of the globe than 
 the Isle of Pines. 
 
 J^ 
 
PORTO RICO 
 
 AND ADJACENT ISLES. 
 
 As to AREA. 
 
 The Island of Porto (Puerto) Rico is from 35 to 
 43 miles broad and from 95 to 108 miles long. Its 
 area is 3,668 square miles. 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 Connecticut 4,990 square miles 
 
 Delaware and Rhode Island 3,370 " " 
 
 Jamaica 4,424 " « 
 
 Compared with Cuba, Porto Rico is geographically 
 clean cut, its shores not being fringed with such 
 chains of keys and islets. It has, however, a number 
 of tributary islands, all of which were acquired by 
 the United States at the time it took possession of 
 Porto Rico. Of these islands the principal are Vie- 
 que, Culebra, Mona, Ratones, Roncador and Moneta. 
 A fuller reference to Vieque will be found at the end 
 of this chapter. 
 
150 Our New Possessions, 
 
 As to POPULATION. 
 
 (Census of 1887.) 
 
 Total population 813,937 
 
 Whites o 485,860 
 
 Mulattoes 263,567 
 
 Negroes 64,510 
 
 Porto Rico has not, however, been subjected to the 
 decimating wars which Cuba has had to endure. Its 
 population has had a natural increase and is esti- 
 mated to-day at nearly 1,000,000. Of these fully 400,- 
 000 have a greater or less admixture of negro or In- 
 dian blood. 
 
 For comparison: 
 
 (Census 1890.) 
 
 Population. 
 
 Connecticut , 746,258 
 
 Delaware and Rhode Island 513,999 
 
 It will be seen from these figures that Porto Rico 
 is quite thickly peopled. 
 
 The estimated present population of Porto Rico's 
 principal cities and towns is as follows: 
 
 San Juan 30,000 
 
 Mayaguez » . 20,000 
 
 Ponce 15,000 
 
 (Including Playa) 20,000 
 
 Fajardo o 8,779 
 
 Arecibo 7,000 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 151 
 
 Aguadilla 5,000 
 
 Humaco 4,000 
 
 Naguabo 2,000 
 
 Ucareo 1,500 
 
 Arroyo , 1,200 
 
 As to CLIMATE. 
 
 On account of its being out of the direct sweep of 
 the Gulf Stream, of not being hedged about by neigh- 
 boring lands as is Cuba, and of being clearly exposed 
 to the swift currents of fresh air blowing from the 
 Atlantic into the hot Caribbean Sea, Porto Rico en- 
 joys the best climate of the West Indies. While 
 tropical, the weather is not so humid and depressing 
 as is that of Cuba. The towns of the elevated in- 
 terior enjoy a delightful climate and even the sea- 
 ports are not uncomfortable. 
 
 The climate of San Juan is warm but agreeable 
 for three months of the year, when trade winds blow 
 strong and fresh. 
 
 At Ponce, because of the sea breezes during the 
 day and the land breezes at night, the weather is 
 never oppressive. 
 
 The climate of Mayaguez is excellent, the tempera- 
 ture never rising above 90 degrees. 
 
 Aguadilla's weather is hot but healthy and that of 
 Fajardo is quite temperate. 
 
 Strangers visiting Porto Rico are, of course, sub- 
 ject to the discomforts of acclimatization, but the 
 process is not nearly so debilitating and dangerous 
 
152 Our New Possessions. 
 
 as it is in Cuba. Yellow fever is endemic to Porto 
 Rico, as it is to all of the islands of the West Indian 
 archipelago, but it is not the ever present foe that 
 has to be grappled with by every visitor. Porto 
 Rico is, however, a danger spot to those afflicted by 
 or subject to pulmonary complaints, while, on ac- 
 count of the sudden changes of temperature, even 
 the native is given to colds and catarrhs. 
 
 February and March are the dryest months. 
 Heavy rains begin in May, a month earlier than in 
 Cuba, and continue, with a slight weakening in June 
 and October, until the end of the year. 
 
 No official meteorological records have been kept 
 in Porto Rico, but Captain Arthur C. Hansard, man- 
 ager of the Hacienda Perla, Province of Numacao, 
 furnishes the following observations for 1898 which 
 may be considered typical of the island : 
 
 In the Matter of Temperature. 
 
 Month. Average, Highest. Lowest. 
 
 January 74 86 61 
 
 February 72 85 61 
 
 March 74 85 64 
 
 April 75 87 65 
 
 May o . . 78 95 69 
 
 June 79 92 70 
 
 July o . . 77 89 66 
 
 August. 79 92 67 
 
 September 79 93 70 
 
 October 79 93 70 
 
 November 76 86 65 
 
 December 74 85 65 
 
 Annual 76 95 6j 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 
 
 153 
 
 Note — Concerning the maximum temperature, 
 Captain Hansard remarks : "The highest, 95 degrees, 
 during May, 1898, was phenomenal and occurred 
 only on two days. In fact, I have only noted 92 de- 
 grees on two other days and 93 degrees on one other 
 day. 
 
 In the Matter of Rainfall. 
 
 Total No. of Record of 
 
 Month. rainfall, rainy days, wettest day 
 
 inches. inches. inches. 
 
 January 8.17 26 6.20 
 
 February 2.90 14 0.83 
 
 March 4.38 17 1.37 
 
 April 7.35 16 2.80 
 
 May 16.98 21 4.13 
 
 June 6.87 18 3.49 
 
 July 1406 27 3.65 
 
 August 12.49 20 8.70 
 
 September 10.85 22 2.71 
 
 October 9.04 22 2 
 
 November 19.62 , 28 5.45 
 
 December 10.68 26 1.24 
 
 Annual 123.39 257 
 
 Note.— It will be observed that Captain Hansard's 
 
 term, "dryest month," really means least wet month. 
 
 The Hacienda Perla is at an elevation of some 200 
 feet and the range of temperature in the coast towns 
 can safely be counted upon as being somewhat 
 higher, A temperature of 117 degrees has, for in- 
 
154 Our New Possessions, 
 
 stance, been observed in San Juan. A fall of lo or 
 12 degrees at night is usual. 
 
 As to DISTANCES. 
 
 (Reckoned in statute miles to San Juan.) 
 
 From New York 1,420 miles 
 
 From Charleston, S. C 1,200 " 
 
 From Key West, Fla 1,050 " 
 
 From Havana •. 1,000 " 
 
 As to COST and TIME in GETTING THERE. 
 
 At present there is only one direct steamship line 
 trading to and from Porto Rico, and, of course, all 
 travel to Porto Rico must be conducted wholly by 
 sea, unless one takes the very roundabout way of 
 going to Cuba by rail and steamer and thence taking 
 steamer. 
 
 The New York and Porto Rico Steamship Com- 
 pany has a fleet of three passenger and freight steam- 
 ers and one exclusively freight steamer, which leave 
 the Empire Stores, Brooklyn, near Fulton Ferry, 
 three times a month, stopping alternately at San 
 Juan and Ponce. 
 
 The trip to San Juan takes five or six days ; that to 
 Ponce seven or eight days. 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 155 
 
 In connection with these steamers is the small 
 steamer Salacia, which makes trips around the island 
 for the delivery of both freight and passengers. 
 
 All these steamers carry United States mail. 
 
 The passenger rate varies from $45 to $50 on the 
 Arkadia and Winifred to from $50 to $60 on the 
 St. Marcos. 
 
 The St. Marcos also makes round trips of twenty- 
 eight days, during which she discharges and loads 
 cargo at San Juan, Arecibo, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, 
 Ponce, Arroyo, Humacao, Vieque and Fajardo. 
 Tickets for the round voyage, including board and 
 berth, are from $130 to $160, while passengers re- 
 maining ashore for any number of days are entitled 
 to a rebate of $3 a day. 
 
 The Red "D" Line steamers also call at Porto 
 Rico now, en route for Venezuela, landing passengers 
 and mail. These steamers leave New York every 
 two weeks, the fare to Porto Rico being $60 to $70. 
 
 The Quebec Steamship Company, plying between 
 New York and the West Indies, also calls at Porto 
 Rico. 
 
 The Herrera Line of coasting steamers, which 
 makes the tour of the Cuban ports, also calls at those 
 of Porto Rico. 
 
 As to MAIL and CABLE SERVICE. 
 
 Mails are dispatched to Porto Rico by every steam- 
 er that either sails to or touches at the island, clear- 
 
156 Our New Possessions. 
 
 ances being effected now every two or three days. 
 The rate for letters is five cents per half ounce. 
 
 Cable communication from New York can be had 
 over three companies' lines, the United States and 
 Hayti Telegraph and Cable Company, the Interna- 
 tional Ocean Telegraph Company and the West In- 
 dian Telegraph Company, the rate per word being 
 the same over all three cables — $1.17 per word for 
 commercial messages, 40 cents per word for press 
 messages. 
 
 Cables also run from San Juan to St. Thomas and 
 Jamaica. 
 
 On the island there are 470 miles of telegraph lines, 
 connecting the capital with the principal ports west 
 and south, and a system of postal delivery is well 
 under way. 
 
 San Juan, Ponce and Mayaguez have quite good 
 telephone systems, there being already over 200 sta- 
 tions at Ponce. 
 
 As to TRADE 
 
 According to a general Treasury statement, the 
 values of the foreign trade of Porto Rico in 1896 
 were as follows : 
 
 Imports $18,945,793 
 
 Exports 17,295,535 
 
 Total $36,241,328 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 157 
 
 Of this trade, that with Spain was valued at $ii,- 
 259,702; that with the United States at $1,988,888. 
 
 The latest available detailed returns of Porto 
 Rico's commerce are those of the Estadistica General 
 del Commercio for 1897, and they only give the trade 
 of the island for 1895. According to this work, these 
 are the figures of the 
 
 Imports into Porto Rico. 
 
 Value in 
 Articles. U. S. Currency. 
 
 Coal $119,403 
 
 Iron 224,206 
 
 Soap 238,525 
 
 Meat and lard 1,223,104 
 
 Jerked beef I33>6i6 
 
 Fish 1,591,418 
 
 Rice 2,180,004 
 
 Flour 982,222 
 
 Vegetables 192,918 
 
 Olive oil 327,801 
 
 Wine 305,656 
 
 Cheese 324,137 
 
 Other provisions 171,322 
 
 Tobacco (manufactured) 663,464 
 
 Other articles 7,477,260 
 
 Total imports $16,155,056 
 
 The countries from which Porto Rico took these 
 imports, with values, are as follows : 
 
158 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Countries. Values. 
 
 Spain $8,572,549 
 
 Cuba 526,730 
 
 United States 1,833,544 
 
 England 1,765,574 
 
 France 251,984 
 
 Germany 1,368,595 
 
 Italy 19,619 
 
 Holland 325,301 
 
 Denmark 26,565 
 
 British West Indies 1,709,117 
 
 Danish West Indies 600 
 
 French West Indies 55 
 
 Total imports $16,155,056 
 
 Exports from Porto Rico. 
 
 Articles. Value. 
 
 Coffee $8,789,788 
 
 Tobacco 646,556 
 
 Sugar 3,747,891 
 
 Honey 5i7,746 
 
 Other articles (largely molasses, cattle, 
 
 timber and hides) 927,513 
 
 Total exports $14,629,494 
 
 The countries to which Porto Rico sent these ex- 
 ports, with values, are as follows : 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent tsles. 159 
 
 Countries. Values. 
 
 Spain $4,164,964 
 
 Cuba 3,802,261 
 
 United States 1,506,512 
 
 England i, 144,555 
 
 France 1,376,087 
 
 Germany 1,181,396 
 
 Italy 589,045 
 
 Holland 3,240 
 
 Denmark 236,418 
 
 British West Indies 521,649 
 
 Danish West Indies 40,434 
 
 French West Indies 62,927 
 
 Total exports $14,629,494 
 
 Turning now to what Spain has lost and what the 
 United States may gain, these figures show the trade 
 of the United States with Porto Rico from 1891 to 
 1897 inclusive : 
 
 Imports. 
 
 
 Free. 
 
 Dutiable. 
 
 Total. 
 
 I89I. 
 
 .$1,856,955 
 
 $1,307,155 
 
 $3,164,110 
 
 1892. 
 
 . 3,236,337 
 
 11,670 
 
 3,248,007 
 
 1893. 
 
 ' 3,994,673 
 
 13,950 
 
 4,008,623 
 
 1894. 
 
 • 3,126,895 
 
 8,739 
 
 3,135,634 
 
 1895. 
 
 . 375,864 
 
 1,131,148 
 
 1,506,512 
 
 1896. 
 
 48,608 
 
 2,248,045 
 
 2,296,653 
 
 1897. 
 
 . 101,711 
 
 2,079,313 
 
 2,181,024 
 
i6o 
 
 
 Our 
 
 New 
 
 Possessions. 
 
 
 
 
 Exports. 
 
 
 
 Domestic. 
 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 I89I. 
 
 .$2,112,334 
 
 
 $42,900 
 
 $2,155,234 
 
 1892. 
 
 . 2,808,631 
 
 
 47,372 
 
 2,856,003 
 
 1893. 
 
 . 2,502,788 
 
 
 7.819 
 
 2,510,607 
 
 1894. 
 
 . 2,705,646 
 
 
 14,862 
 
 2,720,508 
 
 1895. 
 
 . 1,820,203 
 
 
 13,341 
 
 1,833,544 
 
 1896. 
 
 . 2,080,400 
 
 
 21,694 
 
 2,102,094 
 
 1897. 
 
 . 1,964,850 
 
 
 24,038 
 
 1,988.888 
 
 The commerce of Spain with Porto Rico from 
 1891-1896 inclusive was : 
 
 Imports from Porto Rico. 
 
 1891 $3,260,650 
 
 1892 4,428,891 
 
 1893 4,108,654 
 
 1894 4,164,964 
 
 1895 5,824,694 
 
 1896 5,423,760 
 
 Exports to Porto Rico. 
 
 1891 $3,305,243 
 
 1892 3,929,186 
 
 1893 4,653,023 
 
 1894 5,535,027 
 
 1895 8,572,549 
 
 1896 7,328,880 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. i6i 
 
 The value of the total imports for 1895. It has been 
 shown, was $16,155,056, as against $18,316,971 for 
 1896. The exports were valued at $14,629,494, against 
 $17,295,535 in 1896. The principal increases in im- 
 ports, as compared with the preceding year, were in 
 meat, fish, olive oil and tobacco. Decreases were 
 noted in flour, vegetables and wine. The exportation 
 of coffee diminished and that of sugar and honey in- 
 creased. 
 
 In imports of coal, petroleum and wood the United 
 States leads. Porcelain and earthenware, drugs and 
 chemicals, paper and leather come mostly from 
 Spain, although some paper is also imported from 
 the United States. Galvanized iron roofing comes 
 from England. Cotton and hemp, woolen goods and 
 silks come from Spain, Germany and England. 
 Great Britain and Germany furnish the machinery 
 used in the island, with the exception of the items of 
 boilers and scales. The principal articles exported 
 to the United States are sugar and molasses. 
 
 As to BUSINESS CHANCES and PRODUCTS. 
 
 Following the American occupation, there has al- 
 ready been effected a large change in the social and 
 commercial conditions of Porto Rico, but much more 
 remains to be done. The sm.allness of Porto Rico, 
 as compared with Cuba, will naturally form a bar to 
 the development of industries on so extended a scale 
 as is possible on the larger island ; but it must not be 
 
1 62 Our New Possessions. 
 
 overlooked that between the populations of the two 
 islands there is not much difference, and that while a 
 large proportion of Cuba is unexplored and unavail- 
 able, nearly the wliole of Porto Rico is known and 
 can be turned to some agricultural or other industrial 
 advantage. 
 
 The island is rapidly taking on new life, and those 
 business men who have looked the island over pro- 
 nounce it rich and possessing golden prospects for 
 the future. 
 
 The three great industries of the island are the 
 raising of tobacco, coffee and sugar, the values of the 
 exports of these three articles being given under the 
 head of "As to Trade." Owing to the troubled state 
 of affairs in Cuba, prices of tobacco have increased 
 enormously in Porto Rico. A large amount has been 
 planted and the crop promises well. From the tables 
 under the "Trade" heading also can be gathered the 
 countries from which the island has derived its 
 supplies. 
 
 There is very little manufacturing done in Porto 
 Rico. Across the bay from San Juan the Standard 
 Oil Company has a small refinery and in the city 
 there are small broom, soap, match and trunk fac- 
 tories. At Mayaguez there are three manufactories 
 of chocolate and several coffee drying houses, as 
 there are also at Aguadilla. 
 
 Practically all of the machinery used in Porto Rico 
 has come from Europe, but the total amount has 
 been small, the Porto Ricans clinging to the old-fash- 
 ioned hand work wherever possible. On February 
 26 a model sugar plant was sent from New York to 
 Porto Rico as an object lesson, and it is only a mat- 
 ter of time and push for this country to supplant all 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 163 
 
 of the antiquated affairs with Yankee, up-to-date la- 
 bor-saving devices. 
 
 As our information concerning Porto Rico grows, 
 so apparently do the island's possibilities. It is un- 
 usually fertile, and its dominant industries are agri- 
 culture and lumbering. In elevated regions the vege- 
 tation of the temperate zone is not unknown. There 
 are more than 500 varieties of trees found in the for- 
 ests, and the plains are full of palm, orange and other 
 trees ; while the principal crops are sugar, coffee, to- 
 bacco, cotton and maize, bananas, rice, pineapples 
 and many other fruits are important products. 
 
 The principal minerals found in Porto Rico are 
 gold, carbonates and sulphides of copper and mag- 
 netic oxide of iron in large quantities. Lignite is 
 found at Utuado and Moca, and also yellow amber. 
 A large variety of marbles, limestones and other 
 building stones are deposited on the island, but these 
 resources are very undeveloped. There are salt 
 works at Guanica and Salinac, on the south coast, 
 and at Cape Rojo, on the west, and these constitute 
 the principal mineral industry in Porto Rico. 
 
 In a recent report Mr. Robert P. Porter states that 
 while the actual sugar production of Porto Rico is 
 now 50,000 tons under American impulse, it could be 
 raised to 150,000 tons. 
 
 As to COST of LIVING and WAGES PAID. 
 
 Both these matters are in an unsettled condition at 
 present, due to the change of rates and values at- 
 
164 Our New Possessions. 
 
 tending the process of reconstruction. As a general 
 thing, though, the cost of Hving is a trifle less in Porto 
 Rico than it is in Cuba, while the wages paid is some- 
 what higher. 
 
 Hotel rates range from $1.50 to $2 a day, Spanish 
 money, and there are many excellent boarding houses 
 in most of the large towns. Restaurants furnish 
 good meals for from 25 cents to 50 cents and the in- 
 digenous fruits and vegetables of the country are 
 wonderfully cheap. Imported articles of food, mer- 
 chandise and manufacture are naturally high, but the 
 prices of these have been much lessened since the 
 American occupation. A list of the best hotels on 
 the island is as follows : 
 
 San Juan. — Grand Hotel and Restaurant Ingla- 
 terra. Grand Hotel de Francia, Grand Cafe Central, 
 Hotel Marina, Mt. Vernon Hotel, the Mayflower 
 Hotel. 
 
 Ponce. — The Chamberlin Hotel, Hotel Arcadia, 
 Hotel Washington. 
 
 Arecibo — Cristobal Colon. 
 
 Guaco. — American Victory Hotel, Twenty-fifth 
 Day of July Hotel. 
 
 Guayama. — Hotel Francis. 
 
 The peso is the monetary unit of the island and its 
 value, together with that of the other coins current 
 there until the involved subject of currency has been 
 settled, has been fixed as follows : 
 
 Gold Coins. 
 
 Alphonsinos (25-peseta piece) $4.82 
 
 Louis (20-f ranc piece) 3.86 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 165 
 
 Silver Coins. 
 
 The peso -- $0-6o 
 
 Medio peso 30 
 
 Peseta ^^ 
 
 Real 06 
 
 Medio real ^3 
 
 Bronze and copper coins are received at their face 
 value in payments not exceeding one peseta. 
 
 As to GOVERNMENT, LAWS and INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The island of Porto Rico was ceded outright to the 
 United States and is at present "under the military 
 control of this country, pending such legislation by 
 Congress as shall determine its future government." 
 
 Gen. Guy V. Henry is the Military Governor of 
 the island, assisted by an advisory board, under the 
 name of Insular Cabinet. 
 
 The work of building up a new and better order of 
 things on the ruins of the old Spanish rule, and 
 using such of that material as is possible in the pro- 
 cess of reconstruction, is slowly going on. 
 
 Railroads are in their infancy, and outside of the 
 celebrated military road across the island, said to be 
 one of the most beautiful in the world, the means and 
 paths of travel are very deficient. These single- 
 track railroads are in some sort of operation : 
 
 From Aguadilla to San German 32 miles 
 
 From Ponce to Coamo 26 
 
 From San Juan to Arroyo. 48 
 
i66 Our New Possessions. 
 
 A company has been formed at Providence, R. I., 
 in which New York and Boston capitalists are inter- 
 ested, for the purpose of buying, building and operat- 
 ing steam or electric railroads in Porto Rico, as well 
 as to establish a steamship line, with fortnightly ser- 
 vice, between Providence and Ponce. One of its 
 first enterprises is announced to be the construc- 
 tion of an electric road from Ponce to San Juan, 
 
 Because of years of oppression and repression, the 
 people are ignorant and poor in a land of plenty. 
 The monetary system needs entire revision. The 
 Spanish merchants have drained the agricultural 
 classes dry ; the courts have been maladministered ; 
 the school system has been a farce ; sanitation was 
 unknown, and it is to the gradual amelioration, and, 
 when necessary, eradication of these things that the 
 new government is giving its patient attention. 
 
 The so-called system of public schools was divided 
 into the elementary, supported by the municipalities, 
 and two higher grades, supported by the Insular 
 Government. There were mighty few text books, one 
 "flourishing" school of seventy pupils having a total 
 of six books. The school census has been a farce, 
 and so deficient has a common education been that 
 when the people were numbered in 1887 it was found 
 that out of a population of 806,708 only 11,380 could 
 read or write. 
 
 General John Eaton was appointed school superin- 
 tendent of Porto Rico by the President January 25. 
 He found that the municipalities took little or no in- 
 terest in scholastic matters ; that most of the country 
 schools were closed for want of funds, and that the 
 most prominent school on the island had thirty 
 pupils, 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 167 
 
 To remedy all this. General Eaton has diligently 
 set himself to work, but he is hampered by lack of 
 funds. English-Spanish speaking teachers are want- 
 ed, and, pending our Government's direct aid to edu- 
 cation, General Henry has offered to pay teachers 
 $50 a month American money, twelve months in the 
 year. 
 
 School libraries are being founded, the post-ofRce 
 is getting into good trim, the filth is being removed 
 and daylight is being let into the dark roads. 
 
 Religious intolerance has not prevailed to such an 
 extent in Porto Rico as it has in Cuba, and Ponce 
 has boasted for some time of its Protestant church, 
 then said to be the only one in the Spanish West In- 
 dies. Active steps are being taken in this country to 
 add others to that solitary church. The Chicago 
 Episcopal Diocese has appointed the Rev. Geo. B. 
 Pratt as special missionary to the island and most of 
 the religious agencies are sending workers to Porto 
 Rico. 
 
 There are newspapers in San Juan and Ponce, pub- 
 lished in English and displaying quite an amount of 
 enterprise. 
 
 As £0 Its CITIES. 
 
 San Juan, the capital, is situated on a long and nar • 
 row island, separated from the main island at one 
 end by a shallow arm of the sea, over which is a 
 bridge connecting it with the mainland, which runs 
 out at this point in a long sand spit, some nine miles 
 in length, apparently to meet the smaller island; at 
 
i68 Our New Possessions. 
 
 the other end the island ends in a rugged bluff or 
 promontory, some hundred feet high. This promon- 
 tory is crowned by Morro Castle, the principal forti- 
 fication of the town. At this end of the island is the 
 entrance to the harbor, with a narrow channel and 
 rocky bottom, so close under the headland that one 
 can almost leap ashore from a passing vessel. The 
 water here is some thirty feet deep. To a mariner 
 unacquainted with the locality, or when a norther is 
 blowing, this entrance is one of difficulty and danger. 
 
 After rounding the bluff one finds a broad and 
 beautiful bay, landlocked and with a good depth of 
 water, which is being increased by dredging. It is 
 by far the best harbor in Porto Rico, and probably 
 as good a one as can be found in the West Indies. 
 
 The island upon which the city stands is shaped 
 much like an arm and hand. The greatest width 
 is a little over half a mile in the portion represent- 
 ing the hand, which also contains the major part of 
 the city. 
 
 San Juan is a perfect specimen of a walled town, 
 with portcullis, moat, gates and battlements. Built 
 over two hundred and fifty years ago, it is still in 
 good condition and repair. The walls are pictur- 
 esque and represent a stupendous work and cost in 
 themselves. Inside the walls the city is laid off in 
 regular squares, six parallel streets running in the 
 direction of the length of the island and seven at 
 right angles. The houses are closely and compactly 
 built of brick, usually of two stories, stuccoed on the 
 outside and painted in a variety of colors. The up- 
 per floors are occupied by the better-to-do peo- 
 ple, while the ground floors, almost without excep- 
 tion, are given up to negroes and the poorer class. 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 169 
 
 There is no running water in the town. The entire 
 population depends upon rain water, caught upon the 
 flat roofs of the buildings and conducted to the cis- 
 tern, which occupies the greater part of the inner 
 courtyard that is an essential part of Spanish houses 
 the world over. There is no sewerage, except for 
 surface water and sinks. The streets are wider than 
 in the older part of Havana and will admit two 
 carriages abreast. The sidewalks are narrow and in 
 places will accommodate but one person. The pave- 
 ments are of a composition manufactured in Eng- 
 land from slag, pleasant and even and durable when 
 no heavy strain is brought to bear upon them, but 
 easily broken and unfit for heavy traffic. From its 
 topographical situation the town should be healthy. 
 The soil under the city is clay, mixed with lime, so 
 hard as to be almost like rock. It is consequently im- 
 pervious to water and furnishes a good natural drain- 
 age. The trade wind blows strong and fresh and 
 through the harbor runs a stream of sea water at a 
 speed of not less than three miles an hour. With 
 these conditions no contagious diseases, if properly 
 taken care of, could exist. 
 
 Besides the town within the walls, there are small 
 portions just outside, called the Marina and Puerta 
 de Tierra, containing two or three thousand inhabi- 
 tants each. There are also two suburbs, one, San 
 Turce, approached by the only road leading out of 
 the city, and the other, Catario, across the bay, 
 reached by ferry. The Marina and the two suburbs 
 are situated on sandy points or spits, and the latter 
 are surrounded by mangrove swamps. 
 
 The full name of the city is San Juan de Bautista 
 and it was founded by Ponce de Leon. 
 
170 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Ponce is situated on a plain, about two miles from 
 the seaboard. It is regularly built — the central part 
 almost exclusively of brick houses and the suburbs of 
 wood. It was the residence of the military comman- 
 der and the seat of an official chamber of commerce. 
 There is an appellate criminal court, besides other 
 courts; two churches, two hospitals, a home of refuge 
 for the old and poor, a well-equipped fire depart- 
 ment, a bank, a theatre, three first-class hotels and 
 gas works. The city has an ice machine and there 
 are 115 vehicles for public conveyance. 
 
 The inhabitants are principally occupied in mer- 
 cantile pursuits, but carpenters, bricklayers, joiners, 
 tailors, shoemakers and barbers find good employ- 
 ment. Commercially Ponce is the second city of im- 
 portance on the island. A fine road leads to the port 
 (Playa), where all the import and export trade is 
 transacted and where are situated the custom house, 
 the office of the captain of the port and all the con- 
 sular offices. The port is spacious and will hold ves- 
 sels of twenty-five feet draft. Water for all pur- 
 poses, including the fire department, is amply sup- 
 plied by an aqueduct. 
 
 Mayagues, the third city in importance of the isl- 
 and, is situated in the west part, facing the Mona 
 Channel. Mayaguez is the second port for coffee, 
 the average annual export being 170,000 hundred- 
 weights. The quality is of the best, ranging in price 
 with Java and other first-rate brands. About 50,000 
 bags of flour are imported into this port every year 
 from the United States out of the 180,000 bags that 
 are consumed in the whole island. The city is con- 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 171 
 
 nected by trains with the neighboring town of Agua- 
 dilla. with a partially constructed extension to San 
 German, one of the large interior towns. 
 
 Aguadilla is the principal town and the port of 
 Aguadilla District, in the northwest portion of the 
 island. The industries in the vicinity consist of the 
 cultivation of sugar cane, coffee, tobacco and cocoa- 
 nuts and the distillation of rum. 
 
 Arecibo is situated on the north coast, facing the 
 Atlantic Ocean and some fifty miles from San Juan. 
 It is similar to all Spanish towns, with a plaza sur- 
 rounded by the church and other public buildings in 
 the centre, and streets running from it in right an- 
 gles, forming regular squares. The buildings are 
 constructed of wood and brick. The harbor is poor, 
 being nothing more than an open roadstead, exposed 
 to the full force of the ocean, in which vessels dur- 
 ing northerly winds can hardly lie in safety. Into 
 this harbor empties a narrow and shallow stream 
 called the Rio Grande de Arecibo. Goods are con- 
 veyed on this river to and from the town in flat-bot- 
 tomed boats, with the aid of long poles and by dint 
 of much pushing and patience. At the bar of the 
 river everything is again transferred into lighters 
 and thence to vessels. It is a tedious and expensive 
 process. However, Arecibo is quite an im.portant 
 port and has tributary to it a large district of some 
 30,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Fajardo lies on the east coast. The port is hand- 
 some, the town being about one and a quarter miles 
 from the bay. The only important industry of the 
 
172 Our New Possessions. 
 
 district is the maniifactiire of muscovado sugar, to 
 which most of the planters devote themselves. 
 
 Arroyo, in the district of Guayama (southeast por- 
 tion), is a small seaport whose annual exports to the 
 United States average 7,000 to 10,000 hogsheads of 
 sugar, 2,000 to 5,000 casks of molasses and 50 to 150 
 casks and barrels of bay rum. 
 
 Altogether there are about seventy towns and vil- 
 lages of considerable size on the island. 
 
 As to GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 The parallelogram-shaped island of Porto Rico is 
 the most eastern of the Greater Antilles. It is sep- 
 arated from the Danish island of St. Thomas by a 
 reef-studded passage fifty miles across and from 
 Hayti on the west by the Mona Passage, seventy 
 miles across. 
 
 The island is traversed from east to west by a 
 mountain range, dividing it into two unequal por- 
 tions, by far the longest slope being on the north, so 
 that the rivers on that coast are much the longer. 
 From this chain several branches diverge toward the 
 north coast, giving it a rugged appearance. Most of 
 the population is situated on the lowlands at the sea 
 front of the hills. For lack of roads, the interior is 
 accessible only by mule trails or saddle paths, and it 
 is covered with vast forests. 
 
 Rivers and brooks are numerous, forty-seven very 
 considerable rivers having been enumerated. They 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. ly^ 
 
 are short and rapid, especially on the Caribbean 
 slopes, which are steep and abrupt. The mountains 
 intercept the northeast trade winds blowing from the 
 Atlantic and wring their moisture from them, so that 
 the rainfall of the north section is very copious. 
 South of the mountains several droughts occur and 
 agriculture demands irrigation, but such work is un- 
 systematically carried on. 
 
 The northeast coast is broken and forbidding; that 
 of the south safer. The chief port on the north coast 
 is the capital, San Juan. On the west is the impor- 
 tant harbor of Mayaguez. On the south side are 
 Guanica, Ponce and Guayama. 
 
 As to SCENIC INTEREST, 
 
 Until there are better means of communication 
 within the island, the interior of Porto Rico will be 
 a fairer field for the explorer than for the excursion- 
 ist. The conditions of the railroads and highways 
 has already been referred to. and in the section de- 
 voted to the cities there will be found references to 
 many points of interest. 
 
 The luxuriance of the vegetation, the equability of 
 the climate, the great plantations, the indolent char- 
 acter of the native life, the antiquity of its cities and 
 churches, the wildness of its mountain scenery and 
 the peaceful aspect of its sylvan lowlands, the tropi- 
 cal beauties along the river banks and the varied 
 cliff and beach of its coast, will all combine to make 
 
174 Our New Possessions. 
 
 Porto Rico one of the most charming resorts in the 
 Antilles. 
 
 As to HISTORY. 
 
 Porto Rico v;as discovered by Columbus in 1493 
 and invaded by the Spaniards, under Ponce de Leon, 
 who in a few years exterminated the natives, then 
 600,000 or 800,000 in number. 
 
 Slavery was abolished by the Spanish Cortes in 
 March, 1873. 
 
 The United States Army, under General Miles, 
 landed at Guanicaon and the town surrendered imme- 
 diately, Ponce following July 28, 1898. When the 
 armistice was proclaimed, August 12, the American 
 troops were prepared for a definitive campaign. The 
 evacuation of Porto Rico began September 20th, our 
 army and navy taking formal possession of the isl- 
 and at San Juan, October 18, 1898. 
 
 THE ISLAND OF VIEQUE. 
 
 The island of Vieque, situated thirteen miles east 
 of Porto Rico, is twenty-one miles long and six 
 miles wide. Its land is very fertile and adapted to 
 the cultivation of almost all the fruits and vegetables 
 that grow in the West Indies. Cattle are raised and 
 sugar cultivated. It has a population of some 6,000. 
 
Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles. 175 
 
 The town. Isabel Segimda, is on the north, and the 
 port is unsafe in times of northerly wind, like all the 
 anchorages on that side; the few ports on the south 
 are better, the best being Punta Arenas. 
 
 Not long ago there were two importing and ex- 
 porting houses on the island of Vieque; but, on ac- 
 count of the long period of drought and the high 
 duties on foreign imported goods, trade has de- 
 creased to local consumption only. All supplies are 
 brought from San Juan, the majority being of Amer- 
 ican origin. The climate is fine and there have 
 never been any contagious diseases. 
 
 4- 
 
PAGE INDEX. 
 
 Ph. = Philippines. H. I. = Hawaiian Islands. 
 C. = Cuba. P. R. = Porto Rico. 
 
 A. 
 
 Area— Ph., 7; H. I., 42; C, 78; P. R., 149. 
 
 Americans in — Ph., 8; H. I., 43. 
 
 Agriculture— Ph., 32, 36, 2>1, 38; H. I., 55, 69; C, 114, 
 
 116; P. R., 162. 
 Animals — Ph., Z'^, 35; C., 118. 
 
 B. 
 
 British in — Ph., 8, 19; H. I., 43. 
 
 Business Chances — Ph., 19; H. L, 55; C, 112; P. R., 161. 
 
 Boots and Shoes — Ph., 21. 
 
 Bananas— H. I., 52, 56; C, 116; P. R., 163. 
 
 Boundaries — Ph., 8; H. I., 42; P. R,, 172, 
 
 Buildings— Ph., 24, 27, 28, 29; H. I., 68; C, 128; P. R., 
 
 168, 171. 
 Boston to — C, 96. 
 
 C. 
 
 Climate— Ph., 9; H. L, 44; C, 84; P. R., 151. 
 
 Cuba — C, 78. 
 
 Cubans — C, 128. 
 
 Cost of Getting to — Ph., 13; H. I., 46; C, 93; P. R., 154. 
 
 Cost of Living in — H. I., 57; C, 119; P. R., 163, 
 
 Carriage Fares — H. I., 58. 
 
 Commerce — Ph., 2>'2., ZZ', H. I., 52; C, 102; P. R., 156. 
 
 Coffee— H. I., 52, 56; C, 116; P. R.. 158, 162. 
 
 Courts — H. I., 63 ; C, 123 ; P. R., 165. 
 
 Cities— Ph., 23; H. I., 67; C, 80; P. R., 150, 167, 172. 
 
 Churches — Ph., 2Z, 24, 26; H. I., (iT, C, 127, 130; P. R., 
 
 167. 
 Coast— Ph., 31 ; C, 137; P. R., 149, 173. 
 Cattle— Ph.. 36; H. I., 57; C, 118, 142. 
 
178 Page Index. 
 
 Cardenas — C, 80, 135. 
 
 Cienfuegos — C, 80, 133. 
 
 Crops— Ph., 36, 37, 38; H. I., 55; C, 114, 116; P. R., 163. 
 
 Cigars — C, 114. 
 
 Cane Lands— Ph., 37; H. I., 69; C, 115; P. R., 163. 
 
 Cable Service — Ph., 15. 16; H. I., 69; C., 100; P. R., 156. 
 
 Chinese in — Ph., 8, 19; H. I., 43, 59. 
 
 Cigarettes — Ph., 19; C, 115. 
 
 Cavite — Ph., 26. 
 
 D. 
 Distances — Ph., 12; H. L, 46; C, 91 ; P. R., 154. 
 Description — Ph., 30; H. I., 68; C, 137; P. R., 172. 
 
 E. 
 Exports— Ph., 16; H. I., 52; C. 102; P. R., 156. 
 Education — H. I., 64, 70; C., 125 ; P. R., 166. 
 Extent— Ph., 8; H. I., 42; C, 78; P. R., 149- 
 EngHsh in — Ph., 8, 19; H. I., 43. 
 
 Employment— Ph., 19; H. I., 55, 56, 57, 59, 64; C, 120; 
 P. R., 166. 
 
 F. 
 
 Freight Rates — H. I., 51 ; C, 99. 
 Forests— Ph., 35, 36, 38; C, 118; P. R., 163. 
 Factories — Ph., 19, 25, 36, 39; C, 143; P. R., 162. 
 Fruits — H. I., 56; C, 104, 114, 116; P. R., 163. 
 Farming— Ph., 32, 36, 37, 38; H. I., 55, 69; C, 114, 116; 
 
 P. R., 162. 
 Filipinos — Ph., 8, 9. 
 
 G. 
 
 Germans in — Ph., 19; H. I., 43. 
 
 Government — Ph., 22; H. I., 60; C, 122; P. R., 165. 
 
 General Description — Ph., 30; H. L, 68; C, 137; P. R., 
 
 172. 
 Gold-Ph., 35, 37, 38; C, 116; P. R., 163. 
 Game — Ph., 35; C, 118. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hawaii — H. I., 42. 
 
Page Index. lyg 
 
 Hawaiians — H. I., 43, 44, 62. 
 
 Humidity— Ph., 10; H. I., 45; C, 86; P. R., 152. 
 
 Honolulu — H. I., 67. 
 
 Health— H. I., 45; C, 89; P. R., 151. 175. 
 
 How to Get to— Ph., 13, 14, 15; H. I., 46; C, 93; P. R., 
 
 154- 
 Hotel Rates— H. I., 58; C, 119; P. R., 164. 
 Harbors— Ph., 34; H. I., 71 ; C, 137; P. R., 167. 
 History — Ph., 40; H. I., 73; C, 145; P. R., 174. 
 Havana — C, 80, 129. 
 Hemp — Ph., 16, 17. 
 Houses — Ph., 24, 29; H. I., 68; C, 129; P. R., 169. 
 
 r. 
 
 Islands, Names of — Ph., 7; H. I., 42; C, 78, 146; P. R., 
 
 149- 
 Islands, Number of — Ph., 7; H. I., 42; C, 146; P. R., 
 
 149. 
 Imports — Ph., 17, 18; H. I., 53; C, 102; P. R., 156. 
 Institutions — Ph., 23, 24; H. I., 64; C, 125 ; P. R., 165. 
 Industries— Ph., 19, 20, 21, 25, 29, 35, 36, 39; H. I., 55, 57, 
 
 59, 65, 69; C, 112; P. R., 161, 162. 
 Isle of Pines — C, 146. 
 
 Inhabitants — Ph., 8, 9; H. I., 43 ; C, 79, 83 ; P. R., 150. 
 Investments — Ph., 19, 20, 21; H. I., 55; C, 112; P. R., 
 
 161. 
 Iloilo — Ph., 29. 
 Island of Vieque — P. R., 174. 
 
 J. 
 Japanese in — Ph., 8; H. I., 42. 
 Judiciary — H. I., 63 ; C, 123 ; P. R., 165. 
 
 L. 
 
 Latitude— Ph., 8; H. I., 42. 
 Longitude — Ph., 8; H. I., 42. 
 Liquors — H. I., 53; C, 90. 
 Land— H. I., 56; C., 113; P. R., 162. 
 Labor — H. I., 59; C, 115; P. R., 163, 166. 
 Laws — Ph., 22; H. I., 60; C, 122; P. R., 165. 
 Languages — Ph., 8, 9 ; H. I., 64 ; C, 128, 
 
i8o Page Index. 
 
 Leprosy — H. I., 75. 
 
 Length of— Ph., 8: C, 78; P. R., 149- 
 
 Living, Cost of— H. L, 57; C, 119; P. R., 164. 
 
 Luzon — Ph., 7, 23 to 28. 
 
 Live Stock— Ph., 36, 2>7 ', H. L, 57; C, 118, 142. 
 
 M. 
 Meals en Route to— H. L, 48; C, 98. 
 Mail Service— Ph., 15 ; H. L, 51 ; C, 100; P. R., 155. 
 Merchant Marine — H. L, 54. 
 
 Mountains— Ph., 34; H. L, 71 ; C, 117, I37; P- R-, 172. 
 Manila — Ph., 23. 
 Mines— Ph., 35, z6, 37, 38, 39; C, 116, 132, 143; P. R., 
 
 163. 
 Matanzas— C, 80, 131. 
 Malays in— Ph., 8. 
 Manufactures— Ph., 19; H. L, 57; C, 143; P. R., 162. 
 
 N. 
 Nationalities— Ph., 8, 9; H. L, 43; C, 79, 83; P. R., 150. 
 New York to— Ph., 12, 13; H. L, 47; C, 93; P. R., I54- 
 Northwestern Ports to — H. L, 50. 
 Newspapers — H. L, 66 : C, 128 ; P. R., 167. 
 Number of Islands — Ph., 7 ; H. L, 42; C, 146; P. R., 149. 
 New Orleans to— Ph., 14; H. L, 49. 
 
 P. 
 Porto Rico— P. R., 149. 
 
 Population— Ph., 8; H. L, 43; C, 79, 83; P. R., 150. 
 Portuguese — H. I., 43, 44. 
 Polynesians — Ph., 8, 9; H. L, 43. 
 Philippines — Ph., 7. 
 
 Postage, Rates of— Ph., 15; H. L, 52; C, 100; P. R., 156. 
 Provisions, Price of — H. L, 57; C, 119, 121; P. R., 164. 
 Police — H. L, 63; C, 124. 
 
 Provinces — Ph., 35 to 40; C, 79, 137; P. R., 164. 
 Products— Ph., 19, 20, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40; H. L, 52, 
 
 55, 68; C, 114; P. R., 161. 
 Papers— H. L, 66; C, 128; P. R., 167. 
 Puerto Principe — C, 80, 133. 
 Philadelphia to — C, 100. 
 Ponce — P. R., 167, 170. 
 
Page Index. l8l 
 
 R. 
 
 Routes to — Ph., 13, 14; H. I.. 47: C, 93; P. R., 154. 
 Railway Lines to — Ph., 13, 14; H. I., 47; C, 93; P. R., 
 
 154. 
 Railway Fares to — Ph., 13, 14; H. I., 47; C, 94; P. R., 
 
 154- 
 Railroads in— Ph., 18; H. I., 55; C, 106; P. R., 165. 
 Religion— Ph., 23; H. I., 67; C, 127; P. R., 167. 
 Rivers — Ph., 23; C, 137; P. R., 172. 
 Resources— Ph., 16, 19, 20, 25, 32, ZZ, 35 to 39; H. I., 52, 
 
 55, 68; C, 114: P. R., 161. 
 Rainfall— Ph., 10; H. I., 45; C, 87; P. R., 153- 
 Roads — Ph.. 22\ H. I., 72', C, iii, 131; P. R., 165, 172. 
 Revenues — Ph., 3Z\ C, 125. 
 Rice— H. I., 52; C, 106; P. R., 157, 163. 
 
 S. 
 
 Steamship Lines to — Ph., 13, 14; H. L, 47; C, 94; P. R., 
 
 154. 
 San Francisco to — Ph., 12, 14; H. L, 50. 
 Stock, Live— Ph., z^^ 38; H. L, 57; C, 118, 142. 
 Schools— H. L, 64; C, 126; P. R., 166. 
 Sugar— Ph., 17; H. L, 52, 57, 69; C, 104, 115; P. R., 
 
 158, 162. 
 Scenic Interest — H. L, 72; C, 143; P. R., 173. 
 Santiago — C, 80, 132. 
 Storms— Ph., 11; C, 87; P. R., 168. 
 Soil— Ph., 32; C, 115; P. R., 162. 
 Spanish in — Ph., 8, 19; C, 79; P. R., 150. 
 St. Louis to — Ph., 14; H. I., 49. 
 Savannah to — C, 96. 
 San Juan — P. R., 167. 
 
 T. 
 
 Time in Getting to— Ph., 13, 14; H. L, 46; C, 93; P. R., 
 
 154. 
 Transportation to — Ph., 13, 14, 15; H. I., 46; C, 93: 
 
 P. R., 154. 
 Temperature — Ph., 10; H. I., 44; C, 84; P. R., 152. 
 Trade— Ph., 16; H. L, 52; C, 102; P. R., 156. 
 Teachers— H. L, 64; C., 125, 126; P. R., 166, 
 
l82 Page Index. 
 
 Tobacco— Ph., i6, 36; C, 104, 114; P. R., 157, 162. 
 
 Timber Lands— Ph., 35, 36, 38; C, 118; P. R., 163. 
 
 Tribes— Ph., 8, 9. 
 
 Telegraph and Telephone in — C, loi ; P. R., 156. 
 
 Typhoons — Ph., 11, 12. 
 
 Travel in— H. I., 55, 72; C, in, 131 ; P. R., 165, 172. 
 
 Tourists, Points for — H. I., 72; C, 143; P. R., 173. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vessels — H. I., 54. 
 
 Volcanoes— Ph., 31, 34, 35 ; H. I., 7Z- 
 
 Vieque, Island of — P. R., 174. 
 
 W. 
 Wages— H. I., 57, 59; C., 119, 120; P. R., 163, 166. 
 
 Y. 
 Yarns — Ph., 20. 
 
i2mo, cloth ^ $1.2^ 
 
 KLONDIKE 
 
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